``	``
The	DT
DeLorme	NNP
PN-20	NNP
represents	VBZ
a	DT
new	JJ
breed	NN
of	IN
GPS	NNP
devices	NNS
.	.
...	:
a	DT
fantastic	JJ
device	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
leads	VBZ
the	DT
way	NN
in	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
breed	NN
of	IN
GPS	NNP
devices	NNS
which	WDT
can	MD
display	VB
aerial	JJ
photography	NN
and	CC
satellite	NN
imagery	NN
.	.
For	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
dreamed	VBN
about	IN
having	VBG
a	DT
Google	NNP
Earth	NNP
type	NN
product	NN
in	IN
a	DT
handheld	JJ
device	NN
...	:
this	DT
is	VBZ
it	PRP
.	.
''	''
November	NNP
25	CD
,	,
2005	CD
marked	VBD
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
's	POS
ten	CD
year	NN
anniversary	NN
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
!	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
largest	JJS
,	,
oldest	JJS
and	CC
most	RBS
comprehensive	JJ
web	NN
sites	NNS
available	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
and	CC
Binge	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
,	,
providing	VBG
information	NN
and	CC
support	NN
to	TO
sufferers	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
loved	VBN
ones	NNS
.	.
Do	VBP
you	PRP
know	VB
your	PRP$
family	NN
members	NNS
?	.
You	PRP
might	MD
not	RB
know	VB
them	PRP
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
you	PRP
think	VBP
.	.
We	PRP
gathered	VBD
a	DT
listing	NN
of	IN
comments	NNS
from	IN
members	NNS
about	IN
what	WP
they	PRP
are	VBP
really	RB
feeling	VBG
and	CC
what	WP
they	PRP
wished	VBD
their	PRP$
friends	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
really	RB
knew	VBD
about	IN
them	PRP
.	.
If	IN
You	PRP
Really	RB
Knew	VBP
Me	PRP
...	:
Our	PRP$
comprehensive	JJ
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
treatment	NN
finder	NN
at	IN
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
contains	VBZ
listings	NNS
from	IN
over	IN
1,800	CD
therapists	NNS
,	,
dieticians	NNS
,	,
treatment	NN
centers	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
professionals	NNS
worldwide	NN
working	VBG
to	TO
help	VB
those	DT
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
and	CC
Binge	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
recover	VB
.	.
Fully	RB
searchable	JJ
by	IN
category	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
type	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
country	NN
,	,
state	NN
,	,
area	NN
code	NN
,	,
name	NN
,	,
services	NNS
,	,
description	NN
or	CC
zipcode	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
Mission	NNP
:	:
We	PRP
are	VBP
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
raising	VBG
awareness	NN
about	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
...	:
emphasizing	VBG
always	RB
that	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
are	VBP
NOT	NNP
about	IN
food	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
;	:
They	PRP
are	VBP
just	RB
the	DT
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
something	NN
deeper	JJR
going	VBG
on	IN
,	,
inside	IN
.	.
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
is	VBZ
determined	VBN
to	TO
remind	VB
each	DT
and	CC
every	DT
sufferer	NN
of	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
and	CC
binge	NN
eating	NN
disorder	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
alone	RB
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
complete	JJ
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
the	DT
loved-one	NN
of	IN
someone	NN
that	WDT
suffers	VBZ
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
use	NN
this	DT
website	NN
to	TO
educate	VB
yourself	PRP
.	.
The	DT
more	JJR
you	PRP
know	VBP
,	,
the	DT
more	JJR
you	PRP
are	VBP
equipped	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
support	NN
your	PRP$
loved-one	JJ
needs	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
find	VB
help	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
recover	VB
.	.
And	CC
you	PRP
deserve	VBP
to	TO
do	VB
both	DT
.	.
Though	IN
our	PRP$
site	NN
should	MD
be	VB
friendly	JJ
to	TO
most	JJS
browsers	NNS
it	PRP
is	VBZ
best	JJS
viewed	VBN
on	IN
Internet	NNP
Explorer	NNP
4	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
higher	JJR
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
Netscape	NNP
4	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
higher	JJR
-RRB-	-RRB-
with	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
an	DT
800	CD
x	SYM
600	CD
screen	NN
resolution	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
seeing	VBG
the	DT
interactive	JJ
menu	NN
along	IN
the	DT
left	JJ
side	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
with	IN
drop-down	JJ
menus	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
you	PRP
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
download	VB
the	DT
FREE	NNP
Flash	NNP
Player	NNP
from	IN
Macromedia	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
it	PRP
usually	RB
takes	VBZ
under	IN
a	DT
minute	NN
on	IN
a	DT
standard	JJ
56K	NNP
connection	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
Flash	NNP
you	PRP
will	MD
see	VB
a	DT
graphic	JJ
menu	NN
on	IN
the	DT
left	VBN
without	IN
drop-downs	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
also	RB
text	NN
menus	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
site	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
navigation	NN
.	.
The	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Website	NNP
on	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
is	VBZ
not	RB
meant	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
replacement	NN
for	IN
care	NN
from	IN
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
in	IN
medical	JJ
crisis	NN
please	VB
contact	NN
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
,	,
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
treatment	NN
team	NN
,	,
therapist	NN
or	CC
dial	NN
911	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
equivalent	JJ
local	JJ
emergency	NN
number	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
area	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
suffering	VBG
with	IN
this	DT
illness	NN
have	VBP
a	DT
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
and	CC
often	RB
a	DT
tremendous	JJ
need	NN
to	TO
control	VB
their	PRP$
surroundings	NNS
and	CC
emotions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
unique	JJ
reaction	NN
to	TO
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
external	JJ
and	CC
internal	JJ
conflicts	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
stress	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
unhappiness	NN
and	CC
feeling	NN
like	IN
life	NN
is	VBZ
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
.	.
Anorexia	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
negative	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
these	DT
emotions	NNS
.	.
New	NNP
research	NN
indicates	VBZ
that	IN
for	IN
a	DT
percentage	NN
of	IN
sufferers	NNS
,	,
a	DT
genetic	JJ
predisposition	NN
may	MD
play	VB
a	DT
role	NN
in	IN
a	DT
sensitivity	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
with	IN
environmental	JJ
factors	NNS
being	VBG
the	DT
trigger	NN
.	.
''	''
...	:
starvation	NN
fills	VBZ
a	DT
void	NN
inside	IN
when	WRB
it	PRP
's	VBZ
approval	NN
from	IN
you	PRP
I	PRP
crave	VBP
.	.
The	DT
desire	NN
for	IN
food	NN
is	VBZ
gone	VBN
and	CC
you	PRP
are	VBP
there	RB
again	RB
...	:
yelling	VBG
...	:
so	RB
negative	JJ
.	.
Times	NNP
like	IN
this	DT
filled	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
pounding	VBG
urge	NN
to	TO
run	VB
far	RB
away	RB
and	CC
disappear	VB
...	:
''	''
The	DT
person	NN
suffering	VBG
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
may	MD
be	VB
abnormally	RB
sensitive	JJ
about	IN
being	VBG
perceived	VBN
as	IN
fat	JJ
,	,
or	CC
have	VB
a	DT
massive	JJ
fear	NN
of	IN
becoming	VBG
fat	JJ
--	:
though	IN
not	RB
all	DT
people	NNS
living	VBG
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
have	VBP
this	DT
fear	NN
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
afraid	JJ
of	IN
losing	VBG
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
food	NN
they	PRP
eat	VBP
,	,
accompanied	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
desire	NN
to	TO
control	VB
their	PRP$
emotions	NNS
and	CC
reactions	NNS
to	TO
their	PRP$
emotions	NNS
.	.
With	IN
a	DT
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
and	CC
need	VB
for	IN
acceptance	NN
they	PRP
will	MD
turn	VB
to	TO
obsessive	JJ
dieting	NN
and	CC
starvation	NN
as	IN
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
control	VB
not	RB
only	RB
their	PRP$
weight	NN
,	,
but	CC
their	PRP$
feelings	NNS
and	CC
actions	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
emotions	NNS
attached	VBN
.	.
Some	DT
also	RB
feel	VBP
that	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
deserve	VB
pleasure	NN
out	IN
of	IN
life	NN
,	,
and	CC
will	MD
deprive	VB
themselves	PRP
of	IN
situations	NNS
offering	VBG
pleasure	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
including	VBG
eating	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
behavioral	JJ
signs	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
:	:
obsessive	JJ
exercise	NN
,	,
calorie	NN
and	CC
fat	JJ
gram	NN
counting	NN
,	,
starvation	NN
and	CC
restriction	NN
of	IN
food	NN
,	,
self-induced	JJ
vomiting	NN
,	,
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
diet	NN
pills	NNS
,	,
laxatives	NNS
or	CC
diuretics	NNS
to	TO
attempt	VB
controlling	VBG
weight	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
persistent	JJ
concern	NN
with	IN
body	NN
image	NN
.	.
See	VB
Also	RB
,	,
Signs	NNS
and	CC
Symptoms	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
point	VB
out	RP
that	IN
there	EX
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
ways	NNS
a	DT
person	NN
suffering	VBG
from	IN
Anorexia	NNP
can	MD
portray	VB
their	PRP$
disorder	NN
.	.
The	DT
inherent	JJ
trait	NN
of	IN
a	DT
person	NN
suffering	VBG
Anorexia	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
attempt	VB
to	TO
maintain	VB
strict	JJ
control	NN
over	IN
food	NN
intake	NN
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
cases	NNS
a	DT
man	NN
or	CC
woman	NN
suffering	NN
will	MD
seem	VB
to	TO
eat	VB
normal	JJ
meals	NNS
with	IN
only	RB
periods	NNS
of	IN
restriction	NN
.	.
Anorexics	NNS
are	VBP
sometimes	RB
known	VBN
to	TO
eat	VB
junk	NN
food	NN
,	,
particularly	RB
candy	NN
,	,
to	TO
drink	VB
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
coffee	NN
or	CC
tea	NN
,	,
and\/or	CC
to	TO
smoke	VB
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
deny	VB
hunger	NN
,	,
make	VBP
excuses	NNS
to	TO
avoid	VB
eating	NN
,	,
will	MD
often	RB
hide	VB
food	NN
they	PRP
claim	VBP
to	TO
have	VB
eaten	VBN
,	,
use	VBP
diet	NN
pills	NNS
to	TO
control	VB
appetite	NN
,	,
or	CC
attempt	NN
to	TO
purge	VB
the	DT
food	NN
away	RB
with	IN
self-induced	JJ
vomiting	NN
,	,
or	CC
by	IN
taking	VBG
laxatives	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
similarities	NNS
in	IN
both	DT
illnesses	NNS
,	,
the	DT
most	RBS
common	JJ
being	VBG
the	DT
cause	NN
.	.
There	EX
seems	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
common	JJ
occurence	NN
of	IN
sexual	JJ
and\/or	CC
physical	JJ
and	CC
emotional	JJ
abuse	NN
in	IN
direct	JJ
relation	NN
to	TO
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
though	IN
not	RB
all	DT
people	NNS
living	VBG
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
are	VBP
survivors	NNS
of	IN
abuse	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Depression	NN
.	.
The	DT
eating	NN
disorder	NN
sometimes	RB
causes	VBZ
the	DT
depression	NN
or	CC
the	DT
depression	NN
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
the	DT
eating	NN
disorder	NN
.	.
All	DT
in	IN
all	DT
,	,
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
are	VBP
very	RB
complex	JJ
emotional	JJ
issues	NNS
--	:
Though	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
seem	VB
to	TO
be	VB
nothing	NN
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
dangerously	RB
obsessive	JJ
weight	NN
concern	NN
on	IN
the	DT
surface	NN
,	,
for	IN
most	JJS
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
suffering	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
there	EX
are	VBP
deeper	JJR
emotional	JJ
conflicts	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
resolved	VBN
.	.
The	DT
following	NN
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
the	DT
``	``
text	NN
book	NN
''	''
definition	NN
of	IN
Anorexia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
to	TO
assist	VB
doctors	NNS
in	IN
making	VBG
a	DT
clinical	JJ
diagnosis	NN
...	:
it	PRP
is	VBZ
in	IN
no	DT
way	NN
representative	NN
of	IN
what	WP
a	DT
sufferer	NN
feels	VBZ
or	CC
experiences	VBZ
in	IN
living	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
illness	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
note	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
still	RB
suffer	VB
from	IN
Anorexia	NNP
even	RB
if	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
below	IN
signs	NNS
is	VBZ
not	RB
present	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
also	RB
see	VB
the	DT
Signs	NNS
and	CC
Symptoms	NNS
section	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
think	VBP
you	PRP
have	VBP
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
dangerous	JJ
to	TO
read	VB
the	DT
diagnostic	JJ
criteria	NNS
and	CC
think	VB
``	``
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
symptoms	NNS
,	,
so	IN
I	PRP
must	MD
not	RB
be	VB
Anorexic	JJ
''	''
.	.
Refusal	NN
to	TO
maintain	VB
body	NN
weight	NN
at	IN
or	CC
above	IN
a	DT
minimally	RB
normal	JJ
weight	NN
for	IN
age	NN
and	CC
height	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
weight	NN
loss	NN
leading	VBG
to	TO
maintenance	NN
of	IN
body	NN
weight	NN
less	JJR
than	IN
85	CD
%	NN
of	IN
that	DT
expected	VBN
;	:
or	CC
failure	NN
to	TO
make	VB
expected	VBN
weight	NN
gain	NN
during	IN
period	NN
of	IN
growth	NN
,	,
leading	VBG
to	TO
body	NN
weight	NN
less	JJR
than	IN
85	CD
%	NN
of	IN
that	DT
expected	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
''	''
...	:
the	DT
reflection	NN
staring	VBG
back	RB
at	IN
me	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
what	WP
you	PRP
see	VBP
...	:
my	PRP$
guilt	NN
running	VBG
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
destroy	VB
my	PRP$
duration	NN
...	:
forcing	VBG
me	PRP
to	TO
seek	VB
guidance	NN
on	IN
an	DT
empty	JJ
plate	NN
of	IN
stolen	VBN
dreams	NNS
and	CC
fractured	JJ
rainbows	NNS
...	:
''	''
''	''
...	:
I	PRP
sense	VBP
a	DT
stranger	NN
filling	VBG
this	DT
silent	JJ
room	NN
with	IN
anguish	NN
...	:
a	DT
silence	NN
that	WDT
rattles	VBZ
against	IN
the	DT
windows	NNS
leaving	VBG
me	PRP
so	IN
cold	JJ
and	CC
numb	JJ
...	:
and	CC
somehow	RB
...	:
this	DT
feeling	NN
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
understand	VB
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
best	JJS
friend	NN
and	CC
enemy	NN
all	DT
wrapped	VBN
up	RP
in	IN
one	CD
...	:
''	''
The	DT
following	NN
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
the	DT
``	``
text	NN
book	NN
''	''
definition	NN
of	IN
Bulimia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
to	TO
assist	VB
doctors	NNS
in	IN
making	VBG
a	DT
clinical	JJ
diagnosis	NN
...	:
it	PRP
is	VBZ
in	IN
no	DT
way	NN
representative	NN
of	IN
what	WP
a	DT
sufferer	NN
feels	VBZ
or	CC
experiences	VBZ
in	IN
living	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
illness	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
note	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
still	RB
suffer	VB
from	IN
Bulimia	NNP
even	RB
if	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
below	IN
signs	NNS
is	VBZ
not	RB
present	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
also	RB
see	VB
the	DT
Signs	NNS
and	CC
Symptoms	NNS
section	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
think	VBP
you	PRP
have	VBP
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
dangerous	JJ
to	TO
read	VB
the	DT
diagnostic	JJ
criteria	NNS
and	CC
think	VB
``	``
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
symptoms	NNS
,	,
so	IN
I	PRP
must	MD
not	RB
be	VB
Bulimic	JJ
''	''
.	.
Recurrent	JJ
inappropriate	JJ
compensatory	JJ
behavior	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
weight	NN
gain	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
self-induced	JJ
vomiting	NN
;	:
misuse	NN
of	IN
laxatives	NNS
,	,
diuretics	NNS
,	,
enemas	NNS
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
medications	NNS
;	:
fasting	NN
;	:
or	CC
excessive	JJ
exercise	NN
.	.
''	''
...	:
intimidated	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
change	NN
...	:
in	IN
a	DT
brief	JJ
moment	NN
there	EX
might	MD
be	VB
too	RB
much	JJ
vulnerability	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
'll	MD
be	VB
left	VBN
wide	JJ
open	JJ
to	TO
really	RB
hurt	VB
...	:
all	PDT
these	DT
things	NNS
hanging	VBG
over	IN
me	PRP
,	,
weighing	VBG
me	PRP
down	RP
...	:
What	WP
will	MD
it	PRP
take	VB
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
darkness	NN
not	RB
so	RB
dark	JJ
?	.
''	''
People	NNS
suffering	VBG
with	IN
Compulsive	JJ
Overeating	NN
have	VBP
what	WP
is	VBZ
characterized	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
``	``
addiction	NN
''	''
to	TO
food	NN
,	,
using	VBG
food	NN
and	CC
eating	NN
as	IN
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
hide	VB
from	IN
their	PRP$
emotions	NNS
,	,
to	TO
fill	VB
a	DT
void	NN
they	PRP
feel	VBP
inside	RB
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
daily	JJ
stresses	VBZ
and	CC
problems	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
People	NNS
suffering	VBG
with	IN
this	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
tend	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
overweight	JJ
,	,
are	VBP
usually	RB
aware	JJ
that	IN
their	PRP$
eating	JJ
habits	NNS
are	VBP
abnormal	JJ
,	,
but	CC
find	VB
little	JJ
comfort	NN
because	IN
of	IN
society	NN
's	POS
tendency	NN
to	TO
stereotype	NN
the	DT
``	``
overweight	JJ
''	''
individual	NN
.	.
Words	NNS
like	IN
,	,
``	``
just	RB
go	VB
on	IN
a	DT
diet	NN
''	''
are	VBP
as	IN
emotionally	RB
devestating	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
person	NN
suffering	VBG
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
as	IN
``	``
just	RB
eat	VB
''	''
can	MD
be	VB
to	TO
a	DT
person	NN
suffering	VBG
Anorexia	NNP
.	.
A	DT
person	NN
suffering	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
Compulsive	NNP
Overeater	NNP
is	VBZ
at	IN
health	NN
risk	NN
for	IN
a	DT
heart	NN
attack	NN
,	,
high	JJ
blood-pressure	NN
and	CC
cholesterol	NN
,	,
kidney	NN
disease	NN
and\/or	CC
failure	NN
,	,
arthritis	NN
and	CC
bone	NN
deterioration	NN
,	,
and	CC
stroke	NN
.	.
Every	DT
diet	NN
has	VBZ
failed	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
lifer	NN
on	IN
Weight	NNP
Watchers	NNPS
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
through	IN
Nutra	NNP
System	NNP
.	.
But	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
about	IN
the	DT
weight	NN
...	:
it	PRP
's	VBZ
about	IN
the	DT
inability	NN
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
feelings	NNS
and	CC
emotions	NNS
...	:
about	IN
using	VBG
a	DT
bowl	NN
of	IN
pasta	NN
or	CC
a	DT
pound	NN
of	IN
m	NN
&	CC
m	NN
's	POS
as	IN
a	DT
narcotic	JJ
to	TO
stem	VB
the	DT
pain	NN
.	.
I	PRP
cry	VBP
because	IN
it	PRP
makes	VBZ
me	PRP
overweight	JJ
and	CC
no	DT
one	NN
sees	VBZ
the	DT
real	JJ
me	PRP
inside	IN
.	.
I	PRP
try	VBP
to	TO
show	VB
the	DT
real	JJ
me	PRP
and	CC
I	PRP
think	VBP
that	IN
people	NNS
do	VBP
n't	RB
like	VB
me	PRP
because	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
overweight	JJ
.	.
Another	DT
catch	NN
22	CD
or	CC
chicken	NN
and	CC
egg	NN
thing	NN
.	.
I	PRP
see	VBP
my	PRP$
son	NN
gaining	VBG
weight	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
grieve	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
out	RP
...	:
but	CC
then	RB
I	PRP
realize	VBP
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
out	IN
...	:
only	RB
control	NN
...	:
and	CC
control	NN
is	VBZ
harder	JJR
than	IN
being	VBG
in	IN
our	PRP$
out	RP
.	.
Men	NN
and	CC
Women	NNS
living	VBG
with	IN
Binge	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
suffer	VBP
a	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
symptoms	NNS
similar	JJ
to	TO
those	DT
of	IN
Compulsive	NNP
Overeaters	NNPS
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
sufferer	NN
periodically	RB
goes	VBZ
on	IN
large	JJ
binges	NNS
,	,
consuming	NN
an	DT
unusually	RB
large	JJ
quantity	NN
of	IN
food	NN
in	IN
a	DT
short	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
less	JJR
than	IN
2	CD
hours	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
uncontrollably	RB
,	,
eating	VBG
until	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
uncomfortably	RB
full	JJ
.	.
The	DT
weight	NN
of	IN
each	DT
individual	NN
is	VBZ
usually	RB
characterized	VBN
as	IN
above	JJ
average	NN
or	CC
overweight	JJ
,	,
and	CC
sufferers	NNS
tend	VBP
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
more	RBR
difficult	JJ
time	NN
losing	VBG
weight	NN
and	CC
maintaining	VBG
average	JJ
healthy	JJ
weights	NNS
.	.
Unlike	IN
with	IN
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
purge	VB
following	VBG
a	DT
Binge	NN
episode	NN
.	.
Reasons	NNS
for	IN
Binge	NNP
Eating	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
similar	JJ
to	TO
those	DT
of	IN
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
;	:
Using	VBG
Binges	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
hide	VB
from	IN
their	PRP$
emotions	NNS
,	,
to	TO
fill	VB
a	DT
void	NN
they	PRP
feel	VBP
inside	RB
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
daily	JJ
stresses	VBZ
and	CC
problems	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
Binging	NN
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
keep	VB
people	NNS
away	RB
,	,
to	TO
subconsciously	RB
maintain	VB
an	DT
overweight	JJ
appearance	NN
to	TO
cator	NN
to	TO
society	NN
's	POS
sad	JJ
stigma	NN
``	``
if	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
fat	JJ
,	,
no	DT
one	NN
will	MD
like	VB
me	PRP
,	,
''	''
as	IN
each	DT
person	NN
suffering	NN
may	MD
feel	VB
undeserving	JJ
of	IN
love	NN
.	.
As	IN
with	IN
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
Binging	NNP
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
as	IN
self-punishment	NN
for	IN
doing	VBG
``	``
bad	JJ
''	''
things	NNS
,	,
or	CC
for	IN
feeling	VBG
badly	RB
about	IN
themselves	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
note	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
still	RB
suffer	VB
from	IN
BED	NNP
even	RB
if	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
below	IN
signs	NNS
is	VBZ
not	RB
present	JJ
.	.
In	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
think	VBP
you	PRP
have	VBP
BED	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
dangerous	JJ
to	TO
read	VB
the	DT
diagnostic	JJ
criteria	NNS
and	CC
think	VB
``	``
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
symptoms	NNS
,	,
so	IN
I	PRP
must	MD
not	RB
have	VB
it	PRP
''	''
.	.
The	DT
binge	NN
eating	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
regular	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
inappropriate	JJ
compensatory	JJ
behaviors	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
eg	FW
,	,
purging	VBG
,	,
fasting	NN
,	,
excessive	JJ
exercise	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
occur	VBP
exclusively	RB
during	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
or	CC
bulimia	NN
nervosa	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
first	JJ
memory	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
disorder	NN
was	VBD
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
8	CD
.	.
One	CD
night	NN
after	IN
dinner	NN
I	PRP
found	VBD
myself	PRP
rummaging	VBG
through	IN
the	DT
garbage	NN
to	TO
finish	VB
off	RP
what	WP
no	DT
one	NN
else	RB
wanted	VBD
.	.
No	DT
one	NN
was	VBD
around	RB
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
very	RB
secretive	JJ
about	IN
it	PRP
.	.
But	CC
was	VBD
my	PRP$
way	NN
of	IN
having	VBG
control	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
parents	NNS
were	VBD
always	RB
critical	JJ
of	IN
who	WP
I	PRP
was	VBD
and	CC
my	PRP$
body	NN
,	,
especially	RB
.	.
I	PRP
'd	MD
eat	VB
in	IN
secret	JJ
,	,
gorging	VBG
myself	PRP
with	IN
more	JJR
food	NN
than	IN
necessary	JJ
,	,
way	NN
beyond	IN
the	DT
point	NN
of	IN
feeling	NN
full	JJ
.	.
Guilt	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
and	CC
fear	NN
would	MD
always	RB
ensue	VB
.	.
Feelings	NNS
of	IN
rage	NN
,	,
hatred	NN
and	CC
loathing	NN
would	MD
follow	VB
;	:
or	CC
severe	JJ
depression	NN
with	IN
suicidal	JJ
tendencies	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
know	VBP
it	PRP
's	VBZ
ironic	JJ
:	:
I	PRP
understand	VBP
my	PRP$
disease	NN
enough	RB
to	TO
know	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
all	DT
stems	VBZ
from	IN
issues	NNS
of	IN
control	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
feeling	VBG
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
and	CC
abusing	VBG
food	NN
to	TO
regain	VB
it	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
so	RB
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
abuse	VBP
food	NN
,	,
that	IN
it	PRP
just	RB
becomes	VBZ
a	DT
vicious	JJ
cycle	NN
day	NN
after	IN
day	NN
after	IN
day	NN
.	.
For	IN
your	PRP$
convenience	NN
,	,
below	IN
is	VBZ
a	DT
detailed	JJ
sitemap	NN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
find	VB
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
information	NN
you	PRP
are	VBP
looking	VBG
for	IN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
areas	NNS
to	TO
explore	VB
,	,
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
information	NN
to	TO
read	VB
,	,
awesome	JJ
resources	NNS
for	IN
treatment	NN
,	,
and	CC
some	DT
great	JJ
places	NNS
to	TO
find	VB
online	JJ
support	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
suggestion	NN
,	,
feel	VBP
free	JJ
to	TO
send	VB
us	PRP
e-mail	VB
.	.
Special	JJ
Bulletins	NNS
regarding	VBG
upcoming	JJ
conferences	NNS
,	,
seminars	NNS
and	CC
seeking	VBG
research	NN
participants	NNS
are	VBP
now	RB
being	VBG
posted	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Treatment	NNP
Finder	NNP
.	.
Please	VB
be	VB
sure	JJ
to	TO
update	VB
your	PRP$
bookmarks	NNS
,	,
as	IN
this	DT
notification	NN
is	VBZ
only	RB
temporary	JJ
.	.
Told	VBD
not	RB
to	TO
cry	VB
.	.
Hit	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
hand	NN
or	CC
a	DT
stick	NN
.	.
Sexually	RB
abused	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
might	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
the	DT
parental	JJ
conflicts	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
dysfunction	NN
,	,
it	PRP
might	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
dad	NN
's	POS
alcoholism	NN
or	CC
mom	NN
's	POS
push	NN
of	IN
food	NN
as	IN
comfort	NN
,	,
or	CC
maybe	RB
the	DT
death	NN
or	CC
abandonment	NN
of	IN
one	CD
or	CC
both	DT
parents	NNS
.	.
Maybe	RB
it	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
ridicule	NN
by	IN
peers	NNS
or	CC
the	DT
ingrained	JJ
phrase	NN
``	``
you	PRP
'd	MD
be	VB
better	JJR
only	RB
if	IN
...	:
''	''
Maybe	RB
not	RB
all	DT
of	IN
these	DT
things	NNS
,	,
maybe	RB
just	RB
one	CD
...	:
or	CC
maybe	RB
something	NN
else	RB
.	.
Either	DT
way	NN
this	DT
child	NN
felt	VBD
bad	JJ
.	.
As	IN
this	DT
child	NN
grew	VBD
so	RB
did	VBD
the	DT
bad	JJ
feelings	NNS
.	.
Sometimes	RB
it	PRP
was	VBD
easy	JJ
to	TO
feel	VB
loved	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
ice-cream	NN
.	.
Sometimes	RB
it	PRP
felt	VBD
good	JJ
to	TO
let	VB
built	VBN
up	RP
anger	NN
or	CC
sadness	NN
go	VBP
with	IN
vomitting	VBG
.	.
It	PRP
felt	VBD
good	JJ
to	TO
binge	NN
and	CC
then	RB
take	VB
laxatives	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
means	NN
of	IN
reaffirming	VBG
the	DT
bad	JJ
feelings	NNS
,	,
to	TO
self-punish	JJ
.	.
Sometimes	RB
the	DT
small	JJ
child	NN
felt	VBD
in	IN
control	NN
of	IN
life	NN
restricting	VBG
food	NN
intake	NN
or	CC
jogging	NN
for	IN
3	CD
hours	NNS
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
thing	NN
this	DT
small	JJ
child	NN
knew	VBD
was	VBD
that	IN
losing	VBG
weight	NN
would	MD
make	VB
life	NN
better	RB
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
concentrating	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
food	NN
made	VBD
it	PRP
forgettable	JJ
.	.
The	DT
child	NN
became	VBD
overweight	JJ
,	,
binging	NN
to	TO
fill	VB
the	DT
void	NN
.	.
``	``
Food	NNP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
only	JJ
friend	NN
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
comfort	NN
me	PRP
.	.
''	''
The	DT
child	NN
could	MD
not	RB
seem	VB
to	TO
get	VB
enough	RB
,	,
the	DT
void	NN
was	VBD
never	RB
filled	VBN
but	CC
temporarily	RB
.	.
Plus	CC
,	,
the	DT
excess	JJ
weight	NN
made	VBD
it	PRP
easy	JJ
to	TO
keep	VB
people	NNS
away	RB
.	.
To	TO
steer	VB
clear	JJ
of	IN
vulnerability	NN
.	.
``	``
Life	NNP
would	MD
be	VB
better	JJR
if	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
just	RB
lose	VB
weight	NN
.	.
''	''
Cook	NNP
books	NNS
,	,
this	DT
diet	NN
,	,
that	IN
diet	NN
,	,
baking	NN
.	.
Endless	JJ
hours	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
kitchen	NN
preparing	VBG
food	NN
.	.
This	DT
child	NN
began	VBD
purging	VBG
after	IN
binges	NNS
...	:
the	DT
tension	NN
and	CC
self-hate	NN
seemed	VBD
to	TO
lift	VB
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
guilt	NN
from	IN
feeling	VBG
like	IN
a	DT
glutton	NN
for	IN
so	RB
many	JJ
things	NNS
,	,
for	IN
feeling	NN
selfish	JJ
,	,
for	IN
making	VBG
a	DT
mistake	NN
,	,
would	MD
fade	VB
.	.
Laxatives	NNS
and	CC
diet	NN
pills	NNS
,	,
dieuretics	NNS
and	CC
fasting	NN
.	.
``	``
My	PRP$
life	NN
will	MD
be	VB
good	JJ
when	WRB
I	PRP
lose	VBP
the	DT
weight	NN
.	.
''	''
Striving	VBG
for	IN
perfection	NN
,	,
this	DT
child	NN
began	VBD
to	TO
avoid	VB
food	NN
.	.
No	DT
more	RBR
than	IN
calories	NNS
today	NN
...	:
no	DT
more	JJR
than	IN
tomorrow	NN
.	.
The	DT
control	NN
was	VBD
unbelievable	JJ
!	.
``	``
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
feeling	VBG
well	RB
''	''
or	CC
``	``
I	PRP
already	RB
ate	VBD
.	.
''	''
No	DT
more	RBR
silly	JJ
faces	NNS
,	,
but	CC
a	DT
tired	JJ
and	CC
broken	JJ
body	NN
reflecting	VBG
back	RB
in	IN
the	DT
mirror	NN
saying	VBG
,	,
``	``
just	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
more	JJR
pounds	NNS
and	CC
life	NN
will	MD
be	VB
better	RBR
.	.
''	''
``	``
This	DT
Child	NN
''	''
can	MD
be	VB
anyone	NN
from	IN
someone	NN
with	IN
Compulsive	JJ
Overeating	NN
to	TO
Anorexia	NNP
or	CC
Bulimic	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
your	PRP$
husband	NN
or	CC
wife	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
sister	NN
or	CC
brother	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
son	NN
or	CC
daughter	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
lover	NN
or	CC
friend	NN
,	,
a	DT
parent	NN
or	CC
grandparent	NN
,	,
an	DT
aunt	NN
or	CC
uncle	NN
,	,
a	DT
neice	NN
,	,
a	DT
nephew	NN
,	,
a	DT
cousin	NN
.	.
They	PRP
might	MD
be	VB
male	JJ
or	CC
female	JJ
,	,
any	DT
age	NN
,	,
and	CC
come	VB
from	IN
any	DT
race	NN
or	CC
religious	JJ
background	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
me	PRP
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
you	PRP
or	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
someone	NN
you	PRP
love	VBP
or	CC
know	VBP
.	.
To	TO
have	VB
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
disease	NN
of	IN
the	DT
self-esteem	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
broken	JJ
coping	VBG
mechanism	NN
.	.
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
are	VBP
about	IN
being	VBG
addicted	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
behavior	NN
that	WDT
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
easy	JJ
to	TO
temporarily	RB
forget	VB
problems	NNS
and	CC
feelings	NNS
of	IN
depression	NN
and	CC
self	NN
hate	NN
,	,
stress	NN
and	CC
anxiety	NN
,	,
guilt	NN
and	CC
pressure	NN
.	.
Just	RB
like	IN
alcohol	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
symptom	NN
of	IN
alcoholism	NN
,	,
food	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
symptom	NN
of	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
or	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
.	.
The	DT
real	JJ
issues	NNS
are	VBP
hidden	VBN
away	RB
in	IN
each	DT
sufferers	NNS
heart	NN
and	CC
mind	NN
.	.
Melissa	NNP
was	VBD
the	DT
daughter	NN
of	IN
one	CD
of	IN
our	PRP$
members	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Family	NNP
&	CC
Friends	NNPS
Support	NN
Finder	NNP
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
owner	NN
of	IN
this	DT
site	NN
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
at	IN
a	DT
loss	NN
for	IN
words	NNS
in	IN
losing	VBG
``	``
one	CD
of	IN
our	PRP$
own	JJ
''	''
.	.
Our	PRP$
sincerest	JJS
condolences	NNS
go	VBP
out	RP
to	TO
her	PRP$
family	NN
as	IN
we	PRP
have	VBP
lit	VBN
this	DT
candle	NN
ourselves	PRP
for	IN
the	DT
light	JJ
Melissa	NNP
was	VBD
in	IN
her	PRP$
loved-ones	JJ
lives	NNS
...	:
a	DT
light	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
never	RB
go	VB
out	RP
.	.
Karen	NNP
Carpenter	NNP
's	POS
passing	NN
was	VBD
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
publicized	JJ
deaths	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
It	PRP
helped	VBD
to	TO
begin	VB
to	TO
raise	VB
awareness	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
serious	JJ
these	DT
disorders	NNS
truly	RB
are	VBP
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
the	DT
media	NNS
began	VBD
reporting	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
the	DT
effects	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
potential	JJ
end-result	NN
to	TO
living	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
shame	NN
she	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
die	VB
,	,
a	DT
terrible	JJ
loss	NN
for	IN
her	PRP$
fans	NNS
,	,
friends	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
,	,
but	CC
her	PRP$
death	NN
became	VBD
important	JJ
in	IN
bringing	VBG
attention	NN
to	TO
the	DT
very-real	JJ
dangers	NNS
in	IN
struggling	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
In	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
suffer	VBP
from	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
uncommon	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
other	JJ
associated	VBN
psychological	JJ
disorders	NNS
that	WDT
co-exist	VBP
with	IN
their	PRP$
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
and\/or	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
.	.
In	IN
some	DT
cases	NNS
,	,
their	PRP$
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
secondary	JJ
symptom	NN
to	TO
an	DT
underlying	JJ
psychological	JJ
disorder	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
some	DT
people	NNS
who	WP
also	RB
suffer	VBP
with	IN
Multiple	NNP
Personality	NNP
Disorder	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
other	JJ
cases	NNS
,	,
the	DT
psychological	JJ
disorder	NN
may	MD
be	VB
secondary	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
with	IN
some	DT
people	NNS
also	RB
suffering	VBG
with	IN
Depression	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Men	NN
and	CC
women	NNS
may	MD
also	RB
suffer	VB
from	IN
both	DT
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
and	CC
other	JJ
psychological	JJ
disorder	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
completely	RB
co-exist	VBP
with	IN
one	CD
another	DT
...	:
or	CC
they	PRP
can	MD
suffer	VB
from	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
and	CC
have	VBP
little	JJ
or	CC
no	DT
signs	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
additional	JJ
psychological	JJ
disorder	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Note	NN
:	:
The	DT
longer	JJR
a	DT
person	NN
suffer	VBP
,	,
the	DT
more	RBR
probable	JJ
that	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
dealing	VBG
with	IN
Depression	NN
or	CC
Anxiety	NN
as	RB
well	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
recovery	NN
process	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
that	IN
all	PDT
these	DT
issues	NNS
are	VBP
addressed	VBN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
a	DT
proper	JJ
diagnosis	NN
be	VB
determined	VBN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
some	DT
people	NNS
suffering	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
exhibiting	VBG
other	JJ
addictive	JJ
or	CC
self-destructive	JJ
behaviors	NNS
.	.
As	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
reaction	NN
to	TO
a	DT
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
negative	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
coping	VBG
with	IN
life	NN
and	CC
stress	NN
,	,
so	RB
are	VBP
other	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
addictions	NNS
.	.
These	DT
can	MD
include	VB
alcoholism	NN
,	,
drug	NN
addiction	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
illegal	JJ
,	,
prescription	NN
and\/or	CC
over-the-counter	JJ
medications	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
self-injury	NN
,	,
cutting	VBG
and	CC
self-mutilation	NN
.	.
For	IN
some	DT
,	,
they	PRP
may	MD
find	VB
it	PRP
easier	JJR
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
real	JJ
physical	JJ
pain	NN
than	IN
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
their	PRP$
emotional	JJ
pain	NN
,	,
or	CC
some	DT
may	MD
feel	VB
emotionally	RB
numb	JJ
and	CC
using	VBG
SIV	NNP
reminds	VBZ
them	PRP
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
alive	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
even	RB
feel	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
deserve	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
hurt	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
block	VB
out	RP
emotional	JJ
pain	NN
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
person	NN
feel	VBP
``	``
strong	JJ
''	''
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
stress	NN
and	CC
anger	NN
,	,
shame	NN
and	CC
guilt	NN
,	,
sadness	NN
,	,
and	CC
as	IN
a	DT
release	NN
for	IN
emotions	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
built	VBN
up	RP
inside	IN
.	.
SIV	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
mild	JJ
to	TO
severe	JJ
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
should	MD
never	RB
be	VB
confused	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
conscious	JJ
attempt	NN
to	TO
commit	VB
suicide	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
though	IN
some	DT
may	MD
die	VB
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
actions	NNS
,	,
this	DT
is	VBZ
relatively	RB
uncommon	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
SIV	NNP
can	MD
include	VB
cutting	VBG
,	,
burning	NN
,	,
punching	NN
,	,
slapping	NN
,	,
hitting	VBG
oneself	NN
with	IN
an	DT
object	NN
,	,
eye-pushing	NN
,	,
biting	VBG
and	CC
head-banging	NN
,	,
and	CC
less	JJR
common	JJ
methods	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
those	DT
that	WDT
have	VBP
long-lasting	JJ
or	CC
life-long	JJ
effects	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
bone	NN
breaking	NN
,	,
or	CC
amputation	NN
.	.
Suffering	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
alone	RB
or	CC
combined	VBN
with	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
psychological	JJ
illness	NN
or	CC
addiction	NN
,	,
leaves	VBZ
each	DT
sufferer	NN
needing	VBG
new	JJ
and	CC
better	JJR
ways	NNS
to	TO
cope	VB
.	.
Check	VB
out	RP
the	DT
Ways	NNPS
to	TO
Cope	VB
section	NN
for	IN
some	DT
suggestions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
reach	VB
out	RP
for	IN
help	NN
.	.
Studies	NNS
have	VBP
shown	VBN
that	IN
women	NNS
who	WP
go	VBP
undiagnosed	JJ
as	IN
ADD	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
but	CC
do	VBP
infact	NN
have	VBP
it	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
much	RB
more	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
develop	VB
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
neurological	JJ
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
ADD\/ADHD	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
:	:
holding	VBG
onto	IN
negative	JJ
thoughts	NNS
and\/or	CC
anger	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
impulsivity	NN
both	DT
verbally	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
interrupting	VBG
others	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
in	IN
actions	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
acting	VBG
before	IN
thinking	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
There	EX
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
unexplained	JJ
emotional	JJ
negativity	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
attempted	VBD
suicide	NN
.	.
To	TO
get	VB
a	DT
proper	JJ
diagnosis	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
whole	JJ
criteria	NNS
that	WDT
needs	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
met	VBN
,	,
so	RB
if	IN
you	PRP
suspect	VBP
you	PRP
are	VBP
living	VBG
with	IN
ADHD	NNP
or	CC
ADD	NNP
,	,
please	VB
visit	NN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
links	NNS
below	IN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
suffering	VBG
with	IN
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
that	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
appear	VB
in	IN
any	DT
specific	JJ
weight	NN
range	NN
.	.
Those	DT
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
slightly	RB
overweight	JJ
...	:
while	IN
those	DT
with	IN
Compulsive	NNP
Eating	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
slightly	RB
underweight	JJ
.	.
Variations	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
who	WP
suffer	VBP
can	MD
be	VB
anywhere	RB
from	IN
extremely	RB
underweight	JJ
to	TO
extremely	RB
overweight	JJ
to	TO
anywhere	RB
in	IN
between	IN
.	.
The	DT
outward	JJ
appearance	NN
of	IN
anyone	NN
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
does	VBZ
NOT	RB
dictate	VB
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
physical	JJ
danger	NN
they	PRP
are	VBP
in	IN
,	,
nor	CC
does	VBZ
is	VBZ
determine	VB
the	DT
emotional	JJ
conflict	NN
they	PRP
feel	VBP
inside	RB
.	.
They	PRP
need	VBP
not	RB
display	VB
even	RB
close	JJ
to	TO
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
below	IN
symptoms	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
in	IN
danger	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
understand	VB
that	IN
even	RB
though	IN
a	DT
person	NN
may	MD
be	VB
suffering	VBG
specifically	RB
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
or	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
uncommon	JJ
for	IN
them	PRP
to	TO
exhibit	VB
behaviors	NNS
from	IN
each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
three	CD
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
not	RB
uncommon	JJ
for	IN
one	CD
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
to	TO
be	VB
swapped	VBN
for	IN
another	DT
-LRB-	-LRB-
Example	NN
:	:
a	DT
person	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
suffering	VBG
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
switches	VBZ
to	TO
Bulimia	VB
;	:
a	DT
persons	NNS
suffering	VBG
with	IN
Compulsive	JJ
Overeating	NN
switches	VBZ
to	TO
Anorexia	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
why	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
THE	DT
DANGERS	NNS
BELOW	IN
,	,
all	DT
of	IN
which	WDT
are	VBP
risks	NNS
no	DT
matter	NN
what	WDT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
you	PRP
suffer	VBP
with	IN
.	.
Dehydration	NN
-	:
caused	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
depletion	NN
or	CC
lack	NN
of	IN
intake	NN
of	IN
fluids	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
body	NN
,	,
or	CC
by	IN
restriction	NN
of	IN
carbohydrates	NNS
and	CC
fat	JJ
.	.
Restriction\/Starvation	NNP
,	,
vomiting	NN
and	CC
laxative	NN
abuse	NN
are	VBP
the	DT
primary	JJ
causes	NNS
in	IN
sufferers	NNS
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
Electrolyte	NNP
Imbalances	NNPS
-	:
electrolyte	NN
are	VBP
essential	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
production	NN
of	IN
the	DT
body	NN
's	POS
``	``
natural	JJ
electicity	NN
''	''
that	WDT
ensures	VBZ
healthy	JJ
teeth	NNS
,	,
joints	NNS
and	CC
bones	NNS
,	,
nerve	NN
and	CC
muscle	NN
impulses	NNS
,	,
kidneys	NNS
and	CC
heart	NN
,	,
blood	NN
sugar	NN
levels	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
delivery	NN
of	IN
oxygen	NN
to	TO
the	DT
cells	NNS
.	.
Hyponatremia	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
related	VBN
to	TO
``	``
water-loading	JJ
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
as	IN
stated	VBN
above	IN
,	,
electrolytes	NNS
are	VBP
essential	JJ
to	TO
proper	JJ
body	NN
functioning	NN
.	.
Drinking	NN
too	RB
much	JJ
water	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
more	JJR
than	IN
eight	CD
,	,
eight-ounce	JJ
glasses	NNS
in	IN
less	JJR
than	IN
twelve	CD
hours	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
can	MD
cause	VB
Hyponatremia	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
not	RB
enough	RB
sodium	NN
in	IN
the	DT
blood	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
especially	RB
in	IN
someone	NN
already	RB
malnurished	VBD
or	CC
dehydrated	VBD
.	.
Hyponatremia	NNP
can	MD
cause	VB
fluid	NN
in	IN
the	DT
lungs	NNS
,	,
the	DT
brain	NN
to	TO
swell	VB
,	,
nauseousness	NN
,	,
vomiting	NN
,	,
confusion	NN
and	CC
even	RB
death	NN
.	.
Refeeding	NNP
Syndrome	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
related	VBN
to	TO
treatment	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
Starved	VBN
or	CC
severely	RB
malnourished	JJ
patients	NNS
can	MD
undergo	VB
life-threatening	JJ
fluid	NN
and	CC
electrolyte	NN
shifts	NNS
following	VBG
the	DT
initiation	NN
of	IN
agressive	JJ
nutritional	JJ
support	NN
therapies	NNS
.	.
This	DT
phenomenon	NN
is	VBZ
known	VBN
as	IN
``	``
refeeding	NN
syndrome	NN
''	''
and	CC
can	MD
occur	VB
in	IN
patients	NNS
receiving	VBG
either	CC
enteral	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
tube	NN
feeding	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
parenteral	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
intravenous	JJ
feeding	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
nutritional	JJ
support	NN
.	.
To	TO
avoid	VB
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
the	DT
refeeding	NN
syndrome	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
support	NN
in	IN
patients	NNS
at	IN
risk	NN
should	MD
be	VB
increased	VBN
slowly	RB
while	IN
assuring	VBG
adequate	JJ
amounts	NNS
of	IN
vitamins	NNS
and	CC
minerals	NNS
.	.
Organ	NN
function	NN
,	,
fluid	JJ
balance	NN
and	CC
serum	NN
electrolytes	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
especially	RB
phosphorus	NN
,	,
potassium	NN
and	CC
magnesium	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
monitored	JJ
daily	JJ
during	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
week	NN
and	CC
less	JJR
often	RB
thereafter	RB
.	.
Lanugo	SYM
-	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
soft	JJ
downy	NN
hair	NN
on	IN
face	NN
,	,
back	RB
and	CC
arms	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
caused	VBN
due	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
protective	JJ
mechanism	NN
built-in	NN
to	TO
the	DT
body	NN
to	TO
help	VB
keep	VB
a	DT
person	NN
warm	JJ
during	IN
periods	NNS
of	IN
starvation	NN
and	CC
malnutrition	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
hormonal	JJ
imbalances	NNS
that	WDT
result	VBP
.	.
Edema	NNP
-	:
swelling	VBG
of	IN
the	DT
soft	JJ
tissues	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
excess	JJ
water	NN
accumulation	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
most	RBS
common	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
legs	NNS
and	CC
feet	NNS
of	IN
Compulsive	NNP
Overeaters	NNPS
and	CC
in	IN
the	DT
abdominal	JJ
area	NN
of	IN
Anorexics	NNPS
and\/or	CC
Bulimics	NNPS
-LRB-	-LRB-
can	MD
be	VB
caused	VBN
by	IN
Laxative	NN
and	CC
Diuretic	NNP
use	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Paralysis	NN
-	:
transient	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
temporary	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
paralysis	NN
--	:
extreme	JJ
weakness	NN
of	IN
muscles	NNS
or	CC
not	RB
being	VBG
able	JJ
to	TO
move	VB
at	IN
all	DT
--	:
Caused	VBN
by	IN
low	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
potassium	NN
,	,
and\/or	CC
the	DT
degeneration	NN
of	IN
nerve	NN
cells	NNS
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
spinal	JJ
cord	NN
or	CC
in	IN
the	DT
brain	NN
,	,
which	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
deprived	VBN
of	IN
essential	JJ
nutrients	NNS
.	.
Left	VBN
untreated	JJ
,	,
periods	NNS
of	IN
paralysis	NN
may	MD
happen	VB
more	RBR
frequently	RB
and	CC
more	JJR
severly	RB
,	,
lead	VBP
to	TO
permanent	JJ
muscle	NN
weakness	NN
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
result	VB
in	IN
death	NN
.	.
Ketoacidosis	NNS
-	:
high	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
acids	NNS
that	WDT
build	VBP
up	RP
in	IN
the	DT
blood	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
known	VBN
as	IN
ketones	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
caused	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
body	NN
burning	NN
fat	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
instead	RB
of	IN
sugar	NN
and	CC
carbohydrates	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
get	VB
energy	NN
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
starvation	NN
,	,
excessive	JJ
purging	VBG
,	,
dehydration	NN
,	,
hyperglycemia	NN
and\/or	CC
alcohol	NN
abuse	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
it	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
uncontrolled	JJ
or	CC
untreated	JJ
diabetes	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
coma	VB
and	CC
death	NN
.	.
TMJ	NNP
``	``
Syndrome	NNP
''	''
and	CC
Related	NNP
TMJ	NNP
Problems	NNS
-	:
degenerative	JJ
arthritis	NN
within	IN
the	DT
tempero-mandibular	JJ
joint	NN
in	IN
the	DT
jaw	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
where	WRB
the	DT
lower	JJR
jaw	NN
hinges	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
skull	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
creating	VBG
pain	NN
in	IN
the	DT
joint	JJ
area	NN
,	,
headaches	NNS
,	,
and	CC
problems	NNS
chewing	VBG
and	CC
opening\/closing	VBG
the	DT
mouth	NN
.	.
Vitamin	NNP
deficiencies	NNS
and	CC
teeth	NNS
grinding	VBG
-LRB-	-LRB-
often	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
stress	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
can	MD
both	DT
be	VB
causes	NNS
.	.
Easily	RB
Bruising	VBG
Skin	NN
-	:
Vitamin	NNP
Deficiencies	NNPS
that	WDT
decrease	VBP
the	DT
body	NN
's	POS
ability	NN
to	TO
heal	VB
itself	PRP
,	,
low	JJ
blood	NN
pressure	NN
,	,
low	JJ
platelets	NNS
count	VBP
and\/or	CC
extreme	JJ
weight	NN
loss	NN
will	MD
all	DT
lead	NN
to	TO
easily	RB
bruised	VBN
skin	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
take	VB
a	DT
long	JJ
time	NN
to	TO
heal	VB
.	.
Gum	NNP
Disease	NNP
-	:
will	MD
be	VB
caused	VBN
by	IN
stomach	NN
acids	NNS
and	CC
enzymes	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
from	IN
vomiting	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
vitamin	VBN
D	NNP
and	CC
calcium	NN
defiencies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
hormonal	JJ
imbalance	NN
.	.
Can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
exercise	NN
the	DT
teeth	NNS
can	MD
get	VB
from	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
certain	JJ
foods	NNS
.	.
Dental	JJ
problems	NNS
can	MD
sometime	RB
indicate	VB
problems	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
heart	NN
.	.
Liver	NNP
Failure	NN
-	:
the	DT
liver	NN
aids	NNS
in	IN
removing	VBG
waste	NN
from	IN
cells	NNS
,	,
and	CC
aids	NNS
in	IN
digestion	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
live	VB
without	IN
your	PRP$
Liver	NN
.	.
Fasting	NN
and	CC
taking	VBG
acetaminophen	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
drug	NN
found	VBN
in	IN
over-the-counter	JJ
pain	NN
killers	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
increases	VBZ
your	PRP$
risks	NNS
for	IN
Liver	NNP
damage	NN
and	CC
failure	NN
.	.
Loss	NN
of	IN
menstruation	NN
and	CC
dehydration	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
putting	VBG
women	NNS
at	IN
risk	NN
for	IN
too	RB
much	JJ
iron	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
system	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
chronic	JJ
heart	NN
failure	NN
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
liver	VB
damage	NN
or	CC
failure	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
factors	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
having	VBG
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
heart	NN
problems	NNS
or	CC
a	DT
heart	NN
attack	NN
.	.
Sudden	JJ
cardiac	JJ
arrest	NN
can	MD
cause	VB
permanent	JJ
damage	NN
to	TO
the	DT
heart	NN
,	,
or	CC
instant	JJ
death	NN
...	:
electrolyte	NN
imbalances	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
especially	RB
potassium	JJ
deficiency	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
dehydration	NN
,	,
malnutrition	NN
,	,
low	JJ
blood	NN
pressure	NN
,	,
extreme	JJ
orthostatic	JJ
hypotension	NN
,	,
abnormally	RB
slow	JJ
heart	NN
rate	NN
,	,
electrolyte	NN
imbalances	NNS
,	,
and	CC
hormonal	JJ
imbalances	NNS
call	VBP
all	DT
cause	NN
serious	JJ
problems	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
heart	NN
,	,
high	JJ
blood	NN
pressure	NN
,	,
accumulation	NN
of	IN
fat	JJ
deposits	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
heart	NN
muscle	NN
,	,
high	JJ
cholesterol	NN
,	,
decreased	VBD
exercise	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
lack	NN
of	IN
mobility	NN
,	,
diabetes	NN
and	CC
hormonal	JJ
imbalances	NNS
can	MD
all	DT
lead	NN
to	TO
serious	JJ
problems	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
heart	NN
.	.
Infertility	NN
-	:
the	DT
inability	NN
to	TO
have	VB
children	NNS
.	.
Caused	VBN
by	IN
loss	NN
of	IN
menstrual	JJ
cycle	NN
,	,
and	CC
hormonal	JJ
imbalances	NNS
.	.
Malnutrition	NN
and	CC
vitamin	NN
deficiencies	NNS
can	MD
also	RB
make	VB
it	PRP
impossible	JJ
to	TO
succeed	VB
with	IN
a	DT
full-term	JJ
pregnancy	NN
,	,
and	CC
can	MD
increase	VB
the	DT
chances	NNS
significantly	RB
of	IN
a	DT
baby	NN
born	VBN
with	IN
birth	NN
defects	NNS
.	.
Polycystic	NNP
Ovarian	NNP
Syndrome	NNP
-	:
a	DT
study	NN
a	DT
few	JJ
years	NNS
ago	IN
suggested	VBD
that	IN
people	NNS
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
were	VBD
at	IN
an	DT
increased	VBN
risk	NN
for	IN
developing	VBG
Polycystic	NNP
Ovarian	NNP
Syndrome	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
PCO	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
recovery	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
should	MD
be	VB
part	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
for	IN
PCO	NNP
.	.
Depression	NN
-	:
mood	NN
swings	NNS
and	CC
depression	NN
will	MD
all	DT
be	VB
cause	NN
by	IN
physiological	JJ
factors	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
electrolyte	NN
imbalances	NNS
,	,
hormone	NN
and	CC
vitamin	NN
deficiencies	NNS
,	,
malnutrition	NN
and	CC
dehydration	NN
.	.
Living	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
behaviors	NNS
themselves	PRP
will	MD
cause	VB
depression	NN
.	.
Pancreatitis	NN
-	:
this	DT
is	VBZ
when	WRB
the	DT
digestive	JJ
enzymes	NNS
attack	VBP
the	DT
pancreas	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
caused	VBN
by	IN
repeated	VBN
stomach	NN
trauma	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
with	IN
vomiting	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
alcohol	NN
consumption	NN
or	CC
the	DT
excessive	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
laxatives	NNS
or	CC
diet	NN
pills	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
possible	JJ
that	IN
lesions	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
brain	NN
caused	VBN
by	IN
long-term	JJ
malnutrition	NN
and	CC
lack	NN
of	IN
oxygen-carrying	JJ
cells	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
brain	NN
may	MD
play	VB
a	DT
role	NN
.	.
SOME	NNP
type	NN
of	IN
antidepressants	NNS
can	MD
increase	VB
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
seizure	NN
and	CC
usually	RB
carry	VBP
a	DT
warning	NN
against	IN
prescribing	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
people	NNS
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
,	,
unless	IN
the	DT
benefits	NNS
significantly	RB
outweigh	VBP
the	DT
risks	NNS
.	.
Death	NNP
caused	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
or	CC
any	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
following	NN
:	:
heart	NN
attack	NN
or	CC
heart	NN
failure	NN
;	:
lung	NN
collapse	NN
;	:
internal	JJ
bleeding	NN
,	,
stroke	NN
,	,
kidney	NN
failure	NN
,	,
liver	NN
failure	NN
;	:
pancreatitis	NN
,	,
gastric	JJ
rupture	NN
,	,
perforated	JJ
ulcer	NN
,	,
depression	NN
and	CC
suicide	NN
.	.
Finding	VBG
Help	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
easy	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
takes	VBZ
the	DT
desire	NN
to	TO
recover	VB
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
motivation	NN
to	TO
find	VB
what	WP
works	VBZ
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
old-fashioned	JJ
ideas	NNS
still	RB
out	IN
there	RB
often	RB
it	PRP
's	VBZ
easy	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
our	PRP$
motivations	NNS
crushed	VBN
and	CC
to	TO
feel	VB
confused	JJ
.	.
The	DT
First	NNP
Step	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
reach	VB
in	IN
to	TO
yourself	PRP
.	.
To	TO
admit	VB
you	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
problem	NN
that	WDT
needs	VBZ
addressing	VBG
and	CC
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
decision	NN
to	TO
do	VB
it	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
takes	VBZ
time	NN
,	,
do	VBP
n't	RB
get	VB
down	RP
on	IN
yourself	PRP
if	IN
it	PRP
takes	VBZ
you	PRP
weeks	NNS
or	CC
months	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
first	JJ
phone	NN
call	NN
.	.
Once	RB
you	PRP
've	VBP
made	VBN
the	DT
decision	NN
you	PRP
will	MD
do	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Find	VB
a	DT
Doctor	NNP
you	PRP
feel	VBP
comfortable	JJ
with	IN
.	.
Everyone	NN
is	VBZ
entitled	VBN
to	TO
this	DT
.	.
Remember	VB
that	DT
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
is	VBZ
bound	VBN
by	IN
Doctor-patient	JJ
confidentiality	NN
laws	NNS
and	CC
that	IN
anything	NN
you	PRP
tell	VBP
him\/her	NN
should	MD
be	VB
kept	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
strictest	JJS
of	IN
confidence	NN
.	.
Talk	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
,	,
make	VBP
sure	JJ
he\/she	NN
is	VBZ
responsive	JJ
to	TO
your	PRP$
needs	NNS
and	CC
do	VBP
n't	RB
be	VB
afraid	JJ
to	TO
ask	VB
questions	NNS
or	CC
inform	VB
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
of	IN
things	NNS
he\/she	VBP
may	MD
not	RB
know	VB
.	.
Finding	VBG
Treatment	NNP
,	,
Therapy	NNP
and	CC
Support	NN
Groups	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
next	JJ
step	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
essencial	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
towards	IN
permanent	JJ
recovery	NN
.	.
Ask	VB
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
if	IN
he\/she	NN
can	MD
refer	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
a	DT
therapist	NN
who	WP
will	MD
address	VB
your	PRP$
emotional	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
even	RB
have	VB
a	DT
friend	NN
or	CC
family	NN
member	NN
who	WP
can	MD
recommend	VB
someone	NN
.	.
Each	DT
doctor	NN
will	MD
play	VB
a	DT
role	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
recovery	NN
--	:
Therapists	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
in	IN
charge	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
mind	NN
,	,
and	CC
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
should	MD
be	VB
in	IN
charge	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
also	RB
want	VB
to	TO
consider	VB
a	DT
dietician	NN
when	WRB
you	PRP
feel	VBP
ready	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
decide	VB
on	IN
an	DT
inpatient	NN
or	CC
outpatient	NN
program	NN
that	WDT
offers	VBZ
a	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
treatments	NNS
under	IN
one	CD
roof	NN
.	.
Read	VB
over	IN
the	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
treatment	NN
out	IN
there	RB
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
then	RB
visit	VB
the	DT
Treatment	NNP
Finder	NNP
to	TO
find	VB
a	DT
therapist	NN
or	CC
treatment	NN
center	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
area	NN
,	,
or	CC
refer	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
Helpful	NNP
Hotlines	NNPS
for	IN
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
referral	NN
services	NNS
.	.
Remember	VB
that	DT
your	PRP$
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
about	IN
YOU	PRP
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
let	VB
anyone	NN
push	NN
you	PRP
into	IN
things	NNS
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
do	VB
...	:
but	CC
also	RB
be	VB
prepared	VBN
to	TO
keep	VB
an	DT
open	JJ
mind	NN
about	IN
things	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
recommended	VBN
.	.
If	IN
your	PRP$
doctors	NNS
suggests	VBZ
hospitalization	NN
ask	VB
yourself	PRP
why	WRB
he	PRP
might	MD
and	CC
remember	VB
that	IN
he	PRP
may	MD
see	VB
things	NNS
you	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
aware	JJ
of	IN
.	.
Ask	VB
him	PRP
to	TO
explain	VB
why	WRB
he	PRP
recommends	VBZ
things	NNS
and	CC
do	VBP
research	NN
yourself	PRP
.	.
Also	RB
remember	VBP
that	IN
if	IN
your	PRP$
nutrition	NN
levels	NNS
are	VBP
low	JJ
,	,
or	CC
if	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
electrolyte	NN
imbalances	NNS
or	CC
hormone	NN
and	CC
vitamin	NN
deficiencies	NNS
it	PRP
will	MD
effect	VB
your	PRP$
moods	NNS
and	CC
ability	NN
to	TO
see	VB
things	NNS
rationally	RB
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
put	VBN
you	PRP
in	IN
physical	JJ
danger	NN
.	.
You	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
underweight	JJ
to	TO
suffer	VB
from	IN
these	DT
things	NNS
and	CC
you	PRP
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
keep	VB
in	IN
mind	NN
that	IN
your	PRP$
self-perception	NN
is	VBZ
distorted	VBN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
try	VBP
to	TO
find	VB
support	NN
from	IN
a	DT
friend	NN
,	,
spouse	NN
or	CC
relative	JJ
.	.
Encouraging	VBG
words	NNS
can	MD
go	VB
a	DT
long	JJ
way	NN
.	.
Ask	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
read	VB
about	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
so	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
better	RBR
understand	VB
how	WRB
they	PRP
can	MD
support	VB
you	PRP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
problem	NN
finding	VBG
someone	NN
there	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
online	JJ
support	NN
options	NNS
available	JJ
across	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
but	CC
remember	VBP
that	IN
this	DT
will	MD
not	RB
replace	VB
the	DT
professional	JJ
help	NN
of	IN
a	DT
doctor	NN
and	CC
therapist	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
begin	VB
your	PRP$
search	NN
for	IN
treatment	NN
by	IN
visiting	VBG
the	DT
Treatment	NNP
Options	NNPS
section	NN
,	,
or	CC
by	IN
contacting	VBG
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
organizations	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
also	RB
phone	NN
numbers	NNS
you	PRP
can	MD
call	VB
during	IN
a	DT
crisis	NN
,	,
to	TO
find	VB
treatment	NN
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
get	VB
information	NN
.	.
Make	VB
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
things	NNS
you	PRP
expect	VBP
out	IN
of	IN
therapy	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
.	.
What	WP
type	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
do	VBP
you	PRP
want	VB
?	.
Are	VBP
you	PRP
looking	VBG
for	IN
group	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
individual	JJ
therapy	NN
?	.
Do	VBP
you	PRP
prefer	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
in	IN
an	DT
inpatient	JJ
facility	NN
?	.
Does	VBZ
an	DT
outpatient	NN
facility	NN
or	CC
clinic	NN
appeal	NN
to	TO
you	PRP
?	.
Do	VBP
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
go	VB
once	RB
a	DT
week	NN
,	,
twice	RB
a	DT
week	NN
,	,
once	RB
a	DT
month	NN
?	.
Will	MD
your	PRP$
therapist	NN
be	VB
open	JJ
minded	VBN
to	TO
different	JJ
ideas	NNS
for	IN
your	PRP$
course	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
?	.
Are	VBP
you	PRP
okay	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
taking	VBG
medications	NNS
like	IN
anti-depressants	NNS
?	.
These	DT
are	VBP
all	DT
important	JJ
things	NNS
to	TO
think	VB
about	IN
when	WRB
looking	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
therapist	NN
you	PRP
will	MD
feel	VB
comfortable	JJ
with	IN
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
all	DT
,	,
make	VB
sure	JJ
you	PRP
find	VBP
people	NNS
you	PRP
feel	VBP
you	PRP
can	MD
trust	VB
.	.
People	NNS
who	WP
treat	VBP
you	PRP
well	RB
and	CC
with	IN
respect	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
therapist	NN
need	MD
not	RB
be	VB
an	DT
``	``
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
''	''
specialist	NN
to	TO
treat	VB
you	PRP
effectively	RB
,	,
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
willing	JJ
to	TO
address	VB
your	PRP$
emotional	JJ
conflicts	NNS
while	IN
remaining	VBG
aware	JJ
of	IN
your	PRP$
physical	JJ
health	NN
.	.
Therapist	NN
can	MD
range	VB
from	IN
formal	JJ
psychiatrists	NNS
to	TO
informal	JJ
counselors	NNS
,	,
from	IN
private	JJ
practices	NNS
to	TO
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
clinics	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
decide	VB
what	WP
type	NN
of	IN
therapy	NN
will	MD
work	VB
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
be	VB
afraid	JJ
to	TO
do	VB
some	DT
self	NN
exploration	NN
.	.
Reading	VBG
self-help	JJ
books	NNS
,	,
taking	VBG
workshops	NNS
,	,
going	VBG
to	TO
church	NN
groups	NNS
can	MD
all	DT
play	VB
a	DT
part	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
recovery	NN
...	:
It	PRP
is	VBZ
an	DT
individual	JJ
choice	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
up	RB
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
Nothing	NN
replaces	VBZ
a	DT
therapist	NN
or	CC
treatment	NN
facility	NN
,	,
so	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
remember	VB
that	DT
whatever	WDT
you	PRP
decide	VBP
for	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
self-exploration	NN
it	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
some	DT
sort	NN
of	IN
professional	JJ
help	NN
.	.
Finding	VBG
people	NNS
who	WP
can	MD
understand	VB
and	CC
support	VB
you	PRP
can	MD
sometimes	RB
be	VB
difficult	JJ
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
feel	VB
there	EX
is	VBZ
anyone	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
offer	VB
you	PRP
the	DT
encouragment	NN
you	PRP
need	VBP
,	,
feel	VBP
free	JJ
to	TO
visit	VB
The	DT
Remember	VB
It	PRP
Hurts	VBZ
Bulletin	NNP
Board	NNP
and	CC
participate	VB
in	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
group	NN
discussions	NNS
there	RB
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
find	VB
inspiration	NN
from	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
recovery	NN
stories	NNS
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
options	NNS
for	IN
finding	VBG
online	JJ
support	NN
.	.
It	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
sound	VB
important	JJ
,	,
or	CC
it	PRP
may	MD
even	RB
be	VB
embarrassing	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
very	RB
important	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
hospital	NN
doctors	NNS
and	CC
nurses	NNS
should	MD
you	PRP
lose	VB
consciousness	NN
,	,
suffer	VBP
kidney	NN
failure	NN
or	CC
have	VB
a	DT
heart	NN
attack	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
related	JJ
illness	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
admitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Emergency	NN
Room	NN
for	IN
reasons	NNS
unrelated	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
medical	JJ
staff	NN
to	TO
be	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
your	PRP$
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
position	NN
to	TO
not	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
clearly	RB
communicate	VB
with	IN
the	DT
medical	JJ
staff	NN
,	,
they	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
know	VB
why	WRB
you	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
suffering	VBG
from	IN
your	PRP$
symptoms	NNS
,	,
and\/or	CC
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
treat	VB
you	PRP
quickly	RB
and	CC
effectively	RB
.	.
Read	VB
more	RBR
on	IN
this	DT
here	RB
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
thing	NN
to	TO
keep	VB
in	IN
mind	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
as	IN
an	DT
``	``
outsider	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
not	RB
suffering	VBG
from	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
yourself	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
there	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
things	NNS
you	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
do	VB
to	TO
help	VB
a	DT
family	NN
member	NN
or	CC
friend	NN
to	TO
get	VB
better	JJR
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
force	VB
an	DT
Anorexic	JJ
to	TO
eat	VB
,	,
keep	VB
a	DT
bulimic	JJ
from	IN
purging	VBG
,	,
or	CC
make	VB
a	DT
Compulsive	NNP
Overeater	NNP
stop	VB
overeating	VBG
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
thing	NN
to	TO
realize	VB
once	RB
you	PRP
have	VBP
come	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
awareness	NN
that	WDT
your	PRP$
loved-one	NN
suffers	VBZ
from	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
that	IN
you	PRP
must	MD
not	RB
concentrate	VB
immediately	RB
on	IN
the	DT
food	NN
.	.
All	DT
forms	NNS
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
are	VBP
emotionally	RB
based	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
behaviors	NNS
are	VBP
only	RB
a	DT
symptom	NN
to	TO
emotional	JJ
and	CC
stress	NN
related	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
As	IN
said	VBD
many	JJ
times	NNS
on	IN
this	DT
site	NN
,	,
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
control	VB
,	,
hide	VB
,	,
stuff	NN
,	,
avoid	VB
and	CC
forget	VB
emotional	JJ
pain	NN
,	,
stress	NN
and\/or	CC
self-hate	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
the	DT
parent	NN
of	IN
a	DT
child	NN
under	IN
18	CD
you	PRP
will	MD
have	VB
difficult	JJ
decisions	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
regarding	VBG
their	PRP$
care	NN
.	.
Regardless	RB
of	IN
pleas	NNS
to	TO
``	``
not	RB
make	VB
me	PRP
,	,
''	''
and	CC
promises	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
behavior	NN
will	MD
stop	VB
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
stay	VB
very	RB
attuned	JJ
to	TO
what	WP
is	VBZ
happening	VBG
with	IN
your	PRP$
child	NN
and	CC
may	MD
have	VB
to	TO
force	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
doctors	NNS
and\/or	CC
the	DT
hospital	NN
.	.
Keep	VB
in	IN
mind	NN
how	WRB
serious	JJ
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNS
are	VBP
and	CC
that	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
kill	VB
.	.
If	IN
your	PRP$
relationship	NN
with	IN
someone	NN
suffering	NN
from	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
or	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
is	VBZ
anything	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
their	PRP$
parent	NN
,	,
or	CC
if	IN
your	PRP$
child	NN
is	VBZ
over	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
18	CD
then	RB
you	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
force	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
seek	VB
help	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
support	VB
and	CC
encourage	VB
your	PRP$
loved	VBD
one	CD
,	,
and	CC
gently	RB
express	JJ
concern	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
best	JJS
thing	NN
you	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
is	VBZ
to	TO
learn	VB
to	TO
attentively	RB
listen	VB
.	.
Some	DT
options	NNS
for	IN
local	JJ
treatment	NN
are	VBP
here	RB
...	:
and	CC
a	DT
listing	VBG
a	DT
national	JJ
organizations	NNS
is	VBZ
here	RB
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
organizations	NNS
can	MD
refer	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
local	JJ
chapters	NNS
,	,
support	NN
groups	NNS
and	CC
therapy	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
area	NN
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
Anorexic	NNP
or	CC
Bulimic	NNP
who	WP
exhibits	VBZ
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
signs	NNS
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
essential	JJ
to	TO
encourage	VB
them	PRP
into	IN
medical	JJ
treatment	NN
,	,
in-patient	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
hospital	NN
,	,
immediately	RB
:	:
Dizziness	NN
,	,
fatigue	NN
,	,
black-outs	NNS
,	,
extreme	JJ
temperature	NN
sensitivity	NN
,	,
chest	NN
pains	NNS
,	,
tingling	VBG
in	IN
hands	NNS
or	CC
feet	NNS
,	,
blood	NN
in	IN
stools	NNS
or	CC
vomit	NN
,	,
stomach	NN
pains	NNS
,	,
incontinence	NN
or	CC
uncontrollable	JJ
vomitting	NN
or	CC
diarrhea	NN
,	,
and\/or	CC
25	CD
%	NN
or	CC
more	JJR
weight	NN
loss	NN
of	IN
total	JJ
average	JJ
body	NN
weight	NN
in	IN
a	DT
short	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
signs	NNS
and	CC
symptoms	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
physical	JJ
dangers	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
remember	VB
that	IN
the	DT
continued	VBN
behaviors	NNS
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
many	JJ
physical	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
further	JJ
emotional	JJ
difficulties	NNS
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
death	NN
.	.
Keep	VB
in	IN
mind	NN
there	EX
is	VBZ
n't	RB
a	DT
lot	NN
you	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
overall	RB
,	,
as	IN
an	DT
``	``
outsider	NN
''	''
to	TO
a	DT
close	JJ
family	NN
member	NN
or	CC
friend	NN
suffering	NN
from	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
up	RB
to	TO
the	DT
individual	JJ
suffering	NN
to	TO
decide	VB
they	PRP
are	VBP
ready	JJ
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
the	DT
emotional	JJ
issues	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
life	NN
that	WDT
have	VBP
lead	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
their	PRP$
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
They	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
choice	NN
for	IN
recovery	NN
and	CC
to	TO
want	VB
to	TO
do	VB
the	DT
work	NN
to	TO
get	VB
there	RB
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
one	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
make	VB
this	DT
choice	NN
for	IN
them	PRP
,	,
they	PRP
must	MD
want	VB
to	TO
do	VB
it	PRP
for	IN
themselves	PRP
.	.
For	IN
advanced	JJ
cases	NNS
of	IN
Anorexia	NNP
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
will	MD
usually	RB
begin	VB
with	IN
stabilizing	VBG
the	DT
patient	NN
's	POS
health	NN
,	,
and	CC
from	IN
there	EX
it	PRP
is	VBZ
imperative	JJ
that	IN
a	DT
course	NN
of	IN
therapy	NN
,	,
both	DT
individual	JJ
and\/or	CC
group	NN
,	,
take	VB
place	NN
.	.
For	IN
cases	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
patient	NN
's	POS
life	NN
it	PRP
not	RB
in	IN
immediate	JJ
danger	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
they	PRP
seek	VBP
therapy	NN
,	,
from	IN
an	DT
experienced	JJ
therapist	NN
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
treating	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
with	IN
or	CC
without	IN
group	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
more	RBR
often	RB
than	IN
not	RB
,	,
sufferers	NNS
tend	VBP
to	TO
reach	VB
life	NN
threatening	JJ
situations	NNS
before	IN
they	PRP
seek	VBP
help	NN
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
then	RB
.	.
And	CC
in	IN
some	DT
cases	NNS
,	,
once	RB
they	PRP
've	VBP
come	VBN
out	IN
of	IN
immediate	JJ
danger	NN
and	CC
left	VBD
the	DT
hospital	NN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
follow	VB
up	IN
of	IN
treatment	NN
,	,
so	IN
they	PRP
only	RB
find	VBP
themselves	PRP
back	RB
in	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
shortly	RB
after	IN
.	.
This	DT
can	MD
continue	VB
for	IN
years	NNS
and	CC
it	PRP
destructive	JJ
both	DT
emotionally	RB
and	CC
physically	RB
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
final	JJ
action	NN
to	TO
get	VB
better	JJR
lies	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
's	POS
desire	NN
to	TO
get	VB
better	JJR
.	.
Often	RB
times	NNS
they	PRP
feel	VBP
afraid	JJ
to	TO
ask	VB
for	IN
help	NN
,	,
or	CC
do	VBP
n't	RB
feel	VB
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
proper	JJ
forum	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
to	TO
ask	VB
.	.
More	RBR
often	RB
than	IN
not	RB
,	,
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
sufferer	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
feel	VB
they	PRP
deserve	VBP
help	NN
.	.
These	DT
are	VBP
not	RB
words	NNS
of	IN
love	NN
,	,
but	CC
of	IN
control	NN
.	.
Threatening	VBG
an	DT
Anorexic	JJ
or	CC
Bulimic	JJ
with	IN
``	``
take-over	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
good	JJ
idea	NN
if	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
trying	VBG
to	TO
help	VB
.	.
Let	VB
's	POS
try	VB
to	TO
keep	VB
in	IN
mind	NN
too	RB
,	,
like	IN
we	PRP
said	VBD
earlier	RBR
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
guilt	NN
attached	VBN
to	TO
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
,	,
so	RB
laying	VBG
it	PRP
on	IN
thick	JJ
with	IN
statements	NNS
like	IN
these	DT
only	RB
perpetuates	VBZ
that	IN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
close	RB
enough	RB
,	,
there	EX
's	VBZ
nothing	NN
wrong	JJ
with	IN
a	DT
gentle	JJ
``	``
Want	VB
to	TO
have	VB
some	DT
dinner	NN
with	IN
me	PRP
?	.
''	''
or	CC
``	``
Talk	NN
to	TO
me	PRP
''	''
after	IN
a	DT
meal	NN
,	,
but	CC
lets	VBZ
keep	VB
the	DT
mind	NN
games	NNS
to	TO
ourselves	PRP
.	.
With	IN
statements	NNS
like	IN
these	DT
the	DT
person	NN
seeking	VBG
to	TO
help	VB
is	VBZ
only	RB
trying	VBG
to	TO
pacify	VB
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
own	JJ
guilt	NN
in	IN
not	RB
being	VBG
able	JJ
to	TO
help	VB
,	,
and	CC
looking	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
quick	JJ
fix	NN
.	.
Again	RB
,	,
with	IN
these	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
questions	NNS
you	PRP
are	VBP
only	RB
perpetuating	VBG
guilt	NN
.	.
You	PRP
're	VBP
basically	RB
saying	VBG
``	``
why	WRB
do	VBP
you	PRP
make	VB
everyone	NN
so	IN
miserable	JJ
''	''
and	CC
``	``
why	WRB
do	VBP
you	PRP
burden	NN
us	PRP
with	IN
all	PDT
this	DT
worry	NN
''	''
which	WDT
is	VBZ
nothing	NN
but	CC
selfish	JJ
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
if	IN
not	RB
meant	VBN
selfishly	RB
,	,
will	MD
only	RB
be	VB
perceived	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
``	``
do	VBP
n't	RB
burden	NN
us	PRP
with	IN
your	PRP$
problems	NNS
''	''
or	CC
``	``
look	NN
at	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
trouble	NN
you	PRP
're	VBP
causing	VBG
.	.
''	''
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
close	JJ
to	TO
someone	NN
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
you	PRP
might	MD
be	VB
if	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
reading	VBG
this	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
take	VBP
it	PRP
as	IN
an	DT
opportunity	NN
for	IN
yourself	PRP
to	TO
learn	VB
to	TO
communicate	VB
more	JJR
clearly	RB
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
more	JJR
understanding	NN
individual	NN
.	.
Those	DT
suffering	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
are	VBP
not	RB
DOING	VBG
anything	NN
to	TO
you	PRP
,	,
but	CC
are	VBP
struggling	VBG
tremendously	RB
themselves	PRP
,	,
inside	IN
.	.
You	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
keep	VB
this	DT
in	IN
mind	NN
when	WRB
posing	VBG
questions	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
selfishly	RB
motivated	VBN
or	CC
hurtful	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
even	RB
if	IN
unintentionally	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Those	DT
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
do	VBP
not	RB
choose	VB
to	TO
do	VB
this	DT
to	TO
themselves	PRP
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
conscious	JJ
choice	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
in	IN
most	JJS
cases	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
where	WRB
a	DT
person	NN
suffering	VBG
from	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
would	MD
prefer	VB
that	IN
lifestyle	NN
as	IN
opposed	VBN
to	TO
one	CD
filled	VBN
with	IN
self-love	NN
and	CC
happiness	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
coping	VBG
mechanism	NN
,	,
a	DT
means	NN
for	IN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
depression	NN
,	,
stress	NN
and	CC
self-hate	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
built	VBN
up	RP
over	IN
many	JJ
years	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
reflection	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
the	DT
person	NN
suffering	VBG
feels	VBZ
about	IN
themselves	PRP
inside	RB
.	.
Wonderful	JJ
husbands	NNS
,	,
kids	NNS
,	,
supportive	JJ
friends	NNS
have	VBP
little	JJ
influence	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
other	JJ
than	IN
sometimes	RB
temporarily	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
creating	VBG
the	DT
true	JJ
self-esteem	NN
required	VBN
for	IN
permanent	JJ
recovery	NN
,	,
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
life	NN
positively	RB
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
learn	VB
to	TO
believe	VB
that	IN
we	PRP
deserve	VBP
good	JJ
things	NNS
in	IN
life	NN
and	CC
happiness	NN
.	.
These	DT
disorders	NNS
are	VBP
about	IN
the	DT
person	NN
suffering	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
they	PRP
feel	VBP
about	IN
themselves	PRP
.	.
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
were	VBD
white	JJ
,	,
middle	JJ
to	TO
upper	JJ
class	NN
,	,
american	JJ
women	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
tell	VB
you	PRP
,	,
from	IN
the	DT
hundreds	NNS
to	TO
thousands	NNS
of	IN
e-mail	NN
letters	NNS
I	PRP
have	VBP
received	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
sufferers	NNS
themselves	PRP
,	,
by	IN
far	RB
,	,
white	JJ
women	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
the	DT
only	JJ
ones	NNS
suffering	VBG
.	.
A	DT
great	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
researchers	NNS
are	VBP
focusing	VBG
in	IN
on	IN
why	WRB
there	EX
seems	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
an	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
the	DT
growing	VBG
number	NN
of	IN
Black	NNP
,	,
Hispanic	NNP
,	,
Asian	NNP
and	CC
Native	JJ
American	JJ
sufferers	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
coming	VBG
forward	RB
to	TO
say	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
indeed	RB
are	VBP
afflicted	VBN
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
``	``
Dangerous	JJ
Eating	NNP
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Essence	NNP
Magazine	NNP
,	,
Villarosa	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
featured	VBD
an	DT
article	NN
on	IN
the	DT
subject	NN
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
is	VBZ
Black	NNP
women	NNS
,	,
providing	VBG
a	DT
possible	JJ
insight	NN
.	.
``	``
The	DT
Black-American	JJ
culture	NN
traditionally	RB
accepts	VBZ
more	RBR
fat	JJ
on	IN
women	NNS
than	IN
the	DT
White	NNP
culture	NN
,	,
but	CC
when	WRB
Black	NNP
middle-class	NN
women	NNS
become	VBP
integrated	VBN
into	IN
White	JJ
culture	NN
while	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
trying	VBG
to	TO
get	VB
ahead	RB
,	,
they	PRP
become	VBP
more	RBR
at	IN
risk	NN
of	IN
developing	VBG
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
''	''
As	IN
African-American	JJ
and	CC
Hispanic	JJ
women	NNS
compete	VBP
more	JJR
and	CC
more	RBR
in	IN
the	DT
professional	JJ
job	NN
market	NN
and	CC
face	VBP
the	DT
pressures	NNS
of	IN
trying	VBG
to	TO
succeed	VB
,	,
they	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
faced	VBN
with	IN
discrimination	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
society	NN
's	POS
portrayal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
successful	JJ
``	``
smart	JJ
,	,
beautiful	JJ
and	CC
thin	JJ
''	''
career	NN
woman	NN
.	.
There	EX
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
steady	JJ
increase	NN
in	IN
famous	JJ
African-American	JJ
and	CC
Hispanic	JJ
figures	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
media	NNS
.	.
While	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
wonderful	JJ
thing	NN
that	WDT
helps	VBZ
to	TO
represent	VB
the	DT
truly	RB
diverse	JJ
country	NN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
is	VBZ
,	,
there	EX
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
a	DT
``	``
down-side	NN
''	''
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
Young	NNP
white	JJ
women	NNS
and	CC
girls	NNS
faced	VBN
with	IN
thin	JJ
and	CC
beautiful	JJ
white	JJ
celebrities	NNS
aspire	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
like	IN
them	PRP
--	:
it	PRP
would	MD
make	VB
sense	NN
to	TO
think	VB
that	IN
young	JJ
Black	NNP
and	CC
Hispanic	JJ
women	NNS
and	CC
girls	NNS
,	,
when	WRB
faced	VBN
with	IN
seemingly	RB
beautiful	JJ
and	CC
thin	JJ
celebraties	NNS
sharing	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
culture	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
Janet	NNP
Jackson	NNP
or	CC
Mariah	NNP
Carey	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
might	MD
also	RB
wish	VB
to	TO
achieve	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
physical	JJ
goals	NNS
.	.
The	DT
psychological	JJ
reasons	NNS
that	WDT
women	NNS
of	IN
color	NN
develop	VB
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNS
are	VBP
virtually	RB
the	DT
same	JJ
.	.
Family	NNP
problems	NNS
,	,
parents	NNS
with	IN
negative	JJ
coping	VBG
mechanisms	NNS
like	IN
alcohol	NN
,	,
history	NN
of	IN
abuse	NN
,	,
and\/or	CC
relationship	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
plus	CC
a	DT
need	NN
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
stress	NN
,	,
pain	NN
and	CC
anger	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
.	.
``	``
The	DT
more	JJR
a	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
pressured	VBN
to	TO
emulate	VB
the	DT
mainstream	NN
image	NN
,	,
the	DT
more	JJR
the	DT
desire	NN
to	TO
be	VB
thin	JJ
is	VBZ
adopted	VBN
,	,
and	CC
with	IN
it	PRP
an	DT
increased	VBN
risk	NN
for	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
body	NN
image	NN
dissatisfaction	NN
and	CC
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
''	''
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
take	VB
into	IN
consideration	NN
the	DT
awareness	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
spread	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
fifteen	CD
or	CC
so	RB
years	NNS
about	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
themselves	PRP
.	.
Whereas	IN
issues	NNS
of	IN
culture	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
addressed	VBN
often	RB
enough	RB
,	,
there	EX
may	MD
still	RB
be	VB
a	DT
better	JJR
overall	JJ
knowledge	NN
of	IN
what	WP
these	DT
disorders	NNS
are	VBP
,	,
throughout	IN
a	DT
more	RBR
diverse	JJ
community	NN
.	.
Whether	IN
teens	NNS
and	CC
college	NN
students	NNS
are	VBP
getting	VBG
the	DT
education	NN
at	IN
their	PRP$
school	NN
,	,
through	IN
clinics	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
's	POS
centers	NNS
,	,
through	IN
the	DT
television	NN
or	CC
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
all	DT
groups	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
more	RBR
apt	JJ
to	TO
recognize	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
suffering	VBG
from	IN
an	DT
illness	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
not	RB
alone	RB
.	.
Prior	RB
to	TO
1980	CD
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
highly	RB
unlikely	JJ
that	IN
any	DT
information	NN
,	,
let-alone	NN
accurate	JJ
information	NN
,	,
was	VBD
reaching	VBG
anyone	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
through	IN
doctor	NN
's	POS
offices	NNS
typcially	RB
treating	VBG
the	DT
white	JJ
,	,
middle-to-upper	JJ
class	NN
community	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
highly	RB
possible	JJ
that	IN
up	RB
until	IN
recently	RB
,	,
due	JJ
to	TO
lack	NN
of	IN
awareness	NN
and	CC
the	DT
stereotype	NN
that	IN
this	DT
was	VBD
a	DT
``	``
white	JJ
teen	NN
or	CC
college	NN
woman	NN
's	POS
disease	NN
''	''
,	,
many	JJ
women	NNS
of	IN
color	NN
were	VBD
either	RB
suffering	VBG
in	IN
silence	NN
or	CC
did	VBD
n't	RB
recognize	VB
how	WRB
severe	JJ
their	PRP$
problem	NN
could	MD
be	VB
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
Japan	NNP
Certified	NNP
Clinical	NNP
Psychologist	NNP
,	,
many	JJ
who	WP
came	VBD
for	IN
counseling	NN
often	RB
gave	VBD
their	PRP$
reason	NN
for	IN
doing	VBG
so	RB
as	IN
experiencing	VBG
problems	NNS
in	IN
having	VBG
healthy	JJ
interpersonal	JJ
relationships	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
with	IN
family	NN
or	CC
in	IN
social	JJ
environments	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
at	IN
college	NN
or	CC
within	IN
the	DT
workplace	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
still	RB
a	DT
great	JJ
shame	NN
attached	VBN
to	TO
seeking	VBG
counseling	NN
in	IN
Japan	NNP
,	,
and	CC
for	IN
this	DT
many	JJ
people	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
get	VB
the	DT
help	NN
they	PRP
need	VBP
or	CC
deserve	VBP
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
nearly	RB
impossible	JJ
to	TO
determine	VB
exactly	RB
how	WRB
many	JJ
victims	NNS
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
are	VBP
in	IN
Japan	NNP
.	.
Women	NNS
across	IN
Argentina	NNP
will	MD
resort	VB
,	,
at	IN
all	DT
costs	NNS
,	,
to	TO
look	VB
their	PRP$
best	JJS
and	CC
are	VBP
obsessed	VBN
with	IN
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
an	DT
article	NN
written	VBN
by	IN
Lori	NNP
Leibovich	NNP
,	,
``	``
Some	DT
blamed	VBD
the	DT
nation	NN
's	POS
preoccupation	NN
with	IN
the	DT
body	NN
on	IN
the	DT
country	NN
's	POS
volatile	JJ
political	JJ
and	CC
economic	JJ
climate	NN
.	.
Others	NNS
said	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Italian	JJ
immigrants	NNS
who	WP
settled	VBD
in	IN
Argentina	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
turn	NN
of	IN
the	DT
century	NN
simply	RB
brought	VBN
with	IN
them	PRP
a	DT
flair	NN
for	IN
fashion	NN
and	CC
an	DT
appreciation	NN
of	IN
beauty	NN
.	.
And	CC
some	DT
Argentine	JJ
feminists	NNS
say	VBP
that	IN
`	``
machismo	NN
'	''
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
epidemic	NN
,	,
encouraging	VBG
a	DT
climate	NN
where	WRB
women	NNS
are	VBP
valued	VBN
for	IN
how	WRB
they	PRP
look	VBP
,	,
not	RB
who	WP
they	PRP
are	VBP
.	.
''	''
Women	NNS
that	WDT
do	VBP
n't	RB
fit	VB
the	DT
harsh	JJ
Argentine	JJ
ideal	JJ
end	NN
up	RP
in	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
world	NN
of	IN
self-hate	NN
.	.
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
are	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
rise	NN
in	IN
China	NNP
and	CC
experts	NNS
feel	VBP
this	DT
may	MD
have	VB
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
the	DT
rise	NN
of	IN
diet	NN
fads	NNS
throughout	IN
that	DT
region	NN
.	.
Advertising	NN
of	IN
diet	NN
products	NNS
that	IN
flood	NN
the	DT
market	NN
emphasize	VB
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
that	WDT
life	NN
is	VBZ
better	JJR
when	WRB
a	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
slim	JJ
,	,
so	RB
sufferers	NNS
faced	VBN
with	IN
problems	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
life	NN
may	MD
turn	VB
to	TO
dieting	NN
as	IN
an	DT
answer	NN
.	.
Not	RB
to	TO
say	VB
that	IN
all	DT
people	NNS
who	WP
diet	NN
will	MD
end	VB
up	RP
struggling	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
but	CC
persons	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
who	WP
may	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
susceptible	JJ
to	TO
workaholism	NN
,	,
alcoholism	NN
or	CC
drug	NN
addiction	NN
,	,
will	MD
now	RB
also	RB
be	VB
more	RBR
at	IN
risk	NN
for	IN
developing	VBG
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
Either	DT
way	NN
,	,
no	DT
matter	NN
what	WDT
color	NN
,	,
race	NN
,	,
cultural	JJ
background	NN
or	CC
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
a	DT
sufferer	NN
comes	VBZ
from	IN
,	,
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
that	WDT
effect	VBP
them	PRP
are	VBP
devastating	VBG
.	.
Each	DT
person	NN
,	,
male	NN
or	CC
female	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
suffering	VBG
inside	RB
from	IN
the	DT
emotion	NN
turmoil	NN
that	WDT
led	VBD
them	PRP
to	TO
seek	VB
comfort	NN
from	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
or	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
...	:
And	CC
like	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
said	VBD
hundreds	NNS
of	IN
time	NN
,	,
each	DT
of	IN
them	PRP
deserves	VBZ
to	TO
find	VB
help	NN
and	CC
recovery	NN
so	RB
that	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
learn	VB
to	TO
love	VB
themselves	PRP
,	,
inside	IN
and	CC
out	IN
.	.
Below	IN
is	VBZ
basic	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
common	JJ
medications	NNS
prescribed	VBN
in	IN
helping	VBG
to	TO
treat	VB
some	DT
sufferers	NNS
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
Be	VB
aware	JJ
that	IN
not	RB
all	DT
respond	NN
to	TO
medication	NN
.	.
Patients	NNS
who	WP
do	VBP
respond	VB
best	JJS
are	VBP
also	RB
in	IN
support	NN
groups	NNS
and\/or	CC
one-on-one	JJ
therapy	NN
--	:
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
understand	VB
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
``	``
magic	JJ
pill	NN
''	''
--	:
those	DT
in	IN
recovery	NN
and	CC
on	IN
medication	NN
should	MD
also	RB
be	VB
in	IN
some	DT
type	NN
of	IN
therapy	NN
.	.
Considerations	NNS
:	:
Patients	NNS
with	IN
kidney	NN
or	CC
liver	NN
disease	NN
should	MD
be	VB
monitored	VBN
closely	RB
.	.
Pregnant	JJ
or	CC
nursing	NN
mothers	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
take	VB
this	DT
medication	NN
unless	IN
the	DT
benefits	NNS
significantly	RB
outweigh	VBP
the	DT
risks	NNS
.	.
No	DT
serious	JJ
adverse	JJ
reactions	NNS
in	IN
babies	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
reported	VBN
,	,
but	CC
pregnant	JJ
or	CC
nursing	NN
mothers	NNS
on	IN
this	DT
medication	NN
should	MD
be	VB
very	RB
closely	RB
monitored	JJ
.	.
Fluoxetine	NNP
should	MD
also	RB
be	VB
given	VBN
to	TO
people	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
seizures	NNS
with	IN
caution	NN
.	.
Side	NN
Effects	NNPS
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
most	RBS
common	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
Anxiety	NN
,	,
nervousness	NN
,	,
headache	NN
,	,
drowsiness	NN
,	,
fatigue	NN
,	,
dry	JJ
mouth	NN
,	,
upset	JJ
stomach	NN
,	,
appetite	NN
loss	NN
,	,
nausea	NN
,	,
vomitting	NN
,	,
diarrhea	NN
,	,
stomach	NN
gas	NN
,	,
rash	NN
and	CC
itching	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
less	JJR
common	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
changes	NNS
in	IN
sex	NN
drive	NN
,	,
abnormal	JJ
ejaculation	NN
,	,
impotence	NN
,	,
abnormal	JJ
dreams	NNS
,	,
difficulty	NN
concentrating	VBG
,	,
increased	VBD
appetite	NN
,	,
acne	NN
,	,
hair	NN
loss	NN
,	,
dry	JJ
skin	NN
,	,
chest	NN
pains	NNS
,	,
runny	JJ
nose	NN
,	,
abnormal	JJ
heart	NN
rhythms	NNS
,	,
blood	NN
pressure	NN
changes	NNS
,	,
double	JJ
vision	NN
,	,
urinary	JJ
pain	NN
,	,
eye	NN
or	CC
ear	NN
pain	NN
,	,
and	CC
low	JJ
blood	NN
sugar	NN
.	.
Drug	NNP
Interaction	NNP
:	:
MAOI	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Monoamine	NNP
Oxidase	NNP
Inhibitors	NNPS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Warning	NN
-	:
There	EX
have	VBP
been	VBN
reports	NNS
of	IN
serious	JJ
,	,
sometimes	RB
fatal	JJ
,	,
reactions	NNS
in	IN
patients	NNS
receiving	VBG
fluoxetine	NN
in	IN
combination	NN
with	IN
a	DT
MAO	NNP
inhibitor	NN
and	CC
in	IN
patients	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
recently	RB
discontinued	VBN
fluoxetine	NN
and	CC
then	RB
started	VBD
on	IN
a	DT
MAO	NNP
inhibitor	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
fluoxetine	JJ
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
in	IN
combination	NN
with	IN
a	DT
MAO	NNP
inhibitor	NN
or	CC
within	IN
14	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
discontinuing	VBG
therapy	NN
with	IN
a	DT
MAO	NNP
inhibitor	NN
.	.
Since	IN
fluoxetine	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
major	JJ
metabolite	NN
have	VBP
very	RB
long	JJ
elimination	NN
half-lives	NNS
,	,
at	IN
least	JJS
5	CD
weeks	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
allowed	VBN
after	IN
stopping	VBG
fluoxetine	NN
before	IN
starting	VBG
a	DT
MAO	NNP
inhibitor	NN
.	.
Side	NN
Effects	NNPS
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
most	RBS
common	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
minor	JJ
side	NN
effects	NNS
that	WDT
occur	VBP
do	VB
so	RB
in	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
few	JJ
weeks	NNS
while	IN
the	DT
body	NN
adjusts	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
medication	NN
.	.
They	PRP
include	VBP
nausea	NN
,	,
tiredness	NN
,	,
increased	VBD
sweating	NN
,	,
tremors	NNS
,	,
weakness	NN
,	,
dry	JJ
mouth	NN
,	,
constipation	NN
,	,
dizziness	NN
,	,
decreased	VBD
sex	NN
drive	NN
,	,
abnormal	JJ
ejaculations	NNS
,	,
blurred	VBD
vision	NN
,	,
headache	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
gain	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
less	JJR
common	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
flushing	NN
,	,
pinpoint	VBP
pupils	NNS
,	,
increased	VBD
saliva	NN
,	,
cold	JJ
and	CC
clammy	JJ
skin	NN
,	,
dizziness	NN
when	WRB
rising	VBG
quickly	RB
from	IN
a	DT
sitting	VBG
or	CC
lying	VBG
position	NN
,	,
blood-pressure	NN
changes	NNS
,	,
swelling	VBG
around	IN
the	DT
eyes	NNS
,	,
fainting	NN
,	,
rapid	JJ
heartbeat	NN
,	,
unusual	JJ
walk	NN
,	,
muscle	NN
pain	NN
,	,
cramps	NNS
and	CC
weakness	NN
,	,
joint	NN
pains	NNS
,	,
memory	NN
loss	NN
,	,
apathy	NN
,	,
delusions	NNS
,	,
a	DT
feeling	NN
of	IN
detachment	NN
,	,
agressiveness	NN
,	,
abnormal	JJ
dreaming	VBG
or	CC
thinking	VBG
patterns	NNS
,	,
euphoria	NN
,	,
hallucinations	NNS
,	,
neurosis	NN
,	,
paranoia	NN
,	,
suicide	NN
attempts	NNS
,	,
teeth	NNS
grinding	VBG
,	,
menstrual	JJ
cramps	NNS
,	,
coughing	VBG
,	,
double	JJ
visions	NNS
,	,
facial	JJ
swelling	VBG
,	,
feeling	VBG
ill	RB
,	,
weight	NN
changes	NNS
,	,
lymph	JJ
swelling	VBG
,	,
and	CC
breathing	NN
difficulty	NN
.	.
People	NNS
taking	VBG
Warfarin	NNP
or	CC
Digoxin	NNP
may	MD
experience	VB
an	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
the	DT
drug	NN
's	POS
effect	NN
when	WRB
taken	VBN
in	IN
conjuntion	NN
with	IN
paroxetine	NN
.	.
If	IN
paroxetine	NN
is	VBZ
taken	VBN
with	IN
lithium	NN
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
effect	VB
the	DT
levels	NNS
of	IN
lithium	NN
in	IN
the	DT
blood	NN
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
these	DT
drug	NN
interactions	NNS
,	,
doctors	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
monitor	VB
their	PRP$
patients	NNS
on	IN
paroxetine	JJ
closely	RB
.	.
Side	NN
Effects	NNPS
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
most	RBS
common	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
Dry	NNP
mouth	NN
,	,
sweating	NN
,	,
heart	NN
palpitations	NNS
,	,
chest	NN
pain	NN
,	,
headache	NN
,	,
dizziness	NN
,	,
trmors	NNS
,	,
tingling	NN
or	CC
numbness	NN
in	IN
the	DT
hands	NNS
or	CC
feet	NNS
,	,
twitching	NN
,	,
muscle	NN
spasms	NNS
,	,
confusion	NN
,	,
rash	NN
,	,
nausea	NN
,	,
diarrhea	NN
or	CC
loose	JJ
stools	NNS
,	,
constipation	NN
,	,
upset	JJ
stomach	NN
,	,
stomach	NN
gass	NN
,	,
appetite	NN
changes	NNS
,	,
abdominal	NN
pains	NNS
,	,
muscle	NN
aches	NNS
,	,
sleeplessness	NN
or	CC
sleepiness	NN
,	,
male	NN
or	CC
female	JJ
sexual	JJ
dysfunction	NN
,	,
agitation	NN
,	,
nervousness	NN
,	,
ansiety	NN
,	,
yawning	JJ
,	,
loss	NN
of	IN
concentration	NN
,	,
menstrual	JJ
disorders	NNS
,	,
sore	JJ
throat	NN
,	,
runny	JJ
nose	NN
,	,
vision	NN
changes	NNS
,	,
ringing	VBG
or	CC
buzzing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
ears	NNS
,	,
urinary	JJ
frequency	NN
or	CC
disorders	NNS
,	,
fatigue	NN
,	,
hot	JJ
flushes	NNS
,	,
fever	NN
,	,
back	RB
pain	NN
,	,
thirst	NN
and	CC
weakness	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
less	JJR
common	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
flushing	NN
,	,
increased	VBD
saliva	NN
,	,
cold	JJ
and	CC
clammy	JJ
skin	NN
,	,
dizziness	NN
when	WRB
rising	VBG
quickly	RB
from	IN
a	DT
sitting	VBG
or	CC
lying	VBG
position	NN
,	,
blood	NN
pressure	NN
changes	NNS
,	,
,	,
swelling	VBG
around	IN
the	DT
eyes	NNS
and	CC
in	IN
the	DT
arms	NNS
or	CC
legs	NNS
,	,
coldness	NN
in	IN
the	DT
hands	NNS
or	CC
feet	NNS
,	,
fainting	NN
,	,
rapid	JJ
heartbeat	NN
,	,
loss	NN
of	IN
coordination	NN
,	,
unusual	JJ
walk	NN
,	,
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
activity	NN
,	,
migraines	NNS
,	,
droppy	JJ
eyelids	NNS
,	,
acne	NN
,	,
hair	NN
loss	NN
,	,
dry	JJ
skin	NN
,	,
difficulty	NN
in	IN
swallowing	VBG
,	,
joint	NN
pains	NNS
,	,
cramps	NNS
,	,
agressiveness	NN
,	,
abnormal	JJ
dreams	NNS
or	CC
thoughts	NNS
,	,
memory	NN
loss	NN
,	,
apathy	NN
,	,
delusions	NNS
,	,
a	DT
feeling	NN
of	IN
detachment	NN
,	,
worsened	VBN
depression	NN
,	,
emotional	JJ
instability	NN
,	,
euphoria	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
feeling	NN
``	``
high	JJ
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
hallucinations	NNS
,	,
neurosis	NN
,	,
paranoia	NN
,	,
suicide	NN
attempts	NNS
,	,
menstrual	JJ
cramps	NNS
and	CC
pain	NN
,	,
bleeding	VBG
between	IN
periods	NNS
,	,
breathing	VBG
difficulty	NN
,	,
nose	NN
bleeds	NNS
,	,
double	JJ
vision	NN
,	,
sensitivity	NN
to	TO
bright	JJ
light	NN
,	,
feel	VBP
ill	RB
,	,
weight	NN
changes	NNS
and	CC
lymph	JJ
swelling	VBG
.	.
Sertraline	NNP
may	MD
prolong	VB
the	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
Diazepam	NNP
and	CC
other	JJ
bezodiazepine-type	JJ
drugs	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
It	PRP
may	MD
decrease	VB
the	DT
rate	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
Tolbutamide	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
diabetes	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
released	VBN
from	IN
your	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
People	NNS
taking	VBG
Warfarin	NNP
or	CC
Digoxin	NNP
may	MD
experience	VB
an	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
the	DT
drug	NN
's	POS
effect	NN
when	WRB
taken	VBN
in	IN
conjuntion	NN
with	IN
sertraline	NN
.	.
If	IN
sertraline	NN
is	VBZ
taken	VBN
with	IN
lithium	NN
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
effect	VB
the	DT
levels	NNS
of	IN
lithium	NN
in	IN
the	DT
blood	NN
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
these	DT
drug	NN
interactions	NNS
,	,
doctors	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
monitor	VB
their	PRP$
patients	NNS
on	IN
sertraline	NN
closely	RB
.	.
Considerations	NNS
:	:
mirtazapine	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
new	JJ
medication	NN
which	WDT
may	MD
relieve	VB
the	DT
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
depression	NN
better	JJR
than	IN
SSRIs	NNS
or	CC
TCAs	NNS
.	.
This	DT
medication	NN
is	VBZ
thought	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
particularly	RB
useful	JJ
in	IN
reducing	VBG
anxiety	NN
and	CC
sleep	VB
problems	NNS
which	WDT
often	RB
accompany	VBP
depression	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
in	IN
clinical	JJ
studies	NNS
,	,
54	CD
%	NN
of	IN
patients	NNS
have	VBP
reported	VBN
drowsiness	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Arky	NNP
,	,
1998	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
cholesterol	NN
and\/or	CC
triglyceride	NN
levels	NNS
of	IN
individuals	NNS
taking	VBG
Remeron	NNP
was	VBD
noticed	VBN
in	IN
clinical	JJ
trials	NNS
.	.
Consult	VB
your	PRP$
physician	NN
if	IN
this	DT
potential	JJ
side	NN
effect	NN
is	VBZ
troublesome	JJ
.	.
Alcohol	NN
is	VBZ
recommended	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
avoided	VBN
when	WRB
taking	VBG
this	DT
medication	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
enhancing	VBG
effects	NNS
Remeron	NNP
may	MD
have	VB
on	IN
cognitive	JJ
and	CC
motor	NN
ability	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
women	NNS
is	VBZ
pregnant	JJ
,	,
plans	VBZ
to	TO
become	VB
pregnant	JJ
,	,
or	CC
plans	NNS
to	TO
breast	NN
feed	VB
their	PRP$
child	NN
,	,
she	PRP
should	MD
consult	VB
their	PRP$
physician	NN
before	IN
taking	VBG
Remeron	NNP
.	.
The	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
Remeron	NNP
on	IN
pregnancy	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
adequately	RB
studied	VBN
,	,
so	RB
caution	NN
should	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
before	RB
taking	VBG
this	DT
medication	NN
.	.
Side	NN
Effects	NNPS
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
most	RBS
common	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
dizziness	NN
,	,
drowsiness	NN
,	,
weight	NN
gain	NN
,	,
increased	VBD
appetite	NN
,	,
weakness	NN
,	,
dry	JJ
mouth	NN
,	,
constipation	NN
,	,
abnormal	JJ
dreams	NNS
and\/or	CC
thinking	NN
,	,
``	``
flu-like	JJ
''	''
symptoms	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
less	JJR
common	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
back	RB
pain	NN
,	,
confusion	NN
,	,
frequent	JJ
urination	NN
,	,
nausea	NN
,	,
tremors	NNS
,	,
swelling	VBG
of	IN
ankles	NNS
or	CC
hands	NNS
,	,
fluid	JJ
retention	NN
,	,
difficult	JJ
breathing	NN
,	,
muscle	NN
pain	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
rare	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
agranulocytosis	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
decrease	NN
in	IN
white	JJ
blood	NN
cells	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
hypomania	NN
.	.
Considerations	NNS
:	:
People	NNS
with	IN
seizure	NN
disorders	NNS
,	,
who	WP
have	VBP
had	VBN
a	DT
seizure	NN
,	,
and	CC
people	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
extrememly	RB
cautious	JJ
when	WRB
taking	VBG
bupropion	NN
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
greatly	RB
incrased	JJ
chance	NN
of	IN
having	VBG
a	DT
seizure	NN
while	IN
taking	VBG
it	PRP
.	.
The	DT
chance	NN
of	IN
developing	VBG
a	DT
seizure	NN
increases	NNS
by	IN
about	RB
10	CD
times	NNS
when	WRB
the	DT
dosage	NN
is	VBZ
between	IN
450	CD
and	CC
600	CD
milligrams	NNS
per	IN
day	NN
.	.
People	NNS
at	IN
risk	NN
for	IN
heart	NN
disease	NN
or	CC
a	DT
heart	NN
attack	NN
should	MD
thake	VB
this	DT
drug	NN
with	IN
caution	NN
and	CC
be	VB
closely	RB
monitored	VBN
.	.
Patients	NNS
who	WP
suffer	VBP
from	IN
liver	NN
or	CC
kidney	NN
disease	NN
should	MD
be	VB
closely	RB
monitors	VBZ
by	IN
their	PRP$
doctor	NN
.	.
Pregnant	JJ
or	CC
nursing	NN
mothers	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
take	VB
this	DT
medication	NN
unless	IN
the	DT
benefits	NNS
significantly	RB
outweigh	VBP
the	DT
risks	NNS
.	.
Side	NN
Effects	NNPS
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
most	RBS
common	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
Dry	NNP
mouth	NN
,	,
dizziness	NN
,	,
rapid	JJ
heartbeat	NN
,	,
headaches	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
including	VBG
migraines	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
excessive	JJ
sweating	NN
,	,
nausea	NN
,	,
vomiting	NN
,	,
constipation	NN
,	,
loss	NN
of	IN
appetite	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
loss	NN
,	,
sedation	NN
,	,
agitation	NN
,	,
blurred	VBD
vision	NN
,	,
sleeplessness	NN
and	CC
tremors	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
less	JJR
common	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
upset	VBN
stomach	NN
,	,
diarrhead	NN
,	,
menstrual	JJ
complaints	NNS
,	,
impotence	NN
,	,
urinary	JJ
difficulties	NNS
,	,
slowing	VBG
of	IN
movements	NNS
,	,
salivation	NN
,	,
muscle	NN
spasms	NNS
,	,
warmth	NN
,	,
uncontrolled	JJ
muscle	NN
movements	NNS
,	,
abnormal	JJ
heart	NN
rhythms	NNS
,	,
blood	NN
pressure	NN
changes	NNS
,	,
heart	NN
palpitations	NNS
,	,
fainting	NN
,	,
itching	JJ
,	,
redness	NN
and	CC
rash	NN
,	,
confusion	NN
,	,
hostily	RB
,	,
loss	NN
of	IN
concentration	NN
,	,
reduced	VBN
sex	NN
drive	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
delusions	NNS
,	,
euphoria	NN
,	,
fatigue	NN
,	,
joint	NN
pains	NNS
,	,
fever	NN
or	CC
chills	NNS
,	,
respiratory	JJ
infections	NNS
,	,
and	CC
visual	JJ
,	,
taste	NN
and	CC
hearing	NN
disturbances	NNS
.	.
Drug	NNP
Interaction	NNP
:	:
Bupropion	NNP
may	MD
incrase	VB
the	DT
rate	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
body	NN
breaks	NNS
down	IN
Carbazepine	NNP
,	,
Cimetidine	NNP
,	,
Pheobarbital	NNP
,	,
or	CC
Phenytoin	NNP
.	.
Dosage	NNP
adjustments	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
needed	VBN
if	IN
the	DT
combination	NN
continues	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
.	.
People	NNS
taking	VBG
Levodopa	NNP
experience	VB
more	RBR
bupropion	JJ
side	NN
effects	NNS
than	IN
other	JJ
people	NNS
.	.
Levodopa	NNP
users	NNS
should	MD
have	VB
their	PRP$
bupropion	NN
dosages	NNS
increased	VBD
more	RBR
slowly	RB
and	CC
gradually	RB
.	.
Phenelzine	NNP
,	,
an	DT
MAOI	NNP
antidepressant	NN
,	,
incrases	VBZ
the	DT
toxic	JJ
effects	NNS
of	IN
bupropion	NN
.	.
The	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
bupropion	NN
and	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
drug	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
increase	VB
the	DT
chance	NN
of	IN
seizures	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
avoided	VBN
.	.
Considerations	NNS
:	:
Convulsions	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
reported	VBN
rarely	RB
during	IN
fluvoxamine	JJ
administration	NN
.	.
Caution	NN
is	VBZ
recommended	VBN
when	WRB
the	DT
drug	NN
is	VBZ
administered	VBN
to	TO
patients	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
history	NN
of	IN
seizures	NNS
.	.
If	IN
seizures	NNS
occur	VBP
during	IN
fluvoxamine	JJ
administration	NN
,	,
the	DT
drug	NN
should	MD
be	VB
discontinued	VBN
.	.
Patients	NNS
with	IN
hepatic	JJ
or	CC
renal	JJ
insufficiency	NN
should	MD
begin	VB
treatment	NN
with	IN
a	DT
low	JJ
dose	NN
and	CC
be	VB
carefully	RB
monitored	VBN
.	.
Treatment	NNP
with	IN
fluvoxamine	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
rarely	RB
associated	VBN
with	IN
increases	NNS
in	IN
hepatic	JJ
enzymes	NNS
,	,
usually	RB
accompanied	VBN
by	IN
symptoms	NNS
.	.
Fluvoxamine	NNP
administration	NN
should	MD
be	VB
discontinued	VBN
in	IN
such	JJ
cases	NNS
.	.
Pregnancy	NN
and	CC
Lactation	NN
-	:
Safe	NNP
use	NN
of	IN
fluvoxamine	NN
during	IN
pregnancy	NN
and	CC
lactation	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
established	VBN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
it	PRP
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
administered	VBN
to	TO
women	NNS
of	IN
childbearing	VBG
potential	JJ
or	CC
nursing	NN
mothers	NNS
unless	IN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
opinion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
treating	VBG
physician	NN
,	,
the	DT
expected	VBN
benefits	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
patient	NN
outweigh	VBP
the	DT
possible	JJ
hazards	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
child	NN
or	CC
fetus	NN
.	.
Side	NN
Effects	NNPS
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
most	RBS
common	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
sleepiness	NN
,	,
nausea	NN
with	IN
and	CC
without	IN
vomiting	NN
,	,
constipation	NN
,	,
loss	NN
of	IN
appetite	NN
,	,
diarrhea	NN
,	,
constipation	NN
,	,
dry	JJ
mouth	NN
,	,
nervousness	NN
,	,
dizziness	NN
,	,
insomnia	NN
,	,
abdominal	JJ
pain	NN
,	,
headache	NN
,	,
tremors	NNS
and	CC
delayed	VBN
ejaculation	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
with	IN
men	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
less	JJR
common	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
weight	NN
loss	NN
or	CC
gain	NN
,	,
abnormal	JJ
thinking	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
abnormal	JJ
dreams	NNS
,	,
decrease	NN
in	IN
libido	NN
,	,
twitching	NN
,	,
delirium	NN
,	,
drug	NN
dependence	NN
,	,
paranoia	NN
,	,
hysteria	NN
,	,
psychosis	NN
,	,
reflexes	VBZ
decreased	VBN
,	,
neuropathy	NN
,	,
palpitations	NNS
,	,
gastritis	NNS
,	,
flatulence	NN
,	,
hepatitis	NN
,	,
gingivitis	NN
,	,
jaundice	NN
,	,
mouth	NN
soars	NNS
,	,
tongue	NN
discoloration	NN
,	,
tooth	NN
disorders	NNS
,	,
rashes	NNS
or	CC
acne	NN
,	,
abnormal	JJ
vision	NN
,	,
eye	NN
pain	NN
,	,
tinnitis	NN
,	,
and	CC
leg	NN
cramps	NNS
.	.
Indications	NNS
:	:
In	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
acute	JJ
manic	JJ
episodes	NNS
in	IN
patients	NNS
with	IN
manic-depressive	NN
disorders	NNS
.	.
Maintenance	NN
therapy	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
found	VBN
useful	JJ
in	IN
preventing	VBG
or	CC
diminishing	VBG
the	DT
frequency	NN
of	IN
subsequent	JJ
relapses	NNS
in	IN
patients	NNS
with	IN
bipolar	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
also	RB
been	VBN
used	VBN
to	TO
treat	VB
migrain	NN
headaches	NNS
,	,
bulimia	NN
and	CC
alcoholism	NN
.	.
Considerations	NNS
:	:
Lithium	NN
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
given	VBN
to	TO
anyone	NN
with	IN
heart	NN
or	CC
kidney	NN
disease	NN
,	,
dehydration	NN
,	,
low	JJ
blood-sodium	NN
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
those	DT
taking	VBG
diuretic	JJ
drugs	NNS
.	.
If	IN
such	JJ
people	NNS
require	VBP
lithium	NN
they	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
very	RB
closely	RB
monitored	VBN
by	IN
their	PRP$
doctors	NNS
and	CC
hospitalization	NN
may	MD
be	VB
needed	VBN
.	.
Long	JJ
term	NN
use	NN
of	IN
this	DT
drug	NN
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
structural	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
kidneys	NNS
and	CC
reduced	VBN
kidney	NN
function	NN
.	.
It	PRP
may	MD
also	RB
lead	VB
to	TO
reduced	VBN
thyroid	JJ
activity	NN
.	.
Pregnant	JJ
or	CC
nursing	NN
mothers	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
take	VB
lithium	NN
unless	IN
absolutely	RB
necessary	JJ
;	:
it	PRP
can	MD
cause	VB
heart	NN
and	CC
thyroid	JJ
birth	NN
defects	NNS
,	,
especially	RB
if	IN
taken	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
3	CD
months	NNS
of	IN
pregnancy	NN
.	.
Lithium	NN
passes	VBZ
directly	RB
into	IN
breast	NN
milk	NN
and	CC
can	MD
effect	VB
nursing	NN
infants	NNS
,	,
so	RB
mothers	NNS
taking	VBG
lithium	NN
after	IN
the	DT
birth	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
baby	NN
should	MD
bottle-feed	VB
.	.
Side	NN
Effects	NNPS
:	:
all	DT
side	NN
effects	NNS
of	IN
lithium	NN
are	VBP
dependent	JJ
on	IN
how	WRB
much	JJ
is	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
blood	NN
stream	NN
.	.
Depending	VBG
on	IN
how	WRB
much	JJ
is	VBZ
present	JJ
,	,
patients	NNS
may	MD
develope	VB
a	DT
fine	JJ
hand	NN
tremor	NN
,	,
thirst	NN
,	,
or	CC
excessive	JJ
urination	NN
.	.
Mild	JJ
nausea	NN
and	CC
discomfort	NN
may	MD
be	VB
present	JJ
during	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
few	JJ
days	NNS
of	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
At	IN
higher	JJR
levels	NNS
,	,
diarrhea	NN
,	,
vomiting	NN
,	,
drowsiness	NN
,	,
muscle	NN
weakness	NN
,	,
poor	JJ
coordination	NN
,	,
giddiness	NN
,	,
ringing	VBG
or	CC
buzzing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
ears	NNS
and	CC
blurred	VBD
vision	NN
may	MD
occur	VB
.	.
The	DT
more	JJR
lithium	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
in	IN
your	PRP$
blood	NN
stream	NN
the	DT
more	JJR
risk	NN
for	IN
the	DT
following	JJ
side	NN
effects	NNS
:	:
blackouts	NNS
,	,
seizures	NNS
,	,
dizziness	NN
,	,
incontinence	NN
,	,
slurred	VBN
speach	NN
,	,
diarrhea	NN
,	,
nausea	NN
,	,
vomiting	NN
,	,
heart	NN
problems	NNS
and	CC
kidney	NN
problems	NNS
.	.
Toxicity	NN
:	:
Toxic	JJ
blood	NN
levels	NNS
of	IN
lithium	NN
are	VBP
only	RB
slightly	RB
above	IN
the	DT
levels	NNS
required	VBN
for	IN
usual	JJ
treatment	NN
.	.
Early	RB
signs	NNS
of	IN
drug	NN
toxicity	NN
are	VBP
diarrhea	NN
,	,
vomiting	NN
,	,
nausea	NN
,	,
tremors	NNS
,	,
poor	JJ
coordination	NN
and	CC
drowsiness	NN
,	,
and	CC
with	IN
increasing	VBG
toxicity	NN
,	,
giddiness	NN
,	,
weakness	NN
,	,
blurred	VBD
vision	NN
,	,
ringing	VBG
or	CC
buzzing	VBG
in	IN
ears	NNS
,	,
fainting	NN
,	,
confusion	NN
,	,
loss	NN
of	IN
bladder	NN
or	CC
bowel	NN
control	NN
,	,
worsening	VBG
of	IN
manic	JJ
symptoms	NNS
,	,
and	CC
painful	JJ
muscles	NNS
and	CC
joints	NNS
-	:
if	IN
any	DT
of	IN
these	DT
symptoms	NNS
occur	VBP
,	,
stop	VBP
taking	VBG
the	DT
medication	NN
and	CC
contact	NN
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
immediately	RB
-	:
be	VB
sure	JJ
to	TO
bring	VB
the	DT
bottle	NN
with	IN
you	PRP
when	WRB
you	PRP
go	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
hospital	NN
emergency	NN
room	NN
or	CC
back	RB
to	TO
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
.	.
Drug	NNP
Interaction	NNP
:	:
If	IN
lithium	NN
is	VBZ
combined	VBN
with	IN
Haloperidol	NNP
,	,
weakness	NN
,	,
tiredness	NN
,	,
fever	NN
,	,
or	CC
confusion	NN
may	MD
result	VB
.	.
In	IN
some	DT
people	NNS
,	,
these	DT
symptoms	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
followed	VBN
by	IN
permanent	JJ
brain	NN
damage	NN
.	.
Chlorpromazine	NNP
and	CC
lithium	NN
may	MD
interact	VB
to	TO
recude	VB
chlorpromazine	NN
's	POS
effectiveness	NN
,	,
while	IN
increasing	VBG
lithium	NN
's	POS
effectiveness	NN
.	.
Lithium	NN
is	VBZ
counteracted	VBN
by	IN
sodium	NN
barcarbonate	NN
,	,
acetazolamind	NN
,	,
urea	NN
,	,
mannitol	NN
and	CC
theophylline	NN
drugs	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
increase	VBP
the	DT
rate	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
lithium	NN
is	VBZ
released	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
body	NN
.	.
Lithium	NN
can	MD
also	RB
increase	VB
the	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
tricyclic	JJ
antidepressant	JJ
medications	NNS
.	.
Indications	NNS
:	:
Treatment	NNP
of	IN
endogenous	JJ
depressive	JJ
illness	NN
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
depressed	JJ
phase	NN
of	IN
manic	JJ
depressive	JJ
illness	NN
,	,
involutional	JJ
melancholia	NN
and	CC
psychotic	JJ
depression	NN
.	.
It	PRP
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
indicated	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
management	NN
of	IN
depression	NN
of	IN
a	DT
nonpsychotic	JJ
degree	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
in	IN
selected	VBN
cases	NNS
of	IN
depressive	JJ
neurosis	NN
.	.
Patients	NNS
with	IN
transient	JJ
mood	NN
disturbances	NNS
or	CC
normal	JJ
grief	NN
reaction	NN
are	VBP
not	RB
expected	VBN
to	TO
benefit	VB
from	IN
tricyclic	JJ
antidepressants	NNS
.	.
Though	IN
not	RB
indicated	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
has	VBZ
also	RB
been	VBN
used	VBN
to	TO
treat	VB
cocaine	NN
withdrawal	NN
,	,
panic	NN
disorder	NN
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
.	.
Considerations	NNS
:	:
Patients	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
history	NN
of	IN
heart	NN
disease	NN
,	,
convulsive	JJ
disorders	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
seizures	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
glaucoma	NN
,	,
liver	NN
disease	NN
,	,
or	CC
hyperthyroidism	NN
should	MD
take	VB
this	DT
drug	NN
with	IN
caution	NN
.	.
People	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
schizophrenic	JJ
or	CC
paranoid	JJ
may	MD
get	VB
worse	JJR
and	CC
manic	JJ
depressives	NNS
may	MD
switch	VB
phase	NN
.	.
Desipramine	NN
should	MD
never	RB
be	VB
taken	VBN
by	IN
pregnant	JJ
or	CC
nursing	NN
mothers	NNS
.	.
Birth	NN
defects	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
reported	VBN
.	.
Nursing	NNP
mothers	NNS
should	MD
bottle-feed	VB
their	PRP$
babies	NNS
.	.
Side	NN
Effects	NNPS
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
most	RBS
common	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
sedation	NN
,	,
blurred	VBD
vision	NN
,	,
disorientation	NN
,	,
confusion	NN
,	,
hallucinations	NNS
,	,
muscle	NN
spasms	NNS
or	CC
tremors	NNS
,	,
seizures	NNS
and\/or	CC
convulsions	NNS
,	,
dry	JJ
mouth	NN
,	,
constipation	NN
,	,
difficulty	NN
urinating	VBG
,	,
worsening	VBG
glaucoma	NN
,	,
and	CC
sensitivity	NN
to	TO
bright	JJ
light	NN
or	CC
sunlight	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
less	JJR
common	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
blood	NN
pressure	NN
changes	NNS
,	,
abnormal	JJ
heart	NN
rates	NNS
,	,
heart	NN
attack	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
restlessness	NN
,	,
excitement	NN
,	,
numbness	NN
and	CC
tingling	NN
in	IN
the	DT
extremities	NNS
,	,
poor	JJ
coordination	NN
,	,
rash	NN
,	,
itching	JJ
,	,
retention	NN
of	IN
fluids	NNS
,	,
fever	NN
,	,
allergy	NN
,	,
changes	NNS
in	IN
composition	NN
of	IN
blood	NN
,	,
nausea	NN
,	,
vomiting	NN
,	,
loss	NN
of	IN
apetite	NN
,	,
stomach	NN
upset	NN
,	,
diarrhea	NN
,	,
enlargment	NN
of	IN
breasts	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
both	DT
sexes	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
changes	NNS
in	IN
sex	NN
drive	NN
,	,
and	CC
blood	NN
sugar	NN
changes	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
infrequent	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
inability	NN
to	TO
sleep	VB
,	,
nightmares	NNS
,	,
feelings	NNS
of	IN
panic	NN
,	,
weird	JJ
taste	NN
in	IN
mouth	NN
,	,
stomach	NN
cramps	NNS
,	,
black	JJ
discoloration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
tonge	NN
,	,
changes	NNS
in	IN
liver	NN
function	NN
,	,
flushing	NN
,	,
drowsiness	NN
,	,
dizziness	NN
,	,
weakness	NN
,	,
headache	NN
,	,
loss	NN
of	IN
hair	NN
,	,
nausea	NN
,	,
and	CC
feeling	NN
ill.	NN
Drug	NNP
Interaction	NNP
:	:
Make	NNP
sure	JJ
to	TO
tell	VB
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
if	IN
you	PRP
take	VBP
any	DT
blood	NN
pressure	NN
medication	NN
-	:
desipramine	NN
interacts	NNS
with	IN
guanethidine	NN
and	CC
clonidine	NN
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
increases	VBZ
the	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
barbiturates	NNS
,	,
tranquilizers	NNS
,	,
other	JJ
sedative	NN
drugs	NNS
and	CC
alcohol	NN
.	.
Taking	VBG
thyroid	JJ
medication	NN
and	CC
desipramine	NN
will	MD
enhance	VB
the	DT
effectiveness	NN
of	IN
both	DT
and	CC
can	MD
cause	VB
abnormal	JJ
heart	NN
rhythms	NNS
.	.
Oral	JJ
contraception	NN
and	CC
estrogen	NN
can	MD
reduce	VB
the	DT
effectiveness	NN
of	IN
desipramine	NN
.	.
Drugs	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Bicarbonate	NNP
of	IN
Soda	NNP
,	,
acetazolamide	NN
,	,
quinidine	NN
,	,
or	CC
procainamide	NN
will	MD
increase	VB
the	DT
effect	NN
of	IN
desipramine	NN
.	.
Cimetidine	NNP
,	,
Methylphenidate	NNP
and	CC
phenothiazine	JJ
drugs	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
like	IN
Thorazine	NNP
and	CC
Compazine	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
block	NN
the	DT
liver	NN
metabolism	NN
of	IN
desipramine	NN
,	,
causing	VBG
it	PRP
to	TO
stay	VB
in	IN
the	DT
body	NN
longer	RBR
,	,
which	WDT
can	MD
cause	VB
sever	VB
drug	NN
side	NN
effects	NNS
.	.
Avoid	VB
alcohol	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
depressants	NNS
while	IN
taking	VBG
desipramine	JJ
.	.
Abruptly	RB
stopping	VBG
this	DT
medication	NN
may	MD
cause	VB
nausea	NN
,	,
headache	NN
and	CC
a	DT
sickly	JJ
feeling	NN
,	,
so	RB
patients	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
decide	VB
to	TO
stop	VB
taking	VBG
desipramine	JJ
with	IN
a	DT
doctor	NN
's	POS
guidance	NN
.	.
Indications	NNS
:	:
Symptomatic	JJ
relief	NN
of	IN
depressive	JJ
illness	NN
.	.
Though	IN
not	RB
indicated	VBN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
prescribed	VBN
for	IN
panic	NN
disorder	NN
,	,
chronic	JJ
pain	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
from	IN
migrains	NNS
,	,
tension	NN
headaches	NNS
,	,
diabetes	NN
,	,
cancer	NN
,	,
arthritis	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
.	.
Avoid	VB
alcohol	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
depressants	NNS
while	IN
taking	VBG
imipramine	NN
.	.
Abruptly	RB
stopping	VBG
this	DT
medication	NN
may	MD
cause	VB
nausea	NN
,	,
headache	NN
and	CC
a	DT
sickly	JJ
feeling	NN
,	,
so	RB
patients	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
decide	VB
to	TO
stop	VB
taking	VBG
imipramine	NN
with	IN
a	DT
doctor	NN
's	POS
guidance	NN
.	.
Side	NN
Effects	NNPS
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
most	RBS
common	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
sleepiness	NN
,	,
loss	NN
of	IN
appetite	NN
,	,
weakness	NN
,	,
and	CC
confusion	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
less	JJR
common	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
seizures	NNS
,	,
loss	NN
of	IN
coordination	NN
,	,
concentration	NN
difficulties	NNS
,	,
memory	NN
loss	NN
,	,
irritability	NN
,	,
fatigue	NN
,	,
sedation	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
lowered	VBD
blood	NN
pressure	NN
,	,
rash	NN
,	,
hiccups	NNS
,	,
insomnia	NN
,	,
diarrhea	NN
,	,
coated	JJ
tongue	NN
,	,
soar	VB
gums	NNS
,	,
stuffed	VBN
nose	NN
,	,
tingling	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
hands	NNS
and	CC
feet	NNS
,	,
palpitations	NNS
,	,
upset	JJ
stomach	NN
,	,
increased	VBD
salivation	NN
,	,
slurred	VBD
speech	NN
,	,
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
libido	NN
,	,
weakness	NN
,	,
menstrual	JJ
irregularities	NNS
,	,
urinary	JJ
retention	NN
,	,
abnormal	JJ
liver	NN
function	NN
,	,
and	CC
jaundice	NN
.	.
Drug	NNP
Interaction	NNP
:	:
Alprazolam	NNP
may	MD
produce	VB
an	DT
addictive	JJ
depressant	NN
effect	NN
when	WRB
combined	VBN
with	IN
psychotropic	JJ
medication	NN
,	,
alcohol	NN
,	,
narcotics	NNS
,	,
bartiturates	NNS
,	,
antihistimines	NNS
,	,
anticonvulsants	NNS
or	CC
MAO	NNP
inhibitors	NNS
.	.
If	IN
alprazolam	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
drugs	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
nature	NN
careful	JJ
consideration	NN
and	CC
monitoring	NN
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
.	.
Smoking	NN
may	MD
reduce	VB
the	DT
effectiveness	NN
of	IN
Alprazolam	NNP
.	.
The	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
Alprazolam	NNP
may	MD
be	VB
prolonged	VBN
when	WRB
taken	VBN
together	RB
with	IN
Cimetidine	NNP
,	,
oral	JJ
contraceptives	NNS
,	,
Disulfiram	NNP
,	,
Fluoxetin	NNP
,	,
Isoniazid	NNP
,	,
Ketoconazole	NNP
,	,
Metoprolol	NNP
,	,
Probenecid	NNP
,	,
Propoxyphene	NNP
,	,
Propranolol	NNP
,	,
Rifampin	NNP
and	CC
Valproic	NNP
Acide	NNP
.	.
FDA	NNP
.	.
This	DT
does	VBZ
not	RB
mean	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
work	VB
for	IN
some	DT
individuals	NNS
,	,
but	CC
research	NN
outcomes	NNS
are	VBP
still	RB
pending	VBG
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
think	VBP
Naltrexone	NNP
might	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
,	,
you	PRP
should	MD
talk	VB
to	TO
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
about	IN
it	PRP
and	CC
provide	VB
them	PRP
with	IN
further	JJ
information	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
see	VB
below	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
safety	NN
of	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
Naltrexone	NNP
in	IN
pregnancy	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
established	VBN
,	,
therefore	RB
Naltrexone	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
recommended	VBN
for	IN
use	NN
during	IN
pregnancy	NN
.	.
It	PRP
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
taken	VBN
by	IN
nursing	VBG
mothers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
safe	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
naltrexone	NN
in	IN
subjects	NNS
younger	JJR
than	IN
18	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
age	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
established	VBN
.	.
Patients	NNS
on	IN
naltrexone	NN
should	MD
carry	VB
a	DT
wallet	NN
card	NN
to	TO
alert	VB
physicians	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
emergency	NN
health-care	NN
providers	NNS
to	TO
instruct	VB
them	PRP
on	IN
pain	NN
management	NN
.	.
Side	NN
Effects	NNPS
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
most	RBS
common	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
loss	NN
of	IN
appetite	NN
,	,
diarrhea	NN
,	,
constipation	NN
,	,
increased	VBD
thirst	NN
,	,
increased	VBD
energy	NN
,	,
feeling	VBG
down	RP
,	,
irritability	NN
,	,
dizziness	NN
,	,
skin	NN
rash	NN
,	,
delayed	VBN
ejaculation	NN
,	,
decreased	VBD
potency	NN
and	CC
chills	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
less	JJR
common	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
Respiratory	NNP
:	:
nasal	JJ
congestion	NN
,	,
itching	JJ
,	,
rhinorrhea	NN
,	,
sneezing	NN
,	,
sore	JJ
throat	NN
,	,
excess	JJ
mucus	NN
or	CC
phlegm	NN
,	,
sinus	NN
trouble	NN
,	,
heavy	JJ
breathing	NN
,	,
hoarseness	NN
,	,
cough	NN
,	,
shortness	NN
of	IN
breath	NN
,	,
nose	NN
bleeds	NNS
,	,
phlebitis	NN
,	,
edema	NN
,	,
increased	VBD
blood	NN
pressure	NN
,	,
nonspecific	JJ
ECG	NNP
changes	NNS
,	,
palpitations	NNS
,	,
tachycardia	NN
,	,
excessive	JJ
gas	NN
,	,
hemorrhoids	NNS
,	,
diarrhea	NN
,	,
ulcer	NN
,	,
painful	JJ
shoulders	NNS
,	,
legs	NNS
or	CC
knees	NNS
,	,
tremors	NNS
,	,
twitching	NN
,	,
increased	VBD
frequency	NN
of	IN
,	,
or	CC
discomfort	NN
during	IN
urination	NN
,	,
increased	VBD
or	CC
decreased	VBD
sexual	JJ
interest	NN
,	,
oily	RB
skin	NN
,	,
pruritus	NN
,	,
acne	NN
,	,
athlete	NN
's	POS
foot	NN
,	,
cold	JJ
sore	JJ
,	,
alopecia	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
paranoia	NN
,	,
fatigue	NN
,	,
restlessness	NN
,	,
confusion	NN
,	,
disorientation	NN
,	,
hallucinations	NNS
,	,
nightmares	NNS
,	,
bad	JJ
dreams	NNS
.	.
Drug	NNP
Interaction	NNP
:	:
Patients	NNS
receiving	VBG
opioid	JJ
analgesics	NNS
.	.
Opioid	JJ
dependent	JJ
patients	NNS
.	.
Patients	NNS
in	IN
acute	JJ
opioid	JJ
withdrawal	NN
.	.
Any	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
failed	VBN
to	TO
pass	VB
the	DT
Narcan	JJ
challenge	NN
.	.
Any	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
a	DT
positive	JJ
urine	NN
screen	NN
for	IN
opioids	NNS
.	.
Naltrexone	NNP
will	MD
block	VB
the	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
narcotics	NNS
including	VBG
codeine	NN
in	IN
cough	NN
or	CC
pain	NN
preparations	NNS
.	.
Indications	NNS
:	:
For	IN
the	DT
acute	JJ
and	CC
maintenance	NN
treatment	NN
of	IN
schizophrenia	NN
and	CC
related	VBN
psychotic	JJ
disorders	NNS
.	.
In	IN
controlled	JJ
clinical	JJ
trials	NNS
,	,
olanzapine	NN
was	VBD
found	VBN
to	TO
improve	VB
both	DT
positive	JJ
and	CC
negative	JJ
symptoms	NNS
.	.
In	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
off-label	JJ
use	NN
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
administered	VBN
to	TO
patients	NNS
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
to	TO
help	VB
control	VB
obsessive	JJ
thinking	NN
.	.
As	IN
with	IN
other	JJ
drugs	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
high	JJ
alpha-1	JJ
adrenergic	NN
receptor	NN
blocking	VBG
activity	NN
,	,
olanzapine	NN
may	MD
induce	VB
orthostatic	JJ
hypotension	NN
,	,
tachycardia	NN
,	,
dizziness	NN
,	,
and	CC
sometimes	RB
syncope	NN
,	,
especially	RB
at	IN
the	DT
initiation	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
Potential	JJ
Effect	NN
on	IN
Cognitive	NNP
and	CC
Motor	NNP
Performance	NNP
:	:
Because	IN
olanzapine	NN
may	MD
cause	VB
somnolence	NN
,	,
patients	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
cautioned	VBN
about	IN
operating	VBG
hazardous	JJ
machinery	NN
,	,
including	VBG
motor	NN
vehicles	NNS
,	,
until	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
reasonably	RB
certain	JJ
that	IN
olanzapine	JJ
therapy	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
affect	VB
them	PRP
adversely	RB
.	.
Seizures	NNS
:	:
Conventional	JJ
neuroleptics	NNS
are	VBP
known	VBN
to	TO
lower	VB
seizure	NN
threshold	NN
.	.
In	IN
clinical	JJ
trials	NNS
,	,
seizures	NNS
have	VBP
occurred	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
small	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
olanzapine-treated	JJ
patients	NNS
.	.
Olanzapine	NNP
should	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
cautiously	RB
in	IN
patients	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
a	DT
history	NN
of	IN
seizures	NNS
or	CC
have	VBP
conditions	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
seizure	NN
or	CC
have	VB
a	DT
lowered	VBN
seizure	NN
threshold	NN
.	.
Precautions	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
exercised	VBN
when	WRB
using	VBG
olanzapine	NN
in	IN
patients	NNS
with	IN
pre-existing	JJ
hepatic	JJ
disorders	NNS
,	,
in	IN
patients	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
being	VBG
treated	VBN
with	IN
potentially	RB
hepatotoxic	JJ
drugs	NNS
,	,
or	CC
if	IN
treatment-emergent	JJ
signs	NNS
or	CC
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
hepatic	JJ
impairment	NN
appear	VBP
.	.
Uric	NNP
Acid	NNP
:	:
In	IN
the	DT
premarketing	VBG
clinical	JJ
trial	NN
database	NN
,	,
olanzapine	NN
was	VBD
associated	VBN
with	IN
mild	JJ
elevations	NNS
of	IN
uric	JJ
acid	NN
in	IN
some	DT
patients	NNS
.	.
Weight	NNP
Gain	NNP
:	:
Olanzapine	NNP
was	VBD
associated	VBN
with	IN
weight	NN
gain	NN
during	IN
clinical	JJ
trials	NNS
.	.
Patients	NNS
treated	VBD
at	IN
higher	JJR
doses	NNS
had	VBD
the	DT
greatest	JJS
mean	JJ
weight	NN
gain	NN
.	.
Antiemetic	NNP
Effect	NN
:	:
Consistent	JJ
with	IN
its	PRP$
dopamine	NN
antagonist	NN
effects	NNS
,	,
olanzapine	NN
may	MD
have	VB
an	DT
antiemetic	JJ
effect	NN
.	.
Such	PDT
an	DT
effect	NN
may	MD
mask	NN
signs	NNS
of	IN
toxicity	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
overdosage	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
drugs	NNS
or	CC
may	MD
mask	NN
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
disease	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
brain	NN
tumor	NN
or	CC
intestinal	JJ
obstruction	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
pregnant	JJ
or	CC
planning	VBG
to	TO
become	VB
pregnant	JJ
,	,
you	PRP
and	CC
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
should	MD
discuss	VB
whether	IN
changes	NNS
to	TO
your	PRP$
treatment	NN
plan	NN
are	VBP
necessary	JJ
.	.
The	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
ZYPREXA	NNP
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
studied	VBN
in	IN
pregnancy	NN
,	,
so	RB
you	PRP
and	CC
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
should	MD
consider	VB
the	DT
benefits	NNS
versus	IN
the	DT
risks	NNS
of	IN
staying	VBG
with	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
You	PRP
should	MD
not	RB
take	VB
ZYPREXA	NNP
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
breast-feeding	NN
or	CC
planning	NN
to	TO
breast-feed	VB
a	DT
child	NN
.	.
Drug	NNP
Interaction	NNP
:	:
Given	VBN
the	DT
primary	JJ
CNS	NNP
effects	NNS
of	IN
olanzapine	NN
,	,
caution	NN
should	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
when	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
taken	VBN
in	IN
combination	NN
with	IN
other	JJ
centrally-acting	JJ
drugs	NNS
and	CC
alcohol	NN
.	.
As	IN
it	PRP
exhibits	VBZ
in	IN
vitro	NN
dopamine	NN
antagonism	NN
,	,
olanzapine	NN
may	MD
antagonize	VB
the	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
levodopa	NN
and	CC
dopamine	NN
agonists	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
its	PRP$
potential	NN
for	IN
inducing	VBG
hypotension	NN
,	,
olanzapine	NN
may	MD
enhance	VB
the	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
certain	JJ
antihypertensive	JJ
agents	NNS
.	.
Agents	NNS
that	WDT
induce	VBP
CYP1A2	CD
such	JJ
as	IN
omeprazole	NN
may	MD
increase	VB
clearance	NN
of	IN
olanzapine	NN
.	.
Conversely	RB
,	,
inhibitors	NNS
of	IN
CYP1A2	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
fluvoxamine	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
could	MD
potentially	RB
inhibit	VB
elimination	NN
of	IN
olanzapine	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
as	IN
olanzapine	NN
is	VBZ
metabolized	VBN
by	IN
multiple	JJ
enzyme	NN
systems	NNS
,	,
inhibition	NN
of	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
enzyme	NN
may	MD
not	RB
appreciably	RB
decrease	VB
olanzapine	JJ
clearance	NN
.	.
This	DT
section	NN
is	VBZ
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
big	JJ
questions	NNS
that	WDT
often	RB
come	VBP
through	RP
by	IN
e-mail	NN
...	:
``	``
Why	WRB
do	VBP
people	NNS
get	VB
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
to	TO
begin	VB
with	IN
?	.
''	''
and	CC
``	``
What	WP
causes	VBZ
someone	NN
to	TO
get	VB
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
?	.
''	''
Complex	JJ
emotional	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
contributing	VBG
factors	NNS
to	TO
why	WRB
an	DT
individual	NN
may	MD
suffer	VB
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
or	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
four	CD
sections	NNS
we	PRP
explore	VBP
are	VBP
...	:
Love	NNP
,	,
Listen	VB
,	,
Communicate	VB
and	CC
Validate	VB
.	.
These	DT
sections	NNS
contain	VBP
quotes	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
sufferers	NNS
as	IN
to	TO
what	WP
they	PRP
feel	VBP
could	MD
have	VB
prevented	VBN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
next	JJ
four	CD
are	VBP
additional	JJ
sections	NNS
on	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
outside	JJ
influences	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
play	VB
a	DT
role	NN
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
and	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
.	.
These	DT
sections	NNS
explore	VBP
society	NN
and	CC
the	DT
media	NNS
,	,
food	NN
and	CC
eating	NN
,	,
relationships	NNS
with	IN
family	NN
,	,
friends	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
loved-ones	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
issues	NNS
of	IN
physical	JJ
,	,
emotional	JJ
and	CC
sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
.	.
Genetics	NNP
may	MD
,	,
for	IN
some	DT
sufferers	NNS
,	,
play	VB
a	DT
role	NN
in	IN
the	DT
onset	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
our	PRP$
belief	NN
that	IN
genetics	NNS
alone	RB
are	VBP
not	RB
the	DT
answer	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
'd	MD
like	VB
to	TO
read	VB
more	RBR
on	IN
Genetics	NNP
and	CC
Biology	NNP
,	,
click	VBP
here	RB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
remember	VB
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
not	RB
one	CD
single	JJ
simple	JJ
thing	NN
that	WDT
causes	VBZ
a	DT
person	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
usually	RB
lies	VBZ
in	IN
some	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
social	JJ
,	,
environment	NN
,	,
and	CC
biological	JJ
attributes	NNS
,	,
and\/or	CC
the	DT
family	NN
dysfunction	NN
of	IN
each	DT
individual	NN
.	.
The	DT
one	CD
trait	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
obviously	RB
apparent	JJ
in	IN
all	DT
sufferers	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
is	VBZ
their	PRP$
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
.	.
Often	RB
they	PRP
feel	VBP
as	IN
though	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
good	JJ
enough	RB
,	,
that	IN
they	PRP
never	RB
do	VBP
anything	NN
right	RB
,	,
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
scrutinized	VBN
by	IN
others	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
appearance	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
would	MD
get	VB
better	JJR
if	IN
they	PRP
could	MD
just	RB
lose	VB
weight	NN
.	.
Sufferers	NNS
can	MD
feel	VB
like	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
deserve	VB
to	TO
be	VB
happy	JJ
,	,
that	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
deserve	VB
good	JJ
things	NNS
to	TO
happen	VB
to	TO
them	PRP
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
deserve	VB
to	TO
have	VB
anything	NN
but	CC
what	WP
is	VBZ
felt	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
miserable	JJ
existence	NN
.	.
They	PRP
often	RB
feel	VBP
like	IN
a	DT
burden	NN
to	TO
others	NNS
,	,
trivialize	VBP
their	PRP$
own	JJ
problems	NNS
and	CC
feel	VB
as	IN
though	IN
other	JJ
people	NNS
deserve	VBP
help	VB
more	JJR
than	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Each	DT
section	NN
above	IN
,	,
while	IN
exploring	VBG
the	DT
causes	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
simultaneously	RB
ventures	NNS
into	IN
the	DT
depths	NNS
of	IN
why	WRB
each	DT
person	NN
suffers	VBZ
from	IN
a	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
self-esteem	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
uncommon	JJ
for	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
sufferers	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
viewed	VBN
by	IN
others	NNS
as	IN
compassionate	JJ
,	,
warm	JJ
,	,
giving	VBG
,	,
sensitive	JJ
,	,
and	CC
intelligent	JJ
people	NNS
.	.
The	DT
problem	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
each	DT
person	NN
suffering	NN
can	MD
not	RB
see	VB
in	IN
themselves	PRP
the	DT
beauty	NN
that	WDT
others	NNS
do	VBP
.	.
Their	PRP$
own	JJ
hate	NN
from	IN
within	IN
distorts	VBZ
their	PRP$
perception	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
truly	RB
wonderful	JJ
they	PRP
really	RB
are	VBP
.	.
For	IN
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
suffering	VBG
with	IN
or	CC
in	IN
recovery	NN
from	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
:	:
An	DT
interactive	JJ
bulletin	NN
board	NN
where	WRB
you	PRP
can	MD
read	VB
letters	NNS
from	IN
others	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
suffering	VBG
with	IN
or	CC
in	IN
recovery	NN
from	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
for	IN
those	DT
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
,	,
Binge	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
and	CC
ED-NOS	NNP
to	TO
come	VB
and	CC
give	VB
support	NN
to	TO
each	DT
other	JJ
.	.
Post	NNP
your	PRP$
own	JJ
letter	NN
or	CC
reply	NN
to	TO
the	DT
ones	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
there	RB
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
connect	VB
with	IN
thousands	NNS
of	IN
other	JJ
members	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
board	NN
itself	PRP
,	,
or	CC
through	IN
e-mail	NN
,	,
ICQ	NNP
,	,
AIM	NNP
,	,
Yahoo	NNP
and	CC
chat	VB
.	.
Click	VB
here	RB
to	TO
register	VB
.	.
For	IN
friends	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
of	IN
those	DT
suffering	VBG
who	WP
would	MD
like	VB
support	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
parents	NNS
,	,
step-parents	NNS
,	,
grandparents	NNS
,	,
sisters	NNS
&	CC
brothers	NNS
,	,
aunts	NNS
&	CC
uncles	NNS
,	,
cousins	NNS
,	,
spouses	NNS
,	,
lovers	NNS
,	,
friends	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
loved-ones	NNS
to	TO
find	VB
support	NN
and	CC
advice	NN
from	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
in	IN
learning	VBG
how	WRB
to	TO
best	JJS
support	NN
the	DT
person	NN
they	PRP
care	VBP
about	RB
.	.
Download	VB
the	DT
AOL	NNP
Instant	NNP
Messenger	NNP
-	:
AIM	SYM
-	:
chat	VB
software	NN
and	CC
find	VB
others	NNS
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
sufferers	NNS
and	CC
Family	NNP
members	NNS
of	IN
sufferers	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
using	VBG
this	DT
chat	VB
program	NN
to	TO
find	VB
support	NN
and	CC
to	TO
share	VB
recovery	NN
ideas	NNS
.	.
Real	JJ
Women	NNS
is	VBZ
a	DT
multi-sensory	JJ
exploration	NN
of	IN
body	NN
image	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
profound	JJ
impact	NN
on	IN
women	NNS
's	POS
health	NN
and	CC
well	RB
being	VBG
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
13	CD
small	JJ
bronze	NN
sculptures	NNS
and	CC
poems	NNS
portraying	VBG
women	NNS
of	IN
diverse	JJ
size	NN
,	,
shape	NN
,	,
culture	NN
and	CC
age	NN
.	.
Facilitating	VBG
personal	JJ
growth	NN
and	CC
spiritual	JJ
enlightenment	NN
through	IN
interaction	NN
and	CC
discussion	NN
,	,
we	PRP
encourage	VBP
new	JJ
perspectives	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
find	VB
meaning	NN
and	CC
purpose	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
Large	JJ
resource	NN
directory	NN
.	.
Alt.Support.Eating-Disorders	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
ASED	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
a	DT
friendly	JJ
group	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
currently	RB
have	VBP
,	,
are	VBP
recovering	VBG
from	IN
or	CC
who	WP
have	VBP
recovered	VBN
from	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
-	:
including	VBG
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
compulsive	JJ
overeatering	NN
,	,
bulimarexia	NN
and\/or	CC
any	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
these	DT
.	.
ASED-list	JJ
is	VBZ
a	DT
continuation	NN
of	IN
that	DT
group	NN
.	.
Concerned	JJ
Counseling	NN
provides	VBZ
access	NN
to	TO
counseling	VBG
to	TO
individuals	NNS
,	,
couples	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
members	NNS
through	IN
our	PRP$
private	JJ
chat	VBP
rooms	NNS
,	,
or	CC
by	IN
email	NN
or	CC
telephone	NN
.	.
The	DT
licensed	JJ
professional	JJ
counselors	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
on	IN
our	PRP$
website	NN
from	IN
10	CD
a.m.	NN
to	TO
10	CD
p.m.	NN
CST	NNP
,	,
7	CD
days	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
or	CC
by	IN
phone	NN
24	CD
hours	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
,	,
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
your	PRP$
concerns	NNS
or	CC
situation	NN
.	.
The	DT
``	``
POETRY	NN
''	''
section	NN
of	IN
the	DT
site	NN
has	VBZ
now	RB
been	VBN
incorporated	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
bulletin	NN
board	NN
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
allow	VB
authors	NNS
to	TO
retain	VB
anonymity	NN
if	IN
they	PRP
choose	VBP
to	TO
,	,
but	CC
will	MD
also	RB
allow	VB
others	NNS
to	TO
contact	VB
them	PRP
directly	RB
about	IN
their	PRP$
writings	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
they	PRP
choose	VBP
to	TO
allow	VB
it	PRP
in	IN
their	PRP$
member	NN
profile	NN
--	:
``	``
My	PRP$
Stuff	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
already	RB
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
bulletin	NN
board	NN
system	NN
,	,
you	PRP
MUST	VBP
register	NN
before	IN
submitting	VBG
your	PRP$
own	JJ
article	NN
or	CC
story	NN
.	.
Please	VB
note	NN
,	,
we	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
allow	VB
registrations	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
Yahoo	NNP
or	CC
Hotmail	NNP
account	NN
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
chosen	VBN
to	TO
now	RB
accept	VB
poetry	NN
this	DT
way	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
us	PRP
with	IN
the	DT
time	NN
management	NN
required	VBN
in	IN
running	VBG
the	DT
entire	JJ
site	NN
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
encourages	VBZ
support	NN
and	CC
communication	NN
in	IN
all	DT
those	DT
who	WP
suffer	VBP
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
NOT	RB
wish	VB
to	TO
communicate	VB
with	IN
other	JJ
members	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
still	RB
post	VB
your	PRP$
poetry	NN
here	RB
--	:
when	WRB
you	PRP
register	VBP
just	RB
be	VB
sure	JJ
to	TO
check	VB
the	DT
box	NN
that	WDT
says	VBZ
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
want	VB
other	JJ
member	NN
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
e-mail	VB
you	PRP
,	,
and	CC
do	VBP
not	RB
include	VB
any	DT
additional	JJ
contact	NN
info	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
like	IN
ICQ	NNP
number	NN
or	CC
AIM\/Yahoo	JJ
nickname	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Our	PRP$
Mission	NNP
:	:
We	PRP
are	VBP
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
raising	VBG
awareness	NN
...	:
emphasizing	VBG
always	RB
that	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
are	VBP
NOT	NNP
about	IN
food	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
;	:
They	PRP
are	VBP
just	RB
the	DT
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
something	NN
deeper	JJR
going	VBG
on	IN
,	,
inside	IN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
determined	VBN
to	TO
remind	VB
each	DT
and	CC
every	DT
sufferer	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
alone	RB
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
complete	JJ
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
the	DT
loved-one	NN
of	IN
someone	NN
that	WDT
suffers	VBZ
,	,
use	VB
this	DT
website	NN
to	TO
educate	VB
yourself	PRP
.	.
The	DT
more	JJR
you	PRP
know	VBP
about	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
,	,
the	DT
more	JJR
you	PRP
are	VBP
equipped	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
support	NN
your	PRP$
loved-one	JJ
needs	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
find	VB
help	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
recover	VB
.	.
And	CC
you	PRP
deserve	VBP
to	TO
do	VB
both	DT
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
over	IN
ten	CD
years	NNS
since	IN
I	PRP
started	VBD
this	DT
site	NN
back	RB
in	IN
1995	CD
,	,
and	CC
nearly	RB
8	CD
years	NNS
since	IN
we	PRP
opened	VBD
up	RP
the	DT
interactive	JJ
community	NN
here	RB
.	.
Tony	NNP
and	CC
I	PRP
are	VBP
so	RB
proud	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
work	NN
we	PRP
have	VBP
done	VBN
in	IN
providing	VBG
a	DT
resource	NN
to	TO
so	RB
many	JJ
of	IN
you	PRP
who	WP
have	VBP
needed	VBN
to	TO
find	VB
a	DT
good	JJ
source	NN
of	IN
information	NN
and	CC
a	DT
safe	JJ
place	NN
for	IN
support	NN
.	.
Almost	RB
8	CD
million	CD
people	NNS
have	VBP
passed	VBN
through	IN
this	DT
site	NN
since	IN
its	PRP$
inception	NN
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
feel	VBP
honored	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
touched	VBN
so	RB
many	JJ
people	NNS
in	IN
such	JJ
a	DT
positive	JJ
way	NN
.	.
Over	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
few	JJ
years	NNS
our	PRP$
time	NN
has	VBZ
become	VBN
more	RBR
and	CC
more	RBR
limited	JJ
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
always	RB
managed	VBN
running	VBG
the	DT
site	NN
in	IN
between	IN
our	PRP$
paying	VBG
jobs	NNS
,	,
foregoing	VBG
vacations	NNS
and	CC
often	RB
staying	VBG
up	RP
late	RB
into	IN
the	DT
night	NN
.	.
We	PRP
're	VBP
older	JJR
now	RB
,	,
and	CC
having	VBG
such	PDT
a	DT
full	JJ
schedule	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
as	RB
easy	JJ
,	,
especially	RB
as	IN
the	DT
kids	NNS
get	VBP
older	JJR
and	CC
our	PRP$
time	NN
with	IN
them	PRP
becomes	VBZ
even	RB
more	RBR
precious	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
career	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
non-eating	JJ
disorders	NNS
related	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
has	VBZ
taken	VBN
a	DT
positive	JJ
direction	NN
as	IN
of	IN
late	RB
,	,
which	WDT
means	VBZ
even	RB
less	JJR
time	NN
for	IN
the	DT
site	NN
.	.
Tony	NNP
and	CC
I	PRP
promised	VBD
each	DT
other	JJ
long	JJ
ago	IN
that	IN
if	IN
we	PRP
ever	RB
got	VBD
into	IN
the	DT
position	NN
where	WRB
we	PRP
just	RB
could	MD
n't	RB
focus	VB
on	IN
the	DT
site	NN
as	IN
it	PRP
needs	VBZ
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
time	NN
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
change	NN
.	.
Like	IN
we	PRP
always	RB
preach	VBP
to	TO
all	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
,	,
we	PRP
must	MD
take	VB
care	NN
of	IN
ourselves	PRP
too	RB
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
recently	RB
developed	VBN
a	DT
relationship	NN
with	IN
a	DT
wonderful	JJ
company	NN
called	VBD
CRC	NNP
Health	NNP
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
focused	VBN
on	IN
providing	VBG
recovery	NN
resources	NNS
,	,
for	IN
those	DT
suffering	VBG
with	IN
addictions	NNS
and	CC
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
both	DT
online	NN
and	CC
in	IN
real-time	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
the	DT
owners	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
4Therapy	JJ
.	.
com	NN
and	CC
eGetgoing	VBG
websites	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
Sierra	NNP
Tucson	NNP
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
providing	VBG
more	JJR
resources	NNS
to	TO
those	DT
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
and	CC
to	TO
expand	VB
their	PRP$
reach	NN
so	IN
everyone	NN
has	VBZ
access	NN
to	TO
information	NN
and	CC
support	NN
.	.
Tony	NNP
and	CC
I	PRP
wish	VBP
you	PRP
all	PDT
the	DT
very	RB
best	RB
.	.
Each	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
CAN	NNP
and	CC
WILL	MD
recover	VB
...	:
you	PRP
have	VBP
that	DT
power	NN
within	IN
you	PRP
...	:
and	CC
we	PRP
know	VBP
the	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Website	NNP
on	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
valuable	JJ
resource	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
everyone	NN
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
healing	NN
journey	NN
.	.
On	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
all	DT
of	IN
us	PRP
at	IN
CRC	NNP
Health	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
great	JJ
pleasure	NN
to	TO
welcome	VB
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
and	CC
its	PRP$
community	NN
to	TO
our	PRP$
family	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
thank	VB
Amy	NNP
and	CC
Tony	NNP
for	IN
their	PRP$
support	NN
and	CC
confidence	NN
and	CC
recognize	VB
the	DT
wonderful	JJ
site	NN
and	CC
community	NN
they	PRP
have	VBP
developed	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
greatly	RB
appreciated	VBN
.	.
Since	IN
1995	CD
,	,
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
diligently	RB
offering	VBG
assistance	NN
to	TO
those	DT
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
20	CD
years	NNS
CRC	NNP
Health	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
setting	VBG
the	DT
standard	NN
of	IN
excellence	NN
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
addiction	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
behavioral	JJ
health	NN
disorders	NNS
.	.
Including	VBG
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
into	IN
that	DT
philosophy	NN
enforces	VBZ
our	PRP$
commitment	NN
to	TO
creating	VBG
a	DT
vision	NN
of	IN
delivering	VBG
quality	NN
care	NN
to	TO
those	DT
suffering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
and	CC
redefining	VBG
the	DT
way	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
people	NNS
communicate	VBP
and	CC
reach	VBP
out	RP
for	IN
help	NN
.	.
Over	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
several	JJ
years	NNS
CRC	NNP
has	VBZ
dedicated	VBN
additional	JJ
personnel	NNS
and	CC
resources	NNS
to	TO
providing	VBG
the	DT
highest	JJS
quality	NN
care	NN
by	IN
embracing	VBG
the	DT
values	NNS
of	IN
integrity	NN
,	,
compassion	NN
and	CC
responsibility	NN
.	.
Incorporating	VBG
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
into	IN
our	PRP$
collection	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
accelerates	VBZ
CRC	NNP
's	POS
strategy	NN
of	IN
creating	VBG
a	DT
defining	VBG
policy	NN
that	WDT
offers	VBZ
more	RBR
solutions	NNS
for	IN
delivering	VBG
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
treatments	NNS
,	,
resources	NNS
,	,
support	NN
and	CC
information	NN
to	TO
those	DT
suffering	VBG
and	CC
their	PRP$
loved-ones	NNS
.	.
CRC	NNP
will	MD
carry	VB
on	RP
with	IN
an	DT
unwavering	JJ
commitment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	JJ
readers	NNS
by	IN
maintaining	VBG
the	DT
integrity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
site	NN
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
want	VBP
to	TO
thank	VB
Jik	NNP
,	,
BIBRI	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Kensington	NNP
for	IN
their	PRP$
continued	VBN
dedication	NN
and	CC
service	NN
.	.
The	DT
non-profit	JJ
organizations	NNS
listed	VBN
here	RB
can	MD
provide	VB
educational	JJ
and	CC
written	JJ
material	NN
,	,
lecture	VBP
information	NN
,	,
referrals	NNS
to	TO
treatment	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
area	NN
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
forget	VB
to	TO
also	RB
check	VB
out	RP
the	DT
Treatment	NNP
Finder	NNP
for	IN
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
local	JJ
therapists	NNS
,	,
treatment	NN
facilities	NNS
,	,
dieticians	NNS
and	CC
support	NN
groups	NNS
.	.
The	DT
National	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Association	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
largest	JJS
nonprofit	JJ
organization	NN
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
expanding	VBG
public	JJ
understanding	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
promoting	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
quality	NN
treatment	NN
for	IN
those	DT
affected	VBN
along	IN
with	IN
support	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
families	NNS
through	IN
education	NN
,	,
advocacy	NN
and	CC
research	NN
.	.
To	TO
achieve	VB
our	PRP$
mission	NN
,	,
we	PRP
have	VBP
developed	VBN
prevention	NN
programs	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
audiences	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
publish	VBP
and	CC
distribute	VBP
educational	JJ
materials	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
operate	VBP
the	DT
nation	NN
's	POS
first	JJ
toll-free	JJ
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
information	NN
and	CC
referral	NN
line	NN
at	IN
1-800-931-2237	CD
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
continually	RB
work	VBP
to	TO
change	VB
the	DT
cultural	JJ
,	,
familial	JJ
,	,
and	CC
interpersonal	JJ
factors	NNS
which	WDT
contribute	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Phoenix	NNP
,	,
AZ	NNP
85022	CD
a	DT
fellowship	NN
of	IN
individuals	NNS
who	WP
share	VBP
their	PRP$
experience	NN
,	,
strength	NN
and	CC
hope	NN
with	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
that	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
solve	VB
their	PRP$
common	JJ
problems	NNS
and	CC
help	VB
others	NNS
to	TO
recover	VB
from	IN
their	PRP$
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
.	.
People	NNS
can	MD
and	CC
do	VB
fully	RB
recover	VB
from	IN
having	VBG
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
In	IN
EDA	NNP
,	,
we	PRP
help	VBP
one	CD
another	DT
identify	VB
and	CC
claim	VB
milestones	NNS
of	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
To	TO
be	VB
a	DT
cohesive	JJ
resource	NN
in	IN
providing	VBG
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
sufferers	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
better	JJR
chance	NN
of	IN
a	DT
cure	NN
.	.
We	PRP
accomplish	VBP
this	DT
by	IN
educating	VBG
Health	NNP
professionals	NNS
,	,
Parents	NNS
,	,
Children	NNP
,	,
The	NNP
Community	NNP
and	CC
The	NNP
Funding	NNP
Community	NNP
.	.
NEDSP	NNP
represents	VBZ
the	DT
first	JJ
large	JJ
scale	NN
screening	VBG
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
includes	VBZ
an	DT
educational	JJ
presentation	NN
on	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and\/or	CC
related	VBN
topics	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
a	DT
written	VBN
screening	NN
test	NN
and	CC
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
one-on-one	JJ
with	IN
a	DT
health	NN
professional	NN
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
provides	VBZ
individuals	NNS
with	IN
information	NN
about	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
help	VB
friends	NNS
or	CC
family	NN
members	NNS
who	WP
may	MD
be	VB
suffering	VBG
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
To	TO
promote	VB
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
level	NN
,	,
further	JJ
investment	NN
in	IN
the	DT
healthy	JJ
development	NN
of	IN
children	NNS
and	CC
all	DT
at	IN
risk	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
recognition	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
health	NN
priority	NN
,	,
and	CC
commitment	NN
to	TO
effective	JJ
prevention	NN
and	CC
evidence	NN
based	VBN
and	CC
accessible	JJ
treatment	NN
of	IN
these	DT
disorders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
EDCLI	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
non-profit	JJ
organization	NN
devoted	VBN
to	TO
prevention	NN
,	,
education	NN
and	CC
support	NN
:	:
prevention	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
education	NN
about	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
support	NN
to	TO
sufferers	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
their	PRP$
families	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
friends	NNS
.	.
A	DT
non-profit	JJ
501	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
tax-exempt	JJ
organization	NN
that	WDT
strives	VBZ
to	TO
save	VB
lives	NNS
through	IN
education	NN
,	,
prevention	NN
,	,
intervention	NN
,	,
advocacy	NN
and	CC
future	JJ
financial	JJ
assistance	NN
for	IN
people	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
Anorexia	NNP
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Sylphs	NNPS
is	VBZ
a	DT
non-profit	JJ
,	,
non-religious	JJ
and	CC
non-party-political	JJ
association	NN
which	WDT
organizes	VBZ
people	NNS
with	IN
an	DT
overeating	NN
disorder	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
that	DT
is	VBZ
eating	VBG
for	IN
comfort	NN
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
eating	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
other	JJ
people	NNS
who	WP
sympathize	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
objects	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
association	NN
and	CC
who	WP
will	MD
work	VB
in	IN
its	PRP$
spirit	NN
.	.
The	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Action	NNP
Group	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
community	NN
based	VBN
,	,
charitable	JJ
organization	NN
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
promoting	VBG
healthy	JJ
body	NN
image	NN
and	CC
self	NN
esteem	NN
and	CC
to	TO
supporting	VBG
individuals	NNS
who	WP
experience	VBP
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
Linda	NNP
Omichinski	NNP
,	,
RD	NNP
linda@hugs.com	NNP
The	DT
center	NN
for	IN
information	NN
and	CC
resources	NNS
about	IN
nondieting	VBG
for	IN
adults	NNS
and	CC
teens	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
worldwide	JJ
support	NN
and	CC
programs	NNS
for	IN
people	NNS
seeking	VBG
a	DT
lifestyle	NN
without	IN
diets	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
realize	VB
that	IN
the	DT
information	NN
that	WDT
appears	VBZ
on	IN
this	DT
Website	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
meant	VBN
as	IN
replacement	NN
for	IN
proper	JJ
care	NN
from	IN
a	DT
doctor	NN
,	,
therapists	NNS
,	,
nutritionist	NN
,	,
support	NN
group	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
medical	JJ
professional	NN
.	.
Always	RB
seek	VB
the	DT
advice	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
physician	NN
,	,
therapist	NN
,	,
dietician	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
medical	JJ
professional	JJ
,	,
with	IN
any	DT
questions	NNS
you	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
regarding	VBG
your	PRP$
health	NN
.	.
Never	RB
disregard	VB
professional	JJ
medical	JJ
advice	NN
or	CC
delay	NN
in	IN
seeking	VBG
it	PRP
because	IN
of	IN
something	NN
you	PRP
have	VBP
read	VBN
on	IN
this	DT
,	,
or	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
medical-related	JJ
website	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
think	VBP
you	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
a	DT
medical	JJ
emergency	NN
,	,
call	VB
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
,	,
therapist	NN
or	CC
911	CD
immediately	RB
.	.
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
recommend	VB
or	CC
endorse	VB
any	DT
specific	JJ
tests	NNS
,	,
physicians	NNS
,	,
products	NNS
,	,
procedures	NNS
,	,
opinions	NNS
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
information	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
mentioned	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Site	NN
.	.
Reliance	NNP
on	IN
any	DT
information	NN
provided	VBN
by	IN
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
,	,
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Employees	NNP
,	,
volunteers	NNS
or	CC
members	NNS
,	,
others	NNS
appearing	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
Site	NN
at	IN
the	DT
invitation	NN
of	IN
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
visitors	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Site	NNP
you	PRP
use	VBP
solely	RB
at	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
risk	NN
.	.
In	IN
no	DT
event	NN
shall	MD
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
,	,
its	PRP$
licensors	NNS
,	,
its	PRP$
suppliers	NNS
,	,
or	CC
any	DT
third	JJ
parties	NNS
mentioned	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Site	NNP
be	VB
liable	JJ
for	IN
any	DT
damages	NNS
resulting	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
or	CC
inability	NN
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Site	NNP
or	CC
its	PRP$
Content	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Website	NNP
on	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
is	VBZ
meant	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
informational	JJ
purposes	NNS
only	RB
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
place	NN
for	IN
peer-support	NN
to	TO
the	DT
friends	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
of	IN
those	DT
suffering	VBG
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
those	DT
who	WP
suffer	VBP
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
themselves	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
meant	VBN
to	TO
give	VB
you	PRP
some	DT
hope	NN
and	CC
incentive	NN
in	IN
reaching	VBG
out	RP
for	IN
help	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
reference	NN
place	NN
of	IN
resources	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
you	PRP
started	VBN
on	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
personal	JJ
road	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
,	,
through	IN
national	JJ
organizations	NNS
,	,
local	JJ
treatment	NN
options	NNS
,	,
on-line	JJ
support	NN
,	,
and	CC
links	NNS
to	TO
other	JJ
websites	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
topic	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
all	DT
it	PRP
is	VBZ
meant	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
reminder	NN
to	TO
everyone	NN
out	IN
there	RB
suffering	VBG
,	,
``	``
you	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
alone	RB
.	.
''	''
Your	PRP$
privacy	NN
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
us	PRP
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
remember	VB
that	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
public	JJ
place	NN
.	.
Any	DT
information	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
collect	VBP
when	WRB
you	PRP
sign	VBP
up	RP
for	IN
any	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	JJ
service	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
bulletin	NN
boards	NNS
,	,
newsletter	NN
,	,
ICQ	NNP
or	CC
AIM	NNP
lists	NNS
,	,
chatrooms	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
completely	RB
confidential	JJ
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
communication	NN
through	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
we	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
accept	VB
memberships	NNS
to	TO
any	DT
area	NN
of	IN
the	DT
site	NN
from	IN
anyone	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
under	IN
thirteen	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
age	NN
without	IN
prior	JJ
parental	JJ
permission	NN
.	.
If	IN
we	PRP
find	VBP
that	IN
a	DT
member	NN
is	VBZ
under	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
13	CD
their	PRP$
membership	NN
will	MD
be	VB
immediately	RB
suspended	VBN
and	CC
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
contact	VB
their	PRP$
parents	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
in	IN
compliance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Children	NNP
's	POS
Online	NNP
Privacy	NNP
Protection	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
over	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
thirteen	CD
,	,
for	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
safety	NN
we	PRP
ask	VBP
that	IN
when	WRB
you	PRP
do	VBP
sign	VB
up	RP
for	IN
any	DT
service	NN
on	IN
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
,	,
or	CC
anywhere	RB
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
you	PRP
please	VB
be	VB
careful	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
personal	JJ
information	NN
you	PRP
choose	VBP
to	TO
share	VB
including	VBG
your	PRP$
last	JJ
name	NN
,	,
e-mail	NN
address	NN
,	,
home	NN
address	NN
or	CC
telephone	NN
number	NN
.	.
All	DT
written	VBN
content	NN
,	,
graphics	NNS
and	CC
HTML	NNP
documentation	NN
of	IN
The	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Website	NNP
on	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
is	VBZ
copyrighted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Website	NNP
on	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
contained	VBN
on	IN
all	DT
pages	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
with	IN
the	DT
exception	NN
of	IN
material	NN
submitted	VBN
by	IN
other	JJ
people	NNS
suffering	VBG
,	,
as	IN
noted	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
was	VBD
written	VBN
by	IN
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
copyrighted	VBN
as	IN
such	JJ
.	.
All	DT
content	NN
,	,
data	NNS
,	,
logos	NNS
and	CC
trademarks	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
collectively	RB
defined	VBN
as	IN
``	``
Intellectual	NNP
Property	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
the	DT
exclusive	JJ
property	NN
of	IN
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
In	IN
rare	JJ
cases	NNS
copyright	NN
of	IN
certain	JJ
elements	NNS
are	VBP
owned	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
so	RB
indicated	VBN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
All	DT
material	NN
contained	VBN
on	IN
all	DT
and	CC
any	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Website	NNP
pages	NNS
is	VBZ
fully	RB
protected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
copyright	NN
and	CC
trademark	NN
laws	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
and	CC
other	JJ
countries	NNS
.	.
Any	DT
unauthorized	JJ
use	NN
including	VBG
but	CC
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
reprint	VB
and\/or	CC
reproduction	NN
,	,
transfer	NN
,	,
or	CC
transmission	NN
,	,
beyond	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
received	VBN
in	IN
prior	JJ
written	VBN
permission	NN
by	IN
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
strictly	RB
prohibited	VBN
.	.
To	TO
receive	VB
written	VBN
permission	NN
to	TO
reprint	VB
or	CC
reproduce	VB
any	DT
content	NN
from	IN
this	DT
site	NN
,	,
please	VB
contact	NN
us	PRP
by	IN
e-mail	NN
.	.
The	DT
material	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Website	NNP
on	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNP
was	VBD
obtained	VBN
through	IN
many	JJ
hours	NNS
of	IN
research	NN
,	,
reading	VBG
many	JJ
articles	NNS
and	CC
books	NNS
,	,
and	CC
watching	VBG
and	CC
participating	VBG
in	IN
documentaries	NNS
,	,
but	CC
most	JJS
of	IN
all	DT
through	IN
first-hand	JJ
personal	JJ
experience	NN
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
talking	VBG
and	CC
corresponding	JJ
with	IN
many	JJ
of	IN
those	DT
struggling	VBG
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
and	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
,	,
doctors	NNS
,	,
treatment	NN
centers	NNS
,	,
therapists	NNS
,	,
and	CC
members	NNS
and	CC
volunteers	NNS
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Organizations	NNPS
.	.
My	PRP$
personal	JJ
and	CC
professional	JJ
correspondence	NN
,	,
research	NN
and	CC
experience	NN
continues	VBZ
daily	RB
.	.
All	DT
listings	NNS
that	WDT
appear	VBP
within	IN
the	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Treatment	NNP
Finder	NNP
have	VBP
been	VBN
submitted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
doctors	NNS
,	,
therapists	NNS
,	,
support	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
dietitians	NNS
and	CC
treatment	NN
centers	NNS
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
intent	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
listed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Website	NNP
for	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
All	DT
listings	NNS
appear	VBP
exclusively	RB
under	IN
the	DT
copyright	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Website	NNP
on	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
submitting	VBG
professional	JJ
or	CC
listed	VBN
organization	NN
.	.
As	IN
with	IN
all	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
website	NN
,	,
this	DT
content	NN
,	,
in	IN
part	NN
or	CC
in	IN
whole	JJ
,	,
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
reproduced	VBN
without	IN
prior	RB
written	VBN
permission	NN
.	.
Read	VB
About	IN
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
section	NN
that	WDT
takes	VBZ
you	PRP
through	IN
the	DT
story	NN
of	IN
a	DT
young	JJ
woman	NN
struggling	VBG
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
as	IN
told	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
friend	NN
.	.
This	DT
material	NN
appears	VBZ
exclusively	RB
on	IN
the	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Website	NNP
and	CC
it	PRP
copyrighted	VBD
to	TO
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
,	,
Lisa	NNP
Arndt	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
friend	NN
who	WP
provides	VBZ
all	DT
updates	NNS
on	IN
Caron	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
Caron	NNP
herself	PRP
,	,
as	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
her	PRP$
story	NN
.	.
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
may	MD
revise	VB
and	CC
update	VB
these	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
continued	VBN
usage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Website	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Site	NNP
,	,
''	''
or	CC
the	DT
``	``
Site	NN
,	,
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
will	MD
mean	VB
you	PRP
accept	VB
any	DT
and	CC
all	DT
changes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
following	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
the	DT
updates	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
website	NN
.	.
Because	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
now	RB
so	RB
many	JJ
dynamic	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
site	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
change	VB
daily	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
like	IN
the	DT
Treatment	NNP
Finder	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
this	DT
list	NN
is	VBZ
no	RB
longer	RB
kept	VBD
up-to-date	JJ
.	.
Fill	VB
out	RP
the	DT
form	NN
below	IN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
contact	VB
us	PRP
as	RB
quickly	RB
and	CC
effectively	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
Please	VB
understand	VB
that	IN
we	PRP
get	VBP
quite	RB
a	DT
bit	NN
of	IN
e-mail	NN
,	,
so	RB
be	VB
patient	JJ
waiting	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
response	NN
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
try	VB
to	TO
get	VB
back	RB
to	TO
you	PRP
as	RB
quickly	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
We	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
and	CC
will	MD
not	RB
answer	VB
specific	JJ
medical	JJ
questions	NNS
better	RBR
answered	VBN
by	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
doctor	NN
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
answer	VB
questions	NNS
regarding	VBG
books	NNS
reports	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
answered	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
site	NN
itself	PRP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
doctor	NN
,	,
therapist	NN
,	,
dietitian	NN
,	,
treatment	NN
facility	NN
,	,
support	NN
group	NN
,	,
hospital	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
health	NN
practitioner	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
advertise	VB
on	IN
the	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Website	NNP
on	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
,	,
read	VB
the	DT
guidelines	NNS
below	IN
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
integrity	NN
of	IN
what	WP
we	PRP
do	VBP
here	RB
at	IN
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
,	,
we	PRP
impose	VBP
simple	JJ
guidelines	NNS
on	IN
placing	VBG
advertising	NN
banners	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
read	VB
through	IN
them	PRP
below	IN
before	IN
contacting	VBG
us	PRP
with	IN
questions	NNS
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
request	VB
pricing	NN
information	NN
.	.
Advertising	NNP
helps	VBZ
support	VB
this	DT
site	NN
and	CC
our	PRP$
goals	NNS
to	TO
continue	VB
raising	VBG
awareness	NN
,	,
but	CC
we	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
wish	VB
for	IN
it	PRP
to	TO
become	VB
``	``
tacky	JJ
''	''
or	CC
against	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
interests	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
visitors	NNS
.	.
At	IN
this	DT
time	NN
,	,
advertising	NN
banners	NNS
will	MD
only	RB
appear	VB
within	IN
the	DT
Treatment	NNP
Finder	NNP
,	,
Special	JJ
Bulletins	NNS
,	,
News	NNP
,	,
Organizations	NNP
,	,
Hotlines	NNP
,	,
Written	VBN
Materials	NNPS
,	,
Research	NNP
,	,
Reprinted	VBN
Aricles	NNPS
by	IN
Professionals	NNPS
,	,
Online	NNP
Support	NN
Options	NNS
,	,
Newsletter	NNP
Subscription	NNP
,	,
Family	NNP
&	CC
Friends	NNPS
Support	NN
and	CC
Other	JJ
Websites	NNS
sections	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Website	NNP
on	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
;	:
There	EX
are	VBP
several	JJ
pages	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Recovery-Reach	NNP
Out	IN
section	NN
that	IN
now	RB
also	RB
contain	VBP
banners	NNS
.	.
These	DT
are	VBP
all	DT
areas	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
site	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
members	NNS
are	VBP
most	RBS
likely	JJ
seeking	VBG
further	JJ
information	NN
or	CC
support	NN
from	IN
outside	JJ
resources	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
high	JJ
visibility	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
a	DT
banner	NN
on	IN
the	DT
main\/home	NN
page	NN
.	.
We	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
allow	VB
any	DT
diet	NN
companies	NNS
,	,
or	CC
online	JJ
drug	NN
stores	NNS
to	TO
advertise	VB
on	IN
this	DT
site	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
NO	RB
exceptions	NNS
to	TO
this	DT
.	.
Any	DT
company	NN
selling	VBG
diet	NN
products	NNS
,	,
diet	NN
pills	NNS
,	,
laxatives	NNS
,	,
diuretics	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
or	CC
any	DT
product	NN
related	VBN
specifically	RB
to	TO
weight	VB
loss	NN
,	,
directly	RB
conflict	NN
with	IN
the	DT
mission	NN
of	IN
this	DT
site	NN
.	.
Those	DT
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
advertise	VB
should	MD
fall	VB
under	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
categories	NNS
:	:
Therapists	NNS
,	,
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNP
Treatment	NNP
Facilities	NNPS
,	,
Nutritionists	NNPS
and	CC
Dieticians	NNPS
,	,
Support	NN
Groups	NNS
and	CC
12-Step	JJ
Groups	NNS
,	,
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Organizations	NNPS
and	CC
Companies	NNPS
or	CC
specific	JJ
events	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
such	JJ
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
mental	JJ
health	NN
and	CC
motivational	JJ
resources	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
us	PRP
in	IN
sticking	VBG
with	IN
our	PRP$
mission	NN
to	TO
make	VB
available	JJ
information	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
helping	VBG
those	DT
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
;	:
Our	PRP$
advertising	NN
should	MD
reflect	VB
this	DT
.	.
We	PRP
reserve	VBP
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
reject	VB
any	DT
company	NN
or	CC
banner	NN
for	IN
placement	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Website	NNP
.	.
Any	DT
person	NN
or	CC
company	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
not	RB
eligible	JJ
,	,
does	VBZ
not	RB
fit	VB
the	DT
guidelines	NNS
above	IN
,	,
or	CC
who	WP
has	VBZ
a	DT
banner	NN
rejected	VBD
for	IN
any	DT
reason	NN
will	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
a	DT
reason	NN
why	WRB
said	VBD
advertising	NN
opportunity	NN
or	CC
banner	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
declined	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
present	JJ
time	NN
.	.
The	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Website	NNP
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
plan	VBP
to	TO
continue	VB
it	PRP
long	RB
into	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
The	DT
idea	NN
has	VBZ
always	RB
been	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
those	DT
suffering	VBG
to	TO
come	VB
together	RB
and	CC
find	VB
support	NN
,	,
to	TO
share	VB
their	PRP$
emotions	NNS
and	CC
experiences	NNS
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
let	VB
every	DT
sufferer	NN
out	IN
there	RB
know	VBP
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
alone	RB
.	.
Remember	VB
It	PRP
Hurts	VBZ
,	,
this	DT
bulletin	NN
board	NN
is	VBZ
closely	RB
monitored	VBN
to	TO
insure	VB
everyone	NN
's	POS
best	JJS
interests	NNS
--	:
and	CC
those	DT
wishing	VBG
to	TO
post	VB
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
register	VB
first	RB
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
meant	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
place	NN
where	WRB
sufferers	NNS
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
can	MD
feel	VB
safe	JJ
in	IN
sharing	VBG
their	PRP$
experiences	NNS
with	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
,	,
and	CC
find	VB
interactive	JJ
support	NN
from	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
.	.
May	NNP
20	CD
,	,
2005	CD
:	:
The	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Website	NNP
on	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
got	VBD
mentioned	VBN
as	IN
one	CD
of	IN
``	``
the	DT
best	JJS
sites	NNS
with	IN
constructive	JJ
support	NN
''	''
,	,
as	IN
opposed	VBN
to	TO
some	DT
negative	JJ
ED	JJ
websites	NNS
that	WDT
discourage	VBP
recovery	NN
according	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
recent	JJ
study	NN
.	.
``	``
Dialogue	NN
between	IN
an	DT
affected	JJ
teen	NN
and	CC
her	PRP$
parents	NNS
is	VBZ
key	JJ
,	,
the	DT
researchers	NNS
said	VBD
.	.
Concerned	JJ
parents	NNS
can	MD
direct	VB
their	PRP$
child	NN
to	TO
sites	NNS
with	IN
constructive	JJ
support	NN
in	IN
beating	VBG
anorexia	NN
or	CC
bulimia	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
Dr.	NNP
Rebecka	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
Peebles	NNP
said	VBD
.	.
She	PRP
believes	VBZ
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
sites	NNS
include	VBP
somethingfishy.org	JJ
or	CC
renfrew.org	JJ
.	.
''	''
With	IN
so	RB
much	JJ
media	NNS
attention	NN
on	IN
negative	JJ
and	CC
triggering	VBG
websites	NNS
that	WDT
encourage	VBP
Anorexia	NNP
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
as	IN
lifestyles	NNS
,	,
not	RB
as	IN
the	DT
truly	RB
incideous	JJ
illnesses	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
for	IN
us	PRP
to	TO
openly	RB
address	VB
this	DT
issue	NN
to	TO
the	DT
visitors	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
site	NN
.	.
Whether	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
new	JJ
visitor	NN
,	,
or	CC
someone	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
coming	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Website	NNP
for	IN
years	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
understand	VB
that	IN
we	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
PRO	FW
RECOVERY	NN
website	NN
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
worked	VBN
hard	RB
since	IN
1995	CD
to	TO
address	VB
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
and	CC
Binge	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
as	IN
serious	JJ
mental	JJ
illnesses	NNS
,	,
ones	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
not	RB
only	RB
lead	VB
to	TO
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
physical	JJ
dangers	NNS
,	,
but	CC
terrible	JJ
ongoing	JJ
emotional	JJ
turmoil	NN
.	.
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
are	VBP
not	RB
about	RB
weight	NN
and	CC
food	NN
,	,
though	IN
their	PRP$
symptoms	NNS
would	MD
have	VB
everyone	NN
``	``
on	IN
the	DT
outside	JJ
''	''
fooled	VBN
into	IN
thinking	VBG
so	RB
.	.
These	DT
illnesses	NNS
are	VBP
about	IN
an	DT
inability	NN
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
life	NN
and	CC
stress	NN
;	:
they	PRP
are	VBP
about	RB
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
and	CC
feeling	NN
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
;	:
and	CC
they	PRP
are	VBP
an	DT
internal	JJ
power	NN
struggle	NN
for	IN
survival	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
read	VB
``	``
This	DT
Child	NN
''	''
;	:
read	VB
``	``
Prevention	NNP
-	:
Causes	NNS
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
We	PRP
encourage	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
take	VB
your	PRP$
time	NN
and	CC
read	VB
through	IN
the	DT
website	NN
and	CC
learn	VB
as	RB
much	JJ
about	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
as	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
.	.
Many	JJ
things	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
triggering	VBG
to	TO
someone	NN
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
--	:
where	WRB
``	``
triggering	VBG
''	''
means	VBZ
it	PRP
can	MD
contribute	VB
further	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
sufferer	NN
feeling	NN
badly	RB
about	IN
themselves	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
our	PRP$
priority	NN
to	TO
do	VB
everything	NN
we	PRP
can	MD
to	TO
provide	VB
as	IN
safe	JJ
and	CC
as	IN
non-triggering	JJ
an	DT
environment	NN
here	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
weights	NNS
discussed	VBN
on	IN
this	DT
website	NN
,	,
no	DT
calorie	NN
amounts	VBZ
or	CC
discussion	NN
of	IN
body	NN
mass	NN
,	,
and	CC
our	PRP$
online	JJ
support	NN
community	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
bulletin	NN
board	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
has	VBZ
strict	JJ
rules	NNS
that	WDT
forbid	VBP
discussion	NN
of	IN
numbers	NNS
and	CC
tips	NNS
to	TO
promote	VB
a	DT
safe	JJ
environment	NN
that	WDT
encourages	VBZ
recovery	NN
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
also	RB
NEVER	RB
find	VB
any	DT
pictures	NNS
here	RB
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
see	VB
someone	NN
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
walk	VBP
down	IN
the	DT
street	NN
and	CC
look	VB
at	IN
anyone	NN
...	:
because	IN
anyone	NN
can	MD
suffer	VB
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
woman	NN
or	CC
man	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
need	VB
to	TO
appear	VB
emaciated	JJ
nor	CC
obese	JJ
to	TO
suffer	VB
from	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
or	CC
Binge	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
Visiting	VBG
websites	NNS
that	WDT
encourage	VBP
Anorexia	NNP
or	CC
Bulimia	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
``	``
lifestyle	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
another	DT
signal	NN
that	IN
someone	NN
may	MD
be	VB
suffering	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
think	VB
of	IN
an	DT
alcoholic	JJ
who	WP
continuously	RB
hangs	VBZ
around	RP
with	IN
other	JJ
drinkers	NNS
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
drug	NN
addict	NN
who	WP
keeps	VBZ
company	NN
with	IN
other	JJ
addicts	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
an	DT
indication	NN
that	IN
the	DT
sufferer	NN
may	MD
be	VB
in	IN
denial	NN
,	,
or	CC
may	MD
be	VB
looking	VBG
to	TO
justify	VB
to	TO
themselves	PRP
and	CC
those	DT
around	IN
them	PRP
that	IN
their	PRP$
behaviors	NNS
are	VBP
okay	JJ
,	,
are	VBP
safe	JJ
,	,
are	VBP
``	``
normal	JJ
''	''
.	.
While	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
comforting	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
sufferer	NN
to	TO
be	VB
amongst	IN
those	DT
who	WP
understand	VBP
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
safe	JJ
or	CC
healthy	JJ
for	IN
them	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
in	IN
an	DT
environment	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
behaviors	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
or	CC
justified	VBN
as	IN
okay	JJ
,	,
safe	JJ
,	,
fine	JJ
or	CC
``	``
just	RB
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
lose	VB
weight	NN
''	''
--	:
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
dangerous	JJ
,	,
self-defeating	JJ
,	,
self-destructive	JJ
,	,
and	CC
very	RB
often	RB
,	,
life	NN
threatening	JJ
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
looking	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
picture	NN
of	IN
someone	NN
with	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
a	DT
pro	JJ
ana	NN
website	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
website	NN
with	IN
anorexia	NN
tips	NNS
and	CC
tricks	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
any	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
tips	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
you	PRP
've	VBP
come	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
wrong	JJ
place	NN
...	:
and	CC
we	PRP
hope	VBP
you	PRP
'll	MD
reconsider	VB
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
place	NN
where	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
sure	JJ
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
`	``
okay	JJ
'	''
...	:
that	IN
I	PRP
knew	VBD
how	WRB
to	TO
keep	VB
myself	PRP
safe	JJ
...	:
that	IN
my	PRP$
behaviors	NNS
did	VBD
n't	RB
hurt	VBN
others	NNS
or	CC
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
keep	VB
myself	PRP
from	IN
going	VBG
`	``
too	RB
far	RB
'	''
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
lived	VBN
inside	IN
of	IN
denial	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
lived	VBN
inside	IN
the	DT
place	NN
where	WRB
having	VBG
Anorexia	NNP
made	VBD
me	PRP
feel	VB
`	``
special	JJ
'	''
or	CC
`	``
different	JJ
'	''
or	CC
`	``
deep	JJ
and	CC
mysterious	JJ
'	''
...	:
or	CC
where	WRB
I	PRP
thought	VBD
it	PRP
would	MD
get	VB
me	PRP
more	JJR
liked	VBD
,	,
more	JJR
attention	NN
from	IN
those	DT
I	PRP
needed	VBD
it	PRP
from	IN
,	,
or	CC
even	RB
where	WRB
I	PRP
thought	VBD
it	PRP
would	MD
make	VB
me	PRP
disappear	VB
so	RB
no	RB
one	PRP
would	MD
notice	VB
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
thought	VBD
it	PRP
made	VBD
me	PRP
`	``
strong	JJ
'	''
.	.
``	``
What	WP
I	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
by	IN
getting	VBG
through	IN
to	TO
the	DT
other	JJ
side	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
,	,
by	IN
being	VBG
recoverED	VBN
,	,
is	VBZ
that	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
a	DT
good	JJ
person	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
much	RB
more	RBR
complete	JJ
person	NN
WITHOUT	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
lose	VB
my	PRP$
compassion	NN
or	CC
my	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
understand	VB
,	,
nor	CC
did	VBD
I	PRP
lose	VBP
my	PRP$
creativity	NN
or	CC
ability	NN
to	TO
be	VB
unique	JJ
.	.
What	WP
I	PRP
gained	VBD
was	VBD
more	RBR
creativity	NN
and	CC
understanding	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
true	JJ
appreciation	NN
for	IN
how	WRB
special	JJ
I	PRP
truly	RB
am	VBP
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
truly	RB
unique	JJ
we	PRP
ALL	NNP
are	VBP
.	.
What	WP
I	PRP
know	VBP
now	RB
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
takes	VBZ
much	RB
more	JJR
strength	NN
to	TO
recover	VB
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
truly	RB
live	VB
life	NN
,	,
than	IN
to	TO
hide	VB
away	RB
inside	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
forever	RB
.	.
''	''
The	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Website	NNP
on	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
site	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
EVER	RB
encourage	VB
anything	NN
but	CC
for	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
visitors	NNS
to	TO
strive	VB
for	IN
recovery	NN
...	:
to	TO
strive	VB
to	TO
find	VB
the	DT
strength	NN
to	TO
search	VB
for	IN
who	WP
you	PRP
are	VBP
,	,
deep	JJ
down	IN
underneith	NN
disordered	JJ
behaviors	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
NOT	NNP
your	PRP$
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
nor	CC
is	VBZ
your	PRP$
identity	NN
lost	VBD
forever	RB
to	TO
behaviors	NNS
you	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
stop	VB
thinking	VBG
about	IN
,	,
or	CC
problems	NNS
and	CC
stresses	VBZ
you	PRP
feel	VBP
trapped	VBN
in	IN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
free	JJ
of	IN
your	PRP$
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
...	:
so	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
free	JJ
just	RB
to	TO
be	VB
YOU	PRP
.	.
And	CC
for	IN
parents	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
loved-ones	NNS
who	WP
may	MD
stumble	VB
across	IN
this	DT
website	NN
,	,
please	VB
take	VB
the	DT
time	NN
to	TO
browse	VB
around	RB
and	CC
to	TO
understand	VB
that	IN
not	RB
ALL	JJ
websites	NNS
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNS
are	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
with	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
to	TO
encourage	VB
an	DT
unhealthy	JJ
``	``
lifestyle	NN
''	''
.	.
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
are	VBP
an	DT
illness	NN
...	:
and	CC
our	PRP$
goal	NN
here	RB
has	VBZ
always	RB
been	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
,	,
to	TO
reach	VB
out	RP
and	CC
offer	VBP
hope	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
push	VB
for	IN
the	DT
recovery	NN
from	IN
this	DT
illness	NN
...	:
the	DT
recovery	NN
of	IN
each	DT
visitor	NN
that	WDT
enters	VBZ
the	DT
virtual	JJ
door	NN
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
done	VBN
this	DT
since	IN
1995	CD
,	,
and	CC
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
long	RB
into	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
First	NNP
and	CC
foremost	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
understand	VB
that	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
as	IN
an	DT
organization	NN
to	TO
support	VB
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Awareness	NNP
has	VBZ
NEVER	RB
,	,
and	CC
will	MD
never	RB
,	,
endorse	VB
,	,
support	VB
or	CC
participate	VB
in	IN
any	DT
banner	NN
program	NN
that	WDT
displays	VBZ
diet	NN
advertising	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
NO	RB
pop-ups	NNS
on	IN
this	DT
site	NN
,	,
programmed	VBN
by	IN
this	DT
site	NN
,	,
supplied	VBN
by	IN
this	DT
site	NN
or	CC
displayed	VBN
on	IN
your	PRP$
computer	NN
as	IN
a	DT
direct	JJ
result	NN
of	IN
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Websites	NNP
.	.
Through	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
software	NN
above	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
others	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
you	PRP
may	MD
unintentionally	RB
be	VB
installing	VBG
``	``
spyware	NN
''	''
or	CC
``	``
adware	FW
''	''
on	IN
your	PRP$
computer	NN
.	.
Spyware\/adware	NNP
collects	VBZ
information	NN
about	IN
your	PRP$
internet	NN
habits	NNS
and	CC
continuously	RB
sends	VBZ
that	IN
information	NN
to	TO
a	DT
collection	NN
center	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
think	VB
about	IN
a	DT
marketing	NN
company	NN
that	WDT
collects	VBZ
information	NN
about	IN
you	PRP
so	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
then	RB
send	VB
you	PRP
advertising	VBG
related	VBN
to	TO
products	NNS
you	PRP
purchase	VBP
or	CC
stores	NNS
your	PRP$
shop	NN
in	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
read	VB
more	JJR
about	IN
spyware	NN
and	CC
adware	NN
here	RB
and	CC
Pest	NNP
Patrol	NNP
can	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
get	VB
rid	VB
of	IN
it	PRP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
entering	VBG
the	DT
site	NN
through	IN
AOL	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
that	IN
AOL	NNP
is	VBZ
causing	VBG
you	PRP
to	TO
receive	VB
random	JJ
or	CC
``	``
topic	NN
sensitive	JJ
''	''
pop-up	NN
ads	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
stop	VB
this	DT
from	IN
happening	VBG
by	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
latest	JJS
version	NN
of	IN
AOL	NNP
and	CC
clicking	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
button	NN
on	IN
the	DT
top	NN
to	TO
block	VB
pop-up	JJ
ads	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
miss	VB
anything	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
site	NN
as	IN
we	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
utilize	VB
pop-up	JJ
windows	NNS
nor	CC
deliver	VB
pop-up	JJ
ads	NNS
.	.
Refrain	NN
from	IN
using	VBG
free	JJ
desktop	NN
programs	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
like	IN
Search	NNP
Engine	NNP
,	,
News	NNP
,	,
Weather	NNP
utilities	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
``	``
Browser	NNP
Helpers	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
boast	VBP
about	IN
making	VBG
browsing	VBG
easier	JJR
or	CC
that	IN
deliver	VBP
live	JJ
constant	JJ
content	NN
.	.
A	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
these	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
programs	NNS
will	MD
constantly	RB
run	VB
in	IN
the	DT
background	NN
on	IN
your	PRP$
computer	NN
and	CC
will	MD
deliver	VB
``	``
topic	NN
sensitive	JJ
''	''
or	CC
random	JJ
pop-up	NN
ads	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
need	VBP
news	NN
,	,
stock	NN
quotes	NNS
,	,
weather	NN
or	CC
a	DT
search	NN
engine	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
best	RB
to	TO
just	RB
go	VB
directly	RB
to	TO
those	DT
sites	NNS
when	WRB
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
.	.
Remember	VB
,	,
we	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
display	VB
or	CC
supply	VB
pop-ads	NNS
through	IN
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Websites	NNP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
getting	VBG
diet	NN
ad	NN
pop-ups	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
any	DT
pop-up	JJ
ads	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
coming	VBG
from	IN
us	PRP
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
advertising	NN
banners	NNS
you	PRP
will	MD
ever	RB
find	VB
on	IN
the	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
site	NN
are	VBP
those	DT
for	IN
recovery	NN
programs	NNS
and	CC
ED	NNP
organizations	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
like	IN
the	DT
small	JJ
one	CD
displayed	VBD
at	IN
the	DT
top	NN
of	IN
this	DT
page	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
are	VBP
NEVER	NNP
displayed	VBD
in	IN
pop-up	JJ
windows	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
allow	VB
or	CC
believe	VB
in	IN
any	DT
advertising	NN
for	IN
diet	NN
scams	NNS
,	,
diet	NN
pills	NNS
,	,
diet	NN
or	CC
exercise	NN
products	NNS
,	,
or	CC
spam	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
diet	NN
or	CC
exercise	NN
products	NNS
.	.
The	DT
articles	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
list	NN
below	IN
appear	VB
on	IN
other	JJ
websites	NNS
and	CC
have	VBP
either	RB
been	VBN
submitted	VBN
,	,
or	CC
we	PRP
found	VBD
the	DT
link	NN
through	IN
our	PRP$
own	JJ
travels	NNS
!	.
If	IN
you	PRP
know	VBP
of	IN
a	DT
link	NN
to	TO
an	DT
article	NN
that	WDT
should	MD
appear	VB
here	RB
,	,
please	VB
send	VB
it	PRP
by	IN
e-mail	NN
.	.
Articles	NNPS
that	WDT
appear	VBP
below	IN
are	VBP
from	IN
a	DT
newsfeed	NN
,	,
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
current	JJ
up	IN
to	TO
the	DT
hour	NN
.	.
We	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
control	VB
the	DT
content	NN
below	IN
,	,
as	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
automatically	RB
fed	VBN
to	TO
our	PRP$
system	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Google	NNP
and	CC
Yahoo	NNP
!	.
news	NN
sources	NNS
.	.
While	IN
we	PRP
do	VBP
our	PRP$
best	JJS
to	TO
filter	NN
results	NNS
so	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
accurate	JJ
,	,
be	VB
aware	JJ
that	IN
some	DT
articles	NNS
may	MD
contain	VB
triggering	VBG
content	NN
.	.
We	PRP
take	VBP
the	DT
money	NN
we	PRP
earn	VBP
and	CC
put	VBP
it	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
bank	NN
for	IN
when	WRB
we	PRP
need	VBP
it	PRP
.	.
We	PRP
take	VBP
the	DT
monitary	JJ
gifts	NNS
we	PRP
get	VBP
from	IN
others	NNS
and	CC
sock	VB
it	PRP
away	RB
in	IN
our	PRP$
piggy	NN
banks	NNS
or	CC
bank	NN
accounts	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
rainy	JJ
day	NN
or	CC
for	IN
times	NNS
of	IN
need	NN
.	.
A	DT
Coping	NNP
Bank	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
--	:
we	PRP
take	VBP
what	WP
we	PRP
learn	VBP
about	IN
coping	VBG
alternatives	NNS
and	CC
put	VB
them	PRP
away	RB
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
backs	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
minds	NNS
,	,
for	IN
when	WRB
we	PRP
needs	VBZ
them	PRP
.	.
But	CC
during	IN
recovery	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
difficult	JJ
,	,
and	CC
during	IN
times	NNS
of	IN
crisis	NN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
often	RB
hard	JJ
to	TO
think	VB
of	IN
what	WP
we	PRP
should	MD
do	VB
.	.
Make	NNP
your	PRP$
own	JJ
Coping	NNP
Bank	NNP
and	CC
you	PRP
can	MD
go	VB
and	CC
make	VB
a	DT
withdrawal	NN
when	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
feeling	VBG
stressed	VBD
,	,
overwhelmed	VBD
,	,
confused	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
in	IN
need	NN
of	IN
healthy	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
handle	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Take	VB
all	PDT
these	DT
little	JJ
sheets	NNS
of	IN
paper	NN
and	CC
deposit	NN
them	PRP
into	IN
your	PRP$
bank	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
always	RB
add	VB
more	RBR
as	IN
time	NN
goes	VBZ
on	IN
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
make	VB
deposits	NNS
whenever	WRB
the	DT
mood	NN
strikes	VBZ
you	PRP
!	.
You	PRP
should	MD
initially	RB
try	VB
to	TO
get	VB
at	IN
least	JJS
ten	CD
to	TO
fifteen	CD
ideas	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
bank	NN
.	.
Next	JJ
time	NN
you	PRP
are	VBP
feeling	VBG
sad	JJ
,	,
angry	JJ
,	,
overwhelmed	JJ
,	,
confused	JJ
,	,
or	CC
stressed-out	JJ
,	,
and	CC
need	VB
to	TO
find	VB
healthy	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
cope	VB
,	,
go	VB
to	TO
your	PRP$
Coping	NNP
Bank	NNP
and	CC
make	VB
a	DT
withdrawal	NN
.	.
Pull	VB
out	RP
one	CD
of	IN
those	DT
sheets	NNS
of	IN
paper	NN
and	CC
do	VB
what	WP
it	PRP
says	VBZ
!	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
remember	VB
to	TO
put	VB
it	PRP
back	RB
in	IN
your	PRP$
bank	NN
after	IN
you	PRP
've	VBP
read	VBN
it	PRP
,	,
so	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
there	RB
for	IN
the	DT
future	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
We	PRP
can	MD
probably	RB
all	DT
remember	VBP
those	DT
fire-safety	JJ
classes	NNS
from	IN
elementary	JJ
school	NN
,	,
where	WRB
we	PRP
were	VBD
taught	VBN
what	WP
to	TO
do	VB
in	IN
case	NN
of	IN
fire	NN
.	.
``	``
Stop	VB
,	,
Drop	NNP
and	CC
Roll	NNP
''	''
always	RB
sticks	VBZ
in	IN
my	PRP$
head	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
what	WP
to	TO
do	VB
if	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
clothes	NNS
are	VBP
on	IN
fire	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Sometimes	RB
in	IN
recovery	NN
we	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
break	VB
things	NNS
down	RP
to	TO
their	PRP$
simplest	JJS
form	NN
.	.
``	``
What	WP
can	MD
I	PRP
actually	RB
DO	VBP
when	WRB
I	PRP
'm	VBP
feeling	VBG
stressed	VBD
out	RP
,	,
or	CC
guilty	JJ
,	,
or	CC
like	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
act	VB
on	IN
my	PRP$
impulses	NNS
to	TO
engage	VB
in	IN
ED	NNP
behaviors	NNS
?	.
''	''
CONSOLE	VB
yourself	PRP
.	.
Take	VB
care	NN
of	IN
YOU	PRP
.	.
Give	VB
yourself	PRP
comfort	NN
.	.
Journal	NNP
if	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
.	.
Call	VB
your	PRP$
therapist	NN
or	CC
someone	NN
you	PRP
trust	NN
and	CC
ask	VB
for	IN
help	NN
.	.
Address	NN
your	PRP$
feelings	NNS
.	.
Communicate	VB
what	WP
you	PRP
're	VBP
feeling	VBG
...	:
really	RB
feeling	NN
.	.
Validate	VB
yourself	PRP
.	.
Help	VB
yourself	PRP
to	TO
cope	VB
in	IN
more	JJR
healthy	JJ
and	CC
productive	JJ
ways	NNS
.	.
Three	CD
steps	NNS
to	TO
take	VB
during	IN
a	DT
rough	JJ
time	NN
.	.
Even	RB
just	RB
the	DT
thinking	NN
of	IN
Stop	NNP
,	,
swap	NN
and	CC
console	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
step	NN
in	IN
the	DT
right	JJ
direction	NN
!	.
Learning	NNP
to	TO
start	VB
to	TO
take	VB
care	NN
of	IN
ourselves	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
process	NN
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
nail	VB
it	PRP
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
out	RP
,	,
but	CC
starting	VBG
out	RP
with	IN
three	CD
simple	JJ
words	NNS
will	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
learn	VBP
to	TO
identify	VB
when	WRB
you	PRP
truly	RB
need	VBP
to	TO
take	VB
care	NN
of	IN
YOU	PRP
...	:
to	TO
learn	VB
to	TO
identify	VB
what	WP
is	VBZ
going	VBG
on	IN
inside	IN
...	:
and	CC
to	TO
take	VB
steps	NNS
towards	IN
better	JJR
self-care	NN
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
Having	VBG
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
is	VBZ
much	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
just	RB
being	VBG
on	IN
a	DT
diet	NN
.	.
An	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
illness	NN
that	WDT
permiates	VBZ
all	DT
aspects	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
sufferer	NN
's	POS
life	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
caused	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
emotional	JJ
factors	NNS
and	CC
influences	VBZ
,	,
and	CC
has	VBZ
profound	JJ
effects	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
suffering	VBG
and	CC
their	PRP$
loved	VBN
ones	NNS
.	.
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
are	VBP
about	IN
everything	NN
going	VBG
on	IN
in	IN
life	NN
--	:
stress	NN
,	,
coping	VBG
,	,
pain	NN
,	,
anger	NN
,	,
acceptance	NN
,	,
validation	NN
,	,
confusion	NN
,	,
fear	VBP
--	:
cleverly	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
not	RB
so	RB
cleverly	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
hidden	VBN
behind	IN
phrases	NNS
like	IN
``	``
I	PRP
'm	VBP
just	RB
on	IN
a	DT
diet	NN
''	''
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
'd	MD
like	VB
to	TO
link	VB
to	TO
the	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Website	NNP
on	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
so	IN
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
refer	VB
your	PRP$
website	NN
visitors	NNS
to	TO
information	NN
on	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
and	CC
Binge	NNP
Eating	NNP
,	,
follow	VBP
the	DT
instructions	NNS
below	IN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
'd	MD
like	VB
to	TO
link	VB
to	TO
us	PRP
using	VBG
a	DT
banner	NN
or	CC
graphic	JJ
,	,
COPY	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
right-click	JJ
,	,
save	VB
image	NN
as	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
images	NNS
,	,
upload	VBP
them	PRP
to	TO
your	PRP$
own	JJ
website	NN
server	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
where	WRB
you	PRP
host	VBP
your	PRP$
site	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
into	IN
your	PRP$
images	NNS
directory	NN
and	CC
use	VB
the	DT
code	NN
below	IN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
estimated	VBN
that	IN
8	CD
million	CD
people	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
are	VBP
suffering	VBG
from	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
and	CC
of	IN
that	DT
number	NN
10	CD
%	NN
are	VBP
men	NNS
.	.
Personally	RB
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
guessing	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
percentage	NN
suffering	NN
that	WDT
are	VBP
men	NNS
is	VBZ
far	RB
higher	JJR
,	,
but	CC
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
old	JJ
fashioned	VBN
idea	NN
that	IN
this	DT
illness	NN
strikes	VBZ
only	RB
women	NNS
,	,
few	JJ
men	NNS
come	VBP
forward	RB
to	TO
find	VB
the	DT
help	NN
they	PRP
deserve	VBP
.	.
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
in	IN
everyone	NN
,	,
but	CC
there	EX
are	VBP
some	DT
issues	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
specific	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
male	NN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
community	NN
.	.
As	IN
with	IN
all	DT
sufferers	NNS
there	RB
has	VBZ
always	RB
been	VBN
,	,
and	CC
still	RB
is	VBZ
,	,
an	DT
element	NN
of	IN
shame	NN
in	IN
being	VBG
someone	NN
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
I	PRP
'm	VBP
disgusting	JJ
''	''
,	,
``	``
look	NN
at	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
do	VBP
to	TO
myself	PRP
''	''
,	,
``	``
people	NNS
will	MD
think	VB
I	PRP
'm	VBP
crazy	JJ
''	''
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
but	CC
for	IN
men	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
old	JJ
misconception	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
suffer	VB
from	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
the	DT
shame	NN
they	PRP
face	VBP
is	VBZ
often	RB
worse	JJR
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
Arnold	NNP
Andersen	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
research	NN
he	PRP
did	VBD
for	IN
his	PRP$
book	NN
Males	NNPS
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
,	,
While	IN
women	NNS
who	WP
develop	VBP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
feel	VBP
fat	JJ
before	IN
the	DT
onset	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
behaviors	NNS
,	,
typically	RB
they	PRP
are	VBP
near	JJ
average	JJ
weight	NN
.	.
Men	NNS
are	VBP
more	RBR
typically	RB
overweight	JJ
medically	RB
before	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
the	DT
disorder	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
men	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
binge	NN
eaters	NNS
or	CC
compulsive	JJ
overeaters	NNS
may	MD
go	VB
undiagnosed	JJ
more	JJR
than	IN
women	NNS
because	IN
of	IN
society	NN
's	POS
willingness	NN
to	TO
accept	VB
an	DT
overeating	NN
and\/or	CC
overweight	JJ
man	NN
more-so	JJR
than	IN
an	DT
overeating	NN
or	CC
overweight	JJ
woman	NN
.	.
Though	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
more	RBR
common	JJ
for	IN
homosexual	JJ
men	NNS
to	TO
suffer	VB
from	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
such	JJ
as	IN
Anorexia	NNP
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
tendency	NN
in	IN
the	DT
male	NN
gay	JJ
community	NN
to	TO
place	VB
a	DT
high	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
importance	NN
on	IN
success	NN
and	CC
appearance	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
still	RB
many	JJ
heterosexual	JJ
men	NNS
out	IN
there	EX
who	WP
suffer	VBP
.	.
This	DT
contributes	VBZ
back	RB
into	IN
the	DT
shameful	JJ
feelings	NNS
a	DT
heterosexual	JJ
male	NN
sufferer	NN
has	VBZ
--	:
he	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
afraid	JJ
that	IN
people	NNS
will	MD
think	VB
he	PRP
is	VBZ
gay	JJ
--	:
or	CC
that	IN
a	DT
homosexual	NN
and	CC
heterosexual	JJ
male	NN
can	MD
feel	VB
--	:
that	IN
the	DT
illness	NN
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
``	``
female	NN
's	POS
problem	NN
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
often	RB
received	VBN
e-mail	NN
from	IN
men	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
suffering	VBG
in	IN
silence	NN
because	IN
of	IN
these	DT
two	CD
issues	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
there	EX
may	MD
often	RB
be	VB
shrouds	NNS
of	IN
secrecy	NN
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
therapy	NN
groups	NNS
and	CC
treatment	NN
centers	NNS
offering	VBG
groups	NNS
specifically	RB
designed	VBN
for	IN
men	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
feel	VB
very	RB
alone	RB
at	IN
the	DT
thought	NN
of	IN
having	VBG
to	TO
sit	VB
in	IN
a	DT
group	NN
of	IN
women	NNS
,	,
to	TO
be	VB
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
program	NN
designed	VBN
for	IN
women	NNS
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
at	IN
the	DT
prospect	NN
that	IN
a	DT
treatment	NN
facility	NN
will	MD
turn	VB
them	PRP
down	RP
because	IN
of	IN
their	PRP$
sex	NN
.	.
Men	NN
who	WP
participate	VBP
in	IN
low-weight	JJ
oriented	JJ
sports	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
jockies	NNS
,	,
wrestlers	NNS
and	CC
runners	NNS
are	VBP
at	IN
an	DT
increased	VBN
risk	NN
of	IN
developing	VBG
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
Anorexia	NNP
or	CC
Bulimia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
pressure	NN
to	TO
succeed	VB
,	,
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
best	JJS
,	,
to	TO
be	VB
competitive	JJ
and	CC
to	TO
win	VB
at	IN
all	DT
costs	NNS
,	,
combined	VBN
with	IN
any	DT
non-athletic	JJ
pressures	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
relationship	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
family	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
abuse	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
can	MD
help	VB
to	TO
contribute	VB
the	DT
onset	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
no	RB
uncommon	JJ
for	IN
men	NNS
suffering	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
to	TO
also	RB
suffer	VB
with	IN
alcoholism	NN
and\/or	CC
drug	NN
abuse	NN
simultaneously	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
though	IN
many	JJ
women	NNS
also	RB
suffer	VBP
both	DT
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
substance	NN
abuse	NN
problems	NNS
combined	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
may	MD
be	VB
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
addictive	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
psychological	JJ
health	NN
combined	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
strong	JJ
images	NNS
put	VBD
out	RP
by	IN
society	NN
of	IN
men	NNS
's	POS
overindulgence	NN
in	IN
alcohol	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
men	NNS
suffering	VBG
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
seem	VBP
to	TO
have	VB
more	JJR
sexual	JJ
anxiety	NN
.	.
There	EX
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
a	DT
link	NN
between	IN
ADHD	NNP
,	,
Attention	NN
Deficit	NN
and	CC
Hyperactivity	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
with	IN
male	JJ
sufferers	NNS
of	IN
Anorexia	NNP
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
and	CC
self-injury	NN
.	.
More	RBR
research	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
done	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
area	NN
.	.
For	IN
all	PDT
those	DT
who	WP
suffer	VBP
,	,
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
possible	JJ
co-existing	JJ
psychological	JJ
illnesses	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
present	JJ
,	,
including	VBG
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
post-traumatic	JJ
stress	NN
disorder	NN
,	,
self-injury	NN
behavior	NN
and	CC
substance	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
obsessive	JJ
compulsive	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
and	CC
borderline	JJ
personality	NN
disorder	NN
and	CC
multiple	JJ
personality	NN
syndrome	NN
.	.
The	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
thing	NN
,	,
overall	RB
,	,
to	TO
remember	VB
is	VBZ
that	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
underlying	VBG
psychological	JJ
factors	NNS
that	WDT
lead	VBP
to	TO
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
are	VBP
the	DT
same	JJ
for	IN
both	DT
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
.	.
Low	NNP
self-esteem	NN
,	,
a	DT
need	NN
to	TO
be	VB
accepted	VBN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
existing	VBG
psychological	JJ
illness	NN
,	,
and	CC
an	DT
inability	NN
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
emotions	NNS
and	CC
personal	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
the	DT
physical	JJ
dangers	NNS
and	CC
complications	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
being	VBG
the	DT
sufferer	NN
of	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
are	VBP
the	DT
same	JJ
.	.
A	DT
great	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
the	DT
causes	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
same	JJ
or	CC
very	RB
similar	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
family	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
relationship	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
alcoholic\/addictive	JJ
parent	NN
,	,
abuse	NN
,	,
societal	JJ
pressure	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
all	DT
,	,
all	DT
people	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
deserve	VBP
to	TO
find	VB
recovery	NN
and	CC
the	DT
happiness	NN
and	CC
self-love	NN
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
side	NN
.	.
CD	NNP
.	.
Listen	VB
to	TO
clips	NNS
and	CC
read	VB
lyrics	NNS
...	:
and	CC
then	RB
go	VB
ahead	RB
and	CC
buy	VB
one	CD
.	.
It	PRP
contains	VBZ
the	DT
single	JJ
`	``
After	IN
the	DT
Fall	NN
'	''
inspired	VBN
by	IN
our	PRP$
experiences	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	JJ
chatroom	NN
and	CC
bulletin	NN
board	NN
,	,
and	CC
my	PRP$
own	JJ
battle	NN
for	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
future	NN
we	PRP
will	MD
also	RB
be	VB
offering	VBG
other	JJ
inspirational	JJ
or	CC
motivational	JJ
``	``
fishy	JJ
''	''
products	NNS
for	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
purchase	VB
.	.
We	PRP
hope	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
workbooks	NNS
and	CC
coloring	VBG
books	NNS
aimed	VBN
at	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
Last	JJ
but	CC
not	RB
least	JJS
,	,
we	PRP
are	VBP
also	RB
working	VBG
with	IN
other	JJ
bands	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
them	PRP
release	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
original	JJ
music	NN
and	CC
to	TO
donate	VB
money	NN
to	TO
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
causes	NNS
we	PRP
stand	VBP
for	IN
.	.
For	IN
those	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
who	WP
have	VBP
just	RB
ventured	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
site	NN
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
,	,
or	CC
who	WP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
the	DT
story	NN
behind	IN
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
,	,
we	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
very	RB
small	JJ
,	,
grass-roots	JJ
organization	NN
...	:
A	DT
wife-and-husband	JJ
creative	JJ
team	NN
working	VBG
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
world	NN
a	DT
little	JJ
nicer	JJR
and	CC
a	DT
little	RB
more	RBR
educated	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
we	PRP
stand	VBP
for	IN
.	.
The	DT
largest	JJS
endeavor	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
web	NN
adventure	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
providing	VBG
this	DT
site	NN
on	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
so	IN
that	IN
each	DT
person	NN
suffering	NN
will	MD
feel	VB
less	JJR
alone	RB
,	,
have	VBP
a	DT
place	NN
to	TO
start	VB
their	PRP$
recovery	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
safe	JJ
environment	NN
to	TO
come	VB
to	TO
for	IN
support	NN
.	.
We	PRP
never	RB
want	VBP
to	TO
make	VB
those	DT
who	WP
come	VBP
here	RB
for	IN
support	NN
and	CC
information	NN
have	VBP
to	TO
pay	VB
for	IN
the	DT
services	NNS
provided	VBN
on	IN
this	DT
website	NN
...	:
but	CC
obviously	RB
it	PRP
takes	VBZ
time	NN
and	CC
money	NN
to	TO
maintain	VB
,	,
so	RB
this	DT
is	VBZ
why	WRB
we	PRP
kindly	RB
ask	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
purchase	VB
fishy	JJ
stuff	NN
...	:
you	PRP
'll	MD
be	VB
supporting	VBG
everthing	NN
you	PRP
see	VBP
here	RB
on	IN
the	DT
site	NN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
also	RB
now	RB
humbly	RB
accepting	VBG
financial	JJ
gifts	NNS
from	IN
those	DT
who	WP
feel	VBP
comfortable	JJ
giving	VBG
them	PRP
,	,
who	WP
'd	VBD
like	IN
to	TO
support	VB
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
in	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
goals	NNS
to	TO
continue	VB
to	TO
raise	VB
awareness	NN
,	,
and	CC
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
give	VB
a	DT
little	JJ
something	NN
back	RB
to	TO
our	PRP$
cause	NN
.	.
Read	VB
our	PRP$
press	NN
releases	NNS
or	CC
about	IN
who	WP
we	PRP
are	VBP
if	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
more	JJR
questions	NNS
about	IN
sending	VBG
financial	JJ
gifts	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
musicians	NNS
and	CC
artists	NNS
,	,
so	RB
in	IN
combining	VBG
these	DT
mediums	NNS
our	PRP$
ambition	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
continue	VB
to	TO
bring	VB
you	PRP
this	DT
free	JJ
website	NN
for	IN
as	RB
long	JJ
as	IN
we	PRP
can	MD
.	.
With	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
sales	NNS
we	PRP
also	RB
donate	VBP
partial	JJ
proceeds	NNS
to	TO
other	JJ
non-profit	JJ
organizations	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
possible	JJ
,	,
we	PRP
always	RB
try	VBP
to	TO
donate	VB
to	TO
something	NN
we	PRP
believe	VBP
in	IN
.	.
Having	VBG
an	DT
``	``
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
not	RB
Otherwise	RB
Specified	VBN
''	''
can	MD
mean	VB
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
things	NNS
...	:
It	PRP
can	MD
mean	VB
the	DT
individual	JJ
suffers	VBZ
from	IN
Anorexia	NNP
but	CC
still	RB
gets	VBZ
their	PRP$
period	NN
;	:
It	PRP
can	MD
mean	VB
they	PRP
may	MD
still	RB
be	VB
an	DT
``	``
average	JJ
healthy	JJ
weight	NN
''	''
but	CC
be	VB
suffering	VBG
Anorexia	NNP
;	:
It	PRP
can	MD
mean	VB
the	DT
sufferer	NN
equally	RB
participates	VBZ
in	IN
some	DT
Anorexic	JJ
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
Bulimic	JJ
behaviors	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
sometimes	RB
referred	VBN
to	TO
as	IN
being	VBG
Bulimirexic	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Just	RB
as	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
remember	VB
that	DT
doctors	NNS
can	MD
make	VB
mistakes	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
important	JJ
to	TO
keep	VB
in	IN
mind	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
only	RB
been	VBN
until	IN
very	RB
recently	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
in	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
10	CD
years	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
awareness	NN
on	IN
the	DT
subject	JJ
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
has	VBZ
really	RB
begun	VBN
to	TO
surface	VB
.	.
People	NNS
are	VBP
frequently	RB
confused	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
including	VBG
doctors	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
about	IN
the	DT
real	JJ
differences	NNS
between	IN
Anorexia	NNP
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Anorexia	NNP
essentially	RB
being	VBG
self-starvation	NN
,	,
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
being	VBG
defined	VBN
as	IN
going	VBG
through	IN
binge	NN
and	CC
purge	NN
cycles	NNS
-	:
simply	RB
put	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
often	RB
times	NNS
know	VBP
nothing	NN
at	IN
all	DT
about	IN
Binge-Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
a	DT
doctor	NN
relies	VBZ
completely	RB
on	IN
his	PRP$
diagnostic	JJ
manuals	NNS
and	CC
reads	VBZ
the	DT
criteria	NNS
to	TO
diagnose	VB
an	DT
individual	JJ
as	IN
having	VBG
Anorexia	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
his	PRP$
patient	NN
has	VBZ
regularly	RB
practiced	VBN
self-starvation	NN
techniques	NNS
,	,
thinks	VBZ
of	IN
herself	PRP
unrealistically	RB
as	IN
overweight	JJ
,	,
and	CC
seems	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
hard	JJ
on	IN
herself	PRP
...	:
BUT	NNP
she	PRP
still	RB
has	VBZ
her	PRP
monthly	JJ
period	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
diagnostic	JJ
criteria	NNS
states	NNS
that	IN
there	EX
must	MD
be	VB
loss	NN
of	IN
monthly	JJ
menstrual	JJ
cycles	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
He	PRP
may	MD
technically	RB
diagnose	VB
the	DT
patient	NN
as	IN
having	VBG
``	``
An	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
not	RB
Otherwise	RB
Specified	VBN
''	''
.	.
Bulimia	NN
.	.
Clinically	RB
speaking	NN
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
``	``
text	NN
book	NN
''	''
they	PRP
would	MD
suffer	VB
from	IN
``	``
An	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
not	RB
Otherwise	RB
Specified	VBN
''	''
.	.
In	IN
either	DT
case	NN
,	,
both	DT
people	NNS
are	VBP
suffering	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
both	DT
are	VBP
in	IN
danger	NN
of	IN
potentially	RB
deadly	JJ
physical	JJ
complications	NNS
,	,
and	CC
both	DT
need	VBP
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
choice	NN
for	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
Binge-Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
any	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
them	PRP
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
any	DT
that	WDT
fall	VBP
into	IN
the	DT
clinical	JJ
category	NN
of	IN
EDNOS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
are	VBP
ALL	NNP
psychological	JJ
illnesses	NNS
,	,
none	NN
less	RBR
or	CC
more	RBR
serious	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
all	DT
have	VBP
their	PRP$
physical	JJ
dangers	NNS
and	CC
complications	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
all	DT
present	VBP
themselves	PRP
through	IN
an	DT
array	NN
of	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
patterns	NNS
in	IN
one	CD
way	NN
or	CC
another	DT
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
all	DT
stem	VBP
from	IN
emotional	JJ
turmoil	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
,	,
a	DT
need	NN
to	TO
forget	VB
feelings	NNS
and\/or	CC
stress	NN
,	,
a	DT
need	NN
to	TO
block	VB
pain	NN
,	,
anger	NN
and\/or	CC
people	NNS
out	RB
,	,
and	CC
most	JJS
of	IN
all	DT
,	,
a	DT
need	NN
to	TO
cope	VB
.	.
The	DT
bottom	JJ
line	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
we	PRP
are	VBP
ALL	NNP
suffering	NN
.	.
Pica	NNP
,	,
a	DT
widely	RB
misunderstood	VBN
phenomenon	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
compulsive	JJ
craving	NN
for	IN
eating	NN
,	,
chewing	VBG
or	CC
licking	VBG
non-food	JJ
items	NNS
or	CC
foods	NNS
containing	VBG
no	DT
nutrition	NN
.	.
These	DT
can	MD
include	VB
such	JJ
things	NNS
as	IN
chalk	NN
,	,
plaster	NN
,	,
paint	NN
chips	NNS
,	,
baking	VBG
soda	NN
,	,
starch	NN
,	,
glue	NN
,	,
rust	NN
,	,
ice	NN
,	,
coffee	NN
grounds	NNS
,	,
and	CC
cigarette	NN
ashes	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
may	MD
sometimes	RB
be	VB
linked	VBN
to	TO
certain	JJ
mineral	NN
deficiencies	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
,	,
iron	NN
or	CC
zinc	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Pica	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
associated	VBN
with	IN
,	,
developmental	JJ
delays	NNS
,	,
mental	JJ
deficiencies	NNS
and\/or	CC
a	DT
family	NN
history	NN
of	IN
the	DT
disorder	NN
.	.
There	EX
may	MD
be	VB
psychological	JJ
disturbances	NNS
that	WDT
lead	VBP
to	TO
Pica	NNP
as	RB
well	RB
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
conditions	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
a	DT
child	NN
lives	VBZ
in	IN
a	DT
low-income	JJ
or	CC
poor	JJ
family	NN
,	,
or	CC
who	WP
lives	VBZ
in	IN
an	DT
environment	NN
of	IN
little	JJ
love	NN
and	CC
support	NN
.	.
Physical	JJ
problems	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
Prader-Willi	NNP
Syndrome	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
delayed	VBN
motor	NN
development	NN
,	,
abnormal	JJ
growth	NN
,	,
speech	NN
impairments	NNS
,	,
stunted	VBN
sexual	JJ
development	NN
,	,
poor	JJ
muscle	NN
tone	NN
,	,
dental	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
obesity	NN
and	CC
diabetes	NN
type	NN
II	NNP
.	.
The	DT
life	NN
expectancy	NN
of	IN
a	DT
person	NN
with	IN
Prader-Willi	NNP
Syndrome	NNP
may	MD
be	VB
normal	JJ
if	IN
weight	NN
is	VBZ
controlled	VBN
.	.
``	``
Night	NNP
Eating	NNP
Syndrome	NNP
consists	VBZ
of	IN
morning	NN
anorexia	NN
,	,
evening	NN
hyperphagia	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
abnormally	RB
increased	VBN
appetite	NN
for	IN
consumption	NN
of	IN
food	NN
frequently	RB
associated	VBN
with	IN
injury	NN
to	TO
the	DT
hypothalamus	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
insomnia	NN
.	.
Attempts	NNS
at	IN
weight	NN
reduction	NN
in	IN
these	DT
2	CD
conditions	NNS
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
referring	VBG
to	TO
bulimia	VB
as	RB
well	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
are	VBP
usually	RB
unsuccessful	JJ
and	CC
may	MD
cause	VB
the	DT
patient	NN
unnecessary	JJ
distress	NN
.	.
''	''
Episodes	NNS
of	IN
Anorexia	NNP
and	CC
Insomnia	NNP
can	MD
begin	VB
at	IN
an	DT
early	JJ
age	NN
,	,
usually	RB
in	IN
children	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
overweight	JJ
,	,
and	CC
are	VBP
sometimes	RB
accompanied	VBN
by	IN
joint	JJ
paint	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
interesting	JJ
to	TO
note	VB
what	WP
the	DT
parent	NN
of	IN
a	DT
now	RB
24	CD
year	NN
old	JJ
daughter	NN
had	VBD
to	TO
say	VB
...	:
``	``
I	PRP
've	VBP
always	RB
had	VBN
the	DT
feeling	NN
that	WDT
much	RB
of	IN
the	DT
stress	NN
and	CC
emotional	JJ
disturbances	NNS
my	PRP$
daughter	NN
has	VBZ
suffered	VBN
have	VBP
been	VBN
the	DT
result	NN
of	IN
social	JJ
rejection	NN
and	CC
discrimination	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
the	DT
cause	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
eating	NN
disorder	NN
...	:
more	RBR
so	RB
as	IN
she	PRP
got	VBD
older	JJR
.	.
She	PRP
started	VBD
out	RP
as	IN
an	DT
intelligent	JJ
,	,
outgoing	JJ
,	,
cheerful	JJ
human	JJ
being	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
line	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
culture	NN
where	WRB
a	DT
marginally	RB
acceptable	JJ
``	``
chubby	JJ
''	''
child	NN
becomes	VBZ
a	DT
miserable	JJ
adolescent	JJ
and	CC
then	RB
a	DT
depressed	JJ
adult	NN
.	.
''	''
People	NNS
with	IN
Night-eating	JJ
syndrome	NN
are	VBP
characterized	VBN
as	IN
people	NNS
that	WDT
put	VBD
off	RP
eating	VBG
until	IN
late	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
day	NN
,	,
who	WP
binge	NN
on	IN
food	NN
in	IN
the	DT
evenings	NNS
and	CC
who	WP
experience	VBP
problems	NNS
with	IN
falling	VBG
asleep	JJ
and\/or	CC
staying	VBG
asleep	RB
.	.
``	``
People	NNS
who	WP
exhibit	VBP
NES	NNP
do	VBP
n't	RB
eat	VB
a	DT
lot	NN
at	IN
one	CD
sitting	VBG
,	,
often	RB
skip	VBP
breakfast	NN
,	,
and	CC
do	VBP
n't	RB
start	VB
eating	VBG
until	IN
noon	NN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
psychiatrist	NN
Albert	NNP
Stunkard	NNP
,	,
an	DT
obesity	NN
researcher	NN
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Pennsylvania	NNP
.	.
``	``
They	PRP
will	MD
over	RB
eat	VB
the	DT
rest	NN
of	IN
the	DT
day	NN
,	,
and	CC
eat	VB
frequently	RB
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
have	VBP
difficulty	NN
falling	VBG
asleep	RB
or	CC
staying	VBG
asleep	RB
.	.
''	''
Sleep	VB
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
typically	RB
fall	VBP
into	IN
the	DT
category	NN
of	IN
Sleep	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
,	,
though	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
combined	VBN
sleep-eating	NN
problem	NN
.	.
Sufferers	NNS
tend	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
overweight	JJ
and	CC
have	VBP
episodes	NNS
of	IN
recurrent	JJ
sleep	NN
walking	NN
,	,
during	IN
which	WDT
time	NN
they	PRP
binge	NN
on	IN
usually	RB
large	JJ
quantities	NNS
of	IN
food	NN
,	,
often	RB
high	JJ
in	IN
sugar	NN
or	CC
fat	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
often	RB
,	,
sufferers	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
remember	VB
these	DT
episodes	NNS
,	,
putting	VBG
them	PRP
at	IN
great	JJ
risk	NN
of	IN
unintentional	JJ
self-injury	NN
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
compulsive	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
this	DT
illness	NN
,	,
sufferers	NNS
are	VBP
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
physical	JJ
health	NN
risks	NNS
as	IN
those	DT
of	IN
Compulsive	NNP
Overeaters	NNPS
with	IN
the	DT
added	VBN
risks	NNS
of	IN
sleep	NN
walking	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
uncommon	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
a	DT
person	NN
suffering	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
anxious	JJ
,	,
tired	JJ
,	,
stressed	VBD
and	CC
angry	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
aware	JJ
that	IN
throughout	IN
life	NN
,	,
during	IN
positive	JJ
and	CC
negative	JJ
stress	NN
periods	NNS
,	,
people	NNS
may	MD
experience	VB
eating	VBG
and\/or	CC
sleep	VB
pattern	NN
problems	NNS
.	.
If	IN
either	DT
or	CC
both	DT
of	IN
these	DT
conditions	NNS
persist	VBP
or	CC
interfere	VBP
with	IN
daily	JJ
life	NN
,	,
then	RB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
identify	VB
the	DT
underlying	VBG
cause	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
.	.
Problems	NNS
with	IN
Eating	NNP
and	CC
Sleeping	VBG
are	VBP
defined	VBN
as	IN
usually	RB
over\/under	NN
eating	NN
or	CC
too	RB
much	JJ
or	CC
too	RB
little	JJ
sleep	NN
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
decade	NN
,	,
we	PRP
have	VBP
become	VBN
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
detrimental	JJ
effects	NNS
of	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
and	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
and	CC
while	IN
these	DT
problems	NNS
may	MD
warrant	VB
medical	JJ
attention	NN
,	,
the	DT
underlying	VBG
causes	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
identified	VBN
and	CC
appropriate	JJ
coping	VBG
skills	NNS
developed	VBN
.	.
BDD	NNP
,	,
or	CC
Body	NNP
Dysmorphic	NNP
Disorder	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
preoccupation	NN
or	CC
obsession	NN
with	IN
a	DT
defect	NN
in	IN
visual	JJ
appearance	NN
,	,
whether	IN
that	DT
be	VB
an	DT
actual	JJ
slight	JJ
imperfection	NN
or	CC
an	DT
imagined	VBD
one	CD
.	.
Some	DT
example	NN
of	IN
this	DT
would	MD
be	VB
obsessing	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
point	NN
of	IN
severe	JJ
depression	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
sometimes	RB
including	VBG
thoughts	NNS
about	IN
or	CC
attempts	NNS
at	IN
suicide	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
over	IN
physical	JJ
attributes	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
freckles	NNS
;	:
a	DT
large	JJ
nose	NN
,	,
blotchy	JJ
skin	NN
,	,
wrinkles	NNS
,	,
acne	NN
,	,
scarring	VBG
.	.
Though	IN
the	DT
preoccupation	NN
can	MD
include	VB
any	DT
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
body	NN
,	,
areas	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
face	NN
and	CC
head	NN
,	,
specifically	RB
the	DT
skin	NN
,	,
hair	NN
and	CC
nose	NN
,	,
are	VBP
most	RBS
common	JJ
.	.
People	NNS
suffering	VBG
with	IN
BDD	NNP
may	MD
often	RB
have	VB
a	DT
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
and	CC
unreasonable	JJ
fears	NNS
of	IN
rejection	NN
from	IN
others	NNS
due	JJ
to	TO
their	PRP$
perceived	VBN
ugliness	NN
.	.
Some	DT
sufferers	NNS
realize	VBP
that	IN
their	PRP$
perception	NN
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
defect	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
distorted	VBN
,	,
but	CC
find	VB
the	DT
impulse	NN
to	TO
think	VB
about	IN
it	PRP
uncontrollable	JJ
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
two	CD
types	NNS
of	IN
Body	NNP
Dysmorphic	NNP
Disorder	NNP
--	:
the	DT
non-delusional	JJ
type	NN
--	:
and	CC
the	DT
delusional	JJ
type	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
where	WRB
the	DT
person	NN
actually	RB
has	VBZ
hallucinations	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
completely	RB
imagined	VBN
defect	NN
,	,
or	CC
an	DT
imagined	VBN
gross	JJ
exhageration	NN
of	IN
a	DT
small	JJ
defect	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
delusional	JJ
form	NN
is	VBZ
less	RBR
common	JJ
and	CC
more	RBR
severe	JJ
.	.
Men	NN
and	CC
women	NNS
living	VBG
with	IN
BDD	NNP
may	MD
practice	VB
unusually	RB
compulsive	JJ
rituals	NNS
to	TO
look	VB
at	IN
,	,
hide	VB
,	,
cover	VB
and\/or	CC
improve	VB
their	PRP$
defect	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
spend	VB
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
time	NN
looking	VBG
at	IN
themselves	PRP
in	IN
anything	NN
mirror-like	JJ
and	CC
trying	VBG
to	TO
convince	VB
others	NNS
of	IN
how	WRB
ugly	JJ
they	PRP
are	VBP
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
compulsive	JJ
in	IN
searching	VBG
our	PRP$
doctors	NNS
to	TO
treat	VB
them	PRP
with	IN
medications	NNS
and\/or	CC
plastic	NN
surgery	NN
.	.
Patients	NNS
may	MD
go	VB
to	TO
any	DT
lengths	NNS
to	TO
improve	VB
their	PRP$
appearance	NN
,	,
including	VBG
using	VBG
methods	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
dangerous	JJ
.	.
Some	DT
may	MD
even	RB
attempt	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
surgery	NN
,	,
or	CC
commit	VB
suicide	NN
.	.
Treatment	NNP
is	VBZ
often	RB
difficult	JJ
,	,
but	CC
there	EX
has	VBZ
been	VBN
shown	VBN
progress	NN
with	IN
medications	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Prozac	NNP
,	,
and	CC
cognitive-behavior	JJ
therapy	NN
.	.
Diagnosis	NN
can	MD
often	RB
be	VB
difficult	JJ
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
patients	NNS
shame	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
causing	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
keep	VB
their	PRP$
symptoms	NNS
a	DT
secret	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
It	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
noted	VBN
that	IN
Orthorexia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
condition	NN
that	IN
a	DT
physician	NN
will	MD
diagnose	VB
,	,
as	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
clinical	JJ
guideline	NN
for	IN
this	DT
disorder	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
condition	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
observed	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
extreme	JJ
pattern	NN
of	IN
dietary	JJ
purity	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
not	RB
yet	RB
been	VBN
defined	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
clinical	JJ
diagnostic	JJ
manual	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
DSM-IV	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Orthorexia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
obsession	NN
with	IN
a	DT
``	``
pure	JJ
''	''
diet	NN
,	,
where	WRB
it	PRP
interferes	VBZ
with	IN
a	DT
person	NN
's	POS
life	NN
.	.
It	PRP
becomes	VBZ
a	DT
way	NN
of	IN
life	NN
filled	VBN
with	IN
chronic	JJ
concern	NN
for	IN
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
food	NN
being	VBG
consumed	VBN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
person	NN
suffering	VBG
with	IN
Orthorexia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
slips	VBZ
up	RP
from	IN
wavering	VBG
from	IN
their	PRP$
``	``
perfect	JJ
''	''
diet	NN
,	,
they	PRP
may	MD
resort	VB
to	TO
extreme	JJ
acts	NNS
of	IN
further	JJ
self-disipline	JJ
including	VBG
even	RB
strictor	JJ
regimens	NNS
and	CC
fasting	NN
.	.
As	IN
noted	VBN
by	IN
BeyondVeg.com	NNP
,	,
Orthorexia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
should	MD
only	RB
be	VB
characterised	VBN
when	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
long-term	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
paying	VBG
attention	NN
to	TO
healthy	JJ
food	NN
for	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
weeks	NNS
where	WRB
it	PRP
becomes	VBZ
a	DT
normal	JJ
and	CC
healthy	JJ
routine	JJ
not	RB
obsessed	VBN
over	IN
,	,
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
considered	VBN
a	DT
disorder	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
when	WRB
it	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
significant	JJ
negative	JJ
impact	NN
on	IN
an	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
life	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
thinking	VBG
about	IN
food	NN
to	TO
avoid	VB
the	DT
stresses	VBZ
of	IN
life	NN
,	,
thinking	VBG
about	IN
how	WRB
food	NN
is	VBZ
prepared	VBN
to	TO
avoid	VB
negative	JJ
emotions	NNS
,	,
thinking	VBG
about	IN
food	NN
the	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
each	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
day	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
where	WRB
food	NN
rituals	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
better	RB
explained	VBN
by	IN
something	NN
like	IN
religious	JJ
rites	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
in	IN
the	DT
Orthodox	NNP
Jewish	NNP
religion	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
It	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
noted	VBN
that	IN
Bigorexia	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
condition	NN
that	IN
a	DT
physician	NN
will	MD
diagnose	VB
,	,
as	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
currently	RB
no	DT
clinical	JJ
guideline	NN
for	IN
this	DT
disorder	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
condition	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
recently	RB
been	VBN
observed	VBN
by	IN
several	JJ
psychiatrists	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
``	``
opposite	NN
of	IN
Anorexia	NNP
''	''
.	.
Found	JJ
typically	RB
in	IN
body-building	JJ
circles	NNS
and	CC
known	VBN
as	IN
muscle	NN
dysmorphia	NN
or	CC
reverse	VB
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bigorexia	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
condition	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
sufferer	NN
is	VBZ
constantly	RB
worried	VBN
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
too	RB
small	JJ
.	.
This	DT
goes	VBZ
beyond	IN
the	DT
typical	JJ
body-building	JJ
gym-goer	NN
,	,
and	CC
transcends	VBZ
into	IN
dangerous	JJ
realms	NNS
when	WRB
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
are	VBP
willing	JJ
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
all	DT
lengths	NNS
to	TO
increase	VB
muscle	NN
mass.	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Harrison	NNP
Pope	NNP
,	,
of	IN
the	DT
McLean	NNP
Hospital	NNP
,	,
says	VBZ
,	,
``	``
there	EX
's	VBZ
nothing	NN
inherently	RB
pathological	JJ
about	IN
being	VBG
an	DT
avid	JJ
gym-goer	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
should	MD
n't	RB
take	VB
over	RP
your	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
''	''
In	IN
likening	VBG
Bigorexia	NNP
to	TO
Anorexia	NNP
he	PRP
comments	VBZ
,	,
``	``
They	PRP
are	VBP
both	DT
disorders	NNS
of	IN
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
the	DT
preoccupations	NNS
simply	RB
go	VB
in	IN
opposite	JJ
directions	NNS
.	.
''	''
This	DT
preoccupation	NN
causes	VBZ
major	JJ
distress	NN
or	CC
impairs	VBZ
the	DT
person	NN
's	POS
social	JJ
or	CC
professional	JJ
life	NN
.	.
The	DT
person	NN
may	MD
forego	VB
important	JJ
social	JJ
,	,
work-related	JJ
or	CC
recreational	JJ
activities	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
avoid	VB
situations	NNS
where	WRB
their	PRP$
body	NN
will	MD
be	VB
exposed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
person	NN
continues	VBZ
to	TO
work	VB
out	RP
or	CC
diet	NN
even	RB
when	WRB
they	PRP
know	VBP
it	PRP
could	MD
hurt	VB
their	PRP$
health	NN
or	CC
well-being	NN
.	.
I	PRP
often	RB
here	RB
the	DT
questions	NNS
in	IN
e-mail	NN
or	CC
on	IN
chat	VBP
,	,
``	``
how	WRB
can	MD
there	RB
be	VB
such	JJ
a	DT
thing	NN
as	IN
too	RB
much	JJ
exercise	NN
?	.
''	''
or	CC
``	``
how	WRB
can	MD
exercise	VB
hurt	VB
me	PRP
?	.
''	''
With	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
too	RB
much	JJ
exercise	NN
,	,
or	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Exercising	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
just	RB
another	DT
outlet	NN
of	IN
behavior	NN
;	:
Compulsive	NNP
Exercise	NNP
is	VBZ
another	DT
way	NN
to	TO
``	``
purge	VB
''	''
and	CC
disordered	JJ
eaters	NNS
who	WP
suffer	VBP
with	IN
these	DT
symptoms	NNS
are	VBP
typically	RB
considered	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
suffering	VBG
from	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
or	CC
Bulimia	NNP
non-purging	JJ
type	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
no	DT
use	NN
of	IN
laxatives	NNS
,	,
diuretics	NNS
or	CC
self-induced	JJ
vomitting	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
But	CC
,	,
there	EX
can	MD
be	VB
sufferers	NNS
of	IN
both	DT
who	WP
use	VBP
any	DT
or	CC
all	DT
means	NNS
of	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
behaviors	NNS
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
their	PRP$
emotions	NNS
and	CC
anxiety	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
participating	VBG
in	IN
restriction	NN
-	:
with	IN
or	CC
without	IN
purging	VBG
,	,
or	CC
binging	NN
with	IN
purging	VBG
,	,
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
exercise	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Those	DT
with	IN
Compulsive	JJ
Exercise	NN
behaviors	NNS
will	MD
feel	VB
tremendously	RB
guilty	JJ
when	WRB
they	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
exercise	VB
and	CC
almost	RB
never	RB
do	VB
it	PRP
for	IN
fun	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
often	RB
no	DT
satisfaction	NN
for	IN
any	DT
athletic	JJ
achievements	NNS
and	CC
no	DT
self-satisfaction	NN
for	IN
victory	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
immediately	RB
looking	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
activity	NN
to	TO
conquer	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Like	IN
with	IN
all	DT
other	JJ
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
behaviors	NNS
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
surface	NN
the	DT
goal	NN
may	MD
seem	VB
to	TO
burn	VB
calories	NNS
and	CC
lose	VB
weight	NN
,	,
but	CC
ultimately	RB
the	DT
exercise	NN
gives	VBZ
each	DT
sufferer	NN
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
temporary	JJ
power	NN
,	,
control	NN
and\/or	CC
self-respect	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
another	DT
way	NN
to	TO
forget	VB
about	IN
their	PRP$
unlying	JJ
issues	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
relieve	VB
guilt	NN
and	CC
pressure	NN
of	IN
the	DT
stresses	VBZ
that	IN
build	VBP
.	.
Some	DT
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
exercise	VB
with	IN
a	DT
feeling	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
chore	NN
or	CC
a	DT
punishment	NN
,	,
others	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
addicted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
power	NN
and	CC
self-respect	NN
they	PRP
feel	VBP
from	IN
the	DT
activity	NN
.	.
The	DT
fact	NN
remains	VBZ
that	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
addictive	JJ
behavior	NN
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
putting	VBG
the	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
physical	JJ
safety	NN
,	,
emotional	JJ
health	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
life	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
job	NN
,	,
school	NN
,	,
family	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
jeopardy	NN
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
compulsive	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
exercise	NN
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
physical	JJ
dangers	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
become	VB
an	DT
issue	NN
for	IN
someone	NN
exercising	VBG
too	RB
much	RB
can	MD
be	VB
:	:
dehydration	NN
,	,
stress	NN
fracture	NN
and	CC
osteoporosis	NN
,	,
degenerative	JJ
arthritis	NN
,	,
amenorrea	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
loss	NN
of	IN
menstrual	JJ
cycle	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
reproductive	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
and	CC
heart	NN
problems	NNS
.	.
Often	RB
times	NNS
the	DT
participation	NN
in	IN
athletics	NNS
or	CC
dancing	NN
can	MD
play	VB
a	DT
role	NN
...	:
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
emphasis	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
society	NN
,	,
coaches	NNS
and\/or	CC
parents	NNS
may	MD
place	VB
on	IN
the	DT
importance	NN
to	TO
remain	VB
thin	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
successful	JJ
in	IN
these	DT
activies	NNS
.	.
Due	JJ
to	TO
pressures	NNS
in	IN
competition	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
pressure	NN
they	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
receiving	VBG
to	TO
succeed	VB
and	CC
win	VB
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
additional	JJ
stress	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
combined	VBN
with	IN
any	DT
family	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
relationship	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
pressure	NN
from	IN
peers	NNS
,	,
history	NN
of	IN
abuse	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
they	PRP
find	VBP
a	DT
need	NN
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
,	,
the	DT
risk	NN
for	IN
developing	VBG
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
may	MD
be	VB
increased	VBN
.	.
Sufferers	NNS
may	MD
receive	VB
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
praise	NN
from	IN
their	PRP$
coaches	NNS
and	CC
parents	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
stay	VB
``	``
fit	JJ
and	CC
trim	JJ
''	''
and	CC
this	DT
continues	VBZ
to	TO
fuel	VB
the	DT
distructive	JJ
behavior	NN
.	.
Some	DT
will	MD
even	RB
use	VB
their	PRP$
status	NN
as	IN
an	DT
athlete	NN
or	CC
dancer	NN
as	IN
an	DT
excuse	NN
to	TO
engage	VB
in	IN
compulsive	JJ
exercise	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
other	JJ
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
behaviors	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Specifically	RB
there	EX
are	VBP
some	DT
groups	NNS
of	IN
athletes	NNS
that	WDT
tend	VBP
to	TO
resort	VB
to	TO
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
patterns	NNS
and	CC
behaviors	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
extreme	JJ
compulsive	JJ
exercise	NN
,	,
and\/or	CC
use	NN
of	IN
laxatives	NNS
and	CC
diuretics	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
explicitely	RB
for	IN
competition	NN
,	,
though	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
or	CC
may	MD
not	RB
clinically	RB
have	VBP
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
no	DT
psychological	JJ
symptoms	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Dancers	NNS
,	,
runners	NNS
,	,
gymnasts	NNS
and	CC
wrestlers	NNS
seem	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
at	IN
an	DT
elevated	JJ
risk	NN
of	IN
serious	JJ
injury	NN
or	CC
death	NN
because	IN
of	IN
their	PRP$
desire	NN
to	TO
lose	VB
weight	NN
extrememly	RB
rapidly	RB
directly	RB
prior	RB
to	TO
an	DT
event	NN
.	.
The	DT
question	NN
that	WDT
needs	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
asked	VBN
is	VBZ
why	WRB
certain	JJ
athletes	NNS
may	MD
find	VB
such	JJ
a	DT
desire	NN
or	CC
feel	VB
pushed	VBN
to	TO
``	``
win	VB
''	''
at	IN
all	DT
costs	NNS
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
that	DT
includes	VBZ
permanent	JJ
injury	NN
or	CC
death	NN
.	.
Because	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
still	RB
in	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
healing	NN
from	IN
and	CC
learning	VBG
ways	NNS
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
that	WDT
lead	VBP
to	TO
their	PRP$
disorder	NN
,	,
it	PRP
can	MD
quickly	RB
lead	VB
to	TO
Compulsive	NNP
Exercise	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
``	``
replacement	NN
''	''
for	IN
restriction	NN
or	CC
purging	VBG
,	,
while	IN
the	DT
person	NN
struggling	VBG
will	MD
convince	VB
themself	NN
they	PRP
are	VBP
doing	VBG
their	PRP$
body	NN
good	NN
.	.
Exercise	NN
should	MD
never	RB
be	VB
suggested	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
doctor	NN
during	IN
initial	JJ
stages	NNS
of	IN
recovery	NN
,	,
and	CC
any	DT
recommended	VBN
exercise	NN
later	RB
on	IN
needs	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
closely	RB
monitored	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
side	NN
note	NN
:	:
This	DT
is	VBZ
part	NN
of	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
went	VBD
through	IN
during	IN
my	PRP$
initial	JJ
stages	NNS
of	IN
beginning	VBG
to	TO
face	VB
recovery	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
non-athlete	JJ
,	,
more	RBR
than	IN
45	CD
minutes	NNS
to	TO
an	DT
hour	NN
of	IN
these	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
activites	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
time	NN
,	,
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
5	CD
days	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
can	MD
be	VB
dangerous	JJ
,	,
can	MD
cause	VB
physical	JJ
strain	NN
on	IN
the	DT
body	NN
,	,
and	CC
can	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
obsessive	JJ
and	CC
disruptive	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
to	TO
a	DT
person	NN
's	POS
life	NN
in	IN
general	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
athlete	NN
or	CC
dancer	NN
,	,
unhealthy	JJ
exercise	NN
depends	VBZ
on	IN
each	DT
individuals	NNS
sport	NN
,	,
level	NN
of	IN
activity	NN
,	,
personal	JJ
achievement	NN
goal	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
goal	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
compete	VB
in	IN
a	DT
25	CD
mile	NN
marathon	NN
-	:
not	RB
a	DT
goal	NN
to	TO
lose	VB
weight	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
overall	JJ
fitness	NN
.	.
Dancers	NNS
and	CC
athletes	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
regularly	RB
seen	VBN
by	IN
their	PRP$
doctors	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
over-doing	VBG
it	PRP
and	CC
damaging	VBG
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
.	.
Caloric	JJ
and	CC
fluid	JJ
intake	NN
should	MD
reflect	VB
their	PRP$
level	NN
of	IN
activity	NN
and	CC
age	NN
to	TO
be	VB
sure	JJ
they	PRP
are	VBP
getting	VBG
the	DT
proper	JJ
fuel	NN
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
need	VBP
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
become	VB
dehydrated	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
to	TO
check	VB
with	IN
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
to	TO
find	VB
out	RP
what	WP
your	PRP$
calorie	NN
requirements	NNS
are	VBP
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
an	DT
athlete	NN
or	CC
dancer	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
remember	VB
that	IN
Compulsive	NNP
Exercise	NNP
is	VBZ
another	DT
way	NN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
sufferer	NN
copes	NNS
.	.
By	IN
itself	PRP
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
dangerous	JJ
,	,
as	RB
much	RB
so	RB
as	IN
restricting	VBG
,	,
binging	NN
,	,
purging	VBG
,	,
and\/or	CC
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
diet	NN
pills	NNS
and	CC
laxatives	NNS
.	.
Unusual	JJ
Food	NNP
rituals	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
shifting	VBG
the	DT
food	NN
around	IN
on	IN
the	DT
plate	NN
to	TO
look	VB
eaten	VBN
;	:
cutting	VBG
food	NN
into	IN
tiny	JJ
pieces	NNS
;	:
making	VBG
sure	JJ
the	DT
fork	NN
avoids	VBZ
contact	NN
with	IN
the	DT
lips	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
using	VBG
teeth	NNS
to	TO
scrap	VB
food	NN
off	IN
the	DT
fork	NN
or	CC
spoon	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
chewing	VBG
food	NN
and	CC
spitting	VBG
it	PRP
out	RP
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
swallowing	VBG
;	:
dropping	VBG
food	NN
into	IN
napkin	NN
on	IN
lap	NN
to	TO
later	RB
throw	VB
away	RP
.	.
These	DT
range	NN
from	IN
common	JJ
over	IN
the	DT
counter	NN
appetite	NN
suppressants	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
phenylpropanolamine	NN
,	,
caffeine	NN
pills	NNS
and	CC
ephedrine	NN
hydrochloride	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
ephedrine	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
an	DT
appetite	NN
suppressant	NN
,	,
though	RB
often	RB
misused	VBD
as	IN
one	CD
-	:
commonly	RB
referred	VBN
to	TO
as	IN
``	``
white	JJ
crosses	NNS
''	''
or	CC
``	``
mini	FW
thins	FW
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
prescription	NN
medications	NNS
like	IN
Redux	NNP
and	CC
Phen\/Fen	NNP
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
a	DT
wide	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
diet	NN
pills	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
market	NN
that	WDT
are	VBP
available	JJ
,	,
many	JJ
of	IN
them	PRP
have	VBP
addictive	JJ
qualities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
some	DT
even	RB
contain	VBP
small	JJ
amounts	NNS
of	IN
laxative	NN
.	.
Diet	NNP
pills	NNS
,	,
both	DT
over-the-counter	JJ
and	CC
prescription	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
recommended	VBN
,	,
continuously	RB
,	,
or	CC
in	IN
excess	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
can	MD
cause	VB
the	DT
following	NN
:	:
nervousness	NN
,	,
restlessness	NN
,	,
insomnia	NN
,	,
high	JJ
blood	NN
pressure	NN
,	,
fatigue	NN
and	CC
hyperactivity	NN
,	,
heart	NN
arrhythmias	NNS
and	CC
palpitations	NNS
,	,
congestive	JJ
heart	NN
failure	NN
or	CC
heart	NN
attack	NN
,	,
stroke	NN
,	,
headaches	NNS
,	,
dry	JJ
mouth	NN
,	,
vomitting	VBG
and	CC
diarrhea	NN
or	CC
constipation	NN
,	,
intestinal	JJ
disturbances	NNS
,	,
tightness	NN
in	IN
chest	NN
,	,
tingling	VBG
in	IN
extremities	NNS
,	,
excessive	JJ
persperation	NN
,	,
dizziness	NN
,	,
disruption	NN
in	IN
mentrual	JJ
cycle	NN
,	,
change	NN
in	IN
sex	NN
drive	NN
,	,
hair	NN
loss	NN
,	,
blurred	VBD
vision	NN
,	,
fever	NN
and	CC
urinary	JJ
tract	NN
problems	NNS
.	.
Overdoses	NNS
can	MD
cause	VB
tremors	NNS
,	,
confusion	NN
,	,
hallucinations	NNS
,	,
shallow	JJ
breathing	NN
,	,
renal	JJ
failure	NN
,	,
heart	NN
attack	NN
and	CC
convulsions	NNS
.	.
Caffeine	NN
pills	NNS
and\/or	CC
Ephedrine	NNP
Hydrochloride	NNP
should	MD
never	RB
be	VB
taken	VBN
for	IN
weight	NN
control	NN
,	,
and	CC
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
taken	VBN
continuously	RB
.	.
Ephedrine	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
medication	NN
used	VBN
occassionally	RB
to	TO
treat	VB
asthma	NN
,	,
but	CC
more	RBR
commonly	RB
allergies	NNS
and	CC
hayfever	NN
-	:
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
bronchial	JJ
dialator	NN
.	.
Both	DT
can	MD
cause	VB
all	PDT
the	DT
side	NN
effects	NNS
as	IN
diet	NN
pills	NNS
,	,
with	IN
an	DT
increased	VBN
risk	NN
of	IN
addiction	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
both	DT
physical	NN
and	CC
psychological	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
headaches	NNS
,	,
high	JJ
blood	NN
pressure	NN
and	CC
heart	NN
palpitations	NNS
and	CC
arrhythmias	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
heart	NN
attack	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
important	JJ
to	TO
keep	VB
in	IN
mind	NN
that	IN
any	DT
medication	NN
,	,
whether	IN
prescription	NN
or	CC
over-the-counter	JJ
,	,
can	MD
interract	VB
with	IN
other	JJ
medications	NNS
causing	VBG
adverse	JJ
effects	NNS
,	,
or	CC
decreasing	VBG
the	DT
effectiveness	NN
of	IN
one	CD
or	CC
both	DT
.	.
Pills	NNS
or	CC
liquid	NN
,	,
herbal	JJ
or	CC
otherwise	RB
,	,
laxative	NN
abuse	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
common	JJ
form	NN
of	IN
``	``
weight	NN
control	NN
''	''
in	IN
people	NNS
suffering	VBG
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
use	NN
of	IN
laxatives	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
lose	VB
or	CC
control	VB
weight	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
only	RB
dangerous	JJ
,	,
but	CC
irrational	JJ
.	.
The	DT
actual	JJ
purpose	NN
of	IN
taking	VBG
a	DT
laxative	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
stimulate	VB
the	DT
large	JJ
bowel	NN
to	TO
empty	JJ
,	,
which	WDT
occurs	VBZ
only	RB
after	IN
the	DT
food	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
calories	NNS
for	IN
energy	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
absorbed	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
small	JJ
intestines	NNS
.	.
Essentially	RB
,	,
a	DT
person	NN
taking	VBG
laxatives	NNS
to	TO
control	VB
weight	NN
is	VBZ
only	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
cause	VB
their	PRP$
body	NN
to	TO
lose	VB
fluid	NN
,	,
which	WDT
can	MD
potentionally	RB
be	VB
followed	VBN
by	IN
periods	NNS
of	IN
water	NN
retention	NN
and	CC
an	DT
appearance	NN
of	IN
bloating	VBG
-LRB-	-LRB-
causing	VBG
the	DT
sufferer	NN
to	TO
want	VB
to	TO
lose	VB
more	JJR
weight	NN
and	CC
ingest	VB
more	JJR
laxatives	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
reason	NN
people	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
seem	VBP
to	TO
lose	VB
weight	NN
while	IN
taking	VBG
laxatives	NNS
is	VBZ
because	IN
in	IN
most	JJS
cases	NNS
they	PRP
are	VBP
increasingly	RB
watching	VBG
calorie	NN
intake	NN
and	CC
restricting	VBG
food	NN
consumption	NN
,	,
inducing	VBG
vomiting	NN
,	,
and\/or	CC
compulsively	RB
exersizing	VBG
.	.
Phenolphthalein	NNP
,	,
a	DT
popular	JJ
ingredient	NN
previously	RB
found	VBN
in	IN
many	JJ
brands	NNS
of	IN
laxatives	NNS
has	VBZ
now	RB
been	VBN
recalled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
FDA	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Food	NNP
and	CC
Drug	NNP
Administration	NNP
,	,
United	NNP
States	NNPS
-RRB-	-RRB-
due	JJ
to	TO
studies	NNS
indicating	VBG
that	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
linked	VBN
to	TO
cancer	NN
.	.
Withdrawal	NN
symptoms	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
expected	VBN
in	IN
stopping	VBG
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
laxatives	NNS
after	IN
a	DT
continued	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
using	VBG
them	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
``	``
weight	NN
loss	NN
''	''
method	NN
.	.
These	DT
include	VBP
,	,
abdominal	JJ
cramping	NN
,	,
mild	JJ
to	TO
severe	JJ
constipation	NN
,	,
bloating	VBG
,	,
mood	NN
swings	NNS
and	CC
general	JJ
feelings	NNS
of	IN
fatigue	NN
and	CC
``	``
feeling	NN
sick	JJ
.	.
''	''
In	IN
less	RBR
severe	JJ
cases	NNS
the	DT
symptoms	NNS
will	MD
usually	RB
subside	VB
in	IN
about	RB
2	CD
weeks	NNS
,	,
but	CC
in	IN
cases	NNS
where	WRB
a	DT
person	NN
have	VBP
ingested	VBN
handfuls	NNS
or	CC
more	JJR
laxatives	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
basis	NN
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
take	VB
longer	JJR
and	CC
require	VB
medical	JJ
assitance	NN
.	.
Sufferers	NNS
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
sometimes	RB
use	VBP
diuretics	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
attempt	VB
controlling	VBG
their	PRP$
weight	NN
.	.
Again	RB
,	,
this	DT
is	VBZ
dangerous	JJ
and	CC
irrational	JJ
.	.
Diuretics	NNS
work	VBP
on	IN
reducing	VBG
water	NN
retention	NN
,	,
and	CC
only	RB
decrease	VB
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
water	NN
in	IN
the	DT
body	NN
...	:
this	DT
can	MD
cause	VB
dehydration	NN
and	CC
electrolyte	NN
imbalances	NNS
and	CC
specifically	RB
potassium	NN
deficiencies	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
result	VB
in	IN
hospitalization	NN
.	.
Continued	VBN
use	NN
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
long	RB
and	CC
short-term	JJ
fluid	NN
retention	NN
even	RB
when	WRB
the	DT
diuretics	NNS
are	VBP
discontinued	VBN
.	.
The	DT
use	NN
of	IN
Ipecac	NNP
Syrup	NNP
can	MD
cause	VB
instant	JJ
death	NN
!	.
Using	VBG
Syrup	NN
of	IN
Ipecac	NNP
for	IN
anything	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
its	PRP$
purpose	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
to	TO
induce	VB
vomitting	NN
in	IN
cases	NNS
of	IN
accidental	JJ
poisoning	NN
,	,
or	CC
drug	NN
overdose	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
causes	VBZ
systemic	JJ
toxicity	NN
which	WDT
can	MD
cause	VB
weakness	NN
,	,
tenderness	NN
and	CC
stiffness	NN
of	IN
muscles	NNS
,	,
cardiac	JJ
disease	NN
and	CC
heart	NN
failure	NN
,	,
coma	NN
,	,
seizures	NNS
,	,
shock	NN
,	,
increase	NN
in	IN
blood	NN
pressure	NN
,	,
with	IN
possible	JJ
hemorrhage	NN
,	,
dehydration	NN
,	,
aspiration	NN
pneumonia	NN
and	CC
death	NN
.	.
This	DT
cumulative	JJ
effect	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
taking	VBG
it	PRP
more	JJR
than	IN
once	RB
,	,
for	IN
reasons	NNS
other	JJ
than	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
indications	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
can	MD
increase	VB
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
serious	JJ
adverse	JJ
effects	NNS
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
ipecac	NN
fails	VBZ
to	TO
produce	VB
vomitting	NN
,	,
patients	NNS
should	MD
go	VB
to	TO
the	DT
hospital	NN
IMMEDIATELY	RB
.	.
We	PRP
asked	VBD
people	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
suffering	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
to	TO
tell	VB
us	PRP
who	WP
the	DT
first	JJ
two	CD
people	NNS
were	VBD
that	IN
they	PRP
told	VBD
about	IN
their	PRP$
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
--	:
Who	WP
were	VBD
the	DT
two	CD
most	RBS
common	JJ
people	NNS
that	IN
each	DT
sufferer	NN
trusted	VBD
enough	RB
to	TO
tell	VB
.	.
Part	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
at	IN
peace	NN
with	IN
who	WP
you	PRP
are	VBP
is	VBZ
determining	VBG
what	WP
you	PRP
feel	VBP
about	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
spirituality	NN
and	CC
religious	JJ
beliefs	NNS
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
poll	NN
we	PRP
ask	VBP
our	PRP$
visitors	NNS
to	TO
pick	VB
a	DT
religion	NN
or	CC
spiritual	JJ
practice	NN
they	PRP
most	RBS
strongly	RB
identify	VB
with	IN
.	.
What	WP
works	VBZ
for	IN
one	CD
person	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
necessarily	RB
work	VB
for	IN
another	DT
when	WRB
it	PRP
comes	VBZ
to	TO
treating	VBG
an	DT
individual	JJ
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
poll	NN
we	PRP
ask	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
tell	VBP
us	PRP
what	WP
type	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
you	PRP
've	VBP
found	VBN
most	RBS
beneficial	JJ
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
poll	NN
we	PRP
asked	VBD
our	PRP$
visitors	NNS
to	TO
identify	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
sexual	JJ
identity	NN
:	:
female	JJ
heterosexual	JJ
,	,
homosexual	JJ
or	CC
bisexual	JJ
,	,
male	JJ
heterosexual	JJ
,	,
homosexual	JJ
or	CC
bisexual	JJ
,	,
or	CC
other\/GID	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Gender	NNP
Identity	NNP
Disorder	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Each	DT
month	NN
we	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
conducting	VBG
a	DT
new	JJ
poll	NN
.	.
Polls	NNS
will	MD
always	RB
be	VB
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
topic	NN
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
and\/or	CC
recovery	NN
from	IN
them	PRP
.	.
The	DT
current	JJ
poll	NN
will	MD
always	RB
be	VB
available	JJ
through	IN
the	DT
main	JJ
page	NN
of	IN
the	DT
site	NN
,	,
and	CC
previous	JJ
polls	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
archived	VBN
here	RB
so	RB
that	IN
their	PRP$
results	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
easily	RB
accessed	VBN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
always	RB
interested	JJ
in	IN
hearing	VBG
suggesting	VBG
from	IN
our	PRP$
visitors	NNS
.	.
Have	VBP
an	DT
idea	NN
for	IN
a	DT
future	JJ
survey	NN
?	.
Is	VBZ
there	EX
a	DT
question	NN
you	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
see	VB
asked	VBN
?	.
Be	VB
sure	JJ
to	TO
send	VB
us	PRP
feedback	NN
using	VBG
our	PRP$
contact	NN
form	NN
.	.
Educating	VBG
members	NNS
of	IN
Congress	NNP
-	:
The	NNP
EDC	NNP
will	MD
create	VB
educational	JJ
materials	NNS
and	CC
briefing	NN
sheets	NNS
that	WDT
summarize	VBP
the	DT
research	NN
and	CC
outline	VB
the	DT
problems	NNS
on	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
meet	VB
with	IN
Members	NNS
of	IN
Congress	NNP
and	CC
people	NNS
in	IN
federal	JJ
agencies	NNS
.	.
The	DT
EDC	NNP
is	VBZ
creating	VBG
a	DT
Family	NNP
Action	NNP
Council	NNP
where	WRB
a	DT
family	NN
from	IN
each	DT
state	NN
and	CC
the	DT
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
will	MD
advocated	VBN
for	IN
improved	JJ
policies	NNS
.	.
Raising	NNP
visibility	NN
-	:
The	DT
EDC	NNP
has	VBZ
conducted	VBN
and	CC
is	VBZ
currently	RB
organizing	VBG
Congressional	JJ
events	NNS
to	TO
bring	VB
increased	JJ
attention	NN
to	TO
and	CC
awareness	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
policy	NN
issue	NN
.	.
Their	PRP$
first	JJ
such	JJ
event	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
Congressional	JJ
briefing	NN
titled	VBN
``	``
Fighting	NN
for	IN
treatment	NN
,	,
fighting	VBG
for	IN
life	NN
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
know	VBP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
incredible	JJ
painful	JJ
to	TO
lose	VB
someone	NN
you	PRP
love	VBP
and	CC
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
wish	VB
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
process	NN
any	DT
more	RBR
difficult	JJ
.	.
The	DT
form	NN
below	IN
seems	VBZ
cold	JJ
and	CC
impersonal	JJ
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
intended	VBN
that	DT
way	NN
...	:
for	IN
the	DT
benefit	NN
of	IN
everyone	NN
we	PRP
just	RB
need	VBP
to	TO
ensure	VB
accuracy	NN
.	.
DO	NNP
US	NNP
A	NNP
FAVOR	NNP
--	:
Please	VB
do	VB
n't	RB
waste	VB
our	PRP$
time	NN
submitting	VBG
false	JJ
or	CC
fraudulent	JJ
information	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
It	PRP
's	VBZ
quite	RB
sad	JJ
I	PRP
even	RB
have	VBP
to	TO
address	VB
this	DT
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
apologize	VBP
to	TO
those	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
who	WP
have	VBP
truly	RB
lost	VBN
a	DT
loved-one	NN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
Submissions	NNS
do	VBP
NOT	RB
appear	VB
automatically	RB
,	,
and	CC
are	VBP
reviewed	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
actual	JJ
human	JJ
being	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
looking	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
place	NN
to	TO
waste	VB
time	NN
,	,
please	VB
do	VBP
n't	RB
do	VB
it	PRP
here	RB
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
sensitive	JJ
issue	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
take	VBP
very	RB
seriously	RB
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
would	MD
appreciate	VB
it	PRP
if	IN
you	PRP
did	VBD
too	RB
.	.
When	WRB
filling	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
,	,
include	VBP
as	RB
much	JJ
information	NN
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
If	IN
fields	NNS
are	VBP
missing	VBG
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
your	PRP$
submission	NN
will	MD
not	RB
appear	VB
.	.
If	IN
information	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
accurate	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
your	PRP$
submission	NN
will	MD
not	RB
appear	VB
.	.
If	IN
your	PRP$
submission	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
digitally	RB
signed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
bottom	NN
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
NOT	RB
appear	VB
under	IN
any	DT
circumstances	NNS
.	.
What	WP
is	VBZ
compulsive	JJ
eating	NN
?	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
nemesis	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
greatest	JJS
enemy	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
greatest	JJS
fear	NN
,	,
the	DT
spectre	NN
that	WDT
haunts	VBZ
my	PRP$
life	NN
and	CC
steals	VBZ
my	PRP$
serenity	NN
,	,
that	IN
teaches	VBZ
me	PRP
to	TO
hate	VB
myself	PRP
-	:
something	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
treated	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
``	``
friend	NN
''	''
for	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
fifteen	CD
years	NNS
without	IN
realizing	VBG
how	WRB
much	JJ
I	PRP
was	VBD
betraying	VBG
myself	PRP
by	IN
continuing	VBG
the	DT
``	``
friendship	NN
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
have	VBP
always	RB
had	VBN
a	DT
distorted	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
food	NN
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
very	RB
young	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
remember	VBP
being	VBG
very	RB
thin	JJ
and	CC
being	VBG
known	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
family	NN
as	IN
a	DT
``	``
picky	JJ
''	''
eater	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
literally	RB
frightened	VBN
by	IN
unknown	JJ
foods	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
felt	VBD
``	``
safe	JJ
''	''
with	IN
Kraft	NNP
Macaroni	NNP
and	CC
Cheese	NNP
,	,
plain	JJ
pizza	NN
,	,
Pepperidge	NNP
Farm	NNP
white	JJ
bread	NN
,	,
Charleston	NNP
Chews	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Bumble	NNP
Bee	NNP
tuna	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
think	VBP
I	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
brand-loyal	JJ
person	NN
I	PRP
know	VBP
!	.
I	PRP
marketer	NN
's	POS
dream	NN
...	:
-RRB-	-RRB-
Through	IN
the	DT
beginnings	NNS
of	IN
recovery	NN
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
kind	NN
of	IN
figured	VBD
out	RP
that	IN
my	PRP$
idea	NN
of	IN
``	``
safety	NN
''	''
in	IN
familiar	JJ
foods	NNS
has	VBZ
a	DT
lot	NN
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
my	PRP$
environment	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
child	NN
.	.
Both	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
were	VBD
-LRB-	-LRB-
are	VBP
-RRB-	-RRB-
alcoholics	NNS
-	:
my	PRP$
mom	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
screamer	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
dad	NN
was	VBD
passive-aggressive	JJ
.	.
There	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
yelling	VBG
at	IN
dinnertime	NN
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
never	RB
predict	VB
what	WP
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
would	MD
act	VB
like	IN
,	,
but	CC
at	IN
least	JJS
I	PRP
could	MD
predict	VB
and	CC
rely	VB
on	IN
the	DT
comforting	JJ
taste	NN
of	IN
macaroni	NNS
and	CC
cheese	NN
casserole	NN
.	.
At	IN
this	DT
time	NN
,	,
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
overeat	VB
,	,
I	PRP
think	VBP
;	:
I	PRP
just	RB
had	VBD
an	DT
amazingly	RB
limited	JJ
palette	NN
of	IN
foods	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
would	MD
willingly	RB
eat	VB
.	.
I	PRP
resisted	VBD
-LRB-	-LRB-
just	RB
about	IN
the	DT
only	JJ
way	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
the	DT
``	``
perfect	JJ
''	''
daughter	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
trying	VBG
new	JJ
foods	NNS
vehemently	RB
.	.
As	IN
far	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
remember	VB
,	,
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
overeat	VB
compulsively	RB
in	IN
seventh	JJ
grade	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
tough	JJ
time	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
for	IN
most	JJS
girls	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
physical	JJ
development	NN
,	,
social	JJ
isolation	NN
,	,
emotional	JJ
imbalance	NN
.	.
At	IN
this	DT
time	NN
,	,
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
look	VB
to	TO
my	PRP$
mother	NN
for	IN
guidance	NN
,	,
but	CC
she	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
wrapped	VBN
up	RP
in	IN
her	PRP$
own	JJ
problems	NNS
that	IN
she	PRP
had	VBD
little	JJ
or	CC
nothing	NN
to	TO
give	VB
--	:
except	IN
her	PRP$
example	NN
.	.
Aside	RB
from	IN
being	VBG
an	DT
alcoholic	JJ
,	,
she	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
compulsive	JJ
overeater	NN
herself	PRP
,	,
retreating	VBG
into	IN
the	DT
bedroom	NN
after	IN
her	PRP$
nightly	JJ
fights	NNS
with	IN
my	PRP$
father	NN
to	TO
eat	VB
and	CC
read	VB
romance	NN
novels	NNS
.	.
And	CC
eat	VB
she	PRP
did	VBD
.	.
Two	CD
bags	NNS
of	IN
Ruffles	NNP
Sour	NNP
Cream	NNP
and	CC
Onion	NNP
potato	NN
chips	NNS
,	,
2	CD
liters	NNS
of	IN
Coke	NNP
,	,
maybe	RB
a	DT
box	NN
of	IN
Wheat	NN
Thins	VBZ
all	DT
in	IN
one	CD
sitting	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
eat	VB
for	IN
comfort	NN
then	RB
,	,
and	CC
gained	VBD
weight	NN
as	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
developing	VBG
a	DT
woman	NN
's	POS
body	NN
.	.
The	DT
taunts	NNS
from	IN
my	PRP$
classmates	NNS
at	IN
being	VBG
slightly	RB
chubby	JJ
led	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
eat	VB
even	RB
more	RBR
,	,
and	CC
grow	VB
more	JJR
and	CC
more	RBR
fat	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
at	IN
this	DT
time	NN
I	PRP
might	MD
have	VB
broken	VBN
the	DT
growing	VBG
dependency	NN
,	,
but	CC
in	IN
eighth	JJ
grade	NN
my	PRP$
self-loathing	NN
was	VBD
increased	VBN
a	DT
thousand-fold	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
sexually	RB
abused	VBN
by	IN
my	PRP$
brother	NN
.	.
And	CC
so	IN
the	DT
cycle	NN
increased	VBD
-	:
food	NN
comforted	VBD
me	PRP
.	.
Around	IN
this	DT
time	NN
,	,
I	PRP
remember	VBP
my	PRP$
dad	NN
saying	VBG
something	NN
to	TO
me	PRP
about	IN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
gain	NN
.	.
``	``
You	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
be	VB
like	IN
your	PRP$
mother	NN
,	,
do	VBP
you	PRP
?	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
with	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
disgust	NN
he	PRP
felt	VBD
for	IN
her	PRP$
obvious	JJ
in	IN
his	PRP$
tone	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
,	,
too	RB
,	,
shared	VBD
his	PRP$
hatred	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
size	NN
and	CC
moods	NNS
and	CC
eating	VBG
habits	NNS
;	:
being	VBG
compared	VBN
to	TO
her	PRP$
by	IN
him	PRP
only	RB
made	VBD
me	PRP
feel	VB
worse	JJR
about	IN
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
fixed	VBD
that	IN
by	IN
coating	NN
it	PRP
with	IN
ice	NN
cream	NN
,	,
candy	NN
,	,
Yodels	NNP
,	,
Ring	NNP
Dings	NNP
,	,
Cheese	NNP
Nips	VBZ
...	:
It	PRP
's	VBZ
funny	JJ
.	.
For	IN
years	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
congratulated	VBD
myself	PRP
for	IN
``	``
recovering	VBG
''	''
from	IN
my	PRP$
sick	JJ
childhood	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
an	DT
alcoholic	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
've	VBP
never	RB
done	VBN
any	DT
illegal	JJ
drugs	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
great	JJ
education	NN
and	CC
a	DT
good	JJ
job	NN
and	CC
a	DT
clean	JJ
apartment	NN
and	CC
friends	NNS
.	.
But	CC
this	DT
year	NN
,	,
I	PRP
finally	RB
sought	VBD
help	NN
for	IN
depression	NN
.	.
Around	IN
January	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
very	RB
close	JJ
to	TO
killing	VBG
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
chose	VBD
not	RB
to	TO
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
duh	NN
!	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
mostly	RB
because	IN
the	DT
father	NN
of	IN
one	CD
of	IN
my	PRP$
students	NNS
committed	VBN
suicide	NN
last	JJ
year	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
've	VBP
witnessed	VBN
what	WP
havoc	NN
and	CC
torture	VB
that	DT
has	VBZ
caused	VBN
her	PRP$
family	NN
.	.
I	PRP
resisted	VBD
all	DT
drug	NN
therapy	NN
at	IN
first	JJ
-	:
I	PRP
could	MD
talk	VB
about	IN
that	DT
for	IN
another	DT
20	CD
paragraphs	NNS
!	.
-	:
and	CC
started	VBD
``	``
cognitive	JJ
''	''
therapy	NN
.	.
Although	IN
I	PRP
made	VBD
some	DT
progress	NN
with	IN
cognitive	JJ
work	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
still	RB
bingeing	VBG
and	CC
hating	VBG
myself	PRP
and	CC
crying	VBG
often	RB
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
after	IN
three	CD
months	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
tried	VBD
Prozac	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
relief	NN
from	IN
my	PRP$
most	RBS
acute	JJ
depressive	NN
symptoms	NNS
,	,
but	CC
has	VBZ
not	RB
arrested	VBN
my	PRP$
compulsive	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
HMO	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
agreeing	VBG
to	TO
more	JJR
one-on-one	JJ
counseling	NN
for	IN
now	RB
,	,
so	IN
I	PRP
recently	RB
started	VBD
trying	VBG
12-step	JJ
groups	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
had	VBD
always	RB
resisted	VBN
12-step	JJ
programs	NNS
-	:
my	PRP$
mother	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
I	PRP
'd	MD
say	VB
,	,
a	DT
compulsive	JJ
AA	NNP
member	NN
...	:
and	CC
I	PRP
never	RB
wanted	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
like	IN
HER	NNP
!	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
I	PRP
went	VBD
to	TO
a	DT
couple	NN
of	IN
ACA	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Adult	NNP
Children	NNP
Anon	NNP
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
meetings	NNS
,	,
a	DT
CODA	NNP
meeting	NN
...	:
then	RB
finally	RB
,	,
TWO	CD
DAYS	NNS
AGO	RB
,	,
I	PRP
walked	VBD
into	IN
an	DT
OA	NNP
meeting	NN
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
some	DT
hope	NN
right	RB
now	RB
.	.
Weight	NNP
Watchers	NNPS
did	VBD
n't	RB
work	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
lost	VBN
35	CD
,	,
gained	VBD
50	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
``	``
willpower	NN
''	''
did	VBD
n't	RB
work	VB
,	,
beating	VBG
myself	PRP
up	RP
over	IN
and	CC
over	IN
again	RB
did	VBD
n't	RB
work	VB
...	:
I	PRP
have	VBP
some	DT
hope	VBP
that	IN
OA	NNP
might	MD
work	VB
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
lapsed	VBN
Catholic	NNP
and	CC
big-time	JJ
doubter	NN
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
work	VB
in	IN
a	DT
``	``
Higher	JJR
Power	NN
.	.
''	''
But	CC
I	PRP
'm	VBP
filled	VBN
with	IN
hope	NN
.	.
For	IN
once	RB
,	,
losing	VBG
weight	NN
is	VBZ
n't	RB
my	PRP$
first	JJ
priority	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
really	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
try	VB
to	TO
love	VB
myself	PRP
,	,
treat	VB
myself	PRP
better	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
hope	VBP
losing	VBG
weight	NN
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
product	NN
of	IN
that	DT
.	.
Physical	JJ
symptoms	NNS
?	.
Depression	NN
.	.
Fatigue	NN
.	.
Muscle	NN
aches	NNS
.	.
Asthma	NN
.	.
Irritable	JJ
bowel	NN
syndrome	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
think	VBP
that	DT
's	VBZ
what	WP
it	PRP
's	VBZ
called	VBN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
Back	RB
aches	NNS
.	.
Pain	NN
from	IN
waist	NN
bands	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
too	RB
tight	JJ
.	.
Pain	NN
from	IN
bras	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
too	RB
tight	JJ
.	.
Stretch	NNP
marks	NNS
.	.
Thank	VB
you	PRP
so	RB
much	RB
for	IN
this	DT
site	NN
,	,
and	CC
for	IN
all	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
who	WP
shared	VBD
your	PRP$
stories	NNS
with	IN
me	PRP
.	.
God	NNP
bless	VB
you	PRP
all	DT
;	:
I	PRP
wish	VBP
you	PRP
all	DT
recovery	NN
.	.
Naming	VBG
this	DT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
important	JJ
to	TO
me	PRP
.	.
Hearing	NN
your	PRP$
words	NNS
of	IN
hope	NN
and	CC
wisdom	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
invaluable	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
eat	VBP
in	IN
response	NN
to	TO
rage	NN
and	CC
to	TO
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
having	VBG
been	VBN
betrayed	VBN
.	.
Anything	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
connect	VBP
with	IN
betrayal	NN
tends	VBZ
to	TO
trigger	VB
binges	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
a	DT
drinker	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
particularly	RB
nuts	NNS
about	IN
sweets	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
go	VBP
nuts	NNS
on	IN
pasta	NN
.	.
I	PRP
notice	VBP
,	,
though	RB
,	,
that	IN
lately	RB
I	PRP
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
as	IN
hungry	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
it	PRP
's	VBZ
because	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
finally	RB
gotten	VBN
my	PRP$
mother	NN
to	TO
support	VB
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
now	RB
beginning	VBG
menopause	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
moments	NNS
of	IN
weepiness	NN
which	WDT
,	,
for	IN
me	PRP
at	IN
least	JJS
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
plus	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
never	RB
been	VBN
able	JJ
to	TO
weep	NN
before	IN
.	.
I	PRP
internalized	VBD
shame	NN
and	CC
hatred	NN
but	CC
never	RB
wept	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
used	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
shamed	VBN
for	IN
showing	VBG
emotions	NNS
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
criticized	VBN
for	IN
everything	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
earliest	JJS
memories	NNS
about	IN
having	VBG
an	DT
abnormal	JJ
relationship	NN
to	TO
food	NN
are	VBP
of	IN
friends	NNS
who	WP
kept	VBD
their	PRP$
Halloween	NNP
candy	NN
longer	JJR
than	IN
two	CD
days	NNS
and	CC
being	VBG
amazed	VBN
that	IN
they	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
eat	VB
it	PRP
as	RB
quickly	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
.	.
Mine	NNP
was	VBD
usually	RB
gone	VBN
within	IN
two	CD
days	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
older	JJR
brother	NN
had	VBD
the	DT
same	JJ
relationship	NN
to	TO
sweets	NNS
I	PRP
did	VBD
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
thought	VBD
we	PRP
were	VBD
the	DT
normal	JJ
ones	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
I	PRP
started	VBD
to	TO
get	VB
fat	JJ
,	,
my	PRP$
mother	NN
started	VBD
to	TO
restrict	VB
certain	JJ
foods	NNS
from	IN
us	PRP
,	,
which	WDT
set	VBD
the	DT
stage	NN
for	IN
being	VBG
obsessed	VBN
with	IN
food	NN
,	,
which	WDT
I	PRP
quickly	RB
became	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
remember	VBP
always	RB
looking	VBG
forward	RB
to	TO
dessert	NN
,	,
after	IN
school	NN
snacks	NNS
,	,
whatever	WDT
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
remember	VB
a	DT
time	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
where	WRB
candy	NN
or	CC
sweets	NNS
were	VBD
not	RB
a	DT
focal	JJ
point	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
whenever	WRB
they	PRP
were	VBD
present	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
even	RB
remember	VBP
being	VBG
ten	CD
or	CC
so	RB
and	CC
thinking	VBG
about	IN
how	WRB
nice	JJ
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
to	TO
be	VB
grown	VBN
up	RB
and	CC
have	VB
a	DT
car	NN
so	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
drive	VB
to	TO
the	DT
drug	NN
store	NN
by	IN
myself	PRP
and	CC
buy	VB
all	PDT
the	DT
candy	NN
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
.	.
In	IN
my	PRP$
early	JJ
teenage	JJ
years	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
started	VBD
to	TO
notice	VB
the	DT
ever-growing	JJ
differences	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
girls	NNS
my	PRP$
age	NN
,	,
who	WP
were	VBD
starting	VBG
to	TO
worry	VB
about	IN
dieting	NN
,	,
hair	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
and	CC
me	PRP
,	,
who	WP
only	RB
wanted	VBD
to	TO
know	VB
the	DT
surest	JJS
way	NN
to	TO
sneak	VB
more	JJR
cookies	NNS
up	IN
to	TO
my	PRP$
room	NN
past	IN
my	PRP$
mother	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
relationship	NN
with	IN
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
and	CC
food	NN
got	VBD
worse	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
remember	VBP
a	DT
specific	JJ
incident	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
eat	VB
something	NN
sweet	JJ
and	CC
my	PRP$
mother	NN
said	VBD
no.	RB
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
upset	VBN
that	IN
she	PRP
would	MD
n't	RB
let	VB
me	PRP
and	CC
she	PRP
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
Go	VB
ahead	RB
and	CC
eat	VB
it	PRP
,	,
porker	NN
.	.
''	''
She	PRP
said	VBD
that	IN
right	NN
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
a	DT
friend	NN
of	IN
mine	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
humiliated	JJ
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
eat	VB
for	IN
days	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
junior	JJ
year	NN
in	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
an	DT
exchange	NN
student	NN
,	,
and	CC
found	VBD
solace	NN
for	IN
my	PRP$
homesickness	NN
in	IN
food	NN
.	.
Especially	RB
in	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
numb	JJ
the	DT
culture	NN
shock	NN
by	IN
waking	VBG
up	RP
in	IN
the	DT
middle	NN
of	IN
the	DT
night	NN
and	CC
eating	VBG
all	DT
kinds	NNS
of	IN
candy	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
Once	RB
,	,
my	PRP$
host	NN
sister	NN
found	VBD
the	DT
candy	NN
wrappers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
trash	NN
can	MD
in	IN
my	PRP$
bedroom	NN
and	CC
announced	VBD
her	PRP$
findings	NNS
to	TO
my	PRP$
family	NN
.	.
Another	DT
humiliation	NN
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
really	RB
start	VB
to	TO
get	VB
remarkably	RB
fat	JJ
until	IN
I	PRP
started	VBD
college	NN
.	.
Again	RB
,	,
I	PRP
felt	VBD
alone	RB
and	CC
uncomfortable	JJ
:	:
I	PRP
was	VBD
at	IN
an	DT
expensive	JJ
private	JJ
school	NN
,	,
on	IN
scholarship	NN
,	,
and	CC
felt	VBD
so	RB
different	JJ
from	IN
everyone	NN
else	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
comforted	VBD
myself	PRP
with	IN
food	NN
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
sneak	VB
down	RP
the	DT
hallway	NN
to	TO
the	DT
laundry	NN
room	NN
and	CC
get	VB
as	RB
many	JJ
candy	NN
bars	NNS
as	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
from	IN
the	DT
vending	VBG
machine	NN
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
put	VB
them	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
clothes	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
laundry	NN
basket	NN
so	IN
no	DT
one	PRP
would	MD
see	VB
them	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
wish	VBP
I	PRP
could	MD
go	VB
back	RB
to	TO
those	DT
days	NNS
,	,
and	CC
somehow	RB
change	VB
what	WP
I	PRP
started	VBD
,	,
because	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
started	VBD
has	VBZ
kept	VBN
me	PRP
fat	JJ
,	,
scared	JJ
,	,
and	CC
angry	JJ
at	IN
myself	PRP
for	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
eight	CD
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
tried	VBN
different	JJ
diets	NNS
,	,
working	VBG
out	RP
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
And	CC
I	PRP
would	MD
always	RB
lose	VB
a	DT
little	JJ
weight	NN
,	,
then	RB
gain	VB
back	RB
even	RB
more	RBR
.	.
I	PRP
finally	RB
joined	VBD
OA	NNP
two	CD
months	NNS
ago	RB
,	,
and	CC
am	VBP
realizing	VBG
to	TO
what	WP
extent	NN
I	PRP
am	VBP
powerless	JJ
over	IN
sweets	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
abstinence	NN
means	VBZ
no	DT
sugar	NN
to	TO
me	PRP
,	,
and	CC
this	DT
makes	VBZ
me	PRP
sad	JJ
right	RB
now	RB
.	.
For	IN
as	RB
long	JJ
as	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
remember	VB
,	,
sugary	JJ
foods	NNS
have	VBP
numbed	VBN
the	DT
rest	NN
of	IN
life	NN
,	,
and	CC
now	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
know	VBP
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
face	VB
everything	NN
without	IN
this	DT
crutch	NN
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
scared	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
like	IN
something	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
missing	VBG
from	IN
me	PRP
,	,
though	RB
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
that	IN
as	RB
long	JJ
as	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
fat	JJ
and	CC
bingeing	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
some	DT
part	NN
of	IN
me	PRP
that	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
getting	VBG
developed	VBN
,	,
that	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
growing	VBG
up	RP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
worried	VBN
that	IN
this	DT
will	MD
define	VB
me	PRP
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
will	MD
spend	VB
the	DT
rest	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
fighting	VBG
my	PRP$
weight	NN
and	CC
not	RB
accomplishing	VBG
whatever	WDT
it	PRP
is	VBZ
I	PRP
was	VBD
set	VBN
on	IN
this	DT
world	NN
to	TO
do	VB
.	.
As	IN
far	RB
as	IN
physical	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
some	DT
that	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
endangering	VBG
,	,
but	CC
are	VBP
uncomfortable	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
knees	NNS
and	CC
ankles	NNS
crack	VBP
when	WRB
I	PRP
walk	VBP
up	IN
the	DT
stairs	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
kind	NN
of	IN
runs	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
family	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
compounded	VBN
by	IN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
used	VBD
to	TO
get	VB
sick	JJ
to	TO
my	PRP$
stomach	NN
a	DT
lot	NN
,	,
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
still	RB
bingeing	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
has	VBZ
,	,
thank	VBP
God	NNP
,	,
been	VBN
months	NNS
since	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
eaten	VBN
half	PDT
a	DT
cake	NN
all	DT
by	IN
myself	PRP
.	.
And	CC
that	DT
does	VBZ
not	RB
count	VB
how	WRB
uncomfortable	JJ
it	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
wear	VB
clothes	NNS
that	WDT
used	VBD
to	TO
fit	VB
.	.
Compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
never	RB
have	VB
imagined	VBN
that	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
term	NN
to	TO
describe	VB
my	PRP$
hell	NN
,	,
but	CC
now	RB
know	VBP
there	EX
is	VBZ
after	IN
reading	VBG
the	DT
description	NN
of	IN
COE	NNP
,	,
and	CC
answering	VBG
yes	UH
to	TO
every	DT
symptom	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
never	RB
a	DT
time	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
not	RB
consumed	VBN
with	IN
food	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
either	DT
thinking	VBG
about	IN
food	NN
,	,
or	CC
eating	NN
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
out	RP
regularly	RB
,	,
and	CC
am	VBP
quite	RB
busy	JJ
so	IN
I	PRP
appear	VBP
to	TO
everyone	NN
else	RB
to	TO
be	VB
chunky	JJ
rather	RB
than	IN
obese	JJ
.	.
No	DT
one	NN
has	VBZ
any	DT
idea	NN
how	WRB
much	JJ
food	NN
I	PRP
eat	VBP
,	,
or	CC
how	WRB
much	JJ
I	PRP
think	VBP
about	IN
eating	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
eat	VBP
normally	RB
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
,	,
and	CC
sneak	VB
the	DT
rest	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
driven	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
by	IN
myself	PRP
of	IN
course	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
a	DT
fast	JJ
food	NN
restaurant	NN
,	,
ordered	VBD
a	DT
large	JJ
cheeseburger	NN
,	,
fries	NNS
and	CC
drink	NN
,	,
eaten	VBN
the	DT
entire	JJ
meat	NN
in	IN
less	JJR
than	IN
5	CD
minutes	NNS
,	,
then	RB
driven	VBN
directly	RB
to	TO
a	DT
different	JJ
fast	JJ
food	NN
restaurant	NN
and	CC
ordered	VBD
more	RBR
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
purposefully	RB
wrap	VB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
containers	NNS
and	CC
bags	NNS
up	RP
as	IN
small	JJ
as	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
and	CC
stop	VB
where	WRB
no	DT
one	NN
knows	VBZ
me	PRP
and	CC
throw	VB
the	DT
``	``
evidence	NN
''	''
away	RB
.	.
I	PRP
even	RB
sneak	VBP
food	NN
into	IN
the	DT
bathroom	NN
at	IN
home	NN
,	,
turn	VB
the	DT
fan	NN
on	IN
so	IN
no	DT
one	NN
can	MD
hear	VB
the	DT
food	NN
wrappers	NNS
rattling	VBG
and	CC
binge	NN
.	.
I	PRP
eat	VBP
until	IN
I	PRP
feel	VBP
ill.	RB
.	.
Many	JJ
times	NNS
if	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
prevented	VBN
from	IN
eating	VBG
,	,
like	IN
if	IN
someone	NN
comes	VBZ
over	IN
unexpectedly	RB
,	,
I	PRP
feel	VBP
extremely	RB
angry	JJ
and	CC
anxious	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
idea	NN
why	WRB
this	DT
is	VBZ
happening	VBG
to	TO
me	PRP
,	,
and	CC
feel	VB
powerless	JJ
to	TO
stop	VB
this	DT
madness	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
nothing	NN
that	WDT
seems	VBZ
to	TO
help	VB
me	PRP
not	RB
eat	VB
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
great	JJ
life	NN
,	,
wonderful	JJ
husband\/kids	NNS
,	,
and	CC
my	PRP$
life	NN
is	VBZ
probably	RB
less	RBR
stressful	JJ
than	IN
most	JJS
.	.
While	IN
I	PRP
know	VBP
my	PRP$
husband	NN
loves	VBZ
me	PRP
,	,
he	PRP
does	VBZ
have	VB
a	DT
problem	NN
with	IN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
.	.
He	PRP
has	VBZ
never	RB
had	VBD
a	DT
problem	NN
with	IN
his	PRP$
own	JJ
weight	NN
,	,
and	CC
looks	VBZ
are	VBP
important	JJ
to	TO
him	PRP
.	.
The	DT
few	JJ
times	NNS
we	PRP
have	VBP
ever	RB
fought	VBN
was	VBD
essentially	RB
about	IN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
suppose	VBP
you	PRP
can	MD
guess	VB
what	WP
happens	VBZ
then	RB
...	:
I	PRP
eat	VBP
even	RB
more	RBR
.	.
The	DT
funny	JJ
thing	NN
is	VBZ
he	PRP
has	VBZ
no	DT
clue	NN
about	IN
the	DT
extent	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
eating	NN
,	,
and	CC
what	WP
is	VBZ
going	VBG
on	RP
with	IN
me	PRP
.	.
Consequently	RB
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
hard	JJ
time	NN
with	IN
intimacy	NN
because	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
want	VB
my	PRP$
husband	NN
to	TO
see	VB
how	WRB
fat	JJ
I	PRP
really	RB
am	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
so	RB
ashamed	JJ
.	.
Like	IN
others	NNS
I	PRP
've	VBP
read	VBN
about	IN
with	IN
COE	NNP
,	,
none	NN
of	IN
the	DT
diets	NNS
and	CC
pills	NNS
have	VBP
helped	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
even	RB
try	VBP
to	TO
make	VB
myself	PRP
throw	VB
up	RP
after	IN
eating	VBG
,	,
but	CC
am	VBP
not	RB
very	RB
succesful	JJ
at	IN
that	DT
either	RB
.	.
Believe	VB
me	PRP
,	,
if	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
make	VB
myself	PRP
throw	VB
up	RP
I	PRP
would	MD
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
searched	VBN
my	PRP$
life	NN
to	TO
come	VB
up	RP
with	IN
some	DT
clue	NN
as	IN
to	TO
why	WRB
this	DT
is	VBZ
happening	VBG
,	,
and	CC
come	VB
up	RP
empty	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
most	JJS
part	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
life	NN
is	VBZ
like	IN
alot	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
people	NNS
~	VBP
parents	NNS
divorced	VBN
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
5	CD
,	,
loving	JJ
parents	NNS
,	,
very	RB
strict	JJ
father	NN
,	,
less	JJR
strict	JJ
mother	NN
,	,
a	DT
step	NN
father	NN
who	WP
did	VBD
n't	RB
particularly	RB
like	IN
me	PRP
,	,
but	CC
that	DT
was	VBD
the	DT
worst	JJS
of	IN
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
when	WRB
it	PRP
started	VBD
,	,
I	PRP
guess	VBP
it	PRP
's	VBZ
always	RB
been	VBN
there	RB
.	.
The	DT
need	NN
for	IN
food	NN
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
knowing	VBG
why	WRB
the	DT
need	NN
is	VBZ
there	RB
.	.
I	PRP
look	VBP
forward	RB
to	TO
being	VBG
alone	RB
with	IN
food	NN
,	,
not	RB
just	RB
sweets	NNS
-	:
also	RB
sandwiches	NNS
,	,
even	RB
``	``
healthy	JJ
''	''
fruits	NNS
and	CC
vegetables	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
seems	VBZ
worse	JJR
when	WRB
I	PRP
live	VBP
at	IN
home	NN
,	,
I	PRP
eat	VBP
pretty	RB
sensibly	RB
and	CC
even	RB
lost	VBD
weight	NN
my	PRP$
first	JJ
year	NN
at	IN
college	NN
.	.
So	RB
perhaps	RB
it	PRP
has	VBZ
alot	VBN
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
my	PRP$
environment	NN
,	,
both	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
have	VBP
poor	JJ
eating	NN
habits	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
grew	VBD
up	RP
a	DT
latch-key	JJ
kid	NN
,	,
I	PRP
suppose	VBP
food	NN
,	,
a	DT
familiar	JJ
,	,
was	VBD
a	DT
safety	NN
mechanism	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
My	PRP$
parents	NNS
,	,
esp	NN
.	.
my	PRP$
mom	NN
have	VBP
always	RB
been	VBN
controlling	VBG
,	,
often	RB
about	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
eat	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
really	RB
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
why	WRB
I	PRP
compulsively	RB
eat	VBP
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
very	RB
conscious	JJ
of	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
doing	VBG
but	CC
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
I	PRP
am	VBP
numb	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
guilty	JJ
about	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
have	VBP
just	RB
done	VBN
but	CC
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
I	PRP
wonder	VBP
what	WP
and	CC
when	WRB
I	PRP
can	MD
eat	VB
next	JJ
.	.
Gosh	NNP
I	PRP
just	RB
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
where	WRB
to	TO
begin	VB
.	.
Overeating	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
extreme	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
go	VBP
is	VBZ
such	JJ
a	DT
monumental	JJ
problem	NN
.	.
It	PRP
controls	VBZ
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
about	IN
it	PRP
all	PDT
the	DT
time	NN
.	.
If	IN
I	PRP
go	VBP
to	TO
a	DT
restaurant	NN
I	PRP
wonder	VBP
if	IN
the	DT
chair	NN
will	MD
support	VB
me	PRP
or	CC
if	IN
I	PRP
will	MD
fit	VB
in	IN
the	DT
booth	NN
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
totally	RB
isolated	VBN
by	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
thoughts	NNS
of	IN
what	WP
people	NNS
think	VBP
of	IN
me	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
tend	VBP
to	TO
not	RB
go	VB
out	RP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
young	JJ
...	:
only	RB
34	CD
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
it	PRP
happened	VBD
.	.
It	PRP
creeps	VBZ
up	RP
on	IN
you	PRP
and	CC
then	RB
its	PRP$
like	IN
a	DT
thousand	CD
lead	NN
weights	NNS
on	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
you	PRP
get	VBP
rid	JJ
of	IN
one	CD
you	PRP
still	RB
have	VBP
a	DT
lot	NN
more	JJR
to	TO
get	VB
rid	JJ
of	IN
and	CC
one	CD
is	VBZ
just	RB
a	DT
drop	NN
in	IN
a	DT
bucket	NN
,	,
the	DT
difference	NN
with	IN
one	CD
less	JJR
weight	NN
is	VBZ
hardly	RB
noticable	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
takes	VBZ
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
time	NN
and	CC
energy	NN
to	TO
get	VB
all	PDT
the	DT
weights	NNS
off	RP
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
time	NN
you	PRP
just	RB
ca	MD
n't	RB
take	VB
it	PRP
anymore	RB
and	CC
stop	VB
.	.
The	DT
health	NN
effects	NNS
are	VBP
great	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
barely	RB
breathe	VB
let	VB
alone	RB
take	VB
a	DT
flight	NN
of	IN
steps	NNS
without	IN
huffing	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
legs	NNS
and	CC
feet	NNS
always	RB
hurt	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
problem	NN
with	IN
one	CD
of	IN
my	PRP$
feet	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
sure	JJ
is	VBZ
partly	RB
due	JJ
to	TO
my	PRP$
excess	JJ
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
great	JJ
depressions	NNS
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
problem	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
easily	RB
discussed	VBN
with	IN
people	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
self	NN
esteem	NN
is	VBZ
so	RB
low	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
practically	RB
non-existent	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
truly	RB
disgust	NN
myself	PRP
.	.
The	DT
ramifications	NNS
of	IN
being	VBG
overweight	JJ
are	VBP
felt	VBN
everyday	JJ
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
more	JJR
ways	NNS
than	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
put	VB
down	RP
on	IN
paper	NN
in	IN
one	CD
night	NN
.	.
If	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
pain	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
chest	NN
I	PRP
always	RB
fear	VBP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
heart	NN
attack	NN
.	.
I	PRP
sometimes	RB
feel	VBP
like	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
die	VB
like	IN
this	DT
.	.
That	DT
should	MD
be	VB
all	PDT
the	DT
motivation	NN
I	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
become	VB
healthier	RBR
and	CC
eat	VB
correctly	RB
.	.
But	CC
it	PRP
just	RB
does	VBZ
n't	RB
happen	VB
,	,
I	PRP
can	MD
have	VB
the	DT
best	JJS
intentions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
somehow	RB
something	NN
goes	VBZ
awry	RB
.	.
Leaving	VBG
me	PRP
with	IN
more	JJR
feelings	NNS
of	IN
despair	NN
and	CC
guilt	NN
.	.
Well	RB
I	PRP
hope	VBP
this	DT
gives	VBZ
you	PRP
into	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
consider	VBP
my	PRP$
``	``
private	JJ
hell	NN
''	''
.	.
My	PRP$
name	NN
is	VBZ
Kathy	NNP
and	CC
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
share	VB
how	WRB
this	DT
has	VBZ
impacted	VBN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
Compulsive	JJ
Overeating	NN
.	.
What	WP
a	DT
vile	JJ
phrase	NN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
ringer	NN
and	CC
back	RB
with	IN
this	DT
issue	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
finally	RB
come	VBN
to	TO
pass	VB
that	IN
this	DT
applies	VBZ
to	TO
me	PRP
if	IN
it	PRP
applies	VBZ
to	TO
anyone	NN
.	.
To	TO
me	PRP
,	,
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
disease	NN
where	WRB
a	DT
person	NN
has	VBZ
no	DT
control	NN
over	IN
their	PRP$
food	NN
intake	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
constant	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
a	DT
wanting	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
more	RBR
and	CC
more	RBR
.	.
You	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
get	VB
enough	RB
,	,
sort	NN
of	IN
like	IN
a	DT
junkie	NN
looking	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
high	JJ
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
relationship	NN
with	IN
food	NN
.	.
And	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
control	NN
.	.
I	PRP
consider	VBP
myself	PRP
intelligent	JJ
,	,
well	RB
schooled	VBN
in	IN
many	JJ
areas	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
what	WP
types	NNS
of	IN
things	NNS
I	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
eating	VBG
to	TO
maintain	VB
a	DT
healthy	JJ
lifestyle	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
just	RB
ca	MD
n't	RB
do	VB
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
understand	VB
why	WRB
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
.	.
I	PRP
'll	MD
eat	VB
because	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
bored	JJ
,	,
lonely	JJ
,	,
depressed	JJ
,	,
happy	JJ
,	,
stressed	VBD
out	RP
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
And	CC
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
when	WRB
to	TO
stop	VB
.	.
However	RB
,	,
when	WRB
I	PRP
do	VBP
stop	VB
,	,
I	PRP
feel	VBP
horrible	JJ
.	.
So	RB
stuffed	VBN
I	PRP
can	MD
barely	RB
move	VB
.	.
If	IN
I	PRP
continue	VBP
on	IN
this	DT
path	NN
of	IN
distruction	NN
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
live	VB
very	RB
much	RB
longer	RBR
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
through	IN
so	RB
many	JJ
diets	NNS
,	,
that	IN
I	PRP
start	VBP
to	TO
lose	VB
count	NN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
done	VBN
Jenny	NNP
Craig	NNP
,	,
Weight	NNP
Watchers	NNPS
,	,
Atkins	NNP
diet	NN
,	,
Slim	NNP
Fast	NNP
,	,
OA	NNP
,	,
fruit	NN
diet	NN
,	,
cabbage	NN
diet	NN
.	.
I	PRP
even	RB
went	VBD
to	TO
a	DT
residential	JJ
treatment	NN
center	NN
.	.
Actually	RB
,	,
I	PRP
lost	VBD
a	DT
good	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
weight	NN
at	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
center	NN
,	,
but	CC
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
became	VBD
an	DT
outpatient	NN
,	,
the	DT
weight	NN
crept	VBD
back	RB
on	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
then	RB
some	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
had	VBD
a	DT
weight	NN
problem	NN
my	PRP$
entire	JJ
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
teased	VBN
relentlessly	RB
in	IN
school	NN
.	.
Yes	UH
,	,
it	PRP
hurt	VBD
tremendously	RB
but	CC
the	DT
kids	NNS
could	MD
never	RB
have	VB
said	VBD
anything	NN
worse	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
things	NNS
I	PRP
said	VBD
to	TO
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
reading	VBG
a	DT
checklist	NN
on	IN
this	DT
website	NN
about	IN
symptoms\/signs	NNS
of	IN
CO	NNP
and	CC
I	PRP
met	VBD
practically	RB
every	DT
one	CD
of	IN
them	PRP
.	.
As	IN
I	PRP
went	VBD
further	RBR
down	IN
the	DT
list	NN
,	,
I	PRP
started	VBD
to	TO
cry	VB
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
very	RB
painful	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
worst	JJS
thing	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
ever	RB
experienced	VBN
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
like	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
failure	NN
in	IN
that	DT
I	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
control	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
feel	VB
better	RB
after	IN
having	VBG
said	VBD
this	DT
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
like	IN
a	DT
big	JJ
secret	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
hiding	VBG
in	IN
my	PRP$
closet	NN
.	.
Although	IN
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
sure	JJ
it	PRP
really	RB
is	VBZ
n't	RB
a	DT
secret	NN
to	TO
many	JJ
people	NNS
at	IN
all	DT
after	IN
seeing	VBG
me	PRP
on	IN
a	DT
daily	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
I	PRP
stumbled	VBD
on	IN
an	DT
article	NN
that	WDT
described	VBD
what	WP
CO	NNP
was	VBD
and	CC
I	PRP
could	MD
of	IN
written	VBN
it	PRP
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
never	RB
realized	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
an	DT
emotional	JJ
disease	NN
.	.
I	PRP
figured	VBD
there	EX
was	VBD
something	NN
wrong	JJ
with	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
lost	VBD
count	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
many	JJ
times	NNS
I	PRP
tried	VBD
to	TO
`	``
diet	NN
'	''
only	RB
to	TO
fall	VB
short	JJ
.	.
How	WRB
many	JJ
times	NNS
I	PRP
called	VBD
myself	PRP
a	DT
loser	NN
with	IN
no	DT
willpower	NN
.	.
Wondered	JJ
why	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
weak	JJ
.	.
Why	WRB
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
handle	VB
it	PRP
.	.
All	PDT
the	DT
thoughts	NNS
I	PRP
'm	VBP
sure	JJ
many	JJ
other	JJ
people	NNS
had	VBD
.	.
Then	RB
,	,
there	EX
I	PRP
sat	VBD
,	,
reading	VBG
what	WP
other	JJ
people	NNS
were	VBD
going	VBG
through	IN
and	CC
realzing	VBG
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
same	JJ
thing	NN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
trying	VBG
to	TO
lose	VB
weight	NN
since	IN
the	DT
9th	JJ
grade	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
32	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
right	RB
now	RB
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
saying	VBG
that	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
need	VB
to	TO
lose	VB
weight	NN
before	IN
the	DT
9th	JJ
grade	NN
.	.
That	DT
's	VBZ
when	WRB
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
should	MD
start	VB
doing	VBG
something	NN
about	IN
it	PRP
.	.
Joining	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
group	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
ninth	JJ
grade	NN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
lost	VBN
count	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
many	JJ
times	NNS
I	PRP
've	VBP
joined	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
taken	VBN
me	PRP
almost	RB
a	DT
year	NN
to	TO
lose	VB
a	DT
little	JJ
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
keep	VBP
going	VBG
though	RB
.	.
We	PRP
weigh	VBP
in	IN
every	DT
week	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
need	VBP
that	DT
.	.
Need	VBN
to	TO
make	VB
myself	PRP
accountable	JJ
for	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
'm	VBP
doing	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
learning	VBG
more	JJR
about	IN
myself	PRP
everyday	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
realize	VBP
that	IN
I	PRP
too	RB
,	,
do	VBP
not	RB
deal	VB
well	RB
with	IN
emotions	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
heard	VBD
somewhere	RB
that	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
only	RB
two	CD
true	JJ
ones	NNS
.	.
Fear	NN
and	CC
Love	NNP
.	.
All	PDT
the	DT
negative	JJ
emotions	NNS
that	IN
a	DT
person	NN
can	MD
have	VB
comes	VBZ
from	IN
fear	NN
.	.
Whether	IN
it	PRP
be	VB
anger	NN
,	,
hurt	NN
,	,
depression	NN
.	.
Now	RB
,	,
when	WRB
I	PRP
'm	VBP
feeling	VBG
angry	JJ
,	,
lonely	JJ
or	CC
confused	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
ask	VBP
myself	PRP
,	,
``	``
What	WP
are	VBP
you	PRP
afraid	JJ
of	IN
?	.
''	''
``	``
What	WP
are	VBP
you	PRP
trying	VBG
to	TO
protect	VB
yourself	PRP
from	IN
?	.
''	''
Food	NNP
was	VBD
a	DT
way	NN
of	IN
avoiding	VBG
these	DT
negative	JJ
feelings	NNS
.	.
Now	RB
,	,
I	PRP
try	VBP
and	CC
deal	VBP
with	IN
them	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
doing	VBG
this	DT
on	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
n't	RB
joined	VBN
a	DT
support	NN
group	NN
.	.
I	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
figure	VB
out	RP
who	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
,	,
not	RB
have	VB
someone	NN
trying	VBG
to	TO
figure	VB
it	PRP
out	RP
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
still	RB
new	JJ
at	IN
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
consider	VB
myself	PRP
on	IN
a	DT
diet	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
getting	VBG
to	TO
know	VB
who	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
.	.
Trying	VBG
not	RB
to	TO
supress	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Trying	VBG
not	RB
to	TO
binge	NN
.	.
Trying	VBG
to	TO
limit	VB
my	PRP$
portions	NNS
.	.
Trying	VBG
to	TO
decipher	VB
the	DT
mixed	JJ
signals	NNS
I	PRP
send	VBP
to	TO
myself	PRP
.	.
Trying	VBG
to	TO
tell	VB
myself	PRP
that	IN
food	NN
will	MD
not	RB
make	VB
the	DT
situation	NN
better	RB
.	.
That	DT
food	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
escape	NN
.	.
That	DT
any	DT
negative	JJ
feelings	NNS
I	PRP
have	VBP
,	,
I	PRP
can	MD
deal	VB
with	IN
,	,
once	IN
I	PRP
figure	VBP
out	RP
what	WP
they	PRP
are	VBP
and	CC
what	WP
they	PRP
mean	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
guess	VBP
the	DT
last	JJ
thing	NN
I	PRP
can	MD
say	VB
is	VBZ
that	IN
even	RB
when	WRB
the	DT
food	NN
is	VBZ
gone	VBN
.	.
The	DT
feelings	NNS
are	VBP
still	RB
there	RB
.	.
Maybe	RB
not	RB
immediately	RB
,	,
but	CC
they	PRP
are	VBP
there	RB
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
spent	VBN
almost	RB
my	PRP$
whole	JJ
life	NN
worrying	VBG
about	IN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
,	,
the	DT
control	NN
food	NN
has	VBZ
over	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
do	VB
it	PRP
anymore	RB
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
hide	VB
behind	IN
it	PRP
anymore	RB
.	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
know	VB
what	WP
's	VBZ
bothering	VBG
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
hide	VB
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
overeat	VBP
almost	RB
daily	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
loveless	JJ
marriage	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
mother	NN
has	VBZ
become	VBN
very	RB
critical	JJ
of	IN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
.	.
These	DT
two	CD
combine	VBP
to	TO
bash	VB
my	PRP$
self-esteem	NN
.	.
I	PRP
truly	RB
believe	VBP
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
looking	VBG
to	TO
get	VB
from	IN
food	NN
that	IN
feeling	NN
of	IN
happiness	NN
that	WDT
should	MD
come	VB
from	IN
my	PRP$
husband	NN
's	POS
love	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
mood	NN
of	IN
the	DT
day	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
affect	VB
binging	NN
.	.
I	PRP
binge	NN
when	WRB
happy	JJ
or	CC
sad	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
try	VBP
to	TO
hide	VB
it	PRP
,	,
but	CC
my	PRP$
husband	NN
notices	NNS
when	WRB
he	PRP
buys	VBZ
a	DT
gallon	NN
of	IN
ice	NN
cream	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
gone	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
couple	NN
of	IN
days	NNS
and	CC
he	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
get	VB
any	DT
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
tell	VBP
him	PRP
the	DT
kids	NNS
ate	VBD
it	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
lie	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
good	JJ
days	NNS
and	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
bad	JJ
days	NNS
!	.
If	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
alone	RB
in	IN
the	DT
house	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
worst	JJS
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
eat	VB
cookies	NNS
,	,
ice	NN
cream	NN
,	,
cereal	NN
...	:
etc.	FW
.	.
What	WP
ever	RB
is	VBZ
good	JJ
and	CC
full	JJ
of	IN
fat	JJ
.	.
If	IN
my	PRP$
husband	NN
is	VBZ
home	NN
I	PRP
sneak	VBP
food	NN
.	.
When	WRB
he	PRP
goes	VBZ
to	TO
get	VB
the	DT
mail	NN
I	PRP
stuff	VBP
a	DT
couple	NN
of	IN
cookies	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
mouth	NN
and	CC
when	WRB
he	PRP
gets	VBZ
back	RB
the	DT
proof	NN
is	VBZ
gone	VBN
!	.
I	PRP
act	VBP
like	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
not	RB
eaten	VBN
all	DT
day	NN
then	RB
suggest	VBP
we	PRP
go	VB
to	TO
dinner	NN
or	CC
to	TO
Dairy	NNP
Queen	NNP
,	,
when	WRB
really	RB
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
pounding	VBG
down	RP
the	DT
goodies	NNS
all	DT
day	NN
.	.
This	DT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
going	VBG
on	IN
for	IN
years	NNS
,	,
even	RB
before	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
married	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
gone	VBN
up	RP
&	CC
down	RP
in	IN
weight	NN
so	RB
much	RB
.	.
I	PRP
sometimes	RB
get	VB
to	TO
a	DT
point	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
will	MD
eat	VB
and	CC
then	RB
throw	VB
it	PRP
up	RP
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
all	PDT
the	DT
time	NN
but	CC
,	,
at	IN
least	JJS
every	DT
few	JJ
months	NNS
I	PRP
go	VBP
through	IN
this	DT
,	,
or	CC
I	PRP
starve	VBP
myself	PRP
for	IN
days	NNS
and	CC
eat	VB
very	RB
little	JJ
and	CC
then	RB
throw	VB
it	PRP
up	RB
and	CC
do	VB
this	DT
till	IN
I	PRP
reach	VBP
an	DT
OK	JJ
weight	NN
or	CC
until	IN
someone	NN
says	VBZ
you	PRP
look	VBP
like	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
lost	VBN
some	DT
weight	NN
and	CC
then	RB
the	DT
food	NN
starts	VBZ
again	RB
!	.
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
stop	VB
these	DT
thing	NN
I	PRP
do	VBP
to	TO
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
rather	RB
be	VB
thin	JJ
than	IN
to	TO
give	VB
it	PRP
up	RP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
tried	VBN
all	DT
diets	NNS
&	CC
pills	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
I	PRP
am	VBP
sorry	JJ
for	IN
taking	VBG
because	RB
of	IN
my	PRP$
problems	NNS
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
new	JJ
diet	NN
drugs	NNS
!	.
!	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
I	PRP
have	VBP
tried	VBN
to	TO
get	VB
a	DT
tummy	NN
tuck	VB
,	,
I	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
breast	NN
reduction	NN
,	,
I	PRP
take	VBP
pills	NNS
like	IN
No	DT
Doz	NN
and	CC
things	NNS
only	RB
work	VBP
for	IN
so	RB
long	JJ
.	.
Then	RB
I	PRP
start	VBP
eating	VBG
a	DT
lot	NN
again	RB
.	.
Anyway	RB
,	,
maybe	RB
because	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
now	RB
38	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
I	PRP
have	VBP
come	VBN
to	TO
see	VB
my	PRP$
weight	NN
as	IN
more	JJR
of	IN
a	DT
physical	JJ
handicap	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
like	VB
being	VBG
fat	JJ
,	,
and	CC
am	VBP
now	RB
down	RB
to	TO
335	CD
.	.
I	PRP
recognize	VBP
the	DT
emotional	JJ
side	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
fat	JJ
,	,
have	VB
had	VBD
the	DT
depression	NN
,	,
the	DT
self	NN
loathing	NN
,	,
and	CC
let	VB
it	PRP
rule	VB
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
made	VBD
my	PRP$
choices	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
could	MD
and	CC
could	MD
n't	RB
do	VB
because	IN
of	IN
my	PRP$
fat	NN
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
about	IN
30	CD
,	,
I	PRP
decided	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
let	VB
other	JJ
peoples	NNS
ignorance	NN
and	CC
prejudices	NNS
rob	VBP
me	PRP
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
swam	VBD
,	,
I	PRP
started	VBD
school	NN
,	,
I	PRP
did	VBD
whatever	WDT
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
.	.
It	PRP
took	VBD
awhile	RB
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
even	RB
met	VBD
a	DT
man	NN
who	WP
cared	VBD
about	IN
me	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
person	NN
,	,
not	RB
as	IN
a	DT
body	NN
.	.
Somewhere	RB
this	DT
must	MD
spell	VB
the	DT
start	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
,	,
though	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
exactly	RB
sure	JJ
where	WRB
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
know	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
recognize	VB
ignorance	NN
in	IN
other	JJ
people	NNS
and	CC
not	RB
accept	VB
their	PRP$
judgment	NN
as	IN
my	PRP$
definition	NN
.	.
Very	RB
freeing	VBG
.	.
My	PRP$
current	JJ
weightloss	NN
feels	VBZ
very	RB
comfortable	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
think	VBP
I	PRP
am	VBP
finally	RB
ready	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
using	VBG
Redux	NNP
,	,
have	VBP
had	VBN
no	DT
side	NN
effects	NNS
,	,
and	CC
am	VBP
very	RB
happy	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
results	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
find	VBP
that	IN
it	PRP
helps	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
obsession	NN
about	IN
food	NN
,	,
almost	RB
more	JJR
of	IN
a	DT
``	``
psych	NN
''	''
drug	NN
than	IN
any	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
appetite	NN
suppressant	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
used	VBN
before	IN
.	.
No	DT
speedy	JJ
feeling	NN
.	.
At	IN
first	JJ
I	PRP
kinda	VBP
thought	VBN
using	VBG
Redux	NNP
was	VBD
cheating	NN
,	,
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
n't	RB
dealt	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
underlying	VBG
emotional	JJ
issues	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
,	,
but	CC
now	RB
I	PRP
wonder	VBP
if	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
n't	RB
been	VBN
more	JJR
an	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
brain	NN
chemistry	NN
and	CC
less	JJR
of	IN
a	DT
character	NN
defect	NN
all	DT
along	IN
.	.
Just	RB
my	PRP$
thoughts	NNS
.	.
For	IN
a	DT
person	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
never	RB
suffered	VBN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
the	DT
best	JJS
way	NN
to	TO
understand	VB
the	DT
``	``
voices	NNS
''	''
is	VBZ
to	TO
imagine	VB
your	PRP$
own	JJ
self-dialogue	JJ
.	.
Have	NNP
you	PRP
ever	RB
made	VBD
a	DT
mistake	NN
and	CC
berated	VBD
yourself	PRP
,	,
in	IN
thought	NN
,	,
for	IN
it	PRP
?	.
Have	NNP
you	PRP
ever	RB
had	VBD
a	DT
hard	JJ
time	NN
making	VBG
a	DT
decision	NN
,	,
and	CC
you	PRP
mulled	VBD
over	IN
all	DT
the	DT
pros	NNS
and	CC
cons	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
mind	NN
?	.
Imagine	VB
that	DT
your	PRP$
own	JJ
self-thinking	NN
and	CC
thoughts	NNS
about	IN
yourself	PRP
were	VBD
nothing	NN
but	CC
negative	JJ
,	,
and	CC
imagine	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
felt	VBD
like	IN
the	DT
only	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
get	VB
rid	JJ
of	IN
that	DT
negative	JJ
``	``
voice	NN
''	''
was	VBD
by	IN
thinking	VBG
about	IN
food	NN
,	,
weight	NN
and	CC
eating	NN
.	.
As	IN
someone	NN
battling	VBG
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
so	RB
much	JJ
confusion	NN
in	IN
hearing	VBG
these	DT
``	``
voices	NNS
''	''
...	:
they	PRP
speak	VBP
from	IN
a	DT
place	NN
within	IN
us	PRP
that	DT
is	VBZ
filled	VBN
with	IN
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
,	,
that	WDT
wants	VBZ
to	TO
believe	VB
we	PRP
deserve	VBP
not	RB
to	TO
be	VB
happy	JJ
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
believe	VB
that	IN
we	PRP
are	VBP
worthless	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
heard	VBN
them	PRP
described	VBD
as	IN
``	``
loud	JJ
thoughts	NNS
''	''
,	,
``	``
my	PRP$
own	JJ
head	NN
''	''
and	CC
as	IN
``	``
a	DT
voice\/voices	NNS
''	''
.	.
They	PRP
speak	VBP
those	DT
things	NNS
that	WDT
convince	VBP
us	PRP
we	PRP
're	VBP
stupid	JJ
,	,
worthless	JJ
,	,
deserving	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
unhappy	JJ
,	,
not	RB
to	TO
eat	VB
,	,
to	TO
keep	VB
eating	VBG
or	CC
that	IN
we	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
get	VB
rid	JJ
of	IN
what	WP
we	PRP
ate	VBD
.	.
They	PRP
tell	VBP
us	PRP
``	``
the	DT
world	NN
would	MD
be	VB
better	RB
without	IN
you	PRP
.	.
''	''
They	PRP
come	VBP
from	IN
that	DT
place	NN
within	IN
us	PRP
plagued	VBD
with	IN
negativity	NN
and	CC
self-hate	NN
,	,
encouraging	VBG
us	PRP
to	TO
continue	VB
with	IN
our	PRP$
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
and	CC
convincing	VBG
us	PRP
that	IN
we	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
deserve	VB
recovery	NN
,	,
that	IN
we	PRP
deserve	VBP
a	DT
life	NN
of	IN
pain	NN
.	.
The	DT
voices	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNP
also	RB
convince	VBP
us	PRP
we	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
will	MD
power	NN
,	,
that	IN
we	PRP
are	VBP
weak	JJ
when	WRB
we	PRP
've	VBP
eaten	VBN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
no	DT
one	NN
will	MD
ever	RB
love	VB
us	PRP
.	.
They	PRP
harass	VBP
us	PRP
with	IN
guilt	NN
and	CC
even	RB
berate	VB
us	PRP
for	IN
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
behavior	NN
itself	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
no	DT
wonder	NN
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
so	RB
difficult	JJ
and	CC
such	JJ
hard	JJ
work	NN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
battling	VBG
with	IN
ourselves	PRP
over	IN
what	WP
we	PRP
are	VBP
convinced	VBN
we	PRP
deserve	VBP
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
that	IN
our	PRP$
negative	JJ
voices	NNS
keep	VBP
reminding	VBG
us	PRP
of	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
as	IN
opposed	VBN
to	TO
what	WP
we	PRP
truly	RB
do	VBP
deserve	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
recovery	NN
,	,
happiness	NN
and	CC
self-love	NN
!	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Learning	NNP
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
the	DT
voices	NNS
is	VBZ
a	DT
difficult	JJ
task	NN
...	:
learning	VBG
to	TO
not	RB
listen	VB
to	TO
them	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
like	IN
killing	VBG
your	PRP$
best	JJS
friend	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
confusing	JJ
and	CC
scary	JJ
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
cases	NNS
our	PRP$
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
have	VBP
kept	VBN
us	PRP
focused	VBD
off	IN
of	IN
ourselves	PRP
and	CC
emotions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
we	PRP
stop	VBP
listening	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
voices	NNS
,	,
well	RB
then	RB
what	WP
will	MD
feed	VB
our	PRP$
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
?	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
essential	JJ
ingredients	NNS
to	TO
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
learning	VBG
to	TO
love	VB
yourself	PRP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
voices	NNS
fight	VB
hard	JJ
to	TO
keep	VB
that	IN
from	IN
happening	VBG
.	.
Once	RB
we	PRP
can	MD
all	DT
conquer	VB
the	DT
voice	NN
or	CC
voices	NNS
inside	IN
of	IN
us	PRP
that	IN
continue	VBP
to	TO
reinforce	VB
our	PRP$
negativity	NN
,	,
we	PRP
will	MD
find	VB
our	PRP$
path	NN
to	TO
the	DT
other	JJ
side	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
read	VB
more	RBR
about	IN
the	DT
negative	JJ
voices	NNS
here	RB
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
Mirror-Mirror	NNP
Website	NNP
by	IN
Colleen	NNP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
the	DT
loved-one	NN
of	IN
someone	NN
suffering	NN
,	,
remember	VBP
what	WP
you	PRP
've	VBP
read	VBN
here	RB
and	CC
on	IN
Colleen	NNP
's	POS
site	NN
...	:
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
support	VB
those	DT
suffering	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
with	IN
love	NN
,	,
encouragement	NN
and	CC
positivity	NN
,	,
and	CC
not	RB
to	TO
feed	VB
their	PRP$
negative	JJ
voice	NN
with	IN
guilt	NN
or	CC
belittling	VBG
.	.
Also	RB
read	VB
the	DT
section	NN
,	,
What	WP
You	PRP
Can	MD
Do	VB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
sufferer	NN
to	TO
be	VB
hearing	VBG
actual	JJ
voices	NNS
,	,
as	IN
a	DT
schizophrenic	JJ
does	VBZ
--	:
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
caused	VBN
by	IN
extreme	JJ
malnutrition	NN
or	CC
dehydration	NN
,	,
or	CC
some	DT
other	JJ
underlying	VBG
psychiatric	JJ
condition	NN
.	.
In	IN
most	JJS
cases	NNS
,	,
the	DT
most	RBS
common	JJ
use	NN
for	IN
the	DT
term	NN
``	``
voices	NNS
''	''
is	VBZ
as	IN
I	PRP
've	VBP
described	VBN
above	IN
,	,
but	CC
in	IN
cases	NNS
where	WRB
a	DT
sufferer	NN
may	MD
actually	RB
be	VB
having	VBG
auditory	NN
hallucinations	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
addressed	VBN
by	IN
hospitalization	NN
for	IN
malnutrition	NN
or	CC
by	IN
psychiatric	JJ
medication	NN
.	.
Hallucinations	NNS
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
an	DT
uncommon	JJ
side-effect	NN
of	IN
some	DT
medications	NNS
.	.
Click	VB
here	RB
to	TO
read	VB
how	WRB
auditory	JJ
hallucinations	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
psychiatric	JJ
conditions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
what	WP
may	MD
cause	VB
them	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
all	RB
too	RB
common	JJ
for	IN
people	NNS
living	VBG
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
mild	JJ
to	TO
severe	JJ
distorted	JJ
perception	NN
of	IN
themselves	PRP
.	.
What	WP
is	VBZ
seen	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
mirror	NN
is	VBZ
n't	RB
reality	NN
,	,
and	CC
when	WRB
they	PRP
compare	VBP
their	PRP$
physical	JJ
or	CC
personality	NN
attributes	NNS
to	TO
others	NNS
they	PRP
are	VBP
extrememly	RB
judgemental	JJ
of	IN
themselves	PRP
.	.
A	DT
person	NN
suffering	VBG
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
or	CC
Bulimia	NNP
may	MD
see	VB
another	DT
person	NN
and	CC
think	VB
``	``
I	PRP
wish	VBP
I	PRP
could	MD
be	VB
as	IN
skinny	NN
as	IN
them	PRP
''	''
and	CC
in	IN
reality	NN
,	,
may	MD
actually	RB
be	VB
thinner	JJR
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
wish	VB
to	TO
be	VB
as	RB
smart	JJ
,	,
as	IN
funny	JJ
or	CC
as	IN
compassionate	JJ
as	IN
another	DT
person	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
equally	RB
as	RB
good	JJ
as	RB
--	:
the	DT
bottom	JJ
line	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
see	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
good	JJ
traits	NNS
,	,
especially	RB
in	IN
comparison	NN
to	TO
others	NNS
,	,
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
they	PRP
have	VBP
of	IN
themselves	PRP
.	.
Thinking	VBG
that	DT
bad	JJ
situations	NNS
or	CC
feelings	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
complete	JJ
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
world	NN
,	,
and	CC
good	JJ
situations	NNS
or	CC
emotions	NNS
are	VBP
as	IN
bright	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
sun	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
stability	NN
or	CC
``	``
normalized	VBN
''	''
thinking	VBG
with	IN
a	DT
middle	JJ
ground	NN
,	,
but	CC
harsh	JJ
swings	NNS
from	IN
one	CD
extreme	NN
to	TO
another	DT
.	.
Combined	VBN
with	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
irrational	JJ
behavior	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
okay	JJ
for	IN
others	NNS
,	,
but	CC
okay	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
person	NN
suffering	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
A	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
times	NNS
,	,
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
suffering	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
unfairly	RB
personalize	VBP
the	DT
actions	NNS
around	IN
them	PRP
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
think	VB
that	IN
everything	NN
someone	NN
says	VBZ
or	CC
does	VBZ
in	IN
some	DT
way	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
reflection	NN
of	IN
them	PRP
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
:	:
If	IN
during	IN
a	DT
group	NN
conversation	NN
one	CD
individual	NN
walks	VBZ
away	RB
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
the	DT
bathroom	NN
,	,
the	DT
person	NN
suffering	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
may	MD
think	VB
``	``
they	PRP
left	VBD
because	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
acting	VBG
stupid	JJ
again	RB
.	.
''	''
There	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
the	DT
feeling	NN
that	IN
``	``
everyone	NN
hates	VBZ
me	PRP
,	,
''	''
or	CC
only	RB
hangs	VBZ
around	RB
because	IN
they	PRP
feel	VBP
sorry	JJ
for	IN
them	PRP
,	,
or	CC
are	VBP
just	RB
being	VBG
polite	JJ
.	.
Compliments	NNS
are	VBP
seen	VBN
as	IN
polite	JJ
gestures	NNS
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
truly	RB
compliments	NNS
,	,
and	CC
are	VBP
often	RB
met	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
invalidating	VBG
remark	NN
about	IN
themselves	PRP
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
:	:
someone	NN
compliments	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
sufferers	NNS
achievement	NN
and	CC
they	PRP
reply	VBP
,	,
``	``
no	DT
really	RB
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
so	RB
stupid	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
should	MD
have	VB
seen	VBN
how	WRB
badly	RB
I	PRP
screwed	VBD
up	RP
last	JJ
week	NN
...	:
''	''
People	NNS
suffering	VBG
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNS
take	VBP
on	RP
unfair	JJ
burdens	NNS
of	IN
control	NN
for	IN
the	DT
world	NN
around	IN
them	PRP
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
feel	VB
responsible	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
world	NN
a	DT
better	JJR
place	NN
,	,
to	TO
want	VB
to	TO
cure	VB
the	DT
ills	NNS
of	IN
everyone	NN
,	,
and	CC
when	WRB
they	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
,	,
punish	VBP
themselves	PRP
with	IN
self-hate	NN
remarks	NNS
and	CC
actions	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
often	RB
a	DT
strong	JJ
need	NN
to	TO
control	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
lives	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
lives	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
around	IN
them	PRP
,	,
and	CC
when	WRB
they	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
,	,
think	VB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
unfair	JJ
and	CC
take	VB
it	PRP
out	RP
on	IN
themselves	PRP
.	.
Self-blame	NN
can	MD
be	VB
another	DT
aspect	NN
...	:
the	DT
sufferer	NN
may	MD
blame	VB
themself	NN
for	IN
everything	NN
bad	JJ
that	WDT
has	VBZ
ever	RB
happened	VBN
to	TO
them	PRP
,	,
believing	VBG
that	IN
in	IN
some	DT
way	NN
they	PRP
deserved	VBD
it	PRP
;	:
ie.	FW
,	,
``	``
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
abused	VBD
me	PRP
because	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
horrible	JJ
kid	NN
.	.
''	''
On	IN
the	DT
contrary	NN
,	,
they	PRP
may	MD
also	RB
blame	VB
others	NNS
for	IN
everything	NN
and	CC
take	VB
no	DT
responsibility	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
lives	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
:	:
``	``
if	IN
you	PRP
'd	MD
been	VBN
there	RB
for	IN
me	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
n't	RB
have	VB
purged	VBN
.	.
''	''
People	NNS
living	VBG
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
have	VBP
a	DT
hard	JJ
time	NN
being	VBG
optimistic	JJ
about	IN
any	DT
aspect	NN
of	IN
a	DT
situation	NN
or	CC
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
Everything	NN
seems	VBZ
negative	JJ
in	IN
one	CD
way	NN
or	CC
another	DT
,	,
or	CC
they	PRP
only	RB
pick	VBP
the	DT
negative	JJ
to	TO
focus	VB
on	IN
.	.
In	IN
comparison	NN
to	TO
others	NNS
,	,
someone	NN
else	RB
who	WP
achieves	VBZ
something	NN
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
great	JJ
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
same	JJ
achievement	NN
for	IN
themselves	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
met	VBN
with	IN
negativity	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
it	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
done	VBN
better	RBR
.	.
Though	IN
the	DT
world	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
seen	VBN
as	IN
perfect	JJ
and	CC
others	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
expected	VBN
to	TO
act	VB
as	IN
such	JJ
,	,
the	DT
person	NN
suffering	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
may	MD
have	VB
high	JJ
expectations	NNS
of	IN
perfection	NN
for	IN
themselves	PRP
.	.
Bulimia	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
``	``
life	NN
will	MD
be	VB
better	JJR
and	CC
I	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
happy	JJ
when	WRB
I	PRP
lose	VBP
the	DT
weight	NN
.	.
''	''
There	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
false	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
control	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
achieved	VBN
during	IN
self-starvation\/restriction	NN
,	,
a	DT
feeling	NN
of	IN
comfort	NN
when	WRB
binging	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
temporary	JJ
release	NN
of	IN
emotions	NNS
and	CC
guilt	NN
during	IN
purging	VBG
...	:
In	IN
reality	NN
none	NN
of	IN
the	DT
above	JJ
has	VBZ
been	VBN
achieved	VBN
except	IN
within	IN
the	DT
sufferer	NN
's	POS
perception	NN
.	.
``	``
They	PRP
''	''
think	VBP
I	PRP
'm	VBP
a	DT
bad	JJ
person	NN
.	.
``	``
They	PRP
''	''
wo	MD
n't	RB
like	VB
me	PRP
.	.
``	``
They	PRP
''	''
do	VBP
n't	RB
understand	VB
me	PRP
.	.
``	``
They	PRP
''	''
think	VBP
I	PRP
'm	VBP
fat	JJ
.	.
``	``
They	PRP
''	''
wo	MD
n't	RB
think	VB
I	PRP
deserve	VBP
help	NN
.	.
``	``
They	PRP
''	''
wo	MD
n't	RB
think	VB
I	PRP
really	RB
need	VBP
help	NN
.	.
``	``
They	PRP
''	''
think	VBP
I	PRP
'm	VBP
stupid	JJ
.	.
``	``
They	PRP
''	''
think	VB
my	PRP$
problems	NNS
are	VBP
stupid	JJ
.	.
``	``
They	PRP
''	''
think	VBP
I	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
over	IN
this	DT
by	IN
now	RB
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
time	NN
``	``
they	PRP
''	''
is	VBZ
your	PRP$
own	JJ
negative	JJ
voice	NN
.	.
When	WRB
in	IN
the	DT
throws	VBZ
of	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
because	IN
of	IN
a	DT
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
easy	JJ
to	TO
come	VB
to	TO
the	DT
conclusion	NN
that	IN
``	``
they	PRP
''	''
must	MD
really	RB
hate	VB
you	PRP
,	,
not	RB
understand	VB
you	PRP
,	,
think	VB
you	PRP
're	VBP
a	DT
burden	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
etc.	FW
,	,
when	WRB
often	RB
``	``
they	PRP
''	''
is	VBZ
your	PRP$
own	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
feeling	VBG
unworthy	JJ
.	.
None	NN
of	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
to	TO
say	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
genuine	JJ
conflicts	NNS
with	IN
other	JJ
people	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
...	:
that	WDT
may	MD
very	RB
well	RB
be	VB
the	DT
case	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
important	JJ
through	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
self-discovery	NN
and	CC
recovery	NN
to	TO
question	VB
your	PRP$
perceptions	NNS
--	:
to	TO
ask	VB
if	IN
`	``
they	PRP
'	''
is	VBZ
really	RB
nothing	NN
more	JJR
than	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
negative	JJ
thoughts	NNS
.	.
Ask	JJ
yourself	PRP
if	IN
`	``
they	PRP
'	''
is	VBZ
really	RB
a	DT
statement	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
distorted	JJ
perception	NN
.	.
An	DT
example	NN
:	:
Let	VB
's	POS
say	VB
you	PRP
have	VBP
an	DT
argument	NN
with	IN
a	DT
group	NN
of	IN
friends	NNS
.	.
Your	PRP$
friends	NNS
are	VBP
concerned	VBN
about	IN
you	PRP
,	,
but	CC
you	PRP
say	VBP
to	TO
yourself	PRP
``	``
they	PRP
really	RB
hate	VBP
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
just	RB
a	DT
burden	NN
to	TO
them	PRP
.	.
''	''
Is	VBZ
this	DT
true	JJ
?	.
Are	VBP
you	PRP
really	RB
a	DT
burden	NN
and	CC
they	PRP
hate	VBP
you	PRP
?	.
Or	CC
is	VBZ
it	PRP
that	IN
you	PRP
,	,
yourself	PRP
,	,
are	VBP
convinced	VBN
of	IN
that	DT
,	,
when	WRB
really	RB
your	PRP$
friends	NNS
care	VBP
about	IN
you	PRP
and	CC
are	VBP
just	RB
worried	VBN
for	IN
your	PRP$
health	NN
?	.
An	DT
example	NN
:	:
Let	VB
's	POS
say	VB
someone	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
hurts	VBZ
you	PRP
in	IN
some	DT
way	NN
,	,
either	CC
emotionally	RB
or	CC
physically	RB
.	.
You	PRP
say	VBP
to	TO
yourself	PRP
``	``
they	PRP
all	DT
thinks	VBZ
it	PRP
's	VBZ
my	PRP$
fault	NN
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
everyone	NN
thinks	VBZ
I	PRP
'm	VBP
to	TO
blame	VB
.	.
''	''
Is	VBZ
this	DT
true	JJ
?	.
Are	VBP
you	PRP
really	RB
to	TO
blame	VB
for	IN
the	DT
hurtful	JJ
actions	NNS
of	IN
another	DT
person	NN
?	.
Or	CC
is	VBZ
it	PRP
that	IN
you	PRP
,	,
yourself	PRP
,	,
are	VBP
convinced	VBN
of	IN
that	DT
,	,
when	WRB
really	RB
you	PRP
were	VBD
genuinely	RB
hurt	VBN
by	IN
someone	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
having	VBG
a	DT
hard	JJ
time	NN
validating	VBG
your	PRP$
own	JJ
pain	NN
?	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
possible	JJ
examples	NNS
of	IN
when	WRB
you	PRP
might	MD
use	VB
``	``
they	PRP
''	''
statements	NNS
when	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
really	RB
referring	VBG
to	TO
how	WRB
YOU	PRP
feel	VBP
about	IN
something	NN
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
making	VBG
``	``
they	PRP
''	''
statements	NNS
,	,
ask	VB
yourself	PRP
``	``
is	VBZ
this	DT
true	JJ
?	.
''	''
As	IN
yourself	PRP
,	,
``	``
is	VBZ
this	DT
true	JJ
,	,
or	CC
is	VBZ
it	PRP
how	WRB
I	PRP
feel	VBP
?	.
''	''
This	DT
is	VBZ
one	CD
key	NN
to	TO
combatting	VBG
your	PRP$
own	JJ
distorted	JJ
perceptions	NNS
and	CC
negative	JJ
voices	NNS
.	.
Using	VBG
``	``
they	PRP
''	''
statements	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
attempt	VB
to	TO
communicate	VB
your	PRP$
own	JJ
pain	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
own	JJ
confusion	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
own	JJ
anger	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
other	JJ
emotion	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
problem	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
confusing	VBG
to	TO
those	DT
supporting	VBG
you	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
puts	VBZ
the	DT
responsbility	NN
of	IN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
your	PRP$
emotions	NNS
back	RB
onto	IN
you	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
puts	VBZ
the	DT
responsibility	NN
back	RB
on	IN
you	PRP
in	IN
how	WRB
you	PRP
will	MD
cope	VB
with	IN
any	DT
response	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
emotions	NNS
from	IN
other	JJ
people	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
scary	JJ
.	.
Sometimes	RB
it	PRP
seems	VBZ
easier	JJR
to	TO
blame	VB
``	``
them	PRP
''	''
,	,
than	IN
to	TO
own	VB
up	RP
to	TO
how	WRB
YOU	PRP
really	RB
feel	VBP
.	.
Be	VB
willing	JJ
to	TO
challenge	VB
your	PRP$
own	JJ
negative	JJ
thinking	NN
and	CC
distorted	JJ
perceptions	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
have	VB
any	DT
problems	NNS
with	IN
either	RB
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
highly	RB
unlikely	JJ
you	PRP
'd	MD
have	VB
a	DT
need	NN
to	TO
communicate	VB
through	IN
,	,
hide	VB
behind	RB
and	CC
cope	VB
with	IN
your	PRP$
emotions	NNS
by	IN
using	VBG
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
uncommon	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
an	DT
Anorexic	JJ
or	CC
Bulimic	JJ
who	WP
feels	VBZ
``	``
high	JJ
''	''
after	IN
periods	NNS
of	IN
starvation	NN
or	CC
purging	VBG
.	.
Compulsive	JJ
Overeaters	NNS
often	RB
feel	VBP
the	DT
exact	JJ
opposite	NN
;	:
lack	NN
of	IN
power	NN
and	CC
a	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
control	NN
.	.
See	VB
also	RB
``	``
Power	NNP
''	''
below	IN
.	.
Low	NNP
Self	NNP
Esteem	NNP
.	.
Feelings	NNS
of	IN
inadequacy	NN
.	.
Poor	NNP
self	NN
image	NN
and	CC
perception	NN
.	.
Guilt	NN
,	,
feelings	NNS
like	IN
``	``
I	PRP
never	RB
do	VBP
anything	NN
right	RB
.	.
''	''
Fears	NNS
of	IN
being	VBG
stared	VBN
at	IN
,	,
judged	VBN
or	CC
being	VBG
thought	VBN
of	IN
as	IN
stupid	JJ
.	.
Feelings	NNS
like	IN
``	``
nothing	NN
I	PRP
ever	RB
do	VBP
is	VBZ
enough	RB
.	.
''	''
It	PRP
is	VBZ
common	JJ
for	IN
Anorexics	NNPS
and	CC
Bulimics	NNPS
to	TO
be	VB
perfectionists	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
they	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
achieve	VB
perfection	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
endeavors	NNS
they	PRP
unrealistically	RB
blame	VBP
and	CC
find	VBP
a	DT
need	NN
to	TO
``	``
punish	VB
''	''
themselves	PRP
by	IN
restriction	NN
or	CC
starvation	NN
,	,
or	CC
binging	NN
and	CC
purging	VBG
.	.
Compulsive	JJ
Overeaters	NNS
tend	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
perceived	VBN
as	IN
unmotivated	JJ
and	CC
lazy	JJ
when	WRB
in	IN
essence	NN
they	PRP
are	VBP
often	RB
depressed	JJ
and	CC
isolated	JJ
.	.
In	IN
their	PRP$
need	NN
for	IN
affection	NN
they	PRP
often	RB
fill	VBP
the	DT
void	NN
with	IN
food	NN
.	.
Deception	NN
.	.
Lying	VBG
about	IN
food	NN
intake	NN
or	CC
lack	NN
there-of	JJ
.	.
Lying	VBG
to	TO
avoid	VB
eating	VBG
or	CC
to	TO
sneak	VB
food	NN
.	.
Hidden	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
laxatives	NNS
,	,
diuretics	NNS
and	CC
purging	VBG
.	.
The	DT
deception	NN
and	CC
lying	VBG
help	NN
the	DT
sufferer	NN
to	TO
maintain	VB
a	DT
feeling	NN
of	IN
control	NN
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
often	RB
then	RB
not	RB
they	PRP
feel	VBP
tremendous	JJ
guilt	NN
and	CC
self-hate	NN
for	IN
it	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
feeding	VBG
back	RB
into	IN
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
behavior	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Frequent	JJ
Headaches	NNS
due	JJ
to	TO
lowered	VBN
blood	NN
pressure	NN
and	CC
decreased	VBD
oxygen	NN
supply	NN
to	TO
brain	NN
.	.
Always	RB
Cold	NNP
caused	VBN
by	IN
:	:
loss	NN
of	IN
insulating	VBG
layer	NN
of	IN
fat	JJ
and\/or	CC
decreased	VBD
circulation	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
lowered	VBN
blood	NN
pressure	NN
and	CC
slowed	VBD
heart	NN
rate	NN
;	:
and	CC
a	DT
slowed	VBD
metabolism	NN
.	.
Bruised	VBN
or	CC
Callused	VBN
Knuckles	NNPS
and	CC
Fingers	NNP
.	.
From	IN
sticking	VBG
fingers	NNS
in	IN
mouth	NN
and	CC
down	IN
throat	NN
to	TO
induce	VB
omitting	NN
.	.
Soar	VB
throat	NN
and\/or	CC
swollen	JJ
glands	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
irritation	NN
the	DT
stomach	NN
acid	NN
causes	VBZ
during	IN
purging	VBG
.	.
Dry	NNP
Skin	NNP
,	,
Brittle	NNP
Hair	NNP
and	CC
Hair	NNP
Loss	NN
.	.
Malnutrition	NN
and	CC
hormonal	JJ
imbalances	NNS
.	.
Hair	NN
Growth	NN
on	IN
face	NN
,	,
back	RB
and	CC
arms	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
fine	JJ
hair	NN
called	VBN
Lanugo	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Hormonal	JJ
imbalances	NNS
.	.
While	IN
genetic	JJ
and	CC
biological	JJ
predispositions	NNS
in	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
and	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
are	VBP
important	JJ
to	TO
explore	VB
,	,
for	IN
each	DT
individual	JJ
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
wide	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
reasons	NNS
for	IN
developing	VBG
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
A	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
research	NN
in	IN
recent	JJ
years	NNS
has	VBZ
indicated	VBN
that	IN
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
genetic	JJ
factors	NNS
that	WDT
contribute	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
onset	NN
of	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
to	TO
say	VB
that	IN
emotional	JJ
,	,
behavioral	JJ
and	CC
environmental	JJ
reasons	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
play	VB
significant	JJ
roles	NNS
,	,
but	CC
that	IN
for	IN
some	DT
,	,
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
genetic	JJ
predisposition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
or	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
.	.
Serotonin	NNP
is	VBZ
involved	VBN
in	IN
many	JJ
behaviors	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
hunger	NN
,	,
sleep	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
response	NN
,	,
impulse	NN
control	NN
,	,
aggressive	JJ
behavior	NN
and	CC
anger	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
and	CC
perception	NN
.	.
Abnormally	RB
low	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
serotonin	NN
might	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
in	IN
someone	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
suicidal	JJ
,	,
who	WP
is	VBZ
particularly	RB
agressive	JJ
towards	IN
others	NNS
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
person	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
extremely	RB
depressed	JJ
.	.
High	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
serotonin	NN
may	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
person	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
in	IN
a	DT
constant	JJ
state	NN
of	IN
anxiety	NN
,	,
has	VBZ
a	DT
tendency	NN
to	TO
be	VB
over-exacting	JJ
in	IN
completely	RB
tasks	NNS
,	,
who	WP
suffers	VBZ
insomnia	NN
,	,
or	CC
who	WP
has	VBZ
a	DT
tendency	NN
to	TO
feel	VB
overly	RB
stimulated	VBN
by	IN
their	PRP$
surroundings	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
overwhelmed	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Low	NNP
levels	NNS
of	IN
serotonin	NN
,	,
which	WDT
could	MD
contribute	VB
to	TO
a	DT
person	NN
's	POS
sense	NN
of	IN
depression	NN
,	,
are	VBP
in	IN
theory	NN
,	,
increased	VBN
during	IN
episodes	NNS
of	IN
binging	NN
,	,
making	VBG
the	DT
person	NN
actually	RB
feel	VB
better	JJR
.	.
As	IN
theorized	VBN
,	,
binging	NN
on	IN
sweets	NNS
,	,
starches	NNS
or	CC
carbohydrates	NNS
would	MD
increase	VB
serotonin	NN
and	CC
produce	VB
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
well-being	NN
.	.
The	DT
exact	JJ
opposite	NN
would	MD
be	VB
true	JJ
in	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
self-starvation	NN
or	CC
restriction	NN
.	.
If	IN
too	RB
much	JJ
serotonin	NN
is	VBZ
present	JJ
,	,
this	DT
may	MD
create	VB
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
perpetual	JJ
anxiety	NN
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
theory	NN
,	,
by	IN
reducing	VBG
the	DT
intake	NN
of	IN
calories	NNS
to	TO
starvation	NN
level	NN
,	,
the	DT
result	NN
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
calming	JJ
or	CC
sense	NN
of	IN
regaining	VBG
control	NN
.	.
In	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
those	DT
with	IN
low	JJ
or	CC
high	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
serotonin	NN
may	MD
feel	VB
``	``
driven	VBN
''	''
towards	IN
eating	VBG
or	CC
not	RB
eating	VBG
as	IN
they	PRP
consciously	RB
or	CC
subconsciously	RB
realize	VBP
it	PRP
actually	RB
makes	VBZ
them	PRP
feel	VB
better	JJR
emotionally	RB
,	,
because	IN
of	IN
a	DT
physical	JJ
response	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
brain	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
very	RB
important	JJ
to	TO
note	VB
that	IN
the	DT
act	NN
of	IN
restricting	VBG
,	,
and	CC
binging	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
with	IN
or	CC
without	IN
purging	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
can	MD
also	RB
lead	VB
to	TO
a	DT
disruption	NN
in	IN
serotonin	NN
levels	NNS
,	,
thus	RB
contributing	VBG
to	TO
an	DT
already	RB
existing	VBG
problem	NN
,	,
or	CC
creating	VBG
a	DT
completely	RB
new	JJ
one	CD
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
.	.
This	DT
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
depression	NN
and	CC
anxiety	NN
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
known	JJ
side	NN
effects	NNS
of	IN
malnutrition	NN
and	CC
vitamin	NN
deficiencies	NNS
,	,
both	DT
for	IN
undereaters	NNS
and	CC
overeaters	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
Depression	NN
and	CC
Anxiety	NN
,	,
abnormal	JJ
serotonin	NN
levels	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
found	VBN
in	IN
people	NNS
with	IN
other	JJ
mental	JJ
illness	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
Obsessive	NNP
Compulsive	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
Bipolar	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
Borderline	NNP
Personality	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Attention	NN
Deficit\/Hyperactivity	NNP
Disorder	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ADHD	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
all	DT
of	IN
which	WDT
can	MD
,	,
for	IN
some	DT
,	,
co-exist	JJ
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
Studies	NNP
also	RB
suggest	VBP
that	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
genetic	JJ
predispositions	NNS
to	TO
serotonin	VB
disruptions	NNS
,	,
that	IN
appear	VBP
to	TO
run	VB
in	IN
some	DT
families	NNS
.	.
As	IN
stressed	VBN
above	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
thing	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
play	VB
a	DT
role	NN
in	IN
the	DT
onset	NN
of	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disodrer	NNP
;	:
Family	NNP
environments	NNS
,	,
the	DT
way	NN
a	DT
person	NN
was	VBD
taught	VBN
to	TO
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
how	WRB
they	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
cope	VB
with	IN
their	PRP$
emotions	NNS
,	,
how	WRB
they	PRP
were	VBD
taught	VBN
to	TO
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
how	WRB
they	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
communicate	VBP
,	,
their	PRP$
general	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
self-esteem	NN
,	,
and	CC
possible	JJ
issues	NNS
of	IN
physical	JJ
,	,
emotional	JJ
or	CC
sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
.	.
Another	DT
factor	NN
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
history	NN
of	IN
addiction	NN
to	TO
drugs	NNS
or	CC
alcohol	NN
in	IN
a	DT
family	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
effect	NN
it	PRP
may	MD
play	VB
both	DT
genetically	RB
and	CC
environmentally	RB
.	.
The	DT
problems	NNS
each	DT
person	NN
faces	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
way	NN
they	PRP
cope	VBP
,	,
the	DT
reasons	NNS
for	IN
continuing	VBG
to	TO
hurt	VB
or	CC
punish	VB
themselves	PRP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
way	NN
the	DT
feel	NN
are	VBP
all	DT
critical	JJ
issues	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
tossed	VBN
aside	RB
.	.
Keep	VB
in	IN
mind	NN
,	,
low	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
serotonin	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
discovered	VBN
in	IN
some	DT
alcoholics	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
everyone	NN
with	IN
a	DT
low	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
serotonin	NN
would	MD
become	VB
an	DT
alcoholic	JJ
,	,
stressing	VBG
the	DT
point	NN
that	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
other	JJ
contributing	VBG
factors	NNS
.	.
Though	IN
serotonin	NN
may	MD
play	VB
a	DT
role	NN
in	IN
feeling	NN
depressed	VBD
or	CC
overly	RB
anxious	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
NOT	RB
the	DT
only	JJ
reason	NN
people	NNS
suffer	VBP
from	IN
depression	NN
or	CC
anxiety	NN
,	,
nor	CC
the	DT
only	JJ
reason	NN
they	PRP
may	MD
develop	VB
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
may	MD
,	,
for	IN
some	DT
,	,
be	VB
an	DT
important	JJ
piece	NN
to	TO
the	DT
puzzle	NN
,	,
but	CC
is	VBZ
n't	RB
by	IN
itself	PRP
a	DT
complete	JJ
picture	NN
.	.
Keeping	VBG
the	DT
big	JJ
picture	NN
in	IN
mind	NN
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
useful	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
how	WRB
serotonin	NN
levels	NNS
effect	NN
each	DT
particular	JJ
person	NN
when	WRB
it	PRP
comes	VBZ
to	TO
their	PRP$
course	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
Medications	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
SSRIs	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
selective	JJ
serotonin	NN
reuptake	NN
inhibitors	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
can	MD
help	VB
to	TO
control	VB
levels	NNS
of	IN
serotonin	NN
and	CC
assist	VB
patients	NNS
in	IN
responding	VBG
more	JJR
positively	RB
to	TO
therapy	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
...	:
but	CC
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
``	``
magic	JJ
pill	NN
.	.
''	''
Each	DT
individual	NN
will	MD
ultimately	RB
respond	VB
best	JJS
when	WRB
they	PRP
can	MD
find	VB
a	DT
therapist	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
team	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
address	VB
all	DT
issues	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
sufferer	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
individual	NN
.	.
Some	DT
may	MD
respond	VB
to	TO
medication	NN
,	,
some	DT
may	MD
not	RB
,	,
and	CC
some	DT
may	MD
not	RB
wish	VB
to	TO
take	VB
it	PRP
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
Some	DT
may	MD
endure	VB
``	``
the	DT
serotonin	NN
roller	NN
coaster	NN
ride	NN
''	''
while	IN
trying	VBG
to	TO
find	VB
the	DT
healthy	JJ
middle-ground	JJ
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
medication	NN
becomes	VBZ
effective	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
for	IN
those	DT
in	IN
recovery	NN
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
their	PRP$
doctors	NNS
and	CC
therapists	NNS
,	,
to	TO
keep	VB
all	DT
of	IN
this	DT
in	IN
mind	NN
,	,
communicate	VBP
about	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
going	VBG
on	RP
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
remain	VB
patient	NN
through	IN
the	DT
process	NN
.	.
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
can	MD
not	RB
and	CC
will	MD
not	RB
provide	VB
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
websites	NNS
or	CC
books	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
particularly	RB
triggering	VBG
or	CC
self-defeating	JJ
in	IN
nature	NN
...	:
Below	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
general	JJ
summary	NN
on	IN
negative	JJ
internet	NN
sites	NNS
and	CC
how	WRB
it	PRP
can	MD
hurt	VB
you	PRP
if	IN
you	PRP
suffer	VBP
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
--	:
or	CC
what	WP
to	TO
watch	VB
out	RP
for	IN
if	IN
you	PRP
suspect	VB
your	PRP$
loved-one	NN
has	VBZ
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
In	IN
additional	JJ
to	TO
all	PDT
the	DT
signs	NNS
and	CC
symptoms	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
elaborate	VB
a	DT
bit	NN
on	IN
a	DT
relatively	RB
modern	JJ
phenominon	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
become	VBN
another	DT
signal	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
yourself	PRP
have	VBP
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
are	VBP
on	IN
your	PRP$
way	NN
to	TO
one	CD
,	,
or	CC
suspect	VB
a	DT
loved-one	NN
may	MD
suffer	VB
.	.
Before	IN
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
before	IN
people	NNS
got	VBD
online	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
what	WP
they	PRP
were	VBD
looking	VBG
for	IN
,	,
a	DT
great	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
sufferers	NNS
of	IN
Anorexia	NNP
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
would	MD
,	,
and	CC
still	RB
do	VB
,	,
immerse	VB
themselves	PRP
in	IN
books	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
topic	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
several	JJ
reasons	NNS
for	IN
this	DT
...	:
It	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
written	VBN
for	IN
years	NNS
that	WDT
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
classic	JJ
signs	NNS
and	CC
symptoms	NNS
that	WDT
someone	NN
is	VBZ
suffering	VBG
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
or	CC
Bulimia	NNP
is	VBZ
that	IN
they	PRP
read	VBP
a	DT
lot	NN
on	IN
the	DT
topic	NN
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
often	RB
well	RB
educated	VBN
on	IN
their	PRP$
disorder	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
great	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
them	PRP
know	VBP
all	PDT
the	DT
physical	JJ
risks	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
these	DT
are	VBP
a	DT
psychological	JJ
illnesses	NNS
though	IN
,	,
the	DT
risks	NNS
alone	RB
are	VBP
never	RB
enough	RB
to	TO
``	``
just	RB
stop	VB
''	''
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
current	JJ
day	NN
and	CC
age	NN
of	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
and	CC
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
this	DT
reading	NN
symptom	NN
has	VBZ
taken	VBN
a	DT
new	JJ
form	NN
for	IN
some	DT
--	:
particularly	RB
the	DT
younger	JJR
generation	NN
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
now	RB
drawn	VBN
to	TO
read	VB
a	DT
lot	NN
about	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
sites	NNS
out	IN
there	RB
that	DT
are	VBP
positive	JJ
,	,
helpful	JJ
and	CC
geared	VBD
at	IN
recovery	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
including	VBG
this	DT
site	NN
here	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
--	:
but	CC
there	EX
are	VBP
also	RB
many	JJ
sites	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
cropped	VBN
up	RP
that	WDT
are	VBP
not-so	RB
recovery	NN
oriented	VBN
.	.
To	TO
the	DT
contrary	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
sites	NNS
out	IN
there	RB
promoting	VBG
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
as	IN
a	DT
lifestyle	NN
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
detriment	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
visitors	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
often	RB
highlighted	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
media	NNS
,	,
and	CC
there	EX
are	VBP
other	JJ
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
organizations	NNS
that	WDT
actively	RB
work	VBP
at	IN
getting	VBG
these	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
site	NN
removed	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
when	WRB
possible	JJ
.	.
The	DT
internet	NN
is	VBZ
interactive	JJ
,	,
so	RB
many	JJ
of	IN
these	DT
sites	NNS
offer	VBP
bulletin	NN
boards	NNS
where	WRB
people	NNS
can	MD
virtually	RB
``	``
talk	NN
''	''
to	TO
one	CD
another	DT
.	.
They	PRP
form	VBP
friendships	NNS
and	CC
on	IN
some	DT
level	NN
,	,
find	VB
some	DT
understanding	NN
with	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
do	VBP
feel	VB
less	JJR
alone	RB
.	.
The	DT
problem	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
for	IN
a	DT
person	NN
suffering	NN
,	,
or	CC
even	RB
for	IN
someone	NN
attempting	VBG
to	TO
recover	VB
,	,
visiting	VBG
these	DT
negative	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
sites	NNS
exposes	VBZ
them	PRP
to	TO
so	RB
much	JJ
triggering	VBG
content	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
becomes	VBZ
like	IN
a	DT
crack	NN
addict	NN
walking	VBG
into	IN
a	DT
crack	NN
house	NN
...	:
or	CC
an	DT
alcoholic	JJ
walking	NN
into	IN
a	DT
liquor	NN
store	NN
.	.
These	DT
sites	NNS
are	VBP
very	RB
triggering	VBG
,	,
contain	VBP
lots	NNS
of	IN
talk	NN
about	IN
weight-loss	JJ
and	CC
why	WRB
being	VBG
skinny	NN
is	VBZ
so	RB
important	JJ
,	,
have	VBP
goal-weights	NNS
and	CC
tips	NNS
listed	VBN
,	,
and	CC
have	VBP
pictures	NNS
of	IN
very	RB
thin	JJ
and	CC
even	RB
emaciated	JJ
people	NNS
to	TO
aspire	VB
to	TO
be	VB
like	IN
.	.
People	NNS
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
are	VBP
often	RB
in	IN
denial	NN
about	IN
how	WRB
serious	JJ
their	PRP$
eating	NN
disorder	NN
is	VBZ
...	:
or	CC
they	PRP
may	MD
feel	VB
they	PRP
know	VBP
how	WRB
to	TO
``	``
control	VB
it	PRP
''	''
so	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
ever	RB
get	VB
too	RB
sick	JJ
.	.
Staying	VBG
in	IN
an	DT
environment	NN
that	WDT
helps	VBZ
them	PRP
to	TO
continue	VB
to	TO
kid	NN
themselves	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
dangerous	JJ
game	NN
to	TO
play	VB
.	.
Staying	VBG
in	IN
an	DT
environment	NN
that	WDT
helps	VBZ
them	PRP
justify	VB
their	PRP$
behaviors	NNS
as	IN
``	``
normal	JJ
''	''
or	CC
``	``
okay	JJ
''	''
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
deadly	JJ
game	NN
to	TO
play	VB
.	.
People	NNS
who	WP
suffer	VBP
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
are	VBP
often	RB
seeking	VBG
acceptance	NN
from	IN
those	DT
around	IN
them	PRP
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
way	NN
to	TO
get	VB
accepted	VBN
on	IN
one	CD
of	IN
these	DT
sites	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
``	``
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
group	NN
''	''
,	,
they	PRP
join	VBP
the	DT
group	NN
mentality	NN
of	IN
trying	VBG
to	TO
lose	VB
more	JJR
weight	NN
,	,
or	CC
be	VB
``	``
the	DT
best	JJS
''	''
at	IN
the	DT
behaviors	NNS
.	.
People	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
suffering	VBG
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
often	RB
have	VBP
a	DT
very	RB
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
.	.
To	TO
be	VB
surrounded	VBN
by	IN
other	JJ
people	NNS
toting	VBG
how	WRB
their	PRP$
behaviors	NNS
make	VBP
them	PRP
feel	VB
great	JJ
may	MD
help	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
justify	VB
to	TO
themselves	PRP
that	IN
restricting	VBG
,	,
purging	VBG
and	CC
using	VBG
other	JJ
dangerous	JJ
methods	NNS
is	VBZ
a	DT
good	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
feel	VB
better	JJR
.	.
People	NNS
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
often	RB
feel	VBP
neglected	VBN
,	,
or	CC
like	IN
they	PRP
need	VBP
attention	NN
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
feel	VB
unheard	JJ
or	CC
invisible	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
sometimes	RB
in	IN
realtime	JJ
life	NN
they	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
have	VB
their	PRP$
emotions	NNS
be	VB
invisible	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
If	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
competing	VBG
for	IN
attention	NN
in	IN
a	DT
negative	JJ
environment	NN
,	,
it	PRP
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
negative	JJ
attention	NN
seeking	VBG
--	:
negative	JJ
behaviors	NNS
--	:
competition	NN
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
thinnest	JJS
or	CC
the	DT
sickest	NN
to	TO
get	VB
that	DT
negative	JJ
attention	NN
.	.
The	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
often	RB
lends	VBZ
itself	PRP
to	TO
deception	NN
--	:
lying	VBG
about	IN
eating	VBG
and	CC
hiding	VBG
the	DT
behaviors	NNS
.	.
Being	VBG
on	IN
a	DT
site	NN
that	WDT
encourages	VBZ
a	DT
sufferer	NN
to	TO
continue	VB
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
is	VBZ
feeding	VBG
directly	RB
into	IN
the	DT
illness	NN
.	.
People	NNS
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
often	RB
use	VBP
it	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
coping	VBG
mechanism	NN
.	.
If	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
challenged	VBN
to	TO
find	VB
better	JJR
ways	NNS
to	TO
cope	VB
,	,
or	CC
encouraged	VBD
to	TO
use	VB
healthier	RBR
coping	VBG
skills	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
can	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
justify	VB
their	PRP$
negative	JJ
patterns	NNS
as	IN
okay	JJ
.	.
Having	VBG
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
often	RB
means	VBZ
hiding	VBG
your	PRP$
feelings	NNS
--	:
or	CC
stuffing	VBG
them	PRP
down	RP
--	:
or	CC
feeling	NN
as	IN
though	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
right	NN
to	TO
talk	VB
about	IN
them	PRP
--	:
or	CC
attempting	VBG
to	TO
feel	VB
numb	JJ
.	.
A	DT
sufferer	NN
can	MD
feel	VB
like	IN
their	PRP$
emotions	NNS
are	VBP
insignificant	JJ
.	.
If	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
talk	VB
about	IN
nothing	NN
except	IN
weight	NN
and	CC
food	NN
and	CC
behaviors	NNS
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
incentive	NN
for	IN
them	PRP
to	TO
address	VB
or	CC
work	VB
on	IN
healing	NN
from	IN
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
underlying	VBG
issues	NNS
and	CC
emotions	NNS
.	.
In	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
these	DT
negative	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
websites	NNS
encourage	VBP
them	PRP
to	TO
stay	VB
immersed	VBN
in	IN
their	PRP$
behaviors	NNS
and	CC
far	RB
away	RB
from	IN
their	PRP$
feelings	NNS
.	.
People	NNS
suffering	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
often	RB
isolate	VBP
themselves	PRP
.	.
Staying	VBG
online	NN
surrounded	VBN
by	IN
people	NNS
just	RB
as	IN
sick	JJ
as	IN
you	PRP
,	,
encouraging	VBG
you	PRP
to	TO
stay	VB
sick	JJ
,	,
and	CC
not	RB
encouraging	VBG
you	PRP
to	TO
work	VB
on	IN
recovery	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
another	DT
way	NN
to	TO
isolate	VB
.	.
Being	VBG
online	NN
with	IN
virtual	JJ
``	``
buddies	NNS
''	''
is	VBZ
to	TO
isolate	VB
further	RB
.	.
Being	VBG
online	NN
with	IN
virtual	JJ
``	``
buddies	NNS
''	''
who	WP
talk	VBP
excessively	RB
about	IN
weight	NN
,	,
food	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
be	VB
thin	JJ
is	VBZ
to	TO
isolate	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
further	RB
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
yourself	PRP
suffer	VBP
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
please	VB
consider	VB
why	WRB
you	PRP
visit	VBP
negative	JJ
websites	NNS
that	WDT
promote	VBP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
as	IN
a	DT
good	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
lose	VB
weight	NN
.	.
Please	VB
know	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
feel	VB
less	JJR
alone	RB
by	IN
visiting	VBG
sites	NNS
that	WDT
offer	VBP
hope	NN
,	,
or	CC
by	IN
talking	VBG
to	TO
someone	NN
in	IN
realtime	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
you	PRP
already	RB
know	VBP
the	DT
physical	JJ
dangers	NNS
of	IN
engaging	VBG
in	IN
these	DT
behaviors	NNS
and	CC
recognizing	VBG
those	DT
risks	NNS
is	VBZ
n't	RB
incentive	NN
enough	RB
to	TO
stop	VB
--	:
but	CC
at	IN
least	JJS
give	VB
yourself	PRP
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
find	VB
your	PRP$
own	JJ
incentive	NN
to	TO
work	VB
on	IN
it	PRP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
suspect	VB
your	PRP$
child	NN
or	CC
loved-one	NN
is	VBZ
suffering	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
watch	NN
where	WRB
they	PRP
go	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
Though	IN
blocking	VBG
software	NN
can	MD
be	VB
good	JJ
,	,
do	VBP
n't	RB
always	RB
rely	VB
on	IN
it	PRP
...	:
you	PRP
'd	MD
be	VB
surprised	VBN
how	WRB
well	RB
kids	NNS
know	VBP
their	PRP$
way	NN
around	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
--	:
and	CC
they	PRP
DO	VBP
know	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
delete	VB
the	DT
internet	NN
history	NN
to	TO
cover	VB
their	PRP$
tracks	NNS
.	.
Limit	NN
online	JJ
access	NN
.	.
Consider	VB
parental	JJ
controls	NNS
through	IN
a	DT
router-based	JJ
solution	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
like	IN
LinkSys	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Stay	NNP
involved	VBN
in	IN
knowing	VBG
where	WRB
they	PRP
go	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
Be	VB
aware	JJ
these	DT
sites	NNS
are	VBP
out	IN
there	RB
--	:
and	CC
you	PRP
'll	MD
know	VB
them	PRP
when	WRB
you	PRP
see	VBP
them	PRP
.	.
The	DT
vast	JJ
majority	NN
of	IN
them	PRP
are	VBP
very	RB
much	JJ
upfront	JJ
about	IN
what	WP
they	PRP
are	VBP
and	CC
what	WP
they	PRP
are	VBP
doing	VBG
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
online	JJ
communities	NNS
that	WDT
promote	VBP
recovery	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
own	JJ
bulletin	NN
board	NN
for	IN
support	NN
does	VBZ
just	RB
that	DT
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
rules	NNS
in	IN
place	NN
for	IN
safety	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
no	DT
numbers	NNS
,	,
no	DT
tips	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
monitors	VBZ
who	WP
constantly	RB
watch	VBP
the	DT
boards	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
set	VBD
up	RP
these	DT
rules	NNS
years	NNS
ago	RB
,	,
even	RB
before	IN
these	DT
negative	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
sites	NNS
began	VBD
to	TO
appear	VB
,	,
with	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
reasons	NNS
above	IN
in	IN
mind	NN
.	.
We	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
provide	VB
as	IN
safe	JJ
an	DT
atmosphere	NN
as	IN
possible	JJ
that	WDT
could	MD
promote	VB
recovery	NN
and	CC
give	VB
sufferers	NNS
a	DT
place	NN
to	TO
talk	VB
about	IN
their	PRP$
real	JJ
emotions	NNS
.	.
Do	VBP
you	PRP
feel	VB
as	IN
though	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
``	``
conscience	NN
''	''
or	CC
``	``
voice	NN
''	''
that	WDT
tells	VBZ
you	PRP
negative	JJ
things	NNS
about	IN
yourself	PRP
,	,
convinces	VBZ
you	PRP
that	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
deserve	VB
to	TO
eat	VB
and\/or	CC
to	TO
be	VB
happy	JJ
,	,
or	CC
that	DT
tells	VBZ
you	PRP
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
or	CC
deserve	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
fat	JJ
and	CC
ugly	JJ
?	.
Have	NNP
you	PRP
ever	RB
been	VBN
diagnosed	VBN
with	IN
clinical	JJ
depression	NN
,	,
attentive	JJ
deficit	NN
disorder	NN
,	,
manic	JJ
depression	NN
,	,
bipolar	JJ
II	NNP
disorder	NN
,	,
post	NN
traumatic	JJ
stress	NN
disorder	NN
,	,
obsessive	JJ
compulsive	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
or	CC
dissociative	JJ
identity	NN
disorder	NN
,	,
or	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
psychological\/neurological	JJ
illness	NN
?	.
Do	VBP
you	PRP
eat	VB
,	,
self-starve	JJ
or	CC
restrict	VB
,	,
binge	NN
and\/or	CC
purge	NN
,	,
and\/or	CC
compulsively	RB
exercise	NN
when	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
feeling	VBG
lonely	JJ
,	,
badly	RB
about	IN
yourself	PRP
or	CC
about	IN
a	DT
situation	NN
,	,
or	CC
when	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
feeling	VBG
emotional	JJ
pressures	NNS
?	.
Do	VBP
you	PRP
do	VB
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
following	NN
:	:
hide	VB
and\/or	CC
steal	VB
food	NN
,	,
laxatives	NNS
and\/or	CC
diet	NN
pills	NNS
;	:
eat	VB
and\/or	CC
exercise	VB
secretively	RB
;	:
avoid	VB
eating	VBG
in	IN
public	JJ
or	CC
around	IN
others	NNS
;	:
wear	NN
clothes	NNS
that	WDT
hide	VBP
your	PRP$
weight	NN
;	:
and\/or	CC
make	VB
excuses	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
like	IN
``	``
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
feel	VB
well	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
avoid	VB
meals	NNS
?	.
Do	VBP
you	PRP
suffer	VBP
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
following	NN
:	:
heart	NN
palpitations	NNS
and\/or	CC
chest	NN
pains	NNS
;	:
fainting	VBG
spells	NNS
,	,
blackouts	NNS
or	CC
dizziness	NN
;	:
chronic	NN
lower	JJR
back	RB
pain	NN
,	,
headaches	NNS
or	CC
lightheadedness	NN
,	,
tingling	VBG
in	IN
arms	NNS
or	CC
legs	NNS
,	,
numbness	NN
in	IN
face	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
parts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
body	NN
,	,
joint	JJ
pain	NN
,	,
excitability	NN
,	,
mood	NN
swings	NNS
,	,
hyperactivity	NN
;	:
low	JJ
blood	NN
pressure	NN
and\/or	CC
body	NN
temperature	NN
or	CC
escalated	VBN
blood	NN
pressure	NN
or	CC
cholesterol	NN
;	:
and\/or	CC
chronically	RB
sick	JJ
with	IN
cold	JJ
or	CC
flu	NN
symptoms	NNS
.	.
Do	VBP
you	PRP
suffer	VBP
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
following	NN
:	:
disruption	NN
in	IN
menstrual	JJ
cycle	NN
and\/or	CC
irregularity	NN
,	,
infertility	NN
,	,
decreased	VBD
sex	NN
drive	NN
,	,
irritability	NN
;	:
lack	NN
of	IN
ability	NN
to	TO
concentrate	VB
,	,
blurred	VBD
vision	NN
;	:
kidney	NN
and\/or	CC
urinary	JJ
tract	NN
infections	NNS
;	:
sore	JJ
throats	NNS
,	,
dental	JJ
problems	NNS
;	:
stomach	NN
cramping	VBG
,	,
blood	NN
in	IN
stools	NNS
or	CC
vomit	NN
,	,
diarrhea	NN
,	,
constipation	NN
and\/or	CC
incontinence	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
loss	NN
of	IN
bowel	NN
control	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
insomnia	NN
,	,
fatigue	NN
,	,
and\/or	CC
anxiety	NN
or	CC
depression	NN
?	.
Restriction	NN
of	IN
food	NN
and	CC
calories	NNS
does	VBZ
not	RB
mean	VB
complete	JJ
restriction	NN
for	IN
every	DT
sufferer	NN
.	.
For	IN
some	DT
this	DT
means	VBZ
restricting	VBG
certain	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
foods	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
each	DT
individual	NN
sticking	VBG
with	IN
what	WP
they	PRP
perceive	VBP
as	IN
``	``
safe	JJ
foods	NNS
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
limiting	VBG
calories	NNS
to	TO
below	IN
normal	JJ
on	IN
a	DT
daily	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
For	IN
others	NNS
this	DT
means	VBZ
fasting	NN
for	IN
a	DT
certain	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
days	NNS
and	CC
then	RB
eating	VBG
``	``
normally	RB
''	''
for	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
days	NNS
,	,
and	CC
repeating	VBG
the	DT
cycle	NN
continuously	RB
.	.
Those	DT
suffering	VBG
Anorexia	NNP
do	VB
not	RB
always	RB
completely	RB
restrict	VB
.	.
Often	RB
times	NNS
when	WRB
they	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
avoid	VB
a	DT
meal	NN
or	CC
food	NN
they	PRP
will	MD
follow	VB
any	DT
consumption	NN
with	IN
self-induced	JJ
vomiting	NN
or	CC
laxative	NN
abuse	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
``	``
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Purging	NNP
Type	NNP
.	.
''	''
You	PRP
should	MD
read	VB
the	DT
definitions	NNS
of	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Binge	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
``	``
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNP
not	RB
Otherwise	RB
Specified	VBN
''	''
.	.
People	NNS
suffering	VBG
with	IN
any	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
of	IN
any	DT
weight	NN
.	.
For	IN
most	JJS
sufferers	NNS
weight	NN
will	MD
continuously	RB
be	VB
going	VBG
up	RB
and	CC
down	RB
.	.
The	DT
weight	NN
of	IN
a	DT
person	NN
's	POS
body	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
indicate	VB
their	PRP$
overall	JJ
health	NN
,	,
nor	CC
does	VBZ
it	PRP
change	VB
the	DT
danger	NN
each	DT
sufferer	NN
may	MD
be	VB
in	IN
!	.
There	EX
are	VBP
more	RBR
dangers	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
patterns	NNS
themselves	PRP
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
in	IN
each	DT
person	NN
's	POS
actual	JJ
weight	NN
.	.
Bulimics	NNS
are	VBP
junk-food	JJ
addicts	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
little	JJ
nutritional	JJ
value	NN
to	TO
junk	NN
food	NN
but	CC
they	PRP
serve	VBP
as	IN
a	DT
false	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
energy	NN
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
appease	VBP
extreme	JJ
cravings	NNS
...	:
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
a	DT
sufferer	NN
's	POS
system	NN
may	MD
be	VB
depleted	VBN
of	IN
Sodium	NNP
so	RB
there	RB
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
strong	JJ
craving	NN
for	IN
something	NN
salty	NN
.	.
A	DT
bag	NN
of	IN
chips	NNS
would	MD
seem	VB
to	TO
satisfy	VB
this	DT
craving	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
uncommon	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
a	DT
person	NN
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
or	CC
Bulimia	NNP
who	WP
lives	VBZ
solely	RB
on	IN
candy	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
junk-food	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
like	IN
any	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
sufferer	NN
,	,
this	DT
puts	VBZ
them	PRP
in	IN
great	JJ
danger	NN
.	.
Other	JJ
common	JJ
``	``
replacements	NNS
''	''
are	VBP
drugs	NNS
,	,
alcohol	NN
,	,
coffee	NN
,	,
tea	NN
and\/or	CC
cigarettes	NNS
.	.
ANYONE	NN
can	MD
suffer	VB
from	IN
Anorexia	NNP
or	CC
Bulimia	NNP
.	.
Regardless	RB
of	IN
previously	RB
held	VBN
beliefs	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
only	RB
young	JJ
,	,
middle-class	NN
white	JJ
teenagers	NNS
or	CC
college	NN
students	NNS
who	WP
can	MD
suffer	VB
.	.
African-American	JJ
,	,
Hispanic	JJ
,	,
Asian	JJ
,	,
or	CC
white	JJ
,	,
women	NNS
or	CC
men	NNS
,	,
rich	JJ
to	TO
poor	JJ
,	,
from	IN
their	PRP$
teen	JJ
years	NNS
well	RB
into	IN
their	PRP$
fifties	NNS
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
sufferers	NNS
from	IN
every	DT
age-bracket	NN
,	,
class	NN
and	CC
culture	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
rely	VB
on	IN
the	DT
``	``
written	VBN
statistics	NNS
''	''
-	:
they	PRP
are	VBP
based	VBN
on	IN
reports	NNS
made	VBN
to	TO
government	NN
agencies	NNS
and	CC
if	IN
a	DT
country	NN
,	,
state	NN
,	,
or	CC
province	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
require	VB
that	IN
doctors	NNS
report	VBP
the	DT
cases	NNS
,	,
the	DT
statistics	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
accurate	JJ
.	.
Keep	VB
in	IN
mind	NN
as	RB
well	RB
,	,
the	DT
more	JJR
shame	NN
a	DT
person	NN
feels	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
less	RBR
likely	JJ
that	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
come	VB
forward	RB
and	CC
say	VB
they	PRP
have	VBP
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
...	:
so	RB
if	IN
we	PRP
keep	VBP
perpetuating	VBG
the	DT
idea	NN
that	WDT
only	RB
``	``
young	JJ
white	JJ
women	NNS
''	''
suffer	VBP
,	,
less	JJR
and	CC
less	JJR
people	NNS
who	WP
suffer	VBP
that	DT
do	VBP
n't	RB
fit	VB
this	DT
ideal	NN
will	MD
not	RB
come	VB
forward	RB
,	,
be	VB
acknowledged	VBN
,	,
and	CC
get	VB
the	DT
help	NN
they	PRP
deserve	VBP
.	.
Disordered	JJ
eating	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
always	RB
mean	VB
restricting	VBG
,	,
binging	NN
and\/or	CC
purging	VBG
.	.
Sufferers	NNS
sometimes	RB
eat	VBP
3	CD
meals	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
,	,
or	CC
eat	VB
continuously	RB
throughout	IN
the	DT
day	NN
and	CC
through	IN
this	DT
can	MD
disillusion	VB
themselves	PRP
into	IN
thinking	VBG
that	IN
all	DT
is	VBZ
fine	JJ
.	.
There	EX
a	DT
other	JJ
methods	NNS
of	IN
``	``
purging	VBG
''	''
following	VBG
a	DT
binge	NN
.	.
The	DT
person	NN
suffering	VBG
with	IN
Bulimia	NNP
will	MD
eat	VB
an	DT
unusually	RB
large	JJ
quantity	NN
of	IN
food	NN
in	IN
a	DT
short	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
and	CC
follow	VB
it	PRP
with	IN
purging	VBG
;	:
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
using	VBG
laxatives	NNS
or	CC
inducing	VBG
vomiting	NN
,	,
purging	VBG
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
compulsive	JJ
exercise	NN
or	CC
complete	JJ
fasting	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
attributes	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
present	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
person	NN
suffering	VBG
both	DT
Anorexia	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
restriction	NN
and	CC
purging	VBG
without	IN
binging	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
binging	NN
and	CC
purging	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
uncommon	JJ
for	IN
those	DT
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
and	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Eating	NNP
to	TO
eat	VB
``	``
normally	RB
''	''
around	IN
others	NNS
.	.
This	DT
type	NN
of	IN
sufferer	NN
may	MD
look	VB
forward	RB
to	TO
their	PRP$
time	NN
alone	RB
,	,
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
``	``
make	VB
up	RP
for	IN
''	''
the	DT
time	NN
they	PRP
've	VBP
spent	VBN
eating	VBG
``	``
normally	RB
''	''
around	IN
others	NNS
.	.
Anorexics	NNS
will	MD
completely	RB
starve	VB
themselves	PRP
,	,
Bulimics	NNS
will	MD
binge	NN
and	CC
purge	NN
,	,
and	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeaters	NNPS
will	MD
overeat	VB
or	CC
binge	NN
once	RB
they	PRP
have	VBP
gotten	VBN
back	RB
into	IN
their	PRP$
solitary	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
Sufferers	NNS
may	MD
even	RB
look	VB
forward	RB
to	TO
being	VBG
alone	RB
so	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
partake	VB
in	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
patterns	NNS
.	.
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
and	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
are	VBP
not	RB
phases	NNS
a	DT
child	NN
,	,
teen	NN
or	CC
adult	NN
goes	VBZ
through	IN
.	.
Some	DT
may	MD
go	VB
through	IN
dieting	NN
phases	NNS
but	CC
this	DT
is	VBZ
far	RB
different	JJ
from	IN
having	VBG
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
You	PRP
should	MD
visit	VB
the	DT
other	JJ
sections	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
website	NN
to	TO
learn	VB
more	JJR
about	IN
what	WP
having	VBG
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
means	VBZ
.	.
Vitamin	NNP
Supplements	NNP
will	MD
not	RB
protect	VB
anyone	NN
from	IN
the	DT
harm	NN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
will	MD
expose	VB
the	DT
body	NN
to	TO
.	.
Vitamins	NNS
and	CC
Minerals	NNPS
are	VBP
absorbed	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
body	NN
much	RB
more	RBR
efficiently	RB
through	IN
their	PRP$
source	NN
food	NN
,	,
and	CC
work	NN
in	IN
harmony	NN
with	IN
one	CD
another	DT
to	TO
ensure	VB
the	DT
highest	JJS
level	NN
of	IN
effectiveness	NN
and	CC
absorption	NN
.	.
While	IN
taking	VBG
vitamins	NNS
and	CC
minerals	NNS
may	MD
help	VB
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
security	NN
,	,
or	CC
even	RB
prolong	VB
certain	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
health	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
like	IN
warding	VBG
off	RP
infection	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
they	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
protect	VB
you	PRP
from	IN
the	DT
dangers	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
having	VBG
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
:	:
the	DT
bowel	NN
or	CC
kidneys	NNS
shutting	VBG
down	RP
,	,
shrinkage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
brain	NN
,	,
dehydration	NN
,	,
diabetes	NN
,	,
TMJ	NNP
Syndrome	NNP
and	CC
misalignment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
teeth	NNS
,	,
tears	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
esophagus	NN
,	,
ulcers	NNS
,	,
joint	JJ
pain	NN
and	CC
arthritis	NN
,	,
digestive	JJ
and	CC
absorption	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
acid	NN
reflux	NN
disorders	NNS
,	,
cancer	NN
of	IN
the	DT
mouth	NN
and	CC
throat	NN
,	,
low	JJ
or	CC
high	JJ
blood	NN
pressure	NN
,	,
heart	NN
arrhythmia	NN
and	CC
cardiac	JJ
arrest	NN
,	,
loss	NN
of	IN
menstrual	JJ
cycle	NN
,	,
infertility	NN
,	,
dilation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
intestines	NNS
,	,
or	CC
depression	NN
and	CC
suicide	NN
.	.
What	WP
defines	VBZ
the	DT
illnesses	NNS
of	IN
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
or	CC
Binge	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
is	VBZ
more	RBR
than	IN
just	RB
the	DT
weight	NN
range	NN
of	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
.	.
Emotional	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
eating	VBG
to	TO
fill	VB
a	DT
void	NN
,	,
stuffing	VBG
down	RP
feelings	NNS
with	IN
binging	NN
,	,
isolation	NN
and	CC
pushing	VBG
others	NNS
away	RB
are	VBP
just	RB
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
traits	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
also	RB
those	DT
who	WP
suffer	VBP
from	IN
Compulsive	JJ
Overeating	NN
or	CC
Binge	NN
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
who	WP
are	VBP
not	RB
extremely	RB
overweight	JJ
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
other	JJ
reasons	NNS
an	DT
individual	NN
can	MD
be	VB
overweight	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
including	VBG
medical	JJ
reasons	NNS
or	CC
genetic	JJ
pre-dispositions	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
larger	JJR
body	NN
size	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
overall	JJ
symptoms	NNS
that	WDT
help	VBP
determine	VB
if	IN
a	DT
person	NN
suffers	VBZ
from	IN
any	DT
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
are	VBP
how	WRB
their	PRP$
eating	NN
relates	VBZ
to	TO
a	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
self-esteem	NN
and	CC
ability	NN
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
pain	NN
,	,
anger	NN
and	CC
stress	NN
.	.
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
and	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
can	MD
kill	VB
those	DT
who	WP
suffer	VBP
from	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
have	VBP
the	DT
highest	JJS
rate	NN
of	IN
death	NN
out	IN
of	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
psychological	JJ
illness	NN
.	.
Up	IN
to	TO
30	CD
%	NN
of	IN
the	DT
sufferers	NNS
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
maybe	RB
higher	JJR
-RRB-	-RRB-
will	MD
die	VB
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
a	DT
complication	NN
caused	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
illness	NN
.	.
Be	VB
sure	JJ
to	TO
see	VB
the	DT
Physical	NNP
Dangers	NNP
sections	NNS
to	TO
read	VB
about	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
complications	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
and	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
.	.
For	IN
some	DT
,	,
there	EX
seems	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
common	JJ
thread	NN
between	IN
Diabetes	NNP
and	CC
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
,	,
increasing	VBG
their	PRP$
risks	NNS
for	IN
serious	JJ
adverse	JJ
and	CC
long	JJ
term	NN
effects	NNS
.	.
The	DT
strict	JJ
focus	NN
on	IN
nutritional	JJ
intake	NN
and	CC
diet	NN
with	IN
Diabetics	NNPS
,	,
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
parental	JJ
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
young	JJ
Diabetic	NNP
's	POS
life	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
increased	VBN
weight	NN
gain	NN
that	WDT
insulin	NN
treatment	NN
can	MD
cause	VB
,	,
may	MD
all	DT
play	VB
roles	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
increased	VBN
risk	NN
for	IN
onset	NN
of	IN
Anorexia	NNP
and\/or	CC
Bulimia	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
recently	RB
reported	VBN
that	IN
Diabetics	NNPS
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
are	VBP
at	IN
an	DT
increased	VBN
risk	NN
for	IN
developing	VBG
Diabetic	NNP
Retinopathy	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
an	DT
eye	NN
disorder	NN
that	WDT
causes	VBZ
broken	JJ
blood	NN
vessels	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
back	NN
of	IN
the	DT
eye	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
blindness	NN
.	.
Refusal	NN
to	TO
maintain	VB
weight	NN
at	IN
or	CC
above	IN
the	DT
minimal	JJ
normal	JJ
weight	NN
for	IN
height	NN
,	,
body	NN
frame	NN
and	CC
age	NN
;	:
Lowering	VBG
or	CC
skipping	VBG
Insulin	NN
doses	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
lose	VB
weight	NN
or	CC
maintain	VB
weight	NN
;	:
Overwhelming	NNP
fear	NN
of	IN
becoming	VBG
fat	JJ
;	:
Distorted	NNP
body	NN
image	NN
;	:
Unusual	NNP
eating	VBG
patterns	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
fasting	NN
,	,
new	JJ
diet	NN
or	CC
refusing	VBG
to	TO
eat	VB
with	IN
others	NNS
;	:
Amenorrhea	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
loss	NN
of	IN
menstrual	JJ
cycle	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
preoccupation	NN
with	IN
food	NN
,	,
weight	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
;	:
feelings	NNS
of	IN
isolation	NN
,	,
irritability	NN
and	CC
depression	NN
.	.
Though	IN
men	NNS
make	VBP
up	RP
the	DT
smaller	JJR
percentage	NN
of	IN
those	DT
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
,	,
in	IN
should	MD
be	VB
important	JJ
to	TO
note	VB
that	IN
a	DT
recent	JJ
study	NN
suggested	VBD
that	IN
men	NNS
with	IN
diabetes	NN
are	VBP
at	IN
an	DT
increased	VBN
risk	NN
for	IN
Osteoporosis	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
bone	NN
mass	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
and	CC
Diabetes	NNP
would	MD
suggest	VB
that	IN
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
boss	NN
loss	NN
is	VBZ
significantly	RB
increased	VBN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
Diabetes	NNP
playing	VBG
a	DT
role	NN
in	IN
the	DT
onset	NN
of	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
the	DT
reverse	NN
can	MD
be	VB
true	JJ
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
``	``
Up	IN
to	TO
eighter	VB
percent	NN
of	IN
diabetics	NNS
are	VBP
considered	VBN
medically	RB
obese	JJ
when	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
diagnosed	VBN
,	,
making	VBG
obesity	NN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
preventable	JJ
underlying	VBG
risk	NN
factors	NNS
for	IN
Diabetes	NNP
.	.
''	''
In	IN
conclusion	NN
,	,
both	DT
having	VBG
Diabetes	NNP
or	CC
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
can	MD
potentionally	RB
be	VB
life	NN
threatening	JJ
and	CC
cause	VB
life-long	JJ
complications	NNS
and	CC
ailments	NNS
.	.
If	IN
left	VBN
untreated	JJ
,	,
Diabetes	NNP
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
heart	NN
failure	NN
,	,
kidney	NN
failure	NN
,	,
blindness	NN
or	CC
death	NN
,	,
while	IN
having	VBG
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
increases	VBZ
the	DT
risks	NNS
for	IN
heart	NN
attack	NN
,	,
stroke	NN
,	,
kidney	NN
failure	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
many	JJ
other	JJ
things	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
including	VBG
death	NN
.	.
The	DT
obvious	JJ
assumption	NN
can	MD
be	VB
drawn	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
both	DT
and	CC
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
and	CC
Diabetes	NNP
is	VBZ
particularly	RB
dangerous	JJ
and	CC
life-threatening	JJ
.	.
This	DT
describes	VBZ
just	RB
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
symptoms	NNS
one	PRP
can	MD
feel	VB
confronted	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
object	NN
,	,
event	NN
or	CC
emotion	NN
that	WDT
creates	VBZ
the	DT
phobia	NN
for	IN
an	DT
individual	NN
.	.
A	DT
phobia	NN
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
intense	JJ
or	CC
unrealistic	JJ
fear	NN
,	,
and	CC
when	WRB
confronted	VBN
with	IN
that	DT
fear	VBP
it	PRP
can	MD
cause	VB
panic	NN
attacks	NNS
,	,
pounding	VBG
heartbeat	NN
,	,
feelings	NNS
of	IN
nausea	NN
,	,
sweaty	JJ
palms	NNS
,	,
and	CC
rapid	JJ
breathing	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
keep	VB
in	IN
mind	NN
that	IN
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
common	JJ
traits	NNS
amongst	IN
some	DT
Phobias	NNPS
and	CC
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
,	,
but	CC
that	IN
it	PRP
IS	VBZ
NOT	NNP
a	DT
generalized	VBN
rule	NN
that	IN
all	DT
people	NNS
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
suffer	VBP
from	IN
a	DT
Phobia	NNP
,	,
or	CC
that	IN
all	DT
Phobia	NNP
victims	NNS
suffer	VBP
from	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
Agoraphobia	NN
:	:
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
fear	NN
of	IN
leaving	VBG
a	DT
safe	JJ
place	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
home	NN
--	:
It	PRP
is	VBZ
interesting	JJ
to	TO
point	VB
out	RP
that	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
suffering	VBG
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
can	MD
display	VB
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
Agoraphobia	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
n't	RB
uncommon	JJ
for	IN
those	DT
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
and	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
to	TO
have	VB
an	DT
intense	JJ
fear	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
in	IN
public	JJ
under	IN
a	DT
watchful	JJ
eye	NN
of	IN
others	NNS
,	,
and	CC
often	RB
time	NN
an	DT
isolationistic	JJ
type	NN
of	IN
behavior	NN
can	MD
sets	NNS
in	IN
,	,
where	WRB
they	PRP
will	MD
increasingly	RB
avoid	VB
such	JJ
situations	NNS
where	WRB
they	PRP
must	MD
leave	VB
the	DT
``	``
safety	NN
''	''
of	IN
home	NN
.	.
Social	NNP
Phobias	NNP
:	:
Fear	NN
of	IN
embarrassment	NN
or	CC
humiliation	NN
in	IN
social	JJ
settings	NNS
.	.
--	:
In	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
ways	NNS
,	,
people	NNS
suffering	VBG
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
or	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
can	MD
also	RB
possess	VB
some	DT
level	NN
of	IN
social	JJ
phobia	NN
.	.
Fear	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
caught	VBN
in	IN
what	WP
they	PRP
perceive	VBP
as	IN
humiliating	JJ
or	CC
embarrasing	JJ
behaviors	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
eating	VBG
in	IN
public	JJ
,	,
purchasing	VBG
groceries	NNS
,	,
diet-pills	NNS
or	CC
laxatives	NNS
,	,
or	CC
being	VBG
caught	VBN
purging	VBG
are	VBP
good	JJ
examples	NNS
of	IN
how	WRB
this	DT
can	MD
manifest	JJ
into	IN
a	DT
social	JJ
phobia	NN
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
inherent	JJ
presence	NN
of	IN
a	DT
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
,	,
there	EX
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
intense	JJ
fears	NNS
of	IN
being	VBG
judged	VBN
by	IN
others	NNS
as	IN
fat	JJ
,	,
ugly	JJ
,	,
stupid	JJ
,	,
crazy	JJ
or	CC
abnormal	JJ
.	.
These	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
fears	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
phobic	JJ
in-and-of-themselves	NNS
,	,
or	CC
can	MD
contribute	VB
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
tendency	NN
for	IN
Agoraphobic	JJ
type	NN
behaviors	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
seeking	VBG
isolation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
safety	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
home	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
note	VB
that	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
may	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
a	DT
type	NN
of	IN
social	JJ
phobia	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
social	JJ
phobia	NN
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
but	CC
this	DT
is	VBZ
NOT	RB
a	DT
generalized	VBN
rule	NN
for	IN
sufferers	NNS
of	IN
either	DT
.	.
``	``
People	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
social	JJ
phobia	NN
fear	VBP
the	DT
scrutiny	NN
of	IN
others	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
tend	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
highly	RB
sensitive	JJ
to	TO
criticism	NN
,	,
and	CC
often	RB
interpret	VB
the	DT
actions	NNS
of	IN
others	NNS
in	IN
social	JJ
gatherings	NNS
as	IN
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
humiliate	VB
them	PRP
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
afraid	JJ
to	TO
enter	VB
into	IN
conversations	NNS
for	IN
fear	NN
of	IN
saying	VBG
something	NN
foolish	JJ
,	,
and	CC
may	MD
agonize	VB
for	IN
hours	NNS
or	CC
days	NNS
later	RB
over	IN
things	NNS
they	PRP
did	VBD
say	VB
.	.
''	''
``	``
Many	JJ
people	NNS
with	IN
social	JJ
phobia	NN
are	VBP
so	RB
sensitive	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
scrutiny	NN
of	IN
others	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
avoid	VBP
eating	VBG
or	CC
drinking	VBG
in	IN
public	JJ
,	,
using	VBG
public	JJ
restrooms	NNS
,	,
or	CC
signing	VBG
a	DT
check	NN
in	IN
the	DT
presence	NN
of	IN
another	DT
.	.
Social	NNP
phobia	NN
may	MD
often	RB
be	VB
associated	VBN
with	IN
depression	NN
or	CC
alcohol	NN
abuse	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
Negative	JJ
social	JJ
experiences	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
being	VBG
rejected	VBN
by	IN
peers	NNS
or	CC
suffering	VBG
some	DT
type	NN
of	IN
embarrassment	NN
in	IN
public	JJ
,	,
and	CC
poor	JJ
social	JJ
skills	NNS
also	RB
seem	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
factors	NNS
,	,
and	CC
social	JJ
phobia	NN
may	MD
be	VB
related	VBN
to	TO
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
,	,
lack	NN
of	IN
assertiveness	NN
,	,
and	CC
feelings	NNS
of	IN
inferiority	NN
.	.
''	''
Specific	JJ
Phobias	NNPS
:	:
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
fear	NN
of	IN
an	DT
object	NN
of	IN
situation	NN
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
relation	NN
to	TO
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
could	MD
be	VB
as	IN
specific	JJ
as	IN
food	NN
or	CC
eating	VBG
itself	PRP
.	.
What	WP
is	VBZ
particularly	RB
interesting	JJ
in	IN
looking	VBG
into	IN
specific	JJ
phobias	NNS
with	IN
food	NN
or	CC
eating	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
phobia	NN
itself	PRP
may	MD
precipitate	VB
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
or	CC
vice	NN
versa	RB
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
victims	NNS
of	IN
sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
are	VBP
often	RB
phobic	JJ
about	IN
specific	JJ
items	NNS
that	WDT
remind	VBP
them	PRP
of	IN
their	PRP$
abuser	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
if	IN
the	DT
person	NN
often	RB
gave	VBD
them	PRP
candy	NN
or	CC
cookies	NNS
following	VBG
the	DT
abuse	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
people	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
had	VBN
an	DT
experience	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
were	VBD
choked	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
in	IN
abuse	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
choking	VBG
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
with	IN
drowning	VBG
or	CC
on	IN
food	NN
itself	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
may	MD
develop	VB
a	DT
phobia	NN
of	IN
choking	VBG
,	,
which	WDT
would	MD
then	RB
be	VB
cause	NN
of	IN
avoiding	VBG
food	NN
;	:
and	CC
as	RB
recently	RB
noted	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
wrote	VBD
to	TO
me	PRP
,	,
someone	NN
suffering	VBG
a	DT
childhood	NN
illness	NN
which	WDT
prevented	VBD
``	``
normal	JJ
''	''
eating	VBG
patterns	NNS
could	MD
develop	VB
a	DT
phobia	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
foods	NNS
outside	IN
that	IN
``	``
safe	JJ
''	''
realm	NN
of	IN
what	WP
they	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
eat	VB
during	IN
the	DT
onset	NN
of	IN
the	DT
illness	NN
.	.
Phobias	NNS
or	CC
Phobic	JJ
disorders	NNS
are	VBP
considered	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
group	NN
of	IN
anxiety	NN
disorders	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
includes	VBZ
panic	NN
disorder	NN
,	,
post-traumatic	JJ
stress	NN
disorder	NN
,	,
and	CC
obsessive-compulsive	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
all	DT
of	IN
which	WDT
are	VBP
also	RB
not-so-uncommon	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
amongst	IN
sufferers	NNS
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
In	IN
looking	VBG
at	IN
emotional\/psychological	JJ
disorders	NNS
and	CC
disturbances	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
whole	NN
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
fairly	RB
easy	JJ
to	TO
say	VB
that	IN
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
physical	JJ
manifestations	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
given	VBN
disorder	NN
,	,
they	PRP
all	DT
share	NN
one	CD
common	JJ
goal	NN
to	TO
move	VB
closer	RBR
to	TO
recovery	NN
...	:
finding	NN
and	CC
facing	VBG
the	DT
underlying	VBG
issue	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
caused	VBD
the	DT
initial	JJ
onset	NN
of	IN
the	DT
behavior	NN
and\/or	CC
emotions	NNS
.	.
If	IN
I	PRP
try	VBP
and	CC
explain	VBP
the	DT
problem	NN
.	.
Its	PRP$
not	RB
how	WRB
much	JJ
or	CC
how	WRB
little	JJ
I	PRP
eat	VBP
,	,
no	DT
binging	NN
or	CC
purging	VBG
,	,
its	PRP$
what	WP
I	PRP
eat	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
read	VBN
numerous	JJ
times	NNS
that	WDT
EDs	NNP
are	VBP
a	DT
symptom	NN
of	IN
another	DT
problem	NN
.	.
What	WP
if	IN
food	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
problem	NN
?	.
Many	JJ
people	NNS
suffer	VBP
to	TO
one	CD
degree	NN
or	CC
another	DT
from	IN
irrational	JJ
phobias	NNS
,	,
often	RB
relating	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
traumatic	JJ
experience	NN
.	.
what	WP
if	IN
that	DT
phobia	NN
is	VBZ
food	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
people	NNS
dislike	VBP
a	DT
particular	JJ
food	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
its	PRP$
asociation	NN
with	IN
an	DT
experience	NN
,	,
now	RB
take	VBP
that	DT
to	TO
its	PRP$
extreme	NN
.	.
Until	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
6-7	CD
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
continually	RB
ill	JJ
and	CC
in	IN
and	CC
out	IN
of	IN
hospital	NN
,	,
whooping	JJ
cough	NN
,	,
tuberculosis	NN
annd	NN
meningitis	NN
,	,
anyone	NN
of	IN
which	WDT
could	MD
have	VB
proved	VBN
fatal	JJ
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
usuall	NN
run	VB
off	RP
the	DT
mill	NN
childhood	NN
illnesses	NNS
filling	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
gaps	NNS
.	.
During	IN
this	DT
time	NN
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
often	RB
very	RB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
keep	VB
food	NN
down	RB
,	,
all	DT
I	PRP
could	MD
keep	VB
down	RP
was	VBD
fairly	RB
bland	JJ
.	.
Overtime	NN
,	,
bearing	VBG
in	IN
mind	NN
my	PRP$
age	NN
,	,
this	DT
created	VBD
an	DT
assoociation	NN
food	NN
cause	NN
me	PRP
harm	NN
,	,
this	DT
included	VBD
any	DT
form	NN
of	IN
meat	NN
,	,
veg	NN
,	,
cheese	NN
or	CC
anything	NN
with	IN
any	DT
real	JJ
taste	NN
.	.
I	PRP
wont	VBD
go	VB
into	IN
what	WP
my	PRP$
daily	JJ
diet	NN
usually	RB
consists	VBZ
,	,
but	CC
suffice	VBP
to	TO
say	VB
that	IN
their	PRP$
is	VBZ
nothing	NN
really	RB
that	IN
you	PRP
could	MD
term	VB
as	IN
a	DT
socially	RB
exceptable	JJ
meal	NN
.	.
As	IN
with	IN
any	DT
phobia	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
tendancy	NN
to	TO
aviod	NN
situations	NNS
where	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
have	VB
to	TO
confront	VB
it	PRP
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
eating	VBG
socially	RB
.	.
My	PRP$
parent	NN
's	POS
attempts	NNS
at	IN
solving	VBG
the	DT
problem	NN
only	RB
made	VBD
matters	NNS
worse	RBR
,	,
first	JJ
were	VBD
attempts	NNS
at	IN
force	NN
feeding	VBG
which	WDT
only	RB
served	VBD
to	TO
reinforce	VB
the	DT
problem	NN
.	.
Probably	RB
the	DT
cruellest	JJS
thing	NN
was	VBD
trying	VBG
to	TO
`	``
shame	NN
'	''
me	PRP
into	IN
eating	VBG
normally	RB
,	,
effectively	RB
making	VBG
me	PRP
feel	VB
like	IN
an	DT
abnormal	JJ
freak	NN
only	RB
serving	VBG
to	TO
make	VB
me	PRP
more	RBR
self	NN
conscious	JJ
of	IN
a	DT
problem	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
felt	VBD
was	VBD
outside	IN
of	IN
my	PRP$
control	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
very	RB
secretive	JJ
regarding	VBG
the	DT
problem	NN
,	,
most	JJS
of	IN
my	PRP$
friends	NNS
dont	VBP
even	RB
know	VB
,	,
I	PRP
avoid	VBP
any	DT
event	NN
where	WRB
I	PRP
could	MD
be	VB
`	``
outed	VBN
'	''
like	IN
the	DT
plague	VB
and	CC
those	DT
that	IN
I	PRP
cant	VBP
get	VB
out	IN
of	IN
such	JJ
as	IN
invites	VBZ
to	TO
relatives	NNS
weddings	NNS
etc	FW
will	MD
cause	VB
anxiety	NN
attacks	NNS
similar	JJ
to	TO
those	DT
many	JJ
of	IN
you	PRP
may	MD
experience	VB
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
suffer	VB
from	IN
low	JJ
self	NN
esteem	NN
,	,
lack	NN
of	IN
confidence	NN
and	CC
depression	NN
,	,
mainly	RB
though	IN
not	RB
feeling	VBG
like	IN
a	DT
normally	RB
fully	RB
participating	VBG
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
human	JJ
race	NN
and	CC
as	IN
I	PRP
get	VBP
older	JJR
becoming	VBG
a	DT
very	RB
lonely	JJ
social	JJ
leper	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
had	VBN
comments	NNS
like	IN
why	WRB
dont	JJ
you	PRP
just	RB
try	VBP
.	.
What	WP
people	NNS
dont	JJ
realize	VBP
is	VBZ
that	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
reacts	VBZ
to	TO
what	WP
they	PRP
consider	VBP
as	IN
a	DT
normal	JJ
diet	NN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
way	NN
as	IN
their	PRP$
's	POS
would	MD
is	VBZ
asked	VBN
to	TO
eat	VB
something	NN
they	PRP
wouldnt	VBD
consider	VB
as	IN
food	NN
or	CC
if	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
eating	VBG
something	NN
,	,
then	RB
found	VBD
out	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
eating	VBG
their	PRP$
pet	NN
cat	NN
for	IN
example	NN
.	.
You	PRP
cant	VBP
swallow	VB
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
your	PRP$
throat	NN
goes	VBZ
into	IN
spasm	NN
and	CC
you	PRP
start	VBP
reaching	VBG
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
compounded	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
my	PRP$
tastebuds\/palette	NN
are	VBP
uneducated	JJ
and	CC
trigger	NN
this	DT
reaction	NN
to	TO
`	``
non	VB
food	NN
'	''
.	.
This	DT
reaction	NN
then	RB
goes	VBZ
someway	NN
to	TO
reinforcing	VBG
the	DT
original	JJ
phobia	NN
and	CC
you	PRP
end	VBP
up	RP
going	VBG
round	NN
in	IN
circles	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
tried	VBN
getting	VBG
help	NN
at	IN
different	JJ
times	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
found	VBN
doctors	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
totally	RB
unhelpful	JJ
,	,
often	RB
failing	VBG
to	TO
comprehend	VB
the	DT
problem	NN
or	CC
its	PRP$
impact	NN
on	IN
me	PRP
neither	DT
mentally	RB
or	CC
socially	RB
let	VB
alone	RB
the	DT
totally	RB
imbalanced	JJ
diet	NN
.	.
To	TO
get	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
realize	VB
the	DT
scale	NN
of	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
tell	VB
them	PRP
what	WP
I	PRP
lived	VBD
on	IN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
something	NN
it	PRP
took	VBD
a	DT
therapist	NN
many	JJ
weeks	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
out	IN
of	IN
me	PRP
.	.
Unfortunatly	NNP
at	IN
that	DT
time	NN
,	,
I	PRP
had	VBD
just	RB
come	VBN
out	IN
of	IN
a	DT
relationship	NN
and	CC
facing	VBG
being	VBG
alone	RB
again	RB
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
in	IN
8	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
impact	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
if	IN
I	PRP
were	VBD
not	RB
to	TO
lead	VB
the	DT
life	NN
of	IN
a	DT
total	JJ
hermit	NN
.	.
The	DT
therapist	NN
spent	VBD
most	JJS
of	IN
her	PRP$
time	NN
trying	VBG
to	TO
stop	VB
me	PRP
going	VBG
totally	RB
unhinged	VBN
.	.
Keep	VB
in	IN
mind	NN
that	IN
physical	JJ
attributes	NNS
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
are	VBP
caused	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
factors	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
vitamin	NN
and	CC
mineral	NN
deficiencies	NNS
,	,
hormone	NN
loss	NN
,	,
electrolyte	NN
imbalances	NNS
,	,
continued	VBD
strain	NN
on	IN
the	DT
body	NN
and	CC
fatigue	NN
.	.
Problems	NNS
muscle	NN
tone	NN
in	IN
the	DT
gastrointestinal	JJ
tract	NN
,	,
and	CC
liver	NN
.	.
Depression	NN
and	CC
anxiety	NN
.	.
Anemia	NN
,	,
contributes	VBZ
to	TO
electrolyte	VB
imbalances	NNS
.	.
Memory	NN
loss	NN
,	,
nervous	JJ
system	NN
disorders	NNS
,	,
and	CC
immune	JJ
system	NN
problems	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
low	JJ
platelet	NN
count	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
DEFICIENCY	NN
SYMPTOMS	NNS
:	:
appetite	NN
loss	NN
,	,
diminished	VBN
reflex	JJ
responses	NNS
,	,
fatigue	NN
,	,
irritability	NN
,	,
memory	NN
impairment	NN
,	,
mental	JJ
depression	NN
and	CC
confusion	NN
,	,
nervousness	NN
,	,
pernicious	JJ
anemia	NN
,	,
unpleasant	JJ
body	NN
odor	NN
,	,
walking	VBG
and	CC
speaking	VBG
difficulties	NNS
,	,
weakness	NN
in	IN
arms	NNS
and	CC
legs	NNS
.	.
A	DT
deficiency	NN
can	MD
cause	VB
problems	NNS
with	IN
digestion	NN
,	,
absorption	NN
of	IN
food	NN
,	,
metabolism	NN
of	IN
carbohydrates	NNS
and	CC
fats	NNS
,	,
nerves	NNS
,	,
fertility	NN
,	,
growth	NN
and	CC
development	NN
.	.
There	EX
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
hallucinations	NNS
,	,
memory	NN
loss	NN
,	,
eye	NN
disorders	NNS
,	,
and	CC
anemia	NN
.	.
A	DT
vitamin	NN
B12	CD
deficiency	NN
can	MD
indicate	VB
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
problem	NN
with	IN
absorption	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
common	JJ
in	IN
people	NNS
with	IN
digestive	JJ
disorders	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Vitamin	NNP
C	NNP
:	:
Found	VBN
in	IN
green	JJ
vegetables	NNS
,	,
berries	NNS
and	CC
citrus	NN
fruits	NNS
,	,
asparagus	NN
,	,
broccoli	NN
,	,
beef	NN
liver	NN
,	,
brussel	NN
sprouts	NNS
,	,
cataloupe	NN
,	,
cauliflower	NN
,	,
citrus	NN
fruits	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
like	IN
grapefruit	NN
and	CC
oranges	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
lemons	NNS
,	,
mangos	NNS
,	,
sweet	JJ
peppers	NNS
,	,
pineapple	NN
,	,
radishes	NNS
,	,
spinach	NN
,	,
strawberries	NNS
,	,
and	CC
tomatoes	NNS
--	:
just	RB
about	IN
all	DT
fresh	JJ
fruits	NNS
and	CC
vegetables	NNS
.	.
Folid	NNP
Acid	NNP
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
for	IN
energy	NN
production	NN
,	,
protein	NN
metabolism	NN
,	,
the	DT
formation	NN
of	IN
red	JJ
blood	NN
cells	NNS
and	CC
it	PRP
vital	JJ
for	IN
normal	JJ
growth	NN
and	CC
development	NN
.	.
A	DT
deficiency	NN
of	IN
Folic	NNP
Acid	NNP
may	MD
contribute	VB
to	TO
depression	NN
and	CC
anxiety	NN
,	,
a	DT
B12	NNP
deficiency	NN
,	,
and	CC
birth	NN
defects	NNS
in	IN
pregnant	JJ
women	NNS
.	.
DEFICIENCY	NN
SYMPTOMS	NNS
:	:
depression	NN
,	,
elevated	VBN
serum	NN
cholesterol	NN
,	,
fractures	NNS
and	CC
bone	NN
deforminities	NNS
,	,
general	JJ
weakness	NN
,	,
impaired	VBN
respiration	NN
,	,
skin	NN
sores	NNS
.	.
Osteoporosis	NN
,	,
slowed	VBD
healing	NN
procsss	NN
,	,
poor	JJ
hair	NN
and	CC
skin	NN
coloring	NN
and	CC
loss	NN
in	IN
taste	NN
sensitivity	NN
.	.
Copper	NN
works	NNS
in	IN
balance	NN
with	IN
zinc	NN
and	CC
vitamin	NN
c	NN
to	TO
form	VB
elastin	NN
and	CC
aids	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
formation	NN
of	IN
bones	NNS
and	CC
red	JJ
blood	NN
cells	NNS
.	.
Decreased	JJ
chances	NNS
of	IN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
,	,
slowed	VBD
mental	JJ
and	CC
physical	JJ
development	NN
.	.
Thyroid	JJ
dysfunction	NN
.	.
Iodine	NN
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
healthy	JJ
thyroid	NN
.	.
Mental	NNP
retardation	NN
may	MD
result	VB
from	IN
an	DT
iodine	NN
deficiency	NN
in	IN
children	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
only	RB
needed	VBN
in	IN
trace	VBP
amounts	NNS
.	.
Found	NNP
in	IN
most	JJS
foods	NNS
,	,
especially	RB
dairy	NN
products	NNS
,	,
fish	RB
,	,
meat	NN
and	CC
seafood	NN
.	.
Also	RB
:	:
apples	NNS
,	,
apricots	NNS
,	,
bananas	NNS
,	,
brown	JJ
rice	NN
,	,
figs	NNS
,	,
garlic	NN
,	,
lima	NN
beans	NNS
,	,
peaches	NNS
,	,
salmon	NN
,	,
sesame	NN
seeds	NNS
,	,
tofu	NN
,	,
green	JJ
leafy	JJ
vegetables	NNS
,	,
wheat	NN
and	CC
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
.	.
DEFICIENCY	NN
SYMPTOMS	NNS
:	:
aching	VBG
muscles	NNS
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
broken	VBN
nails	NNS
,	,
confusion	NN
,	,
decreased	VBD
blood	NN
pressure	NN
and	CC
body	NN
temperature	NN
,	,
disorientation	NN
,	,
easily	RB
aroused	VBN
anger	NN
,	,
hair	NN
loss	NN
,	,
hyperactivity	NN
,	,
insomnia	NN
,	,
muscle	NN
tremors	NNS
,	,
nervousness	NN
,	,
noise	NN
sensitivity	NN
,	,
rapid	JJ
pulse	NN
and	CC
sound	JJ
sensitivity	NN
.	.
Deficiency	NN
interferes	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
transmission	NN
of	IN
nerve	NN
and	CC
muscle	NN
impulses	NNS
,	,
causes	VBZ
depression	NN
and	CC
dizziness	NN
,	,
muscle	NN
weakness	NN
,	,
twitching	NN
,	,
heart	NN
disease	NN
and	CC
blood	NN
pressure	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
and	CC
disruption	NN
in	IN
proper	JJ
pH	NN
balance	NN
.	.
Magnesium	NNP
plays	VBZ
an	DT
important	JJ
role	NN
in	IN
the	DT
formation	NN
of	IN
bone	NN
,	,
carbohydrate	NN
and	CC
mineral	NN
metabolism	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
vital	JJ
to	TO
enzyme	NN
activity	NN
and	CC
assists	VBZ
in	IN
calcium	NN
and	CC
potassium	NN
uptake	NN
.	.
Use	NN
of	IN
diuretics	NNS
,	,
laxatives	NNS
,	,
vomitting	VBG
and	CC
diarrhea	NN
can	MD
significantly	RB
contribute	VB
to	TO
the	DT
body	NN
's	POS
need	NN
for	IN
magnesium	NN
.	.
DEFICIENCY	NN
SYMPTOMS	NNS
:	:
Appetite	NN
loss	NN
,	,
bone	NN
pain	NN
,	,
fatigue	NN
,	,
irregular	JJ
breathing	NN
,	,
nervous	JJ
disorders	NNS
;	:
Bone	NNP
and	CC
tooth	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
heart	NN
and	CC
kidney	NN
problems	NNS
.	.
Phosphorus	NNP
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
for	IN
helping	VBG
the	DT
body	NN
to	TO
utilize	VB
vitamins	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
convert	VB
food	NN
to	TO
energy	NN
.	.
A	DT
balance	NN
of	IN
magnesium	NN
,	,
calcium	NN
and	CC
phosphorus	NN
should	MD
always	RB
be	VB
maintained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
body	NN
for	IN
proper	JJ
health	NN
.	.
Diets	NNS
high	JJ
in	IN
junk	NN
food	NN
,	,
including	VBG
soda	NN
and	CC
diet	NN
soda	NN
,	,
can	MD
contribute	VB
to	TO
too	RB
much	JJ
phosphorus	NN
which	WDT
can	MD
inhibit	VB
calcium	NN
uptake	NN
.	.
Food	NNP
sources	NNS
for	IN
Potassium	NNP
include	VBP
dairy	NN
foods	NNS
,	,
fish	RB
,	,
fruit	NN
,	,
meat	NN
,	,
poultry	NN
and	CC
vegetables	NNS
,	,
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
,	,
apricots	NNS
,	,
avocado	NN
,	,
bananas	NNS
,	,
brown	JJ
rice	NN
,	,
cantaloupe	NN
,	,
carrot	NN
juice	NN
,	,
dates	NNS
,	,
figs	NNS
,	,
dried	VBN
fruit	NN
,	,
garlic	NN
,	,
lima	NN
beans	NNS
,	,
nuts	NNS
,	,
peaches	NNS
,	,
potatoes	NNS
,	,
raisins	NNS
,	,
wheat	NN
bran	NN
and	CC
yams	NNS
.	.
Confusion	NN
,	,
low	JJ
blood	NN
sugar	NN
,	,
dehydration	NN
,	,
lethargy	NN
,	,
heart	NN
palpatations	NNS
and	CC
heart	NN
attack	NN
.	.
Sodium	NN
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
for	IN
maintaining	VBG
the	DT
proper	JJ
water	NN
balance	NN
and	CC
blood	NN
pH.	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
needed	VBN
for	IN
stomach	NN
,	,
nerve	NN
and	CC
muscle	NN
function	NN
.	.
Dryness	NN
of	IN
skin	NN
,	,
increased	VBD
risks	NNS
of	IN
infection	NN
,	,
poor	JJ
resistance	NN
to	TO
bacterial	JJ
infections	NNS
.	.
Sulfur	NN
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
to	TO
disinfecting	VBG
the	DT
blood	NN
and	CC
resisting	VBG
bacteria	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
aids	VBZ
in	IN
oxidation	NN
reactions	NNS
,	,
stimulates	VBZ
bile	JJ
secretions	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
liver	NN
and	CC
protects	VBZ
against	IN
toxic	JJ
substances	NNS
.	.
Zinc	NN
:	:
Found	VBN
in	IN
fish	NN
,	,
meats	NNS
,	,
poultry	NN
,	,
seafood	NN
and	CC
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
,	,
beef	NN
liver	NN
,	,
egg	NN
yolks	NNS
,	,
lamb	NN
chops	NNS
,	,
lima	NN
beans	NNS
,	,
liver	NN
,	,
mushrooms	NNS
,	,
pecans	NNS
,	,
pumpkin	JJ
seeds	NNS
,	,
sardines	NNS
,	,
and	CC
soybeans	NNS
,	,
wheat	NN
germ	NN
and	CC
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
.	.
DEFICIENCY	NN
SYMPTOMS	NNS
:	:
Acne	NN
,	,
brittle	JJ
nails	NNS
,	,
decreased	VBD
learning	VBG
ability	NN
,	,
delayed	VBN
sexual	JJ
maturity	NN
,	,
eczema	NN
,	,
fatigue	NN
,	,
loss	NN
of	IN
taste	NN
and	CC
smell	NN
,	,
poor	JJ
appetite	NN
,	,
poor	JJ
circulation	NN
,	,
poor	JJ
memory	NN
,	,
prolonged	VBN
wound	NN
healing	NN
,	,
retarded	JJ
growth	NN
,	,
skin	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
splitting	NN
hair	NN
,	,
sterility	NN
,	,
white	JJ
spots	NNS
on	IN
nails	NNS
;	:
Problems	NNS
with	IN
prostate	NN
gland	NN
function	NN
,	,
and	CC
immune	JJ
system	NN
,	,
liver	NN
damage	NN
.	.
Zinc	NN
intake	NN
and	CC
absorption	NN
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
to	TO
maintain	VB
the	DT
proper	JJ
concentrations	NNS
of	IN
vitamin	NN
E	NN
in	IN
the	DT
blood	NN
.	.
Zinc	NN
levels	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
decreased	VBN
by	IN
diarrhea	NN
,	,
kidney	NN
disease	NN
,	,
cirrhosis	NN
or	CC
the	DT
liver	NN
,	,
diabetes	NN
.	.
Consuming	VBG
``	``
hard	JJ
water	NN
''	''
can	MD
upset	VB
zinc	NN
levels	NNS
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
study	NN
conducted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Cancer	NNP
Institute	NNP
during	IN
1978	CD
and	CC
1979	CD
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
concluded	VBN
that	IN
heavy	JJ
users	NNS
of	IN
Saccharin	NNP
,	,
and	CC
products	NNS
containing	VBG
it	PRP
such	JJ
as	IN
diet	NN
soda	NN
,	,
could	MD
be	VB
at	IN
an	DT
increased	VBN
risk	NN
of	IN
developing	VBG
bladder	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
``	``
Heavy	JJ
use	NN
''	''
was	VBD
defined	VBN
as	IN
``	``
two	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
8-ounce	JJ
servings	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
diet	NN
drink	NN
per	IN
day	NN
,	,
''	''
or	CC
``	``
six	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
servings	NNS
of	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
packets	NNS
of	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
sugar	NN
substitute	NN
per	IN
day	NN
.	.
''	''
Saccharin	NNP
,	,
used	VBD
long-term	JJ
,	,
does	VBZ
not	RB
promote	VB
good	JJ
health	NN
,	,
but	CC
if	IN
you	PRP
must	MD
use	VB
an	DT
artificial	JJ
sweetener	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
diabetic	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
please	VB
choose	VB
Saccharin	NNP
products	NNS
over	IN
popular	JJ
Aspartame-containing	JJ
ones	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
see	VB
below	IN
!	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Known	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
as	IN
Nutrasweet	NNP
or	CC
Equal	NNP
,	,
Aspartame	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
popular	JJ
artificial	JJ
sweetener	NN
used	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
known	VBN
to	TO
potentially	RB
cause	VB
cancer	NN
and	CC
be	VB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
wide	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
behavioral	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
humans	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
cause	VB
seizures	NNS
and	CC
even	RB
death	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Feb.	NNP
1994	CD
Department	NNP
of	IN
Health	NNP
and	CC
Human	NNP
Services	NNPS
Report	NNP
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
It	PRP
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
dangerous	JJ
additives	NNS
in	IN
food	NN
today	NN
.	.
Of	IN
the	DT
allergic	JJ
reactions	NNS
to	TO
food	NN
that	WDT
are	VBP
reported	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
FDA	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
accounts	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
reason	NN
in	IN
75	CD
%	NN
of	IN
the	DT
cases	NNS
.	.
Aspartame	NNP
can	MD
often	RB
be	VB
found	VBN
in	IN
:	:
diet	NN
sodas	NNS
,	,
ice-teas	NNS
,	,
coffee	NN
drinks	NNS
,	,
breath	NN
mints	NNS
,	,
cereals	NNS
,	,
sugar-free	JJ
gums	NNS
,	,
jello	NN
,	,
frozen	VBN
yogurt	NN
,	,
wine	NN
coolers	NNS
,	,
multivitamins	NNS
and	CC
children	NNS
's	POS
vitamins	NNS
,	,
milks	NNS
drinks	NNS
,	,
laxatives	NNS
and	CC
many	JJ
more	JJR
products	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
in	IN
products	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
NOT	NNP
promoted	VBD
as	IN
``	``
sugar-free	JJ
''	''
.	.
Sucralose	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
artificial	JJ
sweetener	NN
made	VBN
from	IN
sugar	NN
--	:
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
chlorinated	JJ
sucrose	NN
derivative	NN
.	.
Though	IN
considered	VBN
``	``
safer	JJR
''	''
than	IN
aspartame	NN
or	CC
saccharin	NN
by	IN
many	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
thought	VBN
that	IN
there	EX
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
enough	JJ
long-term	JJ
studies	NNS
done	VBN
on	IN
this	DT
product	NN
,	,
and	CC
many	JJ
believe	VBP
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
just	RB
as	IN
hazardous	JJ
as	IN
some	DT
of	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
competitors	NNS
.	.
Research	NNP
in	IN
animals	NNS
has	VBZ
shown	VBN
the	DT
following	JJ
side	NN
effects	NNS
:	:
chest	NN
pains	NNS
,	,
irritability	NN
,	,
confusion	NN
,	,
fatigue	NN
,	,
shrunken	JJ
thymus	NN
gland	NN
,	,
enlarged	JJ
liver	NN
and	CC
kidneys	NNS
,	,
reduced	VBN
growth	NN
rate	NN
,	,
decreased	VBD
red	JJ
blood	NN
cell	NN
count	NN
,	,
hyperplasia	NN
of	IN
pelvis	NNS
,	,
miscarraige	NN
,	,
decreased	VBD
fetal	JJ
body	NN
weights	NNS
,	,
changes	NNS
in	IN
mood	NN
,	,
and	CC
diarrhea	NN
.	.
We	PRP
all	DT
need	VBP
a	DT
certain	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
fat	JJ
in	IN
our	PRP$
diets	NNS
.	.
Too	RB
much	RB
is	VBZ
not	RB
good	JJ
either	RB
,	,
but	CC
none	NN
is	VBZ
potentially	RB
dangerous	JJ
.	.
Fat	NNP
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
for	IN
proper	JJ
growth	NN
and	CC
development	NN
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
proper	JJ
absorption	NN
of	IN
fat-soluable	JJ
vitamins	NNS
like	IN
A	DT
,	,
D	NNP
,	,
E	NNP
and	CC
K	NNP
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
the	DT
only	JJ
source	NN
of	IN
certain	JJ
essential	JJ
fatty	JJ
acids	NNS
.	.
Olestra	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
fat-based	JJ
fat	JJ
substitute	NN
--	:
a	DT
synthetic	JJ
mixture	NN
of	IN
sugar	NN
and	CC
vegetable	NN
oil	NN
that	WDT
passes	VBZ
through	IN
the	DT
body	NN
without	IN
adding	VBG
fat	JJ
or	CC
calories	NNS
.	.
The	DT
FDA	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
great	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
critics	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
believe	VB
there	EX
has	VBZ
been	VBN
sufficient	JJ
testing	NN
on	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
safety	NN
in	IN
long-term	JJ
use	NN
.	.
It	PRP
passes	VBZ
through	IN
the	DT
body	NN
undigested	JJ
,	,
so	RB
what	WP
does	VBZ
it	PRP
do	VB
as	IN
it	PRP
runs	VBZ
its	PRP$
course	NN
?	.
Critics	NNS
are	VBP
concerned	VBN
that	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
steal	VB
from	IN
the	DT
body	NN
essential	JJ
nutrients	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
vitamins	NNS
A	DT
,	,
D	NNP
,	,
E	NNP
and	CC
K	NNP
,	,
beta-carotene	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
others	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
by	IN
up	RB
to	TO
30	CD
%	NN
.	.
``	``
These	DT
vitamins	NNS
attach	VBP
themselves	PRP
to	TO
fat	JJ
,	,
so	RB
when	WRB
they	PRP
stick	VBP
to	TO
olestra	VB
by	IN
mistake	NN
they	PRP
get	VBP
flushed	VBN
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
body	NN
undigested	JJ
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Health	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
News	NNP
,	,
December	NNP
1995	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Olestra	NNP
can	MD
also	RB
deplete	VB
the	DT
body	NN
of	IN
carotenoids	NNS
--	:
a	DT
group	NN
of	IN
substances	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
lutein	NN
and	CC
zeaxanthin	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
keep	VB
your	PRP$
immune	JJ
system	NN
healthy	JJ
and	CC
help	VB
to	TO
prevent	VB
things	NNS
like	IN
heart	NN
disease	NN
,	,
cancer	NN
,	,
and	CC
vision	NN
problem	NN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
Olestra	NNP
's	POS
immediate	JJ
effects	NNS
,	,
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
way	NN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
passed	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
system	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
cause	VB
gas	NN
,	,
cramping	VBG
and	CC
diarrhea	NN
.	.
The	DT
Mayo	NNP
Clinic	NNP
recommends	VBZ
that	IN
``	``
It	PRP
's	VBZ
okay	JJ
in	IN
small	JJ
amounts	NNS
if	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
a	DT
healthy	JJ
adult	NN
who	WP
's	VBZ
eating	VBG
a	DT
well-balanced	JJ
diet	NN
and	CC
aware	JJ
of	IN
potential	JJ
risks	NNS
.	.
But	CC
at	IN
this	DT
time	NN
we	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
comfortably	RB
recommend	VB
that	DT
children	NNS
and	CC
teens	NNS
eat	VBP
foods	NNS
made	VBN
with	IN
olestra	NN
because	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
only	RB
limited	JJ
studies	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
substitute	NN
that	WDT
have	VBP
included	VBN
them	PRP
.	.
''	''
Because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
dangers	NNS
you	PRP
present	VBP
to	TO
yourself	PRP
and	CC
your	PRP$
baby	NN
,	,
you	PRP
should	MD
not	RB
attempt	VB
to	TO
get	VB
pregnant	JJ
until	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
well	RB
on	IN
your	PRP$
way	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
,	,
or	CC
recovered	VBD
.	.
You	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
talk	VB
to	TO
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
comfortably	RB
about	IN
your	PRP$
history	NN
of	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
Women	NNS
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
and	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
who	WP
get	VBP
pregnant	JJ
can	MD
be	VB
at	IN
a	DT
higher	JJR
risk	NN
for	IN
miscarraige	NN
,	,
high-risk	JJ
pregnancy	NN
and	CC
complications	NNS
,	,
and	CC
birth	NN
defects	NNS
including	VBG
those	DT
that	WDT
can	MD
cause	VB
the	DT
mom	NN
or	CC
the	DT
baby	NN
's	POS
death	NN
.	.
Having	VBG
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
can	MD
increase	VB
your	PRP$
chances	NNS
of	IN
never	RB
being	VBG
able	JJ
to	TO
get	VB
pregnant	JJ
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
longer	RBR
you	PRP
have	VBP
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
the	DT
higher	JJR
the	DT
risk	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
will	MD
face	VB
some	DT
type	NN
of	IN
fertility	NN
problems	NNS
.	.
Should	MD
you	PRP
be	VB
on	IN
the	DT
road	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
,	,
or	CC
recovered	VBD
,	,
and	CC
are	VBP
having	VBG
a	DT
difficult	JJ
time	NN
getting	VBG
pregnancy	NN
,	,
talk	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
about	IN
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
fertility	NN
testing	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
become	VB
pregnant	JJ
there	EX
is	VBZ
nothing	NN
more	RBR
important	JJ
than	IN
what	WP
you	PRP
will	MD
put	VB
into	IN
your	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
Being	VBG
pregnant	JJ
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
drain	NN
on	IN
physical	JJ
well-being	NN
,	,
thus	RB
the	DT
reason	NN
for	IN
good	JJ
pre-natal	JJ
care	NN
and	CC
overall	JJ
health	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
that	IN
Mom	NN
eat	VBP
a	DT
well-balanced	JJ
meal	NN
,	,
stay	VB
hydrated	VBN
with	IN
plenty	NN
of	IN
fluids	NNS
,	,
take	VB
her	PRP$
pre-natal	JJ
vitamins	NNS
and	CC
have	VBP
a	DT
relatively	RB
stress-free	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
risks	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
having	VBG
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
including	VBG
malnutrition	NN
,	,
electrolyte	NN
imbalances	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
that	WDT
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
kidney	NN
failure	NN
,	,
heart	NN
attack	NN
and	CC
death	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
vitamin	NN
deficiencies	NNS
and	CC
dehydration	NN
--	:
all	DT
of	IN
which	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
extremely	RB
dangerous	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
developing	VBG
fetus	NN
and	CC
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
its	PRP$
death	NN
.	.
The	DT
baby	NN
that	WDT
grows	VBZ
inside	IN
you	PRP
needs	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
provided	VBN
with	IN
enough	JJ
nutrition	NN
and	CC
a	DT
safe	JJ
environment	NN
to	TO
flourish	VB
.	.
Disorders	NNS
,	,
those	DT
who	WP
become	VBP
pregnant	JJ
are	VBP
at	IN
an	DT
increased	VBN
risk	NN
of	IN
of	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
complications	NNS
:	:
Risks	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
baby	NN
can	MD
be	VB
delayed	VBN
fetal-growth	NN
,	,
low	JJ
birth-weight	NN
babies	NNS
,	,
birth	NN
defects	NNS
,	,
fetal	JJ
abnormality	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
cleft	JJ
palate	NN
or	CC
cleft	JJ
lip	NN
,	,
jaundice	NN
,	,
respiratory	JJ
distress	NN
of	IN
the	DT
baby	NN
immediately	RB
after	IN
birth	NN
,	,
higher	JJR
death	NN
possibility	NN
to	TO
the	DT
baby	NN
in	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
trimester	NN
of	IN
pregnancy	NN
or	CC
within	IN
1	CD
month	NN
after	IN
birth	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
perinatal	JJ
mortality	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
low	JJ
Apgar	NNP
scores	NNS
--	:
The	DT
Apgar	NNP
score	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
reading	NN
of	IN
the	DT
baby	NN
's	POS
skin	NN
color	NN
,	,
heart	NN
rate	NN
,	,
movement	NN
,	,
breathing	NN
and	CC
reflexes	NNS
,	,
each	DT
rated	VBN
from	IN
0	CD
-	:
poor	JJ
,	,
to	TO
2	LS
-	:
good	JJ
.	.
The	DT
reading	NN
is	VBZ
taken	VBN
1	CD
and	CC
5	CD
minutes	NNS
after	IN
birth	NN
.	.
Other	JJ
risks	NNS
to	TO
mom	NN
and	CC
the	DT
baby	NN
include	VBP
miscarraige	NN
,	,
Gestational	NNP
Diabetes	NNP
,	,
Preeclampsia	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
toxemia	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
low	JJ
amniotic	JJ
fluid	NN
,	,
placental	JJ
separation	NN
,	,
complications	NNS
during	IN
labor	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
breech	NN
birth	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
incompetent	JJ
cervix	NN
and\/or	CC
spontaneous	JJ
abortion	NN
,	,
and	CC
increased	VBD
risk	NN
to	TO
Mom	NN
of	IN
damage	NN
to	TO
the	DT
kidneys	NNS
and	CC
heart	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
important	JJ
after	IN
the	DT
birth	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
new	JJ
baby	NN
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
you	PRP
continue	VBP
to	TO
eat	VB
right	JJ
and	CC
get	VB
the	DT
proper	JJ
nutrition	NN
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
keep	VB
your	PRP$
strength	NN
up	IN
to	TO
handle	VB
all	PDT
the	DT
changes	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
that	IN
this	DT
new	JJ
found	VBN
bundle-of-joy	NN
will	MD
bring	VB
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
handle	VB
any	DT
postpardum	NN
depression	NN
you	PRP
may	MD
suffer	VB
from	IN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
breastfeeding	VBG
,	,
eating	VBG
right	JJ
becomes	VBZ
even	RB
more	RBR
important	JJ
because	IN
you	PRP
will	MD
pass	VB
along	RP
any	DT
vitamin	NN
deficiencies	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
baby	NN
,	,
or	CC
will	MD
not	RB
produce	VB
enough	JJ
milk	NN
to	TO
feed	VB
it	PRP
.	.
These	DT
are	VBP
all	DT
important	JJ
questions	NNS
to	TO
ask	VB
yourself	PRP
when	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
deciding	VBG
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
baby	NN
and	CC
have	VB
had	VBD
a	DT
history	NN
of	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
decision	NN
to	TO
take	VB
lightly	RB
or	CC
to	TO
go	VB
into	IN
because	IN
you	PRP
think	VBP
this	DT
will	MD
be	VB
the	DT
motivation	NN
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
recover	VB
.	.
A	DT
baby	NN
will	MD
not	RB
just	RB
add	VB
joy	NN
and	CC
laughter	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
life	NN
...	:
they	PRP
also	RB
add	VBP
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
stress	NN
and	CC
responsibility	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
something	NN
you	PRP
should	MD
do	VB
because	IN
of	IN
a	DT
need	NN
to	TO
be	VB
loved	VBN
by	IN
someone	NN
.	.
A	DT
baby	NN
will	MD
need	VB
your	PRP$
love	NN
and	CC
protection	NN
,	,
and	CC
will	MD
need	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
strong	JJ
and	CC
healthy	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
need	VB
a	DT
baby	NN
...	:
a	DT
baby	NN
will	MD
need	VB
you	PRP
.	.
``	``
Medical	JJ
Alert	NNP
''	''
tags	NNS
are	VBP
those	DT
bracelets	NNS
,	,
necklaces	NNS
,	,
keyrings	NNS
,	,
watches	NNS
,	,
and	CC
clothing	NN
tags	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
whatever	WDT
you	PRP
choose	VBP
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	IN
relay	NN
important	JJ
medical	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
medical	JJ
community	NN
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
imprinted	VBN
with	IN
just	RB
about	IN
any	DT
medical	JJ
information	NN
you	PRP
want	VBP
,	,
or	CC
with	IN
an	DT
identification	NN
number	NN
and	CC
phone	NN
number	NN
to	TO
reference	NN
your	PRP$
medical	JJ
information	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
also	RB
many	JJ
of	IN
you	PRP
out	IN
there	RB
suffering	VBG
that	DT
have	VBP
not	RB
told	VBN
anyone	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
immediate	JJ
family	NN
,	,
or	CC
otherwise	RB
,	,
of	IN
your	PRP$
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
This	DT
would	MD
leave	VB
them	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
position	NN
to	TO
also	RB
not	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
communicate	VB
with	IN
the	DT
doctors	NNS
and	CC
nurses	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
hospital	NN
with	IN
100	CD
%	NN
accuracy	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
times	NNS
when	WRB
family	NN
doctors	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
in	IN
medical	JJ
records	NNS
,	,
making	VBG
this	DT
a	DT
deadly	JJ
secret	NN
from	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
who	WP
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
try	VB
and	CC
help	VB
in	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
,	,
whether	IN
caused	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
complication	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
or	CC
not	RB
.	.
Different	JJ
medical	JJ
alert	JJ
companies	NNS
have	VBP
different	JJ
procedures	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
below	IN
there	EX
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
links	NNS
for	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
follow	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
but	CC
generally	RB
you	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
choices	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
ID	NNP
tag	NN
you	PRP
want	VBP
and	CC
what	WP
information	NN
will	MD
go	VB
on	IN
them	PRP
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
generally	RB
NOT	RB
expensive	JJ
.	.
Some	DT
companies	NNS
offer	VBP
them	PRP
plain	RB
on	IN
one	CD
side	NN
,	,
some	DT
you	PRP
can	MD
have	VB
the	DT
choice	NN
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
the	DT
``	``
medical	JJ
alert	NN
''	''
symbol	NN
appears	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
front	NN
or	CC
back	RB
,	,
or	CC
at	IN
all	DT
,	,
and	CC
you	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
good	JJ
choice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
tag	NN
you	PRP
'd	MD
like	VB
.	.
In	IN
our	PRP$
opinion	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
very	RB
important	JJ
to	TO
get	VB
a	DT
``	``
Medical	JJ
Alert	NNP
''	''
tag	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
get	VB
one	CD
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
think	VB
about	IN
it	PRP
for	IN
a	DT
while	NN
than	IN
bookmark	NN
this	DT
page	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
concerned	VBN
about	IN
privacy	NN
,	,
consider	VB
the	DT
ID	NNP
#	#
number	NN
type	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
you	PRP
can	MD
even	RB
carry	VB
a	DT
card	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
wallet	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Medic	NNP
Alert	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
company	NN
that	WDT
sells	VBZ
bracelets	NNS
and	CC
necklaces	NNS
and	CC
offers	VBZ
a	DT
24	CD
hour	NN
hot	JJ
line	NN
number	NN
that	WDT
medical	JJ
professionals	NNS
can	MD
call	VB
and	CC
get	VB
information	NN
on	IN
you	PRP
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
ID	NNP
number	NN
they	PRP
read	VBD
off	IN
of	IN
your	PRP$
bracelet	NN
.	.
You	PRP
could	MD
also	RB
just	RB
get	VB
a	DT
regular	JJ
bracelet	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
it	PRP
engraved	VBN
with	IN
something	NN
like	IN
the	DT
examples	NNS
above	IN
.	.
Heart	NNP
attack	NN
and	CC
stroke	NN
are	VBP
life-and-death	JJ
emergencies	NNS
...	:
every	DT
second	JJ
counts	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
see	VBP
or	CC
have	VBP
any	DT
of	IN
these	DT
symptoms	NNS
,	,
immediately	RB
call	VB
for	IN
help	NN
.	.
Not	RB
all	PDT
these	DT
signs	NNS
occur	VBP
in	IN
every	DT
attack	NN
.	.
Sometimes	RB
they	PRP
go	VBP
away	RB
and	CC
return	VB
.	.
If	IN
some	DT
occur	VBP
,	,
get	VBP
help	VB
fast	RB
!	.
Treatment	NNP
is	VBZ
more	RBR
effective	JJ
when	WRB
given	VBN
quickly	RB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
so	RB
important	JJ
to	TO
reduce	VB
your	PRP$
risk	NN
factors	NNS
,	,
know	VBP
the	DT
warning	NN
signs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
know	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
respond	VB
quickly	RB
and	CC
properly	RB
if	IN
warning	NN
signs	NNS
occur	VBP
.	.
Recovery	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
just	RB
about	IN
learning	VBG
to	TO
eat	VB
in	IN
a	DT
healthy	JJ
way	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
just	RB
about	IN
gaining	VBG
or	CC
losing	VBG
the	DT
required	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
weight	NN
.	.
While	IN
for	IN
some	DT
patients	NNS
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
important	JJ
to	TO
get	VB
medically	RB
stable	JJ
first	RB
,	,
somewhere	RB
along	IN
the	DT
path	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
everyone	NN
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
fill	VB
their	PRP$
Recovery	NNP
Toolbox	NNP
with	IN
many	JJ
items	NNS
not	RB
included	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
dietician	NN
's	POS
menu	NN
of	IN
what	WP
to	TO
eat	VB
.	.
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
are	VBP
not	RB
about	RB
weight	NN
and	CC
food	NN
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
seem	VB
to	TO
be	VB
,	,
but	CC
these	DT
are	VBP
just	RB
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
something	NN
much	JJ
deeper	JJR
going	VBG
on	IN
,	,
triggered	VBN
by	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
feelings	NNS
and	CC
issues	NNS
.	.
Feelings	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
low	JJ
self-worth	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
sadness	NN
,	,
anger	NN
,	,
confusion	NN
,	,
frustration	NN
,	,
fear	NN
and	CC
insecurities	NNS
--	:
Issues	NNS
like	IN
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
,	,
dysfunctional	JJ
relationships	NNS
,	,
lack	NN
of	IN
boundaries	NNS
,	,
perfectionism	NN
,	,
being	VBG
a	DT
``	``
yes	UH
''	''
person	NN
,	,
social	JJ
self-judgement	NN
,	,
phobia	NN
or	CC
isolation	NN
--	:
are	VBP
just	RB
some	DT
simple	JJ
examples	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
willing	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
and	CC
explore	VB
what	WP
those	DT
issue	NN
are	VBP
.	.
You	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
willing	JJ
to	TO
heal	VB
from	IN
the	DT
pain	NN
and\/or	CC
anger	NN
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
learn	VB
to	TO
express	VB
and	CC
talk	VB
about	IN
what	WP
you	PRP
feel	VBP
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
address	VB
what	WP
your	PRP$
issues	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
learn	VB
to	TO
identify	VB
your	PRP$
own	JJ
negative	JJ
emotions	NNS
and	CC
what	WP
triggers	VBZ
negative	JJ
thinking	NN
.	.
Ultimately	RB
,	,
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
learn	VB
to	TO
identify	VB
and	CC
cope	VB
with	IN
the	DT
stress	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
and	CC
the	DT
emotions	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
feel	VBP
.	.
Therapy	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
great	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
discover	VBP
what	WP
's	VBZ
going	VBG
on	IN
inside	NN
.	.
Support	NN
groups	NNS
are	VBP
helpful	JJ
.	.
Journaling	VBG
about	IN
how	WRB
you	PRP
feel	VBP
,	,
buying	VBG
self-help	JJ
books	NNS
and	CC
workbooks	NNS
,	,
going	VBG
to	TO
self-esteem	NN
seminars	NNS
,	,
thinking	VBG
about	IN
how	WRB
your	PRP$
relationships	NNS
and	CC
pivotal	JJ
people	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
have	VBP
effected	VBN
you	PRP
,	,
thinking	VBG
about	IN
choices	NNS
you	PRP
've	VBP
made	VBN
,	,
exploring	VBG
what	WP
you	PRP
have	VBP
-LRB-	-LRB-
had	VBD
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
do	VB
not	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
did	VBD
not	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
have	VBP
control	NN
over	IN
,	,
visiting	VBG
with	IN
past	JJ
major	JJ
events	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
--	:
these	DT
are	VBP
all	DT
important	JJ
parts	NNS
of	IN
getting	VBG
to	TO
your	PRP$
issues	NNS
and	CC
feelings	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
common	JJ
to	TO
hear	VB
in	IN
the	DT
recovery	NN
community	NN
--	:
``	``
use	VB
your	PRP$
voice	NN
''	''
.	.
As	IN
part	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
learn	VB
to	TO
use	VB
your	PRP$
voice	NN
...	:
to	TO
express	VB
what	WP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
feeling	VBG
,	,
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
communicate	VB
effectively	RB
with	IN
others	NNS
what	WP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
you	PRP
need	VBP
,	,
what	WP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
you	PRP
lack	VBP
,	,
what	WP
they	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
to	TO
help	VB
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
tell	VB
someone	NN
you	PRP
are	VBP
feeling	VBG
insecure	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
learn	VB
to	TO
say	VB
``	``
I	PRP
'm	VBP
feeling	VBG
sad	JJ
today	NN
,	,
I	PRP
could	MD
use	VB
a	DT
hug	NN
.	.
''	''
Using	VBG
your	PRP$
voice	NN
is	VBZ
about	IN
the	DT
benefit	NN
you	PRP
get	VBP
in	IN
doing	VBG
so	RB
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
learn	VB
to	TO
express	VB
yourself	PRP
through	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
Sometimes	RB
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
by	IN
taking	VBG
risks	NNS
to	TO
just	RB
say	VB
how	WRB
you	PRP
feel	VBP
to	TO
someone	NN
you	PRP
trust	NN
.	.
Sometimes	RB
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
to	TO
write	VB
a	DT
letter	NN
to	TO
someone	NN
,	,
expressing	VBG
your	PRP$
emotions	NNS
.	.
A	DT
good	JJ
place	NN
to	TO
start	VB
is	VBZ
in	IN
a	DT
journal	NN
,	,
in	IN
therapy	NN
or	CC
a	DT
support	NN
group	NN
,	,
or	CC
even	RB
in	IN
an	DT
online	JJ
support	NN
forum	NN
.	.
The	DT
important	JJ
part	NN
to	TO
remember	VB
--	:
this	DT
is	VBZ
your	PRP$
TRUE-voice	JJ
megaphone	NN
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
talk	VBP
about	IN
nothing	NN
but	CC
what	WP
you	PRP
weigh	VBP
,	,
or	CC
losing	VBG
weight	NN
,	,
or	CC
food	NN
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
censoring	VBG
your	PRP$
true	JJ
voice	NN
and	CC
what	WP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
your	PRP$
really	RB
are	VBP
feeling	VBG
and	CC
going	VBG
through	RB
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
spent	VBN
many	JJ
years	NNS
translating	VBG
your	PRP$
problems	NNS
and	CC
emotions	NNS
into	IN
concentrated	JJ
discussion	NN
on	IN
weight	NN
and	CC
food	NN
...	:
you	PRP
must	MD
learn	VB
to	TO
find	VB
your	PRP$
TRUE	JJ
voice	NN
beneith	IN
the	DT
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
essential	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
recovery	NN
path	NN
to	TO
find	VB
new	JJ
coping	VBG
skills	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
you	PRP
learn	VBP
to	TO
identify	VB
your	PRP$
feelings	NNS
and	CC
issues	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
then	RB
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
them	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
difficult	JJ
slow	JJ
process	NN
,	,
but	CC
without	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
learning	VBG
healthier	RBR
coping	VBG
skills	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
're	VBP
left	VBN
with	IN
nothing	NN
as	IN
a	DT
healthy	JJ
replacement	NN
for	IN
a	DT
set	NN
of	IN
really	RB
unhealthy	JJ
behaviors	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
take	VBP
the	DT
money	NN
we	PRP
earn	VBP
and	CC
put	VBP
it	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
bank	NN
for	IN
when	WRB
we	PRP
need	VBP
it	PRP
...	:
A	DT
Coping	NNP
Bank	NNP
is	VBZ
essentially	RB
the	DT
same	JJ
thing	NN
.	.
We	PRP
take	VBP
what	WP
we	PRP
learn	VBP
about	IN
coping	VBG
alternatives	NNS
and	CC
put	VB
them	PRP
away	RB
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
backs	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
minds	NNS
,	,
for	IN
when	WRB
we	PRP
need	VBP
them	PRP
.	.
Click	VB
here	RB
Read	VB
more	JJR
about	IN
making	VBG
your	PRP$
own	JJ
coping	VBG
back	RB
.	.
Constantly	RB
thinking	VBG
``	``
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
do	VB
it	PRP
''	''
will	MD
set	VB
you	PRP
up	RP
for	IN
something	NN
called	VBN
``	``
self-fulfilled	JJ
prophecy	NN
''	''
,	,
which	WDT
means	VBZ
you	PRP
predict	VBP
and	CC
carry	VBP
out	RP
your	PRP$
own	JJ
future	NN
.	.
You	PRP
do	VBP
have	VB
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
create	VB
your	PRP$
own	JJ
success	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
constantly	RB
thinking	VBG
negatively	RB
about	IN
yourself	PRP
and	CC
what	WP
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
do	VB
,	,
you	PRP
only	RB
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
all	PDT
the	DT
harder	JJR
a	DT
task	NN
...	:
and	CC
it	PRP
becomes	VBZ
all	PDT
the	DT
easier	JJR
to	TO
just	RB
give	VB
in	IN
to	TO
your	PRP$
negative	JJ
thinking	NN
.	.
Being	VBG
a	DT
negative	JJ
thinker	NN
may	MD
seem	VB
``	``
natural	JJ
''	''
,	,
but	CC
learning	VBG
to	TO
give	VB
yourself	PRP
credit	NN
,	,
to	TO
look	VB
for	IN
the	DT
positives	NNS
in	IN
yourself	PRP
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
say	VB
``	``
I	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
this	DT
''	''
is	VBZ
an	DT
essential	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
Affirmations	NNS
can	MD
help	VB
.	.
Motivational	NNP
exercises\/games	NNS
can	MD
help	VB
.	.
Doing	VBG
a	DT
gratitude	NN
list	NN
each	DT
day	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
Today	NN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
thankful	JJ
for	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
fill	NN
in	IN
the	DT
blanks	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
''	''
--	:
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
as	RB
simple	JJ
as	IN
``	``
I	PRP
'm	VBP
thankful	JJ
I	PRP
made	VBD
it	PRP
through	IN
today	NN
''	''
or	CC
``	``
I	PRP
'm	VBP
thankful	JJ
for	IN
supportive	JJ
friends	NNS
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Asking	VBG
those	DT
you	PRP
love	VBP
and	CC
trust	VBP
to	TO
give	VB
you	PRP
a	DT
different	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
healthier	RBR
-RRB-	-RRB-
perspective	NN
can	MD
help	VB
.	.
Surrounding	VBG
yourself	PRP
with	IN
supportive	JJ
people	NNS
can	MD
help	VB
.	.
Something	NN
as	IN
simple	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
bumper	NN
sticker	NN
on	IN
the	DT
ceiling	NN
above	IN
your	PRP$
bed	NN
that	IN
says	VBZ
``	``
I	PRP
CAN	VBP
DO	NNP
IT	PRP
''	''
can	MD
help	VB
.	.
Find	VB
creative	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
your	PRP$
own	JJ
cheerleader	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
ask	VB
for	IN
reassurance	NN
when	WRB
you	PRP
're	VBP
having	VBG
a	DT
hard	JJ
time	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
surround	VB
yourself	PRP
will	MD
people	NNS
who	WP
will	MD
encourage	VB
your	PRP$
recovery	NN
;	:
Who	WP
will	MD
provide	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
some	DT
accountability	NN
while	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
learning	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
accountable	JJ
to	TO
yourself	PRP
;	:
Who	WP
will	MD
listen	VB
to	TO
what	WP
you	PRP
are	VBP
going	VBG
through	IN
and	CC
what	WP
you	PRP
are	VBP
feeling	VBG
.	.
A	DT
therapist	NN
,	,
a	DT
support	NN
group	NN
,	,
a	DT
close	JJ
friend	NN
,	,
a	DT
spouse	NN
or	CC
partner	NN
,	,
a	DT
family	NN
member	NN
,	,
or	CC
even	RB
an	DT
online	JJ
bulletin	NN
board	NN
...	:
they	PRP
can	MD
all	RB
be	VB
supportive	JJ
in	IN
your	PRP$
fight	NN
for	IN
self	NN
discovery	NN
and	CC
recovery	NN
.	.
Ask	NN
friends	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
you	PRP
accountable	JJ
.	.
Ask	NN
family	NN
members	NNS
to	TO
ask	VB
you	PRP
how	WRB
you	PRP
really	RB
feel	VBP
when	WRB
you	PRP
start	VBP
harping	VBG
on	IN
weight	NN
and	CC
food	NN
.	.
Ask	VB
your	PRP$
spouse	NN
to	TO
listen	VB
to	TO
your	PRP$
insecurities	NNS
.	.
Ask	NN
anyone	NN
willing	JJ
to	TO
support	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
listen	VB
,	,
and	CC
ask	VB
them	PRP
for	IN
what	WP
you	PRP
need	VBP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
up	RB
to	TO
you	PRP
to	TO
get	VB
what	WP
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
recover	VB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
up	RB
to	TO
you	PRP
to	TO
ask	VB
for	IN
help	NN
to	TO
get	VB
what	WP
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
recover	VB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
up	RB
to	TO
you	PRP
if	IN
you	PRP
take	VBP
your	PRP$
meds	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
necessary	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
up	RB
to	TO
you	PRP
to	TO
say	VB
they	PRP
are	VBP
n't	RB
working	VBG
if	IN
they	PRP
're	VBP
not	RB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
up	RB
to	TO
you	PRP
to	TO
show	VB
up	RP
for	IN
your	PRP$
therapy	NN
appointments	NNS
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
up	RB
to	TO
you	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
honest	JJ
with	IN
your	PRP$
therapist	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
support	NN
people	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
AND	CC
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
having	VBG
a	DT
seriously	RB
hard	JJ
time	NN
doing	VBG
any	DT
of	IN
these	DT
things	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
up	RB
to	TO
you	PRP
to	TO
say	VB
``	``
I	PRP
need	VBP
more	JJR
help	NN
here	RB
.	.
''	''
In	IN
our	PRP$
recovery	NN
from	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
things	NNS
we	PRP
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
learn	VB
to	TO
do	VB
is	VBZ
to	TO
find	VB
better	JJR
ways	NNS
to	TO
cope	VB
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNS
that	IN
these	DT
behaviors	NNS
were	VBD
good	JJ
``	``
emotion	NN
blockers	NNS
.	.
''	''
We	PRP
've	VBP
discovered	VBN
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
subconsciously	RB
,	,
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
easier	JJR
to	TO
think	VB
about	IN
food	NN
,	,
not	RB
eating	VBG
,	,
eating	VBG
too	RB
much	RB
,	,
what	WP
we	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
or	CC
will	MD
eat	VB
,	,
how	WRB
many	JJ
calories	NNS
we	PRP
just	RB
had	VBD
or	CC
will	MD
avoid	VB
,	,
etc.	FW
,	,
than	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
our	PRP$
feelings	NNS
and	CC
emotions	NNS
.	.
One	CD
key	NN
will	MD
be	VB
finding	VBG
a	DT
good	JJ
therapist	NN
.	.
Support	NN
groups	NNS
can	MD
work	VB
well	RB
for	IN
some	DT
as	RB
well	RB
,	,
but	CC
do	VBP
n't	RB
rule	VB
out	RP
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
all	DT
need	VBP
some	DT
sort	NN
of	IN
professional	JJ
assitance	NN
in	IN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
these	DT
problems	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
nothing	NN
shameful	JJ
about	IN
knowing	VBG
you	PRP
need	VBP
help	NN
and	CC
seeking	VBG
it	PRP
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
be	VB
the	DT
hardest	RBS
one	CD
for	IN
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
us	PRP
.	.
Begin	VB
practicing	VBG
at	IN
home	NN
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
mirror	NN
...	:
and	CC
then	RB
with	IN
people	NNS
you	PRP
are	VBP
closest	JJS
to	TO
...	:
friends	NNS
,	,
a	DT
spouse	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
support	NN
group	NN
.	.
Learning	NNP
to	TO
live	VB
in	IN
the	DT
moment	NN
and	CC
express	VB
the	DT
emotion	NN
you	PRP
are	VBP
feeling	VBG
will	MD
help	VB
to	TO
give	VB
you	PRP
less	JJR
of	IN
a	DT
need	NN
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
it	PRP
later	RB
.	.
With	IN
low	JJ
self-esteems	NNS
it	PRP
is	VBZ
often	RB
hard	JJ
to	TO
remember	VB
that	IN
we	PRP
deserve	VBP
to	TO
feel	VB
things	NNS
,	,
but	CC
we	PRP
do	VBP
!	.
You	PRP
've	VBP
a	DT
right	NN
to	TO
any	DT
emotion	NN
you	PRP
experience	VBP
and	CC
to	TO
express	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
person	NN
hurting	VBG
you	PRP
,	,
making	VBG
you	PRP
angry	JJ
,	,
frustrating	JJ
you	PRP
or	CC
even	RB
making	VBG
you	PRP
happy	JJ
.	.
Identifying	VBG
your	PRP$
own	JJ
emotions	NNS
and	CC
things	NNS
that	WDT
trigger	VBP
them	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
an	DT
important	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
We	PRP
all	DT
have	VBP
things	NNS
that	WDT
make	VBP
us	PRP
feel	VB
sad	JJ
,	,
angry	JJ
,	,
pressured	JJ
,	,
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
and	CC
frightened	JJ
.	.
Becoming	VBG
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
things	NNS
you	PRP
feel	VBP
,	,
learning	VBG
to	TO
self-validate	VB
your	PRP$
emotions	NNS
and	CC
finding	VBG
better	JJR
alternatives	NNS
for	IN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
them	PRP
is	VBZ
all	DT
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
finding	VBG
an	DT
emotionally	RB
and	CC
physically	RB
healthy	JJ
lifestyle	NN
.	.
Coping	VBG
alternatives	NNS
and	CC
grounding	VBG
techniques	NNS
will	MD
help	VB
with	IN
this	DT
process	NN
...	:
This	DT
IS	VBZ
recovery	NN
,	,
as	RB
much	RB
so	RB
as	IN
learning	VBG
to	TO
love	VB
yourself	PRP
no	DT
matter	NN
what	WDT
.	.
Write	VB
down	RP
what	WP
you	PRP
are	VBP
feeling	VBG
and	CC
what	WP
caused	VBD
you	PRP
to	TO
feel	VB
that	DT
way	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
emotions	NNS
,	,
the	DT
people	NNS
,	,
the	DT
actions	NNS
,	,
the	DT
environment	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
write	VB
down	RP
how	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
coping	VBG
with	IN
them	PRP
presently	RB
...	:
Then	RB
,	,
come	VB
up	RP
with	IN
a	DT
better	JJR
plan	NN
for	IN
next	JJ
time	NN
and	CC
write	VB
it	PRP
down	RB
!	.
Keep	VB
the	DT
list	NN
handy	JJ
,	,
write	VB
your	PRP$
self-affirmations	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
good	JJ
person	NN
''	''
,	,
``	``
I	PRP
love	VBP
myself	PRP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
on	IN
a	DT
piece	NN
of	IN
paper	NN
or	CC
index	NN
cards	NNS
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
coping	VBG
alternatives	NNS
and	CC
grounding	VBG
methods	NNS
as	IN
reminders	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
choice	NN
for	IN
recovery	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
along	IN
the	DT
way	NN
.	.
Remember	VB
,	,
the	DT
number	NN
one	CD
person	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
you	PRP
.	.
Finding	VBG
what	WP
works	NNS
and	CC
what	WP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
will	MD
take	VB
time	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
process	NN
.	.
Answers	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
fall	VB
in	IN
your	PRP$
lap	NN
overnight	RB
,	,
but	CC
as	IN
you	PRP
begin	VBP
to	TO
find	VB
your	PRP$
individual	JJ
conflicts	NNS
,	,
your	PRP$
wonderful	JJ
personality	NN
underneith	NN
your	PRP$
fear	NN
and	CC
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
begin	VB
to	TO
feel	VB
better	JJR
.	.
Find	VB
what	WP
works	VBZ
for	IN
you	PRP
,	,
whether	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
reading	VBG
or	CC
writing	VBG
,	,
support	NN
groups	NNS
or	CC
spirituality	NN
,	,
creativity	NN
and	CC
self-expression	NN
or	CC
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
above	JJ
.	.
And	CC
remind	VB
yourself	PRP
everyday	JJ
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
alone	RB
and	CC
like	IN
all	DT
of	IN
us	PRP
,	,
you	PRP
deserve	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
happy	JJ
and	CC
enjoy	VB
life	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
lose	VB
hope	NN
...	:
we	PRP
can	MD
all	DT
find	VB
our	PRP$
way	NN
there	RB
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
be	VB
afraid	JJ
to	TO
take	VB
time	NN
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Take	VB
a	DT
class	NN
in	IN
something	NN
you	PRP
've	VBP
wanted	VBN
to	TO
,	,
learn	VBP
to	TO
play	VB
a	DT
musical	JJ
instrument	NN
,	,
begin	VB
writing	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
journal	NN
every	DT
day	NN
,	,
drop	VB
the	DT
kids	NNS
off	RP
at	IN
a	DT
friend	NN
's	POS
and	CC
go	VB
to	TO
a	DT
movie	NN
...	:
do	VB
the	DT
things	NNS
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
do	VB
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
be	VB
afraid	JJ
to	TO
say	VB
no	DT
to	TO
people	NNS
asking	VBG
favors	NNS
of	IN
you	PRP
and	CC
do	VBP
n't	RB
be	VB
afraid	JJ
to	TO
say	VB
``	``
hey	NN
,	,
I	PRP
deserve	VBP
some	DT
time	NN
to	TO
myself	PRP
.	.
''	''
A	DT
great	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
start	VB
is	VBZ
to	TO
turn	VB
the	DT
phone	NN
off	RP
for	IN
an	DT
hour	NN
a	DT
week	NN
and	CC
do	VB
something	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
totally	RB
about	IN
you	PRP
,	,
whether	IN
it	PRP
be	VB
to	TO
play	VB
a	DT
game	NN
of	IN
solitaire	NN
or	CC
to	TO
write	VB
a	DT
letter	NN
to	TO
a	DT
long	JJ
lost	VBN
friend	NN
.	.
Just	RB
make	VB
it	PRP
something	NN
positive	JJ
for	IN
yourself	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
deserve	VBP
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
Love	NNP
Me	PRP
Cards	NNP
--	:
Make	VBP
your	PRP$
own	JJ
personal	JJ
deck	NN
of	IN
cards	NNS
that	WDT
also	RB
have	VBP
positive	JJ
affirmations	NNS
written	VBN
on	IN
them	PRP
--	:
you	PRP
can	MD
use	VB
index	NN
cards	NNS
and	CC
cut	VB
them	PRP
in	IN
half	NN
to	TO
make	VB
them	PRP
smaller	JJR
...	:
they	PRP
also	RB
come	VBP
in	IN
all	DT
kinds	NNS
of	IN
wonderful	JJ
colors	NNS
now	RB
!	.
Decorate	VB
them	PRP
with	IN
stickers	NNS
,	,
drawings	NNS
,	,
doodles	NNS
or	CC
anything	NN
you	PRP
like	VBP
and	CC
keep	VBP
them	PRP
in	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
place	NN
.	.
Each	DT
day	NN
when	WRB
you	PRP
wake	VBP
up	RP
,	,
close	VB
your	PRP$
eyes	NNS
and	CC
pick	VB
three	CD
or	CC
four	CD
to	TO
carry	VB
around	RP
with	IN
you	PRP
for	IN
the	DT
day	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
in	IN
your	PRP$
pocket	NN
,	,
purse	NN
,	,
knapsack	NN
,	,
wallet	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
so	RB
when	WRB
you	PRP
feel	VBP
like	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
having	VBG
a	DT
rough	JJ
time	NN
or	CC
a	DT
stressful	JJ
moment	NN
you	PRP
can	MD
pull	VB
them	PRP
out	RP
as	IN
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
remind	VB
yourself	PRP
I	PRP
am	VBP
worth	IN
it	PRP
.	.
Have	VBP
a	DT
``	``
Service	NNP
Plan	NNP
''	''
--	:
Make	VBP
up	RP
a	DT
Friendship	NN
Gift	NN
--	:
a	DT
special	JJ
baskets	NNS
of	IN
goodies	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
you	PRP
can	MD
put	VB
anything	NN
you	PRP
want	VBP
in	IN
them	PRP
--	:
special	JJ
stationary	JJ
,	,
stickers	NNS
,	,
coloring	VBG
books	NNS
,	,
toys	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
kids	NNS
,	,
bath	NN
bubbles	NNS
and	CC
lotions	NNS
,	,
movie	NN
tickets	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
--	:
or	CC
buy	VB
one	CD
of	IN
those	DT
beading	VBG
kits	NNS
and	CC
make	VB
bracelets	NNS
,	,
keychains	NNS
,	,
necklaces	NNS
,	,
anklets	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
--	:
or	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
craft	NN
you	PRP
could	MD
make	VB
and	CC
think	VB
you	PRP
'd	MD
enjoy	VB
doing	VBG
--	:
for	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
care	VBP
about	RB
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
feeling	VBG
down	RP
and\/or	CC
the	DT
urge	NN
to	TO
fall	VB
back	RB
on	IN
the	DT
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
behaviors	NNS
,	,
grab	VB
one	CD
of	IN
friendship	NN
gifts	NNS
,	,
hop	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
car	NN
,	,
and	CC
drive	VBP
it	PRP
to	TO
your	PRP$
friends	NNS
house	NN
or	CC
the	DT
post	NN
office	NN
.	.
Leave	VB
it	PRP
or	CC
mail	NN
it	PRP
anonymously	RB
.	.
This	DT
gets	VBZ
you	PRP
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
house	NN
and	CC
doing	VBG
something	NN
for	IN
others	NNS
,	,
and	CC
helps	VBZ
to	TO
make	VB
you	PRP
feel	VB
good	JJ
!	.
It	PRP
also	RB
helps	VBZ
get	VB
you	PRP
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
self-pity	NN
mode	NN
.	.
Safe	NNP
Things	NNS
--	:
Pick	VB
an	DT
item	NN
or	CC
a	DT
special	JJ
smell	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
safe	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
--	:
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
grandmother	NN
who	WP
wore	VBD
a	DT
certain	JJ
kind	NN
of	IN
perfume	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
special	JJ
necklace	NN
someone	NN
gave	VBD
you	PRP
--	:
and	CC
care	VB
it	PRP
around	IN
with	IN
you	PRP
.	.
When	WRB
things	NNS
feel	VBP
stressful	JJ
use	NN
the	DT
smell	NN
or	CC
item	NN
to	TO
help	VB
keep	VB
you	PRP
grounded	VBN
.	.
Support	NN
Network	NNP
--	:
Spend	VB
some	DT
time	NN
making	VBG
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
support	NN
people	NNS
--	:
your	PRP$
therapist	NN
's	POS
phone	NN
number	NN
,	,
friends	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
phone	NN
numbers	NNS
,	,
e-mail	NN
addresses	NNS
,	,
ICQ	NNP
numbers	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
You	PRP
should	MD
make	VB
two	CD
copies	NNS
...	:
one	CD
for	IN
home	NN
and	CC
one	CD
to	TO
carry	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
.	.
The	DT
people	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
list	NN
should	MD
be	VB
the	DT
ones	NNS
you	PRP
will	MD
trust	VB
during	IN
a	DT
crisis	NN
.	.
If	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
endure	VB
for	IN
this	DT
minute	NN
whatever	WDT
is	VBZ
happening	VBG
to	TO
me	PRP
No	DT
matter	NN
how	WRB
heavy	JJ
my	PRP$
heart	NN
is	VBZ
or	CC
how	WRB
dark	JJ
the	DT
moment	NN
might	MD
be	VB
...	:
If	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
but	CC
keep	VB
on	IN
believing	VBG
what	WP
I	PRP
know	VBP
in	IN
my	PRP$
heart	NN
to	TO
be	VB
true	JJ
,	,
That	DT
darkness	NN
will	MD
fade	VB
with	IN
morning	NN
and	CC
that	IN
this	DT
will	MD
pass	VB
away	RB
,	,
too	RB
...	:
Then	RB
nothing	NN
can	MD
ever	RB
disturb	VB
me	PRP
or	CC
fill	VB
me	PRP
with	IN
uncertain	JJ
fear	NN
,	,
For	IN
as	IN
sure	JJ
as	IN
night	NN
brings	VBZ
dawning	VBG
,	,
my	PRP$
morning	NN
is	VBZ
bound	VBN
to	TO
appear	VB
...	:
When	WRB
I	PRP
am	VBP
in	IN
trouble	NN
,	,
dwelling	NN
on	IN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
really	RB
help	VB
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
feel	VB
sad	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
can	MD
grieve	VB
,	,
but	CC
eventually	RB
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
move	VB
on	IN
.	.
Time	NNP
does	VBZ
heal	VB
,	,
and	CC
when	WRB
I	PRP
am	VBP
going	VBG
through	IN
a	DT
difficult	JJ
patch	NN
I	PRP
will	MD
remember	VB
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
make	VB
it	PRP
any	DT
worse	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
see	VB
myself	PRP
doing	VBG
all	PDT
the	DT
things	NNS
I	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
do	VB
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
take	VB
the	DT
time	NN
to	TO
use	VB
my	PRP$
creative	JJ
power	NN
of	IN
visualization	NN
to	TO
create	VB
the	DT
life	NN
I	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
.	.
Above	IN
all	DT
I	PRP
will	MD
take	VB
the	DT
time	NN
to	TO
see	VB
myself	PRP
being	VBG
happy	JJ
.	.
Reward	VB
yourself	PRP
often	RB
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
accomplish	VBP
a	DT
particular	JJ
task	NN
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
have	VBP
gone	VBN
through	IN
a	DT
grueling	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
healing	NN
process	NN
.	.
Reward	VB
yourself	PRP
during	IN
the	DT
frustrating	JJ
times	NNS
just	RB
for	IN
being	VBG
patient	NN
.	.
Sometimes	RB
,	,
reward	NN
yourself	PRP
for	IN
just	RB
being	VBG
you	PRP
.	.
How	WRB
overwhelmed	VBN
we	PRP
feel	VBP
when	WRB
we	PRP
anticipate	VBP
the	DT
future	NN
,	,
all	DT
that	DT
needs	VBZ
doing	VBG
,	,
all	PDT
the	DT
tasks	NNS
,	,
the	DT
work	NN
,	,
the	DT
potential	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
the	DT
responsibilities	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
stay	VB
in	IN
the	DT
present	JJ
moment	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
past	NN
and	CC
future	NN
will	MD
fall	VB
naturally	RB
and	CC
easily	RB
into	IN
place	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
grateful	JJ
to	TO
wake	VB
up	RP
in	IN
the	DT
morning	NN
alive	JJ
and	CC
alert	JJ
,	,
free	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
after	IN
affects	VBZ
of	IN
a	DT
binge	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
grateful	JJ
to	TO
go	VB
through	IN
the	DT
day	NN
ready	JJ
for	IN
work	NN
,	,
play	NN
,	,
problems	NNS
,	,
and	CC
challenges	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
remember	VBP
what	WP
it	PRP
was	VBD
like	IN
before	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
in	IN
the	DT
midst	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ed	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
go	VB
back	RB
to	TO
that	DT
place	NN
.	.
I	PRP
like	VBP
myself	PRP
today	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
aware	JJ
of	IN
possibilities	NNS
for	IN
improvement	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
be	VB
anyone	NN
else	RB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
comfortable	JJ
and	CC
accepting	VBG
of	IN
who	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
forgive	VB
my	PRP$
mistakes	NNS
and	CC
move	VB
on	IN
to	TO
try	VB
again	RB
.	.
Wear	VB
clothes	NNS
you	PRP
feel	VBP
comfortable	JJ
in	IN
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
wear	VB
clothes	NNS
that	WDT
feel	VBP
too	RB
tight	JJ
or	CC
restrict	VB
movement	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
hold	VB
off	RP
on	IN
buying	VBG
clothes	NNS
you	PRP
like	VBP
--	:
do	VBP
it	PRP
now	RB
!	.
Dress	NNP
to	TO
express	VB
yourself	PRP
,	,
not	RB
to	TO
impress	VB
others	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
should	MD
feel	VB
good	JJ
in	IN
what	WP
you	PRP
wear	VBP
.	.
Stay	NNP
away	RB
from	IN
the	DT
scale	NN
--	:
as	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
fact	NN
,	,
get	VB
rid	VB
of	IN
it	PRP
!	.
If	IN
your	PRP$
weight	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
monitored	VBN
,	,
leave	VBP
that	IN
up	RB
to	TO
the	DT
doctors	NNS
.	.
How	WRB
much	JJ
you	PRP
weigh	VBP
should	MD
never	RB
effect	VB
your	PRP$
self-esteem	NN
or	CC
your	PRP$
sense	NN
of	IN
who	WP
you	PRP
are	VBP
.	.
Before	IN
you	PRP
look	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
mirror	NN
,	,
think	VBP
optimistically	RB
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
start	VB
your	PRP$
day	NN
,	,
decide	VB
how	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
feeling	VBG
before	IN
going	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
mirror	NN
.	.
No	DT
one	NN
looks	VBZ
good	JJ
with	IN
bed-head	NN
,	,
and	CC
our	PRP$
moods	NNS
are	VBP
n't	RB
determined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
reflection	NN
we	PRP
see	VBP
.	.
Start	VB
your	PRP$
day	NN
with	IN
self-affirmations	NNS
,	,
relax	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
hot	JJ
shower	VB
,	,
think	VB
of	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
positive	JJ
ways	NNS
you	PRP
will	MD
cope	VB
with	IN
any	DT
stresses	VBZ
of	IN
the	DT
day	NN
ahead	RB
,	,
and	CC
think	VB
of	IN
the	DT
things	NNS
you	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
thankful	JJ
for	IN
in	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
...	:
only	RB
then	RB
are	VBP
you	PRP
more	RBR
prepared	JJ
to	TO
face	VB
yourself	PRP
with	IN
pride	NN
.	.
Make	VB
a	DT
``	``
why	WRB
I	PRP
like	VBP
myself	PRP
''	''
list	NN
.	.
Think	VB
of	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
things	NNS
about	IN
YOU	PRP
that	IN
you	PRP
like	VBP
--	:
are	VBP
you	PRP
honest	JJ
?	.
Creative	JJ
?	.
Intelligent	JJ
?	.
Compassionate	NNP
?	.
Loyal	JJ
?	.
Kind	NNP
?	.
Think	VB
of	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
reason	NN
you	PRP
deserve	VBP
to	TO
love	VB
yourself	PRP
and	CC
write	VB
them	PRP
down	RP
.	.
Hang	NNP
the	DT
list	NN
up	IN
next	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
mirror	NN
as	IN
a	DT
reminder	NN
that	IN
these	DT
things	NNS
are	VBP
what	WP
make	VBP
you	PRP
truly	RB
beautiful	JJ
.	.
Ask	NN
for	IN
a	DT
hug	NN
when	WRB
you	PRP
need	VBP
it	PRP
.	.
Sometimes	RB
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	RB
better	JJR
therapy	NN
then	RB
a	DT
hug	NN
and	CC
a	DT
kind	NN
word	NN
from	IN
someone	NN
that	WDT
cares	VBZ
about	IN
you	PRP
,	,
but	CC
our	PRP$
loved-ones	NNS
are	VBP
n't	RB
mind	VB
readers	NNS
!	.
Tell	VB
them	PRP
when	WRB
you	PRP
're	VBP
having	VBG
a	DT
bad	JJ
day	NN
and	CC
ask	VB
for	IN
a	DT
hug	NN
,	,
a	DT
shoulder	NN
to	TO
lean	VB
on	IN
,	,
or	CC
an	DT
ear	NN
to	TO
listen	VB
.	.
Group	NNP
support	NN
or	CC
therapy	NN
can	MD
take	VB
place	NN
within	IN
an	DT
inpatient	JJ
program	NN
,	,
an	DT
outpatient	NN
program	NN
,	,
a	DT
therapists	NNS
office	NN
,	,
or	CC
within	IN
an	DT
independent	JJ
support	NN
group	NN
.	.
Support	NN
groups	NNS
can	MD
vary	VB
in	IN
their	PRP$
objectives	NNS
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
out	RP
the	DT
goals	NNS
and	CC
methods	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
group	NN
you	PRP
wish	VBP
to	TO
attend	VB
.	.
Group	NNP
support	NN
may	MD
be	VB
aimed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
sufferers	NNS
getting	VBG
support	NN
and	CC
understanding	NN
from	IN
peers	NNS
,	,
or	CC
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
aimed	VBN
at	IN
incorporating	VBG
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
family	NN
.	.
Group	NNP
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
usually	RB
facilited	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
professional	JJ
therapist	NN
.	.
Support	NN
groups	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
facilited	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
professional	JJ
therapist	NN
,	,
intern	NN
,	,
recovered	VBD
person	NN
,	,
loved-one	NN
of	IN
a	DT
person	NN
living	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
or	CC
someone	NN
else	RB
interested	JJ
in	IN
working	VBG
to	TO
help	VB
others	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
maybe	RB
themselves	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
recover	VB
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
different	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
groups	NNS
...	:
some	DT
will	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
in	IN
private	JJ
homes	NNS
,	,
others	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
rented	VBN
or	CC
donated	VBN
space	NN
,	,
and	CC
some	DT
in	IN
a	DT
treatment	NN
center	NN
,	,
hospital	NN
,	,
university	NN
,	,
highschool	JJ
,	,
or	CC
therapist	NN
's	POS
office	NN
.	.
Some	DT
support	NN
group	NN
topics	NNS
may	MD
include	VB
:	:
spirituality	NN
,	,
art	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
coping	VBG
strategies	NNS
,	,
family	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
general	JJ
discussion	NN
,	,
communication	NN
,	,
inner-child	NN
work	NN
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
nutritional	JJ
groups	NNS
,	,
or	CC
any	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
above	JJ
.	.
Find	VB
what	WP
appeals	NNS
to	TO
you	PRP
most	RBS
and	CC
what	WP
you	PRP
think	VBP
will	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
on	IN
your	PRP$
road	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
.	.
Psychologists	NNS
,	,
and	CC
Psychiatrists	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
them	PRP
should	MD
have	VB
some	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
degree	NN
representing	VBG
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
education	NN
they	PRP
have	VBP
received	VBN
.	.
The	DT
therapist	NN
may	MD
or	CC
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
licensed	VBN
,	,
but	CC
should	MD
have	VB
a	DT
degree	NN
in	IN
the	DT
theories	NNS
of	IN
psychology	NN
,	,
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
social	JJ
work	NN
or	CC
counseling	NN
.	.
Whether	IN
a	DT
license	NN
is	VBZ
important	JJ
or	CC
not	RB
comes	VBZ
down	RP
to	TO
your	PRP$
own	JJ
decision	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
good	JJ
counselors	NNS
and	CC
social	JJ
workers	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
not	RB
licensed	JJ
medical	JJ
doctors	NNS
,	,
but	CC
who	WP
can	MD
still	RB
provide	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
good	JJ
therapy	NN
.	.
As	RB
long	RB
as	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
degree	NN
,	,
the	DT
only	JJ
technical	JJ
difference	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
prescribe	VB
or	CC
administer	VB
medications	NNS
.	.
Marraige	NNP
and	CC
Family	NNP
Therapist	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
LMFT	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
not	RB
very	RB
different	JJ
from	IN
psychologists	NNS
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
state	NN
you	PRP
live	VBP
in	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
licensing	NN
issues	NNS
vary	VBP
from	IN
state	NN
to	TO
state	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Most	JJS
can	MD
provide	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
counseling	NN
as	IN
a	DT
psychologist	NN
.	.
Marraige	NNP
,	,
Family	NNP
and	CC
Child	NNP
Interns	NNPS
-LRB-	-LRB-
MFCI	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
Marraige	NNP
and	CC
Family	NNP
Therapist	NNP
Interns	NNPS
-LRB-	-LRB-
MFTI	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
exactly	RB
that	IN
...	:
interns	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
working	VBG
in	IN
clinical	JJ
practice	NN
to	TO
fulfill	VB
requirements	NNS
they	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
licensed	VBN
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
see	VB
clients	NNS
and	CC
all	DT
work	NN
is	VBZ
usually	RB
supervised	VBN
by	IN
someone	NN
already	RB
in	IN
a	DT
licensed	JJ
position	NN
.	.
Licensed	VBN
Clinical	JJ
Social	NNP
Worker	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
LCW	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
has	VBZ
a	DT
degree	NN
in	IN
social	JJ
work	NN
with	IN
a	DT
strong	JJ
clinical	JJ
focus	NN
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
make	VB
very	RB
good	JJ
therapists	NNS
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
strong	JJ
focus	NN
on	IN
psychoanalytic	JJ
and	CC
pyschodynamic	JJ
theories	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
education	NN
.	.
The	DT
ultimate	JJ
goal	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
therapy	NN
should	MD
be	VB
to	TO
recover	VB
!	.
To	TO
learn	VB
to	TO
be	VB
more	RBR
confident	JJ
in	IN
yourself	PRP
,	,
to	TO
make	VB
your	PRP$
voice	NN
heard	VBD
through	IN
communication	NN
,	,
to	TO
validate	VB
your	PRP$
own	JJ
emotions	NNS
,	,
to	TO
learn	VB
to	TO
love	VB
yourself	PRP
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
learn	VB
better	JJR
ways	NNS
of	IN
coping	VBG
with	IN
anger	NN
,	,
sadness	NN
and	CC
stress	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
not	RB
rely	VB
on	IN
your	PRP$
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
ways	NNS
a	DT
therapist	NN
can	MD
work	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
individually	RB
,	,
and	CC
different	JJ
therapists	NNS
have	VBP
different	JJ
methods	NNS
.	.
The	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
approach	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
as	RB
important	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
methods	NNS
used	VBN
,	,
so	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
important	JJ
for	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
discuss	VB
with	IN
your	PRP$
therapist	NN
your	PRP$
goals	NNS
in	IN
working	VBG
towards	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
clinical	JJ
approach	NN
through	IN
interpretation	NN
,	,
dream	NN
analysis	NN
,	,
free	JJ
association	NN
,	,
analysis	NN
of	IN
resistance	NN
and	CC
transference	NN
.	.
This	DT
all	DT
assists	VBZ
the	DT
client	NN
in	IN
gaining	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
subconscious	NN
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
internal	JJ
conflicts	NNS
they	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
gaining	VBG
new	JJ
insights	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
strong	JJ
focus	NN
on	IN
repressed	JJ
conflicts	NNS
and	CC
less	JJR
focus	NN
on	IN
social	JJ
,	,
cultural	JJ
and	CC
interpersonal	JJ
factors	NNS
.	.
Self	NN
realization	NN
and	CC
learning	VBG
to	TO
accept	VB
yourself	PRP
as	IN
an	DT
individual	JJ
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
BE	VB
an	DT
individual	NN
is	VBZ
part	NN
of	IN
what	WP
this	DT
type	NN
of	IN
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
all	DT
about	RB
.	.
It	PRP
incorporates	VBZ
the	DT
idea	NN
of	IN
spirituality	NN
as	IN
an	DT
important	JJ
role	NN
in	IN
discovering	VBG
who	WP
you	PRP
are	VBP
.	.
Generally	RB
,	,
this	DT
approach	NN
is	VBZ
about	IN
making	VBG
connections	NNS
with	IN
your	PRP$
feelings	NNS
and	CC
motivations	NNS
and	CC
learning	VBG
who	WP
you	PRP
are	VBP
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
more	JJR
a	DT
focus	NN
on	IN
the	DT
``	``
big	JJ
picture	NN
''	''
and	CC
less	JJR
of	IN
a	DT
focus	NN
on	IN
each	DT
day-to-day	JJ
problem	NN
.	.
This	DT
type	NN
of	IN
therapy	NN
works	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
premise	NN
that	WDT
thinking	NN
,	,
questioning	VBG
and	CC
doing	VBG
-LRB-	-LRB-
with	IN
practice	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
leads	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
changes	NNS
needed	VBN
for	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
Learning	NNP
to	TO
change	VB
the	DT
way	NN
you	PRP
think	VBP
about	IN
yourself	PRP
will	MD
result	VB
in	IN
changing	VBG
the	DT
way	NN
you	PRP
treat	VBP
yourself	PRP
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
an	DT
eclectic	JJ
combination	NN
of	IN
cognitive	JJ
,	,
behavioral	JJ
and	CC
emotional	JJ
techniques	NNS
:	:
changing	VBG
negative	JJ
thoughts	NNS
to	TO
positive	JJ
,	,
and	CC
pessimistic	JJ
words	NNS
to	TO
optomistic	JJ
words	NNS
.	.
Using	VBG
humor	NN
,	,
role	NN
playing	NN
,	,
and	CC
homework	NN
and	CC
word-work	NN
in	IN
attacking	VBG
shameful	JJ
feelings	NNS
and	CC
feelings	NNS
of	IN
guilt	NN
are	VBP
combined	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
make	VB
changes	NNS
in	IN
thinking	NN
and	CC
behaviors	NNS
.	.
The	DT
focus	NN
with	IN
cognitive-behavior	JJ
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
move-forward	JJ
''	''
approach	NN
and	CC
often	RB
lacks	VBZ
exploration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
deeper	JJR
emotional	JJ
issues	NNS
that	WDT
led	VBD
to	TO
negative	JJ
behaviors	NNS
and	CC
thoughts	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
place	NN
.	.
There	EX
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
Behavior	NNP
Modification	NNP
Therapy	NNP
on	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
own	JJ
where	WRB
as	IN
the	DT
client	NN
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
changing	VBG
behaviors	NNS
through	IN
practice	NN
.	.
A	DT
therapist	NN
that	WDT
uses	VBZ
this	DT
approach	NN
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
attack	VB
many	JJ
different	JJ
issues	NNS
over	IN
your	PRP$
course	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
,	,
including	VBG
self-esteem	NN
work	NN
,	,
past	JJ
and	CC
present	JJ
emotional	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
day-to-day	JJ
coping	VBG
strategies	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
also	RB
the	DT
most	RBS
commonly	RB
used	VBN
approach	NN
in	IN
practice	NN
today	NN
by	IN
therapists	NNS
.	.
Marraige	NNP
and\/or	CC
Family	NNP
Counseling	NN
may	MD
also	RB
play	VB
a	DT
role	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
recovery	NN
depending	VBG
on	IN
how	WRB
important	JJ
it	PRP
is	VBZ
overall	JJ
to	TO
involve	VB
your	PRP$
loved-ones	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
level	NN
of	IN
counseling	NN
can	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
all	DT
learn	VBP
to	TO
communicate	VB
with	IN
one	CD
another	DT
so	RB
that	IN
you	PRP
will	MD
feel	VB
heard	VBN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
express	VB
your	PRP$
emotions	NNS
to	TO
each	DT
other	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
safe	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
Once	RB
you	PRP
have	VBP
started	VBN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
therapy	NN
you	PRP
may	MD
wish	VB
to	TO
discuss	VB
these	DT
options	NNS
with	IN
your	PRP$
therapist	NN
and	CC
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
you	PRP
both	DT
feel	VBP
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
important	JJ
.	.
A	DT
Nutritionist	NN
and	CC
Dietician	NN
are	VBP
sometimes	RB
referred	VBN
to	TO
as	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
thing	NN
.	.
A	DT
Nutritionist	NN
may	MD
be	VB
someone	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
completed	VBN
some	DT
level	NN
of	IN
education	NN
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
Nutrition	NNP
.	.
A	DT
Dietician	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
Registered	NNP
Dietician	NNP
,	,
RD	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
has	VBZ
completed	VBN
a	DT
4-year	JJ
college	NN
degree	NN
in	IN
nutrition	NN
and	CC
dietetics	NNS
,	,
has	VBZ
completed	VBN
an	DT
internship	NN
,	,
and	CC
has	VBZ
passed	VBN
the	DT
American	JJ
Dietetic	NNP
Association	NNP
's	POS
test	NN
for	IN
registration	NN
.	.
The	DT
goal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Dietician	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
to	TO
help	VB
improve	VB
your	PRP$
health	NN
and	CC
eating	VBG
habits	NNS
through	IN
nutritional	JJ
counseling	NN
services	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
will	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
incorporate	VB
healthy	JJ
behaviors	NNS
into	IN
your	PRP$
everyday	JJ
life	NN
.	.
There	EX
goal	NN
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
to	TO
``	``
change	VB
''	''
your	PRP$
habits	NNS
overnight	RB
,	,
but	CC
to	TO
teach	VB
you	PRP
over	IN
a	DT
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
how	WRB
to	TO
promote	VB
a	DT
healthier	RBR
relationship	NN
with	IN
the	DT
food	NN
you	PRP
consume	VBP
.	.
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
and\/or	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
.	.
They	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
sensitive	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
issues	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
facing	VBG
and	CC
should	MD
be	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
your	PRP$
history	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
usually	RB
best	RB
to	TO
go	VB
into	IN
a	DT
relationship	NN
with	IN
a	DT
Dietician	NN
under	IN
a	DT
``	``
team	NN
approach	NN
''	''
,	,
meaning	VBG
that	IN
your	PRP$
therapist	NN
,	,
medical	JJ
doctor	NN
and	CC
dietician	NN
are	VBP
all	DT
in	IN
contact	NN
with	IN
one	CD
another	DT
,	,
either	CC
directly	RB
or	CC
indirectly	RB
,	,
about	IN
your	PRP$
progress	NN
.	.
Places	NNPS
like	IN
Renfrew	NNP
,	,
Rader	NNP
Programs	NNP
,	,
and	CC
The	DT
Remuda	NNP
Ranch	NNP
are	VBP
all	DT
good	JJ
examples	NNS
of	IN
facilities	NNS
that	WDT
offer	VBP
inpatient	JJ
and	CC
outpatient	NN
facilities	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
larger	JJR
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
treatment	NN
centers	NNS
can	MD
offer	VB
both	DT
,	,
or	CC
may	MD
just	RB
specialize	VB
in	IN
one	CD
or	CC
the	DT
other	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
understand	VB
that	IN
each	DT
treatment	NN
facility	NN
is	VBZ
different	JJ
,	,
and	CC
not	RB
all	DT
programs	NNS
consist	VBP
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
things	NNS
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
below	IN
descriptions	NNS
will	MD
give	VB
you	PRP
a	DT
general	JJ
idea	NN
of	IN
what	WP
to	TO
expect	VB
from	IN
inpatient	JJ
and	CC
outpatient	NN
services	NNS
.	.
The	DT
facility	NN
usually	RB
has	VBZ
medical	JJ
doctors	NNS
,	,
registered	VBN
nurses	NNS
,	,
therapists	NNS
,	,
dieticians	NNS
and	CC
volunteers	NNS
on	IN
staff	NN
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
in	IN
recovery	NN
on	IN
a	DT
daily	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
safe	JJ
environment	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
to	TO
recovery	NN
from	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
Depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
facility	NN
,	,
the	DT
routine	NN
can	MD
vary	VB
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
may	MD
include	VB
the	DT
following	NN
:	:
group	NN
sessions	NNS
,	,
one-on-one	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
medical	JJ
evaluations	NNS
,	,
weigh-ins	NNS
,	,
nutritional	JJ
counseling	NN
,	,
art	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
medication	NN
administration	NN
,	,
spiritual	JJ
exploration	NN
and	CC
prayer	NN
,	,
meal	NN
times	NNS
,	,
and	CC
social	JJ
or	CC
leisure	NN
activities	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
make	VBP
have	VB
weekly	JJ
sessions	NNS
with	IN
nurses	NNS
,	,
medical	JJ
doctors	NNS
,	,
social	JJ
workers	NNS
,	,
case	NN
managers	NNS
and\/or	CC
nutritionists	NNS
.	.
There	EX
may	MD
be	VB
involvement	NN
in	IN
projects	NNS
,	,
or	CC
times	NNS
alloted	VBD
for	IN
continuing	VBG
education	NN
.	.
Some	DT
programs	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
more	RBR
restrictive	JJ
than	IN
others	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
allowances	NNS
for	IN
free	JJ
time	NN
,	,
and	CC
some	DT
may	MD
focus	VB
very	RB
highly	RB
on	IN
individual	JJ
care	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
opposed	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
group	NN
approach	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
get	VB
information	NN
from	IN
each	DT
treatment	NN
center	NN
to	TO
find	VB
what	WP
works	VBZ
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Most	JJS
programs	NNS
will	MD
expect	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
somewhat	RB
medically	RB
stable	JJ
before	IN
entering	VBG
,	,
meaning	VBG
that	IN
if	IN
your	PRP$
health	NN
is	VBZ
extremely	RB
poor	JJ
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
require	VB
hospitalization	NN
before	IN
admittance	NN
.	.
Outpatient	NN
programs	NNS
are	VBP
sometimes	RB
run	VBN
by	IN
centers	NNS
that	WDT
do	VBP
inpatient	JJ
care	NN
,	,
but	CC
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
offered	VBN
at	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Clinics	NNPS
or	CC
Mental	NNP
Health	NNP
Clinics	NNPS
.	.
Again	RB
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
often	RB
a	DT
``	``
team	NN
approach	NN
''	''
with	IN
medical	JJ
doctors	NNS
,	,
therapists	NNS
,	,
and	CC
dieticians	NNS
on	IN
staff	NN
,	,
with	IN
scheduled	VBN
daily	JJ
or	CC
weekly	JJ
sessions	NNS
depending	VBG
on	IN
each	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
needs	NNS
.	.
One-on-one	JJ
therapy	NN
and	CC
group	NN
sessions	NNS
,	,
daily	JJ
activities	NNS
and	CC
classes	NNS
,	,
art	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
medication	NN
and	CC
medical	JJ
evaluation	NN
,	,
and	CC
weigh-ins	NNS
may	MD
all	DT
be	VB
part	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
schedule	NN
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
facility	NN
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
get	VB
information	NN
from	IN
each	DT
treatment	NN
center	NN
to	TO
find	VB
what	WP
works	VBZ
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Residential	NNP
Housing	NNP
:	:
-	:
The	DT
focus	NN
of	IN
residential	JJ
care	NN
is	VBZ
usually	RB
to	TO
help	VB
with	IN
integration	NN
back	RB
into	IN
daily	JJ
life	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
usually	RB
a	DT
required	JJ
weekly	JJ
time	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
with	IN
a	DT
therapist	NN
,	,
social	JJ
worker	NN
and\/or	CC
case-manager	NN
,	,
and	CC
for	IN
group	NN
sessions	NNS
.	.
There	EX
may	MD
be	VB
time	NN
alloted	JJ
for	IN
schedule	NN
appointments	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
dietician	NN
.	.
Some	DT
programs	NNS
offer	VBP
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
get	VB
involved	VBN
with	IN
volunteer	NN
projects	NNS
and	CC
part-time	JJ
jobs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
ultimate	JJ
goal	NN
of	IN
residential	JJ
housing	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
help	VB
make	VB
the	DT
transition	NN
back	RB
into	IN
day-to-day	JJ
life	NN
a	DT
little	JJ
easier	JJR
for	IN
those	DT
in	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
Generally	RB
,	,
these	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
facilities	NNS
are	VBP
meant	VBN
to	TO
address	VB
treatment	NN
from	IN
a	DT
broad	JJ
approach	NN
...	:
not	RB
only	RB
teaching	VBG
sufferers	NNS
how	WRB
to	TO
eat	VB
healthfully	RB
,	,
but	CC
to	TO
address	VB
corresponding	JJ
self-esteem	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
psychological	JJ
diagnoses	NNS
,	,
coping	VBG
mechanisms	NNS
,	,
behaviors	NNS
,	,
issues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
emotions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
way	NN
each	DT
facility	NN
does	VBZ
so	RB
,	,
and	CC
their	PRP$
own	JJ
treatment	NN
philosophy	NN
can	MD
vary	VB
,	,
so	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
ask	VB
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
questions	NNS
and	CC
review	NN
as	RB
much	JJ
information	NN
as	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
about	RB
each	DT
program	NN
you	PRP
are	VBP
considering	VBG
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
phase	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Sessions	NNP
1-10	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
puts	VBZ
the	DT
parents	NNS
in	IN
charge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
behavior	NN
of	IN
the	DT
AN	DT
adolescent	JJ
,	,
making	VBG
food	NN
the	DT
medicine	NN
to	TO
be	VB
administered	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
patient	NN
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
two	CD
sessions	NNS
engage	VBP
the	DT
family	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
their	PRP$
eating	JJ
habits	NNS
and	CC
assemble	VB
a	DT
picture	NN
of	IN
the	DT
AN	DT
impact	NN
on	IN
all	DT
family	NN
members	NNS
.	.
The	DT
therapist	NN
externalizes	VBZ
the	DT
illness	NN
by	IN
presenting	VBG
the	DT
eating	NN
disorder	NN
as	IN
controlling	VBG
the	DT
patient	NN
,	,
freeing	VBG
parents	NNS
and	CC
patient	NN
from	IN
blame	NN
.	.
The	DT
therapist	NN
then	RB
encourages	VBZ
the	DT
parents	NNS
to	TO
find	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
method	NN
to	TO
control	VB
the	DT
adolescent	JJ
eating	NN
behaviors	NNS
without	IN
using	VBG
force	NN
or	CC
punishment	NN
,	,
but	CC
rather	RB
through	IN
a	DT
system	NN
of	IN
creative	JJ
measures	NNS
that	WDT
include	VBP
functional	JJ
rewards	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
``	``
I	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
let	VB
you	PRP
get	VB
your	PRP$
driving	VBG
licence	NN
while	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
too	RB
weak	JJ
.	.
''	''
The	DT
third	JJ
and	CC
final	JJ
phase	NN
of	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
encouraging	VBG
the	DT
processes	NNS
of	IN
adolescent	JJ
development	NN
that	WDT
unfold	VBP
as	IN
the	DT
AN	DT
wanes	VBZ
,	,
and	CC
establishing	VBG
new	JJ
family	NN
relationships	NNS
disentangled	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
.	.
Used	VBN
appropriately	RB
,	,
and	CC
as	IN
intended	VBN
,	,
the	DT
Maudsley	NNP
Method	NNP
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
foundation	NN
that	IN
where	WRB
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
started	VBD
matters	NNS
little	RB
in	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
treatment	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
n't	RB
to	TO
belittle	VB
the	DT
issues	NNS
a	DT
sufferer	NN
may	MD
feel	VB
in	IN
relation	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
-LRB-	-LRB-
possibly	RB
dysfunctional	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
family	NN
...	:
This	DT
is	VBZ
to	TO
stop	VB
playing	VBG
the	DT
blame	NN
game	NN
,	,
and	CC
instead	RB
,	,
for	IN
all	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
family	NN
to	TO
accept	VB
responsibility	NN
in	IN
``	``
fixing	VBG
what	WP
is	VBZ
broken	VBN
.	.
''	''
When	WRB
sufferers	NNS
often	RB
feel	VBP
``	``
invisible	JJ
''	''
in	IN
their	PRP$
families	NNS
,	,
this	DT
type	NN
of	IN
intense	JJ
involvement	NN
may	MD
suddenly	RB
act	VB
as	IN
a	DT
psychological	JJ
facilitator	NN
in	IN
improving	VBG
the	DT
overall	JJ
relationship	NN
.	.
It	PRP
may	MD
help	VB
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
sufferer	NN
feel	VB
seen	VBN
,	,
to	TO
feel	VB
cared	VBN
about	RB
and	CC
loved	VBD
.	.
While	IN
it	PRP
seems	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
surface	NN
that	IN
the	DT
focus	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Maudsley	NNP
Method	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
treat	VB
just	RB
the	DT
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
disease	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
behaviors\/eating	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
you	PRP
could	MD
make	VB
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
arguments	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
impact	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
involvement	NN
in	IN
teen	JJ
treatment	NN
carries	VBZ
many	JJ
hidden	JJ
psychological	JJ
messages	NNS
.	.
Getting	VBG
family	NN
members	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
ie.	FW
,	,
parents	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
this	DT
inherently	RB
involved	VBN
in	IN
their	PRP$
child	NN
's	POS
treatment	NN
obviously	RB
carries	VBZ
many	JJ
hidden	JJ
psychological	JJ
messages	NNS
and	CC
lessons	NNS
.	.
Theoretically	RB
,	,
Anorexia	NNP
caught	VBD
in	IN
an	DT
early	JJ
stage	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
during	IN
developmental	JJ
teen	JJ
years	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
in	IN
a	DT
manner	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
this	DT
,	,
that	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
slowly	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
establishes	VBZ
appropriate	JJ
boundaries	NNS
,	,
shows	VBZ
an	DT
immense	JJ
concern	NN
from	IN
the	DT
family	NN
,	,
provides	VBZ
proper	JJ
nutrition	NN
,	,
emphasizes	VBZ
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
need	NN
for	IN
shame	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
from	IN
either	DT
family	NN
or	CC
patient	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
teaches	VBZ
appropriate	JJ
control	NN
,	,
and	CC
reestablishes	NNS
positive	JJ
family	NN
relationships	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
in	IN
phase	NN
2	CD
and	CC
3	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
responds	VBZ
well	RB
to	TO
this	DT
treatment	NN
for	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
reasons	NNS
,	,
and	CC
does	VBZ
encompass	VB
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
aspects	NNS
of	IN
what	WP
more	RBR
``	``
traditional	JJ
''	''
treatments	NNS
try	VBP
to	TO
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
do	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
As	IN
stated	VBN
,	,
this	DT
treatment	NN
is	VBZ
meant	VBN
for	IN
dependent	JJ
teens	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
determine	VB
if	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
right	JJ
treatment	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
child	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
consider	VB
your	PRP$
entire	JJ
family	NN
dynamic	NN
when	WRB
making	VBG
this	DT
decision	NN
.	.
Without	IN
sounding	VBG
like	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
appropriate	JJ
to	TO
put	VB
the	DT
``	``
blame	NN
''	''
on	IN
anyone	NN
,	,
I	PRP
often	RB
hear	VBP
from	IN
sufferers	NNS
things	NNS
like	IN
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
do	VBP
n't	RB
care	VB
,	,
my	PRP$
family	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
get	VB
it	PRP
,	,
they	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
understand	VB
,	,
they	PRP
get	VBP
so	RB
mad	JJ
about	IN
my	PRP$
anorexia	NN
--	:
the	DT
Maudsley	NNP
approach	NN
puts	VBZ
patient	NN
and	CC
parents	NNS
into	IN
a	DT
mutual	JJ
place	NN
--	:
one	CD
to	TO
battle	VB
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
together	RB
--	:
in	IN
an	DT
understanding	NN
,	,
caring	NN
,	,
nurturing	VBG
way	NN
that	IN
does	VBZ
address	VB
issues	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
again	RB
,	,
phase	NN
2	CD
and	CC
3	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
n't	RB
to	TO
say	VB
that	IN
this	DT
specific	JJ
approach	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
everyone	NN
.	.
One	CD
simple	JJ
example	NN
...	:
a	DT
child	NN
with	IN
a	DT
particularly	RB
controlling	VBG
parent	NN
may	MD
resent	VB
this	DT
type	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
all	PDT
the	DT
more	RBR
.	.
Twelve-Step	JJ
programs	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
Alcoholics	NNP
Anonymous	NNP
or	CC
Overeaters	NNP
Anonymous	NNP
,	,
are	VBP
based	VBN
on	IN
twelve	CD
``	``
quotes	NNS
''	''
that	WDT
are	VBP
accepted	VBN
and	CC
believed	VBN
in	IN
moving	VBG
towards	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
The	DT
groups	NNS
are	VBP
typically	RB
spiritually	RB
based	VBN
in	IN
nature	NN
and	CC
follow	VB
a	DT
tradition	NN
of	IN
finding	VBG
``	``
sponsors	NNS
''	''
who	WP
work	VBP
as	IN
support-towards-recovery	JJ
mentors	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
group	NN
atmosphere	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
meet	VB
once	RB
or	CC
more	JJR
per	IN
week	NN
.	.
The	DT
Twelve	NNP
Steps	VBZ
are	VBP
-LRB-	-LRB-
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
generalization	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
:	:
1	LS
.	.
admitting	VBG
powerlessness	NN
-	:
that	IN
life	NN
is	VBZ
unmanagable	JJ
;	:
2	LS
.	.
believing	VBG
that	IN
a	DT
greater	JJR
power	NN
could	MD
restore	VB
sanity	NN
;	:
3	LS
.	.
deciding	VBG
to	TO
turn	VB
will	MD
and	CC
life	NN
over	IN
to	TO
the	DT
care	NN
of	IN
God	NNP
;	:
4	LS
.	.
making	VBG
a	DT
searching	VBG
and	CC
fearless	JJ
moral	JJ
inventory	NN
or	CC
self	NN
;	:
5	CD
.	.
admitting	VBG
to	TO
god	NN
,	,
self	NN
,	,
and	CC
another	DT
human	JJ
being	VBG
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
wrongs	NNS
;	:
6	CD
.	.
being	VBG
ready	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
God	NNP
remove	VB
all	PDT
these	DT
defects	NNS
of	IN
character	NN
;	:
7	CD
.	.
humbly	RB
asking	VBG
God	NNP
to	TO
remove	VB
our	PRP$
shortcomings	NNS
;	:
8	CD
.	.
making	VBG
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
persons	NNS
harmed	VBN
and	CC
being	VBG
willing	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
amends	NNS
with	IN
them	PRP
;	:
9	CD
.	.
making	VBG
amends	NNS
with	IN
people	NNS
hurt	VBP
except	IN
when	WRB
doing	VBG
so	RB
would	MD
hurt	VB
them	PRP
or	CC
others	NNS
;	:
10	CD
.	.
continuing	VBG
to	TO
take	VB
personal	JJ
inventory	NN
and	CC
admitting	VBG
our	PRP$
wrongs	NNS
;	:
11	CD
.	.
improving	VBG
the	DT
relationship	NN
with	IN
God	NNP
through	IN
meditation	NN
and	CC
prayer	NN
and	CC
praying	VBG
for	IN
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
will	NN
to	TO
carry	VB
out	RP
the	DT
power	NN
of	IN
His	PRP$
knowledge	NN
;	:
12	CD
.	.
having	VBG
a	DT
spiritual	JJ
awakening	NN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
these	DT
steps	NNS
,	,
and	CC
carrying	VBG
the	DT
message	NN
to	TO
other	JJ
addicts	NNS
to	TO
practice	VB
these	DT
principles	NNS
.	.
The	DT
following	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
alternatives	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
more	JJR
traditional	JJ
methods	NNS
of	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
They	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
helpful	JJ
to	TO
quite	RB
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
...	:
finding	VBG
what	WP
works	VBZ
FOR	IN
YOU	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
.	.
Physical	JJ
Therapy	NN
:	:
Physical	JJ
therapy	NN
consists	VBZ
of	IN
the	DT
evaluation	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
of	IN
injuries	NNS
and	CC
disease	NN
with	IN
the	DT
goals	NNS
of	IN
pain	NN
relief	NN
,	,
restoration	NN
of	IN
function	NN
and	CC
the	DT
return	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
fullest	JJS
level	NN
of	IN
activity	NN
in	IN
school	NN
,	,
work	NN
,	,
recreation	NN
and	CC
sports	NNS
.	.
The	DT
initial	JJ
evaluation	NN
examines	VBZ
your	PRP$
posture	NN
,	,
biomechanics	NNS
,	,
ROM	NNP
and	CC
flexibility	NN
,	,
strength	NN
and	CC
balance	NN
.	.
The	DT
treatment	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
this	DT
evaluation	NN
and	CC
includes	VBZ
an	DT
individualized	JJ
program	NN
of	IN
progressive	JJ
exercises	NNS
and	CC
activities	NNS
,	,
in	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
physical	JJ
modalities	NNS
as	IN
needed	VBN
.	.
Occupational	NNP
Therapy	NNP
:	:
Occupational	JJ
therapists	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
OTs	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
help	VBP
people	NNS
improve	VB
their	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
perform	VB
tasks	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
daily	JJ
living	NN
and	CC
working	VBG
environments	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
individuals	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
conditions	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
mentally	RB
,	,
physically	RB
,	,
developmentally	RB
,	,
or	CC
emotionally	RB
disabling	VBG
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
help	VBP
them	PRP
to	TO
develop	VB
,	,
recover	VB
,	,
or	CC
maintain	VB
daily	JJ
living	NN
and	CC
work	NN
skills	NNS
.	.
Occupational	JJ
therapists	NNS
not	RB
only	RB
help	VB
clients	NNS
improve	VB
basic	JJ
motor	NN
functions	NNS
and	CC
reasoning	NN
abilities	NNS
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
compensate	VB
for	IN
permanent	JJ
loss	NN
of	IN
function	NN
.	.
Their	PRP$
goal	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
help	VB
clients	NNS
have	VBP
independent	JJ
,	,
productive	JJ
,	,
and	CC
satisfying	VBG
lives	NNS
.	.
Spiritual	NNP
Guidance	NNP
:	:
This	DT
can	MD
be	VB
anything	NN
from	IN
counseling	NN
with	IN
a	DT
priest	NN
or	CC
pastor	NN
or	CC
exploring	VBG
your	PRP$
beliefs	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
help	NN
of	IN
someone	NN
versed	VBN
in	IN
your	PRP$
spiritual	JJ
area	NN
of	IN
interest	NN
.	.
Spiritual	NNP
Therapy	NNP
assists	VBZ
you	PRP
in	IN
this	DT
process	NN
of	IN
inner	JJ
healing	NN
and	CC
spiritual	JJ
growth	NN
.	.
It	PRP
leads	VBZ
you	PRP
on	IN
the	DT
path	NN
from	IN
self-doubt	NN
to	TO
self-empowerment	NN
.	.
It	PRP
involved	VBD
your	PRP$
beliefs	NNS
surrounding	VBG
the	DT
meaning	NN
of	IN
life	NN
,	,
a	DT
higher-power	JJ
and	CC
your	PRP$
own	JJ
faith	NN
.	.
There	EX
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
things	NNS
you	PRP
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
consider	VB
when	WRB
starting	VBG
on	IN
your	PRP$
road	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
.	.
This	DT
list	NN
of	IN
questions	NNS
is	VBZ
just	RB
a	DT
starting	VBG
point	NN
...	:
you	PRP
can	MD
add	VB
to	TO
it	PRP
,	,
and	CC
omit	VB
questions	NNS
depending	VBG
on	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
personal	JJ
choices	NNS
.	.
The	DT
decision	NN
you	PRP
make	VBP
for	IN
yourself	PRP
in	IN
what	WP
you	PRP
want	VBP
out	IN
of	IN
therapy	NN
will	MD
dictate	VB
what	WP
questions	NNS
to	TO
ask	VB
a	DT
therapist	NN
.	.
This	DT
list	NN
of	IN
questions	NNS
is	VBZ
just	RB
an	DT
idea	NN
to	TO
get	VB
you	PRP
started	VBD
and	CC
things	NNS
you	PRP
should	MD
think	VB
about	RB
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
custom-tailor	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
fit	VB
your	PRP$
own	JJ
needs	NNS
.	.
Do	VBP
you	PRP
wish	VB
to	TO
discuss	VB
food	NN
,	,
weight	NN
and	CC
diet	NN
issues	NNS
in	IN
therapy	NN
or	CC
do	VB
you	PRP
want	VBP
a	DT
nutritionist	NN
or	CC
dietician	NN
to	TO
take	VB
care	NN
of	IN
that	DT
?	.
Do	VBP
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
``	``
weighed	VBN
in	IN
''	''
during	IN
each	DT
session	NN
or	CC
do	VB
you	PRP
wish	VB
that	DT
be	VB
provided	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
additional	JJ
outside	JJ
method	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
?	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
deciding	VBG
to	TO
leave	VB
this	DT
up	RB
to	TO
a	DT
nutritionist	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
mean	VB
your	PRP$
therapist	NN
will	MD
completely	RB
avoid	VB
the	DT
issue	NN
-	:
it	PRP
will	MD
need	VB
discussion	NN
on	IN
occassion	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
What	WP
type	NN
of	IN
approach	NN
will	MD
the	DT
therapist	NN
use	NN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
achieve	VB
your	PRP$
goals	NNS
?	.
Do	VBP
they	PRP
believe	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
permanent	JJ
recovery	NN
or	CC
that	IN
a	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
always	RB
``	``
recovering	VBG
?	.
''	''
What	WP
can	MD
you	PRP
expect	VB
during	IN
sessions	NNS
?	.
Do	VBP
you	PRP
think	VB
your	PRP$
therapist	NN
needs	VBZ
specific	JJ
experience	NN
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
treatment	NN
to	TO
accomplish	VB
your	PRP$
goals	NNS
,	,
or	CC
is	VBZ
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
psychological	JJ
and	CC
emotional	JJ
disturbances	NNS
enough	RB
?	.
How	WRB
important	JJ
do	VBP
you	PRP
think	VB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
that	IN
your	PRP$
therapist	NN
be	VB
open-minded	JJ
and	CC
willing	JJ
to	TO
learn	VB
about	IN
your	PRP$
specific	JJ
case	NN
of	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
?	.
Will	MD
you	PRP
feel	VB
more	RBR
comfortable	JJ
with	IN
someone	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
had	VBN
either	RB
little	RB
,	,
some	DT
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
experience	NN
with	IN
treating	VBG
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
?	.
What	WP
can	MD
you	PRP
expect	VB
from	IN
your	PRP$
therapy	NN
sessions	NNS
and	CC
how	WRB
important	JJ
does	VBZ
the	DT
therapist	NN
believe	VBP
family	NN
involvement	NN
is	VBZ
-LRB-	-LRB-
not	RB
everyone	NN
wants	VBZ
or	CC
needs	VBZ
to	TO
have	VB
their	PRP$
family	NN
involved	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
What	WP
are	VBP
the	DT
therapist	NN
's	POS
opinion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
medications	NNS
,	,
and	CC
which	WDT
ones	NNS
?	.
How	WRB
often	RB
do	VBP
you	PRP
wish	VB
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
therapy	NN
?	.
How	WRB
important	JJ
is	VBZ
a	DT
flexible	JJ
schedule	NN
to	TO
you	PRP
?	.
Are	VBP
weekends	NNS
and\/or	CC
evening	NN
hours	NNS
important	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
?	.
Does	NNP
your	PRP$
insurance	NN
cover	VB
your	PRP$
treatment	NN
and	CC
if	IN
not	RB
,	,
how	WRB
will	MD
you	PRP
pay	VB
for	IN
it	PRP
?	.
How	WRB
important	JJ
is	VBZ
it	PRP
for	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
contact	VB
your	PRP$
therapist	NN
during	IN
the	DT
week	NN
,	,
outside	IN
of	IN
sessions	NNS
?	.
How	WRB
often	RB
does	VBZ
the	DT
therapist	NN
wish	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
?	.
Do	VBP
they	PRP
offer	VBP
evening	NN
and	CC
weekend	NN
hours	NNS
?	.
Charge	NNP
for	IN
cancellations	NNS
?	.
Do	VBP
they	PRP
accept	VB
insurance	NN
payments	NNS
and	CC
with	IN
which	WDT
companies	NNS
?	.
How	WRB
will	MD
they	PRP
work	VB
payments	NNS
with	IN
you	PRP
?	.
Will	MD
they	PRP
be	VB
available	JJ
by	IN
phone	NN
outside	IN
of	IN
sessions	NNS
to	TO
talk	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
and	CC
do	VB
they	PRP
charge	VBP
for	IN
this	DT
?	.
How	WRB
do	VBP
you	PRP
feel	VB
about	RB
hospitalization	NN
or	CC
in-patient	JJ
treatment	NN
?	.
What	WP
role	NN
do	VBP
you	PRP
wish	VB
for	IN
your	PRP$
therapist	NN
to	TO
play	VB
should	MD
you	PRP
require	VB
or	CC
desire	VB
either	CC
?	.
How	WRB
do	VBP
you	PRP
want	VB
your	PRP$
family	NN
involved	VBN
,	,
if	IN
at	IN
all	DT
,	,
in	IN
this	DT
process	NN
?	.
When	WRB
and	CC
how	WRB
does	VBZ
the	DT
therapist	NN
go	VB
about	RB
requesting	VBG
hospitalization	NN
?	.
Is	VBZ
he\/she	NN
affiliated	VBN
with	IN
any	DT
clinics	NNS
or	CC
hospitals	NNS
?	.
Will	MD
they	PRP
be	VB
available	JJ
to	TO
see	VB
you	PRP
should	MD
you	PRP
go	VB
in-patient	JJ
or	CC
become	VB
hospitalized	VBN
?	.
If	IN
you	PRP
live	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
country	NN
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
national	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
not	RB
all	DT
of	IN
this	DT
information	NN
may	MD
apply	VB
to	TO
you	PRP
,	,
though	IN
some	DT
of	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
helpful	JJ
in	IN
opening	VBG
up	RP
your	PRP$
options	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
care	NN
you	PRP
are	VBP
looking	VBG
for	IN
.	.
To	TO
get	VB
started	VBN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
insurance	NN
companies	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
now	RB
cover	VB
mental	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
.	.
You	PRP
should	MD
call	VB
your	PRP$
insurance	NN
company	NN
,	,
or	CC
send	VB
for	IN
a	DT
policy	NN
booklet	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
ask	VB
your	PRP$
employer	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
will	MD
tell	VB
you	PRP
how	WRB
your	PRP$
plan	NN
works	VBZ
-LRB-	-LRB-
HMO	NNP
,	,
or	CC
filing	NN
claims	NNS
for	IN
reimbursement	NN
,	,
deductables	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
providing	VBG
for	IN
mental	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
treatment	NN
.	.
HMO	NNP
plans	NNS
will	MD
require	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
go	VBP
to	TO
your	PRP$
Primary	JJ
Care	NNP
Physician	NNP
first	RB
,	,
and	CC
from	IN
there	EX
you	PRP
can	MD
get	VB
a	DT
referral	NN
to	TO
a	DT
therapist	NN
.	.
Some	DT
therapists	NNS
will	MD
take	VB
your	PRP$
insurance	NN
directly	RB
,	,
only	RB
requiring	VBG
you	PRP
to	TO
make	VB
your	PRP$
co-payment	NN
at	IN
each	DT
visit	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
$	$
5	CD
,	,
$	$
10	CD
or	CC
$	$
20	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
some	DT
insurances	NNS
may	MD
dictate	VB
that	IN
the	DT
co-payment	NN
for	IN
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
slightly	RB
higher	JJR
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
$	$
25	CD
or	CC
$	$
35	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
while	IN
others	NNS
will	MD
work	VB
on	IN
a	DT
reimbursement	NN
plan	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
where	WRB
as	IN
you	PRP
pay	VBP
for	IN
the	DT
session	NN
first	RB
and	CC
are	VBP
reimbursed	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
percentage	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
later	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
A	DT
number	NN
of	IN
therapists	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
willing	JJ
to	TO
put	VB
off	RP
accepting	VBG
payment	NN
,	,
or	CC
make	VB
payment	NN
requirements	NNS
minimal	JJ
,	,
until	IN
your	PRP$
insurance	NN
company	NN
begins	VBZ
to	TO
reimburse	VB
you	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
decide	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
wish	VBP
not	RB
to	TO
involve	VB
your	PRP$
PCP	NNP
,	,
or	CC
that	DT
your	PRP$
therapy	NN
options	NNS
through	IN
any	DT
referral	NN
system	NN
may	MD
be	VB
discouraging	VBG
or	CC
unsatisfactory	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
should	MD
contact	VB
your	PRP$
insurance	NN
company	NN
on	IN
how	WRB
they	PRP
go	VBP
about	RB
covering	VBG
for	IN
therapy	NN
appointments	NNS
outside	IN
of	IN
the	DT
care	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
PCP	NNP
,	,
through	IN
reimbursement	NN
or	CC
co-payments	NNS
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
an	DT
option	NN
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
or	CC
a	DT
loved	VBN
one	CD
require	VBP
immediate	JJ
medical	JJ
care	NN
at	IN
a	DT
hospital	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
insurance	NN
should	MD
cover	VB
the	DT
rehabilitation	NN
of	IN
any	DT
complications	NNS
arrising	VBG
from	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
re-feeding	NN
a	DT
patient	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
malnurished	VBN
,	,
or	CC
treating	VBG
a	DT
heart	NN
condition	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
medical	JJ
insurance	NN
or	CC
your	PRP$
income	NN
is	VBZ
low	JJ
you	PRP
should	MD
contact	VB
Social	NNP
Services	NNPS
about	IN
applying	VBG
for	IN
medicare\/medicade	NN
.	.
No	DT
one	NN
can	MD
be	VB
denied	VBN
standard	JJ
hospital	NN
care	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
their	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
pay	VB
or	CC
not	RB
pay	VB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
against	IN
the	DT
law	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
therapists	NNS
and	CC
clinics	NNS
or	CC
treatment	NN
centers	NNS
will	MD
work	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
assume	VB
that	IN
because	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
big	JJ
establishment	NN
you	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
afford	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Call	VB
them	PRP
and	CC
discuss	VB
what	WP
your	PRP$
options	NNS
are	VBP
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
them	PRP
will	MD
base	VB
what	WP
you	PRP
pay	VBP
on	IN
what	WP
your	PRP$
income	NN
situation	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
working	VBG
on	IN
a	DT
sliding	VBG
scale	NN
to	TO
attempt	VB
to	TO
accommodate	VB
everyone	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
therapists	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
willing	JJ
to	TO
reduce	VB
their	PRP$
fees	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
arrange	VB
a	DT
payment	NN
schedule	NN
.	.
Some	DT
larger	JJR
clinics	NNS
and	CC
organizations	NNS
offer	VBP
``	``
scholorships	NNS
''	''
or	CC
grants	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
people	NNS
in	IN
low-income	JJ
situations	NNS
so	IN
that	IN
long-term	JJ
recovery	NN
care	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
option	NN
.	.
Large	JJ
facilities	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
The	DT
Rader	NNP
Institude	NNP
will	MD
make	VB
a	DT
special	JJ
effort	NN
to	TO
accomodate	VB
everyone	NN
's	POS
needs	NNS
,	,
whether	IN
you	PRP
require	VBP
in-patient	JJ
treatment	NN
or	CC
out-patient	JJ
therapy	NN
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
provide	VB
all	DT
levels	NNS
of	IN
treatment	NN
or	CC
refer	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
a	DT
therapist	NN
while	IN
helping	VBG
to	TO
employ	VB
your	PRP$
needs	NNS
as	IN
far	RB
as	IN
insurance	NN
coverage	NN
,	,
ability	NN
to	TO
pay	VB
and	CC
affordability	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
accept	VBP
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
insurances	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
Medicare	NNP
.	.
A	DT
number	NN
of	IN
National	NNP
Organizations	NNP
will	MD
take	VB
your	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
pay	VB
and	CC
salary	NN
into	IN
consideration	NN
when	WRB
referring	VBG
you	PRP
to	TO
therapists	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
treatment	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
therapists	NNS
that	WDT
leave	VBP
``	``
slots	NNS
''	''
open	JJ
for	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
can	MD
not	RB
afford	VB
to	TO
pay	VB
,	,
or	CC
who	WP
can	MD
only	RB
pay	VB
very	RB
little	RB
,	,
which	WDT
allows	VBZ
for	IN
them	PRP
to	TO
take	VB
two	CD
or	CC
three	CD
clients	NNS
into	IN
their	PRP$
case	NN
load	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
not	RB
afford	VB
typical	JJ
therapy	NN
fees	NNS
or	CC
who	WP
can	MD
not	RB
afford	VB
to	TO
pay	VB
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
A	DT
number	NN
of	IN
therapists	NNS
are	VBP
more	RBR
than	IN
willing	JJ
to	TO
negotiate	VB
their	PRP$
fees	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
income	NN
and	CC
ability	NN
to	TO
pay	VB
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
they	PRP
will	MD
accept	VB
payment	NN
.	.
Make	NNP
your	PRP$
sure	JJ
you	PRP
tell	VBP
the	DT
organization	NN
what	WP
you	PRP
can	MD
and	CC
ca	MD
n't	RB
afford	VB
before	IN
receiving	VBG
a	DT
referral	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
sense	NN
wasting	NN
time	NN
investigating	VBG
treatment	NN
services	NNS
you	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
afford	VB
.	.
Another	DT
option	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
contact	VB
graduate	JJ
universities	NNS
,	,
colleges	NNS
or	CC
mental	JJ
hospitals	NNS
that	WDT
offer	VBP
psychology	NN
as	IN
a	DT
major	JJ
,	,
or	CC
counseling	NN
certification	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
A	DT
number	NN
of	IN
these	DT
schools	NNS
will	MD
have	VB
intern	JJ
programs	NNS
where	WRB
you	PRP
can	MD
get	VB
good	JJ
therapy	NN
from	IN
a	DT
graduate	NN
student	NN
fulfilling	VBG
intern	NN
hours	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
usually	RB
get	VB
this	DT
type	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
at	IN
a	DT
comparitively	RB
low	JJ
cost	NN
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
also	RB
try	VB
contacting	VBG
well	RB
established	VBN
clinics	NNS
or	CC
long-term	JJ
practicing	VBG
therapists	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
sometimes	RB
have	VBP
interns	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
staff	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
offer	VB
therapy	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
just	RB
as	RB
good	JJ
at	IN
a	DT
reduced	JJ
rate	NN
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
cases	NNS
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Treatment	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
specifically	RB
covered	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
insurance	NN
company	NN
,	,
while	IN
other	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
emotional	JJ
and	CC
psychological	JJ
treatment	NN
are	VBP
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
strong	JJ
cross-over	NN
between	IN
depression	NN
and\/or	CC
anxiety	NN
and	CC
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
and	CC
your	PRP$
therapist	NN
can	MD
logically	RB
diagnose	VB
you	PRP
or	CC
a	DT
loved	VBD
one	CD
with	IN
Depression	NN
or	CC
Anxiety	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
other	JJ
appropriate	JJ
emotional\/psychological	JJ
disorder	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
Post	NNP
Traumatic	NNP
Stress	NN
Disorder	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
see	VB
that	DT
your	PRP$
insurance	NN
will	MD
cover	VB
the	DT
treatment	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
uncommon	JJ
or	CC
uncalled	JJ
for	IN
,	,
nor	CC
is	VBZ
it	PRP
unethical	JJ
.	.
Many	JJ
colleges	NNS
and	CC
universities	NNS
have	VBP
on-campus	JJ
health	NN
centers	NNS
,	,
counselors	NNS
and	CC
support	NN
groups	NNS
geared	VBN
towards	IN
assisting	VBG
students	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
mental	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
.	.
Services	NNPS
are	VBP
often	RB
low	JJ
in	IN
cost	NN
or	CC
free	JJ
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
medical	JJ
universities	NNS
and	CC
colleges	NNS
are	VBP
continuously	RB
doing	VBG
research	NN
on	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
In	IN
these	DT
cases	NNS
often	RB
times	NNS
they	PRP
will	MD
provide	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
mental	JJ
and\/or	CC
physical	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
,	,
and\/or	CC
medication	NN
for	IN
free	JJ
in	IN
return	NN
for	IN
being	VBG
allowed	VBN
to	TO
use	VB
their	PRP$
findings	NNS
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
research	NN
.	.
These	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
programs	NNS
are	VBP
usually	RB
available	JJ
to	TO
anyone	NN
,	,
student	NN
or	CC
not	RB
,	,
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
they	PRP
fit	VBP
the	DT
criteria	NNS
for	IN
research	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
certain	JJ
age	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
gender	NN
comparisons	NNS
,	,
drug	NN
effectiveness	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
You	PRP
can	MD
often	RB
find	VB
examples	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
research	NN
programs	NNS
available	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
Special	JJ
Bulletins	NNS
section	NN
or	CC
within	IN
the	DT
Treatment	NNP
Finder	NNP
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
look	VB
in	IN
your	PRP$
local	JJ
yellow	JJ
pages	NNS
,	,
blue	JJ
pages	NNS
or	CC
newspaper	NN
for	IN
support	NN
groups	NNS
.	.
Support	NN
groups	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
run	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
person	NN
in	IN
recovery	NN
,	,
or	CC
by	IN
volunteers	NNS
for	IN
organizations	NNS
are	VBP
very	RB
often	RB
free	JJ
,	,
or	CC
have	VBP
minimal	JJ
``	``
dues	NNS
''	''
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
The	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Anorexia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
and	CC
Associated	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
sponsors	VBZ
many	JJ
local	JJ
support	NN
groups	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
world	NN
that	WDT
are	VBP
completely	RB
free	JJ
of	IN
charge	NN
.	.
Self-help	JJ
groups	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Overeaters	NNP
Anonymous	NNP
and	CC
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Anonymous	NNP
usually	RB
offer	VBP
their	PRP$
meetings	NNS
free	JJ
of	IN
charge	NN
just	RB
asking	VBG
for	IN
small	JJ
donations	NNS
if	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
afford	VB
it	PRP
.	.
When	WRB
it	PRP
comes	VBZ
to	TO
support	VB
groups	NNS
and	CC
self-help	JJ
groups	NNS
there	EX
are	VBP
a	DT
great	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
options	NNS
available	JJ
-	:
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
organizations	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
refer	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
local	JJ
chapters	NNS
and	CC
meetings	NNS
,	,
and	CC
there	EX
are	VBP
some	DT
example	NN
of	IN
supports	NNS
groups	NNS
run	VBP
both	DT
under	IN
the	DT
sponsorship	NN
of	IN
associations	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
run	VBN
personally	RB
by	IN
people	NNS
in	IN
recovery	NN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
Treatment	NNP
Finder	NNP
.	.
Another	DT
option	NN
available	JJ
is	VBZ
to	TO
look	VB
in	IN
your	PRP$
local	JJ
yellow	JJ
pages	NNS
or	CC
blue	JJ
pages	NNS
under	IN
``	``
Community	NNP
Services	NNP
''	''
or	CC
``	``
Community	NNP
Service	NNP
Agencies	NNPS
''	''
in	IN
a	DT
therapy	NN
or	CC
counselors	NNS
section	NN
.	.
There	EX
should	MD
be	VB
organizations	NNS
listed	VBN
that	IN
can	MD
provide	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
basic	JJ
mental	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
needs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
as	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
specifically	RB
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
geared	VBD
they	PRP
can	MD
still	RB
provide	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
the	DT
basic	JJ
tools	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
you	PRP
started	VBN
in	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
refer	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
other	JJ
local	JJ
therapy	NN
options	NNS
and	CC
support	NN
groups	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
low-cost	JJ
and	CC
free	JJ
.	.
Through	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
there	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
find	VB
support	NN
and	CC
even	RB
therapy	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
support	NN
you	PRP
can	MD
find	VB
on-line	JJ
will	MD
be	VB
,	,
of	IN
course	NN
,	,
free	JJ
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
therapy	NN
options	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
relatively	RB
low	JJ
in	IN
cost	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
range	NN
of	IN
options	NNS
is	VBZ
anything	NN
from	IN
on-line	JJ
pen-pals	NNS
,	,
newsgroups	NNS
and	CC
discussion	NN
forums	NNS
,	,
speaking	VBG
with	IN
a	DT
therapist	NN
on-line	JJ
,	,
Interactive	JJ
Relay	NNP
Chat	NNP
support	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
and	CC
bulletin	NN
boards	NNS
.	.
Keep	VB
in	IN
mind	NN
,	,
on-line	JJ
support	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
replace	VB
important	JJ
one-on-one	JJ
therapy	NN
and	CC
``	``
real-time	JJ
''	''
help	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
great	JJ
and	CC
low-cost	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
find	VB
the	DT
support	NN
you	PRP
will	MD
need	VB
through	IN
your	PRP$
recovery	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
begin	VB
to	TO
browse	VB
your	PRP$
options	NNS
by	IN
visiting	VBG
the	DT
Online	NNP
Support	NN
section	NN
and	CC
our	PRP$
Online	NNP
Therapy	NNP
section	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
Web	NNP
Board	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
bulletin	NN
board	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
Remember	VB
It	PRP
Hurts	VBZ
includes	VBZ
a	DT
section	NN
for	IN
open	JJ
discussions	NNS
on	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
submitting	VBG
a	DT
letter	NN
of	IN
encouragement	NN
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
also	RB
invited	VBN
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
ongoing	JJ
open	JJ
discussion	NN
about	IN
recovery	NN
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
board	NN
--	:
``	``
The	DT
Other	JJ
Side	NN
''	''
section	NN
of	IN
the	DT
site	NN
has	VBZ
now	RB
also	RB
been	VBN
permanently	RB
incorporated	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
bulletin	NN
board	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
read	VB
below	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
``	``
THE	DT
OTHER	NNP
SIDE	NNP
''	''
section	NN
of	IN
the	DT
site	NN
is	VBZ
incorporated	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
bulletin	NN
board	NN
.	.
This	DT
allows	VBZ
authors	NNS
to	TO
retain	VB
anonymity	NN
if	IN
they	PRP
choose	VBP
to	TO
,	,
but	CC
will	MD
also	RB
allow	VB
others	NNS
to	TO
contact	VB
them	PRP
directly	RB
about	IN
their	PRP$
writings	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
they	PRP
choose	VBP
to	TO
allow	VB
it	PRP
in	IN
their	PRP$
member	NN
profile	NN
--	:
``	``
My	PRP$
Stuff	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
chosen	VBN
to	TO
now	RB
accept	VB
articles	NNS
this	DT
way	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
us	PRP
with	IN
the	DT
time	NN
management	NN
required	VBN
in	IN
running	VBG
the	DT
entire	JJ
site	NN
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
encourages	VBZ
support	NN
and	CC
communication	NN
in	IN
all	DT
those	DT
recovering	VBG
from	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
NOT	RB
wish	VB
to	TO
communicate	VB
with	IN
other	JJ
members	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
still	RB
post	VB
your	PRP$
story	NN
here	RB
--	:
when	WRB
you	PRP
register	VBP
just	RB
be	VB
sure	JJ
to	TO
check	VB
the	DT
box	NN
that	WDT
says	VBZ
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
want	VB
other	JJ
member	NN
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
e-mail	VB
you	PRP
,	,
and	CC
do	VBP
not	RB
include	VB
any	DT
additional	JJ
contact	NN
info	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
like	IN
ICQ	NNP
number	NN
or	CC
AIM\/Yahoo	JJ
nickname	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
''	''
...	:
I	PRP
journal	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
only	RB
look	VBP
at	IN
magazines	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
positive	JJ
self-image	NN
messages	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
spend	VBP
minimal	JJ
time	NN
with	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
make	VBP
me	PRP
feel	VB
inadequate	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
more	JJR
assertive	JJ
if	IN
people	NNS
try	VBP
and	CC
impose	VBP
themselves	PRP
on	IN
me	PRP
...	:
''	''
''	''
...	:
I	PRP
relapsed	VBD
once	RB
and	CC
ended	VBD
up	RP
IP	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
ashamed	JJ
of	IN
that	DT
at	IN
first	RB
,	,
but	CC
then	RB
I	PRP
realized	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
went	VBD
there	RB
on	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
will	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
things	NNS
from	IN
getting	VBG
worse	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
got	VBD
ahold	NN
of	IN
things	NNS
again	RB
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
walked	VBD
out	IN
of	IN
those	DT
doors	NNS
a	DT
stronger	JJR
person	NN
...	:
''	''
''	''
...	:
It	PRP
gives	VBZ
me	PRP
the	DT
energy	NN
to	TO
chase	VB
my	PRP$
sisters	NNS
,	,
and	CC
work	NN
at	IN
my	PRP$
job	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
is	VBZ
physically	RB
demanding	VBG
since	IN
I	PRP
work	VBP
and	CC
a	DT
garden	NN
center	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
go	VB
to	TO
school	NN
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
now	RB
see	VB
food	NN
as	IN
a	DT
neccessity	NN
,	,
not	RB
an	DT
enemy	NN
...	:
''	''
``	``
I	PRP
am	VBP
no	DT
different	JJ
from	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
non-recovered	JJ
compulsive	JJ
eater	NN
out	IN
there	RB
;	:
I	PRP
had	VBD
no	DT
willingness	NN
to	TO
stop	VB
eating	VBG
,	,
yet	RB
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
desperately	RB
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
done	VBN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
hope	NN
and	CC
freedom	NN
from	IN
compulsive	JJ
eating	NN
...	:
''	''
``	``
If	IN
feels	VBZ
good	JJ
not	RB
to	TO
be	VB
so	RB
wrapped	VBN
up	RP
in	IN
self-pity	NN
.	.
Recovery	NN
to	TO
me	PRP
is	VBZ
giving	VBG
up	RP
the	DT
securities	NNS
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
offers	NNS
,	,
giving	VBG
up	RP
my	PRP$
introverted	JJ
unknown	JJ
self	NN
,	,
and	CC
unleashing	VBG
my	PRP$
extroverted	JJ
prior	JJ
self	NN
...	:
''	''
Be	VB
gentle	JJ
and	CC
caring	NN
,	,
and	CC
be	VB
prepared	VBN
to	TO
listen	VB
without	IN
offering	VBG
mounds	NNS
of	IN
advice	NN
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
the	DT
person	NN
's	POS
therapist	NN
,	,
nor	CC
should	MD
you	PRP
pretend	VB
to	TO
be	VB
.	.
Being	VBG
a	DT
good	JJ
listener	NN
means	VBZ
your	PRP$
ears	NNS
are	VBP
open	JJ
and	CC
your	PRP$
mouth	NN
is	VBZ
shut	VBN
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
intervening	VBG
with	IN
``	``
yeah	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
know	VBP
what	WP
you	PRP
mean	VBP
,	,
that	DT
happened	VBD
to	TO
me	PRP
once	RB
when	WRB
...	:
''	''
-	:
just	RB
listen	VBP
.	.
If	IN
they	PRP
then	RB
finish	VBP
and	CC
ask	VBP
what	WP
your	PRP$
thoughts	NNS
or	CC
opinions	NNS
are	VBP
,	,
be	VB
honest	JJ
and	CC
caring	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
make	VB
the	DT
person	NN
feel	VB
threatened	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
your	PRP$
job	NN
to	TO
dictate	VB
what	WP
they	PRP
should	MD
and	CC
should	MD
n't	RB
do	VB
.	.
If	IN
this	DT
person	NN
has	VBZ
finally	RB
decided	VBN
to	TO
talk	VB
to	TO
you	PRP
and	CC
trust	NN
you	PRP
,	,
cherish	VB
it	PRP
and	CC
uphold	VB
your	PRP$
role	NN
in	IN
holding	VBG
their	PRP$
confidence	NN
.	.
Be	VB
encouraging	JJ
.	.
The	DT
recovery	NN
road	NN
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
long	JJ
and	CC
uphill	JJ
battle	NN
,	,
with	IN
pitfalls	NNS
and	CC
setbacks	NNS
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
be	VB
disappointed	VBN
or	CC
disapproving	VBG
when	WRB
a	DT
sufferer	NN
displays	NNS
signs	NNS
of	IN
falling	VBG
back	RB
,	,
just	RB
encourage	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
continue	VB
pushing	VBG
forward	RP
.	.
Recovery	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
only	RB
hard	JJ
work	NN
,	,
but	CC
can	MD
be	VB
very	RB
confusing	JJ
and	CC
painful	JJ
,	,
be	VB
sure	JJ
to	TO
remind	VB
them	PRP
that	IN
you	PRP
understand	VBP
this	DT
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
``	``
you	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
always	RB
continue	VB
to	TO
stride	NN
forward	RB
without	IN
a	DT
stumble	NN
from	IN
time	NN
to	TO
time	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
okay	JJ
.	.
''	''
Read	VB
as	RB
much	JJ
as	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
on	IN
the	DT
topic	NN
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
more	JJR
you	PRP
know	VBP
,	,
the	DT
more	RBR
equipped	JJ
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
to	TO
offer	VB
a	DT
helping	VBG
hand	NN
.	.
Photocopy	NN
or	CC
print	NN
out	IN
articles	NNS
of	IN
interest	NN
and	CC
if	IN
time	NN
presents	NNS
itself	PRP
share	VBP
the	DT
info	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
loved	VBD
one	CD
,	,
but	CC
do	VBP
not	RB
overstep	VB
your	PRP$
boundaries	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
person	NN
has	VBZ
asked	VBN
you	PRP
not	RB
to	TO
do	VB
certain	JJ
things	NNS
,	,
or	CC
talk	VB
about	IN
things	NNS
,	,
then	RB
respect	VB
their	PRP$
wishes	NNS
.	.
Do	VBP
not	RB
talk	VB
about	IN
food	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
!	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
continuously	RB
ask	VB
what	WP
the	DT
person	NN
has	VBZ
or	CC
has	VBZ
n't	RB
eaten	VBN
,	,
how	WRB
much	JJ
weight	NN
they	PRP
have	VBP
lost	VBN
,	,
or	CC
how	WRB
great	JJ
or	CC
bad	JJ
they	PRP
look	VBP
after	IN
gaining	VBG
or	CC
losing	VBG
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
rude	JJ
and	CC
very	RB
threatening	JJ
and	CC
you	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
win	VB
either	DT
way	NN
.	.
Saying	VBG
they	PRP
look	VBP
``	``
healthy	JJ
since	IN
you	PRP
've	VBP
put	VBN
on	IN
some	DT
weight	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
heard	VBN
as	IN
``	``
you	PRP
are	VBP
fat	JJ
,	,
''	''
and	CC
expressing	VBG
disappointment	NN
or	CC
concern	NN
in	IN
weight	NN
loss	NN
comes	VBZ
across	RP
as	IN
``	``
you	PRP
're	VBP
a	DT
failure	NN
''	''
or	CC
``	``
you	PRP
're	VBP
a	DT
burden	NN
.	.
''	''
By	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
token	JJ
,	,
do	VBP
n't	RB
be	VB
afraid	JJ
to	TO
talk	VB
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
the	DT
person	NN
about	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
day	NN
to	TO
day	NN
living	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
,	,
``	``
yeah	NN
,	,
Fred	NNP
and	CC
I	PRP
went	VBD
out	RP
for	IN
dinner	NN
last	JJ
night	NN
and	CC
the	DT
steak	NN
was	VBD
so	RB
good	JJ
.	.
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
Your	PRP$
stumbling	VBG
to	TO
avoid	VB
topics	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
as	IN
noticed	VBN
as	IN
your	PRP$
persistence	NN
in	IN
discussing	VBG
them	PRP
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
watch	VB
the	DT
person	NN
``	``
like	IN
a	DT
hawk	NN
''	''
when	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
eating	VBG
,	,
or	CC
give	VB
looks	NNS
when	WRB
they	PRP
excuse	VBP
themselves	PRP
from	IN
a	DT
meal	NN
or	CC
from	IN
the	DT
table	NN
.	.
Recovery	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
easy	JJ
and	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
happen	VB
overnight	JJ
!	.
Be	VB
respectful	JJ
and	CC
courteous	JJ
and	CC
do	VB
not	RB
try	VB
to	TO
be	VB
The	DT
Food	NNP
Police	NNP
.	.
If	IN
your	PRP$
loved	VBD
one	CD
is	VBZ
looking	VBG
for	IN
recovery	NN
resources	NNS
try	VBP
not	RB
to	TO
let	VB
him\/her	VB
get	VB
discouraged	VBN
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
doctors	NNS
and	CC
therapists	NNS
out	IN
there	RB
that	DT
do	VBP
not	RB
know	VB
what	WP
they	PRP
are	VBP
doing	VBG
,	,
or	CC
who	WP
do	VBP
not	RB
recognize	VB
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
as	IN
the	DT
serious	JJ
issue	NN
they	PRP
are	VBP
.	.
Be	VB
supportive	JJ
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
feel	VBP
it	PRP
's	VBZ
within	IN
your	PRP$
boundaries	NNS
,	,
offer	VBP
to	TO
help	VB
-	:
find	VB
names	NNS
of	IN
local	JJ
support	NN
groups	NNS
and	CC
therapists	NNS
,	,
and	CC
offer	NN
to	TO
go	VB
with	IN
them	PRP
their	PRP$
first	JJ
time	NN
if	IN
they	PRP
'd	MD
like	VB
the	DT
company	NN
.	.
If	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
getting	VBG
discouraged	VBD
be	VB
patient	NN
,	,
supportive	JJ
and	CC
do	VBP
n't	RB
push	VB
.	.
Recovery	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
personal	JJ
choice	NN
each	DT
sufferer	NN
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
make	VB
for	IN
him	PRP
or	CC
herself	PRP
.	.
Encourage	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
find	VB
support	NN
in	IN
others	NNS
who	WP
share	VBP
the	DT
same	JJ
experiences	NNS
,	,
through	IN
support	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
on-line	JJ
bulletin	NN
boards	NNS
or	CC
chat	VB
rooms	NNS
,	,
or	CC
through	IN
larger	JJR
meetings	NNS
like	IN
those	DT
of	IN
Overeaters	NNP
Anonymous	NNP
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
national	JJ
organizations	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Links	NNP
and	CC
Resources	NNP
Section	NNP
which	WDT
will	MD
give	VB
you	PRP
and	CC
your	PRP$
loved	VBD
one	CD
a	DT
good	JJ
place	NN
to	TO
start	VB
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
pretend	VB
to	TO
understand	VB
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
never	RB
had	VBN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
yourself	PRP
...	:
it	PRP
will	MD
sound	VB
condescending	JJ
and	CC
ingenuine	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
supportive	JJ
without	IN
living	VBG
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
or	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
yourself	PRP
,	,
and	CC
your	PRP$
loved-one	NN
will	MD
appreciate	VB
that	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
you	PRP
putting	VBG
on	RP
a	DT
facade	NN
of	IN
empathy	NN
.	.
The	DT
sufferers	NNS
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
can	MD
do	VB
better	JJR
in	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
recovery	NN
with	IN
a	DT
good	JJ
support	NN
network	NN
behind	IN
them	PRP
...	:
consider	VB
it	PRP
this	DT
way	NN
--	:
do	VBP
n't	RB
we	PRP
all	DT
do	VBP
better	JJR
in	IN
life	NN
when	WRB
we	PRP
know	VBP
we	PRP
have	VBP
people	NNS
we	PRP
can	MD
count	VB
on	IN
?	.
Learn	VB
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
good	JJ
listener	NN
and	CC
what	WP
``	``
being	VBG
there	RB
''	''
for	IN
someone	NN
truly	RB
means	VBZ
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
a	DT
loved-one	NN
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
but	CC
you	PRP
yourself	PRP
suffer	VBP
,	,
please	VB
jump	NN
over	IN
to	TO
our	PRP$
Remember	VB
It	PRP
Hurts	VBZ
bulletin	NN
board	NN
for	IN
support	NN
.	.
The	DT
Family	NNP
and	CC
Friends	NNPS
Support	NN
Finder	NNP
is	VBZ
strictly	RB
for	IN
parents	NNS
,	,
step-parents	NNS
,	,
brothers	NNS
and	CC
sisters	NNS
,	,
spouses	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
other	JJ
loved-ones	NNS
of	IN
those	DT
who	WP
suffer	VBP
from	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
or	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
child	NN
,	,
spouse	NN
,	,
family	NN
member	NN
,	,
friend	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
loved	VBD
one	CD
suffering	NN
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
or	CC
Bulimia	NNP
or	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
welcome	JJ
to	TO
come	VB
here	RB
to	TO
find	VB
support	NN
and	CC
discuss	VB
treatment	NN
options	NNS
and	CC
methods	NNS
.	.
This	DT
community	NN
is	VBZ
kept	VBN
separate	JJ
from	IN
our	PRP$
sufferers	NNS
community	NN
.	.
Although	IN
research	NN
is	VBZ
lacking	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
study	NN
of	IN
separate	JJ
groups	NNS
of	IN
women	NNS
of	IN
color	NN
,	,
Lester	NNP
&	CC
Petrie	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
1998	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
conducted	VBN
a	DT
research	NN
study	NN
involving	VBG
bulimic	JJ
symptomatology	NN
among	IN
African	JJ
American	JJ
college	NN
females	NNS
.	.
Their	PRP$
results	NNS
indicated	VBD
that	IN
when	WRB
``	``
dissatisfaction	NN
with	IN
body	NN
size	NN
and	CC
shape	NN
was	VBD
higher	JJR
,	,
the	DT
self-esteem	NN
lower	JJR
,	,
and	CC
when	WRB
the	DT
body	NN
mass	NN
was	VBD
greater	JJR
,	,
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
reported	VBN
bulimic	JJ
symptoms	NNS
was	VBD
also	RB
greater	JJR
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
p.	NN
7	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Variables	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
found	VBN
to	TO
not	RB
be	VB
significant	JJ
indicators	NNS
to	TO
bulimic	JJ
symptoms	NNS
in	IN
African	JJ
American	JJ
college	NN
women	NNS
were	VBD
depression	NN
,	,
internalization	NN
of	IN
societal	JJ
values	NNS
of	IN
attractiveness	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
level	NN
of	IN
identification	NN
with	IN
White	NNP
culture	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Lester	NNP
&	CC
Petrie	NNP
,	,
1998	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
this	DT
information	NN
could	MD
be	VB
generalized	VBN
to	TO
African	JJ
American	JJ
women	NNS
outside	IN
of	IN
college	NN
is	VBZ
at	IN
this	DT
time	NN
unknown	NN
.	.
Another	DT
suggestion	NN
made	VBN
by	IN
Harris	NNP
&	CC
Kuba	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
1997	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
was	VBD
to	TO
note	VB
that	IN
the	DT
identity	NN
formation	NN
of	IN
women	NNS
of	IN
color	NN
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
complex	JJ
process	NN
and	CC
the	DT
counselor	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
working	VBG
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
developmental	JJ
stages	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
formation	NN
.	.
Each	DT
developmental	JJ
stage	NN
can	MD
take	VB
on	RP
quite	RB
different	JJ
implications	NNS
when	WRB
combined	VBN
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
Think	VB
of	IN
the	DT
three	CD
and	CC
four	CD
year	NN
old	JJ
who	WP
is	VBZ
continuously	RB
praised	VBN
for	IN
being	VBG
``	``
oh	UH
so	RB
cute	JJ
''	''
.	.
With	IN
an	DT
increased	VBN
population	NN
of	IN
children	NNS
who	WP
spend	VBP
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
time	NN
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
television	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
more	JJR
of	IN
them	PRP
coming	VBG
up	RP
with	IN
a	DT
superficial	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
who	WP
they	PRP
are	VBP
.	.
Images	NNS
on	IN
T.V.	NNP
spend	VBP
countless	JJ
hours	NNS
telling	VBG
us	PRP
to	TO
lose	VB
weight	NN
,	,
be	VB
thin	JJ
and	CC
beautiful	JJ
,	,
buy	VB
more	JJR
stuff	NN
because	IN
people	NNS
will	MD
like	VB
us	PRP
and	CC
we	PRP
'll	MD
be	VB
better	JJR
people	NNS
for	IN
it	PRP
.	.
Programming	NN
on	IN
the	DT
tube	NN
rarely	RB
depicts	VBZ
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
with	IN
``	``
average	JJ
''	''
body-types	NNS
or	CC
crappy	JJ
clothes	NNS
,	,
ingraining	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
back	NN
of	IN
all	DT
our	PRP$
minds	NNS
that	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
life	NN
we	PRP
want	VBP
.	.
Overweight	JJ
characters	NNS
are	VBP
typically	RB
portrayed	VBN
as	IN
lazy	JJ
,	,
the	DT
one	CD
with	IN
no	DT
friends	NNS
,	,
or	CC
``	``
the	DT
bad	JJ
guy	NN
''	''
,	,
while	IN
thin	JJ
women	NNS
and	CC
pumped-up	JJ
men	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
successful	JJ
,	,
popular	JJ
,	,
sexy	JJ
and	CC
powerful	JJ
ones	NNS
.	.
How	WRB
can	MD
we	PRP
tell	VB
our	PRP$
children	NNS
that	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
what	WP
's	VBZ
inside	IN
that	DT
counts	VBZ
,	,
when	WRB
the	DT
media	NNS
continuously	RB
contradicts	VBZ
this	DT
message	NN
?	.
Super	NNP
models	NNS
in	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
popular	JJ
magazines	NNS
have	VBP
continued	VBN
to	TO
get	VB
thinner	JJR
and	CC
thinner	JJR
.	.
Modeling	NN
agencies	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
reported	VBN
to	TO
actively	RB
pursue	VB
Anorexic	JJ
models	NNS
.	.
The	DT
average	JJ
woman	NN
model	NN
weighs	VBZ
up	RP
to	TO
25	CD
%	NN
less	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
typical	JJ
woman	NN
and	CC
maintains	VBZ
a	DT
weight	NN
at	IN
about	IN
15	CD
to	TO
20	CD
percent	NN
below	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
healthy	JJ
for	IN
her	PRP$
age	NN
and	CC
height	NN
.	.
Some	DT
models	NNS
go	VBP
through	IN
plastic	NN
surgery	NN
,	,
some	DT
are	VBP
``	``
taped-up	JJ
''	''
to	TO
mold	NN
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
into	IN
more	JJR
photogenic	JJ
representations	NNS
of	IN
themselves	PRP
,	,
and	CC
photos	NNS
are	VBP
airbrushed	VBN
before	IN
going	VBG
to	TO
print	NN
.	.
By	IN
far	RB
,	,
these	DT
body	NN
types	NNS
and	CC
images	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
the	DT
norm	NN
and	CC
unobtainable	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
average	JJ
individual	NN
,	,
and	CC
far	RB
and	CC
wide	RB
,	,
the	DT
constant	JJ
force	NN
of	IN
these	DT
images	NNS
on	IN
society	NN
makes	VBZ
us	PRP
believe	VB
they	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
.	.
We	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
remind	VB
ourselves	PRP
and	CC
each	DT
other	JJ
constantly	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
especially	RB
children	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	IN
these	DT
images	NNS
are	VBP
fake	JJ
.	.
Diet	NNP
advertisments	NNS
are	VBP
another	DT
problem	NN
.	.
On	IN
television	NN
,	,
in	IN
magazines	NNS
and	CC
newspapers	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
are	VBP
continually	RB
exposed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
notion	NN
that	IN
losing	VBG
weight	NN
will	MD
make	VB
us	PRP
happier	JJR
and	CC
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
through	IN
``	``
THIS	NNP
diet	NN
plan	NN
''	''
.	.
Time	NNP
and	CC
time	NN
again	RB
it	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
proven	VBN
that	IN
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
long-term	JJ
,	,
regimented	JJ
diet	NN
plans	NNS
DO	NNP
NOT	NNP
work	NN
,	,
yet	RB
our	PRP$
society	NN
continues	VBZ
to	TO
buy	VB
into	IN
the	DT
idea	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
.	.
Pop-culture	NN
's	POS
imposed	VBN
definition	NN
of	IN
``	``
the	DT
ideal	JJ
body	NN
''	''
combined	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
diet	NN
industry	NN
's	POS
drive	NN
to	TO
make	VB
more	JJR
money	NN
,	,
creates	VBZ
a	DT
never-ending	JJ
cycle	NN
of	IN
ad	NN
upon	IN
ad	NN
that	WDT
try	VBP
to	TO
convince	VB
us	PRP
''	''
...	:
if	IN
you	PRP
lose	VBP
weight	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
life	NN
will	MD
be	VB
good	JJ
.	.
''	''
The	DT
flip	JJ
side	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
as	RB
long	JJ
as	IN
we	PRP
continue	VBP
to	TO
buy	VB
into	IN
their	PRP$
false	JJ
claims	NNS
by	IN
purchasing	VBG
these	DT
-LRB-	-LRB-
often	RB
dangerous	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
products	NNS
,	,
the	DT
more	JJR
the	DT
diet	NN
industry	NN
will	MD
keep	VB
pushing	VBG
their	PRP$
slogans	NNS
at	IN
us	PRP
.	.
While	IN
all	DT
of	IN
these	DT
images	NNS
,	,
advertisements	NNS
,	,
and	CC
messages	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
counterproductive	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
good	JJ
self-image	NN
,	,
and	CC
society	NN
's	POS
overall	JJ
acceptance	NN
of	IN
each	DT
person	NN
's	POS
different	JJ
size	NN
and	CC
shape	NN
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
NOT	RB
the	DT
reason	NN
so	RB
many	JJ
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
develop	VBP
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
These	DT
images	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
help	VB
,	,
and	CC
for	IN
those	DT
already	RB
open	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
negative	JJ
coping	VBG
mechanisms	NNS
and\/or	CC
mental	JJ
illness	NN
,	,
the	DT
media	NNS
may	MD
play	VB
a	DT
small	JJ
contributing	VBG
role	NN
--	:
but	CC
ultimately	RB
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
young	JJ
man	NN
or	CC
woman	NN
's	POS
life	NN
situation	NN
,	,
environment	NN
,	,
and\/or	CC
genetics	NNS
leave	VBP
them	PRP
open	VB
to	TO
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
alcoholism	NN
,	,
drug	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
OCD	NNP
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
they	PRP
will	MD
still	RB
end	VB
up	RP
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
place	NN
regardless	RB
of	IN
television	NN
or	CC
magazines	NNS
.	.
Ultimately	RB
it	PRP
's	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
know	VB
that	DT
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
and	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
are	VBP
NOT	NNP
about	IN
weight	NN
and	CC
food	NN
.	.
Rather	RB
they	PRP
are	VBP
complex	JJ
disorders	NNS
where	WRB
each	DT
sufferer	NN
is	VBZ
plagued	VBN
with	IN
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
,	,
an	DT
inability	NN
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
emotions	NNS
and	CC
stress	NN
,	,
and	CC
many	JJ
underlying	VBG
issues	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
lead	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
their	PRP$
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
Barbie-type	JJ
dolls	NNS
have	VBP
often	RB
be	VB
blamed	VBN
on	IN
playing	VBG
a	DT
role	NN
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
body-image	NN
problems	NNS
and	CC
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
Not	RB
only	RB
do	VB
these	DT
dolls	NNS
have	VBP
fictionally	RB
proportioned	VBN
,	,
small	JJ
body	NN
sizes	NNS
,	,
but	CC
they	PRP
lean	VBP
towards	IN
escalating	VBG
the	DT
belief	NN
that	WDT
materialistic	JJ
possessions	NNS
,	,
beauty	NN
and	CC
thinness	NN
equate	VBP
happiness	NN
.	.
Barbie	NNP
has	VBZ
more	JJR
accessories	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
purchase	VB
than	IN
can	MD
be	VB
believed	VBN
,	,
including	VBG
Ken	NNP
,	,
her	PRP$
attractive	JJ
boyfriend	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
an	DT
assortment	NN
of	IN
jobs	NNS
including	VBG
:	:
Potty-training	VBG
her	PRP$
sister	NN
Kelly	NNP
,	,
princess	NN
and	CC
more	RBR
recently	RB
,	,
Dentist	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
in	IN
which	WDT
she	PRP
wears	VBZ
a	DT
mini-skirt	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
enough	RB
hair	NN
that	IN
her	PRP$
patients	NNS
would	MD
choke	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
While	IN
I	PRP
personally	RB
do	VBP
NOT	RB
believe	VB
every	DT
girl	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
a	DT
Barbie-type	JJ
doll	NN
is	VBZ
at	IN
risk	NN
of	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
believe	VB
it	PRP
helps	VBZ
to	TO
perpetuate	VB
an	DT
ideal	NN
of	IN
materialism	NN
,	,
beauty	NN
,	,
and	CC
being	VBG
thin	JJ
as	IN
important	JJ
elements	NNS
to	TO
happiness	NN
in	IN
one	CD
's	POS
life	NN
.	.
At	IN
an	DT
age	NN
where	WRB
children	NNS
are	VBP
very	RB
impressionable	JJ
and	CC
seek	VB
to	TO
be	VB
like	IN
the	DT
role	NN
models	NNS
around	IN
them	PRP
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
emphasize	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
pretend	JJ
.	.
If	IN
your	PRP$
kids	NNS
want	VBP
these	DT
dolls	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
lots	NNS
of	IN
kids	NNS
do	VBP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
they	PRP
should	MD
learn	VB
to	TO
rely	VB
on	IN
their	PRP$
imagination	NN
in	IN
playing	VBG
with	IN
Barbie	NNP
creatively	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
we	PRP
often	RB
have	VBP
her	PRP$
driving	VBG
a	DT
dump	NN
truck	NN
or	CC
fixing	VBG
the	DT
car	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
house	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
general	JJ
,	,
children	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
exposed	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
variety	NN
toys	NNS
,	,
and	CC
provided	VBN
with	IN
well-rounded	JJ
choices	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
importantly	RB
,	,
they	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
see	VB
in	IN
real-life	JJ
the	DT
true	JJ
role	NN
models	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
doctors	NNS
,	,
teachers	NNS
,	,
women	NNS
and	CC
men	NNS
in	IN
history	NN
,	,
artists	NNS
,	,
writers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
moms	NNS
and	CC
dads	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
media	NNS
,	,
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
societal	JJ
problems	NNS
are	VBP
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
lack	NN
of	IN
education	NN
.	.
Girls	NNS
and	CC
boys	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
changes	NNS
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
go	VBP
through	IN
during	IN
puberty	NN
and	CC
why	WRB
,	,
and	CC
as	RB
well	RB
,	,
why	WRB
they	PRP
should	MD
feel	VB
proud	JJ
of	IN
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
no	DT
matter	NN
what	WDT
size	NN
or	CC
shape	NN
.	.
People	NNS
in	IN
societal	JJ
``	``
pop-culture	JJ
''	''
,	,
whether	IN
consciously	RB
or	CC
subconsciously	RB
,	,
perpetuate	VBP
the	DT
ideal	NN
of	IN
thinness	NN
through	IN
their	PRP$
conversations	NNS
,	,
judgements	NNS
and	CC
teasing	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
peers	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
family	NN
members	NNS
.	.
The	DT
association	NN
of	IN
shame	NN
with	IN
weight	NN
as	IN
women	NNS
tend	VBP
to	TO
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
disclose	VB
what	WP
they	PRP
weigh	VBP
,	,
or	CC
do	VB
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
be	VB
seen	VBN
in	IN
``	``
this	DT
bathing-suit	NN
''	''
or	CC
``	``
that	IN
pair	NN
of	IN
shorts	NNS
''	''
contributes	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
sense	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
ashamed	JJ
of	IN
their	PRP$
body	NN
size	NN
.	.
The	DT
chronic	JJ
passive	NN
obsession	NN
about	IN
weight	NN
within	IN
families	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
wife	NN
asks	VBZ
husband	NN
``	``
do	VBP
I	PRP
look	VBP
fat	JJ
in	IN
this	DT
?	.
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
within	IN
circles	NNS
of	IN
friends	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
first	JJ
time	NN
seeing	VBG
someone	NN
in	IN
a	DT
while	NN
,	,
the	DT
comment	NN
:	:
``	``
you	PRP
've	VBP
gained\/lost	VBN
weight	NN
!	.
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
continues	VBZ
to	TO
emphasize	VB
the	DT
idea	NN
that	WDT
how	WRB
we	PRP
look	VBP
and	CC
what	WP
we	PRP
weigh	VBP
is	VBZ
of	IN
utmost	JJ
importance	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
us	PRP
blame	VBP
the	DT
magazines	NNS
and	CC
diet	NN
ads	NNS
,	,
while	IN
we	PRP
walk	VBP
around	IN
guilty	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
``	``
crimes	NNS
''	''
.	.
Couch	NN
potato	NN
or	CC
exercise	NN
freak	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
consistent	JJ
example	NN
set	VBN
to	TO
our	PRP$
children	NNS
that	IN
moderate	JJ
regular	JJ
exercise	NN
is	VBZ
good	JJ
for	IN
us	PRP
and	CC
essential	JJ
for	IN
our	PRP$
health	NN
.	.
They	PRP
either	RB
see	VBP
us	PRP
rigourously	JJ
obsessed	VBN
with	IN
burning	VBG
calories	NNS
and	CC
fat	JJ
,	,
or	CC
neglecting	VBG
our	PRP$
bodies	NNS
through	IN
lack	NN
of	IN
activity	NN
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
live	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
the	DT
video	NN
game	NN
and	CC
the	DT
internet	NN
where	WRB
many	JJ
of	IN
our	PRP$
children	NNS
spend	VBP
countless	JJ
hours	NNS
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
Nintendo	NNP
or	CC
watching	VBG
as	IN
their	PRP$
parents	NNS
sit	VBP
at	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
for	IN
hours	NNS
on	IN
end	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
encourage	VB
your	PRP$
kids	NNS
to	TO
go	VB
outside	JJ
and	CC
play	NN
and	CC
to	TO
teach	VB
them	PRP
about	IN
exercise	NN
.	.
They	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
know	VB
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
such	JJ
a	DT
thing	NN
as	IN
too	RB
much	JJ
or	CC
too	RB
little	JJ
.	.
The	DT
best	JJS
thing	NN
you	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
for	IN
your	PRP$
children	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
take	VB
walks	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
family	NN
four	CD
or	CC
five	CD
days	NNS
per	IN
week	NN
,	,
because	IN
``	``
it	PRP
's	VBZ
good	JJ
for	IN
our	PRP$
bodies	NNS
and	CC
because	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
fun	NN
''	''
.	.
A	DT
recent	JJ
study	NN
by	IN
a	DT
popular	JJ
television	NN
news	NN
program	NN
investigated	VBD
the	DT
pursuit	NN
of	IN
a	DT
professional	JJ
career	NN
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
looks	VBZ
play	VB
a	DT
role	NN
.	.
Two	CD
men	NNS
and	CC
two	CD
women	NNS
were	VBD
sent	VBN
out	RP
in	IN
search	NN
of	IN
jobs	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
one	CD
of	IN
each	DT
was	VBD
considered	VBN
more	RBR
attractive	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
,	,
and	CC
their	PRP$
looks	NNS
were	VBD
accentuated	VBN
up	RP
or	CC
down	RP
with	IN
make-up	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Both	DT
dressed	VBN
well	RB
and	CC
had	VBD
equal	JJ
qualifications	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
time	NN
the	DT
``	``
more	RBR
attractive	JJ
''	''
man	NN
or	CC
woman	NN
,	,
though	IN
equally	RB
well-spoken	JJ
,	,
amicable	JJ
and	CC
qualified	JJ
,	,
was	VBD
immediately	RB
invited	VBN
back	RB
for	IN
a	DT
return	NN
interview	NN
,	,
or	CC
hired	VBD
right	RB
away	RB
.	.
Looks	NNS
and	CC
weight	NN
have	VBP
continued	VBN
to	TO
play	VB
a	DT
role	NN
in	IN
whether	IN
a	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
hired	VBN
,	,
or	CC
is	VBZ
able	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
promoted	VBN
,	,
especially	RB
in	IN
women	NNS
.	.
Professional	JJ
women	NNS
are	VBP
often	RB
expected	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
thin	JJ
,	,
well-dressed	JJ
,	,
and	CC
attractive	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
should	MD
visit	VB
the	DT
International	NNP
Size	NN
Acceptance	NNP
Association	NNP
about	IN
the	DT
topic	NN
of	IN
fighting	VBG
size	NN
discrimination	NN
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
society	NN
's	POS
historical	JJ
role	NN
in	IN
setting	VBG
what	WP
is	VBZ
perceived	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
``	``
standard	JJ
''	''
for	IN
the	DT
average	JJ
individual	NN
,	,
the	DT
same	JJ
is	VBZ
true	JJ
of	IN
specific	JJ
groups	NNS
of	IN
individuals	NNS
.	.
Listed	VBN
below	IN
are	VBP
additional	JJ
reasons	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
ones	NNS
above	IN
why	WRB
teens	NNS
,	,
college	NN
students	NNS
,	,
dancers	NNS
and	CC
athletes	NNS
are	VBP
at	IN
risk	NN
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
think	VBP
of	IN
a	DT
ballet	NN
dancer	NN
or	CC
dancer	NN
you	PRP
think	VBP
immediately	RB
of	IN
a	DT
slender	JJ
individual	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
pressures	NNS
of	IN
staying	VBG
thin	JJ
,	,
dancers	NNS
are	VBP
faced	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
stress	NN
of	IN
achieving	VBG
perfection	NN
for	IN
performance	NN
,	,
often	RB
with	IN
hours	NNS
of	IN
exercise	NN
and	CC
rehearsals	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
sometimes	RB
additional	JJ
pressures	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
instructor	NN
to	TO
maintain	VB
and\/or	CC
lose	VB
weight	NN
that	IN
become	VBN
unreasonable	JJ
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
desperate	JJ
attempt	NN
to	TO
fit	VB
the	DT
profile	NN
and	CC
stay	VB
thin	JJ
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
to	TO
please	VB
judges	NNS
in	IN
competition	NN
,	,
gymnasts	NNS
and	CC
figure	NN
skators	NNS
are	VBP
at	IN
an	DT
elevated	JJ
risk	NN
of	IN
developing	VBG
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
As	IN
with	IN
dancers	NNS
,	,
the	DT
stresses	VBZ
of	IN
perfection	NN
in	IN
competition	NN
contributes	VBZ
to	TO
hours	NNS
of	IN
rigourous	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
Gymnast	NNP
Christy	NNP
Henrich	NNP
died	VBD
from	IN
complications	NNS
due	JJ
to	TO
her	PRP$
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
in	IN
1994	CD
,	,
at	IN
22	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
age	NN
.	.
Nadia	NNP
Comaneci	NNP
,	,
Cathy	NNP
Rigby	NNP
and	CC
Kathy	NNP
Johnson	NNP
have	VBP
all	DT
come	VBP
forward	RB
and	CC
admitted	VBN
to	TO
battling	VBG
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
.	.
Adolescence	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
time	NN
of	IN
confusion	NN
when	WRB
teens	NNS
are	VBP
often	RB
trying	VBG
to	TO
discover	VB
who	WP
they	PRP
are	VBP
as	IN
they	PRP
journey	NN
closer	RBR
to	TO
adulthood	NN
.	.
They	PRP
face	VBP
increased	VBN
independence	NN
,	,
life	NN
choices	NNS
and	CC
new	JJ
friendships	NNS
and	CC
they	PRP
begin	VBP
to	TO
date	NN
and	CC
seek	VB
acceptance	NN
from	IN
the	DT
opposite	JJ
sex	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
peers	NNS
...	:
All	DT
of	IN
this	DT
while	IN
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
are	VBP
changing	VBG
and	CC
their	PRP$
hormones	NNS
are	VBP
raging	VBG
!	.
This	DT
combined	VBN
with	IN
any	DT
additional	JJ
problems	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
family	NN
,	,
friends	NNS
or	CC
new	JJ
relationships	NNS
can	MD
easily	RB
put	VB
teens	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
higher	JJR
risk	NN
for	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
College	NNP
students	NNS
are	VBP
feeling	VBG
pressures	NNS
to	TO
succeed	VB
.	.
Additional	JJ
stress	NN
factors	NNS
include	VBP
making	VBG
new	JJ
friends	NNS
,	,
moving	VBG
away	RB
from	IN
home	NN
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
new	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
independence	NN
and	CC
freedom	NN
combined	VBN
with	IN
confusion	NN
and	CC
fear	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
heavier	JJR
work	NN
load	NN
expected	VBN
of	IN
them	PRP
and	CC
late-night	JJ
studying	VBG
and	CC
cramming	VBG
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
having	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
taking	VBG
care	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
meals	NNS
in-between	JJ
it	PRP
all	DT
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
usually	RB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
major	JJ
turning	VBG
points	NNS
they	PRP
face	VBP
as	IN
young	JJ
adults	NNS
,	,
requiring	VBG
a	DT
time	NN
of	IN
adjustment	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
send	VB
them	PRP
into	IN
a	DT
tale-spin	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
easy	JJ
to	TO
see	VB
why	WRB
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
in	IN
college	NN
students	NNS
continues	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
on	IN
the	DT
rise	NN
.	.
I	PRP
received	VBD
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
this	DT
essay	NN
from	IN
a	DT
young	JJ
woman	NN
who	WP
chose	VBD
to	TO
write	VB
an	DT
essay	NN
on	IN
this	DT
subject	NN
for	IN
her	PRP$
International	JJ
Baccaulaureate	NNP
Diploma	NNP
.	.
All	DT
candidates	NNS
had	VBD
to	TO
submit	VB
a	DT
4000	CD
word	NN
essay	NN
on	IN
the	DT
subject	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
choice	NN
.	.
After	IN
she	PRP
recovered	VBD
from	IN
a	DT
minor	JJ
case	NN
of	IN
anorexia	NN
herself	PRP
,	,
this	DT
topic	NN
sparked	VBD
an	DT
interest	NN
.	.
Anorexia	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
growing	VBG
disorder	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
society	NN
.	.
Eating	NNP
disorders	NNS
affect	VBP
thousands	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
A	DT
select	JJ
group	NN
,	,
young	JJ
female	JJ
ballet	NN
dancers	NNS
are	VBP
molded	VBN
into	IN
thinking	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
only	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
succeed	VB
with	IN
their	PRP$
dream	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
thin	JJ
.	.
Exploring	VBG
causes	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
leads	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
young	JJ
girls	NNS
'	POS
obsession	NN
with	IN
weight	NN
.	.
Why	WRB
is	VBZ
there	EX
such	PDT
a	DT
high	JJ
incidence	NN
of	IN
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
in	IN
ballet	NN
dancers	NNS
?	.
The	DT
causes	NNS
of	IN
anorexia	NN
will	MD
give	VB
an	DT
indication	NN
of	IN
why	WRB
ballet	NN
dancers	NNS
are	VBP
at	IN
high	JJ
risk	NN
of	IN
getting	VBG
this	DT
disease	NN
.	.
``	``
Due	JJ
to	TO
cultural	JJ
ideals	NNS
of	IN
feminine	JJ
beauty	NN
,	,
young	JJ
women	NNS
feel	VBP
a	DT
strong	JJ
desire	NN
to	TO
be	VB
thinner	JJR
than	IN
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
naturally	RB
tend	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Counseling	NN
Centre	NNP
,	,
State	NNP
University	NNP
of	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
and	CC
Buffalo	NNP
,	,
1995	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
they	PRP
change	VBP
their	PRP$
eating	JJ
patterns	NNS
and	CC
they	PRP
may	MD
develop	VB
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
An	DT
anorexic	JJ
will	MD
avoid	VB
eating	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
point	NN
of	IN
emaciation	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
damage	NN
done	VBN
to	TO
her	PRP$
body	NN
is	VBZ
irreversible	JJ
.	.
.	.
Some	DT
anorexics	NNS
also	RB
are	VBP
compulsive	JJ
exercisers	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
common	JJ
trait	NN
in	IN
a	DT
dancer	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
her	PRP$
busy	JJ
schedule	NN
of	IN
dance	NN
classes	NNS
.	.
This	DT
disease	NN
is	VBZ
most	RBS
commonly	RB
found	VBN
in	IN
young	JJ
girls	NNS
in	IN
upper	JJ
middle	JJ
class	NN
families	NNS
but	CC
it	PRP
can	MD
develop	VB
in	IN
both	DT
sexes	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
ages	NNS
.	.
In	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
information	NN
given	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Counseling	NN
Centre	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Virginia	NNP
,	,
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
this	DT
disease	NN
is	VBZ
generally	RB
at	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
11	CD
or	CC
18	CD
,	,
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
adolescence	NN
and	CC
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
adolescence	NN
,	,
both	DT
beginnings	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
new	JJ
phase	NN
in	IN
life	NN
.	.
Approximately	RB
sixty	JJ
percent	NN
of	IN
anorexics	NNS
develop	VBP
bulimia	NN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
patient	NN
will	MD
binge-eat	VB
followed	VBN
by	IN
self-induced	JJ
vomiting	NN
or	CC
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
laxatives	NNS
.	.
About	IN
twenty	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
anorexics	NNS
die	VBP
;	:
however	RB
,	,
with	IN
psychiatric	JJ
help	NN
,	,
approximately	RB
one	CD
third	JJ
over	IN
come	VBN
this	DT
disorder	NN
,	,
as	IN
observed	VBN
in	IN
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
.	.
An	DT
anorexic	JJ
is	VBZ
diagnosed	VBN
by	IN
having	VBG
a	DT
body	NN
weight	NN
twenty	CD
percent	NN
below	IN
the	DT
expected	VBN
body	NN
weight	NN
of	IN
a	DT
health	NN
person	NN
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
age	NN
and	CC
height	NN
of	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
patient	NN
.	.
The	DT
patient	JJ
demonstrates	VBZ
a	DT
fear	NN
of	IN
gaining	VBG
weight	NN
or	CC
of	IN
becoming	VBG
fat	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
feel	VB
too	RB
fat	JJ
even	RB
though	IN
their	PRP$
body	NN
weight	NN
is	VBZ
well	RB
below	IN
the	DT
normal	JJ
weight	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
height	NN
.	.
An	DT
anorexic	JJ
shows	NNS
all	DT
signs	NNS
that	IN
she	PRP
suffers	VBZ
severely	RB
from	IN
malnutrition	NN
.	.
Anorexia	NNP
is	VBZ
triggered	VBN
by	IN
many	JJ
different	JJ
events	NNS
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
cause	NN
of	IN
anorexia	NN
in	IN
a	DT
girl	NN
is	VBZ
perception	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
weight	NN
.	.
Anorexics	NNS
know	VBP
they	PRP
are	VBP
heavier	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
rest	NN
of	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
around	IN
them	PRP
or	CC
they	PRP
feel	VBP
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
heftier	JJR
and	CC
they	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
do	VB
something	NN
about	IN
it	PRP
.	.
They	PRP
feel	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
quickest	JJS
way	NN
to	TO
lose	VB
weight	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
not	RB
eat	VB
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
They	PRP
think	VBP
that	IN
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
food	NN
going	VBG
into	IN
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
that	WDT
eventually	RB
the	DT
body	NN
will	MD
use	VB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
stored	VBN
energy	NN
,	,
fat	JJ
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
they	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
thin	JJ
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
fallacy	NN
.	.
Another	DT
reason	NN
for	IN
becoming	VBG
anorexic	JJ
is	VBZ
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
perfection	NN
.	.
A	DT
perfectionist	NN
desires	NNS
excellence	NN
in	IN
all	DT
aspects	NNS
of	IN
her	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
She	PRP
will	MD
stay	VB
up	RP
all	DT
night	NN
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
her	PRP$
closet	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
order	NN
alphabetically	RB
or	CC
iron	VB
all	DT
of	IN
her	PRP$
clothes	NNS
once	RB
a	DT
week	NN
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
become	VB
creased	JJ
.	.
A	DT
perfectionist	NN
will	MD
scrub	NN
her	PRP$
nails	NNS
each	DT
morning	NN
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
they	PRP
shine	VBP
.	.
She	PRP
will	MD
stop	VB
eating	VBG
to	TO
fit	VB
her	PRP$
opinion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ideal	NN
,	,
impeccable	JJ
person	NN
.	.
A	DT
perfectionist	NN
seeks	VBZ
flawlessness	NN
and	CC
when	WRB
she	PRP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
flawlessness	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
met	VBN
she	PRP
will	MD
do	VB
something	NN
to	TO
make	VB
it	PRP
ideal	JJ
.	.
If	IN
an	DT
obsessive	JJ
person	NN
thinks	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
perfect	JJ
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
thin	JJ
,	,
then	RB
she	PRP
will	MD
diet	NN
.	.
A	DT
perfectionist	NN
also	RB
likes	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
better	JJR
than	IN
her	PRP$
equal	JJ
.	.
If	IN
she	PRP
sees	VBZ
someone	NN
with	IN
a	DT
waist	NN
an	DT
inch	NN
smaller	JJR
,	,
her	PRP$
waist	NN
must	MD
be	VB
two	CD
inches	NNS
smaller	JJR
.	.
She	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
better	JJR
than	IN
all	DT
others	NNS
.	.
Anorexics	NNS
sometimes	RB
desire	VBP
control	NN
over	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
People	NNS
who	WP
fall	VBP
towards	IN
anorexia	NN
for	IN
control	NN
feel	VBP
they	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
control	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
only	JJ
thing	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
control	VBP
is	VBZ
what	WP
they	PRP
put	VBD
in	RP
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
.	.
Their	PRP$
teachers	NNS
control	VBP
their	PRP$
marks	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
parents	NNS
control	VBP
what	WP
they	PRP
do	VBP
,	,
wear	VBP
or	CC
the	DT
time	NN
they	PRP
must	MD
arrive	VB
home	NN
at	IN
night	NN
.	.
Their	PRP$
friends	NNS
control	VBP
where	WRB
they	PRP
go	VBP
and	CC
that	IN
leaves	VBZ
one	CD
thing	NN
left	VBN
in	IN
life	NN
to	TO
control	VB
:	:
their	PRP$
diet	NN
.	.
A	DT
person	NN
desiring	VBG
control	NN
feels	VBZ
that	IN
her	PRP$
life	NN
is	VBZ
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
and	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
falling	VBG
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
.	.
They	PRP
feel	VBP
that	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
life	NN
,	,
no	DT
meaning	NN
and	CC
they	PRP
feel	VBP
that	IN
nothing	NN
is	VBZ
theirs	JJ
.	.
The	DT
one	CD
thing	NN
they	PRP
find	VBP
that	DT
is	VBZ
theirs	PRP
is	VBZ
their	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
control	VB
their	PRP$
body	NN
,	,
put	VBD
what	WP
they	PRP
want	VBP
into	IN
it	PRP
or	CC
put	VB
nothing	NN
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
Anorexics	NNS
also	RB
shows	VBZ
signs	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
feel	VBP
incompetent	JJ
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
person	NN
feels	VBZ
that	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
no	DT
good	JJ
at	IN
anything	NN
and	CC
find	VB
she	PRP
has	VBZ
the	DT
control	NN
not	RB
to	TO
eat	VB
for	IN
extended	JJ
periods	NNS
of	IN
time	NN
,	,
she	PRP
find	VB
she	PRP
is	VBZ
good	JJ
at	IN
something	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
person	NN
who	WP
gets	VBZ
poor	JJ
grades	NNS
in	IN
school	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
told	VBN
by	IN
her	PRP$
parents	NNS
that	IN
she	PRP
will	MD
never	RB
do	VB
anything	NN
worthwhile	JJ
,	,
is	VBZ
told	VBN
by	IN
her	PRP$
siblings	NNS
that	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
stupid	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
hurts	VBZ
the	DT
person	NN
and	CC
makes	VBZ
her	PRP$
feel	NN
incompetent	JJ
.	.
When	WRB
they	PRP
start	VBP
to	TO
lose	VB
weight	NN
and	CC
people	NNS
around	IN
them	PRP
say	VBP
they	PRP
look	VBP
good	JJ
or	CC
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
finally	RB
doing	VBG
a	DT
good	JJ
job	NN
at	IN
dieting	NN
,	,
the	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
inclined	VBN
to	TO
please	VB
even	RB
more	RBR
.	.
``	``
If	IN
people	NNS
like	IN
me	PRP
like	IN
this	DT
,	,
wait	VB
until	IN
they	PRP
see	VBP
me	PRP
a	DT
few	JJ
pounds	NNS
lighter	JJR
.	.
Then	RB
wait	VB
until	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
even	RB
lighter	JJR
than	IN
that	DT
.	.
''	''
A	DT
person	NN
who	WP
feels	VBZ
dependent	JJ
on	IN
other	JJ
people	NNS
in	IN
her	PRP$
life	NN
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
driven	VBN
to	TO
anorexia	NN
.	.
If	IN
an	DT
adolescent	JJ
feels	VBZ
that	IN
her	PRP$
parents	NNS
are	VBP
choosing	VBG
her	PRP$
clothing	NN
,	,
friends	NNS
or	CC
controlling	VBG
public	JJ
behavior	NN
she	PRP
may	MD
seek	VB
independence	NN
.	.
Some	DT
youths	NNS
may	MD
choose	VB
to	TO
rebel	NN
by	IN
getting	VBG
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
pierced	VBD
,	,
but	CC
others	NNS
may	MD
look	VB
for	IN
the	DT
a	DT
secret	NN
and	CC
more	JJR
subtle	JJ
independence	NN
.	.
People	NNS
who	WP
seek	VBP
independence	NN
and	CC
achieve	VB
the	DT
feeling	NN
of	IN
independence	NN
through	IN
dieting	NN
generally	RB
come	VBN
from	IN
loving	JJ
families	NNS
.	.
Few	JJ
anorexics	NNS
are	VBP
unloved	JJ
and	CC
are	VBP
unwanted	JJ
by	IN
their	PRP$
families	NNS
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
situation	NN
where	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
unloved	JJ
abuse	NN
is	VBZ
usually	RB
involved	VBN
.	.
These	DT
youth	NN
need	NN
room	NN
to	TO
grow	VB
up	RP
.	.
They	PRP
find	VBP
this	DT
by	IN
relying	VBG
on	IN
themselves	PRP
to	TO
lose	VB
weight	NN
and	CC
put	VBD
into	IN
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
what	WP
they	PRP
want	VBP
when	WRB
they	PRP
want	VBP
.	.
Some	DT
reasons	NNS
for	IN
anorexia	NN
are	VBP
deeper	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
need	NN
for	IN
control	NN
or	CC
independence	NN
.	.
Some	DT
people	NNS
have	VBP
deep	JJ
emotional	JJ
conflicts	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
unresolved	JJ
.	.
Children	NNS
of	IN
abuse	NN
have	VBP
a	DT
higher	JJR
incidence	NN
of	IN
anorexia	NN
than	IN
a	DT
child	NN
who	WP
comes	VBZ
from	IN
a	DT
home	NN
where	WRB
she	PRP
and	CC
other	JJ
family	NN
members	NNS
are	VBP
respectful	JJ
to	TO
each	DT
other	JJ
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
child	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
abused	JJ
physically	RB
or	CC
sexually	RB
she	PRP
is	VBZ
accustomed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
abuse	NN
and	CC
feel	VB
that	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
only	JJ
way	NN
life	NN
is	VBZ
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
abuse	NN
stops	VBZ
when	WRB
she	PRP
is	VBZ
older	JJR
she	PRP
feels	VBZ
that	IN
because	IN
nobody	NN
else	JJ
is	VBZ
abusing	VBG
her	PRP
,	,
she	PRP
has	VBZ
to	TO
abuse	VB
herself	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
does	VBZ
this	DT
through	IN
abstaining	VBG
from	IN
food	NN
.	.
A	DT
child	NN
who	WP
grows	VBZ
into	IN
an	DT
adolescent	JJ
who	WP
is	VBZ
still	RB
being	VBG
abused	VBN
may	MD
be	VB
told	VBN
by	IN
their	PRP$
abuser	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
fat	JJ
and	CC
ugly	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
told	VBN
that	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
lose	VB
weight	NN
and	CC
the	DT
fastest	JJS
way	NN
for	IN
them	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
to	TO
not	RB
eat	VB
.	.
Their	PRP$
abuser	NN
may	MD
drive	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
this	DT
saying	VBG
they	PRP
eat	VBP
too	RB
much	JJ
and	CC
should	MD
not	RB
have	VB
another	DT
piece	NN
of	IN
pie	NN
.	.
Deep	JJ
emotional	JJ
conflicts	NNS
can	MD
contribute	VB
to	TO
the	DT
disease	NN
.	.
The	DT
saying	VBG
sticks	NNS
and	CC
bones	NNS
may	MD
break	VB
your	PRP$
bones	NNS
but	CC
names	NNS
can	MD
never	RB
hurt	VB
you	PRP
,	,
is	VBZ
fun	NN
to	TO
say	VB
when	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
younger	JJR
or	CC
to	TO
say	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
youngsters	NNS
,	,
but	CC
names	NNS
can	MD
affect	VB
a	DT
child	NN
emotionally	RB
until	IN
they	PRP
get	VBP
help	VB
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
these	DT
unresolved	JJ
feelings	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
child	NN
is	VBZ
told	VBN
that	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
fat	JJ
,	,
ugly	JJ
or	CC
unintellectual	JJ
often	RB
enough	JJ
she	PRP
believes	VBZ
those	DT
comments	NNS
.	.
As	IN
she	PRP
grows	VBZ
into	IN
an	DT
adolescent	JJ
her	PRP$
hips	NNS
begin	VBP
to	TO
widen	VB
,	,
acne	NN
appears	VBZ
on	IN
her	PRP$
face	NN
and	CC
fat	JJ
begins	VBZ
to	TO
deposit	NN
in	IN
places	NNS
that	IN
it	PRP
never	RB
has	VBZ
before	RB
.	.
These	DT
names	NNS
that	IN
she	PRP
was	VBD
called	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
child	NN
begin	VB
to	TO
become	VB
true	JJ
in	IN
her	PRP$
eyes	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
looks	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
mirror	NN
and	CC
sees	VBZ
a	DT
fat	JJ
girl	NN
.	.
She	PRP
feels	VBZ
she	PRP
has	VBZ
to	TO
do	VB
something	NN
about	IN
her	PRP$
appearance	NN
.	.
She	PRP
buys	VBZ
cleansers	NNS
for	IN
her	PRP$
face	NN
and	CC
starts	VBZ
to	TO
wear	VB
make	VB
up	RP
so	IN
she	PRP
will	MD
color	VB
her	PRP$
apparent	JJ
ugliness	NN
,	,
but	CC
to	TO
get	VB
rid	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
fat	JJ
she	PRP
diets	VBZ
.	.
Just	RB
a	DT
little	JJ
at	IN
first	JJ
but	CC
as	IN
she	PRP
looses	VBZ
weight	NN
her	PRP$
hips	NNS
are	VBP
still	RB
big	JJ
and	CC
she	PRP
decides	VBZ
to	TO
stop	VB
eating	VBG
to	TO
acquire	VB
small	JJ
features	NNS
similar	JJ
to	TO
when	WRB
she	PRP
was	VBD
younger	JJR
.	.
A	DT
common	JJ
reason	NN
for	IN
older	JJR
patients	NNS
of	IN
anorexia	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
the	DT
disease	NN
is	VBZ
depression	NN
.	.
Two	CD
aspects	NNS
from	IN
depression	NN
can	MD
contribute	VB
to	TO
the	DT
disease	NN
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
is	VBZ
when	WRB
a	DT
patient	NN
becomes	VBZ
chronically	RB
depressed	VBN
,	,
all	DT
she	PRP
thinks	VBZ
about	IN
is	VBZ
herself	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
no	DT
time	NN
for	IN
her	PRP$
relatives	NNS
and	CC
she	PRP
has	VBZ
no	DT
time	NN
to	TO
eat	VB
properly	RB
.	.
A	DT
depressed	JJ
person	NN
can	MD
just	RB
forget	VB
to	TO
eat	VB
for	IN
long	JJ
periods	NNS
of	IN
time	NN
.	.
Once	RB
she	PRP
has	VBZ
not	RB
eaten	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
while	IN
it	PRP
feels	VBZ
right	RB
for	IN
her	PRP
,	,
by	IN
then	RB
she	PRP
is	VBZ
anorexic	JJ
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
depressed	JJ
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
reason	NN
a	DT
depressed	JJ
person	NN
can	MD
develop	VB
anorexia	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
self	NN
absorbed	VBN
,	,
usually	RB
trying	VBG
to	TO
figure	VB
out	RP
some	DT
mid-life	JJ
crisis	NN
.	.
One	CD
thing	NN
that	WDT
might	MD
contribute	VB
to	TO
her	PRP$
feelings	NNS
of	IN
self	NN
worthlessness	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
over	IN
weight	NN
.	.
She	PRP
sees	VBZ
the	DT
opportunity	NN
that	IN
her	PRP$
life	NN
will	MD
turn	VB
around	RP
if	IN
she	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
eat	VB
for	IN
awhile	RB
.	.
With	IN
many	JJ
pressures	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
ballet	NN
dancer	NN
,	,
the	DT
greatest	JJS
pressure	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
being	VBG
lean	JJ
.	.
This	DT
pressure	NN
is	VBZ
what	WP
drives	VBZ
a	DT
dancer	NN
to	TO
be	VB
anorexic	JJ
.	.
A	DT
ballerina	NN
has	VBZ
many	JJ
pressures	NNS
on	IN
her	PRP$
but	CC
the	DT
pressure	NN
to	TO
be	VB
thin	JJ
comes	VBZ
before	IN
all	DT
others	NNS
.	.
The	DT
pressures	NNS
of	IN
media	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
first	JJ
pressures	NNS
that	IN
a	DT
young	JJ
girl	NN
will	MD
notice	VB
when	WRB
developing	VBG
into	IN
a	DT
young	JJ
woman	NN
.	.
She	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
looking	VBG
through	IN
a	DT
catalogue	NN
looking	VBG
for	IN
new	JJ
clothes	NNS
and	CC
see	VB
that	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
models	NNS
have	VBP
beautiful	JJ
,	,
little	JJ
figures	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
will	MD
see	VB
pretty	RB
girls	NNS
with	IN
no	DT
acne	NN
or	CC
noticeable	JJ
birth	NN
marks	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
will	MD
get	VB
the	DT
impression	NN
that	IN
the	DT
pictures	NNS
are	VBP
how	WRB
people	NNS
should	MD
look	VB
when	WRB
they	PRP
become	VBP
older	JJR
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
young	JJ
dancer	NN
gets	VBZ
older	JJR
she	PRP
will	MD
see	VB
pictures	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
dancers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
characterized	VBN
with	IN
narrow	JJ
hips	NNS
,	,
little	JJ
or	CC
no	DT
fat	JJ
deposits	NNS
,	,
slim	JJ
middle	NN
,	,
small	JJ
breasts	NNS
,	,
delicate	JJ
looking	VBG
arms	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
height	NN
is	VBZ
short	JJ
.	.
A	DT
young	JJ
dancer	NN
who	WP
views	VBZ
this	DT
feels	VBZ
that	IN
unless	IN
she	PRP
shares	VBZ
these	DT
characteristics	NNS
she	PRP
will	MD
never	RB
be	VB
the	DT
girl	NN
in	IN
the	DT
picture	NN
.	.
The	DT
media	NNS
pressure	NN
girls	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
perfect	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
display	VB
people	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
anything	NN
but	CC
the	DT
ideal	NN
and	CC
this	DT
can	MD
have	VB
a	DT
lasting	JJ
effect	NN
on	IN
young	JJ
girls	NNS
.	.
Dance	NNP
teachers	NNS
also	RB
pressure	VBP
their	PRP$
young	JJ
students	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
like	IN
their	PRP$
slender	JJ
heroines	NNS
.	.
In	IN
classes	NNS
they	PRP
are	VBP
told	VBN
to	TO
hold	VB
up	RP
their	PRP$
stomachs	NNS
,	,
making	VBG
them	PRP
look	VB
thin	JJ
from	IN
a	DT
side	NN
view	NN
.	.
Once	RB
during	IN
class	NN
,	,
Kristi	NNP
,	,
a	DT
girl	NN
who	WP
was	VBD
interviewed	VBN
,	,
was	VBD
told	VBN
by	IN
her	PRP$
dance	NN
teacher	NN
not	RB
to	TO
eat	VB
before	IN
class	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
made	VBD
her	PRP$
look	NN
fat	NN
.	.
This	DT
put	VBD
her	PRP$
off	JJ
eating	NN
because	IN
she	PRP
went	VBD
to	TO
over	IN
seven	CD
classes	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
,	,
this	DT
left	VBD
no	DT
time	NN
to	TO
eat	VB
.	.
The	DT
girls	NNS
look	VBP
up	RP
to	TO
their	PRP$
dance	NN
teacher	NN
,	,
whom	WP
as	IN
their	PRP$
mentor	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
control	NN
to	TO
forecast	VB
the	DT
girls	NNS
'	POS
outcome	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
patterns	NNS
.	.
If	IN
she	PRP
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
an	DT
important	JJ
issue	NN
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
girls	NNS
,	,
to	TO
be	VB
thin	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
good	JJ
dancer	NN
then	RB
the	DT
girls	NNS
are	VBP
more	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
become	VB
anorexic	JJ
and	CC
lose	VB
the	DT
weight	NN
to	TO
satisfy	VB
their	PRP$
teachers	NNS
expectations	NNS
.	.
Pressures	NNS
put	VBD
onto	IN
a	DT
girl	NN
from	IN
her	PRP$
parents	NNS
are	VBP
hard	JJ
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
girl	NN
entering	VBG
adolescence	NN
still	RB
has	VBZ
some	DT
baby	NN
fat	NN
on	IN
her	PRP
,	,
she	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
realize	VB
that	IN
the	DT
fat	JJ
on	IN
her	PRP$
will	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
wisely	RB
by	IN
her	PRP$
body	NN
to	TO
fully	RB
mature	VB
into	IN
womanhood	NN
.	.
This	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
knowledge	NN
may	MD
deter	VB
her	PRP
,	,
and	CC
think	VB
that	IN
she	PRP
has	VBZ
to	TO
get	VB
rid	JJ
of	IN
this	DT
extra	JJ
fat	NN
that	IN
she	PRP
has	VBZ
.	.
If	IN
parents	NNS
tell	VBP
their	PRP$
children	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
fat	JJ
and	CC
need	VB
to	TO
lose	VB
the	DT
weight	NN
the	DT
children	NNS
listen	VBP
.	.
As	IN
far	RB
as	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
concerned	VBN
their	PRP$
parents	NNS
are	VBP
always	RB
right	JJ
and	CC
would	MD
never	RB
tell	VB
them	PRP
something	NN
that	WDT
did	VBD
not	RB
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
done	VBN
.	.
Parents	NNS
who	WP
allow	VBP
their	PRP$
daughters	NNS
to	TO
feel	VB
fat	JJ
because	IN
of	IN
something	NN
they	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
said	VBN
are	VBP
just	RB
as	RB
much	JJ
to	TO
blame	VB
for	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
the	DT
disease	NN
as	IN
the	DT
daughters	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
because	IN
the	DT
daughters	NNS
have	VBP
always	RB
looked	VBN
up	RP
to	TO
their	PRP$
parents	NNS
.	.
Then	RB
if	IN
their	PRP$
parents	NNS
start	VBP
to	TO
find	VB
fault	NN
with	IN
their	PRP$
daughters	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
figures	NNS
the	DT
daughters	NNS
will	MD
immediately	RB
respond	VB
by	IN
loosing	VBG
weight	NN
immediately	RB
.	.
A	DT
ballerina	NN
could	MD
start	VB
her	PRP$
training	NN
as	IN
early	JJ
as	IN
four	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
and	CC
through	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
that	IN
she	PRP
comes	VBZ
out	IN
of	IN
being	VBG
a	DT
toddler	NN
to	TO
becoming	VBG
a	DT
school	NN
girl	NN
into	IN
adolescents	NNS
she	PRP
notices	NNS
many	JJ
things	NNS
.	.
.	.
She	PRP
will	MD
see	VB
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
changes	NNS
in	IN
herself	PRP
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
these	DT
are	VBP
good	JJ
,	,
boys	NNS
become	VBP
cute	JJ
,	,
her	PRP$
breasts	NNS
start	VBP
to	TO
grow	VB
,	,
hips	NNS
widen	VBP
,	,
her	PRP$
menstrual	JJ
cycle	NN
begins	VBZ
and	CC
she	PRP
becomes	VBZ
taller	JJR
.	.
Some	DT
things	NNS
about	IN
growing	VBG
up	RP
are	VBP
not	RB
good	JJ
.	.
For	IN
one	CD
thing	NN
there	EX
is	VBZ
the	DT
problem	NN
in	IN
a	DT
ballerina	NN
that	IN
her	PRP$
breasts	NNS
will	MD
grow	VB
too	RB
big	JJ
to	TO
conform	VB
to	TO
the	DT
figure	NN
of	IN
the	DT
perfect	JJ
small	JJ
ballerina	NN
.	.
Hips	NNS
start	VBP
to	TO
fill	VB
out	RP
and	CC
the	DT
``	``
ballet	NN
bum	NN
''	''
begins	VBZ
to	TO
lose	VB
its	PRP$
shape	NN
.	.
Girls	NNS
see	VBP
that	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
famous	JJ
and	CC
really	RB
good	JJ
ballerinas	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
thin	JJ
ones	NNS
,	,
with	IN
no	DT
breasts	NNS
,	,
no	DT
hips	NNS
and	CC
no	DT
stomachs	NNS
.	.
Why	WRB
is	VBZ
this	DT
shape	NN
the	DT
desirable	JJ
shape	NN
for	IN
the	DT
ballerina	NN
?	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
light	JJ
footed	VBN
sure	JJ
of	IN
her	PRP$
steps	NNS
and	CC
shorter	JJR
than	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
male	NN
dancers	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
stage	NN
.	.
Her	PRP$
timing	NN
for	IN
her	PRP$
career	NN
was	VBD
perfect	JJ
.	.
This	DT
was	VBD
about	IN
the	DT
time	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
became	VBD
fashionable	JJ
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
the	DT
ballet	NN
.	.
Camargo	NNP
became	VBD
famous	JJ
and	CC
every	DT
young	JJ
dancer	NN
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
wanted	VBD
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
dance	NN
company	NN
so	RB
that	IN
they	PRP
could	MD
share	VB
in	IN
her	PRP$
lime	JJ
light	NN
.	.
The	DT
company	NN
would	MD
not	RB
let	VB
any	DT
new	JJ
dancers	NNS
in	IN
who	WP
were	VBD
taller	JJR
than	IN
their	PRP$
star	NN
performer	NN
.	.
As	IN
girls	NNS
reached	VBD
five	CD
feet	NNS
five	CD
their	PRP$
dreams	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
smashed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
realization	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
would	MD
never	RB
have	VB
Camargo	NNP
's	POS
figure	NN
.	.
This	DT
new	JJ
dancer	NN
also	RB
redefined	VBD
the	DT
shape	NN
of	IN
the	DT
classical	JJ
ballet	NN
dancer	NN
.	.
Before	IN
her	PRP$
debut	NN
on	IN
the	DT
stage	NN
the	DT
ballet	NN
dancers	NNS
were	VBD
not	RB
traditionally	RB
small	JJ
,	,
but	CC
due	JJ
to	TO
her	PRP$
popularity	NN
,	,
the	DT
new	JJ
figure	NN
became	VBD
mandatory	JJ
to	TO
succeed	VB
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
of	IN
ballet	NN
.	.
A	DT
ballet	NN
dancer	NN
is	VBZ
very	RB
aware	JJ
of	IN
what	WP
her	PRP$
body	NN
looks	VBZ
like	IN
.	.
At	IN
each	DT
practice	NN
she	PRP
attends	VBZ
she	PRP
wears	VBZ
skin-tight	JJ
clothes	NNS
and	CC
dances	NNS
strenuously	RB
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
large	JJ
mirrors	VBZ
.	.
A	DT
dancer	NN
has	VBZ
to	TO
look	VB
at	IN
herself	PRP
for	IN
many	JJ
hours	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
day	NN
and	CC
this	DT
can	MD
cause	VB
a	DT
realization	NN
in	IN
the	DT
dancer	NN
.	.
The	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
may	MD
look	VB
in	IN
the	DT
mirror	NN
for	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
minutes	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
,	,
hardly	RB
aware	JJ
of	IN
what	WP
they	PRP
really	RB
look	VBP
like	IN
,	,
but	CC
a	DT
dancer	NN
has	VBZ
no	DT
choice	NN
but	CC
to	TO
stand	VB
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
a	DT
mirror	NN
and	CC
compare	VB
herself	PRP
with	IN
others	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
room	NN
.	.
Seeing	VBG
others	NNS
thinner	JJR
than	IN
she	PRP
,	,
could	MD
prompt	VB
a	DT
dancer	NN
to	TO
lose	VB
a	DT
few	JJ
pounds	NNS
to	TO
look	VB
as	IN
small	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
dancers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
room	NN
.	.
As	IN
each	DT
one	CD
does	VBZ
this	DT
the	DT
room	NN
of	IN
dancers	NNS
becomes	VBZ
very	RB
small	JJ
.	.
Anorexia	NNP
seems	VBZ
like	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
way	NN
to	TO
become	VB
the	DT
smallest	JJS
dancer	NN
in	IN
the	DT
class	NN
.	.
Another	DT
reason	NN
dancers	NNS
would	MD
want	VB
to	TO
be	VB
small	JJ
is	VBZ
that	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
jump	VB
high	JJ
,	,
spin	VB
fast	RB
and	CC
balance	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
toes	NNS
for	IN
extended	JJ
periods	NNS
of	IN
time	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
dancer	NN
weighs	VBZ
much	JJ
or	CC
her	PRP$
weight	NN
changes	NNS
frequently	RB
these	DT
steps	NNS
are	VBP
difficult	JJ
to	TO
execute	VB
.	.
A	DT
dancer	NN
has	VBZ
to	TO
know	VB
her	PRP$
body	NN
weight	NN
and	CC
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
balance	VB
with	IN
no	DT
exterior	NN
problems	NNS
.	.
``	``
Extra	JJ
weight	NN
changes	VBZ
the	DT
balance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
body	NN
.	.
It	PRP
takes	VBZ
more	RBR
strength	NN
to	TO
get	VB
up	RP
in	IN
the	DT
air	NN
,	,
more	JJR
time	NN
to	TO
do	VB
the	DT
move	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
harder	JJR
to	TO
land	VB
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Chiu	NNP
,	,
1996	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
A	DT
dancer	NN
also	RB
has	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
conscious	JJ
that	IN
a	DT
man	NN
has	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
carry	VB
her	PRP$
for	IN
extended	JJ
lifts	NNS
and	CC
holds	VBZ
.	.
Knowing	VBG
she	PRP
can	MD
dance	VB
better	RBR
with	IN
a	DT
smaller	JJR
weight	NN
convinces	VBZ
a	DT
dancer	NN
that	IN
she	PRP
must	MD
stay	VB
thin	JJ
at	IN
all	DT
costs	NNS
.	.
A	DT
dancer	NN
is	VBZ
usually	RB
seeking	VBG
perfection	NN
in	IN
the	DT
steps	NNS
that	IN
she	PRP
executes	VBZ
.	.
If	IN
she	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
she	PRP
will	MD
never	RB
reach	VB
a	DT
professionals	NNS
level	NN
.	.
Because	IN
a	DT
dancer	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
perfectionist	NN
,	,
she	PRP
has	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
flawless	JJ
and	CC
better	JJR
than	IN
her	PRP$
peers	NNS
.	.
A	DT
young	JJ
anorexic	JJ
dancer	NN
,	,
when	WRB
interviewed	VBN
stated	VBN
that	IN
,	,
``	``
she	PRP
had	VBD
something	NN
that	IN
other	JJ
people	NNS
wanted	VBD
.	.
They	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
look	VB
like	IN
her	PRP$
and	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
power	NN
,	,
control	NN
and	CC
accomplishment	NN
that	IN
she	PRP
could	MD
be	VB
like	IN
that	DT
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Dyson	NNP
,	,
1995	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
also	RB
gives	VBZ
the	DT
dancer	NN
a	DT
feeling	NN
that	IN
she	PRP
has	VBZ
an	DT
edge	NN
over	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
dancers	NNS
and	CC
sometimes	RB
this	DT
edge	NN
is	VBZ
important	JJ
.	.
The	DT
ultimate	JJ
goal	NN
for	IN
a	DT
dancer	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
become	VB
a	DT
professional	JJ
.	.
The	DT
truth	NN
is	VBZ
as	IN
stated	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
dancer	NN
,	,
``	``
In	IN
the	DT
real	JJ
world	NN
people	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
not	RB
thin	JJ
do	VBP
not	RB
get	VB
jobs	NNS
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Emily	NNP
Martin	NNP
,	,
personal	JJ
communications	NNS
,	,
December	NNP
,	,
1995	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
the	DT
dancing	NN
world	NN
this	DT
is	VBZ
true	JJ
.	.
All	DT
dancers	NNS
know	VBP
that	IN
to	TO
get	VB
into	IN
a	DT
dance	NN
company	NN
of	IN
choice	NN
they	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
look	VB
like	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
girls	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
ballet	NN
world	NN
so	RB
that	IN
when	WRB
they	PRP
get	VBP
on	IN
stage	NN
they	PRP
all	DT
look	VBP
the	DT
same	JJ
.	.
The	DT
dancers	NNS
know	VBP
this	DT
and	CC
before	IN
applying	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
dance	NN
company	NN
make	VBP
sure	JJ
that	IN
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
conform	VB
to	TO
the	DT
ideals	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
dance	NN
company	NN
.	.
The	DT
edge	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
being	VBG
smaller	JJR
than	IN
all	DT
other	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
is	VBZ
gained	VBN
through	IN
anorexia	NN
may	MD
be	VB
what	WP
gets	VBZ
them	PRP
into	IN
the	DT
dance	NN
company	NN
.	.
Those	DT
girls	NNS
that	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
the	DT
figures	NNS
have	VBP
to	TO
find	VB
something	NN
else	RB
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
For	IN
some	DT
this	DT
can	MD
be	VB
too	RB
much	JJ
and	CC
that	DT
will	MD
drive	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
anorexia	NN
to	TO
get	VB
into	IN
the	DT
company	NN
the	DT
next	JJ
audition	NN
.	.
Dancers	NNS
are	VBP
usually	RB
from	IN
a	DT
moderately	RB
high	JJ
socio-economic	JJ
background	NN
.	.
As	IN
discussed	VBN
previously	RB
,	,
the	DT
children	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
high	JJ
socio-economic	JJ
background	NN
have	VBP
a	DT
higher	JJR
incidence	NN
of	IN
getting	VBG
anorexia	NN
than	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
group	NN
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
pressures	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
family	NN
life	NN
and	CC
of	IN
dancing	VBG
these	DT
girls	NNS
are	VBP
at	IN
a	DT
higher	JJR
risk	NN
than	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
group	NN
in	IN
society	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
of	IN
getting	VBG
anorexia	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
cause	VB
three	CD
changes	NNS
external	JJ
,	,
internal	JJ
and	CC
psychological	JJ
.	.
The	DT
external	JJ
changes	NNS
are	VBP
:	:
Thirty	CD
percent	NN
or	CC
more	JJR
of	IN
body	NN
weight	NN
to	TO
be	VB
lost	VBN
leading	VBG
to	TO
emaciation	NN
,	,
dry	JJ
skin	NN
,	,
hair	NN
loss	NN
and	CC
growth	NN
of	IN
fine	JJ
body	NN
hair	NN
.	.
The	DT
internal	JJ
changes	NNS
that	WDT
occur	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
body	NN
are	VBP
:	:
Irregular	JJ
or	CC
complete	JJ
loss	NN
of	IN
the	DT
menstrual	JJ
cycle	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
amenorrhea	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
low	JJ
blood	NN
pressure	NN
,	,
Oedena	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
swelling	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
loss	NN
in	IN
bone	NN
density	NN
,	,
liver	NN
damage	NN
,	,
dental	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
infertility	NN
,	,
loss	NN
of	IN
insulating	VBG
layer	NN
of	IN
fat	JJ
leading	VBG
to	TO
extreme	JJ
temperature	NN
sensitivity	NN
,	,
cramps	NNS
,	,
diarrhea	NN
,	,
dehydration	NN
,	,
slowed	VBD
or	CC
irregular	JJ
heart	NN
beat	NN
and	CC
dilation	NN
of	IN
intestines	NNS
.	.
The	DT
psychological	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
body	NN
are	VBP
:	:
Withdrawal	NNP
and	CC
isolation	NN
in	IN
society	NN
,	,
impaired	VBN
neuromuscular	JJ
functions	NNS
,	,
fainting	NN
spells	NNS
,	,
insomnia	NN
,	,
weakness	NN
,	,
hyperactivity	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
electrolyte	NN
imbalance	NN
,	,
psychological	JJ
,	,
physical	JJ
and	CC
biochemical	JJ
disturbances	NNS
,	,
and	CC
eventual	JJ
death	NN
.	.
Although	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
can	MD
affect	VB
everyone	NN
,	,
the	DT
incidence	NN
in	IN
dancers	NNS
is	VBZ
almost	RB
one	CD
hundred	CD
percent	NN
as	IN
estimated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
CAAWS	NNP
.	.
``	``
Most	JJS
dancers	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
through	IN
some	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
just	RB
that	IN
we	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
see	VB
it	PRP
.	.
ANYONE	NN
can	MD
suffer	VB
from	IN
Anorexia	NNP
or	CC
Bulimia	NNP
.	.
Regardless	RB
of	IN
previously	RB
held	VBN
beliefs	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
only	RB
young	JJ
,	,
middle-class	NN
white	JJ
teenagers	NNS
or	CC
college	NN
students	NNS
who	WP
can	MD
suffer	VB
.	.
African-American	JJ
,	,
hispanic	JJ
,	,
asian	JJ
,	,
or	CC
white	JJ
,	,
women	NNS
or	CC
men	NNS
,	,
rich	JJ
to	TO
poor	JJ
,	,
from	IN
their	PRP$
teen	JJ
years	NNS
well	RB
into	IN
their	PRP$
fifties	NNS
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
sufferers	NNS
from	IN
every	DT
age-bracket	NN
,	,
class	NN
and	CC
culture	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
rely	VB
on	IN
the	DT
``	``
written	VBN
statistics	NNS
''	''
-	:
they	PRP
are	VBP
based	VBN
on	IN
reports	NNS
made	VBN
to	TO
government	NN
agencies	NNS
and	CC
if	IN
a	DT
country	NN
,	,
state	NN
,	,
or	CC
province	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
require	VB
that	IN
doctors	NNS
report	VBP
the	DT
cases	NNS
,	,
the	DT
statistics	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
accurate	JJ
.	.
Keep	VB
in	IN
mind	NN
as	RB
well	RB
,	,
the	DT
more	JJR
shame	NN
a	DT
sufferer	NN
feels	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
less	RBR
likely	JJ
that	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
come	VB
forward	RB
and	CC
say	VB
they	PRP
have	VBP
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
...	:
so	RB
if	IN
we	PRP
keep	VBP
perpetuating	VBG
the	DT
idea	NN
that	WDT
only	RB
``	``
young	JJ
white	JJ
women	NNS
''	''
suffer	VBP
,	,
less	JJR
and	CC
less	JJR
of	IN
them	PRP
that	WDT
do	VBP
n't	RB
fit	VB
this	DT
ideal	NN
will	MD
not	RB
come	VB
forward	RB
,	,
be	VB
acknowledged	VBN
,	,
and	CC
get	VB
the	DT
help	NN
they	PRP
deserve	VBP
.	.
Not	RB
True	JJ
!	.
There	EX
are	VBP
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
Anorexic	NNP
,	,
Bulimic	NNP
and	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeaters	NNP
suffering	VBG
that	DT
are	VBP
average	JJ
weight	NN
or	CC
above	IN
.	.
Nutrition	NNP
levels	NNS
,	,
electrolyte	NN
imbalances	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
plethera	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
physical	JJ
dangers	NNS
are	VBP
invisible	JJ
and	CC
happening	VBG
internally	RB
.	.
Most	JJS
importantly	RB
,	,
the	DT
depression	NN
,	,
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
and	CC
need	VB
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
stress	NN
have	VBP
little	JJ
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
weight	NN
!	.
Food	NNP
and	CC
weight	NN
are	VBP
a	DT
symptom	NN
for	IN
emotional	JJ
conflicts	NNS
.	.
This	DT
false	JJ
statement	NN
can	MD
be	VB
compared	VBN
to	TO
something	NN
like	IN
``	``
every	DT
alcoholic	JJ
is	VBZ
always	RB
falling	VBG
down	RP
drunk	JJ
.	.
''	''
Overeating	VBG
use	NN
food	NN
as	IN
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
fill	VB
a	DT
void	NN
they	PRP
feel	VBP
.	.
Similar	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
ways	NNS
to	TO
Anorexia	NNP
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
CO	NNP
's	POS
have	VBP
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
.	.
They	PRP
use	VBP
food	NN
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
stress	NN
,	,
to	TO
take	VB
away	RP
the	DT
pain	NN
,	,
to	TO
comfort	NN
themselves	PRP
.	.
For	IN
some	DT
it	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
keep	VB
from	IN
being	VBG
vulnerable	JJ
...	:
if	IN
they	PRP
stay	VBP
overweight	JJ
,	,
no	DT
one	NN
will	MD
want	VB
to	TO
get	VB
close	RB
to	TO
them	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
society	NN
has	VBZ
taught	VBN
them	PRP
sadly	RB
enough	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
so	RB
their	PRP$
weight	NN
becomes	VBZ
a	DT
shield	NN
against	IN
closeness	NN
.	.
Concentrating	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
Food	NNP
is	VBZ
Mistake	NNP
#	#
1	CD
.	.
All	DT
sufferers	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
are	VBP
using	VBG
a	DT
negative	JJ
coping	VBG
mechanism	NN
for	IN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
unpleasant	JJ
emotions	NNS
.	.
Buried	VBN
deep	JJ
down	RB
inside	IN
each	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
cause	NN
,	,
or	CC
group	NN
of	IN
causes	NNS
and	CC
pains	NNS
they	PRP
have	VBP
yet	RB
to	TO
be	VB
healed	VBN
from	IN
,	,
that	WDT
has	VBZ
pushed	VBN
them	PRP
to	TO
find	VB
an	DT
alternative	JJ
unhealthy	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
coping	VBG
with	IN
life	NN
.	.
Managing	VBG
all	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
are	VBP
key	JJ
to	TO
recovery	NN
...	:
stress	NN
,	,
pain	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
past	JJ
and	CC
present	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
learning	VBG
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
emotions	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
learning	VBG
to	TO
eat	VB
healthily	RB
.	.
Learning	NNP
to	TO
not	RB
use	VB
food	NN
as	IN
a	DT
coping	VBG
mechanism	NN
for	IN
the	DT
underlying	VBG
issues	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
addressed	VBN
until	IN
each	DT
sufferer	NN
begins	VBZ
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
underlying	VBG
issues	NNS
.	.
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
and	CC
the	DT
people	NNS
who	WP
suffer	VBP
from	IN
them	PRP
are	VBP
valid	JJ
and	CC
not	RB
to	TO
be	VB
taken	VBN
lightly	RB
...	:
People	NNS
die	VBP
from	IN
this	DT
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
our	PRP$
choice	NN
to	TO
live	VB
this	DT
way	NN
throughout	IN
our	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
very	RB
rarely	RB
find	VB
a	DT
long	JJ
time	NN
Anorexic	JJ
who	WP
recommends	VBZ
it	PRP
to	TO
a	DT
friend	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
Bulimic	NNP
who	WP
encourages	VBZ
their	PRP$
kids	NNS
to	TO
follow	VB
in	IN
their	PRP$
footsteps	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
find	VB
Compulsive	JJ
Overeaters	NNS
who	WP
say	VBP
``	``
everyone	NN
should	MD
cope	VB
this	DT
way	NN
!	.
''	''
Lots	NNS
of	IN
us	PRP
are	VBP
extremely	RB
depressed	JJ
,	,
most	JJS
of	IN
us	PRP
have	VBP
very	RB
low	JJ
self-esteems	NNS
,	,
and	CC
all	DT
of	IN
us	PRP
are	VBP
at	IN
risk	NN
of	IN
death	NN
.	.
Listed	VBN
below	IN
are	VBP
articles	NNS
written	VBN
by	IN
Doctors	NNS
,	,
Therapists	NNPS
,	,
Nutritionists	NNPS
,	,
and	CC
others	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
worked	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNP
Awareness	NNP
and	CC
Treatment	NNP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
an	DT
article	NN
you	PRP
'd	MD
like	VB
to	TO
submit	VB
,	,
please	VB
contact	NN
us	PRP
to	TO
make	VB
arrangements	NNS
to	TO
place	VB
it	PRP
on	IN
the	DT
site	NN
with	IN
proper	JJ
credit	NN
and	CC
referring	VBG
information	NN
.	.
Below	IN
is	VBZ
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
some	DT
basic	JJ
tests	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
important	JJ
for	IN
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
to	TO
do	VB
during	IN
your	PRP$
struggle	NN
with	IN
and	CC
recovery	NN
from	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
They	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
done	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
Doctors	NNS
,	,
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Sufferers	NNPS
,	,
and	CC
their	PRP$
loved-ones	NNS
can	MD
use	VB
it	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
checklist	NN
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
check	VB
for	IN
things	NNS
like	IN
low	JJ
iron	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
anemia	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
infections	NNS
,	,
some	DT
cancers	NNS
,	,
arthritis	NN
and	CC
inflammations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
immune	JJ
system	NN
functionality	NN
.	.
The	DT
test	NN
does	VBZ
all	PDT
this	DT
by	IN
checking	VBG
your	PRP$
white	JJ
blood	NN
cell	NN
count	NN
,	,
red	JJ
blood	NN
cell	NN
count	NN
and	CC
platelets	NNS
count	NN
.	.
Electrolytes	NNS
-	:
Dehydration	NN
,	,
malnutrition	NN
,	,
self-induced	JJ
vomitting	NN
and	CC
laxative	NN
and\/or	CC
diuretic	NN
abuse	NN
can	MD
all	DT
cause	VB
imbalances	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
electrolytes	NNS
.	.
Electrolytes	NNS
are	VBP
a	DT
specific	JJ
combination	NN
of	IN
minerals	NNS
that	WDT
your	PRP$
body	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
maintain	VB
balance	NN
over	IN
to	TO
function	VB
properly	RB
.	.
Common	JJ
symptoms	NNS
are	VBP
leg	NN
cramps	NNS
,	,
heart	NN
palpitations	NNS
,	,
high	JJ
or	CC
low	JJ
blood	NN
pressure	NN
and	CC
swelling	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
legs	NNS
and	CC
feet	NNS
.	.
An	DT
electrolyte	NN
imbalance	NN
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
kidney	NN
failure	NN
,	,
heart	NN
attack	NN
and	CC
death	NN
.	.
Potassium	SYM
-	:
An	DT
essential	JJ
mineral	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
body	NN
that	IN
helps	VBZ
maintain	VB
its	PRP$
delicate	JJ
electrolyte	NN
balance	NN
.	.
Common	JJ
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
depleted	VBN
potassium	NN
are	VBP
muscle	NN
cramps	NNS
,	,
problems	NNS
with	IN
skin	NN
,	,
continuous	JJ
thirst	NN
,	,
and	CC
decreased	VBD
blood	NN
pressure	NN
.	.
Calcium	NN
-	:
An	DT
essential	JJ
mineral	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
body	NN
that	IN
helps	VBZ
maintain	VB
its	PRP$
delicate	JJ
electrolyte	NN
balance	NN
.	.
Common	JJ
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
depleted	VBN
calcium	NN
are	VBP
arm	NN
and	CC
leg	NN
numbness	NN
,	,
headaches	NNS
,	,
fragile	JJ
bones	NNS
,	,
insomnia	NN
,	,
and	CC
muscle	NN
cramps	NNS
.	.
Sodium	NN
-	:
An	DT
essential	JJ
mineral	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
body	NN
that	IN
helps	VBZ
maintain	VB
its	PRP$
delicate	JJ
electrolyte	NN
balance	NN
.	.
Common	JJ
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
depleted	VBN
sodium	NN
are	VBP
appetite	NN
loss	NN
,	,
cramps	NNS
,	,
fatigue	NN
,	,
eye	NN
disturbances	NNS
,	,
vomiting	NN
,	,
confusion	NN
,	,
and	CC
weakness	NN
.	.
Phosphorus	NN
-	:
An	DT
essential	JJ
mineral	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
body	NN
that	IN
helps	VBZ
maintain	VB
its	PRP$
delicate	JJ
electrolyte	NN
balance	NN
.	.
Common	JJ
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
depleted	VBN
phosphorus	NN
are	VBP
appetite	NN
loss	NN
,	,
bone	NN
pain	NN
,	,
fatigue	NN
,	,
irregular	JJ
breathing	NN
,	,
dental	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
and	CC
heart	NN
and	CC
kidney	NN
problems	NNS
.	.
Magnesium	SYM
-	:
An	DT
essential	JJ
mineral	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
body	NN
that	IN
helps	VBZ
maintain	VB
its	PRP$
delicate	JJ
electrolyte	NN
balance	NN
.	.
Common	JJ
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
depleted	VBN
sodium	NN
are	VBP
aching	VBG
muscles	NNS
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
confusion	NN
,	,
decreased	VBD
blood	NN
pressure	NN
and	CC
body	NN
temperature	NN
,	,
noise	NN
sensitivity	NN
,	,
and	CC
rapid	JJ
pulse	NN
.	.
B12	CD
and	CC
Folic	NNP
Acid	NNP
-	:
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
standard	JJ
psychiatrict	NN
bloodtest	NN
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
important	JJ
role	NN
Folic	NNP
Acid	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
B	NNP
Complex	JJ
Vitamins	NNPS
play	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
onset	NN
of	IN
Depression	NN
and	CC
Anxiety	NN
.	.
Lack	NN
of	IN
B12	CD
and	CC
Folic	NNP
Acid	NNP
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
,	,
or	CC
be	VB
caused	VBN
by	IN
problems	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
metabolism	NN
of	IN
protein	NN
,	,
carbohydrates	NNS
and	CC
fat	JJ
,	,
and	CC
with	IN
the	DT
body	NN
's	POS
ability	NN
to	TO
absorb	VB
nutrients	NNS
.	.
Blood	NNP
glucose	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
blood	NN
sugar	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
can	MD
determine	VB
things	NNS
like	IN
hypoglycemia	NN
and	CC
diabetes	NN
.	.
A	DT
disturbance	NN
can	MD
be	VB
caused	VBN
by	IN
dehydration	NN
and	CC
malnutrition	NN
and	CC
an	DT
elevated	VBN
or	CC
low	JJ
blood	NN
sugar	NN
level	NN
can	MD
be	VB
dangerous	JJ
.	.
Liver	NN
function	NN
tests	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
usually	RB
done	VBN
every	DT
year	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
Can	MD
be	VB
important	JJ
in	IN
determining	VBG
things	NNS
like	IN
gallbladder	NN
disease	NN
,	,
liver	NN
disease	NN
,	,
over-exercising	NN
or	CC
if	IN
a	DT
patient	NN
has	VBZ
had	VBN
a	DT
heart	NN
attack	NN
,	,
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
enzymes	NNS
that	WDT
might	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
elevated	VBN
.	.
Thyroid	JJ
function	NN
tests	NNS
-	:
This	DT
is	VBZ
an	DT
important	JJ
test	NN
to	TO
be	VB
done	VBN
initially	RB
to	TO
rule	VB
out	RP
any	DT
possible	JJ
problems	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
thyroid	JJ
.	.
This	DT
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
an	DT
important	JJ
test	NN
for	IN
a	DT
person	NN
in	IN
recovery	NN
who	WP
may	MD
be	VB
having	VBG
a	DT
hard	JJ
time	NN
gaining	VBG
weight	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Anorexia\/Bulimia	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
losing	VBG
weight	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Compulsive	JJ
Overeating	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Sometimes	RB
this	DT
test	NN
may	MD
help	VB
in	IN
assisting	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
diagnosis	NN
of	IN
ADD\/ADHD	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
can	MD
play	VB
a	DT
role	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
of	IN
some	DT
individuals	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
Thyroid	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
gland	NN
that	WDT
controls	VBZ
the	DT
body	NN
's	POS
metabolism	NN
--	:
people	NNS
with	IN
an	DT
overactive	JJ
thyroid	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
hyperthyroid	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
may	MD
have	VB
a	DT
problem	NN
gaining	VBG
weight	NN
--	:
people	NNS
with	IN
an	DT
underactive	JJ
thyroid	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
hypothyroid	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
may	MD
have	VB
a	DT
problem	NN
losing	VBG
weight	NN
.	.
Complete	JJ
Urinalysis	NN
-	:
A	DT
urinalysis	NN
will	MD
help	VB
aid	NN
in	IN
the	DT
doctors	NNS
ability	NN
to	TO
accurately	RB
diagnose	VB
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
systemic	JJ
diseases	NNS
and	CC
urinary	JJ
tract	NN
disorders	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
function	NN
of	IN
the	DT
kidneys	NNS
,	,
urine	NN
sugar	NN
and	CC
ketone	NN
levels	NNS
.	.
Blood	NNP
pressure	NN
reading	NN
-	:
for	IN
very	RB
low	JJ
blood	NN
pressure	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Anorexia	NNP
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
very	RB
high	JJ
blood	NN
pressure	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
important	JJ
for	IN
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
to	TO
check	VB
your	PRP$
pressure	NN
three	CD
different	JJ
ways	NNS
--	:
first	JJ
laying	VBG
down	RB
,	,
then	RB
sitting	VBG
and	CC
then	RB
standing	NN
--	:
to	TO
check	VB
your	PRP$
orthostatic	JJ
blood	NN
pressure	NN
.	.
Bone	NN
density	NN
test	NN
-	:
for	IN
any	DT
bone	NN
loss	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
osteopenia	NN
or	CC
osteoporosis	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
caused	VBN
by	IN
calcium	NN
,	,
vitamin	NN
D	NNP
and\/or	CC
magnesium	NN
deficiencies	NNS
,	,
and\/or	CC
hormonal	JJ
imbalances	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
Amenorrhea	NN
,	,
loss	NN
of	IN
the	DT
menstrual	JJ
cycle	NN
in	IN
women	NNS
,	,
can	MD
increase	VB
the	DT
risks	NNS
of	IN
developing	VBG
osteoporosis	NN
at	IN
an	DT
early	JJ
age	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Infertility	NN
Testing	NNP
-	:
Because	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
problems	NNS
with	IN
fetal	JJ
development	NN
,	,
high-risk	JJ
pregnancies	NNS
and	CC
birth	NN
defects	NNS
,	,
any	DT
patient	JJ
wishing	VBG
to	TO
get	VB
pregnant	JJ
should	MD
be	VB
well	RB
on	IN
their	PRP$
way	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
,	,
or	CC
recovered	VBD
.	.
Fertility	NN
tests	NNS
will	MD
become	VB
necessary	JJ
if	IN
a	DT
patient	JJ
wishing	VBG
to	TO
get	VB
pregnant	JJ
is	VBZ
having	VBG
trouble	NN
doing	VBG
so	RB
.	.
This	DT
area	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
meant	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
insult	NN
to	TO
or	CC
an	DT
attack	NN
on	IN
the	DT
medical	JJ
community	NN
...	:
it	PRP
is	VBZ
meant	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
place	NN
for	IN
doctors	NNS
and	CC
therapists	NNS
to	TO
come	VB
and	CC
to	TO
see	VB
what	WP
scares	VBZ
sufferers	NNS
most	RBS
about	RB
reaching	VBG
out	RP
for	IN
help	NN
.	.
The	DT
tips	NNS
that	WDT
appear	VBP
below	IN
are	VBP
things	NNS
to	TO
think	VB
about	IN
when	WRB
facing	VBG
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
having	VBG
one	CD
of	IN
your	PRP$
patients	NNS
approach	VBP
you	PRP
and	CC
say	VB
``	``
I	PRP
think	VBP
I	PRP
have	VBP
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
''	''
The	DT
list	NN
was	VBD
compiled	VBN
from	IN
thousands	NNS
of	IN
e-mails	NNS
we	PRP
've	VBP
received	VBN
,	,
where	WRB
sufferers	NNS
have	VBP
shared	VBN
their	PRP$
experiences	NNS
and	CC
fears	NNS
with	IN
me	PRP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
suffer	VBP
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
and	CC
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
share	VB
your	PRP$
own	JJ
experience	NN
,	,
feel	VBP
free	JJ
to	TO
send	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
us	PRP
.	.
Weight	NNP
really	RB
has	VBZ
nothing	NN
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
determining	VBG
if	IN
someone	NN
has	VBZ
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
does	VBZ
not	RB
indicate	VB
how	WRB
much	JJ
danger	NN
they	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
in	IN
.	.
Behaviors	NNS
,	,
self-esteem	NN
,	,
psychological	JJ
and	CC
physical	JJ
health	NN
determine	VB
if	IN
someone	NN
suffers	VBZ
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
Doctor	NNP
you	PRP
are	VBP
there	RB
to	TO
help	VB
your	PRP$
patients	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
should	MD
validate	VB
your	PRP$
patient	NN
's	POS
feelings	NNS
and	CC
symptoms	NNS
and	CC
try	VB
to	TO
explain	VB
things	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
compassionate	JJ
way	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
knowledgeable	JJ
in	IN
an	DT
area	NN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
your	PRP$
responsibility	NN
to	TO
refer	VB
the	DT
patient	NN
to	TO
a	DT
physician	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
.	.
Everyone	NN
should	MD
take	VB
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
seriously	RB
.	.
Of	IN
all	DT
psychological	JJ
illnesses	NNS
they	PRP
pose	VBP
the	DT
greatest	JJS
risk	NN
of	IN
death	NN
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
``	``
diets	NNS
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
''	''
as	IN
previously	RB
thought	VBN
in	IN
past	JJ
generations	NNS
,	,
but	CC
complex	JJ
emotional	JJ
and	CC
psychological	JJ
disorders	NNS
where	WRB
sufferers	NNS
use	VBP
the	DT
behaviors	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
emotional	JJ
issues	NNS
and	CC
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
.	.
I	PRP
mention	VBP
this	DT
based	VBN
on	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
experience	NN
...	:
Last	JJ
year	NN
I	PRP
requested	VBD
my	PRP$
doctor	NN
do	VB
a	DT
bone	NN
density	NN
test	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
my	PRP$
charts	NNS
clearly	RB
indicates	VBZ
my	PRP$
history	NN
of	IN
Anorexia	NNP
and	CC
I	PRP
also	RB
verbally	RB
reminded	VBD
him	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
He	PRP
told	VBD
me	PRP
I	PRP
was	VBD
too	RB
young	JJ
and	CC
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
argue	VB
with	IN
him	PRP
for	IN
five	CD
minutes	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
him	PRP
to	TO
write	VB
the	DT
referral	NN
.	.
The	DT
result	NN
came	VBD
back	RB
the	DT
I	PRP
indeed	RB
have	VBP
low	JJ
bone	NN
mass.	NN
Doctors	NNS
and	CC
therapists	NNS
should	MD
discuss	VB
with	IN
patients	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
whether	IN
under	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
18	CD
or	CC
not	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
their	PRP$
respect	NN
for	IN
privacy	NN
and	CC
confidentiality	NN
,	,
and	CC
should	MD
never	RB
make	VB
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
violate	VB
it	PRP
without	IN
talking	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
first	RB
and	CC
giving	VBG
clear	JJ
reasons	NNS
why	WRB
-LRB-	-LRB-
except	IN
in	IN
cases	NNS
where	WRB
patients	NNS
have	VBP
become	VBN
unable	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
consent	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
All	DT
patients	NNS
have	VBP
that	DT
right	NN
and	CC
deserve	VB
that	DT
respect	NN
.	.
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
sufferers	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
gently	RB
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
seek	VB
support	NN
amongst	IN
their	PRP$
loved-ones	NNS
,	,
but	CC
as	IN
they	PRP
reach	VBP
to	TO
you	PRP
for	IN
help	NN
,	,
as	IN
doctors	NNS
and	CC
therapists	NNS
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
respect	VB
their	PRP$
right	NN
to	TO
privacy	NN
and	CC
fear	NN
of	IN
someone	NN
finding	VBG
out	RP
if	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
ready	JJ
to	TO
reveal	VB
the	DT
information	NN
.	.
``	``
our	PRP$
goal	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
get	VB
you	PRP
some	DT
help	NN
in	IN
coping	VBG
with	IN
your	PRP$
issues	NNS
and	CC
learning	VBG
to	TO
love	VB
yourself	PRP
,	,
the	DT
rest	NN
will	MD
fall	VB
into	IN
place	NN
.	.
''	''
Patients	NNS
suffering	VBG
will	MD
walk	VB
through	IN
your	PRP$
door	NN
already	RB
KNOWING	VBG
they	PRP
focus	VB
too	RB
much	JJ
time	NN
and	CC
energy	NN
on	IN
food	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
.	.
The	DT
need	NN
to	TO
be	VB
weighed	VBN
for	IN
obvious	JJ
reasons	NNS
,	,
but	CC
do	VBP
so	RB
``	``
blindly	RB
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
with	IN
patients	NNS
standing	VBG
backwards	RB
on	IN
the	DT
scale	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
concentrate	VB
on	IN
monitoring	VBG
their	PRP$
health	NN
as	IN
you	PRP
guide	VBP
them	PRP
to	TO
seek	VB
treatment	NN
with	IN
a	DT
therapist	NN
,	,
support	NN
group	NN
,	,
12-step	JJ
program	NN
or	CC
treatment	NN
facility	NN
.	.
For	IN
those	DT
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
or	CC
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
beyond	IN
all	DT
else	RB
,	,
do	VBP
not	RB
make	VB
the	DT
mistake	NN
of	IN
letting	VBG
your	PRP$
patient	NN
think	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
attempting	VBG
to	TO
make	VB
them	PRP
fat	JJ
.	.
As	IN
sufferers	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
expect	VB
everyone	NN
to	TO
understand	VB
what	WP
we	PRP
are	VBP
going	VBG
through	IN
,	,
but	CC
we	PRP
do	VBP
expect	VB
the	DT
medical	JJ
community	NN
to	TO
be	VB
sympathetic	JJ
to	TO
what	WP
we	PRP
suffer	VBP
from	IN
.	.
As	IN
doctors	NNS
you	PRP
would	MD
n't	RB
tell	VB
patients	NNS
with	IN
cancer	NN
to	TO
`	``
just	RB
get	VB
better	JJR
'	''
-	:
you	PRP
would	MD
provide	VB
them	PRP
with	IN
the	DT
necessary	JJ
tools	NNS
to	TO
works	NNS
towards	IN
achieving	VBG
recovery	NN
or	CC
remission	NN
.	.
As	IN
therapists	NNS
you	PRP
would	MD
n't	RB
tell	VB
a	DT
patient	JJ
suffering	NN
clinical	JJ
depression	NN
to	TO
`	``
just	RB
cheer	VB
up	RP
'	''
-	:
you	PRP
would	MD
provide	VB
them	PRP
with	IN
skills	NNS
for	IN
coping	VBG
with	IN
it	PRP
and	CC
a	DT
safe	JJ
environment	NN
for	IN
them	PRP
to	TO
talk	VB
about	IN
it	PRP
so	IN
they	PRP
could	MD
work	VB
towards	IN
being	VBG
less	JJR
depressed	JJ
.	.
From	IN
the	DT
perspective	NN
of	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
sufferer	NN
,	,
this	DT
is	VBZ
all	DT
we	PRP
expect	VBP
-	:
to	TO
be	VB
given	VBN
the	DT
tools	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
help	VB
us	PRP
move	VB
towards	IN
a	DT
means	NN
of	IN
coping	VBG
with	IN
life	NN
and	CC
a	DT
healthier	RBR
lifestyle	NN
.	.
Doctors	NNS
and	CC
therapists	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
know	VB
what	WP
those	DT
tools	NNS
are	VBP
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
,	,
have	VBP
the	DT
responsibility	NN
of	IN
referring	VBG
the	DT
patient	NN
to	TO
someone	NN
who	WP
does	VBZ
.	.
Treatment	NNP
centers	VBZ
concentrate	NN
on	IN
the	DT
whole	JJ
package	NN
,	,
but	CC
should	MD
never	RB
work	VB
with	IN
``	``
punishment	NN
''	''
tactics	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
talking	VBG
about	IN
sufferers	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
illness	NN
who	WP
already	RB
have	VBP
a	DT
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
.	.
Therapists	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
weigh	VB
their	PRP$
patients	NNS
,	,
but	CC
should	MD
encourage	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
monitored	VBN
by	IN
their	PRP$
physician	NN
,	,
nutritionist	NN
or	CC
dietician	NN
.	.
Increasingly	RB
men	NNS
are	VBP
coming	VBG
forward	RB
and	CC
admitting	VBG
to	TO
their	PRP$
affliction	NN
with	IN
and	CC
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
Where	WRB
it	PRP
was	VBD
once	RB
thought	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
``	``
woman	NN
's	POS
illness	NN
''	''
we	PRP
now	RB
know	VBP
that	DT
just	RB
is	VBZ
n't	RB
true	JJ
.	.
Men	NN
face	NN
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
underlying	VBG
issues	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
struggles	NNS
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
and	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
,	,
in	IN
addition	NN
and	CC
in	IN
some	DT
cases	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
have	VBP
their	PRP$
own	JJ
set	NN
of	IN
specific	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
really	RB
important	JJ
that	IN
doctors	NNS
learn	VBP
to	TO
recognize	VB
the	DT
physical	JJ
signs	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
validate	VB
the	DT
emotional	JJ
turmoil	NN
.	.
Therapists	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
learn	VB
as	RB
much	JJ
as	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
about	RB
treating	VBG
the	DT
sufferers	NNS
,	,
of	IN
all	DT
shapes	NNS
,	,
sizes	NNS
,	,
gender	NN
and	CC
color	NN
.	.
With	IN
recent	JJ
awareness	NN
,	,
things	NNS
have	VBP
improved	VBN
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
as	RB
much	JJ
as	IN
they	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
the	DT
old	JJ
fashioned	VBN
ideas	NNS
and	CC
common	JJ
misconceptions	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
tossed	VBN
out	RP
the	DT
window	NN
to	TO
make	VB
room	NN
for	IN
the	DT
information	NN
now	RB
available	JJ
.	.
Disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
met	VBN
and	CC
have	VBP
known	VBN
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
suffering	VBG
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
who	WP
were	VBD
not	RB
underweight	JJ
,	,
but	CC
were	VBD
still	RB
in	IN
just	RB
as	RB
much	JJ
danger	NN
,	,
or	CC
who	WP
died	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
try	VBP
to	TO
emphasize	VB
this	DT
to	TO
the	DT
people	NNS
who	WP
write	VBP
to	TO
me	PRP
everyday	JJ
,	,
trying	VBG
to	TO
encourage	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
see	VB
their	PRP$
doctors	NNS
or	CC
turn	VB
to	TO
a	DT
therapist	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
very	RB
ill-severly	JJ
anemic	JJ
due	JJ
to	TO
my	PRP$
ED	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
put	VBN
off	RP
going	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
hospital	NN
for	IN
a	DT
week	NN
,	,
and	CC
finally	RB
agreed	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
admitted	VBN
.	.
The	DT
doctor	NN
on-call	JJ
told	VBD
me	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
SHOULD	MD
have	VB
a	DT
transfusion	NN
,	,
but	CC
that	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
DESERVE	VB
one	CD
,	,
because	IN
I	PRP
caused	VBD
my	PRP$
own	JJ
problem	NN
,	,
by	IN
having	VBG
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
when	WRB
people	NNS
donate	VBP
blood	NN
,	,
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
expect	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
somebody	NN
like	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
patient	NN
at	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
hospital	NN
and	CC
one	CD
of	IN
thee	JJ
nurses	NNS
was	VBD
completely	RB
intolerable	JJ
.	.
She	PRP
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
Your	PRP$
a	DT
guy	NN
,	,
guys	NNS
do	VBP
n't	RB
get	VB
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Why	WRB
do	VBP
n't	RB
you	PRP
just	RB
go	VBP
home	NN
and	CC
work	VB
out	RP
after	IN
you	PRP
eat	VBP
and	CC
save	VBP
this	DT
program	NN
for	IN
the	DT
girls	NNS
that	WDT
really	RB
need	VBP
it	PRP
.	.
''	''
Of	IN
course	NN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
very	RB
underweight	JJ
and	CC
purging	VBG
many	JJ
times	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
.	.
I	PRP
finally	RB
went	VBD
to	TO
my	PRP$
primary	JJ
care	NN
physician	NN
after	IN
being	VBG
anorexic	JJ
for	IN
over	IN
12	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
asked	VBD
him	PRP
to	TO
help	VB
me	PRP
.	.
He	PRP
laughed	VBD
and	CC
said	VBD
``	``
you	PRP
know	VBP
I	PRP
've	VBP
never	RB
seen	VBN
anyone	NN
your	PRP$
age	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
27	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
with	IN
anorexia	NN
...	:
whats	VBZ
the	DT
matter	NN
?	.
Didnt	NNP
you	PRP
get	VBP
asked	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
prom	NN
?	.
''	''
I	PRP
was	VBD
totally	RB
humiliated	JJ
and	CC
angry	JJ
yet	RB
I	PRP
just	RB
smiled	VBD
coyly	RB
and	CC
said	VBD
``	``
Why	WRB
?	.
Are	VBP
you	PRP
going	VBG
to	TO
ask	VB
me	PRP
?	.
''	''
I	PRP
refused	VBD
to	TO
ever	RB
see	VB
him	PRP
again	RB
.	.
After	IN
10	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
suffering	VBG
from	IN
severe	JJ
bulimia	NN
I	PRP
decided	VBD
to	TO
`	``
come	VB
clean	JJ
'	''
to	TO
my	PRP$
doctor	NN
about	IN
purging	VBG
after	IN
eating	VBG
anything	NN
.	.
He	PRP
said	VBD
``	``
Oh	UH
10	CD
%	NN
of	IN
females	NNS
do	VBP
that	DT
-	:
that	WDT
's	VBZ
nothing	NN
to	TO
worry	VB
about	RB
''	''
.	.
As	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
imagine	VB
this	DT
did	VBD
not	RB
enforce	VB
any	DT
respect	NN
for	IN
him	PRP
on	IN
my	PRP$
part	NN
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
child	NN
,	,
six	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
,	,
my	PRP$
pediatrician	NN
would	MD
monitor	VB
my	PRP$
weight	NN
.	.
He	PRP
sat	VBD
me	PRP
down	RP
and	CC
gave	VBD
me	PRP
what	WP
felt	VBD
like	IN
a	DT
``	``
talking	VBG
to	TO
''	''
about	IN
my	PRP$
controlling	VBG
my	PRP$
food	NN
intake	NN
.	.
I	PRP
felt	VBD
absolutely	RB
humiliated	JJ
.	.
He	PRP
told	VBD
me	PRP
,	,
in	IN
a	DT
very	RB
stern	JJ
and	CC
firm	JJ
tone	NN
of	IN
voice	NN
and	CC
with	IN
thunder	NN
in	IN
his	PRP$
eyes	NNS
,	,
to	TO
simply	RB
not	RB
eat	VB
so	RB
much	RB
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
control	VB
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
!	.
I	PRP
remember	VBP
staring	VBG
at	IN
my	PRP$
bare	JJ
thighs	NNS
as	IN
he	PRP
was	VBD
speaking	VBG
severely	RB
to	TO
me	PRP
,	,
and	CC
thinking	VBG
myself	PRP
horribly	RB
fat	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
did	VBD
n't	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
supposed	VBN
to	TO
do	VB
this	DT
all	DT
on	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
as	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
patterns	NNS
now	RB
seemed	VBD
inextricably	RB
tied	VBN
to	TO
my	PRP$
relationship	NN
with	IN
my	PRP$
mother	NN
.	.
As	IN
I	PRP
look	VBP
back	RB
at	IN
photographs	NNS
of	IN
me	PRP
at	IN
that	DT
age	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
beautifully	RB
healthy	JJ
,	,
not	RB
the	DT
overweight	JJ
horror	NN
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
.	.
The	DT
problem	NN
was	VBD
much	RB
more	RBR
complex	JJ
than	IN
telling	VBG
a	DT
six-year-old	JJ
to	TO
``	``
control	VB
her	PRP$
eating	NN
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
have	VB
a	DT
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
disorder	NN
,	,
in	IN
that	DT
I	PRP
was	VBD
comforting	JJ
myself	PRP
through	IN
unbearable	JJ
pain	NN
by	IN
eating	VBG
,	,
although	IN
at	IN
that	DT
age	NN
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
have	VB
been	VBN
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
little	JJ
bit	NN
overweight	JJ
,	,
if	IN
that	DT
.	.
I	PRP
dreaded	VBD
pediatrician	NN
appointments	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
most	RBS
I	PRP
got	VBD
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
experience	NN
was	VBD
learning	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
afraid	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
checking	VBG
into	IN
a	DT
psych	NN
.	.
hospital	NN
after	IN
18	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
bulimia	NN
.	.
I	PRP
mentioned	VBD
my	PRP$
fear	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
might	MD
get	VB
osteoporosis	NN
to	TO
the	DT
nurse	NN
who	WP
was	VBD
interviewing	VBG
me	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
responded	VBD
by	IN
saying	VBG
,	,
``	``
Oh	UH
,	,
just	RB
drink	VBP
some	DT
milk	NN
''	''
.	.
A	DT
doctor	NN
who	WP
I	PRP
'd	MD
been	VBN
seeing	VBG
for	IN
3	CD
months	NNS
told	VBD
me	PRP
I	PRP
was	VBD
profoundly	RB
depressed	JJ
,	,
the	DT
most	RBS
depressed	JJ
person	NN
she	PRP
'd	VBD
seen	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
long	JJ
time	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
very	RB
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
.	.
Later	RB
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
conversation	NN
she	PRP
told	VBD
me	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
needed	VBD
to	TO
do	VB
something	NN
about	IN
my	PRP$
appearance	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
my	PRP$
roots	NNS
needed	VBN
touching	VBG
up	RP
,	,
my	PRP$
fringe	NN
was	VBD
getting	VBG
overgrown	JJ
and	CC
she	PRP
accused	VBD
me	PRP
wearing	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
fleece	NN
the	DT
last	JJ
two	CD
times	NNS
I	PRP
'd	MD
seen	VBN
her	PRP$
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
that	IN
no	DT
other	JJ
doctor	NN
would	MD
have	VB
tolerated	VBN
me	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
patient	NN
for	IN
this	DT
long	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
for	IN
anorexia	NN
and	CC
was	VBD
freezing	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
wearing	VBG
3	CD
layers	NNS
of	IN
clothes	NNS
to	TO
try	VB
to	TO
keep	VB
warm	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
blood	NN
pressure	NN
was	VBD
dangerously	RB
low	JJ
and	CC
my	PRP$
nurse	NN
told	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
walk	VB
laps	NNS
up	RB
and	CC
down	RB
the	DT
hall	NN
to	TO
warm	VB
up	RP
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
not	RB
eaten	VBN
anything	NN
that	WDT
day	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
ended	VBD
up	RP
passing	VBG
out	RP
.	.
I	PRP
told	VBD
an	DT
inexperienced	JJ
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
therapist	NN
of	IN
the	DT
pain	NN
I	PRP
'd	MD
been	VBN
living	VBG
through	IN
,	,
my	PRP$
years	NNS
of	IN
hidden	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
the	DT
dozens	NNS
of	IN
unsuccessful	JJ
diets	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
said	VBD
I	PRP
knew	VBD
,	,
finally	RB
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
would	MD
n't	RB
go	VB
away	RB
even	RB
when	WRB
the	DT
weight	NN
did	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
puddle	NN
of	IN
tears	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
replied	VBD
:	:
``	``
Would	MD
you	PRP
like	VB
me	PRP
to	TO
arrange	VB
for	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
get	VB
your	PRP$
stomach	NN
stapled	VBN
?	.
''	''
I	PRP
went	VBD
to	TO
a	DT
doc	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
never	RB
seen	VBN
before	IN
because	IN
he	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
only	JJ
one	NN
who	WP
could	MD
fit	VB
me	PRP
in	IN
to	TO
his	PRP$
schedule	NN
.	.
He	PRP
walked	VBD
in	IN
and	CC
asked	VBD
me	PRP
what	WP
my	PRP$
problem	NN
was	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
told	VBD
him	PRP
I	PRP
had	VBD
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
He	PRP
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
No	DT
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
...	:
you	PRP
're	VBP
not	RB
that	IN
skinny	NN
and	CC
your	PRP$
teeth	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
yellow	JJ
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
apologized	VBD
for	IN
not	RB
being	VBG
half	JJ
dead	JJ
on	IN
his	PRP$
floor	NN
.	.
I	PRP
never	RB
felt	VBD
so	RB
unworthy	JJ
in	IN
all	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
now	RB
completely	RB
recovered	VBD
but	CC
recently	RB
was	VBD
experiencing	VBG
some	DT
chest	NN
pains	NNS
.	.
Due	JJ
to	TO
my	PRP$
history	NN
of	IN
Anorexia	NNP
I	PRP
called	VBD
the	DT
doctor	NN
on-call	JJ
to	TO
ask	VB
him	PRP
if	IN
I	PRP
should	MD
go	VB
to	TO
the	DT
Emergency	NN
Room	NN
.	.
I	PRP
explained	VBD
to	TO
him	PRP
about	IN
the	DT
pain	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
chest	NN
and	CC
told	VBD
him	PRP
of	IN
my	PRP$
history	NN
saying	VBG
``	``
you	PRP
should	MD
know	VB
I	PRP
've	VBP
had	VBD
a	DT
history	NN
of	IN
Anorexia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
.	.
''	''
He	PRP
replied	VBD
after	IN
a	DT
long	JJ
pause	NN
,	,
``	``
Yeah	UH
,	,
but	CC
that	DT
has	VBZ
nothing	NN
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
your	PRP$
chest	NN
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
was	VBD
really	RB
sick	JJ
and	CC
my	PRP$
mom	NN
took	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
doctor	NN
and	CC
told	VBD
him	PRP
she	PRP
was	VBD
worried	VBN
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
loosing	VBG
to	TO
much	JJ
weight	NN
and	CC
that	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
eat	VB
.	.
He	PRP
pinched	VBD
my	PRP$
side	NN
and	CC
told	VBD
her	PRP
not	RB
to	TO
worry	VB
because	IN
I	PRP
still	RB
had	VBD
enough	JJ
meat	NN
on	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
finally	RB
trying	VBG
to	TO
get	VB
psychiatric	JJ
help	NN
,	,
and	CC
after	IN
a	DT
short	JJ
interview	NN
with	IN
the	DT
``	``
shrink	VB
''	''
he	PRP
told	VBD
me	PRP
that	IN
he	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
think	VB
I	PRP
would	MD
recover	VB
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
would	MD
probably	RB
kill	VB
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
left	VBD
there	EX
balling	VBG
worse	JJR
off	IN
than	IN
before	RB
.	.
I	PRP
started-out	VBP
being	VBG
a	DT
compulsive	JJ
over-eater	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
first	RB
sought	VBD
help	NN
.	.
The	DT
practitioner	NN
was	VBD
such	JJ
a	DT
cruel	JJ
person	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
n't	RB
lost	VBN
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
weight	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
according	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
scale	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
I	PRP
actually	RB
lost	VBD
inches	NNS
!	.
She	PRP
yelled-out	JJ
at	IN
me	PRP
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
all	DT
of	IN
her	PRP$
staff	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
patients	NNS
and	CC
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
I	PRP
give-up	VBP
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
what	WP
else	RB
to	TO
do	VB
for	IN
you	PRP
if	IN
your	PRP$
not	RB
willing	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
the	DT
will-power	NN
to	TO
stick	VB
to	TO
a	DT
simple	JJ
diet	NN
!	.
If	IN
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
stay	VB
fat	JJ
and	CC
lazy	JJ
all	DT
your	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
that	DT
's	VBZ
up	RP
to	TO
you	PRP
!	.
!	.
I	PRP
WAS	VBD
MORTIFIED	JJ
!	.
I	PRP
tried	VBD
killing	VBG
myself	PRP
a	DT
few	JJ
times	NNS
after	IN
that	DT
and	CC
than	IN
I	PRP
discovered	VBD
anorexia	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
.	.
I	PRP
ended	VBD
up	RP
working	VBG
for	IN
her	PRP$
after	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
lost	VBN
a	DT
whole	JJ
bunch	NN
of	IN
weight	NN
.	.
She	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
remember	VB
me	PRP
,	,
when	WRB
I	PRP
reminded	VBD
her	PRP
who	WP
I	PRP
was	VBD
,	,
she	PRP
tried	VBD
perading	VBG
me	PRP
around	IN
the	DT
office	NN
like	IN
her	PRP$
personal	JJ
success	NN
story	NN
.	.
After	IN
I	PRP
witnessed	VBD
her	PRP$
abusing	VBG
another	DT
patient	NN
with	IN
a	DT
weight	NN
problem	NN
,	,
I	PRP
sat	VBD
her	PRP
down	RP
in	IN
her	PRP$
office	NN
and	CC
explained	VBD
to	TO
her	PRP$
what	WP
she	PRP
did	VBD
to	TO
me	PRP
and	CC
what	WP
I	PRP
did	VBD
to	TO
myself	PRP
.	.
We	PRP
both	DT
cried	VBD
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
probably	RB
okay	JJ
now	RB
,	,
Im	NNP
still	RB
very	RB
ill	JJ
19	CD
yrs	NNS
later	RB
.	.
I	PRP
went	VBD
to	TO
see	VB
my	PRP$
former	JJ
doctor	NN
because	IN
my	PRP$
mom	NN
had	VBD
expressed	VBN
concern	NN
about	IN
me	PRP
not	RB
eating	VBG
.	.
He	PRP
pinched	VBD
my	PRP$
side	NN
and	CC
told	VBD
my	PRP$
mother	NN
that	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
still	RB
enough	JJ
fat	NN
on	IN
me	PRP
and	CC
not	RB
to	TO
worry	VB
.	.
My	PRP$
WORST	JJ
fear	NN
was	VBD
being	VBG
realized	VBN
right	RB
there	RB
.	.
And	CC
I	PRP
believed	VBD
every	DT
word	NN
.	.
The	DT
doctors	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
hospital	NN
decided	VBD
to	TO
immediately	RB
give	VB
me	PRP
an	DT
IV	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
naso-gastric	JJ
tube	NN
system	NN
.	.
The	DT
tubes	NNS
hurt	VBP
a	DT
lot	NN
going	VBG
down	RP
my	PRP$
throat	NN
,	,
so	IN
I	PRP
asked	VBD
a	DT
doctor	NN
,	,
who	WP
's	VBZ
first	JJ
impression	NN
was	VBD
already	RB
very	RB
pompous	JJ
,	,
arrogant	JJ
and	CC
mean	JJ
,	,
if	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
something	NN
to	TO
ease	VB
the	DT
pain	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
throat	NN
.	.
His	PRP$
reply	NN
?	.
``	``
How	WRB
about	IN
some	DT
ice	NN
cream	NN
.	.
Oh	UH
,	,
wait	VB
,	,
you	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
-	:
you	PRP
're	VBP
in	IN
this	DT
situation	NN
because	IN
you	PRP
CANT	VBP
eat	VB
ice	NN
cream	NN
''	''
.	.
He	PRP
nudged	VBD
his	PRP$
coworkers	NNS
and	CC
they	PRP
started	VBD
laughing	VBG
.	.
This	DT
totally	RB
ruined	VBN
all	DT
confidence	NN
and	CC
hope	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
,	,
and	CC
led	VBD
to	TO
my	PRP$
recent	JJ
AMA	NNP
sign-out	NN
from	IN
this	DT
hospital	NN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
had	VBD
a	DT
psychiatrist	NN
and	CC
a	DT
therapist	NN
both	DT
tell	VBP
me	PRP
that	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
severe	JJ
sin	NN
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
just	RB
stop	VB
it	PRP
and	CC
start	VB
being	VBG
obedient	JJ
to	TO
God	NNP
immediately	RB
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
hell	NN
.	.
This	DT
counselor	NN
made	VBD
me	PRP
feel	VB
so	RB
guilty	JJ
and	CC
worthless	JJ
that	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
got	VBD
considerably	RB
worse	JJR
.	.
My	PRP$
daughter	NN
was	VBD
put	VBN
into	IN
a	DT
locked	VBN
ward	NN
and	CC
was	VBD
the	DT
only	JJ
ed	NN
there	RB
.	.
They	PRP
made	VBD
her	PRP$
sleep	NN
on	IN
the	DT
floor	NN
on	IN
a	DT
mattress	NN
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
crying	VBG
and	CC
asked	VBD
for	IN
a	DT
hug	NN
from	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
nurses	NNS
because	IN
she	PRP
felt	VBD
so	RB
unloved	JJ
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
told	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
nurse	NN
that	IN
if	IN
she	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
stop	VB
crying	VBG
everyone	NN
would	MD
think	VB
she	PRP
was	VBD
psycho	NN
and	CC
they	PRP
were	VBD
not	RB
there	RB
to	TO
love	VB
her	PRP$
but	CC
to	TO
save	VB
her	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
devestated	VBN
and	CC
felt	VBN
so	RB
alone	RB
,	,
unloved	JJ
and	CC
worthless	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
in	IN
and	CC
out	IN
of	IN
hospitals	NNS
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
one	CD
hospital	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
hooked	VBN
up	RP
to	TO
tubes	NNS
and	CC
IVs	NNS
,	,
my	PRP$
blood	NN
pressure	NN
and	CC
pulse	NN
were	VBD
low	JJ
,	,
and	CC
my	PRP$
potassium	NN
was	VBD
at	IN
a	DT
dangerous	JJ
level	NN
.	.
An	DT
intern	NN
came	VBD
up	RP
to	TO
me	PRP
,	,
asked	VBD
about	IN
my	PRP$
anorexia	NN
history	NN
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
said	VBD
,	,
without	IN
thinking	VBG
``	``
you	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
the	DT
worst	JJS
anorexic	JJ
I	PRP
've	VBP
ever	RB
seen	VBN
.	.
.	.
you	PRP
're	VBP
like	IN
a	DT
skeleton	NN
,	,
you	PRP
're	VBP
so	RB
lucky	JJ
to	TO
maintain	VB
such	PDT
a	DT
low	JJ
weight	NN
!	.
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
signed	VBD
myself	PRP
out	RP
AMA	NNP
.	.
A	DT
few	JJ
months	NNS
ago	RB
,	,
my	PRP$
boyfriend	NN
and	CC
best	JJS
friend	NN
finally	RB
convinced	JJ
me	PRP
to	TO
see	VB
a	DT
psychologist	NN
at	IN
our	PRP$
college	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
scared	VBN
to	TO
death	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
did	VBD
it	PRP
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
went	VBD
,	,
I	PRP
told	VBD
the	DT
psychologist	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
anorexic	JJ
.	.
She	PRP
proceeded	VBD
to	TO
tell	VB
me	PRP
that	IN
80-90	CD
%	NN
of	IN
all	DT
American	JJ
women	NNS
worried	VBN
about	IN
their	PRP$
weight	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
really	RB
look	VB
sick	JJ
or	CC
unhealthy	JJ
,	,
so	IN
I	PRP
really	RB
should	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
too	RB
concerned	JJ
.	.
Her	PRP$
suggestion	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
try	VB
to	TO
eat	VB
three	CD
meals	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
.	.
She	PRP
suggested	VBD
a	DT
health	NN
food	NN
store	NN
I	PRP
might	MD
like	VB
to	TO
try	VB
since	IN
I	PRP
seemed	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
concerned	VBN
about	IN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
,	,
and	CC
she	PRP
gave	VBD
me	PRP
a	DT
book	NN
about	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
to	TO
read	VB
over	IN
-	:
obviously	RB
she	PRP
'd	MD
never	RB
read	VB
it	PRP
...	:
it	PRP
dealt	VBD
mainly	RB
obsessive	JJ
overeating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
To	TO
top	VB
it	PRP
all	DT
off	RP
,	,
I	PRP
told	VBD
her	PRP
I	PRP
was	VBD
concerned	VBN
about	IN
confidentiality	NN
,	,
as	IN
far	RB
as	IN
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
finding	VBG
out	RP
,	,
since	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
only	RB
17	CD
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
.	.
She	PRP
said	VBD
that	IN
she	PRP
was	VBD
only	RB
obligated	VBN
to	TO
inform	VB
parents	NNS
if	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
doing	VBG
anything	NN
dangerous	JJ
to	TO
my	PRP$
health	NN
or	CC
well-being	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
seem	VB
to	TO
be	VB
.	.
Obviously	RB
she	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
realize	VB
I	PRP
was	VBD
eating	VBG
a	DT
few	JJ
crackers	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
at	IN
that	DT
time	NN
.	.
I	PRP
went	VBD
to	TO
my	PRP$
intake	NN
with	IN
my	PRP$
doctor	NN
.	.
This	DT
was	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
signed	VBN
myself	PRP
in	IN
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
stepped	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
scale	NN
he	PRP
wrote	VBD
down	RP
the	DT
number	NN
,	,
had	VBD
me	PRP
get	VB
off	RP
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
re-weighed	VBD
me	PRP
.	.
After	IN
recording	VBG
the	DT
number	NN
he	PRP
turned	VBD
to	TO
me	PRP
and	CC
said	VBD
``	``
You	PRP
really	RB
screwed	VBD
up	RP
this	DT
time	NN
,	,
did	VBD
n't	RB
you	PRP
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
went	VBD
to	TO
my	PRP$
doctor	NN
to	TO
get	VB
some	DT
blood	NN
work	NN
done	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
fainting	VBG
and	CC
having	VBG
very	RB
bad	JJ
leg	NN
cramps	NNS
.	.
After	IN
drawing	VBG
the	DT
blood	NN
,	,
he	PRP
says	VBZ
,	,
``	``
You	PRP
are	VBP
n't	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
\*	SYM
unrealistically	RB
low	JJ
weight	NN
here	RB
\*	SYM
-RRB-	-RRB-
pounds	NNS
or	CC
anything	NN
,	,
so	RB
you	PRP
are	VBP
n't	RB
anorexic	JJ
,	,
do	VBP
n't	RB
worry	VB
about	IN
it	PRP
!	.
''	''
I	PRP
walked	VBD
out	IN
of	IN
his	PRP$
office	NN
in	IN
tears	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
pediatrician	NN
told	VBD
me	PRP
,	,
when	WRB
my	PRP$
mother	NN
timidly	RB
told	VBD
him	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
diagnosed	VBN
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
by	IN
a	DT
psychologist	NN
,	,
and	CC
totally	RB
ignoring	VBG
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
lost	VBN
about	RB
too	RB
much	JJ
weight	NN
since	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
time	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
in	IN
there	RB
,	,
told	VBD
my	PRP$
mother	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
just	RB
fine	JJ
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
if	IN
I	PRP
really	RB
had	VBD
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
weigh	VB
way	NN
less	RBR
.	.
Upon	IN
telling	VBG
my	PRP$
psychiatrist	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
started	VBD
an	DT
outpatient	NN
program	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
bingeing	NN
,	,
restricting	VBG
,	,
using	VBG
laxatives	NNS
,	,
abusing	VBG
caffeine	NN
and	CC
diuretics	NNS
,	,
and	CC
so	RB
depressed	JJ
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
get	VB
out	IN
of	IN
bed	NN
in	IN
the	DT
morning	NN
,	,
she	PRP
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
You	PRP
're	VBP
a	DT
smart	JJ
girl	NN
.	.
Why	WRB
do	VBP
n't	RB
you	PRP
just	RB
stop	VB
doing	VBG
this	DT
and	CC
get	VB
on	IN
with	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
?	.
''	''
I	PRP
was	VBD
told	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
nurse	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
on	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorders	NNS
unit	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
my	PRP$
ideal	JJ
weight	NN
was	VBD
something	NN
much	RB
less	JJR
than	IN
normal	JJ
.	.
By	IN
a	DT
psychiatrist	NN
,	,
i	FW
was	VBD
told	VBN
that	IN
I	PRP
would	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
comfortable	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
ward	NN
,	,
because	IN
those	DT
girls	NNS
are	VBP
always	RB
underweight	JJ
.	.
By	IN
a	DT
doctor	NN
on	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorders	NNS
program	NN
,	,
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
Do	VBP
n't	RB
worry	VB
we	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
let	VB
you	PRP
go	VB
above	IN
a	DT
certain	JJ
weight	NN
,	,
our	PRP$
goal	NN
is	VBZ
n't	RB
to	TO
turn	VB
out	RP
blimps	NNS
here	RB
''	''
.	.
And	CC
my	PRP$
personal	JJ
favorite	NN
,	,
despite	IN
having	VBG
starved	VBN
myself	PRP
for	IN
three	CD
months	NNS
,	,
having	VBG
gone	VBN
10	CD
days	NNS
without	IN
food	NN
and	CC
three	CD
without	IN
water	NN
,	,
having	VBG
lost	VBN
my	PRP$
period	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
told	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
doctor	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
thin	JJ
enough	RB
to	TO
be	VB
anorexic	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
for	IN
treatment	NN
of	IN
`	``
severe	JJ
bulimia	NN
'	''
and	CC
had	VBD
to	TO
have	VB
all	DT
those	DT
medicaltests	NNS
done	VBN
on	IN
me	PRP
.	.
When	WRB
it	PRP
came	VBD
time	NN
for	IN
blood	NN
to	TO
be	VB
drawn	VBN
,	,
I	PRP
opted	VBD
for	IN
it	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
in	IN
my	PRP$
room	NN
instead	RB
of	IN
the	DT
nurse	NN
's	POS
station	NN
because	IN
I	PRP
cry	VBP
when	WRB
I	PRP
get	VBP
poked	VBN
with	IN
needles	NNS
and	CC
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
humiliate	VB
myself	PRP
.	.
This	DT
huge	JJ
,	,
unsympathetic	JJ
phlebotomist	NN
waddles	VBZ
into	IN
my	PRP$
room	NN
and	CC
sits	VBZ
me	PRP
down	RP
at	IN
my	PRP$
desk	NN
in	IN
there	RB
.	.
He	PRP
tied	VBD
the	DT
elastic	JJ
so	RB
tightly	RB
that	IN
my	PRP$
fingers	NNS
were	VBD
blue	JJ
from	IN
my	PRP$
knuckles	NNS
all	PDT
the	DT
way	NN
to	TO
my	PRP$
nails	NNS
and	CC
then	RB
he	PRP
jammed	VBD
a	DT
butterfly	NN
needle	NN
into	IN
my	PRP$
vein	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
okay	JJ
ith	NN
big	JJ
needles	NNS
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
longer	RBR
a	DT
needle	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
me	PRP
the	DT
worse	JJR
I	PRP
feel	VBP
.	.
After	IN
the	DT
firstof	JJ
three	CD
tubes	NNS
I	PRP
had	VBD
started	VBN
crying	VBG
,	,
and	CC
he	PRP
just	RB
looked	VBD
at	IN
me	PRP
and	CC
rolled	VBD
his	PRP$
eyes	NNS
at	IN
me	PRP
.	.
``	``
Loook	SYM
-	:
be	VB
a	DT
BIG	NNP
GIRL	NNP
,	,
okay	JJ
?	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
be	VB
such	JJ
a	DT
baby	NN
.	.
''	''
By	IN
time	NN
the	DT
third	JJ
tube	NN
was	VBD
being	VBG
filled	VBN
I	PRP
was	VBD
sliding	VBG
out	IN
of	IN
my	PRP$
chair	NN
and	CC
halfway	NN
to	TO
the	DT
floor	NN
,	,
too	RB
weak	JJ
to	TO
cry	VB
or	CC
even	RB
to	TO
hyperventilate	VB
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
he	PRP
removed	VBD
the	DT
needle	NN
,	,
looked	VBD
me	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
eyes	NNS
and	CC
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
Do	VBP
n't	RB
ever	RB
have	VB
children	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
'd	MD
never	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
handle	VB
the	DT
pain	NN
.	.
''	''
He	PRP
got	VBD
up	RB
and	CC
walked	VBD
away	RB
and	CC
I	PRP
fell	VBD
onto	IN
my	PRP$
roommate	NN
's	POS
bed	NN
and	CC
passed	VBD
out	RP
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
first	RB
came	VBD
out	RP
in	IN
the	DT
open	JJ
about	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
to	TO
a	DT
teacher	NN
at	IN
my	PRP$
school	NN
and	CC
she	PRP
helped	VBD
tell	VB
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
me	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
doctor	NN
's	POS
and	CC
into	IN
therapy	NN
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
4	CD
'	''
8	CD
''	''
,	,
at	IN
16	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
...	:
Obviously	RB
my	PRP$
height	NN
was	VBD
n't	RB
normal	JJ
though	IN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
was	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
went	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
doctor	NN
and	CC
before	IN
saying	VBG
anything	NN
else	RB
to	TO
me	PRP
or	CC
before	IN
listening	VBG
to	TO
what	WP
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
say	VB
she	PRP
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
see	VB
how	WRB
you	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
anorexic	JJ
,	,
you	PRP
gained	VBD
weight	NN
since	IN
last	JJ
year	NN
!	.
!	.
!	.
''	''
My	PRP$
mother	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
both	DT
went	VBD
for	IN
check-ups	NNS
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
time	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
extremely	RB
underweight	JJ
,	,
had	VBD
n't	RB
menstruated	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
year	NN
,	,
and	CC
was	VBD
pretty	RB
much	RB
at	IN
the	DT
brink	NN
of	IN
death	NN
.	.
I	PRP
stood	VBD
at	IN
the	DT
counter	NN
as	IN
the	DT
nurse	NN
chatted	VBD
with	IN
my	PRP$
mother	NN
on	IN
the	DT
latest	JJS
gossip	NN
and	CC
filled	VBD
her	PRP$
prescription	NN
of	IN
antibiotics	NNS
.	.
Only	RB
just	RB
as	IN
we	PRP
were	VBD
walking	VBG
out	RP
the	DT
door	NN
,	,
she	PRP
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
And	CC
you	PRP
...	:
need	VB
to	TO
eat	VB
more	JJR
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
kept	VBD
losing	VBG
weight	NN
,	,
kept	VBD
going	VBG
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
office	NN
,	,
but	CC
that	DT
was	VBD
the	DT
last	JJ
``	``
advice	NN
''	''
I	PRP
was	VBD
given	VBN
.	.
So	RB
,	,
I	PRP
guess	VBP
it	PRP
was	VBD
more	RBR
about	IN
what	WP
she	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
say	VB
.	.
The	DT
doctor	NN
was	VBD
worse	JJR
.	.
When	WRB
my	PRP$
mother	NN
asked	VBD
if	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
a	DT
problem	NN
with	IN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
,	,
he	PRP
shrugged	VBD
,	,
``	``
Nahh	NNP
...	:
she	PRP
could	MD
lose	VB
a	DT
few	JJ
more	JJR
pounds	NNS
.	.
''	''
During	IN
the	DT
Easter	NNP
season	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
having	VBG
some	DT
family	NN
difficulties	NNS
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
withdrawal	NN
symptoms	NNS
from	IN
some	DT
pain	NN
medication	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
taking	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
very	RB
stressed	VBN
and	CC
jittery	JJ
and	CC
decided	VBD
to	TO
binge	NN
on	IN
my	PRP$
daughter	NN
's	POS
entire	JJ
Easter	NNP
basket	NN
of	IN
goodies	NNS
.	.
Now	RB
feeling	NN
stressed	VBD
,	,
jittery	JJ
,	,
AND	CC
nauseated	JJ
from	IN
my	PRP$
binge	NN
,	,
I	PRP
telephone	VBP
my	PRP$
physician	NN
's	POS
office	NN
to	TO
ask	VB
for	IN
help	NN
.	.
Upon	IN
explaining	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
nurse	NN
the	DT
reason	NN
for	IN
my	PRP$
call	NN
,	,
she	PRP
giggled	VBD
,	,
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
Oh	UH
my	PRP$
God	NNP
,	,
you	PRP
ate	VBD
a	DT
WHOLE	NNP
Easter	NNP
basket	NN
of	IN
candy	NN
?	.
''	''
After	IN
conferring	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
doctor	NN
,	,
she	PRP
came	VBD
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
phone	NN
and	CC
informed	VBN
me	PRP
that	IN
the	DT
doctor	NN
would	MD
be	VB
calling	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
pain	NN
medication	NN
to	TO
the	DT
pharmacy	NN
and	CC
jokingly	RB
informed	VBN
me	PRP
that	IN
while	IN
at	IN
the	DT
pharmacy	NN
I	PRP
should	MD
pick	VB
up	RP
a	DT
new	JJ
Easter	NNP
basket	NN
for	IN
my	PRP$
little	JJ
girl	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
never	RB
felt	VBN
so	RB
misunderstood	VBN
and	CC
humiliated	VBN
.	.
As	IN
any	DT
COE	NNP
knows	VBZ
,	,
it	PRP
takes	VBZ
alot	NN
of	IN
courage	NN
to	TO
even	RB
admit	VB
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
problem	NN
,	,
let	VB
alone	RB
discuss	VB
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
opened	VBN
up	RP
thinking	VBG
I	PRP
would	MD
get	VB
help	VB
,	,
but	CC
instead	RB
,	,
was	VBD
not	RB
taken	VBN
the	DT
least	JJS
bit	NN
seriously	RB
.	.
I	PRP
fantasized	VBD
one	CD
day	NN
about	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
without	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
So	RB
,	,
I	PRP
went	VBD
to	TO
my	PRP$
therapist	NN
begging	VBG
her	PRP$
for	IN
help	NN
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
rare	JJ
persons	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
trust	VBP
.	.
``	``
Please	VB
work	NN
with	IN
me	PRP
on	IN
that	DT
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
see	VB
a	DT
dietician	NN
because	IN
I	PRP
know	VBP
all	PDT
the	DT
numbers	NNS
that	IN
she	PRP
's	VBZ
going	VBG
to	TO
give	VB
me	PRP
.	.
Work	NN
with	IN
me	PRP
on	IN
that	DT
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
it	PRP
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
set	VBP
my	PRP$
mind	NN
to	TO
something	NN
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
WILL	MD
do	VB
it	PRP
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
,	,
fearfully	RB
nibbling	VBG
at	IN
my	PRP$
assigned	VBN
meal	NN
,	,
practically	RB
crying	VBG
because	IN
I	PRP
just	RB
KNEW	VBP
I	PRP
was	VBD
gaining	VBG
weight	NN
,	,
when	WRB
the	DT
nurse	NN
who	WP
was	VBD
assigned	VBN
to	TO
sit	VB
with	IN
me	PRP
asked	VBD
me	PRP
how	WRB
much	JJ
weight	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
lost	VBN
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
told	VBD
her	PRP
,	,
she	PRP
responded	VBD
``	``
God	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
wish	VBP
I	PRP
could	MD
loose	VB
that	IN
!	.
You	PRP
're	VBP
so	RB
attractive	JJ
too	RB
!	.
''	''
``	``
You	PRP
have	VBP
just	RB
gotten	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
`	``
sick	JJ
role	NN
'	''
.	.
You	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
stop	VB
focusing	VBG
on	IN
your	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
,	,
quit	VB
seeing	VBG
your	PRP$
nutritionist	NN
so	RB
often	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
every	DT
week	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
focus	VB
on	IN
other	JJ
achievable	JJ
goals	NNS
.	.
''	''
She	PRP
then	RB
proceeded	VBD
to	TO
tell	VB
me	PRP
that	IN
based	VBN
on	IN
my	PRP$
history	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
of	IN
severe	JJ
child	NN
abuse	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	IN
I	PRP
should	MD
n't	RB
expect	VB
too	RB
much	JJ
of	IN
myself	PRP
or	CC
out	IN
of	IN
life	NN
.	.
Then	RB
he	PRP
proceeded	VBD
to	TO
berate	VB
me	PRP
up	IN
one	CD
side	NN
and	CC
down	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
telling	VBG
me	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
will	MD
never	RB
get	VB
better	JJR
and	CC
how	WRB
much	JJ
of	IN
a	DT
fuck	NN
up	RB
--	:
yes	RB
he	PRP
DID	VBD
use	NN
that	IN
term	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
.	.
It	PRP
makes	VBZ
me	PRP
think	VB
that	IN
nobody	NN
in	IN
the	DT
psychiatric	JJ
business	NN
cares	VBZ
about	IN
anything	NN
but	CC
their	PRP$
checkbooks	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
finally	RB
got	VBD
up	RP
the	DT
courage	NN
to	TO
mention	VB
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
to	TO
my	PRP$
doctor	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
terrified	VBN
.	.
My	PRP$
husband	NN
did	VBD
n't	RB
believe	VB
me	PRP
and	CC
said	VBD
he	PRP
'd	MD
only	RB
believe	VB
an	DT
MD	NNP
and	CC
not	RB
my	PRP$
therapist	NN
,	,
who	WP
did	VBD
diagnose	VB
Anorexia	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
having	VBG
stomach	NN
problems	NNS
and	CC
have	VBP
battled	VBN
with	IN
an	DT
ED	VBN
to	TO
some	DT
degree	NN
since	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
young	JJ
child	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
unfortunately	RB
,	,
at	IN
present	JJ
I	PRP
am	VBP
still	RB
very	RB
much	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
battle	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
described	VBD
my	PRP$
digestive	JJ
problem	NN
to	TO
the	DT
doctor	NN
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
clinic	NN
,	,
he	PRP
responded	VBD
,	,
`	``
You	PRP
're	VBP
not	RB
one	CD
of	IN
those	DT
anorexic	JJ
or	CC
bulimic	JJ
wackos	NNS
are	VBP
you	PRP
?	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
started	VBD
to	TO
trust	VB
my	PRP$
counsellor	NN
and	CC
open	VB
up	RP
to	TO
her	PRP
,	,
one	CD
day	NN
I	PRP
walked	VBD
into	IN
her	PRP$
office	NN
seeking	VBG
-	:
I	PRP
mean	VBP
really	RB
seeking	VBG
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
also	RB
say	VB
desperately	RB
begging	VBG
for	IN
-	:
her	PRP$
help	NN
.	.
She	PRP
looked	VBD
at	IN
me	PRP
,	,
frowned	VBD
and	CC
ferociously	RB
came	VBD
out	RP
with	IN
these	DT
`	``
biblical	JJ
words	NNS
'	POS
:	:
``	``
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
have	VB
practical	JJ
help	NN
?	.
Is	VBZ
that	IN
what	WP
you	PRP
're	VBP
asking	VBG
me	PRP
for	IN
?	.
Well	RB
,	,
then	RB
start	VB
having	VBG
three	CD
meals	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
!	.
''	''
She	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
understand	VB
that	IN
that	DT
was	VBD
the	DT
goal	NN
not	RB
the	DT
source	NN
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
office	NN
nurse	NN
got	VBD
my	PRP$
weight	NN
,	,
she	PRP
says	VBZ
``	``
Oh	UH
,	,
is	VBZ
that	IN
all	DT
?	.
''	''
I	PRP
had	VBD
put	VBN
on	IN
some	DT
weight	NN
since	IN
my	PRP$
last	JJ
visit	NN
and	CC
was	VBD
very	RB
upset	JJ
about	IN
it	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
even	RB
know	VB
why	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
at	IN
the	DT
doctor	NN
's	POS
office	NN
in	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
place	NN
.	.
How	WRB
sad	JJ
that	IN
she	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
realize	VB
how	WRB
insensitive	JJ
her	PRP$
comment	NN
was	VBD
and	CC
how	WRB
determined	VBN
it	PRP
makes	VBZ
me	PRP
to	TO
lose	VB
more	JJR
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
mentioned	VBD
to	TO
a	DT
Doctor	NN
on	IN
campus	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
having	VBG
to	TO
take	VB
laxatives	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
He	PRP
never	RB
asked	VBD
to	TO
what	WP
extent	NN
.	.
He	PRP
told	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
eat	VB
fruit	NN
more	RBR
often	RB
.	.
At	IN
this	DT
point	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
taking	VBG
a	DT
box	NN
of	IN
laxatives	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
.	.
What	WP
would	MD
have	VB
helped	VBN
me	PRP
get	VB
better	JJR
?	.
A	DT
change	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
doctor	NN
's	POS
attitude	NN
.	.
Instead	RB
of	IN
telling	VBG
me	PRP
how	WRB
gross	JJ
I	PRP
looked	VBD
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
die	VB
,	,
and	CC
generally	RB
trying	VBG
to	TO
get	VB
myself	PRP
to	TO
hate	VB
myself	PRP
enough	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
'd	MD
want	VB
to	TO
change	VB
,	,
he	PRP
should	MD
have	VB
said	VBD
things	NNS
like	IN
,	,
`	``
You	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
positivie	NN
qualities	NNS
to	TO
share	VB
with	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
continue	VBP
down	RP
this	DT
path	NN
,	,
you	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
achieve	VB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
hopes	NNS
,	,
goals	NNS
and	CC
dreams	VBZ
that	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
for	IN
yourself	PRP
.	.
'	''
That	DT
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
referring	VBG
me	PRP
for	IN
psychological	JJ
help	NN
earlier	JJR
than	IN
5	CD
months	NNS
into	IN
my	PRP$
bout	NN
with	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
would	MD
have	VB
helped	VBN
a	DT
lot	NN
.	.
I	PRP
went	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
emergency	NN
room	NN
one	CD
night	NN
for	IN
rectal	JJ
bleeding	NN
...	:
told	VBD
them	PRP
I	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
history	NN
of	IN
Anorexia	NNP
and	CC
was	VBD
in	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
finally	RB
saw	VBD
a	DT
doctor	NN
I	PRP
told	VBD
her	PRP
the	DT
same	JJ
thing	NN
.	.
She	PRP
asked	VBD
,	,
``	``
are	VBP
you	PRP
constipated	VBN
''	''
and	CC
I	PRP
told	VBD
her	PRP
I	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
given	VBN
a	DT
prescription	NN
for	IN
laxatives	NNS
and	CC
sent	VBN
on	IN
my	PRP$
way	NN
.	.
``	``
How	WRB
on	IN
earth	NN
do	VBP
you	PRP
know	VB
so	RB
much	JJ
about	IN
eating	VBG
healthy	JJ
foods	NNS
?	.
I	PRP
wish	VBP
I	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
the	DT
discipline	NN
you	PRP
have	VBP
!	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
this	DT
was	VBD
from	IN
a	DT
home	NN
health	NN
care	NN
worker	NN
who	WP
was	VBD
staying	VBG
with	IN
a	DT
patient	NN
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
she	PRP
was	VBD
medically	RB
stable	JJ
while	IN
her	PRP$
parents	NNS
were	VBD
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
country	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
``	``
Oh	UH
!	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
your	PRP$
height	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
?	.
WELL	RB
,	,
I	PRP
worked	VBD
with	IN
a	DT
girl	NN
who	WP
weighed	VBD
only	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
\*	SYM
insert	NN
abnormally	RB
low	JJ
weight	NN
here	RB
\*	SYM
-RRB-	-RRB-
pounds	NNS
and	CC
one	CD
day	NN
we	PRP
managed	VBD
to	TO
get	VB
her	PRP$
to	TO
eat	VB
1\/2	CD
a	DT
doughnut	NN
and	CC
then	RB
she	PRP
disappeared	VBD
.	.
We	PRP
found	VBD
her	PRP
running	VBG
laps	NNS
around	IN
a	DT
track	NN
to	TO
try	VB
and	CC
burn	VB
off	RP
the	DT
calories	NNS
.	.
Now	RB
SHE	NNP
was	VBD
anorexic	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
sound	VB
bad	JJ
at	IN
all	DT
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
just	RB
a	DT
little	JJ
underweight	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
n't	RB
worry	VB
about	IN
it	PRP
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
went	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
doctor	NN
to	TO
see	VB
the	DT
extent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
damage	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
doing	VBG
on	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
,	,
a	DT
first	JJ
step	NN
in	IN
admiting	VBG
I	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
problem	NN
.	.
He	PRP
drew	VBD
blood	NN
and	CC
then	RB
proceeded	VBD
to	TO
tell	VB
me	PRP
my	PRP$
cholesterol	NN
was	VBD
too	RB
high	JJ
and	CC
I	PRP
should	MD
``	``
eat	VB
less	JJR
fat	JJ
and	CC
exercise	VB
more	JJR
regularly	RB
.	.
'	''
I	PRP
had	VBD
just	RB
explained	VBN
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
eating	VBG
2	CD
fat	JJ
grams	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
,	,
puking	VBG
up	RP
those	DT
,	,
and	CC
compulsively	RB
exercising	VBG
.	.
Once	RB
a	DT
Doctor	NNP
came	VBD
into	IN
my	PRP$
Hospital	NN
Bedroom	NN
,	,
where	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
connected	VBN
to	TO
every	DT
tube	NN
you	PRP
can	MD
imagine	VB
,	,
was	VBD
extremely	RB
underweight	JJ
,	,
and	CC
my	PRP$
blood	NN
pressure	NN
was	VBD
very	RB
low	JJ
...	:
the	DT
only	JJ
comment	NN
he	PRP
had	VBD
was	VBD
,	,
``	``
Why	WRB
do	VBP
n't	RB
you	PRP
eat	VBP
a	DT
steak	NN
,	,
and	CC
get	VB
out	IN
of	IN
here	RB
...	:
after	IN
all	DT
we	PRP
have	VBP
better	JJR
things	NNS
to	TO
do	VB
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
seeing	VBG
my	PRP$
therapist	NN
for	IN
about	IN
a	DT
year	NN
to	TO
get	VB
help	VB
with	IN
my	PRP$
depression	NN
.	.
Six	CD
months	NNS
ago	IN
I	PRP
started	VBD
telling	VBG
her	PRP$
about	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
has	VBZ
gotten	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
point	NN
where	WRB
all	DT
I	PRP
talk	VBP
about	IN
for	IN
an	DT
hour	NN
and	CC
fifteen	CD
minutes	NNS
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
ed	JJ
and	CC
how	WRB
severe	JJ
it	PRP
has	VBZ
gotten	VBN
.	.
Today	NN
my	PRP$
therapist	NN
looked	VBD
me	PRP
straight	RB
in	IN
the	DT
eye	NN
and	CC
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
Lauri	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
think	VBP
you	PRP
might	MD
have	VB
a	DT
little	JJ
problem	NN
with	IN
food	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
My	PRP$
parents	NNS
could	MD
have	VB
done	VBN
alot	RB
to	TO
prevent	VB
and	CC
help	VB
me	PRP
get	VB
the	DT
help	NN
I	PRP
needed	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
told	VBN
repeatedly	RB
by	IN
my	PRP$
step-mother	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
fat	JJ
,	,
ugly	JJ
and	CC
stupid	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
father	NN
said	VBD
nothing	NN
nor	CC
did	VBD
he	PRP
stop	VB
my	PRP$
step-mother	NN
's	POS
ridicule	NN
and	CC
put	VB
down	RB
of	IN
me	PRP
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
lose	VB
weight	NN
my	PRP$
step-mother	NN
told	VBD
me	PRP
how	WRB
much	RB
better	JJR
I	PRP
looked	VBD
and	CC
that	DT
was	VBD
why	WRB
I	PRP
finally	RB
had	VBD
a	DT
boyfriend	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
sixteen	CD
and	CC
far	RB
from	IN
being	VBG
overweight	JJ
.	.
``	``
There	EX
was	VBD
physical	JJ
and	CC
emotional	JJ
abuse	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
family	NN
which	WDT
also	RB
contributed	VBD
to	TO
my	PRP$
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
When	WRB
concerned	VBN
friends	NNS
went	VBD
to	TO
my	PRP$
school	NN
counselor	NN
,	,
the	DT
counselor	NN
called	VBN
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
and	CC
told	VBD
them	PRP
I	PRP
was	VBD
starving	VBG
myself	PRP
.	.
Their	PRP$
response	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
threaten	VB
me	PRP
with	IN
shock	NN
treatment	NN
to	TO
control	VB
my	PRP$
behavior	NN
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
very	RB
unattractive	JJ
child	NN
and	CC
was	VBD
reminded	VBN
about	IN
it	PRP
all	PDT
the	DT
time	NN
.	.
I	PRP
found	VBD
much	JJ
pleasure	NN
in	IN
eating	NN
.	.
It	PRP
made	VBD
me	PRP
feel	VB
good	JJ
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
became	VBD
an	DT
adolescent	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
started	VBD
gaining	VBG
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
heard	VBD
the	DT
comments	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
giggles	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
one	CD
girl	NN
who	WP
was	VBD
left	VBN
standing	NN
at	IN
dances	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
one	NN
who	WP
was	VBD
bypassed	VBN
for	IN
teams	NNS
.	.
''	''
``	``
I	PRP
think	VBP
what	WP
I	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
done	VBN
,	,
was	VBD
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
college	NN
and	CC
get	VB
a	DT
career	NN
before	IN
I	PRP
got	VBD
married	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
very	RB
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
and	CC
married	VBD
the	DT
firs	NNS
``	``
love	NN
''	''
I	PRP
had	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
thought	VBD
that	IN
if	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
marry	VB
him	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
never	RB
again	RB
find	VB
someone	NN
who	WP
would	MD
be	VB
interested	JJ
in	IN
me	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
seemed	VBD
like	IN
my	PRP$
only	JJ
chance	NN
at	IN
a	DT
husband	NN
.	.
I	PRP
really	RB
feel	VBP
that	IN
if	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
gone	VBN
to	TO
college	NN
instead	RB
,	,
I	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
developed	VBN
the	DT
self-esteem	NN
I	PRP
needed	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
realized	VBN
that	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
dependent	JJ
on	IN
a	DT
man	NN
to	TO
make	VB
me	PRP
happy	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
've	VB
experienced	VBN
life	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
For	IN
as	RB
long	JJ
as	IN
I	PRP
've	VBP
known	VBN
them	PRP
,	,
they	PRP
have	VBP
never	RB
gotten	VBN
along	IN
.	.
They	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
thinking	VBG
about	IN
divorcing	VBG
all	DT
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
So	IN
I	PRP
've	VBP
never	RB
actually	RB
seen	VBN
love	NN
between	IN
them	PRP
,	,
and	CC
so	IN
I	PRP
guess	VBP
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
really	RB
know	VB
what	WP
it	PRP
's	VBZ
like	IN
to	TO
be	VB
in	IN
a	DT
loving	JJ
relationship	NN
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
they	PRP
stayed	VBD
together	RB
all	PDT
this	DT
time	NN
because	IN
of	IN
me	PRP
.	.
Which	WDT
was	VBD
ultimately	RB
not	RB
beneficial	JJ
.	.
``	``
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
dad	NN
works	VBZ
a	DT
full	JJ
time	NN
job	NN
.	.
I	PRP
only	RB
see	VBP
him	PRP
a	DT
couple	NN
of	IN
hours	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
evening	NN
and	CC
on	IN
the	DT
weekends	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
mom	NN
also	RB
works	VBZ
full	JJ
time	NN
.	.
And	CC
my	PRP$
sisters	NNS
have	VBP
moved	VBN
out	RP
.	.
So	IN
I	PRP
guess	VBP
I	PRP
was	VBD
feeling	VBG
left	VBN
out	RP
and	CC
alone	RB
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
person	NN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
really	RB
close	JJ
to	TO
in	IN
my	PRP$
family	NN
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
mother	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
dad	NN
has	VBZ
only	RB
recently	RB
tried	VBD
to	TO
get	VB
close	RB
to	TO
me	PRP
.	.
But	CC
it	PRP
just	RB
feels	VBZ
too	RB
late	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
dad	NN
is	VBZ
like	IN
a	DT
stranger	NN
to	TO
me	PRP
.	.
``	``
Maybe	RB
if	IN
my	PRP$
mother	NN
did	VBD
n't	RB
drag	VB
me	PRP
off	IN
to	TO
weight	VB
loss	NN
clinics	NNS
left	VBD
and	CC
right	RB
as	IN
a	DT
child	NN
...	:
and	CC
maybe	RB
if	IN
my	PRP$
daddy	NN
did	VBD
n't	RB
tell	VB
me	PRP
how	WRB
fat	JJ
or	CC
chunky	JJ
I	PRP
was	VBD
...	:
maybe	RB
if	IN
they	PRP
made	VBD
me	PRP
feel	VB
like	IN
more	JJR
of	IN
a	DT
person	NN
and	CC
less	JJR
of	IN
a	DT
body	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
began	VBD
when	WRB
my	PRP$
father	NN
died	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
always	RB
wondered	VBD
if	IN
he	PRP
had	VBD
n't	RB
killed	VBN
himself	PRP
would	MD
he	PRP
have	VB
been	VBN
happy	JJ
about	IN
my	PRP$
anorexia	NN
.	.
All	DT
I	PRP
know	VBP
is	VBZ
that	IN
he	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
particularly	RB
approve	VB
of	IN
his	PRP$
fat	JJ
child	NN
.	.
Would	MD
it	PRP
make	VB
him	PRP
happy	JJ
that	IN
I	PRP
finally	RB
got	VBD
skinny	NN
?	.
Would	MD
he	PRP
feel	VB
better	JJR
about	IN
himself	PRP
if	IN
he	PRP
had	VBD
lived	VBN
to	TO
see	VB
me	PRP
with	IN
tubes	NNS
up	IN
my	PRP$
nose	NN
and	CC
in	IN
my	PRP$
veins	NNS
?	.
Would	MD
he	PRP
be	VB
proud	JJ
that	IN
I	PRP
almost	RB
starved	VBD
myself	PRP
to	TO
death	NN
?	.
Or	CC
would	MD
he	PRP
say	VB
that	IN
he	PRP
loved	VBD
me	PRP
no	DT
matter	NN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
?	.
Would	MD
he	PRP
love	VB
me	PRP
for	IN
the	DT
great	JJ
person	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
inside	IN
?	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
too	RB
bad	JJ
his	PRP$
talented	JJ
daughter	NN
has	VBZ
given	VBN
up	RP
her	PRP$
dreams	NNS
in	IN
search	NN
of	IN
pleasing	VBG
her	PRP$
dead	JJ
father	NN
through	IN
starvation	NN
...	:
Too	RB
bad	JJ
he	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
have	VB
stuck	VBN
around	IN
to	TO
see	VB
how	WRB
damaging	JJ
his	PRP$
words	NNS
were	VBD
.	.
He	PRP
will	MD
see	VB
me	PRP
soon	RB
enough	RB
when	WRB
this	DT
disease	NN
finally	RB
kills	VBZ
me	PRP
.	.
Will	MD
he	PRP
be	VB
happy	JJ
to	TO
see	VB
me	PRP
then	RB
?	.
Dieting	NN
is	VBZ
dangerous	JJ
.	.
And	CC
that	DT
should	MD
be	VB
plastered	VBN
on	IN
billboards	NNS
and	CC
on	IN
magazine	NN
covers	VBZ
instead	RB
of	IN
these	DT
thin	JJ
women	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
airbrushed	VBN
and	CC
starving	VBG
themselves	PRP
.	.
This	DT
started	VBD
out	RP
as	IN
a	DT
simple	JJ
diet	NN
...	:
and	CC
everyone	NN
was	VBD
so	RB
happy	JJ
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
losing	VBG
the	DT
weight	NN
...	:
but	CC
then	RB
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
stop	VB
.	.
And	CC
I	PRP
turned	VBD
out	RP
to	TO
have	VB
anorexia	NN
.	.
And	CC
we	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
go	VB
to	TO
the	DT
dance	NN
because	IN
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
spare	VB
him	PRP
the	DT
embarrassment	NN
.	.
If	IN
only	RB
more	JJR
parents	NNS
raised	VBD
their	PRP$
children	NNS
like	IN
his	PRP$
parents	NNS
raised	VBD
him	PRP
...	:
too	RB
disregard	NN
outside	JJ
appearances	NNS
and	CC
recognize	VB
the	DT
goodness	NN
that	WDT
hides	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
inside	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
friends	NNS
in	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
all	DT
knew	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
throwing	VBG
up	RP
.	.
They	PRP
never	RB
said	VBD
a	DT
word	NN
.	.
Maybe	RB
if	IN
they	PRP
had	VBD
spoken	VBN
up	IN
they	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
spared	VBN
me	PRP
the	DT
torture	VBP
of	IN
multiple	JJ
hospitalizations	NNS
and	CC
near	IN
death	NN
experiences	NNS
.	.
Friends	NNPS
need	VBP
to	TO
recognize	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
worth	JJ
destroying	VBG
a	DT
friendship	NN
to	TO
save	VB
a	DT
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
if	IN
my	PRP$
friends	NNS
had	VBD
it	PRP
to	TO
do	VB
over	IN
...	:
they	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
done	VBN
more	RBR
than	IN
sit	VB
outside	IN
the	DT
bathroom	NN
door	NN
and	CC
talk	NN
about	IN
me	PRP
.	.
My	PRP$
best	JJS
friends	NNS
could	MD
n't	RB
take	VB
the	DT
constant	JJ
worry	NN
.	.
They	PRP
got	VBD
sick	JJ
of	IN
running	VBG
home	NN
from	IN
college	NN
and	CC
work	NN
to	TO
find	VB
me	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
again	RB
.	.
I	PRP
drove	VBD
them	PRP
into	IN
therapy	NN
.	.
And	CC
a	DT
therapist	NN
said	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
thing	NN
they	PRP
could	MD
do	VB
for	IN
themselves	PRP
was	VBD
to	TO
distance	VB
themselves	PRP
from	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
always	RB
resented	VBN
that	IN
...	:
because	IN
for	IN
many	JJ
years	NNS
they	PRP
were	VBD
all	DT
I	PRP
had	VBD
left	VBN
to	TO
cling	VB
to	TO
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
'm	VBP
23	CD
and	CC
still	RB
dealing	VBG
with	IN
this	DT
,	,
although	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
road	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
.	.
I	PRP
refuse	VBP
to	TO
let	VB
myself	PRP
be	VB
controlled	VBN
by	IN
this	DT
disease	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
my	PRP$
entire	JJ
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
have	VB
children	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
live	VB
.	.
``	``
My	PRP$
father	NN
has	VBZ
also	RB
called	VBN
me	PRP
names	NNS
like	IN
stupid	JJ
,	,
dumb	JJ
,	,
asshole	NN
and	CC
dumb-ass	NN
all	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
think	VB
he	PRP
realizes	VBZ
how	WRB
much	JJ
those	DT
words	NNS
have	VBP
hurt	VBN
me	PRP
and	CC
affected	JJ
my	PRP$
self	NN
esteem	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
mother	NN
has	VBZ
also	RB
been	VBN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
a	DT
chronic	JJ
disease	NN
for	IN
9	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
I	PRP
feel	VBP
guilty	JJ
about	IN
her	PRP$
being	VBG
sick	JJ
,	,
like	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
my	PRP$
fault	NN
.	.
Maybe	RB
because	IN
she	PRP
unknowingly	RB
lays	VBZ
guilt	NN
trips	NNS
on	IN
me	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
.	.
I	PRP
doubt	VBP
myself	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
hate	VBP
myself	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
always	RB
have	VBP
to	TO
measure	VB
up	RP
to	TO
them	PRP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
you	PRP
feel	VBP
worthless	JJ
,	,
depressed	JJ
and	CC
angry	JJ
.	.
How	WRB
did	VBD
I	PRP
get	VB
this	DT
way	NN
?	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
an	DT
athlete	NN
all	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
never	RB
doubting	VBG
how	WRB
I	PRP
felt	VBD
or	CC
looked	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
find	VB
a	DT
way	NN
out	RP
,	,
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
be	VB
healthy	JJ
,	,
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
love	VB
myself	PRP
again	RB
.	.
''	''
``	``
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
seventeen-year	JJ
old	JJ
girl	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
recovering	VBG
from	IN
both	DT
anorexia	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
conciously	RB
dealing	VBG
with	IN
recovery	NN
for	IN
almost	RB
a	DT
year	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
behaviors	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
going	VBG
on	IN
for	IN
about	IN
three	CD
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
gone	VBN
almost	RB
a	DT
month	NN
without	IN
any	DT
behaviors	NNS
,	,
so	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
excited	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
my	PRP$
whole	JJ
disorder	NN
could	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
prevented	VBN
if	IN
I	PRP
would	MD
've	VB
had	VBD
a	DT
more	RBR
supportive	JJ
and	CC
caring	VBG
family	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
sisters	NNS
are	VBP
obsessed	VBN
with	IN
weight	NN
loss	NN
,	,
and	CC
my	PRP$
mom	NN
does	VBZ
nothing	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
it	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
Hell	NNP
growing	VBG
up	RP
in	IN
my	PRP$
house	NN
,	,
where	WRB
every	DT
other	JJ
conversation	NN
revolves	VBZ
around	IN
how	WRB
horrible	JJ
fat	NN
is	VBZ
and	CC
how	WRB
much	RB
better	JJR
everything	NN
could	MD
be	VB
if	IN
we	PRP
all	DT
just	RB
lost	VBN
the	DT
pounds	NNS
.	.
If	IN
my	PRP$
family	NN
would	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
more	RBR
loving	JJ
instead	RB
of	IN
judgemental	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
helped	VBN
a	DT
lot	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
Maybe	RB
if	IN
my	PRP$
mom	NN
had	VBD
n't	RB
told	VBD
me	PRP
that	IN
``	``
my	PRP$
bones	NNS
could	MD
stand	VB
to	TO
stick	VB
out	RP
a	DT
little	RB
more	JJR
''	''
,	,
or	CC
asking	VBG
me	PRP
for	IN
tips	NNS
on	IN
weight	NN
loss	NN
.	.
Maybe	RB
if	IN
my	PRP$
dad	NN
did	VBD
n't	RB
sit	VB
and	CC
drool	VB
over	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
skinny	JJ
women	NNS
he	PRP
ever	RB
sees	VBZ
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
anorexic	JJ
for	IN
five	CD
years	NNS
now	RB
,	,
and	CC
though	IN
I	PRP
look	VBP
healthy	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
daily	JJ
battle	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
to	TO
want	VB
to	TO
feed	VB
the	DT
pangs	NNS
of	IN
hunger	NN
I	PRP
get	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
my	PRP$
date	NN
to	TO
thank	VB
for	IN
this	DT
behaviorial	JJ
pattern	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
created	VBN
for	IN
myself	PRP
.	.
Five	CD
years	NNS
I	PRP
was	VBD
date	NN
raped	VBD
on	IN
a	DT
road	NN
in	IN
the	DT
middle	NN
of	IN
the	DT
night	NN
by	IN
a	DT
boy	NN
who	WP
told	VBD
me	PRP
he	PRP
was	VBD
my	PRP$
best	JJS
friend	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
sure	JJ
what	WP
hurted	VBD
more	RBR
:	:
him	PRP
forcing	VBG
his	PRP$
way	NN
into	IN
me	PRP
or	CC
the	DT
asphalt	NN
on	IN
my	PRP$
back	NN
.	.
Since	IN
then	RB
,	,
I	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
face	VB
dating	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
in	IN
two	CD
other	JJ
emotional	JJ
wrecking	VBG
relationship	NN
,	,
where	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
nothing	NN
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
wind-up	JJ
toy	NN
for	IN
someone	NN
to	TO
play	VB
with	IN
,	,
and	CC
being	VBG
intimate	JJ
with	IN
people	NNS
,	,
male	NN
or	CC
female	NN
,	,
gets	VBZ
more	JJR
confusing	JJ
everyday	JJ
.	.
Most	JJS
people	NNS
I	PRP
know	VBP
and	CC
who	WP
know	VBP
me	PRP
,	,
unbeknowst	JJ
to	TO
them	PRP
,	,
make	VBP
me	PRP
feel	VB
so	RB
incredibly	RB
guilty	JJ
and	CC
weak	JJ
for	IN
not	RB
fighting	VBG
for	IN
not	RB
reporting	VBG
,	,
for	IN
not	RB
doing	VBG
anything	NN
.	.
The	DT
things	NNS
they	PRP
say	VBP
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
unbelievable	JJ
what	WP
people	NNS
can	MD
say	VB
.	.
But	CC
how	WRB
do	VBP
you	PRP
explain	VBP
to	TO
people	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
nothing	NN
to	TO
relate	VB
your	PRP$
experience	NN
to	TO
in	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
history	NN
?	.
``	``
Yet	RB
,	,
somewhere	RB
...	:
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
blue	JJ
haze	NN
of	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
appears	VBZ
the	DT
one	CD
thing	NN
that	WDT
makes	VBZ
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
live	VB
and	CC
breath	NN
.	.
Somewhere	RB
there	EX
is	VBZ
love	NN
.	.
It	PRP
took	VBD
me	PRP
five	CD
years	NNS
to	TO
realize	VB
that	DT
love	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
only	JJ
cure	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
find	VB
within	IN
myself	PRP
,	,
then	RB
in	IN
others	NNS
if	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
recover	VB
.	.
Somewhere	RB
,	,
I	PRP
found	VBD
support	NN
from	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
loved	VBD
me	PRP
for	IN
me	PRP
,	,
not	RB
my	PRP$
history	NN
,	,
not	RB
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
I	PRP
put	VBP
out	RP
,	,
or	CC
drank	VBD
them	PRP
under	IN
the	DT
table	NN
,	,
or	CC
something	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
.	.
They	PRP
love	VBP
me	PRP
for	IN
the	DT
bizarre	JJ
questions	NNS
I	PRP
ask	VBP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
stringy	JJ
blonde	JJ
hair	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
way	NN
I	PRP
organize	VBP
everything	NN
in	IN
a	DT
fashion	NN
that	WDT
only	RB
I	PRP
can	MD
follow	VB
.	.
They	PRP
love	VBP
me	PRP
for	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
rape	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
strength	NN
for	IN
living	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
will	MD
to	TO
want	VB
to	TO
recover	VB
,	,
my	PRP$
devotion	NN
to	TO
educating	VBG
others	NNS
.	.
Though	NNP
,	,
they	PRP
still	RB
get	VBP
angry	JJ
at	IN
my	PRP$
date	NN
for	IN
what	WP
he	PRP
did	VBD
,	,
no	DT
matter	NN
what	WP
,	,
they	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
get	VB
angry	JJ
with	IN
me	PRP
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
have	VBP
never	RB
asked	VBN
anyone	NN
to	TO
understand	VB
,	,
just	RB
not	RB
judge	VB
me	PRP
.	.
But	CC
sometimes	RB
,	,
when	WRB
the	DT
lights	NNS
are	VBP
off	RB
and	CC
the	DT
world	NN
is	VBZ
sleeping	VBG
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
'm	VBP
lying	VBG
there	RB
in	IN
my	PRP$
bed	NN
thinking	NN
,	,
I	PRP
swear	VBP
I	PRP
can	MD
hear	VB
myself	PRP
dying	VBG
.	.
''	''
Instead	RB
of	IN
telling	VBG
me	PRP
how	WRB
gross	JJ
I	PRP
looked	VBD
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
die	VB
,	,
and	CC
generally	RB
trying	VBG
to	TO
get	VB
myself	PRP
to	TO
hate	VB
myself	PRP
enough	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
'd	MD
want	VB
to	TO
change	VB
,	,
he	PRP
should	MD
have	VB
said	VBD
things	NNS
like	IN
,	,
``	``
You	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
positivie	NN
qualities	NNS
to	TO
share	VB
with	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
continue	VBP
down	RP
this	DT
path	NN
,	,
you	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
achieve	VB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
hopes	NNS
,	,
goals	NNS
and	CC
dreams	VBZ
that	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
for	IN
yourself	PRP
.	.
''	''
That	DT
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
referring	VBG
me	PRP
for	IN
psychological	JJ
help	NN
earlier	JJR
than	IN
5	CD
months	NNS
into	IN
my	PRP$
bout	NN
with	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
would	MD
have	VB
helped	VBN
a	DT
lot	NN
.	.
Say	VB
,	,
``	``
No	UH
,	,
I	PRP
know	VBP
you	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
eat	VB
before	IN
you	PRP
came	VBD
over	RP
.	.
''	''
But	CC
most	RBS
importantly	RB
,	,
tell	VBP
them	PRP
that	IN
you	PRP
care	VBP
,	,
that	IN
you	PRP
value	VBP
their	PRP$
companionship	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
it	PRP
hurts	VBZ
you	PRP
to	TO
see	VB
them	PRP
hurting	VBG
themselves	PRP
.	.
A	DT
little	JJ
bit	NN
of	IN
love	NN
goes	VBZ
a	DT
long	JJ
way	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
In	IN
my	PRP$
opinion	NN
,	,
the	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
thing	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
prevention	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
make	VB
all	DT
adults	NNS
,	,
especially	RB
mothers	NNS
,	,
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
prevalence	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
so	RB
many	JJ
mothers	NNS
who	WP
unknowingly	RB
cause	VBP
their	PRP$
daughters	NNS
to	TO
fall	VB
prey	NN
to	TO
ed	VB
's	POS
.	.
My	PRP$
sister	NN
is	VBZ
12	CD
,	,
and	CC
her	PRP$
friend	NN
's	POS
moms	NNS
are	VBP
constantly	RB
telling	VBG
their	PRP$
daughters	NNS
whose	WP$
bodies	NNS
are	VBP
naturally	RB
changing	VBG
,	,
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
gaining	VBG
too	RB
much	JJ
weight	NN
and	CC
they	PRP
should	MD
watch	VB
what	WP
they	PRP
eat	VBP
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
amazing	JJ
to	TO
see	VB
the	DT
results	NNS
--	:
my	PRP$
sister	NN
's	POS
best	JJS
friend	NN
now	RB
eats	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
way	NN
of	IN
rebelling	VBG
against	IN
her	PRP$
overprotective	JJ
mother	NN
's	POS
commands	NNS
.	.
How	WRB
can	MD
this	DT
result	NN
in	IN
anything	NN
BUT	NNP
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
?	.
Whether	IN
she	PRP
continues	VBZ
to	TO
eat	VB
compulsively	RB
or	CC
she	PRP
begins	VBZ
to	TO
starve	VB
herself	PRP
to	TO
please	VB
her	PRP$
mom	NN
,	,
she	PRP
will	MD
definitely	RB
suffer	VB
from	IN
eating	VBG
problems	NNS
.	.
''	''
``	``
TO	TO
answer	VB
the	DT
question	NN
about	IN
what	WP
could	MD
have	VB
prevented	VBN
my	PRP$
eating	NN
disorder	NN
...	:
I	PRP
think	VBP
the	DT
bottom	JJ
line	NN
was	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
very	RB
low	JJ
self	NN
esteem	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
always	RB
been	VBN
shy	JJ
,	,
and	CC
once	RB
I	PRP
reached	VBD
junior	JJ
high	JJ
I	PRP
just	RB
wasnt	VBP
ready	JJ
to	TO
face	VB
all	PDT
the	DT
``	``
typical	JJ
''	''
teenage	JJ
issues	NNS
we	PRP
all	DT
go	VBP
through	IN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
shy	JJ
around	IN
boys	NNS
,	,
and	CC
uncomfortable	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
physical	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
But	CC
the	DT
main	JJ
issues	NNS
were	VBD
at	IN
home	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
father	NN
was	VBD
an	DT
alcoholic	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
he	PRP
passed	VBD
away	RB
last	JJ
year	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
because	IN
of	IN
this	DT
,	,
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
fought	VBN
constantly	RB
.	.
The	DT
fights	NNS
become	VBP
more	RBR
and	CC
more	RBR
violent	JJ
during	IN
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
junior	JJ
high	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
remember	VBP
being	VBG
ashamed	JJ
to	TO
bring	VB
any	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
friends	NNS
home	NN
in	IN
fear	NN
that	IN
my	PRP$
father	NN
would	MD
be	VB
there	RB
drunk	JJ
,	,
or	CC
they	PRP
might	MD
hear	VB
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
fighting	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
used	VBD
to	TO
spend	VB
alot	NN
of	IN
time	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
room	NN
instead	RB
of	IN
being	VBG
with	IN
my	PRP$
friends	NNS
.	.
''	''
``	``
The	DT
anorexia	NN
turned	VBD
into	IN
bulimia	NN
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
since	IN
been	VBN
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
for	IN
all	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
and	CC
even	RB
when	WRB
I	PRP
eat	VBP
just	RB
a	DT
small	JJ
portion	NN
of	IN
food	NN
my	PRP$
stomach	NN
is	VBZ
sore	JJ
from	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
abuse	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
afflicted	VBN
on	IN
it	PRP
,	,
so	RB
if	IN
I	PRP
throw	VBP
up	RP
,	,
it	PRP
alleviates	VBZ
the	DT
soreness	NN
.	.
``	``
Also	RB
,	,
there	EX
was	VBD
an	DT
incidence	NN
of	IN
molestation	NN
by	IN
a	DT
trusted	VBN
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
family	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
about	IN
5	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
never	RB
forgotten	VBN
it	PRP
and	CC
never	RB
will	MD
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
sure	RB
this	DT
played	VBD
a	DT
big	JJ
part	NN
in	IN
this	DT
disorder	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
made	VBD
me	PRP
feel	VB
``	``
bad	JJ
''	''
and	CC
not	RB
in	IN
control	NN
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
think	VBP
that	IN
if	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
closer	RBR
relationship	NN
with	IN
my	PRP$
Mother	NNP
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
very	RB
young	JJ
I	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
have	VB
kept	VBN
the	DT
molestation	NN
``	``
secret	JJ
''	''
to	TO
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
confided	VBN
in	IN
her	PRP
,	,
unafraid	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
helpful	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
her	PRP$
be	VB
more	JJR
of	IN
a	DT
friend	NN
than	IN
a	DT
critic	NN
.	.
There	EX
were	VBD
6	CD
of	IN
us	PRP
kids	NNS
and	CC
she	PRP
did	VBD
the	DT
best	JJS
she	PRP
could	MD
.	.
Sex	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
talked	VBN
about	IN
in	IN
those	DT
days	NNS
and	CC
it	PRP
should	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
blaming	VBG
this	DT
disease	NN
on	IN
anyone	NN
but	CC
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
that	DT
little	JJ
girls	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
brought	VBN
up	RP
to	TO
be	VB
un-shy	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
more	RBR
outspoken	JJ
and	CC
less	RBR
sheltered	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
real	JJ
world	NN
.	.
They	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
approach	VB
their	PRP$
parents	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
especially	RB
their	PRP$
mothers	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
talk	VB
one	CD
on	IN
one	CD
about	RB
just	RB
about	IN
anything	NN
.	.
They	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
feel	VB
`	``
acceptable	JJ
.	.
'	''
''	''
``	``
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
suffering	VBG
from	IN
anorexia	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
for	IN
about	IN
two	CD
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
my	PRP$
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
had	VBD
a	DT
lot	NN
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
me	PRP
father	NN
was	VBD
an	DT
alcoholic	JJ
for	IN
16	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
disrupted	VBD
my	PRP$
childhood	NN
.	.
I	PRP
learned	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
only	JJ
way	NN
i	FW
could	MD
have	VB
control	NN
was	VBD
through	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
,	,
and	CC
this	DT
helped	VBD
me	PRP
from	IN
having	VBG
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
feelings	NNS
and	CC
problems	NNS
.	.
Society	NNP
has	VBZ
also	RB
had	VBD
a	DT
tremendous	JJ
impact	NN
on	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
always	RB
been	VBN
into	IN
style	NN
and	CC
looks	VBZ
and	CC
grew	VBD
up	RP
reading	VBG
the	DT
teen	JJ
magazines	NNS
and	CC
fashion	NN
catalogs	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
that	IN
society	NN
conveys	VBZ
a	DT
message	NN
that	IN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
be	VB
successful	JJ
,	,
you	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
thin	JJ
and	CC
beautiful	JJ
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
the	DT
models	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
magazines	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
very	RB
thin	JJ
and	CC
perfection	NN
is	VBZ
stressed	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
feel	VBP
taht	IN
some	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
relationships	NNS
have	VBP
had	VBN
an	DT
impact	NN
on	IN
my	PRP$
e.d.	FW
My	PRP$
best	JJS
friend	NN
,	,
who	WP
I	PRP
have	VBP
known	VBN
for	IN
8	CD
years	NNS
,	,
was	VBD
also	RB
into	IN
exercising	VBG
,	,
dieting	NN
,	,
and	CC
looking	VBG
great	JJ
.	.
We	PRP
used	VBD
to	TO
go	VB
out	RP
and	CC
buy	VB
diet	NN
pills	NNS
together	RB
,	,
workout	NN
every	DT
day	NN
,	,
and	CC
monitor	VB
eachother	NN
's	POS
eating	NN
.	.
We	PRP
would	MD
yell	VB
at	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
if	IN
we	PRP
ate	VBD
something	NN
fattening	NN
or	CC
``	``
unhealthy	JJ
''	''
.	.
This	DT
went	VBD
on	IN
for	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
years	NNS
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
she	PRP
got	VBD
over	IN
some	DT
of	IN
her	PRP$
concerns	NNS
,	,
yet	RB
I	PRP
decided	VBD
to	TO
continue	VB
,	,
and	CC
eventually	RB
crossed	VBD
over	IN
the	DT
line	NN
.	.
``	``
Mainly	RB
,	,
society	NN
sends	VBZ
a	DT
message	NN
through	IN
television	NN
,	,
magazines	NNS
,	,
radio	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
that	WDT
is	VBZ
only	RB
concerned	VBN
with	IN
appearance	NN
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
in	IN
order	NN
for	IN
this	DT
to	TO
ever	RB
end	VB
,	,
we	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
begin	VB
to	TO
focus	VB
on	IN
what	WP
's	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
inside	NN
and	CC
not	RB
give	VB
so	RB
much	JJ
attention	NN
to	TO
thinness	NN
and	CC
beauty	NN
.	.
I	PRP
see	VBP
things	NNS
getting	VBG
worse	JJR
and	CC
worse	JJR
,	,
and	CC
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
seem	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
more	RBR
common	JJ
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
others	NNS
from	IN
subjecting	VBG
themselves	PRP
to	TO
this	DT
theory	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
focus	VB
on	IN
life	NN
,	,
happiness	NN
,	,
and	CC
future	NN
without	IN
the	DT
focus	NN
on	IN
looks	NNS
.	.
''	''
``	``
What	WP
could	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
done	VBN
to	TO
prevent	VB
my	PRP$
ed	VBN
?	.
Everything	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
parents	NNS
should	MD
n't	RB
have	VB
forced	VBN
me	PRP
to	TO
sit	VB
at	IN
the	DT
table	NN
until	IN
I	PRP
ate	VBD
everything	NN
from	IN
the	DT
time	NN
I	PRP
could	MD
consume	VB
solid	JJ
food	NN
on	IN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
never	RB
would	MD
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
to	TO
stubborn	JJ
.	.
This	DT
was	VBD
the	DT
only	JJ
battlefield	NN
at	IN
my	PRP$
house	NN
on	IN
which	WDT
I	PRP
could	MD
win	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
My	PRP$
athletic	JJ
director	NN
should	MD
n't	RB
have	VB
taken	VBN
our	PRP$
body	NN
fat	JJ
every	DT
3	CD
months	NNS
,	,
and	CC
put	VBD
us	PRP
down	RP
for	IN
it	PRP
.	.
If	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
n't	RB
been	VBN
such	JJ
an	DT
overachiever	NN
and	CC
perfectionist	NN
.	.
If	IN
people	NNS
acted	VBD
like	IN
shocked	JJ
smartasses	NNS
if	IN
I	PRP
decided	VBD
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
run	VB
for	IN
class	NN
officer	NN
,	,
or	CC
join	VB
some	DT
other	JJ
club	NN
.	.
If	IN
my	PRP$
grandmother	NN
would	MD
n't	RB
have	VB
been	VBN
so	RB
upset	JJ
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
on	IN
Homecoming	VBG
court	NN
,	,
but	CC
did	VBD
n't	RB
win	VB
.	.
If	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
n't	RB
passed	VBN
out	RP
from	IN
drinking	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
16	CD
,	,
and	CC
found	VBD
my	PRP$
boyfriend	NN
of	IN
2	CD
years	NNS
doing	VBG
things	NNS
to	TO
me	PRP
I	PRP
refused	VBD
to	TO
do	VB
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
conscious	JJ
.	.
If	IN
my	PRP$
father	NN
had	VBD
n't	RB
told	VBD
me	PRP
in	IN
a	DT
fit	NN
of	IN
rage	NN
one	CD
night	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
cause	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
problems	NNS
with	IN
my	PRP$
mother	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
boyfriend	NN
going	VBG
around	IN
school	NN
and	CC
telling	VBG
everyone	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
good	JJ
f	SYM
--	:
.	.
Maybe	RB
all	DT
of	IN
these	DT
are	VBP
simplistic	JJ
,	,
and	CC
should	MD
just	RB
be	VB
brushed	VBN
off	RP
.	.
Maybe	RB
since	IN
I	PRP
know	VBP
the	DT
roots	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
problems	NNS
I	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
heal	VB
myself	PRP
,	,
or	CC
get	VB
help	VB
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
do	VB
that	DT
.	.
So	IN
I	PRP
stick	VBP
my	PRP$
finger	NN
down	IN
my	PRP$
throat	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
What	WP
could	MD
people	NNS
have	VBP
done	VBN
differently	RB
for	IN
me	PRP
to	TO
have	VB
not	RB
fallen	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
ed	VBN
trap	NN
?	.
Hmmmm	NNP
...	:
they	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
not	RB
put	VB
such	PDT
an	DT
emphsis	NN
on	IN
weight	NN
-	:
I	PRP
'm	VBP
from	IN
a	DT
larger	JJR
family	NN
,	,
I	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
be	VB
thin	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
parents	NNS
could	MD
have	VB
not	RB
forbidden	VBN
junkfood	NN
from	IN
our	PRP$
house	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
kid	NN
,	,
that	DT
way	NN
now	RB
it	PRP
would	MD
'	''
t	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
such	JJ
a	DT
gotta	NN
have	VBP
more	JJR
treat	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
aunts	NNS
and	CC
uncles	NNS
could	MD
not	RB
have	VB
mentioned	VBN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
eat	VBP
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
at	IN
the	DT
climax	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
aneroxia	NN
,	,
comments	NNS
like	IN
`	``
you	PRP
;	:
ve	NN
lost	VBD
weight	NN
,	,
you	PRP
look	VBP
so	RB
pretty	RB
'	''
should	MD
n't	RB
have	VB
been	VBN
allowed	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
loved	VBN
for	IN
being	VBG
me	PRP
,	,
by	IN
friends	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
,	,
not	RB
for	IN
being	VBG
the	DT
me	PRP
that	IN
they	PRP
wanted	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
.	.
People	NNS
could	MD
have	VB
spent	VBN
less	JJR
time	NN
commenting	VBG
on	IN
appearence	NN
and	CC
more	JJR
on	IN
personality	NN
.	.
Television	NN
could	MD
not	RB
have	VB
made	VBN
fat	JJ
jokes	NNS
,	,
about	IN
thin	JJ
people	NNS
.	.
Size	NN
14	CD
should	MD
be	VB
what	WP
can	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
normal	JJ
.	.
And	CC
I	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
happy	JJ
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
came	VBD
from	IN
a	DT
``	``
typical	JJ
''	''
ED	NNP
family	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
mother	NN
was	VBD
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
still	RB
is	VBZ
-RRB-	-RRB-
over	IN
involved	VBN
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
enmeshed	VBN
as	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
described	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
psychology	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
overprotective	JJ
and	CC
too	RB
involved	VBN
in	IN
all	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
activities	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
know	VB
it	PRP
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
this	DT
type	NN
of	IN
parenting	NN
leads	VBZ
the	DT
child	NN
to	TO
feel	VB
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
.	.
As	IN
people	NNS
with	IN
EDs	NNS
know	VBP
,	,
the	DT
struggle	NN
for	IN
control	NN
is	VBZ
central	JJ
.	.
Parents	NNS
can	MD
help	VB
by	IN
giving	VBG
unconditional	JJ
love	NN
-	:
not	RB
just	RB
showing	VBG
affection	NN
when	WRB
a	DT
child	NN
does	VBZ
well	RB
is	VBZ
sports	NNS
,	,
school	NN
or	CC
lives	VBZ
up	RP
to	TO
the	DT
parents	NNS
'	POS
expectations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
main	JJ
reason	NN
this	DT
does	VBZ
not	RB
occur	VB
is	VBZ
because	IN
parents	NNS
have	VBP
their	PRP$
own	JJ
``	``
stuff	NN
''	''
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
think	VBP
if	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
grown	VBN
up	RP
with	IN
both	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
house	NN
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
given	VBN
my	PRP$
life	NN
a	DT
greater	JJR
sense	NN
of	IN
balance	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
parents	NNS
got	VBD
divorced	VBN
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
first	JJ
grade	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
spend	VBP
the	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
weekends	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
youth	NN
visiting	VBG
my	PRP$
father	NN
every	DT
other	JJ
weekend	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
mom	NN
had	VBD
to	TO
work	VB
very	RB
hard	JJ
to	TO
raise	VB
my	PRP$
brother	NN
and	CC
myself	PRP
.	.
Sometimes	RB
I	PRP
wish	VBP
I	PRP
had	VBD
the	DT
``	``
ALL	NNP
AMERICAN	NNP
FAMILY	NN
''	''
and	CC
that	DT
would	MD
have	VB
made	VBN
my	PRP$
life	NN
``	``
HAPPIER	NNP
''	''
.	.
But	CC
now	RB
I	PRP
am	VBP
22	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
trade	VB
my	PRP$
youth	NN
for	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
to	TO
grow	VB
and	CC
become	VB
stronger	JJR
through	IN
the	DT
difficult	JJ
challenges	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
faced	VBN
with	IN
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
my	PRP$
Anorexia	NNP
is	VBZ
something	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
plagued	VBN
me	PRP
for	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
four	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Hopefully	RB
,	,
one	CD
day	NN
I	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
get	VB
to	TO
the	DT
heart	NN
of	IN
the	DT
disease	NN
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
to	TO
take	VB
care	NN
of	IN
me	PRP
while	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
bulimic	JJ
and	CC
spiraling	VBG
downward	RB
.	.
If	IN
they	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
care	VB
for	IN
me	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
somebody	NN
to	TO
do	VB
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
needed	VBD
help	NN
so	RB
badly	RB
but	CC
it	PRP
seemed	VBD
nobody	NN
would	MD
reach	VB
out	RP
.	.
I	PRP
wish	VBP
my	PRP$
mother	NN
would	MD
've	VB
dragged	VBN
me	PRP
out	IN
of	IN
college	NN
and	CC
put	VBD
me	PRP
in	IN
a	DT
hospital	NN
.	.
Surely	RB
I	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
protested	VBN
,	,
but	CC
deep	RB
down	IN
I	PRP
would	MD
've	VB
been	VBN
relieved	VBN
.	.
My	PRP$
parents	NNS
told	VBD
me	PRP
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
spoiled	VBN
white	JJ
girl	NN
.	.
They	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
just	RB
wanted	VBD
some	DT
attention	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
until	IN
I	PRP
failed	VBD
out	IN
of	IN
college	NN
and	CC
put	VBD
myself	PRP
in	IN
therapy	NN
did	VBD
anyone	NN
realize	VBP
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
just	RB
playing	VBG
games	NNS
.	.
''	''
``	``
I	PRP
think	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
single	JJ
most	RBS
important	JJ
thing	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
way	NN
society	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
media	NNS
portray	VBP
body	NN
image	NN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
given	VBN
the	DT
message	NN
,	,
over	IN
and	CC
over	IN
and	CC
over	IN
,	,
that	IN
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
attractive	JJ
,	,
forget	VB
it	PRP
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
loser	NN
.	.
And	CC
attractive	JJ
means	NNS
thin	JJ
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
us	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
blessed	VBN
with	IN
genetics	NNS
that	WDT
support	VBP
that	DT
size	NN
,	,
so	IN
we	PRP
suffer	VBP
untold	JJ
agonies	NNS
to	TO
try	VB
to	TO
be	VB
what	WP
we	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
intended	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
.	.
The	DT
message	NN
is	VBZ
reinforced	VBN
by	IN
all	DT
around	IN
us	PRP
.	.
My	PRP$
parents	NNS
never	RB
bugged	VBD
me	PRP
about	IN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
,	,
except	IN
I	PRP
liked	VBD
it	PRP
when	WRB
they	PRP
were	VBD
concerned	VBN
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
too	RB
skinny	JJ
.	.
Maybe	RB
I	PRP
was	VBD
looking	VBG
for	IN
attention	NN
from	IN
them	PRP
.	.
They	PRP
had	VBD
their	PRP$
own	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
my	PRP$
dad	NN
was	VBD
an	DT
alcoholic	JJ
,	,
and	CC
my	PRP$
mum	NN
was	VBD
trying	VBG
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
that	DT
and	CC
four	CD
kids	NNS
.	.
Men	NNP
certainly	RB
pay	VBP
alot	RB
more	JJR
attention	NN
to	TO
you	PRP
when	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
skinny	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
,	,
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
from	IN
fat	JJ
to	TO
skinny	VB
,	,
and	CC
back	RB
and	CC
forth	RB
.	.
Right	RB
now	RB
I	PRP
am	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
heavier	JJR
side	NN
,	,
not	RB
really	RB
fat	JJ
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
sure	RB
feel	VBP
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
people	NNS
like	IN
me	PRP
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
how	WRB
I	PRP
look	VBP
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
hard	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
with	IN
people	NNS
when	WRB
I	PRP
feel	VBP
like	IN
this	DT
!	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
so	RB
gross	JJ
,	,
and	CC
ugly	JJ
about	IN
myself	PRP
.	.
``	``
All	DT
I	PRP
ever	RB
wanted	VBD
was	VBD
my	PRP$
Father	NNP
to	TO
say	VB
``	``
I	PRP
love	VBP
you	PRP
''	''
or	CC
``	``
You	PRP
did	VBD
very	RB
well	RB
''	''
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
never	RB
heard	VBD
those	DT
words	NNS
from	IN
him	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
received	VBD
support	NN
from	IN
my	PRP$
mother	NN
but	CC
when	WRB
she	PRP
died	VBD
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
15	CD
,	,
I	PRP
started	VBD
seeking	VBG
approval	NN
from	IN
others	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
desperately	RB
wanted	VBD
love	NN
from	IN
my	PRP$
father	NN
but	CC
he	PRP
only	RB
wanted	VBD
to	TO
start	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
life	NN
without	IN
a	DT
teenage	JJ
daughter	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
final	JJ
attempt	NN
to	TO
win	VB
his	PRP$
love	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
lose	VB
1\/3	CD
of	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
looked	VBD
terrible	JJ
,	,
felt	VBD
terrible	JJ
and	CC
was	VBD
in	IN
a	DT
deep	JJ
depression	NN
.	.
I	PRP
hoped	VBD
this	DT
would	MD
get	VB
him	PRP
to	TO
reach	VB
out	RP
and	CC
help	VB
me	PRP
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
.	.
It	PRP
took	VBD
me	PRP
11	CD
years	NNS
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
to	TO
live	VB
without	IN
him	PRP
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
and	CC
to	TO
get	VB
approval	NN
and	CC
validation	NN
from	IN
others	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
care	VBP
about	IN
someone	NN
,	,
let	VB
them	PRP
know	VB
.	.
It	PRP
will	MD
make	VB
both	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
stronger	JJR
.	.
''	''
Two	CD
aunts	NNS
and	CC
two	CD
cousins	NNS
are	VBP
drug	NN
abusers	NNS
.	.
Two	CD
grandparents	NNS
died	VBD
due	JJ
to	TO
excessive	JJ
smoking	NN
,	,
I	PRP
watched	VBD
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
it	PRP
kill	VB
one	CD
uncle	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
currently	RB
have	VBP
two	CD
aunts	NNS
,	,
an	DT
uncle	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
cousin	NN
who	WP
would	MD
rather	RB
die	VB
that	DT
give	VB
up	RP
the	DT
nicotine	NN
addiction	NN
.	.
Religion	NNP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
mother	NN
's	POS
addiction	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
mother	NN
and	CC
her	PRP$
sisters	NNS
were	VBD
physically	RB
and	CC
psychologically	RB
abused	VBN
by	IN
my	PRP$
grandmother	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
who	WP
psychologically	RB
abused	VBD
the	DT
grandchildren	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
my	PRP$
mother	NN
psychologically	RB
abused	VBD
me	PRP
and	CC
my	PRP$
sister	NN
,	,
and	CC
my	PRP$
sister	NN
physically	RB
and	CC
psychologically	RB
abused	VBD
me	PRP
.	.
Rumor	NN
has	VBZ
it	PRP
that	IN
my	PRP$
cousin	NN
,	,
who	WP
lives	VBZ
in	IN
Florida	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
bulimic	JJ
.	.
While	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
believe	VB
in	IN
blame	NN
,	,
I	PRP
certainly	RB
understand	VBP
why	WRB
I	PRP
try	VBP
to	TO
kill	VB
myself	PRP
through	IN
food	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
It	PRP
's	VBZ
been	VBN
three	CD
days	NNS
since	IN
I	PRP
last	JJ
binged	VBD
and	CC
purged	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
learning	VBG
to	TO
stand	VB
up	RP
for	IN
myself	PRP
.	.
My	PRP$
family	NN
's	POS
not	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
too	RB
happy	JJ
because	IN
I	PRP
refuse	VBP
to	TO
play	VB
their	PRP$
sick	JJ
games	NNS
anymore	RB
.	.
I	PRP
may	MD
lose	VB
my	PRP$
job	NN
because	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
refusing	VBG
to	TO
put	VB
up	RP
with	IN
verbal	JJ
abuse	NN
and	CC
harrassment	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
sexual	JJ
,	,
political	JJ
,	,
and	CC
otherwise	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
While	IN
my	PRP$
family	NN
,	,
friends	NNS
,	,
society	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
have	VB
been	VBN
able	JJ
to	TO
prevent	VB
me	PRP
from	IN
bulimic	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
can	MD
prevent	VB
this	DT
disease	NN
from	IN
killing	VBG
me	PRP
.	.
Through	IN
my	PRP$
lifetime	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
,	,
I	PRP
can	MD
reach	VB
out	RP
to	TO
others	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
recovery	NN
and	CC
,	,
perhaps	RB
,	,
prevent	VBP
others	NNS
from	IN
following	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
path	NN
I	PRP
took	VBD
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
never	RB
fit	VBP
in	IN
even	RB
at	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
house	NN
!	.
Everyone	NN
but	CC
me	PRP
!	.
My	PRP$
parents	NNS
,	,
though	RB
,	,
must	MD
be	VB
very	RB
happy	JJ
!	.
They	PRP
never	RB
wanted	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
fit	VB
in	IN
!	.
I	PRP
also	RB
think	VBP
that	IN
maybe	RB
ballet	NN
took	VBD
part	NN
in	IN
this	DT
terrible	JJ
thing	NN
!	.
So	RB
much	JJ
competition	NN
to	TO
be	VB
thin	JJ
and	CC
lean	JJ
!	.
My	PRP$
dance	NN
teacher	NN
actually	RB
told	VBD
me	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
eat	VB
after	IN
I	PRP
danced	VBD
,	,
or	CC
before	IN
a	DT
class	NN
because	IN
she	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
see	VB
what	WP
I	PRP
ate	VBD
for	IN
lunch	NN
!	.
''	''
``	``
If	IN
someone	NN
would	MD
just	RB
listen	VB
to	TO
me	PRP
...	:
no	DT
one	NN
ever	RB
takes	VBZ
me	PRP
seriously	RB
because	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
just	RB
a	DT
kid	NN
.	.
But	CC
this	DT
kid	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
through	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
you	PRP
could	MD
ever	RB
possibly	RB
imagine	VB
.	.
Yet	CC
you	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
listen	VB
to	TO
me	PRP
.	.
If	IN
only	RB
this	DT
world	NN
would	MD
just	RB
shut	VB
up	RB
and	CC
listen	VB
to	TO
me	PRP
for	IN
a	DT
while	NN
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
see	VB
what	WP
goes	VBZ
on	IN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
because	IN
you	PRP
constantly	RB
push	VBP
me	PRP
aside	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
watch	VBP
from	IN
a	DT
distance	NN
and	CC
see	VB
what	WP
you	PRP
do	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
get	VBP
the	DT
whole	JJ
perspective	NN
when	WRB
you	PRP
all	DT
come	VBP
to	TO
me	PRP
with	IN
your	PRP$
problems	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
just	RB
do	VBP
n't	RB
get	VB
my	PRP$
views	NNS
because	IN
you	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
listen	VB
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
want	VBP
the	DT
world	NN
to	TO
listen	VB
and	CC
hear	VB
me	PRP
out	RP
.	.
We	PRP
hear	VBP
so	RB
much	JJ
about	IN
how	WRB
sad	JJ
this	DT
whole	JJ
thig	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
but	CC
do	VBP
we	PRP
ever	RB
really	RB
help	VB
it	PRP
?	.
No.	NN
.	.
We	PRP
put	VBP
out	RP
clinics	NNS
and	CC
websites	NNS
,	,
but	CC
we	PRP
never	RB
really	RB
stop	VB
to	TO
see	VB
what	WP
is	VBZ
going	VBG
on	RP
.	.
We	PRP
never	RB
love	VBP
them	PRP
.	.
We	PRP
tell	VBP
them	PRP
they	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
beautiful	JJ
and	CC
thin	JJ
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
when	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
hurting	VBG
we	PRP
say	VBP
``	``
oh	UH
yeah	RB
,	,
by	IN
the	DT
way	NN
,	,
we	PRP
love	VBP
you	PRP
.	.
''	''
Once	RB
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
I	PRP
just	RB
want	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
stop	VB
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
want	VBP
the	DT
world	NN
to	TO
undersatnd	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
must	MD
become	VB
better	RBR
before	IN
we	PRP
can	MD
fix	VB
what	WP
is	VBZ
wrong	JJ
.	.
Just	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
realize	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
problem	NN
,	,
They	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
realize	VB
they	PRP
do	VBP
to	TO
.	.
They	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
get	VB
better	JJR
without	IN
stopping	VBG
what	WP
they	PRP
do	VBP
wrong	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
want	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
loved	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
want	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
free	JJ
.	.
``	``
What	WP
could	MD
have	VB
prevented	VBN
my	PRP$
eating	NN
disorder	NN
?	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
difficult	JJ
to	TO
attribute	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
one	CD
factor	NN
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
helped	VBN
if	IN
my	PRP$
mother	NN
had	VBD
actually	RB
taken	VBN
me	PRP
to	TO
a	DT
therapist	NN
instead	RB
of	IN
just	RB
threatening	VBG
to	TO
after	IN
catching	VBG
me	PRP
at	IN
13	CD
throwing	VBG
up	RP
in	IN
the	DT
bathroom	NN
.	.
Instead	RB
of	IN
doing	VBG
anything	NN
about	IN
it	PRP
,	,
she	PRP
screamed	VBD
at	IN
me	PRP
for	IN
awhile	RB
and	CC
then	RB
listened	VBD
to	TO
me	PRP
state	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
just	RB
doing	VBG
it	PRP
because	IN
I	PRP
ate	VBD
too	RB
much	JJ
that	IN
day	NN
,	,
that	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
really	RB
have	VB
a	DT
problem	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
I	PRP
would	MD
stop	VB
it	PRP
.	.
After	IN
that	DT
,	,
I	PRP
guess	VBP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
own	JJ
fault	NN
for	IN
hiding	VBG
it	PRP
so	RB
well	RB
and	CC
not	RB
even	RB
admitting	VBG
to	TO
myself	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
really	RB
had	VBD
a	DT
problem	NN
.	.
Now	RB
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
this	DT
for	IN
over	IN
18	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
am	VBP
only	RB
trying	VBG
to	TO
help	VB
myself	PRP
now	RB
because	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
getting	VBG
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
know	VBP
mentally	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
hurting	VBG
myself	PRP
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
stop	VB
emotionally	RB
from	IN
doing	VBG
it	PRP
.	.
''	''
``	``
Maybe	RB
if	IN
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
were	VBD
n't	RB
so	RB
messed	VBN
up	RP
and	CC
actually	RB
listened	VBD
to	TO
what	WP
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
say	VB
.	.
They	PRP
knew	VBD
that	IN
at	IN
age	NN
11	CD
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
kill	VB
myself	PRP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
only	JJ
thing	NN
they	PRP
said	VBD
was	VBD
``	``
you	PRP
should	MD
n't	RB
think	VB
like	IN
that	DT
''	''
.	.
They	PRP
never	RB
tried	VBD
to	TO
get	VB
me	PRP
help	VB
or	CC
anything	NN
.	.
``	``
How	WRB
could	MD
my	PRP$
eating	NN
disorder	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
prevented	VBN
?	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
sure	JJ
it	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
.	.
My	PRP$
Mom	NN
was	VBD
chronically	RB
ill	JJ
for	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
my	PRP$
childhood	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
accepted	VBD
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
she	PRP
was	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
die	VB
.	.
And	CC
then	RB
she	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
.	.
And	CC
then	RB
she	PRP
became	VBD
clinically	RB
depressed	VBN
.	.
And	CC
then	RB
I	PRP
was	VBD
told	VBN
,	,
``	``
Do	VBP
n't	RB
upset	VB
your	PRP$
mother	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
Well	UH
,	,
just	RB
tell	VB
your	PRP$
Mother	NNP
that	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
sorry	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
it	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
your	PRP$
fault	NN
,	,
but	CC
tell	VB
her	PRP$
it	PRP
is	VBZ
,	,
anyway	RB
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
pent	NN
up	IN
feelings	NNS
of	IN
anger	NN
and	CC
bitterness	NN
toward	IN
her	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
honest	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
allowed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
honest	JJ
,	,
for	IN
fear	NN
of	IN
hurting	VBG
her	PRP
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
I	PRP
felt	VBD
this	DT
horrible	JJ
guilt	NN
.	.
Like	IN
somehow	RB
I	PRP
could	MD
've	VB
saved	VBN
``	``
Mommy	NNP
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
tried	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
perfect	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
always	RB
put	VBD
myself	PRP
down	RP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
total	JJ
perfectionist	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
blame	VB
them	PRP
,	,
though	RB
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
it	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
their	PRP$
fault	NN
Mom	NN
got	VBD
sick	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
sister	NN
went	VBD
through	IN
it	PRP
with	IN
me	PRP
,	,
and	CC
nothing	NN
happened	VBD
to	TO
her	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
this	DT
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
problem	NN
.	.
Sometimes	RB
I	PRP
think	VBP
the	DT
mixture	NN
of	IN
striving	VBG
for	IN
perfection	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
``	``
save	VB
everyone	NN
''	''
,	,
and	CC
bring	VB
harmony	NN
to	TO
my	PRP$
life	NN
when	WRB
there	EX
was	VBD
n't	RB
any	DT
,	,
carried	VBD
over	IN
into	IN
my	PRP$
adult	NN
life	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	DT
's	VBZ
why	WRB
I	PRP
'm	VBP
having	VBG
problems	NNS
now	RB
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
often	RB
that	IN
when	WRB
I	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
honest	JJ
about	IN
how	WRB
I	PRP
'm	VBP
feeling	NN
,	,
I	PRP
stop	VBP
eating	VBG
.	.
''	''
``	``
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
little	JJ
thing	NN
to	TO
listen	VB
to	TO
a	DT
child	NN
.	.
I	PRP
lift	VBP
my	PRP$
daughter	NN
up	IN
to	TO
sit	VB
on	IN
the	DT
counter	NN
or	CC
carry	VB
her	PRP$
so	IN
that	IN
we	PRP
can	MD
talk	VB
eye	NN
to	TO
eye	NN
...	:
it	PRP
matters	VBZ
a	DT
lot	NN
because	IN
now	RB
if	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
distracted	VBN
she	PRP
musters	VBZ
up	RP
all	PDT
the	DT
authority	NN
a	DT
4	CD
year	NN
old	JJ
possibly	RB
can	MD
and	CC
says	VBZ
`	``
mom	NN
,	,
i	FW
need	MD
you	PRP
to	TO
wook	VB
at	IN
me	PRP
for	IN
a	DT
sec	NN
...	:
I	PRP
gotta	VBP
tell	VB
you	PRP
something	NN
...	:
'	''
My	PRP$
son	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
have	VB
a	DT
mom	NN
who	WP
was	VBD
connected	VBN
when	WRB
he	PRP
was	VBD
this	DT
little	JJ
and	CC
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
big	JJ
difference	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
self-esteem	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
too	RB
late	JJ
to	TO
teach	VB
my	PRP$
son	NN
...	:
but	CC
he	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
as	IN
trusting	VBG
at	IN
nine	CD
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
work	NN
to	TO
teach	VB
trust	NN
to	TO
a	DT
kid	NN
with	IN
a	DT
low	JJ
self	NN
image	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
little	JJ
thing	NN
to	TO
look	VB
them	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
eye	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
matters	VBZ
.	.
''	''
``	``
I	PRP
must	MD
start	VB
by	IN
saying	VBG
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
take	VB
full	JJ
reponsibility	NN
for	IN
my	PRP$
behaviors	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
started	VBD
abusing	VBG
laxatives	NNS
my	PRP$
first	JJ
year	NN
in	IN
college	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
fist	NN
rememberance	NN
of	IN
why	WRB
-	:
a	DT
friend	NN
told	VBD
me	PRP
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
gain	VB
weight	NN
if	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
go	VB
to	TO
the	DT
bathroom	NN
regularly	RB
.	.
I	PRP
mentioned	VBD
this	DT
to	TO
my	PRP$
Doctor	NNP
but	CC
he	PRP
just	RB
said	VBD
to	TO
take	VB
a	DT
``	``
natural	JJ
''	''
laxative	NN
daily	RB
.	.
``	``
The	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
I	PRP
realized	VBD
that	IN
taking	VBG
laxatives	NNS
was	VBD
a	DT
``	``
big	JJ
''	''
deal	NN
was	VBD
my	PRP$
first	JJ
visit	NN
to	TO
a	DT
counselor	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
taking	VBG
laxatives	NNS
for	IN
over	IN
5	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
never	RB
knew	VBD
the	DT
damage	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
being	VBG
done	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
shock	NN
to	TO
find	VB
out	RP
about	IN
what	WP
my	PRP$
body	NN
was	VBD
going	VBG
through	IN
.	.
``	``
To	TO
answer	VB
your	PRP$
question	NN
,	,
I	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
discontinued	VBN
my	PRP$
abuse	NN
of	IN
the	DT
drug	NN
if	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
Doctor	NN
would	MD
have	VB
listened	VBN
to	TO
me	PRP
and	CC
educated	VBN
me	PRP
on	IN
the	DT
outcome	NN
of	IN
taking	VBG
laxatives	NNS
.	.
Who	WP
is	VBZ
to	TO
say	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
switched	VBN
to	TO
another	DT
form	NN
of	IN
bulimia	NN
?	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
jsut	NN
a	DT
guess	NN
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
say	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
think	VB
that	IN
one	CD
specific	JJ
thing	NN
would	MD
have	VB
prevented	VBN
me	PRP
from	IN
behaving	VBG
this	DT
way	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
Parents	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
try	VB
to	TO
take	VB
responsibility	NN
for	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
,	,
this	DT
will	MD
definitely	RB
make	VB
things	NNS
worse	JJR
,	,
although	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
common	JJ
,	,
natural	JJ
reaction	NN
for	IN
parents	NNS
to	TO
take	VB
.	.
The	DT
person	NN
with	IN
the	DT
eating	NN
disorder	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
realize	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
her	PRP$
responsibility	NN
.	.
A	DT
certain	JJ
distance	NN
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
parents	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
supportive	JJ
.	.
The	DT
parents	NNS
should	MD
always	RB
ask	VB
the	DT
daughter\/son	NN
how	WRB
they	PRP
can	MD
help	VB
,	,
never	RB
the	DT
therapist	NN
or	CC
clinic	NN
that	IN
she	PRP
attends	VBZ
.	.
This	DT
helps	VBZ
the	DT
person	NN
take	VB
an	DT
active	JJ
role	NN
in	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
person	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
these	DT
things	NNS
initially	RB
,	,
so	RB
do	VBP
n't	RB
force	VB
answers	NNS
.	.
''	''
``	``
I	PRP
suffered	VBD
from	IN
anorexia	NN
and	CC
Bulimia	NN
for	IN
about	IN
3	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
am	VBP
still	RB
dealing	VBG
with	IN
some	DT
issues	NNS
surronding	VBG
them	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
came	VBD
from	IN
a	DT
small	JJ
town	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
doctors	NNS
,	,
to	TO
be	VB
blunt	JJ
,	,
were	VBD
clueless	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
might	MD
as	RB
well	RB
have	VB
stood	VBN
before	IN
my	PRP$
doctor	NN
with	IN
a	DT
sign	NN
on	IN
my	PRP$
forehead	NN
that	WDT
said	VBD
``	``
I	PRP
need	VBP
help	NN
''	''
and	CC
he	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
have	VB
seen	VBN
it	PRP
.	.
''	''
``	``
My	PRP$
bulimia	NN
could	MD
not	RB
have	VB
been	VBN
prevented	VBN
because	IN
people	NNS
with	IN
bulimia	NN
are	VBP
so	RB
good	JJ
at	IN
hiding	VBG
their	PRP$
disease	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
dentist	NN
never	RB
comments	VBZ
about	IN
the	DT
thinned	VBN
enamel	NN
on	IN
my	PRP$
teeth	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
though	IN
my	PRP$
current	JJ
physician	NN
noticed	VBD
it	PRP
!	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
My	PRP$
gynecologist	NN
doesnn	NN
'	''
t	NNS
know	VBP
the	DT
cause	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
irregular	JJ
and	CC
somethimes	NNS
absent	JJ
periods	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
old	JJ
doctor	NN
could	MD
n't	RB
figure	VB
out	RP
why	WRB
I	PRP
had	VBD
bleeding	VBG
ulcers	NNS
and	CC
colitis	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
self-inflicted	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
since	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
nineteen	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
So	IN
you	PRP
people	NNS
who	WP
temporarily	RB
want	VBP
bulimia	NN
--	:
how	WRB
would	MD
you	PRP
like	VB
to	TO
vomit	VB
and	CC
shit	VB
blood	NN
.	.
Yeah	UH
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
really	RB
glamorous	JJ
controlling	VBG
your	PRP$
weight	NN
this	DT
way	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
''	''
``	``
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
really	RB
what	WP
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
could	MD
have	VB
done	VBN
to	TO
prevent	VB
this	DT
other	JJ
than	IN
sitting	VBG
down	RP
with	IN
me	PRP
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
younger	JJR
to	TO
talk	VB
about	IN
weight	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
what	WP
matters	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
inside	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
know	VB
for	IN
myself	PRP
I	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
communicated	VBN
my	PRP$
feelings	NNS
better	RBR
,	,
stop	VB
the	DT
cycle	NN
of	IN
trying	VBG
to	TO
please	VB
everyone	NN
else	RB
,	,
and	CC
actually	RB
let	VB
myself	PRP
feel	VB
pain	NN
and	CC
hurt	VB
emotions	NNS
rather	RB
than	IN
stuffing	VBG
them	PRP
inside	IN
and	CC
letting	VBG
my	PRP$
eating	NN
disorder	NN
become	VB
my	PRP$
viscous	JJ
cycle	NN
of	IN
releasing	VBG
my	PRP$
emotions	NNS
.	.
''	''
``	``
I	PRP
think	VBP
what	WP
will	MD
help	VB
in	IN
the	DT
prevention	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
is	VBZ
education	NN
that	IN
starts	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
elementary	JJ
,	,
middle	JJ
and	CC
high	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
THis	NNS
should	MD
include	VB
teachers	NNS
,	,
parents	NNS
,	,
coaches	NNS
,	,
and	CC
health	NN
personnel	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
interested	JJ
in	IN
starting	VBG
a	DT
program	NN
in	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
school	NN
districts	NNS
where	WRB
I	PRP
live	VBP
that	IN
involve	VBP
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
awareness	NN
.	.
This	DT
could	MD
also	RB
extend	VB
to	TO
college	NN
campuses	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
,	,
and	CC
recently	RB
I	PRP
made	VBD
the	DT
decision	NN
to	TO
become	VB
more	RBR
involved	VBN
with	IN
helping	VBG
others	NNS
overcome	VBP
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
put	VBN
my	PRP$
ED	NN
behind	IN
me	PRP
for	IN
years	NNS
,	,
trying	VBG
to	TO
forget	VB
it	PRP
ever	RB
happened	VBD
.	.
But	CC
now	RB
,	,
I	PRP
hope	VBP
to	TO
put	VB
my	PRP$
professional	JJ
and	CC
personal	JJ
experience	NN
to	TO
use	VB
in	IN
this	DT
area	NN
!	.
''	''
``	``
If	IN
an	DT
ED	NNP
is	VBZ
beginning	VBG
,	,
parents	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
stop	VB
focusing	VBG
on	IN
food	NN
.	.
This	DT
makes	VBZ
the	DT
child	NN
feel	VBP
even	RB
more	RBR
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
since	IN
food	NN
is	VBZ
seen	VBN
as	IN
their	PRP$
last	JJ
area	NN
of	IN
life	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
body	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
CAN	VBP
control	NN
.	.
Parents	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
ask	VB
their	PRP$
children	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
whatever	WDT
their	PRP$
age	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
about	IN
their	PRP$
feelings	NNS
.	.
``	``
i	FW
have	VBP
been	VBN
exploring	VBG
this	DT
internet	NN
site	NN
for	IN
a	DT
while	NN
now	RB
wondering	VBG
if	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
could	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
prevented	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
really	RB
sure	JJ
.	.
Maybe	RB
if	IN
my	PRP$
mom	NN
had	VBD
n't	RB
been	VBN
on	IN
every	DT
diet	NN
known	VBN
to	TO
man	NN
.	.
Maybe	RB
if	IN
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
actually	RB
had	VBD
allowed	VBN
me	PRP
to	TO
tell	VB
them	PRP
what	WP
I	PRP
really	RB
felt	VBD
.	.
Maybe	RB
if	IN
they	PRP
had	VBD
told	VBN
me	PRP
it	PRP
was	VBD
okay	JJ
to	TO
feel	VB
.	.
Maybe	RB
if	IN
they	PRP
had	VBD
actually	RB
been	VBN
there	RB
and	CC
not	RB
forced	VBD
me	PRP
into	IN
a	DT
surrogate	JJ
mother	NN
role	NN
for	IN
my	PRP$
sisters	NNS
.	.
Maybe	RB
if	IN
society	NN
did	VBD
n't	RB
tell	VB
girls	NNS
that	WDT
thin	JJ
is	VBZ
in	IN
and	CC
fat	JJ
is	VBZ
bad	JJ
.	.
Maybe	RB
if	IN
my	PRP$
self	NN
esteem	NN
had	VBD
been	VBN
higher	JJR
.	.
Maybe	RB
.	.
I	PRP
like	VBP
to	TO
think	VB
more	JJR
about	IN
recovery	NN
now	RB
and	CC
how	WRB
I	PRP
can	MD
get	VB
my	PRP$
life	NN
back	RB
from	IN
the	DT
anorexia	NN
that	WDT
stole	VBD
it	PRP
rather	RB
than	IN
how	WRB
it	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
prevented	VBN
.	.
But	CC
to	TO
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
not	RB
yet	RB
affected	VBN
,	,
just	RB
remember	VBP
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
so	RB
much	RB
more	JJR
to	TO
you	PRP
than	IN
your	PRP$
weight	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
only	RB
a	DT
number	NN
.	.
And	CC
to	TO
parents	NNS
of	IN
kids	NNS
,	,
listen	VBP
to	TO
them	PRP
,	,
let	VB
them	PRP
tell	VB
you	PRP
what	WP
they	PRP
really	RB
feel	VBP
no	DT
matter	NN
how	WRB
much	JJ
it	PRP
hurts	VBZ
because	IN
it	PRP
could	MD
save	VB
them	PRP
years	NNS
of	IN
hurt	NN
in	IN
the	DT
long	JJ
run	NN
.	.
''	''
It	PRP
hurt	VBD
to	TO
walk	VB
,	,
or	CC
sit	VB
,	,
I	PRP
lost	VBD
my	PRP$
period	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
vision	NN
detiorated	VBD
and	CC
I	PRP
lost	VBD
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
hair	NN
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
help	VB
myself	PRP
out	IN
of	IN
it	PRP
but	CC
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
out	RP
desperately	RB
.	.
Its	PRP$
difficult	JJ
dealing	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
anorexic	JJ
mind	NN
because	IN
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
eat	VB
normally	RB
so	RB
bad	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
out	IN
of	IN
my	PRP$
self	NN
created	VBN
hell	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
yet	RB
for	IN
a	DT
long	JJ
time	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
unwilling	JJ
to	TO
do	VB
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
footwork	NN
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
was	VBD
lucky	JJ
and	CC
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
put	VBP
me	PRP
in	IN
therapy	NN
.	.
It	PRP
took	VBD
a	DT
few	JJ
months	NNS
to	TO
change	VB
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
habits	NNS
at	IN
all	DT
but	CC
with	IN
fixing	VBG
my	PRP$
thinking	NN
came	VBD
a	DT
willingness	NN
and	CC
a	DT
self	NN
love	NN
that	WDT
allowed	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
begin	VB
eating	VBG
more	JJR
normally	RB
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
began	VBD
overeaters	NNS
anonymous	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
recovery	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
found	VBN
there	EX
is	VBZ
amazing	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
given	VBN
me	PRP
the	DT
day	NN
to	TO
day	NN
faith	NN
and	CC
tools	NNS
to	TO
recover	VB
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
not	RB
have	VB
done	VBN
it	PRP
without	IN
OA	NNP
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
attend	VBP
five	CD
meetings	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
,	,
therapy	NN
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
so	RB
grateful	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
life	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
today	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
so	RB
grateful	JJ
I	PRP
can	MD
eat	VB
.	.
Starving	VBG
yourself	PRP
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
worst	JJS
psyical	JJ
and	CC
emotional	JJ
pains	NNS
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
exactly	RB
why	WRB
I	PRP
developed	VBD
my	PRP$
ED	NNP
.	.
Maybe	RB
it	PRP
was	VBD
my	PRP$
strive	VB
for	IN
perfection	NN
.	.
Maybe	RB
it	PRP
was	VBD
from	IN
being	VBG
molested	VBN
by	IN
my	PRP$
older	JJR
cousin	NN
.	.
Maybe	RB
it	PRP
was	VBD
from	IN
looking	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
mirror	NN
and	CC
seeing	VBG
an	DT
athletic	JJ
,	,
muscular	JJ
build	VBP
instead	RB
of	IN
a	DT
slender	NN
,	,
model	NN
look	NN
.	.
Who	WP
knows	VBZ
?	.
All	DT
I	PRP
do	VBP
know	VB
is	VBZ
that	IN
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
trouble	NN
and	CC
depressed	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
shut	VBD
off	RP
my	PRP$
friends	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
and	CC
still	RB
ca	MD
n't	RB
talk	VB
about	IN
my	PRP$
feelings	NNS
and	CC
emotions	NNS
.	.
''	''
``	``
I	PRP
wish	VBP
I	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
more	RBR
honest	JJ
.	.
Instead	RB
I	PRP
kept	VBD
laughing	VBG
and	CC
pretending	VBG
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
happy	JJ
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
hurting	VBG
so	RB
bad	JJ
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
finally	RB
got	VBD
the	DT
courage	NN
to	TO
tell	VB
my	PRP$
mother	NN
how	WRB
depressed	JJ
I	PRP
felt	VBD
-LRB-	-LRB-
almost	RB
suicidal	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
she	PRP
actually	RB
took	VBD
me	PRP
seriously	RB
.	.
If	IN
only	RB
I	PRP
'd	MD
been	VBN
able	JJ
to	TO
express	VB
myself	PRP
earlier	JJR
!	.
I	PRP
could	MD
've	VB
saved	VBN
myself	PRP
6	CD
long	JJ
years	NNS
of	IN
binging	NN
and	CC
purging	VBG
!	.
''	''
``	``
But	CC
i	FW
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
if	IN
that	DT
is	VBZ
why	WRB
i	FW
began	VBD
starving	VBG
myself	PRP
.	.
.	.
but	CC
i	FW
do	VBP
know	VB
why	WRB
i	FW
continued	VBD
to	TO
starve	VB
myself	PRP
and	CC
why	WRB
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
begin	VB
again	RB
now	RB
...	:
My	PRP$
friends	NNS
left	VBD
me	PRP
.	.
.	.
everyone	NN
,	,
not	RB
able	JJ
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
the	DT
pressures	NNS
I	PRP
was	VBD
putting	VBG
them	PRP
through	IN
.	.
.	.
I	PRP
lost	VBD
trust	NN
in	IN
humanity	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
needed	VBD
an	DT
escape	NN
...	:
Freindship	NN
is	VBZ
important	JJ
...	:
If	IN
i	FW
could	MD
talk	VB
to	TO
any	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
so	RB
called	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
former	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
friends	NNS
I	PRP
would	MD
tell	VB
them	PRP
how	WRB
heartless	JJ
and	CC
gutless	JJ
they	PRP
were	VBD
...	:
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
humun	NN
being	VBG
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
skeletal	JJ
one	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
but	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
one	CD
...	:
The	DT
love	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
frineds	NNS
was	VBD
probally	RB
the	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
thing	NN
I	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
gotten	VBN
,	,
I	PRP
still	RB
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
if	IN
they	PRP
think	VBP
about	IN
me	PRP
now	RB
...	:
guess	VB
i	FW
never	RB
will	MD
...	:
''	''
``	``
It	PRP
is	VBZ
always	RB
easiest	JJS
to	TO
blame	VB
others	NNS
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
wish	VB
to	TO
imply	VB
that	IN
my	PRP$
problems	NNS
with	IN
food	NN
are	VBP
someone	NN
else	RB
's	POS
fault	NN
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
come	VBP
from	IN
a	DT
family	NN
where	WRB
food	NN
and	CC
eating	NN
are	VBP
always	RB
bountiful	JJ
,	,
where	WRB
a	DT
``	``
good	JJ
''	''
meal	NN
sometimes	RB
lasts	VBZ
all	DT
day	NN
.	.
The	DT
seeds	NNS
were	VBD
sown	VBN
early	RB
for	IN
me	PRP
to	TO
eat	VB
heartily	RB
.	.
Just	RB
recently	RB
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
discovered	VBN
that	IN
I	PRP
eat	VBP
rather	RB
than	IN
expressing	VBG
my	PRP$
emotions	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
easier	JJR
for	IN
me	PRP
to	TO
feel	VB
the	DT
pain	NN
of	IN
a	DT
bloated	JJ
stomache	NN
than	IN
to	TO
feel	VB
the	DT
pain	NN
of	IN
loss	NN
or	CC
rejection	NN
or	CC
hurt	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
``	``
How	WRB
could	MD
my	PRP$
eating	NN
disorder	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
prevented	VBN
?	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
know	VB
.	.
My	PRP$
problems	NNS
with	IN
food	NN
are	VBP
mine	JJ
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
learning	VBG
to	TO
honor	VB
what	WP
I	PRP
did	VBD
to	TO
survive	VB
some	DT
traumatic	JJ
experiences	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
overweight	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
guess	VBP
,	,
because	IN
I	PRP
choose	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
.	.
And	CC
that	DT
is	VBZ
okay	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
accept	VBP
myself	PRP
and	CC
am	VBP
learning	VBG
to	TO
love	VB
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
also	RB
teaching	VBG
myself	PRP
how	WRB
to	TO
eat	VB
only	RB
when	WRB
hungry	JJ
,	,
to	TO
stop	VB
when	WRB
full	JJ
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
express	VB
my	PRP$
emotions	NNS
without	IN
food	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
learning	VBG
how	WRB
to	TO
communicate	VB
with	IN
myself	PRP
;	:
in	IN
the	DT
past	NN
,	,
I	PRP
coped	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
only	JJ
way	NN
I	PRP
knew	VBD
how	WRB
to	TO
cope	VB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
learning	VBG
new	JJ
ways	NNS
now	RB
.	.
''	''
``	``
It	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
get	VB
individuals	NNS
into	IN
treatment	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
sooner	RBR
the	DT
better	JJR
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
person	NN
refused	VBD
treatment	NN
one	CD
week	NN
,	,
ask	VB
her	PRP$
again	RB
,	,
maybe	RB
the	DT
next	JJ
week	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
crucial	JJ
to	TO
let	VB
the	DT
person	NN
know	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
and	CC
that	IN
you	PRP
know	VBP
it	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
just	RB
go	VB
away	RB
by	IN
itself	PRP
.	.
Separation-individuation	NN
also	RB
seems	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
problem	NN
for	IN
most	JJS
people	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Children\/adolescents	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
supported	VBN
in	IN
their	PRP$
quest	NN
for	IN
autonomy	NN
.	.
Parents	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
willing	JJ
to	TO
enter	VB
therapy	NN
with	IN
the	DT
person	NN
with	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
.	.
``	``
There	EX
is	VBZ
hope	NN
though	IN
.	.
Those	DT
of	IN
us	PRP
with	IN
ed	VBN
's	POS
can	MD
support	VB
others	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
boat	NN
to	TO
get	VB
through	IN
this	DT
hell	NN
.	.
We	PRP
can	MD
view	VB
and	CC
express	VB
our	PRP$
views	NNS
that	IN
psychological	JJ
help	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
sign	NN
of	IN
indulgence	NN
or	CC
weakness	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
lifesaving	VBG
tool	NN
teaching	NN
us	PRP
to	TO
come	VB
to	TO
terms	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
past	NN
and	CC
teaches	VBZ
us	PRP
to	TO
cope	VB
appropriately	RB
with	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
We	PRP
can	MD
refuse	VB
to	TO
perpetuate	VB
the	DT
dysfunction	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
own	JJ
families	NNS
and	CC
go	VB
on	IN
with	IN
our	PRP$
own	JJ
lives	NNS
.	.
By	IN
ending	VBG
the	DT
cycle	NN
ourselves	PRP
,	,
and	CC
reaching	VBG
out	RP
to	TO
others	NNS
like	IN
ourselves	PRP
,	,
we	PRP
can	MD
help	VB
prevent	VB
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
By	IN
coping	VBG
appropriately	RB
,	,
and	CC
teaching	NN
those	DT
around	IN
us	PRP
to	TO
do	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
,	,
we	PRP
can	MD
slowly	RB
but	CC
surely	RB
rid	VB
this	DT
world	NN
of	IN
all	DT
addictive	JJ
diseases	NNS
.	.
Yes	UH
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
take	VB
years	NNS
,	,
but	CC
if	IN
we	PRP
keep	VBP
going	VBG
the	DT
way	NN
we	PRP
are	VBP
it	PRP
'll	MD
only	RB
get	VB
worse	JJR
.	.
''	''
Dance	NNP
Teacher	NN
's	POS
house	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
She	PRP
let	VB
me	PRP
stay	VB
over	RP
so	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
a	DT
ride	NN
to	TO
ballet	NN
-	:
which	WDT
was	VBD
an	DT
hour	NN
away	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
when	WRB
we	PRP
were	VBD
driving	VBG
to	TO
dance	VB
she	PRP
told	VBD
me	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
getting	VBG
to	TO
thin	JJ
-	:
she	PRP
said	VBD
if	IN
I	PRP
got	VBD
any	DT
thinner	JJR
people	NNS
would	MD
think	VB
something	NN
was	VBD
wrong	JJ
with	IN
me	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
said	VBD
''	''
Karen	NNP
,	,
go	VB
home	NN
and	CC
weigh	VB
yourself	PRP
-	:
and	CC
whatever	WDT
it	PRP
is	VBZ
that	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
lowest	JJS
you	PRP
should	MD
weigh	VB
,	,
now	RB
wait	VB
and	CC
see	VB
what	WP
is	VBZ
your	PRP$
highest	JJS
.	.
Weight	NNP
can	MD
fluctuate	VB
a	DT
lot	NN
from	IN
day	NN
to	TO
day	NN
.	.
''	''
What	WP
she	PRP
said	VBD
was	VBD
invaluble	JJ
to	TO
me	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
made	VBD
me	PRP
see	VB
there	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
limit	NN
,	,
and	CC
she	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
deny	VB
weight	NN
was	VBD
n't	RB
important	JJ
-	:
just	RB
made	VBN
me	PRP
see	VB
that	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
limit	NN
.	.
Of	IN
course	NN
then	RB
I	PRP
gained	VBD
some	DT
weight	NN
.	.
Then	RB
I	PRP
developed	VBD
bulimia	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
If	IN
only	RB
she	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
seen	VBN
the	DT
signs	NNS
to	TO
that	DT
!	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
I	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
throwing	VBG
up	RP
before	IN
but	CC
only	RB
on	IN
Christmas	NNP
and	CC
Thanksgiving	NNP
,	,
etc.	FW
,	,
but	CC
now	RB
I	PRP
was	VBD
throwing	VBG
up	RP
3-4	CD
times	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
.	.
Ivy	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
my	PRP$
teacher	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
fixed	VBN
my	PRP$
anorexia	NN
problem	NN
,	,
but	CC
of	IN
course	NN
I	PRP
still	RB
had	VBD
other	JJ
problems	NNS
with	IN
my	PRP$
family	NN
etc	NN
,	,
I	PRP
wish	VBP
I	PRP
had	VBD
opened	VBN
up	RP
to	TO
her	PRP$
totally	RB
.	.
''	''
``	``
all	DT
I	PRP
really	RB
needed	VBD
anyone	NN
to	TO
do	VB
was	VBD
to	TO
tell	VB
me	PRP
that	IN
everything	NN
would	MD
be	VB
okay	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
problems	NNS
and	CC
let	VB
them	PRP
show	VB
in	IN
what	WP
i	FW
was	VBD
doing	VBG
and	CC
all	DT
I	PRP
was	VBD
told	VBN
was	VBD
to	TO
keep	VB
up	RP
apperances	NNS
.	.
That	DT
was	VBD
the	DT
worst	JJS
thing	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
''	''
``	``
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
blame	VB
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
for	IN
my	PRP$
disease	NN
but	CC
I	PRP
never	RB
felt	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
go	VB
to	TO
them	PRP
with	IN
my	PRP$
concerns	NNS
or	CC
problems	NNS
.	.
If	IN
I	PRP
cried	VBD
their	PRP$
advise	VBP
was	VBD
to	TO
get	VB
a	DT
grip	NN
and	CC
deal	NN
with	IN
it	PRP
.	.
They	PRP
had	VBD
very	RB
high	JJ
expectations	NNS
and	CC
were	VBD
very	RB
critical	JJ
of	IN
anything	NN
they	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
approve	VB
of	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
friends	NNS
,	,
actions	NNS
,	,
looks	VBZ
,	,
behaviors	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
''	''
``	``
My	PRP$
friends	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
I	PRP
confided	VBD
in	IN
have	VBP
been	VBN
a	DT
great	JJ
source	NN
of	IN
comfort	NN
and	CC
encouragement	NN
to	TO
get	VB
well	RB
.	.
My	PRP$
parents	NNS
know	VBP
but	CC
never	RB
mention	VB
it	PRP
.	.
They	PRP
make	VBP
comments	NNS
like	IN
''	''
You	PRP
've	VBP
lost	VBN
weight	NN
recently	RB
.	.
''	''
or	CC
''	''
How	WRB
long	RB
are	VBP
you	PRP
going	VBG
to	TO
diet	NN
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
have	VBP
read	VBN
what	WP
others	NNS
have	VBP
said	VBN
on	IN
your	PRP$
site	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
find	VB
myself	PRP
in	IN
anyone	NN
else	RB
's	POS
thoughts	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have\/am	VBP
suffer	VBP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ed\/ing	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
from	IN
eds	NNS
and	CC
I	PRP
take	VBP
all	PDT
the	DT
resposibility	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
mother	NN
blames	VBZ
herself	PRP
because	IN
she	PRP
thinks	VBZ
she	PRP
gave	VBD
it	PRP
to	TO
me	PRP
because	IN
she	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
victim	NN
as	IN
a	DT
teen-ager	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
believe	VB
it	PRP
.	.
i	FW
do	VBP
n't	RB
believe	VB
that	IN
she	PRP
caused	VBD
it	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
never	RB
put	VB
this	DT
on	IN
her	PRP$
shoulders	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
family	NN
is	VBZ
pretty	RB
typical	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
think	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
that	IN
my	PRP$
problems	NNS
are	VBP
my	PRP$
problems	NNS
and	CC
were	VBD
caused	VBN
by	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
always	RB
wanted	VBD
to	TO
fit	VB
in	IN
and	CC
always	RB
envied	VBD
other	JJ
people	NNS
and	CC
how	WRB
easily	RB
it	PRP
appeared	VBD
that	IN
they	PRP
could	MD
be	VB
liked	VBN
and	CC
be	VB
popular	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
think	VBP
that	IN
if	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
for	IN
my	PRP$
problem	NN
I	PRP
would	MD
just	RB
be	VB
and	CC
people	NNS
would	MD
n't	RB
pay	VB
attention	NN
to	TO
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
guess	VBP
I	PRP
see	VBP
myself	PRP
as	IN
very	RB
selfish	JJ
and	CC
that	DT
is	VBZ
probably	RB
my	PRP$
problem	NN
talking	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
like	VB
to	TO
see	VB
my	PRP$
family	NN
hurt	VBD
becasue	NN
of	IN
me	PRP
and	CC
I	PRP
tell	VBP
myself	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
will	MD
get	VB
better	JJR
for	IN
them	PRP
but	CC
I	PRP
always	RB
fall	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
I	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
prevented	VBN
this	DT
and	CC
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
anyone	NN
can	MD
be	VB
prevented	VBN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
probably	RB
not	RB
what	WP
you	PRP
are	VBP
looking	VBG
for	IN
but	CC
I	PRP
just	RB
wanted	VBD
to	TO
write	VB
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
hope	VBP
I	PRP
get	VB
better	JJR
and	CC
I	PRP
hope	VBP
everyone	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
suffering	VBG
gets	VBZ
better	JJR
.	.
''	''
California	NNP
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
15	CD
.	.
My	PRP$
dad	NN
had	VBD
gotten	VBN
a	DT
job	NN
there	RB
and	CC
we	PRP
stayed	VBD
for	IN
6	CD
months	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
we	PRP
came	VBD
back	RB
to	TO
New	NNP
Mexico	NNP
we	PRP
moved	VBD
into	IN
a	DT
trailor	NN
across	IN
the	DT
street	NN
from	IN
uncles	NNS
house	NN
...	:
My	PRP$
uncle	NN
always	RB
knew	VBD
when	WRB
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
where	WRB
gone	VBN
because	IN
they	PRP
always	RB
asked	VBD
him	PRP
and	CC
my	PRP$
aunt	NN
to	TO
keep	VB
an	DT
eye	NN
on	IN
the	DT
house	NN
...	:
He	PRP
would	MD
come	VB
over	IN
though	RB
and	CC
corner	VB
me	PRP
...	:
and	CC
other	JJ
stuff	NN
.	.
By	IN
the	DT
time	NN
we	PRP
moved	VBD
back	RB
from	IN
california	NN
i	FW
was	VBD
16	CD
.	.
I	PRP
knew	VBD
what	WP
my	PRP$
uncle	NN
was	VBD
doing	VBG
to	TO
me	PRP
was	VBD
wrong	JJ
so	RB
about	IN
6	CD
months	NNS
after	IN
it	PRP
began	VBD
I	PRP
told	VBD
my	PRP$
cousin	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
a	DT
year	NN
older	JJR
than	IN
i	FW
am	VBP
about	IN
what	WP
her	PRP$
dad	NN
had	VBD
been	VBN
doing	VBG
to	TO
me	PRP
.	.
We	PRP
were	VBD
at	IN
school	NN
.	.
.	.
She	PRP
told	VBD
me	PRP
it	PRP
was	VBD
perfectly	RB
ok	VB
that	DT
her	PRP$
dad	NN
had	VBD
been	VBN
doing	VBG
it	PRP
to	TO
her	PRP$
and	CC
her	PRP$
sisters	NNS
all	DT
there	EX
lives	VBZ
.	.
That	DT
was	VBD
a	DT
slap	NN
in	IN
the	DT
face	NN
!	.
So	RB
i	FW
kept	VBD
quite	RB
.	.
Sometime	RB
when	WRB
i	FW
was	VBD
17	CD
one	CD
of	IN
my	PRP$
friends	NNS
called	VBN
right	RB
after	IN
my	PRP$
uncle	NN
had	VBD
left	VBN
the	DT
house	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
why	WRB
but	CC
it	PRP
all	RB
just	RB
spilled	VBN
out	RP
i	FW
told	VBD
him	PRP
every	DT
thing	NN
my	PRP$
uncle	NN
had	VBD
done	VBN
to	TO
me	PRP
...	:
The	DT
next	JJ
day	NN
my	PRP$
best	JJS
friend	NN
called	VBD
me	PRP
...	:
then	RB
a	DT
priest	NN
from	IN
her	PRP$
church	NN
...	:
then	RB
a	DT
DA	NNP
then	RB
yet	RB
another	DT
DA	NNP
.	.
Every	DT
thing	NN
snowed	VBD
balled	VBN
and	CC
I	PRP
felt	VBD
I	PRP
had	VBD
lost	VBN
control	NN
.	.
Up	IN
until	IN
I	PRP
told	VBD
my	PRP$
mom	NN
and	CC
dad	NN
what	WDT
had	VBD
happened	VBN
and	CC
why	WRB
it	PRP
happened	VBD
I	PRP
had	VBD
only	RB
been	VBN
starving	VBG
myself	PRP
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
look	VB
good	JJ
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
feel	VB
good	JJ
and	CC
present	JJ
``	``
happiness	NN
''	''
,	,
spirit	NN
and	CC
self	NN
confidence	NN
.	.
And	CC
what	WP
helps	VBZ
me	PRP
achieve	VB
my	PRP$
presentation	NN
is	VBZ
internal	JJ
,	,
physical	JJ
emptiness	NN
.	.
I	PRP
like	VBP
to	TO
feel	VB
my	PRP$
bones	NNS
stick	VBP
out	RP
,	,
not	RB
my	PRP$
stomach	NN
.	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
fully	RB
visible	JJ
sticking	VBG
out	RP
cheekbones	NNS
like	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
models	NNS
,	,
and	CC
not	RB
my	PRP$
stupid	JJ
donut	NN
face	NN
.	.
I	PRP
wish	VBP
someone	NN
would	MD
suck	VB
out	RP
all	PDT
the	DT
fat	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
thin	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
need	VBP
it	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
happy	JJ
.	.
Why	WRB
ca	MD
n't	RB
they	PRP
understand	VBP
?	.
''	''
``	``
My	PRP$
parents	NNS
treated	VBN
my	PRP$
problem	NN
as	IN
a	DT
self-induced	JJ
desired	VBN
attribute	NN
,	,
rather	RB
then	RB
a	DT
emotional	JJ
and	CC
physical	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
They	PRP
critisized	VBD
me	PRP
and	CC
ridiculed	VBD
my	PRP$
habits	NNS
as	IN
if	IN
they	PRP
knew	VBD
more	RBR
then	RB
I	PRP
did	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
realized	VBD
i	FW
needed	VBN
help	NN
but	CC
i	FW
was	VBD
n't	RB
sure	JJ
where	WRB
to	TO
turn	VB
.	.
Financial	NNP
difficulties	NNS
added	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
pressure	NN
of	IN
giving	VBG
up	RP
on	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
parents	NNS
did	VBD
n't	RB
understand	VB
my	PRP$
disorder	NN
nor	CC
did	VBD
they	PRP
try	VBP
,	,
they	PRP
were	VBD
ignorant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
severity	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
and	CC
refused	VBD
to	TO
become	VB
educated	VBN
.	.
My	PRP$
only	JJ
wish	NN
was	VBD
for	IN
them	PRP
to	TO
try	VB
to	TO
understand	VB
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
what	WP
they	PRP
thought	VBD
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
reality	NN
.	.
I	PRP
still	RB
suffer	VBP
from	IN
relapses	NNS
and	CC
as	IN
to	TO
my	PRP$
knowledge	NN
my	PRP$
parent	NN
are	VBP
unaware	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
hope	VBP
i	FW
my	PRP$
find	VB
the	DT
courage	NN
to	TO
seek	VB
help	NN
somewhere	RB
sometime	RB
in	IN
the	DT
near	JJ
future	NN
.	.
For	IN
all	DT
you	PRP
parents	NNS
out	IN
there	RB
-	:
research	NN
this	DT
disease	NN
before	IN
you	PRP
talk	VBP
to	TO
your	PRP$
child	NN
,	,
hear	VB
her	PRP
out	RP
,	,
love	VB
her	PRP$
and	CC
support	VB
her	PRP
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
complex	JJ
problem	NN
that	WDT
should	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
taken	VBN
lightly	RB
.	.
If	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
had	VBD
been	VBN
properly	RB
attended	VBD
to	TO
long	RB
ago	RB
,	,
i	FW
would	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
having	VBG
relapses	NNS
like	IN
so	RB
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
anyone	NN
can	MD
overcome	VB
this	DT
,	,
but	CC
alone	RB
its	PRP$
much	JJ
harder	JJR
.	.
''	''
``	``
No	DT
matter	NN
how	WRB
I	PRP
scream	VBP
inside	IN
for	IN
me	PRP
to	TO
stop	VB
.	.
To	TO
`	``
Just	RB
go	VB
away	RB
,	,
just	RB
go	VB
away	RB
from	IN
here	RB
'	''
and	CC
`	``
Leave	VB
to	TO
a	DT
better	JJR
place	NN
'	''
...	:
But	CC
what	WP
better	JJR
place	NN
is	VBZ
there	RB
?	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
like	IN
there	EX
's	VBZ
two	CD
of	IN
me	PRP
.	.
One	CD
is	VBZ
the	DT
disease	NN
me	PRP
.	.
The	DT
bulimic	JJ
me	PRP
.	.
The	DT
other	JJ
one	CD
is	VBZ
,	,
well	RB
,	,
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
normal	JJ
one	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Plead	VB
with	IN
myself	PRP
to	TO
go	VB
away	RB
and	CC
get	VB
out	IN
of	IN
there	RB
.	.
I	PRP
scream	VBP
and	CC
hollar	VBP
in	IN
my	PRP$
inner	JJ
concience	NN
.	.
The	DT
bulimic	JJ
one	CD
tells	VBZ
the	DT
other	JJ
one	CD
to	TO
shut	VB
up	RP
and	CC
go	VB
away	RB
.	.
I	PRP
say	VBP
I	PRP
am	VBP
no	DT
good	JJ
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
deserve	VBP
no	DT
more	JJR
than	IN
I	PRP
get	VBP
.	.
Eventually	RB
,	,
the	DT
bad	JJ
one	CD
takes	VBZ
over	RP
and	CC
the	DT
real	JJ
me	PRP
is	VBZ
so	RB
beaten	JJ
and	CC
afraid	JJ
to	TO
come	VB
out	RP
that	IN
I	PRP
just	RB
shy	VBP
away	RB
into	IN
the	DT
corner	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
when	WRB
things	NNS
get	VBP
really	RB
bad	JJ
and	CC
tough	JJ
and	CC
i	FW
can	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
control	VB
it	PRP
.	.
The	DT
bulimic	JJ
me	PRP
shines	VBZ
out	RP
and	CC
I	PRP
now	RB
say	VBP
out	RP
loud	JJ
the	DT
things	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
bulimic	JJ
tells	VBZ
me	PRP
inwardly	RB
all	DT
day	NN
long	RB
.	.
These	DT
are	VBP
not	RB
some	DT
voices	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
hearing	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
heart	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
soul	NN
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
so	RB
damaged	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
hurts	VBZ
so	RB
bad	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
father	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
absolute	JJ
jerk	NN
.	.
he	PRP
only	RB
cares	VBZ
about	IN
himself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
no	RB
longer	RBR
matrter	FW
ot	FW
him	PRP
.	.
To	TO
this	DT
day	NN
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
still	RB
can	MD
not	RB
see	VB
the	DT
signs	NNS
or	CC
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
looking	VBG
for	IN
them	PRP
on	IN
purpose	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
had	VBD
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
for	IN
many	JJ
years	NNS
and	CC
it	PRP
got	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
point	NN
where	WRB
I	PRP
hit	VBP
bottom	JJ
so	IN
I	PRP
told	VBD
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
about	IN
it	PRP
.	.
To	TO
my	PRP$
surprise	NN
they	PRP
had	VBD
no	DT
idea	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
and	CC
also	RB
were	VBD
not	RB
even	RB
aware	JJ
of	IN
early	JJ
signs	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
talked	VBD
a	DT
lot	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
shared	VBD
with	IN
them	PRP
all	PDT
the	DT
early	JJ
warning	NN
signs	NNS
,	,
but	CC
to	TO
this	DT
day	NN
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
recognize	VB
them	PRP
.	.
They	PRP
think	VBP
I	PRP
am	VBP
well	RB
now	RB
as	IN
does	VBZ
my	PRP$
boyfriend	NN
,	,
but	CC
little	RB
do	VBP
they	PRP
know	VBP
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
.	.
Even	RB
though	IN
parents	NNS
know	VBP
the	DT
warning	NN
signs	NNS
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
look	VB
for	IN
them	PRP
.	.
My	PRP$
only	JJ
wish	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
parents	NNS
,	,
relatives	NNS
and	CC
friends	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
more	RBR
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
signs	NNS
and	CC
really	RB
see	VB
them	PRP
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
I	PRP
wish	VBP
parents	NNS
would	MD
not	RB
believe	VB
a	DT
person	NN
when	WRB
they	PRP
say	VBP
they	PRP
are	VBP
fine	JJ
.	.
Everyday	JJ
I	PRP
tell	VBP
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
I	PRP
am	VBP
fine	JJ
,	,
but	CC
inside	IN
I	PRP
just	RB
wish	VBP
they	PRP
would	MD
discover	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
.	.
It	PRP
seems	VBZ
obvious	JJ
to	TO
me	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
and	CC
I	PRP
think	VBP
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
to	TO
others	NNS
if	IN
they	PRP
just	RB
LOOK	VBP
harder	RBR
.	.
So	IN
my	PRP$
advise	VB
to	TO
prevent	VB
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
make	VB
everyone	NN
aware	JJ
of	IN
early	JJ
warning	NN
signs	NNS
and	CC
tell	VB
people	NNS
to	TO
look	VB
harder	JJR
at	IN
a	DT
person	NN
if	IN
they	PRP
suspect	VBP
anything	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
My	PRP$
parents	NNS
:	:
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
blaming	VBG
this	DT
on	IN
them	PRP
,	,
but	CC
i	FW
think	VBP
they	PRP
could	MD
be	VB
a	DT
little	RB
more	RBR
comforting	JJ
just	RB
with	IN
general	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
for	IN
example	NN
if	IN
i	FW
was	VBD
upset	JJ
cause	NN
i	FW
had	VBD
a	DT
bad	JJ
day	NN
at	IN
school	NN
and	CC
then	RB
i	FW
proceeded	VBD
to	TO
talk	VB
about	IN
it	PRP
to	TO
my	PRP$
mother	NN
,	,
she	PRP
'd	MD
tell	VB
me	PRP
i	FW
should	MD
have	VB
done	VBN
this	DT
and	CC
this	DT
to	TO
prevent	VB
whatever	WDT
the	DT
thing	NN
was	VBD
;	:
she	PRP
'd	MD
lecture	VB
me	PRP
.	.
then	RB
she	PRP
'd	MD
tell	VB
me	PRP
to	TO
stop	VB
complaining	VBG
and	CC
that	IN
my	PRP$
attitude	NN
was	VBD
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
would	MD
be	VB
totally	RB
irelevant	JJ
to	TO
that	DT
.	.
i	FW
wish	NN
that	IN
as	IN
she	PRP
listened	VBD
to	TO
my	PRP$
troubles	NNS
she	PRP
'd	MD
speak	VB
comforting	JJ
words	NNS
and	CC
let	VB
me	PRP
cry	VB
on	IN
her	PRP$
shoulder	NN
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
mean	VB
i	FW
was	VBD
weak	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
'd	MD
just	RB
be	VB
a	DT
way	NN
of	IN
venting	VBG
.	.
so	RB
instead	RB
i	FW
would	MD
not	RB
tell	VB
her	PRP$
my	PRP$
troubles	NNS
,	,
i	FW
'd	MD
just	RB
put	VB
on	RP
a	DT
frosty	JJ
attitude	NN
when	WRB
i	FW
came	VBD
home	NN
and	CC
eat	VB
a	DT
couple	NN
bowls	VBZ
of	IN
ice	NN
cream	NN
and	CC
maybe	RB
chips	NNS
.	.
then	RB
i	FW
'd	MD
feel	VB
so	RB
fat	JJ
i	FW
'd	MD
go	VB
and	CC
throw	VB
up	RP
,	,
it	PRP
almost	RB
felt	VBD
good	JJ
.	.
''	''
``	``
Allow	VB
people	NNS
to	TO
speak	VB
,	,
to	TO
communicate	VB
,	,
about	IN
what	WP
they	PRP
're	VBP
feeling	VBG
.	.
And	CC
do	VBP
n't	RB
call	VB
them	PRP
``	``
whiners	NNS
''	''
when	WRB
they	PRP
're	VBP
actually	RB
just	RB
speaking	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
heart	NN
,	,
about	IN
issues	NNS
concerning	VBG
them	PRP
,	,
overwhelming	JJ
them	PRP
.	.
Getting	VBG
those	DT
feelings	NNS
out	RP
,	,
dealing	VBG
with	IN
them	PRP
,	,
and	CC
having	VBG
people	NNS
accept	VB
them	PRP
is	VBZ
so	RB
important	JJ
.	.
If	IN
I	PRP
'd	MD
been	VBN
able	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
honest	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
child	NN
,	,
maybe	RB
I	PRP
would	MD
've	VB
been	VBN
more	RBR
honest	JJ
about	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
as	IN
an	DT
adult	NN
.	.
''	''
Right	RB
now	RB
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
pretty	RB
stable	JJ
.	.
What	WP
keeps	VBZ
me	PRP
going	VBG
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
children	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
hand	VB
my	PRP$
son	NN
or	CC
my	PRP$
daughter	NN
this	DT
horrible	JJ
legacy	NN
.	.
That	DT
means	VBZ
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
do	VB
things	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
never	RB
taught	VBN
...	:
let	VB
my	PRP$
daughter	NN
go	VB
on	IN
vacation	NN
with	IN
grandma	NN
...	:
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
shelter	NN
her	PRP$
from	IN
the	DT
world	NN
and	CC
being	VBG
street	NN
smart	JJ
is	VBZ
a	DT
life	NN
long	RB
process	NN
...	:
my	PRP$
son	NN
will	MD
go	VB
to	TO
camp	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
run	VBN
by	IN
strangers	NNS
this	DT
summer	NN
.	.
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Oh	UH
God	NNP
...	:
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
allowed	VBN
to	TO
throw	VB
tantrums	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
rooms	NNS
and	CC
allowed	VBN
to	TO
argue	VB
and	CC
work	VB
out	RP
their	PRP$
own	JJ
differences	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
respect	VBP
their	PRP$
right	NN
to	TO
feel	VB
and	CC
say	VB
what	WP
they	PRP
want	VBP
...	:
tempered	VBN
with	IN
watching	VBG
their	PRP$
tone	NN
of	IN
voice	NN
...	:
I	PRP
wish	VBP
that	IN
things	NNS
had	VBD
never	RB
happened	VBN
,	,
but	CC
they	PRP
did	VBD
...	:
and	CC
making	VBG
their	PRP$
world	NN
very	RB
small	JJ
by	IN
smothering	VBG
them	PRP
is	VBZ
only	RB
repeating	VBG
the	DT
process	NN
...	:
thanks	NNS
for	IN
listening	VBG
...	:
''	''
``	``
Feelings	NNS
were	VBD
not	RB
allowed	VBN
in	IN
my	PRP$
house	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
growing	VBG
up	RP
.	.
Especially	RB
anger	NN
.	.
So	IN
I	PRP
swallowed	VBD
it	PRP
.	.
And	CC
it	PRP
ate	VBD
away	RB
at	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
thought	VBD
no	DT
one	NN
felt	VBD
anger	NN
.	.
That	DT
there	EX
was	VBD
something	NN
wrong	JJ
with	IN
me	PRP
.	.
That	IN
it	PRP
made	VBD
me	PRP
a	DT
bad	JJ
person	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
mom	NN
completely	RB
shut	VBD
down	RP
in	IN
the	DT
presence	NN
of	IN
any	DT
emotions	NNS
.	.
Good	JJ
or	CC
bad	JJ
.	.
So	IN
I	PRP
learned	VBD
not	RB
to	TO
be	VB
me	PRP
,	,
to	TO
put	VB
up	RP
a	DT
front	NN
.	.
To	TO
keep	VB
her	PRP$
happy	JJ
and	CC
relaxed	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
grew	VBD
up	RP
with	IN
contradictions	NNS
--	:
do	VBP
n't	RB
be	VB
pretentious	JJ
,	,
but	CC
do	VBP
n't	RB
be	VB
low-class	JJ
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
eat	VB
too	RB
much	RB
,	,
but	CC
do	VBP
n't	RB
starve	VB
yourself	PRP
.	.
Be	VB
a	DT
woman	NN
,	,
but	CC
remain	VBP
my	PRP$
little	JJ
girl	NN
.	.
Leave	VB
,	,
but	CC
stay	VB
.	.
Go	VB
,	,
but	CC
do	VBP
n't	RB
.	.
Be	VB
yourself	PRP
,	,
but	CC
be	VB
exactly	RB
the	DT
way	NN
I	PRP
am	VBP
.	.
Normal	JJ
but	CC
better	RBR
.	.
Tell	VB
me	PRP
the	DT
truth	NN
,	,
but	CC
make	VBP
sure	JJ
it	PRP
is	VBZ
what	WP
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
hear	VB
.	.
Nobody	NN
said	VBD
life	NN
would	MD
be	VB
easy	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
have	VB
your	PRP$
cake	NN
and	CC
eat	VB
it	PRP
too	RB
.	.
Or	CC
can	MD
you	PRP
?	.
''	''
``	``
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
buliemic	JJ
since	IN
age	NN
13	CD
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
saw	VBD
signs	NNS
during	IN
my	PRP$
teenage	JJ
years	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
,	,
if	IN
dealt	VBN
with	IN
could	MD
have	VB
prevented	VBN
further	JJ
years	NNS
of	IN
bulimia	NN
.	.
I	PRP
understand	VBP
their	PRP$
fears	NNS
and	CC
hopes	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
go	VB
away	RB
on	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
now	RB
27	CD
and	CC
in	IN
therapy	NN
for	IN
the	DT
initial	JJ
abuse	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
I	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
it	PRP
.	.
My	PRP$
parents	NNS
work	VBP
hard	RB
to	TO
support	VB
me	PRP
in	IN
my	PRP$
efforts	NNS
now	RB
.	.
I	PRP
hope	VBP
for	IN
others	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
hope	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
we	PRP
can	MD
learn	VB
that	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
is	VBZ
serious	JJ
,	,
not	RB
a	DT
passing	VBG
thing	NN
,	,
needing	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
address	NN
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
''	''
``	``
When	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
around	RB
14	CD
a	DT
friend	NN
of	IN
mine	JJ
asked	VBD
me	PRP
how	WRB
I	PRP
managed	VBD
to	TO
stay	VB
slim	JJ
when	WRB
I	PRP
ate	VBD
so	RB
much	JJ
and	CC
I	PRP
told	VBD
her	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
just	RB
brought	VBD
it	PRP
back	RB
.	.
She	PRP
said	VBD
to	TO
me	PRP
``	``
what	WP
a	DT
lucky	JJ
person	NN
you	PRP
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
do	VB
that	DT
''	''
.	.
The	DT
sad	JJ
thing	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
know	VB
that	IN
as	IN
a	DT
direct	JJ
result	NN
of	IN
this	DT
thing	NN
I	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
have	VB
most	JJS
of	IN
my	PRP$
teeth	NNS
capped	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
26	CD
and	CC
that	DT
my	PRP$
life	NN
would	MD
be	VB
dominated	VBN
by	IN
food	NN
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
that	IN
if	IN
I	PRP
'd	MD
known	VBN
about	IN
the	DT
damage	NN
to	TO
my	PRP$
teeth	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
resulting	VBG
crippling	JJ
effect	NN
on	IN
my	PRP$
social	JJ
and	CC
working	JJ
life	NN
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
addressed	VBN
the	DT
problem	NN
much	RB
earlier	RBR
.	.
``	``
In	IN
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
ways	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
believe	VB
that	IN
my	PRP$
ed	VBN
could	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
prevented	VBN
,	,
unless	IN
I	PRP
started	VBD
over	IN
from	IN
birth	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
an	DT
accumulation	NN
of	IN
so	RB
many	JJ
different	JJ
things	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
some	DT
things	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
have	VB
helped	VBN
prevent	VB
it	PRP
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
child	NN
,	,
I	PRP
learned	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
Ok	VB
to	TO
be	VB
sad	JJ
or	CC
depressed	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
believed	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
suffered	VBD
from	IN
depression	NN
as	IN
a	DT
child	NN
,	,
but	CC
no	DT
one	NN
noticed	VBD
,	,
or	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
criticized	VBN
for	IN
feeling	NN
this	DT
way	NN
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
suffered	VBD
from	IN
a	DT
chronically	RB
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
it	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
bunch	NN
of	IN
things	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
guess	VBP
the	DT
biggest	JJS
thing	NN
was	VBD
probably	RB
society	NN
's	POS
respect	NN
and	CC
admiration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
thin	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
remember	VB
watching	VBG
tv	NN
as	IN
a	DT
child	NN
seeing	VBG
beautiful	JJ
THIN	NNP
actresses	NNS
on	IN
shows	NNS
and	CC
wanting	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
like	IN
them	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
had	VBD
two	CD
thin	JJ
sisters	NNS
who	WP
were	VBD
constantly	RB
watching	VBG
what	WP
they	PRP
ate	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
always	RB
felt	VBD
that	IN
if	IN
they	PRP
think	VBP
they	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
watch	VB
what	WP
they	PRP
eat	VBP
,	,
then	RB
I	PRP
should	MD
probably	RB
watch	VB
what	WP
i	FW
eat	VB
too	RB
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
middle	JJ
school	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
little	JJ
bit	NN
oveweight	NN
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
in	IN
highschool	JJ
I	PRP
grew	VBD
taller	JJR
and	CC
became	VBD
very	RB
thin	JJ
,	,
and	CC
suddenly	RB
everyone	NN
wanted	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
around	IN
me	PRP
and	CC
I	PRP
received	VBD
a	DT
ton	NN
of	IN
attention	NN
.	.
This	DT
praise	NN
I	PRP
received	VBD
for	IN
being	VBG
thin	JJ
fueled	VBD
my	PRP$
eating	NN
disorder	NN
.	.
And	CC
now	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
in	IN
college	NN
I	PRP
long	RB
for	IN
that	DT
praise	NN
and	CC
admiration	NN
.	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
people	NNS
to	TO
tell	VB
me	PRP
how	WRB
thin	JJ
I	PRP
am	VBP
etc.	FW
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
almost	RB
sick	JJ
.	.
Society	NNP
has	VBZ
taught	VBN
me	PRP
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
higher	JJR
compliment	NN
to	TO
be	VB
thin	JJ
than	IN
smart	JJ
or	CC
funny	JJ
etc.	NN
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
if	IN
society	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
praise	VB
the	DT
thin	JJ
so	RB
much	RB
than	IN
losing	VBG
weight	NN
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
an	DT
issue	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
But	CC
,	,
unfortunately	RB
that	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
case	NN
,	,
and	CC
until	IN
I	PRP
recover	VBP
from	IN
my	PRP$
e.d.	FW
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
food	NN
I	PRP
consume	VBP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
time	NN
I	PRP
spend	VBP
exercising	VBG
are	VBP
probably	RB
the	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
thoughts	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
head	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
It	PRP
never	RB
occurred	VBD
to	TO
me	PRP
that	IN
so	RB
many	JJ
people	NNS
out	IN
there	EX
were	VBD
seeking	VBG
as	RB
much	JJ
validation	NN
as	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
grew	VBD
up	RP
trying	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
perfect	JJ
in	IN
every	DT
way	NN
,	,
I	PRP
did	VBD
everything	NN
possible	JJ
in	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
,	,
and	CC
now	RB
am	VBP
graduting	VBG
college	NN
,	,
with	IN
about	IN
a	DT
hundred	CD
activities	NNS
on	IN
my	PRP$
resume	VB
.	.
But	CC
no	DT
one	NN
ev	FW
er	FW
said	VBD
``	``
I	PRP
'm	VBP
proud	JJ
of	IN
you	PRP
''	''
or	CC
``	``
wow	NN
,	,
you	PRP
've	VBP
accomplished	VBN
a	DT
lot	NN
.	.
''	''
So	IN
I	PRP
took	VBD
this	DT
as	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
do	VB
more	JJR
.	.
And	CC
what	WP
it	PRP
ultimately	RB
came	VBD
down	RB
to	TO
was	VBD
my	PRP$
weight	NN
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
my	PRP$
weight	NN
that	IN
everybody	NN
was	VBD
so	RB
displeased	JJ
with	IN
,	,
that	DT
was	VBD
what	WP
was	VBD
holding	VBG
me	PRP
back	RB
and	CC
no	DT
one	PRP
would	MD
look	VB
at	IN
anything	NN
else	RB
unless	IN
I	PRP
lost	VBD
it	PRP
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
did	VBD
lose	VB
it	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
kept	VBD
losing	VBG
it	PRP
,	,
and	CC
along	IN
with	IN
the	DT
weight	NN
I	PRP
lost	VBD
control	NN
over	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
through	IN
bulimia	NN
.	.
Bulimia	NN
consumed	VBN
my	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
the	DT
planning	NN
,	,
the	DT
plotting	VBG
,	,
a	DT
nd	NN
the	DT
b\/p	JJ
ing	NN
.	.
But	CC
no	DT
one	NN
knew	VBD
,	,
no	DT
one	NN
noticed	VBD
,	,
all	DT
they	PRP
noticed	VBD
is	VBZ
that	IN
I	PRP
looked	VBD
good	JJ
.	.
No	DT
one	NN
ever	RB
said	VBD
to	TO
me	PRP
I	PRP
think	VBP
you	PRP
have	VBP
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
so	IN
I	PRP
never	RB
beleived	VBD
I	PRP
had	VBD
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
needed	VBD
the	DT
approval	NN
of	IN
an	DT
outsider	NN
to	TO
tell	VB
me	PRP
I	PRP
had	VBD
bulimia	NN
,	,
before	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
say	VB
it	PRP
myself	PRP
and	CC
believe	VB
it	PRP
and	CC
take	VB
it	PRP
on	IN
to	TO
fight	VB
it	PRP
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
tried	VBD
to	TO
commit	VB
suicide	NN
because	IN
no	DT
one	NN
was	VBD
hearing	VBG
me	PRP
,	,
no	DT
one	NN
was	VBD
caring	VBG
,	,
no	DT
one	NN
was	VBD
listening	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
have	VB
a	DT
home	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
felt	VBD
that	IN
since	IN
no	DT
one	NN
cared	VBD
tenough	JJ
to	TO
notice	VB
the	DT
bulimia	NN
,	,
no	DT
one	PRP
would	MD
miss	VB
me	PRP
.	.
And	CC
so	RB
to	TO
validate	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
needed	VBD
help	NN
,	,
I	PRP
attempted	VBD
.	.
NOW	RB
,	,
everybody	NN
is	VBZ
hearing	VBG
and	CC
listening	VBG
and	CC
caring	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
getting	VBG
better	RB
now	RB
,	,
but	CC
there	EX
are	VBP
other	JJ
ways	NNS
out	IN
.	.
It	PRP
takes	VBZ
a	DT
strong	JJ
person	NN
to	TO
see	VB
the	DT
problem	NN
in	IN
themselves	PRP
,	,
find	VB
the	DT
treatment	NN
,	,
and	CC
confide	VB
in	IN
your	PRP$
friends	NNS
,	,
your	PRP$
family	NN
or	CC
your	PRP$
counselor	NN
,	,
whta	JJ
you	PRP
REALLY	RB
feel	VBP
.	.
People	NNS
do	VBP
care	VB
and	CC
people	NNS
are	VBP
on	IN
your	PRP$
side	NN
,	,
by	IN
coming	VBG
to	TO
this	DT
web	NN
page	NN
,	,
you	PRP
've	VBP
taken	VBN
the	DT
first	JJ
step	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
it	PRP
,	,
and	CC
your	PRP$
not	RB
alone	RB
!	.
''	''
``	``
My	PRP$
parents	NNS
could	MD
have	VB
done	VBN
nothing	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
because	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
too	RB
tied	VBN
up	RP
in	IN
dysfunction	NN
to	TO
know	VB
that	IN
their	PRP$
daughter	NN
was	VBD
killing	VBG
herself	PRP
.	.
They	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
acknowledge	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
problem	NN
,	,
so	IN
they	PRP
deny	VBP
that	IN
their	PRP$
daughter	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
problem	NN
.	.
All	DT
they	PRP
have	VBP
ever	RB
wanted	VBN
to	TO
see	VB
was	VBD
the	DT
``	``
perfect	JJ
good-girl	NN
''	''
.	.
That	DT
's	VBZ
why	WRB
I	PRP
've	VBP
worked	VBN
since	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
fourteen	CD
,	,
practiced	VBD
guitar	NN
until	IN
my	PRP$
fingers	NNS
bled	VBD
,	,
double	JJ
majored	VBD
in	IN
college	NN
,	,
completed	VBN
my	PRP$
paramedic	NN
training	NN
in	IN
half	PDT
the	DT
time	NN
most	JJS
people	NNS
take	VBP
,	,
write	VBP
,	,
teach	VBP
,	,
try	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
perfect	JJ
wife	NN
,	,
have	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
number	NN
one	CD
at	IN
everything	NN
I	PRP
do	VBP
and	CC
do	VBP
it	PRP
with	IN
a	DT
smile	NN
.	.
Only	RB
perfect	JJ
good	JJ
girls	NNS
are	VBP
worthy	JJ
of	IN
being	VBG
loved	VBN
by	IN
parents	NNS
who	WP
really	RB
do	VBP
n't	RB
even	RB
love	VB
themselves	PRP
.	.
''	''
The	DT
environment	NN
surrounding	VBG
food	NN
and	CC
eating	VBG
issues	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
family	NN
can	MD
play	VB
a	DT
role	NN
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
that	IN
kids	NNS
learn	VBP
to	TO
eat	VB
healthfully	RB
and	CC
that	DT
food	NN
is	VBZ
nothing	NN
more	JJR
than	IN
an	DT
enjoyable	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
energy	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
.	.
Probably	RB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
biggest	JJS
mistakes	NNS
made	VBN
with	IN
kids	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
surrounding	VBG
food	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
equate	VB
food	NN
with	IN
emotion	NN
.	.
Food	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
love	VB
,	,
pride	NN
,	,
sadness	NN
or	CC
a	DT
friend	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
something	NN
our	PRP$
bodies	NNS
need	VBP
for	IN
fuel	NN
to	TO
keep	VB
us	PRP
healthy	JJ
and	CC
strong	JJ
.	.
Children	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
comforted	VBN
with	IN
hugs	NNS
,	,
communication	NN
and	CC
validation	NN
,	,
and	CC
spending	NN
time	NN
with	IN
them	PRP
until	IN
they	PRP
feel	VBP
better	RB
.	.
They	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
cry	VB
when	WRB
they	PRP
feel	VBP
hurt	VBN
or	CC
sad	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
yell	VB
when	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
angry	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
just	RB
need	VB
something	NN
to	TO
eat	VB
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
uncommon	JJ
for	IN
food	NN
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
punishment	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
with	IN
a	DT
statement	NN
like	IN
,	,
``	``
you	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
have	VB
anything	NN
to	TO
eat	VB
until	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
what	WP
I	PRP
said	VBD
.	.
''	''
Kids	NNS
ask	VBP
to	TO
eat	VB
because	IN
of	IN
their	PRP$
natural	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
hunger	NN
.	.
Corrupting	VBG
this	DT
by	IN
forcing	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
unreasonably	RB
wait	VB
will	MD
destroy	VB
their	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
when	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
really	RB
hungry	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
common	JJ
for	IN
all	DT
parents	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
statements	NNS
like	IN
``	``
you	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
leave	VB
the	DT
table	NN
until	IN
you	PRP
finish	VBP
what	WP
is	VBZ
on	IN
your	PRP$
plate	NN
.	.
''	''
Realistically	RB
,	,
arguing	VBG
about	IN
eating	VBG
everything	NN
on	IN
a	DT
child	NN
's	POS
plate	NN
is	VBZ
ridiculous	JJ
and	CC
unnecessary	JJ
.	.
Fighting	NN
over	IN
meals	NNS
creates	VBZ
more	JJR
harm	NN
than	IN
good	JJ
by	IN
having	VBG
a	DT
central	JJ
issue	NN
focus	NN
on	IN
eating	NN
.	.
Encouraging	VBG
play	NN
and	CC
independence	NN
helps	VBZ
children	NNS
learn	VBP
to	TO
keep	VB
themselves	PRP
occupied	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
good	JJ
to	TO
foster	VB
activities	NNS
like	IN
drawing	NN
,	,
coloring	NN
,	,
reading	NN
,	,
playing	VBG
with	IN
blocks	NNS
and	CC
legos	NNS
,	,
playing	VBG
with	IN
dolls	NNS
,	,
cars	NNS
and	CC
trucks	NNS
,	,
making	VBG
up	RP
stories	NNS
,	,
playing	VBG
dress-up	NN
,	,
role-play	NN
games	NNS
,	,
board	NN
games	NNS
,	,
riding	VBG
bikes	NNS
,	,
playing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
dirt	NN
,	,
Frisbee	NNP
,	,
sports	NNS
,	,
playing	VBG
with	IN
a	DT
pet	NN
,	,
playing	VBG
on	IN
playgrounds	NNS
and	CC
swingsets	NNS
,	,
swimming	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
etc.	FW
.	.
Children	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
rely	VB
on	IN
television	NN
for	IN
entertainment	NN
because	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
more	RBR
often	RB
get	VB
bored	VBN
and	CC
have	VBP
a	DT
false	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
hunger	NN
.	.
Kids	NNS
often	RB
learn	VBP
to	TO
equate	VB
boredom	NN
with	IN
wanting	VBG
to	TO
eat	VB
.	.
In	IN
conjunction	NN
,	,
most	JJS
children	NNS
need	VBP
structure	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
up	RB
to	TO
parents	NNS
to	TO
teach	VB
their	PRP$
kids	NNS
that	IN
normal	JJ
eating	NN
consists	VBZ
of	IN
three	CD
well-balanced	JJ
meals	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
and	CC
two	CD
healthy	JJ
snacks	NNS
.	.
Meals	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
around	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
every	DT
day	NN
.	.
There	EX
should	MD
be	VB
an	DT
assortment	NN
of	IN
snacks	NNS
available	JJ
and	CC
children	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
or	CC
not	RB
have	VB
their	PRP$
snacks	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
hunger	NN
and	CC
need	NN
.	.
Unless	IN
your	PRP$
child	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
diagnosed	VBN
biological	JJ
disorder	NN
that	WDT
effects	NNS
their	PRP$
sense	NN
of	IN
hunger	NN
or	CC
ability	NN
to	TO
control	VB
how	WRB
much	JJ
they	PRP
eat	VBP
,	,
you	PRP
should	MD
essentially	RB
let	VB
them	PRP
eat	VB
as	RB
much	JJ
or	CC
as	RB
little	JJ
as	IN
they	PRP
like	VBP
.	.
Another	DT
mistake	NN
often	RB
made	VBN
is	VBZ
to	TO
think	VB
children	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
have	VB
sweets	NNS
.	.
``	``
Junk	NN
food	NN
''	''
in	IN
moderation	NN
is	VBZ
fine	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
they	PRP
brush	VBP
their	PRP$
teeth	NNS
!	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Restricting	VBG
sweets	NNS
from	IN
their	PRP$
diet	NN
will	MD
only	RB
later	RB
backfire	VB
and	CC
make	VB
them	PRP
want	VB
it	PRP
more	RBR
,	,
especially	RB
as	IN
they	PRP
approach	VBP
the	DT
school	NN
age	NN
and	CC
see	VB
other	JJ
children	NNS
eating	VBG
and	CC
enjoying	VBG
candy	NN
,	,
cookies	NNS
and	CC
chips	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
probably	RB
a	DT
good	JJ
idea	NN
to	TO
have	VB
your	PRP$
children	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
good	JJ
one-a-day	JJ
multi-vitamin	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
just	RB
check	VB
with	IN
your	PRP$
pediatrician	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
replacement	NN
for	IN
food	NN
,	,
just	RB
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
supplement	VB
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
vitamins	NNS
and	CC
minerals	NNS
they	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
missing	VBG
from	IN
their	PRP$
meals	NNS
and	CC
snacks	NNS
.	.
In	IN
combination	NN
with	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
above	JJ
,	,
you	PRP
should	MD
set	VB
a	DT
good	JJ
example	NN
.	.
Kids	NNS
learn	VBP
their	PRP$
behaviors	NNS
and	CC
lifestyles	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
immediate	JJ
role	NN
models	NNS
around	IN
them	PRP
,	,
and	CC
thinking	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
logic	NN
``	``
do	VB
what	WP
I	PRP
say	VBP
,	,
not	RB
what	WP
I	PRP
do	VBP
''	''
will	MD
not	RB
get	VB
you	PRP
very	RB
far	RB
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
skips	VBZ
meals	NNS
and	CC
have	VBP
no	DT
consistency	NN
of	IN
schedule	NN
they	PRP
will	MD
pick	VB
up	RP
these	DT
habits	NNS
too	RB
.	.
Kids	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
parents	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
always	RB
dieting	NN
learn	VBP
to	TO
think	VB
dieting	NN
is	VBZ
normal	JJ
.	.
Children	NNS
learn	VBP
to	TO
walk	VB
and	CC
talk	VB
by	IN
watching	VBG
those	DT
around	IN
them	PRP
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
will	MD
absolutely	RB
learn	VB
their	PRP$
eating	JJ
habits	NNS
by	IN
watching	VBG
their	PRP$
parents	NNS
and	CC
immediate	JJ
family	NN
.	.
Different	JJ
relationships	NNS
with	IN
different	JJ
people	NNS
can	MD
all	DT
have	VBP
a	DT
diverse	JJ
effect	NN
over	IN
their	PRP$
contribution	NN
to	TO
the	DT
onset	NN
of	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
point	VB
out	RP
that	IN
this	DT
section	NN
is	VBZ
about	IN
possible	JJ
environmental	JJ
factors	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
and	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
about	IN
blame	NN
.	.
In	IN
some	DT
families	NNS
where	WRB
one	CD
parent	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
stronger	JJR
force	NN
of	IN
discipline	NN
,	,
the	DT
parent	NN
taking	VBG
on	RP
this	DT
role	NN
may	MD
tend	VB
to	TO
see	VB
disobedience	NN
as	IN
a	DT
direct	JJ
defiance	NN
,	,
and	CC
may	MD
often	RB
lose	VB
their	PRP$
patience	NN
more	RBR
quickly	RB
than	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
this	DT
,	,
children	NNS
sometimes	RB
get	VB
the	DT
sense	NN
very	RB
young	JJ
that	IN
nothing	NN
they	PRP
do	VBP
is	VBZ
ever	RB
good	JJ
enough	RB
,	,
in	IN
that	DT
parent	NN
's	POS
eyes	NNS
.	.
This	DT
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
perfectionistic	JJ
behavior	NN
and	CC
unhappiness	NN
with	IN
everything	NN
they	PRP
do	VBP
.	.
Obsession	NN
with	IN
weight	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
by	IN
one	CD
or	CC
both	DT
parents	NNS
will	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
in	IN
their	PRP$
children	NNS
.	.
Compulsive	JJ
Overeating	NN
,	,
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
or	CC
Bulimia	NN
by	IN
one	CD
or	CC
both	DT
parents	NNS
increases	VBZ
a	DT
childs	NNS
risk	NN
for	IN
developing	VBG
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
Parents	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
workaholics	NNS
and	CC
who	WP
have	VBP
a	DT
problem	NN
meeting	NN
obligations	NNS
to	TO
their	PRP$
children	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
ie.	FW
,	,
appointments	NNS
with	IN
teachers	NNS
,	,
awards	NNS
ceremonies	NNS
,	,
sports	NNS
events	NNS
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
often	RB
make	VBP
them	PRP
feel	VB
less	RBR
important	JJ
and	CC
unapproved	JJ
of	IN
.	.
If	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
abuse	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
physical	JJ
,	,
emotional	JJ
or	CC
sexual	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
by	IN
either	DT
or	CC
both	DT
parents	NNS
the	DT
child	NN
will	MD
learn	VB
to	TO
blame	VB
themselves	PRP
,	,
to	TO
think	VB
that	IN
everything	NN
is	VBZ
their	PRP$
fault	NN
,	,
that	IN
they	PRP
never	RB
do	VBP
anything	NN
right	RB
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
they	PRP
deserve	VBP
to	TO
hate-themselves	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
also	RB
feel	VB
``	``
disgusting	JJ
''	''
and	CC
``	``
dirty	JJ
''	''
,	,
may	MD
want	VB
to	TO
push	VB
other	JJ
's	POS
away	RB
and	CC
may	MD
feel	VB
a	DT
desire	NN
to	TO
be	VB
``	``
invisible	JJ
''	''
.	.
Divorce	NN
within	IN
the	DT
family	NN
,	,
particularly	RB
during	IN
a	DT
child	NN
's	POS
teen	JJ
years	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
when	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
already	RB
seeking	VBG
acceptance	NN
from	IN
their	PRP$
peers	NNS
and	CC
face	NN
hormone	NN
and	CC
body	NN
changes	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
can	MD
make	VB
the	DT
child	NN
seek	VB
attention	NN
and	CC
acceptance	NN
from	IN
one	CD
or	CC
both	DT
parents	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
create	VB
stress	NN
and	CC
feelings	NNS
of	IN
sadness	NN
and	CC
loneliness	NN
.	.
Lack	NN
of	IN
communication	NN
with	IN
parents	NNS
,	,
or	CC
lack	NN
of	IN
validation	NN
from	IN
parents	NNS
will	MD
make	VB
a	DT
child	NN
feels	VBZ
as	IN
though	IN
their	PRP$
feelings	NNS
do	VBP
n't	RB
matter	VB
,	,
that	IN
what	WP
they	PRP
do	VBP
and	CC
feel	VBP
is	VBZ
meaningless	JJ
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
loved	VBN
or	CC
accepted	VBN
.	.
Parents	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
perfectionists	NNS
and\/or	CC
who	WP
are	VBP
particularly	RB
hard	JJ
on	IN
themselves	PRP
will	MD
set	VB
an	DT
example	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
children	NNS
to	TO
do	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
if	IN
they	PRP
set	VBP
unusually	RB
high	JJ
expectations	NNS
on	IN
themselves	PRP
or	CC
their	PRP$
children	NNS
to	TO
achieve	VB
certain	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
success	NN
,	,
it	PRP
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
a	DT
child	NN
being	VBG
overly	RB
hard	RB
on	IN
themselves	PRP
and	CC
feeling	NN
of	IN
``	``
I	PRP
'm	VBP
never	RB
good	JJ
enough	RB
.	.
''	''
If	IN
either	DT
parent	NN
suffers	VBZ
from	IN
an	DT
existing	VBG
psychological	JJ
condition	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
whether	IN
diagnosed	VBN
or	CC
not	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
depression	NN
,	,
obsessive	JJ
compulsive	JJ
disorder	NN
or	CC
anxiety	NN
,	,
recent	JJ
studies	NNS
indicate	VBP
that	IN
their	PRP$
child	NN
may	MD
be	VB
born	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
pre-disposition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
.	.
This	DT
pre-disposition	NN
would	MD
increase	VB
their	PRP$
chances	NNS
of	IN
developing	VBG
a	DT
need	NN
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
the	DT
emotional	JJ
attributes	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
illness	NN
later	RB
on	RB
,	,
thus	RB
possibly	RB
developing	VBG
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
Long-term	JJ
and\/or	CC
severe	JJ
illness	NN
in	IN
either	CC
parent	NN
can	MD
create	VB
a	DT
disrupted	VBN
environment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
child	NN
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
cases	NNS
it	PRP
may	MD
increase	VB
the	DT
child	NN
's	POS
level	NN
of	IN
responsibility	NN
in	IN
the	DT
family	NN
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
make	VB
them	PRP
feel	VB
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
,	,
depressed	JJ
and	CC
lonely	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
like	IN
they	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
forgotten	VBN
or	CC
their	PRP$
needs	NNS
are	VBP
unimportant	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
There	EX
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
a	DT
subconscious	NN
desire	NN
to	TO
be	VB
sick	JJ
themselves	PRP
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
emulate	VB
the	DT
ill	JJ
parent	NN
,	,
or	CC
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
seek	VB
other	JJ
's	POS
acceptance	NN
and	CC
attention	NN
.	.
Abandonment	NN
by	IN
a	DT
parent	NN
can	MD
lead	VB
a	DT
child	NN
to	TO
question	VB
their	PRP$
identity	NN
,	,
if	IN
they	PRP
deserve	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
loved	VBN
,	,
if	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
good	JJ
enough	RB
,	,
and	CC
why	WRB
the	DT
estranged	VBN
parent	NN
left	VBD
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
cater	VB
to	TO
a	DT
low	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
self-worth	NN
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
feel	VB
angry	JJ
,	,
powerless	JJ
and	CC
depressed	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
find	VB
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
blame	VB
themselves	PRP
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
sense	VB
a	DT
need	NN
to	TO
find	VB
something	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
life	NN
to	TO
give	VB
them	PRP
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
control	NN
.	.
A	DT
child	NN
who	WP
loses	VBZ
a	DT
parent	NN
is	VBZ
more	RBR
apt	JJ
to	TO
develop	VB
depression	NN
,	,
alcoholism	NN
,	,
drug	NN
addiction	NN
or	CC
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
parent	NN
commits	VBZ
suicide	NN
it	PRP
increases	VBZ
the	DT
likelihood	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
develop	VB
of	IN
severe	JJ
form	NN
of	IN
depression	NN
and	CC
a	DT
need	NN
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
it	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
alcoholism	NN
,	,
drug	NN
addiction	NN
,	,
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
a	DT
higher	JJR
risk	NN
of	IN
the	DT
child	NN
committing	VBG
suicide	NN
.	.
A	DT
little	JJ
girl	NN
,	,
particularly	RB
an	DT
only-child	JJ
or	CC
from	IN
a	DT
family	NN
of	IN
girls	NNS
,	,
may	MD
sometimes	RB
feel	VB
as	IN
though	IN
her	PRP$
father	NN
wanted	VBD
a	DT
boy	NN
.	.
This	DT
can	MD
create	VB
an	DT
emotional	JJ
conflict	NN
for	IN
her	PRP$
once	IN
she	PRP
reaches	VBZ
puberty	NN
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
onslaught	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
developing	VBG
body	NN
.	.
An	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
her	PRP$
rebellious	JJ
attempt	NN
to	TO
control	VB
her	PRP$
expanding	VBG
hips	NNS
and	CC
growing	VBG
breasts	NNS
.	.
Little	JJ
girls	NNS
tend	VBP
to	TO
want	VB
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
women	NNS
their	PRP$
fathers	NNS
would	MD
like	VB
or	CC
marry	VB
.	.
Fathers	NNS
who	WP
make	VBP
comments	NNS
about	IN
body-size	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
about	IN
other	JJ
women	NNS
,	,
their	PRP$
wives	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
daughters	NNS
can	MD
make	VB
the	DT
child	NN
feel	VBP
as	IN
though	IN
the	DT
size	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
body	NN
dictates	VBZ
how	WRB
much	RB
he	PRP
will	MD
love	VB
her	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
create	VB
an	DT
obsession	NN
with	IN
her	PRP$
weight	NN
and	CC
a	DT
battle	NN
to	TO
seek	VB
her	PRP$
father	NN
's	POS
love	NN
and	CC
approval	NN
.	.
Being	VBG
that	DT
women	NNS
tend	VBP
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
higher	JJR
percentage	NN
of	IN
body-image	NN
issues	NNS
than	IN
men	NNS
,	,
mothers	NNS
tend	VBP
to	TO
influence	VB
their	PRP$
daughter	NN
's	POS
beliefs	NNS
about	IN
being	VBG
comfortable	JJ
with	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
bodies	NNS
.	.
A	DT
girl	NN
with	IN
a	DT
mother	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
disordered	VBN
eating	VBG
patterns	NNS
,	,
who	WP
continuously	RB
diets	VBZ
or	CC
is	VBZ
obsessed	VBN
with	IN
appearance	NN
,	,
and	CC
who	WP
may	MD
constantly	RB
berate	VB
herself	PRP
and\/or	CC
her	PRP$
daughter	NN
about	IN
weight	NN
,	,
will	MD
have	VB
a	DT
much	RB
higher	JJR
chance	NN
of	IN
developing	VBG
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
later	RB
on	IN
.	.
Girls	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
influenced	VBN
by	IN
mothers	NNS
who	WP
seek	VBP
to	TO
raise	VB
them	PRP
as	IN
``	``
good	JJ
wives	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
husband	NN
''	''
.	.
Be	VB
proper	JJ
,	,
do	VBP
n't	RB
gain	VB
weight	NN
,	,
keep	VB
up	RP
with	IN
your	PRP$
looks	NNS
,	,
never	RB
be	VB
caught	VBN
dead	JJ
without	IN
make-up	NN
all	DT
contribute	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
belief	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
only	RB
deserve	VBP
love	NN
if	IN
they	PRP
look	VBP
their	PRP$
best	JJS
.	.
Mother	NNP
may	MD
also	RB
lay	VB
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
importance	NN
in	IN
cooking	NN
for	IN
a	DT
husband	NN
,	,
while	IN
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
sending	VBG
messages	NNS
to	TO
not	RB
gain	VB
weight	NN
and\/or	CC
do	VBP
n't	RB
eat	VB
too	RB
much	RB
.	.
These	DT
can	MD
all	DT
contribute	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
thought	NN
that	WDT
food	NN
and\/or	CC
weight	NN
equals	VBZ
love	NN
.	.
Abuse	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
emotional	JJ
,	,
physical	JJ
or	CC
sexual	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
by	IN
siblings	NNS
can	MD
lead	VB
the	DT
child	NN
to	TO
blame	VB
themselves	PRP
,	,
to	TO
think	VB
that	IN
everything	NN
is	VBZ
their	PRP$
fault	NN
,	,
that	IN
they	PRP
never	RB
do	VBP
anything	NN
right	RB
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
they	PRP
deserve	VBP
to	TO
hate-themselves	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
also	RB
feel	VB
``	``
disgusting	JJ
''	''
and	CC
``	``
dirty	JJ
''	''
,	,
may	MD
want	VB
to	TO
push	VB
other	JJ
's	POS
away	RB
and	CC
may	MD
feel	VB
a	DT
desire	NN
to	TO
be	VB
``	``
invisible	JJ
''	''
.	.
Long-term	JJ
and\/or	CC
severe	JJ
illness	NN
in	IN
a	DT
sibling	NN
can	MD
create	VB
a	DT
disrupted	VBN
environment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
child	NN
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
cases	NNS
it	PRP
may	MD
increase	VB
the	DT
child	NN
's	POS
level	NN
of	IN
responsibility	NN
in	IN
the	DT
family	NN
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
make	VB
them	PRP
feel	VB
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
,	,
depressed	JJ
and	CC
lonely	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
like	IN
they	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
forgotten	VBN
or	CC
their	PRP$
needs	NNS
are	VBP
unimportant	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
There	EX
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
a	DT
subconscious	NN
desire	NN
to	TO
be	VB
sick	JJ
themselves	PRP
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
get	VB
equal	JJ
attention	NN
or	CC
acceptance	NN
from	IN
parents	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
family	NN
members	NNS
.	.
A	DT
child	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
above	IN
average	JJ
intelligence	NN
,	,
who	WP
expresses	VBZ
tremendous	JJ
individuality	NN
or	CC
who	WP
has	VBZ
a	DT
unique	JJ
gift	NN
or	CC
talent	NN
may	MD
have	VB
feelings	NNS
of	IN
unacceptance	NN
from	IN
peers	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
a	DT
strong	JJ
need	NN
or	CC
desire	NN
for	IN
acceptance	NN
and	CC
to	TO
fit	VB
it	PRP
.	.
There	EX
may	MD
be	VB
increased	VBN
pressures	NNS
placed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
child	NN
to	TO
achieve	VB
.	.
A	DT
child	NN
with	IN
weight	NN
problems	NNS
who	WP
is	VBZ
continuously	RB
picked	VBN
on	IN
may	MD
develop	VB
a	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
self-worth	NN
and	CC
a	DT
desire	NN
for	IN
love	NN
and	CC
acceptance	NN
.	.
This	DT
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
depression	NN
and	CC
further	JJ
withdrawal	NN
,	,
and\/or	CC
obsessive	JJ
weight	NN
concerns	NNS
and	CC
body-image	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
As	RB
well	RB
,	,
some	DT
girls	NNS
will	MD
develop	VB
sooner	RBR
than	IN
others	NNS
and	CC
may	MD
face	VB
ridicule	NN
because	IN
of	IN
it	PRP
,	,
making	VBG
them	PRP
hate	VB
and	CC
want	VB
to	TO
hide	VB
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
the	DT
bodies	NNS
.	.
Harassment	NN
by	IN
boys	NNS
at	IN
this	DT
age	NN
can	MD
cater	VB
to	TO
feeling	VBG
uncomfortable	JJ
and	CC
having	VBG
feelings	NNS
of	IN
shame	NN
.	.
Kids	NNS
participating	VBG
in	IN
sports	NNS
and	CC
athletic	JJ
activities	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
dance	NN
or	CC
cheerleading	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
may	MD
feel	VB
additional	JJ
pressure	NN
from	IN
their	PRP$
coaches	NNS
and	CC
peers	NNS
to	TO
achieve	VB
certain	JJ
body	NN
types	NNS
.	.
This	DT
can	MD
be	VB
common	JJ
in	IN
ballet	NN
,	,
gymnastics	NNS
,	,
cheerleading	NN
,	,
figure	NN
skating	NN
,	,
swimming	NN
and	CC
wrestling	NN
.	.
Often	RB
times	NNS
they	PRP
share	VBP
purging	VBG
tips	NNS
and	CC
ways	NNS
to	TO
restrict	VB
,	,
comparing	VBG
with	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
how	WRB
much	RB
they	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
eat	VB
.	.
Because	IN
they	PRP
seek	VBP
acceptance	NN
amongst	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
and	CC
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
unhealthy	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
diets	NNS
to	TO
begin	VB
with	IN
,	,
this	DT
obviously	RB
is	VBZ
behavior	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
the	DT
start	NN
of	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
teen	JJ
years	NNS
it	PRP
's	VBZ
common	JJ
for	IN
kids	NNS
to	TO
seek	VB
acceptance	NN
from	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
trying	VBG
to	TO
become	VB
comfortable	JJ
with	IN
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
changes	NNS
they	PRP
are	VBP
going	VBG
through	IN
.	.
Within	IN
the	DT
dating	VBG
environment	NN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
uncommon	JJ
for	IN
teens	NNS
to	TO
want	VB
to	TO
please	VB
each	DT
other	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
way	NN
they	PRP
look	VBP
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
common	JJ
to	TO
hear	VB
girls	NNS
talking	VBG
about	IN
losing	VBG
weight	NN
and	CC
staying	VBG
thin	JJ
.	.
Emotional	JJ
and	CC
physical	JJ
abuse	NN
within	IN
a	DT
relationship	NN
can	MD
cut	VB
it	PRP
's	VBZ
victim	NN
down	RB
,	,
making	VBG
them	PRP
feel	VB
small	JJ
and	CC
to-blame	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
lead	VB
the	DT
victim	NN
to	TO
try	VB
desperately	RB
to	TO
get	VB
acceptance	NN
and	CC
approval	NN
from	IN
their	PRP$
abuser	NN
.	.
They	PRP
often	RB
blame	VBP
themselves	PRP
.	.
Divorce	NN
in	IN
a	DT
marriage	NN
leaves	VBZ
its	PRP$
participants	NNS
back	RB
in	IN
an	DT
awkward	JJ
dating	VBG
scene	NN
again	RB
.	.
Not	RB
only	RB
can	MD
the	DT
divorce	NN
itself	PRP
leave	VBP
a	DT
person	NN
feeling	NN
unloved	JJ
and	CC
unacceptable	JJ
,	,
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
an	DT
obsession	NN
with	IN
body-image	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
over	IN
the	DT
prospect	NN
of	IN
finding	VBG
another	DT
mate	NN
.	.
After	IN
childbirth	NN
a	DT
woman	NN
may	MD
feel	VB
at	IN
a	DT
loss	NN
over	IN
the	DT
weight	NN
she	PRP
has	VBZ
gained	VBN
during	IN
pregnancy	NN
.	.
Her	PRP$
husband	NN
or	CC
boyfriend	NN
may	MD
continuously	RB
mention	VB
her	PRP$
weight	NN
or	CC
pick	NN
on	IN
her	PRP$
for	IN
it	PRP
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
there	EX
are	VBP
stresses	VBZ
on	IN
her	PRP$
to	TO
perform	VB
as	IN
a	DT
mother	NN
.	.
She	PRP
may	MD
feel	VB
her	PRP$
life	NN
is	VBZ
out	IN
of	IN
her	PRP$
hands	NNS
and	CC
with	IN
increased	VBN
focus	NN
on	IN
the	DT
baby	NN
,	,
like	IN
she	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
matter	VB
.	.
Pressures	NNS
placed	VBN
on	IN
people	NNS
by	IN
society	NN
to	TO
fit	VB
the	DT
ideal	JJ
professional	NN
may	MD
lend	VB
themselves	PRP
to	TO
body-image	JJ
problems	NNS
and	CC
weight	NN
loss	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
There	EX
may	MD
be	VB
size-discrimination	NN
at	IN
a	DT
job	NN
that	WDT
makes	VBZ
prospects	NNS
for	IN
promotion	NN
seem	VBP
dim	RB
without	IN
weight	NN
loss	NN
.	.
This	DT
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
problems	NNS
with	IN
body-image	NN
.	.
Comments	NNS
,	,
gossip	NN
and	CC
whispering	VBG
about	IN
a	DT
persons	NNS
weight	NN
will	MD
make	VB
them	PRP
feel	VB
worthless	JJ
and	CC
seeking	VBG
acceptance	NN
.	.
This	DT
can	MD
make	VB
the	DT
person	NN
feel	VB
depressed	JJ
and	CC
alone	RB
,	,
and	CC
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
body-image	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
Bosses	NNS
telling	VBG
employees	NNS
to	TO
watch	VB
their	PRP$
weight	NN
or	CC
loss	NN
weight	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
keep	VB
their	PRP$
job	NN
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
get	VB
a	DT
promotion	NN
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
feelings	NNS
of	IN
inadequacy	NN
and	CC
powerlessness	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
this	DT
is	VBZ
also	RB
size-discrimination	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
There	EX
seems	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
definite	JJ
correlation	NN
between	IN
physical	JJ
,	,
sexual	JJ
and\/or	CC
emotional	JJ
abuse	NN
and	CC
the	DT
sufferers	NNS
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
studies	NNS
,	,
a	DT
relatively	RB
high	JJ
percent	NN
report	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
suffered	VBN
from	IN
some	DT
sort	NN
of	IN
abuse	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	JJ
poll	NN
on	IN
this	DT
very	RB
topic	NN
,	,
out	IN
of	IN
over	IN
2,000	CD
people	NNS
who	WP
responded	VBD
,	,
more	JJR
than	IN
50	CD
%	NN
said	VBD
they	PRP
suffered	VBD
from	IN
some	DT
type	NN
of	IN
physical	JJ
or	CC
sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
,	,
of	IN
course	NN
,	,
not	RB
to	TO
say	VB
that	IN
all	DT
people	NNS
suffering	VBG
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
or	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Eating	NNP
have	VBP
been	VBN
abused	VBN
,	,
but	CC
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
sufferers	NNS
admit	VBP
that	IN
some	DT
type	NN
of	IN
abuse	NN
played	VBD
a	DT
direct	JJ
and\/or	CC
indirect	JJ
part	NN
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
Children	NNS
and	CC
victims	NNS
of	IN
domestic	JJ
abuse	NN
that	WDT
are	VBP
repeatedly	RB
struck	VBN
,	,
either	CC
with	IN
a	DT
hand	NN
,	,
fist	NN
,	,
foot	NN
,	,
belt	NN
,	,
wooden	JJ
spoon	NN
,	,
yard	NN
stick	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
object	NN
feel	VBP
powerless	JJ
and	CC
afraid	JJ
.	.
Hands	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
meant	VBN
for	IN
loving	JJ
suddenly	RB
become	VBN
contradictory	JJ
weapons	NNS
used	VBN
for	IN
hurting	VBG
.	.
The	DT
people	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
supposed	VBN
to	TO
love	VB
and	CC
protect	VB
now	RB
turn	VB
on	IN
them	PRP
in	IN
fits	NNS
of	IN
rage	NN
and	CC
hurt	VB
them	PRP
most	JJS
.	.
Women	NNS
and	CC
children	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
berated	VBN
with	IN
insults	NNS
,	,
vehemently	RB
controlled	VBN
and	CC
isolated	VBN
from	IN
others	NNS
,	,
who	WP
are	VBP
told	VBN
they	PRP
are	VBP
stupid	JJ
and	CC
worthless	JJ
,	,
who	WP
are	VBP
neglected	VBN
,	,
forgotten	VBN
and\/or	CC
abandoned	VBN
have	VBP
a	DT
nagging	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
self-hate	NN
and	CC
as	IN
though	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
deserve	VB
to	TO
be	VB
loved	VBN
.	.
Caring	JJ
words	NNS
of	IN
love	NN
,	,
affection	NN
,	,
support	NN
and	CC
pride	NN
become	VBP
daggers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
heart	NN
.	.
In	IN
both	DT
cases	NNS
,	,
the	DT
victim	NN
may	MD
grow	VB
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
need	NN
to	TO
push	VB
people	NNS
away	RB
who	WP
make	VBP
any	DT
attempt	NN
at	IN
closeness	NN
.	.
They	PRP
generally	RB
have	VBP
a	DT
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
and	CC
feel	VB
a	DT
distrust	NN
of	IN
others	NNS
,	,
a	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
control	NN
and\/or	CC
a	DT
feeling	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
trapped	VBN
.	.
The	DT
victims	NNS
of	IN
physical	JJ
and	CC
emotional	JJ
abuse	NN
,	,
and	CC
domestic	JJ
violence	NN
can	MD
end	VB
up	RP
feeling	NN
like	IN
things	NNS
are	VBP
always	RB
their	PRP$
fault	NN
,	,
like	IN
they	PRP
deserve	VBP
what	WP
they	PRP
get	VBP
,	,
and	CC
like	IN
they	PRP
never	RB
do	VBP
anything	NN
right	RB
.	.
They	PRP
often	RB
question	VBP
themselves	PRP
when	WRB
making	VBG
decisions	NNS
,	,
obsessively	RB
wondering	VBG
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
one	CD
,	,
or	CC
may	MD
be	VB
incapable	JJ
of	IN
making	VBG
decisions	NNS
on	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
continuously	RB
ask	VB
if	IN
they	PRP
did	VBD
okay	JJ
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
look	NN
okay	JJ
,	,
if	IN
what	WP
they	PRP
said	VBD
was	VBD
okay	JJ
,	,
in	IN
a	DT
desperate	JJ
need	NN
for	IN
acceptance	NN
and	CC
approval	NN
.	.
Very	RB
often	RB
the	DT
victim	NN
of	IN
abuse	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
low	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
self-worth	NN
and	CC
may	MD
feel	VB
a	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
control	NN
over	IN
their	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
Children	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
been	VBN
abused	VBN
more	RBR
often	RB
end	VB
up	RP
in	IN
relationships	NNS
where	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
abused	JJ
.	.
Victims	NNS
of	IN
domestic	JJ
abuse	NN
often	RB
repeatedly	RB
get	VB
back	RB
into	IN
similar	JJ
situations	NNS
of	IN
abuse	NN
.	.
Both	DT
come	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
conclusion	NN
that	WDT
hitting	VBG
and	CC
emotional	JJ
assault	NN
equals	VBZ
love	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
this	DT
must	MD
be	VB
what	WP
they	PRP
deserve	VBP
.	.
Both	DT
can	MD
suffer	VB
with	IN
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
drug	NN
addiction	NN
,	,
alcoholism	NN
and	CC
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
In	IN
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
gain	VB
control	NN
victims	NNS
of	IN
abuse	NN
may	MD
try	VB
to	TO
drastically	RB
control	VB
their	PRP$
weight	NN
.	.
There	EX
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
sense	NN
that	IN
if	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
thinner	JJR
it	PRP
would	MD
make	VB
the	DT
abuser	NN
happy	JJ
and	CC
they	PRP
would	MD
stop	VB
hurting	VBG
them	PRP
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
starve	VB
themselves	PRP
of	IN
food	NN
over	IN
the	DT
feeling	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
deserve	VB
anything	NN
good	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
attempt	VB
to	TO
fill	VB
a	DT
void	NN
they	PRP
feel	VBP
inside	RB
by	IN
eating	VBG
,	,
or	CC
may	MD
look	VB
to	TO
a	DT
binge	NN
as	IN
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
stuff	VB
down	RP
their	PRP$
hurt	NN
and	CC
anger	NN
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
see	VB
food	NN
as	IN
their	PRP$
only	JJ
friend	NN
,	,
the	DT
one	CD
that	WDT
wo	MD
n't	RB
turn	VB
on	IN
them	PRP
--	:
or	CC
--	:
they	PRP
may	MD
look	VB
to	TO
control	VB
their	PRP$
surroundings	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
only	JJ
means	NNS
that	WDT
seems	VBZ
possible	JJ
,	,
by	IN
restricting	VBG
their	PRP$
food	NN
intake	NN
.	.
Victims	NNS
may	MD
purge	VB
to	TO
release	VB
their	PRP$
emotions	NNS
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
punish	VB
themselves	PRP
for	IN
enjoying	VBG
something	NN
they	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
feel	VB
they	PRP
deserve	VBP
-LRB-	-LRB-
food	NN
,	,
love	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Food	NNP
can	MD
become	VB
a	DT
weapon	NN
to	TO
gain	VB
control	NN
and	CC
a	DT
friend	NN
that	WDT
wo	MD
n't	RB
hurt	VB
them	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
forget	VB
the	DT
pain	NN
.	.
Children	NNS
who	WP
suffer	VBP
through	IN
sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
fondling	VBG
,	,
inappropriate	JJ
kissing	NN
,	,
oral	JJ
sex	NN
,	,
forced-intercourse	NN
or	CC
sodomy	NN
,	,
pornography	NN
,	,
forced	VBN
to	TO
watch	VB
sexual	JJ
behavior	NN
of	IN
adults	NNS
,	,
rape	NN
,	,
incest	NN
,	,
date	NN
rape	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
become	VBP
confused	JJ
about	IN
issues	NNS
of	IN
integrity	NN
.	.
Adults	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
initially	RB
perceived	VBD
as	IN
trusting	VBG
have	VBP
come	VBN
to	TO
betray	VB
them	PRP
which	WDT
leaves	VBZ
them	PRP
with	IN
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
confusion	NN
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
feel	VB
anger	NN
and	CC
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
mistrust	NN
for	IN
the	DT
opposite	JJ
sex	NN
or	CC
a	DT
deep	JJ
seeded	VBN
need	NN
for	IN
acceptance	NN
from	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
opposite	JJ
sex	NN
.	.
Sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
survivors	NNS
may	MD
blame	VB
themselves	PRP
for	IN
trusting	VBG
the	DT
individual	NN
that	WDT
hurt	VBD
them	PRP
,	,
for	IN
being	VBG
stupid	JJ
,	,
for	IN
being	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
``	``
wrong	JJ
place	NN
at	IN
the	DT
wrong	JJ
time	NN
''	''
,	,
for	IN
not	RB
fighting	VBG
harder	JJR
,	,
and\/or	CC
for	IN
not	RB
telling	VBG
someone	NN
.	.
They	PRP
often	RB
feel	VBP
as	IN
though	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
done	VBN
something	NN
to	TO
deserve	VB
the	DT
abuse	NN
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
feel	VB
disgustingly	RB
used	VBN
and	CC
as	IN
though	IN
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
have	VBP
betrayed	VBN
them	PRP
.	.
The	DT
abuser	NN
may	MD
threaten	VB
to	TO
hurt	VB
them	PRP
further	RBR
if	IN
they	PRP
tell	VBP
making	VBG
the	DT
victim	NN
feel	VBP
as	IN
though	IN
they	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
ashamed	JJ
and	CC
afraid	JJ
,	,
and	CC
resulting	VBG
in	IN
not	RB
telling	VBG
anyone	NN
for	IN
a	DT
long	JJ
time	NN
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
also	RB
feel	VB
as	IN
though	IN
no	DT
one	NN
will	MD
believe	VB
them	PRP
.	.
Survivors	NNS
may	MD
feel	VB
ashamed	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
behavior	NN
and	CC
of	IN
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
this	DT
in	IN
combination	NN
with	IN
any	DT
possible	JJ
threats	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
abusor	NN
may	MD
force	VB
them	PRP
into	IN
a	DT
silence	NN
about	IN
it	PRP
for	IN
many	JJ
years	NNS
.	.
Survivors	NNS
may	MD
feel	VB
a	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
immense	JJ
control	NN
over	IN
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
self-blame	NN
they	PRP
may	MD
carry	VB
a	DT
tremendous	JJ
burden	NN
of	IN
guilt	NN
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
feel	VB
a	DT
need	NN
to	TO
push	VB
others	NNS
away	RB
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
hurried	VBN
sense	NN
to	TO
grow-up	JJ
,	,
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
themselves	PRP
.	.
The	DT
backlash	NN
of	IN
Sexual	NNP
Abuse	NNP
is	VBZ
that	IN
survivors	NNS
may	MD
turn	VB
to	TO
food	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
alcoholism	NN
or	CC
drug	NN
addiction	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
as	IN
a	DT
means	NN
to	TO
cope	VB
.	.
Binging	NN
may	MD
offer	VB
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
comfort	NN
and	CC
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
stuff	VB
down	RP
emotions	NNS
of	IN
pain	NN
and	CC
anger	NN
.	.
Purging	VBG
may	MD
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
release	NN
of	IN
emotion	NN
or	CC
as	IN
a	DT
means	NN
to	TO
self-punish	JJ
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
desperate	JJ
attempt	NN
to	TO
gain	VB
control	NN
over	IN
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
some	DT
victims	NNS
will	MD
turn	VB
to	TO
food	NN
and	CC
restriction	NN
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
feel	VB
dirty	JJ
and	CC
violated	VBD
,	,
unable	JJ
to	TO
get	VB
clean	JJ
and	CC
purging	VBG
may	MD
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
temporary	JJ
fix	NN
to	TO
those	DT
feelings	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
attempt	VB
to	TO
control	VB
their	PRP$
body-shape	NN
,	,
becoming	VBG
overweight	JJ
or	CC
under	IN
weight	NN
,	,
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
push	VB
people	NNS
away	RB
to	TO
prevent	VB
further	JJ
abuse	NN
,	,
or	CC
so	RB
that	IN
the	DT
abuse	NN
will	MD
stop	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
still	RB
occurring	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Food	NNP
,	,
binging	NN
and	CC
purging	VBG
and	CC
restriction\/starvation	NN
may	MD
all	DT
provide	VB
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
safety	NN
,	,
certainty	NN
and	CC
security	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
feel	VBP
they	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
find	VB
anywhere	RB
else	RB
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
abuser	NN
used	VBN
food	NN
to	TO
lure	VB
their	PRP$
victims	NNS
,	,
or	CC
if	IN
the	DT
victim	NN
associates	NNS
food	NN
with	IN
the	DT
person	NN
who	WP
violated	VBD
them	PRP
,	,
they	PRP
may	MD
develop	VB
a	DT
fear	NN
or	CC
even	RB
an	DT
intense	JJ
phobia	NN
of	IN
food	NN
and	CC
eating	NN
.	.
Survivors	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
forced	VBN
to	TO
perform	VB
oral	JJ
sex	NN
may	MD
also	RB
have	VB
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
gagging	NN
,	,
choking	VBG
or	CC
a	DT
frightened	JJ
feeling	NN
upon	IN
putting	VBG
food	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
mouth	NN
,	,
making	VBG
it	PRP
difficult	JJ
to	TO
eat	VB
.	.
Survivors	NNS
of	IN
sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
often	RB
suffer	VBP
from	IN
Post	NNP
Traumatic	NNP
Stress	NN
Syndrome	NN
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
show	VB
signs	NNS
of	IN
drug	NN
addiction	NN
,	,
alcoholism	NN
,	,
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
isolation	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
flashbacks	NNS
and\/or	CC
multiple	JJ
personality	NN
syndrome	NN
.	.
Sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
impacts	VBZ
it	PRP
's	VBZ
survivor	NN
's	POS
life	NN
forever	RB
.	.
Description	NN
\/	CD
Purpose	NNP
:	:
To	TO
help	VB
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
sufferers	NNS
and	CC
Family	NNP
and	CC
Friends	NNPS
find	VBP
each	DT
other	JJ
for	IN
support	NN
.	.
Doctors	NNS
and	CC
therapists	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
are	VBP
also	RB
welcome	JJ
to	TO
join	VB
to	TO
share	VB
ideas	NNS
and	CC
recovery	NN
methods	NNS
or	CC
techniques	NNS
.	.
AIM	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
AOL	NNP
Instant	NNP
Messenger	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
provides	VBZ
users	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
means	NN
to	TO
chat	VB
whenever	WRB
they	PRP
like	VBP
and	CC
enables	VBZ
them	PRP
to	TO
share	VB
ideas	NNS
,	,
and	CC
exchange	NN
support	NN
ideas	NNS
and	CC
advice	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
used	VBN
AOL	NNP
to	TO
access	VB
the	DT
internet	NN
you	PRP
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
download	VB
AIM	NNP
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
participate	VB
.	.
About	RB
once	RB
a	DT
month	NN
we	PRP
'll	MD
send	VB
out	RP
a	DT
mailing	NN
to	TO
let	VB
you	PRP
know	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
recent	JJ
happenings	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
website	NN
...	:
this	DT
includes	VBZ
reminders	NNS
about	IN
special	JJ
events	NNS
,	,
any	DT
important	JJ
information	NN
regarding	VBG
updates	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
site	NN
and	CC
with	IN
other	JJ
projects	NNS
we	PRP
are	VBP
currently	RB
working	VBG
on	IN
or	CC
planning	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
future	JJ
!	.
Included	VBN
in	IN
these	DT
mailings	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
motivational	JJ
ideas	NNS
for	IN
recovery	NN
,	,
a	DT
question	NN
and	CC
answer	VB
segment	NN
,	,
book	NN
recommendations	NNS
and	CC
more	JJR
.	.
Signup	NNP
now	RB
...	:
Please	VB
make	VB
sure	JJ
to	TO
enter	VB
your	PRP$
e-mail	NN
address	NN
correctly	RB
,	,
or	CC
you	PRP
will	MD
NOT	RB
be	VB
subscribed	VBN
.	.
You	PRP
correct	VBP
e-mail	NN
address	NN
should	MD
always	RB
have	VB
an	DT
@	SYM
symbol	NN
in	IN
it	PRP
and	CC
look	VB
something	NN
like	IN
this	DT
:	:
yourname@domain.com	NN
;	:
screenname@aol.com	NN
;	:
username@provider.net	NN
;	:
or	CC
;	:
freemail@hotmail.com	NN
.	.
All	DT
articles	NNS
that	WDT
appear	VBP
here	RB
have	VBP
been	VBN
submitted	VBN
and	CC
reprinted	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
permission	NN
of	IN
the	DT
authors	NNS
.	.
Copyrights	NNS
are	VBP
retained	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
authors	NNS
and	CC
you	PRP
must	MD
contact	VB
them	PRP
for	IN
permission	NN
to	TO
reprint	VB
.	.
The	DT
``	``
ARTICLES	NNS
''	''
section	NN
of	IN
the	DT
site	NN
has	VBZ
now	RB
been	VBN
incorporated	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
bulletin	NN
board	NN
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
allow	VB
authors	NNS
to	TO
retain	VB
anonymity	NN
if	IN
they	PRP
choose	VBP
to	TO
,	,
but	CC
will	MD
also	RB
allow	VB
others	NNS
to	TO
contact	VB
them	PRP
directly	RB
about	IN
their	PRP$
writings	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
they	PRP
choose	VBP
to	TO
allow	VB
it	PRP
in	IN
their	PRP$
member	NN
profile	NN
--	:
``	``
My	PRP$
Stuff	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
June	NNP
,	,
1996	CD
--	:
``	``
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
hanging	VBG
in	IN
there	RB
,	,
fighting	VBG
for	IN
her	PRP$
life	NN
every	DT
day	NN
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
throwing	VBG
up	RP
blood	NN
,	,
which	WDT
she	PRP
believes	VBZ
is	VBZ
a	DT
sign	NN
from	IN
God	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
though	IN
she	PRP
says	VBZ
she	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
know	VB
what	WP
the	DT
message	NN
is	VBZ
yet	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
...	:
''	''
September	NNP
,	,
1996	CD
--	:
``	``
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
holding	VBG
steady	JJ
.	.
Her	PRP$
sister	NN
went	VBD
back	RB
to	TO
Canada	NNP
,	,
and	CC
unfortunately	RB
,	,
their	PRP$
visit	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
completely	RB
successful	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
glad	JJ
they	PRP
saw	VBD
each	DT
other	JJ
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
guess	VBP
I	PRP
was	VBD
hoping	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
exchange	NN
would	MD
result	VB
in	IN
Caron	NNP
getting	VBG
some	DT
help	NN
...	:
''	''
October	NNP
,	,
1996	CD
--	:
``	``
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
come	VB
back	RB
and	CC
post	VB
exciting	JJ
news	NN
,	,
I	PRP
really	RB
did	VBD
.	.
But	CC
the	DT
trip	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
disaster	NN
of	IN
complications	NNS
and	CC
travel	NN
problems	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
from	IN
missing	VBG
one	CD
plane	NN
to	TO
not	RB
having	VBG
a	DT
reservation	NN
at	IN
the	DT
hotel	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
...	:
''	''
November	NNP
,	,
1996	CD
--	:
``	``
Caron	NNP
called	VBD
me	PRP
early	JJ
Sunday	NNP
morning	NN
and	CC
told	VBD
me	PRP
she	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
do	VB
this	DT
on	IN
her	PRP$
own	JJ
anymore	RB
,	,
she	PRP
is	VBZ
scared	VBN
for	IN
her	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
and	CC
wants	VBZ
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
a	DT
hospital	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
surprised	JJ
and	CC
happy	JJ
and	CC
sad	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
...	:
''	''
December	NNP
,	,
1996	CD
--	:
``	``
Since	IN
Caron	NNP
and	CC
I	PRP
became	VBD
close	JJ
friends	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
talked	VBN
to	TO
her	PRP$
on	IN
the	DT
phone	NN
daily	RB
,	,
usually	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
once	RB
a	DT
day	NN
,	,
even	RB
when	WRB
I	PRP
've	VBP
gone	VBN
away	RB
on	IN
vacation	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
deeply	RB
concerned	JJ
and	CC
I	PRP
regret	VBP
to	TO
say	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
not	RB
heard	VBN
from	IN
my	PRP$
angel	NN
friend	NN
since	IN
Wednesday	NNP
...	:
''	''
February	NNP
,	,
1998	CD
--	:
``	``
I	PRP
am	VBP
unable	JJ
to	TO
write	VB
frequently	RB
about	IN
Caron	NNP
because	IN
our	PRP$
friendship	NN
has	VBZ
changed	VBN
drastically	RB
.	.
I	PRP
spent	VBD
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
year	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
you	PRP
look	VBP
back	RB
at	IN
the	DT
early	JJ
letter	NN
on	IN
this	DT
website	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
trying	VBG
desperately	RB
to	TO
help	VB
Caron	NNP
...	:
''	''
April	NNP
,	,
1998	CD
--	:
``	``
She	PRP
is	VBZ
alive	JJ
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
much	JJ
of	IN
a	DT
life	NN
.	.
She	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
work	VB
,	,
though	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
lucky	JJ
that	IN
her	PRP$
boyfriend	NN
takes	VBZ
care	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
financially	RB
,	,
and	CC
she	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
do	VB
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
recreational	JJ
activites	NNS
because	IN
of	IN
her	PRP$
bad	JJ
health	NN
,	,
weakness	NN
,	,
and	CC
lack	NN
of	IN
muscle	NN
tissue	NN
...	:
''	''
June	NNP
,	,
1998	CD
--	:
``	``
I	PRP
rarely	RB
speak	VBP
to	TO
her	PRP
,	,
as	IN
she	PRP
has	VBZ
settled	VBN
into	IN
a	DT
life	NN
and	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
want	VB
help	NN
and	CC
,	,
due	JJ
to	TO
my	PRP$
own	JJ
recovery	NN
,	,
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
surround	VB
myself	PRP
with	IN
healthy	JJ
loving	JJ
people	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
willing	JJ
to	TO
work	VB
on	IN
their	PRP$
issues	NNS
...	:
''	''
Remember	VB
It	PRP
Hurts	VBZ
.	.
This	DT
area	NN
was	VBD
designed	VBN
not	RB
only	RB
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
link	NN
between	IN
people	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
as	IN
an	DT
area	NN
where	WRB
those	DT
recovering	VBG
can	MD
share	VB
their	PRP$
stories	NNS
,	,
coping	VBG
ideas	NNS
,	,
and	CC
give	VB
motivation	NN
towards	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
forum	NN
moderators	NNS
always	RB
come	VBP
from	IN
within	IN
the	DT
membership	NN
community	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
invited	VBN
to	TO
become	VB
leaders	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
their	PRP$
level	NN
of	IN
participation	NN
and	CC
recovery	NN
status	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
along	RB
in	IN
your	PRP$
recovery	NN
and	CC
want	VB
to	TO
offer	VB
words	NNS
of	IN
encouragement	NN
to	TO
others	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
battle	NN
against	IN
the	DT
monster	NN
,	,
visit	NN
and	CC
share	NN
your	PRP$
story	NN
on	IN
The	DT
Other	JJ
Side	NN
.	.
Everyone	NN
's	POS
journey	NN
through	IN
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
unique	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
more	RBR
stories	NNS
that	WDT
appear	VBP
,	,
the	DT
more	JJR
opportunity	NN
there	EX
is	VBZ
for	IN
other	JJ
sufferers	NNS
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
to	TO
see	VB
how	WRB
people	NNS
have	VBP
made	VBN
it	PRP
through	IN
the	DT
battle	NN
.	.
Articles	NNPS
of	IN
Interest	NN
section	NN
and	CC
submit	VB
it	PRP
through	IN
the	DT
bulletin	NN
board	NN
system	NN
.	.
Doctor	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
treatment	NN
professionals	NNS
are	VBP
welcome	JJ
to	TO
submit	VB
articles	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
Please	VB
contact	VB
us	PRP
to	TO
make	VB
arrangements	NNS
to	TO
submit	VB
your	PRP$
article	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
wish	VBP
to	TO
volunteer	VB
your	PRP$
support	NN
in	IN
the	DT
fight	NN
to	TO
raise	VB
awareness	NN
and	CC
reach	VB
out	RP
to	TO
others	NNS
,	,
visit	VBP
the	DT
Links	NNP
and	CC
Resources	NNP
Page	NNP
and	CC
contact	VB
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
organizations	NNS
there	RB
on	IN
how	WRB
you	PRP
can	MD
help	VB
.	.
Often	RB
they	PRP
have	VBP
local	JJ
chapters	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
area	NN
that	WDT
are	VBP
always	RB
looking	VBG
for	IN
volunteers	NNS
to	TO
work	VB
in	IN
offices	NNS
,	,
provide	VBP
support	NN
via	IN
hotlines	NNS
or	CC
face	NN
to	TO
face	VB
,	,
run	VB
support	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
The	DT
one	CD
thing	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
important	JJ
and	CC
you	PRP
should	MD
keep	VB
in	IN
mind	NN
...	:
you	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
somewhat	RB
along	IN
in	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
recovery	NN
before	IN
volunteering	VBG
.	.
Helping	VBG
others	NNS
is	VBZ
a	DT
wonderful	JJ
thing	NN
to	TO
do	VB
,	,
but	CC
unless	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
made	VBN
some	DT
of	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
progress	NN
your	PRP$
help	NN
will	MD
be	VB
less	RBR
effective	JJ
,	,
and	CC
you	PRP
risk	VB
running	VBG
into	IN
many	JJ
problems	NNS
yourself	PRP
.	.
The	DT
websites	NNS
below	IN
contain	VBP
information	NN
about	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
and\/or	CC
referral	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
are	VBP
run	VBN
by	IN
either	DT
individuals	NNS
,	,
small	JJ
grass-roots	JJ
organizations	NNS
or	CC
larger	JJR
non-profit	JJ
ones	NNS
.	.
Be	VB
sure	JJ
to	TO
also	RB
check	VB
out	RP
our	PRP$
complete	JJ
comprehensive	JJ
list	NN
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Organizations	NNPS
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
links	NNS
,	,
addresses	NNS
and	CC
phone	NN
numbers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
websites	NNS
below	IN
are	VBP
not	RB
designated	VBN
solely	RB
to	TO
the	DT
topic	NN
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
,	,
but	CC
contain	VBP
information	NN
about	IN
them	PRP
,	,
or	CC
general	JJ
recovery	NN
information	NN
for	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
mental	JJ
illnesses	NNS
and	CC
addictions	NNS
.	.
Be	VB
sure	JJ
to	TO
also	RB
check	VB
out	RP
our	PRP$
links	NNS
to	TO
other	JJ
online	JJ
support	NN
options	NNS
.	.
National	NNP
Child	NNP
Abuse	NNP
hotling	VBG
offering	NN
crisis	NN
counseling	NN
for	IN
children	NNS
or	CC
adult	NN
survivors	NNS
24	CD
hours	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
.	.
Also	RB
offers	VBZ
referrals	NNS
for	IN
sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
treatment	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
reporting	VBG
suspected	JJ
child	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
shelters	NNS
,	,
advocacy	NN
,	,
mental	JJ
health	NN
,	,
and	CC
legal	JJ
aid	NN
.	.
Literature	NN
on	IN
prevention	NN
of	IN
child	NN
abuse	NN
available	JJ
upon	IN
request	NN
.	.
A	DT
national	JJ
hotline	NN
that	WDT
girls	NNS
and	CC
boys	NNS
can	MD
call	VB
with	IN
any	DT
problem	NN
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
-	:
children	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
suffering	VBG
physical	JJ
or	CC
sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
,	,
depressed	VBD
,	,
thinking	VBG
about	IN
suicide	NN
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
run	NN
,	,
taking	VBG
drugs	NNS
,	,
hooked	VBD
on	IN
alcohol	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
Spanish-speaking	JJ
counselors	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
make	VB
it	PRP
clear	JJ
that	IN
I	PRP
personally	RB
do	VBP
not	RB
endorse	VB
the	DT
use	NN
off	IN
900	CD
numbers	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
way	NN
of	IN
distributing	VBG
information	NN
and	CC
referrals	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
good	JJ
information	NN
available	JJ
for	IN
FREE	NNP
from	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
organizations	NNS
above	IN
and	CC
in	IN
the	DT
organizations	NNS
section	NN
...	:
BUT	NNP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
everyone	NN
's	POS
right	NN
to	TO
choose	VB
for	IN
themselves	PRP
where	WRB
they	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
get	VB
their	PRP$
information	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
wish	VBP
to	TO
make	VB
as	IN
many	JJ
phone	NN
numbers	NNS
available	JJ
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
questions	NNS
about	IN
drugs	NNS
and	CC
alcohol	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
and	CC
depression	NN
,	,
domestic	JJ
violence	NN
and	CC
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
or	CC
if	IN
you	PRP
need	VBP
a	DT
referral	NN
to	TO
a	DT
treatment	NN
facility	NN
,	,
a	DT
shelter	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
self-help	JJ
group	NN
.	.
Information	NN
also	RB
available	JJ
to	TO
purchase	VB
on	IN
cassette	NN
.	.
Here	RB
at	IN
Something	NN
Fishy	JJ
we	PRP
specialize	VBP
in	IN
providing	VBG
information	NN
digitally	RB
.	.
We	PRP
do	VBP
offer	VB
a	DT
CD-Rom	NN
called	VBN
You	PRP
Are	VBP
Not	RB
Alone	RB
which	WDT
is	VBZ
a	DT
multimedia	NNS
presentation	NN
containing	VBG
poetry	NN
,	,
artwork	NN
and	CC
short	JJ
stories	NNS
for	IN
those	DT
living	VBG
with	IN
and	CC
recovering	VBG
from	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
This	DT
CD-Rom	NN
also	RB
contains	VBZ
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
basic	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
and	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
including	VBG
definitions	NNS
,	,
signs	NNS
and	CC
symptoms	NNS
and	CC
physical	JJ
dangers	NNS
.	.
A	DT
newsletter	NN
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
helping	VBG
families	NNS
cope	VB
when	WRB
loved	VBN
ones	NNS
suffer	VBP
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
Available	JJ
by	IN
e-mail	NN
or	CC
by	IN
postal	JJ
mail	NN
.	.
Please	VB
specify	VB
how	WRB
you	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
receive	VB
your	PRP$
subscription	NN
.	.
A	DT
percentage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
profits	NNS
from	IN
this	DT
newsletter	NN
will	MD
go	VB
directly	RB
to	TO
families	NNS
seeking	VBG
financial	JJ
assistance	NN
for	IN
treating	VBG
their	PRP$
loved	VBN
one	CD
with	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
Its	PRP$
filled	VBN
with	IN
all	DT
to	TO
the	DT
pain	NN
you	PRP
disavow	VBP
the	DT
pain	NN
you	PRP
thought	VBD
was	VBD
gone	VBN
and	CC
this	DT
pain	NN
,	,
it	PRP
fills	VBZ
you	PRP
up	RP
up	RB
to	TO
the	DT
top	NN
and	CC
this	DT
pain	NN
,	,
it	PRP
controls	VBZ
you	PRP
and	CC
you	PRP
dont	VBP
know	VB
what	WP
to	TO
do	VB
or	CC
whats	NNS
happening	VBG
anymore	RB
you	PRP
feel	VBP
lost	VBN
and	CC
alone	RB
life	NN
feels	VBZ
like	IN
a	DT
chore	NN
and	CC
you	PRP
start	VBP
to	TO
think	VB
of	IN
ways	NNS
out	IN
ways	NNS
out	IN
of	IN
this	DT
place	NN
you	PRP
wish	VBP
someone	NN
would	MD
help	VB
but	CC
then	RB
you	PRP
realize	VBP
people	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
trying	VBG
to	TO
help	VB
but	CC
you	PRP
push	VBP
them	PRP
away	RB
not	RB
letting	VBG
them	PRP
get	VB
close	JJ
Then	RB
you	PRP
feel	VBP
sorry	JJ
so	IN
sorry	JJ
,	,
so	RB
sorry	JJ
Theres	NNP
nothing	NN
you	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
anymore	RB
You	PRP
Fucked	VBD
up	RP
your	PRP$
life	NN
Its	PRP$
all	DT
your	PRP$
fault	NN
You	PRP
mess	NN
up	IN
everything	NN
Why	WRB
couldnt	NN
you	PRP
be	VB
perfect	JJ
Why	WRB
couldnt	NN
you	PRP
have	VBP
lived	VBN
up	RP
to	TO
everyones	NNS
expectations	NNS
?	.
Just	RB
be	VB
quiet	JJ
let	VB
everyone	NN
get	VB
on	IN
with	IN
their	PRP$
life	NN
without	IN
frustrations	NNS
tell	VBP
them	PRP
to	TO
forget	VB
you	PRP
forget	VB
you	PRP
were	VBD
ever	RB
born	VBN
Then	RB
maybe	RB
the	DT
population	NN
in	IN
this	DT
state	NN
would	MD
be	VB
one	CD
Dont	NNP
really	RB
do	VBP
this	DT
tho	NN
.	.
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
bad	JJ
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
A	DT
new	JJ
day	NN
awaits	VBZ
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
clean	JJ
slate	NN
but	CC
I	PRP
always	RB
return	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
ways	NNS
I	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
to	TO
reach	VB
out	RP
in	IN
need	NN
--	:
and	CC
find	VB
only	JJ
food	NN
but	CC
my	PRP$
heart	NN
is	VBZ
empty	JJ
and	CC
I	PRP
need	VBP
your	PRP$
love	NN
Can	MD
you	PRP
love	VB
me	PRP
?	.
Just	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
?	.
I	PRP
need	VBP
so	RB
much	RB
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
with	IN
every	DT
ounch	NN
of	IN
sincerity	NN
that	IN
although	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
hard	RB
--	:
that	IN
despite	IN
my	PRP$
soul	NN
being	VBG
stretched	VBN
and	CC
tugged	VBN
and	CC
beaten	VBN
to	TO
its	PRP$
maximum	JJ
capacity	NN
,	,
this	DT
is	VBZ
what	WP
it	PRP
takes	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
real	JJ
,	,
to	TO
be	VB
wonderful	JJ
and	CC
to	TO
be	VB
free	JJ
.	.
Drain	NN
my	PRP$
body	NN
of	IN
all	DT
it	PRP
's	VBZ
sorrow	NN
and	CC
make	VB
me	PRP
feel	VB
again	RB
But	CC
you	PRP
just	RB
sit	VBP
there	RB
acting	VBG
as	IN
if	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
OK	JJ
not	RB
acknowledging	VBG
that	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
dying	VBG
inside	IN
Pretending	VBG
that	IN
I	PRP
will	MD
grow	VB
out	IN
of	IN
this	DT
stage	NN
But	CC
how	WRB
can	MD
I	PRP
do	VB
that	DT
when	WRB
I	PRP
'm	VBP
lying	VBG
dead	JJ
in	IN
my	PRP$
room	NN
?	.
when	WRB
i	FW
pushed	VBD
my	PRP$
body	NN
to	TO
it	PRP
's	VBZ
very	RB
limit	NN
and	CC
there	EX
is	VBZ
nothing	NN
left	VBD
for	IN
anyone	NN
to	TO
do	VB
?	.
Sometime	RB
ago	IN
I	PRP
wrote	VBD
this	DT
poem	NN
for	IN
my	PRP$
therapist	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
since	IN
abrubtly	RB
left	VBN
clinical	JJ
work	NN
.	.
I	PRP
wish	VBP
everyone	NN
could	MD
have	VB
a	DT
therapist	NN
as	IN
caring	NN
and	CC
supportive	JJ
...	:
she	PRP
was	VBD
always	RB
there	RB
for	IN
me	PRP
and	CC
I	PRP
could	MD
trust	VB
her	PRP$
completely	RB
.	.
I	PRP
relate	VBP
to	TO
this	DT
poem	NN
because	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
recovering	VBG
anorexic	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
down	RB
to	TO
a	DT
weight	NN
of	IN
86	CD
pounds	NNS
and	CC
was	VBD
close	JJ
to	TO
being	VBG
hospitalized	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
wrote	VBD
about	IN
this	DT
because	IN
being	VBG
an	DT
anorexic	JJ
is	VBZ
n't	RB
and	CC
will	MD
never	RB
be	VB
who	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
will	MD
always	RB
be	VB
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
who	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
ashamed	JJ
of	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
mad	JJ
at	IN
what	WP
it	PRP
makes	VBZ
me	PRP
do	VB
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
changed	VBN
my	PRP$
life	NN
in	IN
good	JJ
ways	NNS
and	CC
bad	JJ
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
bad	JJ
weigh	VBP
out	RP
the	DT
good	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
chose	VBD
to	TO
write	VB
a	DT
letter	NN
to	TO
the	DT
anorexia	NN
and	CC
instead	RB
addressed	VBD
it	PRP
as	IN
Ana	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
never	RB
diet	NN
i	FW
do	VBP
n't	RB
buy	VB
it	PRP
if	IN
you	PRP
want	VBP
me	PRP
to	TO
eat	VB
it	PRP
fry	NN
it	PRP
i	FW
eat	VB
chips	NNS
and	CC
chocolate	NN
cause	NN
i	FW
love	NN
every	DT
inch	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fat	JJ
what	WP
you	PRP
think	VBP
bout	NN
that	IN
what	WP
i	FW
eat	VB
i	FW
use	NN
i	FW
do	VBP
n't	RB
abuse	VB
this	DT
mortal	JJ
toil	VB
my	PRP$
confidance	NN
you	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
spoil	VB
i	FW
'm	VBP
no	DT
foil	NN
i	FW
metabolize	FW
instead	RB
of	IN
scrutinize	VB
do	VBP
n't	RB
worry	VB
bout	NN
my	PRP$
waist	NN
line	NN
that	WDT
's	VBZ
why	WRB
i	FW
stay	VB
so	RB
fine	JJ
it	PRP
's	VBZ
mind	NN
over	IN
matter	NN
not	RB
just	RB
chatter	NN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
the	DT
truth	NN
i	FW
act	NN
aloof	RB
when	WRB
they	PRP
try	VBP
to	TO
show	VB
me	PRP
proof	NN
that	IN
i	FW
need	VBP
to	TO
improve	VB
myself	PRP
i	FW
have	VBP
my	PRP$
own	JJ
problems	NNS
i	FW
just	RB
make	VB
them	PRP
myself	PRP
and	CC
then	RB
i	FW
solve	VB
them	PRP
but	IN
nobody	NN
tells	VBZ
me	PRP
when	WRB
or	CC
why	WRB
i	FW
take	VB
the	DT
mote	NN
from	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
eye	NN
i	FW
can	MD
see	VB
clearly	RB
even	RB
when	WRB
i	FW
'm	VBP
dearly	RB
payin	NN
for	IN
the	DT
words	NNS
that	WDT
i	FW
'm	VBP
sayin	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
they	PRP
're	VBP
mine	JJ
even	RB
when	WRB
i	FW
'm	VBP
cryin	NN
leapin	NN
from	IN
the	DT
pot	NN
to	TO
the	DT
fryin	NN
pan	VB
i	FW
use	VB
my	PRP$
own	JJ
hand	NN
my	PRP$
karma	NN
's	POS
my	PRP$
own	JJ
i	FW
'll	MD
reap	VB
what	WP
i	FW
've	VBP
sown	JJ
pay	NN
the	DT
price	NN
when	WRB
i	FW
'm	VBP
grown	JJ
bear	NN
the	DT
weight	NN
all	DT
alone	RB
never	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
slave	NN
diggin	NN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
grave	NN
for	IN
the	DT
advertising	NN
industry	NN
your	PRP$
fakeness	NN
injures	VBZ
me	PRP
no	DT
one	NN
tells	VBZ
me	PRP
how	WRB
to	TO
look	VB
Glamor	NNP
,	,
Cosmo	NNP
,	,
Flair	NNP
all	DT
crooks	NNS
tryin	VBP
to	TO
tell	VB
me	PRP
low	JJ
self-image	NN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
battle	NN
a	DT
scrimmage	NN
sell	VB
me	PRP
poison	NN
to	TO
fix	VB
myself	PRP
i	FW
leave	VBP
that	DT
noise	NN
on	IN
the	DT
shelf	NN
make	VB
my	PRP$
purchases	NNS
with	IN
stelth	NN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
consumers	NNS
world	NN
that	WDT
's	VBZ
bullshit	NN
makin	FW
me	PRP
hurl	VB
how	WRB
you	PRP
buyin	VBP
it	PRP
i	FW
do	VBP
n't	RB
believe	VB
there	EX
's	VBZ
any	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
need	NN
to	TO
eat	VB
anything	NN
that	WDT
bleeds	VBZ
but	CC
that	DT
's	VBZ
to	TO
follow	VB
the	DT
light	NN
not	RB
encourage	VB
low	JJ
fat	JJ
or	CC
light	JJ
i	FW
make	VB
my	PRP$
choices	NNS
right	JJ
sometimes	RB
what	WP
i	FW
wear	NN
is	VBZ
tight	JJ
sometimes	RB
i	FW
'm	VBP
a	DT
fright	NN
and	CC
when	WRB
i	FW
do	VBP
n't	RB
care	VB
i	FW
do	VBP
n't	RB
comb	VB
my	PRP$
hair	NN
and	CC
when	WRB
i	FW
do	VBP
it	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
cause	VB
i	FW
'm	VBP
tryin	NN
to	TO
look	VB
better	JJR
than	IN
you	PRP
it	PRP
's	VBZ
just	RB
a	DT
thing	NN
we	PRP
do	VBP
i	FW
love	NN
to	TO
stare	VB
in	IN
the	DT
mirror	NN
cause	NN
my	PRP$
reflection	NN
makes	VBZ
me	PRP
shiver	JJR
little	JJ
bit	NN
of	IN
weight	NN
protects	VBZ
me	PRP
my	PRP$
bones	NNS
and	CC
organs	NNS
do	VBP
n't	RB
reject	VB
me	PRP
cause	VB
i	FW
give	VB
em	NN
padding	NN
not	RB
dieting	NN
or	CC
fadding	NN
i	FW
take	VB
care	NN
of	IN
me	PRP
and	CC
i	FW
'm	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
fine	JJ
you	PRP
'll	MD
see	VB
.	.
From	IN
a	DT
well	RB
deep	JJ
within	IN
me	PRP
the	DT
pressure	NN
comes	VBZ
...	:
this	DT
boiling	VBG
,	,
explosive	JJ
hate	NN
,	,
raging	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
inside	JJ
frantically	RB
spilling	NN
over	RP
into	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
-	:
disturbing	VBG
the	DT
calm	JJ
that	DT
has	VBZ
masked	VBN
such	JJ
pain	NN
,	,
shattering	VBG
the	DT
smile	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
hidden	VBN
such	JJ
anguish	NN
.	.
During	IN
this	DT
electronic	JJ
age	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
come	VBN
to	TO
our	PRP$
attention	NN
through	IN
several	JJ
of	IN
our	PRP$
members	NNS
that	WDT
personal	JJ
photos	NNS
were	VBD
taken	VBN
of	IN
them	PRP
while	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
being	VBG
treated	VBN
inpatient	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
photographers	NNS
,	,
other	JJ
patients	NNS
themselves	PRP
,	,
have	VBP
gone	VBN
ahead	RB
to	TO
publish	VB
these	DT
same	JJ
photos	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
First	RB
,	,
lets	VBZ
address	NN
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
copyright	NN
law	NN
.	.
It	PRP
gets	VBZ
a	DT
little	JJ
sticky	JJ
when	WRB
you	PRP
start	VBP
to	TO
discuss	VB
which	WDT
photographers	NNS
needs	VBZ
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
photo	NN
release	NN
signed	VBD
,	,
and	CC
which	WDT
do	VBP
n't	RB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
general	JJ
concensus	NN
in	IN
the	DT
photography	NN
world	NN
that	IN
any	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
their	PRP$
photo	NN
taken	VBN
must	MD
sign	VB
a	DT
photo	NN
release	NN
for	IN
those	DT
same	JJ
photos	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
commercially	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
business	NN
purposes	NNS
or	CC
for	IN
sale	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
When	WRB
so	RB
many	JJ
people	NNS
now	RB
have	VBP
personal	JJ
websites	NNS
where	WRB
they	PRP
can	MD
self-publish	VB
photos	NNS
,	,
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
within	IN
a	DT
medical	JJ
treatment	NN
environment	NN
becomes	VBZ
an	DT
important	JJ
one	CD
to	TO
further	JJ
visit	NN
.	.
While	IN
personal	JJ
protection	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
rights	NNS
is	VBZ
important	JJ
,	,
owners	NNS
of	IN
treatment	NN
facilities	NNS
become	VBP
responsible	JJ
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
privacy	NN
and	CC
confidentiality	NN
rights	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
patients	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
that	IN
during	IN
the	DT
intake	NN
process	NN
patients	NNS
are	VBP
made	VBN
aware	JJ
that	IN
,	,
if	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
allowed	VBN
to	TO
take	VB
photos	NNS
at	IN
all	DT
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
only	RB
allowed	VBN
to	TO
take	VB
photos	NNS
for	IN
personal	JJ
use	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
these	DT
photos	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
later	RB
be	VB
published	VBN
in	IN
any	DT
format	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
digital\/electronic	JJ
or	CC
print	NN
media	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
quite	RB
upsetting	VBG
to	TO
an	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
was	VBD
treated	VBN
for	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
to	TO
later	RB
discover	VB
a	DT
picture	NN
of	IN
themselves	PRP
posted	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
showing	VBG
them	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
protective	JJ
setting	NN
of	IN
a	DT
treatment	NN
facility	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
often	RB
journalistic	JJ
opportunities	NNS
that	WDT
arrise	VBP
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
media	NNS
wish	NN
to	TO
visit	VB
a	DT
treatment	NN
facility	NN
to	TO
cover	VB
a	DT
story	NN
.	.
This	DT
type	NN
of	IN
coverage	NN
is	VBZ
important	JJ
when	WRB
educating	VBG
the	DT
public	NN
on	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
and	CC
their	PRP$
treatment	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
media	NNS
outlets	NNS
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
importantly	RB
,	,
treatment	NN
facilities	NNS
,	,
already	RB
draw	VB
the	DT
line	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
privacy	NN
of	IN
those	DT
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
remain	VB
anonymous	JJ
,	,
or	CC
have	VBP
their	PRP$
confidentiality	NN
protected	VBN
.	.
Most	JJS
treatment	NN
facilities	NNS
will	MD
restrict	VB
media	NNS
and	CC
photographer	NN
access	NN
to	TO
certain	JJ
areas	NNS
,	,
keeping	VBG
other	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
facility	NN
completely	RB
off	IN
limits	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
will	MD
make	VB
sure	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
subject	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
photos	NNS
sign	NN
releases	NNS
and	CC
realize	VBP
their	PRP$
identity	NN
will	MD
become	VB
public	JJ
,	,
through	IN
television	NN
,	,
newspapers	NNS
,	,
books	NNS
or	CC
websites	NNS
.	.
This	DT
type	NN
of	IN
publicity	NN
should	MD
NOT	RB
be	VB
true	JJ
of	IN
pictures	NNS
taken	VBN
by	IN
other	JJ
patients	NNS
,	,
who	WP
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
signed	VBN
photo	NN
releases	NNS
,	,
who	WP
have	VBP
open-ended	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
each	DT
other	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
very	RB
private	JJ
setting	NN
.	.
Patients	NNS
themselves	PRP
should	MD
make	VB
it	PRP
clear	JJ
to	TO
each	DT
other	JJ
,	,
that	IN
if	IN
they	PRP
give	VBP
verbal	JJ
permission	NN
to	TO
a	DT
fellow	JJ
sufferer	NN
to	TO
take	VB
their	PRP$
picture	NN
while	IN
in	IN
treatment	NN
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
picture	NN
is	VBZ
only	RB
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
personal	JJ
enjoyment	NN
and	CC
memories	NNS
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
NOT	RB
to	TO
be	VB
published	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
or	CC
elsewhere	RB
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
Treatment	NNP
facilities	NNS
should	MD
emphatically	RB
back	RB
this	DT
policy	NN
up	RP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
patient	JJ
yourself	PRP
,	,
you	PRP
should	MD
respect	VB
the	DT
privacy	NN
of	IN
others	NNS
also	RB
in	IN
treatment	NN
,	,
and	CC
should	MD
follow	VB
the	DT
steadfast	JJ
rule	NN
that	IN
what	WP
others	NNS
'	POS
choose	VB
to	TO
share	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
remain	VB
within	IN
the	DT
confines	NNS
of	IN
treatment	NN
...	:
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
gossip	NN
to	TO
share	VB
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
or	CC
anywhere	RB
.	.
Though	IN
we	PRP
all	DT
realize	VBP
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
slew	NN
of	IN
paperwork	NN
and	CC
forms	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
filled	VBN
out	RP
accompanying	VBG
each	DT
patient	NN
's	POS
admittance	NN
to	TO
treatment	NN
,	,
I	PRP
suggest	VBP
that	IN
treatment	NN
facilities	NNS
and	CC
recovery	NN
centers	NNS
explore	VBP
the	DT
possiblity	NN
of	IN
having	VBG
a	DT
simple	JJ
form	NN
stating	VBG
their	PRP$
policy	NN
on	IN
photos	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
patient	NN
to	TO
read	VB
and	CC
sign	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
already	RB
have	VB
such	JJ
a	DT
form	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Patients	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
feel	VB
comfortable	JJ
knowing	VBG
that	IN
their	PRP$
privacy	NN
will	MD
be	VB
protected	VBN
during	IN
their	PRP$
residential	JJ
or	CC
outpatient	NN
care	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
they	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
face	VB
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
having	VBG
their	PRP$
picture	NN
show	VB
up	RP
on	IN
a	DT
personal	JJ
website	NN
months	NNS
or	CC
years	NNS
later	RB
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
very	RB
least	JJS
,	,
I	PRP
only	RB
hope	VBP
to	TO
make	VB
everyone	NN
think	VB
about	IN
how	WRB
we	PRP
can	MD
all	DT
move	VB
forward	RB
through	IN
the	DT
electronic	JJ
age	NN
respecting	VBG
each	DT
other	JJ
's	POS
privacy	NN
,	,
and	CC
most	JJS
importantly	RB
,	,
ensure	VB
the	DT
comfort	NN
and	CC
safe	JJ
treatment	NN
of	IN
each	DT
person	NN
battling	VBG
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
Each	DT
year	NN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNP
Awareness	NNP
Week	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
EDAW	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
celebrated	VBN
in	IN
thousands	NNS
of	IN
schools	NNS
and	CC
communities	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
to	TO
draw	VB
public	JJ
and	CC
media	NNS
attention	NN
to	TO
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
body	NN
dissatisfaction	NN
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
,	,
visit	NN
The	DT
National	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Association	NNP
's	POS
Website	NNP
.	.
EDAW	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
opportunity	NN
for	IN
each	DT
of	IN
us	PRP
to	TO
stop	VB
and	CC
evaluate	VB
the	DT
way	NN
our	PRP$
attitudes	NNS
towards	IN
shape	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
impact	NN
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
Goal	NN
:	:
To	TO
reduce	VB
the	DT
prevalence	NN
of	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
dieting	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
problems	NNS
through	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
education	NN
program	NN
emphasizing	VBG
social	JJ
factors	NNS
causing	VBG
their	PRP$
development	NN
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
,	,
visit	NN
The	DT
National	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Information	NNP
Centre	NNP
's	POS
Website	NNP
.	.
The	DT
theme	NN
of	IN
the	DT
week	NN
is	VBZ
`	``
The	DT
Hidden	NNP
Costs	NNS
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
'	POS
.	.
A	DT
brief	JJ
report	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
produced	VBN
outlining	VBG
the	DT
real	JJ
and	CC
hidden	JJ
cost	NN
of	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
illustrating	VBG
the	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
on	IN
health	NN
,	,
employment	NN
,	,
education	NN
,	,
relationships	NNS
and	CC
social	JJ
circumstances	NNS
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
,	,
visit	NN
The	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Association	NNP
's	POS
Website	NNP
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
licensed	JJ
clinical	JJ
social	JJ
worker	NN
,	,
I	PRP
treat	VBP
teenagers	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
disturbance	NN
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
an	DT
integrated	JJ
approach	NN
of	IN
both	DT
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
and	CC
psychodynamic	JJ
therapy	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
completed	VBN
post-graduate	JJ
work	NN
in	IN
Rational	NNP
Emotive	NNP
Behavior	NNP
Therapy	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
Albert	NNP
Ellis	NNP
Institute	NNP
in	IN
Manhattan	NNP
.	.
Having	VBG
worked	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
inpatient	NN
and	CC
partial	JJ
hospitalization	NN
program	NN
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
gained	VBN
valuable	JJ
insight	NN
into	IN
the	DT
dimensions	NNS
that	WDT
contribute	VBP
to	TO
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
extensive	JJ
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
families	NNS
and	CC
addressing	VBG
interpersonal	JJ
relationships	NNS
.	.
By	IN
offering	VBG
a	DT
client-centered	JJ
,	,
empathetic	JJ
approach	NN
,	,
I	PRP
can	MD
tailor	VB
my	PRP$
interventions	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
present	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
.	.
Cornerstone	NN
Family	NNP
Health	NNP
Clinic	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
fully	RB
integrative	JJ
medical	JJ
clinic	NN
specializing	VBG
in	IN
comprehensive	JJ
and	CC
natural	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
.	.
Cornerstone	NN
Family	NNP
Health	NNP
Clinic	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
region	NN
's	POS
most	RBS
innovative	JJ
and	CC
integrative	JJ
private	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
company	NN
.	.
We	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
human	JJ
body	NN
is	VBZ
created	VBN
to	TO
heal	VB
itself	PRP
through	IN
natural	JJ
and	CC
medical	JJ
advances	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
mission	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
each	DT
individual	JJ
patient	NN
to	TO
feel	VB
empowered	VBN
through	IN
physical	JJ
,	,
spiritual	JJ
and	CC
emotional	JJ
healing	NN
to	TO
restore	VB
and	CC
maintain	VB
optimal	JJ
health	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
psychotherapist	NN
and	CC
nutrition	NN
therapist	NN
offer	NN
treatment	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
food\/weight\/body	JJ
image	NN
concerns	NNS
through	IN
individualized	JJ
work	NN
,	,
groups	NNS
,	,
workshops	NNS
&	CC
retreats	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
style	NN
is	VBZ
warm	JJ
,	,
down	IN
to	TO
earth	NN
and	CC
accepting	VBG
.	.
Our	PRP$
passion	NN
is	VBZ
helping	VBG
people	NNS
live	VBP
fuller	JJR
lives	NNS
through	IN
finding	VBG
the	DT
true	JJ
nourishment	NN
they	PRP
need	VBP
for	IN
mind	NN
and	CC
body	NN
.	.
As	IN
many	JJ
of	IN
you	PRP
know	VBP
,	,
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
company\/project	NN
that	WDT
Tony	NNP
and	CC
I	PRP
are	VBP
always	RB
working	VBG
on	IN
in	IN
our	PRP$
free	JJ
time	NN
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
often	RB
juggled	VBN
our	PRP$
responsibilities	NNS
here	RB
with	IN
our	PRP$
family	NN
,	,
and	CC
our	PRP$
full-time	JJ
and	CC
part-time	JJ
jobs	NNS
.	.
Read	VB
more	JJR
about	IN
who	WP
we	PRP
are	VBP
.	.
Follow	VB
the	DT
link	NN
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
our	PRP$
secure	JJ
shopping	NN
cart	NN
.	.
Below	IN
the	DT
list	NN
of	IN
fishy	JJ
products	NNS
we	PRP
sell	VBP
-LRB-	-LRB-
after	IN
the	DT
stickers	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
instructions	NNS
on	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
send	VB
a	DT
financial	JJ
gift	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
remember	VB
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
buy	VBP
fishy	JJ
products	NNS
,	,
partial	JJ
proceeds	NNS
are	VBP
always	RB
donated	VBN
to	TO
other	JJ
non-profit	JJ
organizations	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
...	:
Please	VB
understand	VB
that	IN
we	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
an	DT
official	JJ
501	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
non-profit	JJ
organization	NN
.	.
Any	DT
``	``
donations	NNS
''	''
are	VBP
not	RB
tax-deductible	JJ
,	,
and	CC
are	VBP
considered	VBN
financial	JJ
gifts	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
something	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
change	VB
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
,	,
but	CC
for	IN
now	RB
going	VBG
non-profit	JJ
is	VBZ
too	RB
expensive	JJ
a	DT
process	NN
for	IN
us	PRP
to	TO
consider	VB
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
place	NN
where	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
sure	JJ
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
``	``
okay	JJ
''	''
...	:
that	IN
I	PRP
knew	VBD
how	WRB
to	TO
keep	VB
myself	PRP
safe	JJ
...	:
that	IN
my	PRP$
behaviors	NNS
did	VBD
n't	RB
hurt	VBN
others	NNS
or	CC
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
keep	VB
myself	PRP
from	IN
going	VBG
``	``
too	RB
far	RB
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
lived	VBN
inside	IN
of	IN
denial	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
lived	VBN
inside	IN
the	DT
place	NN
where	WRB
having	VBG
Anorexia	NNP
made	VBD
me	PRP
feel	VB
``	``
special	JJ
''	''
or	CC
``	``
different	JJ
''	''
or	CC
``	``
deep	JJ
and	CC
mysterious	JJ
''	''
...	:
or	CC
where	WRB
I	PRP
thought	VBD
it	PRP
would	MD
get	VB
me	PRP
more	JJR
liked	VBD
,	,
more	JJR
attention	NN
from	IN
those	DT
I	PRP
needed	VBD
it	PRP
from	IN
,	,
or	CC
even	RB
where	WRB
I	PRP
thought	VBD
it	PRP
would	MD
make	VB
me	PRP
disappear	VB
so	RB
no	RB
one	PRP
would	MD
notice	VB
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
thought	VBD
it	PRP
made	VBD
me	PRP
``	``
strong	JJ
''	''
.	.
What	WP
I	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
by	IN
getting	VBG
through	IN
to	TO
the	DT
other	JJ
side	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
,	,
by	IN
being	VBG
recoverED	VBN
,	,
is	VBZ
that	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
a	DT
good	JJ
person	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
much	RB
more	RBR
complete	JJ
person	NN
WITHOUT	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
lose	VB
my	PRP$
compassion	NN
or	CC
my	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
understand	VB
,	,
nor	CC
did	VBD
I	PRP
lose	VBP
my	PRP$
creativity	NN
or	CC
ability	NN
to	TO
be	VB
unique	JJ
.	.
What	WP
I	PRP
gained	VBD
was	VBD
more	RBR
creativity	NN
and	CC
understanding	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
true	JJ
appreciation	NN
for	IN
how	WRB
special	JJ
I	PRP
truly	RB
am	VBP
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
truly	RB
unique	JJ
we	PRP
ALL	NNP
are	VBP
.	.
What	WP
I	PRP
know	VBP
now	RB
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
takes	VBZ
much	RB
more	JJR
strength	NN
to	TO
recover	VB
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
truly	RB
live	VB
life	NN
,	,
than	IN
to	TO
hide	VB
away	RB
inside	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
forever	RB
.	.
Typically	RB
beginning	VBG
in	IN
childhood	NN
or	CC
early	JJ
adolescence	NN
,	,
social	JJ
phobia	NN
was	VBD
among	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
common	JJ
disorders	NNS
observed	VBD
in	IN
one	CD
study	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
major	JJ
depressive	JJ
episode	NN
,	,
alcohol	NN
dependence	NN
,	,
and	CC
simple	JJ
phobia	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
found	VBN
in	IN
women	NNS
twice	RB
as	RB
often	RB
as	IN
in	IN
men	NNS
.	.
While	IN
recent	JJ
epidemiologic	JJ
studies	NNS
on	IN
social	JJ
phobia	NN
suggest	VBP
a	DT
lifetime	NN
prevalence	NN
of	IN
13	CD
%	NN
,	,
only	RB
5	CD
%	NN
of	IN
these	DT
patients	NNS
actually	RB
receive	VBP
medical	JJ
treatment	NN
.	.
LSAS	NNP
was	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
clinician-administered	JJ
scale	NN
to	TO
evaluate	VB
the	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
social	JJ
situations	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
difficult	JJ
for	IN
individuals	NNS
with	IN
social	JJ
phobia	NN
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
used	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
outcome	NN
measure	NN
in	IN
most	JJS
pharmacological	JJ
trials	NNS
for	IN
social	JJ
phobia	NN
.	.
``	``
Historically	NNP
,	,
social	JJ
phobia	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
treated	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
drugs	NNS
,	,
most	RBS
notably	RB
selective	JJ
serotonin	NN
reuptake	NN
inhibitors	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
SSRIs	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
monoamine	NN
oxidase	NN
inhibitors	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
MAOIs	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
anti-anxiety	JJ
agents	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
benzodiazepines	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
''	''
explained	VBD
Dr.	NNP
Greist	NNP
.	.
``	``
In	IN
the	DT
study	NN
,	,
gabapentin	NN
was	VBD
shown	VBN
to	TO
significantly	RB
reduce	VB
the	DT
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
disorder	NN
.	.
''	''
Neurontin	NNP
,	,
marketed	VBN
by	IN
Parke-Davis	NNP
as	IN
100	CD
mg	NN
,	,
300	CD
mg	NN
and	CC
400	CD
mg	NN
capsules	NNS
,	,
is	VBZ
indicated	VBN
as	IN
adjunctive	JJ
therapy	NN
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
partial	JJ
seizures	NNS
with	IN
and	CC
without	IN
secondary	JJ
generalization	NN
in	IN
adults	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
-RRB-	-RRB-
12	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
maximum	NN
recommended	VBD
dose	NN
of	IN
Neurontin	NNP
for	IN
partial	JJ
seizures	NNS
is	VBZ
1,800	CD
mg	FW
per	FW
day	NN
.	.
Neurontin	NNP
is	VBZ
contraindicated	VBN
in	IN
patients	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
demonstrated	VBN
hypersensitivity	NN
to	TO
the	DT
drug	NN
or	CC
its	PRP$
ingredients	NNS
.	.
Parke-Davis	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
division	NN
of	IN
Warner-Lambert	NNP
Company	NNP
,	,
a	DT
worldwide	JJ
company	NN
devoted	VBN
to	TO
discovering	VBG
,	,
developing	VBG
,	,
manufacturing	VBG
and	CC
marketing	VBG
quality	NN
pharmaceutical	JJ
,	,
consumer	NN
health	NN
and	CC
confectionery	NN
products	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
employs	VBZ
more	JJR
than	IN
43,000	CD
people	NNS
worldwide	JJ
.	.
Sit	NNP
with	IN
pen	NN
and	CC
paper	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
use	VB
colored	VBN
paper	NN
and	CC
markers	NNS
if	IN
you	PRP
want	VBP
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
simple	JJ
notepad	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
up	RB
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
Sit	NNP
with	IN
the	DT
person	NN
who	WP
you	PRP
are	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
work	VB
on	IN
this	DT
with	IN
...	:
make	VB
sure	JJ
to	TO
feel	VB
comfortable	JJ
...	:
sit	VB
on	IN
the	DT
floor	NN
,	,
on	IN
a	DT
cozy	JJ
couch	NN
,	,
at	IN
a	DT
table	NN
--	:
wherever	WRB
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
most	RBS
at-ease	JJ
.	.
Ask	VB
your	PRP$
partner	NN
to	TO
give	VB
you	PRP
the	DT
reasons	NNS
they	PRP
love	VBP
and	CC
care	VBP
about	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Ask	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
come	VB
up	RP
with	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
five	CD
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
more	RBR
the	DT
better	JJR
.	.
As	IN
they	PRP
give	VBP
you	PRP
each	DT
reason	NN
,	,
DO	NNP
NOT	NNP
argue	VBP
with	IN
them	PRP
,	,
or	CC
think	VB
they	PRP
are	VBP
lying	VBG
...	:
try	VB
to	TO
enjoy	VB
what	WP
they	PRP
are	VBP
saying	VBG
!	.
Write	VB
them	PRP
down	RP
on	IN
your	PRP$
paper	NN
.	.
Walk	VB
away	RB
from	IN
the	DT
mirror	NN
and	CC
relax	VB
for	IN
a	DT
bit	NN
.	.
Spend	VB
some	DT
time	NN
journaling	VBG
on	IN
how	WRB
you	PRP
feel	VBP
and	CC
what	WP
this	DT
little	JJ
exercise	NN
means	VBZ
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
Write	VB
about	IN
how	WRB
it	PRP
felt	VBD
to	TO
stare	VB
at	IN
yourself	PRP
for	IN
three	CD
minutes	NNS
,	,
eye-to-eye	NN
and	CC
what	WP
you	PRP
saw	VBD
.	.
Spend	VB
some	DT
time	NN
writing	VBG
self-affirmations	NNS
and	CC
ideas	NNS
for	IN
combating	VBG
any	DT
negativity	NN
you	PRP
have	VBP
pointed	VBN
at	IN
yourself	PRP
.	.
Also	RB
spend	VBP
time	NN
focusing	VBG
and	CC
writing	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
positive	JJ
things	NNS
you	PRP
felt	VBD
and	CC
saw	VBD
in	IN
yourself	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
time	NN
to	TO
write	VB
to	TO
yourself	PRP
!	.
The	DT
goal	NN
of	IN
this	DT
game	NN
is	VBZ
simple	JJ
...	:
Write	VB
a	DT
love	NN
letter	NN
to	TO
YOU	PRP
from	IN
YOU	PRP
!	.
Tell	VB
YOU	PRP
why	WRB
you	PRP
're	VBP
terrific	JJ
...	:
tell	VB
YOU	PRP
all	PDT
the	DT
things	NNS
you	PRP
appreciate	VBP
about	IN
you	PRP
...	:
tell	VB
YOU	PRP
why	WRB
you	PRP
wish	VBP
to	TO
get	VB
to	TO
know	VB
you	PRP
better	JJR
and	CC
about	IN
the	DT
things	NNS
you	PRP
already	RB
know	VBP
and	CC
why	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
such	JJ
endearing	JJ
qualities	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
were	VBD
a	DT
snowflake	NN
falling	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
sky	NN
and	CC
only	RB
had	VBD
a	DT
few	JJ
brief	JJ
moments	NNS
to	TO
share	VB
something	NN
about	IN
yourself	PRP
with	IN
the	DT
snowflake	NN
next	IN
to	TO
you	PRP
,	,
what	WP
would	MD
you	PRP
say	VB
that	IN
expresses	VBZ
who	WP
you	PRP
are	VBP
--	:
something	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
make	VB
a	DT
lasting	JJ
impression	NN
so	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
snowflake	NN
would	MD
always	RB
remember	VB
you	PRP
?	.
At	IN
that	DT
point	NN
MrFishy	NNP
and	CC
I	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
together	RB
close	RB
to	TO
two	CD
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
honest	JJ
with	IN
him	PRP
about	IN
the	DT
ED	NNP
from	IN
the	DT
start	NN
,	,
while	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
time	NN
both	DT
my	PRP$
physical	JJ
and	CC
mental	JJ
state	NN
continued	VBD
to	TO
deteriorate	VB
.	.
Our	PRP$
daughter	NN
was	VBD
so	RB
little	JJ
and	CC
I	PRP
would	MD
catch	VB
MrFishy	NNP
checking	VBG
on	IN
my	PRP$
breathing	NN
in	IN
the	DT
middle	NN
of	IN
the	DT
night	NN
...	:
and	CC
the	DT
reality	NN
started	VBD
to	TO
set	VB
in	RP
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
die	VB
from	IN
this	DT
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
desert	VB
my	PRP$
family	NN
--	:
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
HAPPY	JJ
with	IN
ME	NNP
--	:
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
my	PRP$
daughter	NN
to	TO
grow	VB
up	RP
HAPPY	JJ
with	IN
herself	PRP
--	:
and	CC
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
experience	VB
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
made	VBD
the	DT
decision	NN
to	TO
truly	RB
live	VB
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
tough	JJ
getting	VBG
started	VBD
.	.
The	DT
benefit	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
was	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
persistant	JJ
b	NN
\*	SYM
tch	NN
--	:
when	WRB
I	PRP
decide	VBP
to	TO
do	VB
something	NN
I	PRP
do	VBP
it	PRP
.	.
Of	IN
course	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
scared	VBN
...	:
and	CC
I	PRP
think	VBP
my	PRP$
biggest	JJS
fear	NN
was	VBD
who	WP
would	MD
I	PRP
be	VB
without	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
and	CC
would	MD
I	PRP
like	VB
that	DT
person	NN
?	.
As	IN
I	PRP
've	VBP
mentioned	VBN
many	JJ
times	NNS
before	RB
,	,
I	PRP
believe	VBP
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
personal	JJ
choice	NN
.	.
To	TO
me	PRP
going	VBG
inpatient	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
an	DT
option	NN
...	:
I	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
leave	VB
my	PRP$
husband	NN
and	CC
kids	NNS
for	IN
any	DT
extended	JJ
length	NN
of	IN
time	NN
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
could	MD
not	RB
financially	RB
afford	VB
to	TO
have	VB
me	PRP
out	IN
of	IN
work	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
lose	VB
my	PRP$
medical	JJ
benefits	NNS
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
thing	NN
I	PRP
did	VBD
was	VBD
go	VB
to	TO
my	PRP$
family	NN
physician	NN
and	CC
tell	VB
him	PRP
``	``
I	PRP
have	VBP
anorexia	NN
and	CC
want	VB
some	DT
help	NN
.	.
''	''
Those	DT
are	VBP
the	DT
words	NNS
I	PRP
said	VBD
.	.
He	PRP
was	VBD
less	JJR
than	IN
understanding	NN
,	,
not	RB
very	RB
supportive	JJ
,	,
and	CC
scurried	VBD
from	IN
the	DT
room	NN
like	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
declared	VBN
some	DT
contaminating	VBG
condition	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
rub	VB
off	RP
on	IN
him	PRP
,	,
but	CC
returned	VBD
with	IN
the	DT
phone	NN
number	NN
for	IN
my	PRP$
insurance	NN
company	NN
's	POS
mental	JJ
health	NN
evaluation	NN
helpline	NN
.	.
I	PRP
called	VBD
them	PRP
.	.
They	PRP
were	VBD
rude	JJ
.	.
The	DT
man	NN
wanted	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
explain	VB
to	TO
him	PRP
``	``
how	WRB
exactly	RB
is	VBZ
it	PRP
that	IN
you	PRP
think	VBP
you	PRP
have	VBP
anorexia	NN
''	''
and	CC
I	PRP
refused	VBD
to	TO
validate	VB
his	PRP$
ignorance	NN
with	IN
an	DT
answer	NN
--	:
I	PRP
just	RB
said	VBD
``	``
look	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
company	NN
provides	VBZ
mental	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
coverage	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
pay	VBP
for	IN
,	,
so	RB
just	RB
give	VB
me	PRP
the	DT
numbers	NNS
of	IN
therapists	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
area	NN
and	CC
we	PRP
'll	MD
let	VB
one	CD
of	IN
them	PRP
make	VBP
the	DT
determination	NN
whether	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
problem	NN
or	CC
not	RB
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
got	VBD
the	DT
numbers	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
bounced	VBD
around	RP
to	TO
a	DT
few	JJ
therapist	NN
,	,
seeing	VBG
some	DT
in	IN
person	NN
,	,
talking	VBG
to	TO
some	DT
on	IN
the	DT
phone	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
getting	VBG
discouraged	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
whole	NN
while	IN
,	,
relying	VBG
more	RBR
on	IN
my	PRP$
ED	NNP
.	.
FINALLY	RB
,	,
by	IN
the	DT
grace	NN
of	IN
some	DT
higher	JJR
power	NN
,	,
or	CC
maybe	RB
even	RB
luck	NN
,	,
I	PRP
saw	VBD
a	DT
TV	NN
commercial	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
of	IN
all	DT
things	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
a	DT
local	JJ
therapy	NN
center	NN
.	.
I	PRP
called	VBD
them	PRP
and	CC
talked	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
man	NN
who	WP
would	MD
become	VB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
therapists	NNS
I	PRP
've	VBP
ever	RB
had	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
went	VBD
to	TO
therapy	NN
once	RB
a	DT
week	NN
for	IN
over	IN
a	DT
year	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
therapist	NN
was	VBD
wonderful	JJ
with	IN
an	DT
ecclectic	JJ
approach	NN
--	:
allowing	VBG
me	PRP
to	TO
use	VB
my	PRP$
art	NN
and	CC
poetry	NN
as	IN
one	CD
way	NN
to	TO
express	VB
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
more	RBR
difficult	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
would	MD
give	VB
me	PRP
homework	NN
assignments	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
would	MD
ask	VB
me	PRP
to	TO
analyze	VB
myself	PRP
.	.
Above	IN
all	DT
else	RB
,	,
he	PRP
also	RB
saw	VBD
straight	RB
through	IN
my	PRP$
bullshit	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
rationalize	VB
everything	NN
--	:
and	CC
he	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
let	VB
me	PRP
get	VB
away	RB
with	IN
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
worked	VBD
hard	RB
.	.
I	PRP
always	RB
tried	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
honest	JJ
and	CC
not	RB
hide	VB
anything	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
that	IN
got	VBD
easier	JJR
with	IN
time	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
four	CD
months	NNS
things	NNS
got	VBD
worse	JJR
before	IN
they	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
get	VB
better	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
bombarded	VBN
with	IN
issues	NNS
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
feel	VB
ready	JJ
to	TO
face	VB
and	CC
,	,
of	IN
course	NN
,	,
fell	VBD
back	RB
on	IN
the	DT
ED	NNP
as	IN
my	PRP$
security	NN
blanket	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
therapist	NN
was	VBD
aware	JJ
of	IN
this	DT
the	DT
entire	JJ
time	NN
and	CC
never	RB
made	VBD
me	PRP
feel	VB
a	DT
failure	NN
because	IN
of	IN
it	PRP
.	.
He	PRP
suggested	VBD
hospitalization	NN
at	IN
one	CD
point	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
declined	VBD
-LRB-	-LRB-
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
reasons	NNS
above	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
he	PRP
allowed	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
make	VB
that	DT
choice	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
expressing	VBG
all	PDT
the	DT
while	NN
that	IN
if	IN
things	NNS
continued	VBD
to	TO
get	VB
worse	JJR
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
be	VB
a	DT
choice	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
We	PRP
worked	VBD
on	IN
self-esteem	NN
.	.
We	PRP
worked	VBD
on	IN
alternative	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
cope	VB
.	.
He	PRP
worked	VBD
on	IN
getting	VBG
me	PRP
to	TO
feel	VB
again	RB
by	IN
helping	VBG
me	PRP
through	IN
talking	VBG
and	CC
crying	VBG
and	CC
yelling	VBG
about	IN
my	PRP$
issues	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
taught	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
see	VB
the	DT
difference	NN
between	IN
responsibility	NN
and	CC
blame	NN
.	.
He	PRP
guided	VBD
me	PRP
towards	IN
truly	RB
believing	VBG
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
my	PRP$
fault	NN
that	IN
life	NN
happened	VBD
the	DT
way	NN
it	PRP
did	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
go	VB
into	IN
details	NNS
about	IN
why	WRB
he	PRP
and	CC
I	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
``	``
falling	VBG
out	RP
''	''
...	:
but	CC
after	IN
that	DT
year	NN
and	CC
a	DT
half	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
decision	NN
to	TO
not	RB
see	VB
him	PRP
anymore	RB
.	.
We	PRP
basically	RB
had	VBD
a	DT
large	JJ
argument	NN
about	IN
something	NN
that	WDT
did	VBD
n't	RB
even	RB
pertain	VB
to	TO
my	PRP$
treatment	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
it	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
some	DT
freelance	NN
work	NN
I	PRP
did	VBD
for	IN
him	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
...	:
I	PRP
will	MD
say	VB
this	DT
...	:
it	PRP
was	VBD
because	IN
of	IN
him	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
strong	JJ
enough	RB
to	TO
say	VB
``	``
Enough	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
time	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
to	TO
move	VB
on	IN
''	''
and	CC
to	TO
not	RB
blame	VB
myself	PRP
for	IN
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
forever	RB
be	VB
thankful	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
guidance	NN
I	PRP
received	VBD
from	IN
him	PRP
through	IN
our	PRP$
sessions	NNS
.	.
During	IN
all	PDT
this	DT
time	NN
I	PRP
received	VBD
tremendous	JJ
support	NN
from	IN
MrFishy	NNP
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
had	VBD
first	JJ
told	VBD
him	PRP
it	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
hard	JJ
for	IN
him	PRP
to	TO
know	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
be	VB
supportive	JJ
and	CC
he	PRP
did	VBD
all	PDT
the	DT
clich	NN
things	NNS
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
``	``
outsiders	NNS
''	''
do	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
talk	VB
from	IN
his	PRP$
perspective	NN
because	IN
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
--	:
but	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
asked	VBN
him	PRP
to	TO
post	VB
here	RB
too	RB
and	CC
he	PRP
can	MD
share	VB
his	PRP$
thoughts	NNS
on	IN
all	PDT
this	DT
.	.
My	PRP$
goal	NN
in	IN
recovery	NN
,	,
because	IN
of	IN
my	PRP$
thoughts	NNS
on	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
,	,
was	VBD
to	TO
build	VB
my	PRP$
self-esteem	NN
...	:
to	TO
learn	VB
to	TO
love	VB
myself	PRP
completely	RB
and	CC
be	VB
comfortable	JJ
being	VBG
me	PRP
.	.
My	PRP$
attitude	NN
was	VBD
that	IN
once	RB
I	PRP
could	MD
do	VB
that	IN
the	DT
behaviors	NNS
would	MD
fall	VB
away	RB
...	:
and	CC
this	DT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
my	PRP$
experience	NN
.	.
Of	IN
course	NN
,	,
I	PRP
also	RB
needed	VBD
to	TO
find	VB
new	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
cope	VB
...	:
new	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
manage	VB
stress	NN
...	:
better	JJR
ways	NNS
to	TO
communicate	VB
my	PRP$
needs	NNS
...	:
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
validate	VB
my	PRP$
own	JJ
emotions	NNS
...	:
and	CC
as	IN
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
do	VB
all	DT
that	IN
the	DT
need	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
rely	VB
on	IN
food\/starvations\/exercise	JJ
\/	NN
purging	VBG
seemed	VBD
to	TO
slowly	RB
fade	VB
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
stress	VB
with	IN
strong	JJ
emphasis	NN
...	:
a	DT
LOT	NNP
of	IN
people	NNS
must	MD
stabalize	VB
their	PRP$
physical	JJ
health	NN
first	RB
,	,
so	RB
intially	RB
there	EX
may	MD
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
strong	JJ
focus	NN
on	IN
the	DT
food	NN
and	CC
behaviors	NNS
--	:
remember	VBP
...	:
everyone	NN
is	VBZ
different	JJ
and	CC
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
``	``
one	CD
right	JJ
way	NN
''	''
to	TO
recover	VB
.	.
I	PRP
went	VBD
back	RB
to	TO
another	DT
therapist	NN
after	IN
about	IN
a	DT
year	NN
...	:
I	PRP
did	VBD
some	DT
work	NN
with	IN
her	PRP
,	,
but	CC
felt	VBD
like	IN
she	PRP
actually	RB
wanted	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
sicker	JJR
than	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
...	:
like	IN
she	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
prepared	VBN
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
someone	NN
who	WP
had	VBD
achieved	VBN
some	DT
self-worth	NN
...	:
so	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
stay	VB
very	RB
long	RB
.	.
About	IN
two	CD
months	NNS
.	.
At	IN
that	DT
point	NN
I	PRP
made	VBD
a	DT
decision	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
time	NN
for	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
step	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
emphasize	VBP
``	``
for	IN
me	PRP
''	''
because	IN
we	PRP
are	VBP
all	DT
so	RB
different	JJ
and	CC
lots	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
stay	VBP
in	IN
therapy	NN
a	DT
lot	NN
longer	JJR
than	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
...	:
and	CC
that	DT
's	VBZ
okay	JJ
!	.
Keep	VB
in	IN
mind	NN
that	IN
my	PRP$
whole	JJ
life	NN
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
in	IN
and	CC
out	IN
of	IN
therapy	NN
for	IN
various	JJ
reasons	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
made	VBD
me	PRP
go	VB
in	IN
highschool	NN
a	DT
few	JJ
times	NNS
...	:
and	CC
I	PRP
'd	MD
been	VBN
to	TO
marriage	NN
counseling\/divorce	NN
counseling	NN
with	IN
my	PRP$
first	JJ
husband	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
now	RB
fully	RB
recovered	VBD
.	.
What	WP
I	PRP
mean	VBP
by	IN
this	DT
:	:
when	WRB
there	EX
are	VBP
stressful	JJ
times	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
rely	VB
on	IN
food	NN
,	,
lack	NN
of	IN
food	NN
,	,
purging	VBG
or	CC
exercise	NN
to	TO
get	VB
me	PRP
through	IN
it	PRP
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
if	IN
my	PRP$
mind	NN
does	VBZ
go	VB
a	DT
mile	NN
a	DT
minute	NN
I	PRP
've	VBP
learned	VBN
how	WRB
to	TO
slow	VB
it	PRP
down	RB
,	,
and	CC
cope	VB
with	IN
things	NNS
one	CD
step	NN
at	IN
a	DT
time	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
to	TO
accept	VB
the	DT
ups	NNS
and	CC
downs	NNS
of	IN
life	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
realize	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
all	DT
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
human	JJ
experience	NN
,	,
not	RB
something	NN
I	PRP
deserve	VBP
to	TO
beat	VB
myself	PRP
up	RB
over	RB
.	.
My	PRP$
feelings	NNS
count	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
worth	IN
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
recovery	NN
for	IN
about	IN
five	CD
years	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
goal	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
completely	RB
recoverED	VBN
.	.
As	IN
I	PRP
moved	VBD
through	IN
the	DT
whole	JJ
process	NN
,	,
using	VBG
the	DT
ED	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
coping	VBG
tool	NN
was	VBD
less	JJR
and	CC
less	JJR
an	DT
option	NN
.	.
As	IN
I	PRP
worked	VBD
to	TO
become	VB
closer	RBR
to	TO
``	``
recoverED	JJ
''	''
my	PRP$
self-esteem	NN
shot	VBD
up	RB
,	,
my	PRP$
self-confidence	NN
rose	VBD
,	,
and	CC
my	PRP$
self-doubts	NNS
disappeared	VBD
--	:
these	DT
were	VBD
all	DT
things	NNS
I	PRP
consciously	RB
worked	VBD
on	IN
for	IN
a	DT
while	NN
,	,
and	CC
as	IN
time	NN
went	VBD
on	IN
,	,
they	PRP
became	VBD
less	RBR
and	CC
less	RBR
work	NN
,	,
until	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
no	RB
longer	RB
daily	JJ
challenges	NNS
to	TO
labor	NN
on	IN
.	.
The	DT
absolute	JJ
last	JJ
thing	NN
I	PRP
worked	VBD
on	RP
was	VBD
body	NN
image	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
decided	VBN
that	IN
for	IN
me	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
consider	VB
myself	PRP
fully	RB
recovered	VBD
until	IN
walking	VBG
around	RP
with	IN
a	DT
negative	JJ
body	NN
image	NN
was	VBD
n't	RB
happening	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
this	DT
work	NN
in	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
year	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
recovery	NN
.	.
Getting	VBG
rid	JJ
of	IN
clothes	NNS
that	WDT
did	VBD
n't	RB
fit	VB
,	,
looking	VBG
at	IN
myself	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
mirror	NN
every	DT
day	NN
and	CC
telling	VBG
myself	PRP
``	``
hey	NN
,	,
you	PRP
're	VBP
just	RB
right	RB
for	IN
YOU	PRP
,	,
''	''
assuring	VBG
myself	PRP
that	IN
my	PRP$
mood	NN
has	VBZ
nothing	NN
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
how	WRB
I	PRP
perceive	VBP
myself	PRP
--	:
a	DT
reflection	NN
is	VBZ
just	RB
a	DT
reflection	NN
.	.
Is	VBZ
my	PRP$
body	NN
perfect	JJ
?	.
NO	DT
--	:
but	CC
it	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
.	.
Being	VBG
realistically	RB
aware	JJ
of	IN
imperfections	NNS
does	VBZ
n't	RB
mean	VB
I	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
self-destruct	VB
,	,
or	CC
that	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
a	DT
bad	JJ
person	NN
,	,
or	CC
that	IN
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
love	VB
my	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
Having	VBG
the	DT
occassional	JJ
bad	JJ
body-image	JJ
moment	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
need	VB
to	TO
last	VB
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
moment	NN
,	,
does	VBZ
n't	RB
need	VB
to	TO
dictate	VB
my	PRP$
mood	NN
for	IN
the	DT
day	NN
,	,
and	CC
does	VBZ
n't	RB
mean	VB
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
love	VB
myself	PRP
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
there	EX
came	VBD
a	DT
time	NN
and	CC
awareness	NN
that	WDT
everything	NN
just	RB
was	VBD
n't	RB
work	VB
anymore	RB
.	.
I	PRP
truly	RB
did	VBD
n't	RB
give	VB
a	DT
shit	NN
what	WP
other	JJ
people	NNS
thought	VBD
about	IN
me	PRP
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
way	NN
they	PRP
might	MD
judge	VB
me	PRP
--	:
nor	CC
did	VBD
I	PRP
believe	VBP
I	PRP
needed	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
``	``
this	DT
type	NN
''	''
of	IN
body	NN
--	:
my	PRP$
body	NN
is	VBZ
just	RB
right	RB
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
eat	VBP
when	WRB
I	PRP
'm	VBP
hungry	JJ
and	CC
my	PRP$
mood	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
dictate	VB
it	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
enjoy	VBP
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
!	.
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
even	RB
imagine	VB
NOT	NNP
enjoying	VBG
it	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
mearly	RB
a	DT
pleasurable	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
fuel	VB
my	PRP$
body	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	DT
's	VBZ
the	DT
way	NN
it	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
.	.
I	PRP
considered	VBD
myself	PRP
recoverED	VBD
when	WRB
I	PRP
realized	VBD
that	IN
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
lack	NN
of	IN
self-confidence	NN
and	CC
self-esteem	NN
were	VBD
no	RB
longer	JJR
issues	NNS
ruling	VBG
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
proclaimed	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
recoverED	VBN
the	DT
day	NN
I	PRP
could	MD
truly	RB
say	VB
I	PRP
love	VBP
me	PRP
for	IN
me	PRP
,	,
the	DT
whole	JJ
package	NN
,	,
inside	RB
and	CC
out	RB
,	,
no	DT
matter	NN
how	WRB
I	PRP
'm	VBP
feeling	VBG
-LRB-	-LRB-
whether	IN
happy	JJ
,	,
sad	JJ
,	,
angry	JJ
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
no	DT
matter	NN
what	WDT
my	PRP$
weight	NN
is	VBZ
.	.
I	PRP
proclaimed	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
recoverED	VBN
when	WRB
I	PRP
could	MD
accept	VB
that	IN
making	VBG
mistakes	NNS
is	VBZ
okay	JJ
and	CC
it	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
mean	VB
people	NNS
wo	MD
n't	RB
like	VB
me	PRP
,	,
and	CC
when	WRB
I	PRP
realized	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
okay	JJ
if	IN
not	RB
everyone	NN
likes	VBZ
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
proclaimed	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
recoverED	VBN
when	WRB
I	PRP
could	MD
cope	VB
with	IN
life	NN
and	CC
emotions	NNS
in	IN
healthy	JJ
ways	NNS
as	IN
second	JJ
nature	NN
,	,
when	WRB
I	PRP
realized	VBD
that	IN
food	NN
and	CC
the	DT
size	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
has	VBZ
nothing	NN
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
my	PRP$
emotions	NNS
or	CC
sense	NN
of	IN
self-worth	NN
,	,
nor	CC
should	MD
it	PRP
.	.
Television	NNP
commercials	NNS
say	VBP
:	:
``	``
Do	VBP
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
lose	VB
pounds	NNS
by	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
weekend	NN
?	.
Sure	RB
,	,
we	PRP
all	DT
do	VBP
.	.
''	''
What	WP
is	VBZ
the	DT
comparison	NN
between	IN
a	DT
person	NN
who	WP
's	VBZ
recovered	VBN
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
person	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
never	RB
had	VBD
one	CD
?	.
''	''
Everyone	NN
has	VBZ
bad	JJ
body-image	NN
days	NNS
.	.
First	NNP
and	CC
foremost	JJ
,	,
they	PRP
should	MD
not	RB
consume	VB
your	PRP$
time	NN
and	CC
thoughts	NNS
...	:
and	CC
they	PRP
should	MD
never	RB
translate	VB
into	IN
hurting	VBG
yourself	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
does	VBZ
n't	RB
dictate	VB
your	PRP$
mood	NN
.	.
Tony	NNP
and	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
talked	VBN
about	IN
this	DT
.	.
Even	RB
he	PRP
says	VBZ
that	IN
he	PRP
's	VBZ
human	JJ
,	,
and	CC
of	IN
course	NN
wakes	VBZ
up	RP
some	DT
days	NNS
thinking	VBG
he	PRP
could	MD
be	VB
in	IN
better	JJR
shape	NN
.	.
But	CC
as	RB
quickly	RB
as	IN
he	PRP
thinks	VBZ
it	PRP
,	,
he	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
thinking	VBG
it	PRP
anymore	RB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
Sure	RB
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
look	VB
in	IN
the	DT
mirror	NN
every	DT
day	NN
loving	JJ
every	DT
aspect	NN
of	IN
myself	PRP
,	,
but	CC
there	EX
's	VBZ
never	RB
even	RB
a	DT
thought	NN
of	IN
hurting	VBG
myself	PRP
over	IN
it	PRP
...	:
and	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
forgotten	VBN
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
onto	IN
to	TO
the	DT
next	JJ
thing	NN
...	:
it	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
pervade	VB
my	PRP$
every	DT
thought	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
mood	NN
for	IN
the	DT
entire	JJ
day	NN
...	:
or	CC
even	RB
for	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
hour	NN
.	.
Overall	RB
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
very	RB
self	NN
accepting	VBG
and	CC
self-loving	VBG
and	CC
KNOW	VBP
that	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
is	VBZ
right	JJ
for	IN
me	PRP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
times	NNS
I	PRP
'm	VBP
feeling	VBG
unhappy	JJ
about	IN
any	DT
specific	JJ
body	NN
part	NN
are	VBP
pretty	RB
few	JJ
and	CC
far	RB
between	IN
.	.
What	WP
does	VBZ
Amy	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
any	DT
person	NN
recovered	VBD
-RRB-	-RRB-
think	VBP
,	,
when	WRB
they	PRP
walk	VBP
down	IN
a	DT
street	NN
downtown	NN
,	,
or	CC
open	VB
up	RP
a	DT
magazine	NN
,	,
or	CC
watch	VB
the	DT
television	NN
,	,
and	CC
are	VBP
bombarded	VBN
by	IN
weight	NN
loss	NN
ads	NNS
and	CC
pictures	NNS
of	IN
unhealthy	JJ
women	NNS
modeling	NN
`	``
beauty	NN
'	''
for	IN
the	DT
american	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
global	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
culture	NN
?	.
At	IN
times	NNS
I	PRP
'm	VBP
oblivious	JJ
to	TO
it	PRP
.	.
Or	CC
I	PRP
change	VBP
the	DT
channel	NN
because	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
weight-loss	JJ
promos	NNS
are	VBP
ridiculous	JJ
.	.
Or	CC
I	PRP
think	VBP
``	``
man	NN
,	,
she	PRP
needs	VBZ
to	TO
eat	VB
a	DT
sandwich	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
sorry	JJ
,	,
that	DT
's	VBZ
honest	JJ
!	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
do	VBP
here	RB
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
times	NNS
I	PRP
'm	VBP
thinking	VBG
more	RBR
from	IN
an	DT
``	``
ED	NNP
Awareness	NNP
''	''
perspective	NN
,	,
wishing	VBG
that	IN
healthier	RBR
women	NNS
were	VBD
portrayed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
media	NNS
as	IN
beautiful	JJ
,	,
as	IN
strong	JJ
,	,
as	IN
wives	NNS
and	CC
coworkers	NNS
and	CC
friends	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
never	RB
triggers	VBZ
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
never	RB
compare	VBP
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
never	RB
wish	VBP
to	TO
look	VB
like	IN
someone	NN
famous	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
admire	VB
my	PRP$
opinion	NN
of	IN
beauty	NN
for	IN
what	WP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
--	:
SHE	NNP
is	VBZ
beautiful	JJ
for	IN
her	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
beautiful	JJ
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
be	VB
anyone	NN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
fit	VB
some	DT
crazy	JJ
mold	NN
.	.
I	PRP
ALSO	RB
almost	RB
never	RB
buy	VB
a	DT
fashion	NN
magazine	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
subscribe	VB
to	TO
anything	NN
even	RB
remotely	RB
like	IN
a	DT
fashion	NN
magazine	NN
.	.
Not	RB
because	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
``	``
triggering	VBG
''	''
but	CC
because	IN
I	PRP
refuse	VBP
to	TO
support	VB
an	DT
industry	NN
I	PRP
think	VBP
needs	NNS
to	TO
change	VB
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
do	VBP
not	RB
want	VB
MY	NNP
daughter	NN
growing	VBG
up	RP
thinking	VBG
models	NNS
are	VBP
typical	JJ
.	.
Do	VBP
you	PRP
think	VB
to	TO
yourself	PRP
:	:
``	``
hey	NN
,	,
this	DT
used	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
something	NN
that	IN
really	RB
bothered	VBN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
get	VB
nearly	RB
so	RB
bothered	VBN
by	IN
it	PRP
now	RB
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
do	VBP
find	VB
it	PRP
upsetting	VBG
a	DT
little	JJ
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
know	VBP
I	PRP
can	MD
handle	VB
this	DT
situation	NN
very	RB
well	RB
,	,
even	RB
so	RB
.	.
''	''
Things	NNS
that	WDT
used	VBD
to	TO
bother	VB
me	PRP
or	CC
were	VBD
triggering	VBG
for	IN
me	PRP
,	,
again	RB
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
n't	RB
much	JJ
of	IN
a	DT
conscious	JJ
thought	NN
process	NN
about	IN
it	PRP
.	.
The	DT
notion	NN
of	IN
going	VBG
back	RB
to	TO
ED	NNP
behaviors	NNS
does	VBZ
n't	RB
ever	RB
enter	VB
my	PRP$
mind	NN
as	IN
an	DT
option	NN
.	.
Eating	NNP
is	VBZ
just	RB
eating	VBG
...	:
fueling	VBG
my	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
I	PRP
recognize	VBP
and	CC
have	VBP
healed	VBN
from	IN
issues	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
past	NN
,	,
so	RB
when	WRB
something	NN
happens	VBZ
that	IN
relates	VBZ
in	IN
some	DT
way	NN
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
ever	RB
feel	VB
triggered	VBN
by	IN
it	PRP
or	CC
consciously	RB
think	VB
``	``
now	RB
this	DT
is	VBZ
something	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
have	VB
really	RB
bothered	VBN
me	PRP
''	''
--	:
it	PRP
bothers	VBZ
me	PRP
or	CC
affects	VBZ
me	PRP
however	RB
it	PRP
does	VBZ
emotionally	RB
and	CC
then	RB
I	PRP
cope	VB
with	IN
those	DT
emotions	NNS
in	IN
healthy	JJ
and	CC
productive	JJ
ways	NNS
.	.
``	``
When	WRB
it	PRP
comes	VBZ
to	TO
foods	NNS
...	:
are	VBP
there	RB
foods	NNS
that	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
recovered	VBN
simply	RB
do	VBP
n't	RB
like	VB
?	.
Not	RB
saying	VBG
that	IN
EVERYONE	NN
recovered	VBD
does	VBZ
n't	RB
like	VB
food	NN
X	NNP
or	CC
food	NN
Y.	NNP
...	:
But	CC
when	WRB
it	PRP
comes	VBZ
to	TO
individual	JJ
prefrence	NN
.	.
Maybe	RB
someone	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
like	VB
Thai	NNP
food	NN
because	IN
they	PRP
think	VBP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
unappealing	JJ
.	.
Is	VBZ
this	DT
completely	RB
normal	JJ
,	,
or	CC
does	VBZ
this	DT
scream	NN
out	IN
``	``
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
''	''
,	,
just	RB
because	IN
food	NN
avoidance	NN
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
symptom	NN
of	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
?	.
''	''
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
complicated	JJ
one	CD
to	TO
answer	VB
.	.
Of	IN
course	NN
there	EX
are	VBP
foods	NNS
I	PRP
just	RB
do	VBP
n't	RB
like	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
despise	VBP
the	DT
taste	NN
of	IN
Indian	JJ
food	NN
for	IN
example	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
``	``
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
''	''
in	IN
and	CC
of	IN
itself	PRP
to	TO
not	RB
like	VB
certain	JJ
foods	NNS
.	.
BUT	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
of	IN
an	DT
ED-Mindset	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
using	VBG
your	PRP$
dislike	NN
of	IN
a	DT
food	NN
as	IN
an	DT
excuse	NN
not	RB
to	TO
eat	VB
enough	RB
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
make	VB
an	DT
excuse	NN
to	TO
engage	VB
in	IN
ED	NNP
behaviors	NNS
,	,
like	IN
having	VBG
only	RB
a	DT
salad	NN
because	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
like	VB
the	DT
pizza	NN
everyone	NN
else	RB
is	VBZ
eating	VBG
.	.
It	PRP
boils	VBZ
down	RP
to	TO
YOU	PRP
and	CC
how	WRB
in	IN
touch	NN
you	PRP
are	VBP
about	IN
the	DT
choices	NNS
you	PRP
are	VBP
making	VBG
when	WRB
it	PRP
comes	VBZ
to	TO
eating	VBG
.	.
Are	VBP
you	PRP
being	VBG
sneaky	JJ
?	.
Are	VBP
you	PRP
lying	VBG
to	TO
avoid	VB
certain	JJ
foods	NNS
?	.
Are	VBP
you	PRP
so	RB
stringent	JJ
in	IN
what	WP
you	PRP
like	VBP
and	CC
do	VBP
n't	RB
like	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
impossible	JJ
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
?	.
Are	VBP
there	RB
emotional	JJ
reasons	NNS
you	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
eat	VB
certain	JJ
things	NNS
?	.
Are	VBP
you	PRP
making	VBG
healthy	JJ
choices	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
alternative	NN
to	TO
what	WP
is	VBZ
placed	VBN
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
you	PRP
that	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
like	VB
?	.
Questions	NNS
for	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
think	VB
about	RB
.	.
``	``
When	WRB
it	PRP
comes	VBZ
to	TO
egos	NNS
...	:
how	WRB
big	JJ
is	VBZ
people	NNS
's	POS
who	WP
are	VBP
recovered	VBN
?	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
for	IN
myself	PRP
,	,
my	PRP$
ego\/self-confidence	NN
has	VBZ
grown	VBN
tremendously	RB
since	IN
I	PRP
started	VBD
recovery	NN
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
always	RB
completely	RB
one	CD
hundred	CD
percent	NN
``	``
YAY	NNP
ME	NNP
!	.
''	''
all	DT
day	NN
long	RB
.	.
Do	VBP
people	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
recovered	VBN
always	RB
feel	VB
extremely	RB
good	JJ
about	IN
themselves	PRP
?	.
And	CC
if	IN
not	RB
,	,
what	WDT
are	VBP
some	DT
examples	NNS
of	IN
when	WRB
self	NN
confidence	NN
would	MD
go	VB
up	RP
or	CC
down	RP
?	.
Do	VBP
people	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
recovered	VBN
need	NN
compliments	NNS
,	,
and	CC
appreciate	VB
when	WRB
someone	NN
is	VBZ
thoughtful	JJ
enough	RB
to	TO
say	VB
something	NN
nice	JJ
about	IN
them	PRP
?	.
''	''
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
walk	VB
around	IN
feeling	VBG
``	``
yay	FW
Amy	NNP
''	''
all	PDT
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
do	VBP
walk	VB
around	IN
feeling	VBG
good	JJ
about	IN
me	PRP
all	PDT
the	DT
time	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
always	RB
content	JJ
with	IN
who	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
.	.
In	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
lets	VBZ
say	VBP
I	PRP
make	VBP
a	DT
mistake	NN
...	:
screw	VB
up	RP
a	DT
freelance	JJ
job	NN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
doing	VBG
or	CC
handle	VB
a	DT
situation	NN
a	DT
little	JJ
off	RP
kilter	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
like	IN
lose	VB
my	PRP$
temper	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
...	:
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
think	VB
BADLY	RB
about	IN
myself	PRP
because	IN
of	IN
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
know	VBP
I	PRP
made	VBD
a	DT
mistake	NN
and	CC
next	JJ
time	NN
will	MD
try	VB
my	PRP$
best	JJS
not	RB
to	TO
repeat	VB
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
think	VB
I	PRP
'm	VBP
a	DT
piece	NN
of	IN
crud	NN
,	,
but	CC
instead	RB
I	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
EVERYONE	NN
makes	VBZ
mistakes	NNS
and	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
okay	JJ
to	TO
forgive	VB
myself	PRP
,	,
and	CC
ask	VB
to	TO
be	VB
forgiven	VBN
by	IN
those	DT
effected	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
I	PRP
deserve	VBP
to	TO
take	VB
care	NN
of	IN
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
making	VBG
mistakes	NNS
does	VBZ
n't	RB
mean	VB
I	PRP
'm	VBP
a	DT
bad	JJ
person	NN
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
having	VBG
a	DT
bad	JJ
day	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
like	IN
feeling	VBG
sad	JJ
about	IN
something	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
does	VBZ
n't	RB
mean	VB
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
love	VB
myself	PRP
simultaneously	RB
.	.
I	PRP
love	VBP
that	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
feel	VB
sad	JJ
!	.
No	DT
,	,
not	RB
because	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
enjoyable	JJ
,	,
but	CC
because	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
human	JJ
experience	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
KNOW	VBP
it	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
last	VB
forever	RB
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
comfort	NN
myself	PRP
and	CC
feel	VB
self-confident	JJ
enough	JJ
to	TO
know	VB
I	PRP
can	MD
ask	VB
for	IN
support	NN
from	IN
my	PRP$
loved-ones	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
so-okay	JJ
with	IN
myself	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
know	VBP
being	VBG
sad	JJ
does	VBZ
n't	RB
equal	JJ
being	VBG
self-destructive	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
NEED	VB
compliments	NNS
from	IN
everyone	NN
or	CC
anyone	NN
.	.
Of	IN
course	NN
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
always	RB
nice	JJ
to	TO
hear	VB
and	CC
I	PRP
say	VBP
``	``
thank	VB
you	PRP
''	''
when	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
offered	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
never	RB
argue	VBP
and	CC
say	VBP
``	``
oh	UH
stop	VB
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
really	RB
a	DT
big	JJ
piece	NN
of	IN
doodie	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
accept	VB
the	DT
compliment	NN
and	CC
go	VB
on	IN
my	PRP$
merry	JJ
way	NN
.	.
Everyone	NN
is	VBZ
going	VBG
to	TO
have	VB
moments	NNS
in	IN
life	NN
where	WRB
you	PRP
go	VBP
a	DT
long	JJ
time	NN
with	IN
no	DT
compliments	NNS
at	IN
all	DT
...	:
self-esteem	NN
is	VBZ
about	IN
giving	VBG
YOURSELF	NNP
those	DT
compliments	NNS
,	,
and	CC
knowing	VBG
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
NEED	VB
validation	NN
or	CC
recognition	NN
from	IN
those	DT
around	IN
you	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
I	PRP
'm	VBP
talented	JJ
and	CC
smart	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
I	PRP
'm	VBP
a	DT
good	JJ
mom	NN
and	CC
wife	NN
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
recognize	VBP
when	WRB
I	PRP
make	VBP
a	DT
mistake	NN
or	CC
need	VB
to	TO
make	VB
improvements	NNS
on	IN
something	NN
and	CC
can	MD
take	VB
criticism	NN
without	IN
it	PRP
translating	VBG
into	IN
``	``
my	PRP$
whole	JJ
life	NN
is	VBZ
ruined	VBN
and	CC
I	PRP
'm	VBP
just	RB
an	DT
idiot	NN
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
accept	VB
I	PRP
certainly	RB
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
everything	NN
and	CC
listen	VB
to	TO
other	JJ
's	POS
opinions	NNS
without	IN
it	PRP
meaning	VBG
I	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
stupid	JJ
.	.
NO	DT
ONE	CD
knows	VBZ
everything	NN
.	.
I	PRP
never	RB
think	VBP
everyone	NN
is	VBZ
staring	VBG
at	IN
me	PRP
when	WRB
they	PRP
're	VBP
not	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
of	IN
course	NN
if	IN
I	PRP
fart	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
supermarket	NN
,	,
I	PRP
'd	MD
expect	VB
some	DT
might	MD
notice	VB
and	CC
give	VB
me	PRP
some	DT
not-so-nice	JJ
looks	VBZ
!	.
LOL	NNP
but	CC
I	PRP
can	MD
have	VB
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
humor	NN
about	IN
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
a	DT
blemish	NN
on	IN
society	NN
because	IN
of	IN
it	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
death	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
father	NN
,	,
the	DT
death	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
grandmother	NN
,	,
one	CD
of	IN
my	PRP$
closest	JJS
friends	NNS
being	VBG
diagnosed	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
serious	JJ
illness	NN
,	,
losing	VBG
my	PRP$
full-time	JJ
job	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
income	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
twelve	CD
years	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
stressful	JJ
events	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
n't	RB
as	IN
though	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
all	DT
peachy-keen	NN
since	IN
being	VBG
recovered	VBN
.	.
Can	MD
I	PRP
predict	VB
exactly	RB
how	WRB
I	PRP
would	MD
handle	VB
other	JJ
incredibly	RB
traumatic	JJ
events	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
?	.
Of	IN
course	NN
not	RB
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
self-love	NN
and	CC
the	DT
skills	NNS
I	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
know	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
take	VB
care	NN
of	IN
myself	PRP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
chances	NNS
of	IN
me	PRP
returning	VBG
to	TO
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
are	VBP
no	RB
greater	JJR
than	IN
for	IN
the	DT
average	JJ
healthy	JJ
never-suffered-an-ED	JJ
person	NN
.	.
I	PRP
thought	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
hit	VBP
rock	NN
bottom	JJ
four	CD
years	NNS
ago	RB
,	,
my	PRP$
sophomore	NN
year	NN
of	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
,	,
as	IN
I	PRP
danced	VBD
my	PRP$
way	NN
through	IN
my	PRP$
parent	NN
's	POS
horrified	JJ
glances	NNS
and	CC
my	PRP$
boyfriend	NN
's	POS
furious	JJ
frustration	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
incapable	JJ
of	IN
helping	VBG
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
thought	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
hit	VBN
rock	NN
bottom	NN
last	JJ
summer	NN
,	,
while	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
working	VBG
at	IN
a	DT
coffee	NN
shop	NN
and	CC
doing	VBG
NOTHING	NNP
but	CC
obsessing	VBG
over	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
.	.
And	CC
I	PRP
thought	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
hit	VBN
rock	NN
bottom	NN
the	DT
night	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
lay	VBD
alone	RB
in	IN
my	PRP$
bed	NN
silently	RB
trying	VBG
to	TO
convince	VB
my	PRP$
heart	NN
to	TO
keep	VB
beating	NN
,	,
trying	VBG
to	TO
ignore	VB
the	DT
horror	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
haze	NN
of	IN
a	DT
life	NN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
therapists	NNS
at	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
hospitals	NNS
they	PRP
checked	VBD
my	PRP$
ass	NN
into	IN
once	RB
told	VBD
me	PRP
that	WDT
''	''
...	:
rock	NN
bottom	NN
is	VBZ
really	RB
a	DT
good	JJ
thing	NN
,	,
because	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
only	RB
after	IN
you	PRP
slam	VBP
against	IN
it	PRP
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
start	VB
swimming	VBG
towards	IN
the	DT
surface	NN
again	RB
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
despise	VBP
admitting	VBG
that	IN
anything	NN
a	DT
shrink	VB
ever	RB
says	VBZ
is	VBZ
accurrate	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
feel	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
above	JJ
sentence	NN
deserves	VBZ
a	DT
little	JJ
credit	NN
.	.
I	PRP
finally	RB
hit	VBD
rock	NN
bottom	NN
.	.
After	IN
watching	VBG
as	IN
all	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
friends	NNS
slowly	RB
trickled	VBD
away	RB
from	IN
the	DT
hopeless	JJ
pit	NN
of	IN
nothingness	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
become	VBN
,	,
after	IN
hearing	VBG
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
'	POS
sigh	NN
and	CC
tactfully	RB
call	VB
my	PRP$
bluffs	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
answering	NN
machine	NN
,	,
after	IN
living	VBG
only	RB
to	TO
devote	VB
myself	PRP
to	TO
my	PRP$
disorder	NN
,	,
and	CC
after	IN
destroying	VBG
a	DT
perfect	JJ
love	NN
with	IN
my	PRP$
self-hatred	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
had	VBN
enough	RB
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
only	RB
been	VBN
in	IN
recovery	NN
for	IN
two	CD
months	NNS
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
know	VBP
-	:
with	IN
a	DT
level	NN
of	IN
certainty	NN
comparable	JJ
to	TO
Jeffery	NNP
Dahmer	NNP
's	POS
jury	NN
-	:
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
well	RB
on	IN
my	PRP$
way	NN
.	.
To	TO
my	PRP$
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
:	:
I	PRP
am	VBP
no	RB
longer	RB
hopelessly	RB
devoted	VBN
to	TO
you	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
listen	VB
to	TO
your	PRP$
empty	JJ
,	,
joyless	JJ
whispers	NNS
.	.
To	TO
all	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
out	IN
there	RB
:	:
Rock	NNP
bottom	JJ
sucked	VBD
ass	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
swim	VB
back	RB
up	RP
is	VBZ
full	JJ
of	IN
never	RB
before	RB
seen	VBN
beauty	NN
and	CC
the	DT
undeniable	JJ
feeling	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
alive	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
well	RB
worth	JJ
it	PRP
and	CC
so	RB
are	VBP
you	PRP
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
quote	NN
somewhere	RB
that	IN
says	VBZ
that	IN
says	VBZ
that	IN
``	``
happiness	NN
is	VBZ
seeing	VBG
yourself	PRP
as	IN
you	PRP
really	RB
are	VBP
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
and	CC
liking	VBG
it	PRP
.	.
''	''
For	IN
a	DT
long	JJ
time	NN
I	PRP
thought	VBD
that	IN
happiness	NN
would	MD
come	VB
on	IN
the	DT
day	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
skinniest	JJS
person	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
walked	VBD
into	IN
a	DT
room	NN
.	.
Perhaps	RB
I	PRP
even	RB
thought	VBD
that	IN
happiness	NN
would	MD
come	VB
when	WRB
I	PRP
died	VBD
from	IN
starvation	NN
.	.
Now	RB
I	PRP
realize	VBP
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
very	RB
wrong	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
happy	JJ
when	WRB
I	PRP
had	VBD
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
but	CC
now	RB
I	PRP
know	VBP
what	WP
it	PRP
means	VBZ
to	TO
feel	VB
joy	NN
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
2	CD
years	NNS
I	PRP
looked	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
mirror	NN
and	CC
felt	VBD
hatred	NN
towards	IN
myself	PRP
.	.
More	JJR
than	IN
that	IN
I	PRP
looked	VBD
inside	IN
my	PRP$
heart	NN
and	CC
despised	VBD
who	WP
I	PRP
had	VBD
become	VBN
.	.
The	DT
little	JJ
girl	NN
who	WP
was	VBD
once	RB
beautiful	JJ
and	CC
full	JJ
of	IN
potential	JJ
had	VBD
become	VBN
a	DT
starving	VBG
child	NN
moving	VBG
closer	JJR
to	TO
death	NN
with	IN
each	DT
skipped	VBD
meal	NN
.	.
The	DT
hardest	JJS
part	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
all	DT
was	VBD
knowing	VBG
that	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
muster	VB
the	DT
strength	NN
to	TO
fight	VB
for	IN
myself	PRP
.	.
Ten	CD
months	NNS
ago	IN
an	DT
amazing	JJ
nun	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
mentor	NN
,	,
teacher	NN
,	,
and	CC
friend	NN
to	TO
me	PRP
sat	VBD
me	PRP
down	RP
in	IN
her	PRP$
classroom	NN
and	CC
told	VBD
me	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
choose	VB
between	IN
life	NN
and	CC
death	NN
.	.
She	PRP
told	VBD
me	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
not	RB
follow	VB
God	NNP
's	POS
plan	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
because	IN
anorexia	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
God	NNP
's	POS
plan	NN
for	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
walked	VBD
out	IN
of	IN
that	DT
room	NN
feeling	NN
angry	JJ
with	IN
her	PRP$
for	IN
intruding	VBG
in	IN
my	PRP$
little	JJ
world	NN
but	CC
that	DT
night	NN
I	PRP
swore	VBD
to	TO
myself	PRP
and	CC
to	TO
God	NNP
that	IN
I	PRP
would	MD
take	VB
a	DT
very	RB
serious	JJ
step	NN
towards	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
The	DT
next	JJ
day	NN
I	PRP
stopped	VBD
counting	VBG
calories	NNS
and	CC
recommitted	VBD
myself	PRP
to	TO
my	PRP$
therapy	NN
sessions	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
tore	VBD
the	DT
pages	NNS
out	IN
of	IN
my	PRP$
calorie	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
monitoring	NN
notebook	NN
and	CC
used	VBD
what	WP
was	VBD
left	VBN
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
spiritual	JJ
journal	NN
.	.
People	NNS
may	MD
say	VB
that	IN
recovery	NN
ca	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
that	IN
simple	JJ
and	CC
that	IN
it	PRP
takes	VBZ
more	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
conversation	NN
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
catalyst	NN
for	IN
such	JJ
a	DT
drastic	JJ
movement	NN
.	.
That	DT
may	MD
be	VB
true	JJ
but	CC
in	IN
my	PRP$
case	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
already	RB
learned	VBN
the	DT
skills	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
needed	VBD
during	IN
two	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
therapy	NN
,	,
I	PRP
just	RB
needed	VBD
to	TO
finally	RB
impliment	VB
them	PRP
.	.
Initially	RB
it	PRP
was	VBD
hard	JJ
for	IN
me	PRP
to	TO
give	VB
up	RP
the	DT
control	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
thought	VBD
the	DT
eating	NN
disorder	NN
was	VBD
providing	VBG
me	PRP
with	IN
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
only	RB
been	VBN
through	IN
time	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
come	VBN
to	TO
understand	VB
that	DT
anorexia	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
provide	VB
me	PRP
with	IN
any	DT
real	JJ
control	NN
.	.
The	DT
real	JJ
control	NN
comes	VBZ
from	IN
making	VBG
healthy	JJ
choices	NNS
and	CC
from	IN
choosing	VBG
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
say	VB
that	IN
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
always	RB
easy	JJ
because	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
only	RB
say	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
worth	JJ
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
hard	JJ
work	NN
and	CC
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
tears	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
say	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
only	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
find	VB
a	DT
rainbow	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
look	VB
past	IN
the	DT
rain	NN
.	.
The	DT
same	JJ
is	VBZ
true	JJ
for	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
Initially	RB
recovery	NN
looks	VBZ
like	IN
a	DT
storm	NN
but	CC
as	IN
you	PRP
peer	VBP
through	IN
the	DT
raindrops	NNS
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
life	NN
of	IN
beauty	NN
and	CC
joy	NN
awaiting	VBG
us	PRP
.	.
Sometimes	RB
I	PRP
still	RB
feel	VBP
like	IN
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
quit	VB
and	CC
return	VB
to	TO
my	PRP$
old	JJ
habits	NNS
but	CC
I	PRP
know	VBP
in	IN
my	PRP$
heart	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
will	MD
never	RB
do	VB
that	DT
because	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
is	VBZ
too	RB
valuable	JJ
to	TO
waste	VB
on	IN
a	DT
disease	NN
that	WDT
leads	VBZ
to	TO
destruction	NN
.	.
Monday	NNP
I	PRP
turned	VBD
17	CD
and	CC
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
in	IN
three	CD
years	NNS
I	PRP
enjoyed	VBD
eating	VBG
my	PRP$
own	JJ
birthday	NN
cake	NN
.	.
This	DT
may	MD
sound	VB
like	IN
a	DT
small	JJ
victory	NN
to	TO
some	DT
but	CC
for	IN
me	PRP
it	PRP
means	VBZ
everything	NN
.	.
Tonight	NNP
,	,
as	IN
everynight	NN
,	,
before	IN
I	PRP
go	VBP
to	TO
bed	NN
I	PRP
will	MD
say	VB
a	DT
prayer	NN
of	IN
thanks	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
God	NNP
who	WP
led	VBD
me	PRP
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
darkness	NN
and	CC
into	IN
the	DT
light	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
will	MD
pray	VB
for	IN
all	PDT
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
still	RB
searching	VBG
for	IN
an	DT
end	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
Before	IN
I	PRP
went	VBD
for	IN
help	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
was	VBD
at	IN
its	PRP$
worst	JJS
,	,
binging	NN
and	CC
purging	VBG
was	VBD
happening	VBG
on	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
basis	NN
,	,
every	DT
weekend	NN
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
these	DT
sessions	NNS
were	VBD
planned	VBN
,	,
some	DT
just	RB
came	VBD
without	IN
my	PRP$
awareness	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
stop	VB
.	.
I	PRP
finally	RB
got	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
point	NN
where	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
just	RB
sick	JJ
and	CC
tired	JJ
of	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
energy	NN
into	IN
food	NN
obsession	NN
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
and	CC
exercise	NN
addiction	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
finally	RB
went	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
internet	NN
and	CC
punched	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
words	NNS
www.OvereatersAnonymous.com	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
what	WP
made	VBD
me	PRP
think	VB
of	IN
OA	NNP
or	CC
what	WP
,	,
I	PRP
never	RB
really	RB
had	VBD
heard	VBN
too	RB
much	RB
of	IN
it	PRP
and	CC
always	RB
thought	VBD
it	PRP
was	VBD
for	IN
old	JJ
overweight	JJ
women	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
that	DT
is	VBZ
what	WP
saved	VBD
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
in	IN
OA	NNP
since	IN
October	NNP
2001	CD
and	CC
have	VBP
not	RB
binged	VBN
or	CC
overate	VB
since	IN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
gained	VBN
#####	CD
pounds	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
food	NN
obsession	NN
is	VBZ
gone	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
on	IN
a	DT
food	NN
plan	NN
for	IN
life	NN
,	,
leaving	VBG
out	RP
certain	JJ
foods	NNS
that	WDT
gave	VBD
me	PRP
problems	NNS
and	CC
led	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
eat	VB
more	JJR
than	IN
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
sugar	NN
and	CC
refined	VBN
carbohydrates	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
and	CC
helpful	JJ
aspect	NN
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
,	,
I	PRP
feel	VBP
,	,
is	VBZ
the	DT
fellowship	NN
the	DT
program	NN
offers	VBZ
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
new	JJ
``	``
family	NN
''	''
here	RB
that	IN
understands	VBZ
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
people	NNS
who	WP
I	PRP
can	MD
call	VB
any	DT
time	NN
of	IN
the	DT
day	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
when	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
home	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
talk	VB
about	IN
my	PRP$
fears	NNS
,	,
insecurities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
issues	NNS
that	WDT
come	VBP
up	RP
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
really	RB
need	VBP
this	DT
support	NN
because	IN
I	PRP
know	VBP
only	RB
someone	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
be	VB
it	PRP
overeating	NN
or	CC
undereating	NN
,	,
understands	VBZ
me	PRP
.	.
My	PRP$
family	NN
and	CC
friends	NNS
dont	JJ
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
dont	VBP
expect	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
.	.
Since	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
very	RB
blessed	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
not	RB
binged	VBN
or	CC
purged	VBN
for	IN
about	RB
6	CD
months	NNS
now	RB
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
free	JJ
to	TO
work	VB
on	IN
what	WP
really	RB
was	VBD
eating	VBG
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
working	VBG
on	IN
what	WP
made	VBD
me	PRP
undereat	NN
and	CC
overeat	NN
and	CC
hate	NN
myself	PRP
for	IN
so	RB
long	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
painful	JJ
at	IN
times	NNS
,	,
and	CC
there	EX
are	VBP
definitely	RB
days	NNS
I	PRP
feel	VBP
fat	JJ
and	CC
want	VB
to	TO
restrict	VB
food	NN
again	RB
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
know	VBP
these	DT
are	VBP
normal	JJ
and	CC
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
to	TO
act	VB
on	IN
these	DT
feelings	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
happier	JJR
than	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
ever	RB
been	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
never	RB
thought	VBD
I	PRP
could	MD
get	VB
to	TO
where	WRB
I	PRP
am	VBP
now	RB
.	.
I	PRP
thought	VBD
it	PRP
would	MD
take	VB
a	DT
miracle	NN
if	IN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
and	CC
body	NN
obsession	NN
would	MD
go	VB
away	RB
.	.
And	CC
a	DT
miracle	NN
did	VBD
happen	VB
.	.
A	DT
new	JJ
Rose	NNP
is	VBZ
blooming	VBG
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
great	JJ
to	TO
see	VB
me	PRP
grow	VB
and	CC
learn	VB
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
say	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
recovered	VBN
bulimic	JJ
and	CC
in	IN
recovery	NN
from	IN
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
learned	VBN
techniques	NNS
to	TO
keep	VB
myself	PRP
in	IN
recovery	NN
but	CC
I	PRP
still	RB
have	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
vigilant	JJ
not	RB
to	TO
get	VB
back	RB
into	IN
bad	JJ
habits	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
diagnosed	VBN
with	IN
bulimia	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
seventeen	JJ
although	IN
my	PRP$
problems	NNS
with	IN
food	NN
had	VBD
taken	VBN
hold	NN
by	IN
fifteen	CD
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
terribly	RB
unhappy	JJ
at	IN
school	NN
and	CC
started	VBD
to	TO
turn	VB
to	TO
food	NN
for	IN
comfort	NN
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
came	VBD
home	NN
after	IN
a	DT
day	NN
at	IN
school	NN
,	,
the	DT
first	JJ
thing	NN
I	PRP
would	MD
do	VB
was	VBD
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
`	``
kitkat	NN
'	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
candy	NN
bar	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
a	DT
drink	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
this	DT
routine	JJ
changed	VBN
and	CC
I	PRP
realized	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
having	VBG
four	CD
or	CC
five	CD
kit-kats	NNS
,	,
unwrapping	VBG
and	CC
eating	VBG
them	PRP
in	IN
quick	JJ
sucession	NN
.	.
I	PRP
started	VBD
to	TO
worry	VB
about	IN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
.	.
Maybe	RB
if	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
slimmer	JJR
I	PRP
would	MD
feel	VB
more	RBR
confident	JJ
and	CC
attractive	JJ
and	CC
be	VB
happier	JJR
at	IN
school	NN
?	.
I	PRP
started	VBD
dieting	NN
feriociously	RB
,	,
even	RB
taking	VBG
the	DT
breadcrumbs	NNS
off	IN
my	PRP$
fishfingers	NNS
and	CC
banning	VBG
any	DT
sort	NN
of	IN
sauce	NN
,	,
sugar	NN
or	CC
salt	NN
from	IN
my	PRP$
diet	NN
.	.
I	PRP
exercised	VBD
whenever	WRB
I	PRP
could	MD
and	CC
became	VBD
very	RB
slim	JJ
indeed	RB
.	.
When	WRB
,	,
finally	RB
,	,
I	PRP
relaxed	VBD
my	PRP$
diet	NN
I	PRP
regained	VBD
some	DT
weight	NN
.	.
The	DT
weight	NN
gain	NN
panicked	VBD
me	PRP
I	PRP
began	VBD
starving	VBG
myself	PRP
for	IN
long	JJ
periods	NNS
of	IN
time	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
body	NN
would	MD
rebel	NN
against	IN
such	JJ
treatment	NN
and	CC
when	WRB
I	PRP
finally	RB
did	VBD
eat	VB
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
huge	JJ
and	CC
involuntary	JJ
binge	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'd	MD
try	VB
and	CC
limit	VB
the	DT
damage	NN
by	IN
purging	VBG
and	CC
starving	VBG
for	IN
as	RB
long	JJ
as	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
but	CC
still	RB
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
get	VB
my	PRP$
body	NN
as	IN
slim	JJ
as	IN
I	PRP
'd	MD
like	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
never	RB
very	RB
`	``
successful	JJ
'	''
at	IN
purging	VBG
and	CC
eventually	RB
I	PRP
gave	VBD
up	RP
on	IN
that	DT
method	NN
of	IN
`	``
weight	NN
control	NN
'	''
.	.
By	IN
the	DT
time	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
nineteen	VBN
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
fully	RB
fledged	VBN
compulsive	JJ
overeater	NN
.	.
This	DT
time	NN
the	DT
main	JJ
source	NN
of	IN
unhappiness	NN
was	VBD
my	PRP$
ill	JJ
health	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
condition	NN
called	VBN
M.E.	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
the	DT
restrictions	NNS
it	PRP
had	VBD
placed	VBN
on	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
exactly	RB
what	WDT
brought	VBD
me	PRP
out	IN
of	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
and	CC
into	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
it	PRP
was	VBD
learning	VBG
to	TO
recognize	VB
my	PRP$
feelings	NNS
of	IN
distress	NN
as	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
just	RB
a	DT
prompt	JJ
to	TO
binge	NN
but	CC
as	IN
a	DT
need	NN
to	TO
express	VB
my	PRP$
upset	NN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
cultivated	VBN
healthy	JJ
habits	NNS
,	,
not	RB
just	RB
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
how	WRB
I	PRP
eat	VBP
but	CC
also	RB
in	IN
my	PRP$
mental	JJ
health	NN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
used	VBN
this	DT
website	NN
regularly	RB
-	:
I	PRP
still	RB
do	VBP
-	:
as	IN
an	DT
outlet	NN
for	IN
my	PRP$
feelings	NNS
and	CC
my	PRP$
fears	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
learned	VBD
that	IN
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
one	CD
way	NN
street	NN
but	CC
it	PRP
has	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
kept	VBN
alive	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
journal	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
only	RB
look	VBP
at	IN
magazines	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
positive	JJ
self-image	NN
messages	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
spend	VBP
minimal	JJ
time	NN
with	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
make	VBP
me	PRP
feel	VB
inadequate	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
more	JJR
assertive	JJ
if	IN
people	NNS
try	VBP
and	CC
impose	VBP
themselves	PRP
on	IN
me	PRP
.	.
In	IN
short	RB
,	,
I	PRP
've	VBP
learned	VBN
what	WP
makes	VBZ
me	PRP
feel	VB
bad	JJ
about	IN
myself	PRP
and	CC
choose	VB
ways	NNS
of	IN
feeling	NN
positive	JJ
instead	RB
.	.
I	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
pretend	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
never	RB
overeat	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
sometimes	RB
.	.
Occassionally	RB
when	WRB
I	PRP
am	VBP
deeply	RB
upset	JJ
I	PRP
still	RB
find	VBP
myself	PRP
eating	VBG
more	JJR
candy	NN
bars	NNS
than	IN
I	PRP
think	VBP
is	VBZ
ideal	JJ
.	.
The	DT
difference	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
pretty	RB
much	RB
ok	VB
with	IN
that	DT
now	RB
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
other	JJ
ways	NNS
of	IN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
my	PRP$
upsets	NNS
and	CC
food	NN
is	VBZ
no	RB
longer	RBR
my	PRP$
only	JJ
comfort	NN
and	CC
pleasure	NN
.	.
I	PRP
keep	VBP
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
perspective	NN
and	CC
a	DT
much	JJ
healthier	RBR
diet	NN
and	CC
relationship	NN
with	IN
food	NN
by	IN
addressing	VBG
my	PRP$
feelings	NNS
rather	RB
than	IN
just	RB
banning	VBG
certain	JJ
foods	NNS
.	.
As	IN
I	PRP
write	VBP
this	DT
I	PRP
am	VBP
recovering	VBG
from	IN
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
binge	NN
eating	NN
.	.
I	PRP
still	RB
have	VBP
a	DT
certain	JJ
vulnerability	NN
for	IN
all	DT
of	IN
these	DT
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
recovering	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
place	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
n't	RB
been	VBN
to	TO
for	IN
decades	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
losses	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
great	JJ
,	,
but	CC
now	RB
my	PRP$
returns	NNS
are	VBP
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
what	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
doing	VBG
,	,
returning	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
returning	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
person	NN
I	PRP
used	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
so	RB
long	RB
ago	RB
,	,
the	DT
person	NN
I	PRP
started	VBD
out	RP
to	TO
be	VB
.	.
If	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
this	DT
,	,
then	RB
I	PRP
'm	VBP
sure	JJ
that	IN
others	NNS
can	MD
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
making	VBG
hard	JJ
choices	NNS
that	WDT
become	VBP
easier	JJR
and	CC
easier	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
giving	VBG
myself	PRP
focus	VB
and	CC
a	DT
new	JJ
and	CC
healthy	JJ
path	NN
to	TO
explore	VB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
changing	VBG
my	PRP$
entire	JJ
lifestyle	NN
to	TO
facilitate	VB
my	PRP$
recovery	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
make	VB
my	PRP$
recovery	NN
more	RBR
broadly	RB
based	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
getting	VBG
stronger	JJR
every	DT
day	NN
in	IN
mind	NN
,	,
in	IN
body	NN
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
spirit	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
putting	VBG
all	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
resources	NNS
to	TO
good	JJ
use	NN
on	IN
this	DT
one	CD
,	,
most	RBS
important	JJ
,	,
task	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
changing	VBG
my	PRP$
emotional	JJ
life	NN
for	IN
the	DT
better	JJR
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
so	RB
many	JJ
ways	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
often	RB
surprised	VBN
by	IN
it	PRP
all	DT
.	.
Instead	RB
of	IN
spiraling	VBG
down	RP
to	TO
the	DT
depths	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
spiraling	VBG
upward	RB
and	CC
outward	RB
.	.
I	PRP
improve	VBP
all	PDT
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
expand	VBP
my	PRP$
experience	NN
in	IN
many	JJ
new	JJ
and	CC
positive	JJ
directions	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
altered	VBN
my	PRP$
perceptions	NNS
back	RB
to	TO
a	DT
very	RB
realistic	JJ
place	NN
.	.
I	PRP
now	RB
know	VBP
what	WP
a	DT
healthy	JJ
meal	NN
should	MD
look	VB
like	IN
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
what	WP
I	PRP
should	MD
look	VB
like	IN
.	.
What	WP
was	VBD
distorted	VBN
has	VBZ
regained	VBN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
shape	NN
.	.
In	IN
my	PRP$
recovery	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
paid	VBN
much	JJ
attention	NN
to	TO
my	PRP$
perceptions	NNS
,	,
in	IN
how	WRB
they	PRP
can	MD
get	VB
me	PRP
into	IN
trouble	NN
and	CC
in	IN
how	WRB
things	NNS
should	MD
really	RB
be	VB
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
escaped	VBN
from	IN
a	DT
place	NN
where	WRB
there	EX
was	VBD
no	DT
real	JJ
freedom	NN
,	,
no	DT
real	JJ
choice	NN
,	,
and	CC
no	DT
real	JJ
joy	NN
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
this	DT
out	IN
of	IN
desperation	NN
at	IN
first	RB
,	,
and	CC
later	RB
out	RB
of	IN
resolve	NN
to	TO
never	RB
return	VB
to	TO
the	DT
depths	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
chosen	VBN
life	NN
over	IN
death	NN
,	,
health	NN
over	IN
illness	NN
,	,
joy	NN
over	IN
sorrow	NN
,	,
and	CC
freedom	NN
over	IN
bondage	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
many	JJ
personal	JJ
resources	NNS
,	,
but	CC
no	DT
more	JJR
than	IN
others	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
licensed	JJ
mental	JJ
health	NN
professional	NN
,	,
but	CC
that	DT
training	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
save	VB
me	PRP
as	RB
much	RB
as	IN
my	PRP$
resolve	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
hard	JJ
work	NN
did	VBD
.	.
My	PRP$
training	NN
comes	VBZ
in	IN
handy	JJ
,	,
but	CC
my	PRP$
humanity	NN
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
real	JJ
strength	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
instincts	NNS
proved	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
sound	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
end	NN
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
triple	JJ
threat	NN
of	IN
the	DT
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
binge	NN
eating	NN
,	,
it	PRP
might	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
hard	JJ
to	TO
discover	VB
a	DT
way	NN
out	IN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
I	PRP
felt	VBD
that	IN
if	IN
I	PRP
handled	VBD
one	CD
problem	NN
it	PRP
would	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
improvement	NN
in	IN
the	DT
others	NNS
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
way	NN
I	PRP
gave	VBD
myself	PRP
hope	VB
.	.
I	PRP
made	VBD
hard	JJ
choices	NNS
and	CC
did	VBD
hard	JJ
work	NN
at	IN
times	NNS
,	,
trusting	VBG
that	IN
things	NNS
would	MD
get	VB
better	JJR
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
dealt	VBD
with	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
pressing	JJ
things	NNS
first	RB
,	,
day	NN
by	IN
day	NN
and	CC
from	IN
moment	NN
to	TO
moment	NN
.	.
I	PRP
took	VBD
small	JJ
steps	NNS
at	IN
first	RB
,	,
so	RB
long	RB
as	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
in	IN
healthy	JJ
directions	NNS
.	.
Now	RB
,	,
as	IN
I	PRP
redouble	VBP
once	RB
again	RB
my	PRP$
efforts	NNS
toward	IN
health	NN
,	,
I	PRP
find	VBP
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
helpful	JJ
to	TO
me	PRP
to	TO
reach	VB
out	RP
in	IN
this	DT
message	NN
to	TO
others	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
sincerely	RB
hope	VBP
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
something	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
written	VBN
that	DT
is	VBZ
of	IN
use	NN
,	,
that	WDT
is	VBZ
encouraging	VBG
.	.
May	NNP
your	PRP$
road	NN
be	VB
easier	JJR
than	IN
mine	NN
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
not	RB
may	MD
you	PRP
finally	RB
find	VBP
joy	NN
and	CC
some	DT
semblance	NN
of	IN
renewal	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
male	JJ
high	JJ
school	NN
varsity	NN
athlete	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
road	NN
to	TO
recovering	VBG
from	IN
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
which	WDT
hit	VBD
me	PRP
early	RB
in	IN
my	PRP$
track	NN
and	CC
field	NN
career	NN
.	.
I	PRP
decided	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
needed	VBD
to	TO
loose	JJ
weight	NN
to	TO
get	VB
better	JJR
times	NNS
than	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
was	VBD
already	RB
a	DT
varsity	NN
athlete	NN
and	CC
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
faster	RBR
runners	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
do	VB
this	DT
I	PRP
stopped	VBD
eating	VBG
and	CC
worked	VBD
out	RP
constantly	RB
.	.
I	PRP
got	VBD
down	RB
to	TO
the	DT
weight	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
and	CC
my	PRP$
times	NNS
seemed	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
getting	VBG
better	JJR
.	.
With	IN
each	DT
pound	NN
lost	VBD
I	PRP
decided	VBD
to	TO
loose	VB
more	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
became	VBD
``	``
obsessed	VBN
''	''
with	IN
food	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
had	VBD
an	DT
intense	JJ
fear	NN
of	IN
becoming	VBG
fat	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
weigh	VB
myself	PRP
every	DT
half	NN
and	CC
hour	NN
or	CC
twenty	CD
or	CC
so	RB
minutes	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
normally	RB
very	RB
close	JJ
to	TO
my	PRP$
family	NN
but	CC
suddenly	RB
I	PRP
got	VBD
into	IN
fights	NNS
with	IN
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
constantly	RB
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
started	VBD
to	TO
beat	VB
up	RP
my	PRP$
brother	NN
for	IN
no	DT
reason	NN
at	IN
all	DT
except	IN
he	PRP
disagreed	VBD
with	IN
something	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
said	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
kept	VBD
working	VBG
out	RB
hard	RB
and	CC
I	PRP
kept	VBD
loosing	VBG
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
very	RB
little	JJ
energy	NN
for	IN
anything	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
track	NN
practice	NN
and	CC
despite	IN
this	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
energy	NN
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
force	VB
myself	PRP
to	TO
work	VB
out	RP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
also	RB
getting	VBG
colds	NNS
easily	RB
.	.
I	PRP
won	VBD
the	DT
section	NN
and	CC
made	VBD
an	DT
appearance	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
meet	VB
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
where	WRB
the	DT
disorder	NN
caught	VBD
up	RP
with	IN
me	PRP
.	.
The	DT
day	NN
before	IN
the	DT
meet	VBP
I	PRP
worked	VBD
out	RP
very	RB
hard	RB
trying	VBG
to	TO
keep	VB
my	PRP$
weight	NN
down	RB
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
eat	VB
enough	RB
to	TO
refuel	VB
my	PRP$
body	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
pasta	NN
dinner	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
eat	VB
any	DT
carbohydrates	NNS
.	.
The	DT
meet	VBP
came	VBD
and	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
ready	JJ
to	TO
start	VB
my	PRP$
race	NN
.	.
The	DT
gun	NN
went	VBD
off	RB
and	CC
the	DT
race	NN
was	VBD
one	CD
of	IN
my	PRP$
worst	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
season	NN
.	.
I	PRP
ended	VBD
up	RP
22nd	CD
out	IN
of	IN
28	CD
and	CC
I	PRP
ran	VBD
a	DT
bad	JJ
time	NN
when	WRB
every	DT
other	JJ
kid	NN
in	IN
the	DT
race	NN
beat	VBD
their	PRP$
season	NN
's	POS
best	JJS
time	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
talked	VBD
to	TO
me	PRP
about	IN
my	PRP$
habits	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
my	PRP$
mom	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
social	JJ
worker	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
they	PRP
got	VBD
me	PRP
the	DT
help	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
needed	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
get	VB
better	JJR
because	IN
I	PRP
hated	VBD
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
starving	VBG
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
so	RB
glad	JJ
that	IN
I	PRP
got	VBD
the	DT
help	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
needed	VBD
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
been	VBN
about	RB
6	CD
months	NNS
since	IN
I	PRP
started	VBD
to	TO
recover	VB
and	CC
I	PRP
feel	VBP
better	JJR
than	IN
ever	RB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
on	IN
an	DT
exercise	NN
schedule	NN
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
stay	VB
in	IN
shape	NN
,	,
not	RB
to	TO
loose	JJ
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
also	RB
accepted	VBN
a	DT
baseball	NN
scholarship	NN
to	TO
play	VB
for	IN
a	DT
NCAA	NNP
Division	NNP
II	NNP
program	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
baseball	NN
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
favorite	JJ
sport	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
which	WDT
puts	VBZ
me	PRP
a	DT
step	NN
closer	RBR
to	TO
making	VBG
the	DT
major	JJ
leagues	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
what	WP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
like	IN
to	TO
suffer	VB
from	IN
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
help	VB
those	DT
who	WP
,	,
like	IN
me	PRP
,	,
suffer	VBP
or	CC
have	VBP
suffered	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
ashamed	JJ
to	TO
admit	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
the	DT
disorder	NN
even	RB
though	IN
males	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
small	JJ
percentage	NN
of	IN
suffering	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
know	VBP
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
very	RB
easy	JJ
to	TO
slip	VB
back	RB
into	IN
my	PRP$
harmful	JJ
habits	NNS
and	CC
I	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
keep	VB
myself	PRP
on	IN
the	DT
right	JJ
track	NN
to	TO
eating	VBG
right	JJ
and	CC
maintaining	VBG
a	DT
HEALTHY	JJ
body	NN
weight	NN
.	.
If	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
overcome	VB
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
,	,
anybody	NN
can	MD
overcome	VB
it	PRP
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
wonder	VBP
if	IN
Lexie	NNP
even	RB
realizes	VBZ
that	IN
she	PRP
has	VBZ
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
''	''
These	DT
words	NNS
echoed	VBD
off	RP
the	DT
wall	NN
of	IN
the	DT
therapy	NN
room	NN
.	.
All	DT
eyes	NNS
were	VBD
on	IN
me	PRP
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
therapists	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
a	DT
partial	JJ
program	NN
for	IN
self	NN
harm	NN
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
think	VB
we	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
talking	VBG
about	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
habbits	NNS
,	,
but	CC
Matt	NNP
did	VBD
.	.
He	PRP
confronted	VBD
me	PRP
with	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
anorexia	NN
and	CC
then	RB
listed	VBN
all	DT
of	IN
mine	NN
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
matched	VBD
up	RP
perfectly	RB
.	.
He	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
move	VB
on	IN
until	IN
I	PRP
would	MD
admit	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
It	PRP
took	VBD
me	PRP
five	CD
minutes	NNS
to	TO
say	VB
it	PRP
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
said	VBD
it	PRP
with	IN
tears	NNS
streaming	VBG
down	RP
my	PRP$
face	NN
and	CC
staring	VBG
down	RP
at	IN
the	DT
floor	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
did	VBD
say	VB
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
look	VBP
back	RB
and	CC
do	VBP
n't	RB
understand	VB
how	WRB
I	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
so	RB
blind	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
mean	VBP
,	,
I	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
national	JJ
athletic	JJ
career	NN
going	VBG
at	IN
one	CD
point	NN
,	,
until	IN
I	PRP
became	VBD
too	RB
weak	JJ
to	TO
train	VB
,	,
and	CC
thus	RB
tore	VBD
my	PRP$
tendons	NNS
off	IN
the	DT
bone	NN
.	.
I	PRP
became	VBD
so	RB
anemic	JJ
that	IN
my	PRP$
bone	NN
marrow	NN
was	VBD
depleted	VBN
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
am	VBP
supposed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
smart	JJ
,	,
so	RB
how	WRB
did	VBD
I	PRP
miss	VBP
this	DT
?	.
''	''
was	VBD
what	WP
I	PRP
was	VBD
thinking	VBG
.	.
And	CC
then	RB
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
try	VB
and	CC
beat	VB
anorexia	NN
with	IN
all	DT
my	PRP$
book	NN
knowledge	NN
.	.
I	PRP
read	VBP
up	RP
on	IN
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
talked	VBD
to	TO
people	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
came	VBD
here	RB
.	.
I	PRP
tried	VBD
to	TO
think	VB
it	PRP
away	RB
without	IN
ever	RB
dealing	VBG
with	IN
what	WP
was	VBD
behind	IN
the	DT
symptoms	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
took	VBD
me	PRP
multiple	JJ
hospitalizations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
partial	JJ
program	NN
,	,
and	CC
having	VBG
the	DT
paramedics	NNS
come	VBP
to	TO
my	PRP$
house	NN
because	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
heart	NN
attack	NN
to	TO
realize	VB
two	CD
things	NNS
:	:
A	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
It	PRP
definitely	RB
has	VBZ
nothing	NN
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
how	WRB
smart	JJ
you	PRP
are	VBP
.	.
and	CC
B	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
To	TO
get	VB
rid	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
illness	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
have	VB
to	TO
face	VB
what	WP
was	VBD
behind	IN
everything	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
have	VB
to	TO
learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
the	DT
pain	NN
.	.
Deciding	VBG
to	TO
do	VB
that	DT
was	VBD
the	DT
hardest	JJS
decision	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
ever	RB
had	VBN
to	TO
make	VB
.	.
It	PRP
meant	VBD
changing	VBG
my	PRP$
lifestyle	NN
.	.
It	PRP
meant	VBD
taking	VBG
risks	NNS
.	.
and	CC
it	PRP
meant	VBD
trusting	VBG
my	PRP$
treatment	NN
team	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
uncovering	VBG
what	WP
lay	VBD
behind	IN
the	DT
ED	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
relapsed	VBD
once	RB
and	CC
ended	VBD
up	RP
IP	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
ashamed	JJ
of	IN
that	DT
at	IN
first	RB
,	,
but	CC
then	RB
I	PRP
realized	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
went	VBD
there	RB
on	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
will	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
things	NNS
from	IN
getting	VBG
worse	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
got	VBD
ahold	NN
of	IN
things	NNS
again	RB
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
walked	VBD
out	IN
of	IN
those	DT
doors	NNS
a	DT
stronger	JJR
person	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
still	RB
in	IN
therapy	NN
.	.
The	DT
things	NNS
I	PRP
uncovered	VBD
will	MD
not	RB
go	VB
away	RB
very	RB
quickly	RB
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
days	NNS
when	WRB
I	PRP
am	VBP
in	IN
pain	NN
that	IN
tears	NNS
me	PRP
apart	RB
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
think	VBP
for	IN
a	DT
second	JJ
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
make	VB
it	PRP
all	RB
better	RB
if	IN
I	PRP
just	RB
stopped	VBD
eating	VBG
.	.
But	CC
then	RB
I	PRP
realize	VBP
that	IN
I	PRP
almost	RB
died	VBD
that	DT
way	NN
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
I	PRP
let	VBP
that	IN
happen	VB
,	,
then	RB
I	PRP
will	MD
never	RB
get	VB
the	DT
chance	NN
to	TO
experience	VB
the	DT
final	JJ
victory	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
going	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
mine	JJ
when	WRB
the	DT
emotional	JJ
wounds	NNS
are	VBP
healed	VBN
.	.
After	IN
12	CD
long	JJ
years	NNS
of	IN
destroying	VBG
,	,
self-mutilating	NN
,	,
hurting	VBG
,	,
and	CC
torturing	VBG
myself	PRP
,	,
inside	IN
and	CC
out	IN
,	,
I	PRP
can	MD
now	RB
look	VB
into	IN
a	DT
mirror	NN
and	CC
see	VB
who	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
.	.
But	CC
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
in	IN
so	RB
long	RB
,	,
I	PRP
see	VBP
beyond	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
physical	JJ
characteristics	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
look	VB
through	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
eyes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
see	VB
inside	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
feel	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
heart	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
mind	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
soul	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
very	RB
own	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
someone	NN
now	RB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
always	RB
been	VBN
``	``
someone	NN
''	''
,	,
a	DT
person	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
trapped	VBN
and	CC
caged	VBN
inside	IN
the	DT
body	NN
of	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
victim	NN
.	.
I	PRP
allowed	VBD
such	PDT
an	DT
illness	NN
to	TO
take	VB
total	JJ
control	NN
of	IN
me	PRP
and	CC
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
allowed	VBD
Bulimia	NNP
to	TO
become	VB
every	DT
aspect	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
existence	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
way	NN
of	IN
life	NN
,	,
all	DT
that	IN
I	PRP
knew	VBD
of	IN
myself	PRP
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
had	VBD
my	PRP$
31st	JJ
birthday	NN
,	,
this	DT
past	JJ
year	NN
,	,
all	DT
I	PRP
could	MD
celebrate	VB
was	VBD
the	DT
years	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
Bulimic	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
entire	JJ
adult	NN
life	NN
,	,
since	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
19	CD
,	,
had	VBD
stood	VBN
still	RB
.	.
I	PRP
finally	RB
realized	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
never	RB
truly	RB
``	``
grew-up	JJ
''	''
,	,
or	CC
matured	VBN
.	.
Bulimia	NN
became	VBD
my	PRP$
way	NN
of	IN
avoiding	VBG
reality	NN
,	,
life	NN
,	,
and	CC
being	VBG
a	DT
mother	NN
,	,
a	DT
wife	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
oldest	JJS
daughter	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
family	NN
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
n't	RB
wish	VB
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
on	IN
my	PRP$
worst	JJS
enemy	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
've	VBP
come	VBN
to	TO
acknowledge	VB
that	IN
Bulimia	NNP
will	MD
always	RB
be	VB
some	DT
part	NN
of	IN
me	PRP
and	CC
who	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
no	RB
longer	RBR
feel	VB
ashamed	JJ
,	,
embarrassed	JJ
,	,
guilty	JJ
,	,
or	CC
humiliated	VBN
for	IN
having	VBG
or	CC
struggling	VBG
through	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
step	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
recovery	NN
was	VBD
taking	VBG
responsibility	NN
for	IN
my	PRP$
actions	NNS
,	,
becoming	VBG
aware	JJ
that	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
have	VBP
so	RB
little	JJ
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
food	NN
or	CC
eating	NN
,	,
or	CC
not	RB
eating	VBG
,	,
or	CC
overeating	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'll	MD
be	VB
one	CD
of	IN
many	JJ
who	WP
will	MD
admit	VB
to	TO
bingeing	NN
and	CC
purging	VBG
to	TO
``	``
lose	VB
weight	NN
''	''
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
maintain	VB
a	DT
weight	NN
,	,
but	CC
eventually	RB
,	,
that	IN
sticking	VBG
fingers	NNS
down	IN
my	PRP$
throat	NN
to	TO
vomit	VB
,	,
or	CC
those	DT
``	``
pig	NN
out	RP
''	''
sessions	NNS
,	,
or	CC
popping	VBG
laxatives	NNS
like	IN
candy	NN
,	,
or	CC
those	DT
starvation	NN
diets	NNS
,	,
go	VBP
far	RB
above	RB
and	CC
beyond	IN
a	DT
scale	NN
reading	NN
.	.
Bulimia	NN
became	VBD
my	PRP$
drug	NN
of	IN
choice	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
,	,
so-called	JJ
,	,
addiction	NN
.	.
I	PRP
used	VBD
it	PRP
for	IN
escape	NN
,	,
release	NN
,	,
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
life	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
my	PRP$
lifestyle	NN
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
write	VB
for	IN
hours	NNS
about	IN
my	PRP$
experience	NN
with	IN
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
starting	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
I	PRP
``	``
tryed	VBD
it	PRP
''	''
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
to	TO
the	DT
numerous	JJ
times	NNS
I	PRP
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
I	PRP
'll	MD
do	VB
it	PRP
one	CD
last	JJ
time	NN
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
I	PRP
'll	MD
stop	VB
''	''
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
to	TO
the	DT
times	NNS
I	PRP
convinced	JJ
myself	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
Bulimic	JJ
quite	RB
yet	RB
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
through	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
12	CD
years	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
hundreds	NNS
of	IN
stories	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
share	VB
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
guarantee	VBP
that	IN
hundreds	NNS
of	IN
``	``
you	PRP
''	''
could	MD
relate	VB
to	TO
them	PRP
.	.
My	PRP$
best	JJS
friend	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
recovering	VBG
Anorexic	JJ
that	IN
I	PRP
met	VBD
in	IN
a	DT
psychiatric	JJ
hospital	NN
6	CD
months	NNS
ago	RB
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
spent	VBN
the	DT
last	JJ
year	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
in	IN
therapy	NN
,	,
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
on	IN
``	``
medication	NN
''	''
and	CC
I	PRP
''	''
m	VB
seeing	VBG
a	DT
psychiatrist	NN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
treated	VBN
for	IN
alcohol	NN
abuse	NN
and	CC
was	VBD
hopitalized	VBN
twice	RB
for	IN
attempted	VBN
suicide	NN
,	,
and	CC
for	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
through	IN
it	PRP
all	DT
!	.
All	DT
I	PRP
really	RB
want	VBP
to	TO
say	VB
is	VBZ
that	IN
``	``
you	PRP
're	VBP
''	''
not	RB
alone	RB
.	.
People	NNS
do	VBP
find	VB
hope	NN
in	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
to	TO
live	VB
without	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
to	TO
carry	VB
on	RP
with	IN
a	DT
``	``
normal	JJ
''	''
and	CC
thriving	VBG
life	NN
-	:
I	PRP
am	VBP
proof	NN
of	IN
that	DT
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
how	WRB
``	``
you	PRP
''	''
feel	VB
,	,
and	CC
what	WP
you	PRP
go	VBP
through	IN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
there	RB
and	CC
back	RB
,	,
and	CC
back	RB
again	RB
so	RB
many	JJ
times	NNS
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
did	VBD
find	VB
peace	NN
within	IN
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
found	VBD
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
freedom	NN
from	IN
the	DT
walls	NNS
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
chained	JJ
to	TO
.	.
Just	RB
remember	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
in	IN
``	``
you	PRP
''	''
-	:
inside	IN
of	IN
you	PRP
-	:
and	CC
start	VB
from	IN
there	RB
.	.
``	``
You	PRP
''	''
are	VBP
all	DT
you	PRP
truly	RB
have	VBP
in	IN
this	DT
life	NN
,	,
and	CC
do	VB
not	RB
let	VB
anyone	NN
tell	VB
you	PRP
otherwise	RB
.	.
My	PRP$
name	NN
is	VBZ
Erika	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
22-years	JJ
old	JJ
and	CC
struggled	VBD
with	IN
an	DT
ed	VBN
for	IN
years	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
crept	VBD
up	RP
on	IN
me	PRP
...	:
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
getting	VBG
fit	NN
,	,
healthy	JJ
,	,
strong	JJ
.	.
Instead	RB
,	,
though	IN
all	DT
of	IN
that	DT
may	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
true	JJ
at	IN
first	RB
,	,
it	PRP
sucked	VBD
me	PRP
in	IN
so	RB
quickly	RB
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
surprise	NN
to	TO
wake	VB
up	RP
one	CD
day	NN
and	CC
realize	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
very	RB
sick	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
year	NN
or	CC
two	CD
since	IN
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	JJ
website	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
hard	JJ
to	TO
think	VB
about	IN
it	PRP
at	IN
first	RB
,	,
after	IN
I	PRP
knew	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
worst	JJS
part	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
--	:
I	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
incredulous	JJ
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
actually	RB
escaped	VBN
anorexia	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
needed	VBD
to	TO
put	VB
it	PRP
on	IN
a	DT
back	RB
burner	NN
for	IN
awhile	RB
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
easy	JJ
to	TO
return	VB
to	TO
it	PRP
,	,
that	IN
malicious	JJ
old	JJ
friend	NN
that	WDT
pets	NNS
you	PRP
and	CC
makes	VBZ
you	PRP
think	VBP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
an	DT
undeniable	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
you	PRP
.	.
And	CC
you	PRP
know	VBP
,	,
secretly	RB
,	,
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
really	RB
gnawing	NN
away	RB
at	IN
the	DT
inside	NN
of	IN
you	PRP
,	,
emptying	VBG
you	PRP
from	IN
the	DT
inside	NN
out	RP
,	,
like	IN
a	DT
worm	NN
in	IN
an	DT
apple	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
try	VB
to	TO
stay	VB
shiny	JJ
and	CC
bright	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
outside	JJ
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
hard	JJ
to	TO
pretend	VB
because	IN
that	DT
worm	NN
is	VBZ
still	RB
there	RB
.	.
Returning	VBG
to	TO
an	DT
ed	VBN
can	MD
be	VB
easy	JJ
...	:
once	RB
you	PRP
're	VBP
so	RB
close	JJ
to	TO
escaping	VBG
,	,
do	VBP
n't	RB
let	VB
it	PRP
feed	VB
on	IN
you	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
back	NN
of	IN
you	PRP
mind	VB
by	IN
returning	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
old	JJ
haunts	NNS
and	CC
habits	NNS
that	WDT
remind	VBP
you	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
ed	VBN
.	.
Take	VB
a	DT
big	JJ
breath	NN
,	,
live	VBP
a	DT
little	JJ
,	,
be	VB
cautious	JJ
at	IN
first	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
overwhelms	VBZ
me	PRP
.	.
Life	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
technicolor	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
n't	RB
all	DT
twittering	VBG
birds	NNS
,	,
green	JJ
grass	NN
,	,
and	CC
blue	JJ
sky	NN
all	PDT
the	DT
time	NN
now	RB
or	CC
even	RB
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
difference	NN
between	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
then	RB
and	CC
now	RB
is	VBZ
enough	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
me	PRP
believe	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
everything	NN
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
even	RB
on	IN
my	PRP$
worst	JJS
days	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
eat	VBP
what	WP
I	PRP
want	VBP
,	,
when	WRB
I	PRP
want	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
jog	VB
seven	CD
miles	NNS
every	DT
day	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
ha	NN
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
even	RB
jog	VB
anymore	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
fourteen	CD
and	CC
I	PRP
recently	RB
reached	VBD
recovery	NN
from	IN
four	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
severe	JJ
anorexia	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
nervosa	NN
.	.
An	DT
Eating	NNP
disorder	NN
may	MD
seem	VB
like	IN
an	DT
easy	JJ
fix	NN
for	IN
a	DT
weight	NN
problem	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
NOTHING	NNP
OF	IN
THE	DT
SORTS	NNS
!	.
My	PRP$
problems	NNS
began	VBD
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
only	RB
ten	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
anxiety	NN
and	CC
depression	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
on	IN
a	DT
medication	NN
that	WDT
also	RB
caused	VBD
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
weight	NN
gain	NN
,	,
which	WDT
added	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
negative	JJ
feelings	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
binge	NN
and	CC
purge	NN
,	,
thinking	VBG
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
only	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
lose	VB
weight	NN
.	.
It	PRP
became	VBD
an	DT
obsession	NN
,	,
one	CD
that	WDT
,	,
without	IN
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
fall	VB
apart	RB
emotionally	RB
.	.
My	PRP$
bulimia	NN
controlled	VBN
my	PRP$
mind	NN
-	:
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
have	VB
to	TO
worry	VB
about	IN
my	PRP$
anxiety	NN
depression	NN
or	CC
self	NN
esteem	NN
because	IN
my	PRP$
mind	NN
was	VBD
consumed	VBN
with	IN
eating	VBG
until	IN
all	DT
i	FW
could	MD
think	VB
about	IN
was	VBD
being	VBG
fat	JJ
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
purging	VBG
out	RP
the	DT
feelings	NNS
along	IN
with	IN
the	DT
food	NN
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
twelve	CD
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
got	VBD
me	PRP
into	IN
therapy	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
specialist	NN
.	.
Since	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
no	RB
longer	RB
over	IN
OR	NNP
underweight	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
treated	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
severe	JJ
case	NN
of	IN
anything	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
weight	NN
and	CC
physical	JJ
attributes	NNS
all	DT
fit	VBP
into	IN
the	DT
chart	NN
,	,
but	CC
they	PRP
were	VBD
n't	RB
right	JJ
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
People	NNS
were	VBD
now	RB
aware	JJ
of	IN
my	PRP$
purging	VBG
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
know	VB
what	WP
to	TO
do	VB
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
time	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
binge	NN
and	CC
purge	NN
was	VBD
at	IN
night	NN
,	,
but	CC
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
knew	VBD
now	RB
,	,
and	CC
would	MD
n't	RB
let	VB
me	PRP
into	IN
the	DT
bathroom	NN
.	.
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
restrict	VB
my	PRP$
intake	NN
while	IN
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
house	NN
,	,
so	RB
that	IN
when	WRB
I	PRP
came	VBD
home	NN
I	PRP
could	MD
still	RB
binge	NN
to	TO
numb	JJ
myself	PRP
out	RP
,	,
and	CC
would	MD
n't	RB
have	VB
to	TO
purge	VB
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
over	IN
the	DT
summer	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
12th	JJ
year	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
realized	VBD
that	IN
restricting	VBG
numbed	VBD
me	PRP
out	RP
much	RB
more	RBR
efficiently	RB
than	IN
b\/p	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
'd	MD
been	VBN
placed	VBN
into	IN
another	DT
therapy	NN
with	IN
the	DT
MEDA	NNP
group	NN
,	,
which	WDT
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
As	IN
I	PRP
restricted	VBD
,	,
I	PRP
became	VBD
more	RBR
and	CC
more	RBR
afraid	JJ
of	IN
food	NN
,	,
and	CC
was	VBD
convinced	VBN
that	IN
each	DT
day	NN
,	,
although	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
losing	VBG
weight	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
getting	VBG
fatter	JJR
.	.
By	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
summer	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
subsiding	VBG
on	IN
,	,
very	RB
little	JJ
calories	NNS
each	DT
day	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
hospitalized	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
September	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
.	.
From	IN
there	EX
things	NNS
spiraled	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
placed	VBN
in	IN
numerous	JJ
programs	NNS
,	,
therapy	NN
,	,
groups	NNS
,	,
and	CC
hospitals	NNS
,	,
but	CC
nothing	NN
worked	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
on	IN
a	DT
meal	NN
plan	NN
,	,
yet	RB
I	PRP
refused	VBD
to	TO
follow	VB
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
cheat	VB
when	WRB
I	PRP
got	VBD
weighed	VBN
,	,
and	CC
had	VBD
therapy	NN
3x	CD
a	DT
week	NN
plus	IN
a	DT
physical	JJ
once	RB
or	CC
twice	RB
during	IN
that	DT
same	JJ
week	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
allowed	VBN
in	IN
school	NN
longer	RBR
than	IN
3	CD
hours	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
because	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
keeping	VBG
myself	PRP
safe	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
n't	RB
eat	VB
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
would	MD
sometimes	RB
cut	VB
or	CC
bang	NN
while	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
class	NN
.	.
If	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
told	VBN
to	TO
eat	VB
in	IN
school	NN
I	PRP
would	MD
go	VB
to	TO
the	DT
bathroom	NN
and	CC
throw	VB
up	RP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
really	RB
sick	JJ
,	,
beyond	IN
belief	NN
.	.
I	PRP
remember	VBP
being	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
car	NN
one	CD
day	NN
,	,
and	CC
on	IN
a	DT
three	CD
hour	NN
drive	NN
thinking	VBG
the	DT
ENTIRE	NNP
time	NN
about	IN
how	WRB
HUGE	JJ
I	PRP
was	VBD
,	,
and	CC
whether	IN
half	PDT
a	DT
can	NN
of	IN
soup	NN
would	MD
be	VB
too	RB
much	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
day	NN
and	CC
make	VB
me	PRP
look	VB
too	RB
bloated	JJ
.	.
In	IN
may	MD
of	IN
2001	CD
I	PRP
was	VBD
hospitalized	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
fourth	JJ
time	NN
,	,
with	IN
bluish	JJ
gray	JJ
skin	NN
,	,
purple	JJ
lips	NNS
,	,
cuts	NNS
and	CC
bruises	NNS
all	DT
over	IN
my	PRP$
arms	NNS
,	,
hands	NNS
,	,
wrists	NNS
,	,
and	CC
legs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
pretty	RB
much	RB
a	DT
non-existant	JJ
heart	NN
beat	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
there	RB
for	IN
about	IN
a	DT
month	NN
,	,
both	DT
on	IN
the	DT
medical	JJ
floor	NN
and	CC
in	IN
the	DT
psychiatric	JJ
ward	NN
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
though	IN
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
recover	VB
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
still	RB
hiding	VBG
food	NN
,	,
exercising	VBG
,	,
cutting	VBG
,	,
and	CC
attempting	VBG
to	TO
find	VB
ways	NNS
to	TO
purge	VB
.	.
In	IN
June	NNP
I	PRP
was	VBD
placed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
residential	JJ
program	NN
.	.
I	PRP
started	VBD
out	RP
in	IN
the	DT
Crisis	NNP
center	NN
,	,
and	CC
slowly	RB
but	CC
surely	RB
began	VBD
to	TO
realize	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
either	CC
recovery	NN
or	CC
death	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
After	IN
weeks	NNS
of	IN
endless	JJ
sobbing	NN
,	,
panic	NN
attacks	NNS
and	CC
shaking	VBG
,	,
I	PRP
made	VBD
a	DT
decision	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
take	VB
the	DT
energy	NN
,	,
determination	NN
,	,
will	MD
power	NN
and	CC
strength	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
used	VBN
towards	IN
my	PRP$
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
and	CC
point	NN
it	PRP
towards	IN
the	DT
direction	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
terribly	RB
difficult	JJ
,	,
but	CC
now	RB
,	,
eight	CD
months	NNS
later	RB
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
in	IN
recovery	NN
of	IN
everything	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
n't	RB
done	VBN
any	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
behaviors	NNS
since	IN
August\/September	NNP
of	IN
2001	CD
,	,
and	CC
,	,
with	IN
help	NN
from	IN
my	PRP$
therapist	NN
,	,
friends	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
,	,
have	VBP
been	VBN
able	JJ
to	TO
see	VB
that	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
was	VBD
n't	RB
about	IN
weight	NN
at	IN
all	DT
,	,
as	IN
ironic	JJ
as	IN
it	PRP
sounds	VBZ
,	,
but	CC
about	IN
blocking	VBG
out	RP
and	CC
dealing	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
emotions	NNS
,	,
feelings	NNS
,	,
thoughts	NNS
and	CC
trials	NNS
of	IN
life	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
ready	JJ
for	IN
.	.
The	DT
binging	NN
,	,
purging	VBG
,	,
cutting	VBG
,	,
banging	NN
,	,
exercise	NN
and	CC
restricting	VBG
were	VBD
coping	VBG
mechanisms	NNS
,	,
just	RB
as	RB
,	,
now	RB
,	,
I	PRP
use	VBP
journaling	VBG
,	,
writing	VBG
,	,
talking	VBG
,	,
singing	VBG
and	CC
music	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
still	RB
in	IN
residential	JJ
treatment	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
beginning	VBG
to	TO
transition	NN
home	NN
and	CC
once	RB
again	RB
a	DT
positive	JJ
participant	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
home	NN
communities	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
a	DT
healthy	JJ
weight	NN
with	IN
healthy	JJ
habits	NNS
,	,
and	CC
although	IN
I	PRP
still	RB
have	VBP
a	DT
distorted	JJ
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
conquering	VBG
that	IN
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
Recovery	NN
is	VBZ
by	IN
no	DT
means	NNS
easy	JJ
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
100	CD
%	NN
possible	JJ
if	IN
you	PRP
put	VBP
your	PRP$
all	DT
into	IN
it	PRP
,	,
and	CC
accept	VB
help	NN
from	IN
anyone	NN
who	WP
offers	VBZ
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
do	VB
it	PRP
alone	RB
,	,
but	CC
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
to	TO
.	.
People	NNS
love	VBP
you	PRP
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
just	RB
that	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
hard	JJ
to	TO
recognize	VB
until	IN
you	PRP
learn	VBP
to	TO
love	VB
yourself	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
12	CD
years	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
needed	VBD
the	DT
struggle	NN
with	IN
anorexia	NN
-	:
a	DT
demonstration	NN
of	IN
self-disgust	NN
and	CC
the	DT
desire	NN
to	TO
somehow	RB
change	VB
the	DT
fundamental	JJ
building	NN
blocks	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
Until	IN
6	CD
months	NNS
ago	RB
,	,
I	PRP
always	RB
knew	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
gain	VB
weight	NN
and	CC
on	IN
the	DT
outside	NN
could	MD
appear	VB
healthy	JJ
but	CC
had	VBD
assumed	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
thoughts	NNS
and	CC
feelings	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
illness	NN
were	VBD
then	RB
instilled	VBN
in	IN
me	PRP
-	:
an	DT
unshiftable	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
personality	NN
.	.
To	TO
my	PRP$
great	JJ
joy	NN
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
realized	VBN
that	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
,	,
and	CC
have	VBP
,	,
changed	VBD
so	RB
many	JJ
of	IN
my	PRP$
beliefs	NNS
which	WDT
were	VBD
keeping	VBG
me	PRP
locked	VBN
up	RP
in	IN
being	VBG
sick	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
fortunate	JJ
enough	JJ
to	TO
accept	VB
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
become	VB
an	DT
inpatient	NN
in	IN
a	DT
small	JJ
clinic	NN
for	IN
sufferers	NNS
.	.
Never	RB
before	IN
have	VBP
I	PRP
been	VBN
forced	VBN
to	TO
accept	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
great	JJ
person	NN
!	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
found	VBD
myself	PRP
being	VBG
continuously	RB
bombarded	VBN
with	IN
compliments	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
learned	VBD
to	TO
listen	VB
,	,
believe	VB
and	CC
respect	VB
others	NNS
'	POS
judgements	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
asked	VBD
myself	PRP
,	,
``	``
Compared	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
potentially	RB
tragic	JJ
consequences	NNS
of	IN
starvation	NN
,	,
with	IN
gaining	VBG
weight	NN
,	,
what	WP
is	VBZ
the	DT
worst	JJS
that	WDT
can	MD
happen	VB
?	.
''	''
I	PRP
am	VBP
now	RB
stepping	VBG
out	RP
into	IN
new	JJ
territory	NN
,	,
finding	VBG
my	PRP$
new	JJ
feet	NNS
and	CC
building	NN
upon	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
know	VBP
is	VBZ
true	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
grateful	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
having	VBG
regular	JJ
outpatient	NN
appointments	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
opened	VBN
up	RP
a	DT
whole	JJ
series	NN
of	IN
conflicts	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
mind	NN
and	CC
have	VB
enough	JJ
strength	NN
to	TO
confront	VB
the	DT
real	JJ
problems	NNS
without	IN
turning	VBG
to	TO
food	NN
or	CC
over-exercise	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
more	JJR
aware	JJ
now	RB
than	IN
I	PRP
ever	RB
have	VBP
been	VBN
of	IN
the	DT
things	NNS
I	PRP
actually	RB
need	VBP
to	TO
change	VB
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
stay	VB
well	RB
.	.
Most	JJS
importantly	RB
,	,
I	PRP
must	MD
not	RB
neglect	NN
the	DT
self	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
constantly	RB
burning	VBG
.	.
Even	RB
in	IN
the	DT
toughest	JJS
times	NNS
,	,
the	DT
flame	NN
was	VBD
dimly	RB
lit	VBN
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
try	VBP
,	,
I	PRP
can	MD
see	VB
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
nose	NN
but	CC
for	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
notice	VB
it	PRP
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
like	IN
my	PRP$
self	NN
-	:
it	PRP
's	VBZ
been	VBN
there	RB
all	PDT
the	DT
while	NN
;	:
I	PRP
just	RB
did	VBD
n't	RB
see	VB
it	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
sounds	VBZ
so	RB
simple	JJ
but	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
revelation	NN
when	WRB
one	CD
day	NN
,	,
I	PRP
discovered	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
have	VB
to	TO
do	VB
everything	NN
right	RB
all	PDT
the	DT
time	NN
.	.
If	IN
perfection	NN
is	VBZ
what	WP
I	PRP
was	VBD
striving	VBG
for	IN
and	CC
in	IN
fact	NN
perfection	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
exist	VB
,	,
then	RB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
o.k.	JJ
not	RB
to	TO
strive	VB
for	IN
it	PRP
anymore	RB
.	.
Only	RB
I	PRP
can	MD
give	VB
myself	PRP
the	DT
true	JJ
rewards	NNS
for	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
do	VBP
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
why	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
so	RB
important	JJ
to	TO
live	VB
in	IN
the	DT
here	RB
and	CC
now	RB
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
heading	VBG
for	IN
an	DT
unattainable	JJ
future	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
hard	JJ
to	TO
know	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
begin	VB
my	PRP$
own	JJ
recovery	NN
story	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
unlike	IN
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
sufferers	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
started	VBN
this	DT
journey	NN
into	IN
the	DT
light	JJ
numerous	JJ
times	NNS
,	,
only	RB
to	TO
be	VB
lulled	VBN
back	RB
into	IN
the	DT
comfort	NN
of	IN
destructive	JJ
behaviors	NNS
.	.
However	RB
this	DT
time	NN
,	,
due	JJ
to	TO
luck	NN
or	CC
God	NNP
or	CC
damn	RB
hard	JJ
work	NN
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
managed	VBN
to	TO
sit	VB
firm	NN
on	IN
the	DT
recovery	NN
side	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fence	NN
and	CC
turn	VB
my	PRP$
back	NN
on	IN
my	PRP$
old	JJ
feelings	NNS
of	IN
ambivalence	NN
about	IN
the	DT
outcome	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
battle	NN
with	IN
ED	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
12	CD
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
hospitalized	VBN
for	IN
complications	NNS
of	IN
anorexia	NN
and	CC
25	CD
the	DT
last	JJ
time	NN
.	.
What	WP
lies	VBZ
in	IN
between	IN
is	VBZ
the	DT
cycle	NN
of	IN
self-hate	NN
and	CC
self-destruction	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
all	DT
know	VBP
too	RB
well	RB
,	,
and	CC
my	PRP$
body	NN
bares	VBZ
the	DT
scars	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
war	NN
on	IN
myself	PRP
.	.
What	WP
I	PRP
never	RB
dreamed	VBD
possible	JJ
and	CC
am	VBP
only	RB
now	RB
starting	VBG
to	TO
realize	VB
is	VBZ
that	IN
my	PRP$
spirit	NN
has	VBZ
grown	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
bigger	JJR
than	IN
anorexia	NN
ever	RB
was	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
now	RB
take	VB
in	RP
a	DT
breath	NN
and	CC
smile	NN
because	IN
I	PRP
like	VBP
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
evil	JJ
or	CC
ugly	JJ
or	CC
fat	JJ
or	CC
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
nonsense	NN
I	PRP
once	RB
believed	VBD
.	.
There	EX
was	VBD
no	DT
real	JJ
magic	NN
or	CC
``	``
ah-ha	JJ
''	''
moment	NN
like	IN
I	PRP
expected	VBD
for	IN
my	PRP$
recovery	NN
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
drifted	VBD
into	IN
it	PRP
easily	RB
,	,
probably	RB
without	IN
even	RB
realizing	VBG
immediately	RB
that	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
would	MD
be	VB
forever	RB
changed	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
should	MD
n't	RB
say	VB
easily	RB
.	.
What	WP
I	PRP
mean	VBP
is	VBZ
that	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
no	DT
clear	JJ
distinction	NN
between	IN
relapse	NN
prevention	NN
and	CC
recovery	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
released	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
Renfrew	NNP
Center	NNP
last	JJ
October	NNP
,	,
a	DT
few	JJ
weeks	NNS
shy	JJ
of	IN
my	PRP$
26th	JJ
birthday	NN
.	.
With	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
relapse	NN
precautions	NNS
in	IN
place	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
,	,
psychiatrist	NN
,	,
nutritionist	NN
,	,
two	CD
weekly	JJ
visits	NNS
to	TO
my	PRP$
therapist	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
I	PRP
resumed	VBD
my	PRP$
life	NN
as	IN
a	DT
functional	JJ
member	NN
of	IN
society	NN
and	CC
waited	VBD
for	IN
the	DT
relapse	NN
to	TO
begin	VB
.	.
That	DT
was	VBD
almost	RB
a	DT
year	NN
ago	RB
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
no	RB
longer	RB
waiting	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
moving	VBG
forward	RB
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
only	RB
recently	RB
``	``
made	VBN
sense	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
all	DT
''	''
-	:
something	NN
my	PRP$
therapist	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
asking	VBG
me	PRP
to	TO
do	VB
for	IN
over	IN
2	CD
years	NNS
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
can	MD
only	RB
pray	VB
that	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
understanding	NN
of	IN
ED	NNP
will	MD
help	VB
another	DT
sufferer	NN
move	NN
forward	RB
in	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
recovery	NN
.	.
This	DT
battle	NN
is	VBZ
so	RB
cruel	JJ
to	TO
all	DT
of	IN
us	PRP
and	CC
to	TO
those	DT
that	WDT
love	VBP
us	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
only	RB
hope	VBP
that	IN
my	PRP$
story	NN
fills	VBZ
any	DT
reader	NN
with	IN
love	NN
and	CC
hope	NN
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
that	DT
is	VBZ
most	RBS
important	JJ
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
to	TO
get	VB
off	IN
of	IN
the	DT
ED	NNP
recovery	NN
fence	NN
,	,
some	DT
things	NNS
had	VBD
to	TO
fall	VB
into	IN
place	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
surrogate	NN
system	NN
for	IN
self-love	NN
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
not	RB
love	VB
myself	PRP
,	,
that	DT
was	VBD
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
question	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
too	RB
busy	JJ
restricting	VBG
,	,
running	VBG
,	,
cutting	VBG
,	,
abusing	VBG
laxatives	NNS
and	CC
Ipecac	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
definite	JJ
DO	NNP
N'T	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
falling	VBG
victim	NN
to	TO
the	DT
ever-powerful	JJ
ED	NNP
head	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
therapist	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
friends	NNS
,	,
and	CC
my	PRP$
careworkers	NNS
at	IN
Renfrew	NNP
all	DT
had	VBD
to	TO
provide	VB
that	DT
.	.
They	PRP
loved	VBD
me	PRP
regardless	RB
of	IN
how	WRB
little	JJ
or	CC
much	JJ
I	PRP
ate	VBD
,	,
how	WRB
much	JJ
I	PRP
ran	VBD
,	,
threw	VBD
tantrums	NNS
,	,
and	CC
threw	VBD
around	RP
misdirected	JJ
anger	NN
.	.
They	PRP
loved	VBD
me	PRP
despite	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
chose	VBD
not	RB
to	TO
be	VB
an	DT
active	JJ
participant	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
It	PRP
felt	VBD
so	RB
good	JJ
and	CC
so	RB
very	RB
bad	JJ
.	.
How	WRB
could	MD
these	DT
people	NNS
love	VBP
me	PRP
when	WRB
I	PRP
behaved	VBD
so	RB
deplorably	RB
?	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
understand	VB
it	PRP
and	CC
definitely	RB
did	VBD
n't	RB
trust	VB
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
pushed	VBD
every	DT
button	NN
I	PRP
could	MD
find	VB
on	IN
all	DT
of	IN
those	DT
individuals	NNS
because	IN
surely	RB
I	PRP
could	MD
make	VB
them	PRP
agree	VB
with	IN
ED	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
trash	NN
.	.
But	CC
ED	NNP
was	VBD
wrong	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
loved	VBD
me	PRP
anyway	RB
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
were	VBD
rock-solid	JJ
.	.
With	IN
an	DT
external	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
self-love	NN
to	TO
build	VB
on	IN
,	,
I	PRP
then	RB
had	VBD
to	TO
believe	VB
that	IN
some	DT
greater	JJR
force	NN
of	IN
good	JJ
could	MD
be	VB
bigger	JJR
than	IN
ED	NNP
and	CC
somehow	RB
protect	VB
me	PRP
from	IN
myself	PRP
.	.
This	DT
gift	NN
came	VBD
in	IN
an	DT
unusual	JJ
package	NN
.	.
I	PRP
blacked	VBD
out	RP
behind	IN
the	DT
wheel	NN
of	IN
a	DT
car	NN
and	CC
hit	VBD
a	DT
man	NN
from	IN
behind	RB
.	.
His	PRP$
steel	NN
bumper	NN
protected	VBD
him	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
thank	VB
God	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
just	RB
lucky	JJ
.	.
In	IN
that	DT
starvation	NN
state	NN
of	IN
mind	NN
,	,
I	PRP
went	VBD
through	IN
the	DT
rest	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
day	NN
.	.
I	PRP
worked	VBD
eight	CD
hours	NNS
,	,
took	VBD
the	DT
car	NN
to	TO
the	DT
shop	NN
,	,
picked	VBD
up	RP
the	DT
rental	JJ
car	NN
,	,
and	CC
canceled	VBD
my	PRP$
therapy	NN
appointment	NN
.	.
When	WRB
my	PRP$
therapist	NN
caught	VBD
up	RP
with	IN
me	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
told	VBN
that	IN
if	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
have	VB
a	DT
friend	NN
or	CC
co-worker	NN
drive	NN
me	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
hospital	NN
immediately	RB
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
escorted	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
policeman	NN
because	IN
now	RB
my	PRP$
health	NN
status	NN
could	MD
essentially	RB
cause	VB
harm	NN
to	TO
others	NNS
.	.
There	EX
was	VBD
no	DT
waiting	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
emergency	NN
room	NN
as	IN
there	EX
would	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
if	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
broken	JJ
limb	NN
or	CC
needed	VBN
stitches	NNS
.	.
An	DT
anorexic	JJ
girl	NN
fresh	JJ
out	IN
of	IN
a	DT
car	NN
wreck	NN
goes	VBZ
straight	RB
back	RB
.	.
It	PRP
took	VBD
6	CD
hours	NNS
and	CC
4	CD
separate	JJ
IVs	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
because	IN
my	PRP$
veins	NNS
kept	VBD
collapsing	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
raise	VB
my	PRP$
blood	NN
sugar	NN
from	IN
30	CD
to	TO
about	RB
200	CD
.	.
I	PRP
got	VBD
to	TO
lay	VB
there	RB
,	,
alone	RB
,	,
and	CC
ask	VB
myself	PRP
``	``
why	WRB
the	DT
endless	JJ
suffering	NN
?	.
''	''
For	IN
those	DT
hours	NNS
,	,
the	DT
ED	NNP
head	NN
remained	VBD
silent	JJ
because	IN
obviously	RB
the	DT
doctors	NNS
were	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
keep	VB
me	PRP
alive	JJ
that	IN
evening	NN
.	.
So	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
not	RB
be	VB
numb	JJ
to	TO
it	PRP
all	DT
.	.
I	PRP
got	VBD
to	TO
lay	VB
there	RB
,	,
alone	RB
and	CC
freezing	NN
and	CC
acknowledge	VBP
what	WP
it	PRP
feels	VBZ
like	IN
to	TO
physically	RB
be	VB
more	RBR
dead	JJ
than	IN
alive	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
probably	RB
the	DT
worst	JJS
night	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
got	VBD
released	VBN
at	IN
4:30	CD
in	IN
the	DT
morning	NN
and	CC
went	VBD
to	TO
work	VB
a	DT
few	JJ
hours	NNS
later	RB
.	.
That	DT
was	VBD
on	IN
a	DT
Friday	NNP
.	.
On	IN
Monday	NNP
,	,
while	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
begging	VBG
my	PRP$
father	NN
not	RB
to	TO
let	VB
them	PRP
admit	VB
me	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
hospital	NN
,	,
I	PRP
realized	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
would	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
be	VB
allowed	VBN
to	TO
destroy	VB
my	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
therapist	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
family	NN
took	VBD
all	DT
control	NN
away	RB
from	IN
me	PRP
and	CC
thus	RB
the	DT
anorexia	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
safe	JJ
at	IN
last	JJ
.	.
While	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
,	,
we	PRP
all	DT
decided	VBD
an	DT
inpatient	JJ
stay	NN
somewhere	RB
might	MD
be	VB
beneficial	JJ
to	TO
me	PRP
.	.
Previously	RB
,	,
when	WRB
my	PRP$
body	NN
had	VBD
reached	VBN
this	DT
point	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
mom	NN
would	MD
just	RB
live	VB
with	IN
me	PRP
and	CC
baby-sit	VB
me	PRP
24-7	JJ
until	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
reached	VBN
a	DT
safer	JJR
weight	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
never	RB
too	RB
productive	JJ
.	.
We	PRP
would	MD
fight	VB
over	IN
the	DT
food	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
would	MD
undo	VB
any	DT
ground	NN
gained	VBD
when	WRB
she	PRP
left	VBD
.	.
At	IN
that	DT
point	NN
,	,
I	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
believe	VB
that	IN
life	NN
would	MD
ever	RB
be	VB
different	JJ
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
believed	VBD
completely	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
would	MD
go	VB
through	IN
this	DT
until	IN
my	PRP$
heart	NN
or	CC
kidneys	NNS
gave	VBD
out	RP
.	.
I	PRP
thought	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
freak	NN
,	,
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
fundamentally	RB
flawed	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
human	JJ
being	NN
and	CC
not	RB
worthy	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
breath	NN
that	WDT
filled	VBD
me	PRP
.	.
Now	RB
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
so	RB
thankful	JJ
that	IN
I	PRP
got	VBD
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
Renfrew	NNP
because	IN
there	EX
I	PRP
learned	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
weird	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
ED	JJ
behavior	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
make	VB
me	PRP
evil	JJ
or	CC
disgusting	JJ
or	CC
weak	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
say	VB
I	PRP
figured	VBD
this	DT
out	RP
so	RB
much	RB
in	IN
therapy	NN
or	CC
group	NN
sessions	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
learned	VBD
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
from	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
women	NNS
and	CC
girls	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
there	RB
with	IN
me	PRP
.	.
They	PRP
were	VBD
a	DT
fantastic	JJ
,	,
strong	JJ
,	,
and	CC
beautiful	JJ
group	NN
of	IN
individuals	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
were	VBD
in	IN
no	DT
way	NN
weird	JJ
or	CC
crazy	JJ
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
thought	VBD
the	DT
same	JJ
of	IN
me	PRP
.	.
Since	IN
these	DT
women	NNS
had	VBD
hopes	NNS
of	IN
recovery	NN
for	IN
themselves	PRP
and	CC
for	IN
me	PRP
,	,
then	RB
surely	RB
recovery	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
an	DT
unrealistic	JJ
goal	NN
.	.
I	PRP
bought	VBD
into	IN
it	PRP
gradually	RB
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
I	PRP
left	VBD
.	.
The	DT
relapse	NN
never	RB
followed	VBD
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
quit	VBD
waiting	VBG
for	IN
it	PRP
.	.
Hopefully	RB
,	,
this	DT
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
where	WRB
my	PRP$
recovery	NN
story	NN
ends	VBZ
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
made	VBN
such	JJ
progress	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
want	VBP
it	PRP
to	TO
go	VB
further	RBR
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
most	JJS
part	NN
,	,
I	PRP
eat	VBP
what	WP
I	PRP
should	MD
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
try	VBP
very	RB
hard	JJ
to	TO
pay	VB
attention	NN
to	TO
hunger	NN
.	.
Occasionally	RB
,	,
I	PRP
even	RB
get	VB
a	DT
little	JJ
crazy	JJ
and	CC
partake	VB
of	IN
a	DT
scary	JJ
food	NN
like	IN
Oreos	NNP
or	CC
chips	NNS
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
tell	VBP
myself	PRP
that	IN
one	CD
day	NN
there	RB
may	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
be	VB
scary	JJ
food	NN
.	.
I	PRP
gave	VBD
up	RP
running	VBG
and	CC
decided	VBD
to	TO
find	VB
movement	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
enjoy	VBP
.	.
So	RB
,	,
I	PRP
play	VBP
at	IN
things	NNS
like	IN
racquetball	NN
and	CC
golf	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
where	WRB
I	PRP
can	MD
laugh	NN
at	IN
myself	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
have	VBP
changed	VBN
viewpoints	NNS
to	TO
consider	VB
exercise	NN
fun	NN
,	,
instead	RB
of	IN
punishment	NN
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
go	VB
eat	VB
in	IN
a	DT
restaurant	NN
or	CC
eat	VB
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
unfamiliar	JJ
business	NN
associates	NNS
without	IN
extreme	JJ
anxiety	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
've	VBP
started	VBN
to	TO
cook	VB
with	IN
small	JJ
amounts	NNS
of	IN
butter	NN
or	CC
oil	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
biggest	JJS
wish	NN
for	IN
myself	PRP
though	RB
is	VBZ
that	IN
I	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
someday	RB
to	TO
view	VB
myself	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
mirror	NN
as	IN
I	PRP
really	RB
am	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
if	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
rid	VB
myself	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
body	NN
image	NN
distortion	NN
,	,
then	RB
I	PRP
would	MD
indeed	RB
be	VB
recovered	VBN
.	.
But	CC
for	IN
now	RB
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
happy	JJ
where	WRB
I	PRP
am	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
recovery	NN
path	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	DT
is	VBZ
good	JJ
enough	RB
.	.
My	PRP$
name	NN
is	VBZ
Erica	NNP
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
struggling	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
for	IN
over	IN
8	CD
years	NNS
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
'm	VBP
only	RB
20	CD
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
two	CD
years	NNS
since	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
to	TO
this	DT
website	NN
.	.
The	DT
reason	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
n't	RB
been	VBN
in	IN
so	RB
long	JJ
is	VBZ
because	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
long	JJ
road	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
.	.
Two	CD
years	NNS
ago	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
at	IN
the	DT
worst	JJS
point	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
do	VB
ANYTHING	NN
to	TO
lose	VB
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
come	VB
to	TO
this	DT
website	NN
to	TO
get	VB
support	NN
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
the	DT
support	NN
I	PRP
needed	VBD
...	:
I	PRP
came	VBD
to	TO
get	VB
the	DT
support	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
need	VB
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
came	VBD
here	RB
,	,
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
get	VB
better	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
far	RB
downhill	RB
that	IN
all	DT
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
do	VB
was	VBD
reach	VB
the	DT
bottom	JJ
pit	NN
and	CC
die	VB
.	.
That	DT
's	VBZ
when	WRB
I	PRP
met	VBD
Cory	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
made	VBD
me	PRP
feel	VB
wanted	JJ
.	.
He	PRP
made	VBD
me	PRP
feel	VB
like	IN
I	PRP
really	RB
meant	VBD
something	NN
to	TO
someone	NN
.	.
His	PRP$
love	NN
has	VBZ
given	VBN
me	PRP
the	DT
courage	NN
to	TO
get	VB
through	IN
all	PDT
this	DT
sh	NN
--	:
.	.
My	PRP$
parents	NNS
could	MD
n't	RB
handle	VB
me	PRP
and	CC
I	PRP
soon	RB
found	VBD
comfort	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
other	JJ
family	NN
.	.
Throughout	IN
these	DT
last	JJ
8	CD
years	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
had	VBD
the	DT
priveledge	NN
of	IN
becoming	VBG
an	DT
``	``
older	JJR
sister	NN
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
have	VBP
three	CD
beautiful	JJ
sisters	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
2	CD
,	,
4	CD
,	,
and	CC
6	CD
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
worst	JJS
point	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
anorexia	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
,	,
these	DT
girls	NNS
gave	VBD
me	PRP
what	WP
I	PRP
needed	VBD
...	:
little	JJ
voices	NNS
saying	VBG
``	``
I	PRP
love	VBP
you	PRP
Ecka	FW
.	.
''	''
What	WP
more	RBR
can	MD
you	PRP
ask	VB
for	IN
?	.
Two	CD
years	NNS
ago	IN
I	PRP
made	VBD
the	DT
hardest	JJS
decision	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
made	VBD
a	DT
toll	NN
free	JJ
call	NN
to	TO
a	DT
treatment	NN
center	NN
called	VBN
Remuda	NNP
Ranch	NNP
.	.
The	DT
voice	NN
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
side	NN
of	IN
the	DT
phone	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
voice	NN
of	IN
an	DT
angel	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
scared	JJ
,	,
but	CC
she	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
caring	VBG
.	.
She	PRP
helped	VBD
me	PRP
make	VB
my	PRP$
first	JJ
big	JJ
step	NN
...	:
telling	VBG
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
obviously	RB
knew	VBD
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
shipped	VBD
my	PRP$
from	IN
therapist	NN
to	TO
therapist	NN
,	,
until	IN
I	PRP
met	VBD
a	DT
team	NN
of	IN
two	CD
,	,
Karin	NNP
and	CC
John	NNP
.	.
They	PRP
worked	VBD
together	RB
to	TO
get	VB
me	PRP
through	IN
this	DT
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
person	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
trusted	VBD
to	TO
tell	VB
was	VBD
Cory	NNP
.	.
For	IN
weeks	NNS
I	PRP
had	VBD
tried	VBN
to	TO
find	VB
the	DT
right	JJ
moment	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
scared	JJ
.	.
We	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
dating	VBG
for	IN
8	CD
months	NNS
at	IN
that	DT
time	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
scared	JJ
that	IN
he	PRP
would	MD
reject	VB
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
kept	VBN
bringing	VBG
up	RP
that	IN
``	``
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
tell	VB
him	PRP
something	NN
important	JJ
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
really	RB
hard	JJ
for	IN
me	PRP
to	TO
talk	VB
about	IN
.	.
''	''
He	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
tell	VB
me	PRP
until	IN
later	RB
that	DT
,	,
he	PRP
knew	VBD
there	EX
was	VBD
something	NN
wrong	JJ
,	,
but	CC
that	IN
I	PRP
would	MD
come	VB
to	TO
him	PRP
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
ready	JJ
.	.
One	CD
night	NN
we	PRP
were	VBD
watching	VBG
tv	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
started	VBD
crying	VBG
.	.
He	PRP
wiped	VBD
away	RP
my	PRP$
tears	NNS
and	CC
said	VBD
``	``
please	VB
tell	VB
me	PRP
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
told	VBD
him	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
say	VB
it	PRP
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
could	MD
show	VB
him	PRP
.	.
Over	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
three	CD
months	NNS
,	,
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
met	VBN
with	IN
my	PRP$
therapist	NN
,	,
but	CC
they	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
bad	JJ
it	PRP
was	VBD
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
until	IN
I	PRP
starting	VBG
getting	VBG
the	DT
ugly	JJ
side	NN
effects	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
ed	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
kept	VBD
getting	VBG
cavities	NNS
,	,
ulcers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
fractured	JJ
bones	NNS
,	,
that	IN
they	PRP
knew	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
near	IN
death	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
withered	VBN
away	RB
to	TO
practically	RB
nothing	NN
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
eyes	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
mom	NN
immediatly	RB
called	VBN
treatment	NN
centers	NNS
,	,
trying	VBG
to	TO
find	VB
a	DT
place	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
ASAP	NNP
.	.
Graduation	NN
from	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
following	JJ
week	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
at	IN
Cory	NNP
's	POS
house	NN
when	WRB
my	PRP$
mom	NN
called	VBD
me	PRP
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
've	VBP
found	VBN
a	DT
treatment	NN
center	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
take	VB
you	PRP
.	.
We	PRP
leave	VBP
in	IN
three	CD
days	NNS
.	.
''	''
That	DT
was	VBD
the	DT
day	NN
before	IN
graduation	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
scared	JJ
.	.
Two	CD
days	NNS
after	IN
graduation	NN
,	,
I	PRP
left	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
say	VB
goodbye	NN
to	TO
all	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
friends	NNS
,	,
and	CC
most	JJS
of	IN
all	DT
,	,
my	PRP$
brother	NN
.	.
The	DT
last	JJ
thing	NN
that	IN
he	PRP
said	VBD
was	VBD
``	``
You	PRP
can	MD
beat	VB
this	DT
,	,
Erica	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
always	RB
be	VB
here	RB
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
arrived	VBD
at	IN
the	DT
Renfrew	NNP
Center	NNP
with	IN
a	DT
mind	NN
full	JJ
of	IN
fear	NN
,	,
but	CC
a	DT
heart	NN
full	JJ
of	IN
hope	NN
.	.
Over	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
grueling	JJ
month	NN
,	,
I	PRP
ate	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
went	VBD
to	TO
groups	NNS
and	CC
individual	JJ
therapy	NN
.	.
I	PRP
made	VBD
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
friends	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
It	PRP
's	VBZ
amazing	JJ
how	WRB
much	RB
easier	JJR
it	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
know	VB
that	IN
everybody	NN
surrounding	VBG
you	PRP
is	VBZ
going	VBG
what	WP
you	PRP
are	VBP
going	VBG
through	IN
and	CC
know	VB
how	WRB
hard	JJ
it	PRP
is	VBZ
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
go	VB
into	IN
detail	NN
about	IN
what	WP
past	IN
events	NNS
I	PRP
worked	VBD
on	IN
in	IN
therapy	NN
,	,
or	CC
what	WP
went	VBD
on	IN
there	EX
for	IN
me	PRP
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
will	MD
tell	VB
you	PRP
that	IN
the	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
Renfrew	NNP
and	CC
my	PRP$
therapists	NNS
at	IN
home	NN
saved	VBN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
After	IN
I	PRP
came	VBD
home	NN
I	PRP
went	VBD
to	TO
therapy	NN
3	CD
times	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
until	IN
I	PRP
left	VBD
for	IN
college	NN
,	,
in	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
state	NN
.	.
I	PRP
started	VBD
school	NN
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Kentucky	NNP
,	,
and	CC
had	VBD
a	DT
semester	NN
from	IN
hell	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
roommate	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
really	RB
thought	VBD
was	VBD
Satan	NNP
.	.
And	CC
to	TO
make	VB
things	NNS
worse	JJR
,	,
the	DT
week	NN
of	IN
finals	NNS
I	PRP
got	VBD
sick	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
started	VBD
out	RP
with	IN
a	DT
cold	JJ
but	CC
soon	RB
turned	VBD
into	IN
pneumonia	NN
...	:
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
many	JJ
side	NN
effects	NNS
to	TO
malnurishment	NN
.	.
Ever	RB
since	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
had	VBD
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
immune	JJ
system	NN
is	VBZ
very	RB
low	JJ
.	.
But	CC
surprisingly	RB
enough	RB
,	,
I	PRP
only	RB
threw	VBD
up	RP
twice	RB
in	IN
the	DT
whole	JJ
six	CD
months	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
there	RB
.	.
That	DT
was	VBD
a	DT
huge	JJ
step	NN
up	RB
from	IN
throwing	VBG
up	RP
up	RB
to	TO
10	CD
times	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
.	.
Now	RB
THAT	WDT
was	VBD
a	DT
recovery	NN
experience	NN
.	.
I	PRP
left	VBD
the	DT
U	NNP
of	IN
Kentucky	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
semester	NN
because	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
still	RB
sick	JJ
with	IN
pneumonia	NN
,	,
and	CC
could	MD
n't	RB
get	VB
out	IN
of	IN
bed	NN
.	.
Coming	VBG
home	NN
really	RB
helped	VBD
me	PRP
even	RB
more	RBR
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
came	VBD
home	NN
I	PRP
started	VBD
seeing	VBG
my	PRP$
therapist	NN
again	RB
,	,
something	NN
I	PRP
really	RB
needed	VBD
.	.
No	DT
matter	NN
where	WRB
you	PRP
go	VBP
,	,
it	PRP
always	RB
helps	VBZ
to	TO
have	VB
support	NN
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
have	VB
the	DT
support	NN
I	PRP
needed	VBD
in	IN
Kentucky	NNP
.	.
This	DT
last	JJ
year	NN
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
stable	JJ
job	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
I	PRP
love	VBP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
now	RB
in	IN
my	PRP$
second	JJ
year	NN
at	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
university	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
say	VB
that	IN
things	NNS
are	VBP
perfect	JJ
,	,
because	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
.	.
I	PRP
still	RB
have	VBP
my	PRP$
bad	JJ
days	NNS
.	.
Sometimes	RB
,	,
I	PRP
still	RB
find	VBP
myself	PRP
``	``
stuck	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
mirror	NN
,	,
''	''
telling	VBG
myself	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
fat	JJ
even	RB
though	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
becoming	VBG
more	JJR
of	IN
my	PRP$
past	JJ
though	IN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
having	VBG
more	RBR
and	CC
more	RBR
``	``
good	JJ
''	''
days	NNS
,	,
and	CC
less	JJR
and	CC
less	JJR
``	``
bad	JJ
''	''
ones	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
no	RB
longer	RBR
throw	VB
up	RP
because	IN
I	PRP
feel	VBP
worthless	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
now	RB
see	VBP
food	NN
as	IN
...	:
well	RB
,	,
food	NN
.	.
It	PRP
gives	VBZ
me	PRP
the	DT
energy	NN
to	TO
chase	VB
my	PRP$
sisters	NNS
,	,
and	CC
work	NN
at	IN
my	PRP$
job	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
is	VBZ
physically	RB
demanding	VBG
since	IN
I	PRP
work	VBP
and	CC
a	DT
garden	NN
center	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
go	VB
to	TO
school	NN
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
now	RB
see	VB
food	NN
as	IN
a	DT
neccessity	NN
,	,
not	RB
an	DT
enemy	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
writing	VBG
because	IN
I	PRP
hope	VBP
it	PRP
will	MD
help	VB
even	RB
one	CD
person	NN
to	TO
feel	VB
a	DT
little	JJ
bit	NN
better	RBR
and	CC
to	TO
realize	VB
that	IN
ED	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
kicked	VBN
for	IN
good	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
really	RB
know	VB
where	WRB
to	TO
start	VB
.	.
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
use	VB
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
crutch	NN
and	CC
a	DT
coping	VBG
mechanism	NN
at	IN
age	NN
16	CD
when	WRB
I	PRP
first	RB
went	VBD
away	RB
to	TO
france	NN
and	CC
felt	VBD
totally	RB
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
as	IN
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
go	VB
home	NN
and	CC
could	MD
n't	RB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
grateful	JJ
to	TO
my	PRP$
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
now	RB
as	IN
it	PRP
helped	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
terrible	JJ
situations	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
divorce	NN
my	PRP$
mothers	NNS
alcoholism	NN
depression	NN
and	CC
eventual	JJ
death	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
also	RB
been	VBN
abused	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
child	NN
by	IN
both	DT
my	PRP$
father	NN
and	CC
sister	NN
only	RB
once	RB
by	IN
each	DT
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
memory	NN
used	VBN
to	TO
haunt	VB
me	PRP
.	.
But	CC
now	RB
I	PRP
am	VBP
well	RB
after	IN
11	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
struggling	VBG
with	IN
anorexia	NN
bulimia	NN
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
over	IN
eating	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
only	RB
when	WRB
I	PRP
saw	VBD
a	DT
wonderful	JJ
therapist	NN
after	IN
my	PRP$
mothers	NNS
death	NN
that	WDT
i	FW
realized	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
ED	NNP
was	VBD
a	DT
coping	VBG
mechanism	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
defined	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
person	NN
by	IN
it	PRP
-	:
i	FW
could	MD
cope	VB
without	IN
it	PRP
I	PRP
just	RB
had	VBD
to	TO
discover	VB
how	WRB
.	.
That	DT
was	VBD
3	CD
years	NNS
ago	RB
and	CC
it	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
an	DT
uphill	JJ
battle	NN
since	IN
.	.
Sometimes	RB
i	FW
would	MD
feel	VB
fine	JJ
but	CC
then	RB
the	DT
panic	NN
would	MD
take	VB
over	RP
and	CC
I	PRP
would	MD
become	VB
anti	JJ
social	JJ
again	RB
and	CC
could	MD
only	RB
think	VB
about	IN
what	WP
and	CC
when	WRB
I	PRP
could	MD
eat	VB
.	.
But	CC
i	FW
continued	VBD
to	TO
read	VB
and	CC
to	TO
really	RB
try	VB
to	TO
root	VB
it	PRP
out	RP
and	CC
come	VB
to	TO
the	DT
bottom	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
say	VB
I	PRP
am	VBP
recoverED	VBN
now	RB
but	CC
that	DT
is	VBZ
only	RB
because	IN
i	FW
continue	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
100	CD
%	NN
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
potential	JJ
pitfalls	NNS
and	CC
what	WP
could	MD
trigger	VB
it	PRP
off	RP
again	RB
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
own	VB
a	DT
scales	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
give	VB
so	RB
many	JJ
clothes	NNS
to	TO
oxfam	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
stop	VB
buying	VBG
clothes	NNS
thinking	VBG
that	IN
well	RB
,	,
in	IN
a	DT
couple	NN
of	IN
months	NNS
they	PRP
will	MD
fit	VB
me	PRP
when	WRB
I	PRP
loose	VBP
a	DT
couple	NN
of	IN
pounds	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
go	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
gym	NN
now	RB
and	CC
am	VBP
so	RB
proud	JJ
of	IN
how	WRB
I	PRP
feel	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
strong	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
glowing	JJ
inside	IN
.	.
I	PRP
used	VBD
to	TO
avoid	VB
dating	VBG
as	IN
I	PRP
never	RB
felt	VBD
I	PRP
looked	VBD
perfect	JJ
enough	JJ
and	CC
would	MD
always	RB
think	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
will	MD
just	RB
wait	VB
until	IN
I	PRP
lose	VBP
more	JJR
weight	NN
.	.
Now	RB
I	PRP
am	VBP
ready	JJ
to	TO
go	VB
out	RP
and	CC
know	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
take	VBP
me	PRP
as	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
.	.
The	DT
best	JJS
way	NN
to	TO
describe	VB
how	WRB
I	PRP
feel	VBP
is	VBZ
completely	RB
free	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
still	RB
make	VBP
sure	JJ
that	IN
I	PRP
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
in	IN
situations	NNS
that	WDT
cause	VBP
me	PRP
too	RB
much	JJ
stress	NN
or	CC
things	NNS
like	IN
that	DT
and	CC
I	PRP
always	RB
eat	VBP
3	CD
meals	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
.	.
I	PRP
never	RB
skip	VBP
them	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
very	RB
proud	JJ
of	IN
myself	PRP
and	CC
think	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
better	JJR
person	NN
for	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
have	VBP
suffered	VBN
.	.
The	DT
simple	JJ
things	NNS
in	IN
life	NN
are	VBP
so	RB
much	RB
better	JJR
now	RB
.	.
Like	IN
just	RB
realizing	VBG
that	IN
you	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
think	VB
of	IN
food	NN
all	DT
day	NN
.	.
And	CC
when	WRB
you	PRP
go	VBP
out	RP
to	TO
eat	VB
not	RB
worrying	VBG
about	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
the	DT
least	JJS
calorie	NN
dish	NN
to	TO
eat	VB
.	.
There	EX
were	VBD
times	NNS
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
ill	RB
when	WRB
I	PRP
thought	VBD
i	FW
was	VBD
going	VBG
mad	JJ
and	CC
wondered	VBD
how	WRB
it	PRP
came	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
suffered	VBD
so	RB
much	RB
.	.
But	CC
now	RB
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
much	RB
more	RBR
understanding	VBG
person	NN
because	IN
i	FW
can	MD
understand	VB
how	WRB
someone	NN
can	MD
suffer	VB
from	IN
depression	NN
or	CC
ED	NNP
and	CC
want	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
go	VB
away	RB
but	CC
it	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
.	.
Sorry	JJ
this	DT
is	VBZ
so	RB
long	JJ
its	PRP$
hard	JJ
to	TO
keep	VB
it	PRP
short	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
real	JJ
answer	NN
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
still	RB
sick	JJ
and	CC
looking	VBG
to	TO
get	VB
better	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
only	RB
have	VBP
my	PRP$
story	NN
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
that	IN
discovering	VBG
your	PRP$
own	JJ
personal	JJ
vogage	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
will	MD
be	VB
up	RB
to	TO
you	PRP
and	CC
the	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
aspect	NN
to	TO
being	VBG
recovered	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
good	JJ
girl	NN
all	PDT
the	DT
time	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
same	JJ
rights	NNS
as	IN
everybody	NN
on	IN
earth	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
take	VB
up	RP
the	DT
space	NN
my	PRP$
body	NN
takes	VBZ
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
make	VB
excuses	NNS
for	IN
being	VBG
alive	JJ
and	CC
for	IN
breathing	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
apologize	VB
for	IN
my	PRP$
thoughts	NNS
and	CC
my	PRP$
feelings	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
be	VB
me	PRP
...	:
I	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
cry	VB
,	,
scream	VB
,	,
need	VB
things	NNS
,	,
being	VBG
loved	VBN
,	,
love	NN
,	,
be	VB
happy	JJ
and	CC
be	VB
sad	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
chose	VBD
life	NN
...	:
And	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
now	RB
almost	RB
considering	VBG
myself	PRP
for	IN
recovered	VBD
...	:
Recovery	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
only	RB
having	VBG
good	JJ
days	NNS
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
handling	VBG
those	DT
bad	JJ
days	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
healthy	JJ
way	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
knowing	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
sun	NN
will	MD
come	VB
up	RP
again	RB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
finally	RB
seeing	VBG
the	DT
sunshine	NN
again	RB
.	.
I	PRP
live	VBP
in	IN
colors	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
to	TO
feel	VB
again	RB
.	.
For	IN
years	NNS
I	PRP
was	VBD
numb	JJ
.	.
And	CC
if	IN
I	PRP
felt	VBD
anything	NN
it	PRP
was	VBD
pain	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
little	JJ
by	IN
little	JJ
learning	VBG
to	TO
dance	VB
in	IN
the	DT
sunshine	NN
and	CC
smell	VBP
the	DT
flowers	NNS
along	IN
the	DT
road	NN
.	.
And	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
opened	VBN
up	RP
my	PRP$
eyes	NNS
to	TO
see	VB
the	DT
love	NN
that	WDT
's	VBZ
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
and	CC
always	RB
have	VBP
been	VBN
there	RB
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
too	RB
blinded	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
ed	VBN
to	TO
see	VB
it	PRP
...	:
And	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
starting	VBG
to	TO
love	VB
again	RB
myself	PRP
...	:
I	PRP
hav	VBP
n't	RB
had	VBD
interest	NN
and	CC
time	NN
for	IN
boys	NNS
in	IN
years	NNS
,	,
but	CC
finally	RB
I	PRP
am	VBP
starting	VBG
to	TO
enjoy	VB
that	IN
we	PRP
were	VBD
created	VBN
man	NN
and	CC
female	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
found	VBN
a	DT
life	NN
that	WDT
works	VBZ
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
to	TO
speak	VB
with	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
instead	RB
of	IN
with	IN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
to	TO
talk	VB
about	IN
my	PRP$
needs	NNS
instead	RB
of	IN
screaming	VBG
my	PRP$
needs	NNS
out	RP
with	IN
my	PRP$
starvation	NN
.	.
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
to	TO
take	VB
time	NN
to	TO
rest	VB
and	CC
to	TO
take	VB
care	NN
of	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
to	TO
listen	VB
to	TO
my	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
people	NNS
feel	VBP
sorry	JJ
for	IN
me	PRP
,	,
for	IN
wasting	VBG
away	RB
six	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
youth	NN
on	IN
the	DT
ed	VBN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
feel	VBP
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
more	RBR
lucky	JJ
than	IN
many	JJ
people	NNS
...	:
At	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
19	CD
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
to	TO
know	VB
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
my	PRP$
limits	NNS
and	CC
I	PRP
know	VBP
what	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
made	VBN
of	IN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
fought	VBN
a	DT
very	RB
hard	JJ
battle	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
also	RB
seen	VBN
what	WP
strength	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
inside	IN
of	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
to	TO
appreciate	VB
all	PDT
the	DT
things	NNS
my	PRP$
body	NN
do	VB
for	IN
me	PRP
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
treat	VB
it	PRP
nice	JJ
...	:
I	PRP
am	VBP
only	RB
19	CD
but	CC
I	PRP
think	VBP
I	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
many	JJ
lessons	NNS
other	JJ
people	NNS
never	RB
learn	VBP
during	IN
their	PRP$
whole	JJ
life	NN
,	,
and	CC
most	JJS
importantly	RB
I	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
to	TO
live	VB
in	IN
the	DT
present	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
to	TO
cherish	VB
each	DT
ray	NN
of	IN
sunshine	NN
that	WDT
comes	VBZ
my	PRP$
way	NN
...	:
I	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
that	IN
life	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
so	RB
serious	JJ
anyone	NN
.	.
That	DT
there	EX
should	MD
be	VB
room	NN
for	IN
playing	VBG
in	IN
it	PRP
.	.
For	IN
laughter	NN
and	CC
for	IN
fun	NN
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
go	VB
back	RB
there	RB
...	:
Never	RB
ever	RB
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
seen	VBN
how	WRB
it	PRP
's	VBZ
like	IN
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
side	NN
.	.
And	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
willing	JJ
to	TO
give	VB
up	RP
the	DT
colors	NNS
in	IN
life	NN
,	,
just	RB
to	TO
so	RB
my	PRP$
scale	NN
can	MD
show	VB
me	PRP
a	DT
low	JJ
number	NN
.	.
That	DT
's	VBZ
too	RB
high	JJ
a	DT
price	NN
for	IN
too	RB
low	JJ
living	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
willing	JJ
to	TO
pay	VB
that	DT
price	NN
.	.
.	.
Not	RB
anymore	RB
.	.
Life	NNP
is	VBZ
so	RB
much	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
numbers	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
scale	NN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
had	VBD
anorexia	NN
ever	RB
since	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
12	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
and	CC
never	RB
ever	RB
believed	VBN
I	PRP
would	MD
ever	RB
recover	VB
from	IN
this	DT
horrible	JJ
illness	NN
.	.
But	CC
here	RB
I	PRP
am	VBP
today	NN
,	,
healthy	JJ
and	CC
happy	JJ
.	.
For	IN
me	PRP
,	,
hitting	VBG
rock	NN
bottom	NN
turned	VBD
my	PRP$
life	NN
around	IN
and	CC
gave	VBD
me	PRP
a	DT
real	JJ
wake	NN
up	IN
call	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
gotten	VBN
so	RB
sick	JJ
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
stand	VB
it	PRP
anymore	RB
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
through	IN
12	CD
hospitalizations	NNS
and	CC
institutionalized	JJ
twice	RB
.	.
Anorexia	NNP
was	VBD
my	PRP$
best	JJS
friend	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
whole	JJ
life	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
everything	NN
.	.
I	PRP
gave	VBD
in	IN
to	TO
all	PDT
the	DT
lies	NNS
and	CC
control	NN
that	WDT
anorexia	NN
had	VBD
on	IN
me	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
And	CC
is	VBZ
n't	RB
it	PRP
ironic	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
one	CD
in	IN
contol	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Every	DT
time	NN
the	DT
doctors	NNS
told	VBD
me	PRP
I	PRP
would	MD
die	VB
,	,
I	PRP
laughed	VBD
,	,
because	IN
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
unstoppable	JJ
and	CC
some	DT
how	WRB
that	WDT
would	MD
n't	RB
happen	VB
to	TO
ME	NNP
.	.
Through	IN
all	DT
my	PRP$
long	JJ
hospitalizations	NNS
I	PRP
missed	VBD
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
school	NN
and	CC
had	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
left	VBN
back	RP
,	,
which	WDT
really	RB
hurt	VBD
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
really	RB
thought	VBD
I	PRP
would	MD
never	RB
get	VB
through	RB
high	JJ
school	NN
,	,
because	IN
I	PRP
spent	VBD
more	JJR
time	NN
in	IN
hospitals	NNS
then	RB
I	PRP
did	VBD
at	IN
home	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
the	DT
courage	NN
and	CC
the	DT
strength	NN
to	TO
stand	VB
tall	JJ
after	IN
all	DT
I	PRP
went	VBD
through	IN
and	CC
take	VB
back	RP
MY	NNP
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
made	VBD
an	DT
intense	JJ
effort	NN
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
every	DT
therapy	NN
session	NN
,	,
take	VB
my	PRP$
medications	NNS
,	,
and	CC
attend	VB
my	PRP$
out	RP
patient	JJ
program	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
held	VBN
5	CD
days	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
9-5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
say	VB
it	PRP
was	VBD
easy	JJ
,	,
because	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
.	.
It	PRP
took	VBD
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
hard	JJ
work	NN
,	,
determination	NN
,	,
and	CC
committment	NN
.	.
But	CC
it	PRP
all	DT
began	VBD
with	IN
me	PRP
wanting	VBG
to	TO
get	VB
better	JJR
and	CC
firmly	RB
deciding	VBG
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
take	VB
action	NN
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
change	VB
my	PRP$
past	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
would	MD
never	RB
want	VB
to	TO
.	.
Recovering	VBG
from	IN
anorexia	NN
has	VBZ
given	VBN
me	PRP
the	DT
strength	NN
and	CC
courage	NN
to	TO
succeed	VB
in	IN
life	NN
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
weeks	NNS
I	PRP
will	MD
finally	RB
be	VB
graduating	VBG
from	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
as	IN
class	NN
valedictorian	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
go	VB
me	PRP
!	.
!	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
going	VBG
away	RB
to	TO
college	NN
.	.
Although	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
scared	VBN
,	,
I	PRP
know	VBP
I	PRP
am	VBP
ready	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
ready	JJ
to	TO
live	VB
.	.
Believe	VB
me	PRP
,	,
life	NN
without	IN
anorexia	NN
is	VBZ
true	JJ
bliss	NN
...	:
It	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
freedom	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
even	RB
describe	VB
in	IN
words	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
honestly	RB
say	VB
today	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
proud	JJ
of	IN
myself	PRP
and	CC
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
love	VB
myself	PRP
for	IN
who	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
became	VBD
anorexic\/bulimic	JJ
around	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
12	CD
or	CC
13	CD
,	,
around	IN
the	DT
time	NN
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
split	VBN
.	.
During	IN
my	PRP$
illness	NN
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
write	VB
incessantly	RB
about	IN
anorexia	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
never	RB
wrote	VBD
about	IN
bulimia	NN
because	IN
even	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
purged	VBD
almost	RB
daily	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
ever	RB
want	VB
anyone	NN
thinking	VBG
I	PRP
binged	VBD
on	IN
huge	JJ
amounts	NNS
of	IN
food	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
very	RB
aware	JJ
of	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
was	VBD
doing	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
never	RB
denied	VBD
my	PRP$
illness	NN
,	,
but	CC
despite	IN
this	DT
awareness	NN
,	,
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
until	IN
recently	RB
realize	VBP
the	DT
depth	NN
of	IN
the	DT
damage	NN
done	VBN
to	TO
my	PRP$
spiritual	JJ
and	CC
emotional	JJ
health	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
princess	NN
complex	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
an	DT
image	NN
of	IN
who	WP
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
people	NNS
to	TO
see	VB
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
elegant	JJ
,	,
beautiful	JJ
,	,
clean	JJ
and	CC
very	RB
together	RB
.	.
To	TO
this	DT
day	NN
almost	RB
everyone	NN
comments	NNS
on	IN
how	WRB
emotionally	RB
solid	JJ
I	PRP
am	VBP
.	.
Little	NNP
do	VBP
they	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
every	DT
time	NN
I	PRP
meet	VBP
someone	NN
new	JJ
or	CC
stand	VB
up	RP
to	TO
speak	VB
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
a	DT
crowd	NN
that	WDT
my	PRP$
body	NN
trembles	VBZ
uncontrolably	RB
.	.
The	DT
words	NNS
still	RB
come	VBP
out	RB
right	RB
,	,
I	PRP
get	VBP
compliments	NNS
on	IN
my	PRP$
composure	NN
and	CC
confidence	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
why	WRB
I	PRP
tremble	VBP
,	,
my	PRP$
mind	NN
is	VBZ
often	RB
quite	RB
sure	JJ
of	IN
what	WP
it	PRP
wants	VBZ
to	TO
communicate	VB
but	CC
I	PRP
'm	VBP
beginning	VBG
to	TO
wonder	VB
if	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
communicate	VB
is	VBZ
actually	RB
what	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
feeling	NN
because	IN
why	WRB
else	RB
does	VBZ
my	PRP$
body	NN
shake	NN
as	IN
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
holding	VBG
something	NN
in	IN
?	.
So	RB
why	WRB
not	RB
just	RB
yell	VB
and	CC
fight	VB
and	CC
shake	VB
and	CC
rage	VB
and	CC
let	VB
it	PRP
all	DT
out	RP
?	.
So	RB
now	RB
I	PRP
have	VBP
created	VBN
a	DT
personality	NN
for	IN
myself	PRP
and	CC
I	PRP
fear	VBP
that	IN
being	VBG
anything	NN
but	CC
understanding	NN
and	CC
supportive	JJ
might	MD
drive	VB
away	RB
the	DT
people	NNS
who	WP
love	VBP
me	PRP
for	IN
those	DT
very	RB
qualities	NNS
.	.
Maybe	RB
sometimes	RB
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
better	RBR
for	IN
my	PRP$
incredible	JJ
tension	NN
to	TO
just	RB
give	VB
in	IN
to	TO
those	DT
fits	NNS
of	IN
shaking	VBG
emotions	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
this	DT
was	VBD
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
roots	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
and	CC
just	RB
like	IN
my	PRP$
habit	NN
of	IN
restricted	VBN
eating	VBG
persisted	VBN
long	RB
after	IN
I	PRP
realized	VBD
healthy	JJ
did	VBD
n't	RB
mean	VB
fat	JJ
,	,
this	DT
habit	NN
of	IN
composure	NN
lasts	VBZ
even	RB
after	IN
being	VBG
recovered	VBN
for	IN
two	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Composure	NN
is	VBZ
wonderful	JJ
and	CC
makes	VBZ
my	PRP$
everyday	JJ
dealings	NNS
with	IN
people	NNS
very	RB
successful	JJ
and	CC
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
reject	VB
it	PRP
as	IN
something	NN
harmful	JJ
because	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
believe	VB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
believe	VBP
balance	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
key	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
starting	VBG
to	TO
embrace	VB
my	PRP$
quirks	NNS
and	CC
differences	NNS
to	TO
actually	RB
be	VB
confident	JJ
instead	RB
of	IN
just	RB
seeming	VBG
so	RB
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
I	PRP
recovered	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
remember	VBP
realizing	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
attention	NN
the	DT
eating	NN
disorder	NN
was	VBD
getting	VBG
me	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
attention	NN
I	PRP
really	RB
wanted	VBD
from	IN
people	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
always	RB
thought	VBD
that	IN
if	IN
people	NNS
worried	VBN
about	IN
me	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
know	VB
I	PRP
was	VBD
loved	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
thought	VBD
people	NNS
would	MD
never	RB
leave	VB
me	PRP
if	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
ill.	NN
Then	RB
someone	NN
finally	RB
stood	VBD
up	RP
to	TO
me	PRP
.	.
Everyone	NN
had	VBD
always	RB
been	VBN
so	RB
gentle	JJ
and	CC
careful	JJ
and	CC
giving	VBG
towards	IN
me	PRP
with	IN
almost	RB
no	DT
mention	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
they	PRP
were	VBD
handling	VBG
the	DT
situation	NN
.	.
I	PRP
fell	VBD
in	IN
love	NN
with	IN
a	DT
man	NN
who	WP
was	VBD
n't	RB
willing	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
with	IN
someone	NN
who	WP
was	VBD
constantly	RB
self-hating	JJ
,	,
self	NN
deprecating	VBG
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
met	VBD
him	PRP
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
better	RBR
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
hardly	RB
ever	RB
throwing-up	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
ate	VBD
more	JJR
than	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
in	IN
a	DT
long	JJ
time	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
still	RB
hated	VBD
my	PRP$
body	NN
,	,
still	RB
fell	VBD
into	IN
fits	NNS
of	IN
melancholy	JJ
and	CC
depression	NN
.	.
He	PRP
never	RB
said	VBD
it	PRP
outright	RB
but	CC
I	PRP
felt	VBD
eventually	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
choose	VB
between	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
and	CC
this	DT
wonderful	JJ
new	JJ
relationship	NN
.	.
He	PRP
told	VBD
me	PRP
how	WRB
hard	JJ
it	PRP
was	VBD
to	TO
love	VB
someone	NN
who	WP
hated	VBD
herself	PRP
.	.
He	PRP
would	MD
say	VB
,	,
when	WRB
I	PRP
put	VBP
myself	PRP
down	RB
,	,
``	``
do	VBP
n't	RB
say	VB
that	IN
about	IN
the	DT
woman	NN
I	PRP
love	VBP
!	.
''	''
I	PRP
tried	VBD
to	TO
remain	VB
the	DT
princess	NN
,	,
never	RB
farting	VBG
or	CC
burping	VBG
out	RP
letting	VBG
my	PRP$
body	NN
get	VB
out	RB
of	IN
control	NN
.	.
He	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
convinced	VBN
.	.
He	PRP
laughed	VBD
and	CC
teased	VBD
me	PRP
about	IN
my	PRP$
princess	NN
complex	NN
.	.
He	PRP
would	MD
tease	VB
me	PRP
so	RB
lovingly	RB
about	IN
my	PRP$
quirks	NNS
and	CC
weirdnesses	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
love	VB
and	CC
cherish	VB
them	PRP
for	IN
what	WP
they	PRP
were	VBD
;	:
the	DT
wonderful	JJ
individualities	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
character	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
busy	JJ
and	CC
distracted	VBN
and	CC
absorbed	VBN
in	IN
my	PRP$
work	NN
.	.
Slowly	RB
,	,
even	RB
this	DT
is	VBZ
changing	VBG
now	RB
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
when	WRB
I	PRP
am	VBP
hungry	JJ
or	CC
not	RB
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
plan	VB
my	PRP$
meals	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
eat	VBP
things	NNS
I	PRP
never	RB
thought	VBD
I	PRP
would	MD
touch	VB
again	RB
.	.
I	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
lie	VB
and	CC
say	VB
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
put	VBN
on	IN
weight	NN
.	.
But	CC
the	DT
weight	NN
I	PRP
did	VBD
put	VB
on	RP
is	VBZ
minimal	JJ
and	CC
it	PRP
came	VBD
on	IN
very	RB
slowly	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
ate	VBD
more	RBR
,	,
relaxed	VBN
and	CC
let	VB
myself	PRP
grow	VB
into	IN
my	PRP$
woman	NN
's	POS
body	NN
.	.
I	PRP
left	VBD
the	DT
subject	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
alone	RB
for	IN
a	DT
while	NN
,	,
went	VBD
to	TO
school	NN
,	,
found	VBD
work	NN
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
I	PRP
was	VBD
ashamed	JJ
of	IN
how	WRB
obsessed	VBN
I	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
relate	VB
to	TO
the	DT
person	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
sick	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
righteous	JJ
about	IN
being	VBG
healthy	JJ
and	CC
composed	VBN
.	.
Now	RB
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
ready	JJ
to	TO
revisit	VB
my	PRP$
illness	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
strong	JJ
enough	RB
to	TO
give	VB
it	PRP
some	DT
thought	NN
without	IN
falling	VBG
back	RB
into	IN
its	PRP$
promises	NNS
of	IN
happiness	NN
,	,
control	NN
and	CC
attention	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
found	VBN
other	JJ
ways	NNS
of	IN
filling	VBG
the	DT
hole	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
trying	VBG
to	TO
fill	VB
so	RB
desperately	RB
through	IN
the	DT
ed	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
found	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
respect	NN
and	CC
admiration	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
seeking	VBG
has	VBZ
come	VBN
to	TO
me	PRP
by	IN
simply	RB
being	VBG
true	JJ
to	TO
my	PRP$
character	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
loved	VBN
for	IN
my	PRP$
strength	NN
,	,
not	RB
my	PRP$
illness	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
saying	VBG
I	PRP
am	VBP
happy	JJ
with	IN
myself	PRP
every	DT
minute	NN
of	IN
everyday	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
still	RB
beat	VBP
myself	PRP
up	RP
for	IN
my	PRP$
mistakes	NNS
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
to	TO
laugh	NN
and	CC
let	VB
them	PRP
go	VB
instead	RB
of	IN
turning	VBG
against	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
at	IN
every	DT
chance	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
the	DT
secret	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
,	,
I	PRP
barely	RB
remember	VBP
how	WRB
I	PRP
got	VBD
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
danger	NN
zone	NN
...	:
But	CC
if	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
guess	VB
I	PRP
would	MD
say	VB
that	IN
learning	VBG
to	TO
laugh	NN
at	IN
myself	PRP
was	VBD
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
steps	NNS
towards	IN
being	VBG
happy	JJ
with	IN
who	WP
I	PRP
was	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
felt	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
only	JJ
reason	NN
they	PRP
sent	VBD
me	PRP
there	EX
was	VBD
to	TO
gain	VB
more	JJR
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
knew	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
would	MD
n't	RB
get	VB
better	JJR
mentally	RB
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
ready	JJ
to	TO
recover	VB
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
there	RB
for	IN
almost	RB
3	CD
months	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
5	CD
hours	NNS
away	RB
from	IN
my	PRP$
family	NN
in	IN
N.Y.	NNP
I	PRP
felt	VBD
lonely	JJ
,	,
scared	JJ
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
almost	RB
like	IN
everyone	NN
at	IN
the	DT
the	DT
Hospital	NN
was	VBD
trying	VBG
to	TO
punish	VB
me	PRP
.	.
What	WP
had	VBD
I	PRP
done	VBN
wrong	JJ
to	TO
deserve	VB
this	DT
treatment	NN
from	IN
these	DT
strangers	NNS
?	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
know	VB
what	WP
to	TO
do	VB
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
faced	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
real	JJ
world	NN
again	RB
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
yet	RB
done	VBN
``	``
recovering	VBG
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
sent	VBN
to	TO
an	DT
outpatient	NN
clinic	NN
near	IN
home	NN
for	IN
a	DT
month	NN
.	.
God	NNP
,	,
did	VBD
I	PRP
hate	VBP
those	DT
people	NNS
there	RB
!	.
They	PRP
made	VBD
me	PRP
weigh	VB
my	PRP$
food	NN
,	,
count	NN
every	DT
calorie	NN
that	WDT
went	VBD
into	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
,	,
all	DT
they	PRP
talked	VBD
about	RB
was	VBD
food	NN
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
ever	RB
want	VB
to	TO
hear	VB
the	DT
word	NN
food	NN
again	RB
.	.
Those	DT
people	NNS
helped	VBD
contribute	VB
to	TO
me	PRP
getting	VBG
even	RB
deeper	RBR
into	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
,	,
and	CC
excessive	JJ
exercising	VBG
.	.
My	PRP$
father	NN
had	VBD
heard	VBN
about	IN
a	DT
woman	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
area	NN
who	WP
specialized	VBD
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Infact	NNP
she	PRP
had	VBD
suffered	VBN
from	IN
one	CD
herself	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
turned	VBD
out	RP
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
wonderful	JJ
,	,
and	CC
helpful	JJ
person	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
known	VBN
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
She	PRP
had	VBD
worked	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
nutritionist	NN
who	WP
also	RB
was	VBD
very	RB
supportive	JJ
,	,
and	CC
helpful	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
see	VB
both	DT
of	IN
them	PRP
seperately	RB
once	RB
a	DT
week	NN
.	.
When	WRB
they	PRP
asked	VBD
me	PRP
if	IN
I	PRP
'd	MD
like	VB
to	TO
return	VB
to	TO
school	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
exactly	RB
sure	JJ
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
finally	RB
decided	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
go	VB
back	RB
some	DT
time	NN
.	.
After	IN
being	VBG
out	RP
for	IN
three	CD
months	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
returned	VBD
to	TO
school	NN
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
know	VB
what	WP
people	NNS
would	MD
think	VB
,	,
or	CC
how	WRB
they	PRP
would	MD
react	VB
to	TO
me	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
hard	JJ
adjusting	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
got	VBD
used	VBN
to	TO
it	PRP
after	IN
a	DT
while	NN
.	.
Around	IN
December	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
started	VBD
to	TO
loose	JJ
weight	NN
again	RB
,	,
and	CC
exercised	VBN
.	.
The	DT
cycle	NN
was	VBD
beginning	VBG
all	DT
over	RP
again	RB
.	.
My	PRP$
family	NN
and	CC
friends	NNS
were	VBD
afraid	JJ
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
too	RB
!	.
I	PRP
remember	VBP
the	DT
lunch	NN
ladies	NNS
picking	VBG
through	IN
the	DT
garbage	NN
to	TO
find	VB
my	PRP$
barely	RB
eaten	VBN
lunch	NN
,	,
so	IN
they	PRP
could	MD
show	VB
my	PRP$
mother	NN
who	WP
worked	VBD
within	IN
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
very	RB
disappointed	VBN
in	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
too	RB
!	.
I	PRP
felt	VBD
I	PRP
had	VBD
failed	VBN
once	RB
again	RB
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
come	VBN
to	TO
realize	VB
that	IN
everybody	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
flaw	NN
,	,
not	RB
just	RB
me	PRP
!	.
My	PRP$
mom	NN
told	VBD
me	PRP
that	IN
she	PRP
would	MD
always	RB
love	VB
me	PRP
no	DT
matter	NN
what	WP
I	PRP
weighed	VBD
.	.
Why	WRB
do	VBP
people	NNS
have	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
skinny	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
accepted	VBN
?	.
The	DT
reason	NN
that	WDT
God	NNP
made	VBD
us	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
that	IN
we	PRP
could	MD
function	VB
properly	RB
,	,
and	CC
live	JJ
life	NN
to	TO
the	DT
fullest	JJS
.	.
Everything	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
put	VBN
on	IN
our	PRP$
body	NN
was	VBD
put	VBN
there	RB
for	IN
a	DT
reason	NN
.	.
Everybody	NN
is	VBZ
beautiful	JJ
in	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
,	,
unique	JJ
way	NN
.	.
That	DT
's	VBZ
what	WP
makes	VBZ
YOU	PRP
a	DT
special	JJ
person	NN
,	,
different	JJ
from	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
rest	NN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
come	VBN
out	RP
stroger	NN
,	,
and	CC
wiser	JJR
than	IN
before	RB
.	.
I	PRP
found	VBD
the	DT
something-fishy	JJ
website	NN
about	IN
3	CD
years	NNS
ago	RB
,	,
after	IN
replacing	VBG
9	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
anorexia	NN
with	IN
4	CD
new	JJ
years	NNS
of	IN
bulimia	NN
.	.
At	IN
this	DT
time	NN
my	PRP$
bulimic	JJ
episodes	NNS
were	VBD
drastically	RB
effecting	VBG
my	PRP$
health	NN
.	.
Today	NN
I	NNP
sit	VBP
typing	VBG
this	DT
letter	NN
unable	JJ
to	TO
remember	VB
the	DT
last	JJ
time	NN
I	PRP
made	VBD
myself	PRP
sick	JJ
,	,
or	CC
suffered	VBD
the	DT
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
starvation	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
saying	VBG
that	IN
some	DT
days	NNS
are	VBP
n't	RB
hard	RB
,	,
because	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
those	DT
days	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
bloody	JJ
torture	VBP
.	.
Only	RB
now	RB
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
use	VB
bulimia	NN
or	CC
anorexia	NN
to	TO
hide	VB
from	IN
the	DT
things	NNS
that	WDT
torment	VBP
me	PRP
.	.
Instead	RB
I	PRP
stand	VBP
up	RP
to	TO
my	PRP$
problems	NNS
and	CC
see	VB
them	PRP
eye	NN
to	TO
eye	NN
for	IN
what	WP
they	PRP
are	VBP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
out	IN
there	RB
stuggling	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
food	NN
monster	NN
,	,
I	PRP
wish	VBP
you	PRP
could	MD
know	VB
how	WRB
much	JJ
energy	NN
you	PRP
are	VBP
using	VBG
.	.
Look	VB
for	IN
new	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
that	DT
energy	NN
.	.
Ways	NNP
that	WDT
make	VBP
you	PRP
happy	JJ
,	,
not	RB
ways	NNS
that	WDT
destroy	VBP
you	PRP
.	.
Eating	NNP
disorders	NNS
lead	VBP
to	TO
colon	NN
cancer	NN
,	,
constipation	NN
,	,
bladder	NN
control	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
acid	NN
reflux	NN
,	,
nausea	NN
,	,
weakness	NN
,	,
depression	NN
and	CC
ultimately	RB
death	NN
.	.
However	RB
the	DT
worst	JJS
part	NN
of	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
unhappiness	NN
and	CC
pain	NN
that	WDT
torment	VBP
everyday	JJ
life	NN
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
find	VB
my	PRP$
energy	NN
and	CC
when	WRB
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
control	VB
where	WRB
I	PRP
directed	VBD
that	IN
energy	NN
to	TO
,	,
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
realize	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
control	VBP
where	WRB
my	PRP$
energy	NN
is	VBZ
directed	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
currently	RB
using	VBG
this	DT
energy	NN
to	TO
plan	VB
my	PRP$
last	JJ
year	NN
of	IN
college	NN
in	IN
England	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
hope	VBP
that	IN
one	CD
day	NN
every	DT
person	NN
who	WP
struggles	VBZ
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
new	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
themselves	PRP
happy	JJ
.	.
New	NNP
ways	NNS
that	WDT
do	VBP
n't	RB
struggle	VB
to	TO
balance	VB
themselves	PRP
on	IN
the	DT
cliff	NN
of	IN
death	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
20	CD
and	CC
have	VBP
suffered	VBN
from	IN
bulimia	NN
since	IN
i	FW
was	VBD
9	CD
.	.
Fortunatly	RB
I	PRP
have	VBP
n't	RB
made	VBN
myself	PRP
sick	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
taken	VBN
laxitives	NNS
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
two	CD
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
saying	VBG
it	PRP
was	VBD
easy	JJ
and	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
had	VBD
many	JJ
a	DT
set	VBN
backs	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
writing	VBG
this	DT
because	IN
I	PRP
feel	VBP
I	PRP
have	VBP
gained	VBN
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
monster	NN
that	WDT
bulimia	NN
is	VBZ
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
not	RB
in	IN
any	DT
way	NN
been	VBN
easy	JJ
...	:
from	IN
the	DT
time	NN
I	PRP
first	RB
went	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
doctor	NN
to	TO
when	WRB
I	PRP
actually	RB
stopped	VBD
two	CD
years	NNS
ago	RB
was	VBD
five	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
times	NNS
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
've	VBP
cracked	VBN
it	PRP
this	DT
time	NN
and	CC
a	DT
month	NN
or	CC
two	CD
or	CC
three	CD
later	JJ
I	PRP
went	VBD
back	RB
to	TO
being	VBG
sick	JJ
regularly	RB
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
how	WRB
even	RB
if	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
do	VB
it	PRP
for	IN
a	DT
week	NN
and	CC
then	RB
have	VBP
ONE	CD
slip	VBP
up	RP
you	PRP
think	VBP
you	PRP
're	VBP
a	DT
failure	NN
--	:
WELL	RB
YOU	PRP
'RE	VBP
NOT	NNP
--	:
a	DT
mistake	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
small	JJ
setback	NN
,	,
do	VBP
n't	RB
let	VB
it	PRP
undo	VB
all	PDT
the	DT
good	JJ
work	NN
of	IN
the	DT
previous	JJ
week	NN
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
an	DT
amazing	JJ
achivement	NN
and	CC
the	DT
more	RBR
you	PRP
try	VBP
the	DT
longer	JJR
the	DT
times	NNS
in-between	JJ
the	DT
setbacks	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
and	CC
one	CD
day	NN
there	RB
will	MD
be	VB
no	RB
more	RBR
setbacks	NNS
.	.
Also	RB
I	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
add	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
very	RB
important	JJ
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
the	DT
psycological	JJ
effects	NNS
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
have	VBP
,	,
how	WRB
much	JJ
of	IN
your	PRP$
confidence	NN
they	PRP
take	VBP
,	,
how	WRB
much	JJ
of	IN
your	PRP$
spare	JJ
time	NN
they	PRP
take	VBP
up	RP
etc.	FW
and	CC
be	VB
prepared	VBN
to	TO
fight	VB
with	IN
yourself	PRP
.	.
That	DT
frightened	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
you	PRP
will	MD
want	VB
to	TO
return	VB
to	TO
the	DT
familiarity	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
almost	RB
like	IN
an	DT
old	JJ
friend	NN
.	.
Of	IN
course	NN
the	DT
step	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
will	MD
transform	VB
your	PRP$
life	NN
and	CC
raise	VB
issues	NNS
within	IN
yourself	PRP
you	PRP
would	MD
rather	RB
ignore	VB
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
sooner	RBR
you	PRP
take	VBP
the	DT
first	JJ
step	NN
the	DT
sooner	RBR
you	PRP
will	MD
get	VB
your	PRP$
life	NN
back	RB
...	:
and	CC
the	DT
sooner	RBR
the	DT
intoxicating	JJ
cloud	NN
of	IN
bulimia	NN
leaves	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
sooner	RBR
you	PRP
can	MD
find	VB
out	RP
who	WP
you	PRP
really	RB
are	VBP
...	:
and	CC
enjoy	VB
your	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
nearly	RB
16	CD
,	,
and	CC
anorexia\/bulimia	NN
has	VBZ
ruled	VBN
my	PRP$
life	NN
now	RB
for	IN
four	CD
years	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
taken	VBN
away	RB
what	WP
should	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
the	DT
happiest	JJS
time	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
It	PRP
started	VBD
when	WRB
i	FW
was	VBD
11	CD
and	CC
was	VBD
caused	VBN
by	IN
many	JJ
factors	NNS
including	VBG
the	DT
death	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
grandma	NN
,	,
being	VBG
teased	VBN
at	IN
my	PRP$
primary	JJ
school	NN
about	IN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
pressures	NNS
of	IN
attending	VBG
an	DT
all	DT
girls	NNS
school	NN
.	.
I	PRP
seem	VBP
to	TO
have	VB
spent	VBN
an	DT
eternity	NN
fighting	VBG
the	DT
monster	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
tried	VBN
to	TO
consume	VB
me	PRP
so	RB
many	JJ
times	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
hospitalised	VBN
twice	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
most	RBS
recent	JJ
being	VBG
in	IN
May	NNP
of	IN
this	DT
year	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
been	VBN
in	IN
``	``
therapy	NN
''	''
for	IN
two	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
grew	VBD
up	RP
so	RB
fast	RB
that	IN
i	FW
seem	VBP
to	TO
have	VB
missed	VBN
out	RP
on	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
socialising	NN
that	IN
a	DT
``	``
normal	JJ
''	''
teenager	NN
does	VBZ
.	.
But	CC
after	IN
a	DT
bulimic	JJ
friend	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
with	IN
two	CD
daughters	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
had	VBD
a	DT
heart	NN
attack	NN
i	FW
started	VBD
to	TO
put	VB
my	PRP$
life	NN
into	IN
perspective	NN
.	.
I	PRP
actually	RB
went	VBD
for	IN
a	DT
whole	JJ
day	NN
yesterday	NN
without	IN
weighing	VBG
myself	PRP
once	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
normally	RB
i	FW
do	VBP
it	PRP
about	IN
20	CD
times	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
only	RB
managed	VBN
to	TO
do	VB
it	PRP
with	IN
the	DT
help	NN
of	IN
a	DT
fantastic	JJ
intergrative	JJ
therapist	NN
and	CC
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
VERY	RB
hard	JJ
work	NN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
still	RB
got	VBN
a	DT
long	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
go	VB
before	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
will	MD
be	VB
back	RB
to	TO
normal	JJ
,	,
but	CC
i	FW
was	VBD
half	DT
way	NN
there	RB
the	DT
day	NN
i	FW
admitted	VBN
i	FW
needed	VBN
help	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
advice	NN
to	TO
anybody	NN
reading	NN
this	DT
would	MD
be	VB
to	TO
admit	VB
your	PRP$
problem	NN
,	,
admit	VBP
it	PRP
has	VBZ
made	VBN
your	PRP$
life	NN
uncontrollable	JJ
and	CC
seek	VB
help	NN
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
find	VB
it	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
unusual	JJ
places	NNS
,	,
family	NN
,	,
friends	NNS
even	RB
teachers	NNS
,	,
help	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
offer	NN
when	WRB
you	PRP
need	VBP
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
sought	VBD
help	NN
at	IN
a	DT
local	JJ
ED	NNP
self	NN
help	NN
group	NN
.	.
That	DT
led	VBD
to	TO
my	PRP$
admiossion	NN
to	TO
the	DT
local	JJ
hospital	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
anorexic	JJ
for	IN
6	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
in	IN
all	DT
honesty	NN
they	PRP
were	VBD
the	DT
worst	JJS
years	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
At	IN
a	DT
time	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
should	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
enjoying	VBG
my	PRP$
teenage	JJ
years	NNS
I	PRP
was	VBD
to	TO
obsessed	VBN
with	IN
food	NN
and	CC
purging	VBG
to	TO
even	RB
care	VB
what	WP
other	JJ
things	NNS
were	VBD
goign	VBN
on	IN
around	IN
me	PRP
.	.
My	PRP$
life	NN
changed	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
9th	CD
of	IN
October	NNP
,	,
1999	CD
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
admitted	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
Phoenix	NNP
Centre	NNP
,	,
a	DT
hospitl	NN
for	IN
adoloescents	NNS
wiht	VBP
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
which	WDT
I	PRP
belive	VBP
is	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
finder	NN
.	.
Everyday	JJ
I	PRP
spent	VBD
there	EX
was	VBD
very	RB
hard	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
scream	VB
and	CC
shout	VB
and	CC
then	RB
after	IN
about	IN
2	CD
months	NNS
it	PRP
just	RB
clicked	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
hit	VB
the	DT
bottom	NN
to	TO
come	VB
back	RB
up	RB
.	.
Anorexia	NNP
became	VBD
a	DT
way	NN
of	IN
life	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
if	IN
something	NN
had	VBD
taken	VBN
over	IN
all	DT
my	PRP$
rational	JJ
thought	NN
and	CC
the	DT
anorexia	NN
was	VBD
who	WP
I	PRP
'd	MD
become	VB
.	.
I	PRP
worked	VBD
so	RB
hard	JJ
and	CC
now	RB
a	DT
year	NN
later	RB
I	PRP
am	VBP
still	RB
in	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
not	RB
purged	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
whole	JJ
year	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
maintained	VBN
a	DT
target	NN
weight	NN
for	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
time	NN
.	.
For	IN
me	PRP
the	DT
solution	NN
to	TO
beating	VBG
my	PRP$
eating	NN
disorder	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
seprate	VB
myself	PRP
from	IN
it	PRP
,	,
to	TO
put	VB
me	PRP
on	IN
one	CD
side	NN
and	CC
the	DT
anorexia	NN
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
,	,
and	CC
stop	VB
seeing	VBG
them	PRP
as	IN
one	CD
person	NN
.	.
Anorexia	NNP
is	VBZ
like	IN
your	PRP$
worst	JJS
enemy	NN
and	CC
your	PRP$
best	JJS
friend	NN
all	DT
in	IN
one	CD
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
when	WRB
you	PRP
start	VBP
to	TO
realize	VB
that	DT
your	PRP$
so-called	JJ
best	JJS
friend	NN
is	VBZ
trying	VBG
to	TO
kill	VB
you	PRP
that	IN
you	PRP
start	VBP
fighting	VBG
back	RB
.	.
God	NNP
where	WRB
do	VBP
I	PRP
start	VB
?	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
sufferer	NN
of	IN
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
or	CC
bulimia	NN
nervosa	NN
then	RB
I	PRP
know	VBP
how	WRB
awful	JJ
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
recovering	VBG
anorexic	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
chronically	RB
ill	JJ
for	IN
1	CD
year	NN
.	.
I	PRP
went	VBD
into	IN
hospital	NN
in	IN
March	NNP
2000	CD
,	,
I	PRP
went	VBD
to	TO
a	DT
Priory	NNP
Hospital	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
'll	MD
tell	VB
you	PRP
it	PRP
was	VBD
\*\*\*\*	CD
ing	NN
hard	JJ
work	NN
-	:
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
dig	VB
up	RP
alot	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
past	NN
to	TO
get	VB
where	WRB
I	PRP
am	VBP
now	RB
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
keep	VB
persisting	VBG
,	,
even	RB
on	IN
the	DT
days	NNS
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
just	RB
wanted	VBD
to	TO
die	VB
.	.
At	IN
Christmas	NNP
time	NN
this	DT
year	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
at	IN
my	PRP$
illest	NN
.	.
I	PRP
still	RB
remember	VBP
so	RB
vividly	RB
one	CD
day	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
at	IN
school	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
do	VB
a	DT
performance	NN
with	IN
my	PRP$
choir	NN
at	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
cathedral	NN
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
remember	VBP
how	WRB
cold	JJ
I	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
that	DT
church	NN
.	.
I	PRP
sat	VBD
in	IN
my	PRP$
chair	NN
shivering	VBG
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
all	DT
we	PRP
were	VBD
aloud	RB
to	TO
wear	VB
was	VBD
a	DT
thin	JJ
white	JJ
shirt	NN
!	.
!	.
!	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
I	PRP
remember	VBP
my	PRP$
friend	NN
Caroline	NNP
asking	VBG
me	PRP
if	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
eat	VB
.	.
I	PRP
said	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
hungry	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
even	RB
told	VBD
her	PRP
to	TO
lie	VB
to	TO
my	PRP$
Mum	NNP
and	CC
tell	VB
her	PRP$
I	PRP
had	VBD
had	VBN
some	DT
food	NN
at	IN
school	NN
!	.
Which	WDT
I	PRP
had	VBD
n't	RB
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
did	VBD
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
get	VB
better	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
suppose	VBP
things	NNS
started	VBD
going	VBG
down	RP
hill	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
last	JJ
year	NN
when	WRB
we	PRP
asked	VBD
to	TO
weigh	VB
ourselves	PRP
in	IN
a	DT
science	NN
lesson	NN
.	.
I	PRP
weighed	VBD
myself	PRP
,	,
quite	RB
self	NN
consiously	RB
and	CC
realized	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
more	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
rest	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
friends	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
lied	VBD
about	IN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
,	,
pretending	VBG
I	PRP
was	VBD
more	JJR
than	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
actually	RB
was	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
sure	JJ
if	IN
they	PRP
even	RB
believed	VBD
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
also	RB
being	VBG
emotionally	RB
bullied	VBN
as	RB
well	RB
by	IN
my	PRP$
so	RB
called	VBN
`	``
friends	NNS
'	POS
and	CC
even	RB
though	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
think	VB
too	RB
deeply	RB
about	IN
it	PRP
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
they	PRP
really	RB
hurt	VBD
me	PRP
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
went	VBD
as	IN
an	DT
inpatient	NN
in	IN
March	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
.	.
Yet	RB
I	PRP
had	VBD
no	DT
choice	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
simply	RB
that	IN
or	CC
keep	VB
going	VBG
down	RB
in	IN
weight	NN
until	IN
eventually	RB
I	PRP
died	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
really	RB
hated	VBD
it	PRP
at	IN
first	RB
.	.
I	PRP
saw	VBD
a	DT
few	JJ
other	JJ
anorexic	JJ
girls	NNS
who	WP
I	PRP
thought	VBD
were	VBD
just	RB
like	IN
pencils	NNS
with	IN
heads	NNS
on	IN
top	NN
.	.
They	PRP
were	VBD
so	RB
thin	JJ
!	.
!	.
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
belong	VB
there	RB
,	,
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
too	RB
fat	JJ
.	.
Of	IN
course	NN
that	WDT
's	VBZ
what	WP
they	PRP
thought	VBD
about	IN
themselves	PRP
,	,
that	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
fat	JJ
and	CC
ugly	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
eventually	RB
became	VBD
three	CD
of	IN
my	PRP$
best	JJS
friends	NNS
ever	RB
.	.
It	PRP
just	RB
proves	VBZ
that	IN
no	DT
matter	NN
how	WRB
bad	JJ
your	PRP$
eating	NN
disorder	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
get	VB
help	VB
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
win	VB
!	.
I	PRP
admit	VBP
,	,
I	PRP
still	RB
find	VBP
it	PRP
hard	RB
,	,
very	RB
hard	RB
,	,
but	CC
slowly	RB
I	PRP
'm	VBP
getting	VBG
there	RB
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
hope	VBP
writing	VBG
this	DT
has	VBZ
helped	VBN
at	IN
least	JJS
afew	JJ
sufferers	NNS
-	:
helping	VBG
only	RB
one	CD
person	NN
would	MD
help	VB
.	.
I	PRP
hope	VBP
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
suffering	VBG
you	PRP
can	MD
get	VB
help	VB
.	.
Please	VB
do	VB
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
nice	JJ
life	NN
to	TO
be	VB
stuck	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
it	PRP
really	RB
is	VBZ
n't	RB
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
in	IN
recovery	NN
from	IN
compulsive	JJ
eating	NN
for	IN
close	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
year	NN
now	RB
.	.
Through	IN
the	DT
CEA-HOW	NNP
12	CD
step	NN
program	NN
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
fortunate	JJ
to	TO
lose	VB
a	DT
significant	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
weight	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
change	NN
my	PRP$
entire	JJ
attitude	NN
on	IN
life	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
story	NN
is	VBZ
probably	RB
simillar	JJ
to	TO
many	JJ
others	NNS
who	WP
suffer	VBP
from	IN
compulsive	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
I	PRP
never	RB
remember	VBP
feeling	NN
thin	JJ
,	,
always	RB
fat	JJ
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
pictures	NNS
reveal	VBP
that	IN
at	IN
times	NNS
during	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
thin	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
went	VBD
to	TO
several	JJ
inpatiet	NN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
clinics	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
,	,
and	CC
never	RB
was	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
maintain	VB
recovery	NN
for	IN
any	DT
length	NN
of	IN
time	NN
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
this	DT
was	VBD
because	IN
I	PRP
never	RB
really	RB
wanted	VBD
to	TO
stop	VB
eating	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
always	RB
pretended	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
stop	VB
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
think	VBP
in	IN
my	PRP$
heart	NN
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
accept	VB
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
truely	RB
a	DT
compulsive	JJ
eater	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
also	RB
tried	VBN
12	CD
step	NN
groups	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
OA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
find	VB
my	PRP$
recovery	NN
there	RB
.	.
My	PRP$
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
got	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
point	NN
where	WRB
it	PRP
seriously	RB
affected	VBD
all	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
had	VBN
chronic	JJ
asthma	NN
since	IN
birth	NN
and	CC
being	VBG
obese	JJ
did	VBD
not	RB
help	VB
my	PRP$
health	NN
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
hospitalized	VBN
almost	RB
monthly	JJ
with	IN
severe	JJ
attacks	NNS
,	,
several	JJ
of	IN
which	WDT
required	JJ
my	PRP$
admission	NN
in	IN
to	TO
intensive	JJ
care	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
affected	VBD
my	PRP$
self-esteem	NN
and	CC
created	VBN
feelings	NNS
of	IN
shame	NN
,	,
guilt	NN
and	CC
hatred	NN
towards	IN
myself	PRP
and	CC
all	DT
other	JJ
people	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
able	JJ
to	TO
tell	VB
the	DT
truth	NN
to	TO
myself	PRP
or	CC
anyone	NN
else	RB
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
if	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
had	VBN
the	DT
guts	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
killed	VBN
myself	PRP
.	.
Instead	RB
I	PRP
continued	VBD
to	TO
eat	VB
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
at	IN
my	PRP$
lowest	JJS
bottom	NN
,	,
I	PRP
could	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
deny	VB
or	CC
justify	VB
the	DT
way	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
conducting	VBG
my	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
yet	RB
I	PRP
was	VBD
powerless	JJ
to	TO
change	VB
.	.
Then	RB
,	,
I	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
spritual	JJ
awakening	NN
.	.
I	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
sit	VB
here	RB
and	CC
tell	VB
you	PRP
angels	NNS
came	VBD
down	RB
and	CC
sang	VBD
to	TO
me	PRP
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
just	RB
as	RB
real	JJ
and	CC
just	RB
as	IN
powerful	JJ
as	IN
that	DT
image	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
Higher	JJR
Power	NN
gave	VBD
me	PRP
the	DT
willingness	NN
to	TO
seek	VB
help	NN
in	IN
an	DT
honest	JJ
and	CC
open-minded	JJ
way	NN
.	.
I	PRP
went	VBD
to	TO
my	PRP$
first	JJ
meeting	NN
on	IN
July	NNP
3rd	CD
,	,
1999	CD
,	,
and	CC
became	VBD
abstinent	JJ
the	DT
day	NN
after	IN
,	,
Independence	NNP
Day	NNP
,	,
1999	CD
.	.
By	IN
the	DT
grace	NN
of	IN
God	NNP
I	PRP
have	VBP
remained	VBN
so	RB
to	TO
this	DT
day	NN
.	.
During	IN
this	DT
past	JJ
year	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
life	NN
has	VBZ
completely	RB
changed	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
no	RB
longer	RBR
need	VB
to	TO
obsess	VB
about	IN
food	NN
,	,
or	CC
secretly	RB
plan	VBP
a	DT
binge	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
improved	VBN
relations	NNS
with	IN
everyone	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
family	NN
and	CC
those	DT
close	JJ
to	TO
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
attempted	VBN
to	TO
repair	VB
the	DT
damage	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
done	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
past	NN
,	,
personal	JJ
and	CC
financial	JJ
,	,
and	CC
needless	NN
to	TO
say	VB
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
lost	VBN
weight	NN
,	,
quite	RB
a	DT
bit	NN
in	IN
11	CD
months	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
tell	VB
those	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
who	WP
are	VBP
still	RB
suffering	VBG
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
hope	NN
,	,
and	CC
freedom	NN
from	IN
compulsive	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
unwilling	JJ
and	CC
unable	JJ
to	TO
control	VB
my	PRP$
eating	JJ
days	NNS
before	IN
I	PRP
entered	VBD
recovery	NN
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
only	RB
attest	VB
my	PRP$
sucess	NN
in	IN
recovery	NN
to	TO
the	DT
love	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
Higher	JJR
Power	NN
,	,
who	WP
gives	VBZ
me	PRP
strength	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
am	VBP
weak	JJ
,	,
grants	NNS
me	PRP
willingness	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
am	VBP
stuborn	NN
,	,
and	CC
who	WP
guides	NNS
me	PRP
lovingly	RB
through	IN
my	PRP$
day	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
no	DT
different	JJ
from	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
non-recovered	JJ
compulsive	JJ
eater	NN
out	IN
there	RB
;	:
I	PRP
had	VBD
no	DT
willingness	NN
to	TO
stop	VB
eating	VBG
,	,
yet	RB
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
desperately	RB
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
done	VBN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
hope	NN
and	CC
freedom	NN
from	IN
compulsive	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
God	NNP
bless	VB
all	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Every	DT
so	RB
often	RB
I	PRP
browse	VBP
through	IN
the	DT
SFWED	NNP
website	NN
,	,
perhaps	RB
post	VB
a	DT
response	NN
on	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
bulletin	NN
boards	NNS
to	TO
something	NN
that	WDT
rings	VBZ
close	RB
to	TO
home	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
more	JJR
than	IN
once	RB
thought	VBN
of	IN
posting	VBG
some	DT
words	NNS
of	IN
hope	NN
on	IN
the	DT
``	``
Recovery	NN
Stories	NNP
''	''
portion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
webiste	NN
.	.
Well	RB
,	,
I	PRP
suppose	VBP
today	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
day	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
stop	VBP
by	IN
and	CC
share	VB
some	DT
words	NNS
of	IN
hope	NN
and	CC
a	DT
little	JJ
about	IN
my	PRP$
recovery	NN
.	.
Like	IN
so	RB
many	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
battled	VBD
with	IN
anorexia	NN
for	IN
more	JJR
years	NNS
than	IN
I	PRP
would	MD
want	VB
to	TO
admit	VB
too	RB
and	CC
lived	VBD
with	IN
the	DT
ravages	NNS
day	NN
in	IN
and	CC
day	NN
out	RB
.	.
But	CC
as	IN
we	PRP
know	VBP
all	DT
too	RB
well	RB
,	,
war	NN
stories	NNS
and	CC
battle	NN
talk	NN
only	RB
serve	VBP
to	TO
fuel	VB
the	DT
eating	NN
disorder	NN
fire	NN
and	CC
do	VBP
n't	RB
provide	VB
any	DT
form	NN
of	IN
constructive	JJ
support	NN
or	CC
encouragement	NN
.	.
As	IN
with	IN
every	DT
soul	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
found	VBN
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
,	,
recovery	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
very	RB
personal	JJ
choice	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
one	CD
that	IN
I	PRP
made	VBD
when	WRB
I	PRP
came	VBD
face	NN
to	TO
face	VB
with	IN
myself	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
with	IN
no	DT
distractions	NNS
left	VBD
to	TO
utilize	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
when	WRB
I	PRP
came	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
deep	JJ
realization	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
truly	RB
wanted	VBD
something	NN
different	JJ
out	IN
of	IN
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
through	IN
numerous	JJ
hospitalizations	NNS
and	CC
treatment	NN
programs	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
this	DT
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
the	DT
end	NN
recovery	NN
came	VBD
down	RB
to	TO
a	DT
choice	NN
of	IN
whether	IN
to	TO
thrive	VB
in	IN
life	NN
and	CC
attempt	NN
to	TO
discover	VB
what	WP
life	NN
could	MD
be	VB
for	IN
me	PRP
...	:
or	CC
to	TO
sink	VB
deeper	JJR
into	IN
the	DT
depths	NNS
of	IN
despair	NN
and	CC
fade	VB
into	IN
oblivion	NN
.	.
No	DT
single	JJ
hospital	NN
,	,
therapist	NN
,	,
or	CC
treatment	NN
program	NN
inspired	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
suddenly	RB
transform	VB
my	PRP$
life	NN
over	IN
night	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
powerful	JJ
transformations	NNS
that	WDT
moved	VBD
my	PRP$
recovery	NN
along	IN
occured	VBD
outside	IN
of	IN
the	DT
realm	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
I	PRP
view	VBP
recovery	NN
as	IN
truly	RB
a	DT
transformation	NN
of	IN
thoughts	NNS
and	CC
beliefs	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
long	RB
advocated	VBN
that	IN
what	WP
we	PRP
all	DT
too	RB
often	RB
believe	VBP
is	VBZ
what	WP
we	PRP
can	MD
expect	VB
.	.
It	PRP
takes	VBZ
hope	NN
and	CC
belief	NN
to	TO
make	VB
transformations	NNS
happen	VB
.	.
Nothing	NN
magic	NN
...	:
just	RB
a	DT
little	JJ
flame	NN
of	IN
desire	NN
,	,
of	IN
hope	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
strong	JJ
will	NN
to	TO
believe	VB
and	CC
make	VB
your	PRP$
dreams	NNS
transpire	VBP
.	.
If	IN
we	PRP
believe	VBP
,	,
then	RB
that	IN
belief	NN
shall	MD
begin	VB
to	TO
happen	VB
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
we	PRP
pave	VBP
the	DT
foundations	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
own	JJ
destiny	NN
.	.
This	DT
most	RBS
amazing	JJ
transformation	NN
evolved	VBD
from	IN
an	DT
encounter	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
with	IN
another	DT
life-threatening	JJ
illness	NN
...	:
cancer	NN
.	.
Until	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
faced	VBN
cancer	NN
,	,
recovery	NN
had	VBD
been	VBN
partial	JJ
at	IN
best	JJS
.	.
I	PRP
still	RB
had	VBD
the	DT
lingering	VBG
thoughts	NNS
and	CC
urges	VBZ
...	:
the	DT
deep	JJ
pits	NNS
where	WRB
people	NNS
fall	VBP
prey	NN
to	TO
the	DT
disorder	NN
when	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
vulnerable	JJ
.	.
In	IN
facing	VBG
illness	NN
of	IN
a	DT
different	JJ
sort	NN
,	,
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
see	VB
my	PRP$
life	NN
in	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
light	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
relationship	NN
with	IN
a	DT
higher	JJR
power	NN
strengthened	VBD
and	CC
I	PRP
found	VBD
the	DT
will	NN
,	,
desire	NN
,	,
and	CC
energy	NN
to	TO
discover	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
way	NN
of	IN
living	NN
and	CC
being	VBG
.	.
Do	VBP
I	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
one	CD
must	MD
have	VB
an	DT
encounter	NN
with	IN
death	NN
or	CC
life-threatening	JJ
crisis	NN
to	TO
choose	VB
recovery	NN
...	:
most	RBS
definitely	RB
not	RB
!	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
each	DT
given	VBN
challenges	NNS
and	CC
circumstances	NNS
that	WDT
encourage	VBP
us	PRP
to	TO
find	VB
new	JJ
meaning	NN
and	CC
to	TO
discover	VB
recovery	NN
.	.
I	PRP
truly	RB
believe	VBP
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
single	JJ
road	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
.	.
Recovery	NN
is	VBZ
about	IN
listening	VBG
to	TO
our	PRP$
true	JJ
inner	JJ
self	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
discovering	VBG
what	WP
meaning	VBG
our	PRP$
eating	NN
disorder	NN
holds	VBZ
in	IN
our	PRP$
lives	NNS
,	,
and	CC
about	IN
finding	VBG
the	DT
methods	NNS
necessary	JJ
to	TO
transform	VB
our	PRP$
lives	NNS
from	IN
chaos	NN
and	CC
destruction	NN
to	TO
healthy	JJ
living	NN
.	.
The	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
aspect	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
that	IN
all	DT
too	RB
often	RB
people	NNS
forget	VB
about	IN
...	:
.	.
is	VBZ
that	IN
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
about	IN
becoming	VBG
whole	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
about	IN
embracing	VBG
ourselves	PRP
fully	RB
and	CC
completely	RB
and	CC
accepting	VBG
the	DT
person	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
are	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
view	VBP
recovery	NN
as	IN
the	DT
fiostering	NN
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
and	CC
healthy	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
our	PRP$
inner	JJ
most	RBS
self	NN
.	.
The	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
aspect	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
recovery	NN
was	VBD
simply	RB
``	``
letting	VBG
go	VB
''	''
.	.
Letting	VBG
go	NN
of	IN
judgement	NN
,	,
letting	VBG
go	NN
of	IN
the	DT
past	NN
,	,
letting	VBG
go	NN
of	IN
old	JJ
beliefs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
discovering	VBG
the	DT
person	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
really	RB
was	VBD
inside	RB
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
spent	VBN
many	JJ
a	DT
year	NN
being	VBG
a	DT
perfectionist	NN
at	IN
heart	NN
so	RB
this	DT
task	NN
was	VBD
quite	RB
the	DT
challenge	NN
and	CC
took	VBD
time	NN
toget	JJ
accustomed	VBN
to	TO
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
always	RB
been	VBN
driven	VBN
to	TO
succeed	VB
,	,
to	TO
accomplish	VB
...	:
so	IN
the	DT
idea	NN
of	IN
just	RB
being	VBG
and	CC
being	VBG
okay	JJ
with	IN
that	DT
was	VBD
something	NN
foreign	JJ
to	TO
me	PRP
.	.
Developing	VBG
a	DT
relationship	NN
with	IN
my	PRP$
inner	JJ
most	RBS
self	NN
helped	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
better	JJR
understand	VB
where	WRB
I	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
and	CC
where	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
going	VBG
in	IN
life	NN
.	.
Over	IN
time	NN
as	IN
I	PRP
let	VBP
go	VB
of	IN
self-criticism	NN
and	CC
self-judgement	NN
and	CC
just	RB
accepting	VBG
things	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
,	,
I	PRP
found	VBD
that	IN
my	PRP$
relationship	NN
with	IN
myself	PRP
took	VBD
on	RP
a	DT
whole	JJ
new	JJ
light	NN
.	.
Without	IN
judgment	NN
and	CC
self-incrimination	NN
,	,
game-playing	NN
became	VBD
obsolete	JJ
and	CC
disappeared	VBD
over	IN
time	NN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
recovered	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
years	NNS
now	RB
and	CC
have	VBP
discovered	VBN
a	DT
whole	JJ
new	JJ
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
reached	VBN
a	DT
point	NN
where	WRB
I	PRP
rarely	RB
think	VBP
about	IN
the	DT
days	NNS
of	IN
when	WRB
I	PRP
had	VBD
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
...	:
...	:
weight	NN
is	VBZ
just	RB
another	DT
aspect	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
being	VBG
and	CC
carries	VBZ
no	DT
significant	JJ
meaning	NN
...	:
.	.
.	.
food	NN
is	VBZ
something	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
truly	RB
enjoy	VBP
and	CC
see	VBP
for	IN
what	WP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
...	:
.	.
.	.
and	CC
life	NN
is	VBZ
living	VBG
each	DT
moment	NN
for	IN
what	WP
it	PRP
's	VBZ
worth	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
no	RB
longer	RB
harbor	VB
the	DT
deep	JJ
``	``
what	WP
if	IN
's	POS
''	''
.	.
No	RB
longer	RBR
do	VBP
I	PRP
worry	VBP
relentlessly	RB
and	CC
get	VB
stuck	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
mindful	JJ
of	IN
nonsensical	JJ
thought	NN
loops	NNS
.	.
Life	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
perfect	JJ
...	:
and	CC
fortunately	RB
it	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
meant	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
can	MD
accept	VB
the	DT
little	JJ
challenges	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
thrown	VBN
my	PRP$
way	NN
and	CC
not	RB
dwell	VB
on	IN
them	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
in	IN
doing	VBG
so	RB
push	VB
myself	PRP
into	IN
an	DT
emotional	JJ
crisis	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
from	IN
the	DT
time	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
about	RB
13	CD
to	TO
about	IN
age	NN
22	CD
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
the	DT
usual	JJ
controlling	VBG
family	NN
situation	NN
but	CC
there	EX
were	VBD
other	JJ
situations	NNS
that	WDT
lead	VBP
to	TO
intense	JJ
hatred	NN
about	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
In	IN
5th	JJ
grade	NN
,	,
I	PRP
had	VBD
developed	VBN
more	RBR
than	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
my	PRP$
friends	NNS
.	.
One	CD
so	RB
called	VBN
friend	NN
decided	VBD
to	TO
tell	VB
everyone	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
gotten	VBN
my	PRP$
period	NN
and	CC
to	TO
use	VB
it	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
reason	NN
to	TO
torment	VB
me	PRP
.	.
From	IN
April	NNP
until	IN
June	NNP
,	,
everyday	JJ
I	PRP
would	MD
sit	VB
in	IN
the	DT
back	NN
of	IN
the	DT
classroom	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
tampons	NNS
thrown	VBN
at	IN
me	PRP
from	IN
a	DT
group	NN
of	IN
five	CD
girls	NNS
and	CC
even	RB
some	DT
guys	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
would	MD
talk	VB
about	IN
my	PRP$
developed	JJ
breasts	NNS
,	,
the	DT
hair	NN
on	IN
my	PRP$
legs	NNS
,	,
anything	NN
negative	JJ
they	PRP
could	MD
think	VB
of	IN
.	.
The	DT
teachers	NNS
saw	VBD
it	PRP
and	CC
did	VBD
nothing	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
afraid	JJ
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
because	IN
I	PRP
thought	VBD
they	PRP
would	MD
think	VB
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
failure	NN
.	.
The	DT
teasing	VBG
finally	RB
did	VBD
stop	VB
but	CC
I	PRP
spent	VBD
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
year	NN
walking	VBG
on	IN
eggshells	NNS
waiting	VBG
for	IN
it	PRP
to	TO
start	VB
again	RB
.	.
About	IN
two	CD
years	NNS
after	IN
this	DT
,	,
I	PRP
gained	VBD
weight	NN
just	RB
from	IN
metabolism	NN
changes	NNS
during	IN
puberty	NN
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
notice	VB
until	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
getting	VBG
ice	NN
cream	NN
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
freezer	NN
one	CD
day	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
father	NN
said	VBD
I	PRP
should	MD
n't	RB
eat	VB
it	PRP
because	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
gaining	VBG
weight	NN
.	.
That	DT
was	VBD
the	DT
day	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
first	JJ
diet	NN
.	.
I	PRP
lost	VBD
the	DT
weight	NN
in	IN
a	DT
pretty	RB
healthy	JJ
way	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
loved	VBD
the	DT
attention	NN
.	.
I	PRP
went	VBD
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
junk	NN
food	NN
though	IN
and	CC
soon	RB
gained	VBD
it	PRP
back	RB
.	.
I	PRP
went	VBD
up	RB
,	,
down	RB
,	,
up	RB
,	,
down	RB
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
I	PRP
tried	VBD
to	TO
stop	VB
eating	VBG
but	CC
could	MD
n't	RB
lose	VB
weight	NN
that	DT
way	NN
because	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
had	VBD
shut	VBN
down	RB
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
n't	RB
tried	VBN
throwing	VBG
up	RP
or	CC
using	VBG
laxatives	NNS
or	CC
diuretics	NNS
until	IN
after	IN
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
brought	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
a	DT
specialist	NN
for	IN
endocrinology	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
glands	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
see	VB
if	IN
something	NN
was	VBD
wrong	JJ
with	IN
my	PRP$
thyroid	NN
.	.
The	DT
doctor	NN
said	VBD
nothing	NN
was	VBD
-LRB-	-LRB-
he	PRP
has	VBZ
since	IN
been	VBN
proven	VBN
wrong	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
referred	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
a	DT
nutritionist	NN
.	.
He	PRP
failed	VBD
to	TO
notice	VB
that	IN
a	DT
15	CD
year	NN
old	JJ
girl	NN
was	VBD
crying	VBG
in	IN
his	PRP$
office	NN
because	IN
she	PRP
though	IN
she	PRP
was	VBD
overweight	JJ
when	WRB
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
she	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
.	.
To	TO
make	VB
a	DT
long	JJ
story	NN
short	RB
,	,
at	IN
16	CD
,	,
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
throwing	VBG
up	RP
three	CD
times	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
.	.
I	PRP
got	VBD
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
a	DT
therapist	NN
from	IN
our	PRP$
pediatrician	NN
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
even	RB
tell	VB
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
an	DT
angel	NN
.	.
I	PRP
worked	VBD
extremely	RB
hard	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
five	CD
or	CC
so	RB
years	NNS
and	CC
got	VBD
much	RB
better	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
feel	VB
100	CD
%	NN
better	JJR
though	IN
until	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
diagnosed	VBN
with	IN
chemical	NN
depression	NN
and	CC
started	VBD
on	IN
medication	NN
.	.
I	PRP
found	VBD
out	RP
that	IN
a	DT
chemical	NN
imbalance	NN
had	VBD
been	VBN
causing	VBG
my	PRP$
sugar	NN
cravings	NNS
and	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
thin	JJ
but	CC
healthy	JJ
weight	NN
ever	RB
since	IN
,	,
even	RB
through	IN
the	DT
birth	NN
of	IN
two	CD
children	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
therapy	NN
worked	VBD
because	IN
it	PRP
got	VBD
me	PRP
in	IN
touch	NN
with	IN
who	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
,	,
what	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
feeling	NN
and	CC
what	WP
I	PRP
want	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
always	RB
had	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
what	WP
others	NNS
wanted	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
and	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
never	RB
acceptable	JJ
to	TO
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
continue	VBP
to	TO
take	VB
my	PRP$
medication	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
been	VBN
recovered	VBN
for	IN
over	IN
12	CD
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
went	VBD
on	IN
to	TO
receive	VB
my	PRP$
master	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
in	IN
counseling	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
now	RB
a	DT
therapist	NN
helping	VBG
others	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
so	RB
happy	JJ
to	TO
say	VB
that	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
I	PRP
am	VBP
working	VBG
with	IN
are	VBP
really	RB
getting	VBG
better	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
gift	NN
from	IN
God	NNP
because	IN
it	PRP
made	VBD
me	PRP
realize	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
change	VB
my	PRP$
life	NN
or	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
die	VB
.	.
It	PRP
made	VBD
me	PRP
hurt	VBD
enough	RB
to	TO
get	VB
into	IN
therapy	NN
and	CC
face	NN
my	PRP$
fears	NNS
and	CC
become	VB
my	PRP$
true	JJ
self	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
worth	JJ
every	DT
difficult	JJ
moment	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
even	RB
sure	JJ
where	WRB
the	DT
weight	NN
problem	NN
began	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
many	JJ
memories	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
childhood	NN
,	,
so	IN
I	PRP
actually	RB
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
many	JJ
memories	NNS
of	IN
sneaking	VBG
food	NN
and	CC
eating	VBG
it	PRP
in	IN
private	JJ
.	.
Nor	CC
do	VBP
I	PRP
have	VBP
any	DT
memories	NNS
of	IN
stealing	VBG
food	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
at	IN
a	DT
young	JJ
age	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
anything	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
remember	VB
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
rewarding	JJ
me	PRP
with	IN
food	NN
?	.
Is	VBZ
that	IN
where	WRB
it	PRP
began	VBD
?	.
All	DT
I	PRP
can	MD
really	RB
tell	VB
you	PRP
is	VBZ
that	IN
my	PRP$
school	NN
pic	NN
from	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
six	CD
has	VBZ
me	PRP
skinny	NN
,	,
the	DT
one	CD
at	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
seven	CD
I	PRP
'm	VBP
obese	JJ
for	IN
such	JJ
a	DT
little	JJ
thing	NN
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
take	VB
tap	VB
dancing	NN
lessons	NNS
--	:
IF	IN
I	PRP
lost	VBD
weight	NN
.	.
The	DT
feeling	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
got	VBD
was	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
worthless	JJ
because	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
fat	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
useless	JJ
and	CC
would	MD
amount	VB
to	TO
anything	NN
.	.
It	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
help	VB
that	IN
my	PRP$
mother	NN
mainly	RB
agreed	VBD
with	IN
my	PRP$
father	NN
,	,
so	IN
I	PRP
carried	VBD
all	DT
of	IN
this	DT
garbage	NN
around	IN
with	IN
me	PRP
for	IN
years	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
childhood	NN
years	NNS
were	VBD
rough	JJ
.	.
The	DT
other	JJ
kids	NNS
did	VBD
n't	RB
like	VB
me	PRP
,	,
teachers	NNS
thought	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
pest	NN
,	,
and	CC
according	VBG
to	TO
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
I	PRP
was	VBD
useless	JJ
.	.
Those	DT
years	NNS
actually	RB
do	VBP
n't	RB
hold	VB
many	JJ
memories	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
simply	RB
not	RB
strong	JJ
enough	RB
to	TO
face	VB
them	PRP
.	.
Even	RB
my	PRP$
junior	NN
high	JJ
years	NNS
were	VBD
rough	JJ
.	.
As	IN
were	VBD
my	PRP$
high	JJ
school	NN
years	NNS
.	.
The	DT
one	CD
thing	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
regret	VBP
to	TO
this	DT
day	NN
was	VBD
NOT	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
my	PRP$
high	JJ
school	NN
prom	NN
.	.
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
too	RB
fat	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
dress	NN
.	.
No	DT
one	NN
asked	VBD
me	PRP
.	.
Even	RB
my	PRP$
best	JJS
friend	NN
of	IN
three	CD
years	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
did	VBD
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
take	VB
me	PRP
.	.
Either	CC
did	VBD
two	CD
other	JJ
guys	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
asked	VBD
.	.
The	DT
treatment	NN
from	IN
these	DT
so-called	JJ
``	``
friends	NNS
''	''
only	RB
added	VBD
to	TO
my	PRP$
hatred	NN
of	IN
men	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
myself	PRP
convinced	VBD
that	IN
all	DT
men	NNS
are	VBP
evil	JJ
.	.
By	IN
the	DT
time	NN
I	PRP
went	VBD
to	TO
college	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
lost	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
a	DT
program	NN
at	IN
school	NN
because	IN
I	PRP
thought	VBD
it	PRP
was	VBD
something	NN
that	IN
fat	JJ
people	NNS
should	MD
do	VB
.	.
There	EX
were	VBD
only	RB
girls	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
class	NN
,	,
no	DT
guys	NNS
.	.
This	DT
suited	VBD
me	PRP
fine	JJ
,	,
since	IN
men	NNS
were	VBD
assholes	NNS
anyway	RB
.	.
In	IN
my	PRP$
second	JJ
semester	NN
of	IN
college	NN
,	,
I	PRP
discovered	VBD
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
Class	NN
was	VBD
no	RB
longer	RB
fun	NN
,	,
chatting	VBG
was	VBD
a	DT
lot	NN
more	JJR
fun	NN
.	.
Guys	NNS
would	MD
talk	VB
to	TO
me	PRP
over	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
:	:
-RRB-	-RRB-
I	PRP
started	VBD
skipping	VBG
class	NN
to	TO
go	VB
online	NN
.	.
But	CC
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
more	RBR
fun	NN
than	IN
real	JJ
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
go	VB
back	RB
to	TO
classes	NNS
the	DT
second	JJ
year	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
needed	VBD
to	TO
.	.
I	PRP
needed	VBD
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
school	NN
so	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
get	VB
a	DT
loan	NN
for	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
.	.
Once	RB
I	PRP
got	VBD
a	DT
loan	NN
for	IN
my	PRP$
computer	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
chat	VB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
time	NN
--	:
and	CC
I	PRP
mean	VBP
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
time	NN
.	.
I	PRP
never	RB
seen	VBN
my	PRP$
friends	NNS
--	:
hated	VBD
them	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
care	VB
about	IN
school	NN
--	:
did	VBD
n't	RB
care	VB
about	IN
that	DT
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
October	NNP
of	IN
'98	CD
when	WRB
I	PRP
met	VBD
a	DT
guy	NN
online	NN
who	WP
ended	VBD
up	RP
being	VBG
the	DT
biggest	JJS
piece	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
to	TO
me	PRP
as	IN
of	IN
yet	RB
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
convinced	VBN
he	PRP
was	VBD
``	``
evil	JJ
''	''
as	IN
all	DT
men	NNS
are	VBP
,	,
you	PRP
know	VBP
?	.
But	CC
SOMETHING	NNP
in	IN
him	PRP
allowed	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
start	VB
talking	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
tell	VB
him	PRP
all	DT
kinds	NNS
of	IN
thing	NN
--	:
and	CC
know	VB
what	WP
?	.
He	PRP
listened	VBD
.	.
He	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
make	VB
fun	NN
of	IN
me	PRP
,	,
my	PRP$
thoughts	NNS
,	,
or	CC
my	PRP$
feelings	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
was	VBD
there	RB
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
felt	VBD
depressed	JJ
,	,
no	DT
matter	NN
how	WRB
he	PRP
felt	VBD
,	,
he	PRP
always	RB
wanted	VBD
to	TO
know	VB
how	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
doing	VBG
,	,
what	WP
was	VBD
going	VBG
on	IN
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
told	VBD
him	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
thought	VBD
it	PRP
was	VBD
time	NN
I	PRP
seen	VBD
a	DT
therapist	NN
,	,
he	PRP
supported	VBD
me	PRP
100	CD
%	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
actually	RB
,	,
he	PRP
made	VBD
me	PRP
promise	VBP
him	PRP
and	CC
he	PRP
more	JJR
than	IN
likely	JJ
knew	VBD
damn	RB
well	RB
I	PRP
'd	MD
never	RB
break	VB
a	DT
promise	NN
to	TO
him	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
But	CC
more	RBR
than	IN
anything	NN
,	,
he	PRP
started	VBD
to	TO
restore	VB
my	PRP$
faith	NN
in	IN
men	NNS
.	.
SO	RB
confident	JJ
that	IN
after	IN
two	CD
months	NNS
of	IN
therapy	NN
,	,
I	PRP
said	VBD
goodbye	NN
to	TO
her	PRP$
never	RB
intending	VBG
to	TO
return	VB
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
recovered	VBN
,	,
right	RB
?	.
I	PRP
completely	RB
fell	VBD
apart	RB
in	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
two	CD
months	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
past	JJ
and	CC
present	JJ
were	VBD
colliding	VBG
at	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
force	NN
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
keep	VB
up	RP
with	IN
one	CD
emotion	NN
before	IN
another	DT
would	MD
hit	VB
.	.
Going	VBG
online	NN
did	VBD
n't	RB
even	RB
help	VB
at	IN
this	DT
point	NN
--	:
I	PRP
needed	VBD
the	DT
real	JJ
time	NN
stuff	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
needed	VBD
it	PRP
FAST	RB
.	.
I	PRP
went	VBD
back	RB
to	TO
her	PRP$
on	IN
May	NNP
31	CD
,	,
1999	CD
and	CC
I	PRP
consider	VBP
that	DT
day	NN
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
recovery	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
physical	JJ
health	NN
had	VBD
also	RB
fallen	VBN
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
stress	NN
.	.
I	PRP
went	VBD
through	IN
HELL	NN
with	IN
problems	NNS
with	IN
my	PRP$
bowels	NNS
for	IN
six	CD
months	NNS
and	CC
felt	VBD
miserable	JJ
most	RBS
days	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
avoided	VBD
a	DT
doctor	NN
,	,
because	IN
I	PRP
honestly	RB
did	VBD
n't	RB
want	VB
the	DT
attention	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
knew	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
would	MD
get	VB
.	.
I	PRP
eventually	RB
went	VBD
to	TO
see	VB
a	DT
doctor	NN
for	IN
it	PRP
and	CC
I	PRP
'm	VBP
happy	JJ
to	TO
say	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
n't	RB
had	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
much	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
trouble	NN
with	IN
my	PRP$
stomach	NN
since	IN
.	.
Life	NNP
these	DT
days	NNS
is	VBZ
great	JJ
.	.
Sure	RB
,	,
I	PRP
complain	VBP
every	DT
once	RB
in	IN
a	DT
while	NN
,	,
I	PRP
even	RB
get	VBP
depressed	VBN
at	IN
times	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
medicated	VBN
with	IN
Paxil	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
depression	NN
and	CC
mood	NN
swings	NNS
.	.
But	CC
these	DT
days	NNS
life	NN
is	VBZ
good	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
far	RB
ways	NNS
to	TO
go	VB
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
think	VBP
that	IN
to	TO
some	DT
degree	NN
I	PRP
HAVE	VBP
recovered	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
bulimic\/anorexic	JJ
from	IN
about	IN
age	NN
16	CD
to	TO
25	CD
.	.
Did	VBD
12	CD
steps	NNS
which	WDT
helped	VBD
me	PRP
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
spiritual	NN
,	,
and	CC
social	JJ
growth	NN
but	CC
got	VBD
worse	JJR
before	IN
I	PRP
got	VBD
better	JJR
.	.
Went	VBD
to	TO
Radar	NNP
Institute	NNP
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
25	CD
...	:
awesome	JJ
.	.
.	.
and	CC
really	RB
began	VBD
the	DT
physical	JJ
recovery	NN
from	IN
there	RB
.	.
My	PRP$
growth	NN
on	IN
all	DT
levels	NNS
continues	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
discipline	NN
of	IN
course	NN
,	,
but	CC
once	RB
ya	PRP
get	VB
the	DT
hang	VB
of	IN
it	PRP
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
just	RB
a	DT
way	NN
of	IN
life	NN
AND	CC
the	DT
fruits	NNS
of	IN
dignity	NN
and	CC
maturing	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
planet	NN
are	VBP
success	NN
no	DT
matter	NN
what	WDT
stage	NN
one	CD
is	VBZ
at	IN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
now	RB
39	CD
.	.
.	.
married	VBN
with	IN
2	CD
children	NNS
.	.
The	DT
qualities	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
feel	VBP
allowed	VBN
me	PRP
to	TO
succeed	VB
were	VBD
my	PRP$
willingness	NN
to	TO
change	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
neverending	VBG
process	NN
!	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
&	CC
being	VBG
openminded	VBN
,	,
patience	NN
for	IN
myself	PRP
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
growing	VBG
relationship	NN
with	IN
God	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
repsectful	NN
of	IN
where	WRB
each	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
at	IN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
there	EX
myself	PRP
,	,
but	CC
maintain	VBP
that	IN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
heal	VB
and	CC
grow	VB
,	,
we	PRP
must	MD
step	VB
into	IN
uncomfortable	JJ
and	CC
unkown	JJ
territory	NN
and	CC
accept	VB
that	DT
quite	RB
often	RB
we	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
know	VB
what	WP
was	VBD
best	JJS
for	IN
ourselves	PRP
,	,
which	WDT
got	VBD
us	PRP
there	RB
in	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
place	NN
!	.
With	IN
recovery	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
find	VB
more	RBR
and	CC
more	RBR
your	PRP$
own	JJ
fine	JJ
tuning	NN
or	CC
thermostat	NN
so	RB
to	TO
speak	VB
,	,
for	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
particular	JJ
path	NN
and	CC
timing	NN
.	.
I	PRP
ate	VBD
compulsively	RB
from	IN
a	DT
very	RB
early	JJ
age	NN
but	CC
did	VBD
n't	RB
really	RB
realize	VB
it	PRP
until	IN
my	PRP$
first	JJ
diet	NN
``	``
failure	NN
''	''
in	IN
my	PRP$
early	JJ
twenties	NNS
.	.
Being	VBG
BIG	NNP
was	VBD
how	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
,	,
and	CC
needed	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
simply	RB
to	TO
exist	VB
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
child	NN
,	,
rewards	NNS
and	CC
consolations	NNS
were	VBD
administered	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
food	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
no	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
eight	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
when	WRB
a	DT
nun	NN
at	IN
my	PRP$
boarding-school	NN
pointed	VBD
out	RP
to	TO
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
well	RB
on	IN
the	DT
way	NN
to	TO
obesity	NN
.	.
This	DT
was	VBD
the	DT
start	NN
of	IN
a	DT
battle	NN
of	IN
wills	NNS
with	IN
my	PRP$
mother	NN
,	,
who	WP
considered	VBD
anything	NN
vaguely	RB
fat	JJ
as	IN
ill-disciplined	JJ
at	IN
best	JJS
,	,
disgusting	VBG
at	IN
worst	JJS
.	.
Although	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
bright	JJ
child	NN
and	CC
got	VBD
good	JJ
marks	NNS
at	IN
school	NN
,	,
somehow	RB
my	PRP$
excessive	JJ
weight	NN
would	MD
,	,
in	IN
her	PRP$
eyes	NNS
,	,
overshadow	VB
everything	NN
else	RB
.	.
Being	VBG
at	IN
boarding-school	NN
made	VBD
it	PRP
easier	JJR
to	TO
indulge	VB
in	IN
excessive	JJ
food	NN
intake	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
remember	VBP
the	DT
numerous	JJ
escapades	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
wall	NN
to	TO
the	DT
village	NN
shop	NN
with	IN
much	JJ
amusement	NN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
I	PRP
dreaded	VBD
coming	VBG
home	NN
to	TO
face	VB
the	DT
scales	NNS
...	:
The	DT
weigh-in	NN
ordeals	NNS
made	VBD
me	PRP
feel	VB
worthless	JJ
and	CC
humiliated	JJ
,	,
and	CC
my	PRP$
mother	NN
would	MD
not	RB
hide	VB
her	PRP$
disgust	NN
at	IN
having	VBG
to	TO
buy	VB
larger	JJR
clothes	NNS
for	IN
me	PRP
every	DT
couple	NN
of	IN
months	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
turned	VBD
sixteen	CD
,	,
I	PRP
started	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
day	NN
school	NN
and	CC
found	VBD
myself	PRP
stealing	VBG
food	NN
from	IN
shops	NNS
,	,
money	NN
from	IN
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
,	,
their	PRP$
friends	NNS
,	,
my	PRP$
friends	NNS
and	CC
fellow	JJ
students	NNS
just	RB
to	TO
buy	VB
food	NN
.	.
The	DT
scale	NN
episodes	NNS
continued	VBD
weekly	JJ
,	,
as	IN
did	VBD
the	DT
disgust	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
school	NN
work	NN
deteriorated	VBN
and	CC
I	PRP
barely	RB
did	VBD
enough	RB
to	TO
pass	VB
my	PRP$
exams	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
found	VBD
a	DT
job	NN
and	CC
left	VBD
home	NN
at	IN
eighteen	CD
:	:
funnily	RB
enough	RB
,	,
the	DT
compulsion	NN
died	VBD
down	RP
for	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
months	NNS
and	CC
I	PRP
got	VBD
the	DT
weight	NN
under	IN
control	NN
,	,
but	CC
when	WRB
I	PRP
moved	VBD
from	IN
an	DT
active	JJ
job	NN
to	TO
a	DT
more	RBR
sedentary	JJ
one	CD
,	,
all	DT
control	NN
went	VBD
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
window	NN
.	.
At	IN
this	DT
time	NN
I	PRP
met	VBD
my	PRP$
husband	NN
and	CC
started	VBD
my	PRP$
first	JJ
real	JJ
diet	NN
with	IN
WW	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
lost	VBD
almost	RB
all	PDT
the	DT
weight	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
lose	VB
,	,
then	RB
one	CD
day	NN
I	PRP
``	``
saw	VBD
''	''
myself	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
mirror	NN
and	CC
did	VBD
n't	RB
recognize	VB
myself	PRP
.	.
Needless	JJ
to	TO
say	VB
,	,
I	PRP
stuffed	VBD
myself	PRP
until	IN
everything	NN
was	VBD
back	RB
on	IN
again	RB
.	.
I	PRP
felt	VBD
a	DT
total	JJ
failure	NN
,	,
but	CC
started	VBD
to	TO
become	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
my	PRP$
compulsive	JJ
eating	NN
habits	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
admit	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
anyone	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
shame	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
simply	RB
over-indulged	JJ
in	IN
private	JJ
well	RB
beyond	IN
the	DT
point	NN
of	IN
physical	JJ
discomfort	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
weight	NN
gradually	RB
climbed	VBD
to	TO
scary	JJ
heights	NNS
and	CC
,	,
after	IN
eleven	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
marriage	NN
,	,
I	PRP
left	VBD
my	PRP$
husband	NN
because	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
cope	VB
with	IN
him	PRP
being	VBG
happy	JJ
while	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
miserable	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
not	RB
believe	VB
that	IN
he	PRP
loved	VBD
me	PRP
,	,
since	IN
I	PRP
hated	VBD
myself	PRP
so	RB
much	RB
.	.
My	PRP$
second	JJ
WW	NNP
diet	NN
followed	VBD
,	,
but	CC
by	IN
this	DT
time	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
so	RB
much	JJ
to	TO
lose	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
hang	VB
on	IN
,	,
and	CC
of	IN
course	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
facing	VBG
up	RP
to	TO
the	DT
root	NN
of	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
.	.
The	DT
following	JJ
year	NN
I	PRP
became	VBD
very	RB
ill	JJ
:	:
my	PRP$
bowel	NN
packed	VBD
up	RP
,	,
I	PRP
developed	VBD
stomach	NN
ulcers	NNS
,	,
my	PRP$
thyroid	JJ
self-destructed	VBD
and	CC
my	PRP$
gall-bladder	NN
decided	VBD
it	PRP
was	VBD
time	NN
to	TO
bail	VB
out	RP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
depressed	JJ
that	IN
,	,
by	IN
that	DT
time	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
over-eating	VBG
more	JJR
than	IN
ever	RB
,	,
piling	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
weight	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
but	CC
of	IN
course	NN
with	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
health	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
had	VBD
such	JJ
a	DT
good	JJ
excuse	NN
...	:
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
finally	RB
feeling	VBG
totally	RB
and	CC
utterly	RB
suicidal	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
stayed	VBN
on	IN
very	RB
good	JJ
terms	NNS
with	IN
my	PRP$
husband	NN
and	CC
when	WRB
I	PRP
hit	VBD
rock-bottom	NN
in	IN
nineteen	NN
ninety	CD
eight	CD
,	,
I	PRP
shared	VBD
my	PRP$
shameful	JJ
secret	NN
with	IN
him	PRP
for	IN
the	DT
very	RB
first	JJ
time	NN
.	.
The	DT
relief	NN
was	VBD
indescribable	JJ
,	,
his	PRP$
reaction	NN
neutral	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
careful	JJ
man	NN
my	PRP$
husband	NN
-	:
always	RB
trying	VBG
not	RB
to	TO
say	VB
the	DT
wrong	JJ
thing	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
finally	RB
started	VBD
thinking	VBG
about	IN
getting	VBG
help	NN
.	.
At	IN
this	DT
stage	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
way	NN
beyond	IN
comfortable	JJ
physically	RB
,	,
but	CC
found	VBD
little	JJ
understanding	NN
from	IN
doctors	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
Europe	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
really	RB
up	IN
to	TO
speed	VB
on	RP
EDs	NNS
in	IN
general	JJ
,	,
even	RB
less	RBR
so	RB
on	IN
CED	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
My	PRP$
younger	JJR
sister	NN
had	VBD
started	VBN
a	DT
weight	NN
loss	NN
and	CC
control	NN
program	NN
at	IN
that	DT
time	NN
so	IN
I	PRP
went	VBD
to	TO
my	PRP$
own	JJ
GP	NNP
and	CC
said	VBD
``	``
this	DT
is	VBZ
what	WP
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
do	VB
,	,
give	VB
me	PRP
the	DT
prescriptions	NNS
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
give	VB
me	PRP
a	DT
referral	NN
to	TO
a	DT
therapist	NN
because	IN
I	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
,	,
at	IN
some	DT
stage	NN
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
hit	VB
a	DT
bad	JJ
CED	NNP
period	NN
again	RB
''	''
.	.
My	PRP$
GP	NNP
prescribed	VBD
the	DT
weight	NN
loss	NN
and	CC
control	NN
program	NN
and	CC
referred	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
a	DT
therapist	NN
who	WP
works	VBZ
with	IN
hypnotherapy	NN
.	.
Going	VBG
for	IN
therapy	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
novel	NN
and	CC
very	RB
uncomfortable	JJ
experience	NN
:	:
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
extremely	RB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
share	VB
all	PDT
those	DT
feelings	NNS
of	IN
rejection	NN
,	,
shame	NN
,	,
disgust	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
with	IN
anyone	NN
,	,
let	VB
alone	RB
a	DT
complete	JJ
stranger	NN
...	:
I	PRP
started	VBD
the	DT
weight	NN
control	NN
program	NN
ten	CD
months	NNS
ago	RB
and	CC
have	VB
shed	VBN
half	DT
my	PRP$
body	NN
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
in	IN
therapy	NN
for	IN
seven	CD
months	NNS
now	RB
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
compulsion	NN
to	TO
eat	VB
is	VBZ
still	RB
there	RB
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
learning	VBG
to	TO
live	VB
with	IN
it	PRP
:	:
as	IN
the	DT
therapist	NN
points	VBZ
out	RP
,	,
I	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
feeling	VBG
the	DT
compulsion	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
responsible	JJ
for	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
put	VBP
in	IN
my	PRP$
mouth	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
considered	VBN
easy-going	JJ
,	,
since	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
friendly	JJ
and	CC
amenable	JJ
in	IN
public	JJ
,	,
almost	RB
apologetic	JJ
for	IN
existing	VBG
at	IN
all	DT
and	CC
fearful	JJ
of	IN
even	RB
vaguely	RB
offending	VBG
anyone	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
totally	RB
unable	JJ
to	TO
say	VB
no	DT
to	TO
any	DT
requests	NNS
for	IN
help	NN
,	,
however	RB
unreasonable	JJ
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
general	JJ
assumption	NN
was	VBD
``	``
Oh	UH
no	DT
problem	NN
,	,
Eva	NNP
will	MD
take	VB
care	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
invariably	RB
put	VBD
myself	PRP
down	RP
when	WRB
others	NNS
paid	VBD
me	PRP
compliments	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
deserve	VB
compliments	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
made	VBD
fun	NN
of	IN
myself	PRP
and	CC
my	PRP$
weight	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
so	RB
that	IN
others	NNS
would	MD
not	RB
make	VB
fun	NN
of	IN
me	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
beat	VB
myself	PRP
up	RP
every	DT
hour	NN
of	IN
every	DT
day	NN
with	IN
the	DT
mantra	NN
``	``
not	RB
good	JJ
enough	RB
...	:
not	RB
good	JJ
enough	RB
...	:
''	''
.	.
Out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
eye	NN
,	,
I	PRP
ate	VBD
anything	NN
and	CC
everything	NN
without	IN
hunger	NN
,	,
pleasure	NN
,	,
awareness	NN
even	RB
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
unhappy	JJ
,	,
depressed	JJ
,	,
scared	JJ
,	,
felt	VBD
unworthy	JJ
,	,
refused	VBD
my	PRP$
body	NN
,	,
lived	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
mantra	NN
``	``
when	WRB
I	PRP
'm	VBP
slim	JJ
I	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
happy	JJ
and	CC
I	PRP
will	MD
do	VB
everything	NN
I	PRP
want	VBP
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
locked	VBD
myself	PRP
in	IN
and	CC
vegetated	VBN
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
the	DT
TV	NN
,	,
hated	VBD
going	VBG
anywhere	RB
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
weight	NN
and	CC
people	NNS
's	POS
reaction	NN
to	TO
it	PRP
,	,
did	VBD
nothing	NN
and	CC
went	VBD
nowhere	RB
.	.
The	DT
bigger	JJR
I	PRP
got	VBD
,	,
the	DT
smaller	JJR
I	PRP
felt	VBD
inside	RB
.	.
I	PRP
let	VBP
people	NNS
treat	VB
me	PRP
like	IN
a	DT
doormat	NN
and	CC
treated	VBD
myself	PRP
like	IN
a	DT
garbage	NN
can	MD
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
learning	VBG
to	TO
stand	VB
up	RP
for	IN
myself	PRP
,	,
realizing	VBG
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
RIGHT	NNP
to	TO
exist	VB
,	,
to	TO
my	PRP$
own	JJ
space	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
own	JJ
time	NN
,	,
to	TO
say	VB
no	UH
,	,
to	TO
say	VB
what	WP
I	PRP
think	VBP
and	CC
feel	VBP
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
all	DT
,	,
that	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
OK	JJ
to	TO
feel	VB
and	CC
express	VB
anger	NN
,	,
hurt	NN
,	,
frustration	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
learning	VBG
to	TO
live	VB
with	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
too	RB
-	:
imagine	VB
the	DT
challenge	NN
of	IN
getting	VBG
up	RP
every	DT
morning	NN
to	TO
face	VB
a	DT
full-length	JJ
mirror	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
have	VBP
avoided	VBN
mirrors	VBZ
like	IN
the	DT
plague	VB
all	DT
my	PRP$
life	NN
...	:
but	CC
that	IN
reflection	NN
is	VBZ
me	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
OK	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
happy	JJ
with	IN
it	PRP
-	:
it	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
because	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
is	VBZ
smaller	JJR
that	IN
I	PRP
exist	VBP
less	JJR
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
I	PRP
binged	VBD
was	VBD
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
second	JJ
grade	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
never	RB
thought	VBD
much	RB
about	IN
it	PRP
.	.
From	IN
that	DT
point	NN
on	IN
my	PRP$
days	NNS
depended	VBD
on	IN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
hoping	VBG
it	PRP
would	MD
magically	RB
go	VB
away	RB
but	CC
I	PRP
kept	VBD
putting	VBG
on	RP
more	JJR
weight	NN
.	.
In	IN
middle	JJ
school	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
continuously	RB
ridiculed	VBN
by	IN
my	PRP$
classmates	NNS
and	CC
even	RB
my	PRP$
own	JJ
sister	NN
at	IN
times	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
come	VB
home	NN
and	CC
drown	VB
my	PRP$
self	NN
in	IN
food	NN
and	CC
then	RB
try	VB
and	CC
figure	VB
out	RP
how	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
lose	VB
the	DT
weight	NN
the	DT
next	JJ
day	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
in	IN
eighth	JJ
grade	NN
I	PRP
started	VBD
to	TO
rollerblade	VB
and	CC
lost	VBD
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
not	RB
believe	VB
how	WRB
much	JJ
praise	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
getting	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
got	VBD
such	PDT
a	DT
high	JJ
off	IN
of	IN
the	DT
comments	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
continued	VBD
to	TO
lose	VB
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
picked	VBD
up	RP
a	DT
diet	NN
book	NN
and	CC
treated	VBD
it	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
bible	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
entering	VBG
a	DT
new	JJ
high	JJ
school	NN
and	CC
this	DT
was	VBD
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
only	JJ
things	NNS
I	PRP
could	MD
depend	VB
on	IN
.	.
I	PRP
ended	VBD
up	RP
losing	VBG
about	IN
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
weight	NN
.	.
Although	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
go	VB
into	IN
a	DT
hospital	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
very	RB
sick	JJ
.	.
Actually	RB
I	PRP
almost	RB
wish	VBP
they	PRP
had	VBD
put	VBN
me	PRP
in	IN
program	NN
so	IN
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
gotten	VBN
help	NN
.	.
Slowly	RB
though	RB
,	,
I	PRP
started	VBD
to	TO
go	VB
back	RB
to	TO
my	PRP$
old	JJ
ways	NNS
and	CC
started	VBD
to	TO
binge	NN
eat	VB
again	RB
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
ashamed	JJ
of	IN
myself	PRP
.	.
This	DT
went	VBD
on	IN
until	IN
the	DT
summer	NN
before	IN
my	PRP$
sophomore	NN
year	NN
in	IN
college	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
through	IN
several	JJ
different	JJ
kinds	NNS
of	IN
therapies	NNS
but	CC
none	NN
of	IN
them	PRP
really	RB
helped	VBD
.	.
Then	RB
one	CD
day	NN
I	PRP
decided	VBD
I	PRP
needed	VBD
to	TO
try	VB
again	RB
.	.
I	PRP
picked	VBD
a	DT
name	NN
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
phone	NN
book	NN
and	CC
made	VBD
an	DT
appointment	NN
.	.
I	PRP
consider	VBP
that	DT
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
luckiest	JJS
days	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
Cary	NNP
changed	VBD
my	PRP$
life	NN
forever	RB
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
only	JJ
ones	NNS
that	WDT
could	MD
get	VB
me	PRP
to	TO
stop	VB
eating	VBG
.	.
We	PRP
dug	VBD
deep	RB
into	IN
why	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
eating	VBG
and	CC
I	PRP
really	RB
opened	VBD
up	RP
.	.
Now	RB
there	EX
are	VBP
still	RB
times	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
trouble	NN
but	CC
I	PRP
would	MD
call	VB
myself	PRP
a	DT
role	NN
model	NN
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
that	IN
one	CD
needs	VBZ
to	TO
really	RB
be	VB
ready	JJ
before	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
make	VB
a	DT
recovery	NN
and	CC
they	PRP
will	MD
know	VB
when	WRB
that	DT
time	NN
has	VBZ
arrived	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
made	VBN
some	DT
definite	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
and	CC
although	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
scary	JJ
times	NNS
I	PRP
know	VBP
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
okay	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
an	DT
ed	VBN
for	IN
seven	CD
or	CC
eight	CD
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
twenty	CD
now	RB
and	CC
trying	VBG
to	TO
figure	VB
out	RP
a	DT
world	NN
I	PRP
avoided	VBD
for	IN
a	DT
very	RB
long	JJ
time	NN
.	.
I	PRP
dreamt	VBD
of	IN
attention	NN
once	IN
I	PRP
got	VBD
really	RB
really	RB
thin	JJ
.	.
And	CC
my	PRP$
experiences	NNS
are	VBP
probably	RB
not	RB
so	RB
different	JJ
from	IN
other	JJ
people	NNS
with	IN
anorexia	NN
.	.
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
great	JJ
and	CC
special	JJ
and	CC
admired	VBN
.	.
Today	NN
I	NNP
look	VBP
at	IN
so	RB
many	JJ
girls	NNS
starving	VBG
themselves	PRP
and	CC
think	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
n't	RB
so	RB
special	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
write	VB
about	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
of	IN
not	RB
eating	VBG
and	CC
hourly	JJ
running	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
bathroom	NN
to	TO
weigh	VB
myself	PRP
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
n't	RB
as	RB
important	JJ
as	IN
where	WRB
I	PRP
am	VBP
now	RB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
recovering	VBG
from	IN
many	JJ
years	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
completely	RB
separate	JJ
world	NN
,	,
a	DT
dark	JJ
world	NN
controlled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
.	.
It	PRP
tells	VBZ
you	PRP
what	WP
to	TO
eat	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
actually	RB
what	WP
NOT	RB
to	TO
eat	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
calls	VBZ
you	PRP
names	NNS
and	CC
says	VBZ
you	PRP
are	VBP
fat	JJ
.	.
School	NNP
falls	VBZ
apart-it	JJ
just	RB
happens	VBZ
no	DT
matter	NN
how	WRB
hard	JJ
you	PRP
try	VBP
to	TO
Do	VB
It	PRP
All	DT
.	.
And	CC
you	PRP
get	VBP
to	TO
an	DT
unhealthy	JJ
weight	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
threatened	VBN
with	IN
being	VBG
admitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
hospital	NN
.	.
This	DT
may	MD
happen	VB
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
.	.
But	CC
nomatter	RB
what	WP
,	,
nomatter	JJ
how	WRB
sick	JJ
and	CC
wasted	VBN
away	RB
you	PRP
appear	VBP
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
never	RB
believe	VB
you	PRP
are	VBP
Sick	NNP
Enough	NNP
.	.
The	DT
perfect	JJ
weight	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
exist	VB
and	CC
the	DT
longer	RBR
you	PRP
live	VBP
this	DT
way	NN
,	,
the	DT
harder	JJR
it	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
find	VB
your	PRP$
way	NN
back	RB
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
write	VB
so	RB
much	JJ
and	CC
perhaps	RB
this	DT
is	VBZ
n't	RB
getting	VBG
my	PRP$
point	NN
across	IN
,	,
perhaps	RB
you	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
in	IN
a	DT
place	NN
to	TO
hear	VB
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
back	RB
at	IN
school	NN
,	,
working	VBG
towards	IN
a	DT
degree	NN
,	,
struggling	VBG
and	CC
sometimes	RB
slipping	VBG
backwards	RB
but	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
living	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
there	EX
will	MD
be	VB
good	JJ
days	NNS
that	WDT
follow	VBP
the	DT
really	RB
really	RB
bad	JJ
ones	NNS
.	.
And	CC
I	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
letting	VBG
the	DT
ed	VBN
take	VBP
control	NN
over	IN
me	PRP
again	RB
is	VBZ
a	DT
cop-out	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
finding	VBG
life	NN
to	TO
be	VB
hard	JJ
but	CC
interesting	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
take	VBP
little	JJ
steps	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
family	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
perfect	JJ
,	,
getting	VBG
sick	JJ
did	VBD
not	RB
bring	VB
them	PRP
any	DT
startling	JJ
revelations	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
a	DT
happy	JJ
ending	VBG
where	WRB
I	PRP
never	RB
think	VBP
about	IN
weight	NN
and	CC
feel	VB
so	RB
happy	JJ
and	CC
fulfilled	VBN
with	IN
life	NN
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
realistic	JJ
.	.
Recovering	VBG
is	VBZ
the	DT
hardest	JJS
thing	NN
I	PRP
will	MD
probably	RB
ever	RB
do	VB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
so	RB
much	RB
better	JJR
though	IN
,	,
than	IN
lying	VBG
in	IN
my	PRP$
bed	NN
watching	VBG
the	DT
world	NN
from	IN
afar	NN
,	,
being	VBG
very	RB
sad	JJ
,	,
losing	VBG
friends	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
it	PRP
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
statement	NN
.	.
That	DT
was	VBD
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
reasons	NNS
anyway	RB
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
prove	VB
any	DT
point	NN
,	,
not	RB
one	CD
worth	JJ
making	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
now	RB
though	RB
,	,
proof	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
completely	RB
helpless	JJ
and	CC
controlled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
voice	NN
telling	VBG
you	PRP
not	RB
to	TO
eat	VB
,	,
and	CC
proof	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
fight	VB
your	PRP$
way	NN
back	RB
.	.
SEVEN	CD
YEARS	NNS
,	,
seems	VBZ
like	IN
a	DT
lifetime	NN
ago	RB
.	.
But	CC
,	,
it	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
seven	CD
years	NNS
since	IN
I	PRP
stepped	VBD
into	IN
a	DT
therapist	NN
's	POS
office	NN
and	CC
began	VBD
my	PRP$
recovery	NN
from	IN
anorexia	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
story	NN
:	:
the	DT
one	CD
only	RB
I	PRP
can	MD
tell	VB
about	RB
because	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
the	DT
one	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
lived	VBN
it	PRP
.	.
My	PRP$
earliest	JJS
memory	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
disordered	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
food	NN
is	VBZ
around	IN
age	NN
10	CD
.	.
I	PRP
come	VBP
from	IN
a	DT
family	NN
structure	NN
where	WRB
food	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
emotions	NNS
and	CC
feelings	NNS
,	,
no	DT
matter	NN
how	WRB
happy	JJ
or	CC
sad	JJ
those	DT
emotions	NNS
were	VBD
.	.
Does	VBZ
this	DT
make	VB
my	PRP$
family	NN
abnormal	JJ
?	.
It	PRP
took	VBD
me	PRP
a	DT
long	JJ
time	NN
to	TO
realize	VB
it	PRP
,	,
but	CC
,	,
not	RB
in	IN
my	PRP$
eyes	NNS
it	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
.	.
If	IN
we	PRP
look	VBP
at	IN
our	PRP$
society	NN
as	IN
a	DT
whole	NN
,	,
food	NN
and	CC
coping	VBG
are	VBP
common	JJ
practices	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
when	WRB
food	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
harmful	JJ
tool	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
in	IN
my	PRP$
case	NN
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
behaviors	NNS
and	CC
attitudes	NNS
around	IN
food	NN
can	MD
have	VB
destructive	JJ
consequences	NNS
.	.
These	DT
destructive	JJ
consequences	NNS
stayed	VBD
with	IN
me	PRP
from	IN
childhood	NN
to	TO
young	JJ
adulthood	NN
.	.
Then	RB
in	IN
1993	CD
,	,
two	CD
miracles	NNS
happened	VBD
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
nieces	NNS
,	,
and	CC
all	PDT
the	DT
sudden	JJ
life	NN
took	VBD
on	RP
a	DT
whole	JJ
new	JJ
meaning	NN
.	.
The	DT
birth	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
two	CD
oldest	JJS
nieces	NNS
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
23	CD
made	VBD
me	PRP
realize	VB
how	WRB
sick	JJ
I	PRP
had	VBD
become	VBN
.	.
Now	RB
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
an	DT
Aunt	NNP
and	CC
had	VBD
a	DT
responsibility	NN
to	TO
these	DT
two	CD
wonderful	JJ
little	JJ
girls	NNS
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
the	DT
proud	JJ
``	``
Honorary	JJ
Auntie	NN
''	''
to	TO
nine	CD
nieces	NNS
and	CC
nephews	NNS
,	,
with	IN
number	NN
10	CD
on	IN
the	DT
way	NN
!	.
!	.
!	.
To	TO
have	VB
lived	VBN
to	TO
hear	VB
the	DT
words	NNS
,	,
''	''
I	PRP
love	VBP
you	PRP
Auntie	NNP
Dee	NNP
''	''
is	VBZ
the	DT
best	JJS
feeling	NN
at	IN
this	DT
stage	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
an	DT
unconditional	JJ
love	NN
I	PRP
never	RB
imagined	VBD
I	PRP
had	VBD
inside	IN
of	IN
me	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
seems	VBZ
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
always	RB
on	IN
a	DT
time	NN
line	NN
to	TO
measure	VB
life	NN
's	POS
successes	NNS
,	,
by	IN
this	DT
age	NN
and	CC
\/	NN
or	CC
stage	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
,	,
or	CC
have	VBP
or	CC
want	VBP
...	:
Goals	NNS
are	VBP
great	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
,	,
and	CC
reaching	VBG
for	IN
them	PRP
is	VBZ
admirable	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
my	PRP$
life\/goals	NNS
all	DT
planned	VBN
out	RP
for	IN
many	JJ
years	NNS
.	.
The	DT
funny	JJ
thing	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
none	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
turned	VBN
out	RP
as	IN
originally	RB
planned	VBN
.	.
For	IN
me	PRP
this	DT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
huge	JJ
adjustment	NN
.	.
Along	IN
the	DT
way	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
detoured	JJ
life	NN
I	PRP
discovered	VBD
that	IN
so	RB
much	JJ
was	VBD
out	IN
there	RB
waiting	VBG
,	,
if	IN
not	RB
passing	VBG
me	PRP
by	IN
.	.
Each	DT
person	NN
who	WP
comes	VBZ
into	IN
one	CD
's	POS
life	NN
is	VBZ
there	RB
to	TO
teach	VB
us	PRP
something	NN
and	CC
there	EX
are	VBP
times	NNS
we	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
understand	VB
it	PRP
until	IN
some	DT
point	NN
later	RB
on	IN
.	.
I	PRP
used	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
so	RB
focused	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
career	NN
and	CC
success	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
forgot	VBD
who	WP
was	VBD
important	JJ
and	CC
enriched	VBD
my	PRP$
impending	JJ
success	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
still	RB
focused	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
career	NN
,	,
but	CC
in	IN
a	DT
much	JJ
healthier	RBR
way	NN
that	IN
suits	NNS
my	PRP$
lifestyle	NN
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
not	RB
have	VB
gotten	VBN
through	IN
any	DT
of	IN
this	DT
without	IN
my	PRP$
loving	JJ
support	NN
system	NN
of	IN
family	NN
and	CC
good	JJ
friends	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
so	RB
long	JJ
ago	IN
that	DT
my	PRP$
sickness	NN
had	VBD
taken	VBN
me	PRP
away	RB
from	IN
everyone	NN
who	WP
loved	VBD
me	PRP
.	.
And	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
spent	VBN
many	JJ
years	NNS
coming	VBG
to	TO
terms	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
reality	NN
that	WDT
took	VBD
years	NNS
away	RB
from	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
play	VB
''	''
the	DT
blame	NN
game	NN
''	''
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
angry	JJ
anymore	RB
.	.
Besides	IN
,	,
it	PRP
takes	VBZ
up	RP
too	RB
much	RB
of	IN
my	PRP$
energy	NN
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
an	DT
adolescent	JJ
counselor	NN
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
tell	VB
the	DT
kids	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
care	NN
that	IN
Childhood	NNP
is	VBZ
meant	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
journey	NN
,	,
not	RB
a	DT
race	NN
.	.
It	PRP
seems	VBZ
that	IN
I	PRP
spent	VBD
a	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
younger	JJR
years	NNS
trying	VBG
to	TO
grow	VB
up	RP
so	RB
fast	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
take	VB
time	NN
to	TO
enjoy	VB
my	PRP$
own	JJ
childhood	NN
journey	NN
.	.
I	PRP
look	VBP
at	IN
the	DT
younger	JJR
members	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
family	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
so	RB
much	JJ
pride	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
ambitions	NNS
,	,
but	CC
moreover	RB
the	DT
young	JJ
adults	NNS
they	PRP
all	DT
have	VBP
become	VBN
.	.
Whenever	NNP
I	PRP
need	VBP
my	PRP$
own	JJ
reality	NN
checks	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
can	MD
always	RB
turn	VB
to	TO
my	PRP$
brothers	NNS
Mike	NNP
or	CC
Jim	NNP
,	,
or	CC
my	PRP$
cousin	NN
Stephanie	NNP
for	IN
their	PRP$
innate	JJ
wisdom	NN
and	CC
senses	NNS
of	IN
humor	NN
that	WDT
bring	VBP
me	PRP
back	RP
``	``
down	RB
to	TO
earth	NN
''	''
.	.
They	PRP
have	VBP
everything	NN
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
them	PRP
and	CC
they	PRP
tell	VBP
me	PRP
how	WRB
successful	JJ
and	CC
great	JJ
I	PRP
am	VBP
when	WRB
in	IN
turn	NN
they	PRP
have	VBP
given	VBN
me	PRP
part	NN
of	IN
that	IN
``	``
greatness	NN
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
fortunate	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
these	DT
strong	JJ
connections	NNS
with	IN
many	JJ
members	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
family	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
,	,
my	PRP$
friends	NNS
who	WP
allow	VBP
me	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
who	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
an	DT
astonishing	JJ
realization	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
that	IN
how	WRB
the	DT
simplest	JJS
things	NNS
in	IN
life	NN
can	MD
make	VB
me	PRP
happy	JJ
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
engaged	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
erratic	JJ
behaviors	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
never	RB
noticed	VBD
how	WRB
the	DT
simplest	JJS
pleasures	NNS
could	MD
make	VB
me	PRP
happy	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
now	RB
enjoy	VBP
the	DT
time	NN
spent	VBN
with	IN
my	PRP$
family	NN
,	,
friends	NNS
,	,
and	CC
all	PDT
the	DT
children	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
and	CC
even	RB
time	NN
spent	VBN
with	IN
my	PRP$
two	CD
cats	NNS
.	.
Both	DT
cats	NNS
whom	WP
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
raising	VBG
since	IN
their	PRP$
infancy	NN
.	.
Again	RB
,	,
another	DT
lifetime	NN
commitment	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
made	VBN
good	JJ
on	IN
.	.
But	CC
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
even	RB
more	RBR
then	RB
the	DT
people	NNS
in	IN
our	PRP$
lives	NNS
that	IN
we	PRP
take	VBP
time	NN
for	IN
;	:
it	PRP
is	VBZ
watching	VBG
a	DT
sunset	NN
,	,
hiking	NN
in	IN
the	DT
woods	NNS
,	,
reading	VBG
a	DT
good	JJ
book	NN
,	,
dancing	VBG
to	TO
my	PRP$
favorite	JJ
songs	NNS
or	CC
going	VBG
to	TO
favorite	JJ
places	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
smell	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
grandmother	NN
's	POS
cooking	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
laughter	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
nieces	NNS
and	CC
nephews	NNS
.	.
Finally	RB
being	VBG
able	JJ
to	TO
drive	VB
into	IN
my	PRP$
hometown	NN
and	CC
not	RB
feel	VB
like	IN
a	DT
sick	JJ
young	JJ
girl	NN
anymore	RB
.	.
This	DT
alone	RB
is	VBZ
a	DT
personal	JJ
victory	NN
.	.
To	TO
allow	VB
myself	PRP
to	TO
get	VB
to	TO
this	DT
point	NN
seemed	VBD
so	RB
impossible	JJ
.	.
Looking	VBG
back	RB
is	VBZ
never	RB
easy	JJ
,	,
when	WRB
I	PRP
left	VBD
my	PRP$
hometown	NN
I	PRP
never	RB
wanted	VBD
to	TO
look	VB
back	RB
.	.
But	CC
,	,
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
look	VB
back	RB
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
move	VB
ahead	RB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
hard	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
to	TO
look	VB
within	IN
myself	PRP
and	CC
begin	VB
to	TO
finally	RB
put	VB
the	DT
past	NN
behind	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
learning	VBG
to	TO
allow	VB
myself	PRP
to	TO
heal	VB
from	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
years	NNS
of	IN
being	VBG
sick	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
only	RB
believe	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
given	VBN
a	DT
second	JJ
chance	NN
at	IN
life	NN
seven	CD
years	NNS
ago	RB
and	CC
I	PRP
survived	VBD
it	PRP
all	DT
for	IN
reasons	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
may	MD
or	CC
may	MD
not	RB
ever	RB
know	VB
those	DT
reasons	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
enjoying	VBG
every	DT
moment	NN
as	IN
I	PRP
continue	VBP
to	TO
learn	VB
about	IN
life	NN
,	,
love	NN
and	CC
finally	RB
happiness	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
what	WP
happens	VBZ
in	IN
between	IN
my	PRP$
self	NN
-	:
discovery	NN
that	WDT
really	RB
matters	VBZ
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
regret	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
have	VB
is	VBZ
I	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
better	JJR
to	TO
my	PRP$
mind	NN
,	,
body	NN
and	CC
spirit	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
know	VBP
someone	NN
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
please	VB
encourage	VB
her	PRP$
or	CC
him	PRP
to	TO
seek	VB
professional	JJ
help	NN
,	,
or	CC
you	PRP
have	VBP
engaged	VBN
in	IN
these	DT
behaviors	NNS
there	EX
is	VBZ
hope	NN
for	IN
a	DT
healthier	RBR
,	,
happier	JJR
lifestyle	NN
,	,
because	IN
life	NN
is	VBZ
worth	JJ
living	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
telling	VBG
you	PRP
these	DT
truths	NNS
because	IN
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
save	VB
you	PRP
the	DT
years	NNS
of	IN
struggle	NN
and	CC
anguish	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
went	VBD
through	IN
to	TO
realize	VB
what	WP
I	PRP
believe	VBP
and	CC
know	VBP
in	IN
my	PRP$
heart	NN
to	TO
be	VB
true	JJ
now	RB
.	.
For	IN
two	CD
decades	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
struggled	VBD
with	IN
myself	PRP
,	,
struggled	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
perfect	JJ
,	,
struggled	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
something	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
,	,
because	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
happy	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
me	PRP
who	WP
I	PRP
was	VBD
and	CC
am	VBP
and	CC
always	RB
will	MD
be	VB
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
could	MD
n't	RB
see	VB
all	DT
that	IN
I	PRP
see	VBP
now	RB
,	,
and	CC
feel	VB
all	DT
that	IN
I	PRP
feel	VBP
now	RB
.	.
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
change	VB
me	PRP
,	,
and	CC
so	RB
I	PRP
fell	VBD
into	IN
my	PRP$
ED	NNP
.	.
All	DT
throughout	IN
my	PRP$
childhood	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
constantly	RB
fighting	VBG
to	TO
``	``
fit	VB
in	RP
''	''
to	TO
the	DT
groove	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
classroom	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
childhood	NN
peers	NNS
,	,
my	PRP$
family	NN
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
felt	VBD
so	RB
outside	JJ
everything	NN
and	CC
everyone	NN
.	.
And	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
constantly	RB
reminded	VBN
of	IN
this	DT
...	:
by	IN
my	PRP$
family	NN
,	,
teachers	NNS
,	,
classmates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
would-be	JJ
``	``
friends	NNS
''	''
who	WP
placed	VBD
conditions	NNS
on	IN
friendship	NN
,	,
conditions	NNS
on	IN
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
I	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
loved	VBN
and	CC
lovable	JJ
.	.
Because	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
know	VB
any	DT
better	JJR
-	:
I	PRP
had	VBD
known	VBN
nothing	NN
else	RB
-	:
I	PRP
believed	VBD
them	PRP
.	.
Somewhere	RB
along	IN
the	DT
way	NN
,	,
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
very	RB
young	JJ
and	CC
ca	MD
n't	RB
even	RB
remember	VB
when	WRB
,	,
I	PRP
forgot	VBD
how	WRB
to	TO
love	VB
myself	PRP
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
would	MD
take	VB
a	DT
long	JJ
time	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
to	TO
learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
remember	VB
.	.
And	CC
living	VBG
with	IN
my	PRP$
longtime	JJ
eating	NN
disorder	NN
was	VBD
n't	RB
a	DT
party	NN
,	,
no	DT
matter	NN
how	WRB
those	DT
stupid	JJ
melodramatic	JJ
TV	NN
movies	NNS
make	VBP
it	PRP
out	RP
to	TO
be	VB
.	.
in	IN
contrast	NN
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
much	RB
,	,
much	RB
more	RBR
horrible	JJ
and	CC
painful	JJ
than	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
imagined	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
threw	VBD
myself	PRP
into	IN
molding	NN
my	PRP$
body	NN
with	IN
a	DT
vengeance	NN
,	,
like	IN
I	PRP
always	RB
had	VBD
with	IN
everything	NN
else	RB
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
perfect	JJ
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
everyone	NN
to	TO
love	VB
and	CC
admire	VB
me	PRP
for	IN
being	VBG
perfect	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
realize	VB
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
how	WRB
UN-lovable	JJ
I	PRP
was	VBD
surely	RB
becoming	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
gain	VB
the	DT
friends	NNS
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
;	:
in	IN
fact	NN
,	,
I	PRP
drove	VBD
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
otherwise	RB
really	RB
caring	VBG
and	CC
wonderful	JJ
people	NNS
away	RB
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
gain	VB
the	DT
respect	NN
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
,	,
or	CC
even	RB
admiration	NN
for	IN
molding	NN
myself	PRP
into	IN
a	DT
``	``
new	JJ
person	NN
''	''
;	:
in	IN
fact	NN
,	,
if	IN
anything	NN
else	RB
,	,
I	PRP
got	VBD
frustration	NN
and	CC
tepid	JJ
pity	NN
.	.
And	CC
what	WP
was	VBD
worse	JJR
,	,
no	DT
matter	NN
how	WRB
``	``
perfect	JJ
''	''
or	CC
close	VB
to	TO
my	PRP$
sick	JJ
and	CC
false	JJ
ideal	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
'd	MD
become	VB
,	,
I	PRP
still	RB
was	VBD
n't	RB
satisfied	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
still	RB
felt	VBD
myself	PRP
sinking	VBG
deeper	JJR
and	CC
deeper	JJR
into	IN
self-loathing	NN
,	,
self-hatred	JJ
,	,
self-flagellation	NN
for	IN
even	RB
deviating	VBG
slightly	RB
off	IN
my	PRP$
ED-driven	JJ
course	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
utterly	RB
and	CC
inexplicably	RB
miserable	JJ
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
nearing	VBG
the	DT
brink	NN
of	IN
literal	JJ
suicide	NN
and	CC
death	NN
.	.
Because	IN
they	PRP
loved	VBD
me	PRP
tremendously	RB
,	,
more	JJR
than	IN
I	PRP
knew	VBD
and	CC
more	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
fierce	JJ
anger	NN
they	PRP
expressed	VBD
toward	IN
me	PRP
,	,
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
were	VBD
the	DT
ones	NNS
who	WP
helped	VBD
me	PRP
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
mess	NN
I	PRP
'd	MD
created	VBN
of	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
mind	NN
,	,
and	CC
my	PRP$
soul	NN
.	.
Ironically	RB
,	,
I	PRP
had	VBD
always	RB
seen	VBN
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
as	IN
``	``
the	DT
enemy	NN
''	''
,	,
because	IN
they	PRP
met	VBD
my	PRP$
eccentricities	NNS
and	CC
quirks	NNS
with	IN
confusion	NN
,	,
and	CC
often	RB
repelled	VBD
them	PRP
thus	RB
.	.
But	CC
the	DT
important	JJ
thing	NN
I	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
see	VB
until	IN
very	RB
recently	RB
was	VBD
that	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
never	RB
repelling	VBG
me	PRP
.	.
In	IN
another	DT
ironic	JJ
twist	NN
,	,
I	PRP
guess	VBP
you	PRP
can	MD
say	VB
that	IN
what	WP
saved	VBN
my	PRP$
life	NN
in	IN
the	DT
immediate	JJ
short-term	JJ
was	VBD
wanting	VBG
to	TO
please	VB
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
-	:
I	PRP
knew	VBD
that	IN
my	PRP$
ED	NNP
was	VBD
driving	VBG
them	PRP
down	RP
and	CC
driving	VBG
them	PRP
away	RB
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
no	RB
longer	RB
wanted	VBD
to	TO
hurt	VB
them	PRP
.	.
Recovery	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
an	DT
easy	JJ
process	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
filled	VBN
with	IN
backslides	NNS
and	CC
broken	JJ
promises	NNS
on	IN
my	PRP$
part	NN
.	.
For	IN
years	NNS
,	,
though	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
physically	RB
``	``
out	RB
of	IN
danger	NN
,	,
''	''
I	PRP
was	VBD
mentally	RB
plagued	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
temptation	NN
to	TO
swing	VB
back	RB
into	IN
my	PRP$
old	JJ
bulimic	JJ
habits	NNS
,	,
and	CC
sometimes	RB
I	PRP
did	VBD
.	.
What	WP
I	PRP
most	RBS
wanted	VBD
to	TO
do	VB
,	,
though	RB
,	,
after	IN
I	PRP
graduated	VBD
from	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
and	CC
later	RB
from	IN
college	NN
,	,
was	VBD
to	TO
achieve	VB
great	JJ
things	NNS
.	.
The	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
knew	VBD
I	PRP
would	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
achieve	VB
anything	NN
at	IN
all	DT
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
dead	JJ
was	VBD
the	DT
pragmatic	JJ
reality	NN
that	WDT
brought	VBD
me	PRP
out	IN
of	IN
my	PRP$
urge	NN
to	TO
fall	VB
back	RB
into	IN
my	PRP$
ED	NNP
.	.
So	IN
I	PRP
fought	VBD
it	PRP
,	,
and	CC
fought	VBD
all	PDT
those	DT
negative	JJ
self-doubting	JJ
feelings	NNS
that	WDT
go	VBP
along	RP
with	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
I	PRP
missed	VBD
the	DT
false	JJ
feelings	NNS
of	IN
``	``
safety	NN
''	''
that	WDT
my	PRP$
ED	NNP
brought	VBD
me	PRP
,	,
but	CC
in	IN
my	PRP$
heart	NN
,	,
I	PRP
came	VBD
to	TO
realize	VB
that	IN
the	DT
false	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
security	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
deadly	JJ
whisper	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
shut	VB
up	RP
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
move	VB
on	IN
and	CC
become	VB
well	RB
.	.
While	IN
in	IN
college	NN
,	,
I	PRP
fell	VBD
into	IN
something	NN
else	RB
as	IN
destructive	JJ
as	IN
my	PRP$
ED	NNP
,	,
an	DT
emotionally	RB
abusive	JJ
relationship	NN
that	WDT
became	VBD
a	DT
bad	JJ
marriage	NN
.	.
I	PRP
replaced	VBD
all	DT
my	PRP$
self-criticism	NN
and	CC
self-hatred	JJ
with	IN
another	DT
person	NN
to	TO
do	VB
that	DT
for	IN
me	PRP
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
always	RB
a	DT
bad	JJ
thing	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
first	JJ
husband	NN
was	VBD
himself	PRP
a	DT
self-hating	JJ
person	NN
who	WP
manifested	VBD
his	PRP$
hatred	NN
toward	IN
me	PRP
.	.
Believing	VBG
wrongly	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
deserved	VBD
him	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
stayed	VBD
with	IN
him	PRP
for	IN
seven	CD
years	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
took	VBD
me	PRP
a	DT
long	JJ
time	NN
to	TO
realize	VB
that	IN
also	RB
,	,
but	CC
following	VBG
two	CD
life-changing	JJ
trips	NNS
overseas	RB
,	,
I	PRP
took	VBD
some	DT
time	NN
off	RP
from	IN
work	NN
to	TO
do	VB
some	DT
intense	JJ
soul-searching	NN
and	CC
self-discovery	NN
.	.
I	PRP
journalled	VBD
,	,
painted	VBN
,	,
took	VBD
long	RB
walks	VBZ
by	IN
the	DT
beach	NN
just	RB
thinking	VBG
about	IN
where	WRB
I	PRP
'd	MD
been	VBN
,	,
where	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
going	VBG
,	,
and	CC
most	JJS
importantly	RB
,	,
who	WP
I	PRP
really	RB
was	VBD
,	,
without	IN
letting	VBG
other	JJ
people	NNS
's	POS
impressions	NNS
of	IN
me	PRP
interfere	VB
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
financially	RB
pretty	RB
impoverished	JJ
during	IN
that	DT
time	NN
because	IN
of	IN
my	PRP$
leave	NN
of	IN
absence	NN
,	,
not	RB
everyone	NN
can	MD
take	VB
the	DT
time	NN
off	RP
that	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
...	:
but	CC
let	VB
me	PRP
tell	VB
you	PRP
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
,	,
for	IN
me	PRP
,	,
the	DT
most	RBS
enriching	VBG
and	CC
valuable	JJ
thing	NN
I	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
ever	RB
done	VBN
for	IN
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
started	VBD
to	TO
open	VB
myself	PRP
up	RP
to	TO
other	JJ
people	NNS
and	CC
not	RB
worry	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
would	MD
chastise	VB
me	PRP
.	.
In	IN
contrast	NN
,	,
I	PRP
felt	VBD
they	PRP
appreciated	VBD
and	CC
admired	VBD
me	PRP
for	IN
just	RB
being	VBG
me	PRP
!	.
:	:
-	:
-RRB-	-RRB-
I	PRP
started	VBD
to	TO
have	VB
more	JJR
confidence	NN
in	IN
myself	PRP
and	CC
what	WP
I	PRP
could	MD
do	VB
;	:
I	PRP
doubted	VBD
myself	PRP
less	RBR
,	,
and	CC
therefore	RB
I	PRP
was	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
accomplish	VB
more	JJR
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
started	VBD
back	RB
at	IN
work	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
offered	VBN
a	DT
promotion	NN
into	IN
a	DT
fun	NN
travel-writing	JJ
position	NN
;	:
now	RB
,	,
I	PRP
work	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
responsible	JJ
and	CC
valued	VBN
position	NN
writing	NN
and	CC
testing	NN
tools	NNS
that	WDT
help	VBP
disabled	JJ
people	NNS
do	VBP
their	PRP$
jobs	NNS
...	:
work	NN
that	WDT
gives	VBZ
me	PRP
real	JJ
fulfillment	NN
and	CC
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
purpose	NN
.	.
And	CC
in	IN
the	DT
relationship	NN
arena	NN
,	,
I	PRP
've	VBP
done	VBN
really	RB
well	RB
,	,
better	JJR
than	IN
I	PRP
ever	RB
thought	VBD
I	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
!	.
Before	IN
I	PRP
started	VBD
my	PRP$
promotion	NN
,	,
I	PRP
met	VBD
a	DT
wonderful	JJ
,	,
relaxed	VBN
,	,
laid-back	JJ
human	JJ
being	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
happy	JJ
with	IN
who	WP
he	PRP
is	VBZ
and	CC
loves	VBZ
his	PRP$
family	NN
and	CC
friends	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
me	PRP
!	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
who	WP
we	PRP
all	DT
are	VBP
.	.
And	CC
for	IN
that	DT
,	,
I	PRP
love	VBP
and	CC
respect	VBP
him	PRP
.	.
He	PRP
is	VBZ
now	RB
my	PRP$
husband	NN
;	:
we	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
married	VBN
for	IN
almost	RB
a	DT
year	NN
,	,
and	CC
are	VBP
planning	VBG
on	IN
getting	VBG
our	PRP$
first	JJ
house	NN
and	CC
starting	VBG
a	DT
family	NN
in	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
few	JJ
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
call	VBP
on	IN
you	PRP
,	,
from	IN
experience	NN
and	CC
the	DT
deepest	JJS
compassion	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
heart	NN
,	,
to	TO
embrace	VB
this	DT
\*	SYM
wonderful	JJ
\*	SYM
in	IN
yourselves	NNS
,	,
right	RB
now	RB
,	,
no	DT
matter	NN
what	WDT
your	PRP$
life	NN
situations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
no	DT
matter	NN
who	WP
you	PRP
are	VBP
.	.
Each	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
precious	JJ
,	,
worthy	JJ
human	JJ
being	NN
...	:
for	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
happiness	NN
and	CC
fulfillment	NN
,	,
recognize	VB
this	DT
,	,
and	CC
reject	VBP
what	WP
's	VBZ
perfect	JJ
,	,
what	WP
's	VBZ
ED-ridden	JJ
around	IN
you	PRP
...	:
and	CC
embrace	VB
the	DT
wonderous	JJ
and	CC
wonderfully	RB
human	JJ
YOU	PRP
.	.
My	PRP$
mother	NN
ignored	VBD
me	PRP
--	:
or	CC
berated	VBD
me	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
said	VBD
she	PRP
regretted	VBD
having	VBG
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
never	RB
hugged	VBN
--	:
or	CC
loved	VBD
.	.
But	CC
you	PRP
,	,
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
comforted	VBD
me	PRP
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
number	NN
on	IN
the	DT
scale	NN
went	VBD
down	RB
,	,
that	DT
was	VBD
comfort	NN
.	.
Just	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
more	JJR
pounds	NNS
to	TO
go	VB
--	:
then	RB
she	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
notice	VB
me	PRP
and	CC
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
like	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
almost	RB
disappeared	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
hate	VBP
myself	PRP
for	IN
living	VBG
.	.
You	PRP
provided	VBD
a	DT
slow	JJ
way	NN
of	IN
dying	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
spent	VBD
my	PRP$
entire	JJ
life	NN
in	IN
literal	JJ
silence	NN
.	.
You	PRP
provided	VBD
me	PRP
with	IN
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
speak	VB
without	IN
words	NNS
.	.
The	DT
internal	JJ
pain	NN
is	VBZ
too	RB
intense	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
made	VBD
me	PRP
numb	JJ
,	,
and	CC
yet	RB
also	RB
gave	VBD
me	PRP
a	DT
physical	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
show	VB
the	DT
pain	NN
.	.
I	PRP
deserve	VBP
punishment	NN
.	.
You	PRP
gave	VBD
me	PRP
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
punish	VB
myself	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
gave	VBD
me	PRP
predictability	NN
in	IN
a	DT
house	NN
of	IN
chaos	NN
.	.
You	PRP
kept	VBD
me	PRP
safe	JJ
in	IN
an	DT
unsafe	JJ
house	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
sad	JJ
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
say	VB
goodbye	NN
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
did	VBD
a	DT
lot	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
Even	RB
though	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
feel	VB
deserving	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
need	VBP
more	JJR
than	IN
what	WP
you	PRP
have	VBP
given	VBN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
now	RB
need	VBP
real	JJ
connections	NNS
with	IN
people	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
feel	VB
true	JJ
,	,
safe	JJ
comfort	NN
.	.
I	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
feel	VB
a	DT
real	JJ
light	JJ
happiness	NN
.	.
I	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
loved	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
cry	VB
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
years	NNS
and	CC
years	NNS
and	CC
years	NNS
of	IN
tears	NNS
built	VBN
up	IN
that	DT
need	NN
true	JJ
expression	NN
.	.
I	PRP
need	VBP
true	JJ
fulfillment	NN
.	.
I	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
see	VB
if	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
capable	JJ
of	IN
real	JJ
close	JJ
relationships	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
experience	VB
opening	VBG
myself	PRP
completely	RB
up	RB
to	TO
Lola	NNP
and	CC
to	TO
feel	VB
her	PRP$
genuine	JJ
comfort	NN
and	CC
compassion	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
time	NN
to	TO
say	VB
goodbye	NN
to	TO
you	PRP
for	IN
good	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
hanging	VBG
on	IN
to	TO
you	PRP
for	IN
safety	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
time	NN
to	TO
go	VB
.	.
You	PRP
served	VBD
me	PRP
well	RB
when	WRB
I	PRP
needed	VBD
you	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
thank	VBP
you	PRP
for	IN
that	DT
.	.
Now	RB
,	,
however	RB
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
the	DT
easy	JJ
way	NN
out	IN
.	.
Now	RB
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
push	VB
my	PRP$
limits	NNS
and	CC
with	IN
almost	RB
paralyzing	VBG
fear	NN
try	VB
a	DT
life	NN
without	IN
you	PRP
and	CC
your	PRP$
safety	NN
and	CC
live	JJ
life	NN
with	IN
foreign	JJ
concepts	NNS
that	WDT
go	VBP
completely	RB
against	IN
what	WP
you	PRP
taught	VBD
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
hate	VB
you	PRP
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
live	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
any	DT
longer	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
thank	VBP
you	PRP
for	IN
helping	VBG
me	PRP
survive	VB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
now	RB
time	NN
to	TO
say	VB
goodbye	NN
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
grieve	VB
for	IN
you	PRP
and	CC
will	MD
sometimes	RB
want	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
return	VB
.	.
But	CC
do	VB
not	RB
return	VB
,	,
no	DT
matter	NN
what	WP
I	PRP
say	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
find	VB
my	PRP$
way	NN
without	IN
you	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
okay	JJ
to	TO
leave	VB
now	RB
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
okay	JJ
.	.
Thank	VB
you	PRP
for	IN
what	WP
you	PRP
have	VBP
given	VBN
me	PRP
.	.
Thank	VB
you	PRP
for	IN
leaving	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
oldest	JJS
girl	NN
of	IN
four	CD
girls	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
catholic	JJ
family	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
dad	NN
was	VBD
an	DT
abusive	JJ
alcoholic	JJ
and	CC
I	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
feel	VB
I	PRP
had	VBD
any	DT
control	NN
over	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
and	CC
felt	VBD
insecure	JJ
and	CC
anxious	JJ
often	RB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
sure	JJ
when	WRB
the	DT
self	NN
-	:
loathing	NN
began	VBD
...	:
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
restrictor	NN
and	CC
occasionally	RB
binged	VBD
.	.
My	PRP$
very	RB
tall	JJ
frame	NN
accentuated	VBD
my	PRP$
skeletal	JJ
condition	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
first	JJ
marriage	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
an	DT
abusive	JJ
man	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
put	VBD
him	PRP
through	IN
college	NN
even	RB
though	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
accepted	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
very	RB
prestigious	JJ
college	NN
myself	PRP
.	.
One	CD
Day	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
woke	VBD
up	RB
and	CC
went	VBD
into	IN
therapy	NN
for	IN
two	CD
years	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
middle	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
second	JJ
marriage	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
since	IN
stopped	VBN
restricting	VBG
and	CC
started	VBD
learning	VBG
to	TO
feel	VB
,	,
heal	VB
and	CC
cry	VB
...	:
I	PRP
hurt	VBP
for	IN
a	DT
long	JJ
time	NN
and	CC
reaching	VBG
out	RP
to	TO
others	NNS
did	VBD
not	RB
come	VB
easy	JJ
for	IN
such	JJ
a	DT
shy	JJ
quiet	JJ
introvert	NN
.	.
I	PRP
felt	VBD
my	PRP$
life	NN
was	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
line	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
change	VB
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
i	FW
am	VBP
tough	JJ
i	FW
have	VBP
leaned	VBN
to	TO
take	VB
it	PRP
all	DT
one	CD
day	NN
at	IN
a	DT
time	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
living	VBG
a	DT
recovery	NN
lifestyle	NN
for	IN
several	JJ
years	NNS
and	CC
help	VB
other	JJ
battered	JJ
women	NNS
and	CC
children	NNS
who	WP
feel	VBP
with	IN
out	IN
a	DT
voice	NN
...	:
I	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
heard	VBN
and	CC
help	VB
others	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
trapped	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
thinking	NN
patterns	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
eating	VBG
disease	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
come	VBN
a	DT
long	JJ
way	NN
baby	NN
...	:
and	CC
you	PRP
can	MD
too	RB
...	:
I	PRP
am	VBP
grateful	JJ
to	TO
all	DT
who	WP
have	VBP
listened	VBN
and	CC
cared	VBN
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
still	RB
find	VBP
it	PRP
difficult	JJ
to	TO
stop	VB
all	PDT
the	DT
caretaking	NN
of	IN
others	NNS
,	,
and	CC
being	VBG
super	JJ
responsible	JJ
,	,
and	CC
perfectionistic	JJ
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
getting	VBG
better	JJR
at	IN
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
achieved	VBN
a	DT
normal	JJ
weight	NN
on	IN
the	DT
outside	JJ
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
healing	NN
on	IN
the	DT
inside	NN
.	.
To	TO
look	VB
at	IN
me	PRP
now	RB
You	PRP
would	MD
never	RB
know	VB
I	PRP
was	VBD
that	IN
skinny	NN
,	,
abused	VBD
little	JJ
mouse	NN
,	,
that	WDT
had	VBD
no	DT
cry	NN
,	,
no	DT
voice	NN
...	:
I	PRP
am	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
side	NN
and	CC
am	VBP
working	VBG
and	CC
playing	VBG
to	TO
stay	VB
there	RB
.	.
Please	VB
believe	VB
you	PRP
can	MD
too	RB
...	:
Choose	VB
Life	NNP
...	:
Choose	VB
to	TO
own	VB
your	PRP$
right	NN
to	TO
take	VB
up	RP
space	NN
and	CC
own	VB
your	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
alone	RB
...	:
The	DT
path	NN
that	WDT
led	VBD
to	TO
my	PRP$
total	JJ
downfall	NN
from	IN
the	DT
e.d.	NN
began	VBD
with	IN
achievements	NNS
,	,
success	NN
,	,
strength	NN
of	IN
mind	NN
and	CC
body	NN
,	,
and	CC
control	NN
.	.
When	WRB
i	FW
went	VBD
to	TO
college	NN
the	DT
eating	NN
did	VBD
n't	RB
help	VB
me	PRP
achieve	VB
anymore	RB
,	,
nor	CC
help	VB
me	PRP
cope	VB
.	.
I	PRP
eventually	RB
found	VBD
food	NN
as	IN
a	DT
frightening	JJ
thing	NN
that	WDT
took	VBD
over	RP
my	PRP$
mind	NN
.	.
I	PRP
skipped	VBD
class	NN
,	,
ate	VBD
in	IN
bathrooms	NNS
to	TO
throw	VB
up	RP
in	IN
secret	NN
.	.
i	FW
neglected	VBN
my	PRP$
money	NN
situation	NN
and	CC
grades	NNS
.	.
i	FW
became	VBD
so	RB
numb	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
smiled	VBD
no	RB
longer	RB
cause	VB
all	DT
i	FW
saw	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
was	VBD
food	NN
.	.
and	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
scary	JJ
.	.
i	FW
cried	VBD
to	TO
God	NNP
to	TO
show	VB
me	PRP
he	PRP
was	VBD
there	RB
yet	RB
i	FW
could	MD
n't	RB
find	VB
him	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
get	VB
out	IN
of	IN
bed	NN
,	,
yet	RB
i	FW
knew	VBD
inside	IN
somewhere	RB
i	FW
had	VBD
so	RB
much	JJ
inside	IN
of	IN
me	PRP
...	:
so	RB
much	JJ
strength	NN
.	.
but	CC
the	DT
food	NN
would	MD
n't	RB
let	VB
me	PRP
think	VB
or	CC
work	VB
on	IN
anything	NN
else	RB
.	.
so	RB
i	FW
cried	VBD
.	.
i	FW
stopped	VBD
crying	VBG
.	.
i	FW
stopped	VBD
living	VBG
.	.
i	FW
did	VBD
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
be	VB
seen	VBN
.	.
My	PRP$
body	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
one	NN
who	WP
made	VBD
me	PRP
breathe	VB
despite	IN
these	DT
frightening	JJ
emotions	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
always	RB
saw	VBD
greyness	NN
in	IN
the	DT
beauty	NN
i	FW
used	VBN
to	TO
love	VB
in	IN
the	DT
orange	JJ
sky	NN
,	,
no	DT
matter	NN
how	WRB
hard	JJ
i	FW
tried	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
touched	VBN
by	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
beauty	NN
.	.
it	PRP
was	VBD
wierd	JJ
.	.
the	DT
grayness	NN
would	MD
only	RB
come	VB
through	RB
.	.
and	CC
i	FW
'll	MD
never	RB
forget	VB
how	WRB
i	FW
sat	VBD
outside	IN
in	IN
the	DT
sun	NN
and	CC
i	FW
was	VBD
unable	JJ
to	TO
feel	VB
the	DT
sun	NN
rays	NNS
touch	VBP
me	PRP
inside	IN
like	IN
it	PRP
used	VBD
to	TO
.	.
I	PRP
became	VBD
bitter	JJ
towards	IN
people	NNS
that	WDT
suspected	VBD
i	FW
had	VBD
an	DT
e.d.	NN
.	.
it	PRP
was	VBD
difficult	JJ
putting	VBG
up	RP
with	IN
calorie	NN
counting	NN
,	,
fat	JJ
content	NN
remarks	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
roommate	NN
who	WP
tried	VBD
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
e.d.	NNP
a	DT
joke	NN
.	.
the	DT
anger	NN
still	RB
gets	VBZ
me	PRP
inside	IN
.	.
but	CC
i	FW
got	VBD
her	PRP
back	RB
,	,
i	FW
wo	MD
n't	RB
mention	VB
how	WRB
.	.
it	PRP
was	VBD
suggested	VBN
i	FW
leave	VBP
school	NN
by	IN
the	DT
counselor	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
psychiatrist	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
i	FW
seeked	FW
help	NN
from	IN
on	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
.	.
he	PRP
gave	VBD
me	PRP
confidence	NN
in	IN
telling	VBG
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
.	.
in	IN
the	DT
end	NN
they	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
give	VB
me	PRP
the	DT
caring	NN
i	FW
wanted	VBD
or	CC
understanding	VBG
but	CC
blame	NN
and	CC
treated	VBD
the	DT
e.d.	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
mental	JJ
problem	NN
their	PRP$
daughter	NN
has	VBZ
.	.
but	CC
i	FW
made	VBD
it	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
long	JJ
story	NN
.	.
i	FW
just	RB
want	VBP
to	TO
tell	VB
you	PRP
that	IN
i	FW
know	VBP
where	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
coming	VBG
from	IN
.	.
i	FW
know	VBP
the	DT
desperation	NN
you	PRP
feel	VBP
and	CC
i	FW
've	VBP
been	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
hole	NN
you	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
get	VB
out	IN
of	IN
.	.
Seek	VB
help	NN
for	IN
yourself	PRP
.	.
the	DT
real	JJ
caring	NN
,	,
feeling	VBG
you	PRP
is	VBZ
inside	RB
.	.
you	PRP
need	VBP
help	NN
to	TO
find	VB
it	PRP
.	.
you	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
begin	VB
shoveling	VBG
out	IN
the	DT
negativity	NN
covering	VBG
you	PRP
.	.
do	VBP
n't	RB
give	VB
up	RP
.	.
seek	VB
help	NN
,	,
seek	VB
help	NN
,	,
seek	VB
help	NN
.	.
try	VB
all	DT
your	PRP$
options	NNS
.	.
who	WP
cares	VBZ
what	WP
``	``
they	PRP
''	''
will	MD
think	VB
,	,
or	CC
how	WRB
your	PRP$
family	NN
will	MD
react	VB
.	.
it	PRP
comes	VBZ
down	RP
to	TO
your	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
you	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
really	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
live	VB
for	IN
them	PRP
are	VBP
you	PRP
?	.
no.	JJ
break	NN
free	JJ
.	.
be	VB
strong	JJ
.	.
depend	VB
on	IN
help	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
psychologist	NN
and	CC
nutritionist	NN
once	RB
told	VBD
me	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
when	WRB
i	FW
was	VBD
recovering	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
...	:
``	``
we	PRP
are	VBP
your	PRP$
Tripple	NNP
A	NNP
,	,
we	PRP
can	MD
tell	VB
you	PRP
the	DT
best	JJS
way	NN
to	TO
get	VB
to	TO
your	PRP$
destination	NN
on	IN
the	DT
map	NN
,	,
but	CC
you	PRP
've	VBP
got	VBN
to	TO
follow	VB
the	DT
map	NN
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
suffered	VBN
from	IN
anorexia	NN
for	IN
a	DT
while	NN
now	RB
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
experienced	VBN
most	RBS
everything	NN
that	IN
other	JJ
anorexics\/EDs	NNS
suffer	VBP
from	IN
...	:
from	IN
the	DT
``	``
voices	NNS
''	''
to	TO
the	DT
cravings	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
deprevations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
binges	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
purges	VBZ
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
did	VBD
some	DT
of	IN
that	DT
too	RB
,	,
through	IN
a	DT
rough	JJ
time	NN
as	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
recovering	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
the	DT
guilt	NN
to	TO
the	DT
depression	NN
to	TO
the	DT
hopelessness	NN
...	:
one	CD
who	WP
's	VBZ
been	VBN
there	RB
knows	VBZ
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
'm	VBP
over	IN
it	PRP
--	:
I	PRP
'm	VBP
finally	RB
PAST	NNP
that	IN
!	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
think	VB
that	IN
one	PRP
can	MD
recover	VB
until	IN
one	CD
is	VBZ
truly	RB
ready	JJ
;	:
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
``	``
recovering	VBG
''	''
for	IN
many	JJ
months	NNS
now	RB
...	:
which	WDT
started	VBD
when	WRB
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
confronted	VBD
me	PRP
one	CD
morning	NN
and	CC
made	VBD
me	PRP
step	VB
on	IN
the	DT
scales	NNS
.	.
After	IN
I	PRP
'd	MD
opened	VBN
up	RP
and	CC
talked	VBD
out	RP
everything	NN
with	IN
them	PRP
,	,
our	PRP$
goal	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
get	VB
back	RB
on	IN
track	NN
.	.
But	CC
at	IN
that	DT
time	NN
it	PRP
was	VBD
``	``
our	PRP$
''	''
goal	NN
--	:
mainly	RB
theirs	JJ
,	,
in	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
realize	VBP
now	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
ready	JJ
;	:
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
get	VB
better	JJR
.	.
It	PRP
sounds	VBZ
horrible	JJ
but	CC
there	EX
was	VBD
almost	RB
this	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
pride	NN
or	CC
accomplishment	NN
that	IN
,	,
``	``
hey	NN
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
anorexic	JJ
...	:
I	PRP
'm	VBP
finally	RB
thin	JJ
for	IN
once	RB
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
!	.
!	.
!	.
''	''
I	PRP
practically	RB
enjoyed	VBD
the	DT
thoughts	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
an	DT
anorexic	JJ
,	,
after	IN
being	VBG
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
pudgier	NN
''	''
girls	NNS
among	IN
friends	NNS
and	CC
peers	NNS
for	IN
as	RB
long	JJ
as	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
remember	VB
.	.
As	IN
time	NN
passed	VBN
and	CC
new	JJ
steps	NNS
were	VBD
taken	VBN
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
many	JJ
set-backs	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
,	,
I	PRP
slowly	RB
started	VBD
wanting	VBG
to	TO
look	VB
better	JJR
,	,
since	IN
all	DT
I	PRP
'd	MD
hear	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
from	IN
teachers	NNS
,	,
peers	NNS
,	,
family	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
was	VBD
,	,
``	``
You	PRP
've	VBP
lost	VBN
so	RB
much	JJ
weight	NN
...	:
do	VBP
n't	RB
loose	VB
any	DT
more	JJR
,	,
''	''
or	CC
``	``
You	PRP
're	VBP
too	RB
thin	JJ
,	,
''	''
or	CC
``	``
Have	VBP
you	PRP
been	VBN
sick	JJ
?	.
''	''
With	IN
the	DT
support	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
family	NN
,	,
boyfriend	NN
,	,
and	CC
friends	NNS
,	,
my	PRP$
mind-set	NN
started	VBD
changing	VBG
.	.
My	PRP$
views	NNS
on	IN
eating	NN
,	,
food	NN
,	,
and	CC
life	NN
in	IN
general	JJ
started	VBD
blossoming	VBG
into	IN
more	JJR
positive	JJ
thoughts	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
given	VBN
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
good	JJ
advice	NN
,	,
read	VBD
sufferer	NN
's	POS
and	CC
recoverer	NN
's	POS
stories	NNS
,	,
talked	VBD
to	TO
others	NNS
like	IN
me	PRP
...	:
and	CC
was	VBD
growing	VBG
healthier	RBR
and	CC
healthier	RBR
,	,
this	DT
time	NN
from	IN
the	DT
inside	NN
out	RP
.	.
Of	IN
course	NN
,	,
there	EX
were	VBD
``	``
down	RB
times	NNS
''	''
where	WRB
I	PRP
'd	MD
take	VB
steps	NNS
back	RB
in	IN
the	DT
wrong	JJ
direction	NN
.	.
But	CC
each	DT
time	NN
I	PRP
became	VBD
a	DT
little	RB
more	RBR
determined	VBN
to	TO
keep	VB
going	VBG
,	,
to	TO
pull	VB
myself	PRP
ahead	RB
again	RB
.	.
I	PRP
started	VBD
seeing	VBG
how	WRB
much	JJ
life	NN
has	VBZ
to	TO
offer	VB
,	,
how	WRB
much	RB
there	EX
is	VBZ
to	TO
do	VB
and	CC
live	VB
for	IN
--	:
and	CC
I	PRP
'm	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
do	VB
it	PRP
all	DT
.	.
I	PRP
started	VBD
seeing	VBG
how	WRB
eating	JJ
,	,
food	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
's	POS
opinions	NNS
did	VBD
n't	RB
matter	VB
as	RB
much	JJ
as	IN
I	PRP
thought	VBD
.	.
People	NNS
could	MD
tell	VB
me	PRP
that	IN
eating	VBG
this	DT
or	CC
that	DT
was	VBD
n't	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
make	VB
me	PRP
gain	VB
weight	NN
,	,
or	CC
having	VBG
an	DT
ice	NN
cream	NN
every	DT
once	RB
in	IN
awhile	RB
was	VBD
n't	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
add	VB
fat	JJ
to	TO
my	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
guess	VBP
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
truly	RB
work	VB
up	RB
to	TO
it	PRP
and	CC
try	VB
it	PRP
out	RP
before	IN
I	PRP
would	MD
actually	RB
believe	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Then	RB
,	,
after	IN
finally	RB
gaining	VBG
courage	NN
to	TO
eat	VB
an	DT
ice	NN
cream	NN
or	CC
have	VB
a	DT
bite	NN
of	IN
someone	NN
's	POS
lasagne	NN
or	CC
whatever	WDT
,	,
I	PRP
started	VBD
to	TO
see	VB
that	DT
what	WP
people	NNS
were	VBD
telling	VBG
me	PRP
might	MD
be	VB
true	JJ
after	IN
all	DT
.	.
At	IN
one	CD
time	NN
I	PRP
thought	VBD
,	,
``	``
Yeah	UH
,	,
okay	JJ
...	:
so	IN
that	DT
's	VBZ
true	JJ
for	IN
MOST	JJS
people	NNS
but	CC
not	RB
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
different	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
'll	MD
gain	VB
weight	NN
from	IN
that	DT
.	.
''	''
Now	RB
I	PRP
can	MD
see	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
silly	JJ
to	TO
think	VB
that	DT
way	NN
!	.
Things	NNS
will	MD
balance	VB
out	RP
,	,
you	PRP
've	VBP
just	RB
got	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
faith	NN
--	:
just	RB
know	VB
and	CC
trust	VB
that	DT
its	PRP$
going	VBG
to	TO
work	VB
out	RP
.	.
And	CC
it	PRP
will	MD
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
learned	VBN
that\/I	NNP
am	VBP
learning	VBG
that	IN
.	.
It	PRP
WILL	MD
work	VB
out	RP
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
proudly	RB
emerging	VBG
from	IN
this	DT
as	IN
a	DT
healthier	RBR
,	,
wiser	JJR
,	,
happier	JJR
,	,
more	RBR
confident	JJ
young	JJ
lady	NN
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
better	JJR
about	IN
myself	PRP
now	RB
than	IN
I	PRP
ever	RB
have	VBP
--	:
from	IN
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
slightly	RB
overweight	JJ
to	TO
being	VBG
underweight	JJ
.	.
Sufferers	NNS
CAN	VBP
make	VB
it	PRP
;	:
there	EX
really	RB
IS	VBZ
a	DT
happier	JJR
life	NN
out	IN
there	RB
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
have	VB
again	RB
.	.
The	DT
journey	NN
is	VBZ
tough	JJ
,	,
long	RB
,	,
and	CC
sometimes	RB
seems	VBZ
impossible	JJ
--	:
you	PRP
feel	VBP
like	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
being	VBG
sucked	VBN
through	IN
a	DT
whirlpool	NN
.	.
But	CC
if	IN
you	PRP
keep	VBP
going	VBG
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
start	VB
to	TO
come	VB
up	RP
for	IN
air	NN
...	:
and	CC
one	CD
day	NN
you	PRP
'll	MD
be	VB
floating	VBG
on	IN
your	PRP$
back	NN
again	RB
.	.
Thank	VB
you	PRP
for	IN
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
write	VB
about	IN
this	DT
;	:
I	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
kind	NN
of	IN
long-winded	JJ
!	.
:	:
-RRB-	-RRB-
For	IN
other	JJ
sufferers	NNS
who	WP
may	MD
read	VB
this	DT
,	,
I	PRP
just	RB
want	VBP
to	TO
let	VB
them	PRP
know	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
probably	RB
doesnt	NN
'	''
seem	VBP
like	IN
it	PRP
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
CAN	NNP
get	VB
better	JJR
.	.
After	IN
stumbling	VBG
across	IN
this	DT
web-site	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
decided	VBD
I	PRP
finally	RB
needed	VBD
to	TO
sit	VB
down	RB
and	CC
share	VB
my	PRP$
``	``
story	NN
''	''
with	IN
others	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
age	NN
nineteen	NN
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
bulimia	NN
,	,
alcoholism	NN
and	CC
depression	NN
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
first	RB
started	VBD
with	IN
bulimia	NN
,	,
I	PRP
had	VBD
no	DT
idea	NN
how	WRB
completely	RB
it	PRP
would	MD
take	VB
control	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Alcohol	NN
came	VBD
more	RBR
into	IN
play	NN
as	IN
time	NN
when	WRB
on	IN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
At	IN
first	JJ
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
complete	JJ
control	NN
,	,
after	IN
some	DT
time	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
even	RB
able	JJ
to	TO
throw	VB
up	RP
whenever	WRB
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
just	RB
by	IN
using	VBG
my	PRP$
stomach	NN
muscles	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
thought	VBD
,	,
``	``
What	WP
a	DT
great	JJ
thing	NN
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
do	VB
,	,
I	PRP
can	MD
eat	VB
anything	NN
and	CC
never	RB
gain	VB
weight	NN
.	.
''	''
Over	IN
time	NN
,	,
the	DT
eating\/purging	VBG
and	CC
alcohol	NN
took	VBD
complete	JJ
control	NN
of	IN
every	DT
aspect	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
stop	VB
the	DT
eating\/purging	VBG
cycle	NN
,	,
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
stop	VB
the	DT
drinking	NN
.	.
In	IN
my	PRP$
mid-thirties	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
put	VBP
myself	PRP
in	IN
a	DT
treatment	NN
center	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
for	IN
seven	CD
weeks	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
hardest	RBS
things	NNS
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
do	VB
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'd	MD
rather	RB
admit	VB
I	PRP
was	VBD
alcoholic	JJ
than	IN
bulimic	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
disgusting	JJ
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
got	VBD
out	RP
,	,
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
cured	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
determined	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
in	IN
control	NN
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
think	VB
I	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
drinking	NN
problem	NN
and	CC
eventually	RB
began	VBD
drinking	NN
and	CC
eating\/purging	VBG
again	RB
.	.
During	IN
this	DT
time	NN
,	,
I	PRP
saw	VBD
a	DT
psychiatrist	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
seven	CD
years	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
obviously	RB
did	VBD
n't	RB
get	VB
my	PRP$
out	IN
of	IN
this	DT
so-called	JJ
therapy	NN
and	CC
was	VBD
n't	RB
being	VBG
honest	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
became	VBD
dependent	JJ
on	IN
him	PRP
and	CC
the	DT
Elavil	NNP
he	PRP
prescribed	VBD
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
Another	DT
indication	NN
that	IN
the	DT
therapy	NN
was	VBD
n't	RB
working	VBG
is	VBZ
that	IN
I	PRP
tried	VBD
to	TO
commit	VB
suicide	NN
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
waking	VBG
up	RP
in	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
and	CC
the	DT
realization	NN
of	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
had	VBD
done	VBN
only	RB
stopped	VBD
my	PRP$
behavior	NN
temporarily	RB
.	.
Like	IN
an	DT
alcoholic	JJ
can	MD
never	RB
say	VB
I	PRP
'll	MD
only	RB
have	VB
one	CD
drink	NN
,	,
I	PRP
found	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
just	RB
bindge\/purge	VB
just	RB
once	RB
.	.
One	CD
time	NN
was	VBD
all	DT
it	PRP
took	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
right	RB
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
level	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
at	IN
.	.
The	DT
eating\/purging	VBG
and	CC
drinking	VBG
cycle	NN
continued	VBD
.	.
During	IN
these	DT
years	NNS
,	,
my	PRP$
drinking	NN
became	VBD
more	JJR
of	IN
a	DT
problem	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
using	VBG
drinking	NN
and	CC
eating	VBG
to	TO
buffer	VB
myself	PRP
from	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
thoughts	NNS
and	CC
feelings	NNS
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
.	.
Not	RB
thinking	VBG
and	CC
feeling	VBG
made	VBN
it	PRP
easier	JJR
to	TO
get	VB
thru	VB
the	DT
day	NN
,	,
or	CC
so	RB
I	PRP
thought	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
ended	VBD
up	RP
in	IN
an	DT
outpatient	NN
alcohol	NN
program	NN
because	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
drinking	VBG
all	PDT
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
including	VBG
at	IN
work	NN
.	.
I	PRP
stayed	VBD
sober	JJ
for	IN
six	CD
months	NNS
and	CC
then	RB
got	VBD
transferred	VBN
because	IN
of	IN
my	PRP$
job	NN
to	TO
another	DT
state	NN
.	.
I	PRP
started	VBD
eating\/purging	VBG
and	CC
drinking	VBG
again	RB
,	,
and	CC
tried	VBD
to	TO
kill	VB
myself	PRP
again	RB
.	.
Bulimia	NN
and	CC
alcoholism	NN
have	VBP
in	IN
effect	NN
eaten	VBN
and	CC
eroded	VBN
away	RB
my	PRP$
life	NN
for	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
thirty	CD
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
successfully	RB
undermined	VBN
more	JJR
that	IN
half	NN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
About	IN
two	CD
years	NNS
ago	RB
,	,
After	IN
another	DT
eating	VBG
purging	VBG
and	CC
marathon	NN
drinking	NN
session	NN
,	,
I	PRP
finally	RB
decided	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
keep	VB
living	VBG
the	DT
way	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
totally	RB
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
life	NN
and	CC
marriage	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
disaster	NN
.	.
I	PRP
knew	VBD
that	IN
if	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
do	VB
something	NN
now	RB
,	,
I	PRP
'd	MD
rather	RB
be	VB
dead	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
go	VB
on	IN
living	VBG
like	IN
that	DT
.	.
I	PRP
put	VBP
myself	PRP
in	IN
an	DT
alcohol	NN
rehab	NN
because	IN
I	PRP
knew	VBD
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
do	VB
this	DT
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
needed	VBD
help	NN
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
knew	VBD
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
go	VB
back	RB
into	IN
my	PRP$
marriage	NN
.	.
I	PRP
needed	VBD
to	TO
completely	RB
get	VB
away	RB
from	IN
everything	NN
and	CC
place	NN
I	PRP
connected	VBD
to	TO
bulimia	VB
and	CC
alcohol	NN
.	.
Fortunately	RB
,	,
there	EX
were	VBD
some	DT
very	RB
inspirational	JJ
councilors	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
rehab	NN
.	.
They	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
deal	VB
with	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
but	CC
gave	VBD
me	PRP
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
a	DT
therapist	NN
to	TO
contact	VB
when	WRB
I	PRP
got	VBD
out	RP
.	.
I	PRP
of	IN
course	NN
was	VBD
n't	RB
drinking	VBG
this	DT
time	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
admit	VBP
I	PRP
threw-up	JJ
three	CD
or	CC
four	CD
times	NNS
.	.
Then	RB
I	PRP
realized	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
quit	VB
drinking	NN
and	CC
bingeing	NN
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
.	.
For	IN
me	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
separate	VB
the	DT
two	CD
.	.
They	PRP
go	VBP
hand	NN
in	IN
hand	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
How	WRB
did	VBD
I	PRP
get	VBP
in	IN
control	NN
?	.
Even	RB
now	RB
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
for	IN
sure	JJ
.	.
All	DT
I	PRP
do	VBP
know	VB
is	VBZ
that	IN
I	PRP
woke	VBD
up	RP
after	IN
a	DT
three	CD
day	NN
drinking\/eating	VBG
binge	NN
knowing	VBG
I	PRP
could	MD
not	RB
stand	VB
to	TO
live	VB
that	DT
way	NN
any	DT
longer	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
put	VBP
myself	PRP
in	IN
rehab	NN
knowing	VBG
that	IN
if	IN
I	PRP
continued	VBD
my	PRP$
behavior	NN
,	,
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
face	VB
another	DT
day	NN
-	:
I	PRP
would	MD
put	VB
an	DT
end	NN
to	TO
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
a	DT
religious	JJ
person	NN
nor	CC
am	VBP
I	PRP
convinced	JJ
AA	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
Answer	NNP
for	IN
everyone	NN
.	.
All	DT
I	PRP
know	VBP
is	VBZ
that	IN
my	PRP$
``	``
Higher	JJR
Power	NN
''	''
or	CC
my	PRP$
spirit	NN
kicked	VBD
in	IN
and	CC
saved	VBD
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
everything	NN
happens	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
reason	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
might	MD
not	RB
know	VB
what	WP
that	WDT
reason	NN
Is	VBZ
.	.
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
say	VB
why	WRB
when	WRB
I	PRP
sought	VBD
help	NN
before	IN
,	,
that	IN
my	PRP$
abstinence	NN
was	VBD
only	RB
temporary	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
think	VB
I	PRP
was	VBD
ready	JJ
or	CC
willing	JJ
.	.
Just	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
last	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
alcoholism	NN
or	CC
any	DT
addictions	NNS
are	VBP
no	DT
way	NN
to	TO
live	VB
.	.
Basically	RB
,	,
you	PRP
put	VBP
your	PRP$
life	NN
on	IN
the	DT
back	JJ
burner	NN
and	CC
let	VB
your	PRP$
addiction	NN
take	VB
control	NN
.	.
You	PRP
stop	VBP
developing	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
person	NN
,	,
you	PRP
stop	VBP
thinking	VBG
and	CC
feeling	VBG
,	,
you	PRP
stop	VBP
living	VBG
.	.
Living	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
addiction	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
living	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
finally	RB
found	VBD
a	DT
therapist	NN
I	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
honest	JJ
with	IN
and	CC
who	WP
makes	VBZ
me	PRP
think	VB
and	CC
feel	VB
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
found	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
only	JJ
way	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
to	TO
live	VB
now	RB
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
completely	RB
honest	JJ
no	DT
matter	NN
how	WRB
it	PRP
makes	VBZ
me	PRP
feel	VB
.	.
I	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
feel	VB
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
not	RB
getting	VBG
what	WP
you	PRP
want	VBP
from	IN
a	DT
therapist	NN
,	,
get	VB
another	DT
one	CD
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
make	VB
a	DT
big	JJ
difference	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
recovery	NN
.	.
Take	VB
antidepressants	NNS
if	IN
they	PRP
help	VBP
you	PRP
,	,
forget	VB
about	IN
what	WP
others	NNS
might	MD
think	VB
about	IN
it	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
you	PRP
that	DT
's	VBZ
important	JJ
!	.
You	PRP
're	VBP
fighting	VBG
for	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
-	:
you	PRP
matter	VBP
-	:
you	PRP
're	VBP
special	JJ
.	.
Taking	VBG
care	NN
of	IN
yourself	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
thing	NN
you	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
for	IN
yourself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
23	CD
year	NN
old	JJ
woman	NN
in	IN
full	JJ
recovery	NN
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
restrict	VB
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
about	RB
14	CD
.	.
I	PRP
began	VBD
running	VBG
in	IN
in	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
.	.
I	PRP
slowly	RB
restricted	VBD
my	PRP$
eating	NN
and	CC
increased	VBD
my	PRP$
exercise	NN
through	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
and	CC
into	IN
college	NN
.	.
By	IN
my	PRP$
last	JJ
year	NN
of	IN
college	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
excercising	VBG
3	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
hours	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
still	RB
restricting	VBG
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
bulimic	JJ
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
suicidal	JJ
.	.
At	IN
21	CD
I	PRP
sought	VBD
counseling	NN
with	IN
the	DT
help	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
mom	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
now	RB
working	VBG
towards	IN
a	DT
Masters	NNP
'	''
in	IN
Social	NNP
Work	NNP
so	IN
that	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
help	VB
others	NNS
with	IN
depression	NN
,	,
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
mental	JJ
illness	NN
.	.
Though	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
now	RB
a	DT
fuzzy	JJ
memory	NN
,	,
I	PRP
know	VBP
the	DT
agony	NN
of	IN
anorexia	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
what	WP
it	PRP
's	VBZ
like	IN
to	TO
think	VB
constantly	RB
about	IN
food	NN
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
the	DT
joy	NN
and	CC
the	DT
agony	NN
of	IN
stepping	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
scale	NN
--	:
many	JJ
times	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
the	DT
guilt	NN
of	IN
eating	NN
,	,
the	DT
pressure	NN
to	TO
exercise	VB
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
the	DT
triumph	NN
of	IN
not	RB
eating	VBG
and	CC
of	IN
exercising	VBG
more	JJR
than	IN
anyone	NN
else	RB
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
how	WRB
alone	RB
it	PRP
can	MD
feel	VB
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
the	DT
horror	NN
of	IN
eating	NN
and	CC
not	RB
being	VBG
able	JJ
to	TO
stop	VB
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
the	DT
hundred	CD
little	JJ
distortions	NNS
that	WDT
helped	VBD
me	PRP
hide	VB
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
from	IN
myself	PRP
and	CC
others	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
what	WP
it	PRP
's	VBZ
like	IN
to	TO
face	VB
the	DT
question	NN
``	``
How	WRB
are	VBP
you	PRP
doing	VBG
?	.
''	''
with	IN
a	DT
smile	NN
and	CC
an	DT
okay	JJ
day	NN
after	IN
day	NN
when	WRB
everything	NN
is	VBZ
anything	NN
but	CC
okay	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
what	WP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
believe	VB
that	IN
death	NN
must	MD
be	VB
better	JJR
than	IN
another	DT
day	NN
of	IN
the	DT
misery	NN
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
know	VBP
how	WRB
hard	JJ
it	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
let	VB
go	VB
of	IN
the	DT
one	CD
thing	NN
that	WDT
keeps	VBZ
you	PRP
going	VBG
,	,
that	IN
organizes	VBZ
the	DT
day	NN
,	,
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
purpose	NN
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
how	WRB
hard	JJ
it	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
binge	NN
and	CC
finally	RB
not	RB
purge	VB
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
the	DT
terror	NN
of	IN
gaining	VBG
weight	NN
and	CC
feeling	NN
clothes	NNS
grow	VBP
tighter	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
how	WRB
scary	JJ
it	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
finally	RB
feel	VB
what	WP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
numb	JJ
for	IN
so	RB
long	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
the	DT
guilt	NN
,	,
the	DT
fear	NN
,	,
the	DT
sadness	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
frustration	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
And	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
all	DT
worth	IN
it	PRP
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
such	JJ
a	DT
better	JJR
life	NN
beyond	IN
anorexia	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
.	.
Hope	NNP
can	MD
spring	VB
from	IN
a	DT
landscape	NN
of	IN
bleakness	NN
.	.
Joy	NNP
can	MD
take	VB
the	DT
place	NN
of	IN
misery	NN
.	.
Sadness	NN
can	MD
become	VB
an	DT
emotion	NN
,	,
not	RB
a	DT
life-sentence	NN
.	.
Recovery	NN
from	IN
anorexia	NN
or	CC
bulimia	NN
is	VBZ
like	IN
a	DT
mandate	NN
to	TO
do	VB
what	WP
everyone	NN
else	RB
is	VBZ
working	VBG
not	RB
to	TO
do	VB
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
proud	JJ
every	DT
time	NN
I	PRP
eat	VBP
a	DT
box	NN
of	IN
french	JJ
fries	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
diligently	RB
to	TO
incorporate	VB
fat	JJ
into	IN
my	PRP$
diet	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
careful	JJ
not	RB
to	TO
eat	VB
too	RB
many	JJ
fruits	NNS
and	CC
vegetables	NNS
.	.
Nutrasweet	NNP
tops	VBZ
my	PRP$
list	NN
of	IN
foods	NNS
not	RB
to	TO
eat	VB
.	.
Fat	NNP
tops	VBZ
my	PRP$
list	NN
of	IN
foods	NNS
to	TO
eat	VB
.	.
Eating	NNP
has	VBZ
become	VBN
such	JJ
a	DT
minor	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
No	DT
more	RBR
agony	JJ
,	,
no	DT
more	JJR
fear	NN
.	.
And	CC
I	PRP
love	VBP
my	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
beautiful	JJ
thing	NN
--	:
the	DT
product	NN
of	IN
millions	NNS
of	IN
years	NNS
of	IN
evolution	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
repository	NN
of	IN
the	DT
genes	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
family	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
energy	NN
to	TO
do	VB
amazing	JJ
things	NNS
with	IN
this	DT
body	NN
of	IN
mine	NN
.	.
But	CC
even	RB
more	RBR
importantly	RB
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
happy	JJ
,	,
content	JJ
,	,
energetic	JJ
,	,
hopeful	JJ
,	,
and	CC
can	MD
think	VB
about	IN
someone	NN
besides	IN
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
actually	RB
FUN	NNP
to	TO
be	VB
around	RB
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
the	DT
thing	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
most	RBS
afraid	JJ
of	IN
when	WRB
I	PRP
went	VBD
into	IN
therapy	NN
was	VBD
that	IN
they	PRP
would	MD
fix	VB
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
would	MD
still	RB
be	VB
miserable	JJ
.	.
But	CC
you	PRP
can	MD
fix	VB
it	PRP
all	DT
!	.
!	.
You	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
happy	JJ
.	.
Most	JJS
people	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
depressed	VBN
.	.
Most	JJS
people	NNS
never	RB
think	VBP
about	IN
killing	VBG
themselves	PRP
.	.
Most	JJS
people	NNS
are	VBP
happy	JJ
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
the	DT
time	NN
.	.
People	NNS
with	IN
depression	NN
can	MD
be	VB
like	IN
most	JJS
people	NNS
if	IN
they	PRP
seek	VBP
treatment	NN
.	.
Overcoming	VBG
my	PRP$
eating	NN
disorder	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
hardest	JJS
thing	NN
I	PRP
've	VBP
ever	RB
had	VBN
to	TO
do	VB
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
well	RB
worth	JJ
the	DT
effort	NN
.	.
I	PRP
moved	VBD
beyond	IN
getting	VBG
better	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
strong	JJ
and	CC
proud	JJ
of	IN
my	PRP$
accomplishment	NN
.	.
I	PRP
learned	VBD
so	RB
much	JJ
about	IN
myself	PRP
and	CC
my	PRP$
family	NN
.	.
I	PRP
sought	VBD
and	CC
received	VBD
help	NN
from	IN
friends	NNS
who	WP
were	VBD
also	RB
suffering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
helped	VBD
my	PRP$
Dad	NNP
who	WP
was	VBD
also	RB
suffering	VBG
from	IN
depression	NN
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
going	VBG
through	IN
therapy	NN
I	PRP
felt	VBD
as	IN
though	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
wasted	VBN
part	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
Now	RB
I	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
suffered	VBD
made	VBN
me	PRP
who	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
.	.
They	PRP
made	VBD
me	PRP
strong	JJ
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
gave	VBD
me	PRP
a	DT
purpose	NN
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
n't	RB
go	VB
back	RB
and	CC
change	VB
a	DT
single	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
would	MD
n't	RB
spend	VB
another	DT
second	JJ
starving	VBG
myself	PRP
,	,
either	RB
.	.
I	PRP
remember	VBP
a	DT
time	NN
when	WRB
reading	VBG
the	DT
recovery	NN
stories	NNS
in	IN
The	DT
Other	JJ
Side	NN
and	CC
,	,
besides	IN
feeling	NN
really	RB
inspired	VBD
,	,
wondering	VBG
when	WRB
the	DT
time	NN
was	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
come	VB
when	WRB
I	PRP
could	MD
sit	VB
and	CC
write	VB
my	PRP$
story	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
To	TO
be	VB
honest	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
imagine	VB
the	DT
time	NN
ever	RB
coming	VBG
;	:
recovery	NN
was	VBD
something	NN
other	JJ
people	NNS
could	MD
do	VB
,	,
not	RB
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
in	IN
therapy	NN
forever	RB
and	CC
endlessly	RB
trying	VBG
to	TO
convince	VB
everyone	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
never	RB
seeing	VBG
myself	PRP
letting	VBG
go	NN
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
control	NN
''	''
I	PRP
had	VBD
over	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
others	NNS
lives	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
feelings	NNS
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
controlling	VBG
what	WP
I	PRP
put	VBD
into	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
and	CC
keeping	VBG
my	PRP$
weight	NN
down	IN
made	VBN
everything	NN
so	RB
much	RB
more	RBR
manageable	JJ
and	CC
bearable	JJ
.	.
If	IN
I	PRP
let	VBP
go	VB
and	CC
relaxed	VBN
about	IN
everything	NN
I	PRP
obsessed	VBD
about	RB
and	CC
stopped	VBD
trying	VBG
to	TO
fix	VB
everything	NN
in	IN
the	DT
universe	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
life	NN
was	VBD
worth	JJ
nothing	NN
.	.
Molehills	NNS
were	VBD
mountains	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
caused	VBD
people	NNS
to	TO
have	VB
upset	VBN
in	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
;	:
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
deserve	VB
to	TO
enjoy	VB
a	DT
meal	NN
or	CC
anything	NN
for	IN
that	DT
matter	NN
because	IN
someone	NN
else	RB
was	VBD
worse	JJR
off	IN
than	IN
I.	NN
I	PRP
must	MD
not	RB
be	VB
happy	JJ
as	IN
others	NNS
are	VBP
n't	RB
.	.
These	DT
statements	NNS
were	VBD
what	WP
my	PRP$
daily	JJ
thoughts	NNS
were	VBD
made	VBN
up	IN
of	IN
,	,
and	CC
what	WP
I	PRP
lived	VBD
by	IN
.	.
Gospel	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
anorexic	JJ
for	IN
now	RB
6	CD
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
it	PRP
was	VBD
triggered	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
relationship	NN
gone	VBN
wrong	JJ
,	,
the	DT
idea	NN
that	IN
if	IN
I	PRP
lost	VBD
some	DT
weight	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
was	VBD
quite	RB
``	``
chubby	JJ
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
that	IN
he	PRP
would	MD
care	VB
for	IN
me	PRP
again	RB
.	.
I	PRP
lost	VBD
some	DT
weight	NN
fast	RB
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
``	``
you	PRP
look	VBP
great	JJ
''	''
comments	NNS
started	VBD
.	.
So	RB
,	,
I	PRP
felt	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
right	JJ
track	NN
.	.
To	TO
make	VB
an	DT
already	RB
long	JJ
story	NN
short	RB
,	,
it	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
win	VB
back	RB
my	PRP$
beau	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
started	VBD
me	PRP
on	IN
the	DT
biggest	JJS
mistake	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
;	:
a	DT
totally	RB
misunderstood	VBN
relationship	NN
with	IN
food	NN
,	,
it	PRP
having	VBG
the	DT
upper	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
resulting	VBG
into	IN
my	PRP$
warped	JJ
thinking	NN
that	IN
if	IN
I	PRP
keep	VBP
losing	VBG
weight	NN
and	CC
making	VBG
the	DT
numbers	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
scales	NNS
my	PRP$
new	JJ
God	NNP
,	,
then	RB
all	DT
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
will	MD
be	VB
fine	JJ
,	,
nothing	NN
will	MD
ever	RB
go	VB
wrong	JJ
again	RB
.	.
I	PRP
met	VBD
a	DT
wonderful	JJ
man	NN
shortly	RB
after	IN
my	PRP$
previous	JJ
breakup	NN
and	CC
he	PRP
gave	VBD
me	PRP
the	DT
love	NN
and	CC
confidence	NN
I	PRP
needed	VBD
to	TO
stop	VB
torturing	VBG
myself	PRP
so	RB
much	RB
,	,
though	IN
I	PRP
still	RB
had	VBD
lots	NNS
of	IN
``	``
control	NN
''	''
.	.
He	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
aware	JJ
of	IN
my	PRP$
E.D.	NNP
,	,
as	IN
he	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
always	RB
that	IN
thin	JJ
,	,
as	IN
did	VBD
his	PRP$
family	NN
and	CC
friends	NNS
.	.
So	RB
,	,
no	DT
one	NN
questioned	VBD
me	PRP
,	,
except	IN
for	IN
my	PRP$
family	NN
and	CC
close	JJ
friends	NNS
,	,
They	PRP
had	VBD
always	RB
questioned	VBN
me	PRP
and	CC
my	PRP$
large	JJ
weight	NN
loss	NN
,	,
but	CC
did	VBD
n't	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
approach	VB
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
married	VBD
this	DT
great	JJ
guy	NN
2	CD
and	CC
a	DT
half	NN
years	NNS
ago	RB
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
finally	RB
told	VBD
him	PRP
of	IN
my	PRP$
E.D.	NNP
after	IN
I	PRP
surrendered	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
go	VB
anywhere	RB
unless	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
something	NN
about	IN
it	PRP
.	.
What	WP
someone	NN
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
someone	NN
who	WP
knows	VBZ
someone	NN
with	IN
one	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
needs	VBZ
to	TO
realize	VB
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
go	VB
away	RB
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
so	RB
many	JJ
issues	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
what	WP
makes	VBZ
this	DT
demon	NN
tick	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
shocked	VBN
as	IN
I	PRP
began	VBD
therapy	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
beating	VBG
myself	PRP
up	RP
about	IN
so	RB
much	JJ
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
virtually	RB
had	VBD
no	DT
control	NN
over	IN
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
realize	VB
how	WRB
much	JJ
I	PRP
hated	VBD
myself	PRP
and	CC
how	WRB
I	PRP
could	MD
learn	VB
to	TO
let	VB
go	VB
of	IN
so	RB
much	JJ
baggage	NN
.	.
One	CD
big	JJ
obstacle	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
recovery	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
couple	NN
,	,
who	WP
were	VBD
supposed	VBN
best	JJS
friends	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
husband	NN
and	CC
I.	NN
They	PRP
learned	VBD
of	IN
my	PRP$
ed	VBN
,	,
as	IN
I	PRP
approached	VBD
them	PRP
,	,
thinking	VBG
they	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
support	NN
persons	NNS
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
very	RB
wrong	JJ
.	.
Their	PRP$
reaction	NN
was	VBD
cold	JJ
indifference	NN
,	,
almost	RB
to	TO
the	DT
point	NN
of	IN
questioning	VBG
that	IN
I	PRP
even	RB
had	VBD
this	DT
problem	NN
.	.
I	PRP
allowed	VBD
these	DT
people	NNS
to	TO
regress	VB
my	PRP$
progress	NN
in	IN
therapy	NN
for	IN
months	NNS
,	,
not	RB
being	VBG
able	JJ
to	TO
understand	VB
why	WRB
I	PRP
could	MD
not	RB
make	VB
them	PRP
understand	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
indeed	RB
sick	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
never	RB
heard	VBD
from	IN
them	PRP
nearly	RB
as	RB
much	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
subject	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
problem	NN
was	VBD
avoided	VBN
at	IN
all	DT
costs	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
felt	VBD
alone	RB
and	CC
to	TO
blame	VB
for	IN
being	VBG
a	DT
freak	NN
,	,
that	WDT
was	VBD
n't	RB
worth	JJ
helping	VBG
.	.
If	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
for	IN
2	CD
friends	NNS
in	IN
particular	JJ
and	CC
my	PRP$
husband	NN
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
have	VB
been	VBN
able	JJ
to	TO
overcome	VB
that	DT
large	JJ
mountain	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
at	IN
the	DT
stage	NN
now	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
never	RB
dreamed	VBD
I	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
at	IN
.	.
Overcoming	VBG
the	DT
demons	NNS
in	IN
our	PRP$
minds	NNS
which	WDT
fuel	VBP
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
is	VBZ
hard	RB
,	,
very	RB
hard	RB
.	.
But	CC
believe	VB
me	PRP
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
far	RB
from	IN
impossible	JJ
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
proper	JJ
professional	JJ
therapy	NN
and	CC
a	DT
great	JJ
support	NN
system	NN
outside	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
amazing	JJ
what	WP
you	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
.	.
So	RB
,	,
anyone	NN
in	IN
recovery	NN
,	,
please	VB
know	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
so	RB
possible	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
free	JJ
!	.
!	.
But	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
alot	JJ
of	IN
work	NN
and	CC
there	EX
are	VBP
so	RB
many	JJ
things	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
go	VB
through	IN
your	PRP$
head	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
believe	VB
of	IN
yourself	PRP
.	.
But	CC
they	PRP
are	VBP
true	JJ
;	:
you	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
great	JJ
person	NN
and	CC
nothing	NN
or	CC
no	DT
one	NN
can	MD
make	VB
you	PRP
feel	VB
like	IN
less	JJR
than	IN
anyone	NN
else	RB
unless	IN
you	PRP
give	VBP
them	PRP
permission	NN
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
.	.
Give	VB
yourself	PRP
permission	NN
to	TO
ditch	NN
your	PRP$
rules	NNS
and	CC
make	VB
new	JJ
ones	NNS
where	WRB
YOU	PRP
are	VBP
the	DT
deserving	JJ
one	CD
,	,
because	RB
,	,
at	IN
last	JJ
,	,
we	PRP
do	VBP
deserve	VB
to	TO
be	VB
happy	JJ
.	.
The	DT
earliest	JJS
memory	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
of	IN
an	DT
unhealthy	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
food	NN
was	VBD
one	CD
of	IN
sitting	VBG
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
a	DT
black	JJ
and	CC
white	JJ
TV	NN
set	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
gold	NN
cart	NN
with	IN
a	DT
can	NN
of	IN
Buitoni	NNP
Spiral	NNP
Pasta	NNP
in	IN
cheese	NN
sauce	NN
eating	VBG
its	PRP$
uncooked	JJ
contents	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
fork	NN
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
enjoyed	VBD
it	PRP
too	RB
much	RB
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
three	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
.	.
From	IN
that	DT
point	NN
on	IN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
to	TO
struggle	VB
on	IN
and	CC
off	IN
for	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
31	CD
years	NNS
with	IN
food	NN
,	,
body	NN
size	NN
,	,
and	CC
self-esteem	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
painfully	RB
self-conscious	JJ
child	NN
and	CC
was	VBD
very	RB
sheltered	JJ
by	IN
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
few	JJ
friends	NNS
and	CC
was	VBD
not	RB
allowed	VBN
to	TO
leave	VB
the	DT
house	NN
often	RB
to	TO
play	VB
with	IN
other	JJ
children	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
quickly	RB
turned	VBD
to	TO
reading	VBG
,	,
thinking	VBG
,	,
and	CC
eating	VBG
for	IN
amusement	NN
.	.
By	IN
the	DT
time	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
got	VBD
to	TO
grammar	NN
school	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
already	RB
fairly	RB
plump	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
mother	NN
,	,
while	IN
on	IN
a	DT
visit	NN
to	TO
the	DT
uniform	JJ
store	NN
to	TO
purchase	VB
Catholic	NNP
school	NN
uniforms	NNS
,	,
chose	VBD
to	TO
describe	VB
me	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
saleslady	NN
using	VBG
the	DT
more	RBR
flattering	JJ
term	NN
``	``
husky	JJ
''	''
.	.
That	DT
was	VBD
fine	JJ
with	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
thought	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
``	``
husky	JJ
''	''
,	,
while	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
children	NNS
at	IN
school	NN
were	VBD
less	JJR
creative	JJ
and	CC
called	VBD
me	PRP
``	``
fat	JJ
''	''
.	.
Whatever	WDT
I	PRP
was	VBD
,	,
I	PRP
knew	VBD
they	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
like	IN
it	PRP
.	.
Neither	DT
did	VBD
I.	NN
Very	RB
often	RB
,	,
I	PRP
struggle	VBP
to	TO
remain	VB
honest	JJ
and	CC
original	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
telling	VBG
of	IN
my	PRP$
story	NN
.	.
Although	IN
every	DT
story	NN
is	VBZ
surely	RB
a	DT
selective	JJ
representation	NN
of	IN
fact	NN
or	CC
fiction	NN
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
struggled	VBN
not	RB
to	TO
make	VB
my	PRP$
past	JJ
conform	VB
to	TO
any	DT
notions	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
in	IN
the	DT
present	NN
.	.
As	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
went	VBD
on	IN
,	,
I	PRP
did	VBD
very	RB
well	RB
academically	RB
,	,
but	CC
was	VBD
an	DT
utter	JJ
failure	NN
socially	RB
,	,
due	JJ
in	IN
no	DT
small	JJ
part	NN
to	TO
my	PRP$
size	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
sheltered	JJ
life	NN
.	.
The	DT
teasing	NN
and	CC
taunting	VBG
that	IN
I	PRP
experienced	VBD
drove	VBD
me	PRP
deeper	JJR
into	IN
isolation	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
world	NN
.	.
A	DT
big	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
living	VBG
in	IN
this	DT
world	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
reinvent	VB
myself	PRP
so	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
became	VBD
acceptable	JJ
in	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
eyes	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
emphasized	VBD
and	CC
exaggerated	VBD
the	DT
more	RBR
interesting	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
family	NN
history	NN
,	,
began	VBD
to	TO
learn	VB
other	JJ
languages	NNS
,	,
and	CC
gradually	RB
became	VBD
a	DT
compulsive	JJ
liar	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
utterly	RB
ashamed	JJ
of	IN
my	PRP$
family	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
especially	RB
my	PRP$
father	NN
's	POS
side	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
tried	VBD
to	TO
distance	VB
myself	PRP
from	IN
them	PRP
in	IN
every	DT
possible	JJ
and	CC
impossible	JJ
way	NN
.	.
At	IN
this	DT
point	NN
,	,
I	PRP
had	VBD
reached	VBN
high-school	NN
and	CC
had	VBD
very	RB
few	JJ
friends	NNS
,	,
partly	RB
because	IN
of	IN
my	PRP$
size	NN
and	CC
lack	NN
of	IN
social	JJ
skills	NNS
,	,
but	CC
partly	RB
because	IN
the	DT
lies	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
telling	VBG
were	VBD
so	RB
absurdly	RB
untrue	JJ
that	IN
I	PRP
quickly	RB
became	VBD
the	DT
object	NN
of	IN
open	JJ
ridicule	NN
.	.
From	IN
Eighth	NNP
Grade	NNP
until	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
psychotherapy	NN
on	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
still	RB
assessing	VBG
its	PRP$
merits	NNS
and	CC
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
it	PRP
served	VBD
to	TO
create	VB
an	DT
identity	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
even	RB
more	RBR
spoiled	VBN
than	IN
the	DT
one	CD
I	PRP
had	VBD
when	WRB
I	PRP
began	VBD
.	.
In	IN
middle	JJ
and	CC
high	JJ
school	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
classmates	NNS
tortured	JJ
me	PRP
frequently	RB
.	.
They	PRP
seemed	VBD
to	TO
take	VB
great	JJ
pleasure	NN
in	IN
humiliating	JJ
the	DT
``	``
fat	JJ
kid	NN
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
take	VB
all	DT
of	IN
this	DT
lying	VBG
down	RP
.	.
I	PRP
found	VBD
the	DT
strength	NN
to	TO
fight	VB
back	RB
verbally	RB
and	CC
physically	RB
when	WRB
they	PRP
became	VBD
physically	RB
abusive	JJ
.	.
The	DT
novelty	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
resistance	NN
made	VBD
be	VB
a	DT
bit	NN
enigmatic	JJ
to	TO
them	PRP
because	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
no	RB
longer	RB
the	DT
lumbering	VBG
victim	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
wanted	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
had	VBD
a	DT
growth	NN
spurt	NN
and	CC
became	VBD
more	RBR
active	JJ
physically	RB
in	IN
an	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
lose	VB
weight	NN
and	CC
prove	VB
to	TO
them	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
live	VB
in	IN
their	PRP$
world	NN
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
they	PRP
liked	VBD
it	PRP
.	.
These	DT
efforts	NNS
paid	VBD
off	RB
and	CC
I	PRP
lost	VBD
a	DT
tremendous	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
weight	NN
in	IN
about	IN
a	DT
year	NN
's	POS
time	NN
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
developed	VBD
a	DT
very	RB
close	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
someone	NN
who	WP
was	VBD
to	TO
remain	VB
my	PRP$
best	JJS
friend	NN
for	IN
years	NNS
.	.
This	DT
was	VBD
also	RB
something	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
needed	VBD
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
at	IN
this	DT
time	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
my	PRP$
first	JJ
sexual	JJ
experiences	NNS
and	CC
found	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
world	NN
of	IN
women	NNS
's	POS
bodies	NNS
and	CC
minds	NNS
was	VBD
at	IN
least	JJS
as	IN
interesting	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
Battle	NNP
of	IN
Hastings	NNP
.	.
Discovering	VBG
that	DT
my	PRP$
body	NN
could	MD
be	VB
a	DT
locus	NN
for	IN
experiencing	VBG
pleasure	NN
and	CC
a	DT
source	NN
of	IN
pleasure	NN
for	IN
someone	NN
else	RB
was	VBD
a	DT
totally	RB
foreign	JJ
concept	NN
to	TO
me	PRP
,	,
but	CC
one	CD
that	WDT
has	VBZ
seduced	VBN
me	PRP
and	CC
intrigued	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
this	DT
day	NN
.	.
Now	RB
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
34	CD
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
still	RB
astounded	JJ
when	WRB
women	NNS
tell	VBP
me	PRP
that	IN
they	PRP
find	VBP
me	PRP
attractive	JJ
.	.
So	RB
much	JJ
and	CC
so	RB
little	JJ
has	VBZ
changed	VBN
.	.
After	IN
graduating	VBG
high	JJ
school	NN
in	IN
three	CD
years	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
left	VBD
there	RB
as	IN
a	DT
thin	JJ
17-year-old	JJ
with	IN
his	PRP$
first	JJ
car	NN
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
help	NN
of	IN
several	JJ
friends	NNS
who	WP
were	VBD
as	IN
tormented	JJ
as	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
,	,
I	PRP
proceeded	VBD
to	TO
squander	VB
four	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
partial	JJ
scholarship	NN
to	TO
a	DT
local	JJ
university	NN
.	.
I	PRP
remained	VBD
thin	JJ
during	IN
this	DT
time	NN
and	CC
found	VBD
myself	PRP
in	IN
a	DT
string	NN
of	IN
relationships	NNS
with	IN
women	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
utterly	RB
unhealthy	JJ
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
During	IN
this	DT
time	NN
,	,
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
realize	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
being	VBG
driven	VBN
to	TO
distraction	NN
by	IN
some	DT
nameless	JJ
inner	JJ
torment	VBP
.	.
This	DT
was	VBD
beside	RB
what	WP
I	PRP
could	MD
identify	VB
as	IN
emotional	JJ
baggage	NN
from	IN
my	PRP$
days	NNS
as	IN
an	DT
overweight	JJ
child	NN
.	.
I	PRP
held	VBD
a	DT
meaningless	JJ
pizza-delivery	NN
job	NN
and	CC
learned	VBD
Italian	JJ
from	IN
my	PRP$
boss	NN
.	.
This	DT
was	VBD
the	DT
only	JJ
saving	NN
grace	NN
of	IN
this	DT
job	NN
,	,
apart	RB
from	IN
the	DT
cash	NN
income	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
provided	VBD
.	.
The	DT
free	JJ
,	,
greasy	JJ
,	,
Italian	JJ
food	NN
was	VBD
always	RB
a	DT
struggle	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
The	DT
tide	NN
was	VBD
high	JJ
,	,
but	CC
somehow	RB
,	,
I	PRP
held	VBD
on	IN
.	.
From	IN
1985	CD
to	TO
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
1986	CD
,	,
things	NNS
changed	VBD
.	.
Both	DT
my	PRP$
best	JJS
friend	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
had	VBD
serious	JJ
accidents	NNS
that	WDT
cost	VBP
us	PRP
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
right	JJ
legs	NNS
for	IN
six	CD
months	NNS
.	.
Sedentary	JJ
and	CC
nutritionally	RB
ignorant	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
sat	VBD
about	IN
and	CC
began	VBD
to	TO
pack	VB
on	IN
the	DT
pounds	NNS
again	RB
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
got	VBD
out	RP
and	CC
about	RB
,	,
my	PRP$
friends	NNS
and	CC
I	PRP
discovered	VBD
cocaine	NN
and	CC
alcohol	NN
.	.
On	IN
Thanksgiving	NNP
of	IN
1986	CD
,	,
my	PRP$
mother	NN
had	VBD
a	DT
heart	NN
attack	NN
.	.
Around	IN
this	DT
time	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
high-school	NN
friends	NNS
and	CC
I	PRP
became	VBD
more	RBR
deeply	RB
involved	VBN
in	IN
using	VBG
cocaine	NN
and	CC
drinking	NN
on	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
Before	IN
1986	CD
,	,
driven	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
fear	NN
of	IN
becoming	VBG
one	CD
more	JJR
alcoholic	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
family	NN
whose	WP$
pedigree	NN
as	IN
world-class	JJ
drunks	NNS
rivals	NNS
any	DT
,	,
I	PRP
avoided	VBD
any	DT
involvement	NN
with	IN
drugs	NNS
other	JJ
than	IN
Hostess	NNP
cream-filled	JJ
cupcakes	NNS
.	.
In	IN
1988	CD
,	,
the	DT
bottom	NN
dropped	VBD
out	IN
of	IN
my	PRP$
world	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
very	RB
depressed	JJ
and	CC
remained	VBD
heavily	RB
involved	VBN
in	IN
cocaine	NN
and	CC
alcohol	NN
abuse	NN
for	IN
several	JJ
months	NNS
while	IN
drifting	VBG
through	IN
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
temp	JJ
jobs	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
never	RB
manage	VB
to	TO
keep	VB
.	.
On	IN
New	NNP
Year	NNP
's	POS
night	NN
of	IN
1988	CD
,	,
my	PRP$
mother	NN
died	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
too	RB
sick	JJ
and	CC
tired	JJ
to	TO
visit	VB
her	PRP$
from	IN
my	PRP$
nights	NNS
of	IN
excess	NN
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
believe	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
happened	VBD
until	IN
my	PRP$
father	NN
told	VBD
me	PRP
that	IN
she	PRP
had	VBD
died	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
began	VBD
eating	VBG
as	IN
if	IN
there	EX
were	VBD
no	DT
tomorrow	NN
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
really	RB
think	VB
that	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
one	CD
.	.
Soon	RB
after	IN
that	DT
,	,
while	IN
in	IN
a	DT
drug	NN
and	CC
food	NN
induced	VBD
haze	NN
,	,
I	PRP
met	VBD
my	PRP$
next	JJ
girlfriend	NN
,	,
whom	WP
I	PRP
was	VBD
to	TO
live	VB
with	IN
for	IN
6	CD
and	CC
a	DT
half	NN
years	NNS
.	.
During	IN
this	DT
time	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
father	NN
lost	VBD
our	PRP$
house	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
sister	NN
became	VBD
involved	VBN
in	IN
drugs	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
find	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
place	NN
to	TO
live	VB
with	IN
my	PRP$
girlfriend	NN
.	.
During	IN
this	DT
time	NN
,	,
every	DT
substance	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
put	VBP
into	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
became	VBD
a	DT
source	NN
of	IN
stimulation	NN
and	CC
comfort	NN
.	.
Gradually	RB
,	,
I	PRP
stopped	VBD
doing	VBG
drugs	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
while	NN
and	CC
was	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
get	VB
and	CC
keep	VB
two	CD
steady	JJ
jobs	NNS
,	,
the	DT
last	JJ
of	IN
which	WDT
I	PRP
remained	VBD
at	IN
until	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
1996	CD
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
at	IN
this	DT
time	NN
that	WDT
what	WP
was	VBD
an	DT
incremental	JJ
weight	NN
increase	NN
became	VBD
exponential	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
drinking	VBG
a	DT
lot	NN
and	CC
was	VBD
eating	VBG
lots	NNS
of	IN
sugar-filled	JJ
garbage	NN
.	.
Childhood	NN
feelings	NNS
of	IN
self-hatred	JJ
,	,
fear	NN
,	,
isolation	NN
,	,
and	CC
awkwardness	NN
returned	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
reaching	VBG
``	``
critical	JJ
mass	NN
''	''
for	IN
a	DT
second	JJ
time	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
took	VBD
me	PRP
four	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
living	NN
to	TO
get	VB
into	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
Just	RB
before	IN
I	PRP
began	VBD
an	DT
outpatient	NN
program	NN
for	IN
drug	NN
and	CC
alcohol	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
friends	NNS
dubbed	VBN
me	PRP
the	DT
``	``
Crack	VB
,	,
Everclear	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
grain	NN
alcohol	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
Entemmans	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
local	JJ
NY\/NJ	NNP
bakery	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
Guy	NNP
''	''
.	.
Right	RB
after	IN
the	DT
separation	NN
,	,
I	PRP
got	VBD
involved	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
very	RB
painful	JJ
and	CC
unhealthy	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
a	DT
tormented	JJ
young	JJ
woman	NN
that	WDT
lasted	VBD
two	CD
years	NNS
.	.
The	DT
difference	NN
here	RB
was	VBD
that	IN
despite	IN
the	DT
torture	VBP
I	PRP
experienced	VBD
,	,
I	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
lose	VB
sight	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
goals	NNS
and	CC
continued	VBD
to	TO
develop	VB
professionally	RB
and	CC
along	IN
a	DT
more	RBR
deeply	RB
spiritual	JJ
path	NN
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
During	IN
this	DT
time	NN
,	,
I	PRP
had	VBD
managed	VBN
to	TO
stay	VB
clean	JJ
,	,
sober	JJ
,	,
and	CC
maintain	VB
a	DT
preferred	VBN
relationship	NN
with	IN
food	NN
.	.
For	IN
a	DT
very	RB
long	JJ
time	NN
and	CC
all	DT
throughout	IN
my	PRP$
years	NNS
of	IN
madness	NN
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
held	VBN
very	RB
strong	JJ
Buddhist	JJ
beliefs	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
helped	VBD
me	PRP
through	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
six	CD
years	NNS
,	,
through	IN
the	DT
insanity	NN
of	IN
last	JJ
relationship	NN
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
to	TO
the	DT
joy	NN
and	CC
love	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
present	JJ
one	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
only	RB
now	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
relatively	RB
free	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
torments	VBZ
of	IN
ADD	NNP
and	CC
unhealthy	JJ
living	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
begin	VB
to	TO
nurture	VB
others	NNS
and	CC
myself	PRP
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
my	PRP$
deepest	JJS
beliefs	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
realize	VBP
now	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
really	RB
be	VB
a	DT
force	NN
for	IN
good	JJ
and	CC
love	NN
in	IN
this	DT
world	NN
.	.
I	PRP
now	RB
treasure	NN
my	PRP$
body	NN
,	,
accept	VB
its	PRP$
beauty	NN
,	,
and	CC
see	VB
it	PRP
and	CC
all	DT
other	JJ
bodies	NNS
as	IN
expressions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
beauty	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Universe	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
now	RB
fight	VBP
the	DT
oppression	NN
of	IN
all	DT
living	VBG
beings	NNS
whenever	WRB
and	CC
wherever	WRB
I	PRP
can	MD
.	.
My	PRP$
heart	NN
will	MD
always	RB
hold	VB
a	DT
special	JJ
place	NN
for	IN
all	DT
of	IN
us	PRP
who	WP
have	VBP
suffered	VBN
to	TO
one	CD
extent	NN
or	CC
another	DT
because	IN
of	IN
how	WRB
we	PRP
look	VBP
or	CC
because	IN
of	IN
how	WRB
we	PRP
think	VBP
we	PRP
look	VB
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
suffering	NN
,	,
I	PRP
find	VBP
this	DT
sort	NN
of	IN
oppression	NN
most	RBS
repugnant	JJ
.	.
Each	DT
day	NN
I	PRP
live	VBP
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
more	JJR
of	IN
a	DT
testament	NN
of	IN
resistance	NN
to	TO
the	DT
notion	NN
that	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
or	CC
that	IN
of	IN
anyone	NN
MUST	NNP
conform	VB
to	TO
unrealistic	JJ
normalizing	VBG
expectations	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
refuse	VBP
to	TO
take	VB
part	NN
in	IN
practices	NNS
that	WDT
promote	VBP
misery-manufacturing	JJ
delusions	NNS
propagated	VBN
by	IN
mass-culture	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
40	CD
yrs	NNS
old	JJ
and	CC
no	RB
longer	RBR
actively	RB
binging	NN
and	CC
purging	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
3	CD
boys	NNS
10	CD
and	CC
under	IN
who	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
homeschooling	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
always	RB
been	VBN
a	DT
passionately	RB
;	:
angry	JJ
,	,
happy	JJ
,	,
sad	JJ
person	NN
.	.
I	PRP
learned	VBD
to	TO
purge	VB
in	IN
college	NN
as	IN
did	VBD
many	JJ
women	NNS
.	.
Throughout	IN
my	PRP$
wild	JJ
ski	NN
bum	NN
years	NNS
and	CC
``	``
fun	NN
''	''
bar	NN
maid	NN
life	NN
in	IN
California	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
purged	VBD
.	.
Until	IN
I	PRP
got	VBD
pregnant	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
had	VBD
no	DT
good	JJ
reason	NN
to	TO
stop	VB
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
stop	VB
somewhat	RB
.	.
I	PRP
never	RB
again	RB
have	VB
spent	VBN
weeks	NNS
purging	VBG
3	CD
times	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
purged	VBN
maybe	RB
10	CD
times	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
5	CD
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
guess	VBP
I	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
say	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
should	MD
get	VB
as	RB
much	JJ
help	NN
as	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
get	VB
help	VB
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
40	CD
now	RB
and	CC
wondering	VBG
if	IN
I	PRP
've	VBP
damaged	VBN
my	PRP$
heart	NN
as	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
having	VBG
chest	NN
pains	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
now	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
need	VB
to	TO
get	VB
help	VB
for	IN
the	DT
feelings	NNS
that	WDT
led	VBD
to	TO
that	DT
behavior	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
responsble	NN
for	IN
these	DT
kids	NNS
'	POS
lives	NNS
and	CC
they	PRP
deserve	VBP
the	DT
best	JJS
they	PRP
can	MD
get	VB
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
get	VB
help	VB
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
think	VBP
you	PRP
can	MD
run	VB
away	RB
from	IN
it	PRP
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
wrong	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
guess	VBP
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
convince	VB
you	PRP
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
myself	PRP
that	IN
we	PRP
are	VBP
worth	JJ
the	DT
work	NN
.	.
That	DT
our	PRP$
lives	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
so	RB
much	RB
more	RBR
.	.
Our	PRP$
feelings	NNS
are	VBP
valid	JJ
.	.
Our	PRP$
opinions	NNS
count	NN
.	.
Bulimia	NN
is	VBZ
n't	RB
embarassing	JJ
and	CC
silly	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
raw	JJ
pain	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
struggle	NN
to	TO
cope	VB
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
desperation	NN
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
hurt	VBN
deeply	RB
by	IN
life	NN
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
look	VB
at	IN
it	PRP
and	CC
put	VB
it	PRP
behind	IN
us	PRP
.	.
Accept	VB
the	DT
damage	NN
done	VBN
,	,
our	PRP$
imperfect	JJ
lives	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
possibility	NN
that	IN
our	PRP$
lives	NNS
will	MD
never	RB
be	VB
perfect	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
friends	NNS
see	VBP
me	PRP
as	IN
strong	JJ
,	,
centered	VBN
,	,
powerful	JJ
,	,
a	DT
bit	NN
too	RB
vocally	RB
opinionated	VBN
but	CC
I	PRP
know	VBP
I	PRP
have	VBP
their	PRP$
respect	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
whole	JJ
person	NN
,	,
an	DT
interesting	JJ
,	,
alive	JJ
person	NN
.	.
I	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
love	VB
me	PRP
every	DT
day	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
strong	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
strong	JJ
too	RB
,	,
that	DT
's	VBZ
why	WRB
you	PRP
're	VBP
still	RB
here	RB
.	.
That	DT
's	VBZ
why	WRB
you	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
fighting	VBG
so	RB
hard	RB
against	IN
the	DT
way	NN
things	NNS
are	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
living	VBG
proof	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
survived	VBN
and	CC
every	DT
one	CD
of	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
too	RB
.	.
Not	RB
only	RB
is	VBZ
recovery	NN
a	DT
possibility	NN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
something	NN
that	IN
YOU	PRP
DESERVE	VBP
.	.
None	NN
of	IN
us	PRP
deserves	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
blamed	VBN
for	IN
this	DT
illness	NN
.	.
You	PRP
need	VBP
not	RB
take	VB
responsibility	NN
for	IN
this	DT
disorder	NN
but	CC
you	PRP
do	VBP
need	VB
to	TO
take	VB
responsibility	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
living	NN
beyond	IN
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
what	WP
it	PRP
's	VBZ
like	IN
to	TO
be	VB
hopeless	JJ
and	CC
confused	JJ
and	CC
to	TO
wait	VB
for	IN
what	WP
seems	VBZ
like	IN
an	DT
eternity	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
body	NN
to	TO
finally	RB
give	VB
up	RP
.	.
It	PRP
fights	VBZ
when	WRB
you	PRP
no	RB
longer	RBR
want	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
.	.
That	DT
alone	JJ
should	MD
send	VB
you	PRP
a	DT
message	NN
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
reading	VBG
this	DT
and	CC
you	PRP
are	VBP
still	RB
alive	JJ
and	CC
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
reason	NN
for	IN
that	DT
.	.
Not	RB
everything	NN
happens	VBZ
by	IN
chance	NN
and	CC
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
still	RB
alive	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
fighting	VBG
valiantly	RB
no	DT
doubt	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
proof	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
deserve	VBP
to	TO
walk	VB
on	IN
this	DT
earth	NN
.	.
There	EX
were	VBD
dark	JJ
days	NNS
when	WRB
I	PRP
thought	VBD
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
easier	JJR
just	RB
to	TO
live	VB
on	IN
cucumbers	NNS
and	CC
water	NN
and	CC
let	VB
the	DT
rest	NN
of	IN
the	DT
world	NN
slip	VBP
away	RB
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
only	JJ
things	NNS
that	WDT
mattered	VBD
were	VBD
the	DT
numbers	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
scale	NN
and	CC
the	DT
diminishing	VBG
portions	NNS
on	IN
my	PRP$
plate	NN
.	.
No	DT
one	NN
warns	VBZ
you	PRP
how	WRB
hard	JJ
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
no	DT
one	NN
tells	VBZ
you	PRP
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
constant	JJ
battle	NN
between	IN
the	DT
voice	NN
whispering	VBG
``	``
Eating	NNP
is	VBZ
good	JJ
!	.
''	''
and	CC
the	DT
voice	NN
screaming	VBG
``	``
You	PRP
're	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
get	VB
fat	JJ
!	.
You	PRP
're	VBP
evil	JJ
and	CC
weak	JJ
!	.
''	''
I	PRP
had	VBD
forgotten	VBN
how	WRB
good	JJ
Thanksgiving	NNP
dinner	NN
can	MD
taste	VB
,	,
I	PRP
had	VBD
forgotten	VBN
how	WRB
much	JJ
fun	NN
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
to	TO
share	VB
a	DT
slice	NN
of	IN
cake	NN
with	IN
my	PRP$
girlfriends	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
believe	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
would	MD
ever	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
buy	VB
cookies	NNS
just	RB
because	IN
I	PRP
like	VBP
the	DT
taste	NN
,	,
and	CC
look	VB
in	IN
the	DT
mirror	NN
and	CC
say	VB
``	``
Wow	UH
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
cute	JJ
!	.
''	''
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
spend	VB
days	NNS
dreading	VBG
my	PRP$
friends	NNS
'	POS
potluck	NN
dinners	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
to	TO
make	VB
excuses	NNS
for	IN
running	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
washroom	NN
after	IN
every	DT
meal	NN
.	.
I	PRP
actually	RB
feel	VBP
hunger	NN
again	RB
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
savor	VBP
the	DT
feeling	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
comfortably	RB
full	JJ
and	CC
satisfied	JJ
after	IN
a	DT
meal	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
energy	NN
to	TO
go	VB
out	RP
dancing	NN
and	CC
hiking	NN
and	CC
to	TO
run	VB
with	IN
my	PRP$
dog	NN
in	IN
the	DT
park	NN
.	.
I	PRP
no	RB
longer	RBR
interpret	VB
every	DT
persons	NNS
'	POS
words	NNS
as	IN
comments	NNS
about	IN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
.	.
This	DT
coincided	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
serious	JJ
depressions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
some	DT
emotional	JJ
traumas	NNS
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
round	NN
of	IN
these	DT
came	VBD
at	IN
age	NN
19	CD
.	.
Then	RB
At	IN
21	CD
,	,
during	IN
a	DT
second	JJ
bout	NN
with	IN
depression	NN
and	CC
emotional	JJ
upheaval	NN
,	,
I	PRP
fell	VBD
into	IN
compulsive	JJ
eating	NN
habits	NNS
.	.
After	IN
several	JJ
months	NNS
inside	IN
of	IN
this	DT
,	,
I	PRP
felt	VBD
genuinely	RB
crazy	JJ
and	CC
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
.	.
A	DT
year	NN
and	CC
a	DT
half	NN
later	RB
,	,
I	PRP
had	VBD
whittled	VBN
myself	PRP
into	IN
a	DT
scary	JJ
looking	VBG
woman	NN
-	:
convinced	JJ
life	NN
was	VBD
about	IN
discipline	NN
and	CC
facing	VBG
pain	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
though	IN
I	PRP
never	RB
would	MD
have	VB
asked	VBN
someone	NN
else	RB
to	TO
live	VB
as	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
Too	RB
physically	RB
and	CC
emotionally	RB
exhausted	VBN
to	TO
continue	VB
the	DT
life	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
created	VBN
for	IN
myself	PRP
,	,
-	:
I	PRP
lived	VBD
far	RB
from	IN
family	NN
and	CC
friends	NNS
,	,
doing	VBG
heavy	JJ
physical	JJ
work	NN
-	:
I	PRP
retreated	VBD
.	.
That	DT
began	VBD
a	DT
long	JJ
surrender	NN
.	.
It	PRP
took	VBD
six	CD
months	NNS
before	IN
I	PRP
gained	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
pound	NN
,	,
and	CC
several	JJ
more	RBR
after	IN
that	DT
before	IN
life	NN
began	VBD
to	TO
feel	VB
stable	JJ
and	CC
normal	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
took	VBD
several	JJ
attempts	NNS
before	IN
I	PRP
found	VBD
the	DT
doctors	NNS
who	WP
understood	VBD
what	WP
was	VBD
happening	VBG
,	,
and	CC
before	IN
a	DT
diagnosis	NN
became	VBD
clear	JJ
.	.
Recovery	NN
Specialist	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
to	TO
one	CD
before	IN
unsuccessfully	RB
,	,
but	CC
this	DT
time	NN
the	DT
doctor	NN
had	VBD
experience	NN
with	IN
cases	NNS
like	IN
mine	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
was	VBD
not	RB
cut	VBN
and	CC
dry	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
went	VBD
to	TO
a	DT
family	NN
practitioner	NN
with	IN
the	DT
request	NN
that	IN
he	PRP
stay	VB
with	IN
me	PRP
on	IN
this	DT
one	CD
-	:
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
various	JJ
therapies	NNS
worked	VBD
.	.
Between	IN
these	DT
two	CD
doctors	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
accepted	VBD
a	DT
diagnosis	NN
of	IN
depression	NN
and	CC
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
The	DT
Recovery	NNP
Specialist	NNP
suggested	VBD
that	IN
perhaps	RB
the	DT
severity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ups	NNS
and	CC
downs	NNS
I	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
experiencing	VBG
the	DT
past	JJ
few	JJ
years	NNS
had	VBD
been	VBN
in	IN
some	DT
part	NN
chemical	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
maybe	RB
with	IN
drugs	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
have	VB
to	TO
face	VB
such	JJ
severity	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
she	PRP
offered	VBD
me	PRP
final	JJ
relief	NN
from	IN
my	PRP$
exercise	NN
program	NN
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
physician	NN
to	TO
say	VB
that	IN
maybe	RB
it	PRP
was	VBD
alright	RB
if	IN
I	PRP
just	RB
did	VBD
n't	RB
do	VB
it	PRP
at	IN
all	DT
for	IN
awhile	RB
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
all	DT
now	RB
a	DT
distant	JJ
nightmare	NN
.	.
I	PRP
take	VBP
Prozac	NNP
to	TO
treat	VB
depression	NN
-	:
a	DT
mild	JJ
dosage	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
put	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
weight	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
missing	VBG
.	.
And	CC
I	PRP
feel	VBP
amazingly	RB
free	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
broken	JJ
record	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
head	NN
about	IN
food	NN
and	CC
excercise	NN
,	,
and	CC
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
that	WDT
had	VBD
got	VBN
tangled	VBN
up	RP
with	IN
this	DT
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
overjoyed	VBN
to	TO
report	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
feel	VBP
simply	RB
normal	JJ
-	:
happy	JJ
and	CC
healthy	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
live	VBP
what	WP
I	PRP
once	RB
assumed	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
impossible	JJ
and	CC
a	DT
farce	NN
-	:
I	PRP
eat	VBP
when	WRB
I	PRP
am	VBP
hungry	JJ
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
stop	VBP
when	WRB
I	PRP
feel	VBP
full	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
excercise	VBP
only	RB
to	TO
maintain	VB
my	PRP$
health	NN
-	:
a	DT
few	JJ
times	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
at	IN
something	NN
I	PRP
actually	RB
enjoy	VBP
doing	VBG
.	.
Its	PRP$
so	RB
hard	JJ
to	TO
believe	VB
that	IN
four	CD
years	NNS
ago	IN
all	DT
I	PRP
wrote	VBD
about	RB
was	VBD
food	NN
,	,
weight	NN
&	CC
body	NN
image	NN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
come	VBN
so	RB
far	RB
since	IN
then	RB
.	.
I	PRP
rarely	RB
think	VBP
like	IN
that	DT
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
I	PRP
know	VBP
something	NN
is	VBZ
bothering	VBG
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
stop	VBP
to	TO
figure	VB
out	RP
what	WP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
&	CC
with	IN
help	NN
work	NN
with	IN
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
write	VBP
to	TO
you	PRP
from	IN
the	DT
``	``
other	JJ
side	NN
''	''
...	:
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
``	``
other	JJ
side	NN
''	''
for	IN
8	CD
years	NNS
this	DT
July	NNP
and	CC
now	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
over	IN
here	RB
,	,
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
imagine	VB
why	WRB
I	PRP
spent	VBD
so	RB
much	JJ
time	NN
with	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
.	.
Life	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
side	NN
is	VBZ
more	RBR
wonderful	JJ
and	CC
exciting	JJ
than	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
imagine	VB
and	CC
although	IN
it	PRP
might	MD
be	VB
scary	JJ
at	IN
first	RB
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
worth	JJ
every	DT
ounce	NN
of	IN
effort	NN
to	TO
get	VB
there	RB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
35	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
e.d.	NN
started	VBD
at	IN
17	CD
and	CC
I	PRP
strugged	VBD
with	IN
it	PRP
through	IN
my	PRP$
20	CD
's	POS
.	.
Over	IN
many	JJ
long	JJ
years	NNS
of	IN
therapy	NN
and	CC
two	CD
hospitalizations	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
first	JJ
one	CD
did	VBD
n't	RB
``	``
take	VB
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
I	PRP
finally	RB
got	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
point	NN
where	WRB
I	PRP
felt	VBD
happy	JJ
with	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
body	NN
,	,
and	CC
my	PRP$
soul	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
magic	JJ
answer	NN
.	.
What	WP
worked	VBD
for	IN
me	PRP
,	,
might	MD
not	RB
work	VB
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
find	VB
the	DT
way	NN
that	WDT
's	VBZ
best	JJS
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
But	CC
one	CD
thing	NN
I	PRP
can	MD
say	VB
is	VBZ
that	IN
I	PRP
truly	RB
believe	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
only	RB
have	VB
recovery	NN
if	IN
you	PRP
want	VBP
it	PRP
more	JJR
than	IN
anything	NN
else	RB
in	IN
the	DT
entire	JJ
world	NN
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
``	``
sick	JJ
''	''
of	IN
being	VBG
``	``
sick	JJ
''	''
and	CC
be	VB
willing	JJ
to	TO
do	VB
whatever	WDT
it	PRP
takes	VBZ
to	TO
get	VB
better	JJR
.	.
For	IN
me	PRP
,	,
that	DT
was	VBD
6	CD
weeks	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
,	,
following	VBG
a	DT
rigid	JJ
food	NN
plan	NN
designed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
nutritionist	NN
,	,
outpatient	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
support	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
and	CC
reading	VBG
books	NNS
.	.
What	WP
did	VBD
n't	RB
work	NN
was	VBD
spending	VBG
time	NN
with	IN
negative	JJ
people	NNS
who	WP
seemed	VBD
to	TO
thrive	VB
on	IN
being	VBG
sick	JJ
.	.
Once	RB
I	PRP
started	VBD
surrounding	VBG
myself	PRP
with	IN
healthy	JJ
,	,
happy	JJ
people	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
started	VBD
to	TO
feel	VB
healthier	RBR
and	CC
happier	JJR
myself	PRP
.	.
The	DT
positive	JJ
thinking	NN
stuff	NN
really	RB
works	VBZ
.	.
Of	IN
course	NN
,	,
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
believe	VB
what	WP
I	PRP
was	VBD
telling	VBG
myself	PRP
at	IN
first	RB
,	,
but	CC
eventually	RB
,	,
what	WP
I	PRP
told	VBD
myself	PRP
became	VBD
reality	NN
.	.
Like	IN
,	,
liking	VBG
my	PRP$
body	NN
for	IN
what	WP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
.	.
I	PRP
started	VBD
small	JJ
...	:
a	DT
nurse	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
hospital	NN
program	NN
suggested	VBD
I	PRP
find	VBP
one	CD
thing	NN
I	PRP
liked	VBD
about	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
lot	NN
trouble	NN
finding	VBG
something	NN
,	,
but	CC
eventually	RB
,	,
I	PRP
did	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
built	VBD
on	IN
that	DT
and	CC
along	IN
with	IN
lots	NNS
of	IN
therapy	NN
and	CC
time	NN
,	,
I	PRP
eventually	RB
found	VBD
happiness	NN
and	CC
recovery	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
life	NN
before	IN
recovery	NN
consisted	VBN
of	IN
exercise	NN
,	,
thinking	VBG
about	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
was	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
eat	VB
or	CC
not	RB
eat	VB
,	,
avoiding	VBG
social	JJ
situations	NNS
,	,
having	VBG
very	RB
few	JJ
friends	NNS
,	,
disliking	VBG
my	PRP$
body	NN
and	CC
myself	PRP
,	,
and	CC
basically	RB
feeling	VBG
miserable	JJ
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
life	NN
after	IN
your	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
knew	VBD
what	WP
was	VBD
out	IN
there	RB
waiting	VBG
for	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
experience	VB
,	,
you	PRP
would	MD
drop	VB
your	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
in	IN
a	DT
minute	NN
and	CC
go	VB
for	IN
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
wish	VBP
you	PRP
happiness	NN
,	,
health	NN
,	,
and	CC
especially	RB
recovery	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
been	VBN
nearly	RB
eight	CD
years	NNS
since	IN
I	PRP
started	VBD
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Anorexia	NNP
turned	VBD
into	IN
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
1990	CD
I	PRP
knew	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
needed	VBD
to	TO
take	VB
a	DT
semester	NN
off	IN
of	IN
college	NN
and	CC
do	VB
something	NN
.	.
I	PRP
entered	VBD
a	DT
four	CD
week	NN
out	IN
patient	JJ
program	NN
called	VBN
Serenity	NNP
at	IN
a	DT
hospital	NN
in	IN
Concord	NNP
,	,
CA	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
an	DT
excellent	JJ
program	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
loved	VBD
the	DT
two	CD
women	NNS
that	WDT
headed	VBD
up	RP
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
I	PRP
really	RB
hated	VBD
the	DT
psychiatrist	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
see	VB
once	RB
a	DT
week	NN
there	RB
,	,
though	IN
.	.
I	PRP
thought	VBD
he	PRP
was	VBD
an	DT
idiot	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
received	VBN
the	DT
best	JJS
help	NN
from	IN
psychologists	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
therapists	NNS
rather	RB
than	IN
psychiatrists	NNS
.	.
After	IN
a	DT
while	IN
I	PRP
found	VBD
that	IN
just	RB
stopping	VBG
the	DT
bingeing	NN
was	VBD
n't	RB
enough	RB
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
had	VBD
hoped	VBN
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
There	EX
were	VBD
personal	JJ
issue	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
n't	RB
really	RB
dealt	VBN
with	IN
.	.
The	DT
self-esteem	NN
stuff	NN
,	,
abuse	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
.	.
And	CC
so	IN
I	PRP
started	VBD
to	TO
work	VB
more	RBR
on	IN
that	DT
with	IN
a	DT
really	RB
cool	JJ
therapist	NN
.	.
And	CC
that	DT
was	VBD
cool	JJ
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
could	MD
see	VB
the	DT
patterns	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
established	VBN
and	CC
that	WDT
were	VBD
n't	RB
so	RB
good	JJ
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
And	CC
then	RB
I	PRP
took	VBD
a	DT
break	NN
to	TO
let	VB
it	PRP
all	DT
sink	VBP
in	IN
.	.
Anger	NN
and	CC
sadness	NN
in	IN
particular	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
gotten	VBD
so	RB
good	JJ
at	IN
shutting	VBG
down	RP
that	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
hard	JJ
to	TO
let	VB
out	RP
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
started	VBN
working	VBG
with	IN
a	DT
Reikien	NNP
therapist	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
been	VBN
really	RB
cool	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
working	VBG
with	IN
her	PRP$
for	IN
about	IN
three	CD
months	NNS
now	RB
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
making	VBG
the	DT
progress	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
want	VBP
.	.
My	PRP$
goal	NN
is	VBZ
get	VB
angry	JJ
without	IN
being	VBG
afraid	JJ
that	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
hurt	VB
someone	NN
,	,
to	TO
cry	VB
without	IN
thinking	VBG
that	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
ugly	JJ
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
just	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
feel	VB
this	DT
stuff	NN
without	IN
shutting	VBG
down	RP
.	.
Just	RB
keep	VB
working	VBG
.	.
It	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
happen	VB
at	IN
once	RB
,	,
and	CC
there	EX
will	MD
be	VB
times	NNS
when	WRB
you	PRP
think	VBP
you	PRP
are	VBP
through	IN
,	,
but	CC
you	PRP
discover	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
.	.
Look	VB
back	RB
at	IN
the	DT
progress	NN
you	PRP
make	VBP
.	.
And	CC
after	IN
a	DT
while	NN
,	,
you	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
stop	VB
defining	VBG
yourself	PRP
as	IN
someone	NN
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
decide	VB
at	IN
some	DT
point	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
you	PRP
then	RB
,	,
but	CC
this	DT
is	VBZ
you	PRP
now	RB
.	.
An	DT
intelligent	JJ
,	,
strong	JJ
,	,
resilient	JJ
,	,
beautiful	JJ
,	,
creative	JJ
person	NN
,	,
that	IN
deserves	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
heard	VBN
,	,
deserves	VBZ
attention	NN
,	,
and	CC
deserves	VBZ
honor	NN
and	CC
love	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
finally	RB
at	IN
this	DT
point	NN
.	.
And	CC
I	PRP
'm	VBP
finally	RB
really	RB
moving	VBG
on	IN
.	.
The	DT
ED	NNP
has	VBZ
changed	VBN
the	DT
way	NN
I	PRP
look	VBP
at	IN
the	DT
world	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
will	MD
never	RB
forget	VB
the	DT
pain	NN
,	,
but	CC
going	VBG
though	IN
the	DT
work	NN
to	TO
recover	VB
has	VBZ
caused	VBN
me	PRP
to	TO
grow	VB
into	IN
a	DT
really	RB
incredible	JJ
person	NN
.	.
Someone	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
like	VBP
and	CC
that	IN
other	JJ
people	NNS
admire	VBP
.	.
Fragmented	JJ
thoughts	NNS
,	,
thoughts	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
all	DT
contributed	VBD
to	TO
my	PRP$
evolution	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
and	CC
self	NN
defined	VBN
success	NN
.	.
We	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
develop	VB
rules	NNS
that	WDT
cause	VBP
us	PRP
to	TO
take	VB
action	NN
,	,
that	WDT
cause	VBP
us	PRP
to	TO
feel	VB
joy	NN
,	,
that	WDT
cause	VBP
us	PRP
to	TO
follow	VB
through	IN
-	:
not	RB
rules	NNS
that	WDT
stop	VBP
us	PRP
short	RB
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
found	VBN
that	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
an	DT
amazing	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
who	WP
set	VBD
up	RP
rules	NNS
for	IN
relationships	NNS
that	WDT
make	VBP
it	PRP
absolutely	RB
impossible	JJ
for	IN
them	PRP
to	TO
succeed	VB
in	IN
any	DT
area	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
The	DT
rules	NNS
you	PRP
are	VBP
setting	VBG
for	IN
yourself	PRP
eating	VBG
wise	JJ
and	CC
exercise	NN
wise	JJ
are	VBP
unwinnable	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
hits	VBZ
you	PRP
at	IN
every	DT
turn	NN
,	,
every	DT
party	NN
,	,
gathering	NN
,	,
social	JJ
occassion	NN
,	,
business	NN
luncheon\/dinner	NN
,	,
the	DT
constant	JJ
draw	NN
,	,
the	DT
never	RB
ending	VBG
pull	VB
to	TO
items	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
've	VBP
embeded	VBN
in	IN
your	PRP$
brain	NN
you	PRP
are	VBP
n't	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
eat	VB
.	.
Being	VBG
thin	JJ
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
temporary	JJ
.	.
The	DT
state	NN
of	IN
mind	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
.	.
Fright	NN
and	CC
fearing	VBG
being	VBG
fat	JJ
again	RB
.	.
With	IN
each	DT
bite	NN
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
wrong	JJ
''	''
food	NN
are	VBP
we	PRP
becoming	VBG
closer	RBR
and	CC
closer	RBR
to	TO
that	DT
fat	JJ
individual	NN
we	PRP
once	RB
were	VBD
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
willing	JJ
to	TO
accept	VB
the	DT
weight	NN
you	PRP
are	VBP
.	.
You	PRP
must	MD
embrace	VB
yourself	PRP
with	IN
open	JJ
handed	VBN
,	,
tender-hearted	JJ
willingness	NN
to	TO
love	VB
the	DT
fear	NN
and	CC
the	DT
passion	NN
which	WDT
drives	VBZ
you	PRP
.	.
Remind	VB
yourself	PRP
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
allowed	VBN
,	,
entitled	VBN
,	,
deserve	VBP
to	TO
respect	VB
yourself	PRP
,	,
cherish	VB
yourself	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
small	JJ
waisted	VBN
to	TO
feel	VB
big	JJ
about	IN
yourself	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
and	CC
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
size	NN
you	PRP
are	VBP
whatever	WDT
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
in	IN
a	DT
given	VBN
moment	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
size	NN
you	PRP
are	VBP
supposed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
.	.
What	WP
's	VBZ
important	JJ
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
size	NN
nor	CC
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
weight	NN
either	CC
gained	VBD
or	CC
lost	VBD
but	CC
the	DT
life	NN
you	PRP
lead	VBP
while	IN
getting	VBG
there	RB
.	.
Does	VBZ
the	DT
size	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
bodies	NNS
indicate	VBP
the	DT
size	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
lives	NNS
?	.
Success	NN
comes	VBZ
from	IN
living	VBG
.	.
Lifestyle	NN
.	.
Instead	RB
of	IN
waiting	VBG
for	IN
some	DT
magical	JJ
moment	NN
when	WRB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
you	PRP
have	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
yourself	PRP
become	VBP
filled	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
size	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
body	NN
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
the	DT
size	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
Once	RB
you	PRP
live	VBP
a	DT
certain	JJ
way	NN
for	IN
so	RB
many	JJ
years	NNS
it	PRP
's	VBZ
quite	RB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
take	VB
apart	RP
all	DT
of	IN
those	DT
things	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
passed	VBN
down	RB
and	CC
comprehended	VBN
as	IN
truth	NN
.	.
Good	JJ
food\/bad	JJ
food	NN
.	.
Good	JJ
day\/bad	JJ
day	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
which	WDT
foods	NNS
were	VBD
consumed	VBN
.	.
``	``
blowing	VBG
it	PRP
''	''
.	.
``	``
cheating	NN
''	''
.	.
We	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
loath	JJ
and	CC
then	RB
cherish	VB
ourselves	PRP
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
number	NN
on	IN
the	DT
scale	NN
.	.
Change	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
come	VB
about	RB
because	IN
we	PRP
hate	VBP
ourselves	PRP
.	.
If	IN
we	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
accept	VB
how	WRB
we	PRP
look	VBP
and	CC
loath	JJ
the	DT
rolls	NNS
hidden	VBN
under	IN
our	PRP$
clothes	NNS
does	VBZ
that	IN
mean	NN
we	PRP
'll	MD
hate	VB
ourselves	PRP
into	IN
changing	VBG
and	CC
losing	VBG
those	DT
extra	JJ
pounds	NNS
?	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
n't	RB
an	DT
end	NN
to	TO
this	DT
issue	NN
.	.
Or	CC
to	TO
any	DT
other	JJ
core	NN
issue	NN
.	.
You	PRP
think	VBP
you	PRP
have	VBP
it	PRP
all	DT
fixed	VBN
-	:
your	PRP$
weight	NN
is	VBZ
stable	JJ
,	,
you	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
eating	JJ
thing	NN
down	RB
,	,
life	NN
is	VBZ
good	JJ
-	:
and	CC
then	RB
it	PRP
starts	VBZ
again	RB
.	.
Each	DT
time	NN
we	PRP
come	VBP
around	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
different	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
something	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
never	RB
fully	RB
recover	VB
.	.
You	PRP
must	MD
let	VB
yourself	PRP
go	VB
and	CC
let	VB
yourself	PRP
eat	VB
and	CC
experience	VB
any	DT
culinary	JJ
delight	NN
.	.
Then	RB
you	PRP
must	MD
let	VB
go	VB
and	CC
believe	VB
that	IN
your	PRP$
body	NN
will	MD
tell	VB
you	PRP
when	WRB
to	TO
stop	VB
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
all	DT
about	IN
caring	VBG
for	IN
yourself	PRP
,	,
loving	JJ
yourself	PRP
and	CC
your	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
face	NN
may	MD
become	VB
more	RBR
round	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
heart	NN
may	MD
race	NN
as	IN
those	DT
fears	NNS
of	IN
being	VBG
heavy	JJ
again	RB
plague	VB
your	PRP$
thoughts	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
must	MD
then	RB
trust	VB
yourself	PRP
.	.
Trust	NNP
your	PRP$
body	NN
to	TO
do	VB
the	DT
right	JJ
thing	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
body	NN
knows	VBZ
what	WP
it	PRP
requires	VBZ
.	.
Your	PRP$
body	NN
knows	VBZ
exactly	RB
what	WP
it	PRP
needs	VBZ
.	.
Once	RB
you	PRP
can	MD
turn	VB
off	RP
that	DT
internal	JJ
dialogue	NN
.	.
Internal	NNP
fear	NN
of	IN
returning	VBG
to	TO
where	WRB
you	PRP
once	RB
were	VBD
you	PRP
will	MD
then	RB
get	VB
comfortable	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
way	NN
your	PRP$
body	NN
communicates	VBZ
with	IN
you	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
then	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
hear	VB
your	PRP$
body	NN
talking	VBG
to	TO
you	PRP
and	CC
telling	VBG
you	PRP
what	WP
you	PRP
ultimately	RB
need	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
at	IN
the	DT
onset	NN
it	PRP
seems	VBZ
as	IN
though	IN
if	IN
you	PRP
just	RB
said	VBD
YES	NNP
and	CC
let	VB
yourself	PRP
go	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
consume	VB
everything	NN
in	IN
sight	NN
every	DT
minute	NN
of	IN
the	DT
day	NN
.	.
That	DT
does	VBZ
,	,
in	IN
fact	NN
,	,
happen	VB
to	TO
a	DT
degree	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
almost	RB
like	IN
testing	NN
ourselves	PRP
.	.
Proving	VBG
to	TO
ourselves	PRP
that	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
just	RB
not	RB
possible	JJ
to	TO
stop	VB
denying	VBG
ourselves	PRP
.	.
That	IN
we	PRP
MUST	VBP
have	VB
rules	NNS
or	CC
we	PRP
will	MD
eat	VB
ourselves	PRP
to	TO
death	NN
.	.
When	WRB
,	,
in	IN
fact	NN
,	,
that	DT
's	VBZ
no	DT
what	WP
will	MD
happen	VB
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
You	PRP
've	VBP
tried	VBN
every	DT
other	JJ
method	NN
.	.
Try	VB
this	DT
.	.
Give	VB
this	DT
idea	NN
a	DT
chance	NN
.	.
The	DT
most	RBS
glorifying	JJ
reality	NN
about	IN
letting	VBG
go	VB
and	CC
letting	VBG
your	PRP$
body	NN
regain	VB
control	NN
over	IN
your	PRP$
appetite	NN
once	RB
again	RB
is	VBZ
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
it	PRP
for	IN
life	NN
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
become	VB
life	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
The	DT
life	NN
you	PRP
long	RB
to	TO
have	VB
.	.
Once	RB
you	PRP
take	VBP
the	DT
pressure	NN
off	IN
of	IN
yourself	PRP
by	IN
making	VBG
rules	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
you	PRP
relieve	VBP
the	DT
internal	JJ
struggle	NN
of	IN
good	JJ
and	CC
bad	JJ
.	.
The	DT
never	RB
ending	VBG
regimn	NN
of	IN
;	:
I	PRP
will	MD
start	VB
tomorrow	NN
,	,
I	PRP
blew	VBD
it	PRP
today	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
body	NN
will	MD
do	VB
what	WP
it	PRP
takes	VBZ
.	.
Your	PRP$
body	NN
will	MD
communicate	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
what	WP
it	PRP
needs	VBZ
.	.
You	PRP
must	MD
believe	VB
it	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
must	MD
have	VB
unshakable	JJ
confidence	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
achieve	VB
.	.
You	PRP
must	MD
believe	VB
enough	RB
in	IN
yourself	PRP
and	CC
your	PRP$
body	NN
to	TO
let	VB
go	VB
and	CC
let	VB
yourself	PRP
get	VB
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
basics	NNS
.	.
The	DT
basics	NNS
consist	VBP
of	IN
listening	VBG
to	TO
your	PRP$
body	NN
,	,
letting	VBG
it	PRP
tell	VB
you	PRP
what	WP
you	PRP
require	VBP
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
,	,
free	JJ
your	PRP$
mind	NN
and	CC
emotions	NNS
so	IN
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
concentrate	VB
on	IN
the	DT
things	NNS
that	WDT
`	``
require	VBP
'	''
your	PRP$
thoughts	NNS
and	CC
attention	NN
.	.
I	PRP
contributed	VBD
to	TO
this	DT
page	NN
about	IN
one	CD
year	NN
ago	RB
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
road	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
.	.
Along	IN
the	DT
way	NN
I	PRP
hit	VBD
many	JJ
bumps	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
road	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
continued	VBD
to	TO
struggle	VB
to	TO
survive	VB
.	.
On	IN
April	NNP
15	CD
,	,
1997	CD
,	,
I	PRP
said	VBD
goodbye	NN
to	TO
my	PRP$
10	CD
year	NN
friend	NN
called	VBN
Bulimia	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
this	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
action	NN
everyone	NN
can	MD
take	VB
to	TO
get	VB
well	RB
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
had	VBD
had	VBN
enough	RB
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
in	IN
therapy	NN
with	IN
a	DT
wonderful	JJ
woman	NN
,	,
but	CC
had	VBD
to	TO
move	VB
away	RB
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
women	NNS
's	POS
group	NN
and	CC
had	VBD
to	TO
stop	VB
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
distance	NN
I	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
drive	VB
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
getting	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
hole	NN
with	IN
money	NN
because	IN
I	PRP
just	RB
separated	VBD
from	IN
the	DT
military	JJ
,	,
was	VBD
unemployed	JJ
and	CC
looking	VBG
for	IN
another	DT
job	NN
.	.
The	DT
amount	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
spending	VBG
on	IN
food	NN
as	IN
terrible	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
this	DT
may	MD
seem	VB
drastic	JJ
and	CC
helpless	JJ
for	IN
some	DT
,	,
going	VBG
cold	JJ
turkey	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
only	JJ
way	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
to	TO
stop	VB
my	PRP$
spiraling	VBG
decline	NN
.	.
I	PRP
took	VBD
the	DT
most	RBS
stressful	JJ
time	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
and	CC
decided	VBD
it	PRP
was	VBD
now	RB
or	CC
never	RB
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
purge	JJ
free	JJ
for	IN
over	IN
six	CD
months	NNS
now	RB
.	.
I	PRP
still	RB
binge	NN
a	DT
little	JJ
once	RB
in	IN
awhile	RB
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
come	VBN
to	TO
learn	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
normal	JJ
human	JJ
being	VBG
when	WRB
I	PRP
do	VBP
this	DT
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
to	TO
eat	VB
healthy	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
found	VBD
that	IN
after	IN
a	DT
months	NNS
time	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
body	NN
began	VBD
to	TO
understand	VB
this	DT
new	JJ
way	NN
of	IN
life	NN
and	CC
settled	VBD
into	IN
a	DT
consistent	JJ
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
wish	VBP
I	PRP
could	MD
say	VB
the	DT
step	NN
I	PRP
took	VBD
has	VBZ
been	VBN
easy	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
hardest	RBS
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
rewarding	JJ
accomplishments	NNS
I	PRP
have	VBP
ever	RB
achieved	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
survivor	NN
!	.
!	.
However	RB
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
let	VB
myself	PRP
get	VB
cocky	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
still	RB
have	VBP
long	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
go	VB
in	IN
recovery	NN
and	CC
dealing	VBG
with	IN
what	WP
life	NN
throws	VBZ
at	IN
me	PRP
and	CC
I	PRP
know	VBP
Bulimia	NNP
is	VBZ
still	RB
there	RB
,	,
lurking	VBG
,	,
waiting	VBG
for	IN
when	WRB
I	PRP
am	VBP
down	RB
and	CC
have	VBP
no-one	VBN
to	TO
turn	VB
to	TO
.	.
As	RB
long	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
keep	VBP
this	DT
in	IN
mind	NN
and	CC
keep	VB
the	DT
faith	NN
in	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
capable	JJ
of	IN
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
reach	VB
my	PRP$
full	JJ
potential	NN
.	.
As	IN
I	PRP
read	VBP
through	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
submissions	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
struck	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
approaches	NNS
people	NNS
were	VBD
using	VBG
to	TO
successfully	RB
live	VB
life	NN
free	JJ
of	IN
anorexia	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
36	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
and	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
been	VBN
eight	CD
years	NNS
since	IN
I	PRP
've	VBP
had	VBD
to	TO
live	VB
at	IN
the	DT
mercy	NN
of	IN
a	DT
compulsion	NN
to	TO
practice	VB
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
behavior	NN
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
tell	VB
you	PRP
how	WRB
grateful	JJ
I	PRP
am	VBP
for	IN
that	DT
freedom	NN
.	.
These	DT
eight	CD
years	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
difficult	JJ
and	CC
most	RBS
fulfilling	VBG
years	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
experienced	VBN
divorce	NN
,	,
job	NN
loss	NN
,	,
assault	NN
,	,
out	IN
of	IN
state	NN
moves	NNS
,	,
major	JJ
illness	NN
and	CC
multiple	JJ
surgeries	NNS
.	.
Through	IN
all	DT
of	IN
it	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
n't	RB
had	VBD
to	TO
purge	VB
,	,
exercise	VB
excessively	RB
,	,
weigh	VBP
compulsively	RB
or	CC
starve	VB
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
also	RB
enjoyed	VBN
a	DT
new	JJ
beginning	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
career	NN
,	,
a	DT
new	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
country	NN
and	CC
a	DT
wealth	NN
of	IN
true	JJ
friends	NNS
whose	WP$
love	NN
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
have	VB
earned	VBN
and	CC
did	VBD
n't	RB
have	VB
to	TO
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
come	VBN
to	TO
understand	VB
abstinence	NN
as	IN
refraining	VBG
from	IN
doing	VBG
those	DT
things	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
manifestation	NN
of	IN
anorexia	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
particular	JJ
items	NNS
of	IN
food	NN
are	VBP
not	RB
a	DT
problem	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
,	,
so	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
abstain	VB
from	IN
any	DT
particular	JJ
foods	NNS
.	.
Weighing	VBG
myself	PRP
,	,
purging	VBG
,	,
excessive	JJ
exercise	NN
,	,
starving	VBG
,	,
these	DT
cause	NN
me	PRP
a	DT
world	NN
of	IN
trouble	NN
.	.
Not	RB
doing	VBG
those	DT
things	NNS
constitutes	VBZ
abstinence	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
If	IN
I	PRP
add	VBP
too	RB
many	JJ
things	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
list	NN
of	IN
things	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
part	NN
of	IN
abstinence	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
can	MD
become	VB
as	IN
compulsively	RB
restrictive	JJ
in	IN
abstinence	NN
as	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
practicing	VBG
anorexia	NN
.	.
Above	IN
all	DT
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
me	PRP
that	IN
eating	VBG
not	RB
take	VB
on	RP
a	DT
punitive	JJ
quality	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
prefer	VB
to	TO
eat	VB
real	JJ
food	NN
instead	RB
of	IN
``	``
diet	NN
''	''
and	CC
other	JJ
foods	NNS
containing	VBG
artificial	JJ
sweeteners	NNS
or	CC
fats	NNS
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
preference	NN
,	,
not	RB
a	DT
rule	NN
.	.
The	DT
thing	NN
that	WDT
made	VBD
the	DT
difference	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
was	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
got	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
point	NN
where	WRB
I	PRP
just	RB
had	VBD
to	TO
recover	VB
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
stand	VB
to	TO
go	VB
on	IN
anymore	RB
.	.
I	PRP
recognized	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
do	VB
it	PRP
alone	RB
and	CC
that	IN
I	PRP
needed	VBD
more	JJR
than	IN
human	JJ
help	NN
.	.
To	TO
give	VB
control	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
completely	RB
to	TO
God	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
huge	JJ
risk	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
no	DT
guarantees	NNS
about	IN
what	WP
He	PRP
would	MD
do	VB
.	.
I	PRP
hurt	VBP
so	RB
much	JJ
inside	IN
that	IN
I	PRP
told	VBD
God	NNP
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
willing	JJ
to	TO
do	VB
anything	NN
to	TO
recover	VB
and	CC
be	VB
of	IN
service	NN
to	TO
Him	PRP
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
He	PRP
intended	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
weigh	VB
a	DT
million	CD
pounds	NNS
.	.
No	DT
conditions	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
tremendous	JJ
guilt	NN
over	IN
the	DT
things	NNS
I	PRP
had	VBD
done	VBN
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
The	DT
idea	NN
that	WDT
anyone	NN
else	RB
had	VBD
done	VBN
them	PRP
seemed	VBD
impossible	JJ
to	TO
grasp	VB
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
get	VB
free	JJ
.	.
Otherwise	RB
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
either	RB
start	VB
the	DT
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
behavior	NN
again	RB
or	CC
do	VB
something	NN
else	RB
harmful	JJ
to	TO
myself	PRP
in	IN
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
exert	VB
some	DT
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
way	NN
I	PRP
felt	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
took	VBD
a	DT
really	RB
hard	JJ
look	NN
at	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
Then	RB
I	PRP
brought	VBD
God	NNP
with	IN
me	PRP
an	DT
sat	VBD
down	RP
with	IN
someone	NN
else	RB
,	,
looked	VBD
them	PRP
straight	RB
in	IN
the	DT
eyes	NNS
and	CC
told	VBD
them	PRP
everything	NN
.	.
Having	VBG
looked	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
mess	NN
I	PRP
'd	MD
made	VBN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
I	PRP
really	RB
knew	VBD
I	PRP
needed	VBD
God	NNP
's	POS
help	NN
to	TO
become	VB
different	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
found	VBD
it	PRP
necessary	JJ
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
those	DT
I	PRP
had	VBD
harmed	VBN
and	CC
do	VB
my	PRP$
best	JJS
to	TO
make	VB
things	NNS
right	RB
.	.
That	DT
brought	VBD
me	PRP
freedom	NN
from	IN
the	DT
guilt	NN
and	CC
shame	NN
that	WDT
had	VBD
ruled	VBN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
still	RB
have	VBP
to	TO
do	VB
that	DT
when	WRB
I	PRP
screw	VBP
up	RB
and	CC
act	VB
badly	RB
.	.
I	PRP
keep	VBP
asking	VBG
God	NNP
to	TO
help	VB
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
a	DT
scholar	NN
of	IN
the	DT
scriptures	NNS
,	,
but	CC
somewhere	RB
in	IN
there	EX
I	PRP
believe	VBP
it	PRP
says	VBZ
that	IN
of	IN
him	PRP
to	TO
whom	WP
much	RB
has	VBZ
been	VBN
given	VBN
is	VBZ
much	JJ
required	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
given	VBN
so	RB
much	RB
.	.
In	IN
my	PRP$
experience	NN
,	,
the	DT
gifts	NNS
God	NNP
gives	VBZ
are	VBP
best	JJS
enjoyed	VBN
when	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
shared	VBN
with	IN
others	NNS
who	WP
want	VBP
them	PRP
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
opportunities	NNS
arise	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
helpful	JJ
to	TO
someone	NN
suffering	NN
from	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
I	PRP
suit	VBP
up	RB
and	CC
show	VB
up	RP
.	.
Even	RB
when	WRB
they	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
seem	VB
to	TO
get	VB
anything	NN
out	IN
of	IN
it	PRP
,	,
it	PRP
reinforces	VBZ
for	IN
me	PRP
how	WRB
blessed	VBN
I	PRP
am	VBP
to	TO
enjoy	VB
this	DT
recovery	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
had	VBD
the	DT
privilege	NN
of	IN
watching	VBG
others	NNS
recover	VB
.	.
To	TO
be	VB
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
that	DT
is	VBZ
truly	RB
miraculous	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
dying	VBG
when	WRB
I	PRP
began	VBD
this	DT
recovery	NN
.	.
Child	NN
of	IN
divorce	NN
,	,
introverted	JJ
,	,
with	IN
a	DT
mother	NN
who	WP
danced	VBD
professionally	RB
:	:
one	CD
could	MD
say	VB
that	IN
the	DT
soil	NN
was	VBD
fertile	JJ
for	IN
some	DT
sort	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
had	VBD
them	PRP
all	DT
.	.
It	PRP
started	VBD
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
about	RB
14	CD
and	CC
I	PRP
remember	VBP
I	PRP
finally	RB
decided	VBD
to	TO
take	VB
constructive	JJ
action	NN
to	TO
eat	VB
normally	RB
when	WRB
I	PRP
turned	VBD
24	CD
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
obedient	JJ
daughter	NN
who	WP
managed	VBD
to	TO
stay	VB
on	IN
both	DT
parents	NNS
'	POS
good	JJ
side	NN
through	IN
an	DT
ugly	JJ
divorce	NN
while	IN
maintaining	VBG
a	DT
3.8	CD
GPA	NNP
etcetera	NN
and	CC
so	RB
forth	RB
.	.
Meanwhile	RB
I	PRP
was	VBD
alternately	RB
binging	NN
and	CC
purging	VBG
and	CC
steadily	RB
gaining	VBG
weight	NN
and	CC
hating	VBG
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
``	``
ran	VBD
away	RB
''	''
from	IN
home	NN
on	IN
scholarship	NN
to	TO
an	DT
elitist	JJ
4-yr	JJ
college	NN
,	,
as	IN
any	DT
goody-goody	NN
who	WP
wants	VBZ
to	TO
forget	VB
a	DT
shattered	JJ
home	NN
life	NN
would	MD
do	VB
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
usual	JJ
pressures	NNS
that	WDT
come	VBP
along	RP
with	IN
your	PRP$
first	JJ
year	NN
away	RB
,	,
I	PRP
managed	VBD
to	TO
gain	VB
some	DT
weight	NN
and	CC
then	RB
promptly	RB
lose	VB
it	PRP
.	.
My	PRP$
grades	NNS
fell	VBD
,	,
I	PRP
lost	VBD
a	DT
few	JJ
scholarships	NNS
,	,
bounced	VBD
between	IN
majors	NNS
and	CC
finally	RB
entered	VBD
a	DT
deep	JJ
depression	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
only	RB
ameliorated	VBN
by	IN
one	CD
anorectic	NN
summer	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
this	DT
my	PRP$
20th	JJ
summer	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
finally	RB
achieved	VBD
my	PRP$
goal-weight	NN
and	CC
then	RB
continued	VBD
to	TO
pursue	VB
more	JJR
weight	NN
loss	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
running	VBG
6	CD
miles	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
and	CC
subsisting	VBG
largely	RB
on	IN
raw	JJ
unsalted	JJ
sunflower	NN
seeds	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
returned	VBD
to	TO
school	NN
in	IN
the	DT
fall	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
ecstatic	JJ
and	CC
manic	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
bought	VBN
a	DT
new	JJ
wardrobe	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
tan	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
getting	VBG
all	DT
sorts	NNS
of	IN
compliments	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
immediately	RB
plunged	VBD
into	IN
the	DT
academics	NNS
with	IN
my	PRP$
newfound	JJ
energy	NN
and	CC
took	VBD
20	CD
credits	NNS
,	,
joined	VBD
all	DT
kinds	NNS
of	IN
activities	NNS
and	CC
totally	RB
booked	VBN
up	RP
my	PRP$
time	NN
in	IN
general	JJ
.	.
As	IN
I	PRP
came	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
realization	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
unable	JJ
to	TO
maintain	VB
an	DT
unrealistically	RB
low	JJ
weight	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
overscheduled	JJ
time	NN
wielded	VBN
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
world	NN
crashed	VBD
around	IN
me	PRP
only	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
months	NNS
before	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
to	TO
graduate	NN
.	.
I	PRP
sought	VBD
professional	JJ
help	NN
but	CC
the	DT
counselors	NNS
were	VBD
too	RB
interested	JJ
in	IN
getting	VBG
me	PRP
on	IN
antidepressants	NNS
and	CC
I	PRP
just	RB
was	VBD
n't	RB
buying	VBG
that	DT
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
encouragement	NN
of	IN
friends	NNS
I	PRP
thankfully	RB
graduated	VBD
,	,
but	CC
just	RB
barely	RB
,	,
and	CC
with	IN
no	DT
prospects	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
job	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
third	JJ
and	CC
fourth	JJ
years	NNS
of	IN
college	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
lived	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
language	NN
house	NN
at	IN
school	NN
,	,
speaking	VBG
French	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
common	JJ
rooms	NNS
and	CC
keeping	VBG
a	DT
journal	NN
.	.
This	DT
turned	VBD
out	RP
to	TO
be	VB
my	PRP$
ticket	NN
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
golden	JJ
cage	NN
,	,
as	IN
it	PRP
were	VBD
.	.
A	DT
friend	NN
arranged	VBD
nanny	JJ
positions	NNS
in	IN
France	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
both	DT
of	IN
us	PRP
.	.
Mine	NNP
was	VBD
in	IN
Paris	NNP
and	CC
hers	NNS
was	VBD
in	IN
Fontainbleu	NNP
,	,
a	DT
suburb	NN
of	IN
Paris	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
spent	VBD
three	CD
months	NNS
there	RB
taking	VBG
care	NN
of	IN
three	CD
children	NNS
and	CC
being	VBG
immersed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
language	NN
that	WDT
I	PRP
loved	VBD
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
usual	JJ
self-destructive	JJ
cycles	NNS
fell	VBD
by	IN
the	DT
wayside	NN
as	IN
I	PRP
cared	VBD
for	IN
others	NNS
besides	IN
myself	PRP
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
way	NN
I	PRP
look	VBP
at	IN
this	DT
experience	NN
as	IN
a	DT
sort	NN
of	IN
instructive	JJ
shock	NN
therapy	NN
:	:
jetting	VBG
off	RP
to	TO
another	DT
continent	NN
where	WRB
suddenly	RB
I	PRP
belonged	VBD
to	TO
a	DT
family	NN
structure	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
constantly	RB
be	VB
thinking	VBG
on	IN
my	PRP$
feet	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
E.g.	FW
what	WP
was	VBD
the	DT
word	NN
for	IN
``	``
light	JJ
switch	NN
''	''
,	,
what	WP
is	VBZ
the	DT
exchange	NN
rate	NN
again	RB
,	,
how	WRB
do	VBP
you	PRP
get	VB
to	TO
the	DT
post	NN
office	NN
,	,
etc	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
continued	VBD
with	IN
my	PRP$
``	``
therapy	NN
''	''
by	IN
buying	VBG
a	DT
month-long	JJ
Eurail	NNP
pass	NN
,	,
then	RB
flying	VBG
over	IN
to	TO
Israel	NNP
to	TO
live	VB
on	IN
a	DT
kibbutz	NN
for	IN
four	CD
months	NNS
,	,
then	RB
caravaning	VBG
to	TO
Egypt	NNP
for	IN
6	CD
weeks	NNS
,	,
then	RB
flying	VBG
over	IN
to	TO
Greece	NNP
to	TO
spend	VB
the	DT
summer	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Islands	NNP
.	.
You	PRP
might	MD
be	VB
saying	VBG
,	,
oh	UH
that	DT
's	VBZ
great	JJ
if	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
rich	JJ
.	.
Well	RB
let	VB
me	PRP
tell	VB
you	PRP
,	,
being	VBG
\*	SYM
poor	JJ
\*	SYM
was	VBD
the	DT
best	JJS
part	NN
of	IN
this	DT
``	``
therapy	NN
''	''
:	:
I	PRP
traveled	VBD
on	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
savings	NNS
of	IN
$	$
1500	CD
for	IN
a	DT
year	NN
and	CC
a	DT
half	NN
.	.
What	WP
I	PRP
learned	VBD
was	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
extremely	RB
resourceful	JJ
and	CC
to	TO
think	VB
in	IN
the	DT
present	NN
.	.
While	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
just	RB
trying	VBG
to	TO
survive	VB
from	IN
day	NN
to	TO
day	NN
and	CC
get	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
out	IN
of	IN
this	DT
wonderful	JJ
travel	NN
experience	NN
,	,
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
eat	VB
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
live	VB
rather	RB
than	IN
living	VBG
to	TO
eat	VB
.	.
And	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
some	DT
irreplaceable	JJ
memories	NNS
to	TO
boot	NN
.	.
Somehow	RB
I	PRP
think	VBP
staying	VBG
home	NN
and	CC
seeking	VBG
traditional	JJ
modes	NNS
of	IN
therapy	NN
would	MD
not	RB
have	VB
been	VBN
as	RB
much	JJ
fun	NN
,	,
although	IN
if	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
n't	RB
had	VBD
a	DT
friend	NN
to	TO
set	VB
up	RP
the	DT
nanny	NN
job	NN
that	WDT
's	VBZ
probably	RB
exactly	RB
what	WP
I	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
done	VBN
...	:
upon	IN
graduation	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
really	RB
not	RB
motivated	VBN
or	CC
organized	VBN
enough	RB
to	TO
jet	VB
off	RP
to	TO
Paris	NNP
on	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
returned	VBD
to	TO
North	NNP
America	NNP
with	IN
a	DT
travel	NN
companion	NN
from	IN
Vancouver	NNP
BC	NNP
to	TO
her	PRP$
hometown	NN
,	,
about	IN
3000	CD
miles	NNS
from	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
.	.
The	DT
survivalist	NN
training	NN
continued	VBD
:	:
instead	RB
of	IN
wiring	NN
home	NN
for	IN
money	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
I	PRP
have	VBP
never	RB
done	VBN
to	TO
this	DT
day	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
I	PRP
Greyhounded	VBD
to	TO
Seattle	NNP
with	IN
$	$
80	CD
in	IN
my	PRP$
pocket	NN
.	.
I	PRP
knew	VBD
no	DT
one	NN
but	CC
within	IN
six	CD
months	NNS
I	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
nice	JJ
apartment	NN
and	CC
was	VBD
working	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
legal	JJ
assistant	NN
.	.
The	DT
eating	NN
disorder	NN
reared	VBD
it	PRP
's	VBZ
ugly	JJ
head	NN
again	RB
,	,
however	RB
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
made	VBN
a	DT
rule	NN
for	IN
myself	PRP
to	TO
shun	VB
the	DT
scale	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
successful	JJ
for	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
my	PRP$
travels	NNS
;	:
however	RB
,	,
working	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
professional	JJ
capacity	NN
must	MD
have	VB
made	VBN
me	PRP
a	DT
little	RB
more	JJR
concerned	JJ
with	IN
outward	JJ
appearance	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
began	VBD
weighing	VBG
in	IN
and	CC
berating	VBG
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
guess	VBP
this	DT
was	VBD
the	DT
reality	NN
check	NN
:	:
if	IN
you	PRP
live	VBP
without	IN
the	DT
refrigerator	NN
,	,
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
raid	VB
the	DT
refrigerator	NN
!	.
The	DT
problem	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
most	JJS
modern	JJ
kitchens	NNS
have	VBP
a	DT
refrigerator	NN
!	.
As	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
moved	VBD
from	IN
my	PRP$
apartment	NN
into	IN
shared	VBN
housing	NN
,	,
I	PRP
made	VBD
a	DT
rule	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
would	MD
steal	VB
no	DT
food	NN
from	IN
housemates	NNS
,	,
an	DT
activity	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
indulged	VBN
in	IN
all	DT
through	IN
college	NN
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
go	VB
down	RP
the	DT
street	NN
and	CC
buy	VB
food	NN
at	IN
the	DT
grocery	NN
store	NN
,	,
all	DT
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
could	MD
not	RB
steal	VB
.	.
After	IN
doing	VBG
the	DT
bulimic	JJ
thing	NN
for	IN
a	DT
couple	NN
more	RBR
years	NNS
I	PRP
finally	RB
hit	VBD
on	IN
a	DT
formula	NN
that	WDT
worked	VBD
for	IN
me	PRP
and	CC
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
employ	VB
it	PRP
on	IN
my	PRP$
24th	JJ
birthday	NN
:	:
Break	VB
the	DT
cycle	NN
.	.
Eat	VB
what	WP
you	PRP
want	VBP
,	,
when	WRB
you	PRP
want	VBP
.	.
But	CC
no	DT
purging	VBG
!	.
Ever	RB
.	.
But	CC
if	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
OK	JJ
.	.
Just	RB
try	VB
not	RB
to	TO
do	VB
it	PRP
next	JJ
time	NN
.	.
Try	VB
to	TO
maintain	VB
a	DT
comfortable	JJ
weight	NN
.	.
You	PRP
did	VBD
this	DT
as	IN
a	DT
child	NN
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
it	PRP
again	RB
.	.
And	CC
most	RBS
importantly	RB
:	:
You	PRP
have	VBP
as	RB
much	JJ
time	NN
to	TO
get	VB
over	IN
this	DT
as	IN
you	PRP
need	VBP
.	.
It	PRP
may	MD
take	VB
years	NNS
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
rush	VB
it	PRP
.	.
The	DT
longer	JJR
it	PRP
takes	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
more	JJR
lessons	NNS
you	PRP
will	MD
learn	VB
.	.
Etcetera	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
played	VBD
these	DT
reassuring	JJ
tapes	NNS
over	IN
and	CC
over	IN
in	IN
my	PRP$
head	NN
.	.
And	CC
since	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
faced	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
decision	NN
to	TO
eat	VB
and	CC
what	WP
to	TO
eat	VB
several	JJ
times	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
,	,
I	PRP
got	VBD
plenty	NN
of	IN
practice	NN
,	,
I	PRP
figure	VBP
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
way	NN
,	,
getting	VBG
over	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
easier	JJR
-LRB-	-LRB-
at	IN
least	JJS
for	IN
me	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
than	IN
,	,
for	IN
instance	NN
,	,
quitting	VBG
smoking	NN
,	,
which	WDT
so	RB
often	RB
is	VBZ
replaced	VBN
by	IN
other	JJ
vices	NNS
.	.
But	CC
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
harder	RBR
for	IN
that	DT
same	JJ
reason	NN
as	RB
well	RB
:	:
everywhere	RB
you	PRP
go	VBP
,	,
there	EX
it	PRP
is	VBZ
.	.
And	CC
there	EX
you	PRP
are	VBP
!	.
Confusing	JJ
.	.
In	IN
any	DT
event	NN
,	,
I	PRP
always	RB
consider	VBP
myself	PRP
a	DT
``	``
recovering	VBG
''	''
anorectic	NN
,	,
a	DT
``	``
recovering	VBG
''	''
bulimic	JJ
,	,
to	TO
borrow	VB
an	DT
adjective	NN
from	IN
Alcoholics	NNPS
Anonymous	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
rarely	RB
weigh	VBP
myself	PRP
,	,
but	CC
that	DT
activity	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
completely	RB
forbidden	VBN
either	RB
.	.
I	PRP
seem	VBP
to	TO
stay	VB
at	IN
a	DT
normal	JJ
healthy	JJ
weight	NN
all	DT
times	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
year	NN
,	,
with	IN
my	PRP$
only	JJ
regular	JJ
exercise	NN
being	VBG
walking	VBG
since	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
own	VB
a	DT
car	NN
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
sorry	JJ
for	IN
my	PRP$
friends	NNS
that	WDT
diet	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
so	RB
glad	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
off	RP
that	DT
bandwagon	NN
.	.
The	DT
important	JJ
thing	NN
to	TO
me	PRP
is	VBZ
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
comfortable	JJ
at	IN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
and	CC
that	IN
I	PRP
maintain	VBP
it	PRP
without	IN
effort	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
continually	RB
rediscovering	VBG
eating	NN
.	.
I	PRP
eat	VBP
what	WP
I	PRP
crave	VBP
as	IN
I	PRP
must	MD
have	VB
done	VBN
at	IN
one	CD
unadulterated	JJ
time	NN
as	IN
a	DT
child	NN
.	.
I	PRP
avoid	VBP
synthetically	RB
reconstructed	VBN
nonfat	JJ
foods	NNS
and	CC
Nutrisweetened	NNP
stuff	NN
,	,
always	RB
opting	VBG
for	IN
food	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
most	RBS
natural	JJ
state	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
this	DT
purely	RB
anecdotal	JJ
hypothesis	NN
that	WDT
when	WRB
you	PRP
eat	VBP
the	DT
foods	NNS
you	PRP
crave	VBP
in	IN
their	PRP$
least	JJS
processed	VBN
state	NN
,	,
you	PRP
choose	VBP
adequate	JJ
nutrients	NNS
and	CC
calories	NNS
better	JJR
than	IN
any	DT
dietitian	NN
could	MD
.	.
Speaking	VBG
of	IN
which	WDT
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
recently	RB
passed	VBN
the	DT
exam	NN
for	IN
licensure	NN
as	IN
a	DT
Registered	NNP
Dietitian	NNP
and	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
three	CD
years	NNS
into	IN
a	DT
doctorate	NN
in	IN
Nutritional	NNP
Science	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
plan	VBP
to	TO
finish	VB
in	IN
a	DT
couple	NN
of	IN
years	NNS
and	CC
I	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
do	VB
my	PRP$
postdoc	NN
in	IN
Geneva	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
hope	VBP
to	TO
pair	VB
outpatient	NN
counseling	NN
with	IN
research	NN
and	CC
to	TO
help	VB
as	RB
many	JJ
people	NNS
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
finally	RB
found	VBD
recovery	NN
at	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
25	CD
in	IN
the	DT
12	CD
steps	NNS
of	IN
Overeaters	NNP
Anonymous	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
originally	RB
of	IN
Alcoholics	NNP
Anoymous	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
its	PRP$
not	RB
about	IN
the	DT
food	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
body	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
career	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
looks	NNS
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
way	NN
I	PRP
manage	VBP
to	TO
find	VB
any	DT
peace	NN
is	VBZ
by	IN
absolving	VBG
myself	PRP
from	IN
the	DT
bondage	NN
of	IN
self	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
self-centered	JJ
fears	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
find	VB
a	DT
God	NNP
of	IN
my	PRP$
understanding	NN
and	CC
develop	VB
a	DT
relationship	NN
with	IN
him	PRP
and	CC
learn	VB
to	TO
trust	VB
that	IN
his	PRP$
will	MD
for	IN
me	PRP
was	VBD
better	JJR
than	IN
anything	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
conjure	VB
up	RP
for	IN
myself	PRP
,	,
that	IN
my	PRP$
best	JJS
thinking	NN
led	VBD
my	PRP$
to	TO
suicide	NN
and	CC
mental	JJ
institutions	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
it	PRP
did	VBD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
want	VBP
to	TO
say	VB
that	IN
find	VB
a	DT
``	``
God	NNP
''	''
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
easy	JJ
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
grew	VBD
up	RP
in	IN
both	DT
the	DT
Catholic	NNP
and	CC
Buddhist	NNP
churches	NNS
and	CC
was	VBD
inclined	VBN
toward	IN
atheism	NN
by	IN
my	PRP$
intellectual	JJ
training	NN
at	IN
Berkeley	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
this	DT
was	VBD
the	DT
key	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
working	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
saying	VBG
it	PRP
is	VBZ
easy	JJ
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
works	VBZ
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
as	IN
desperate	JJ
as	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
,	,
please	VB
try	VB
to	TO
find	VB
some	DT
OA	NNP
meetings	NNS
with	IN
strong	JJ
recovery	NN
.	.
When	WRB
,	,
I	PRP
say	VBP
strong	JJ
recovery	NN
,	,
I	PRP
mean	VBP
a	DT
meeting	NN
where	WRB
they	PRP
talk	VBP
about	IN
solutions	NNS
rather	RB
than	IN
assigning	VBG
blame	NN
.	.
I	PRP
spent	VBD
many	JJ
years	NNS
blaming	VBG
my	PRP$
parent	NN
,	,
blaming	VBG
the	DT
men	NNS
that	WDT
had	VBD
treated	VBN
me	PRP
bad	JJ
,	,
blaming	VBG
society	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
...	:
Life	NNP
can	MD
deal	VB
some	DT
harsh	JJ
blows	NNS
,	,
but	CC
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
the	DT
victim	NN
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
change	VB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
at	IN
the	DT
mercy	NN
of	IN
outside	JJ
elements	NNS
so	RB
to	TO
speak	VB
.	.
Just	RB
to	TO
give	VB
an	DT
example	NN
,	,
I	PRP
always	RB
thought	VBD
it	PRP
was	VBD
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
fault	NN
because	IN
of	IN
how	WRB
strict	JJ
they	PRP
were	VBD
,	,
the	DT
religious	JJ
upbring	NN
,	,
because	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
biracial	JJ
,	,
because	IN
they	PRP
hit	VBD
me	PRP
etc.	FW
...	:
I	PRP
ran	VBD
away	RB
and	CC
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
are	VBP
I	PRP
were	VBD
estranged	VBN
for	IN
several	JJ
years	NNS
.	.
Today	NN
my	PRP$
``	``
non-loving	JJ
,	,
overdemanding	VBG
''	''
father	NN
calls	VBZ
just	RB
to	TO
say	VB
hi	NNS
,	,
ask	VB
me	PRP
when	WRB
I	PRP
am	VBP
coming	VBG
home	NN
to	TO
visit	VB
and	CC
tells	VBZ
me	PRP
he	PRP
loves	VBZ
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
the	DT
one	NN
who	WP
changed	VBD
,	,
not	RB
him	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
forgave	VBD
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
and	CC
understood	VBN
they	PRP
did	VBD
the	DT
best	JJS
they	PRP
could	MD
and	CC
started	VBD
treating	VBG
them	PRP
as	IN
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
treated	VBN
rather	RB
than	IN
waiting	VBG
for	IN
them	PRP
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
first	JJ
move	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
thought	VBD
they	PRP
owed	VBD
me	PRP
.	.
All	DT
that	WDT
changed	VBD
was	VBD
my	PRP$
attitude	NN
.	.
In	IN
working	VBG
the	DT
steps	NNS
I	PRP
looked	VBD
at	IN
my	PRP$
part	NN
in	IN
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
painful	JJ
memories	NNS
and	CC
say	VB
my	PRP$
part	NN
and	CC
made	VBD
amends	NNS
for	IN
my	PRP$
part	NN
and	CC
prayed	VBD
to	TO
God	NNP
to	TO
give	VB
me	PRP
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
forgive	VB
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
perfect	JJ
so	IN
what	WP
right	RB
do	VBP
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
expect	VB
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
they	PRP
did	VBD
the	DT
best	JJS
they	PRP
could	MD
.	.
Today	NN
I	NNP
know	VBP
they	PRP
love	VBP
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
not	RB
thrown	VBN
up	RP
,	,
binged	VBD
,	,
taken	VBN
laxatives	NNS
,	,
diuretics	NNS
,	,
or	CC
starved	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
sort	NN
of	IN
,	,
this	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
hard	JJ
one	CD
for	IN
me	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
about	IN
1	CD
year	NN
and	CC
8	CD
months	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
eat	VBP
sensibly	RB
today	NN
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
feel	VBP
healthier	RBR
than	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
long	JJ
time	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
time	NN
I	PRP
can	MD
eat	VB
and	CC
then	RB
go	VB
on	IN
to	TO
the	DT
next	JJ
thing	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
spend	VB
hours	NNS
anymore	RB
obsessing	VBG
on	IN
every	DT
bite	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
idea	NN
how	WRB
much	JJ
I	PRP
weigh	VBP
because	IN
I	PRP
threw	VBD
out	RP
my	PRP$
scale	NN
but	CC
I	PRP
do	VBP
know	VB
that	IN
people	NNS
consider	VBP
me	PRP
thin	JJ
and	CC
I	PRP
get	VBP
compliments	NNS
on	IN
my	PRP$
figure	NN
.	.
But	CC
more	RBR
importantly	RB
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
great	JJ
friends	NNS
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
honest	JJ
with	IN
them	PRP
and	CC
current	JJ
in	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
wonderful	JJ
loving	JJ
boyfriend	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
the	DT
man	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
always	RB
imagined	VBN
in	IN
my	PRP$
head	NN
.	.
He	PRP
is	VBZ
kind	RB
,	,
understanding	NN
,	,
respects	VBZ
me	PRP
and	CC
loves	VBZ
me	PRP
for	IN
everything	NN
I	PRP
am	VBP
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
secrets	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
knows	VBZ
about	IN
my	PRP$
problem	NN
and	CC
supports	VBZ
what	WP
I	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
do	VB
to	TO
stay	VB
in	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
life	NN
is	VBZ
good	JJ
today	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
moments	NNS
of	IN
peace	NN
where	WRB
I	PRP
can	MD
appreciate	VB
the	DT
sunshine	NN
and	CC
the	DT
birds	NNS
singing	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
this	DT
sounds	VBZ
corny	JJ
but	CC
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
remember	VB
birds	NNS
singing	VBG
before	RB
because	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
too	RB
self-obsessed	JJ
.	.
If	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
what	WP
you	PRP
seek	VBP
,	,
find	VBP
an	DT
OA	NNP
meeting	NN
,	,
get	VB
a	DT
sponsor	NN
and	CC
start	VB
working	VBG
the	DT
steps	NNS
with	IN
your	PRP$
sponsor	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
life	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
perfect	JJ
and	CC
I	PRP
still	RB
struggle	NN
at	IN
times	NNS
,	,
but	CC
what	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
happier	JJR
than	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
ever	RB
been	VBN
.	.
My	PRP$
God	NNP
Bless	NNP
you	PRP
all	DT
and	CC
keep	VB
you	PRP
well	RB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
twenty-five	JJ
year	NN
old	JJ
who	WP
battled	VBD
anorexia\/bulimia	NN
for	IN
eleven	CD
years	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
started	VBD
with	IN
a	DT
``	``
diet	NN
''	''
and	CC
ended	VBN
with	IN
starvation	NN
,	,
laxative	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
compulsive	JJ
exercise	NN
and	CC
induced	JJ
vomiting	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
compulsive	JJ
dieting\/bingeing\/vomiting	VBG
became	VBD
a	DT
way	NN
of	IN
life	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
;	:
I	PRP
managed	VBD
to	TO
fit	VB
it	PRP
in	IN
around	IN
classes	NNS
,	,
activities	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
,	,
rather	RB
,	,
I	PRP
fit	VBP
my	PRP$
life	NN
in	IN
around	IN
my	PRP$
compulsions	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Eventually	RB
,	,
though	RB
,	,
I	PRP
stopped	VBD
going	VBG
out	RP
,	,
avoided	VBD
going	VBG
anywhere	RB
that	IN
involved	VBN
eating	NN
,	,
and	CC
simply	RB
got	VBD
stuck	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
whirlpool	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
disease	NN
.	.
I	PRP
forgot	VBD
that	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
more	JJR
to	TO
life	NN
than	IN
food	NN
and	CC
calories	NNS
;	:
that	IN
there	EX
were	VBD
people	NNS
who	WP
loved	VBD
me	PRP
;	:
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
person	NN
and	CC
there	EX
was	VBD
much	RB
more	JJR
to	TO
me	PRP
than	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
and	CC
what	WP
I	PRP
put	VBD
into	IN
it	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
had	VBD
become	VBN
such	JJ
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
me	PRP
that	IN
,	,
although	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
miserable	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
sure	JJ
I	PRP
could	MD
function	VB
any	DT
other	JJ
way	NN
.	.
It	PRP
took	VBD
me	PRP
hitting	VBG
an	DT
absolute	JJ
``	``
rock	NN
bottom	NN
,	,
''	''
and	CC
the	DT
love	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
best	JJS
friends	NNS
and	CC
my	PRP$
family	NN
,	,
for	IN
me	PRP
to	TO
seek	VB
help	NN
with	IN
a	DT
psychologist	NN
.	.
That	DT
was	VBD
extremely	RB
difficult	JJ
for	IN
me	PRP
:	:
I	PRP
had	VBD
always	RB
been	VBN
a	DT
rotten	JJ
communicator	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
no	DT
real	JJ
surprise	NN
there	EX
:	:
-	:
-RRB-	-RRB-
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
found	VBD
that	IN
group	NN
therapy	NN
helped	VBD
me	PRP
immensely	RB
;	:
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
are	VBP
so	RB
frightening	JJ
and	CC
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
so	RB
isolating	VBG
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
real	JJ
lifesaver	NN
to	TO
find	VB
others	NNS
who	WP
share	VBP
similar	JJ
experiences	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
learned	VBD
how	WRB
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
that	WDT
led	VBD
to	TO
my	PRP$
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
:	:
to	TO
paraphrase	VB
Geneen	NNP
Roth	NNP
,	,
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
small	JJ
bandage	NN
that	WDT
tries	VBZ
in	IN
vain	JJ
to	TO
heal	VB
a	DT
gaping	JJ
wound	NN
.	.
Anyway	RB
,	,
after	IN
several	JJ
years	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
finally	RB
feel	VBP
free	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
life	NN
no	RB
longer	RB
revolves	VBZ
around	IN
weight	NN
,	,
dieting	NN
,	,
food	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
stayed	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
consistent	JJ
healthy	JJ
weight	NN
for	IN
two	CD
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
like	IN
I	PRP
cut	VBD
myself	PRP
off	RP
from	IN
the	DT
world	NN
for	IN
years	NNS
and	CC
now	RB
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
real	JJ
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
got	VBD
married	VBN
last	JJ
year	NN
to	TO
a	DT
wonderful	JJ
man	NN
,	,
who	WP
supported	VBD
me	PRP
all	PDT
the	DT
way	NN
through	IN
my	PRP$
recovery	NN
and	CC
loves	VBZ
me	PRP
for	IN
ME	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
want	VBP
people	NNS
to	TO
know	VB
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
way	NN
out	IN
;	:
if	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
it	PRP
anyone	NN
can	MD
.	.
It	PRP
just	RB
takes	VBZ
real	JJ
dedication	NN
,	,
and	CC
you	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
do	VB
it	PRP
alone	RB
.	.
I	PRP
wrote	VBD
you	PRP
back	RB
in	IN
December	NNP
of	IN
1996	CD
in	IN
a	DT
desperate	JJ
attempt	NN
to	TO
get	VB
my	PRP$
life	NN
together	RB
and	CC
win	VB
the	DT
battle	NN
against	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
wrote	VBD
again	RB
soon	RB
thereafter	RB
to	TO
share	VB
my	PRP$
story	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
new-found	JJ
recovery	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
i	FW
described	VBD
finding	VBG
a	DT
wonderful	JJ
personal	JJ
trainer	NN
and	CC
friend	NN
at	IN
the	DT
gym	NN
who	WP
helped	VBD
me	PRP
in	IN
my	PRP$
search	NN
for	IN
happiness	NN
and	CC
health	NN
,	,
spiritually	RB
,	,
physically	RB
and	CC
mentally	RB
...	:
The	DT
road	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
recovery	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
rough	JJ
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
like	IN
learning	VBG
to	TO
walk	VB
all	DT
over	RB
again	RB
.	.
First	RB
,	,
crawling	VBG
,	,
then	RB
my	PRP$
first	JJ
real	JJ
steps	NNS
...	:
then	RB
dealing	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
stumbles	NNS
and	CC
falls	VBZ
and	CC
the	DT
obstacles	NNS
that	WDT
got	VBD
in	IN
my	PRP$
way	NN
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
help	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
Fiance	NN
'	''
Mike	NNP
,	,
and	CC
my	PRP$
wonderful	JJ
friend	NN
and	CC
trainer	NN
Sal	NNP
,	,
i	FW
am	VBP
now	RB
``	``
sure	JJ
footed	VBN
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
never	RB
been	VBN
healthier	RBR
and	CC
happier	JJR
in	IN
all	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
amazing	JJ
how	WRB
everyone	NN
around	IN
me	PRP
wants	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
my	PRP$
friend	NN
,	,
because	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
so	RB
obvious	JJ
what	WP
a	DT
happy	JJ
person	NN
I	PRP
am	VBP
...	:
I	PRP
have	VBP
made	VBN
friends	NNS
with	IN
food	NN
,	,
i	FW
LOVE	FW
food	NN
.	.
But	CC
most	JJS
of	IN
all	DT
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
made	VBN
friends	NNS
with	IN
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
so	RB
much	JJ
confidence	NN
now	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
amazing	JJ
.	.
Food	NNP
and	CC
weight	NN
no	RB
longer	RB
rule	VB
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
!	.
!	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
having	VBG
a	DT
wonderful	JJ
time	NN
living	NN
.	.
.	.
without	IN
the	DT
sick	JJ
obsessiveness	NN
with	IN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
fat	JJ
I	PRP
am	VBP
or	CC
the	DT
feelings	NNS
of	IN
desperation	NN
and	CC
self-hatred	NN
.	.
I	PRP
jump	VBP
out	IN
of	IN
bed	NN
in	IN
the	DT
morning	NN
ready	JJ
to	TO
face	VB
the	DT
day	NN
,	,
ready	JJ
for	IN
whatever	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
in	IN
store	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
finally	RB
believe	VBP
that	IN
i	FW
am	VBP
BEAUTIFUL	NNP
!	.
!	.
I	PRP
love	VBP
my	PRP$
body	NN
now	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
so	RB
healthy	JJ
and	CC
fit	JJ
.	.
And	CC
i	FW
only	RB
put	VB
healthy	JJ
food	NN
inside	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
come	VBN
to	TO
terms	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
old	JJ
adage	NN
``	``
you	PRP
are	VBP
what	WP
you	PRP
eat	VBP
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
stress	VB
enough	RB
that	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
recovery	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
day	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
found	VBD
this	DT
website	NN
and	CC
finally	RB
realized	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
not	RB
deny	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
very	RB
sick	JJ
,	,
and	CC
needed	VBD
to	TO
change	VB
my	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
or	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
die	VB
...	:
Reading	VBG
your	PRP$
words	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
submissions	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
women	NNS
and	CC
men	NNS
with	IN
this	DT
disease	NN
is	VBZ
what	WP
truly	RB
opened	VBD
my	PRP$
eyes	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
only	RB
get	VB
one	CD
shot	NN
in	IN
this	DT
life	NN
and	CC
we	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
best	JJS
of	IN
it	PRP
,	,
because	IN
GOD	NNP
only	RB
knows	VBZ
,	,
life	NN
is	VBZ
TOO	RB
short	JJ
to	TO
waste	VB
it	PRP
standing	VBG
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
an	DT
open	JJ
pantry	NN
full	JJ
of	IN
food	NN
or	CC
hovering	VBG
over	IN
a	DT
toilet	NN
.	.
.	.
Life	NNP
is	VBZ
too	RB
short	JJ
to	TO
waste	VB
it	PRP
by	IN
starving	VBG
ourselves	PRP
to	TO
fit	VB
into	IN
an	DT
unrealistic	JJ
size	NN
.	.
Life	NNP
is	VBZ
too	RB
short	JJ
to	TO
waste	VB
it	PRP
by	IN
not	RB
taking	VBG
care	NN
of	IN
ourselves	PRP
,	,
our	PRP$
minds	NNS
and	CC
bodies	NNS
and	CC
having	VBG
fun	NN
and	CC
being	VBG
happy	JJ
!	.
!	.
!	.
And	CC
we	PRP
must	MD
thank	VB
GOD	NNP
for	IN
giving	VBG
us	PRP
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
live	VB
our	PRP$
lives	NNS
on	IN
this	DT
Earth	NN
.	.
And	CC
the	DT
only	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
really	RB
thank	VB
him	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
Take	VB
care	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
bodies	NNS
,	,
take	VBP
care	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
minds	NNS
,	,
and	CC
be	VB
good	JJ
to	TO
one	CD
another	DT
...	:
Amy	NNP
,	,
thank	VBP
you	PRP
so	RB
much	RB
for	IN
being	VBG
an	DT
inspiration	NN
to	TO
so	RB
many	JJ
people	NNS
fighting	VBG
eating	JJ
disorders	NNS
and	CC
weight	NN
disorders	NNS
!	.
!	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
very	RB
special	JJ
person	NN
,	,
and	CC
deserve	VB
a	DT
medal	NN
for	IN
being	VBG
so	RB
selfless	JJ
by	IN
dedicating	VBG
all	DT
of	IN
your	PRP$
time	NN
to	TO
maintaining	VBG
your	PRP$
website	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
sure	JJ
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
the	DT
only	JJ
one	CD
that	WDT
has	VBZ
benefitted	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
Something-Fishy	NNP
website	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
met	VBN
many	JJ
wonderful	JJ
people	NNS
through	IN
this	DT
website	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
know	VBP
have	VBP
been	VBN
touched	VBN
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
And	CC
I	PRP
will	MD
do	VB
whatever	WDT
I	PRP
can	MD
to	TO
be	VB
an	DT
inspiration	NN
for	IN
them	PRP
,	,
too	RB
...	:
I	PRP
have	VBP
now	RB
been	VBN
in	IN
recovery	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
recovered	VBD
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
26	CD
years	NNS
.	.
At	IN
first	JJ
I	PRP
simply	RB
wanted	VBD
to	TO
ignore	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
ever	RB
suffered	VBN
from	IN
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
.	.
I	PRP
felt	VBD
like	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
so	RB
much	JJ
catching	VBG
up	RP
to	TO
do	VB
.	.
I	PRP
went	VBD
from	IN
depriving	VBG
myself	PRP
to	TO
over-indulgence	NN
.	.
As	IN
if	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
get	VB
enough	RB
of	IN
life	NN
's	POS
experiences	NNS
after	IN
a	DT
period	NN
of	IN
fearful	JJ
,	,
cautious	JJ
,	,
overcontroll	NN
.	.
Eventually	RB
I	PRP
found	VBD
the	DT
middle	JJ
ground	NN
,	,
the	DT
balance	NN
in	IN
all	DT
aspects	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
went	VBD
on	IN
to	TO
obtain	VB
a	DT
PH.D.	NNP
in	IN
Psychology	NNP
,	,
to	TO
develop	VB
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNP
Clinic	NNP
in	IN
a	DT
Medical	NNP
School	NNP
setting	VBG
,	,
to	TO
develop	VB
close	RB
,	,
intimate	JJ
relationships	NNS
,	,
marry	VB
,	,
have	VB
children	NNS
and	CC
struggle	NN
with	IN
day-to-day	JJ
life	NN
.	.
After	IN
14	CD
yrs	NNS
.	.
in	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
field	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
had	VBD
the	DT
incredible	JJ
privilege	NN
to	TO
share	VB
in	IN
many	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
recovery	NN
of	IN
many	JJ
,	,
many	JJ
wonderful	JJ
women	NNS
.	.
How	WRB
could	MD
I	PRP
have	VBP
ever	RB
imagined	VBN
that	IN
recovery	NN
could	MD
be	VB
such	JJ
a	DT
rich	JJ
&	CC
worthy	JJ
experience	NN
.	.
Best	JJS
regards	VBZ
to	TO
all	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
in	IN
your	PRP$
efforts	NNS
to	TO
find	VB
your	PRP$
way	NN
back	RB
to	TO
yourselves	NNS
in	IN
healthier	RBR
,	,
more	JJR
confidant	NN
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
impowered	JJ
ways	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
share	VB
my	PRP$
personal	JJ
story	NN
of	IN
hope	NN
and	CC
recovery	NN
with	IN
you	PRP
and	CC
others	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
Let	VB
me	PRP
introduce	VB
myself	PRP
.	.
My	PRP$
name	NN
is	VBZ
Judy	NNP
.	.
Like	IN
many	JJ
of	IN
your	PRP$
viewers	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
became	VBD
severely	RB
afflicted	VBN
with	IN
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
early	JJ
teenage	JJ
years	NNS
.	.
Over	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
ten	CD
years	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
hospitalized	VBN
26	CD
times	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
these	DT
hospitalizations	NNS
were	VBD
quite	RB
unpleasant	JJ
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
illness	NN
,	,
various	JJ
psychiatrists	NNS
labeled	VBN
me	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
``	``
chronic	JJ
anorexic	JJ
''	''
,	,
and	CC
``	``
schizophrenic	JJ
''	''
among	IN
other	JJ
things	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
family	NN
was	VBD
told	VBN
that	IN
I	PRP
``	``
would	MD
never	RB
get	VB
well	RB
''	''
and	CC
that	IN
they	PRP
should	MD
just	RB
place	VB
me	PRP
in	IN
a	DT
State	NNP
Hospital	NNP
because	IN
,	,
I	PRP
``	``
would	MD
end	VB
up	RP
there	EX
one	CD
way	NN
or	CC
another	DT
''	''
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
I	PRP
laugh	NN
to	TO
think	VB
that	IN
anyone	NN
could	MD
have	VB
thought	VBN
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
schizophrenic	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
never	RB
schizophrenic	JJ
,	,
not	RB
even	RB
close	VB
.	.
It	PRP
just	RB
goes	VBZ
to	TO
show	VB
how	WRB
anorexia	NN
and	CC
the	DT
starvation	NN
process	NN
distorts	VBZ
your	PRP$
mind	NN
and	CC
your	PRP$
thinking	NN
.	.
Today	NN
I	NNP
am	VBP
fully	RB
recovered	VBN
leading	VBG
a	DT
happy	JJ
,	,
full	JJ
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
graduated	VBD
from	IN
college	NN
Summa	NNP
Cum	NNP
Laude	NNP
,	,
third	JJ
in	IN
my	PRP$
class	NN
,	,
with	IN
a	DT
Bachelor	NN
of	IN
Arts	NNS
Degree	NNP
in	IN
Nursing	NNP
.	.
The	DT
energy	NN
that	WDT
had	VBD
once	RB
been	VBN
wasted	VBN
trying	VBG
to	TO
achieve	VB
``	``
the	DT
perfect	JJ
thinness	NN
''	''
has	VBZ
been	VBN
channeled	VBN
into	IN
other	JJ
more	RBR
productive	JJ
areas	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
currently	RB
work	VBP
as	IN
a	DT
registered	VBN
nurse	NN
in	IN
a	DT
combined	VBN
pediatric	JJ
-	:
neonatal	JJ
intensive	JJ
care	NN
unit	NN
.	.
This	DT
coming	VBG
Fall	NN
1997	CD
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
returning	VBG
to	TO
graduate	JJ
school	NN
to	TO
pursue	VB
a	DT
Master	NNP
of	IN
Science	NNP
Degree	NNP
in	IN
Psychiatric-Mental	NNP
Health	NNP
Nursing	NNP
.	.
Upon	IN
completion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
eligible	JJ
for	IN
Clinical	NNP
Nurse	NNP
Specialist	NNP
certification	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
goal	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
help	VB
others	NNS
afflicted	VBN
with	IN
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
this	DT
goal	NN
,	,
in	IN
my	PRP$
spare	JJ
time	NN
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
written	VBN
a	DT
book	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
titled	VBN
the	DT
book	NN
,	,
``	``
Growing	VBG
Wings	NNS
to	TO
Fly	VB
:	:
A	DT
Journey	NNP
into	IN
the	DT
Depths	NNP
of	IN
Anorexia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
and	CC
Back	NNP
Again	NNP
''	''
.	.
The	DT
book	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
autobiographical	JJ
account	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
ten	CD
year	NN
battle	NN
with	IN
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
with	IN
emphasis	NN
on	IN
the	DT
recovery	NN
process	NN
.	.
The	DT
book	NN
culminates	VBZ
with	IN
a	DT
section	NN
of	IN
poetry	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
written	VBN
by	IN
my	PRP$
sister	NN
during	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
affliction	NN
.	.
I	PRP
included	VBD
the	DT
poetry	NN
to	TO
give	VB
the	DT
work	NN
perspective	NN
.	.
Yes	UH
,	,
my	PRP$
sister	NN
,	,
you	PRP
write	VBP
it	PRP
from	IN
your	PRP$
end	NN
now	RB
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
heard	VBN
the	DT
poems	NNS
which	WDT
mourned	VBD
you	PRP
,	,
the	DT
early	JJ
do	VBP
n't	RB
dies	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
closet	NN
,	,
the	DT
dark	JJ
satin	NN
mouth	NN
,	,
the	DT
flesh	NN
evaporating	VBG
in	IN
air	NN
.	.
And	CC
the	DT
new	JJ
one	CD
,	,
the	DT
--	:
she	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
sister	NN
,	,
the	DT
nurse	NN
,	,
the	DT
catapult	VBP
Minnesota	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Wisconsin	NNP
woman	NN
.	.
I	PRP
say	VBP
try	VB
to	TO
count	VB
her	PRP
,	,
you	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
,	,
she	PRP
moves	VBZ
on	IN
feet	NNS
like	IN
anyone	NN
.	.
I	PRP
remember	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
there	RB
when	WRB
Mom	NN
weighed	VBD
you	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
little	JJ
sister	NN
.	.
I	PRP
stood	VBD
watch	NN
.	.
Under	IN
my	PRP$
skull	NN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
darkness	NN
of	IN
flesh	NN
,	,
I	PRP
could	MD
see	VB
the	DT
weights	NNS
,	,
solemn	JJ
black	JJ
metal	NN
,	,
hard	RB
,	,
un-jarred	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
space	NN
your	PRP$
breasts	NNS
had	VBD
left	VBN
.	.
Yes	UH
,	,
you	PRP
hid	VBD
them	PRP
in	IN
your	PRP$
bra	NN
,	,
ankle	NN
weights	NNS
,	,
their	PRP$
steel	NN
nipples	VBZ
un-fed	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
mouth	NN
closed	VBD
over	IN
words	NNS
which	WDT
sat	VBD
,	,
bead-like	JJ
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
dark	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
cheek	NN
.	.
Or	CC
the	DT
other	JJ
,	,
the	DT
--	:
you	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
remember	VB
.	.
The	DT
long	JJ
night	NN
you	PRP
could	MD
not	RB
sleep	VB
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
home	NN
on	IN
a	DT
visit	NN
,	,
next	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
on	IN
the	DT
floor	NN
.	.
Outside	IN
the	DT
night	NN
would	MD
not	RB
end	VB
.	.
She	PRP
sat	VBD
on	IN
her	PRP$
heels	NNS
rocking	VBG
,	,
the	DT
windows	NNS
stretched	VBD
up	RB
and	CC
up	RB
.	.
You	PRP
took	VBD
pills	NNS
as	IN
mom	NN
brought	VBD
them	PRP
.	.
The	DT
couch	NN
was	VBD
very	RB
still	RB
.	.
You	PRP
were	VBD
saying	VBG
no.	NN
My	PRP$
name	NN
is	VBZ
Josie	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
so	RB
overwhelmed	JJ
reading	VBG
all	PDT
the	DT
article	NN
on	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
web	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
amazing	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
love	VBP
to	TO
read	VB
all	PDT
the	DT
articles	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
real	JJ
people	NNS
out	IN
there	RB
both	DT
suffering	VBG
and	CC
in	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
I	PRP
hope	VBP
that	IN
we	PRP
can	MD
all	DT
work	VB
together	RB
to	TO
prevent	VB
this	DT
awful	JJ
disease	NN
from	IN
happening	VBG
to	TO
all	PDT
the	DT
other	JJ
beautiful	JJ
people	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
world	NN
.	.
I	PRP
too	RB
like	IN
many	JJ
decided	VBD
to	TO
get	VB
into	IN
the	DT
professional	JJ
field	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Social	NNP
Worker	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
help	VB
other	JJ
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
my	PRP$
awful	JJ
experience	NN
in	IN
society	NN
with	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
help	VB
others	NNS
not	RB
go	VB
through	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
did	VBD
.	.
You	PRP
see	VBP
,	,
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
I	PRP
admitted	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
`	``
think	VB
'	''
I	PRP
have	VBP
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
they	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
put	VBD
me	PRP
in	IN
a	DT
`	``
psych	NN
'	''
ward	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
there	RB
for	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
months	NNS
and	CC
just	RB
got	VBD
more	JJR
and	CC
more	JJR
sick	JJ
.	.
After	IN
that	DT
is	VBZ
was	VBD
going	VBG
from	IN
one	CD
doctor	NN
to	TO
another	DT
,	,
being	VBG
referred	VBN
to	TO
different	JJ
doctors	NNS
,	,
and	CC
waiting	VBG
and	CC
waiting	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
assessed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
Hospital	NN
in	IN
Toronto	NNP
was	VBD
Toronto	NNP
General	NNP
Hospital	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
waited	VBD
approximately	RB
2	CD
years	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
in	IN
.	.
During	IN
that	DT
time	NN
I	PRP
met	VBD
a	DT
great	JJ
doctor	NN
who	WP
tried	VBD
to	TO
help	VB
me	PRP
.	.
He	PRP
worked	VBD
at	IN
an	DT
addiction	NN
center	NN
for	IN
drugs	NNS
and	CC
alcohol	NN
,	,
and	CC
he	PRP
help	VB
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
sent	VBN
to	TO
two	CD
treatment	NN
centers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
States	NNPS
,	,
I	PRP
got	VBD
kicked	VBD
out	RP
because	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
`	``
complying	VBG
'	''
Which	WDT
made	VBD
me	PRP
feel	VB
worse	JJR
when	WRB
I	PRP
got	VBD
home	NN
,	,
so	RB
things	NNS
just	RB
got	VBD
worse	JJR
and	CC
worse	JJR
and	CC
worse	JJR
.	.
And	CC
year	NN
of	IN
suffering	VBG
from	IN
anorexia	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
I	PRP
develop	VBP
physical	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
indispensable	JJ
,	,
not	RB
.	.
Well	RB
,	,
my	PRP$
stomach	NN
is	VBZ
all	DT
messed	VBN
up	RP
now	RB
;	:
liver	NN
,	,
pancreas	NN
,	,
digestion	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
take	VB
extra	JJ
care	NN
of	IN
myself	PRP
today	NN
and	CC
take	VB
myself	PRP
seriosly	RB
when	WRB
it	PRP
comes	VBZ
to	TO
my	PRP$
health	NN
.	.
During	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
`	``
B.S.	NN
'	''
from	IN
the	DT
`	``
system	NN
'	''
I	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
heart	NN
attack	NN
and	CC
was	VBD
in	IN
hospital	NN
again	RB
.	.
Since	IN
the	DT
time	NN
I	PRP
admitted	VBD
my	PRP$
disease	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
in	IN
4\/5	CD
treatment	NN
centers	NNS
never	RB
lasted	VBD
because	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
torture	VB
in	IN
there	EX
and	CC
have	VBP
been	VBN
probed	VBN
by	IN
many	JJ
doctors	NNS
internally	RB
to	TO
discover	VB
all	DT
my	PRP$
health	NN
problems	NNS
today	NN
.	.
All	DT
because	IN
of	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
To	TO
all	PDT
the	DT
sufferers	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
actively	RB
in	IN
their	PRP$
illness	NN
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
catch	VB
up	RP
to	TO
you	PRP
,	,
are	VBP
bodies	NNS
can	MD
only	RB
take	VB
so	RB
much	JJ
abuse	NN
.	.
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
could	MD
never	RB
be	VB
ill.	JJ
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
.	.
Today	NN
I	NNP
try	VBP
to	TO
live	VB
a	DT
well	RB
balance	NN
life	NN
,	,
with	IN
healthy	JJ
foods	NNS
,	,
moderate	JJ
exercise	NN
and	CC
relaxing	VBG
taking	VBG
time	NN
out	RP
for	IN
myself	PRP
thus	RB
,	,
growing	VBG
spiritually	RB
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
so	RB
important	JJ
in	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
Because	IN
during	IN
the	DT
illness	NN
for	IN
are	VBP
so	RB
far	RB
gone	VBN
from	IN
who	WP
we	PRP
truly	RB
are	VBP
.	.
And	CC
as	IN
you	PRP
venture	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
road	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
all	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
!	.
All	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
!	.
Gorgeous	JJ
beauties	NNS
out	IN
there	RB
will	MD
realize	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
beautiful	JJ
.	.
Take	VB
the	DT
journey	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
.	.
Find	VB
yourself	PRP
.	.
Find	VB
the	DT
beauty	NN
that	WDT
's	VBZ
inside	RB
.	.
Think	VB
about	IN
it	PRP
,	,
with	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
time	NN
and	CC
effort	NN
we	PRP
put	VBD
into	IN
our	PRP$
illness	NN
,	,
what	WP
we	PRP
could	MD
find	VB
out	RP
what	WP
we	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
to	TO
recover	VB
.	.
Get	VB
on	IN
the	DT
journey	NN
.	.
Show	NNP
the	DT
world	NN
what	WP
a	DT
great	JJ
person	NN
you	PRP
are	VBP
.	.
Stop	NNP
destroying	VBG
yourself	PRP
.	.
We	PRP
need	VBP
you	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
were	VBD
born	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
reason	NN
.	.
To	TO
be	VB
who	WP
you	PRP
are	VBP
.	.
Let	VB
someone	NN
help	NN
you	PRP
get	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
path	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
do	VB
it	PRP
for	IN
yourself	PRP
now	RB
let	VBP
someone	NN
in	IN
.	.
Yes	UH
,	,
its	PRP$
alot	NN
of	IN
work	NN
but	CC
its	PRP$
worth	JJ
the	DT
effort	NN
.	.
You	PRP
're	VBP
worth	IN
it	PRP
!	.
Love	NNP
You	PRP
all	DT
!	.
Love	NNP
Josie	NNP
.	.
After	IN
about	IN
2-3	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
getting	VBG
the	DT
hang	VB
of	IN
this	DT
,	,
ALL	NNP
the	DT
stuffed-away	JJ
feelings	NNS
from	IN
my	PRP$
difficult	JJ
childhood	NN
came	VBD
up	RP
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
still	RB
coming	VBG
up	RB
.	.
Things	NNS
scary	JJ
beyond	IN
belief	NN
.	.
Now	RB
I	PRP
see	VBP
why	WRB
I	PRP
ate	VBD
.	.
My	PRP$
continuing	VBG
job	NN
now	RB
is	VBZ
to	TO
process	VB
them	PRP
.	.
After	IN
suffering	VBG
from	IN
anorexia	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
for	IN
fourteen	CD
years	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
finally	RB
feel	VBP
liberated	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
depths	NNS
of	IN
despair	NN
.	.
If	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
for	IN
my	PRP$
husband	NN
I	PRP
probably	RB
never	RB
would	MD
have	VB
had	VBD
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
heal	VB
.	.
He	PRP
loves	VBZ
me	PRP
no	DT
matter	NN
what	WP
I	PRP
look	VBP
like	IN
and	CC
no	DT
matter	NN
what	WDT
state	NN
of	IN
mind	NN
I	PRP
am	VBP
in	IN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
tough	JJ
road	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
sometimes	RB
helpful	JJ
to	TO
think	VB
of	IN
gaining	VBG
health	NN
as	IN
a	DT
big	JJ
experiment	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
easy	JJ
to	TO
go	VB
back	RB
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
.	.
But	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
lot	RB
better	JJR
on	IN
the	DT
way	NN
DOWN	RB
the	DT
hill	NN
than	IN
constantly	RB
fighting	VBG
and	CC
chastising	VBG
oneself	NN
and	CC
trying	VBG
to	TO
make	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
TOP	NNP
of	IN
Recovery	NNP
Mountain	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
truly	RB
believe	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
made	VBN
up	IN
of	IN
so	RB
many	JJ
different	JJ
parts	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
never	RB
be	VB
totaled	VBN
up	RP
into	IN
one	CD
perfect	JJ
number	NN
.	.
Instead	RB
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
see	VB
the	DT
truth	NN
that	IN
all	DT
my	PRP$
parts	NNS
and	CC
feelings	NNS
are	VBP
perfectly	RB
joined	VBN
to	TO
make	VB
me	PRP
,	,
in	IN
all	DT
my	PRP$
uniqueness	NN
,	,
me	PRP
.	.
Hi	FW
my	PRP$
name	NN
is	VBZ
Cindy	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
struggling	VBG
with	IN
bulimia	NN
for	IN
10	CD
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
read	VBN
many	JJ
letters	NNS
from	IN
these	DT
web	NN
pages	NNS
and	CC
all	DT
touch	NN
my	PRP$
heart	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
27	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
and	CC
started	VBD
this	DT
disorder	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
17	CD
.	.
I	PRP
thought	VBD
it	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
God	NNP
send	VBP
because	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
eat	VB
whatever	WDT
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
without	IN
gaining	VBG
the	DT
weight	NN
.	.
It	PRP
became	VBD
my	PRP$
life	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
only	JJ
coping	VBG
mechanism	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
parents	NNS
had	VBD
always	RB
expected	VBN
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
out	IN
of	IN
me	PRP
and	CC
I	PRP
became	VBD
a	DT
perfectionist	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
accepted	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
USCG	NNP
Academy	NNP
and	CC
found	VBD
I	PRP
had	VBD
chosen	VBN
a	DT
difficult	JJ
road	NN
to	TO
travel	VB
down	RP
.	.
There	EX
was	VBD
daily	JJ
drilling	NN
,	,
sports	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
academics	NNS
were	VBD
very	RB
challenging	JJ
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
in	IN
the	DT
top	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
class	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
know	VB
what	WP
to	TO
do	VB
.	.
I	PRP
turned	VBD
to	TO
food	NN
for	IN
those	DT
four	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
college	NN
and	CC
found	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
not	RB
cope	VB
without	IN
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
usually	RB
binge	NN
and	CC
purge	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
4	CD
times	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
,	,
more	JJR
if	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
test	NN
or	CC
paper	NN
due	JJ
the	DT
next	JJ
day	NN
.	.
After	IN
college	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
assigened	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
cutter	NN
in	IN
California	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
excited	VBN
about	IN
getting	VBG
as	RB
far	RB
away	RB
from	IN
my	PRP$
family	NN
as	IN
posible	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
could	MD
make	VB
a	DT
fresh	JJ
start	NN
.	.
Food	NNP
became	VBD
my	PRP$
coping	VBG
mechanism	NN
through	IN
those	DT
2	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
I	PRP
went	VBD
off	RB
and	CC
on	IN
with	IN
therapy	NN
,	,
never	RB
finding	VBG
anyone	NN
I	PRP
though	RB
was	VBD
good	JJ
enough	JJ
or	CC
who	WP
understood	VBD
me	PRP
.	.
Now	RB
I	PRP
am	VBP
in	IN
Key	NNP
West	NNP
and	CC
I	PRP
'm	VBP
married	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
very	RB
loving	JJ
husband	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
grown	VBN
and	CC
learned	VBN
so	RB
much	RB
from	IN
my	PRP$
struggles	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
been	VBN
there	RB
as	IN
support	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
found	VBN
a	DT
wonderful	JJ
therapist	NN
who	WP
finally	RB
made	VBD
me	PRP
see	VB
the	DT
``	``
light	NN
.	.
''	''
Inorder	NN
to	TO
beat	VB
this	DT
disease	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
understand	VB
it	PRP
and	CC
love	VB
me	PRP
the	DT
way	NN
I	PRP
am	VBP
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
disorder	NN
and	CC
all	DT
my	PRP$
other	JJ
emotional	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
realize	VB
that	IN
the	DT
Bulimia	NNP
was	VBD
a	DT
symptom	NN
of	IN
something	NN
deeper	JJR
inside	IN
me	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
discover	VB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
working	VBG
hard	RB
every	DT
day	NN
to	TO
find	VB
new	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
my	PRP$
self	NN
and	CC
above	IN
all	DT
,	,
love	VBP
the	DT
person	NN
I	PRP
am	VBP
regardless	RB
of	IN
what	WP
other	JJ
people	NNS
think	VBP
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
very	RB
,	,
very	RB
difficult	JJ
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
made	VBN
progress	NN
by	IN
leaps	NNS
and	CC
bounds	NNS
over	IN
this	DT
past	JJ
year	NN
and	CC
one-half	NN
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
actually	RB
say	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
happy	JJ
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
time	NN
and	CC
that	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
look	VB
at	IN
myself	PRP
without	IN
horror	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
also	RB
still	RB
have	VB
those	DT
really	RB
down	JJ
days	NNS
where	WRB
food	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
only	JJ
thing	NN
that	WDT
helps	VBZ
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
taken	VBN
a	DT
long	JJ
time	NN
for	IN
this	DT
``	``
self-recovery	JJ
''	''
to	TO
happen	VB
and	CC
I	PRP
know	VBP
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
long	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
go	VB
,	,
but	CC
this	DT
disease	NN
can	MD
be	VB
beaten	VBN
with	IN
love	NN
,	,
support	NN
,	,
and	CC
understanding	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
just	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
months	NNS
ago	IN
when	WRB
I	PRP
posted	VBD
my	PRP$
letter	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
story	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
the	DT
Remember	VB
it	PRP
hurts	VBZ
...	:
section	NN
of	IN
the	DT
website	NN
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
barely	RB
had	VBD
a	DT
grasp	NN
at	IN
that	DT
point	NN
on	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
lot	NN
to	TO
work	VB
out	RP
I	PRP
have	VBP
made	VBN
lots	NNS
of	IN
friends	NNS
through	IN
this	DT
website	NN
and	CC
they	PRP
have	VBP
all	DT
helped	VBD
me	PRP
so	RB
much	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
unbelievable	JJ
I	PRP
am	VBP
sure	JJ
that	IN
they	PRP
know	VBP
who	WP
they	PRP
are	VBP
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
thank	VB
them	PRP
for	IN
being	VBG
here	RB
for	IN
me	PRP
,	,
and	CC
let	VB
them	PRP
know	VB
I	PRP
am	VBP
always	RB
here	RB
for	IN
them	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
visit	VBP
this	DT
website	NN
religiously	RB
,	,
and	CC
print	VBP
out	RP
any	DT
new	JJ
submissions	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
contact	VBP
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
those	DT
that	WDT
are	VBP
reaching	VBG
out	RP
for	IN
help	NN
,	,
and	CC
keep	VB
in	IN
close	JJ
contact	NN
with	IN
those	DT
that	WDT
have	VBP
helped	VBN
me	PRP
.	.
My	PRP$
fiance	NN
Mike	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
tremendous	JJ
support	NN
system	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
,	,
he	PRP
is	VBZ
just	RB
great	JJ
.	.
He	PRP
never	RB
had	VBD
an	DT
idea	NN
what	WDT
bulimia	NN
and	CC
anorexia	NN
entailed	VBD
and	CC
no	DT
matter	NN
what	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
going	VBG
through	IN
,	,
no	DT
matter	NN
how	WRB
I	PRP
feel	VBP
,	,
what	WP
I	PRP
tell	VBP
him	PRP
about	IN
myself	PRP
,	,
my	PRP$
past	NN
,	,
anything	NN
,	,
he	PRP
listens	VBZ
,	,
and	CC
accepts	VBZ
that	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
who	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
love	VBP
him	PRP
so	RB
much	RB
for	IN
this	DT
.	.
and	CC
I	PRP
count	VBP
myself	PRP
VERY	RB
lucky	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
someone	NN
as	IN
accepting	VBG
and	CC
understanding	VBG
as	IN
he	PRP
is	VBZ
.	.
I	PRP
joined	VBD
the	DT
World	NNP
Gym	NNP
in	IN
Edgewater	NNP
,	,
NJ	NNP
on	IN
October	NNP
19	CD
,	,
1996	CD
.	.
The	DT
gym	NN
gives	VBZ
you	PRP
three	CD
complimentary	JJ
weight	NN
training	NN
sessions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
physical	JJ
evaluation	NN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
owners	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
gym	NN
,	,
Sal	NNP
,	,
took	VBD
the	DT
spot	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
my	PRP$
trainer	NN
.	.
Those	DT
three	CD
days	NNS
were	VBD
an	DT
amazing	JJ
experience	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
...	:
I	PRP
realized	VBD
that	IN
exercise	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
weight	NN
loss	NN
technique	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
wonderful	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
feel	VB
great	JJ
and	CC
be	VB
fit	VBN
and	CC
healthy	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
then	RB
hired	VBD
Sal	NNP
to	TO
be	VB
my	PRP$
personal	JJ
trainer	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
still	RB
training	VBG
with	IN
him	PRP
to	TO
this	DT
day	NN
.	.
Sal	NNP
has	VBZ
taught	VBN
me	PRP
about	IN
eating	VBG
,	,
moderate	JJ
exercise	NN
,	,
weight	NN
training	NN
,	,
fitness	NN
,	,
endurance	NN
,	,
strength	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
but	CC
most	RBS
importantly	RB
,	,
the	DT
WONDERFUL	NNP
motivator	NN
that	IN
he	PRP
is	VBZ
,	,
he	PRP
has	VBZ
taught	VBN
me	PRP
about	IN
self-confidence	NN
,	,
self-discipline	NN
,	,
self-respect	NN
,	,
inner	JJ
strength	NN
,	,
a	DT
positive	JJ
attitude	NN
,	,
fortitude	NN
,	,
and	CC
so	RB
many	JJ
other	JJ
personal	JJ
characteristics	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
lacking	VBG
all	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
now	RB
have	VBP
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
a	DT
self-esteem	NN
and	CC
self-worth	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
never	RB
had	VBN
.	.
And	CC
every	DT
day	NN
it	PRP
gets	VBZ
better	JJR
and	CC
better	JJR
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
all	DT
starting	VBG
to	TO
come	VB
together	RB
for	IN
me	PRP
now	RB
.	.
Since	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
to	TO
put	VB
food	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
obsession	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
proper	JJ
places	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
bombarded	VBN
with	IN
all	DT
kinds	NNS
of	IN
feelings	NNS
inside	IN
me	PRP
,	,
and	CC
so	RB
many	JJ
issues	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
must	MD
deal	VB
with	IN
to	TO
become	VB
healthier	RBR
emotionally	RB
and	CC
mentally	RB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
dealing	VBG
with	IN
them	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
best	JJS
of	IN
my	PRP$
ability	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
SO	RB
hard	JJ
sometimes	RB
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
just	RB
do	VBP
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
debating	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
days	NNS
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
to	TO
write	VB
a	DT
recovery	NN
letter	NN
.	.
Part	NN
of	IN
me	PRP
felt	VBD
like	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
``	``
recovered	VBD
''	''
enough	RB
to	TO
write	VB
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
other	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
me	PRP
realized	VBD
the	DT
desire	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
recover	VB
after	IN
reading	VBG
several	JJ
letters	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
``	``
Remember	VB
...	:
it	PRP
hurt	VBD
's	POS
inside	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
''	''
section	NN
.	.
It	PRP
reminded	VBD
me	PRP
how	WRB
miserable	JJ
it	PRP
felt	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
in	IN
the	DT
mist	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
ever	RB
want	VB
to	TO
be	VB
that	IN
miserable	JJ
again	RB
.	.
I	PRP
wish	VBP
I	PRP
could	MD
share	VB
a	DT
``	``
perfect	JJ
''	''
recovery	NN
story	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
can	MD
only	RB
share	VB
my	PRP$
struggle	NN
for	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
After	IN
five	CD
more	JJR
years	NNS
of	IN
active	JJ
bulimia	NN
,	,
I	PRP
became	VBD
tired	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
chronic	NN
sore	JJ
throats	NNS
,	,
the	DT
puffy	JJ
cheeks	NNS
,	,
the	DT
decrease	NN
in	IN
energy	NN
,	,
the	DT
trash	NN
cans	NNS
filled	VBN
with	IN
emplty	JJ
food	NN
containers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
disgusting	JJ
waste	NN
which	WDT
clogged	VBD
up	RP
the	DT
sewer	NN
lines	NNS
several	JJ
times	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
not	RB
only	RB
saw	VBD
it	PRP
shattering	VBG
my	PRP$
physical	JJ
appearance	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
saw	VBD
it	PRP
shattering	VBG
my	PRP$
social	JJ
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
lost	VBN
most	RBS
contact	VB
with	IN
prior	RB
high	JJ
school	NN
and	CC
college	NN
friends	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
engage	VB
in	IN
dating	VBG
for	IN
four	CD
straight	JJ
years	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
although	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
irresponsibly	RB
sexually	RB
active	JJ
without	IN
emotional	JJ
attachment	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
saw	VBD
my	PRP$
extroverted	JJ
prior	JJ
self	NN
turn	NN
into	IN
an	DT
introverted	JJ
unknown	NN
self	NN
.	.
During	IN
this	DT
time	NN
,	,
I	PRP
had	VBD
somehow	RB
managed	VBN
to	TO
earn	VB
my	PRP$
bachelor	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
from	IN
college	NN
,	,
although	IN
it	PRP
took	VBD
five	CD
and	CC
a	DT
half	NN
years	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
transfer	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
then	RB
managed	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
hired	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
Rehabilitation	NNP
Counselor	NNP
at	IN
a	DT
prison	NN
for	IN
mentally	RB
ill	JJ
inmates	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Corrections	NNP
allowed	VBD
me	PRP
time	NN
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
a	DT
year	NN
program	NN
to	TO
earn	VB
certification	NN
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
substance	NN
abuse	NN
counseling	NN
,	,
so	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
might	MD
provide	VB
these	DT
services	NNS
to	TO
dual	JJ
diagnosed	VBN
offenders	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
during	IN
this	DT
time	NN
that	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
addiction	NN
and	CC
recovery	NN
rekindled	VBD
a	DT
flame	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
review	VB
the	DT
recovery	NN
techniques	NNS
used	VBN
during	IN
my	PRP$
hospitalization	NN
stay	NN
.	.
This	DT
time	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
more	RBR
applicable	JJ
as	IN
my	PRP$
disease	NN
had	VBD
progressed	VBN
closer	RBR
to	TO
``	``
rock-bottom	NN
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
crave	VB
the	DT
recovery	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
shown	VBN
to	TO
me	PRP
by	IN
recovering	VBG
substance	NN
abusers	NNS
during	IN
my	PRP$
training	NN
.	.
As	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
began	VBD
trying	VBG
to	TO
restore	VB
recovery	NN
by	IN
attending	VBG
O.A.	NNP
Meetings	NNS
,	,
contacting	VBG
old	JJ
friends	NNS
made	VBN
during	IN
treatment	NN
,	,
and	CC
pursing	VBG
medication	NN
for	IN
my	PRP$
anxiety	NN
and	CC
obsessive\/complusive	JJ
behaviors	NNS
,	,
a	DT
string	NN
of	IN
events	NNS
triggered	VBD
a	DT
lapse	NN
:	:
the	DT
grieving	VBG
encountered	VBN
from	IN
death	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
grandmother	NN
in	IN
October	NNP
of	IN
1996	CD
,	,
the	DT
jealousy	NN
of	IN
seeing	VBG
the	DT
significant	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
weight	NN
my	PRP$
sister	NN
had	VBD
lost	VBN
during	IN
her	PRP$
third	JJ
semester	NN
of	IN
college	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
stress	NN
from	IN
reaching	VBG
the	DT
year	NN
anniversary	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
decision	NN
to	TO
cease	VB
contact	NN
with	IN
my	PRP$
mother	NN
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
initiating	VBG
recovery	NN
.	.
During	IN
this	DT
lapse	NN
,	,
I	PRP
became	VBD
severly	RB
depressed	JJ
,	,
began	VBD
missing	VBG
work	NN
upon	IN
days	NNS
end	VBP
without	IN
even	RB
attempting	VBG
to	TO
call	VB
my	PRP$
supervisor	NN
with	IN
explanations	NNS
,	,
went	VBD
days	NNS
without	IN
showering	NN
,	,
and	CC
only	RB
awoke	VBD
from	IN
sleep	NN
to	TO
eat	VB
.	.
Purging	VBG
even	RB
ceased	VBN
.	.
Considering	VBG
this	DT
lapse	NN
lasted	VBD
from	IN
October	NNP
until	IN
December	NNP
of	IN
1996	CD
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
amazing	JJ
to	TO
believe	VB
how	WRB
much	JJ
I	PRP
have	VBP
improved	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
where	WRB
I	PRP
am	VBP
today	NN
if	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
for	IN
the	DT
support	NN
and	CC
concern	NN
from	IN
my	PRP$
supervisor	NN
and	CC
co-workers	NNS
,	,
a	DT
close	JJ
friend	NN
,	,
a	DT
new	JJ
therapist	NN
,	,
and	CC
most	JJS
importantly	RB
God	NNP
.	.
Where	WRB
am	VBP
I	PRP
today	NN
?	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
back	RB
at	IN
work	NN
full-time	RB
,	,
trying	VBG
to	TO
maintain	VB
three	CD
meals	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
without	IN
restriction	NN
or	CC
binging	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
reviewing	VBG
the	DT
warning	NN
signs	NNS
which	WDT
led	VBD
to	TO
my	PRP$
relapse	NN
.	.
God	NNP
has	VBZ
allowed	VBN
me	PRP
to	TO
see	VB
that	DT
when	WRB
I	PRP
first	RB
rekindled	VBD
the	DT
spark	VB
for	IN
recovery	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
too	RB
far	RB
gone	VBN
to	TO
pull	VB
up	RP
from	IN
hitting	VBG
rock	NN
bottom	NN
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
I	PRP
was	VBD
shown	VBN
the	DT
misery	NN
I	PRP
experienced	VBD
during	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
quarter	NN
of	IN
1996	CD
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
know	VB
that	IN
if	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
work	VB
on	IN
recovery	NN
day	NN
to	TO
day	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
next	JJ
relapse	NN
will	MD
be	VB
worse	JJR
than	IN
my	PRP$
last	JJ
lapse	NN
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
I	PRP
have	VBP
alot	VBN
of	IN
issues	NNS
to	TO
work	VB
on	IN
:	:
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
assertiveness	NN
,	,
self-esteem	NN
,	,
using	VBG
food	NN
to	TO
become	VB
healthy	JJ
and	CC
not	RB
to	TO
survive	VB
emotional	JJ
roller-coasters	NNS
.	.
Just	RB
in	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
two	CD
weeks	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
able	JJ
to	TO
enjoy	VB
food	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
viewing	VBG
it	PRP
as	IN
an	DT
enemy	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
struggling	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
physical	JJ
adjustments	NNS
my	PRP$
body	NN
is	VBZ
having	VBG
to	TO
endure	VB
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
I	PRP
feel	VBP
extremely	RB
full	JJ
and	CC
bloated	JJ
after	IN
meals	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
body	NN
is	VBZ
still	RB
learning	VBG
when	WRB
I	PRP
am	VBP
actually	RB
hungry	JJ
and	CC
full	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
,	,
though	RB
,	,
that	IN
I	PRP
desire	VBP
to	TO
aquire	VB
a	DT
normal	JJ
metabolism	NN
and	CC
normal	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
food	NN
,	,
not	RB
to	TO
mention	VB
a	DT
normal	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
other	JJ
human	JJ
beings	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
I	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
work	VB
on	IN
other	JJ
impulsive	JJ
behaviors	NNS
that	WDT
went	VBD
along	IN
with	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
:	:
compulsive	JJ
spending	NN
,	,
irregular	JJ
sleep	NN
habits	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
funny	JJ
I	PRP
should	MD
mention	VB
this	DT
as	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
now	RB
writing	VBG
at	IN
2:00	CD
a.m.	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
complusive	JJ
cleaning	NN
,	,
excessive	JJ
exercise	NN
,	,
perfectionism	NN
,	,
and	CC
workaholism	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
learning	VBG
to	TO
enjoy	VB
old	JJ
habits	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
replaced	VBN
by	IN
bulimia	NN
:	:
writing	VBG
poetry	NN
,	,
sleigh-riding	NN
with	IN
cousins	NNS
,	,
attending	VBG
church	NN
,	,
singing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
choir	NN
.	.
If	IN
feels	VBZ
good	JJ
not	RB
to	TO
be	VB
so	RB
wrapped	VBN
up	RP
in	IN
self-pity	NN
.	.
Recovery	NN
to	TO
me	PRP
is	VBZ
giving	VBG
up	RP
the	DT
securities	NNS
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
offers	NNS
,	,
giving	VBG
up	RP
my	PRP$
introverted	JJ
unknown	JJ
self	NN
,	,
and	CC
unleashing	VBG
my	PRP$
extroverted	JJ
prior	JJ
self	NN
.	.
P.S.	NNP
When	WRB
the	DT
voice	NN
of	IN
bulimia	NN
past	NN
begins	VBZ
to	TO
creep	VB
back	RB
in	IN
your	PRP$
mind	NN
,	,
just	RB
access	NN
the	DT
``	``
In	IN
Memory	NN
''	''
section	NN
of	IN
``	``
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
's	POS
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Site	NNP
.	.
''	''
It	PRP
will	MD
quickly	RB
demolish	VB
your	PRP$
defense	NN
mechanisms	NNS
,	,
make	VBP
you	PRP
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
listening	VBG
to	TO
that	DT
voice	NN
,	,
and	CC
will	MD
help	VB
your	PRP$
recovery	NN
voice	NN
tell	VBP
the	DT
bulimia	NN
voice	NN
to	TO
``	``
go	VB
fish	RB
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
was	VBD
diagnosed	VBN
eight	CD
years	NNS
ago	IN
with	IN
anorexia	NN
.	.
I	PRP
probably	RB
could	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
diagnosed	VBN
fifteen	CD
years	NNS
before	IN
that	DT
,	,
but	CC
no	DT
one	NN
was	VBD
paying	VBG
any	DT
attention	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
father	NN
force-fed	VBD
me	PRP
and	CC
the	DT
other	JJ
children	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
family	NN
frequently	RB
from	IN
early	JJ
childhood	NN
until	IN
I	PRP
left	VBD
home	NN
at	IN
seventeen	CD
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
obsessed	VBN
with	IN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
back	RB
then	RB
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
extremely	RB
depressed	JJ
and	CC
obsessed	VBN
on	IN
suicide	NN
.	.
Things	NNS
were	VBD
really	RB
difficult	JJ
at	IN
home	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
ever	RB
act	VB
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
keep	VB
things	NNS
from	IN
blowing	VBG
up	RP
.	.
I	PRP
hated	VBD
myself	PRP
and	CC
felt	VBD
different	JJ
from	IN
everyone	NN
else	RB
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
as	IN
if	IN
I	PRP
were	VBD
on	IN
a	DT
separate	JJ
planet	NN
from	IN
everyone	NN
else	RB
.	.
I	PRP
knew	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
ugly	JJ
and	CC
would	MD
never	RB
be	VB
pretty	RB
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
I	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
sold	VBN
my	PRP$
soul	NN
to	TO
be	VB
.	.
I	PRP
began	VBD
drinking	VBG
at	IN
sixteen	CD
.	.
That	DT
helped	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
just	RB
not	RB
care	VB
that	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
was	VBD
miserable	JJ
and	CC
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
no	DT
control	NN
over	IN
what	WP
was	VBD
happening	VBG
.	.
It	PRP
made	VBD
it	PRP
easier	JJR
to	TO
do	VB
things	NNS
that	WDT
got	VBD
me	PRP
away	RB
from	IN
home	NN
and	CC
to	TO
maintain	VB
a	DT
double	JJ
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
used	VBD
to	TO
tell	VB
myself	PRP
that	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
get	VB
better	JJR
when	WRB
I	PRP
got	VBD
older	JJR
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
just	RB
got	VBD
worse	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
hated	VBD
eating	VBG
with	IN
my	PRP$
family	NN
and	CC
got	VBD
thrown	VBN
out	IN
of	IN
dinner	NN
often	RB
because	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
keep	VB
my	PRP$
mouth	NN
shut	VBN
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
time	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
comfortable	JJ
eating	NN
was	VBD
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
by	IN
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
easily	RB
forget	VB
to	TO
eat	VB
for	IN
two	CD
or	CC
three	CD
days	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
time	NN
.	.
Not	RB
eating	VBG
gave	VBD
me	PRP
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
control	NN
over	IN
something	NN
.	.
By	IN
the	DT
time	NN
I	PRP
got	VBD
sober	JJ
at	IN
age	NN
22	CD
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
barely	RB
eating	VBG
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
always	RB
been	VBN
very	RB
thin	JJ
and	CC
though	RB
,	,
at	IN
that	DT
point	NN
,	,
weight	NN
was	VBD
still	RB
not	RB
an	DT
issue	NN
,	,
the	DT
idea	NN
of	IN
gaining	VBG
weight	NN
did	VBD
n't	RB
appeal	VB
to	TO
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
gone	VBN
to	TO
college	NN
and	CC
graduated	VBD
and	CC
had	VBD
a	DT
job	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
still	RB
was	VBD
n't	RB
``	``
old	JJ
enough	JJ
''	''
to	TO
be	VB
okay	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
got	VBD
married	VBN
.	.
Four	CD
years	NNS
later	RB
,	,
my	PRP$
marriage	NN
was	VBD
n't	RB
in	IN
good	JJ
shape	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
the	DT
perfect	JJ
job	NN
and	CC
a	DT
home	NN
,	,
but	CC
on	IN
the	DT
inside	NN
I	PRP
knew	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
good	JJ
enough	RB
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
gained	VBN
weight	NN
over	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
and	CC
was	VBD
up	RB
to	TO
the	DT
low	JJ
side	NN
of	IN
a	DT
normal	JJ
weight	NN
for	IN
my	PRP$
height	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
become	VBN
depressed	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
a	DT
medical	JJ
problem	NN
and	CC
started	VBD
struggling	VBG
to	TO
find	VB
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
feel	VB
better	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
value	VBP
my	PRP$
sobriety	NN
above	IN
everything	NN
,	,
and	CC
drinking	NN
was	VBD
n't	RB
an	DT
option	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
husband	NN
suggested	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
might	MD
firm	VB
up	RP
my	PRP$
muscle	NN
tone	NN
.	.
I	PRP
began	VBD
obsessing	VBG
on	IN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
.	.
Almost	RB
overnight	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
full-blown	JJ
anorexia	NN
.	.
I	PRP
vomitted	VBD
everything	NN
I	PRP
ate	VBD
,	,
exercised	VBN
fanatically	RB
,	,
ate	VBD
virtually	RB
nothing	NN
and	CC
weighed	VBD
myself	PRP
countless	JJ
times	NNS
each	DT
day	NN
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
had	VBD
completely	RB
lost	VBN
control	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
sleep	VB
or	CC
function	VB
at	IN
work	NN
.	.
I	PRP
thought	VBD
about	IN
nothing	NN
but	CC
losing	VBG
weight	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
hips	NNS
and	CC
thighs	NNS
looked	VBD
so	RB
big	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
mirror	NN
.	.
I	PRP
felt	VBD
so	RB
heavy	JJ
and	CC
fat	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
knew	VBD
I	PRP
would	MD
never	RB
lose	VB
enough	JJ
weight	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
stop	VB
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
hospitalized	VBN
.	.
Thank	VB
God	NNP
for	IN
that	DT
,	,
because	IN
that	DT
helped	VBD
me	PRP
break	VB
the	DT
cycle	NN
.	.
I	PRP
lay	VBD
in	IN
that	DT
bed	NN
and	CC
prayed	VBD
to	TO
God	NNP
to	TO
stop	VB
my	PRP$
heart	NN
.	.
I	PRP
learned	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
things	NNS
that	WDT
had	VBD
helped	VBN
me	PRP
get	VB
sober	JJ
helped	VBN
with	IN
my	PRP$
anorexia	NN
,	,
too	RB
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
completely	RB
willing	JJ
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
any	DT
lengths	NNS
to	TO
recover	VB
.	.
No	DT
excuses	NNS
,	,
no	DT
reasons	NNS
,	,
no	DT
reservations	NNS
--	:
even	RB
if	IN
it	PRP
meant	VBD
I	PRP
gained	VBD
weight	NN
.	.
Taking	VBG
actions	NNS
contrary	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
way	NN
I	PRP
felt	VBD
was	VBD
absolutely	RB
necessary	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
eat	VBP
whether	IN
I	PRP
feel	VBP
like	IN
it	PRP
or	CC
not	RB
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
the	DT
other	JJ
things	NNS
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
do	VB
to	TO
be	VB
healthy	JJ
no	DT
matter	NN
what	WDT
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
experience	NN
that	IN
when	WRB
I	PRP
take	VBP
the	DT
actions	NNS
,	,
my	PRP$
feelings	NNS
change	VBP
.	.
If	IN
I	PRP
wait	VBP
to	TO
act	VB
until	IN
my	PRP$
feelings	NNS
change	VBP
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
wait	VB
forever	RB
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
early	RB
in	IN
recovery	NN
,	,
there	EX
were	VBD
certain	JJ
things	NNS
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
do	VB
,	,
especially	RB
if	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
feeling	VBG
low	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
get	VB
on	IN
the	DT
scale	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
still	RB
do	VBP
n't	RB
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
Numbers	NNS
are	VBP
n't	RB
important	JJ
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
sure	RB
went	VBD
crazy	JJ
over	IN
them	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
stand	VB
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
the	DT
mirror	NN
unless	IN
dressed	VBN
.	.
My	PRP$
mind	NN
saw	VBD
fat	JJ
that	DT
was	VBD
n't	RB
there	RB
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
starve	VB
,	,
skip	VB
meals	NNS
,	,
cheat	VB
on	IN
portions	NNS
,	,
purge	NN
,	,
vomit	NN
or	CC
start	VB
fights	NNS
right	RB
before	IN
meals	NNS
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
those	DT
were	VBD
attempts	NNS
to	TO
control	VB
my	PRP$
surroundings	NNS
and	CC
my	PRP$
feelings	NNS
inside	IN
and	CC
once	IN
I	PRP
start	VBP
,	,
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
stop	VB
without	IN
help	NN
.	.
There	EX
were	VBD
also	RB
things	NNS
I	PRP
did	VBD
do	VB
.	.
I	PRP
talked	VBD
to	TO
someone	NN
daily	RB
and	CC
honestly	RB
about	IN
how	WRB
I	PRP
felt	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
such	JJ
rage	NN
inside	IN
and	CC
I	PRP
directed	VBD
it	PRP
all	DT
at	IN
myself	PRP
because	IN
that	DT
seemed	VBD
more	RBR
conscionable	JJ
than	IN
raging	VBG
at	IN
others	NNS
.	.
That	DT
anger	NN
was	VBD
what	WP
I	PRP
saw	VBD
as	IN
fat	JJ
and	CC
felt	VBD
as	IN
heaviness	NN
.	.
I	PRP
found	VBD
other	JJ
people	NNS
who	WP
understood	VBD
the	DT
way	NN
I	PRP
thought	VBD
and	CC
felt	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
began	VBD
turning	VBG
my	PRP$
attention	NN
to	TO
what	WP
I	PRP
could	MD
do	VB
to	TO
be	VB
helpful	JJ
to	TO
others	NNS
.	.
That	DT
gave	VBD
me	PRP
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
relief	NN
from	IN
that	DT
fear	NN
about	IN
what	WP
was	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
happen	VB
to	TO
me	PRP
when	WRB
people	NNS
found	VBD
out	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
good	JJ
enough	RB
.	.
That	DT
was	VBD
the	DT
fear	NN
I	PRP
went	VBD
to	TO
such	JJ
lengths	NNS
to	TO
control	VB
by	IN
my	PRP$
anorexia	NN
.	.
The	DT
biggest	JJS
hurdle	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
fear	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
would	MD
gain	VB
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
weight	NN
if	IN
I	PRP
ate	VBD
even	RB
one	CD
bite	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
thinking	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
the	DT
challenge	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
completely	RB
gone	VBN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
much	RB
better	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
almost	RB
always	RB
recognize	VB
it	PRP
for	IN
what	WP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
.	.
Just	RB
because	IN
I	PRP
think	VBP
it	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
mean	VB
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
do	VB
it	PRP
.	.
As	IN
you	PRP
might	MD
imagine	VB
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
come	VBN
to	TO
see	VB
it	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
spiritual	JJ
malady	NN
,	,
like	IN
a	DT
hole	NN
in	IN
who	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
and	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
sought	VBN
one	CD
with	IN
the	DT
power	NN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
help	VB
me	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
required	VBN
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
openmindedness	NN
on	IN
my	PRP$
part	NN
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
I	PRP
can	MD
look	VB
in	IN
the	DT
mirror	NN
in	IN
any	DT
condition	NN
and	CC
see	VB
a	DT
beautiful	JJ
woman	NN
of	IN
appropriate	JJ
,	,
but	CC
uncertain	JJ
,	,
weight	NN
,	,
who	WP
is	VBZ
a	DT
child	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
creator	NN
and	CC
who	WP
has	VBZ
a	DT
useful	JJ
place	NN
in	IN
this	DT
world	NN
.	.
The	DT
obsession	NN
over	IN
weight	NN
and	CC
control	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
removed	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
n't	RB
found	VBN
it	PRP
necessary	JJ
to	TO
purge	VB
or	CC
vomit	VB
in	IN
nearly	RB
seven	CD
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
fourteen	CD
years	NNS
sober	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
hope	VBP
this	DT
gives	VBZ
some	DT
hope	NN
to	TO
someone	NN
.	.
I	PRP
spent	VBD
so	RB
many	JJ
years	NNS
without	IN
any	DT
that	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
I	PRP
survived	VBD
.	.
My	PRP$
sister	NN
still	RB
suffers	VBZ
terribly	RB
from	IN
this	DT
illness	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
'm	VBP
afraid	JJ
I	PRP
'm	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
lose	VB
her	PRP
.	.
My	PRP$
e-mail	NN
address	NN
is	VBZ
RANNPATT@aol.com	NNP
.	.
Who	WP
would	MD
know	VB
skipping	VBG
a	DT
few	JJ
meals	NNS
here	RB
and	CC
there	RB
and	CC
dieting	NN
could	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
slow	VB
and	CC
painful	JJ
death	NN
.	.
I	PRP
started	VBD
out	RP
by	IN
watching	VBG
what	WP
I	PRP
was	VBD
eating	VBG
and	CC
exercising	VBG
compulsive	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
thin	JJ
and	CC
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
perfect	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
compare	VB
myself	PRP
to	TO
others	NNS
constantly	RB
saying	VBG
how	WRB
fat	JJ
I	PRP
was	VBD
and	CC
how	WRB
perfect	JJ
they	PRP
were	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
felt	VBD
like	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
nobody	NN
and	CC
needed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
thin	JJ
to	TO
get	VB
noticed	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
no	DT
idea	NN
that	WDT
my	PRP$
thinking	NN
would	MD
turn	VB
to	TO
a	DT
total	JJ
nightmare	NN
.	.
The	DT
hell	NN
began	VBD
in	IN
1993	CD
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
cutting	VBG
back	RP
on	IN
my	PRP$
intake	NN
.	.
I	PRP
started	VBD
slow	JJ
and	CC
then	RB
became	VBD
bulimic	JJ
if	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
eat	VB
beacuse	NN
of	IN
feeling	VBG
so	RB
guilty	JJ
.	.
That	DT
never	RB
lasted	VBN
to	TO
long	RB
because	IN
the	DT
blood	NN
scared	VBD
me	PRP
after	IN
coughing	VBG
it	PRP
up	RP
.	.
I	PRP
then	RB
stoped	VBD
eating	VBG
fat	JJ
and	CC
then	RB
eventually	RB
was	VBD
eating	VBG
next	JJ
to	TO
nothing	NN
.	.
Not	RB
only	RB
did	VBD
I	PRP
loose	JJ
weight	NN
but	CC
I	PRP
lost	VBD
myself	PRP
I	PRP
was	VBD
nothing	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
walking	VBG
skeleton	NN
that	WDT
could	MD
not	RB
feel	VB
,	,
see	VB
,	,
or	CC
understand	VB
anything	NN
.	.
Suddenly	RB
the	DT
world	NN
was	VBD
moving	VBG
fast	RB
and	CC
became	VBD
such	PDT
a	DT
blurr	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
living	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
joys	NNS
of	IN
anorexia	NN
.	.
I	PRP
denied	VBD
my	PRP$
sickness	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
swore	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
control	NN
.	.
I	PRP
felt	VBD
it	PRP
was	VBD
my	PRP$
idenity	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
bestest	JJS
friend	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
something	NN
I	PRP
turned	VBD
to	TO
for	IN
I	PRP
know	VBP
longer	RBR
hadto	JJ
face	NN
this	DT
world	NN
and	CC
the	DT
problems	NNS
to	TO
go	VB
with	IN
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
afraid	JJ
of	IN
letting	VBG
it	PRP
go	VB
for	IN
not	RB
knowing	VBG
who	WP
I	PRP
ould	VBD
become	VBN
or	CC
where	WRB
I	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
.	.
I	PRP
depended	VBD
on	IN
it	PRP
and	CC
begain	NN
to	TO
believe	VB
it	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
only	JJ
life	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
therapy	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
tried	VBD
everything	NN
but	CC
after	IN
awhile	RB
they	PRP
knew	VBD
it	PRP
was	VBD
hopeless	JJ
because	IN
I	PRP
failed	VBD
to	TO
listen	VB
.	.
The	DT
doctors	NNS
and	CC
therapist	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
of	IN
course	NN
thought	VBD
it	PRP
was	VBD
to	TO
late	RB
I	PRP
had	VBD
gone	VBN
to	TO
far	RB
they	PRP
could	MD
not	RB
wait	VB
to	TO
a	DT
bed	NN
was	VBD
open	JJ
in	IN
sick	JJ
kids	NNS
so	IN
they	PRP
admitted	VBD
me	PRP
in	IN
my	PRP$
local	JJ
hospital	NN
for	IN
the	DT
mean	JJ
time	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
horrible	JJ
for	IN
me	PRP
I	PRP
hated	VBD
every	DT
minute	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
.	.
The	DT
doctors	NNS
never	RB
thought	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
make	VB
it	PRP
and	CC
that	DT
was	VBD
it	PRP
I	PRP
would	MD
die	VB
in	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
.	.
I	PRP
still	RB
was	VBD
in	IN
denial	NN
and	CC
had	VBD
no	DT
idea	NN
on	IN
the	DT
whole	JJ
thing	NN
all	DT
I	PRP
knew	VBD
was	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
know	VBP
longer	JJR
felt	VBD
thin	JJ
I	PRP
felt	VBD
more	RBR
like	IN
a	DT
balloon	NN
,	,
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
continue	VB
but	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
no	RB
longer	JJR
to	TO
be	VB
thin	JJ
it	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
feeling	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
in	IN
control	NN
.	.
The	DT
thinner	JJR
I	PRP
became	VBD
the	DT
fatter	JJR
I	PRP
felt	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
eat	VB
in	IN
there	EX
I	PRP
had	VBD
no	DT
choice	NN
it	PRP
was	VBD
either	RB
that	IN
or	CC
feeding	VBG
tube	NN
.	.
I	PRP
cried	VBD
and	CC
I	PRP
pulled	VBD
tricks	NNS
though	IN
let	VB
me	PRP
tell	VB
ya	PRP
there	EX
actually	RB
funny	JJ
now	RB
.	.
Well	RB
I	PRP
suprised	VBD
everyone	NN
I	PRP
made	VBD
it	PRP
through	IN
till	IN
sick	JJ
kids	NNS
.	.
Now	RB
that	DT
was	VBD
total	JJ
hell	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
on	IN
complete	JJ
bed	NN
rest	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
heart	NN
was	VBD
very	RB
un	JJ
stable	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
have	VB
12	CD
cans	NNS
of	IN
ensure	VB
a	DT
day	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
mess	NN
and	CC
even	RB
tried	VBD
to	TO
escape	VB
.	.
Nothing	NN
was	VBD
working	VBG
ith	NN
me	PRP
I	PRP
was	VBD
hopeless	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
agreed	VBD
later	RB
with	IN
the	DT
program	NN
just	RB
to	TO
get	VB
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
to	TO
believe	VB
it	PRP
was	VBD
all	DT
over	IN
with	IN
for	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
come	VB
home	NN
.	.
It	PRP
worked	VBD
and	CC
I	PRP
did	VBD
it	PRP
all	DT
over	RP
again	RB
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
even	RB
worse	RBR
this	DT
time	NN
but	CC
something	NN
happened	VBD
in	IN
1996	CD
to	TO
really	RB
make	VB
me	PRP
wake	VB
up	RB
and	CC
see	VB
the	DT
light	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
at	IN
a	DT
wedding	NN
and	CC
fell	VBD
unconcious	JJ
and	CC
was	VBD
barely	RB
breathing	NN
and	CC
rushed	VBD
to	TO
emergency	NN
but	CC
on	IN
machines	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
lived	VBD
through	IN
it	PRP
though	IN
and	CC
I	PRP
saw	VBD
the	DT
light	NN
.	.
I	PRP
knew	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
given	VBN
a	DT
second	JJ
chance	NN
and	CC
the	DT
cards	NNS
were	VBD
in	IN
my	PRP$
hands	NNS
,	,
no	DT
more	JJR
fooling	NN
around	IN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
either	RB
i	FW
eat	VB
and	CC
live	VB
or	CC
not	RB
eat	VB
and	CC
die	VB
.	.
The	DT
road	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
long	JJ
hard	JJ
battle	NN
but	CC
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
finishing	VBG
line	NN
and	CC
you	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
feel	VB
so	RB
honored	VBN
to	TO
cross	VB
in	IN
all	DT
your	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
hard	JJ
getting	VBG
there	RB
with	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
hard	JJ
work	NN
and	CC
effort	NN
but	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
worth	JJ
the	DT
fight	NN
.	.
You	PRP
deserve	VBP
to	TO
live	VB
and	CC
be	VB
set	VBN
free	JJ
.	.
The	DT
troll	NN
inside	NN
has	VBZ
taken	VBN
over	RP
and	CC
you	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
fight	VB
and	CC
fight	VB
hard	JJ
for	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
worth	JJ
the	DT
jump	NN
and	CC
you	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
discover	VB
that	IN
to	TO
you	PRP
recover	VBP
.	.
It	PRP
took	VBD
me	PRP
hitting	VBG
rock	NN
bottom	NN
to	TO
discover	VB
that	IN
each	DT
day	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
lesson	NN
and	CC
we	PRP
all	DT
learn	VBP
from	IN
our	PRP$
mistakes	NNS
and	CC
not	RB
everyone	NN
is	VBZ
perfect	JJ
so	IN
why	WRB
even	RB
try	VB
to	TO
be	VB
.	.
Be	VB
yourself	PRP
cause	VB
that	DT
is	VBZ
what	WP
life	NN
is	VBZ
all	DT
about	RB
.	.
I	PRP
struggled	VBD
with	IN
bulimiarexia	NN
for	IN
over	IN
a	DT
decade	NN
.	.
It	PRP
started	VBD
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
around	IN
12	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
remember	VB
watching	VBG
a	DT
friend	NN
of	IN
mine	JJ
vomiting	NN
after	IN
she	PRP
ate	VBD
too	RB
much	JJ
ice	NN
cream	NN
at	IN
a	DT
slumber	NN
party	NN
.	.
``	``
What	WP
a	DT
great	JJ
idea	NN
!	.
''	''
I	PRP
thought	VBD
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
can	MD
pig	NN
out	RP
as	RB
much	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
want	VBP
and	CC
then	RB
get	VB
rid	VB
of	IN
it	PRP
so	IN
I	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
get	VB
fat	JJ
.	.
''	''
It	PRP
became	VBD
a	DT
vicious	JJ
cycle	NN
of	IN
pigging	VBG
out	RP
,	,
purging	VBG
,	,
starving	VBG
myself	PRP
,	,
always	RB
thinking	VBG
about	IN
food	NN
and	CC
fat	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
always	RB
there-an	JJ
underlying	VBG
unhappiness	NN
and	CC
terrible	JJ
self-esteem	NN
.	.
It	PRP
went	VBD
on	IN
and	CC
on	IN
and	CC
on	IN
.	.
Then	RB
,	,
after	IN
about	IN
11	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
,	,
I	PRP
became	VBD
extremely	RB
sick	JJ
about	IN
a	DT
year	NN
after	IN
discovering	VBG
laxatives	NNS
.	.
These	DT
,	,
mixed	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
starving	VBG
and	CC
binging\/purging	VBG
,	,
took	VBD
a	DT
huge	JJ
toll	NN
on	IN
my	PRP$
poor	JJ
body	NN
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
I	PRP
came	VBD
very	RB
close	JJ
to	TO
dying	VBG
after	IN
a	DT
frightening	JJ
trip	NN
to	TO
the	DT
emergency	NN
room	NN
.	.
Doctors	NNS
could	MD
n't	RB
find	VB
what	WP
was	VBD
wrong	JJ
with	IN
me	PRP
,	,
but	CC
found	VBD
some	DT
mysterious	JJ
internal	JJ
bleeding	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
extreme	JJ
dehydration	NN
.	.
I	PRP
finally	RB
recovered	VBD
from	IN
this	DT
unknown	JJ
illness	NN
somewhat	RB
,	,
but	CC
of	IN
course	NN
,	,
as	IN
is	VBZ
the	DT
case	NN
with	IN
all	DT
people	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
never	RB
very	RB
healthy	JJ
.	.
Instead	RB
of	IN
immediately	RB
seeing	VBG
the	DT
light	NN
of	IN
the	DT
harm	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
doing	VBG
to	TO
my	PRP$
body	NN
,	,
I	PRP
continued	VBD
for	IN
several	JJ
months	NNS
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
lucky	JJ
enough	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
a	DT
job	NN
where	WRB
my	PRP$
co-workers	NNS
were	VBD
healthy	JJ
physically	RB
and	CC
mentally	RB
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
let	VB
me	PRP
mislead	VB
you	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
suddenly	RB
happen	VB
overnight	JJ
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
easy	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
long	RB
slow	JJ
road	NN
of	IN
occasional	JJ
backslides	NNS
and	CC
constant	JJ
fear	NN
.	.
Fear	NN
of	IN
change	NN
;	:
of	IN
`	``
becoming	VBG
fat	JJ
'	''
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
learn	VB
from	IN
step	NN
1	CD
the	DT
basics	NNS
of	IN
good	JJ
nutrition	NN
and	CC
sensible	JJ
exercise	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
build	VB
my	PRP$
self-esteem	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
difficult	JJ
work	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
excluding	VBG
childbirth	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
finally	RB
to	TO
a	DT
point	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
where	WRB
I	PRP
am	VBP
o.k.	RB
with	IN
food	NN
.	.
I	PRP
eat	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
healthy	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
find	VBP
my	PRP$
happiness	NN
from	IN
within	IN
,	,
not	RB
from	IN
an	DT
illusory	JJ
``	``
perfect	JJ
weight	NN
.	.
''	''
Underneath	IN
my	PRP$
recovery	NN
was	VBD
my	PRP$
determination	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
complete	JJ
desire	NN
to	TO
get	VB
well	RB
;	:
to	TO
conquer	VB
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
;	:
to	TO
take	VB
back	RP
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
This	DT
desire	NN
is	VBZ
what	WP
every	DT
person	NN
suffering	VBG
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
recover	VB
.	.
All	PDT
the	DT
therapy	NN
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
wo	MD
n't	RB
help	VB
you	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
get	VBP
angry	JJ
when	WRB
I	PRP
think	VBP
of	IN
the	DT
impossible	JJ
standards	NNS
that	WDT
society	NN
and	CC
the	DT
media	NNS
place	NN
on	IN
us	PRP
and	CC
the	DT
thousands	NNS
of	IN
females	NNS
and	CC
now	RB
males	NNS
who	WP
struggle	VBP
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
poor	JJ
self-esteem	NN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
ridiculous	JJ
!	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
my	PRP$
deepest	JJS
wishes	NNS
for	IN
society	NN
to	TO
wake	VB
up	RP
and	CC
see	VB
what	WP
this	DT
does	VBZ
to	TO
all	DT
of	IN
us	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
find	VB
the	DT
gift	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
healthy	JJ
and	CC
free	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
pain	NN
and	CC
unhappiness	NN
of	IN
battling	VBG
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
If	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
anything	NN
I	PRP
can	MD
do-listen	VB
,	,
lend	VB
a	DT
supportive	JJ
,	,
understanding	VBG
shoulder-please	JJ
e-mail	NN
me	PRP
at	IN
rivera@c-zone.net	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
name	NN
is	VBZ
Justine	NNP
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
anorexic	JJ
for	IN
three	CD
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
hard	JJ
to	TO
actually	RB
say	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
problem	NN
,	,
but	CC
you	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
realize	VB
that	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
always	RB
people	NNS
that	IN
care	NN
about	IN
you	PRP
,	,
and	CC
would	MD
never	RB
want	VB
you	PRP
out	IN
of	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
remember	VBP
how	WRB
it	PRP
felt	VBD
to	TO
look	VB
at	IN
myself	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
mirror	NN
vow	NN
not	RB
to	TO
eat	VB
for	IN
two	CD
days	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
remember	VBP
what	WP
it	PRP
was	VBD
like	IN
to	TO
faint	VB
in	IN
school	NN
all	PDT
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
and	CC
get	VB
headaches	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
never	RB
go	VB
away	RB
.	.
The	DT
thing	NN
I	PRP
remeber	VBP
the	DT
most	RBS
is	VBZ
waking	VBG
up	RP
in	IN
a	DT
hospital	NN
with	IN
IVs	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
arms	NNS
,	,
being	VBG
force	NN
fed	VBN
through	IN
tubes	NNS
.	.
That	DT
was	VBD
when	WRB
I	PRP
realized	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
needed	VBD
help	NN
.	.
The	DT
reason	NN
I	PRP
realized	VBD
this	DT
is	VBZ
that	IN
I	PRP
noticed	VBD
how	WRB
so	RB
many	JJ
people	NNS
had	VBD
tears	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
eyes	NNS
when	WRB
they	PRP
told	VBD
me	PRP
that	IN
my	PRP$
heart	NN
had	VBD
stopped	VBN
beating	VBG
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
almost	RB
died	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
12	CD
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
got	VBD
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
2	CD
weeks	NNS
later	RB
they	PRP
told	VBD
me	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
go	VB
through	IN
therapy	NN
.	.
At	IN
first	JJ
I	PRP
was	VBD
hesitant	JJ
,	,
but	CC
then	RB
I	PRP
remembered	VBD
how	WRB
my	PRP$
mother	NN
looked	VBD
when	WRB
I	PRP
woke	VBD
up	RP
in	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
decided	VBD
to	TO
try	VB
for	IN
her	PRP
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
read	VBP
this	DT
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
want	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
think	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
sad	JJ
thing	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
went	VBD
through	IN
.	.
I	PRP
went	VBD
through	IN
a	DT
rough	JJ
time	NN
,	,
and	CC
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
I	PRP
realized	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
strong	JJ
,	,
beautiful	JJ
person	NN
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
suffer	VBP
from	IN
this	DT
disorder	NN
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
easy	JJ
to	TO
admit	VB
it	PRP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
survivor	NN
of	IN
this	DT
disorder	NN
,	,
I	PRP
commend	VBP
you	PRP
for	IN
your	PRP$
courage	NN
to	TO
want	VB
to	TO
live	VB
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
still	RB
suffering	VBG
from	IN
it	PRP
,	,
get	VB
help	VB
.	.
You	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
your	PRP$
parents	NNS
,	,
call	VBP
a	DT
hotline	NN
,	,
come	VBN
to	TO
this	DT
website	NN
,	,
do	VB
anything	NN
,	,
just	RB
do	VBP
n't	RB
keep	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
yourself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
want	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
have	VB
to	TO
wake	VB
up	RP
in	IN
a	DT
hosptial	NN
with	IN
tubes	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
arms	NNS
,	,
or	CC
worse	JJR
yet	RB
,	,
not	RB
wake	VB
up	RP
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
Please	UH
,	,
please	VB
talk	NN
to	TO
someone	NN
.	.
Help	NN
is	VBZ
just	RB
a	DT
word	NN
away	RB
.	.
Rule	NNP
number	NN
one	CD
in	IN
getting	VBG
over	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
:	:
be	VB
patient	JJ
with	IN
yourself	PRP
.	.
A	DT
therapist	NN
I	PRP
once	RB
had	VBD
in	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
program	NN
told	VBD
me	PRP
that	IN
recovery	NN
would	MD
take	VB
5-7	CD
years	NNS
if	IN
not	RB
longer	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
believe	VB
her	PRP
.	.
That	DT
seemed	VBD
so	RB
long	RB
!	.
But	CC
changing	VBG
your	PRP$
way	NN
of	IN
thinking	NN
and	CC
your	PRP$
behavior	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
long	RB
,	,
slow	JJ
,	,
SCARY	JJ
process	NN
which	WDT
does	VBZ
n't	RB
happen	VB
overnight	JJ
.	.
But	CC
it	PRP
can	MD
happen	VB
.	.
After	IN
12	CD
+	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
hell	NN
,	,
I	PRP
slowly	RB
emerged	VBD
from	IN
my	PRP$
``	``
prison	NN
''	''
,	,
and	CC
at	IN
32	CD
,	,
I	PRP
could	MD
basically	RB
say	VB
that	IN
my	PRP$
bulimia	NN
nervosa	NN
was	VBD
over	IN
.	.
Every	DT
once	RB
in	IN
awhile	RB
I	PRP
have	VBP
short	JJ
relapses	NNS
when	WRB
I	PRP
get	VBP
really	RB
stressed	VBN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
same	JJ
.	.
Rule	NNP
number	NN
two	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
me	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
:	:
do	VBP
n't	RB
be	VB
afraid	JJ
to	TO
try	VB
medication	NN
as	IN
an	DT
aid	NN
in	IN
getting	VBG
back	RB
into	IN
normal	JJ
eating	NN
habits	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
antidepressant	JJ
medications	NNS
out	IN
there	RB
that	DT
do	VBP
n't	RB
make	VB
you	PRP
gain	VB
weight	NN
and	CC
that	IN
seem	VBP
to	TO
help	VB
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
No	DT
one	NN
knows	VBZ
exactly	RB
why	WRB
:	:
perhaps	RB
they	PRP
help	VBP
remove	VB
the	DT
obession	NN
,	,
perhaps	RB
they	PRP
relieve	VBP
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
anxiety	NN
around	IN
food	NN
,	,
or	CC
perhaps	RB
they	PRP
help	VBP
curb	VB
the	DT
cravings	NNS
for	IN
carbos	NNS
and	CC
sweets	NNS
.	.
And	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
true	JJ
that	IN
a	DT
number	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
20-30	CD
%	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
persons	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
ALSO	RB
suffer	VBP
from	IN
major	JJ
depression	NN
.	.
In	IN
my	PRP$
case	NN
,	,
after	IN
years	NNS
of	IN
trying	VBG
all	DT
kinds	NNS
of	IN
therapy	NN
while	IN
my	PRP$
ED	JJ
symptoms	NNS
stayed	VBD
much	RB
the	DT
same	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
low	JJ
weight	NN
,	,
throwing	VBG
up	RP
5-10	JJ
times	NNS
per	IN
days	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
I	PRP
tried	VBD
Prozac	NNP
.	.
The	DT
effects	NNS
were	VBD
dramatic	JJ
.	.
Within	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
months	NNS
I	PRP
was	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
eat	VB
normally	RB
AND	CC
reduce	VB
the	DT
bingeing	NN
significantly	RB
.	.
Changing	VBG
your	PRP$
environment	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
hanging	VBG
out	RP
with	IN
a	DT
group	NN
of	IN
obessesive	JJ
dieters	NNS
,	,
exercisers	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
.	.
tried	VBD
to	TO
hang	VB
with	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
``	``
normal	JJ
''	''
eating	NN
habits	NNS
,	,
who	WP
do	VBP
n't	RB
diet	NN
,	,
who	WP
do	VBP
n't	RB
obsess	VB
about	IN
exercise	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
lucky	JJ
enough	JJ
to	TO
move	VB
to	TO
France	NNP
for	IN
a	DT
couple	NN
of	IN
years	NNS
,	,
where	WRB
people	NNS
eat	VBP
because	IN
they	PRP
enjoy	VBP
food	NN
--	:
no	DT
matter	NN
what	WDT
kind	NN
of	IN
food	NN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
.	.
Stop	VB
trying	VBG
to	TO
maintain	VB
an	DT
unrealistic	JJ
weight	NN
.	.
For	IN
years	NNS
I	PRP
insisted	VBD
on	IN
being	VBG
a	DT
very	RB
specific	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
unhealthy	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
horrifed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
idea	NN
of	IN
gaining	VBG
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
did	VBD
happen	VB
slowly	RB
over	IN
a	DT
period	NN
of	IN
years	NNS
,	,
and	CC
miraculously	RB
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
more	JJR
cravings	NNS
to	TO
eat	VB
large	JJ
quantities	NNS
of	IN
food	NN
or	CC
certain	JJ
``	``
forbidden	VBN
''	''
foods	NNS
EXCEPT	IN
under	IN
stress	NN
or	CC
depression	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
when	WRB
I	PRP
am	VBP
off	RP
my	PRP$
medication	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
want	VB
to	TO
emphasize	VB
that	IN
the	DT
real	JJ
key	NN
to	TO
my	PRP$
first	JJ
steps	NNS
in	IN
getting	VBG
over	IN
the	DT
obsession	NN
with	IN
food	NN
,	,
diets	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
.	.
was	VBD
taking	VBG
Prozac	NNP
.	.
For	IN
some	DT
reason	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
unable	JJ
to	TO
stay	VB
as	IN
focussed	VBN
on	IN
food	NN
as	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
before	RB
,	,
and	CC
my	PRP$
mind	NN
had	VBD
room	NN
for	IN
other	JJ
things	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
an	DT
ad	NN
for	IN
Prozac	NNP
--	:
there	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
good	JJ
meds	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
SSRI	NNP
's	POS
-RRB-	-RRB-
out	IN
there	RB
with	IN
similar	JJ
qualities	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
have	VB
to	TO
stay	VB
on	IN
it	PRP
forever	RB
to	TO
benefit	VB
,	,
either	RB
.	.
It	PRP
just	RB
gave	VBD
me	PRP
a	DT
``	``
leg	NN
up	RB
''	''
for	IN
a	DT
long	RB
enough	JJ
period	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
year	NN
or	CC
so	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
permanently	RB
change	VB
my	PRP$
thinking	NN
and	CC
behavior	NN
patterns	NNS
.	.
These	DT
ideas	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
apply	VB
to	TO
everyone	NN
,	,
but	CC
surely	RB
there	EX
are	VBP
some	DT
people	NNS
out	IN
there	RB
like	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
as	IN
severe	JJ
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
as	IN
anyone	NN
which	WDT
lasted	VBD
12	CD
+	CD
years	NNS
...	:
started	VBD
dieting	NN
at	IN
9	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
...	:
knew	VBD
the	DT
calorie	NN
count	NN
of	IN
every	DT
food	NN
known	VBN
to	TO
man	VB
and	CC
kept	VBD
meticulous	JJ
records	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
intake	NN
...	:
became	VBD
a	DT
bona	NN
fide	NN
anorexic	JJ
in	IN
college	NN
...	:
became	VBD
a	DT
bulimic	JJ
anorexic	JJ
a	DT
yearlater	NN
...	:
threw	VBD
up	RP
every	DT
day	NN
at	IN
LEAST	NNP
3-4	CD
times	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
,	,
sometimes	RB
as	IN
many	JJ
as	IN
10	CD
...	:
was	VBD
hospitalized	VBN
twice	RB
for	IN
3	CD
months	NNS
each	DT
...	:
tried	VBD
to	TO
kill	VB
myself	PRP
once	RB
...	:
you	PRP
get	VBP
the	DT
picture	NN
...	:
I	PRP
am	VBP
now	RB
35	CD
,	,
have	VBP
a	DT
darling	NN
little	JJ
boy	NN
,	,
a	DT
wonderful	JJ
husband	NN
,	,
and	CC
eat	VB
what	WP
I	PRP
want	VBP
without	IN
gaining	VBG
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
anorexic	JJ
6	CD
years	NNS
ago	RB
from	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
15	CD
till	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
nearly	RB
19	CD
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
say	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
made	VBN
me	PRP
the	DT
strong	JJ
person	NN
I	PRP
am	VBP
today	NN
.	.
The	DT
way	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
look	VB
in	IN
the	DT
mirror	NN
and	CC
see	VB
what	WP
everyone	NN
else	RB
sees	VBZ
so	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
admit	VB
to	TO
yourself	PRP
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
anorexic	JJ
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
doctors	NNS
and	CC
psychiatrists	NNS
are	VBP
there	RB
to	TO
help	VB
and	CC
not	RB
to	TO
fight	VB
against	IN
you	PRP
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
way	NN
I	PRP
recovered	VBD
by	IN
seeing	VBG
how	WRB
everyone	NN
else	RB
saw	VBD
me	PRP
,	,
by	IN
ignoring	VBG
the	DT
voice	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
head	NN
that	IN
told	VBD
me	PRP
I	PRP
must	MD
not	RB
eat	VB
and	CC
by	IN
wanting	VBG
to	TO
get	VB
better	JJR
.	.
Ok	VB
its	PRP$
not	RB
easy	JJ
and	CC
its	PRP$
full	JJ
of	IN
times	NNS
of	IN
relapses	NNS
but	CC
you	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
got	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
time	NN
where	WRB
after	IN
2	CD
years	NNS
I	PRP
just	RB
wanted	VBD
to	TO
stop	VB
eating	VBG
controlling	VBG
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
nearly	RB
18	CD
.	.
Everyone	NN
else	RB
at	IN
18	CD
were	VBD
going	VBG
out	RP
having	VBG
a	DT
laugh	NN
and	CC
meeting	VBG
new	JJ
people	NNS
,	,
while	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
stuck	VBN
at	IN
home	NN
afraid	JJ
incase	NN
I	PRP
put	VBD
on	RP
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
laugh	NN
again	RB
,	,
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
old	JJ
me	PRP
again	RB
before	IN
any	DT
of	IN
this	DT
had	VBD
happened	VBN
.	.
So	RB
thats	VBZ
what	WP
I	PRP
did	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
started	VBD
eating	VBG
properly	RB
and	CC
at	IN
last	JJ
,	,
slowly	RB
but	CC
eventually	RB
I	PRP
got	VBD
over	IN
the	DT
hurdle	NN
of	IN
anorexia	NN
.	.
Thats	NNP
how	WRB
I	PRP
see	VBP
it	PRP
now	RB
,	,
a	DT
hurdle	NN
in	IN
life	NN
I	PRP
got	VBD
over	IN
to	TO
make	VB
me	PRP
the	DT
confident	JJ
and	CC
strong	JJ
person	NN
I	PRP
am	VBP
now	RB
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
anorexic\/bulemic	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
anorexic	JJ
at	IN
first	RB
,	,
bulemic	NN
later	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
over	IN
17	CD
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
stopped	VBD
those	DT
behaviors	NNS
almost	RB
four	CD
years	NNS
ago	RB
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
use	VB
the	DT
term	NN
``	``
recovering	VBG
''	''
because	IN
I	PRP
feel	VBP
that	IN
keeps	VBZ
a	DT
person	NN
in	IN
a	DT
``	``
sick	JJ
''	''
category	NN
indefinitely	RB
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
ill	RB
through	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
my	PRP$
young	JJ
adult	NN
life	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
am	VBP
42	CD
now	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
through	IN
two	CD
pregnancies	NNS
.	.
A	DT
person	NN
``	``
thinks	VBZ
''	''
with	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
just	RB
her	PRP$
head	NN
.	.
She	PRP
thinks	VBZ
,	,
feels	VBZ
and	CC
exists	VBZ
within	IN
her	PRP$
whole	JJ
body	NN
.	.
A	DT
record	NN
of	IN
everything	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
every	DT
happed	NN
to	TO
her	PRP$
is	VBZ
carried	VBN
in	IN
her	PRP$
body	NN
-	:
every	DT
slight	JJ
,	,
every	DT
abuse	NN
,	,
every	DT
dissapointment	NN
,	,
every	DT
trauma	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
head	NN
,	,
after	IN
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
understood	VBN
my	PRP$
problem	NN
,	,
but	CC
my	PRP$
body	NN
still	RB
suffered	VBD
.	.
It	PRP
suffered	VBD
the	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
abuse	NN
,	,
violence	NN
,	,
repression	NN
and	CC
outside	JJ
control	NN
.	.
``	``
Talking	VBG
therapy	NN
''	''
does	VBZ
little	JJ
or	CC
nothing	NN
to	TO
addresss	VB
the	DT
physical	JJ
residue	NN
of	IN
these	DT
things	NNS
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
love	VBP
this	DT
body	NN
enough	RB
to	TO
caress	VB
it	PRP
.	.
''	''
About	IN
four	CD
and	CC
a	DT
half	NN
years	NNS
ago	RB
,	,
I	PRP
started	VBD
to	TO
get	VB
gentle	JJ
massage	NN
.	.
Then	RB
later	RB
,	,
sought	VBD
out	RP
more	RBR
intense	JJ
,	,
deeper	JJR
bodywork	NN
to	TO
untie	VB
the	DT
knots	NNS
that	WDT
had	VBD
been	VBN
part	NN
and	CC
parcel	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
being	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
lifetime	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
still	RB
sick	JJ
with	IN
bulemia	NN
,	,
but	CC
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
in	IN
17	CD
years	NNS
,	,
my	PRP$
symptoms	NNS
were	VBD
lessening	VBG
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
simple	JJ
saying	VBG
in	IN
bodywork	NN
,	,
``	``
Hands	NNS
Heal	VBP
.	.
''	''
They	PRP
do	VBP
.	.
Within	IN
less	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
year	NN
,	,
I	PRP
stopped	VBD
manifesting	VBG
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
behaviors	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
``	``
just	RB
a	DT
little	JJ
disordered	JJ
''	''
either	CC
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
down	RB
in	IN
the	DT
dirt	NN
,	,
hair	NN
falling	VBG
out	RP
,	,
lunago	NN
sprouting	VBG
bulemic	NN
for	IN
17	CD
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
binged	VBD
a	DT
purged	VBN
at	IN
least	JJS
six	CD
times	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
usually	RB
more	RBR
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
had	VBD
a	DT
very	RB
expensive	JJ
food	NN
habit	NN
,	,
maintained	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
lucrative	JJ
engineering	NN
career	NN
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
read	VBP
Caron	NNP
's	POS
words	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
it	PRP
brought	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
tears	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
wondered	VBD
,	,
``	``
Why	WRB
do	VBP
people	NNS
hate	VBP
me	PRP
?	.
Why	WRB
do	VBP
they	PRP
try	VBP
to	TO
hurt	VB
me	PRP
?	.
''	''
This	DT
seems	VBZ
bewildering	VBG
to	TO
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
her	PRP$
friends	NNS
and	CC
who	WP
are	VBP
trying	VBG
to	TO
help	VB
.	.
The	DT
words	NNS
come	VBP
from	IN
her	PRP$
body	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
real	JJ
sense	NN
the	DT
culture	NN
around	IN
around	IN
does	VBZ
hate	VB
and	CC
is	VBZ
trying	VBG
to	TO
hurt	VB
.	.
Her	PRP$
head	NN
and	CC
her	PRP$
body	NN
are	VBP
disconnected	VBN
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
sensitive	JJ
woman	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
reflecting	VBG
what	WP
is	VBZ
going	VBG
on	IN
around	IN
her	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
become	VBN
,	,
in	IN
her	PRP$
body	NN
,	,
the	DT
ideal	JJ
cultural	JJ
phenomena	NNS
-	:
a	DT
woman	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
too	RB
small	JJ
,	,
too	RB
frail	JJ
,	,
too	RB
weak	JJ
to	TO
act	VB
on	IN
her	PRP$
own	JJ
behalf	NN
.	.
In	IN
reaching	VBG
this	DT
``	``
perfection	NN
''	''
she	PRP
must	MD
ignore	VB
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
dying	VBG
.	.
So	RB
must	MD
we	PRP
all	DT
,	,
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
we	PRP
keep	VBP
buying	VBG
into	IN
the	DT
cultural	JJ
and	CC
religious	JJ
ideals	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
culture	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
I	PRP
began	VBD
massage	NN
,	,
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
reevaluate	VB
my	PRP$
religious	JJ
and	CC
spiritual	JJ
beliefs	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
investigated	VBD
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
feminine-based	JJ
spiritual	JJ
practices	NNS
and	CC
began	VBD
to	TO
see	VB
my	PRP$
traditional	JJ
Baptist	JJ
upbringing	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
call	VBP
it	PRP
indoctrination	NN
,	,
now	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
a	DT
whole	JJ
different	JJ
light	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
healthy	JJ
for	IN
me	PRP
,	,
or	CC
had	VBD
it	PRP
been	VBN
for	IN
my	PRP$
mother	NN
or	CC
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
women	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
family	NN
.	.
I	PRP
came	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
that	IN
patriarchal	JJ
religions	NNS
are	VBP
slowing	VBG
killing	VBG
women	NNS
,	,
poisoning	NN
us	PRP
with	IN
a	DT
view	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
sexuality	NN
that	IN
see	VBP
us	PRP
as	IN
evil	NN
,	,
weak	JJ
and	CC
God-ordained	JJ
chattel	NN
.	.
The	DT
Bible	NNP
was	VBD
written	VBN
by	IN
men	NNS
,	,
however	RB
inspired	VBN
they	PRP
might	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
by	IN
``	``
God	NNP
.	.
''	''
It	PRP
was	VBD
written	VBN
by	IN
men	NNS
and	CC
for	IN
men	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
suit	VB
men	NNS
's	POS
desires	NNS
as	IN
regards	VBZ
women	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
saying	VBG
men	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
enemy	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
saying	VBG
we	PRP
live	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
culture	NN
completely	RB
unbalanced	JJ
toward	IN
the	DT
masculine	JJ
perspective	NN
,	,
an	DT
imbalance	NN
reinforced	VBN
by	IN
religion	NN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
Fundamental	JJ
to	TO
my	PRP$
healing	NN
was	VBD
becoming	VBG
a	DT
deep	JJ
feminist	NN
.	.
In	IN
my	PRP$
heart	NN
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
believe	VB
there	EX
is	VBZ
any	DT
other	JJ
way	NN
out	IN
for	IN
a	DT
women	NNS
.	.
Oddly	RB
enough	RB
,	,
when	WRB
my	PRP$
perception	NN
of	IN
``	``
God	NNP
''	''
was	VBD
unlatched	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
vision	NN
of	IN
God	NNP
as	IN
pounded	VBN
into	IN
my	PRP$
head	NN
by	IN
my	PRP$
culture	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
faith	NN
grew	VBD
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
misery	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
illness	NN
began	VBD
to	TO
lift	VB
.	.
I	PRP
then	RB
sought	VBD
out	RP
,	,
and	CC
found	VBD
,	,
a	DT
healing	NN
woman	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
shamanka	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
who	WP
worked	VBD
with	IN
me	PRP
for	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
months	NNS
.	.
One	CD
day	NN
I	PRP
left	VBD
her	PRP$
house	NN
after	IN
a	DT
soul	NN
retrieval	NN
ritual	NN
and	CC
said	VBD
``	``
I	PRP
'm	VBP
done	VBN
''	''
to	TO
myself	PRP
.	.
That	DT
was	VBD
it	PRP
.	.
No	DT
more	RBR
bulemia	JJ
,	,
no	DT
more	JJR
eating	NN
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
later	RB
told	VBD
the	DT
healing	NN
woman	NN
,	,
``	``
That	DT
day	NN
was	VBD
my	PRP$
miracle	NN
.	.
Everyone	NN
is	VBZ
entitled	VBN
to	TO
at	IN
last	JJ
one	CD
miracle	NN
in	IN
her	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
micracle	NN
came	VBD
from	IN
God	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Goddess	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
as	IN
Grace	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
came	VBD
only	RB
after	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
had	VBD
been	VBN
prepared	VBN
to	TO
accept	VB
that	IN
Grace	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
this	DT
will	MD
bother	VB
some	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
should	MD
.	.
Healing	NN
requires	VBZ
looking	VBG
at	IN
every	DT
aspect	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
It	PRP
requires	VBZ
questioning	VBG
the	DT
unquestionable	JJ
.	.
If	IN
making	VBG
tiny	JJ
,	,
comfortable	JJ
,	,
modifications	NNS
in	IN
our	PRP$
points	NNS
of	IN
view	NN
healed	VBD
any	DT
of	IN
us	PRP
,	,
there	EX
'd	MD
be	VB
no	DT
use	NN
for	IN
this	DT
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
But	CC
,	,
the	DT
miracle	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
to	TO
all	DT
and	CC
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
to	TO
accept	VB
a	DT
bunch	NN
of	IN
fundamentalist	JJ
garbage	NN
to	TO
gain	VB
access	NN
.	.
It	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
have	VB
to	TO
take	VB
years	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
can	MD
happen	VB
in	IN
a	DT
moment	NN
.	.
``	``
talking	VBG
therapy	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
psychotherapist	NN
,	,
a	DT
man	NN
,	,
told	VBD
me	PRP
``	``
SuZett	NNP
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
something	NN
wrong	JJ
with	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
working	VBG
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
continue	VB
down	RP
this	DT
path	NN
until	IN
you	PRP
figure	VBP
out	RP
what	WP
that	WDT
is	VBZ
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
spent	VBD
10	CD
more	JJR
years	NNS
avoiding	VBG
that	IN
question	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
go	VB
away	RB
.	.
That	DT
question	NN
is	VBZ
key	JJ
.	.
Self-healing	JJ
,	,
through	IN
spiritual	JJ
growth	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
not	RB
necessarily	RB
religion	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
is	VBZ
the	DT
only	JJ
thing	NN
that	WDT
works	VBZ
.	.
Others	NNS
can	MD
provide	VB
help	NN
and	CC
support	NN
and	CC
love	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
must	MD
do	VB
the	DT
work	NN
her	PRP$
or	CC
himself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
spent	VBN
the	DT
last	JJ
few	JJ
years	NNS
learning	VBG
to	TO
do	VB
massage	NN
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
transitioning	VBG
from	IN
a	DT
20-year	JJ
career	NN
in	IN
engineering	NN
to	TO
full-time	JJ
bodywork	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
quite	RB
a	DT
lifestyle	NN
change	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
lots	NNS
less	RBR
$	$
$	$
-RRB-	-RRB-
but	CC
very	RB
rewarding	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
life	NN
is	VBZ
beginning	VBG
to	TO
work	VB
.	.
If	IN
anyone	NN
wants	VBZ
help	NN
or	CC
information	NN
,	,
feel	VBP
free	JJ
to	TO
send	VB
me	PRP
a	DT
e-mail	NN
at	IN
tab@rmii.com	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'll	MD
point	VB
to	TO
useful	JJ
books	NNS
,	,
tell	VBP
you	PRP
about	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
kinds	NNS
of	IN
bodywork	NN
to	TO
suit	VB
your	PRP$
needs	NNS
or	CC
otherwise	RB
assist	VB
where	WRB
I	PRP
can	MD
.	.
Everyday	JJ
you	PRP
wake	VBP
up	RP
to	TO
feel	VB
it	PRP
,	,
there	RB
,	,
within	IN
you	PRP
,	,
a	DT
persistent	JJ
ache	NN
.	.
How	WRB
do	VBP
you	PRP
explain	VBP
the	DT
pain	NN
?	.
A	DT
doctor	NN
's	POS
shot	NN
or	CC
pill	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
make	VB
it	PRP
go	VB
away	RB
.	.
Your	PRP$
folks	NNS
tell	VBP
you	PRP
,	,
``	``
You	PRP
look	VBP
fine	JJ
''	''
.	.
As	IN
if	IN
that	DT
means	VBZ
that	IN
all	DT
is	VBZ
okay	JJ
and	CC
nothing	NN
is	VBZ
wrong	JJ
.	.
Yet	RB
,	,
you	PRP
feel	VBP
it	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
consumes	VBZ
you	PRP
,	,
the	DT
dark	JJ
loneliness	NN
.	.
You	PRP
look	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
mirror	NN
,	,
run	VB
your	PRP$
hands	NNS
over	IN
your	PRP$
body	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
surprised	VBN
to	TO
realize	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
see	VB
or	CC
feel	VB
the	DT
hole	NN
you	PRP
know	VBP
is	VBZ
right	RB
there	RB
.	.
All	DT
day	NN
long	RB
it	PRP
dogs	VBZ
your	PRP$
steps	NNS
,	,
mocking	VBG
you	PRP
as	IN
you	PRP
try	VBP
to	TO
ignore	VB
it	PRP
and	CC
move	VB
past	RB
.	.
You	PRP
feel	VBP
invincible	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
shadow	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
made	VBN
small	JJ
and	CC
been	VBN
put	VBN
in	IN
its	PRP$
place	NN
-	:
all	DT
by	IN
you	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
becomes	VBZ
addictive	JJ
,	,
that	IN
feeling	NN
of	IN
power	NN
.	.
You	PRP
begin	VBP
to	TO
feel	VB
that	IN
if	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
sustain	VB
the	DT
pain	NN
,	,
the	DT
shadow	NN
will	MD
be	VB
forced	VBN
to	TO
retreat	VB
forever	RB
.	.
Like	IN
any	DT
drug	NN
,	,
it	PRP
begins	VBZ
to	TO
take	VB
more	JJR
and	CC
more	JJR
pain	NN
to	TO
win	VB
the	DT
battle	NN
.	.
You	PRP
find	VBP
yourself	PRP
losing	VBG
track	NN
.	.
How	WRB
long	RB
has	VBZ
it	PRP
been	VBN
since	IN
I	PRP
last	JJ
ate	VBD
?	.
How	WRB
many	JJ
sit-ups	NNS
have	VBP
I	PRP
done	VBN
?	.
Where	WRB
did	VBD
the	DT
bag	NN
of	IN
chips	NNS
go	VB
?	.
People	NNS
talk	VBP
to	TO
you	PRP
and	CC
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
really	RB
hear	VB
them	PRP
,	,
so	RB
focused	VBN
on	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
internal	JJ
battle	NN
.	.
Everything	NN
starts	VBZ
to	TO
seem	VB
far	RB
away	RB
and	CC
like	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
really	RB
happening	VBG
to	TO
you	PRP
,	,
but	CC
a	DT
character	NN
on	IN
TV	NN
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
tricked	VBN
you	PRP
and	CC
all	DT
you	PRP
are	VBP
doing	VBG
is	VBZ
feeding	VBG
it	PRP
.	.
Feeding	NNP
,	,
nurturing	NN
,	,
encouraging	VBG
it	PRP
to	TO
grow	VB
.	.
With	IN
each	DT
of	IN
your	PRP$
attempts	NNS
to	TO
erase	VB
the	DT
darkness	NN
from	IN
your	PRP$
spirit	NN
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
giving	VBG
it	PRP
the	DT
ultimate	JJ
control	NN
.	.
Each	DT
act	NN
of	IN
self-inflicted	JJ
pain	NN
is	VBZ
fostering	VBG
the	DT
next	JJ
,	,
weakening	VBG
your	PRP$
spirit	NN
and	CC
allowing	VBG
the	DT
darkness	NN
to	TO
fester	VB
.	.
Your	PRP$
technique	NN
of	IN
starvation	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
work	VB
any	DT
longer	JJR
because	IN
you	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
feel	VB
the	DT
pain	NN
,	,
so	IN
you	PRP
move	VBP
to	TO
vomiting	VBG
,	,
thinking	VBG
that	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
bring	VB
back	RP
that	DT
sensation	NN
.	.
The	DT
darkness	NN
laughs	VBZ
with	IN
glee	NN
at	IN
your	PRP$
foolishness	NN
.	.
Each	DT
hour	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
body	NN
grows	VBZ
weaker	JJR
,	,
less	RBR
able	JJ
to	TO
sustain	VB
you	PRP
.	.
Your	PRP$
physical	JJ
power	NN
is	VBZ
depleting	VBG
along	RP
with	IN
the	DT
power	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
spirit	NN
.	.
Soon	RB
,	,
you	PRP
loose	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
life	NN
you	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
watching	VBG
on	IN
your	PRP$
internal	JJ
TV	NN
.	.
The	DT
world	NN
is	VBZ
loosing	VBG
color	NN
and	CC
you	PRP
begin	VBP
to	TO
ignore	VB
it	PRP
.	.
The	DT
battle	NN
inside	NN
has	VBZ
become	VBN
wholly	RB
consuming	NN
and	CC
nothing	NN
else	RB
exists	VBZ
.	.
You	PRP
feel	VBP
sure	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
time	NN
you	PRP
will	MD
defeat	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Everything	NNP
around	IN
you	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
darkness	NN
,	,
the	DT
pain	NN
,	,
the	DT
hole	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
heart	NN
has	VBZ
engulfed	VBN
your	PRP$
whole	NN
being	VBG
and	CC
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
fill	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
this	DT
,	,
because	IN
of	IN
your	PRP$
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
battle	NN
,	,
of	IN
the	DT
strength	NN
it	PRP
requires	VBZ
,	,
you	PRP
stop	VBP
listening	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
weaker	JJR
individuals	NNS
around	IN
you	PRP
.	.
They	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
idea	NN
and	CC
could	MD
n't	RB
possibly	RB
understand	VB
what	WP
you	PRP
are	VBP
dealing	VBG
with	IN
.	.
For	IN
God	NNP
's	POS
sake	NN
,	,
they	PRP
think	VBP
you	PRP
look	VB
fine	JJ
!	.
They	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
idea	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
failing	VBG
!	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
losing	VBG
the	DT
battle	NN
and	CC
nothing	NN
else	JJ
matters	NNS
.	.
How	WRB
could	MD
they	PRP
love	VB
someone	NN
as	IN
incompetent	JJ
as	IN
you	PRP
,	,
let	VB
alone	RB
like	IN
you	PRP
?	.
You	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
even	RB
manage	VB
to	TO
handle	VB
something	NN
as	IN
simple	JJ
as	IN
this	DT
little	JJ
hole	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
spirit	NN
has	VBZ
weakened	VBN
.	.
What	WP
's	VBZ
left	VBN
?	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
physically	RB
and	CC
spiritually	RB
weak	JJ
,	,
possibly	RB
dying	VBG
,	,
and	CC
you	PRP
still	RB
have	VBP
yet	RB
to	TO
achieve	VB
your	PRP$
goal	NN
.	.
The	DT
belief	NN
that	WDT
sustained	VBD
you	PRP
,	,
the	DT
belief	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
could	MD
create	VB
enough	JJ
pain	NN
to	TO
banish	VB
the	DT
shadows	NNS
and	CC
bring	VB
about	RB
perfection	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
fading	JJ
.	.
Yet	RB
,	,
you	PRP
continue	VBP
to	TO
hang	VB
on	IN
to	TO
it	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
get	VB
to	TO
that	DT
place	NN
of	IN
perfection	NN
,	,
that	IN
place	NN
where	WRB
you	PRP
can	MD
stop	VB
fighting	VBG
and	CC
rest	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
where	WRB
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
whole	JJ
again	RB
and	CC
you	PRP
will	MD
finally	RB
be	VB
worthy	JJ
of	IN
love	NN
,	,
worthy	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
admiration	NN
and	CC
respect	NN
you	PRP
crave	VBP
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
wage	VB
the	DT
battle	NN
in	IN
silence	NN
,	,
never	RB
letting	VBG
anyone	NN
know	VBP
,	,
so	IN
the	DT
victory	NN
will	MD
be	VB
that	IN
much	JJ
sweeter	JJR
,	,
the	DT
love	NN
and	CC
respect	NN
more	RBR
worthwhile	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
extra	JJ
effort	NN
required	VBN
to	TO
earn	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Soon	RB
.	.
Soon	RB
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
walk	VB
in	IN
the	DT
light	NN
,	,
you	PRP
keep	VBP
telling	VBG
yourself	PRP
,	,
but	CC
your	PRP$
resources	NNS
are	VBP
depleting	VBG
quickly	RB
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
become	VBN
trapped	VBN
.	.
You	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
escape	VB
.	.
The	DT
light	NN
is	VBZ
so	RB
small	JJ
now	RB
.	.
You	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
end	NN
is	VBZ
coming	VBG
.	.
Do	VBP
you	PRP
wait	VB
for	IN
it	PRP
?	.
Do	VBP
you	PRP
let	VB
go	VB
and	CC
die	VB
?	.
Do	VBP
you	PRP
do	VBP
the	DT
unthinkable	JJ
and	CC
ask	VB
for	IN
help	NN
?	.
Both	DT
options	NNS
are	VBP
unpalatable	JJ
,	,
as	IN
they	PRP
require	VBP
an	DT
admission	NN
of	IN
failure	NN
,	,
the	DT
admission	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
could	MD
not	RB
beat	VB
the	DT
darkness	NN
on	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
.	.
An	DT
admission	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
weak	JJ
you	PRP
really	RB
are	VBP
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
is	VBZ
the	DT
easier	JJR
option	NN
.	.
You	PRP
let	VBP
go	VB
and	CC
let	VB
the	DT
darkness	NN
wash	VBP
you	PRP
away	RB
.	.
You	PRP
never	RB
have	VBP
to	TO
face	VB
the	DT
ones	NNS
you	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
fighting	VBG
for	IN
.	.
You	PRP
never	RB
have	VBP
to	TO
see	VB
their	PRP$
disappointment	NN
in	IN
you	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
cowardly	JJ
way	NN
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
avoided	VBN
your	PRP$
punishment	NN
for	IN
failure	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
end	NN
,	,
the	DT
ultimate	JJ
surrender	NN
.	.
No	DT
,	,
you	PRP
face	VBP
your	PRP$
loved	VBN
ones	NNS
,	,
the	DT
ones	NNS
you	PRP
have	VBP
tried	VBN
to	TO
impress	VB
,	,
and	CC
admit	VBP
to	TO
them	PRP
that	IN
you	PRP
lost	VBD
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
true	JJ
test	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
determination	NN
,	,
to	TO
admit	VB
your	PRP$
weakness	NN
and	CC
ask	VB
for	IN
help	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
true	JJ
sacrifice	NN
.	.
To	TO
face	VB
them	PRP
,	,
knowing	VBG
that	IN
they	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
understand	VB
or	CC
they	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
care	VB
.	.
The	DT
pain	NN
of	IN
opening	VBG
yourself	PRP
up	RP
is	VBZ
more	RBR
painful	JJ
than	IN
any	DT
bruise	NN
,	,
cut	NN
,	,
or	CC
overfull	JJ
stomach	NN
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
face	VB
all	DT
that	IN
you	PRP
fear	VBP
.	.
All	DT
that	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
fighting	VBG
and	CC
more	RBR
,	,
you	PRP
face	VBP
the	DT
total	JJ
destruction	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
spirit	NN
,	,
a	DT
total	JJ
loss	NN
of	IN
who	WP
you	PRP
are	VBP
,	,
the	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
the	DT
world	NN
as	IN
you	PRP
know	VBP
it	PRP
.	.
And	CC
so	RB
begins	VBZ
,	,
your	PRP$
first	JJ
true	JJ
battle	NN
with	IN
the	DT
darkness	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
first	JJ
step	NN
toward	IN
the	DT
love	NN
and	CC
respect	NN
you	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
fighting	VBG
for	IN
,	,
the	DT
first	JJ
step	NN
toward	IN
owning	VBG
the	DT
power	NN
and	CC
rebuilding	VBG
your	PRP$
strength	NN
.	.
You	PRP
look	VBP
around	RB
and	CC
the	DT
pinpoint	VB
of	IN
light	JJ
seems	VBZ
just	RB
a	DT
little	JJ
bit	NN
brighter	SYM
-	:
you	PRP
have	VBP
had	VBN
your	PRP$
first	JJ
success	NN
.	.
That	DT
demon	NN
inside	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
to	TO
owning	VBG
you	PRP
and	CC
will	MD
not	RB
take	VB
kindly	RB
to	TO
the	DT
rebellion	NN
.	.
Every	DT
moment	NN
of	IN
every	DT
day	NN
you	PRP
will	MD
wage	VB
the	DT
battle	NN
to	TO
stay	VB
present	JJ
in	IN
your	PRP$
body	NN
,	,
to	TO
remember	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
loved	VBN
,	,
to	TO
take	VB
care	NN
of	IN
and	CC
nurture	VB
your	PRP$
spirit	NN
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
fight	VB
to	TO
keep	VB
yourself	PRP
from	IN
inflicting	VBG
pain	NN
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
fight	VB
to	TO
regain	VB
that	DT
precious	JJ
ground	NN
you	PRP
lost	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
darkness	NN
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
fight	VB
the	DT
impossible	JJ
,	,
never	RB
ending	VBG
fight	NN
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
care	VB
and	CC
it	PRP
will	MD
hurt	VB
.	.
Every	DT
day	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
take	VBP
care	NN
of	IN
yourself	PRP
and	CC
every	DT
moment	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
affirm	VBP
how	WRB
valuable	JJ
you	PRP
are	VBP
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
win	VB
.	.
Each	DT
day	NN
you	PRP
wake	VBP
up	RB
and	CC
get	VB
out	IN
of	IN
bed	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
victory	NN
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Each	DT
victory	NN
is	VBZ
another	DT
step	NN
on	IN
the	DT
path	NN
to	TO
achieving	VBG
your	PRP$
goal	NN
-	:
filling	VBG
the	DT
hole	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
heart	NN
.	.
Each	DT
day	NN
is	VBZ
another	DT
day	NN
,	,
where	WRB
you	PRP
can	MD
stand	VB
tall	JJ
and	CC
say	VB
,	,
``	``
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
alone	RB
.	.
''	''
Three	CD
years	NNS
ago	RB
,	,
I	PRP
discovered	VBD
the	DT
something-fishy	JJ
.	.
org	NN
website	NN
.	.
At	IN
first	RB
,	,
I	PRP
thought	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
three	CD
words	NNS
running	VBG
at	IN
the	DT
bottom	NN
of	IN
every	DT
page	NN
was	VBD
silly	JJ
.	.
By	IN
the	DT
time	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
finished	VBN
going	VBG
through	IN
the	DT
site	NN
and	CC
had	VBD
found	VBN
numbers	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
to	TO
call	VB
for	IN
treatment	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
crying	VBG
.	.
Thank	VB
you	PRP
for	IN
reminding	VBG
me	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
alone	RB
.	.
Periodically	RB
,	,
when	WRB
I	PRP
am	VBP
feeling	VBG
alone	RB
,	,
I	PRP
go	VBP
back	RB
to	TO
your	PRP$
site	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
with	IN
this	DT
in	IN
mind	NN
,	,
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
forwarding	NN
you	PRP
this	DT
essay	NN
.	.
I	PRP
wrote	VBD
this	DT
as	IN
a	DT
reminder	NN
to	TO
myself	PRP
and	CC
as	IN
a	DT
means	NN
of	IN
communicating	VBG
what	WP
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
experiencing	VBG
to	TO
others	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
never	RB
knew	VBD
that	IN
having	VBG
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
was	VBD
so	RB
much	JJ
work	NN
.	.
No	DT
one	NN
ever	RB
told	VBD
me	PRP
that	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
24	CD
hour	NN
a	DT
day	NN
,	,
7	CD
days	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
,	,
job	NN
.	.
Something	NN
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
enjoy	VB
all	PDT
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
do	VBP
n't	RB
get	VB
paid	VBN
for	IN
,	,
and	CC
ca	MD
n't	RB
share	VB
triumphs	NNS
and	CC
let	VB
downs	NNS
.	.
Wo	NNP
n't	RB
get	VB
a	DT
raise	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
lead	VB
me	PRP
to	TO
a	DT
future	NN
of	IN
greatness	NN
or	CC
success	NN
.	.
I	PRP
never	RB
knew	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
so	RB
tired	VBN
some	DT
days	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
go	VB
anywhere	RB
or	CC
do	VB
anything	NN
,	,
I	PRP
can	MD
only	RB
lie	VB
down	RB
;	:
I	PRP
never	RB
knew	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
days	NNS
when	WRB
I	PRP
do	VBP
get	VB
up	RP
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
spend	VB
them	PRP
hunched	VBN
over	IN
a	DT
toilet	NN
after	IN
eating	VBG
only	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
small	JJ
bites	VBZ
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
of	IN
anyone	NN
who	WP
knows	VBZ
the	DT
inside	NN
of	IN
toilet	NN
bowl	NN
like	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
never	RB
knew	VBD
that	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
about	RB
food	NN
,	,
but	CC
about	IN
complex	JJ
,	,
underlying	VBG
issues	NNS
and	CC
emotions	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
only	RB
be	VB
dealt	VBN
with	IN
by	IN
professionals	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
will	MD
within	IN
;	:
that	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
way	NN
of	IN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
pains	NNS
that	WDT
only	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
people	NNS
can	MD
identify	VB
with	IN
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
fewer	JJR
overcome	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
never	RB
knew	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
disease	NN
that	WDT
once	RB
seemed	VBD
so	RB
desirable	JJ
to	TO
me	PRP
would	MD
end	VB
up	RP
being	VBG
my	PRP$
best	JJS
friend	NN
and	CC
worst	JJS
enemy	NN
,	,
the	DT
thing	NN
I	PRP
trust	VBP
the	DT
most	RBS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
thing	NN
that	WDT
often	RB
fails	VBZ
me	PRP
,	,
my	PRP$
comfort	NN
,	,
and	CC
my	PRP$
pain	NN
;	:
all	DT
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
.	.
To	TO
say	VB
goodbye	NN
to	TO
something	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
only	RB
known	VBN
for	IN
6	CD
months	NNS
thus	RB
far	RB
.	.
No	DT
one	NN
ever	RB
told	VBD
me	PRP
that	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
way	NN
of	IN
life	NN
;	:
that	DT
nothing	NN
good	JJ
will	MD
come	VB
of	IN
this	DT
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
only	RB
bring	VB
heartbreak	NN
and	CC
pain	NN
,	,
grief	NN
and	CC
sorrow	NN
.	.
I	PRP
never	RB
knew	VBD
that	IN
this	DT
would	MD
consume	VB
me	PRP
to	TO
a	DT
point	NN
of	IN
what	WP
seems	VBZ
like	IN
no	DT
return	NN
;	:
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
never	RB
tell	VB
anyone	NN
because	IN
they	PRP
would	MD
n't	RB
understand	VB
,	,
but	CC
most	JJS
of	IN
all	DT
because	IN
they	PRP
would	MD
try	VB
to	TO
get	VB
rid	JJ
of	IN
it	PRP
for	IN
me	PRP
;	:
to	TO
wean	VB
me	PRP
away	RB
from	IN
this	DT
horrible	JJ
lifestyle	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
love	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
never	RB
knew	VBD
what	WP
this	DT
was	VBD
really	RB
about	RB
.	.
As	IN
I	PRP
hold	VBP
you	PRP
in	IN
my	PRP$
arms	NNS
and	CC
rock	NN
you	PRP
tonight	RB
there	EX
are	VBP
tears	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
eyes	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
prayer	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
heart	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
imagining	VBG
what	WP
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
like	IN
when	WRB
you	PRP
arew	VBP
my	PRP$
age	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
praying	VBG
that	IN
you	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
like	IN
me	PRP
.	.
my	PRP$
sweet	JJ
darling	NN
you	PRP
are	VBP
so	RB
precious	JJ
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
let	VB
anyone	NN
ever	RB
tell	VB
you	PRP
differently	RB
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
keep	VB
from	IN
running	VBG
my	PRP$
hand	NN
over	IN
your	PRP$
soft	JJ
downy	JJ
hair	NN
and	CC
snuggling	VBG
you	PRP
close	VB
to	TO
breathe	VB
in	IN
your	PRP$
baby	NN
scent	NN
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
so	RB
innocent	JJ
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
so	RB
jaded	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
not	RB
yet	RB
spoken	VBN
and	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
used	VBN
the	DT
gift	NN
of	IN
language	NN
to	TO
lie	VB
and	CC
deceive	VB
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
not	RB
yet	RB
taken	VBN
your	PRP$
first	JJ
steps	NNS
and	CC
my	PRP$
feet	NNS
have	VBP
carried	VBN
me	PRP
into	IN
countless	JJ
dirty	JJ
bathrooms	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
secrets	NNS
while	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
many	JJ
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
too	RB
ashamed	JJ
to	TO
speak	VB
of	IN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
foolish	JJ
enough	RB
to	TO
pray	VB
for	IN
your	PRP$
innocence	NN
to	TO
be	VB
never-ending	JJ
,	,
but	CC
please	VB
,	,
whatever	WDT
hurts	VBZ
you	PRP
may	MD
encounter	VB
do	VB
not	RB
let	VB
yourself	PRP
react	VB
like	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
and	CC
become	VB
like	IN
me	PRP
.	.
While	IN
you	PRP
were	VBD
off	RB
safe	JJ
in	IN
your	PRP$
mommy	NN
's	POS
arms	NNS
this	DT
afternoon	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
fighting	VBG
a	DT
desperate	JJ
battle	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
health	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
sanity	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
trying	VBG
to	TO
stop	VB
myself	PRP
from	IN
purging	VBG
,	,
from	IN
slowly	RB
committing	VBG
suicide	NN
.	.
And	CC
you	PRP
know	VBP
what	WP
?	.
You	PRP
were	VBD
my	PRP$
inspiration	NN
.	.
I	PRP
told	VBD
myself	PRP
that	IN
i	FW
wanted	VBD
to	TO
come	VB
to	TO
you	PRP
tonight	RB
and	CC
hold	VB
you	PRP
without	IN
also	RB
holding	VBG
the	DT
heavy	JJ
guilt	NN
of	IN
failure	NN
,	,
of	IN
another	DT
day	NN
wasted	VBN
,	,
another	DT
backwards	RB
step	NN
in	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
And	CC
so	IN
I	PRP
continued	VBD
fighting	VBG
for	IN
all	DT
that	IN
you	PRP
represent	VBP
;	:
for	IN
in	IN
you	PRP
I	PRP
see	VBP
the	DT
future	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
have	VB
if	IN
only	RB
I	PRP
would	MD
choose	VB
life	NN
.	.
Even	RB
as	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
screaming	VBG
in	IN
my	PRP$
arms	NNS
now	RB
because	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
so	RB
tired	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
pray	VBP
that	IN
as	IN
you	PRP
grow	VBP
older	JJR
you	PRP
will	MD
continue	VB
screaming	VBG
.	.
Scream	VB
at	IN
the	DT
magazines	NNS
and	CC
TV	NN
shows	NNS
that	WDT
parade	NN
unnaturally	RB
beautiful	JJ
women	NNS
before	IN
your	PRP$
eyes	NNS
.	.
Scream	VB
at	IN
the	DT
advertisements	NNS
and	CC
commercials	NNS
that	WDT
glorify	VBP
an	DT
unhealthy	JJ
ideal	NN
of	IN
thinness	NN
.	.
Scream	VB
at	IN
the	DT
diet	NN
campaigns	NNS
that	WDT
promote	VBP
weight	NN
loss	NN
as	IN
the	DT
key	NN
to	TO
happiness	NN
.	.
Scream	VB
at	IN
a	DT
society	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
horribly	RB
,	,
dangerously	RB
,	,
disillusioned	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
hope	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
you	PRP
will	MD
fight	VB
against	IN
these	DT
things	NNS
as	IN
hard	JJ
as	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
fighting	VBG
against	IN
the	DT
sleep	NN
that	WDT
your	PRP$
tiny	JJ
body	NN
so	RB
desperately	RB
craves	VBZ
.	.
Sleep	VB
is	VBZ
about	IN
to	TO
overtake	VB
you	PRP
now	RB
.	.
Your	PRP$
eyelids	NNS
are	VBP
growing	VBG
heavier	JJR
and	CC
staying	VBG
closed	JJ
longer	RBR
before	IN
popping	VBG
open	JJ
for	IN
one	CD
last	JJ
look	NN
at	IN
the	DT
world	NN
as	IN
you	PRP
see	VBP
it	PRP
.	.
Your	PRP$
tiny	JJ
pink	JJ
mouth	NN
opens	VBZ
wide	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
yawn	NN
before	IN
closing	VBG
around	RB
your	PRP$
thumb	NN
,	,
effectively	RB
replacing	VBG
your	PRP$
shrieks	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
comforting	JJ
sound	NN
of	IN
sucking	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
smile	VBP
a	DT
painful	JJ
smile	NN
at	IN
the	DT
irony	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
all	DT
for	IN
sleep	NN
has	VBZ
overtaken	VBN
you	PRP
like	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
has	VBZ
overtaken	VBN
me	PRP
.	.
Before	IN
you	PRP
even	RB
existed	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
dream	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
crying	VBG
out	RP
,	,
screaming	VBG
for	IN
attention	NN
,	,
for	IN
release	NN
from	IN
a	DT
mindless	JJ
existence-except	JJ
no	DT
one	NN
heard	VBD
me	PRP
.	.
But	CC
wait-someone	NN
did	VBD
hear	VB
me	PRP
.	.
Society	NNP
heard	VBD
me	PRP
and	CC
slyly	RB
promised	VBD
me	PRP
happiness	NN
in	IN
exchange	NN
for	IN
losing	VBG
a	DT
couple	NN
of	IN
pounds	NNS
.	.
Slowly	RB
,	,
subtly	RB
,	,
while	IN
I	PRP
ate	VBD
lies	NNS
and	CC
lost	VBD
weight	NN
,	,
while	IN
I	PRP
gained	VBD
a	DT
thinner	JJR
body	NN
and	CC
lost	VBD
my	PRP$
health	NN
,	,
while	IN
I	PRP
succumed	VBD
to	TO
maddening	JJ
sadness	NN
and	CC
lost	VBD
my	PRP$
laughter	NN
,	,
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
crept	VBD
into	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
and	CC
took	VBD
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
silenced	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
obsession	NN
,	,
the	DT
addiction	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
all	DT
and	CC
I	PRP
became	VBD
one	CD
more	JJR
statistic	NN
in	IN
a	DT
growing	VBG
set	NN
of	IN
numbers	NNS
.	.
Now	RB
I	PRP
am	VBP
fighting	VBG
to	TO
wake	VB
up	RP
,	,
to	TO
shed	VB
this	DT
stupor	NN
of	IN
death	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
eyes	NNS
are	VBP
like	IN
yours	NNS
:	:
sometimes	RB
popping	VBG
wide	JJ
open	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
moment	NN
of	IN
epiphany	NN
but	CC
more	RBR
often	RB
than	IN
not	RB
staying	VBG
closed	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
world	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
too	RB
critical	JJ
,	,
too	RB
demanding	VBG
,	,
too	RB
harsh	JJ
,	,
too	RB
competitive	JJ
,	,
too	RB
thin	JJ
,	,
and	CC
too	RB
big	JJ
all	DT
at	IN
once	RB
.	.
Maybe	RB
soon	RB
or	CC
maybe	RB
not	RB
for	IN
a	DT
while	NN
,	,
but	CC
eventually	RB
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
start	VB
screaming	VBG
again	RB
.	.
And	CC
maybe	RB
soon	RB
or	CC
maybe	RB
not	RB
for	IN
a	DT
while	NN
,	,
but	CC
eventually	RB
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
start	VB
fighting	VBG
again	RB
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
time	NN
comes	VBZ
for	IN
me	PRP
to	TO
scream	VB
and	CC
fight	VB
,	,
know	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
for	IN
you	PRP
,	,
Katie	NNP
Joy	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
millions	NNS
of	IN
other	JJ
innocent	JJ
girls	NNS
like	IN
you	PRP
whom	WP
I	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
screaming	VBG
and	CC
fighting	VBG
for	IN
.	.
Tomorrow	NN
I	PRP
receive	VBP
my	PRP$
30	CD
day	NN
chip	NN
from	IN
Overeater	NNP
's	POS
Anonymous	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
become	VBN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
hated	VBD
when	WRB
I	PRP
walked	VBD
in	IN
to	TO
those	DT
meetings	NNS
months	NNS
ago	RB
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
``	``
those	DT
''	''
with	IN
a	DT
sponsor	NN
and	CC
a	DT
food	NN
plan	NN
and	CC
a	DT
relationship	NN
with	IN
a	DT
higher	JJR
power	NN
.	.
I	PRP
say	VBP
my	PRP$
fight	NN
with	IN
bulimia	NN
started	VBD
10	CD
years	NNS
ago	RB
,	,
but	CC
in	IN
truth	NN
my	PRP$
problems	NNS
with	IN
food	NN
started	VBD
much	RB
earlier	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
remember	VB
as	IN
a	DT
child	NN
throwing	VBG
a	DT
tantrum	NN
if	IN
my	PRP$
dad	NN
ate	VBD
my	PRP$
favorite	JJ
donut	NN
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
dozen	NN
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
tell	VB
you	PRP
one	CD
costume	NN
I	PRP
wore	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
kid	NN
at	IN
Halloween	NNP
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
can	MD
still	RB
see	VB
the	DT
large	JJ
plastic	NN
clear	JJ
bowl	NN
that	IN
me	PRP
put	VBD
the	DT
candy	NN
in	IN
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
remember	VB
sneaking	VBG
in	IN
to	TO
the	DT
kitchen	NN
and	CC
opening	VBG
the	DT
refrigerator	NN
,	,
the	DT
light	NN
hit	VBD
the	DT
bowl	NN
and	CC
all	PDT
the	DT
pretty	JJ
wrappers	NNS
lit	VBD
up	RP
like	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
heaven	NN
.	.
And	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
,	,
food	NN
was	VBD
my	PRP$
heaven	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
hell	NN
and	CC
everything	NN
in	IN
between	IN
.	.
So	RB
,	,
being	VBG
bulimic	JJ
became	VBD
it	PRP
,	,
the	DT
only	JJ
way	NN
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
eat	VB
at	IN
work	NN
and	CC
then	RB
go	VB
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
restrooms	NNS
downtown	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
bums	NNS
were	VBD
to	TO
throw	VB
up	RP
.	.
If	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
find	VB
a	DT
public	JJ
toilet	NN
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
drive	VB
my	PRP$
car	NN
out	IN
to	TO
the	DT
woods	NNS
or	CC
a	DT
vacant	JJ
lot	NN
to	TO
throw	VB
up	RP
.	.
I	PRP
took	VBD
food	NN
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
trash	NN
,	,
took	VBD
food	NN
out	IN
of	IN
people	NNS
's	POS
lunches	NNS
,	,
took	VBD
food	NN
from	IN
other	JJ
people	NNS
's	POS
homes	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
had	VBD
someone	NN
living	NN
with	IN
me	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
drive	VB
30	CD
minutes	NNS
on	IN
my	PRP$
lunch	NN
break	NN
to	TO
my	PRP$
parent	NN
's	POS
house	NN
to	TO
throw	VB
up	RP
since	IN
no	DT
one	NN
was	VBD
home	NN
during	IN
the	DT
day	NN
.	.
Ah	UH
,	,
yes	UH
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*	NN
laxatives	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
tried	VBD
your	PRP$
garden	NN
variety	NN
pill	NN
ones	NNS
but	CC
they	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
cut	VB
it	PRP
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
diagnosed	VBN
with	IN
ulcerative	JJ
colitis	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
bulimia	NN
related	VBN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
sure	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
colonoscopy	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
then	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
got	VBD
very	RB
familar	JJ
with	IN
this	DT
product	NN
.	.
Fast	RB
acting	VBG
and	CC
extremely	RB
powerful	JJ
,	,
even	RB
for	IN
a	DT
medical	JJ
procedure	NN
prep	NN
,	,
only	RB
1\/3	CD
to	TO
1\/2	CD
a	DT
bottle	NN
was	VBD
consumed	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
drinking	VBG
a	DT
bottle	NN
a	DT
day	NN
.	.
And	CC
I	PRP
``	``
liked	VBD
''	''
it	PRP
because	IN
if	IN
you	PRP
had	VBD
n't	RB
thrown	VBN
up	RP
all	PDT
the	DT
food	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
stomach	NN
,	,
this	DT
stuff	NN
would	MD
make	VB
you	PRP
sick	JJ
to	TO
your	PRP$
stomach	NN
.	.
For	IN
a	DT
bulimic	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
win-win	JJ
situation	NN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
in	IN
and	CC
out	IN
of	IN
therapy	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
still	RB
go	VBP
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
dumb	JJ
enough	RB
to	TO
think	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
need	VB
professional	JJ
help	NN
!	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
barely	RB
kept	VBN
myself	PRP
out	RP
on	IN
in-patient	JJ
treatment	NN
but	CC
I	PRP
usually	RB
could	MD
pull	VB
it	PRP
together	RB
for	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
5-6	CD
days	NNS
to	TO
``	``
show	VB
''	''
the	DT
doctors	NNS
I	PRP
was	VBD
trying	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
anemic	JJ
and	CC
covered	VBN
in	IN
ugly	JJ
bruises	NNS
all	DT
over	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
puffy	JJ
sometimes	RB
from	IN
the	DT
laxatives	NNS
which	WDT
made	VBD
me	PRP
want	VB
to	TO
throw	VB
up	RP
and	CC
take	VB
more	JJR
.	.
Every	DT
day	NN
my	PRP$
face	NN
hurt	VBN
so	RB
bad	JJ
because	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
ruining	VBG
my	PRP$
parotid	NN
saliva	NN
glands	NNS
.	.
All	PDT
the	DT
acid	NN
from	IN
throwing	VBG
up	RP
and	CC
then	RB
dehydration	NN
had	VBD
burned	VBN
them	PRP
and	CC
left	VBD
lesions	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
always	RB
had	VBD
an	DT
infection	NN
in	IN
there	RB
and	CC
constantly	RB
ran	VBD
a	DT
low	JJ
grade	NN
fever	NN
.	.
Those	DT
sores	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
saliva	NN
glands	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
ones	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
mouth	NN
could	MD
turn	VB
cancerous	JJ
-	:
a	DT
scare	NN
tactic	NN
shrink	VB
told	VBD
me	PRP
,	,
only	RB
a	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
time	NN
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
late	JJ
stage	NN
terminal	NN
bulimic	JJ
with	IN
31	CD
days	NNS
recovery	NN
.	.
The	DT
lesions	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
damage	NN
to	TO
my	PRP$
saliva	NN
glands	NNS
are	VBP
still	RB
there	RB
and	CC
I	PRP
never	RB
followed	VBD
up	RP
on	IN
the	DT
tests	NNS
for	IN
my	PRP$
heart	NN
.	.
It	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
quite	RB
awhile	RB
before	IN
I	PRP
know	VBP
the	DT
extent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
permanent	JJ
damage	NN
I	PRP
've	VBP
done	VBN
to	TO
myself	PRP
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
electrolytes	NNS
,	,
metabolism	NN
,	,
being	VBG
able	JJ
to	TO
get	VB
pregnant	JJ
,	,
heart	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
Funny	JJ
thing	NN
about	IN
recovery	NN
-	:
I	PRP
was	VBD
terrified	VBN
of	IN
gaining	VBG
weight	NN
if	IN
I	PRP
followed	VBD
a	DT
food	NN
plan	NN
and	CC
had	VBD
an	DT
excercise	NN
limit	NN
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
weigh	VBP
less	JJR
now	RB
than	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
at	IN
the	DT
height	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
disease	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
sponsor	NN
is	VBZ
thinking	VBG
about	IN
adding	VBG
more	JJR
food	NN
so	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
get	VB
too	RB
thin	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
body	NN
looks	VBZ
so	RB
much	RB
better	JJR
-	:
stronger	JJR
,	,
healthier	RBR
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
honestly	RB
say	VB
I	PRP
would	MD
n't	RB
trade	VB
this	DT
last	JJ
month	NN
for	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
10	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
I	PRP
relapse	VBP
and	CC
die	VBP
tomorrow	NN
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
so	RB
thankful	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
had	VBN
this	DT
time	NN
to	TO
feel	VB
clear	JJ
and	CC
to	TO
feel	VB
GOOD	NNP
and	CC
to	TO
start	VB
feeling	VBG
love	NN
.	.
Dude	NNP
,	,
just	RB
to	TO
start	VB
feeling	NN
.	.
Tomorrow	NN
,	,
I	PRP
get	VBP
my	PRP$
30	CD
day	NN
chip	NN
at	IN
Overeater	NNP
's	POS
Anonymous	JJ
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
still	RB
a	DT
late	JJ
stage	NN
terminal	NN
bulimic	JJ
-	:
taking	VBG
it	PRP
one	CD
day	NN
at	IN
a	DT
time	NN
.	.
Trying	VBG
to	TO
make	VB
my	PRP$
life	NN
better	JJR
and	CC
healthier	RBR
and	CC
stronger	JJR
one	CD
day	NN
,	,
one	CD
hour	NN
,	,
one	CD
minute	NN
at	IN
a	DT
time	NN
.	.
You	PRP
tried	VBD
to	TO
kill	VB
me	PRP
last	JJ
Friday	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
hate	VBP
you	PRP
.	.
No	DT
,	,
I	PRP
hate	VBP
me	PRP
,	,
because	IN
I	PRP
almost	RB
allowed	VBD
you	PRP
to	TO
succeed	VB
.	.
God	NNP
,	,
Ana	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
had	VBD
finally	RB
told	VBN
you	PRP
off	RP
,	,
sent	VBN
you	PRP
away	RB
,	,
banished	VBN
you	PRP
from	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
for	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
time	NN
.	.
But	CC
no	DT
of	IN
course	NN
not	RB
-	:
you	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
come	VB
back	RB
,	,
because	IN
you	PRP
knew	VBD
.	.
You	PRP
knew	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
secretely	RB
waiting	VBG
for	IN
you	PRP
,	,
knew	VBD
I	PRP
would	MD
unwilling	JJ
accept	VB
you	PRP
back	RB
with	IN
open	JJ
arms	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
no	RB
longer	RBR
my	PRP$
own	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
used	VBD
me	PRP
against	IN
myself	PRP
-	:
my	PRP$
thoughts	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
n't	RB
allowed	VBN
inside	IN
my	PRP$
head	NN
anymore	RB
,	,
I	PRP
told	VBD
you	PRP
,	,
but	CC
you	PRP
took	VBD
right	RB
over	IN
!	.
I	PRP
hate	VBP
that	DT
.	.
You	PRP
used	VBD
them	PRP
against	IN
me	PRP
too	RB
-	:
their	PRP$
coments	NNS
,	,
my	PRP$
insecurities	NNS
-	:
you	PRP
twisted	VBD
demented	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
security	NN
won	VBD
me	PRP
over	IN
once	RB
again	RB
.	.
I	PRP
let	VBP
you	PRP
in	IN
a	DT
little	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
refused	VBD
to	TO
give	VB
you	PRP
full	JJ
control	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
again	RB
.	.
But	CC
for	IN
you	PRP
,	,
a	DT
little	JJ
is	VBZ
more	JJR
than	IN
enough	RB
.	.
Your	PRP$
weapon	NN
of	IN
choice	NN
this	DT
time	NN
?	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
if	IN
it	PRP
matters	VBZ
-	:
you	PRP
are	VBP
poison	NN
in	IN
any	DT
form	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
diet	NN
pills	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
attacked	VBD
like	IN
never	RB
before	RB
on	IN
Friday	NNP
morning	NN
-	:
leaving	VBG
me	PRP
unable	JJ
to	TO
move	VB
,	,
stand	VB
up	RP
,	,
see	VB
straight	RB
,	,
or	CC
control	VB
my	PRP$
shaking	VBG
and	CC
profuse	JJ
sweating	NN
.	.
You	PRP
paralyzed	VBD
me	PRP
with	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
fear	NN
.	.
You	PRP
tried	VBD
to	TO
kill	VB
,	,
but	CC
Ana	NNP
-	:
YOU	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
die	VB
now	RB
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
had	VBN
enough	JJ
and	CC
this	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
last	JJ
straw	NN
.	.
Get	VB
out	IN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
leave	VBP
me	PRP
alone	RB
.	.
DIE	VB
.	.
I	PRP
hate	VBP
you	PRP
and	CC
I	PRP
will	MD
never	RB
allow	VB
this	DT
again	RB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
done	VBN
with	IN
you	PRP
and	CC
ready	JJ
to	TO
live	VB
my	PRP$
own	JJ
life	NN
-	:
free	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
demons	NNS
known	VBN
as	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
,	,
and	CC
depression	NN
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
place	NN
here	RB
-	:
you	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
welcome	JJ
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
it	PRP
.	.
AS	IN
I	PRP
sit	VBP
here	RB
,	,
approximately	RB
one	CD
hour	NN
before	IN
the	DT
ensuing	VBG
year	NN
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
bombarded	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
urge	NN
for	IN
a	DT
natural	JJ
catharsis	NN
.	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
experience	VB
the	DT
natural	JJ
euphoria	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
non-bulimic\/bulimerxic	JJ
\/	NN
non-confused	JJ
about	IN
eating	VBG
.	.
The	DT
past	JJ
six	CD
months	NNS
qualify	VBP
as	IN
a	DT
fictional	JJ
tale	NN
of	IN
a	DT
talented	JJ
,	,
yet	RB
twisted	VBN
young	JJ
woman	NN
.	.
But	CC
,	,
contrary	JJ
to	TO
what	WP
people	NNS
think	VBP
,	,
I	PRP
know	VBP
the	DT
past	JJ
months	NNS
were	VBD
n't	RB
an	DT
illusion	NN
,	,
a	DT
nightmare	NN
,	,
or	CC
dream	NN
,	,
but	CC
simply	RB
the	DT
reality	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
As	IN
I	PRP
sit	VBP
here	RB
,	,
prepared	JJ
to	TO
welcome	VB
the	DT
new	JJ
year	NN
with	IN
new	JJ
expectations	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
must	MD
admit	VB
that	IN
an	DT
overwhelming	JJ
anxiety	NN
is	VBZ
gripping	VBG
my	PRP$
mind	NN
as	IN
I	PRP
type	NN
this	DT
.	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
change	VB
my	PRP$
horrid	JJ
ways	NNS
!	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
actually	RB
wanted	VBN
to	TO
change	VB
for	IN
the	DT
past	NN
6	CD
months	NNS
,	,
but	CC
somehow	RB
continued	VBD
to	TO
travel	VB
down	RP
the	DT
destructive	JJ
and	CC
all-consuming	JJ
ED	NNP
path	NN
.	.
Every	DT
day	NN
was	VBD
deemed	VBN
,	,
``	``
the	DT
beginning	NN
''	''
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
but	CC
by	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
day	NN
,	,
after	IN
succumbing	VBG
to	TO
lost	VBN
control	NN
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
deemed	VBN
``	``
the	DT
final	JJ
day	NN
that	WDT
concluded	VBD
the	DT
vicious	JJ
cycle	NN
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
guess	VBP
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
fortunate	JJ
enough	RB
to	TO
have	VB
only	RB
endured	VBD
6	CD
months	NNS
of	IN
``	``
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
''	''
hell	NN
,	,
but	CC
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
most	RBS
painful	JJ
and	CC
tragic	JJ
time	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
Fortunately	RB
after	IN
being	VBG
in	IN
intensive	JJ
therapy	NN
for	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
2.5	CD
months	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
can	MD
identify	VB
why	WRB
I	PRP
have	VBP
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
what	WP
triggers	VBZ
my	PRP$
bulimic	JJ
impulses	NNS
,	,
and	CC
cherish	VB
my	PRP$
sincere	JJ
will	NN
to	TO
live	VB
.	.
HOWEVER	NNP
,	,
the	DT
problem	NN
lies	VBZ
in	IN
my	PRP$
inability	NN
to	TO
depart	VB
from	IN
this	DT
addictive	JJ
cycle	NN
I	PRP
created	VBD
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
this	DT
sounds	VBZ
trite	JJ
,	,
but	CC
,	,
my	PRP$
``	``
Mia	NNP
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
bulimia	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
best	JJS
friend	NN
sometimes	RB
!	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
escape	VB
my	PRP$
anxieties	NNS
,	,
fears	NNS
,	,
and	CC
frustrations	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
turn	VBP
to	TO
her\/it	VB
for	IN
temporal	JJ
support	NN
,	,
comfort	NN
,	,
and	CC
understanding	NN
.	.
But	CC
,	,
after	IN
every	DT
encounter	NN
with	IN
her	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
become	VBP
even	RB
more	RBR
entangled	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
life	NN
marred	VBN
by	IN
adolescent	JJ
abandonment	NN
,	,
confusion	NN
,	,
and	CC
depression	NN
.	.
I	PRP
acknowledge	VBP
my	PRP$
dependency	NN
on	IN
bulimia	NN
and	CC
vow	NN
to	TO
change	VB
,	,
but	CC
need	VBP
an	DT
appropriate	JJ
occasion	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
21	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
struggled	VBN
with	IN
self-doubt	NN
,	,
self-hatred	JJ
,	,
starvation	NN
,	,
fear	NN
,	,
alienation	NN
,	,
physical	JJ
pain	NN
,	,
and	CC
mental	JJ
pain	NN
for	IN
almost	RB
6	CD
years	NNS
now	RB
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
in	IN
recovery	NN
for	IN
almost	RB
a	DT
year	NN
now	RB
.	.
And	CC
after	IN
months	NNS
and	CC
months	NNS
of	IN
searching	VBG
for	IN
that	DT
one	CD
big	JJ
break	NN
through	IN
that	DT
would	MD
explain	VB
to	TO
me	PRP
why	WRB
I	PRP
rather	RB
spend	VBP
a	DT
Friday	NNP
night	NN
in	IN
bed	NN
from	IN
exhaustion	NN
or	CC
over	IN
a	DT
toilet	NN
,	,
than	IN
out	RP
with	IN
my	PRP$
friends	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
realize	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
tiniest	JJS
revelations	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
in	IN
your	PRP$
struggle	NN
to	TO
overcome	VB
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
used	VBD
to	TO
spend	VB
hours	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
gym	NN
,	,
or	CC
sitting	VBG
behind	IN
my	PRP$
desk	NN
at	IN
work	NN
constantly	RB
reminding	VBG
myself	PRP
how	WRB
fat	JJ
and	CC
ugly	JJ
and	CC
undeserving	JJ
of	IN
food	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
.	.
Slowly	RB
these	DT
thoughts	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
replaced	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
con	NN
!	.
scious	JJ
effort	NN
to	TO
tell	VB
myself	PRP
something	NN
positive	JJ
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
I	PRP
find	VBP
it	PRP
hard	JJ
to	TO
believe	VB
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
good	JJ
human	JJ
being	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
I	PRP
deserve	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
nourished	VBN
and	CC
energized	VBN
.	.
''	''
``	``
The	DT
world	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
kind	NN
and	CC
loving	JJ
place	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
offer	VB
peace	NN
to	TO
anyone	NN
who	WP
will	MD
embrace	VB
it	PRP
.	.
''	''
``	``
I	PRP
deserve	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
loved	VBN
and	CC
respected	VBN
,	,
most	RBS
importantly	RB
by	IN
myself	PRP
.	.
''	''
Do	VBP
n't	RB
listen	VB
to	TO
what	WP
anybody	NN
else	RB
tells	VBZ
you	PRP
.	.
``	``
You	PRP
look	VBP
great	JJ
.	.
''	''
``	``
How	WRB
did	VBD
you	PRP
do	VBP
it	PRP
?	.
''	''
``	``
You	PRP
're	VBP
way	RB
too	RB
skinny	JJ
.	.
''	''
``	``
Hey	NNP
,	,
you	PRP
look	VBP
anorexic	JJ
!	.
''	''
Their	PRP$
messages	NNS
will	MD
always	RB
be	VB
mixed	JJ
,	,
and	CC
you	PRP
will	MD
never	RB
get	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
answer	NN
from	IN
everybody	NN
.	.
Listen	VB
to	TO
your	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
Listen	VB
to	TO
how	WRB
it	PRP
aches	VBZ
,	,
and	CC
cries	VBZ
,	,
and	CC
longs	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
protected	VBN
and	CC
cherished	VBN
.	.
Recognize	VB
how	WRB
your	PRP$
mind	NN
is	VBZ
tired	VBN
from	IN
racing	VBG
around	RP
in	IN
circles	NNS
day	NN
in	IN
and	CC
day	NN
out	RB
.	.
You	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
work	VB
or	CC
study	VB
because	IN
you	PRP
feel	VBP
the	DT
way	NN
your	PRP$
stomach	NN
touches	NNS
your	PRP$
shirt	NN
and	CC
the	DT
way	NN
your	PRP$
socks	NNS
fit	VBP
around	RP
your	PRP$
ankles	NNS
.	.
And	CC
you	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
sleep	VB
because	IN
your	PRP$
body	NN
is	VBZ
writhing	VBG
in	IN
pain	NN
.	.
Everyday	JJ
,	,
work	NN
harder	RBR
and	CC
harder	RBR
to	TO
be	VB
kind	NN
to	TO
yourself	PRP
the	DT
way	NN
you	PRP
are	VBP
to	TO
everyone	NN
else	RB
in	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
You	PRP
say	VBP
you	PRP
are	VBP
my	PRP$
best	JJS
friend	NN
,	,
but	CC
how	WRB
can	MD
that	WDT
be	VB
?	.
A	DT
best	JJS
friend	NN
is	VBZ
always	RB
there	RB
when	WRB
you	PRP
need	VBP
them	PRP
,	,
always	RB
knows	VBZ
how	WRB
you	PRP
're	VBP
feeling	VBG
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
cheer	VB
you	PRP
up	RP
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
always	RB
talk	VB
to	TO
them	PRP
and	CC
know	VB
they	PRP
will	MD
understand	VB
,	,
but	CC
best	JJS
of	IN
all	DT
,	,
a	DT
best	JJS
friend	NN
would	MD
never	RB
hurt	VB
you	PRP
!	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
true	JJ
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
usually	RB
with	IN
me	PRP
,	,
you	PRP
always	RB
know	VBP
how	WRB
I	PRP
'm	VBP
feeling	NN
,	,
and	CC
you	PRP
're	VBP
always	RB
talking	VBG
to	TO
me	PRP
.	.
But	CC
there	EX
's	VBZ
something	NN
about	IN
you	PRP
Ana	NNP
,	,
how	WRB
I	PRP
know	VBP
your	PRP$
not	RB
good	JJ
for	IN
me	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
with	IN
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
trying	VBG
to	TO
hurt	VB
me	PRP
!	.
Sure	RB
,	,
you	PRP
tell	VBP
me	PRP
you	PRP
're	VBP
only	RB
helping	VBG
me	PRP
,	,
and	CC
i	FW
listened	VBD
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
listened	VBD
to	TO
only	RB
you	PRP
!	.
But	CC
why	WRB
are	VBP
you	PRP
trying	VBG
to	TO
hurt	VB
me	PRP
?	.
How	WRB
can	MD
i	FW
know	VBP
you	PRP
are	VBP
bad	JJ
for	IN
me	PRP
,	,
but	CC
i	FW
cant	FW
get	VB
away	RB
from	IN
you	PRP
?	.
Today	NN
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
true	JJ
time	NN
I	PRP
admitted	VBD
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
problem	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
problem	NN
is	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
thing	NN
inside	IN
me	PRP
that	IN
everyday	JJ
tells	VBZ
me	PRP
I	PRP
am	VBP
no	DT
good	JJ
,	,
makes	VBZ
me	PRP
feel	VB
insecure	RB
,	,
unhappy	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
like	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
anything	NN
anymore	RB
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
sure	JJ
of	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
really	RB
look	VBP
like	IN
,	,
how	WRB
good	JJ
I	PRP
am	VBP
at	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
do	VBP
,	,
whether	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
chance	NN
.	.
People	NNS
tell	VBP
me	PRP
different	JJ
things	NNS
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
who	WP
to	TO
believe	VB
.	.
Sometimes	RB
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
even	RB
sure	JJ
I	PRP
am	VBP
!	.
I	PRP
go	VBP
to	TO
my	PRP$
physciatrist	NN
who	WP
one	CD
week	NN
is	VBZ
telling	VBG
me	PRP
I	PRP
'm	VBP
killing	VBG
myself	PRP
,	,
another	DT
she	PRP
says	VBZ
`	``
you	PRP
know	VBP
you	PRP
have	VBP
n't	RB
actually	RB
been	VBN
anorexic	JJ
,	,
just	RB
showed	VBD
severe	JJ
signs	NNS
'	POS
.	.
What	WP
does	VBZ
that	IN
mean	VB
?	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
sentences	NNS
I	PRP
have	VBP
written	VBN
and	CC
deleted	VBN
,	,
because	IN
saying	VBG
them	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
me	PRP
saying	VBG
them	PRP
,	,
not	RB
the	DT
person	NN
I	PRP
am	VBP
now	RB
.	.
That	DT
's	VBZ
my	PRP$
illness	NN
talking	VBG
.	.
Bizarre	JJ
!	.
But	CC
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
point	NN
in	IN
hiding	VBG
the	DT
truth	NN
,	,
especially	RB
if	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
kidding	VBG
yourself	PRP
.	.
The	DT
person	NN
you	PRP
can	MD
hurt	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
is	VBZ
you	PRP
.	.
Your	PRP$
greatest	JJS
friend	NN
can	MD
be	VB
you	PRP
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
let	VBP
yourself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
why	WRB
I	PRP
am	VBP
like	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
.	.
Some	DT
days	NNS
I	PRP
can	MD
answer	VB
,	,
because	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
me	PRP
!	.
All	PDT
this	DT
is	VBZ
going	VBG
to	TO
get	VB
me	PRP
somewhere	RB
,	,
teach	VB
me	PRP
something	NN
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
that	DT
thing	NN
is	VBZ
how	WRB
to	TO
love	VB
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
that	DT
.	.
Lots	NNS
of	IN
me	PRP
is	VBZ
telling	VBG
me	PRP
not	RB
toaccept	JJ
that	IN
,	,
but	CC
by	IN
writing	VBG
it	PRP
I	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
meaning	VBG
it	PRP
somehow	RB
.	.
I	PRP
always	RB
say	VBP
what	WP
I	PRP
mean	VBP
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
spur	VB
of	IN
the	DT
moment	NN
,	,
because	IN
that	DT
's	VBZ
what	WP
I	PRP
mean	VBP
at	IN
that	DT
particular	JJ
moment	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
!	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
find	VBP
it	PRP
hard	JJ
to	TO
follow	VB
my	PRP$
own	JJ
advice	NN
,	,
so	RB
sometimes	RB
its	PRP$
better	JJR
to	TO
ignore	VB
me	PRP
when	WRB
I	PRP
give	VBP
advice	NN
to	TO
others	NNS
.	.
That	DT
's	VBZ
your	PRP$
desision	NN
.	.
All	DT
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
say	VB
is	VBZ
talk	VB
to	TO
people	NNS
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
suffer	VB
alone	RB
,	,
in	IN
silence	NN
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
entitled	VBN
to	TO
tell	VB
people	NNS
how	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
feeling	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
found	VBN
some	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
closest	JJS
friends	NNS
,	,
who	WP
just	RB
listen	VBP
when	WRB
I	PRP
need	VBP
them	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
they	PRP
are	VBP
there	RB
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
Sometimes	RB
just	RB
knowing	VBG
that	IN
helps	VBZ
.	.
Your	PRP$
black	JJ
cloud	NN
no	RB
longer	RB
looms	VBZ
over	IN
me	PRP
.	.
Trying	VBG
desperately	RB
to	TO
break	VB
my	PRP$
spirit	NN
and	CC
abolish	VB
my	PRP$
dreams	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
life	NN
.	.
You	PRP
,	,
the	DT
evil	NN
and	CC
powerful	JJ
demon	NN
inside	IN
my	PRP$
mind	NN
.	.
You	PRP
demean	VBP
me	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
tell	VBP
me	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
fat	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
no	DT
good	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
must	MD
die	VB
and	CC
you	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
let	VB
me	PRP
live	VB
.	.
Why	WRB
do	VBP
you	PRP
say	VB
such	JJ
hurtful	JJ
things	NNS
?	.
Upsetting	VBG
my	PRP$
soul	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
poor	JJ
heart	NN
cries	VBZ
out	RP
.	.
It	PRP
hurts	VBZ
;	:
you	PRP
hurt	VBP
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
trying	VBG
to	TO
fight	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
all	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
might	NN
.	.
That	DT
's	VBZ
what	WP
my	PRP$
therapist	NN
says	VBZ
I	PRP
should	MD
do	VB
.	.
Well	RB
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
telling	VBG
you	PRP
,	,
``	``
NO	UH
''	''
,	,
none	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
evil	JJ
words	NNS
are	VBP
true	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
empowered	VBN
with	IN
strentgh	JJ
and	CC
love	NN
.	.
You	PRP
know	VBP
nothing	NN
about	IN
love	NN
,	,
only	RB
hate	NN
.	.
Guess	VB
what	WP
?	.
You	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
hurt	VB
me	PRP
anymore	RB
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
worthwhile	JJ
person	NN
with	IN
so	RB
many	JJ
desirable	JJ
qualities	NNS
and	CC
you	PRP
,	,
my	PRP$
nasty	JJ
combatant	NN
,	,
can	MD
not	RB
change	VB
that	DT
.	.
Not	RB
with	IN
anything	NN
you	PRP
say	VBP
or	CC
do	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
slamming	VBG
the	DT
door	NN
on	IN
that	DT
part	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
past	NN
with	IN
my	PRP$
other	JJ
nasty	JJ
memories	NNS
.	.
That	DT
's	VBZ
right	RB
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
nothing	NN
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
memory	NN
to	TO
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
taking	VBG
control	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
and	CC
you	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
ever	RB
again	RB
tell	VB
me	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
fat	JJ
.	.
Oh	UH
,	,
I	PRP
bet	VBP
you	PRP
're	VBP
just	RB
fuming	VBG
with	IN
rage	NN
.	.
Have	NNP
I	PRP
offended	VBD
you	PRP
in	IN
some	DT
way	NN
?	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
tough	JJ
is	VBZ
n't	RB
it	PRP
,	,
when	WRB
you	PRP
feel	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
control	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
believe	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
capable	JJ
of	IN
feeling	VBG
sadness	NN
,	,
only	RB
for	IN
use	NN
as	IN
a	DT
manipulation	NN
.	.
Now	RB
,	,
you	PRP
should	MD
realize	VB
how	WRB
I	PRP
've	VBP
felt	VBN
all	PDT
these	DT
years	NNS
.	.
Powerless	JJ
,	,
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
,	,
sadness	NN
and	CC
frustration	NN
,	,
to	TO
name	VB
a	DT
few	JJ
.	.
Listen	VB
carefully	RB
to	TO
what	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
saying	VBG
,	,
``	``
I	PRP
am	VBP
taking	VBG
over	RP
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
not	RB
yours	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
nothing	NN
but	CC
the	DT
filth	NN
that	WDT
builds	VBZ
up	RP
around	IN
the	DT
bottom	NN
of	IN
a	DT
toilet	NN
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
will	MD
fight	VB
this	DT
tooth	NN
and	CC
nail	NN
.	.
Go	VB
ahead	RB
,	,
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
scare	VB
me	PRP
anymore	RB
and	CC
I	PRP
assure	VBP
you	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
win	VB
this	DT
fight	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
taken	VBN
me	PRP
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
time	NN
to	TO
see	VB
that	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
special	JJ
gift	NN
.	.
That	DT
I	PRP
am	VBP
special	JJ
.	.
So	RB
,	,
try	VB
and	CC
try	VB
with	IN
all	DT
that	IN
you	PRP
've	VBP
got	VBN
because	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
free	JJ
from	IN
your	PRP$
spell	NN
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
I	PRP
choose	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
free	JJ
.	.
By	IN
chance	NN
,	,
extremely	RB
random	JJ
chance	NN
,	,
I	PRP
discovered	VBD
that	IN
my	PRP$
sister	NN
has	VBZ
also	RB
been	VBN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Website	NNP
.	.
ALthough	IN
,	,
perhaps	RB
due	JJ
to	TO
age	NN
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
admittedly	RB
been	VBN
a	DT
member	NN
far	RB
longer	RBR
than	IN
my	PRP$
sister	NN
has	VBZ
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
extremely	RB
comforting	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
out	RP
that	IN
my	PRP$
sister	NN
,	,
too	RB
,	,
has	VBZ
finally	RB
sought	VBN
out	RP
her	PRP$
own	JJ
sources	NNS
of	IN
help	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
key	NN
here	RB
is	VBZ
:	:
her	PRP$
own	JJ
sources	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
SO	RB
in	IN
light	NN
of	IN
this	DT
recent	JJ
discovery	NN
I	PRP
thought	VBD
it	PRP
appropriate	JJ
that	IN
I	PRP
share	VBP
a	DT
personal	JJ
essay	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
written	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
composition	NN
class	NN
at	IN
Vassar	NNP
College	NNP
with	IN
my	PRP$
sister	NN
--	:
After	IN
sharing	VBG
the	DT
work	NN
with	IN
my	PRP$
sister	NN
I	PRP
thought	VBD
inspired	VBN
to	TO
share	VB
it	PRP
with	IN
the	DT
site	NN
.	.
I	PRP
hope	VBP
it	PRP
offers	VBZ
help	NN
to	TO
anyone	NN
who	WP
may	MD
need	VB
it	PRP
.	.
The	DT
music	NN
stops	VBZ
blaring	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
moment	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
hear	VBP
the	DT
click	NN
of	IN
the	DT
lock	NN
.	.
From	IN
upstairs	NN
in	IN
her	PRP$
bedroom	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
sister	NN
's	POS
voice	NN
rings	VBZ
out	RP
with	IN
agitation	NN
What	WP
?	.
What	WP
?	.
What	WP
?	.
My	PRP$
mother	NN
knows	VBZ
by	IN
now	RB
that	DT
to	TO
expect	VB
a	DT
coherent	JJ
,	,
responsive	JJ
answer	NN
from	IN
my	PRP$
sister	NN
is	VBZ
futile	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
mother	NN
asks	VBZ
her	PRP$
if	IN
she	PRP
wants	VBZ
raviolis	NNS
for	IN
dinner	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
maybe	RB
she	PRP
asks	VBZ
her	PRP$
if	IN
she	PRP
needs	VBZ
help	NN
on	IN
her	PRP$
math	NN
assignment	NN
or	CC
if	IN
she	PRP
needs	VBZ
a	DT
ride	NN
home	NN
from	IN
school	NN
tomorrow	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
but	CC
only	RB
the	DT
music	NN
responds	VBZ
,	,
answering	VBG
my	PRP$
mother	NN
with	IN
ambivalence	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
sister	NN
dances	NNS
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
mirrors	VBZ
aware	JJ
of	IN
her	PRP$
reflection	NN
.	.
Her	PRP$
blonde	JJ
hair	NN
hangs	VBZ
loose	JJ
against	IN
her	PRP$
shoulders	NNS
,	,
emphasizing	VBG
the	DT
bony	NN
,	,
almost	RB
too	RB
bony	JJ
structure	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
Her	PRP$
eyes	NNS
are	VBP
brown	JJ
but	CC
in	IN
certain	JJ
light	NN
they	PRP
transform	VBP
to	TO
green	JJ
,	,
turning	VBG
her	PRP$
into	IN
an	DT
alluring	JJ
cat-like	JJ
creature	NN
.	.
Her	PRP$
arms	NNS
evaporate	VB
into	IN
air	NN
with	IN
precise	JJ
rhythmic	JJ
motions	NNS
.	.
And	CC
she	PRP
watches	VBZ
herself	PRP
dance	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
dance	NN
and	CC
dance	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
until	IN
streams	NNS
of	IN
salty	NN
water	NN
run	VB
down	RB
her	PRP$
cheeks	NNS
and	CC
arms	NNS
and	CC
legs	NNS
.	.
Upstairs	RB
the	DT
music	NN
stops	VBZ
blaring	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
moment	NN
,	,
again	RB
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
hear	VBP
the	DT
door	NN
unlock	VBP
.	.
Shut	VBN
UP	RP
!	.
Shuuuut	NNP
uP	NNP
!	.
I	PRP
ask	VBP
her	PRP
to	TO
turn	VB
the	DT
music	NN
off	RP
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
I	PRP
tell	VBP
her	PRP$
she	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
dance	VB
or	CC
that	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
fat	JJ
and	CC
rather	RB
ugly	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
She	PRP
stands	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
stairway	NN
looking	VBG
down	RP
at	IN
me	PRP
.	.
Her	PRP$
stomach	NN
shows	VBZ
below	IN
her	PRP$
light	JJ
blue	JJ
tank	NN
top	NN
.	.
Shadows	NNS
darken	VBP
her	PRP$
body	NN
where	WRB
her	PRP$
bones	NNS
indent	VBP
.	.
Pale	NNP
shades	NNS
of	IN
pink	JJ
contor	NN
the	DT
region	NN
below	IN
her	PRP$
cheekbone	NN
.	.
Her	PRP$
skin	NN
is	VBZ
almost	RB
transparent	JJ
.	.
The	DT
corners	NNS
of	IN
her	PRP$
eyes	NNS
crinkle	VBP
when	WRB
I	PRP
look	VBP
at	IN
her	PRP
.	.
My	PRP$
sister	NN
is	VBZ
sixteen	CD
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
tall	JJ
silhouette	NN
that	WDT
walks	VBZ
,	,
talks	NNS
,	,
and	CC
on	IN
occasion	NN
eats	VBZ
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
kitchen	NN
table	NN
she	PRP
sits	VBZ
poking	VBG
at	IN
her	PRP$
food	NN
.	.
Blonde	JJ
strands	NNS
of	IN
hair	NN
hide	VB
her	PRP$
eyes	NNS
.	.
No	DT
sauce	NN
.	.
I	PRP
SAID	VBD
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
want	VB
sauce	NN
on	IN
them	PRP
!	.
My	PRP$
mother	NN
serves	VBZ
dinner	NN
and	CC
we	PRP
eat	VBP
together	RB
.	.
My	PRP$
mother	NN
talks	NNS
about	IN
her	PRP
day	NN
at	IN
work	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
about	IN
my	PRP$
grandfather	NN
's	POS
health	NN
or	CC
my	PRP$
father	NN
's	POS
new	JJ
girlfriend	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
I	PRP
watch	VBP
my	PRP$
sister	NN
.	.
She	PRP
concentrates	VBZ
on	IN
removing	VBG
the	DT
ricotta	NN
from	IN
the	DT
ravioli	NNS
shells	NNS
.	.
At	IN
college	NN
I	PRP
receive	VBP
a	DT
call	NN
from	IN
my	PRP$
mother	NN
.	.
She	PRP
tells	VBZ
me	PRP
that	IN
my	PRP$
sister	NN
is	VBZ
gaining	VBG
weight	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
that	IN
my	PRP$
sister	NN
is	VBZ
losing	VBG
weight	NN
or	CC
that	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
seeing	VBG
a	DT
counselor	NN
now	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
lay	VBD
on	IN
my	PRP$
bed	NN
,	,
allowing	VBG
the	DT
phone	NN
to	TO
rest	VB
on	IN
a	DT
pillow	NN
next	IN
to	TO
my	PRP$
head	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
mother	NN
should	MD
know	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
receive	VB
calls	NNS
before	IN
noon	NN
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
frame	NN
on	IN
the	DT
desk	NN
next	IN
to	TO
my	PRP$
bed	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
picture	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
sister	NN
,	,
the	DT
only	JJ
picture	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
I	PRP
have	VBP
with	IN
me	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
wears	VBZ
the	DT
blue	NN
tank	NN
top	NN
,	,
the	DT
same	JJ
one	CD
she	PRP
dances	NNS
in	IN
,	,
and	CC
form-fitting	JJ
pants	NNS
:	:
white	JJ
with	IN
blue	JJ
flowers	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
faces	VBZ
away	RB
from	IN
the	DT
camera	NN
,	,
unaware	JJ
of	IN
me	PRP
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
mirror	NN
her	PRP$
lips	NNS
pucker	VB
.	.
Her	PRP$
arms	NNS
,	,
bent	NN
at	IN
the	DT
elbows	NNS
,	,
rest	NN
on	IN
her	PRP$
hips	NNS
.	.
Get	VB
out	IN
of	IN
here	RB
NOW	RB
!	.
What	WP
are	VBP
you	PRP
doing	VBG
?	.
I	PRP
talk	VBP
to	TO
my	PRP$
mother	NN
for	IN
some	DT
time	NN
.	.
I	PRP
express	VBP
my	PRP$
desires	NNS
,	,
hopes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
fears	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
understand	VB
my	PRP$
witty	JJ
remarks	NNS
and	CC
I	PRP
feel	VBP
my	PRP$
intelligence	NN
draining	VBG
the	DT
phone	NN
waves	NNS
.	.
Static	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
remember	VBP
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
not	RB
paid	VBN
my	PRP$
cell	NN
phone	NN
bill	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
nine	CD
dollars	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
checking	NN
account	NN
.	.
A	DT
moment	NN
later	RB
we	PRP
hang	VBP
up	RP
.	.
I	PRP
toss	VBP
the	DT
phone	NN
on	IN
my	PRP$
bed	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
sister	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
.	.
She	PRP
plays	VBZ
field	NN
hockey	NN
and	CC
takes	VBZ
standardized	JJ
testing	NN
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
learning	VBG
to	TO
drive	VB
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
popular	JJ
and	CC
has	VBZ
many	JJ
friends	NNS
,	,
or	CC
at	IN
least	JJS
it	PRP
appears	VBZ
this	DT
way	NN
.	.
Her	PRP$
best	JJS
friend	NN
,	,
Scott	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
not	RB
her	PRP$
boyfriend	NN
or	CC
so	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
told	VBN
.	.
He	PRP
's	VBZ
just	RB
my	PRP$
friend	NN
,	,
Leeanne	NNP
.	.
Ugh	NN
!	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
only	RB
friends	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
talk	VB
about	IN
sex	NN
.	.
The	DT
October	NNP
air	NN
is	VBZ
crisp	JJ
and	CC
a	DT
blanket	NN
of	IN
brown	JJ
,	,
red	JJ
,	,
and	CC
gold	NN
leaves	VBZ
temporarily	RB
warms	VBZ
the	DT
ground	NN
.	.
The	DT
smell	NN
is	VBZ
pungent	JJ
and	CC
reminiscent	JJ
of	IN
something	NN
I	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
procure	VB
from	IN
memory	NN
.	.
I	PRP
place	VBP
a	DT
cigarette	NN
between	IN
my	PRP$
lips	NNS
and	CC
light	JJ
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
remember	VBP
.	.
Germany	NNP
,	,
early	JJ
summer	NN
mornings	NNS
,	,
cold	JJ
air	NN
against	IN
my	PRP$
face	NN
as	IN
I	PRP
ride	VBP
to	TO
class	NN
through	IN
town	NN
on	IN
a	DT
ten	CD
speed	NN
bike	NN
.	.
The	DT
summer	NN
before	IN
last	JJ
I	PRP
studied	VBD
in	IN
Germany	NNP
.	.
My	PRP$
sister	NN
spent	VBD
the	DT
summer	NN
at	IN
home	NN
in	IN
Massachusetts	NNP
with	IN
my	PRP$
mother	NN
.	.
In	IN
late	JJ
July	NNP
,	,
when	WRB
I	PRP
returned	VBD
,	,
my	PRP$
sister	NN
tramped	VBD
around	IN
the	DT
backyard	NN
in	IN
her	PRP$
two	CD
piece	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
I	PRP
look	VBP
fat	JJ
?	.
Mom	NN
,	,
Leeanne	NNP
says	VBZ
I	PRP
'm	VBP
fat	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
fit	VB
into	IN
her	PRP$
clothes	NNS
.	.
Academically	RB
my	PRP$
sister	NN
does	VBZ
well	RB
in	IN
school	NN
,	,
but	CC
like	IN
me	PRP
she	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
hard	JJ
time	NN
listening	VBG
.	.
Attention	NN
deficit	NN
disorder	NN
runs	VBZ
on	IN
my	PRP$
mother	NN
's	POS
side	NN
of	IN
the	DT
family	NN
but	CC
neither	DT
my	PRP$
sister	NN
nor	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
diagnosed	VBN
.	.
My	PRP$
sister	NN
gets	VBZ
headaches	NNS
;	:
my	PRP$
mother	NN
has	VBZ
migraines	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
focus	VB
in	IN
school	NN
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
do	VB
my	PRP$
homework	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
feel	VB
well	RB
today	NN
.	.
Can	MD
I	PRP
stay	VB
home	NN
?	.
The	DT
teacher	NN
is	VBZ
speaking	VBG
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
taking	VBG
notes	NNS
and	CC
making	VBG
eye	NN
contact	NN
with	IN
her	PRP
,	,
but	CC
what	WP
is	VBZ
she	PRP
saying	VBG
?	.
Something	NN
philosophical	JJ
perhaps	RB
.	.
She	PRP
acquaints	VBZ
us	PRP
with	IN
Wittgenstein	NNP
:	:
``	``
One	CD
is	VBZ
unable	JJ
to	TO
notice	VB
something	NN
-	:
because	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
always	RB
before	IN
one	CD
's	POS
eyes	NNS
.	.
''	''
Or	CC
maybe	RB
he	PRP
talks	VBZ
of	IN
Milton	NNP
,	,
of	IN
poetry	NN
and	CC
unrequited	JJ
love	NN
.	.
Chicken	NNP
scratch	NN
in	IN
black	JJ
ink	NN
.	.
I	PRP
doodle	VBP
in	IN
my	PRP$
notebooks	NNS
,	,
so	RB
does	VBZ
my	PRP$
sister	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
name	NN
is	VBZ
inscribed	VBN
in	IN
gold	NN
somewhere	RB
in	IN
my	PRP$
high	JJ
school	NN
.	.
Leeanne	NNP
Nagle	NNP
:	:
Class	NN
of	IN
1998	CD
Most	JJS
All-Around	JJ
Outstanding	JJ
Graduate	NN
.	.
A	DT
duplicated	VBN
plaque	NN
hangs	VBZ
in	IN
my	PRP$
living	NN
room	NN
.	.
Former	JJ
teachers	NNS
remind	VBP
my	PRP$
sister	NN
to	TO
send	VB
their	PRP$
hellos	NNS
to	TO
me	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
perhaps	RB
they	PRP
ask	VB
how	WRB
I	PRP
like	VBP
Vassar	NNP
or	CC
what	WP
my	PRP$
future	NN
plans	NNS
are	VBP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
My	PRP$
sister	NN
clenches	VBZ
her	PRP$
teeth	NNS
,	,
opens	VBZ
her	PRP$
lips	NNS
slowly	RB
and	CC
speaks	VBZ
:	:
Hello	UH
from	IN
X	NNP
,	,
hello	UH
from	IN
Y	NNP
,	,
hello	UH
from	IN
Z.	NNP
She	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
a	DT
liberal	JJ
arts	NNS
college	NN
.	.
Upstairs	RB
in	IN
her	PRP$
bedroom	NN
my	PRP$
sister	NN
is	VBZ
dancing	VBG
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
mirrors	VBZ
.	.
Why	WRB
do	VBP
you	PRP
always	RB
look	VBP
at	IN
yourself	PRP
?	.
Mom	NN
,	,
Leeanne	NNP
is	VBZ
always	RB
looking	VBG
at	IN
herself	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
mirrors	VBZ
.	.
No	DT
,	,
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
look	VB
fat	JJ
.	.
Her	PRP$
shoulder	NN
blades	NNS
protrude	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
count	VB
the	DT
bones	NNS
in	IN
her	PRP$
back	NN
.	.
Her	PRP$
arms	NNS
are	VBP
pale	JJ
and	CC
hang	VB
by	IN
her	PRP$
side	NN
,	,
one	CD
skinnier	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
wrap	VB
my	PRP$
fingers	NNS
around	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Look	VB
at	IN
my	PRP$
muscles	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
no	DT
muscle	NN
.	.
Talk	NN
to	TO
her	PRP
.	.
Talk	NN
to	TO
her	PRP$
?	.
If	IN
you	PRP
talk	VBP
to	TO
nothing	NN
,	,
will	MD
it	PRP
listen	VB
?	.
Can	MD
it	PRP
hear	VB
you	PRP
?	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
looking	VBG
at	IN
dark	JJ
circles	NNS
under	IN
eyes	NNS
,	,
bones	NNS
and	CC
disproportionate	JJ
limbs	NNS
,	,
delicate	JJ
hair	NN
turned	VBD
limp	JJ
and	CC
falling	VBG
out	RP
.	.
Turn	NN
the	DT
music	NN
off	RB
and	CC
she	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
dance	VB
.	.
She	PRP
stares	VBZ
me	PRP
down	RP
and	CC
slams	VBZ
the	DT
door	NN
loudly	RB
;	:
turns	VBZ
the	DT
lock	NN
.	.
The	DT
music	NN
resumes	VBZ
and	CC
she	PRP
dances	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
walk	VBP
downstairs	RB
.	.
Ambivalence	NN
.	.
Upstairs	RB
the	DT
music	NN
is	VBZ
blaring	VBG
.	.
She	PRP
likes	VBZ
pop	NN
music	NN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
read	VBN
her	PRP$
diary	NN
.	.
Upper	NNP
left	VBD
hand	NN
sock	NN
drawer	NN
,	,
shoved	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
back	NN
.	.
Lined	VBN
pages	NNS
bound	VBN
by	IN
pink	JJ
stained	JJ
leather	NN
.	.
Words	NNS
,	,
sentences	NNS
,	,
confessions	NNS
scrawled	VBD
in	IN
ink	NN
and	CC
held	VBN
in	IN
place	NN
by	IN
one	CD
golden	JJ
thread	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
crush	NN
,	,
her	PRP$
father	NN
is	VBZ
mean	JJ
,	,
her	PRP$
mother	NN
overbearing	VBG
,	,
she	PRP
is	VBZ
fat	JJ
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
annoying	JJ
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
n't	RB
my	PRP$
diary	NN
I	PRP
remind	VBP
myself	PRP
and	CC
I	PRP
cover	VBP
it	PRP
with	IN
socks	NNS
and	CC
close	VB
the	DT
drawer	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
sister	NN
.	.
She	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
talk	VB
about	IN
sex	NN
or	CC
drinking	NN
or	CC
drugs	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
too	RB
immature	JJ
for	IN
my	PRP$
friends	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
find	VBP
her	PRP
a	DT
bothersome	JJ
teen	NN
molded	VBN
by	IN
pop	NN
culture	NN
.	.
I	PRP
ask	VBP
her	PRP
to	TO
visit	VB
me	PRP
at	IN
school	NN
and	CC
she	PRP
refuses	VBZ
.	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
drink	VB
with	IN
my	PRP$
sister	NN
and	CC
talk	NN
about	IN
sex	NN
.	.
Another	DT
drink	NN
?	.
Come	VBN
on	IN
.	.
Really	RB
,	,
he	PRP
said	VBD
it	PRP
was	VBD
eight	CD
inches	NNS
?	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
bond	NN
,	,
establish	VB
a	DT
friendship	NN
,	,
but	CC
we	PRP
are	VBP
too	RB
much	JJ
alike	RB
.	.
I	PRP
reach	VBP
my	PRP$
hand	NN
out	RP
to	TO
her	PRP$
but	CC
I	PRP
grab	VBP
my	PRP$
own	JJ
hand	NN
by	IN
mistake	NN
.	.
No	DT
one	NN
listens	VBZ
.	.
Everyone	NN
doodles	NNS
,	,
etching	VBG
side	NN
notes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
margins	NNS
.	.
Things	NNS
to	TO
do	VB
,	,
who	WP
to	TO
call	VB
,	,
a	DT
poem	NN
.	.
Another	DT
breezy	JJ
day	NN
and	CC
outside	IN
the	DT
trees	NNS
are	VBP
rustling	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
listening	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
teacher	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
to	TO
my	PRP$
mother	NN
or	CC
to	TO
myself	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Brown	NNP
eyes	NNS
turning	VBG
green	JJ
;	:
vacant	JJ
eyes	NNS
staring	VBG
at	IN
me	PRP
,	,
drowning	VBG
me	PRP
in	IN
an	DT
emptiness	NN
so	RB
comforting	JJ
and	CC
familiar	JJ
.	.
Listen	VB
.	.
Listen	VB
?	.
I	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
even	RB
listen	VB
to	TO
myself	PRP
.	.
A	DT
memory	NN
.	.
The	DT
rays	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
noon	NN
sun	NN
tickle	VBP
the	DT
corners	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
eyes	NNS
as	IN
I	PRP
sit	VBP
convulsing	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
bathroom	NN
floor	NN
.	.
The	DT
white	JJ
linoleum	NN
tiles	NNS
rub	VBP
cold	JJ
against	IN
my	PRP$
knees	NNS
as	IN
I	PRP
grasp	VBP
my	PRP$
porcelain	NN
goddess	NN
,	,
thanking	VBG
her	PRP$
for	IN
this	DT
opportunity	NN
.	.
The	DT
whiteness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
toilet	NN
seat	NN
reflects	VBZ
my	PRP$
face	NN
.	.
I	PRP
see	VBP
a	DT
girl	NN
with	IN
sad	JJ
,	,
vacant	JJ
eyes	NNS
;	:
eyes	NNS
void	VB
of	IN
passion	NN
.	.
Brown	NNP
eyes	NNS
that	WDT
look	VBP
black	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
hair	NN
,	,
brown	JJ
and	CC
straggly	RB
,	,
droops	VBZ
forward	RB
and	CC
sticks	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
corners	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
mouth	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
overwhelmed	VBN
with	IN
myself	PRP
.	.
The	DT
sun	NN
's	POS
rays	NNS
seep	VBP
through	IN
the	DT
bathroom	NN
window	NN
,	,
elucidating	VBG
the	DT
pink	JJ
that	DT
surrounds	VBZ
me	PRP
:	:
pink	JJ
flowers	NNS
,	,
pink	JJ
shower	VBP
curtain	NN
,	,
pink	JJ
carpet	NN
.	.
I	PRP
grasp	VBP
the	DT
sides	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
toilet	NN
seat	NN
and	CC
lunge	NN
forward	RB
.	.
With	IN
three	CD
fingers	NNS
down	IN
my	PRP$
throat	NN
,	,
I	PRP
vomit	VBP
up	RP
the	DT
remnants	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
lunch	NN
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
toilet	NN
flushes	VBZ
the	DT
remains	NNS
of	IN
tomato	JJ
soup	NN
and	CC
orange	NN
juice	NN
blend	VB
into	IN
a	DT
perfect	JJ
shade	NN
of	IN
pink	JJ
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
stand	VBP
up	RP
the	DT
fluorescent	JJ
light	JJ
flickers	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
look	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
mirror	NN
and	CC
watch	VB
the	DT
drool	JJ
run	NN
slowly	RB
down	IN
my	PRP$
face	NN
before	IN
I	PRP
wipe	VBP
it	PRP
away	RB
.	.
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
whatever	WDT
you	PRP
are	VBP
I	PRP
hate	VBP
you	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
my	PRP$
hangman	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
torture	VBP
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
destroying	VBG
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
Everyday	JJ
you	PRP
make	VBP
my	PRP$
life	NN
so	RB
difficult	JJ
,	,
so	RB
miserable	JJ
and	CC
hard	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
make	VBP
me	PRP
damn	JJ
each	DT
day	NN
,	,
you	PRP
make	VBP
me	PRP
feel	VB
so	RB
stupid	JJ
,	,
addleheaded	JJ
,	,
out	IN
of	IN
my	PRP$
mind	NN
.	.
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
think	VB
,	,
my	PRP$
mind	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
mess	NN
,	,
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
concentrate	VB
,	,
I	PRP
miss	VBP
the	DT
point	NN
.	.
You	PRP
make	VBP
me	PRP
fell	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
control	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
acts	NNS
and	CC
my	PRP$
thoughts	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
that	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
everything	NN
wrong	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
damn	RB
me	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
feel	VBP
guilty	JJ
all	PDT
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
always	RB
nervous	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
desesperate	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
weak	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
tired	JJ
,	,
somedays	NNS
I	PRP
only	RB
want	VBP
to	TO
sleep	VB
,	,
although	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
present	JJ
also	RB
in	IN
my	PRP$
dreams	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
dizzy	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
in	IN
deep	JJ
water	NN
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
deeply	RB
sad	JJ
it	PRP
's	VBZ
awful	JJ
.	.
it	PRP
's	VBZ
scary	JJ
.	.
Persons	NNS
around	IN
me	PRP
think	VBP
that	IN
I	PRP
just	RB
have	VBP
to	TO
try	VB
and	CC
to	TO
clear	VB
my	PRP$
mind	NN
of	IN
strange	JJ
or	CC
negative	JJ
ideas	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
seems	VBZ
so	RB
easy	JJ
,	,
a	DT
thing	NN
of	IN
willpower	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
n't	RB
so	RB
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
tried	VBN
so	RB
many	JJ
times	NNS
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
wreck	NN
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
think	VBP
or	CC
tell	VBP
me	PRP
again	RB
and	CC
again	RB
that	IN
certainly	RB
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
die	VB
and	CC
that	DT
's	VBZ
why	WRB
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
eat	VB
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
n't	RB
so	RB
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
die	VB
I	PRP
just	RB
want	VBP
to	TO
live	VB
without	IN
feeling	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
already	RB
died	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
like	IN
a	DT
zombie	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
my	PRP$
own	JJ
severe	JJ
judge	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
enemy	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
relation	NN
with	IN
food	NN
is	VBZ
so	RB
strange	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
n't	RB
tasty	JJ
anymore	RB
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
eat	VB
,	,
but	CC
...	:
I	PRP
go	VBP
to	TO
therapy	NN
once	RB
a	DT
week	NN
,	,
sometimes	RB
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
go	VB
,	,
I	PRP
avoid	VBP
it	PRP
.	.
Sometimes	RB
I	PRP
regret	VBP
having	VBG
asked	VBN
for	IN
help	NN
and	CC
for	IN
having	VBG
talked	VBN
about	IN
my	PRP$
problem	NN
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
that	IN
everybody	NN
wants	VBZ
to	TO
take	VB
away	RP
something	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
mine	JJ
,	,
that	IN
in	IN
someway	NN
I	PRP
need	VBP
this	DT
,	,
although	IN
I	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
wound	VB
me	PRP
.	.
Mom	NN
,	,
dad	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
sweat	NN
love	NN
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
so	RB
sorry	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
never	RB
wanted	VBD
to	TO
make	VB
you	PRP
pass	VB
through	IN
this	DT
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
never	RB
wanted	VBN
to	TO
hurt	VB
,	,
to	TO
worry	VB
you	PRP
or	CC
to	TO
disillusion	NN
you	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
grateful	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
life	NN
you	PRP
have	VBP
given	VBN
me	PRP
.	.
Thanks	NNS
for	IN
your	PRP$
support	NN
,	,
patience	NN
and	CC
therapy	NN
,	,
medecines	NNS
,	,
all	DT
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
cried	VBN
so	RB
much	RB
for	IN
you	PRP
and	CC
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
Maybe	RB
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
even	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
much	JJ
I	PRP
care	VBP
about	IN
you	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
sorry	JJ
.	.
Imagine	VB
life	NN
with	IN
an	DT
obsession	NN
for	IN
food	NN
.	.
To	TO
not	RB
go	VB
a	DT
single	JJ
day	NN
,	,
a	DT
single	JJ
hour	NN
,	,
a	DT
single	JJ
minute	NN
without	IN
thinking	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
,	,
or	CC
craving	NN
for	IN
it	PRP
.	.
And	CC
then	RB
think	VB
of	IN
how	WRB
you	PRP
should	MD
n't	RB
,	,
how	WRB
you	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
,	,
how	WRB
you	PRP
must	MD
n't	RB
think	VB
of	IN
food	NN
,	,
touch	NN
food	NN
and	CC
worst	JJS
of	IN
all	DT
consume	VBP
it	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
explain	VB
it	PRP
,	,
you	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
rationalise	VB
it	PRP
,	,
you	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
force	VB
yourself	PRP
to	TO
think	VB
about	IN
how	WRB
you	PRP
're	VBP
destroying	VBG
yourself	PRP
,	,
piece	NN
by	IN
piece	NN
,	,
bit	NN
by	IN
bit	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
standing	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
scales	NNS
,	,
slowing	VBG
removing	VBG
piece	NN
by	IN
piece	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
clothing	NN
,	,
unable	JJ
to	TO
stand	VB
the	DT
revulsion	NN
if	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
gained	VBN
,	,
or	CC
even	RB
stayed	VBD
the	DT
same	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
acknowledge	VB
whats	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
mind	NN
,	,
it	PRP
takes	VBZ
on	RP
a	DT
separate	JJ
entity	NN
with	IN
you	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
feel	VB
it	PRP
filling	VBG
this	DT
void	NN
,	,
this	DT
emptiness	NN
inside	IN
you	PRP
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
hurts	VBZ
beyond	IN
belief	NN
to	TO
know	VB
that	IN
no	DT
one	NN
else	RB
can	MD
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
never	RB
felt	VBN
so	RB
alone	RB
,	,
so	RB
worthless	JJ
as	IN
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
listening	VBG
to	TO
it	PRP
's	VBZ
voice	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'd	MD
watch	VB
everyone	NN
else	RB
,	,
urge	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
eat	VB
,	,
feel	VB
triumphant	JJ
when	WRB
they	PRP
ate	VBD
`	``
fat	JJ
'	''
and	CC
when	WRB
I	PRP
ate	VBD
nothing	NN
.	.
I	PRP
got	VBD
lucky	JJ
though	IN
,	,
I	PRP
realized	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
sick	JJ
after	IN
I	PRP
collapsed	VBD
,	,
and	CC
collapsed	VBD
and	CC
collapsed	VBD
.	.
My	PRP$
body	NN
could	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
take	VB
the	DT
pitiful	JJ
amount	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
offering	VBG
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
no	RB
longer	RB
hungry	JJ
,	,
in	IN
a	DT
sense	NN
by	IN
then	RB
I	PRP
no	RB
longer	RBR
existed	VBN
.	.
Nothing	NN
worked	VBD
on	IN
me	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
could	MD
and	CC
would	MD
resist	VB
everything	NN
.	.
I	PRP
became	VBD
a	DT
captive	JJ
,	,
the	DT
bars	NNS
being	VBG
my	PRP$
willpower	NN
,	,
how	WRB
much	JJ
I	PRP
could	MD
forgoe	VB
,	,
how	WRB
much	JJ
I	PRP
could	MD
contain	VB
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
fought	VBD
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
fought	VBD
what	WP
consumed	VBD
me	PRP
and	CC
possessed	VBD
me	PRP
as	IN
hard	JJ
as	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
.	.
I	PRP
'd	MD
cry	VB
at	IN
the	DT
dinner	NN
table	NN
because	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
bring	VB
myself	PRP
to	TO
eat	VB
what	WP
was	VBD
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
me	PRP
.	.
Even	RB
when	WRB
I	PRP
think	VBP
I	PRP
'm	VBP
winning	VBG
,	,
when	WRB
I	PRP
think	VBP
I	PRP
'm	VBP
in	IN
control	NN
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
then	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
ceased	VBD
to	TO
realize	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
need	VBP
food	NN
to	TO
live	VB
.	.
I	PRP
thought	VBD
of	IN
it	PRP
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
restriction	NN
,	,
a	DT
game	NN
with	IN
myself	PRP
that	IN
if	IN
I	PRP
ate	VBD
less	JJR
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
winner	NN
.	.
Now	RB
though	RB
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
a	DT
winner	NN
if	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
hear	VB
the	DT
voice	NN
that	WDT
tells	VBZ
me	PRP
that	IN
and	CC
ignore	VB
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
better	RB
yet	RB
,	,
I	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
better	JJR
until	IN
I	PRP
no	RB
longer	RBR
hear	VB
the	DT
voice	NN
inside	IN
urging	VBG
me	PRP
not	RB
to	TO
eat	VB
,	,
better	JJR
still	RB
when	WRB
I	PRP
acknowledge	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
voice	NN
is	VBZ
me	PRP
,	,
and	CC
best	JJS
when	WRB
I	PRP
no	RB
longer	RBR
think	VB
about	IN
it	PRP
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
'm	VBP
getting	VBG
there	RB
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
days	NNS
when	WRB
I	PRP
feel	VBP
my	PRP$
old	JJ
self	NN
threatening	VBG
to	TO
overwhelm	VB
me	PRP
I	PRP
plow	VBP
on	IN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
escape	VB
my	PRP$
prison	NN
,	,
but	CC
how	WRB
do	VBP
you	PRP
fight	VB
it	PRP
when	WRB
the	DT
prison	NN
is	VBZ
yourself	PRP
?	.
To	TO
all	PDT
those	DT
who	WP
have	VBP
been	VBN
there	RB
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
those	DT
who	WP
will	MD
travel	VB
down	RP
my	PRP$
road	NN
,	,
I	PRP
wish	VBP
you	PRP
luck	NN
.	.
As	IN
far	RB
back	RB
as	IN
i	FW
can	MD
remember	VB
,	,
I	PRP
've	VBP
hated	VBN
how	WRB
I	PRP
look	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
grew	VBD
up	RP
in	IN
dance	NN
competitions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
performances	NNS
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
swithced	VBD
over	IN
to	TO
cheerleading	NN
so	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
always	RB
been	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
social	JJ
spotlight	NN
so	RB
to	TO
speak	VB
.	.
The	DT
pressure	NN
to	TO
be	VB
thin	JJ
has	VBZ
always	RB
been	VBN
amplified	VBN
.	.
There	EX
has	VBZ
always	RB
been	VBN
someone	NN
there	RB
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
I	PRP
knew	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
good	JJ
enough	RB
,	,
talented	JJ
enough	RB
...	:
thin	JJ
enough	JJ
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
memory	NN
of	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
of	IN
being	VBG
humiliated	VBN
because	IN
of	IN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
from	IN
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
about	IN
9	CD
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
at	IN
a	DT
dance	NN
competition	NN
waiting	VBG
to	TO
recieve	VB
my	PRP$
solo	NN
costume	NN
very	RB
last	JJ
minute	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
dance	NN
teacher	NN
came	VBD
over	IN
to	TO
my	PRP$
mother	NN
and	CC
said	VBD
,	,
''	''
I	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
idea	NN
what	WP
this	DT
costume	NN
is	VBZ
going	VBG
to	TO
look	VB
like	IN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
told	VBD
hem	NN
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
it	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
skirt	NN
.	.
She	PRP
needs	VBZ
a	DT
skirt	NN
to	TO
cover	VB
those	DT
legs	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
'd	MD
never	RB
put	VB
her	PRP$
on	IN
a	DT
stage	NN
in	IN
a	DT
bodysuit	NN
without	IN
a	DT
long	RB
enough	RB
skirt	NN
.	.
''	''
And	CC
that	DT
's	VBZ
where	WRB
it	PRP
all	DT
started	VBD
.	.
From	IN
then	RB
on	IN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
always	RB
self-concious	JJ
of	IN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
always	RB
small	JJ
for	IN
my	PRP$
age	NN
.	.
In	IN
eighth	JJ
grade	NN
,	,
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
fat	JJ
cow	NN
.	.
Those	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
comments	NNS
would	MD
pop	VB
up	RP
at	IN
dance	NN
every	DT
now	RB
and	CC
again	RB
,	,
just	RB
often	RB
enough	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
me	PRP
feel	VB
fat	JJ
without	IN
my	PRP$
studio	NN
looking	VBG
bad	JJ
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
eighth	JJ
grade	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
put	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
back	NN
for	IN
all	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
dances	NNS
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
made	VBD
me	PRP
really	RB
depressed	VBD
,	,
so	IN
I	PRP
worked	VBD
hard	JJ
and	CC
got	VBD
much	RB
better	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
went	VBD
on	IN
a	DT
strict	JJ
diet	NN
.	.
The	DT
diet	NN
started	VBD
with	IN
skipping	VBG
breakfast	NN
and	CC
eating	VBG
a	DT
healthy	JJ
lunch	NN
and	CC
dinner	NN
.	.
I	PRP
lost	VBD
a	DT
little	JJ
weight	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
dance	NN
teachers	NNS
suddenly	RB
began	VBD
to	TO
like	VB
me	PRP
more	RBR
.	.
So	IN
I	PRP
stopped	VBD
eating	VBG
breakfast	NN
,	,
lunch	NN
and	CC
snacks	NNS
,	,
and	CC
got	VBD
an	DT
even	RB
more	RBR
positive	JJ
response	NN
from	IN
the	DT
dance	NN
community	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
I	PRP
stopped	VBD
eating	VBG
altogether	RB
.	.
I	PRP
stopped	VBD
getting	VBG
my	PRP$
periods	NNS
,	,
and	CC
my	PRP$
hair	NN
was	VBD
n't	RB
as	IN
shiny	JJ
,	,
but	CC
no	DT
one	NN
noticed	VBD
,	,
because	RB
at	IN
my	PRP$
lowest	JJS
weight	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
still	RB
within	IN
a	DT
healthy	JJ
weight	NN
for	IN
my	PRP$
height	NN
.	.
Miracuosly	NNP
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
year	NN
I	PRP
won	VBD
a	DT
dance	NN
scholarship	NN
at	IN
my	PRP$
studio	NN
and	CC
got	VBD
moved	VBN
up	RB
to	TO
the	DT
highest	JJS
level	NN
...	:
hmm	NN
,	,
I	PRP
wonder	VBP
what	WP
message	NN
this	DT
sent	VBD
me	PRP
.	.
Anyway	RB
,	,
I	PRP
got	VBD
sick	JJ
for	IN
about	IN
6	CD
months	NNS
,	,
with	IN
chronic	JJ
fatigue	NN
syndrome	NN
,	,
and	CC
put	VBD
all	DT
my	PRP$
weight	NN
back	RB
on	IN
and	CC
then	RB
some	DT
.	.
Throughout	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
struggle	NN
with	IN
anorexia	NN
had	VBD
increased	VBN
immensily	RB
,	,
and	CC
cheerleading	NN
has	VBZ
played	VBN
a	DT
big	JJ
part	NN
in	IN
it	PRP
.	.
In	IN
10th	JJ
grade	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
male	JJ
coach	NN
told	VBD
me	PRP
I	PRP
was	VBD
too	RB
heavy	JJ
for	IN
anyone	NN
to	TO
ever	RB
list	VB
me	PRP
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
could	MD
never	RB
be	VB
a	DT
flier	NN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
never	RB
forgotten	VBN
anything	NN
about	IN
that	DT
conversation	NN
.	.
They	PRP
continue	VBP
to	TO
make	VB
me	PRP
feel	VB
fat	JJ
in	IN
small	JJ
ways	NNS
all	PDT
the	DT
time	NN
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
time	NN
either	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
coaches	NNS
praised	VBD
how	WRB
I	PRP
looked	VBD
was	VBD
last	JJ
year	NN
in	IN
the	DT
midst	NN
of	IN
a	DT
bad	JJ
anorexia	NN
relapse	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
taken	VBN
off	RP
my	PRP$
shirt	NN
and	CC
was	VBD
only	RB
wearing	VBG
a	DT
sports	NNS
bra	NN
-	:
the	DT
fact	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
very	RB
thin	JJ
was	VBD
real	JJ
obvious	JJ
-	:
i	FW
remember	VBP
it	PRP
perfectly	RB
.	.
We	PRP
had	VBD
just	RB
finished	VBN
having	VBG
a	DT
lunch	NN
break	NN
,	,
during	IN
which	WDT
I	PRP
ate	VBD
nothing	NN
.	.
I	PRP
stood	VBD
up	RB
and	CC
lifted	VBD
up	RP
my	PRP$
arms	NNS
,	,
making	VBG
my	PRP$
ribs	NNS
stick	VBP
out	RP
more	RBR
,	,
and	CC
my	PRP$
coach	NN
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
You	PRP
look	VBP
good	JJ
,	,
you	PRP
've	VBP
lost	VBN
wieght	NN
have	VBP
n't	RB
you	PRP
.	.
''	''
The	DT
next	JJ
practice	NN
they	PRP
made	VBD
me	PRP
a	DT
flier	NN
,	,
and	CC
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
girls	NNS
lifting	VBG
me	PRP
jokingly	RB
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
Jeez	NNP
you	PRP
're	VBP
heavy	JJ
-	:
go	VB
on	IN
a	DT
water	NN
diet	NN
-	:
no	RB
more	RBR
eating	JJ
until	IN
after	IN
the	DT
competition	NN
.	.
''	''
Of	IN
course	NN
,	,
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
take	VB
it	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
joke	NN
.	.
So	IN
I	PRP
go	VBP
back	RB
and	CC
forth	RB
now	RB
,	,
from	IN
normal	JJ
to	TO
anorexic	JJ
,	,
on	IN
and	CC
off	IN
,	,
from	IN
month	NN
to	TO
month	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
anorexic	JJ
months	NNS
have	VBP
starting	VBG
to	TO
greatly	RB
out	IN
number	NN
my	PRP$
normal	JJ
ones	NNS
.	.
Im	NNP
starting	VBG
to	TO
wonder	VB
if	IN
i	FW
'll	MD
ever	RB
get	VB
better	JJR
.	.
And	CC
to	TO
think	VB
this	DT
whole	JJ
thing	NN
happened	VBD
because	IN
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
make	VB
them	PRP
all	DT
happy	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
hope	VBP
their	PRP$
smiling	VBG
now	RB
,	,
because	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
think	VB
I	PRP
remember	VBP
how	WRB
.	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
wake	VB
up	RP
everyday	JJ
and	CC
rejoice	VB
in	IN
my	PRP$
independence	NN
and	CC
individuality	NN
--	:
and	CC
relish	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
though	IN
of	IN
finally	RB
feeling	VBG
the	DT
confidence	NN
that	WDT
comes	VBZ
with	IN
knowing	VBG
I	PRP
have	VBP
conquered	VBN
this	DT
``	``
thing	NN
''	''
--	:
though	RB
,	,
not	RB
without	IN
humbling	JJ
myself	PRP
with	IN
the	DT
reminder	NN
of	IN
`	``
how	WRB
and	CC
why	WRB
'	''
it	PRP
all	DT
works	NNS
:	:
hard	JJ
work	NN
and	CC
discipline	NN
.	.
Right	RB
?	.
I	PRP
woke	VBD
up	RP
bloated	JJ
,	,
so	RB
on	IN
top	NN
of	IN
that	IN
I	PRP
feel	VBP
stuffed	VBN
.	.
My	PRP$
stomach	NN
feels	VBZ
like	IN
an	DT
added	VBN
growth	NN
on	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
that	IN
gets	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
way	NN
every	DT
move	NN
or	CC
thought	NN
I	PRP
make	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
stop	VB
thinking	VBG
about	IN
how	WRB
much	JJ
I	PRP
hate	VBP
my	PRP$
body	NN
,	,
how	WRB
disgusting	JJ
it	PRP
is	VBZ
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
much	JJ
work	NN
it	PRP
will	MD
take	VB
to	TO
change	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Just	RB
yesterday	NN
I	PRP
started	VBD
my	PRP$
whole	JJ
life	NN
over	IN
.	.
I	PRP
exercised	VBD
for	IN
four	CD
hours	NNS
and	CC
did	VBD
not	RB
binge	NN
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
it	PRP
all	DT
planned	VBN
out	RP
how	WRB
I	PRP
could	MD
lose	VB
a	DT
whole	JJ
lot	NN
of	IN
weight	NN
in	IN
just	RB
twenty-three	CD
days	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
only	RB
would	MD
have	VB
had	VBN
to	TO
exercise	VB
nine	CD
hours	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
.	.
I	PRP
lie	VBP
to	TO
myself	PRP
constantly	RB
.	.
I	PRP
live	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
make	NN
believe	VBP
world	NN
.	.
This	DT
new	JJ
life	NN
was	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
make	VB
me	PRP
beautiful	JJ
again	RB
and	CC
happy	JJ
.	.
Right	RB
now	RB
I	PRP
am	VBP
in	IN
about	IN
my	PRP$
fifth	JJ
to	TO
eigth	JJ
year	NN
in	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
I	PRP
ever	RB
vomited	VBD
to	TO
purge	VB
was	VBD
about	IN
five	CD
years	NNS
ago	RB
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
looked	VBD
at	IN
me	PRP
you	PRP
could	MD
never	RB
tell	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
practicing	VBG
bulemic	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
only	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
pounds	NNS
overweight	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
underweight	JJ
,	,
overweight	JJ
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
normal	JJ
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
overexercised	VBN
,	,
starved	VBN
,	,
binged	VBN
,	,
overate	NN
,	,
and	CC
purged	VBD
.	.
Right	RB
now	RB
I	PRP
am	VBP
compulsivly	JJ
overeating	NN
and	CC
binging	NN
and	CC
purging	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
eaten	VBN
more	RBR
in	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
six	CD
months	NNS
then	RB
probaly	RB
the	DT
whole	JJ
year	NN
before	IN
.	.
I	PRP
eat	VBP
and	CC
eat	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
steal	VBP
food	NN
.	.
I	PRP
make	VBP
a	DT
scene	NN
in	IN
the	DT
grocery	NN
store	NN
.	.
I	PRP
lie	VBP
to	TO
everyone	NN
.	.
I	PRP
stay	VBP
at	IN
home	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
very	RB
many	JJ
friends	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
stay	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
bad	JJ
relationship	NN
.	.
I	PRP
fail	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
fail	VBP
at	IN
school	NN
.	.
I	PRP
fail	VBP
in	IN
relationships	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
fail	VBP
.	.
Feeling	VBG
thin	JJ
.	.
Is	VBZ
thin	JJ
a	DT
feeling	NN
?	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
help	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Ninety-eight	JJ
percent	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
day	NN
is	VBZ
wasted	VBN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
no	DT
lie	NN
or	CC
exaggeration	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
daydreams	NNS
are	VBP
of	IN
being	VBG
thin	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
dreams	NNS
are	VBP
of	IN
being	VBG
thin	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
life	NN
goals	NNS
are	VBP
of	IN
being	VBG
thin	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
passion	NN
in	IN
life	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
thin	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
sick	JJ
of	IN
this	DT
but	CC
everyday	JJ
I	PRP
start	VBP
the	DT
whole	JJ
same	JJ
pattern	NN
again	RB
.	.
I	PRP
waste	VBP
time	NN
.	.
I	PRP
waste	VBP
energy	NN
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
stop	VB
.	.
My	PRP$
options	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
healthy	JJ
or	CC
keeping	VBG
binging	NN
and	CC
purging	VBG
.	.
My	PRP$
options	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
mind	NN
are	VBP
to	TO
keep	VB
binging	NN
and	CC
purging	VBG
or	CC
be	VB
thin	JJ
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
right	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
healthy	JJ
.	.
But	CC
this	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
common	JJ
thought	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
head	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
retrain	VB
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
practice	VB
nourishing	JJ
myself	PRP
and	CC
feeling	VBG
good	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
practice	VB
eating	VBG
a	DT
healthy	JJ
breakfast	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
practice	VB
enjoying	VBG
food	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
practice	VB
shopping	NN
for	IN
groceries	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
practice	VB
thinking	VBG
about	IN
other	JJ
things	NNS
instead	RB
of	IN
food	NN
and	CC
dieting	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
practice	VB
not	RB
dropping	VBG
everything	NN
I	PRP
am	VBP
doing	VBG
to	TO
run	VB
to	TO
the	DT
grocery	NN
store	NN
to	TO
steal	VB
a	DT
bunch	NN
of	IN
food	NN
and	CC
gorge	NN
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
practice	VB
not	RB
giving	VBG
up	RP
my	PRP$
whole	JJ
day	NN
to	TO
my	PRP$
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
practice	VB
worring	VBG
about	IN
if	IN
my	PRP$
teeth	NNS
will	MD
rot	NN
or	CC
if	IN
I	PRP
will	MD
ever	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
children	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
pratice	VB
loving	JJ
myself	PRP
and	CC
my	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
willing	JJ
to	TO
do	VB
all	DT
of	IN
this	DT
.	.
Right	RB
now	RB
I	PRP
am	VBP
willing	JJ
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
so	RB
scared	JJ
of	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
will	MD
decide	VB
in	IN
the	DT
morning	NN
or	CC
in	IN
five	CD
mornings	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
scared	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
trust	VB
myself	PRP
.	.
What	WP
could	MD
it	PRP
be	VB
like	IN
to	TO
go	VB
a	DT
whole	JJ
day	NN
without	IN
worrying	VBG
about	IN
food	NN
or	CC
hating	VBG
myself	PRP
?	.
What	WP
could	MD
it	PRP
be	VB
like	IN
to	TO
succeed	VB
?	.
What	WP
will	MD
it	PRP
feel	VB
like	IN
to	TO
really	RB
love	VB
my	PRP$
body	NN
?	.
Is	VBZ
that	IN
possible	JJ
?	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
scared	VBN
of	IN
the	DT
work	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
involved	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
mistakes	NNS
I	PRP
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
endure	VB
.	.
But	CC
this	DT
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
only	JJ
option	NN
.	.
To	TO
be	VB
healthy	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
think	VB
of	IN
another	DT
way	NN
to	TO
lead	VB
a	DT
real	JJ
genuine	JJ
life	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
wait	VB
.	.
I	PRP
need	VBP
patience	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
soooo	RB
good	JJ
lookin	VBG
'	''
My	PRP$
hair	NN
is	VBZ
wild	JJ
and	CC
spikey	JJ
,	,
you	PRP
stop	VBP
me	PRP
on	IN
the	DT
street	NN
to	TO
compliment	VB
me	PRP
on	IN
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
most	RBS
beautiful	JJ
eyes	NNS
you	PRP
've	VBP
ever	RB
seen	VBN
and	CC
even	RB
though	IN
my	PRP$
nose	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
little	JJ
big	JJ
,	,
you	PRP
tell	VBP
me	PRP
I	PRP
'm	VBP
gorgeous	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
smart	JJ
and	CC
wild	JJ
and	CC
funny	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
great	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
humor	NN
and	CC
an	DT
even	RB
better	JJR
sense	NN
of	IN
style	NN
.	.
I	PRP
always	RB
make	VBP
you	PRP
laugh	NN
.	.
You	PRP
tell	VBP
me	PRP
I	PRP
make	VBP
things	NNS
seem	VBP
so	RB
effortless	JJ
,	,
so	RB
smooth	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
love	VBP
the	DT
way	NN
I	PRP
can	MD
laugh	NN
at	IN
myself	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
seek	VBP
me	PRP
out	RP
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
the	DT
one	CD
at	IN
the	DT
party	NN
or	CC
at	IN
work	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
know	VB
.	.
You	PRP
love	VBP
my	PRP$
little	JJ
quirks	NNS
-	:
the	DT
way	NN
I	PRP
am	VBP
so	RB
picky	JJ
about	IN
ordering	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
restaurant	NN
,	,
the	DT
way	NN
everything	NN
has	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
just	RB
so	RB
,	,
the	DT
temper	NN
tantrums	NNS
or	CC
drama	NN
queen	NN
episodes	NNS
I	PRP
sometimes	RB
have	VBP
.	.
You	PRP
tell	VBP
me	PRP
they	PRP
are	VBP
cute	JJ
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
endearing	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
put	VB
up	RP
with	IN
almost	RB
anything	NN
because	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
such	PDT
a	DT
sparkling	JJ
,	,
special	JJ
person	NN
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
change	VB
your	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
You	PRP
tell	VBP
me	PRP
I	PRP
am	VBP
getting	VBG
skinny	NN
.	.
You	PRP
notice	VBP
the	DT
veins	NNS
sticking	VBG
out	RP
in	IN
my	PRP$
legs	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
gross	JJ
wounds	NNS
that	WDT
wo	MD
n't	RB
heal	VB
.	.
You	PRP
always	RB
admired	VBD
my	PRP$
pale	JJ
skin	NN
but	CC
now	RB
there	EX
are	VBP
so	RB
many	JJ
bruises	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
notice	VBP
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
sick	JJ
alot	JJ
lately	RB
-	:
my	PRP$
stomach	NN
and	CC
that	IN
weird	JJ
face	NN
thing	NN
.	.
You	PRP
notice	VBP
my	PRP$
hair	NN
falls	VBZ
out	RP
and	CC
I	PRP
seem	VBP
so	RB
tired	JJ
all	PDT
the	DT
time	NN
.	.
Now	RB
I	PRP
'll	MD
tell	VB
you	PRP
what	WP
I	PRP
notice	VBP
...	:
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
raging	VBG
bulimic	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
for	IN
ten	CD
long	JJ
years	NNS
.	.
And	CC
yes	UH
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
perfect	JJ
,	,
perfectly	RB
crazy	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
grips	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
go	VBP
through	RB
long	JJ
periods	NNS
of	IN
``	``
healthy	JJ
times	NNS
''	''
but	CC
the	DT
bulimia	NN
always	RB
comes	VBZ
back	RB
,	,
like	IN
your	PRP$
worst	JJS
enemy	NN
and	CC
like	VB
your	PRP$
best	JJS
friend	NN
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
never	RB
walk	VB
away	RB
from	IN
this	DT
thing	NN
unscathed	JJ
-	:
my	PRP$
teeth	NNS
are	VBP
rotten	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
sores	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
mouth	NN
that	WDT
could	MD
turn	VB
to	TO
cancer	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
throat	NN
always	RB
hurts	VBZ
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
ulcerative	JJ
colitis	NNS
and	CC
irritable	JJ
bowel	NN
syndrome	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
anemic	JJ
and	CC
bruise	NN
easily	RB
and	CC
lately	RB
I	PRP
've	VBP
gotten	VBN
some	DT
nasty	JJ
sores	NNS
that	WDT
wo	MD
n't	RB
heal	VB
.	.
What	WP
finally	RB
forced	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
get	VB
help	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
latest	JJS
malady	NN
-	:
my	PRP$
salivia	NN
glands	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
parotid	JJ
glands	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
glands	NNS
have	VBP
started	VBN
to	TO
harden	VB
and	CC
swell	VB
and	CC
there	EX
are	VBP
spongy	JJ
lesions	NNS
on	IN
them	PRP
,	,
when	WRB
they	PRP
swell	VBP
they	PRP
press	NN
on	IN
my	PRP$
facial	JJ
nerve	NN
which	WDT
hurts	VBZ
like	IN
hell	NN
and	CC
often	RB
causes	VBZ
dizziness	NN
and	CC
tingling	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
face	NN
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
they	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
take	VB
the	DT
whole	JJ
gland	NN
out	IN
since	IN
the	DT
lesions	NNS
are	VBP
only	RB
on	IN
a	DT
portion	NN
.	.
Instead	RB
,	,
they	PRP
can	MD
scrape	VB
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
gland	NN
which	WDT
will	MD
permanently	RB
disfigure	VB
my	PRP$
face	NN
-	:
give	VB
my	PRP$
cheeks	NNS
a	DT
sunken-in	JJ
look	NN
.	.
I	PRP
opted	VBD
for	IN
a	DT
prescription	NN
for	IN
acid	NN
reflux	NN
and	CC
the	DT
promise	NN
to	TO
start	VB
therapy	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
started	VBN
therapy	NN
and	CC
today	NN
even	RB
went	VBD
to	TO
a	DT
group	NN
meeting	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
want	VB
to	TO
get	VB
better	JJR
,	,
I	PRP
DO	VBP
!	.
But	CC
there	EX
is	VBZ
still	RB
that	IN
old	JJ
friend	NN
telling	VBG
me	PRP
...	:
wait	VB
till	IN
the	DT
whole	JJ
gland	NN
hardens	NNS
,	,
then	RB
you	PRP
can	MD
get	VB
a	DT
prosthetic	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
your	PRP$
face	NN
hurts	VBZ
,	,
but	CC
damn	RB
,	,
you	PRP
look	VBP
good	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
know	VBP
you	PRP
'll	MD
get	VB
fat	JJ
if	IN
you	PRP
stop	VBP
and	CC
besides	IN
,	,
false	JJ
teeth	NNS
are	VBP
alot	RB
easier	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
hear	VBP
chemo	NN
can	MD
really	RB
take	VB
the	DT
pounds	NNS
off	RP
,	,
you	PRP
never	RB
wanted	VBD
to	TO
get	VB
old	JJ
anyway	RB
.	.
Actually	RB
,	,
no	DT
,	,
I	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
stop	VB
tomorrow	NN
or	CC
the	DT
next	JJ
day	NN
or	CC
the	DT
next	JJ
week	NN
.	.
But	CC
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
in	IN
ten	CD
years	NNS
I	PRP
am	VBP
admitting	VBG
to	TO
my	PRP$
problem	NN
and	CC
in	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
stubborn	JJ
,	,
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
adled	JJ
way	NN
-	:
I	PRP
am	VBP
making	VBG
those	DT
first	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
small	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
steps	VBZ
to	TO
recovery	NN
.	.
FUCK	NNP
YOU	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
hate	VBP
you	PRP
controlling	VBG
every	DT
thought	NN
that	WDT
goes	VBZ
into	IN
my	PRP$
head	NN
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
want	VBP
to	TO
scream	VB
at	IN
you	PRP
``	``
FUCK	NNP
OFF	NNP
,	,
Go	NNP
and	CC
leave	VB
me	PRP
alone	RB
''	''
.	.
Stop	NNP
haunting	NN
every	DT
second	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
Just	RB
leave	VB
me	PRP
to	TO
decide	VB
things	NNS
for	IN
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
you	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
really	RB
me	PRP
and	CC
you	PRP
just	RB
think	VBP
this	DT
is	VBZ
some	DT
fun	NN
game	NN
.	.
Why	WRB
do	VBP
you	PRP
enjoying	VBG
fucking	JJ
with	IN
my	PRP$
mind	NN
so	RB
much	RB
?	.
You	PRP
make	VBP
me	PRP
so	RB
angry	JJ
.	.
In	IN
yr	NN
9	CD
my	PRP$
uncle	NN
died	VBD
of	IN
cancer	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
nana	NN
got	VBD
cancer	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
brother	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
19	CD
now	RB
.	.
was	VBD
16\/17	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
was	VBD
diagnosed	VBN
with	IN
it	PRP
too	RB
...	:
at	IN
that	DT
point	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
mess	NN
,	,
I	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
fight	NN
with	IN
my	PRP$
group	NN
at	IN
school	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
split	VBD
it	PRP
up	RP
,	,
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
lose	VB
my	PRP$
brother	NN
from	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
another	DT
uncle	NN
of	IN
mine	JJ
comited	JJ
suicide	NN
and	CC
three	CD
days	NNS
later	RB
so	RB
did	VBD
my	PRP$
friend	NN
from	IN
ballet	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
hurt	JJ
and	CC
angry	JJ
and	CC
shattered	VBN
from	IN
everything	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
breaking	VBG
around	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
couldnt	VBP
handle	VB
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
stuff	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
happening	VBG
,	,
so	IN
I	PRP
attempted	VBD
to	TO
commit	VB
suicide	NN
about	IN
three	CD
times	NNS
.	.
got	VBD
diagnosed	VBN
with	IN
``	``
depression	NN
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
dancer	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
dream	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
ballet	NN
Jazz	NN
and	CC
contemporary	JJ
teacher	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
my	PRP$
yr	NN
10	CD
School	NNP
Musical	JJ
``	``
Annie	NNP
''	''
,	,
i	FW
felt	VBD
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
prove	VB
something	NN
I	PRP
dont	VBP
know	VB
to	TO
who	WP
.	.
.	.
probably	RB
me	PRP
so	IN
I	PRP
kept	VBD
this	DT
serious	JJ
diet	NN
going	VBG
and	CC
with	IN
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
sleep	NN
plus	CC
the	DT
compulsive	JJ
excersising	VBG
away	RB
from	IN
the	DT
rehearsals	NNS
and	CC
performing	VBG
,	,
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
on	IN
a	DT
roll	NN
.	.
Yr	NNP
11	CD
,	,
January	NNP
2000	CD
the	DT
peak	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
all	DT
.	.
I	PRP
let	VBP
go	VB
of	IN
suicide	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
just	RB
too	RB
wrong	JJ
,	,
and	CC
too	RB
painful	JJ
,	,
and	CC
too	RB
close	JJ
to	TO
home	NN
it	PRP
felt	VBD
too	RB
easy	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
wasnt	VBP
aware	JJ
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
bulimic	JJ
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
handling	VBG
things	NNS
really	RB
good	JJ
.	.
Although	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
no	DT
confidence	NN
no	DT
self	NN
esteem	NN
no	DT
motivation	NN
to	TO
really	RB
do	VB
anything	NN
.	.
I	PRP
started	VBD
puting	VBG
on	IN
weight	NN
again	RB
,	,
and	CC
one	CD
dancing	NN
teacher	NN
would	MD
say	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
putting	VBG
on	RP
weight	NN
,	,
and	CC
saying	VBG
I	PRP
was	VBD
fat	JJ
,	,
and	CC
useless	JJ
,	,
and	CC
not	RB
a	DT
good	JJ
dancer	NN
and	CC
telling	VBG
me	PRP
this	DT
constantly	RB
in	IN
frount	NN
of	IN
the	DT
whole	JJ
ballet	NN
class	NN
of	IN
aprox	NN
.	.
17	CD
girls	NNS
.	.
it	PRP
hurt	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
messed	VBN
up	RP
,	,
the	DT
one	CD
thing	NN
I	PRP
could	MD
do	VB
was	VBD
prove	VB
to	TO
her	PRP$
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
be	VB
the	DT
way	NN
she	PRP
wanted	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
.	.
I	PRP
stopped	VBD
eating	VBG
it	PRP
was	VBD
really	RB
gradual	JJ
though	IN
and	CC
I	PRP
kept	VBD
fainting	NN
,	,
I	PRP
tried	VBD
so	RB
hard	JJ
to	TO
stop	VB
my	PRP$
self	NN
from	IN
fainting	VBG
at	IN
school	NN
,	,
and	CC
by	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
day	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
tired	JJ
and	CC
so	RB
weak	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
realized	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
doing	VBG
this	DT
for	IN
someone	NN
so	IN
they	PRP
would	MD
get	VB
off	RP
my	PRP$
back	NN
and	CC
stop	VB
telling	VBG
me	PRP
I	PRP
was	VBD
fat	JJ
,	,
so	IN
I	PRP
started	VBD
eating	VBG
again	RB
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
painful	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
felt	VBD
every	DT
bit	NN
of	IN
food	NN
go	VBP
down	RB
and	CC
through	IN
every	DT
part	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
I	PRP
couldnt	VBP
do	VB
it	PRP
...	:
I	PRP
vomited	VBD
that	IN
up	RB
,	,
and	CC
that	DT
was	VBD
the	DT
start	NN
of	IN
the	DT
vomiting	VBG
side	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
bulimia	NN
...	:
and	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
every	DT
day	NN
after	IN
that	DT
until	IN
August	NNP
...	:
thats	NNS
when	WRB
I	PRP
confronted	VBD
my	PRP$
friend	NN
Tanya	NNP
.	.
she	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
singer	NN
,	,
and	CC
she	PRP
gave	VBD
me	PRP
a	DT
tape	NN
at	IN
the	DT
begining	NN
it	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
msg	NN
on	IN
it	PRP
to	TO
me	PRP
and	CC
then	RB
she	PRP
sang	VBD
crash	NN
and	CC
burn	VBP
-LRB-	-LRB-
savage	JJ
garden	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
everytime	RB
I	PRP
hear	VBP
that	IN
song	NN
I	PRP
cry	VBP
after	IN
I	PRP
told	VBD
her	PRP
I	PRP
told	VBD
another	DT
girl	NN
she	PRP
well	RB
...	:
she	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
way	NN
of	IN
helping	VBG
me	PRP
,	,
she	PRP
made	VBD
me	PRP
feel	VB
so	RB
bad	JJ
for	IN
doing	VBG
what	WP
I	PRP
was	VBD
doing	VBG
which	WDT
made	VBD
me	PRP
smarten	VB
up	RP
.	.
I	PRP
love	VBP
her	PRP$
she	PRP
helped	VBD
me	PRP
so	RB
much	RB
.	.
I	PRP
told	VBD
a	DT
few	JJ
more	JJR
ppl	NN
here	RB
and	CC
there	RB
and	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
given	VBN
some	DT
places	NNS
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
and	CC
I	PRP
finally	RB
got	VBD
help	NN
.	.
September	NNP
came	VBD
and	CC
the	DT
sydney	NN
2000	CD
olympics	NNS
.	.
Being	VBG
a	DT
dancer	NN
I	PRP
auditioned	VBD
for	IN
the	DT
opening	NN
ceremony	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
got	VBD
in	IN
which	WDT
boosted	VBD
my	PRP$
self	NN
esteem	NN
...	:
BUT	NNP
over	IN
hearing	NN
ppl	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
group	NN
saying	VBG
I	PRP
was	VBD
too	RB
fat	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
dancer	NN
and	CC
they	PRP
dont	VBP
see	VB
how	WRB
I	PRP
got	VBD
into	IN
the	DT
olympics	NNS
,	,
made	VBD
me	PRP
vomit	VB
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
in	IN
a	DT
month	NN
.	.
after	IN
that	DT
I	PRP
went	VBD
down	RB
hill	NN
,	,
lost	VBD
my	PRP$
periods	NNS
got	VBD
swollen	JJ
stomach	NN
glandes	NNS
and	CC
throat	NN
glandes	NNS
...	:
my	PRP$
calcium	NN
level	NN
was	VBD
down	RB
and	CC
my	PRP$
stomach	NN
lining	VBG
was	VBD
thining	VBG
out	RP
and	CC
I	PRP
had	VBD
very	RB
little	JJ
stomach	NN
acid	NN
.	.
It	PRP
took	VBD
a	DT
while	NN
until	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
back	RB
on	IN
my	PRP$
feet	NNS
and	CC
it	PRP
leads	VBZ
me	PRP
to	TO
today	NN
...	:
where	WRB
a	DT
big	JJ
thank	VBP
you	PRP
is	VBZ
in	IN
order	NN
for	IN
everyone	NN
that	IN
helped	VBD
me	PRP
get	VB
better	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
far	RB
from	IN
recovered	VBN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
geting	VBG
there	RB
.	.
The	DT
ONE	CD
thing	NN
that	WDT
makes	VBZ
me	PRP
angry	JJ
,	,
is	VBZ
I	PRP
have	VBP
lost	VBN
any	DT
wieght	NN
since	IN
I	PRP
put	VBP
it	PRP
back	RB
on	IN
.	.
Yes	UH
it	PRP
goes	VBZ
alot	RB
deeper	JJR
than	IN
that	DT
,	,
but	CC
its	PRP$
alot	NN
of	IN
pain	NN
to	TO
go	VB
through	IN
when	WRB
all	DT
you	PRP
wanted	VBD
was	VBD
to	TO
lose	VB
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
cling	VBP
to	TO
my	PRP$
religion	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
gives	VBZ
me	PRP
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
belonging	VBG
and	CC
understanding	VBG
to	TO
life	NN
...	:
through	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
three	CD
yrs	NNS
I	PRP
wasnt	VBP
living	VBG
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
living	VBG
for	IN
God	NNP
My	NNP
family	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
friends	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
didnt	VBP
want	VB
to	TO
live	VB
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
now	RB
starting	VBG
to	TO
live	VB
for	IN
myself	PRP
and	CC
finding	VBG
inner	JJ
peace	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
living	VBG
my	PRP$
life	NN
to	TO
the	DT
max	NN
.	.
How	WRB
do	VBP
I	PRP
say	VBP
goodbye	NN
?	.
And	CC
why	WRB
am	VBP
I	PRP
so	RB
sad	JJ
?	.
Especially	RB
when	WRB
I	PRP
know	VBP
first	JJ
hand	NN
the	DT
damage	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
,	,
this	DT
relationship	NN
has	VBZ
done	VBN
--	:
to	TO
me	PRP
,	,
my	PRP$
body	NN
,	,
and	CC
my	PRP$
self-esteem	NN
.	.
Why	WRB
do	VBP
I	PRP
continue	VBP
to	TO
chase	VB
you	PRP
when	WRB
I	PRP
know	VBP
full	JJ
well	RB
that	IN
you	PRP
want	VBP
nothing	NN
but	CC
to	TO
hurt	VB
me	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
happy	JJ
to	TO
see	VB
me	PRP
on	IN
my	PRP$
knees	NNS
,	,
begging	VBG
for	IN
help	NN
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
strong	JJ
when	WRB
I	PRP
am	VBP
weak	JJ
,	,
and	CC
you	PRP
have	VBP
taken	VBN
advantage	NN
of	IN
that	DT
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
perpetuate	VB
this	DT
insanity	NN
or	CC
play	VB
a	DT
part	NN
in	IN
continuing	VBG
this	DT
unhealthy	JJ
relationship	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
fill	VB
the	DT
emptiness	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
presence	NN
makes	VBZ
the	DT
void	NN
inside	IN
me	PRP
a	DT
black	JJ
hole	NN
--	:
and	CC
my	PRP$
misery	NN
goes	VBZ
on	IN
and	CC
on	IN
,	,
without	IN
end	NN
.	.
You	PRP
used	VBD
me	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
see	VBP
that	IN
now	RB
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
used	VBD
you	PRP
,	,
too	RB
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
play	VB
this	DT
game	NN
,	,
we	PRP
will	MD
both	CC
lose	VBP
.	.
So	RB
,	,
I	PRP
say	VBP
goodbye	NN
,	,
goodbye	JJ
forever	RB
.	.
And	CC
if	IN
we	PRP
should	MD
meet	VB
again	RB
in	IN
passing	VBG
--	:
please	VB
do	VBP
n't	RB
acknowledge	VB
me	PRP
,	,
because	IN
I	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
acknowledge	VB
you	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
thought	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
in	IN
recovery	NN
for	IN
years	NNS
,	,
now	RB
I	PRP
realize	VBP
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
only	RB
just	RB
started	VBN
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
help	NN
of	IN
a	DT
therapist	NN
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
beginning	VBG
to	TO
learn	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
allowed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
sad	JJ
for	IN
myself	PRP
and	CC
the	DT
things	NNS
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
through	IN
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
to	TO
get	VB
worse	JJR
or	CC
to	TO
fit	VB
perfectly	RB
into	IN
a	DT
category	NN
to	TO
be	VB
helped	VBN
and	CC
I	PRP
still	RB
have	VBP
a	DT
long	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
go	VB
.	.
In	IN
relation	NN
to	TO
my	PRP$
ed	VBN
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
always	RB
felt	VBN
almost	RB
ashamed	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
have	VB
a	DT
horrific	JJ
childhood	NN
and	CC
nothing	NN
deeply	RB
traumatic	JJ
ever	RB
happened	VBN
to	TO
me	PRP
.	.
Even	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
type	NN
that	IN
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
remind	VB
myself	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
have	VB
bad	JJ
times	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
relentless	JJ
bullying	NN
at	IN
school	NN
and	CC
a	DT
belief	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
too	RB
repulsive	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
loved	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
never	RB
succesful	JJ
in	IN
finding	VBG
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
cope	VB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
struggling	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
paradox	NN
of	IN
loving	JJ
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
,	,
feeling	VBG
angry	JJ
with	IN
them	PRP
and	CC
trying	VBG
not	RB
to	TO
blame	VB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
so	RB
thankful	JJ
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
finally	RB
realized	VBN
that	IN
food	NN
wo	MD
n't	RB
ever	RB
respond	VB
to	TO
the	DT
demands	NNS
I	PRP
make	VBP
of	IN
it	PRP
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
even	RB
beginning	VBG
to	TO
hope	VB
that	IN
maybe	RB
one	CD
day	NN
I	PRP
will	MD
feel	VB
something	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
disgust	NN
for	IN
myself	PRP
,	,
maybe	RB
I	PRP
will	MD
even	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
like	VB
myself	PRP
.	.
Thanks	NNS
to	TO
you	PRP
all	DT
for	IN
the	DT
support	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
,	,
and	CC
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
be	VB
,	,
a	DT
lifeline	NN
.	.
To	TO
everyone	NN
who	WP
feels	VBZ
hopeless	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
love	VB
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
offer	VB
words	NNS
of	IN
comfort	NN
and	CC
wisdom	NN
,	,
but	CC
all	DT
I	PRP
can	MD
think	VB
of	IN
to	TO
say	VB
is	VBZ
hold	VB
on	RP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
drawing	VBG
a	DT
line	NN
between	IN
you	PRP
and	CC
I.	NN
Maybe	RB
you	PRP
will	MD
never	RB
completely	RB
leave	VB
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
allow	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
cross	VB
my	PRP$
line	NN
anymore	RB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
separating	VBG
myself	PRP
form	VB
you	PRP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
continue	VBP
to	TO
hang	VB
around	RB
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
acknowledge	VB
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
there	RB
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
will	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
embrace	VB
you	PRP
,	,
or	CC
turn	VB
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
still	RB
try	VB
to	TO
deceive	VB
me	PRP
and	CC
continue	VB
to	TO
tell	VB
me	PRP
lies	VBZ
about	IN
myself	PRP
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
believe	VB
you	PRP
anymore	RB
.	.
God	NNP
has	VBZ
told	VBN
me	PRP
the	DT
truth	NN
about	IN
myself	PRP
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
like	VBP
the	DT
truth	NN
a	DT
lot	NN
better	JJR
then	RB
the	DT
lies	NNS
you	PRP
tell	VBP
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
hate	VB
myself	PRP
anymore	RB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
learning	VBG
to	TO
like	VB
myself	PRP
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
still	RB
things	NNS
I	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
change	VB
about	IN
myself	PRP
sometimes	RB
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
decided	VBN
to	TO
accept	VB
myself	PRP
the	DT
way	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
way	NN
I	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
change	VB
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
healthy	JJ
.	.
If	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
healthy	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
happy	JJ
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
will	MD
accept	VB
whatever	WDT
being	VBG
healthy	JJ
is	VBZ
.	.
Thank	VB
you	PRP
for	IN
being	VBG
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
needed	VBD
you	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
grateful	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
ONLY	RB
because	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
become	VBN
a	DT
stronger	JJR
person	NN
and	CC
because	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
become	VBN
closer	RBR
to	TO
God	NNP
through	IN
all	PDT
this	DT
.	.
Thanks	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
good	JJ
things	NNS
you	PRP
have	VBP
given	VBN
me	PRP
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
turn	VB
away	RB
now	RB
because	IN
the	DT
bad	JJ
things	NNS
you	PRP
have	VBP
given	VBN
me	PRP
far	RB
outweigh	VBP
the	DT
good	JJ
.	.
So	RB
,	,
I	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
end	VB
my	PRP$
relationship	NN
with	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Oh	UH
,	,
you	PRP
were	VBD
beautiful	JJ
and	CC
promised	VBD
to	TO
make	VB
me	PRP
beautiful	JJ
too	RB
.	.
You	PRP
promised	VBD
me	PRP
everything	NN
,	,
you	PRP
promised	VBD
me	PRP
love	VB
.	.
Love	NNP
of	IN
myself	PRP
.	.
But	CC
now	RB
i	FW
know	VBP
who	WP
you	PRP
really	RB
are	VBP
and	CC
what	WP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
you	PRP
really	RB
want	VBP
.	.
And	CC
i	FW
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
if	IN
have	VBP
the	DT
will	MD
power	NN
to	TO
fight	VB
for	IN
it	PRP
,	,
for	IN
myself	PRP
.	.
So	RB
here	RB
is	VBZ
a	DT
plea	NN
,	,
a	DT
cry	NN
for	IN
merci	NN
,	,
i	FW
'll	MD
do	VB
anything	NN
to	TO
stop	VB
this	DT
.	.
For	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
food	NN
i	FW
'm	VBP
trying	VBG
to	TO
get	VB
rid	JJ
of	IN
anymore	RB
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
you	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
you	PRP
out	IN
of	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
and	CC
of	IN
my	PRP$
soul	NN
.	.
You	PRP
've	VBP
cost	VBN
me	PRP
everything	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
sanity	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
salvation	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
But	CC
i	FW
'm	VBP
here	RB
to	TO
take	VB
it	PRP
back	RB
.	.
and	CC
i	FW
'm	VBP
getting	VBG
stronger	JJR
.	.
everytime	RB
i	FW
walk	VBP
past	IN
the	DT
bathroom	NN
and	CC
turn	VB
around	RP
and	CC
walk	VB
back	RB
to	TO
my	PRP$
room	NN
,	,
i	FW
'm	VBP
winning	VBG
.	.
Everytime	NNP
i	FW
cry	NN
alone	RB
in	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
silent	JJ
hell	NN
,	,
hugging	VBG
my	PRP$
knees	NNS
,	,
unwilling	JJ
to	TO
let	VB
go	VB
of	IN
myself	PRP
,	,
unwilling	JJ
to	TO
let	VB
you	PRP
take	VB
me	PRP
over	IN
,	,
i	FW
'm	VBP
winning	VBG
.	.
And	CC
i	FW
will	MD
win	VB
.	.
You	PRP
watch	VBP
,	,
someday	RB
you	PRP
'll	MD
come	VB
back	RB
and	CC
try	VB
to	TO
tell	VB
me	PRP
that	IN
i	FW
need	MD
you	PRP
and	CC
although	IN
i	FW
might	MD
be	VB
broken	VBN
and	CC
shattered	VBN
,	,
i	FW
'm	VBP
still	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
say	VB
no	DT
and	CC
walk	VB
on	IN
.	.
Because	IN
right	RB
now	RB
thats	VBZ
what	WP
i	FW
need	VBP
to	TO
do	VB
...	:
walk	NN
on	IN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
story	NN
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
I	PRP
must	MD
sound	VB
like	IN
a	DT
freak	NN
!	.
!	.
I	PRP
go	VBP
through	IN
this	DT
every	DT
day	NN
!	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
why	WRB
it	PRP
all	DT
started	VBD
,	,
but	CC
believe	VBP
me	PRP
,	,
if	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
go	VB
back	RB
in	IN
time	NN
and	CC
change	NN
something	NN
so	RB
that	IN
this	DT
would	MD
n't	RB
have	VB
happened	VBN
,	,
I	PRP
WOULD	VBD
!	.
!	.
!	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
empty	JJ
inside	IN
...	:
my	PRP$
life	NN
is	VBZ
passing	VBG
is	VBZ
passing	VBG
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
eyes	NNS
and	CC
I	PRP
'm	VBP
just	RB
letting	VBG
it	PRP
go	VB
...	:
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
enjoying	VBG
any	DT
of	IN
it	PRP
and	CC
I	PRP
know	VBP
it	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
come	VB
back	RB
.	.
What	WP
a	DT
shame	NN
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
just	RB
a	DT
useless	JJ
weak	JJ
and	CC
stupid	JJ
16	CD
year	NN
old	JJ
!	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
very	RB
low	JJ
self	NN
esteem	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
really	RB
perfectionist	NN
!	.
I	PRP
only	RB
wanted	VBD
to	TO
loose	VB
a	DT
bit	NN
of	IN
weight	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
got	VBD
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
want	VB
your	PRP$
pity	NN
,	,
I	PRP
just	RB
want	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
understand	VB
what	WP
this	DT
terrible	JJ
disease	NN
can	MD
do	VB
to	TO
someone	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
mind	NN
is	VBZ
going	VBG
crazy	JJ
and	CC
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
control	VB
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
desperately	RB
trying	VBG
to	TO
hang	VB
on	IN
,	,
and	CC
so	RB
should	MD
you	PRP
...	:
I	PRP
remember	VBP
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
happy	JJ
and	CC
joyful	JJ
!	.
!	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
go	VB
back	RB
to	TO
those	DT
days	NNS
,	,
but	CC
they	PRP
are	VBP
all	DT
gone	VBN
!	.
!	.
Maybe	RB
I	PRP
'll	MD
look	VB
for	IN
help	NN
!	.
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
live	VB
like	IN
this	DT
forever	RB
!	.
!	.
Or	CC
maybe	RB
I	PRP
'll	MD
die	VB
one	CD
day	NN
because	IN
of	IN
this	DT
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
even	RB
care	VB
,	,
life	NN
is	VBZ
too	RB
painful	JJ
and	CC
depressing	JJ
anyway	RB
!	.
I	PRP
only	RB
want	VBP
other	JJ
people	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
facing	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
problem	NN
as	IN
me	PRP
to	TO
know	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
alone	RB
...	:
someone	NN
else	RB
is	VBZ
living	VBG
the	DT
hell	NN
of	IN
anorexia	NN
every	DT
day	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
explain	VB
why	WRB
I	PRP
religiously	RB
wake	VBP
up	RP
trying	VBG
to	TO
decide	VB
if	IN
I	PRP
'll	MD
be	VB
eating	VBG
that	DT
day	NN
.	.
And	CC
if	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
decide	VB
to	TO
eat	VB
,	,
why	WRB
my	PRP$
mind	NN
is	VBZ
instantly	RB
filled	VBN
with	IN
an	DT
endless	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
thoughts	NNS
about	RB
different	JJ
foods	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
high	JJ
greater	JJR
than	IN
any	DT
drug	NN
I	PRP
've	VBP
ever	RB
tried	VBN
.	.
If	IN
I	PRP
decide	VBP
that	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
restricting	VBG
day	NN
,	,
''	''
I	PRP
start	VBP
planning	VBG
what	WP
will	MD
be	VB
eaten	VBN
and	CC
when	WRB
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
what	WP
time	NN
I	PRP
'll	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
exercise	VB
.	.
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
seem	VB
to	TO
think	VB
of	IN
a	DT
word	NN
strong	JJ
enough	RB
to	TO
describe	VB
how	WRB
nervous	JJ
I	PRP
become	VBP
when	WRB
I	PRP
think	VBP
that	IN
something	NN
might	MD
conflict	VB
with	IN
my	PRP$
plan	NN
.	.
What	WP
would	MD
I	PRP
do	VB
if	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
go	VB
out	RP
to	TO
lunch	NN
instead	RB
of	IN
eating	VBG
the	DT
soft	JJ
pretzel	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
planned	VBN
,	,
or	CC
how	WRB
will	MD
I	PRP
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
exercise	VB
if	IN
it	PRP
happens	VBZ
to	TO
rain	VB
?	.
My	PRP$
heart	NN
races	NNS
and	CC
does	VBZ
n't	RB
stop	VB
or	CC
slow	VB
down	RP
until	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
assured	VBN
that	IN
my	PRP$
plan	NN
will	MD
be	VB
fulfilled	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
describe	VB
the	DT
immense	JJ
fear	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
in	IN
public	JJ
,	,
especially	RB
at	IN
restaurants	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
why	WRB
I	PRP
'm	VBP
scared	JJ
to	TO
let	VB
other	JJ
people	NNS
prepare	VBP
my	PRP$
food	NN
or	CC
why	WRB
I	PRP
'm	VBP
insistent	JJ
that	IN
they	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
give	VB
me	PRP
the	DT
fat	JJ
free	JJ
dressing	VBG
or	CC
diet	NN
soda	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
ordered	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
why	WRB
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
get	VB
past	IN
the	DT
fear	NN
that	IN
everyone	NN
's	POS
trying	VBG
to	TO
sabotage	VB
my	PRP$
diet	NN
because	IN
they	PRP
want	VBP
me	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
fat	JJ
forever	RB
.	.
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
explain	VB
what	WP
it	PRP
's	VBZ
like	IN
to	TO
count	VB
calories	NNS
or	CC
why	WRB
I	PRP
doubt	VBP
their	PRP$
accuracy	NN
,	,
thinking	VBG
the	DT
manufacturer	NN
typed	VBD
the	DT
wrong	JJ
calorie	NN
amount	NN
or	CC
serving	VBG
size	NN
.	.
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
begin	VB
to	TO
describe	VB
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
trust	NN
it	PRP
takes	VBZ
for	IN
me	PRP
to	TO
believe	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
only	RB
have	VB
X	NNP
amount	NN
of	IN
calories	NNS
or	CC
how	WRB
confused	JJ
it	PRP
makes	VBZ
my	PRP$
head	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
recount	VBP
the	DT
numbers	NNS
over	IN
and	CC
over	IN
again	RB
,	,
just	RB
to	TO
be	VB
reassured	VBN
that	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
exceed	VB
my	PRP$
limit	NN
.	.
I	PRP
wish	VBP
I	PRP
could	MD
put	VB
words	NNS
to	TO
how	WRB
my	PRP$
empty	JJ
stomach	NN
feels	VBZ
when	WRB
I	PRP
pass	VBP
through	IN
the	DT
aroma	NN
of	IN
good	JJ
food	NN
or	CC
how	WRB
it	PRP
pains	NNS
when	WRB
I	PRP
see	VBP
others	NNS
eat	VBP
the	DT
food	NN
I	PRP
can	MD
only	RB
crave	VB
.	.
And	CC
why	WRB
when	WRB
I	PRP
do	VBP
indulge	VB
do	VB
I	PRP
feel	VBP
so	RB
guilty	JJ
and	CC
sick	JJ
to	TO
my	PRP$
stomach	NN
?	.
I	PRP
wish	VBP
I	PRP
could	MD
describe	VB
how	WRB
it	PRP
feels	VBZ
to	TO
sleep	VB
through	IN
the	DT
day	NN
because	IN
I	PRP
simply	RB
have	VBP
no	DT
energy	NN
or	CC
how	WRB
I	PRP
'm	VBP
kept	VBN
awake	RB
at	IN
night	NN
from	IN
a	DT
pounding	VBG
headache	NN
and	CC
dizziness	NN
.	.
Words	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
begin	VB
to	TO
explain	VB
how	WRB
it	PRP
feels	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
so	RB
painfully	RB
lonely	JJ
,	,
even	RB
in	IN
a	DT
room	NN
full	JJ
of	IN
friends	NNS
and	CC
loved	VBD
ones	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
describe	VB
how	WRB
much	JJ
it	PRP
hurts	VBZ
to	TO
crave	VB
laughter	NN
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
even	RB
manage	VB
to	TO
crack	VB
a	DT
smile	NN
.	.
I	PRP
forget	VBP
what	WP
it	PRP
feels	VBZ
like	IN
to	TO
be	VB
happy	JJ
,	,
with	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
,	,
with	IN
my	PRP$
self	NN
.	.
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
clearly	RB
depict	VB
how	WRB
it	PRP
feels	VBZ
to	TO
look	VB
in	IN
the	DT
mirror	NN
and	CC
not	RB
only	RB
hate	VB
what	WP
I	PRP
see	VBP
,	,
but	CC
despise	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Or	CC
how	WRB
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
wish	VB
it	PRP
all	DT
away	RB
,	,
how	WRB
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
wish	VB
everything	NN
away	RB
.	.
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
explain	VB
what	WP
it	PRP
's	VBZ
like	IN
to	TO
think	VB
about	IN
death	NN
and	CC
wish	VB
it	PRP
upon	IN
myself	PRP
,	,
that	IN
being	VBG
my	PRP$
only	RB
truly	RB
pleasurable	JJ
thought	NN
.	.
Or	CC
how	WRB
I	PRP
think	VBP
about	IN
how	WRB
easy	JJ
it	PRP
'd	MD
be	VB
to	TO
take	VB
too	RB
many	JJ
pills	NNS
or	CC
waste	VB
away	RB
slowly	RB
.	.
Even	RB
a	DT
``	``
freak	NN
''	''
accident	NN
or	CC
shooting	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
seem	VB
so	RB
bad	JJ
anymore	RB
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
possibly	RB
describe	VB
how	WRB
it	PRP
feels	VBZ
to	TO
know	VB
that	IN
people	NNS
would	MD
miss	VB
me	PRP
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
enough	RB
.	.
Not	RB
enough	RB
to	TO
take	VB
the	DT
satisfaction	NN
out	IN
of	IN
dying	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
I	PRP
started	VBD
with	IN
this	DT
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
very	RB
young	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
always	RB
worried	VBN
about	IN
weight	NN
,	,
image	NN
and	CC
food	NN
.	.
I	PRP
remember	VBP
one	CD
episode	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
fifth	JJ
grade	NN
,	,
when	WRB
our	PRP$
teacher	NN
told	VBD
us	PRP
to	TO
write	VB
in	IN
a	DT
piece	NN
of	IN
paper	NN
our	PRP$
weight	NN
,	,
that	WDT
was	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
I	PRP
lied	VBD
about	IN
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
always	RB
felt	VBD
too	RB
fat	JJ
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
tired	VBN
of	IN
that	DT
,	,
so	IN
I	PRP
proposed	VBD
myself	PRP
to	TO
start	VB
dieting	NN
,	,
just	RB
to	TO
lose	VB
some	DT
weight	NN
,	,
that	WDT
started	VBD
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
16	CD
,	,
and	CC
since	IN
then	RB
I	PRP
'm	VBP
all	DT
messed	VBN
up	RP
in	IN
this	DT
horrible	JJ
disease	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
stop	VB
.	.
In	IN
some	DT
point	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
anorexia	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
very	RB
proud	JJ
of	IN
myself	PRP
because	IN
I	PRP
felt	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
in	IN
control	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
understand	VB
why	WRB
my	PRP$
family	NN
and	CC
friends	NNS
said	VBD
that	IN
something	NN
was	VBD
wrong	JJ
with	IN
me	PRP
,	,
they	PRP
were	VBD
wrong	JJ
,	,
they	PRP
just	RB
wanted	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
fat	JJ
,	,
or	CC
I	PRP
thought	VBD
that	IN
.	.
But	CC
one	CD
day	NN
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
feel	VB
sick	JJ
all	PDT
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
you	PRP
know	VBP
,	,
always	RB
cold	JJ
,	,
tired	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
felt	VBD
my	PRP$
body	NN
dying	VBG
,	,
but	CC
in	IN
some	DT
way	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
happy	JJ
of	IN
that	DT
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
wanted	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
transparent	JJ
,	,
that	IN
noone	NN
could	MD
see	VB
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
that	DT
and	CC
almost	RB
die	VB
.	.
But	CC
now	RB
it	PRP
's	VBZ
all	DT
different	JJ
my	PRP$
sweet	JJ
anorexia	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
with	IN
me	PRP
like	IN
it	PRP
used	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
alone	RB
,	,
I	PRP
got	VBD
another	DT
``	``
friend	NN
''	''
much	JJ
worst	JJS
than	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
called	VBN
bulimia	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
living	NN
hell	NN
.	.
I	PRP
prayed	VBD
,	,
cried	VBD
and	CC
did	VBD
everything	NN
trying	VBG
to	TO
go	VB
back	RB
to	TO
my	PRP$
``	``
sweet	JJ
friend	NN
anorexia	NN
''	''
,	,
but	CC
all	DT
my	PRP$
efforts	NNS
were	VBD
in	IN
vane	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
realize	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
do	VB
something	NN
or	CC
this	DT
would	MD
literally	RB
``	``
eat	VB
''	''
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
started	VBD
treatment	NN
,	,
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
it	PRP
helped	VBD
me	PRP
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
we	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
know	VBP
that	IN
we	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
change	VB
the	DT
way	NN
we	PRP
see	VBP
ourselves	PRP
,	,
the	DT
way	NN
we	PRP
treat	VBP
ourselves	PRP
,	,
because	IN
no	DT
treatment	NN
would	MD
give	VB
us	PRP
the	DT
key	NN
to	TO
happiness	NN
,	,
we	PRP
must	MD
find	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
are	VBP
extremely	RB
complex	JJ
mental	JJ
illnesses	NNS
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
what	WP
sometimes	RB
is	VBZ
presented	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
glamorous	JJ
and	CC
superficial	JJ
air	NN
.	.
Likewise	RB
,	,
people	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
suffer	VBP
much	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
not	RB
afflicted	VBN
ever	RB
realize	VBP
.	.
While	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
often	RB
compared	VBN
,	,
when	WRB
at	IN
very	RB
low	JJ
weights	NNS
,	,
to	TO
looking	VBG
like	IN
``	``
concentration	NN
camp	NN
victims	NNS
,	,
''	''
the	DT
violent	JJ
environment	NN
within	IN
their	PRP$
minds	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
differ	VB
greatly	RB
from	IN
such	JJ
a	DT
horrid	JJ
place	NN
.	.
I	PRP
say	VBP
this	DT
not	RB
only	RB
from	IN
personal	JJ
study	NN
,	,
but	CC
personal	JJ
experience	NN
.	.
Without	IN
discounting	VBG
the	DT
horror	NN
of	IN
a	DT
concentration	NN
camp	NN
,	,
the	DT
reality	NN
of	IN
dwelling	NN
in	IN
such	JJ
horrifying	JJ
``	``
mental	JJ
camps	NNS
''	''
is	VBZ
compounded	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
being	VBG
``	``
held	VBN
hostage	NN
''	''
in	IN
a	DT
place	NN
most	RBS
literally	RB
impossible	JJ
to	TO
escape	VB
.	.
Some	DT
patients	NNS
have	VBP
gone	VBN
so	RB
far	RB
as	IN
to	TO
have	VB
undergone	VBN
partial	JJ
lobotomies	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
rid	VB
themselves	PRP
of	IN
their	PRP$
``	``
captor	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
sufferer	NN
becomes	VBZ
the	DT
camp	NN
,	,
the	DT
victim	NN
and	CC
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
.	.
To	TO
the	DT
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
,	,
particularly	RB
noting	VBG
those	DT
with	IN
anorexia	NN
then	RB
bulimia	NN
,	,
the	DT
body	NN
becomes	VBZ
a	DT
canvas	NN
of	IN
sorts	NNS
for	IN
them	PRP
to	TO
display	VB
what	WP
they	PRP
are	VBP
unable	JJ
to	TO
verbalize	VB
to	TO
others	NNS
;	:
also	RB
at	IN
times	NNS
,	,
what	WP
they	PRP
are	VBP
unable	JJ
to	TO
conceptualize	VB
even	RB
for	IN
themselves	PRP
.	.
In	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
the	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
only	RB
unable	JJ
to	TO
speak	VB
out	RP
adaptively	RB
,	,
but	CC
is	VBZ
unable	JJ
to	TO
fully	RB
process	VB
what	WP
deeper	JJR
messages	NNS
they	PRP
experience	VBP
such	JJ
urgency	NN
to	TO
convey	VB
.	.
They	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
intentionally	RB
conceal	VB
the	DT
meanings	NNS
,	,
but	CC
rather	RB
,	,
do	VBP
not	RB
understand	VB
them	PRP
themselves	PRP
,	,
leaving	VBG
them	PRP
feeling	VBG
helpless	JJ
and	CC
plummeting	VBG
further	RBR
into	IN
the	DT
well	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
eating	NN
disorder	NN
.	.
Since	IN
human	JJ
nature	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
large	JJ
part	NN
defined	VBN
by	IN
our	PRP$
wide	JJ
array	NN
of	IN
emotional	JJ
capabilities	NNS
,	,
inclusive	JJ
of	IN
those	DT
such	JJ
as	IN
anger	NN
,	,
happiness	NN
,	,
frustration	NN
and	CC
sadness	NN
,	,
it	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
easy	JJ
to	TO
see	VB
that	DT
when	WRB
individuals	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
allow	VB
themselves	PRP
to	TO
experience	VB
or	CC
overtly	RB
express	VB
their	PRP$
emotions	NNS
,	,
their	PRP$
minds	NNS
necessarily	RB
find	VB
other	JJ
ways	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
most	JJS
people	NNS
with	IN
anorexia	NN
or	CC
bulimia	NN
,	,
one	CD
way	NN
they	PRP
express	VBP
themselves	PRP
is	VBZ
in	IN
a	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
,	,
or	CC
attempted	VBN
loss	NN
of	IN
weight	NN
through	IN
various	JJ
means	NNS
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
weight	NN
may	MD
become	VB
what	WP
the	DT
individual	JJ
sees	VBZ
as	IN
their	PRP$
goal	NN
,	,
the	DT
numbers	NNS
themselves	PRP
are	VBP
only	RB
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
expression	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
equitable	JJ
to	TO
abandon	VB
this	DT
comment	NN
without	IN
adding	VBG
the	DT
reminder	NN
that	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
always	RB
exceptions	NNS
and	CC
variations	NNS
to	TO
symptoms	NNS
,	,
particularly	RB
in	IN
illnesses	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
mind	NN
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
patients	NNS
who	WP
do	VBP
not	RB
report	VB
the	DT
highly	RB
publicized	VBN
distorted	JJ
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
but	CC
experience	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
symptomatically	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
``	``
only	RB
''	''
an	DT
aversion	NN
to	TO
eating	VBG
food	NN
.	.
While	IN
being	VBG
a	DT
slightly	RB
different	JJ
presentation	NN
of	IN
symptoms	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
still	RB
have	VBP
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
of	IN
concern	NN
not	RB
only	RB
because	IN
of	IN
obvious	JJ
physical	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
emotional	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
consistently	RB
present	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
root	NN
of	IN
these	DT
illnesses	NNS
.	.
The	DT
losing	VBG
weight	NN
aspect	NN
of	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
to	TO
the	DT
person	NN
him	PRP
or	CC
herself	PRP
,	,
is	VBZ
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
self-destructive	JJ
process	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
unable	JJ
to	TO
recognize	VB
as	IN
being	VBG
abnormal	JJ
.	.
However	RB
,	,
while	IN
the	DT
anorexic	JJ
is	VBZ
much	RB
more	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
unsuspecting	JJ
of	IN
their	PRP$
problem	NN
,	,
the	DT
bulimic	JJ
person	NN
is	VBZ
more	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
an	DT
awareness	NN
meanwhile	RB
experiencing	VBG
both	DT
a	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
ability	NN
and\/or	CC
will	MD
to	TO
stop	VB
.	.
Ritualized	VBN
ways	NNS
of	IN
eating	NN
;	:
the	DT
actual	JJ
activity	NN
of	IN
binging	NN
and	CC
purging	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
bulimic	JJ
;	:
ritualized	JJ
binging	NN
and	CC
purging	VBG
,	,
etc.	FW
is	VBZ
all	PDT
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
control	VB
and\/or	CC
express	VB
these	DT
negative	JJ
feelings	NNS
.	.
After	IN
its	PRP$
start	NN
,	,
life	NN
for	IN
the	DT
anorexic	JJ
or	CC
bulimic	JJ
soon	RB
revolves	VBZ
predominantly	RB
,	,
and	CC
usually	RB
only	RB
around	IN
their	PRP$
disorder	NN
,	,
while	IN
their	PRP$
practices	NNS
continue	VBP
to	TO
numb	JJ
and	CC
distract	VB
them	PRP
from	IN
emotional	JJ
pain	NN
.	.
Food	NNP
and\/or	CC
the	DT
abstinence	NN
from	IN
food	NN
maintain	VBP
their	PRP$
waking	NN
and	CC
sleeping	NN
.	.
Specifically	RB
,	,
the	DT
mind	NN
of	IN
the	DT
anorexic	JJ
becomes	VBZ
like	IN
a	DT
calculator	NN
,	,
constantly	RB
clicking	VBG
away	RB
,	,
figuring	VBG
and	CC
refiguring	VBG
their	PRP$
allotment	NN
and	CC
consumption	NN
of	IN
calories	NNS
,	,
even	RB
while	IN
holding	VBG
conversation	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
common	JJ
for	IN
anorexics	NNS
to	TO
wake	VB
up	RP
terrified	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
night	NN
having	VBG
had	VBD
a	DT
dream	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
ate	VBD
something	NN
they	PRP
consider	VBP
``	``
taboo	JJ
,	,
''	''
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
soda	NN
or	CC
slice	NN
of	IN
pizza	NN
.	.
While	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
exceptions	NNS
to	TO
symptoms	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
true	JJ
that	IN
obsession	NN
with	IN
and	CC
distortion	NN
of	IN
weight	NN
is	VBZ
usually	RB
present	JJ
in	IN
most	JJS
people	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
``	``
Distorted	JJ
body	NN
images	NNS
,	,
''	''
are	VBP
not	RB
concepts	NNS
grounded	VBN
in	IN
reality	NN
.	.
Although	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
seem	VB
very	RB
similar	JJ
to	TO
delusional	JJ
thought	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
can	MD
cross	VB
that	DT
line	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
it	PRP
is	VBZ
really	RB
a	DT
distortion	NN
that	WDT
prevents	VBZ
them	PRP
from	IN
identifying	VBG
this	DT
aspect	NN
of	IN
reality	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
the	DT
intensity	NN
or	CC
presence	NN
of	IN
distortion	NN
can	MD
change	VB
from	IN
moment	NN
to	TO
moment	NN
.	.
It	PRP
serves	VBZ
a	DT
host	NN
of	IN
purposes	NNS
to	TO
them	PRP
,	,
including	VBG
a	DT
constant	JJ
and	CC
tangible	JJ
task	NN
of	IN
fixing	VBG
things	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
n't	RB
really	RB
``	``
broken	VBN
''	''
while	IN
the	DT
true	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
unaware	JJ
of	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
face	VB
,	,
perceive	VB
or	CC
handle	VB
.	.
Distortion	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
efficient	JJ
distraction	NN
to	TO
a	DT
person	NN
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
something	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
control	VB
,	,
unless	IN
,	,
if	IN
and	CC
when	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
in	IN
recovery	NN
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
lose	VB
the	DT
automatic	JJ
and	CC
unconscious	JJ
association	NN
that	WDT
directly	RB
links	VBZ
stressful	JJ
situations	NNS
to	TO
their	PRP$
distorted	JJ
image	NN
perspective	NN
.	.
Children	NNS
particularly	RB
,	,
who	WP
are	VBP
faced	VBN
with	IN
traumatic	JJ
experiences	NNS
not	RB
properly	RB
addressed	VBD
,	,
will	MD
find	VB
other	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
release	VB
the	DT
negative	JJ
effects	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
accumulated	VBN
within	IN
,	,
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
these	DT
traumas	NNS
.	.
While	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
probably	RB
safe	JJ
to	TO
say	VB
that	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
these	DT
outlets	NNS
are	VBP
maladaptive	JJ
and	CC
lead	NN
to	TO
self-destructiveness	NN
,	,
in	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
way	NN
they	PRP
are	VBP
grave	JJ
attempts	NNS
to	TO
self-preserve	JJ
and	CC
may	MD
temporarily	RB
serve	VB
this	DT
purpose	NN
with	IN
strength	NN
in	IN
efficiency	NN
.	.
In	IN
response	NN
to	TO
traumatic	JJ
events	NNS
,	,
individuals	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
often	RB
as	IN
children	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
the	DT
time	NN
when	WRB
the	DT
groundwork	NN
for	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
may	MD
be	VB
laid	VBN
or	CC
even	RB
may	MD
come	VB
to	TO
fruition	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
will	MD
become	VB
a	DT
great	JJ
skeptic	NN
of	IN
the	DT
world	NN
and	CC
learn	VB
to	TO
rely	VB
only	RB
on	IN
themselves	PRP
,	,
believing	VBG
they	PRP
are	VBP
the	DT
only	RB
one	CD
trustworthy	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
child	NN
's	POS
resources	NNS
are	VBP
endlessly	RB
proven	VBN
immature	JJ
and	CC
are	VBP
non-constructive	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
long	JJ
run	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
a	DT
child	NN
may	MD
unconsciously	RB
learn	VB
that	IN
taking	VBG
on	RP
the	DT
burden	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
chronically	RB
ill	RB
may	MD
alleviate	VB
the	DT
stress	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
parents	NNS
'	POS
marital	JJ
problems	NNS
or	CC
difficult	JJ
family	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
when	WRB
the	DT
focus	NN
turns	VBZ
instead	RB
to	TO
the	DT
child	NN
's	POS
declining	VBG
health	NN
.	.
This	DT
might	MD
occur	VB
at	IN
the	DT
biological	JJ
end	NN
of	IN
an	DT
illness	NN
:	:
if	IN
a	DT
child	NN
has	VBZ
had	VBN
the	DT
flu	NN
,	,
a	DT
result	NN
might	MD
be	VB
a	DT
temporary	JJ
lapse	NN
in	IN
marital	JJ
discord	NN
as	IN
the	DT
parents	NNS
rightly	RB
show	VBP
concern	NN
over	IN
their	PRP$
child	NN
's	POS
health	NN
.	.
Without	IN
conscious	JJ
intent	NN
,	,
the	DT
child	NN
's	POS
symptoms	NNS
may	MD
fail	VB
to	TO
subside	VB
,	,
leaving	VBG
the	DT
biological	JJ
origin	NN
behind	IN
and	CC
entering	VBG
the	DT
realm	NN
of	IN
psychosomatics	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
By	IN
``	``
psychosomatics	NNS
''	''
I	PRP
refer	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
.	.
Notably	RB
,	,
research	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
done	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
genetics	NNS
in	IN
anorexia	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
new	JJ
area	NN
of	IN
research	NN
and	CC
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
considered	VBN
a	DT
possible	JJ
predisposing	JJ
factor	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
individuals	NNS
eventually	RB
receive	VBP
such	JJ
diagnoses	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
intend	VB
to	TO
disqualify	VB
genetics	NNS
by	IN
referencing	VBG
psychosomatics	NNS
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
then	RB
begins	VBZ
the	DT
family	NN
affair	NN
with	IN
symptomatology	NN
,	,
which	WDT
avoids	VBZ
,	,
distances	NNS
and	CC
distracts	VBZ
everyone	NN
involved	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
true	JJ
,	,
problematic	JJ
source	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
while	IN
this	DT
may	MD
have	VB
postponed	VBN
the	DT
family	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
has	VBZ
also	RB
complicated	VBN
them	PRP
and	CC
even	RB
more	RBR
so	RB
will	MD
have	VB
catastrophic	JJ
negative	JJ
effects	NNS
on	IN
that	DT
child	NN
's	POS
physical	JJ
and	CC
emotional	JJ
well-being	NN
.	.
Abused	JJ
children	NNS
,	,
and	CC
adults	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
been	VBN
abused	VBN
,	,
including	VBG
victims	NNS
of	IN
rape	NN
and	CC
violent	JJ
crime	NN
,	,
may	MD
also	RB
fall	VB
into	IN
the	DT
hands	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
in	IN
an	DT
unconscious	JJ
attempt	NN
to	TO
mask	NN
themselves	PRP
from	IN
whoever	WP
or	CC
whatever	WDT
their	PRP$
fears	NNS
may	MD
include	VB
,	,
cloaking	VBG
their	PRP$
spirit	NN
in	IN
an	DT
``	``
armor	NN
''	''
of	IN
bones	NNS
or	CC
additional	JJ
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
use	VBP
the	DT
word	NN
spirit	NN
in	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
a	DT
more	RBR
fitting	JJ
term	NN
.	.
Here	RB
,	,
my	PRP$
intention	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
differentiate	VB
between	IN
the	DT
body	NN
and	CC
the	DT
``	``
spirit	NN
''	''
wherever	WRB
that	DT
may	MD
lie	VB
;	:
that	DT
which	WDT
is	VBZ
the	DT
collection	NN
of	IN
thoughts	NNS
,	,
emotions	NNS
,	,
personality	NN
traits	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
which	WDT
make	VBP
us	PRP
who	WP
we	PRP
are	VBP
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
part	NN
the	DT
disordered	JJ
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
protect	VB
,	,
by	IN
means	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
flesh	NN
,	,
which	WDT
they	PRP
enlist	VBP
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
malleable	JJ
and	CC
protective	JJ
barrier	NN
.	.
Due	JJ
to	TO
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
things	NNS
I	PRP
have	VBP
already	RB
mentioned	VBN
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
believe	VB
that	IN
society	NN
plays	VBZ
a	DT
significant	JJ
role	NN
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
say	VB
that	IN
the	DT
images	NNS
we	PRP
see	VBP
can	MD
and	CC
do	VB
encourage	VB
many	JJ
people	NNS
's	POS
lack	NN
of	IN
acceptance	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
say	VB
that	IN
the	DT
individuals	NNS
who	WP
develop	VBP
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
would	MD
develop	VB
their	PRP$
symptoms	NNS
if	IN
they	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
already	RB
``	``
have	VBP
one	CD
.	.
''	''
What	WP
I	PRP
mean	VBP
by	IN
this	DT
,	,
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
is	VBZ
far	RB
deeper	JJR
than	IN
physical	JJ
and	CC
begins	VBZ
long	RB
before	IN
the	DT
``	``
symptoms	NNS
''	''
we	PRP
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
observe	VB
can	MD
appear	VB
.	.
The	DT
eating	NN
disorder	NN
really	RB
is	VBZ
a	DT
disorder	NN
of	IN
the	DT
mind	NN
,	,
which	WDT
affects	VBZ
the	DT
body	NN
by	IN
taking	VBG
it	PRP
over	IN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
caused	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
myriad	JJ
of	IN
emotional	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
finally	RB
implode	VBP
into	IN
what	WP
we	PRP
see	VBP
as	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
symptoms	NNS
.	.
As	IN
was	VBD
already	RB
mentioned	VBN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
research	NN
being	VBG
conducted	VBN
to	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
role	NN
that	WDT
genetics	VBZ
plays	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
people	NNS
and	CC
even	RB
most	JJS
people	NNS
who	WP
diet	NN
,	,
do	VBP
not	RB
become	VB
anorexic	JJ
or	CC
bulimic	JJ
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
rate	NN
of	IN
bulimia	NN
does	VBZ
succeed	VB
the	DT
rate	NN
of	IN
anorexia	NN
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
stop	VB
being	VBG
considered	VBN
a	DT
``	``
woman	NN
's	POS
disease	NN
,	,
''	''
nor	CC
a	DT
``	``
teenager	NN
's	POS
problem	NN
.	.
''	''
It	PRP
is	VBZ
true	JJ
that	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
affect	VB
women	NNS
more	RBR
so	RB
than	IN
men	NNS
,	,
but	CC
they	PRP
affect	VBP
both	DT
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
such	JJ
a	DT
thing	NN
as	IN
infantile	JJ
anorexia	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
greatly	RB
common	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
geriatric	JJ
community	NN
suffering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
anorexia	NN
.	.
Eating	NNP
disorders	NNS
affect	VBP
homosexual	JJ
and	CC
heterosexual	JJ
males	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
homosexual	JJ
and	CC
heterosexual	JJ
females	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
affect	VBP
young	JJ
boys	NNS
and	CC
young	JJ
girls	NNS
.	.
While	IN
some	DT
forms	NNS
of	IN
feminist	JJ
psychology	NN
greatly	RB
attribute	VBP
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
to	TO
societal	JJ
ideals	NNS
and	CC
unrealistic	JJ
expectations	NNS
of	IN
women	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
,	,
once	RB
again	RB
,	,
disagree	VBP
with	IN
this	DT
theory	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
analogous	JJ
to	TO
me	PRP
of	IN
a	DT
gardener	NN
who	WP
keeps	VBZ
finding	VBG
weeds	NNS
in	IN
his	PRP$
garden	NN
.	.
Some	DT
are	VBP
brown	JJ
and	CC
some	DT
are	VBP
green	JJ
.	.
But	CC
instead	RB
of	IN
pulling	VBG
them	PRP
out	RP
by	IN
the	DT
roots	NNS
,	,
he	PRP
keeps	VBZ
changing	VBG
their	PRP$
surroundings	NNS
,	,
thinking	VBG
they	PRP
will	MD
go	VB
away	RB
.	.
He	PRP
shades	VBZ
the	DT
burnt	JJ
brown	JJ
weeds	NNS
and	CC
they	PRP
become	VBP
green	JJ
,	,
reversing	VBG
his	PRP$
care	NN
,	,
the	DT
green	JJ
turn	NN
brown	JJ
.	.
Ultimately	RB
,	,
the	DT
gardener	NN
realizes	VBZ
that	IN
he	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
pull	VB
his	PRP$
weed	NN
problem	NN
out	IN
by	IN
the	DT
roots	NNS
,	,
but	CC
just	RB
changed	VBD
their	PRP$
appearances	NNS
by	IN
altering	VBG
the	DT
elements	NNS
that	WDT
gave	VBD
them	PRP
expression	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
end	NN
,	,
they	PRP
were	VBD
still	RB
weeds	NNS
and	CC
they	PRP
were	VBD
still	RB
unwanted	JJ
,	,
no	DT
matter	NN
what	WDT
color	NN
they	PRP
appeared	VBD
when	WRB
they	PRP
sprouted	VBD
from	IN
the	DT
earth	NN
.	.
In	IN
brief	JJ
explanation	NN
,	,
from	IN
my	PRP$
perspective	NN
,	,
the	DT
feminist	JJ
approach	NN
gets	VBZ
lost	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
symptomatological	JJ
realm	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
digs	VBZ
for	IN
answers	NNS
,	,
but	CC
is	VBZ
misdirected	VBN
.	.
But	CC
assuming	VBG
,	,
hypothetically	RB
that	IN
we	PRP
choose	VBP
to	TO
act	VB
on	IN
this	DT
theory	NN
:	:
that	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
efficient	JJ
method	NN
of	IN
eliminating	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
change	VB
society	NN
's	POS
standards	NNS
for	IN
women	NNS
,	,
the	DT
problem	NN
will	MD
remain	VB
unresolved	JJ
.	.
Although	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
drug	NN
addiction	NN
,	,
self-mutilation	NN
,	,
suicidal	JJ
ideation\/behavior	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
are	VBP
afflictions	NNS
often	RB
treated	VBD
separately	RB
from	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
for	IN
good	JJ
reason	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
their	PRP$
common	JJ
bond	NN
,	,
easily	RB
summarized	VBN
as	IN
``	``
maladaptive	JJ
coping	VBG
mechanisms	NNS
,	,
''	''
keeps	VBZ
them	PRP
tightly	RB
woven	VBN
.	.
If	IN
we	PRP
assume	VBP
further	RB
,	,
in	IN
this	DT
hypothetical	JJ
world	NN
,	,
that	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
drastically	RB
decline	VBP
because	IN
society	NN
now	RB
has	VBZ
created	VBN
a	DT
realistic	JJ
standard	NN
of	IN
beauty	NN
,	,
the	DT
problems	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
the	DT
true	JJ
``	``
disorder	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
root	NN
problems	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
will	MD
still	RB
be	VB
in	IN
need	NN
of	IN
expression	NN
and	CC
tools	NNS
will	MD
still	RB
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
given	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
individuals	NNS
who	WP
remain	VBP
incapable	JJ
of	IN
determining	VBG
proper	JJ
emotional	JJ
outlets	NNS
,	,
nor	CC
having	VBG
proper	JJ
insight	NN
into	IN
what	WP
they	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
``	``
let	VB
out	RP
.	.
''	''
Taking	VBG
away	RP
the	DT
``	``
sunshine	NN
''	''
that	WDT
makes	VBZ
these	DT
problems	NNS
sprout	VBP
up	RP
,	,
as	IN
``	``
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
''	''
will	MD
not	RB
rid	VB
us	PRP
of	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Rather	RB
,	,
we	PRP
may	MD
begin	VB
to	TO
see	VB
increased	VBN
incidence	NN
of	IN
severe	JJ
self-mutilation	NN
,	,
drug	NN
addiction	NN
,	,
sex	NN
addiction	NN
,	,
forms	NNS
of	IN
psychosis	NN
,	,
OCD	NNP
,	,
suicide	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
true	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
behind	IN
the	DT
differently	RB
colored	VBN
curtains	NNS
of	IN
such	JJ
illnesses	NNS
are	VBP
addressed	VBN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
family	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
,	,
rape	NN
,	,
domestic	JJ
violence	NN
,	,
child	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
and	CC
perhaps	RB
even	RB
underlying	VBG
biological	JJ
contributors	NNS
,	,
then	RB
just	RB
maybe	RB
we	PRP
will	MD
get	VB
somewhere	RB
in	IN
our	PRP$
search	NN
for	IN
deliverance	NN
from	IN
these	DT
incapacitating	JJ
and	CC
often	RB
fatal	JJ
psychiatric-medical	JJ
illnesses	NNS
.	.
In	IN
January	NNP
1999	CD
,	,
Kelsey	NNP
,	,
my	PRP$
10-year	JJ
old	JJ
daughter	NN
,	,
asked	VBD
if	IN
she	PRP
could	MD
go	VB
to	TO
a	DT
weight	NN
loss	NN
camp	NN
in	IN
the	DT
summer	NN
instead	RB
of	IN
her	PRP$
usual	JJ
camp	NN
.	.
She	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
cruising	VBG
the	DT
net	NN
and	CC
had	VBD
one	CD
all	DT
picked	VBN
out	RP
.	.
Her	PRP$
father	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
reasoned	VBD
that	IN
even	RB
though	IN
our	PRP$
daughter	NN
was	VBD
n't	RB
really	RB
overweight	JJ
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
camp	NN
would	MD
make	VB
her	PRP$
feel	NN
better	RB
about	IN
herself	PRP
,	,
why	WRB
not	RB
?	.
Since	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
located	VBN
in	IN
La	NNP
Jolla	NNP
,	,
near	IN
her	PRP$
grandparents	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
agreed	VBD
that	IN
she	PRP
could	MD
go	VB
.	.
We	PRP
contacted	VBD
the	DT
camp	NN
,	,
sent	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
money	NN
,	,
and	CC
put	VBD
that	DT
little	JJ
``	``
to	TO
do	VB
''	''
out	IN
of	IN
our	PRP$
minds	NNS
.	.
With	IN
that	DT
seemingly	RB
innocent	JJ
request	NN
and	CC
unbeknownst	NN
to	TO
us	PRP
,	,
Kelsey	NNP
took	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
few	JJ
steps	NNS
on	IN
what	WP
would	MD
become	VB
a	DT
single-minded	JJ
and	CC
harrowing	JJ
journey	NN
toward	IN
death	NN
by	IN
self-imposed	JJ
starvation	NN
.	.
She	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
diet	NN
and	CC
exercise	NN
.	.
It	PRP
all	DT
seemed	VBD
so	RB
innocent	JJ
that	IN
winter	NN
.	.
We	PRP
approved	VBD
;	:
after	IN
all	DT
,	,
she	PRP
could	MD
stand	VB
to	TO
lose	VB
a	DT
little	JJ
weight	NN
,	,
right	NN
?	.
Slowly	RB
,	,
so	RB
slowly	RB
that	IN
we	PRP
never	RB
noticed	VBD
it	PRP
,	,
she	PRP
cut	VBD
many	JJ
foods	NNS
then	RB
whole	JJ
food	NN
groups	NNS
from	IN
her	PRP$
diet	NN
.	.
A	DT
few	JJ
months	NNS
passed	VBN
.	.
She	PRP
stopped	VBD
eating	VBG
with	IN
us	PRP
,	,
saying	VBG
that	IN
she	PRP
'd	VBD
already	RB
eaten	VBN
or	CC
would	MD
eat	VB
later	RB
.	.
When	WRB
we	PRP
forced	VBD
her	PRP
to	TO
eat	VB
dinner	NN
with	IN
us	PRP
,	,
she	PRP
was	VBD
sullen	JJ
and	CC
simply	RB
pushed	VBD
her	PRP$
food	NN
around	IN
on	IN
her	PRP$
plate	NN
.	.
Late	RB
that	IN
spring	NN
our	PRP$
housekeepers	NNS
pulled	VBD
me	PRP
off	RP
to	TO
the	DT
side	NN
and	CC
whispered	VBD
,	,
``	``
She	PRP
's	VBZ
getting	VBG
VERY	RB
thin	JJ
,	,
do	VBP
n't	RB
you	PRP
think	VB
?	.
''	''
I	PRP
took	VBD
a	DT
new	JJ
look	NN
at	IN
her	PRP$
and	CC
felt	VBD
a	DT
ragged	JJ
,	,
painful	JJ
tearing	VBG
inside	IN
my	PRP$
heart	NN
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
,	,
indeed	RB
,	,
far	RB
too	RB
thin	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
took	VBD
her	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
doctor	NN
,	,
who	WP
talked	VBD
with	IN
her	PRP$
at	IN
length	NN
about	IN
proper	JJ
nutrition	NN
and	CC
made	VBD
a	DT
deal	NN
with	IN
her	PRP$
regarding	VBG
what	WP
she	PRP
would	MD
eat	VB
each	DT
day	NN
.	.
I	PRP
really	RB
thought	VBD
Kelsey	NNP
would	MD
uphold	VB
her	PRP$
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
deal	NN
.	.
She	PRP
'd	MD
always	RB
been	VBN
such	JJ
a	DT
trustworthy	JJ
girl	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
June	NNP
1999	CD
,	,
I	PRP
called	VBD
her	PRP$
camp	NN
and	CC
explained	VBD
to	TO
them	PRP
that	IN
she	PRP
no	RB
longer	RBR
needed	VBN
to	TO
lose	VB
weight	NN
and	CC
asked	VBD
if	IN
,	,
perhaps	RB
,	,
she	PRP
should	MD
not	RB
come	VB
.	.
They	PRP
were	VBD
very	RB
reassuring	JJ
and	CC
convinced	JJ
me	PRP
that	IN
they	PRP
dealt	VBD
with	IN
all	DT
kinds	NNS
of	IN
kids	NNS
,	,
all	DT
sorts	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
would	MD
assign	VB
her	PRP
to	TO
a	DT
counselor	NN
well	RB
versed	VBN
in	IN
her	PRP$
problems	NNS
and	CC
she	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
with	IN
other	JJ
kids	NNS
who	WP
were	VBD
not	RB
eating	VBG
enough	RB
.	.
As	RB
long	RB
as	IN
she	PRP
ate	VBD
enough	RB
calories	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
,	,
they	PRP
told	VBD
me	PRP
,	,
she	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
fine	JJ
in	IN
their	PRP$
program	NN
.	.
Since	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
still	RB
very	RB
innocent	JJ
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
Kelsey	NNP
's	POS
problem	NN
,	,
I	PRP
agreed	VBD
to	TO
their	PRP$
plan	NN
with	IN
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
profound	JJ
relief	NN
that	IN
someone	NN
who	WP
knew	VBD
about	IN
this	DT
would	MD
be	VB
working	VBG
with	IN
her	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
no	DT
idea	NN
that	IN
,	,
by	IN
then	RB
,	,
she	PRP
was	VBD
eating	VBG
far	RB
less	RBR
calories	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
then	RB
they	PRP
had	VBD
suggested	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
no	DT
clue	NN
that	WDT
with	IN
each	DT
set	NN
of	IN
sit-ups	NNS
,	,
with	IN
every	DT
passing	VBG
day	NN
,	,
she	PRP
was	VBD
edging	VBG
closer	RBR
and	CC
closer	RBR
to	TO
death	NN
.	.
Near	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
June	NNP
we	PRP
sent	VBD
her	PRP
off	RP
to	TO
visit	VB
her	PRP$
grandparents	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
week	NN
.	.
We	PRP
figured	VBD
that	IN
if	IN
she	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
eat	VB
much	JJ
while	IN
with	IN
them	PRP
,	,
she	PRP
would	MD
still	RB
be	VB
okay	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
just	RB
one	CD
week	NN
,	,
right	NN
?	.
They	PRP
would	MD
drop	VB
her	PRP$
at	IN
camp	NN
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
week	NN
.	.
We	PRP
knew	VBD
the	DT
people	NNS
at	IN
her	PRP$
camp	NN
would	MD
manage	VB
her	PRP$
food	NN
intake	NN
;	:
they	PRP
were	VBD
professionals	NNS
,	,
after	IN
all	DT
.	.
Three	CD
days	NNS
after	IN
we	PRP
moved	VBD
Spokane	NNP
,	,
Kelsey	NNP
turned	VBD
eleven	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
.	.
Two	CD
days	NNS
later	RB
,	,
on	IN
August	NNP
15th	JJ
,	,
she	PRP
was	VBD
admitted	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
pediatric	JJ
intensive	JJ
care	NN
unit	NN
at	IN
a	DT
local	JJ
hospital	NN
.	.
Kelsey	NNP
,	,
our	PRP$
incredibly	RB
determined	VBN
daughter	NN
,	,
had	VBD
managed	VBN
to	TO
lose	VB
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
in	IN
about	IN
six	CD
months	NNS
,	,
almost	RB
half	DT
her	PRP$
body	NN
weight	NN
.	.
When	WRB
she	PRP
was	VBD
admitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
hospital	NN
,	,
her	PRP$
digestive	JJ
system	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
working	VBG
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
Her	PRP$
heart	NN
was	VBD
beating	VBG
irregularly	RB
.	.
Her	PRP$
brain	NN
had	VBD
shrunk	VBN
.	.
Her	PRP$
core	NN
body	NN
temperature	NN
was	VBD
way	NN
too	RB
low	JJ
.	.
The	DT
hair	NN
on	IN
her	PRP$
head	NN
was	VBD
coming	VBG
out	RP
in	IN
handfuls	NNS
and	CC
she	PRP
was	VBD
growing	VBG
lanugo	NN
on	IN
her	PRP$
abdomen	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
yellow	JJ
.	.
We	PRP
had	VBD
her	PRP$
admitted	VBN
over	IN
her	PRP$
vehement	JJ
protests	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
still	RB
wanted	VBD
to	TO
lose	VB
more	JJR
weight	NN
.	.
Her	PRP$
doctor	NN
told	VBD
us	PRP
that	IN
she	PRP
was	VBD
only	RB
a	DT
handful	NN
of	IN
days	NNS
away	RB
from	IN
death	NN
.	.
I	PRP
held	VBD
her	PRP
as	IN
she	PRP
cried	VBD
weakly	RB
,	,
like	IN
the	DT
scared	JJ
little	JJ
girl	NN
she	PRP
was	VBD
,	,
when	WRB
they	PRP
pushed	VBD
the	DT
feeding	NN
tube	NN
down	IN
through	IN
her	PRP$
nose	NN
,	,
through	IN
her	PRP$
stomach	NN
,	,
and	CC
into	IN
her	PRP$
intestines	NNS
.	.
Her	PRP$
dad	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
spent	VBD
night	NN
after	IN
night	NN
,	,
day	NN
after	IN
day	NN
,	,
in	IN
her	PRP$
hospital	NN
room	NN
.	.
We	PRP
flew	VBD
a	DT
procession	NN
of	IN
relatives	NNS
and	CC
friends	NNS
to	TO
Spokane	NNP
,	,
to	TO
care	VB
for	IN
our	PRP$
two-year	JJ
old	JJ
son	NN
,	,
so	IN
we	PRP
could	MD
spend	VB
time	NN
with	IN
Kelsey	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
watched	VBD
her	PRP$
fight	NN
her	PRP$
doctors	NNS
about	IN
eating	VBG
.	.
We	PRP
heard	VBD
her	PRP$
scream	NN
at	IN
them	PRP
,	,
hating	VBG
them	PRP
for	IN
wanting	VBG
to	TO
``	``
make	VB
her	PRP$
fat	JJ
''	''
.	.
She	PRP
screamed	VBD
at	IN
us	PRP
too	RB
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
reason	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
an	DT
exhausting	JJ
,	,
painful	JJ
,	,
ragged	JJ
,	,
hurting	VBG
,	,
confusing	JJ
time	NN
for	IN
us	PRP
all	DT
.	.
The	DT
doctor	NN
in	IN
charge	NN
of	IN
managing	VBG
her	PRP$
anorexia	NN
,	,
the	DT
renowned	JJ
Dr.	NNP
Jim	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
took	VBD
it	PRP
all	DT
in	IN
stride	NN
.	.
Her	PRP$
wonderful	JJ
counselor	NN
,	,
Lisa	NNP
Middaugh	NNP
,	,
came	VBD
to	TO
see	VB
Kelsey	NNP
daily	RB
,	,
as	IN
did	VBD
the	DT
nutritionist	NN
.	.
The	DT
fourth	JJ
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
team	NN
was	VBD
another	DT
counselor	NN
,	,
Rick	NNP
Graff	NNP
,	,
who	WP
worked	VBD
with	IN
her	PRP$
dad	NN
and	CC
me	PRP
,	,
trying	VBG
to	TO
keep	VB
us	PRP
somewhat	RB
balanced	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
midst	NN
of	IN
the	DT
horror	NN
that	WDT
had	VBD
overshadowed	VBN
our	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
needed	VBD
all	PDT
this	DT
help	NN
,	,
we	PRP
were	VBD
told	VBN
,	,
to	TO
get	VB
through	IN
the	DT
crises	NNS
and	CC
on	IN
into	IN
the	DT
healing	NN
beyond	IN
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
ICU	NNP
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
two	CD
weeks	NNS
,	,
then	RB
in	IN
the	DT
regular	JJ
pediatrics	NNS
unit	NN
for	IN
another	DT
couple	NN
weeks	NNS
.	.
Throughout	IN
that	DT
time	NN
,	,
her	PRP$
doctors	NNS
,	,
nutritionist	NN
,	,
and	CC
counselors	NNS
,	,
the	DT
``	``
team	NN
''	''
that	WDT
was	VBD
charged	VBN
with	IN
her	PRP$
care	NN
,	,
worked	VBD
tirelessly	RB
to	TO
insure	VB
her	PRP$
survival	NN
.	.
Through	IN
that	DT
time	NN
we	PRP
slowly	RB
grew	VBD
accustomed	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
idea	NN
of	IN
having	VBG
a	DT
critically	RB
ill	JJ
child	NN
.	.
We	PRP
slowly	RB
began	VBD
to	TO
see	VB
some	DT
light	JJ
beyond	IN
the	DT
dark	JJ
clouds	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
worst	JJS
fears	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
States	NNP
and	CC
his	PRP$
team	NN
would	MD
save	VB
our	PRP$
child	NN
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
released	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
in	IN
mid-September	NNP
.	.
A	DT
couple	NN
weeks	NNS
later	RB
the	DT
feeding	VBG
tube	NN
was	VBD
removed	VBN
.	.
She	PRP
began	VBD
6th	JJ
grade	NN
the	DT
day	NN
after	IN
it	PRP
came	VBD
out	RP
.	.
Though	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
few	JJ
weeks	NNS
after	IN
everyone	NN
else	RB
went	VBD
back	RB
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
new	JJ
school	NN
to	TO
boot	NN
,	,
she	PRP
was	VBD
glad	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
there	RB
,	,
glad	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
doing	VBG
something	NN
``	``
normal	JJ
''	''
.	.
Girls	NNS
can	MD
and	CC
do	VB
recover	VB
from	IN
anorexia	NN
.	.
It	PRP
takes	VBZ
work	NN
and	CC
dedication	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
money	NN
,	,
she	PRP
adds	VBZ
cynically	RB
,	,
because	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
damned	RB
expensive	JJ
disease	NN
to	TO
treat	VB
even	RB
if	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
good	JJ
insurance	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
on	IN
the	DT
part	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
family	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
recovery	NN
certainly	RB
asks	VBZ
no	RB
more	RBR
from	IN
family	NN
members	NNS
than	IN
it	PRP
requires	VBZ
from	IN
the	DT
anorectic	NN
girl	NN
.	.
The	DT
bottom	JJ
line	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
girls	NNS
recover	VBP
from	IN
anorexia	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
girl	NN
has	VBZ
.	.
Yours	NNP
can	MD
too	RB
.	.
There	EX
were	VBD
also	RB
messages	NNS
of	IN
quiet	JJ
hope	NN
and	CC
touching	VBG
sympathy	NN
as	RB
well	RB
,	,
messages	NNS
from	IN
girls	NNS
and	CC
young	JJ
women	NNS
who	WP
were	VBD
recovering	VBG
or	CC
recovered	VBD
,	,
who	WP
were	VBD
picking	VBG
up	RP
the	DT
pieces	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
and	CC
moving	VBG
on	IN
,	,
stronger	JJR
for	IN
the	DT
ordeal	NN
by	IN
fire	NN
that	IN
anorexia	NN
foists	NNS
upon	IN
its	PRP$
survivors	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
messages	NNS
from	IN
these	DT
young	JJ
women	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
read	VBP
over	IN
and	CC
over	IN
during	IN
the	DT
bad	JJ
times	NNS
with	IN
Kelsey	NNP
,	,
during	IN
the	DT
times	NNS
when	WRB
I	PRP
wept	VBD
with	IN
despair	NN
,	,
wondering	VBG
if	IN
she	PRP
would	MD
want	VB
to	TO
recover	VB
enough	RB
to	TO
continue	VB
taking	VBG
the	DT
hard	JJ
steps	NNS
necessary	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
process	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
never	RB
really	RB
popular	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
just	RB
was	VBD
there	RB
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
used	VBD
to	TO
get	VB
made	VBN
fun	NN
of	IN
a	DT
lot	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
fat	JJ
,	,
or	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
ugly	JJ
,	,
or	CC
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
do	VB
everything	NN
right	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
problems	NNS
with	IN
my	PRP$
classmates	NNS
,	,
until	IN
finally	RB
summer	NN
came	VBD
.	.
That	DT
summer	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
worst	JJS
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
I	PRP
got	VBD
in	IN
to	TO
arguments	NNS
with	IN
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
got	VBD
arrested	VBN
...	:
I	PRP
just	RB
felt	VBD
as	IN
if	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
no	DT
control	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
really	RB
know	VB
why	WRB
I	PRP
started	VBD
not	RB
eating	VBG
...	:
I	PRP
just	RB
did	VBD
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
felt	VBD
great	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
losing	VBG
weight	NN
;	:
I	PRP
was	VBD
finally	RB
getting	VBG
some	DT
social	JJ
acceptance	NN
,	,
and	CC
control	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
kept	VBD
going	VBG
...	:
after	IN
all	DT
,	,
if	IN
losing	VBG
a	DT
little	JJ
bit	NN
of	IN
weight	NN
had	VBD
brought	VBN
all	PDT
these	DT
good	JJ
comments	NNS
,	,
what	WP
could	MD
more	RBR
do	VB
?	.
I	PRP
lost	VBD
more	RBR
and	CC
more	RBR
and	CC
more	RBR
.	.
The	DT
comments	NNS
began	VBD
to	TO
stop	VB
...	:
I	PRP
felt	VBD
as	IN
though	IN
I	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
getting	VBG
gaining	VBG
weight	NN
...	:
letting	VBG
everyone	NN
down	IN
...	:
so	IN
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
eat	VB
less	JJR
,	,
and	CC
after	IN
I	PRP
ate	VBD
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
feel	VB
guilty	JJ
,	,
and	CC
make	VB
myself	PRP
purge	VB
.	.
Eventually	RB
,	,
my	PRP$
mom	NN
decided	VBD
I	PRP
needed	VBD
treatment	NN
for	IN
this	DT
,	,
I	PRP
went	VBD
through	IN
several	JJ
months	NNS
of	IN
treatment	NN
,	,
both	DT
inpatient	JJ
and	CC
outpatient	NN
.	.
After	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
months	NNS
I	PRP
stopped	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
outpatient	NN
sessions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
shortly	RB
there	RB
after	IN
,	,
I	PRP
found	VBD
my	PRP$
self	NN
relapsing	NN
,	,
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
just	RB
happened	VBD
,	,
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
stop	VB
.	.
This	DT
time	NN
however	RB
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
eat	VB
normally	RB
,	,
then	RB
feel	VB
guilty	JJ
,	,
and	CC
purge	NN
.	.
I	PRP
continued	VBD
along	IN
this	DT
way	NN
for	IN
about	IN
two	CD
weeks	NNS
.	.
Until	IN
one	CD
day	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
PE	NNP
class	NN
,	,
we	PRP
were	VBD
swimming	VBG
the	DT
500	CD
,	,
I	PRP
had	VBD
done	VBN
this	DT
dozens	NNS
of	IN
times	NNS
before	RB
,	,
but	CC
this	DT
time	NN
was	VBD
different	JJ
.	.
This	DT
time	NN
,	,
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
finish	VB
.	.
I	PRP
went	VBD
to	TO
my	PRP$
teacher	NN
,	,
he	PRP
let	VBD
me	PRP
get	VB
out	RB
early	RB
,	,
and	CC
go	VB
shower	VB
.	.
I	PRP
took	VBD
a	DT
shower	VB
,	,
changed	VBD
clothes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
walked	VBD
in	IN
to	TO
the	DT
hallway	NN
and	CC
sit	VB
down	RP
.	.
I	PRP
guess	VBP
I	PRP
lost	VBD
consciousness	NN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
really	RB
sure	JJ
how	WRB
long	RB
I	PRP
was	VBD
there	RB
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
woke	VBD
up	RP
with	IN
my	PRP$
PE	NN
teacher	NN
,	,
and	CC
about	RB
4	CD
or	CC
5	CD
students	NNS
standing	VBG
around	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
escorted	VBN
down	RB
to	TO
the	DT
nurse	NN
's	POS
office	NN
,	,
still	RB
only	RB
half-there	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
taken	VBN
immediately	RB
to	TO
my	PRP$
doctor	NN
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
to	TO
the	DT
hospital	NN
,	,
where	WRB
I	PRP
spent	VBD
the	DT
next	JJ
7	CD
hours	NNS
with	IN
an	DT
IV	NNP
in	IN
my	PRP$
arm	NN
,	,
under	IN
observation	NN
.	.
I	PRP
started	VBD
treatment	NN
again	RB
the	DT
next	JJ
day	NN
after	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
released	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
.	.
I	PRP
went	VBD
through	IN
outpatient	NN
treatment	NN
for	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
months	NNS
,	,
and	CC
still	RB
regularly	RB
attend	VB
support	NN
groups	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
know	VB
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
it	PRP
feels	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
powerless	JJ
,	,
numb	JJ
to	TO
your	PRP$
actions	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
consequences	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
it	PRP
feels	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
so	RB
far	RB
gone	VBN
,	,
to	TO
look	VB
into	IN
the	DT
mirror	NN
and	CC
not	RB
recognize	VB
the	DT
face	NN
of	IN
the	DT
person	NN
looking	VBG
back	RP
with	IN
big	JJ
blank	JJ
eyes	NNS
and	CC
an	DT
unwritten	JJ
expression	NN
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
it	PRP
feels	VBZ
to	TO
hate	VB
yourself	PRP
for	IN
what	WP
and	CC
who	WP
you	PRP
are	VBP
,	,
but	CC
still	RB
know	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
change	VB
,	,
that	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
not	RB
that	IN
strong	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
know	VB
why	WRB
I	PRP
do	VBP
it	PRP
,	,
or	CC
why	WRB
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
stop	VB
;	:
you	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
know	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
it	PRP
feels	VBZ
to	TO
think	VB
that	IN
eyes	NNS
are	VBP
constantly	RB
staring	VBG
into	IN
and	CC
through	IN
you	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
know	VB
what	WP
its	PRP$
like	IN
to	TO
have	VB
so	RB
much	JJ
hate	NN
for	IN
yourself	PRP
built	VBD
up	RP
inside	IN
of	IN
you	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
it	PRP
feels	VBZ
to	TO
end	VB
up	RP
crying	VBG
on	IN
a	DT
bathroom	NN
floor	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
that	IN
be	VB
the	DT
high	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
day	NN
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
know	VB
what	WP
thoughts	NNS
go	VBP
through	IN
my	PRP$
head	NN
while	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
on	IN
my	PRP$
knees	NNS
with	IN
my	PRP$
finger	NN
stuck	VBD
down	RP
my	PRP$
throat	NN
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
know	VB
the	DT
inside	NN
of	IN
a	DT
toilet	NN
bowl	NN
intimately	RB
like	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
know	VB
the	DT
pain	NN
of	IN
knowing	VBG
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
this	DT
disease	NN
,	,
this	DT
chronic	JJ
illness	NN
and	CC
not	RB
make	VB
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
ask	VB
for	IN
help	NN
because	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
afraid	JJ
of	IN
what	WP
everyone	NN
else	RB
will	MD
think	VB
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
know	VB
me	PRP
,	,
or	CC
how	WRB
I	PRP
feel	VBP
inside	RB
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
know	VB
what	WP
drives	NNS
me	PRP
to	TO
do	VB
this	DT
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
it	PRP
feels	VBZ
to	TO
never	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
yourself	PRP
,	,
always	RB
an	DT
actor	NN
playing	VBG
this	DT
role	NN
of	IN
a	DT
normal	JJ
,	,
healthy	JJ
person	NN
without	IN
any	DT
huge	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
know	VB
the	DT
actions	NNS
I	PRP
take	VBP
or	CC
the	DT
lengths	NNS
I	PRP
go	VBP
to	TO
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
know	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
powerless	JJ
or	CC
how	WRB
much	JJ
I	PRP
hate	VBP
being	VBG
so	RB
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
afraid	JJ
I	PRP
am	VBP
,	,
my	PRP$
main	JJ
fear	NN
being	VBG
myself	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
know	VB
the	DT
taste	NN
of	IN
dry	JJ
tears	NNS
on	IN
your	PRP$
upper	JJ
lip	NN
as	IN
you	PRP
cry	VBP
yourself	PRP
to	TO
sleep	VB
at	IN
night	NN
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
it	PRP
feels	VBZ
to	TO
pull	VB
off	RP
this	DT
ultimate	JJ
joke	NN
,	,
letting	VBG
people	NNS
think	VBP
you	PRP
're	VBP
normal	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
afraid	JJ
I	PRP
am	VBP
that	IN
my	PRP$
lie	NN
will	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
out	RP
and	CC
I	PRP
'd	MD
have	VB
to	TO
face	VB
someone	NN
familiar	JJ
instead	RB
of	IN
that	DT
familiar	JJ
stranger	NN
in	IN
the	DT
mirror	NN
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
know	VB
,	,
but	CC
if	IN
I	PRP
told	VBD
you	PRP
,	,
you	PRP
'd	MD
pretend	VB
to	TO
know	VB
how	WRB
it	PRP
feels	VBZ
,	,
or	CC
how	WRB
much	JJ
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
hate	VB
myself	PRP
to	TO
do	VB
this	DT
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
know	VB
what	WP
I	PRP
'm	VBP
thinking	VBG
because	IN
I	PRP
hide	VBP
my	PRP$
dissatisfaction	NN
with	IN
myself	PRP
and	CC
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
know	VB
who	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
,	,
but	CC
please	VB
carry	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
anybody	NN
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
know	VB
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
suffered	VBN
for	IN
what	WP
other	JJ
people	NNS
think	VBP
of	IN
me	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
punished	VBN
my	PRP$
self	NN
for	IN
other	JJ
people	NNS
's	POS
thoughs	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
selled	VBN
my	PRP$
soul	NN
to	TO
be	VB
accepted	VBN
,	,
I	PRP
selled	VBD
my	PRP$
reason	NN
to	TO
be	VB
in	IN
this	DT
world	NN
to	TO
be	VB
accepted	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
renounced	VBN
to	TO
my	PRP$
spirit	NN
to	TO
become	VB
a	DT
picture	NN
of	IN
what	WP
the	DT
world	NN
beleives	VBZ
is	VBZ
``	``
in	IN
''	''
.	.
And	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
grateful	JJ
,	,
because	IN
after	IN
all	PDT
this	DT
years	NNS
of	IN
suffering	VBG
I	PRP
have	VBP
found	VBN
something	NN
very	RB
hard	RB
to	TO
find	VB
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
found	VBN
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
only	JJ
person	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
please	VB
is	VBZ
me	PRP
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
only	JJ
person	NN
I	PRP
can	MD
change	VB
is	VBZ
me	PRP
.	.
.	.
and	CC
that	DT
by	IN
changing	VBG
myself	PRP
I	PRP
can	MD
change	VB
more	JJR
than	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
imagine	VB
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
learned	VBN
that	IN
our	PRP$
souls	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
only	JJ
real	JJ
thing	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
nothing	NN
else	RB
is	VBZ
going	VBG
to	TO
give	VB
me	PRP
greater	JJR
happines	NNS
than	IN
myself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
to	TO
love	VB
and	CC
respect	VB
myself	PRP
,	,
and	CC
by	IN
doing	VBG
that	IN
,	,
people	NNS
love	VBP
me	PRP
and	CC
respect	VB
me	PRP
more	RBR
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
learned	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
only	JJ
reason	NN
we	PRP
are	VBP
here	RB
is	VBZ
to	TO
find	VB
out	RP
who	WP
we	PRP
are	VBP
and	CC
what	WP
are	VBP
we	PRP
here	RB
for	IN
.	.
When	WRB
we	PRP
find	VBP
our	PRP$
purpose	NN
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
give	VBP
it	PRP
to	TO
others	NNS
we	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
greatest	JJS
sensation	NN
ever	RB
imagined	VBD
.	.
And	CC
our	PRP$
purpose	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
being	VBG
famous	JJ
,	,
doctors	NNS
,	,
lawyers	NNS
...	:
a	DT
purpose	NN
can	MD
be	VB
bringing	VBG
happiness	NN
,	,
helping	VBG
others	NNS
...	:
and	CC
this	DT
purposes	NNS
are	VBP
more	RBR
important	JJ
than	IN
career	NN
oriented	VBN
ones	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
,	,
people	NNS
with	IN
ed	VBN
's	POS
,	,
are	VBP
very	RB
afraid	JJ
to	TO
listen	VB
to	TO
ourselves	PRP
,	,
we	PRP
are	VBP
always	RB
distracting	VBG
our	PRP$
souls	NNS
with	IN
thouhgs	NNS
.	.
.	.
the	DT
only	JJ
way	NN
out	IN
is	VBZ
jumping	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
empty	JJ
,	,
not	RB
being	VBG
afraid	JJ
,	,
afraid	JJ
is	VBZ
in	IN
our	PRP$
minds	NNS
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
a	DT
way	NN
of	IN
avoidings	NNS
we	PRP
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
handle	VB
sooner	RBR
or	CC
later	RBR
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
like	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
million	CD
miles	NNS
away	RB
from	IN
the	DT
rest	NN
of	IN
the	DT
human	JJ
population	NN
.	.
Everyday	JJ
I	PRP
make	VBP
myself	PRP
binge	NN
and	CC
purge	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
hate	VBP
myself	PRP
for	IN
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
live	VBP
in	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
personal	JJ
hell	NN
and	CC
very	RB
few	JJ
people	NNS
understand	VBP
that	IN
.	.
I	PRP
hate	VBP
myself	PRP
for	IN
not	RB
being	VBG
strong	JJ
enough	RB
to	TO
withstand	VB
food	NN
,	,
to	TO
have	VB
the	DT
``	``
willpower	NN
''	''
to	TO
say	VB
no	UH
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
about	IN
willpower	NN
.	.
If	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
,	,
do	VB
you	PRP
think	VBP
I	PRP
'd	MD
be	VB
doing	VBG
this	DT
?	.
I	PRP
torture	VBP
myself	PRP
everyday	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
ingest	VBP
more	JJR
calories	NNS
than	IN
I	PRP
care	VBP
to	TO
remember	VB
and	CC
then	RB
I	PRP
make	VBP
myself	PRP
throw	VB
up	RP
.	.
Please	VB
understand	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
do	VB
that	DT
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
horrible	JJ
to	TO
self-induce	JJ
purging	VBG
.	.
My	PRP$
stomach	NN
cramps	NNS
,	,
my	PRP$
eyes	NNS
become	VBP
bloodshot	JJ
and	CC
I	PRP
feel	VBP
like	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
die	VB
.	.
Sometimes	RB
I	PRP
bleed	VB
and	CC
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
even	RB
care	VB
.	.
No	DT
one	PRP
would	MD
do	VB
that	DT
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
control	VB
their	PRP$
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
control	NN
over	IN
food	NN
-	:
it	PRP
controls	VBZ
me	PRP
,	,
with	IN
more	JJR
force	NN
than	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
imagine	VB
.	.
Often	RB
I	PRP
am	VBP
absent	JJ
from	IN
conversations	NNS
because	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
obsessing	VBG
about	IN
food	NN
.	.
I	PRP
wake	VBP
up	RP
every	DT
day	NN
trying	VBG
to	TO
fight	VB
my	PRP$
inner	JJ
demon	NN
,	,
but	CC
food	NN
is	VBZ
all	DT
around	IN
us	PRP
and	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
eat	VB
.	.
My	PRP$
thoughts	NNS
about	IN
food	NN
are	VBP
completely	RB
irrational	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
as	IN
if	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
worthy	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
alive	JJ
,	,
let	VB
alone	RB
eat	VB
.	.
For	IN
me	PRP
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
gray	JJ
as	IN
far	RB
as	IN
food	NN
is	VBZ
concerned	VBN
,	,
everything	NN
is	VBZ
just	RB
unnecessary	JJ
sugar	NN
and	CC
fat	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
``	``
forbidden	VBN
food	NN
''	''
list	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
endless	JJ
...	:
I	PRP
hate	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
restaurants	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
bear	VB
to	TO
let	VB
others	NNS
watch	VB
me	PRP
eat	VB
,	,
and	CC
once	RB
I	PRP
have	VBP
eaten	VBN
,	,
all	DT
I	PRP
can	MD
think	VB
about	IN
is	VBZ
how	WRB
much	JJ
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
throw	VB
up	RP
,	,
no	DT
matter	NN
what	WP
I	PRP
have	VBP
eaten	VBN
.	.
Food	NNP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
poison	NN
,	,
a	DT
drug	NN
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
I	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
binge	NN
and	CC
purge	NN
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
consequences	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
filled	VBN
with	IN
an	DT
uncontrollable	JJ
rage	NN
,	,
which	WDT
I	PRP
take	VBP
out	RP
on	IN
myself	PRP
everyday	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
mind	NN
is	VBZ
extremely	RB
sneaky	JJ
-	:
it	PRP
tricks	NNS
even	RB
me	PRP
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
binge	NN
and	CC
purge	NN
I	PRP
feel	VBP
like	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
possessed	VBN
,	,
nothing	NN
exists	VBZ
except	IN
for	IN
me	PRP
and	CC
the	DT
food	NN
...	:
sometimes	RB
I	PRP
go	VBP
to	TO
buy	VB
food	NN
and	CC
when	WRB
I	PRP
am	VBP
done	VBN
I	PRP
am	VBP
filled	VBN
with	IN
self-hatred	JJ
and	CC
disgust	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
cleanse	VB
myself	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
purge	VB
,	,
for	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
only	JJ
way	NN
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
feel	VB
like	IN
the	DT
horrible	JJ
monster	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
.	.
Bulimia	NN
kills	VBZ
me	PRP
,	,
yet	CC
it	PRP
comforts	NNS
me	PRP
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
my	PRP$
friend	NN
,	,
and	CC
now	RB
,	,
when	WRB
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
undertake	VB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
hardest	RBS
tasks	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
like	IN
,	,
to	TO
get	VB
better	JJR
,	,
you	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
take	VB
it	PRP
away	RB
from	IN
me	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
need	VBP
it	PRP
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
survive	VB
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
ask	VB
for	IN
this	DT
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
making	VBG
it	PRP
up	RP
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
disease	NN
and	CC
if	IN
willpower	NN
could	MD
cure	VB
it	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
done	VBN
it	PRP
a	DT
long	JJ
time	NN
ago	RB
.	.
It	PRP
surprises	NNS
me	PRP
how	WRB
sneaky	JJ
I	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
,	,
the	DT
excuses	NNS
I	PRP
concoct	VBP
,	,
the	DT
way	NN
I	PRP
'll	MD
do	VB
anything	NN
to	TO
feed	VB
my	PRP$
compulsion	NN
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
this	DT
can	MD
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
will	MD
-RRB-	-RRB-
kill	VBP
me	PRP
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
give	VB
it	PRP
up	RP
.	.
Some	DT
days	NNS
are	VBP
so	RB
awful	JJ
I	PRP
never	RB
want	VBP
to	TO
do	VB
it	PRP
again	RB
...	:
some	DT
days	NNS
I	PRP
just	RB
want	VBP
to	TO
die	VB
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
stop	VB
myself	PRP
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
letter	NN
I	PRP
wrote	VBD
to	TO
my	PRP$
cousin	NN
,	,
a	DT
psychologist	NN
.	.
I	PRP
never	RB
sent	VBD
her	PRP$
the	DT
letter	NN
.	.
After	IN
rereading	VBG
it	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
became	VBD
embarrassed	JJ
and	CC
ashamed	JJ
.	.
Once	RB
again	RB
,	,
just	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
reaching	VBG
out	RP
for	IN
help	NN
,	,
I	PRP
backed	VBD
away	RB
.	.
Although	IN
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
help	NN
and	CC
wanted	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
``	``
normal	JJ
''	''
again	RB
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
yet	RB
ready	JJ
to	TO
let	VB
go	VB
of	IN
my	PRP$
companion	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
friend	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
worst	JJS
enemy-my	JJ
bulimia	NN
.	.
Writing	VBG
this	DT
letter	NN
helped	VBD
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
finally	RB
express	VB
myself	PRP
with	IN
out	IN
being	VBG
ridiculed	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
submitting	VBG
this	DT
letter	NN
in	IN
hopes	NNS
that	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
help	VB
someone	NN
else	RB
know	VBP
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
alone	RB
,	,
as	IN
I	PRP
sometimes	RB
feel	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
wanted	VBD
to	TO
write	VB
you	PRP
a	DT
note	NN
to	TO
tell	VB
you	PRP
how	WRB
I	PRP
'm	VBP
doing	VBG
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
way	NN
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
really	RB
sorry	JJ
that	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
doing	VBG
this	DT
to	TO
you-dumping	VBG
all	DT
my	PRP$
problems	NNS
on	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Sometimes	RB
I	PRP
feel	VBP
like	IN
a	DT
real	JJ
psycho	NN
.	.
Mom	NN
seems	VBZ
to	TO
believe	VB
that	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
case	NN
.	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
her	PRP
to	TO
know	VB
what	WP
I	PRP
'm	VBP
going	VBG
through	IN
physically	RB
,	,
mentally	RB
,	,
emotionally	RB
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
chemically	RB
.	.
I	PRP
NEED	VBD
her	PRP
to	TO
know	VB
.	.
I	PRP
need	VBP
someone	NN
to	TO
know	VB
,	,
just	RB
in	IN
case	NN
.	.
See	VB
,	,
I	PRP
bet	VBP
you	PRP
know	VB
what	WP
I	PRP
mean	VBP
when	WRB
I	PRP
say	VBP
``	``
just	RB
in	IN
case	NN
''	''
.	.
Others	NNS
will	MD
ask	VB
,	,
``	``
In	IN
case	NN
of	IN
what	WP
?	.
''	''
Then	RB
they	PRP
let	VBP
out	RP
a	DT
chuckle	NN
and	CC
roll	VBP
their	PRP$
eyes	NNS
when	WRB
I	PRP
explain	VBP
,	,
in	IN
case	NN
I	PRP
die	VBP
.	.
Why	WRB
does	VBZ
it	PRP
seem	VB
so	RB
impossible	JJ
for	IN
someone	NN
to	TO
die	VB
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
?	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
,	,
they	PRP
look	VBP
at	IN
me	PRP
and	CC
they	PRP
can	MD
see	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
a	DT
waif	NN
.	.
And	CC
,	,
gee	RB
,	,
I	PRP
guess	VBP
I	PRP
may	MD
even	RB
look	VB
healthy	JJ
.	.
Nothing	NN
could	MD
happen	VB
to	TO
me	PRP
,	,
right	RB
?	.
My	PRP$
body	NN
ca	MD
n't	RB
and	CC
wo	MD
n't	RB
spare	VB
blood	NN
for	IN
my	PRP$
periods	NNS
,	,
how	WRB
can	MD
it	PRP
spare	VB
the	DT
tears	NNS
I	PRP
cry	VBP
as	IN
I	PRP
write	VBP
this	DT
?	.
How	WRB
do	VBP
I	PRP
even	RB
have	VBP
the	DT
energy	NN
to	TO
write	VB
this	DT
?	.
I	PRP
hope	VBP
it	PRP
makes	VBZ
sense	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
memory	NN
sucks	VBZ
.	.
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
think	VB
straight	JJ
anymore	RB
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
terrible	JJ
time	NN
getting	VBG
my	PRP$
words	NNS
out	RP
.	.
I	PRP
shake	VBP
a	DT
lot	NN
,	,
from	IN
the	DT
cold	JJ
or	CC
from	IN
malnutrition	NN
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
which	WDT
.	.
Maybe	RB
from	IN
both	DT
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
dizzy	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
fall	VBP
into	IN
walls	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
hair	NN
falls	VBZ
out	RP
in	IN
clumps	NNS
.	.
The	DT
whites	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
eyes	NNS
are	VBP
red	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
hips	NNS
hurt	VBN
,	,
the	DT
bones	NNS
stick	VBP
out	RP
.	.
It	PRP
hurts	VBZ
to	TO
lay	VB
or	CC
sit	VB
too	RB
long	RB
.	.
Ive	NNP
lost	VBD
too	RB
much	JJ
weight	NN
over	IN
5 1\/2	CD
months	NNS
!	.
Not	RB
normal	JJ
.	.
But	CC
``	``
great	JJ
''	''
because	IN
it	PRP
came	VBD
off	RP
so	RB
fast	RB
.	.
No	DT
one	PRP
would	MD
know	VB
from	IN
looking	VBG
at	IN
me	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
sick	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
congratulate	VBP
me	PRP
on	IN
the	DT
weight	NN
loss	NN
.	.
I	PRP
smile	VBP
and	CC
am	VBP
happy	JJ
that	IN
they	PRP
notice	VBP
but	CC
furious	JJ
and	CC
annoyed	JJ
because	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
see	VB
that	DT
HOW	NNP
I	PRP
am	VBP
doing	VBG
it	PRP
is	VBZ
bad	JJ
!	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
like	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
saying	VBG
,	,
``	``
Congratulations	NNS
on	IN
slowly	RB
killing	VBG
yourself	PRP
,	,
on	IN
slowly	RB
destroying	VBG
your	PRP$
body	NN
!	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
soooo	JJ
proud	JJ
of	IN
you	PRP
!	.
''	''
I	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
n't	RB
thinking	VBG
these	DT
things	NNS
,	,
of	IN
course	NN
.	.
I	PRP
guess	VBP
I	PRP
just	RB
want	VBP
someone	NN
to	TO
care	VB
,	,
someone	NN
to	TO
help	VB
me	PRP
.	.
Which	WDT
is	VBZ
confusing	VBG
in	IN
itself	PRP
because	IN
half	PDT
the	DT
time	NN
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
feel	VB
worthy	JJ
of	IN
care	NN
or	CC
help	NN
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
tried	VBD
to	TO
tell	VB
mom	NN
about	IN
my	PRP$
hair	NN
loss	NN
,	,
the	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
period	NN
and	CC
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
hair	NN
I	PRP
was	VBD
growing	VBG
on	IN
my	PRP$
cheeks	NNS
,	,
stomach	NN
and	CC
back	RB
,	,
she	PRP
shook	VBD
her	PRP$
head	NN
in	IN
pity	NN
.	.
``	``
Tsk	NNP
,	,
Tsk	NNP
.	.
Well	RB
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
if	IN
you	PRP
die	VBP
form	NN
this	DT
,	,
Lisa	NNP
,	,
everyone	NN
will	MD
say	VB
,	,
`	``
Awww	NNP
...	:
that	IN
poor	JJ
girl	NN
.	.
She	PRP
must	MD
have	VB
really	RB
had	VBD
something	NN
mentally	RB
wrong	JJ
with	IN
her	PRP
.	.
'	''
''	''
That	DT
statement	NN
almost	RB
killed	VBD
me	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
made	VBD
me	PRP
feel	VB
so	RB
alone	RB
,	,
so	RB
isolated	JJ
,	,
so	RB
CRAZY	JJ
!	.
I	PRP
told	VBD
her	PRP
that	IN
it	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
matter	VB
to	TO
me	PRP
what	WP
people	NNS
thought	VBD
.	.
As	RB
long	RB
as	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
looking	VBG
at	IN
me	PRP
,	,
while	IN
in	IN
my	PRP$
coffin	NN
,	,
as	IN
a	DT
dead	JJ
THIN	NNP
Lisa	NNP
instead	RB
of	IN
a	DT
dead	JJ
FAT	NNP
Lisa	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
realize	VBP
that	IN
my	PRP$
statement	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
contradiction	NN
of	IN
itself	PRP
.	.
That	DT
if	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
care	VB
what	WP
they	PRP
thought	VBD
,	,
then	RB
,	,
why	WRB
care	NN
if	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
fat	JJ
or	CC
thin	JJ
when	WRB
I	PRP
'm	VBP
dead	JJ
.	.
Its	PRP$
because	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
care	VB
what	WP
people	NNS
think	VBP
,	,
whether	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
dead	JJ
or	CC
alive	JJ
.	.
Maybe	RB
I	PRP
care	VBP
too	RB
much	RB
.	.
But	CC
that	DT
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
main	JJ
reasons	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
onset	NN
of	IN
this	DT
disease	NN
.	.
ONE	CD
of	IN
the	DT
reasons	NNS
.	.
Certainly	RB
not	RB
the	DT
only	JJ
reason	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
believe	VB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
reason	NN
.	.
Again	RB
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
sorry	JJ
for	IN
dumping	VBG
all	PDT
this	DT
stuff	NN
on	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Its	PRP$
just	RB
that	DT
,	,
I	PRP
can	MD
tell	VB
by	IN
the	DT
way	NN
you	PRP
listened	VBD
and	CC
treated	VBD
me	PRP
a	DT
few	JJ
months	NNS
ago	IN
that	IN
you	PRP
understand	VBP
.	.
You	PRP
understand	VBP
that	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
disease	NN
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
needed	VBD
to	TO
tell	VB
someone	NN
what	WP
I	PRP
'm	VBP
going	VBG
through	IN
.	.
Someone	NN
who	WP
understands	VBZ
from	IN
a	DT
professional	JJ
level	NN
,	,
I	PRP
guess	VBP
.	.
My	PRP$
hand	NN
hurts	VBZ
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
so	RB
much	RB
better	JJR
now	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
put	VBP
my	PRP$
feelings	NNS
down	RP
on	IN
paper	NN
.	.
I	PRP
felt	VBD
like	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
talking	VBG
to	TO
you	PRP
,	,
to	TO
your	PRP$
face	NN
,	,
as	IN
you	PRP
just	RB
listened	VBD
to	TO
me	PRP
,	,
not	RB
judging	VBG
me	PRP
.	.
Just	RB
listening	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
hope	VBP
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
judge	VB
me	PRP
while	IN
reading	VBG
this	DT
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
needed	VBD
a	DT
friend	NN
.	.
You	PRP
've	VBP
ruined	VBN
my	PRP$
teenage	JJ
years	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
supposed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
fun	NN
times	NNS
!	.
I	PRP
never	RB
had	VBD
a	DT
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
sick	JJ
of	IN
you	PRP
hurting	VBG
me	PRP
and	CC
the	DT
ones	NNS
who	WP
love	VBP
and	CC
support	VBP
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
choosing	VBG
to	TO
get	VB
better	JJR
and	CC
as	IN
for	IN
you	PRP
...	:
Popular	NNP
Victorian	JJ
thinking	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
women	NNS
were	VBD
``	``
slaves	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
bodily	JJ
appetites	NNS
''	''
,	,
an	DT
attitude	NN
long	RB
asserted	VBD
by	IN
the	DT
Church	NNP
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
food	NN
and	CC
sex	NN
were	VBD
inextricably	RB
linked	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
feminine	JJ
psyche	NN
:	:
``	``
appetite	NN
was	VBD
regarded	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
barometer	NN
of	IN
sexuality	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Brumberg	NNP
175	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Aesthetes	NNS
like	IN
Saint	NNP
Catherine	NNP
modeled	VBD
the	DT
stringent	JJ
standards	NNS
held	VBN
for	IN
women	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
19th	JJ
century	NN
,	,
when	WRB
the	DT
ideal	NN
was	VBD
``	``
a	DT
physique	NN
that	WDT
symbolized	VBD
rejection	NN
of	IN
all	DT
carnal	JJ
appetites	NNS
''	''
Studies	NNS
show	VBP
a	DT
marked	JJ
correlation	NN
between	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
confusion	NN
over	IN
sex	NN
roles	NNS
.	.
Lewis	NNP
and	CC
Johnson	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
1985	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
found	VBD
that	IN
``	``
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
women	NNS
lack	VBP
a	DT
solid	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
sex	NN
role	NN
orientation	NN
,	,
and	CC
this	DT
role	NN
ambiguity	NN
leads	VBZ
to	TO
lowered	VBN
self	NN
esteem	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Jones	NNP
110	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Rost	NNP
et	FW
al	FW
-LRB-	-LRB-
1982	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
noted	VBD
a	DT
significant	JJ
discrepancy	NN
between	IN
their	PRP$
``	``
liberated	VBD
''	''
attitudes	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
``	``
rigid	JJ
''	''
behaviors	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
Jones	NNP
111	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Difficulty	NN
in	IN
identifying	VBG
oneself	NN
within	IN
stereotypical	JJ
gender	NN
roles	NNS
may	MD
contribute	VB
to	TO
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
a	DT
disproportionately	RB
high	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
men	NNS
are	VBP
gay	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
Siever	NNP
252	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
estimated	VBN
that	IN
one	CD
in	IN
four	CD
college	NN
women	NNS
struggles	VBZ
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
online	JJ
source	NN
2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
times	NNS
at	IN
which	WDT
women	NNS
are	VBP
struck	VBN
down	RP
by	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
reveal	VBP
how	WRB
they	PRP
have	VBP
internalized	VBN
the	DT
cultural	JJ
ambivalence	NN
described	VBN
above	IN
.	.
Often	RB
``	``
onset	NN
of	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
coincides	NNS
with	IN
an	DT
underlying	VBG
developmental	JJ
crisis	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Chernin	NNP
23	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Hornbacher	NNP
recalls	VBZ
her	PRP$
own	JJ
crisis	NN
,	,
writing	VBG
,	,
``	``
Faced	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
staggering	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
possibilities	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
quit	VBP
...	:
''	''
The	DT
desire	NN
for	IN
control	NN
that	IN
helps	VBZ
define	VB
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
is	VBZ
accompanied	VBN
by	IN
seemingly	RB
contradictory	JJ
dynamics	NNS
.	.
For	IN
one	CD
thing	NN
,	,
many	JJ
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
persons	NNS
claim	VBP
that	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
deserve	VB
to	TO
eat	VB
.	.
History	NN
teaches	VBZ
that	IN
women	NNS
``	``
should	MD
suffer	VB
to	TO
attain	VB
an	DT
ideal	NN
,	,
whether	IN
it	PRP
be	VB
gender-specific	JJ
beauty	NN
or	CC
the	DT
more	RBR
general	JJ
ideals	NNS
of	IN
salvation	NN
,	,
subjectivity	NN
,	,
or	CC
autonomy	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Fallon	NNP
42	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
self-sacrificing	JJ
woman	NN
remains	VBZ
an	DT
idol	NN
;	:
consider	VB
the	DT
Catholic	NNP
pre-occupation	NN
with	IN
Mary	NNP
and	CC
with	IN
female	JJ
aesthetes	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
reflected	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
portions	NNS
of	IN
food	NN
that	IN
women	NNS
feel	VBP
comfortable	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
which	WDT
``	``
testify	VB
to	TO
and	CC
reinforce	VB
their	PRP$
sense	NN
of	IN
social	JJ
inferiority	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Fallon	NNP
98	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
Wolf	NNP
,	,
women	NNS
``	``
do	VBP
not	RB
feel	VB
entitled	VBN
to	TO
enough	JJ
food	NN
because	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
they	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
have	VBP
been	VBN
taught	VBN
to	TO
go	VB
with	IN
less	JJR
than	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
they	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
need	VBP
since	IN
birth	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Fallon	NNP
99	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
lesson	NN
easily	RB
translates	VBZ
to	TO
a	DT
low	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
self-worth	NN
.	.
The	DT
physiological	JJ
experience	NN
of	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
is	VBZ
similar	JJ
to	TO
that	DT
of	IN
starving	VBG
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
starvation	NN
is	VBZ
self-imposed	JJ
.	.
Is	VBZ
it	PRP
a	DT
great	JJ
leap	NN
,	,
then	RB
,	,
to	TO
view	VB
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
as	IN
a	DT
slow	JJ
suicide	NN
?	.
As	IN
one	CD
patient	NN
eloquently	RB
states	VBZ
,	,
``	``
Eating	NNP
disorders	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
most	RBS
socially	RB
acceptable	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
self-destruct	VB
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Thompson	NNP
102	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
My	PRP$
therapist	NN
will	MD
tell	VB
you	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
made	VBN
especial	JJ
progress	NN
lately	RB
.	.
I	PRP
wrote	VBD
the	DT
people	NNS
I	PRP
met	VBD
in	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
about	IN
my	PRP$
disorder	NN
,	,
hoping	VBG
to	TO
eradicate	VB
some	DT
stereotypes	NNS
and	CC
raise	VB
awareness	NN
.	.
The	DT
responses	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
largely	RB
positive	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
found	VBD
a	DT
support	NN
chatroom	NN
online	NN
at	IN
www.something-fishy.org	NN
.	.
Naturally	RB
this	DT
attracts	VBZ
mostly	RB
women	NNS
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
have	VBP
chatted	VBN
about	IN
many	JJ
subjects	NNS
I	PRP
touched	VBD
on	IN
in	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
have	VBP
talked	VBN
about	IN
their	PRP$
self-hatred	JJ
,	,
their	PRP$
lack	NN
of	IN
identity	NN
,	,
their	PRP$
confused	JJ
relationships	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
sex	NN
.	.
Peppered	NNP
throughout	IN
our	PRP$
chats	NNS
are	VBP
affirmations	NNS
and	CC
questions	NNS
like	IN
``	``
what	WP
do	VBP
you	PRP
like	IN
about	IN
yourself	PRP
?	.
''	''
and	CC
``	``
what	WP
are	VBP
you	PRP
good	JJ
at	IN
,	,
apart	RB
from	IN
your	PRP$
disorder	NN
?	.
''	''
.	.
Meanwhile	RB
,	,
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
women	NNS
come	VBP
in	IN
cherishing	VBG
their	PRP$
disorder	NN
--	:
they	PRP
know	VBP
they	PRP
have	VBP
achieved	VBN
the	DT
ideal	NN
,	,
they	PRP
know	VBP
they	PRP
have	VBP
found	VBN
an	DT
image	NN
that	WDT
conveys	VBZ
all	DT
that	IN
they	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
.	.
Women	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
oppose	VB
the	DT
system	NN
that	WDT
still	RB
oppresses	VBZ
us	PRP
,	,
the	DT
industry	NN
that	WDT
still	RB
objectifies	VBZ
us	PRP
.	.
Or	CC
else	RB
we	PRP
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
lose	VB
our	PRP$
sisters	NNS
and	CC
ourselves	PRP
to	TO
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
behaviors	NNS
.	.
These	DT
behaviors	NNS
are	VBP
an	DT
acquiesce	NN
to	TO
an	DT
order	NN
to	TO
self-destruct	VB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
woman	NN
trained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
art	NN
of	IN
hatred	NN
.	.
Hatred	NN
of	IN
the	DT
body	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
story	NN
is	VBZ
only	RB
one	CD
of	IN
many	JJ
.	.
Correction	NN
;	:
my	PRP$
hell	NN
is	VBZ
only	RB
one	CD
of	IN
many	JJ
.	.
How	WRB
epidemic	JJ
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
have	VBP
become	VBN
in	IN
our	PRP$
society	NN
,	,
yet	RB
we	PRP
turn	VB
our	PRP$
heads	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
sick	JJ
twinge	NN
of	IN
jealousy	NN
,	,
envy	NN
for	IN
the	DT
dying	VBG
,	,
swells	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
mind	NN
.	.
We	PRP
've	VBP
fallen	VBN
victim	NN
to	TO
this	DT
senseless	JJ
act	NN
of	IN
violence	NN
.	.
A	DT
crime	NN
unpunishable	JJ
by	IN
law	NN
that	IN
entraps	VBZ
the	DT
very	RB
being	VBG
of	IN
self	NN
.	.
I	PRP
awake	RB
,	,
I	PRP
starve	VBP
,	,
I	PRP
exercise	VBP
,	,
I	PRP
binge	NN
,	,
I	PRP
vomit	VBP
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
when	WRB
the	DT
day	NN
is	VBZ
over	IN
and	CC
a	DT
new	JJ
one	CD
begun	VBN
,	,
I	PRP
begin	VBP
again	RB
.	.
Monotony	NNP
becomes	VBZ
essential	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
destruction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
body	NN
.	.
To	TO
watch	VB
the	DT
world	NN
sit	VB
back	RB
and	CC
condone	VB
the	DT
act	NN
of	IN
self-destruction	NN
,	,
this	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
undoing	NN
of	IN
today	NN
's	POS
youth	NN
.	.
When	WRB
will	MD
we	PRP
learn	VB
?	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
stigma	NN
attached	VBN
to	TO
those	DT
afflicted	VBN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
seen	VBN
as	IN
greedy	JJ
,	,
selfish	JJ
,	,
ignorant	JJ
girls	NNS
.	.
Why	WRB
starve	VBP
the	DT
body	NN
?	.
What	WP
purpose	NN
does	VBZ
it	PRP
serve	VB
?	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
twisted	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
gratification	NN
,	,
of	IN
accomplishment	NN
to	TO
be	VB
gained	VBN
.	.
No	DT
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
claiming	VBG
there	EX
is	VBZ
any	DT
reason	NN
or	CC
rhyme	NN
to	TO
the	DT
madness	NN
,	,
only	RB
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
``	``
our	PRP$
claim	NN
to	TO
fame	NN
.	.
''	''
We	PRP
hold	VBP
on	IN
tight	JJ
to	TO
it	PRP
,	,
afraid	JJ
to	TO
let	VB
go	VB
,	,
afraid	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
less	RBR
,	,
afraid	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
more	RBR
.	.
Our	PRP$
loss	NN
becomes	VBZ
our	PRP$
gain	NN
.	.
Complete	JJ
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
body	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
functions	NNS
,	,
now	RB
that	DT
's	VBZ
power	NN
.	.
To	TO
restrict	VB
nature	NN
,	,
to	TO
stop	VB
time	NN
,	,
the	DT
high	JJ
is	VBZ
euphoric	JJ
.	.
And	CC
then	RB
it	PRP
all	DT
comes	VBZ
crashing	VBG
down	RP
.	.
Eventually	RB
you	PRP
hit	VBD
rock	NN
bottom	NN
,	,
maybe	RB
you	PRP
hit	VBP
rock	NN
bottom	JJ
time	NN
and	CC
again	RB
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
profound	JJ
realization	NN
;	:
I	PRP
am	VBP
killing	VBG
my	PRP$
body	NN
!	.
You	PRP
become	VBP
filled	VBN
with	IN
fear	NN
-	:
my	PRP$
heart	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
kidneys	NNS
,	,
my	PRP$
reproductive	JJ
system	NN
,	,
what	WDT
have	VBP
I	PRP
done	VBN
?	.
You	PRP
decide	VBP
to	TO
enter	VB
``	``
recovery	NN
.	.
''	''
That	DT
lasts	VBZ
all	DT
of	IN
one	CD
day	NN
.	.
You	PRP
choose	VBP
destruction	NN
over	IN
health	NN
.	.
Why	WRB
?	.
Who	WP
are	VBP
you	PRP
without	IN
it	PRP
?	.
What	WP
purpose	NN
do	VBP
you	PRP
serve	VB
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
?	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
your	PRP$
duty	NN
to	TO
starve	VB
.	.
Our	PRP$
duty	NN
as	IN
women	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
become	VB
as	IN
meek	NN
and	CC
fragile	JJ
as	IN
we	PRP
can	MD
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
become	VBN
``	``
the	DT
American	JJ
way	NN
.	.
''	''
What	WP
good	NN
are	VBP
we	PRP
fat	JJ
?	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
hard	JJ
work	NN
that	WDT
goes	VBZ
into	IN
having	VBG
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
Rationalization	NN
is	VBZ
key	JJ
.	.
A	DT
marlboro	NN
light	NN
and	CC
diet	NN
pepsi	NNS
.	.
Mmmmm	NNP
.	.
Breakfast	NN
.	.
You	PRP
go	VBP
pro	JJ
when	WRB
it	PRP
comes	VBZ
to	TO
lying	VBG
.	.
Me	PRP
,	,
hungry	JJ
?	.
No	DT
,	,
I	PRP
ate	VBD
last	JJ
week	NN
.	.
You	PRP
boast	VBP
of	IN
a	DT
superb	JJ
metabolism	NN
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
shame	NN
.	.
You	PRP
go	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
extreme	NN
to	TO
hide	VB
your	PRP$
``	``
greatness	NN
.	.
''	''
You	PRP
go	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
extreme	NN
to	TO
hide	VB
your	PRP$
fall	NN
.	.
You	PRP
live	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
state	NN
foreign	JJ
to	TO
those	DT
around	IN
you	PRP
.	.
But	CC
soon	RB
you	PRP
become	VBP
angry	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
fair	JJ
that	IN
you	PRP
despise	VBP
your	PRP$
body	NN
to	TO
such	PDT
a	DT
degree	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
fair	JJ
you	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
laugh	NN
,	,
think	VB
,	,
see	VB
,	,
act	VB
,	,
and	CC
eat	VB
like	IN
the	DT
others	NNS
.	.
Your	PRP$
``	``
superiority	NN
''	''
melts	VBZ
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
shame	NN
shines	VBZ
through	IN
.	.
Now	RB
,	,
and	CC
only	RB
now	RB
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
ready	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
fight	NN
.	.
A	DT
fight	NN
for	IN
``	``
normalcy	NN
.	.
''	''
A	DT
fight	NN
for	IN
life	NN
.	.
The	DT
beliefs	NNS
I	PRP
once	RB
held	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
about	IN
to	TO
describe	VB
are	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
seem	VB
absurd	JJ
and	CC
completely	RB
irrational	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
typical	JJ
reader	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
because	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
spent	VBN
much	JJ
time	NN
and	CC
energy	NN
throughout	IN
my	PRP$
high	JJ
school	NN
years	NNS
learning	VBG
to	TO
retrain	VB
my	PRP$
mind	NN
to	TO
rationalize	VB
many	JJ
false	JJ
beliefs	NNS
so	IN
that	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
see	VB
and	CC
believe	VB
reality	NN
.	.
There	EX
was	VBD
I	PRP
time	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
believed	VBD
that	IN
what	WP
was	VBD
actually	RB
underweight	JJ
was	VBD
grossly	RB
fat	JJ
.	.
There	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
time	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
believed	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
piece	NN
of	IN
bread	NN
had	VBD
the	DT
power	NN
to	TO
instantly	RB
add	VB
pounds	NNS
to	TO
my	PRP$
frame	NN
.	.
There	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
time	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
believed	VBD
that	IN
my	PRP$
body	NN
was	VBD
different	JJ
from	IN
everyone	NN
else	RB
's	POS
,	,
that	IN
it	PRP
could	MD
survive	VB
on	IN
very	RB
little	JJ
calories	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
.	.
There	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
time	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
believed	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
``	``
normal	JJ
''	''
diet	NN
consisted	VBN
of	IN
an	DT
apple	NN
for	IN
breakfast	NN
,	,
a	DT
diet	NN
coke	NN
for	IN
lunch	NN
,	,
and	CC
baby	NN
carrots	NNS
for	IN
dinner	NN
.	.
There	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
time	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
believed	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
only	JJ
thing	NN
that	WDT
could	MD
make	VB
me	PRP
happy	JJ
was	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
thin	JJ
,	,
and	CC
thinner	JJR
,	,
and	CC
thinner	JJR
...	:
There	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
time	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
believed	VBD
that	IN
dieting	NN
,	,
being	VBG
in	IN
control	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
and	CC
what	WP
I	PRP
ate	VBD
,	,
was	VBD
the	DT
only	JJ
thing	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
control	NN
of	IN
;	:
it	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
only	JJ
escape	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
only	JJ
thing	NN
that	WDT
could	MD
make	VB
me	PRP
feel	VB
better	JJR
about	IN
myself	PRP
.	.
There	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
time	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
believed	VBD
that	IN
nothing	NN
else	JJ
mattered	VBN
,	,
that	IN
my	PRP$
top	NN
and	CC
only	RB
priority	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
lose	VB
weight	NN
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
expense	NN
of	IN
all	DT
else	RB
.	.
There	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
time	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
believed	VBD
that	IN
feelings	NNS
of	IN
hunger	NN
and	CC
emptiness	NN
were	VBD
pleasing	VBG
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
feelings	NNS
of	IN
being	VBG
satisfied	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
maybe	RB
even	RB
a	DT
little	JJ
full	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
were	VBD
disgusting	JJ
and	CC
often	RB
a	DT
fate	NN
worse	JJR
than	IN
death	NN
.	.
There	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
time	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
believed	VBD
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
worthless	JJ
being	NN
,	,
possessing	VBG
not	RB
a	DT
single	JJ
likeable	JJ
or	CC
good	JJ
quality	NN
.	.
There	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
time	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
believed	VBD
there	EX
was	VBD
no	DT
hope	NN
,	,
when	WRB
I	PRP
believed	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
whole	JJ
world	NN
was	VBD
against	IN
me	PRP
.	.
After	IN
reading	VBG
this	DT
,	,
one	NN
might	MD
think	VB
,	,
``	``
what	WP
a	DT
messed	VBN
up	RP
person	NN
!	.
''	''
There	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
time	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
,	,
but	CC
now	RB
through	IN
a	DT
rational	JJ
process	NN
of	IN
coming	VBG
to	TO
believe	VB
reality	NN
,	,
and	CC
by	IN
the	DT
grace	NN
of	IN
God	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
can	MD
confidently	RB
say	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
overcome	VBN
a	DT
struggle	NN
that	WDT
once	RB
consumed	VBN
and	CC
controlled	VBN
me	PRP
for	IN
too	RB
long	RB
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
new	JJ
and	CC
much	JJ
stronger	JJR
person	NN
because	IN
of	IN
it	PRP
.	.
The	DT
rational	JJ
process	NN
I	PRP
used	VBD
to	TO
overcome	VB
the	DT
mind	NN
games	NNS
of	IN
anorexia	NN
has	VBZ
deepened	VBN
my	PRP$
thinking	NN
skills	NNS
and	CC
instilled	VBN
in	IN
me	PRP
a	DT
strong	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
irrational	JJ
versus	CC
rational	JJ
ideas	NNS
which	WDT
is	VBZ
now	RB
helping	VBG
me	PRP
in	IN
other	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
now	RB
appreciate	VBP
life	NN
and	CC
each	DT
day	NN
it	PRP
brings	VBZ
more	JJR
than	IN
ever	RB
before	RB
,	,
and	CC
God	NNP
has	VBZ
blessed	VBN
me	PRP
with	IN
a	DT
heart	NN
of	IN
compassion	NN
for	IN
those	DT
around	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
spent	VBD
long	RB
enough	RB
thinking	VBG
about	IN
myself	PRP
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
so	RB
freeing	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
love	VB
others	NNS
.	.
So	RB
many	JJ
factors	NNS
contributed	VBD
to	TO
my	PRP$
anorexia	NN
that	WDT
could	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
prevented	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
hard	JJ
to	TO
know	VB
where	WRB
to	TO
begin	VB
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
so	RB
many	JJ
``	``
if	IN
's	POS
''	''
that	IN
come	VBN
to	TO
mind	VB
.	.
And	CC
yet	RB
some	DT
of	IN
these	DT
``	``
if	IN
's	POS
''	''
are	VBP
being	VBG
answered	VBN
now	RB
in	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
learning	VBG
the	DT
skills	NNS
at	IN
25	CD
that	IN
I	PRP
needed	VBD
throughout	IN
my	PRP$
childhood	NN
and	CC
adolescent	JJ
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
missed	VBD
out	RP
on	IN
the	DT
important	JJ
lesson	NN
of	IN
finding	VBG
one	CD
's	POS
own	JJ
self	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
being	NN
has	VBZ
worth	JJ
,	,
a	DT
voice	NN
,	,
likes	VBZ
and	CC
dislikes	NN
,	,
opionions	NNS
,	,
dreams	VBZ
,	,
needs	VBZ
and	CC
desires	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
wonder	VBP
if	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
learned	VBN
that	IN
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
little	JJ
girl	NN
if	IN
I	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
developed	VBN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
as	IN
a	DT
college	NN
student	NN
.	.
If	IN
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
loved	VBD
themselves	PRP
,	,
each	DT
other	JJ
and	CC
had	VBD
other	JJ
healthy	JJ
relationships	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
sure	JJ
I	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
have	VB
developed	VBN
anorexia	NN
.	.
If	IN
parents	NNS
teach	VBP
their	PRP$
children	NNS
to	TO
listen	VB
to	TO
their	PRP$
growing	VBG
selves	NNS
,	,
to	TO
develop	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
identity	NN
and	CC
love	NN
that	WDT
person	NN
,	,
to	TO
express	VB
emotions	NNS
instead	RB
of	IN
being	VBG
ashamed	JJ
of	IN
them	PRP
,	,
to	TO
voice	VB
their	PRP$
needs	NNS
and	CC
wants	VBZ
,	,
how	WRB
to	TO
say	VB
no	DT
and	CC
set	VBN
boundaries	NNS
,	,
then	RB
would	MD
we	PRP
have	VBP
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
?	.
If	IN
children	NNS
learned	VBD
that	IN
loving	VBG
one	CD
's	POS
own	JJ
self	NN
and	CC
meeting	NN
one	NN
's	POS
needs	NNS
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
sign	NN
of	IN
selfishness	NN
but	CC
rather	RB
self	NN
caring	NN
and	CC
nurturing	NN
,	,
then	RB
would	MD
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
be	VB
so	RB
rampant	JJ
?	.
If	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
learned	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
as	RB
sensitive	JJ
to	TO
my	PRP$
own	JJ
needs	NNS
as	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
to	TO
others	NNS
,	,
if	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
learned	VBN
to	TO
take	VB
pride	NN
in	IN
meeting	NN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
growing	VBG
needs	NNS
as	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
meeting	NN
others	NNS
,	,
would	MD
I	PRP
have	VBP
developed	VBN
a	DT
nearly	RB
deadly	JJ
case	NN
of	IN
anorexia	NN
?	.
If	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
in	IN
touch	NN
with	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
hunger	NN
for	IN
food	NN
,	,
rich	JJ
relationships	NNS
,	,
my	PRP$
own	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
style	NN
,	,
laughter	NN
,	,
tears	NNS
,	,
and	CC
music	NN
,	,
would	MD
I	PRP
have	VBP
passed	VBN
out	RP
from	IN
malnutrition	NN
and	CC
dying	VBG
from	IN
lonliness	NN
and	CC
depression	NN
?	.
If	IN
our	PRP$
culture	NN
had	VBD
a	DT
legacy	NN
for	IN
women	NNS
to	TO
pass	VB
down	RP
to	TO
their	PRP$
girls	NNS
,	,
a	DT
rite	NN
of	IN
passage	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
getting	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
weight	NN
loss	NN
roller	NN
coaster	NN
and	CC
body	NN
shame	NN
,	,
would	MD
we	PRP
have	VBP
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
?	.
If	IN
women	NNS
could	MD
connect	VB
with	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
on	IN
another	DT
common	JJ
ground	NN
than	IN
their	PRP$
wieghtloss	NN
and	CC
diets	NNS
,	,
would	MD
we	PRP
have	VBP
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
?	.
Our	PRP$
culture	NN
's	POS
rituals	NNS
include	VBP
the	DT
scale	NN
,	,
weight	NN
charts	NNS
,	,
weight	NN
loss	NN
centers	NNS
,	,
dieting	NN
books	NNS
and	CC
clothes	NNS
sizes	NNS
,	,
diet	NN
pills	NNS
and	CC
special	JJ
low-calorie	JJ
foods	NNS
.	.
What	WP
happen	VB
to	TO
connecting	VBG
through	IN
stories	NNS
,	,
music	NN
,	,
mentoring	NN
,	,
tears	NNS
and	CC
laughter	NN
,	,
the	DT
arts	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
family	NN
line	NN
rich	JJ
with	IN
traditions	NNS
that	WDT
connect	VBP
families	NNS
through	IN
generations	NNS
?	.
What	WP
if	IN
teachers	NNS
and	CC
professors	NNS
were	VBD
trained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
symptoms	NNS
and	CC
what	WP
to	TO
say\/do	VB
when	WRB
they	PRP
see	VBP
them	PRP
?	.
What	WP
if	IN
teachers	NNS
and	CC
professors	NNS
cared	VBD
about	IN
their	PRP$
students	NNS
as	RB
much	RB
as	IN
they	PRP
did	VBD
about	IN
loading	VBG
them	PRP
down	RP
with	IN
papers	NNS
to	TO
write	VB
and	CC
books	NNS
to	TO
read	VB
?	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
it	PRP
all	DT
started	VBD
when	WRB
I	PRP
met	VBD
Sara	NNP
.	.
Its	PRP$
not	RB
that	IN
any	DT
of	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
her	PRP$
fault	NN
or	CC
anything	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
remember	VB
being	VBG
like	IN
this	DT
before	IN
I	PRP
met	VBD
her	PRP
.	.
And	CC
everything	NN
since	IN
that	DT
involves	VBZ
my	PRP$
eating	NN
disorder	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
basically	RB
my	PRP$
entire	JJ
life	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
I	PRP
associate	VBP
with	IN
her	PRP$
in	IN
some	DT
way	NN
.	.
I	PRP
tried	VBD
them	PRP
too	RB
,	,
just	RB
because	IN
mom	NN
was	VBD
and	CC
because	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
seen	VBN
it	PRP
on	IN
an	DT
episode	NN
of	IN
Full	NNP
House	NNP
or	CC
something	NN
like	IN
that	DT
.	.
Then	RB
I	PRP
went	VBD
to	TO
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
met	VBD
Sara	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
dancer	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
had	VBD
never	RB
met	VBN
anyone	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
let	VB
alone	RB
an	DT
11	CD
year	NN
old	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
who	WP
worried	VBD
about	IN
their	PRP$
weight	NN
so	RB
much	RB
.	.
How	WRB
could	MD
I	PRP
have	VBP
not	RB
felt	VBN
like	IN
a	DT
freak	NN
?	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
know	VB
a	DT
thing	NN
about	IN
bras	NNS
or	CC
deodorant	NN
or	CC
shaving	NN
or	CC
anything	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
being	VBG
bombarded	VBN
by	IN
hormones	NNS
and	CC
was	VBD
completely	RB
unprepared	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
became	VBD
unpopular	JJ
,	,
labeled	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
``	``
geek	NN
''	''
because	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
not	RB
control	VB
my	PRP$
appearance	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
clothes	NNS
were	VBD
wrong	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
smelled	VBD
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
fat	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
hairy	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
horrible	JJ
at	IN
sports	NNS
and	CC
I	PRP
``	``
jiggled	VBD
''	''
on	IN
top	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
all	DT
.	.
By	IN
the	DT
time	NN
I	PRP
entered	VBD
eighth	JJ
grade	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
at	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
low	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
never	RB
had	VBD
a	DT
date	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
seemed	VBD
as	IN
if	IN
everyone	NN
else	RB
's	POS
life	NN
was	VBD
going	VBG
somewhere	RB
I	PRP
could	MD
never	RB
ever	RB
reach	VB
because	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
large	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
got	VBD
my	PRP$
first	JJ
period	NN
that	DT
year	NN
.	.
I	PRP
wish	VBP
my	PRP$
mother	NN
had	VBD
had	VBN
an	DT
abortion	NN
,	,
then	RB
my	PRP$
father	NN
could	MD
be	VB
happy	JJ
and	CC
he	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
his	PRP$
perfect	JJ
life	NN
.	.
Maybe	RB
I	PRP
should	MD
starve	VB
myself	PRP
,	,
then	RB
maybe	RB
someone	NN
would	MD
care	VB
about	IN
me	PRP
for	IN
a	DT
change	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
soooo	JJ
fat	JJ
no	DT
wonder	NN
nobody	NN
likes	VBZ
me	PRP
and	CC
nobody	NN
will	MD
ever	RB
love	VB
me	PRP
because	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
fat	JJ
bitch	NN
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
want	VBP
everything	NN
to	TO
go	VB
away	RB
,	,
why	WRB
am	VBP
I	PRP
still	RB
living	VBG
?	.
Maybe	RB
I	PRP
should	MD
kill	VB
myself	PRP
.	.
But	CC
the	DT
choice	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
without	IN
its	PRP$
emotional	JJ
tolls	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
exercise	VB
heavily	RB
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
distract	VB
myself	PRP
from	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
seemed	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
caving	VBG
in	IN
around	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
told	VBD
myself	PRP
it	PRP
was	VBD
because	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
put	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
pounds	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
guess	VBP
I	PRP
came	VBD
to	TO
believe	VB
that	DT
was	VBD
the	DT
real	JJ
reason	NN
,	,
too	RB
.	.
I	PRP
convinced	JJ
myself	PRP
I	PRP
was	VBD
fat	JJ
again	RB
.	.
And	CC
that	DT
terrified	VBD
me	PRP
more	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
thought	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
just	RB
lost	VBN
a	DT
best	JJS
friend	NN
.	.
I	PRP
felt	VBD
like	IN
a	DT
failure	NN
because	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
not	RB
keep	VB
the	DT
weight	NN
off	RP
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
months	NNS
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
year	NN
I	PRP
lost	VBD
many	JJ
of	IN
my	PRP$
senior	JJ
friends	NNS
to	TO
graduation	NN
and	CC
college	NN
.	.
I	PRP
became	VBD
depressed	JJ
again	RB
,	,
given	VBN
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
fallen	VBN
deeply	RB
in	IN
love	NN
with	IN
one	CD
of	IN
these	DT
friends	NNS
.	.
Over	IN
the	DT
summer	NN
,	,
he	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
date	VB
another	DT
friend	NN
of	IN
mine	NN
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
skinny	NN
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
that	IN
he	PRP
wanted	VBD
her	PRP$
rather	RB
than	IN
me	PRP
because	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
fat	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
WAS	VBP
fat	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
failure	NN
,	,
too	RB
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
regained	VBN
the	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
weight	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
lost	VBN
plus	CC
several	JJ
more	RBR
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
had	VBD
also	RB
gained	VBN
2	CD
inches	NNS
of	IN
height	NN
,	,
but	CC
try	VBP
telling	VBG
me	PRP
that	IN
then	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
fell	VBD
in	IN
to	TO
a	DT
deep	JJ
,	,
isolated	JJ
depression	NN
.	.
That	DT
summer	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
I	PRP
made	VBD
myself	PRP
throw	VB
up	RP
.	.
I	PRP
stopped	VBD
eating	VBG
,	,
and	CC
when	WRB
I	PRP
did	VBD
eat	VB
,	,
I	PRP
made	VBD
myself	PRP
vomit	VB
to	TO
get	VB
rid	JJ
of	IN
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
why	WRB
.	.
My	PRP$
life	NN
revolved	VBD
around	IN
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
eat	VB
,	,
what	WP
I	PRP
was	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
eat	VB
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
get	VB
rid	JJ
of	IN
it	PRP
.	.
When	WRB
junior	JJ
year	NN
started	VBD
,	,
I	PRP
had	VBD
lost	VBN
too	RB
much	JJ
weight	NN
in	IN
a	DT
week	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
living	VBG
so	RB
few	JJ
calories	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
.	.
The	DT
stress	NN
of	IN
junior	JJ
year	NN
was	VBD
unimaginable	JJ
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
used	VBD
food	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
lack	VBP
thereof	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
as	IN
an	DT
escape	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
something	NN
I	PRP
could	MD
control	VB
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
control	VB
that	IN
one	CD
little	JJ
thing	NN
,	,
then	RB
I	PRP
could	MD
also	RB
control	VB
my	PRP$
schoolwork	NN
and	CC
grades	NNS
.	.
Sara	NNP
got	VBD
a	DT
boyfriend	NN
that	IN
year	NN
.	.
I	PRP
hated	VBD
him	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
still	RB
do	VBP
.	.
He	PRP
abused	VBD
her	PRP
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
hated	VBD
him	PRP
for	IN
it	PRP
,	,
and	CC
her	PRP$
for	IN
allowing	VBG
it	PRP
.	.
He	PRP
told	VBD
her	PRP
constantly	RB
that	IN
she	PRP
was	VBD
fat	JJ
,	,
and	CC
she	PRP
believed	VBD
him	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
hated	VBD
him	PRP
for	IN
that	DT
,	,
too	RB
,	,
for	IN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
Sara	NNP
was	VBD
a	DT
tiny	JJ
5	CD
'	''
4	CD
''	''
and	CC
barely	RB
120	CD
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
control	VB
her	PRP$
relationship	NN
with	IN
him	PRP
,	,
and	CC
she	PRP
would	MD
n't	RB
listen	VB
when	WRB
I	PRP
told	VBD
her	PRP
what	WP
a	DT
jackass	NN
he	PRP
was	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
frustrated	JJ
,	,
so	IN
I	PRP
began	VBD
abusing	VBG
diet	NN
pills	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
took	VBD
three	CD
or	CC
four	CD
a	DT
day	NN
to	TO
control	VB
my	PRP$
appetite	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
make	VB
myself	PRP
feel	VB
``	``
in	IN
control	NN
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
left	VBD
the	DT
evidence	NN
in	IN
plain	JJ
view	NN
of	IN
Sara	NNP
near	IN
our	PRP$
neighboring	VBG
lockers	NNS
,	,
hoping	VBG
that	IN
she	PRP
would	MD
reach	VB
out	RP
and	CC
help	VB
me	PRP
.	.
But	CC
she	PRP
never	RB
noticed	VBD
.	.
She	PRP
never	RB
really	RB
noticed	VBD
me	PRP
at	IN
all	DT
that	DT
year	NN
.	.
Nobody	NN
did	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
suppose	VBP
I	PRP
should	MD
mention	VB
Mark	NNP
in	IN
here	RB
somewhere	RB
.	.
Mark	NNP
used	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
my	PRP$
friend	NN
.	.
But	CC
the	DT
day	NN
before	IN
he	PRP
left	VBD
for	IN
Israel	NNP
for	IN
a	DT
semester	NN
,	,
he	PRP
hit	VBD
on	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
hated	VBD
it	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
made	VBD
me	PRP
feel	VB
lower	JJR
than	IN
dirt	NN
.	.
And	CC
then	RB
he	PRP
left	VBD
for	IN
months	NNS
,	,
so	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
no	DT
closure	NN
.	.
For	IN
months	NNS
I	PRP
beat	VBP
myself	PRP
up	RP
over	IN
it	PRP
,	,
saying	VBG
things	NNS
like	IN
``	``
he	PRP
caught	VBD
me	PRP
off	RP
guard	NN
''	''
and	CC
``	``
I	PRP
will	MD
never	RB
let	VB
someone	NN
patronize	VB
me	PRP
like	IN
that	DT
again	RB
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
convinced	JJ
myself	PRP
it	PRP
was	VBD
my	PRP$
fault	NN
for	IN
being	VBG
a	DT
slut	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
,	,
why	WRB
else	RB
would	MD
anyone	NN
ever	RB
want	VBP
to	TO
date	VB
me	PRP
?	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
fat	JJ
,	,
afterall	RB
.	.
My	PRP$
self	NN
esteem	NN
just	RB
kept	VBD
getting	VBG
lower	JJR
and	CC
lower	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
gotten	VBN
braces	NNS
and	CC
felt	VBD
like	IN
an	DT
awful	JJ
human	JJ
being	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
weight	NN
skyrocketed	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
felt	VBD
sick	JJ
to	TO
my	PRP$
stomach	NN
all	PDT
the	DT
time	NN
.	.
I	PRP
felt	VBD
like	IN
dying	VBG
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
like	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
thirteen	CD
all	DT
over	IN
again	RB
.	.
After	IN
junior	JJ
year	NN
,	,
things	NNS
began	VBD
to	TO
perk	JJ
up	IN
ever	RB
so	RB
slightly	RB
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
fattest	JJS
I	PRP
have	VBP
ever	RB
been	VBN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
felt	VBD
good	JJ
because	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
stress	NN
was	VBD
gone	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
an	DT
internship	NN
that	WDT
summer	NN
,	,
too	RB
.	.
That	DT
's	VBZ
where	WRB
I	PRP
met	VBD
Carl	NNP
.	.
Carl	NNP
was	VBD
my	PRP$
first	JJ
boyfriend	NN
.	.
I	PRP
hated	VBD
him	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
why	WRB
I	PRP
agreed	VBD
to	TO
go	VB
out	RP
with	IN
him	PRP
.	.
Honestly	RB
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
think	VB
I	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
done	VBN
any	DT
better	JJR
.	.
He	PRP
was	VBD
fat	JJ
,	,
too	RB
.	.
It	PRP
said	VBD
285	CD
on	IN
his	PRP$
license	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
knew	VBD
that	DT
was	VBD
a	DT
lie	NN
.	.
He	PRP
used	VBD
to	TO
try	VB
and	CC
get	VB
on	IN
top	NN
of	IN
me	PRP
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
breath	NN
.	.
But	CC
he	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
best	JJS
I	PRP
could	MD
do	VB
,	,
the	DT
best	JJS
I	PRP
can	MD
ever	RB
do	VB
.	.
No	DT
one	NN
but	CC
a	DT
fatso	NN
can	MD
love	VB
another	DT
fatso	NN
.	.
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
throw	VB
up	RP
again	RB
that	IN
summer	NN
,	,
trying	VBG
to	TO
escape	VB
Carl	NNP
,	,
work	NN
,	,
everything	NN
.	.
Suddenly	RB
I	PRP
got	VBD
very	RB
very	RB
sick	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
said	VBD
it	PRP
was	VBD
something	NN
called	VBN
``	``
Gastro	NNP
Interitis	NNP
''	''
but	CC
I	PRP
knew	VBD
it	PRP
had	VBD
something	NN
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
my	PRP$
Bulimia	NN
.	.
``	``
Anorexic	JJ
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
had	VBD
104	CD
fever	NN
,	,
had	VBD
not	RB
had	VBN
my	PRP$
period	NN
in	IN
almost	RB
a	DT
year	NN
and	CC
had	VBD
intense	JJ
stomach	NN
pains	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
throwing	VBG
up	RP
at	IN
least	JJS
twice	RB
a	DT
day	NN
for	IN
over	IN
a	DT
month	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
hospitalized	VBN
and	CC
I	PRP
resolved	VBD
never	RB
to	TO
throw	VB
up	RP
again	RB
.	.
It	PRP
hurt	VBD
like	IN
hell	NN
.	.
I	PRP
promised	VBD
God	NNP
one	CD
night	NN
that	IN
if	IN
he	PRP
just	RB
made	VBD
the	DT
pain	NN
go	VB
away	RB
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
never	RB
make	VB
myself	PRP
throw	VB
up	RP
again	RB
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
that	IN
desperate	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
a	DT
bitch	NN
for	IN
doing	VBG
that	DT
.	.
I	PRP
hated	VBD
myself	PRP
for	IN
it	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
still	RB
do	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
told	VBD
him	PRP
it	PRP
was	VBD
because	IN
of	IN
school	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
lied	VBD
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
because	IN
he	PRP
disgusted	VBD
me	PRP
.	.
He	PRP
was	VBD
fat	JJ
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
the	DT
thought	NN
of	IN
touching	VBG
him	PRP
made	VBD
me	PRP
want	VB
to	TO
wretch	VB
.	.
That	DT
must	MD
be	VB
what	WP
people	NNS
think	VBP
of	IN
me	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
told	VBD
myself	PRP
.	.
Just	RB
the	DT
thought	NN
of	IN
him	PRP
still	RB
makes	VBZ
me	PRP
shudder	NN
.	.
How	WRB
can	MD
anyone	NN
physically	RB
love	VBP
a	DT
fat	JJ
person	NN
?	.
How	WRB
could	MD
anyone	NN
physically	RB
love	VBP
me	PRP
?	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
fat	JJ
,	,
just	RB
like	IN
Carl	NNP
.	.
But	CC
was	VBD
shot	VBN
down	RB
as	RB
quickly	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
picked	VBN
myself	PRP
up	RP
from	IN
Carl	NNP
.	.
Rick	NNP
only	RB
dated	VBD
blond	JJ
,	,
thin	JJ
girls	NNS
who	WP
wear	VBP
size	NN
zero	CD
bellbottoms	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
fat	JJ
brunette	NN
.	.
Once	RB
again	RB
I	PRP
was	VBD
depressed	VBN
.	.
Sara	NNP
was	VBD
n't	RB
helping	VBG
.	.
She	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
doing	VBG
plays	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
boys	NNS
'	POS
school	NN
,	,
and	CC
had	VBD
had	VBN
all	PDT
the	DT
guys	NNS
fall	VBP
for	IN
her	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
turmoil	NN
over	IN
``	``
who	WP
to	TO
pick	VB
''	''
and	CC
I	PRP
hated	VBD
her	PRP$
for	IN
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
jealous	JJ
,	,
that	DT
's	VBZ
the	DT
bottom	JJ
line	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
never	RB
had	VBN
anyone	NN
fight	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
hated	VBD
that	IN
she	PRP
was	VBD
complaining	VBG
about	IN
it	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
kept	VBD
saying	VBG
how	WRB
alone	RB
she	PRP
was	VBD
and	CC
how	WRB
lonely	JJ
she	PRP
was	VBD
without	IN
a	DT
boyfriend	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
she	PRP
had	VBD
broken	VBN
up	RP
with	IN
the	DT
evil	JJ
one	CD
a	DT
few	JJ
months	NNS
before	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
scream	VB
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
no	DT
one	NN
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
the	DT
one	NN
who	WP
was	VBD
alone	RB
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
.	.
Why	WRB
could	MD
n't	RB
she	PRP
just	RB
open	VB
her	PRP$
eyes	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
second	JJ
and	CC
see	VB
that	IN
?	.
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
her	PRP
to	TO
know	VB
what	WP
I	PRP
had	VBD
gone	VBN
through	RB
,	,
what	WP
I	PRP
was	VBD
going	VBG
through	IN
under	IN
her	PRP$
very	JJ
nose	NN
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
still	RB
one	CD
of	IN
my	PRP$
best	JJS
friends	NNS
and	CC
I	PRP
would	MD
never	RB
ever	RB
do	VB
anything	NN
to	TO
alienate	VB
her	PRP$
or	CC
cause	VB
her	PRP$
distress	NN
so	IN
I	PRP
stuffed	VBD
every	DT
feeling	NN
down	IN
until	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
little	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
dull	JJ
discomfort	NN
.	.
The	DT
day	NN
before	IN
one	CD
of	IN
Sara	NNP
's	POS
parties	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
tried	VBD
to	TO
kill	VB
myself	PRP
by	IN
slashing	VBG
my	PRP$
arm	NN
repeatadly	RB
with	IN
a	DT
knife	NN
and	CC
a	DT
razor	NN
.	.
It	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
work	NN
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
still	RB
went	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
party	NN
the	DT
next	JJ
night	NN
.	.
Nobody	NN
noticed	VBD
the	DT
slashes	NNS
on	IN
my	PRP$
arm	NN
.	.
Not	RB
even	RB
my	PRP$
own	JJ
parents	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
complained	VBD
of	IN
pain	NN
and	CC
kept	VBD
rubbing	VBG
the	DT
scars	NNS
,	,
but	CC
no	DT
one	NN
noticed	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
felt	VBD
like	IN
crap	NN
,	,
I	PRP
felt	VBD
invisible	JJ
.	.
But	CC
they	PRP
kept	VBD
calling	VBG
me	PRP
``	``
the	DT
funny	JJ
one	CD
''	''
and	CC
the	DT
``	``
nice	JJ
one	NN
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
guess	VBP
I	PRP
really	RB
was	VBD
cut	VBN
out	RP
to	TO
be	VB
an	DT
actress	NN
,	,
I	PRP
fooled	VBD
them	PRP
all	DT
.	.
I	PRP
still	RB
am	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
an	DT
expert	NN
at	IN
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
resorted	VBD
to	TO
diet	NN
pills	NNS
after	IN
the	DT
``	``
competition	NN
''	''
started	VBD
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
this	DT
silly	JJ
thing	NN
between	IN
me	PRP
,	,
Sara	NNP
and	CC
our	PRP$
friend	NN
Kate	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
began	VBD
when	WRB
Sara	NNP
started	VBD
saying	VBG
things	NNS
like	IN
,	,
``	``
Chris	NNP
thinks	VBZ
Claire	NNP
Danes	NNPS
is	VBZ
pretty	RB
,	,
so	IN
I	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
as	IN
pretty	RB
as	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
''	''
i.e.	FW
as	IN
thin	JJ
as	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
.	.
So	IN
she	PRP
started	VBD
dieting	NN
to	TO
compete	VB
with	IN
girls	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
plays	NNS
with	IN
her	PRP$
that	IN
she	PRP
thought	VBD
were	VBD
``	``
perfect	JJ
.	.
''	''
Even	RB
though	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
as	IN
thin	JJ
as	IN
any	DT
of	IN
them	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
began	VBD
wanting	VBG
to	TO
``	``
be	VB
beautiful	JJ
for	IN
Chris	NNP
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
despised	VBD
her	PRP$
for	IN
that	DT
,	,
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
understand	VB
why	WRB
she	PRP
would	MD
ever	RB
want	VB
to	TO
go	VB
through	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
went	VBD
through	IN
every	DT
day	NN
for	IN
a	DT
guy	NN
who	WP
loves	VBZ
her	PRP$
just	RB
the	DT
way	NN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
.	.
She	PRP
had	VBD
someone	NN
who	WP
loved	VBD
her	PRP
,	,
she	PRP
had	VBD
won	VBN
,	,
she	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
need	VB
to	TO
suffer	VB
like	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
no	DT
one	NN
,	,
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
deserve	VB
anyone	NN
.	.
So	RB
Kate	NNP
started	VBD
dieting	NN
too	RB
.	.
And	CC
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
follow	VB
suit	NN
,	,
otherwise	RB
I	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
``	``
the	DT
fat	JJ
one	CD
''	''
forever	RB
.	.
Sara	NNP
kept	VBD
saying	VBG
how	WRB
she	PRP
needs	VBZ
to	TO
``	``
severly	RB
diet	NN
''	''
.	.
She	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
anorexic	JJ
,	,
she	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
body	NN
image	NN
problem	NN
,	,
but	CC
she	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
so	RB
much	JJ
for	IN
her	PRP$
to	TO
just	RB
stop	VB
whining	VBG
and	CC
see	VB
what	WP
I	PRP
was	VBD
doing	VBG
to	TO
myself	PRP
,	,
see	VB
what	WP
she	PRP
had	VBD
pushed	VBN
me	PRP
to	TO
do	VB
.	.
She	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
know	VB
what	WP
fat	NN
was	VBD
,	,
she	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
know	VB
that	DT
everytime	NN
she	PRP
put	VBD
herself	PRP
down	RB
,	,
it	PRP
made	VBD
me	PRP
feel	VB
like	IN
an	DT
obese	NN
,	,
ugly	JJ
monster	NN
.	.
Soon	RB
the	DT
subject	NN
of	IN
the	DT
prom	NN
came	VBD
up	RP
,	,
and	CC
Sara	NNP
made	VBD
the	DT
comment	NN
that	IN
her	PRP$
size	NN
8	CD
dress	NN
was	VBD
``	``
huge	JJ
''	''
.	.
That	DT
was	VBD
the	DT
breaking	JJ
point	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
If	IN
her	PRP$
size	NN
eight	CD
was	VBD
huge	JJ
then	RB
I	PRP
must	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
beyond	IN
obese	NN
in	IN
a	DT
size	NN
12	CD
.	.
I	PRP
lost	VBD
any	DT
facets	NNS
of	IN
control	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
once	RB
retained	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
starve	VB
myself	PRP
again	RB
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
purge	VB
when	WRB
I	PRP
did	VBD
eat	VB
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
moment	NN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
writing	VBG
this	DT
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
a	DT
mess	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
eaten	VBN
very	RB
little	JJ
today	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
depressed	VBN
for	IN
days	NNS
and	CC
no	DT
one	NN
has	VBZ
noticed	VBN
.	.
Every	DT
time	NN
Sara	NNP
,	,
whom	WP
I	PRP
realize	VBP
I	PRP
associate	JJ
with	IN
my	PRP$
vision	NN
of	IN
a	DT
``	``
perfect	JJ
''	''
body	NN
,	,
puts	VBZ
herself	PRP
down	RP
,	,
I	PRP
dive	NN
deeper	RBR
into	IN
my	PRP$
disorder	NN
,	,
losing	VBG
touch	NN
with	IN
any	DT
remnants	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
happy	JJ
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
dating	VBG
Jason	NNP
,	,
and	CC
am	VBP
very	RB
happy	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
him	PRP
,	,
although	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
know	VB
what	WP
,	,
if	IN
anything	NN
,	,
he	PRP
sees	VBZ
in	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
sad	JJ
and	CC
tired	JJ
and	CC
sick	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
for	IN
four	CD
years	NNS
,	,
and	CC
nobody	NN
seems	VBZ
to	TO
notice	VB
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
told	VBN
people	NNS
about	IN
my	PRP$
Bulimia	NN
and	CC
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
but	CC
no	DT
one	NN
has	VBZ
made	VBN
a	DT
move	NN
to	TO
do	VB
anything	NN
to	TO
help	VB
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
guess	VBP
they	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
really	RB
believe	VB
me	PRP
because	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
still	RB
overweight	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
want	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
thin	JJ
,	,
that	DT
's	VBZ
all	DT
.	.
Is	VBZ
that	IN
really	RB
too	RB
much	JJ
to	TO
ask	VB
?	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
normal	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
someone	NN
to	TO
realize	VB
what	WP
I	PRP
'm	VBP
doing	VBG
is	VBZ
dangerous	JJ
,	,
not	RB
just	RB
a	DT
phase	NN
.	.
``	``
dieting	NN
,	,
''	''
I	PRP
'm	VBP
dying	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
there	RB
for	IN
you	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
the	DT
strong	JJ
one	CD
for	IN
as	RB
long	JJ
as	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
remember	VB
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
do	VB
that	DT
for	IN
myself	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
need	VBP
your	PRP$
help	NN
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
cry	VBP
over	IN
the	DT
phone	NN
,	,
when	WRB
I	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
bottle	NN
of	IN
water	NN
for	IN
lunch	NN
,	,
when	WRB
I	PRP
live	VBP
off	IN
of	IN
toast	NN
and	CC
coffee	NN
for	IN
days	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
time	NN
,	,
please	VB
realize	VB
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
something	NN
terribly	RB
wrong	JJ
with	IN
that	DT
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
something	NN
wrong	JJ
with	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
sick	JJ
.	.
Please	VB
realize	VB
that	IN
the	DT
world	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
revolve	VB
around	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Do	VBP
not	RB
praise	VB
me	PRP
for	IN
losing	VBG
weight	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
not	RB
ask	VB
me	PRP
``	``
how	WRB
I	PRP
do	VBP
it	PRP
''	''
when	WRB
I	PRP
tell	VBP
you	PRP
I	PRP
'm	VBP
Bulimic	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
tell	VB
you	PRP
,	,
because	IN
that	DT
's	VBZ
how	WRB
I	PRP
learned	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
n't	RB
wish	VB
this	DT
curse	NN
on	IN
my	PRP$
worst	JJS
enemies	NNS
,	,
let	VB
alone	JJ
my	PRP$
friends	NNS
.	.
Maybe	RB
,	,
just	RB
maybe	RB
,	,
realize	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
lucky	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
who	WP
you	PRP
are	VBP
.	.
Please	VB
stop	VB
playing	VBG
``	``
who	WP
's	VBZ
life	NN
is	VBZ
worst	JJS
?	.
''	''
for	IN
a	DT
minute	NN
and	CC
see	VB
that	DT
when	WRB
I	PRP
tell	VBP
you	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
think	VBP
I	PRP
'm	VBP
fat	JJ
,	,
or	CC
that	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
depressed	JJ
,	,
or	CC
even	RB
if	IN
I	PRP
just	RB
say	VBP
that	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
hungry	JJ
or	CC
dizzy	JJ
,	,
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
trying	VBG
to	TO
compete	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
crying	VBG
for	IN
help	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
whole	JJ
life	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
made	VBN
fun	NN
of	IN
because	IN
of	IN
my	PRP$
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
FAT	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
always	RB
been	VBN
fat	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
fat	JJ
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
always	RB
will	MD
be	VB
fat	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
teased	VBN
every	DT
day	NN
by	IN
nasty	JJ
little	JJ
kids	NNS
...	:
I	PRP
would	MD
come	VB
home	NN
from	IN
school	NN
,	,
crying	VBG
-LRB-	-LRB-
yes	UH
,	,
crying	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
because	IN
of	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Pretty	NNP
soon	RB
,	,
I	PRP
learned	VBD
how	WRB
to	TO
ignore	VB
their	PRP$
bashing	VBG
comments	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
knew	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
fat	JJ
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
decided	VBD
to	TO
hold	VB
my	PRP$
emotions	NNS
in	IN
and	CC
not	RB
let	VB
them	PRP
bother	VB
me	PRP
.	.
Years	NNS
past	IN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
constantly	RB
picked	VBN
on	IN
and	CC
made	VBD
fun	NN
of	IN
.	.
And	CC
that	DT
was	VBD
just	RB
what	WP
I	PRP
did	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
lost	VBD
more	JJR
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
becoming	VBG
thinner	JJR
everyday	JJ
,	,
thats	VBZ
what	WP
people	NNS
said	VBD
at	IN
least	JJS
,	,
but	CC
of	IN
course	NN
I	PRP
brushed	VBD
it	PRP
off	RP
and	CC
thought	VBD
it	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
true	JJ
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
would	MD
complain	VB
about	IN
being	VBG
fat	JJ
,	,
people	NNS
would	MD
reassure	VB
me	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
thin	JJ
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
would	MD
never	RB
believe	VB
them	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
allowed	VBD
myself	PRP
to	TO
believe	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
fat	JJ
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
tell	VB
you	PRP
the	DT
truth	NN
I	PRP
still	RB
have	VBP
the	DT
mind	NN
pounding	VBG
idea	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
head	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
,	,
despite	IN
what	WP
any	DT
friend	NN
or	CC
teacher	NN
or	CC
anyone	NN
says	VBZ
.	.
Pretty	NNP
much	RB
,	,
this	DT
whole	JJ
weight	NN
thing	NN
was	VBD
all	DT
that	DT
mattered	VBN
to	TO
me	PRP
anymore	RB
.	.
And	CC
it	PRP
showed	VBD
.	.
My	PRP$
grades	NNS
dropped	VBD
because	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
care	VB
about	IN
school	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
insignificant	JJ
compared	VBN
to	TO
getting	VBG
skinny	NN
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
care	VB
about	IN
basketball	NN
,	,
either	RB
,	,
which	WDT
I	PRP
used	VBD
to	TO
enjoy	VB
playing	VBG
with	IN
a	DT
passion	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
fact	NN
,	,
I	PRP
pretty	RB
much	RB
did	VBD
n't	RB
care	VB
about	IN
anything	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
obsessed	VBN
and	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
taking	VBG
over	RP
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
Pretty	NNP
soon	RB
I	PRP
started	VBD
to	TO
withdraw	VB
from	IN
social	JJ
life	NN
beliving	VBG
I	PRP
was	VBD
too	RB
ugly	JJ
and	CC
fat	JJ
to	TO
hang	VB
out	RP
with	IN
people	NNS
and	CC
that	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
lieing	VBG
when	WRB
they	PRP
invited	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
go	VB
out	RP
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
were	VBD
``	``
obligated	VBN
''	''
to	TO
ask	VB
me	PRP
to	TO
get	VB
together	RB
.	.
Sometimes	RB
I	PRP
would	MD
even	RB
think	VB
up	RP
excuses	NNS
not	RB
to	TO
something	NN
with	IN
someone	NN
so	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
avoid	VB
the	DT
food	NN
and	CC
eating	NN
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
say	VB
I	PRP
was	VBD
too	RB
tired	JJ
,	,
or	CC
I	PRP
felt	VBD
sick	JJ
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
I	PRP
cou	VBP
ld	JJ
never	RB
eat	VBP
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
could	MD
alone	RB
.	.
Ocassionally	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
attempt	VB
to	TO
purposely	RB
vomit	VB
my	PRP$
food	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
``	``
overate	FW
''	''
in	IN
my	PRP$
oppinon	NN
and	CC
when	WRB
it	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
work	VB
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
get	VB
more	JJR
and	CC
more	RBR
frustrated	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
life	NN
as	IN
I	PRP
knew	VBD
it	PRP
was	VBD
spinning	JJ
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
.	.
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
become	VB
very	RB
depressed	JJ
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
point	NN
where	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
suicidal	JJ
.	.
The	DT
whole	JJ
thing	NN
just	RB
took	VBD
over	RP
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
Pretty	NNP
soon	RB
my	PRP$
miracle	NN
``	``
diet	NN
''	''
became	VBD
a	DT
routine	JJ
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
never	RB
ate	VBD
break	NN
fast	JJ
or	CC
lunch	NN
,	,
just	RB
dinner	NN
.	.
If	IN
I	PRP
ate	VBD
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
gain	VB
weight	NN
,	,
and	CC
thats	VBZ
not	RB
good	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
convince	VB
myself	PRP
I	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
hungry	JJ
.	.
The	DT
voices	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
head	NN
would	MD
keep	VB
saying	VBG
``	``
You	PRP
had	VBD
better	RBR
not	RB
eat	VB
that	DT
or	CC
you	PRP
knw	FW
you	PRP
will	MD
just	RB
get	VB
fatter	JJR
,	,
''	''
and	CC
so	IN
I	PRP
listened	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
voices	NNS
.	.
Now	RB
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
torn	VBN
between	IN
2	CD
sides	NNS
:	:
1	CD
side	NN
is	VBZ
staying	VBG
the	DT
way	NN
I	PRP
am	VBP
and	CC
having	VBG
a	DT
feeling	NN
of	IN
control	NN
and	CC
feeling	NN
satisfied	VBN
when	WRB
I	PRP
can	MD
go	VB
a	DT
day	NN
or	CC
2	CD
days	NNS
or	CC
even	RB
3	CD
days	NNS
without	IN
eating	VBG
...	:
Or	CC
,	,
i	FW
could	MD
go	VB
see	VB
a	DT
shrink	VB
and	CC
either	DT
gain	NN
weight	NN
back	RB
and	CC
stay	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
,	,
which	WDT
i	FW
am	VBP
not	RB
satisfied	VBN
with	IN
.	.
So	RB
basically	RB
no	DT
matter	NN
what	WP
you	PRP
say	VBP
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
fat	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
trained	VBN
my	PRP$
mind	NN
to	TO
believe	VB
that	IN
throughout	IN
time	NN
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
will	MD
never	RB
look	VB
like	IN
Kate	NNP
Moss	NNP
since	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
big-boned	JJ
so	IN
that	DT
is	VBZ
pretty	RB
much	JJ
impossible	JJ
to	TO
achieve	VB
,	,
but	CC
i	FW
ca	MD
n't	RB
stop	VB
thinking	VBG
about	IN
it	PRP
and	CC
my	PRP$
brain	NN
goes	VBZ
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
somtimes	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
things	NNS
i	FW
regret	NN
.	.
Whenever	NNP
I	PRP
look	VBP
at	IN
the	DT
food	NN
,	,
it	PRP
becomes	VBZ
my	PRP$
enemy	NN
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
laugh	NN
at	IN
this	DT
but	CC
it	PRP
has	VBZ
this	DT
little	JJ
evil	JJ
face	NN
on	IN
it	PRP
and	CC
it	PRP
screams	VBZ
at	IN
me	PRP
to	TO
not	RB
eat	VB
it	PRP
,	,
and	CC
my	PRP$
body	NN
some	DT
how	WRB
compensates	VBZ
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
neutralize	VB
my	PRP$
hunger	NN
to	TO
the	DT
point	NN
where	WRB
I	PRP
no	RB
longer	RBR
believe	VB
I	PRP
am	VBP
hungry	JJ
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
am	VBP
forced	VBN
to	TO
eat	VB
,	,
the	DT
food	NN
feels	VBZ
like	IN
a	DT
burden	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
stomach	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
feel	VBP
weighed	VBN
down	RP
.	.
So	RB
when	WRB
i	FW
ca	MD
n't	RB
throw	VB
up	RP
,	,
I	PRP
feel	VBP
as	IN
if	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
failed	VBN
in	IN
some	DT
way	NN
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
let	VB
something	NN
or	CC
someone	NN
down	RB
.	.
But	CC
the	DT
person	NN
I	PRP
let	VBP
down	RP
is	VBZ
myself	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
takes	VBZ
deep	JJ
personal	JJ
awareness	NN
and	CC
strength	NN
to	TO
recognize	VB
the	DT
truth	NN
in	IN
that	DT
.	.
When	WRB
people	NNS
are	VBP
numb	JJ
and	CC
caught	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
passion\/compulsion	NN
of	IN
acting	VBG
out	RP
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
they	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
awareness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
soul	NN
destruction	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
occurring	VBG
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
can	MD
respond	VB
with	IN
feeling	NN
to	TO
a	DT
statement	NN
about	IN
killing	VBG
the	DT
soul	NN
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
on	IN
your	PRP$
way	NN
out	IN
of	IN
oblivion	NN
and	CC
moving	VBG
toward	IN
real	JJ
self	NN
care	NN
.	.
The	DT
broad	JJ
strokes	NNS
apply	VBP
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
`	``
healthier	RBR
'	''
.	.
Most	JJS
people	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
people	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
often	RB
think	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
acting	VBG
out	RP
is	VBZ
health	NN
.	.
The	DT
end	NN
of	IN
acting	VBG
out	RP
is	VBZ
crucial	JJ
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
begin	VB
living	VBG
a	DT
healthy	JJ
life	NN
,	,
to	TO
begin	VB
learning	VBG
what	WP
a	DT
healthy	JJ
life	NN
is	VBZ
.	.
So	RB
when	WRB
you	PRP
stop	VBP
binging	NN
,	,
starving	VBG
and	CC
purging	VBG
you	PRP
have	VBP
accomplished	VBN
something	NN
vital	JJ
which	WDT
required	VBD
much	JJ
strength	NN
,	,
courage	NN
and	CC
faith	NN
in	IN
yourself	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
've	VBP
given	VBN
up	RP
a	DT
powerful	JJ
defense	NN
against	IN
feeling	VBG
your	PRP$
feelings	NNS
and	CC
being	VBG
present	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
give	VBP
up	RP
those	DT
actions	NNS
,	,
the	DT
result	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
...	:
you	PRP
are	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
it	PRP
as	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
and	CC
as	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
.	.
There	EX
's	VBZ
a	DT
lot	NN
in	IN
this	DT
world	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
pretty	RB
.	.
And	CC
you	PRP
have	VBP
minimal	JJ
resources	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
it	PRP
because	IN
parts	NNS
of	IN
you	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
get	VB
a	DT
chance	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
and	CC
mature	VB
.	.
Those	DT
parts	NNS
were	VBD
completely	RB
numbed	VBN
out	RP
at	IN
12	CD
when	WRB
you	PRP
began	VBD
the	DT
eating	NN
disorder	NN
.	.
So	IN
some	DT
wisdom	NN
,	,
compassion	NN
and	CC
support	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
before	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
draw	VB
on	IN
such	JJ
elements	NNS
in	IN
yourself	PRP
.	.
Part	NN
of	IN
you	PRP
,	,
maybe	RB
a	DT
big	JJ
part	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
only	RB
12	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
.	.
But	CC
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
parents	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
you	PRP
,	,
think\/expect	VB
that	DT
when	WRB
the	DT
acting	VBG
out	RP
is	VBZ
over	IN
the	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
healthy	JJ
and	CC
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
stage	NN
of	IN
development	NN
as	IN
others	NNS
her	PRP$
age	NN
.	.
And	CC
the	DT
world	NN
will	MD
expect	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
fulfill	VB
certain	JJ
responsibilities	NNS
,	,
like	IN
earn	VBP
a	DT
living	NN
,	,
get	VB
an	DT
education	NN
,	,
be	VB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
your	PRP$
commitments	NNS
,	,
take	VBP
care	NN
of	IN
yourself	PRP
,	,
keep	VB
promises	NNS
,	,
behave	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
socially	RB
accepted	VBN
manner	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
challenge	NN
for	IN
any	DT
young	JJ
person	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
many	JJ
older	JJR
persons	NNS
too	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
but	CC
particularly	RB
for	IN
someone	NN
new	JJ
in	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
so	RB
glad	JJ
to	TO
hear	VB
this	DT
.	.
It	PRP
sounds	VBZ
hard	JJ
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
the	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
hard	JJ
that	WDT
will	MD
teach	VB
you	PRP
so	RB
many	JJ
things	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
learn	VB
while	IN
you	PRP
were	VBD
acting	VBG
out	RP
.	.
And	CC
,	,
the	DT
job	NN
and	CC
school	NN
give	VBP
you	PRP
a	DT
structure	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
days	NNS
.	.
Early	RB
in	IN
recovery	NN
structure	NN
is	VBZ
very	RB
important	JJ
.	.
While	IN
you	PRP
were	VBD
acting	VBG
out	IN
there	EX
were	VBD
no	DT
boundaries	NNS
.	.
Starve	VB
too	RB
long	RB
,	,
binge	NN
too	RB
much	RB
,	,
throw	VB
up	RP
when	WRB
you	PRP
felt	VBD
like	IN
it	PRP
...	:
there	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
limits	NNS
or	CC
boundaries	NNS
there	RB
.	.
And	CC
that	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
experience	NN
spreads	NNS
to	TO
other	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
lonely	JJ
in	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
lonely	JJ
when	WRB
you	PRP
were	VBD
acting	VBG
out	RP
,	,
too	RB
,	,
was	VBD
n't	RB
it	PRP
?	.
Sometimes	RB
knowing	VBG
that	IN
your	PRP$
suffering	NN
does	VBZ
have	VB
a	DT
point	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
something	NN
to	TO
work	VB
through	RB
,	,
is	VBZ
temporary	JJ
and	CC
even	RB
necessary	JJ
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
healing	NN
,	,
can	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
bear	VB
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
hope	VBP
you	PRP
can	MD
find	VB
a	DT
psychotherapist	NN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
through	IN
these	DT
crucial	JJ
years	NNS
of	IN
beginning	VBG
your	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
You	PRP
sound	VBP
so	RB
conscientious	JJ
.	.
Support	NN
and	CC
appreciation	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
experience	NN
now	RB
from	IN
someone	NN
who	WP
understands	VBZ
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
could	MD
be	VB
a	DT
great	JJ
help	NN
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
new	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
It	PRP
will	MD
take	VB
time	NN
for	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
discover	VB
what	WP
you	PRP
really	RB
care	VB
about	RB
,	,
what	WP
has	VBZ
meaning	NN
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Whatever	WDT
was	VBD
meaningful	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
before	RB
was	VBD
based	VBN
on	IN
your	PRP$
being	VBG
a	DT
partial	JJ
person	NN
.	.
Now	RB
you	PRP
are	VBP
more	RBR
fully	RB
present	JJ
.	.
Everything	NN
you	PRP
see	VBP
,	,
think	VBP
,	,
feel	VBP
,	,
want	VBP
,	,
do	VBP
n't	RB
want	VB
,	,
like	IN
,	,
do	VBP
n't	RB
like	VB
,	,
are	VBP
repelled	VBN
by	IN
,	,
are	VBP
attracted	VBN
to	TO
...	:
everything	NN
will	MD
be	VB
affected	VBN
by	IN
your	PRP$
genuine	JJ
presence	NN
.	.
Who	WP
said	VBD
so	RB
?	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
vision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
naive	JJ
12	CD
year	NN
old	JJ
inside	IN
who	WP
has	VBZ
n't	RB
learned	VBN
very	RB
much	RB
about	IN
the	DT
world	NN
yet	RB
.	.
That	DT
part	NN
of	IN
you	PRP
needs	VBZ
help	NN
in	IN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
disillusions	NNS
that	WDT
awakening	VBG
brings	VBZ
.	.
That	DT
part	NN
is	VBZ
probably	RB
scared	VBN
,	,
hurt	VBN
,	,
disappointed	VBN
,	,
bewildered	VBN
,	,
at	IN
a	DT
loss	NN
and	CC
looking	VBG
for	IN
help	NN
that	IN
a	DT
12	CD
year	NN
old	JJ
understands	VBZ
.	.
Yet	CC
you	PRP
are	VBP
24	CD
and	CC
on	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
.	.
Your	PRP$
challenge	NN
is	VBZ
how	WRB
to	TO
provide	VB
that	DT
compassion	NN
and	CC
support	NN
for	IN
yourself	PRP
as	IN
you	PRP
meet	VBP
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
Where	WRB
are	VBP
you	PRP
going	VBG
to	TO
school	VB
?	.
Often	RB
schools	NNS
have	VBP
counseling	NN
centers	NNS
or	CC
referral	NN
lists	NNS
or	CC
something	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
helpful	JJ
to	TO
their	PRP$
students	NNS
in	IN
stressful	JJ
situations	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
might	MD
even	RB
have	VB
programs	NNS
for	IN
people	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
or	CC
know	VB
where	WRB
you	PRP
could	MD
find	VB
one	CD
.	.
Giving	VBG
up	RP
the	DT
behavior	NN
is	VBZ
giving	VBG
up	RP
a	DT
way	NN
of	IN
coping	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
finding	VBG
a	DT
much	RB
better	JJR
way	NN
of	IN
coping	VBG
,	,
one	CD
that	WDT
can	MD
seem	VB
very	RB
far	RB
away	RB
at	IN
times	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
does	VBZ
get	VB
easier	JJR
as	IN
you	PRP
grow	VBP
and	CC
become	VBP
accustomed	JJ
to	TO
being	VBG
more	RBR
present	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
and	CC
more	JJR
reliable	JJ
and	CC
compassionate	JJ
to	TO
yourself	PRP
.	.
S	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
only	RB
natural	JJ
that	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
experience	VB
this	DT
.	.
You	PRP
gave	VBD
up	RP
the	DT
behavior	NN
and	CC
did	VBD
n't	RB
get	VB
the	DT
promised	JJ
land	NN
you	PRP
thought	VBD
you	PRP
would	MD
.	.
By	IN
giving	VBG
up	RP
the	DT
behavior	NN
you	PRP
even	RB
lost	VBD
some	DT
things	NNS
you	PRP
had	VBD
,	,
like	IN
financial	JJ
support	NN
from	IN
your	PRP$
parents	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
things	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
thought	VBD
would	MD
work	VB
did	VBD
n't	RB
.	.
The	DT
emotional	JJ
awareness	NN
you	PRP
have	VBP
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
lots	NNS
of	IN
growth	NN
and	CC
lots	NNS
of	IN
deprivation	NN
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
.	.
So	RB
there	EX
are	VBP
holes	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
perception	NN
that	IN
make	VB
your	PRP$
challenges	NNS
even	RB
more	RBR
difficult	JJ
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
time	NN
to	TO
mourn	VB
the	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
all	DT
that	IN
you	PRP
thought	VBD
would	MD
be	VB
and	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
.	.
The	DT
12	CD
year	NN
old	JJ
dreams	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
happening	VBG
.	.
Meanwhile	RB
,	,
let	VB
me	PRP
ask	VB
you	PRP
,	,
``	``
Who	WP
is	VBZ
mourning	VBG
?	.
Who	WP
is	VBZ
pessimistic	JJ
?	.
Who	WP
is	VBZ
cynical	JJ
?	.
and	CC
Who	WP
is	VBZ
writing	VBG
this	DT
letter	NN
?	.
''	''
I	PRP
wonder	VBP
if	IN
your	PRP$
answer	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
to	TO
each	DT
of	IN
these	DT
questions	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
main	JJ
suggestion	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
get	VB
a	DT
support	NN
system	NN
for	IN
yourself	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
've	VBP
done	VBN
a	DT
great	JJ
job	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
work	NN
,	,
schooling	NN
and	CC
friends	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
support	NN
and	CC
structure	NN
.	.
You	PRP
also	RB
need	VBP
someone	NN
to	TO
listen	VB
to	TO
you	PRP
and	CC
be	VB
present	JJ
for	IN
you	PRP
while	IN
you	PRP
go	VBP
through	IN
this	DT
powerful	JJ
learning	NN
and	CC
healing	NN
time	NN
.	.
A	DT
psychotherapist	NN
who	WP
knows	VBZ
about	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
is	VBZ
what	WP
I	PRP
recommend	VBP
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
12	CD
step	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
check	VB
out	RP
what	WP
your	PRP$
school	NN
has	VBZ
to	TO
offer	VB
.	.
I	PRP
remember	VBP
the	DT
fear	NN
and	CC
confusion	NN
I	PRP
felt	VBD
when	WRB
our	PRP$
daughter	NN
was	VBD
diagnosed	VBN
with	IN
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
twenty	CD
years	NNS
ago	RB
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
determined	VBN
to	TO
read	VB
everything	NN
I	PRP
could	MD
find	VB
on	IN
the	DT
subject	NN
,	,
act	NN
upon	IN
the	DT
concepts	NNS
suggested	VBD
in	IN
these	DT
books	NNS
and	CC
-	:
voila	SYM
-	:
in	IN
a	DT
couple	NN
of	IN
months	NNS
she	PRP
's	VBZ
be	VB
cured	VBN
.	.
Does	VBZ
that	IN
sound	NN
familiar	JJ
?	.
All	DT
of	IN
us	PRP
lived	VBD
with	IN
such	JJ
delusions	NNS
when	WRB
we	PRP
first	RB
started	VBD
down	RP
that	DT
painful	JJ
road	NN
.	.
I	PRP
haunted	VBD
book	NN
stores	NNS
looking	VBG
for	IN
something	NN
written	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
parent	NN
.	.
There	EX
was	VBD
nothing	NN
,	,
absolutely	RB
nothing	NN
!	.
What	WP
I	PRP
found	VBD
were	VBD
numerous	JJ
volumns	NNS
written	VBN
by	IN
professionals	NNS
,	,
and	CC
much	RB
of	IN
the	DT
blame	NN
was	VBD
laid	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
parents	NNS
'	POS
doorstep	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
very	RB
resentful	JJ
of	IN
this	DT
and	CC
,	,
when	WRB
I	PRP
look	VBP
back	RB
,	,
my	PRP$
attitude	NN
probably	RB
impeded	VBD
our	PRP$
early	JJ
efforts	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
Kathleen	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
needed	VBD
to	TO
get	VB
beyond	IN
my	PRP$
ego	NN
and	CC
focus	NN
on	IN
``	``
the	DT
problem	NN
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
needed	VBD
to	TO
ignore	VB
the	DT
psycho-babble	NN
in	IN
the	DT
books	NNS
and	CC
go	VB
with	IN
my	PRP$
gut	NN
instincts	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
felt	VBD
that	IN
we	PRP
knew	VBD
our	PRP$
daughter	NN
better	JJR
than	IN
anyone	NN
else	RB
.	.
But	CC
often	RB
that	IN
weapon	NN
was	VBD
double-edged	JJ
.	.
We	PRP
loved	VBD
her	PRP$
and	CC
were	VBD
willing	JJ
to	TO
do	VB
most	JJS
anything	NN
to	TO
help	VB
,	,
but	CC
that	DT
love	NN
also	RB
made	VBD
us	PRP
extremely	RB
vulnerable	JJ
to	TO
her	PRP$
manipulations	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
took	VBD
years	NNS
before	IN
I	PRP
finally	RB
realized	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
way	NN
to	TO
help	VB
her	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
to	TO
help	VB
her	PRP$
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
ask	VB
myself	PRP
a	DT
hard	JJ
question	NN
:	:
Why	WRB
should	MD
she	PRP
try	VB
to	TO
help	VB
herself	PRP
when	WRB
there	EX
was	VBD
always	RB
someone	NN
there	RB
to	TO
do	VB
it	PRP
for	IN
her	PRP
,	,
to	TO
pick	VB
up	RP
the	DT
pieces	NNS
when	WRB
she	PRP
messed-up	JJ
or	CC
needed	VBN
re-hospitalization	NN
?	.
We	PRP
did	VBD
these	DT
things	NNS
for	IN
her	PRP$
when	WRB
she	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
minor	JJ
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
continued	VBD
after	IN
she	PRP
turned	VBD
eighteen	CD
.	.
She	PRP
would	MD
die	VB
if	IN
we	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
,	,
would	MD
n't	RB
she	PRP
?	.
Or	CC
would	MD
she	PRP
?	.
Had	VBD
we	PRP
ever	RB
really	RB
given	VBN
her	PRP$
a	DT
chance	NN
to	TO
show	VB
us	PRP
how	WRB
she	PRP
'd	MD
handle	VB
it	PRP
?	.
Did	VBD
we	PRP
unintentionally	RB
rob	VBD
her	PRP$
of	IN
the	DT
initiative	NN
to	TO
mold	NN
and	CC
control	VB
her	PRP$
own	JJ
life	NN
?	.
Tough	JJ
questions	NNS
and	CC
even	RB
tougher	JJR
answers	NNS
.	.
In	IN
recent	JJ
years	NNS
people	NNS
have	VBP
asked	VBN
me	PRP
how	WRB
I	PRP
would	MD
advise	VB
parents	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
just	RB
now	RB
confronting	VBG
the	DT
life	NN
and	CC
death	NN
struggles	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
``	``
It	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
difficult	JJ
task	NN
''	''
,	,
is	VBZ
how	WRB
I	PRP
answer	VBP
them	PRP
,	,
because	IN
every	DT
situation	NN
is	VBZ
different	JJ
.	.
Human	JJ
nature	NN
is	VBZ
such	JJ
that	IN
we	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
experience	VB
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
agony	NN
these	DT
problems	NNS
cause	NN
before	IN
we	PRP
can	MD
accept	VB
guidance	NN
on	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
combat	VB
them	PRP
.	.
These	DT
beleagured	JJ
new	JJ
parents	NNS
rationalize	VBP
that	IN
their	PRP$
situation	NN
is	VBZ
different	JJ
from	IN
yours	NNS
or	CC
mine	NN
.	.
So	RB
again	RB
,	,
only	RB
after	IN
we	PRP
've	VBP
lived	VBN
through	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
pain	NN
,	,
can	MD
we	PRP
be	VB
open	JJ
to	TO
finding	VBG
ways	NNS
to	TO
alleviate	VB
it	PRP
.	.
``	``
No	UH
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
n't	RB
.	.
I	PRP
'd	MD
get	VB
her	PRP$
help	NN
like	IN
you	PRP
and	CC
dad	NN
did	VBD
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
'd	MD
listen	VB
to	TO
her	PRP
,	,
as	IN
you	PRP
did	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
'd	MD
set	VB
limits	NNS
as	IN
you	PRP
tried	VBD
to	TO
do	VB
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
beat	VB
yourself	PRP
up	RP
,	,
mom	NN
.	.
I	PRP
love	VBP
you	PRP
for	IN
continuing	VBG
to	TO
love	VB
me	PRP
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
unlovable	JJ
.	.
''	''
Oh	UH
yes	UH
,	,
I	PRP
remember	VBP
all	DT
of	IN
it	PRP
so	RB
well	RB
,	,
but	CC
now	RB
I	PRP
can	MD
look	VB
to	TO
the	DT
future	NN
with	IN
confidence	NN
.	.
Kathleen	NNP
has	VBZ
built	VBN
a	DT
life	NN
for	IN
herself	PRP
based	VBN
on	IN
new	JJ
acceptance	NN
,	,
despite	IN
the	DT
past	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
prayers	NNS
for	IN
her	PRP
,	,
and	CC
all	DT
victims	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
is	VBZ
that	IN
they	PRP
continue	VBP
to	TO
move	VB
forward	RB
with	IN
determination	NN
and	CC
hope	NN
.	.
They	PRP
must	MD
keep	VB
their	PRP$
eyes	NNS
focused	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
many	JJ
good	JJ
things	NNS
life	NN
has	VBZ
to	TO
offer	VB
.	.
They	PRP
dare	VBP
not	RB
waste	VB
a	DT
single	JJ
moment	NN
.	.
When	WRB
Charlene	NNP
was	VBD
diagnosed	VBN
with	IN
juvenile	JJ
diabetes	NN
at	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
eight	CD
,	,
my	PRP$
husband	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
were	VBD
heartbroken	JJ
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
we	PRP
knew	VBD
so	RB
little	JJ
about	IN
diabetes	NN
.	.
Would	MD
our	PRP$
precious	JJ
daughter	NN
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
live	VB
a	DT
normal	JJ
life	NN
?	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
our	PRP$
only	JJ
child	NN
and	CC
we	PRP
wanted	VBD
her	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
happy	JJ
and	CC
successful	JJ
-	:
not	RB
burdened	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
chronic	JJ
illness	NN
.	.
Although	IN
we	PRP
never	RB
discussed	VBD
the	DT
diabetes	NN
with	IN
her	PRP
,	,
we	PRP
knew	VBD
Charlene	NNP
's	POS
life	NN
was	VBD
bound	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
more	RBR
difficult	JJ
because	IN
of	IN
this	DT
disease	NN
and	CC
because	IN
of	IN
its	PRP$
deadly	JJ
complications	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
we	PRP
smothered	VBD
her	PRP
with	IN
love	NN
and	CC
concern	NN
,	,
yet	RB
Charlene	NNP
seemed	VBD
to	TO
take	VB
the	DT
changes	NNS
in	IN
her	PRP$
lifestyle	NN
in	IN
stride	NN
.	.
Not	RB
once	RB
did	VBD
she	PRP
complain	VB
about	IN
the	DT
insulin	NN
shots	NNS
,	,
the	DT
sugar	NN
highs	NNS
and	CC
lows	NNS
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
meal	NN
plan	NN
she	PRP
followed	VBD
faithfully	RB
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
she	PRP
rarely	RB
talked	VBD
about	IN
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
fussed	VBD
over	IN
meals	NNS
,	,
encouraged	VBD
her	PRP
to	TO
write	VB
down	RP
everything	NN
she	PRP
ate	VBD
,	,
and	CC
demanded	VBD
she	PRP
monitor	VB
her	PRP$
blood	NN
sugar	NN
frequently	RB
.	.
And	CC
she	PRP
did	VBD
.	.
We	PRP
were	VBD
so	RB
very	RB
proud	JJ
of	IN
our	PRP$
little	JJ
girl	NN
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
passed	VBN
,	,
she	PRP
developed	VBD
into	IN
an	DT
attractive	JJ
,	,
athletic	JJ
and	CC
popular	JJ
young	JJ
woman	NN
.	.
She	PRP
appeared	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
normal	JJ
,	,
healthy	JJ
child	NN
.	.
The	DT
summer	NN
before	IN
Charlene	NNP
's	POS
sophomore	NN
year	NN
in	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
,	,
we	PRP
noticed	VBD
our	PRP$
cheery	JJ
,	,
talkative	JJ
daughter	NN
seemed	VBD
moody	NN
.	.
At	IN
that	DT
time	NN
,	,
we	PRP
were	VBD
convinced	VBN
it	PRP
was	VBD
due	JJ
to	TO
hormonal	JJ
changes	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
never	RB
occurred	VBD
to	TO
us	PRP
that	IN
it	PRP
could	MD
be	VB
more	RBR
.	.
After	IN
all	DT
,	,
Charlene	NNP
had	VBD
never	RB
seemed	VBN
bothered	VBN
by	IN
her	PRP$
diabetes	NN
,	,
school	NN
,	,
friends	NNS
or	CC
anything	NN
.	.
But	CC
both	DT
my	PRP$
husband	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
had	VBD
read	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
physical	JJ
and	CC
emotional	JJ
stress	NN
of	IN
diabetes	NN
exacerbates	VBZ
depression	NN
.	.
I	PRP
encouraged	VBD
her	PRP
to	TO
talk	VB
about	IN
her	PRP$
feelings	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
inquired	VBD
about	IN
her	PRP$
weight	NN
loss	NN
.	.
But	CC
Charlene	NNP
assured	VBD
her	PRP$
father	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
everything	NN
was	VBD
fine	JJ
.	.
She	PRP
admitted	VBD
her	PRP$
weight	NN
had	VBD
dropped	VBN
some	DT
from	IN
running	VBG
every	DT
day	NN
,	,
but	CC
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
important	JJ
she	PRP
keep	VB
in	IN
shape	NN
for	IN
cheerleading	NN
competitions	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
said	VBD
she	PRP
would	MD
speak	VB
to	TO
the	DT
doctor	NN
about	IN
her	PRP$
frequent	JJ
trips	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
bathroom	NN
.	.
We	PRP
believed	VBD
her	PRP
.	.
A	DT
month	NN
later	RB
,	,
I	PRP
awoke	VBD
late	RB
at	IN
night	NN
to	TO
the	DT
sound	NN
of	IN
someone	NN
vomiting	NN
.	.
I	PRP
rushed	VBD
to	TO
Charlene	NNP
's	POS
bathroom	NN
,	,
and	CC
found	VBD
her	PRP$
clutching	VBG
the	DT
edge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
toilet	NN
seat	NN
,	,
tears	NNS
streaming	VBG
from	IN
her	PRP$
bloodshot	JJ
eyes	NNS
.	.
At	IN
that	DT
moment	NN
,	,
I	PRP
realized	VBD
just	RB
what	WP
was	VBD
happening	VBG
.	.
And	CC
how	WRB
blind	JJ
we	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
.	.
Here	RB
,	,
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
eyes	NNS
,	,
our	PRP$
darling	NN
daughter	NN
had	VBD
developed	VBN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
bingeing	VBG
and	CC
purging	VBG
her	PRP$
food	NN
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
ignoring	VBG
her	PRP$
sugar	NN
highs	NNS
and	CC
lows	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
even	RB
skipping	VBG
insulin	NN
shots	NNS
to	TO
control	VB
her	PRP$
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
I	PRP
knew	VBD
it	PRP
,	,
but	CC
did	VBD
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
acknowledge	VB
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
told	VBD
myself	PRP
,	,
Charlene	NNP
would	MD
never	RB
do	VB
that	DT
.	.
But	CC
she	PRP
did	VBD
.	.
On	IN
that	DT
night	NN
I	PRP
realized	VBD
Charlene	NNP
is	VBZ
bulimic	JJ
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
diabetic	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
vowed	VBD
I	PRP
would	MD
do	VB
everything	NN
I	PRP
could	MD
to	TO
help	VB
her	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
thought	VBD
my	PRP$
husband	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
could	MD
make	VB
it	PRP
better	RBR
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
we	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
``	``
fix	VB
''	''
the	DT
diabetes	NN
.	.
Association	NNP
for	IN
Anorexia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
and	CC
Associated	NNP
Disorders	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
ANAD	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Through	IN
them	PRP
,	,
we	PRP
learned	VBD
more	RBR
about	IN
the	DT
disease	NN
and	CC
what	WP
we	PRP
could	MD
do	VB
to	TO
support	VB
Charlene	NNP
in	IN
her	PRP$
recovery	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
importantly	RB
,	,
Charlene	NNP
was	VBD
referred	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
therapist	NN
specially	RB
trained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
in	IN
diabetics	NNS
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
step	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
get	VB
Charlene	NNP
back	RB
on	IN
a	DT
healthier	RBR
track	NN
.	.
In	IN
short	RB
,	,
to	TO
stabilize	VB
her	PRP$
blood	NN
sugars	NNS
and	CC
help	VB
her	PRP
maintain	VB
a	DT
nutritious	JJ
meal	NN
plan	NN
.	.
Once	RB
a	DT
somewhat	RB
normal	JJ
routine	NN
was	VBD
established	VBN
,	,
Charlene	NNP
began	VBD
to	TO
have	VB
more	JJR
energy	NN
,	,
feel	VBP
less	JJR
moody	NN
and	CC
sleep	VB
better	JJR
.	.
Only	RB
then	RB
was	VBD
she	PRP
ready	JJ
to	TO
tackle	VB
the	DT
bigger	JJR
issues	NNS
in	IN
therapy	NN
like	IN
body	NN
image	NN
and	CC
self-esteem	NN
.	.
For	IN
Charlene	NNP
and	CC
most	RBS
bulimics	NNS
,	,
anorexics	NNS
and	CC
binge	NN
eaters	NNS
,	,
the	DT
illness	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
about	IN
food	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
,	,
although	IN
it	PRP
appears	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
about	IN
self-esteem	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
about	IN
independence	NN
and	CC
identity	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
about	IN
being	VBG
your	PRP$
own	JJ
caretaker	NN
and	CC
loving	JJ
yourself	PRP
unconditionally	RB
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
why	WRB
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
so	RB
essential	JJ
.	.
Without	IN
it	PRP
,	,
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
virtually	RB
impossible	JJ
.	.
And	CC
when	WRB
the	DT
eating	NN
disorder	NN
involves	VBZ
a	DT
child	NN
,	,
the	DT
parents	NNS
and	CC
siblings	NNS
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
family	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
The	DT
physical	JJ
consequences	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
are	VBP
serious	JJ
,	,
but	CC
when	WRB
someone	NN
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
also	RB
has	VBZ
diabetes	NN
,	,
the	DT
effects	NNS
are	VBP
more	RBR
immediate	JJ
and	CC
devastating	JJ
.	.
For	IN
diabetic	JJ
bulimics	NNS
and	CC
anorexics	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
crucial	JJ
to	TO
treat	VB
the	DT
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
bingeing	NN
and	CC
purging	VBG
,	,
starvation	NN
and	CC
insulin	NN
manipulation	NN
immediately	RB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
seek	VB
out	RP
a	DT
physician	NN
and	CC
a	DT
dietitian	NN
who	WP
are	VBP
both	DT
willing	JJ
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
this	DT
therapist	NN
.	.
As	IN
we	PRP
found	VBD
with	IN
Charlene	NNP
's	POS
recovery	NN
process	NN
,	,
a	DT
professional	JJ
team	NN
approach	NN
to	TO
guide	VB
and	CC
support	VB
the	DT
diabetic	JJ
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
holds	VBZ
a	DT
brighter	JJR
promise	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
The	DT
team	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
understand	VB
how	WRB
eating	JJ
disorders	NNS
dovetail	VBP
with	IN
diabetes	NN
.	.
By	IN
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
illness	NN
and	CC
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
,	,
diabetes	NN
can	MD
create	VB
a	DT
preoccupation	NN
with	IN
food	NN
.	.
Secondly	RB
,	,
it	PRP
can	MD
lead	VB
a	DT
child	NN
to	TO
view	VB
food	NN
as	IN
``	``
the	DT
enemy	NN
''	''
,	,
as	IN
something	NN
dangerous	JJ
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
diabetic	JJ
feels	VBZ
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
life	NN
is	VBZ
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
diabetes	NN
,	,
an	DT
excessive	JJ
control	NN
of	IN
food	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
may	MD
be	VB
the	DT
outcome	NN
of	IN
wanting	VBG
to	TO
feel	VB
in	IN
control	NN
.	.
And	CC
as	IN
my	PRP$
husband	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
learned	VBD
,	,
teens	NNS
with	IN
diabetes	NN
often	RB
feel	VBP
their	PRP$
families	NNS
are	VBP
overly	RB
involved	VBN
in	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
To	TO
rebel	NN
and	CC
strive	VB
for	IN
independence	NN
,	,
food	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
obsession	NN
becomes	VBZ
a	DT
teen	NN
's	POS
power	NN
,	,
and	CC
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
becomes	VBZ
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
identity	NN
.	.
Charlene	NNP
's	POS
parents	NNS
,	,
my	PRP$
husband	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
to	TO
support	VB
rather	RB
than	IN
smother	VB
,	,
encourage	VB
instead	RB
of	IN
demand	NN
,	,
and	CC
love	NN
without	IN
conditions	NNS
or	CC
expectations	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
easy	JJ
for	IN
Charlene	NNP
or	CC
for	IN
us	PRP
.	.
In	IN
family	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
we	PRP
have	VBP
admitted	VBN
to	TO
making	VBG
mistakes	NNS
,	,
shed	VBD
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
tears	NNS
,	,
raised	VBD
our	PRP$
voices	NNS
in	IN
anger	NN
,	,
but	CC
always	RB
,	,
ended	VBD
our	PRP$
sessions	NNS
with	IN
hugs	NNS
of	IN
love	NN
.	.
As	IN
parents	NNS
,	,
my	PRP$
husband	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
did	VBD
the	DT
best	JJS
we	PRP
could	MD
,	,
but	CC
often	RB
,	,
in	IN
our	PRP$
efforts	NNS
to	TO
raise	VB
a	DT
smart	JJ
,	,
successful	JJ
daughter	NN
,	,
we	PRP
criticized	VBD
too	RB
frequently	RB
and	CC
praised	VBD
too	RB
little	JJ
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
we	PRP
focus	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
positive	JJ
,	,
listen	VB
more	RBR
often	RB
,	,
and	CC
encourage	VB
Charlene	NNP
to	TO
be	VB
her	PRP$
own	JJ
person	NN
.	.
Even	RB
after	IN
participating	VBG
in	IN
Charlene	NNP
's	POS
treatment	NN
and	CC
therapy	NN
,	,
supporting	VBG
my	PRP$
daughter	NN
in	IN
her	PRP$
daily	JJ
struggle	NN
to	TO
recover	VB
,	,
and	CC
reading	VBG
numerous	JJ
books	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
remain	VBP
somewhat	RB
baffled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
complexity	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
enough	RB
to	TO
recognize	VB
the	DT
symptoms	NNS
,	,
share	NN
my	PRP$
story	NN
with	IN
others	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
means	NN
of	IN
support	NN
,	,
and	CC
help	VB
prevent	VB
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
bulimia	NN
and	CC
anorexia	NN
are	VBP
body	NN
image	NN
disorders	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
recognize	VB
and	CC
help	VB
reduce	VB
the	DT
societal	JJ
pressure	NN
on	IN
women	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
pretty	RB
and	CC
thin	JJ
.	.
This	DT
pressure	NN
fuels	NNS
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
among	IN
women	NNS
,	,
and	CC
as	RB
long	JJ
as	IN
women	NNS
feel	VBP
judged	VBN
solely	RB
on	IN
appearance	NN
,	,
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
thrive	VB
in	IN
our	PRP$
society	NN
.	.
Poor	NNP
self-esteem	NN
drives	NNS
bulimics	NNS
and	CC
anorexics	NNS
to	TO
find	VB
a	DT
means	NN
to	TO
feel	VB
important	JJ
,	,
significant	JJ
and	CC
powerful	JJ
at	IN
any	DT
cost	NN
,	,
even	RB
one	CD
's	POS
health	NN
.	.
As	IN
parents	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
must	MD
make	VB
a	DT
conscious	JJ
and	CC
consistent	JJ
effort	NN
to	TO
raise	VB
children	NNS
with	IN
healthy	JJ
self-esteem	NN
.	.
Unconditional	JJ
love	NN
,	,
acceptance	NN
of	IN
a	DT
child	NN
's	POS
individuality	NN
and	CC
praise	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
shame	NN
and	CC
blame	NN
will	MD
enable	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
make	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
healthy	JJ
choices	NNS
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
self-confident	JJ
and	CC
feels	VBZ
worthy	JJ
of	IN
love	NN
,	,
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
develop	VB
healthy	JJ
coping	VBG
mechanisms	NNS
,	,
free	JJ
of	IN
alcohol	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
addictive	JJ
behaviors	NNS
.	.
To	TO
treat	VB
only	RB
the	DT
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
self-induced	JJ
starvation	NN
or	CC
the	DT
binge-and-purge	JJ
cycle	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
ignore	VB
the	DT
underlying	VBG
causes	NNS
of	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
A	DT
strong	JJ
need	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
yet	RB
intense	JJ
fear	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
separation	NN
and	CC
individuation	NN
from	IN
parents	NNS
,	,
siblings	NNS
,	,
even	RB
spouses	NNS
is	VBZ
at	IN
the	DT
root	NN
of	IN
most	JJS
eating	JJ
disorders	NNS
.	.
Therapy	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
necessity	NN
in	IN
recovery	NN
,	,
and	CC
often	RB
,	,
anti-depressants	NNS
help	VBP
alleviate	VB
the	DT
emotional	JJ
pain	NN
that	WDT
accompanies	VBZ
the	DT
challenge	NN
of	IN
eliminating	VBG
old	JJ
behaviors	NNS
and	CC
replacing	VBG
them	PRP
with	IN
healthy	JJ
ones	NNS
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
help	NN
of	IN
an	DT
understanding	NN
physician	NN
,	,
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
therapist	NN
and	CC
a	DT
knowledgeable	JJ
dietitian	NN
,	,
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
accepting	VBG
and	CC
loving	VBG
one	CD
's	POS
self	NN
unconditionally	RB
is	VBZ
not	RB
only	RB
possible	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
highly	RB
probable	JJ
.	.
We	PRP
met	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
living	NN
room	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
home	NN
on	IN
Topsail	NNP
Island	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
took	VBD
out	RP
my	PRP$
notebook	NN
and	CC
pen	NN
,	,
flipped	VBD
to	TO
a	DT
clean	JJ
page	NN
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
began	VBD
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
difficult	JJ
topic	NN
for	IN
her	PRP$
to	TO
talk	VB
about	IN
,	,
but	CC
an	DT
important	JJ
one	CD
.	.
We	PRP
began	VBD
at	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
...	:
Her	PRP$
obsession	NN
with	IN
food	NN
began	VBD
when	WRB
she	PRP
was	VBD
six	CD
or	CC
seven	CD
.	.
Her	PRP$
family	NN
had	VBD
just	RB
moved	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
new	JJ
neighborhood	NN
and	CC
there	EX
were	VBD
no	DT
other	JJ
kids	NNS
around	IN
.	.
Food	NNP
took	VBD
the	DT
place	NN
of	IN
friends	NNS
and	CC
relieved	VBD
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
boredom	NN
for	IN
her	PRP$
and	CC
her	PRP$
sister	NN
.	.
She	PRP
can	MD
remember	VB
sitting	VBG
down	RP
with	IN
a	DT
big	JJ
Tupperware	NNP
container	NN
of	IN
Cheetos	NNPS
and	CC
eating	VBG
until	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
all	DT
gone	VBN
.	.
She	PRP
remembers	VBZ
being	VBG
eight	CD
and	CC
feeling	VBG
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
lose	VB
weight	NN
.	.
Comments	NNS
from	IN
her	PRP$
family	NN
like	IN
``	``
you	PRP
're	VBP
getting	VBG
chubby	JJ
''	''
and	CC
``	``
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
stop	VB
snacking	VBG
''	''
did	VBD
n't	RB
help	VB
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
were	VBD
playing	VBG
floor	NN
hockey	NN
one	CD
day	NN
at	IN
school	NN
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
recalls	VBZ
,	,
``	``
and	CC
I	PRP
fell	VBD
onto	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
boys	NNS
'	POS
legs	NNS
.	.
With	IN
both	DT
parents	NNS
working	VBG
,	,
she	PRP
received	VBD
little	JJ
attention	NN
at	IN
home	NN
.	.
Food	NNP
helped	VBD
to	TO
make	VB
her	PRP$
feel	NN
better	RB
by	IN
taking	VBG
her	PRP$
mind	NN
away	RB
from	IN
her	PRP$
emotions	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
would	MD
make	VB
promises	NNS
to	TO
herself	PRP
like	IN
,	,
``	``
Today	NN
I	PRP
'll	MD
eat	VB
only	RB
vegetables	NNS
,	,
''	''
but	CC
the	DT
promises	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
forgotten	VBN
within	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
hours	NNS
and	CC
she	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
eating	VBG
her	PRP$
usual	JJ
way	NN
again	RB
.	.
In	IN
junior	JJ
high	JJ
and	CC
into	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
,	,
food	NN
continued	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
comfort	NN
.	.
She	PRP
would	MD
come	VB
home	NN
from	IN
school	NN
and	CC
eat	VB
some	DT
of	IN
everything	NN
.	.
She	PRP
would	MD
eat	VB
until	IN
each	DT
food	NN
did	VBD
n't	RB
taste	VB
good	JJ
anymore	RB
and	CC
then	RB
move	VB
on	IN
to	TO
something	NN
else	RB
.	.
If	IN
she	PRP
knew	VBD
a	DT
friend	NN
's	POS
family	NN
ate	VBD
healthy	JJ
food	NN
,	,
she	PRP
would	MD
try	VB
to	TO
get	VB
the	DT
friend	NN
to	TO
come	VB
to	TO
her	PRP$
house	NN
because	IN
junk	NN
food	NN
was	VBD
more	RBR
accessible	JJ
.	.
She	PRP
started	VBD
counting	VBG
calories	NNS
in	IN
junior	JJ
high	JJ
.	.
Being	VBG
active	JJ
in	IN
athletics	NNS
kept	VBD
her	PRP$
from	IN
becoming	VBG
obese	NN
.	.
Although	IN
she	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
stop	VB
binging	NN
,	,
she	PRP
was	VBD
afraid	JJ
people	NNS
would	MD
not	RB
love	VB
her	PRP$
if	IN
she	PRP
was	VBD
fat	JJ
.	.
As	IN
she	PRP
got	VBD
older	JJR
,	,
she	PRP
became	VBD
so	RB
ashamed	JJ
of	IN
her	PRP$
young	JJ
behavior	NN
that	IN
she	PRP
felt	VBD
restricting	VBG
and	CC
denying	VBG
herself	PRP
pleasure	NN
from	IN
food	NN
would	MD
make	VB
her	PRP
a	DT
better	JJR
person	NN
.	.
Binging	NN
and	CC
restricting	VBG
were	VBD
both	DT
extremes	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
,	,
neither	DT
used	VBN
self-control	NN
or	CC
moderation	NN
.	.
Society	NNP
applauds	VBZ
you	PRP
for	IN
not	RB
eating	VBG
.	.
It	PRP
means	VBZ
you	PRP
are	VBP
strong	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
just	RB
a	DT
much	JJ
quicker	JJR
death	NN
when	WRB
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
eat	VB
compared	VBN
to	TO
eating	VBG
too	RB
much	RB
.	.
''	''
Food	NNP
was	VBD
controlling	VBG
her	PRP$
life	NN
though	IN
she	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
denied	VBN
it	PRP
then	RB
.	.
``	``
Bulimics	NNS
think	VBP
about	IN
food	NN
every	DT
minute	NN
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
says	VBZ
.	.
In	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
,	,
she	PRP
became	VBD
more	RBR
concerned	JJ
about	IN
grades	NNS
and	CC
boys	NNS
and	CC
less	JJR
focused	VBN
on	IN
food	NN
.	.
As	IN
she	PRP
got	VBD
more	JJR
attention	NN
,	,
food	NN
lost	VBD
some	DT
of	IN
its	PRP$
importance	NN
.	.
She	PRP
still	RB
had	VBD
restricting	VBG
and	CC
binging	VBG
episodes	NNS
,	,
but	CC
restricting	VBG
was	VBD
becoming	VBG
more	RBR
common	JJ
and	CC
episodes	NNS
were	VBD
lasting	JJ
longer	RBR
.	.
When	WRB
she	PRP
got	VBD
her	PRP$
driver	NN
's	POS
license	NN
,	,
she	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
whole	JJ
new	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
get	VB
food	NN
whenever	WRB
she	PRP
wanted	VBD
it	PRP
and	CC
binges	NNS
became	VBD
more	RBR
frequent	JJ
.	.
She	PRP
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
I	PRP
remember	VBP
a	DT
friend	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
getting	VBG
a	DT
box	NN
of	IN
Entenman	NNP
's	POS
donuts	NNS
,	,
the	DT
kind	NN
with	IN
eight	CD
huge	JJ
donuts	NNS
in	IN
it	PRP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
two	CD
of	IN
us	PRP
eating	VBG
the	DT
whole	JJ
box	NN
between	IN
us	PRP
.	.
''	''
During	IN
her	PRP$
junior	NN
year	NN
of	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
,	,
she	PRP
met	VBD
the	DT
man	NN
who	WP
would	MD
become	VB
her	PRP$
husband	NN
.	.
Once	RB
she	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
a	DT
settled	VBN
relationship	NN
,	,
food	NN
took	VBD
on	RP
a	DT
whole	JJ
new	JJ
importance	NN
.	.
She	PRP
remembers	VBZ
,	,
``	``
Some	DT
mornings	NNS
I	PRP
would	MD
wake	VB
up	RB
and	CC
be	VB
happy	JJ
because	IN
I	PRP
knew	VBD
I	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
certain	JJ
foods	NNS
that	WDT
day	NN
.	.
''	''
When	WRB
she	PRP
started	VBD
at	IN
college	NN
,	,
the	DT
food	NN
obsession	NN
intensified	VBD
.	.
Her	PRP$
husband	NN
joined	VBD
her	PRP$
in	IN
taking	VBG
classes	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
community	NN
college	NN
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
looked	VBD
forward	RB
to	TO
the	DT
night	NN
classes	NNS
we	PRP
were	VBD
taking	VBG
because	IN
we	PRP
would	MD
go	VB
to	TO
Taco	NNP
Bell	NNP
or	CC
Burger	NNP
King	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
way	NN
home	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
'd	MD
binge	NN
on	IN
takeout	NN
food	NN
.	.
Then	RB
I	PRP
'd	MD
have	VB
a	DT
Snickers	NNS
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
remembers	VBZ
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
her	PRP$
fondest	JJS
memories	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
early	JJ
college	NN
years	NNS
is	VBZ
a	DT
trip	NN
to	TO
Disney	NNP
World	NNP
in	IN
1990	CD
.	.
Reservations	NNS
were	VBD
made	VBN
over	IN
a	DT
year	NN
in	IN
advance	NN
and	CC
the	DT
anticipation	NN
was	VBD
great	JJ
.	.
``	``
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
things	NNS
I	PRP
was	VBD
most	RBS
looking	VBG
forward	RB
to	TO
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
told	VBD
me	PRP
,	,
``	``
was	VBD
the	DT
food	NN
.	.
''	''
Her	PRP$
steady	JJ
relationship	NN
allowed	VBD
her	PRP
to	TO
settle	VB
into	IN
a	DT
way	NN
of	IN
life	NN
that	IN
many	JJ
women	NNS
without	IN
careers	NNS
know	VBP
:	:
once	IN
they	PRP
get	VBP
married	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
excitement	NN
of	IN
dating	VBG
is	VBZ
off	RB
,	,
they	PRP
get	VBP
bored	VBN
and	CC
turn	VB
to	TO
food	NN
for	IN
comfort	NN
.	.
``	``
You	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
remember	VB
,	,
many	JJ
women	NNS
were	VBD
raised	VBN
with	IN
marriage	NN
being	VBG
the	DT
ultimate	JJ
goal	NN
in	IN
life	NN
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
says	VBZ
,	,
``	``
Once	RB
they	PRP
were	VBD
married	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
like	IN
,	,
Okay	UH
,	,
done	VBN
.	.
'	''
''	''
She	PRP
eventually	RB
went	VBD
on	IN
a	DT
low	JJ
fat	JJ
diet	NN
,	,
watching	VBG
her	PRP$
fat	NN
and	CC
calorie	NN
intake	NN
,	,
but	CC
intended	VBD
to	TO
follow	VB
the	DT
plan	NN
only	RB
until	IN
she	PRP
reached	VBD
her	PRP$
goal	NN
weight	NN
,	,
then	RB
she	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
return	VB
to	TO
her	PRP$
old	JJ
habits	NNS
.	.
Height	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
charts	NNS
were	VBD
something	NN
she	PRP
despised	VBD
.	.
Her	PRP$
search	NN
for	IN
affection	NN
eventually	RB
lead	VBP
to	TO
an	DT
affair	NN
with	IN
a	DT
much	JJ
older	JJR
man	NN
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
regret	VB
it	PRP
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
It	PRP
changed	VBD
my	PRP$
life	NN
for	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
.	.
I	PRP
started	VBD
loving	VBG
myself	PRP
and	CC
my	PRP$
family	NN
more	RBR
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
getting	VBG
attention	NN
from	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
other	JJ
man	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
''	''
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
her	PRP$
food	NN
addiction	NN
changed	VBD
poles	NNS
and	CC
she	PRP
started	VBD
to	TO
restrict	VB
food	NN
completely	RB
,	,
she	PRP
basically	RB
stopped	VBD
eating	VBG
.	.
Her	PRP$
goal	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
secure	VB
the	DT
love	NN
and	CC
attention	NN
from	IN
the	DT
older	JJR
man	NN
.	.
She	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
look	VB
like	IN
an	DT
adolescent	JJ
and	CC
become	VB
his	PRP$
``	``
daughter	NN
,	,
''	''
a	DT
relationship	NN
she	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
have	VB
with	IN
her	PRP$
husband	NN
.	.
The	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
affection	NN
from	IN
her	PRP$
childhood	NN
had	VBD
caught	VBN
up	RP
with	IN
her	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
kept	VBD
restricting	VBG
because	IN
she	PRP
believed	VBD
being	VBG
thinner	JJR
would	MD
make	VB
her	PRP$
so	RB
attractive	JJ
the	DT
man	NN
would	MD
always	RB
love	VB
her	PRP
.	.
Eventually	RB
,	,
she	PRP
learned	VBD
to	TO
play	VB
on	IN
his	PRP$
addiction	NN
to	TO
sex	NN
to	TO
satisfy	VB
her	PRP$
need	NN
for	IN
attention	NN
.	.
When	WRB
people	NNS
started	VBD
getting	VBG
worried	JJ
about	IN
her	PRP$
weight	NN
loss	NN
,	,
restricting	VBG
became	VBD
a	DT
way	NN
of	IN
keeping	VBG
the	DT
world	NN
's	POS
attention	NN
.	.
Looking	VBG
back	RB
,	,
she	PRP
realizes	VBZ
,	,
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Restricting	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
what	WP
I	PRP
became	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
imagine	VB
myself	PRP
without	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
''	''
When	WRB
she	PRP
came	VBD
down	RP
with	IN
mono	NN
,	,
the	DT
doctor	NN
prescribed	VBN
steroids	NNS
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
saw	VBD
my	PRP$
body	NN
change	NN
overnight	RB
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
content	JJ
I	PRP
let	VBP
myself	PRP
eat	VB
more	RBR
.	.
''	''
She	PRP
continued	VBD
to	TO
eat	VB
low-fat	JJ
foods	NNS
,	,
but	CC
now	RB
she	PRP
ate	VBD
them	PRP
so	IN
she	PRP
could	MD
justify	VB
binging	NN
on	IN
snack	NN
foods	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
she	PRP
recovered	VBD
,	,
she	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
want	VB
people	NNS
to	TO
see	VB
her	PRP$
eating	NN
``	``
naughty	JJ
''	''
foods	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
became	VBD
more	RBR
secretive	JJ
about	IN
what	WP
she	PRP
ate	VBD
.	.
After	IN
the	DT
hurricanes	NNS
struck	VBD
last	JJ
year	NN
,	,
she	PRP
began	VBD
eating	VBG
more	JJR
junk	NN
again	RB
.	.
She	PRP
felt	VBD
lonely	JJ
,	,
happy	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
home	NN
on	IN
the	DT
island	NN
again	RB
,	,
but	CC
depressed	VBD
because	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
no	DT
one	PRP
around	RB
and	CC
she	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
seeing	VBG
friends	NNS
very	RB
often	RB
.	.
She	PRP
focused	VBD
on	IN
not	RB
eating	VBG
instead	RB
of	IN
the	DT
depression	NN
.	.
Severely	RB
restricting	VBG
food	NN
changed	VBD
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
attention	NN
around	IN
.	.
She	PRP
explained	VBD
,	,
``	``
When	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
restricting	VBG
,	,
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
be	VB
around	IN
people	NNS
instead	RB
of	IN
feeling	NN
lonely	JJ
because	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
n't	RB
there	RB
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
''	''
Not	RB
eating	VBG
made	VBN
it	PRP
her	PRP$
choice	NN
to	TO
be	VB
alone	RB
.	.
``	``
Then	RB
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
feel	VB
like	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
loser	NN
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
understood	VBD
restricting	VBG
would	MD
kill	VB
me	PRP
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
feeling	VBG
suicidal	JJ
by	IN
that	DT
point	NN
.	.
''	''
Her	PRP$
salvation	NN
came	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
Park	NNP
Ridge	NNP
Hospital	NNP
in	IN
Fletcher	NNP
,	,
North	NNP
Carolina	NNP
.	.
When	WRB
she	PRP
went	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
HOPE	NNP
program	NN
at	IN
Park	NNP
Ridge	NNP
,	,
she	PRP
was	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
turn	VB
control	NN
over	IN
to	TO
someone	NN
else	RB
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
trust	NN
myself	PRP
to	TO
make	VB
decisions	NNS
about	IN
food	NN
anymore	RB
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
explained	VBD
.	.
She	PRP
had	VBD
people	NNS
telling	VBG
her	PRP$
how	WRB
much	JJ
to	TO
eat	VB
but	CC
she	PRP
selected	VBD
the	DT
foods	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
different	JJ
from	IN
what	WP
she	PRP
had	VBD
heard	VBN
growing	VBG
up	RP
,	,
``	``
You	PRP
're	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
eat	VB
this	DT
and	CC
like	IN
it	PRP
,	,
''	''
or	CC
``	``
I	PRP
give	VBP
up	RP
,	,
make	VB
your	PRP$
own	JJ
food	NN
!	.
''	''
The	DT
people	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
were	VBD
willing	JJ
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
her	PRP
.	.
Now	RB
that	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
back	RB
at	IN
home	NN
,	,
she	PRP
follows	VBZ
a	DT
food	NN
plan	NN
from	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
.	.
She	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
obsess	VB
about	IN
the	DT
plan	NN
,	,
but	CC
uses	VBZ
it	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
guideline	NN
to	TO
make	VB
good	JJ
decisions	NNS
about	IN
what	WP
and	CC
when	WRB
to	TO
eat	VB
.	.
The	DT
eating	NN
disorder	NN
is	VBZ
still	RB
there	RB
,	,
it	PRP
just	RB
does	VBZ
n't	RB
have	VB
the	DT
control	NN
it	PRP
once	RB
did	VBD
.	.
Depression	NN
still	RB
produces	VBZ
a	DT
desire	NN
to	TO
restrict	VB
,	,
but	CC
she	PRP
can	MD
fight	VB
it	PRP
now	RB
and	CC
stick	VB
with	IN
the	DT
plan	NN
.	.
She	PRP
still	RB
feels	VBZ
she	PRP
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
not	RB
to	TO
eat	VB
,	,
as	IN
if	IN
people	NNS
will	MD
look	VB
at	IN
her	PRP$
eating	NN
junk	NN
food	NN
and	CC
think	VB
,	,
``	``
Ah-ha	NN
,	,
she	PRP
's	VBZ
back	RB
to	TO
her	PRP$
old	JJ
eating	NN
habits	NNS
!	.
''	''
She	PRP
can	MD
eat	VB
junk	NN
food	NN
now	RB
because	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
able	JJ
to	TO
eat	VB
in	IN
moderation	NN
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
know	VBP
the	DT
desire	NN
's	POS
there	EX
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
Its	PRP$
probable	JJ
I	PRP
will	MD
relapse	VB
.	.
But	CC
knowing	VBG
my	PRP$
husband	NN
knows	VBZ
so	RB
much	JJ
about	IN
the	DT
disorder	NN
now	RB
will	MD
help	VB
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
the	DT
relapses	NNS
will	MD
get	VB
shorter	JJR
and	CC
less	JJR
dangerous	JJ
until	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
happen	VB
anymore	RB
.	.
''	''
She	PRP
concluded	VBD
,	,
``	``
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
setting	VBG
myself	PRP
up	RP
to	TO
fail	VB
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
just	RB
being	VBG
realistic	JJ
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
asked	VBD
her	PRP$
if	IN
she	PRP
had	VBD
anything	NN
she	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
clear	VB
up	RP
about	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
``	``
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
frustrating	JJ
things	NNS
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
replied	VBD
,	,
``	``
is	VBZ
that	IN
people	NNS
get	VBP
distorted	JJ
images	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
media	NNS
.	.
Anorexics	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
emaciated	JJ
14-year-olds	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
fetal	JJ
position	NN
.	.
When	WRB
people	NNS
say	VBP
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
'	''
they	PRP
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
ignored	VBN
.	.
People	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
look	VB
at	IN
weight	NN
as	IN
a	DT
determining	VBG
factor	NN
.	.
Just	RB
because	IN
a	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
overweight	JJ
does	VBZ
n't	RB
mean	VB
they	PRP
are	VBP
n't	RB
anorexic	JJ
.	.
Anorexia	NNP
is	VBZ
looked	VBN
at	IN
as	IN
being	VBG
for	IN
young	JJ
,	,
thin	JJ
people	NNS
.	.
But	CC
older	JJR
anorexics	NNS
have	VBP
had	VBN
more	JJR
time	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
and	CC
gain	VB
weight	NN
so	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
start	VB
out	RP
heavier	JJR
.	.
Many	JJ
anorexics	NNS
die	VBP
before	IN
they	PRP
become	VBP
emaciated	JJ
because	IN
of	IN
upset	JJ
body	NN
functions	NNS
.	.
''	''
This	DT
was	VBD
true	JJ
in	IN
her	PRP$
case	NN
,	,
liver	NN
and	CC
kidney	NN
damage	NN
would	MD
have	VB
killed	VBN
her	PRP$
within	IN
weeks	NNS
if	IN
she	PRP
had	VBD
not	RB
been	VBN
admitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
hospital	NN
,	,
long	RB
before	IN
she	PRP
became	VBD
emaciated	JJ
.	.
``	``
What	WP
advice	NN
can	MD
you	PRP
give	VB
to	TO
people	NNS
who	WP
know	VBP
someone	NN
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
?	.
''	''
I	PRP
asked	VBD
.	.
She	PRP
replied	VBD
,	,
``	``
Learn	VB
people	NNS
's	POS
triggers	VBZ
.	.
When	WRB
people	NNS
stop	VBP
eating	VBG
,	,
find	VB
out	RP
what	WP
is	VBZ
wrong	JJ
in	IN
their	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
Something	NN
has	VBZ
gone	VBN
wrong	JJ
somewhere	RB
and	CC
needs	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
fixed	VBN
.	.
Eating	NNP
habits	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
good	JJ
indication	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
Try	VB
to	TO
get	VB
people	NNS
to	TO
open	VB
up	RP
and	CC
learn	VB
where	WRB
their	PRP$
true	JJ
source	NN
of	IN
pain	NN
is	VBZ
.	.
Be	VB
supportive	JJ
and	CC
attentive	JJ
.	.
Try	VB
to	TO
get	VB
through	IN
their	PRP$
layers	NNS
but	CC
remember	VBP
,	,
you	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
force	VB
people	NNS
to	TO
change	VB
.	.
If	IN
they	PRP
trust	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
will	MD
listen	VB
to	TO
them	PRP
and	CC
they	PRP
believe	VBP
you	PRP
are	VBP
willing	JJ
to	TO
help	VB
them	PRP
,	,
it	PRP
can	MD
make	VB
all	PDT
the	DT
difference	NN
.	.
When	WRB
my	PRP$
psychologist	NN
tried	VBD
so	RB
hard	JJ
to	TO
get	VB
me	PRP
into	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
,	,
it	PRP
started	VBD
my	PRP$
recovery	NN
before	IN
I	PRP
even	RB
got	VBD
there	RB
.	.
''	''
``	``
Do	VBP
n't	RB
ever	RB
oversimplify	VB
it	PRP
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
advises	VBZ
.	.
``	``
Do	VBP
n't	RB
say	VB
,	,
Just	RB
eat\/gain	JJ
weight\/lose	JJ
weight\/etc	NN
.	.
'	''
And	CC
do	VBP
n't	RB
ever	RB
think	VB
its	PRP$
over	IN
and	CC
can	MD
be	VB
packed	VBN
away	RB
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
that	IN
easy	JJ
.	.
''	''
``	``
This	DT
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
story	NN
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
emphasized	VBD
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
need	NN
for	IN
attention	NN
that	WDT
drove	VBD
her	PRP
obsession	NN
with	IN
food	NN
.	.
``	``
There	EX
can	MD
be	VB
so	RB
many	JJ
other	JJ
reasons	NNS
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
says	VBZ
,	,
``	``
but	CC
if	IN
someone	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
disorder	NN
,	,
something	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
life	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
change	VB
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
26	CD
,	,
food	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
biggest	JJS
parts	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
for	IN
almost	RB
20	CD
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
thought	VBD
everyone	NN
had	VBD
the	DT
same	JJ
desire	NN
for	IN
food	NN
but	CC
could	MD
control	VB
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
was	VBD
naughty	JJ
and	CC
had	VBD
no	DT
self	NN
control	NN
.	.
''	''
When	WRB
I	PRP
asked	VBD
what	WP
she	PRP
saw	VBD
happening	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
she	PRP
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
I	PRP
think	VBP
the	DT
future	NN
will	MD
see	VB
very	RB
fat	JJ
and	CC
very	RB
thin	JJ
people	NNS
,	,
especially	RB
in	IN
the	DT
young	JJ
.	.
An	DT
all	DT
or	CC
none	NN
society	NN
without	IN
moderation	NN
.	.
''	''
There	EX
's	VBZ
something	NN
to	TO
look	VB
forward	RB
to	TO
.	.
Someday	RB
,	,
maybe	RB
we	PRP
'll	MD
have	VB
a	DT
daughter	NN
.	.
Maybe	RB
we	PRP
'll	MD
pull	VB
out	RP
this	DT
interview	NN
and	CC
let	VB
her	PRP
read	VB
what	WP
her	PRP$
mom	NN
told	VBD
her	PRP$
dad	NN
that	IN
April	NNP
night	NN
in	IN
1997	CD
.	.
Maybe	RB
she	PRP
'll	MD
understand	VB
that	IN
parents	NNS
are	VBP
people	NNS
too	RB
.	.
Maybe	RB
we	PRP
'll	MD
understand	VB
her	PRP
a	DT
little	RB
better	RB
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
The	DT
interview	NN
concluded	VBD
,	,
I	PRP
closed	VBD
my	PRP$
notebook	NN
,	,
put	VBD
away	RP
my	PRP$
pen	NN
,	,
and	CC
thanked	VBD
my	PRP$
wife	NN
for	IN
opening	VBG
up	RP
to	TO
me	PRP
and	CC
letting	VBG
me	PRP
share	VB
her	PRP$
life	NN
story	NN
with	IN
you	PRP
.	.
My	PRP$
name	NN
is	VBZ
Maria	NNP
\*	SYM
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
19	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
thousands	NNS
of	IN
friends	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
4.2	CD
G.P.A.	NNP
I	PRP
have	VBP
an	DT
awesome	JJ
home	NN
life	NN
with	IN
family	NN
outings	NNS
almost	RB
every	DT
Sunday	NNP
.	.
My	PRP$
friends	NNS
think	VBP
I	PRP
'm	VBP
attractive	JJ
and	CC
I	PRP
try	VBP
very	RB
hard	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
them	PRP
happy	JJ
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
six	CD
people	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
family	NN
:	:
my	PRP$
mom	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
dad	NN
and	CC
2	CD
brothers	NNS
and	CC
my	PRP$
sister	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
who	WP
's	VBZ
also	RB
my	PRP$
best	JJS
friend	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
still	RB
live	VBP
at	IN
home	NN
even	RB
though	IN
I	PRP
go	VBP
to	TO
university	NN
.	.
I	PRP
exercise	VBP
with	IN
my	PRP$
sister	NN
every	DT
day	NN
for	IN
an	DT
hour	NN
or	CC
so	RB
,	,
so	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
in	IN
good	JJ
physical	JJ
health	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
mom	NN
and	CC
dad	NN
are	VBP
both	DT
doctors	NNS
and	CC
we	PRP
are	VBP
well	RB
ahead	RB
financially	RB
.	.
My	PRP$
life	NN
is	VBZ
perfect	JJ
.	.
What	WP
exactly	RB
are	VBP
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
?	.
Simply	RB
speaking	NN
,	,
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
abnormal	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
food	NN
.	.
A	DT
person	NN
who	WP
uses	VBZ
food	NN
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
life	NN
stresses	VBZ
has	VBZ
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
The	DT
major	JJ
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
are	VBP
anorexia	JJ
nervosa	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
nervosa	NN
.	.
Symptoms	NNS
common	JJ
to	TO
both	DT
of	IN
these	DT
illnesses	NNS
include	VBP
:	:
excessive	JJ
exercise	NN
,	,
unusual	JJ
eating	JJ
habits	NNS
,	,
avoidance	NN
of	IN
restaurants	NNS
or	CC
eating	VBG
in	IN
public	JJ
,	,
frequent	JJ
weighing	VBG
and	CC
calorie	NN
counting	NN
,	,
perfectionist	NN
attitude	NN
,	,
and	CC
severe	JJ
self	NN
criticism	NN
.	.
The	DT
anorexic	JJ
shows	NNS
no	DT
know	VBP
physical	JJ
illness	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
explain	VB
weight	NN
loss	NN
.	.
Typically	RB
,	,
the	DT
bulimic	JJ
looks	VBZ
perfectly	RB
normal	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
outside	NN
.	.
Having	VBG
said	VBD
this	DT
,	,
the	DT
odd	JJ
thing	NN
about	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
is	VBZ
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
n't	RB
about	RB
eating	VBG
at	IN
all	DT
rather	RB
they	PRP
are	VBP
about	IN
a	DT
person	NN
.	.
A	DT
person	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
usually	RB
feels	VBZ
s\/he	NN
lacks	VBZ
control	NN
in	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
areas	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
thing	NN
s\/he	JJ
believes	VBZ
s\/he	NN
can	MD
control	VB
is	VBZ
food	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
realize	VB
that	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
are	VBP
very	RB
complex	JJ
emotional	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
Though	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
seem	VB
to	TO
be	VB
nothing	NN
but	CC
a	DT
dangerously	RB
obsessive	JJ
dietary	JJ
concern	NN
on	IN
the	DT
surface	NN
,	,
for	IN
most	JJS
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
suffering	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
deeper	JJR
emotional	JJ
conflicts	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
resolved	VBN
.	.
Now	RB
we	PRP
know	VBP
the	DT
basics	NNS
about	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
but	CC
how	WRB
do	VBP
we	PRP
recognize	VBP
people	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
:	:
simple	JJ
they	PRP
'll	MD
be	VB
really	RB
thin	JJ
.	.
WRONG	JJ
!	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
myth	NN
.	.
The	DT
truth	NN
is	VBZ
you	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
know	VB
everyone	NN
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
but	CC
when	WRB
you	PRP
do	VBP
there	EX
are	VBP
some	DT
guidelines	NNS
you	PRP
can	MD
follow	VB
when	WRB
you	PRP
extend	VBP
a	DT
helping	VBG
hand	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
worth	JJ
remembering	VBG
that	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
only	RB
a	DT
problem	NN
,	,
but	CC
an	DT
attempted	VBN
solution	NN
to	TO
a	DT
problem	NN
.	.
Each	DT
case	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
individual	JJ
one	CD
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
things	NNS
to	TO
remember	VB
:	:
there	EX
are	VBP
people	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
disordered	VBN
eating	VBG
that	DT
's	VBZ
right	JJ
people	NNS
not	RB
just	RB
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
in	IN
life	NN
not	RB
to	TO
take	VB
responsibility	NN
for	IN
things	NNS
over	IN
which	WDT
we	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
power	NN
and	CC
to	TO
recognize	VB
those	DT
over	IN
which	WDT
we	PRP
do	VBP
.	.
Ultimately	RB
,	,
we	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
power	NN
over	IN
whether	IN
someone	NN
gets	VBZ
well	RB
,	,
wants	VBZ
to	TO
get	VB
well	RB
,	,
seeks	VBZ
help	NN
,	,
stays	VBZ
with	IN
help	NN
,	,
does	VBZ
n't	RB
eat	VB
tonight	RB
,	,
stops	VBZ
purging	VBG
,	,
or	CC
treats	VBZ
him\/herself	JJ
with	IN
respect	NN
and	CC
concern	NN
.	.
What	WP
we	PRP
do	VBP
have	VB
power	NN
over	IN
and	CC
what	WP
we	PRP
can	MD
take	VB
responsibility	NN
for	IN
is	VBZ
the	DT
choice	NN
to	TO
express	VB
our	PRP$
concern	NN
and	CC
our	PRP$
authentic	JJ
response	NN
to	TO
someone	NN
.	.
Although	IN
we	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
another	DT
person	NN
will	MD
receive	VB
our	PRP$
concern	NN
,	,
we	PRP
can	MD
still	RB
take	VB
responsibility	NN
for	IN
expressing	VBG
it	PRP
.	.
When	WRB
we	PRP
express	VBP
our	PRP$
concern	NN
,	,
we	PRP
are	VBP
wise	JJ
to	TO
speak	VB
of	IN
our	PRP$
own	JJ
experience	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
assume	VB
that	IN
we	PRP
know	VBP
what	WP
is	VBZ
true	JJ
or	CC
best	JJS
for	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
person	NN
.	.
Instead	RB
of	IN
saying	VBG
:	:
``	``
you	PRP
're	VBP
too	RB
thin	JJ
''	''
or	CC
``	``
you	PRP
need	VBP
help	NN
''	''
or	CC
``	``
you	PRP
are	VBP
n't	RB
eating	VBG
enough	RB
''	''
there	EX
are	VBP
alternatives	NNS
.	.
Why	WRB
do	VBP
n't	RB
you	PRP
say	VBP
,	,
``	``
I	PRP
care	VBP
about	IN
you	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
say	VB
to	TO
you	PRP
``	``
Stop	NNP
,	,
do	VBP
n't	RB
do	VB
it	PRP
''	''
But	CC
I	PRP
know	VBP
it	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
that	IN
simple	JJ
.	.
Let	VB
's	POS
get	VB
some	DT
help	NN
.	.
''	''
Then	RB
there	EX
is	VBZ
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
the	DT
food	NN
itself	PRP
.	.
Here	RB
are	VBP
the	DT
do	VBP
n't	RB
's	POS
:	:
Do	VBP
n't	RB
try	VB
to	TO
force	VB
a	DT
person	NN
to	TO
eat	VB
.	.
Meal	NN
times	NNS
are	VBP
``	``
sore	JJ
spots	NNS
''	''
for	IN
these	DT
people	NNS
.	.
Avoid	VB
commenting	VBG
on	IN
what	WP
anyone	NN
is	VBZ
eating	VBG
.	.
Forget	VB
conversations	NNS
about	IN
weight	NN
loss	NN
or	CC
weight	NN
gain	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
you	PRP
must	MD
set	VB
limits	NNS
for	IN
yourself	PRP
.	.
This	DT
ca	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
a	DT
life	NN
's	POS
work	NN
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Remember	VB
the	DT
old	JJ
adage	NN
care	NN
for	IN
the	DT
caregiver	NN
.	.
If	IN
we	PRP
think	VBP
about	IN
this	DT
,	,
it	PRP
means	VBZ
that	IN
if	IN
we	PRP
say	VBP
to	TO
someone	NN
,	,
``	``
No	UH
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
angry	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
you	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
help	VB
it	PRP
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
love	VBP
you	PRP
,	,
''	''
we	PRP
are	VBP
saying	VBG
that	IN
we	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
angry	JJ
with	IN
him\/her	NN
and	CC
love	NN
her\/him	NN
anyway	RB
.	.
How	WRB
much	RB
more	RBR
honest	JJ
and	CC
ultimately	RB
healing	VBG
it	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
say	VB
``	``
Yes	UH
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
angry	JJ
.	.
Yes	UH
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
frustrated	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
angry	JJ
because	IN
I	PRP
love	VBP
you	PRP
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
see	VBP
you	PRP
treating	VBG
yourself	PRP
like	IN
this	DT
.	.
You	PRP
deserve	VBP
better	RB
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
wish	VBP
you	PRP
believed	VBN
that	IN
!	.
''	''
Hi	NNS
...	:
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
where	WRB
this	DT
bit	NN
would	MD
``	``
belong	VB
''	''
on	IN
your	PRP$
web	NN
page	NN
,	,
if	IN
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
in	IN
recovery	NN
from	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
as	IN
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
friend	NN
Cynthia	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
Cynthia	NNP
and	CC
I	PRP
are	VBP
currently	RB
taking	VBG
care	NN
of	IN
Caron	NNP
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
who	WP
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
ask	VB
you	PRP
about	IN
...	:
Instead	RB
she	PRP
continues	VBZ
to	TO
lose	VB
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
an	DT
array	NN
of	IN
medical	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
include	VBP
:	:
blurred	VBD
vision	NN
,	,
loss	NN
of	IN
bowel	NN
control	NN
,	,
muscle	NN
atrophy	NN
,	,
osteoporosis	NN
,	,
hypothermia	NN
,	,
low	JJ
blood	NN
pressure\/sugar	NN
and	CC
heart	NN
rate	NN
,	,
amenorrhea	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
Please	VB
post	NN
this	DT
or	CC
respond	VB
or	CC
do	VB
whatever	WDT
it	PRP
is	VBZ
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
completly	RB
out	IN
of	IN
resources	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
Canadian	JJ
,	,
by	IN
the	DT
way	NN
,	,
and	CC
refuses	VBZ
to	TO
go	VB
the	DT
the	DT
Montreux	NNP
Clinic	NNP
too	RB
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
called	VBN
the	DT
police	NN
on	IN
her	PRP$
twice	RB
this	DT
past	JJ
month	NN
,	,
but	CC
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
feel	VB
anorexia	NN
is	VBZ
suicide	NN
,	,
so	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
take	VB
her	PRP$
for	IN
treatment	NN
against	IN
her	PRP$
will	NN
.	.
And	CC
,	,
as	IN
you	PRP
know	VBP
,	,
the	DT
anorexic	JJ
stubborn	JJ
will	NN
is	VBZ
determined	VBN
to	TO
take	VB
this	DT
farther	RBR
&	CC
farther	RBR
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
become	VBN
more	RBR
paranoid	JJ
and	CC
confused	JJ
lately	RB
.	.
She	PRP
still	RB
makes	VBZ
herself	PRP
throw	VB
up	RP
the	DT
non-fat	JJ
frozen	JJ
yogurt	NN
she	PRP
eats	VBZ
after	IN
6pm	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
you	PRP
recognize	VBP
the	DT
ritual	NN
behavior	NN
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
sure	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
smoking	VBG
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
pot	NN
,	,
which	WDT
I	PRP
am	VBP
all	DT
for	IN
,	,
only	RB
because	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
in	IN
such	JJ
serious	JJ
physical	JJ
pain	NN
and	CC
the	DT
pot	NN
relaxes	VBZ
her	PRP$
and	CC
makes	VBZ
her	PRP$
time	NN
a	DT
least	JJS
tolerable	JJ
...	:
Her	PRP$
list	NN
of	IN
physical	JJ
ailments	NNS
continues	VBZ
.	.
But	CC
what	WP
is	VBZ
worse	JJR
is	VBZ
her	PRP$
constant	JJ
sadness	NN
and	CC
desperation	NN
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
very	RB
stuck	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
``	``
victim	NN
''	''
role	NN
with	IN
the	DT
world	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
an	DT
awful	JJ
time	NN
trusting	JJ
anyone	NN
.	.
She	PRP
absolutely	RB
refuses	VBZ
to	TO
get	VB
medical	JJ
help	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
threatened	VBN
Cynthia	NNP
and	CC
I	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
only	JJ
people	NNS
still	RB
willing	JJ
to	TO
take	VB
care	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
at	IN
this	DT
point	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	IN
if	IN
we	PRP
try	VBP
to	TO
involve	VB
the	DT
medical	JJ
or	CC
psychiatric	JJ
profession	NN
in	IN
her	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
she	PRP
will	MD
walk	VB
-	:
live	VB
on	IN
the	DT
streets	NNS
-	:
and	CC
,	,
as	IN
she	PRP
says	VBZ
,	,
be	VB
happier	JJR
as	IN
a	DT
hooker	NN
than	IN
as	IN
a	DT
patient	NN
.	.
I	PRP
realize	VBP
that	IN
sounds	VBZ
wild	JJ
-	:
it	PRP
is	VBZ
,	,
but	CC
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
very	RB
determined	VBN
and	CC
angry	JJ
and	CC
intent	NN
on	IN
not	RB
being	VBG
a	DT
patient	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
,	,
in	IN
quieter	JJR
moments	NNS
,	,
confessed	VBD
to	TO
me	PRP
that	IN
she	PRP
would	MD
practice	VB
``	``
every	DT
anorexic	JJ
trick	NN
in	IN
the	DT
book	NN
''	''
if	IN
she	PRP
were	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
forced	VBN
into	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
her	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
tells	VBZ
me	PRP
she	PRP
fears	VBZ
for	IN
her	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
in	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
13	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
her	PRP$
disease	NN
.	.
Yet	RB
she	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
want	VB
the	DT
help	NN
that	IN
she	PRP
knows	VBZ
of	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
treatment	NN
centers	NNS
,	,
hospitals	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
She	PRP
says	VBZ
she	PRP
just	RB
wants	VBZ
to	TO
feel	VB
loved	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
give	VBP
her	PRP$
that	WDT
as	RB
much	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
humanly	RB
can	MD
,	,
but	CC
that	DT
love	NN
will	MD
not	RB
fix	VB
her	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
I	PRP
never	RB
thought	VBD
she	PRP
could	MD
get	VB
this	DT
far	RB
.	.
Many	JJ
``	``
specialists	NNS
''	''
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
live	VBP
in	IN
Los	NNP
Angeles	NNP
,	,
by	IN
the	DT
way	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
have	VBP
talked	VBN
to	TO
me	PRP
and	CC
say	VB
she	PRP
should	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
walk	VB
around	RB
at	IN
this	DT
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
starting	VBG
to	TO
think	VB
that	IN
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
angel	NN
of	IN
some	DT
kind	NN
.	.
At	IN
this	DT
point	NN
I	PRP
am	VBP
only	RB
able	JJ
to	TO
offer	VB
love	NN
to	TO
Caron	NNP
,	,
as	IN
she	PRP
has	VBZ
made	VBN
it	PRP
clear	JJ
that	IN
she	PRP
wants	VBZ
nothing	NN
else	RB
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
remind	VB
her	PRP$
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
lot	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	IN
she	PRP
can	MD
change	VB
her	PRP$
mind	NN
on	IN
that	DT
one	CD
...	:
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
we	PRP
are	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
setting	VBG
up	RP
a	DT
``	``
durable	JJ
power	NN
of	IN
attorney	NN
''	''
so	IN
that	IN
Cynthia	NNP
and	CC
I	PRP
may	MD
``	``
pull	VB
the	DT
plug	NN
''	''
if	IN
Caron	NNP
goes	VBZ
into	IN
a	DT
hepatic	JJ
coma	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
very	RB
likely	JJ
thing	NN
at	IN
this	DT
point	NN
,	,
if	IN
her	PRP$
liver	NN
fails	VBZ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Caron	NNP
wants	VBZ
this	DT
.	.
I	PRP
guess	VBP
part	NN
of	IN
me	PRP
understands	VBZ
that	IN
...	:
while	IN
part	NN
of	IN
me	PRP
also	RB
screams	VBZ
:	:
but	CC
you	PRP
are	VBP
still	RB
ALIVE	RB
after	IN
all	DT
of	IN
this	DT
-	:
there	EX
has	VBZ
got	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
reason	NN
-	:
maybe	RB
you	PRP
should	MD
find	VB
out	RP
why	WRB
,	,
etc.	FW
Okay	UH
,	,
my	PRP$
new	JJ
friends	NNS
,	,
that	DT
is	VBZ
all	DT
for	IN
today	NN
.	.
I	PRP
apologize	VBP
for	IN
my	PRP$
week-long	JJ
silence	NN
.	.
I	PRP
hope	VBP
no	DT
one	NN
was	VBD
stressed	VBN
out	RP
by	IN
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
report	VB
on	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
happening	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
thank	VBP
you	PRP
again	RB
with	IN
all	DT
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
for	IN
the	DT
kindness	NN
you	PRP
have	VBP
shared	VBN
with	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
treasure	NN
it	PRP
.	.
This	DT
decision	NN
of	IN
Life	NNP
Or	CC
Death	NNP
is	VBZ
up	RB
to	TO
Caron	NNP
,	,
as	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
up	RB
to	TO
all	DT
of	IN
us	PRP
DAILY	NNP
to	TO
choose	VB
life	NN
over	IN
death	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
in	IN
the	DT
costume	NN
of	IN
anorexia	NN
or	CC
bulimia	NN
or	CC
anything	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Many	JJ
people	NNS
have	VBP
asked	VBN
about	IN
Peggy	NNP
Claude	NNP
Pierre	NNP
's	POS
Montreauz	NNP
Clinic	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Caron	NNP
knows	VBZ
about	IN
the	DT
Montreaux	NNP
Clinic	NNP
,	,
as	IN
do	VBP
I	PRP
,	,
and	CC
though	IN
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
actually	RB
from	IN
Canada	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
meaning	VBG
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
covered	VBN
on	IN
her	PRP$
health	NN
plan	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
...	:
she	PRP
says	VBZ
she	PRP
would	MD
never	RB
go	VB
there	RB
because	IN
she	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
be	VB
locked	VBN
up	RP
or	CC
``	``
treated	VBN
''	''
by	IN
anyone	NN
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
convinced	VBN
that	IN
she	PRP
would	MD
lose	VB
control	NN
,	,
lose	VBP
independence	NN
,	,
and	CC
lose	VB
her	PRP$
identity	NN
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
that	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
disease	NN
talking	VBG
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
so	RB
strong	JJ
right	RB
now	RB
that	IN
it	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
let	VB
anything	NN
else	RB
through	IN
.	.
As	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
imagine	VB
,	,
this	DT
shuts	VBZ
me	PRP
up	RP
right	RB
away	RB
.	.
My	PRP$
other	JJ
approach	NN
is	VBZ
pure	JJ
honesty	NN
-	:
my	PRP$
fear	NN
for	IN
her	PRP$
life	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
love	NN
for	IN
her	PRP
.	.
This	DT
seems	VBZ
to	TO
work	VB
a	DT
little	JJ
better	JJR
,	,
though	IN
she	PRP
still	RB
refuses	VBZ
treatment	NN
,	,
and	CC
she	PRP
asks	VBZ
me	PRP
just	RB
to	TO
love	VB
&	CC
accept	VB
her	PRP
as	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
now	RB
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
all	DT
she	PRP
wants	VBZ
,	,
she	PRP
tells	VBZ
me	PRP
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
keep	VB
her	PRP$
calm	JJ
,	,
stress-free	JJ
,	,
and	CC
maybe	RB
the	DT
``	``
chance	NN
''	''
to	TO
get	VB
better	JJR
on	IN
her	PRP$
own	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
if	IN
she	PRP
can	MD
get	VB
better	JJR
on	IN
her	PRP$
own	JJ
anymore	RB
...	:
maybe	RB
when	WRB
she	PRP
was	VBD
heavier	JJR
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
now	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
So	RB
this	DT
is	VBZ
where	WRB
I	PRP
am	VBP
today	NN
.	.
Stuck	NNP
to	TO
simply	RB
love	VB
her	PRP
while	IN
she	PRP
actively	RB
chooses	VBZ
death	NN
by	IN
anorexia	NN
over	IN
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
never	RB
been	VBN
in	IN
such	JJ
a	DT
horrid	JJ
position	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
though	IN
I	PRP
work	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
myself	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
saw	VBD
her	PRP$
yesterday	NN
and	CC
she	PRP
asked	VBD
me	PRP
why	WRB
God	NNP
was	VBD
keeping	VBG
her	PRP$
alive	JJ
in	IN
so	RB
much	JJ
pain	NN
.	.
And	CC
she	PRP
asked	VBD
me	PRP
why	WRB
Cynthia	NNP
and	CC
I	PRP
still	RB
love	VBP
her	PRP
,	,
because	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
``	``
such	JJ
a	DT
burden	NN
''	''
and	CC
``	``
brings	VBZ
so	RB
much	JJ
pain	NN
''	''
into	IN
our	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
know	VB
why	WRB
anyone	NN
cared	VBD
about	IN
her	PRP
,	,
because	IN
her	PRP$
own	JJ
family	NN
never	RB
has	VBZ
...	:
Hi	FW
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
got	VBD
your	PRP$
message	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
mostly	RB
agree	VBP
with	IN
you	PRP
.	.
A	DT
friend	NN
of	IN
mine	NN
at	IN
work	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
work	VBP
at	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorders	NNS
hospital	NN
,	,
ironically	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
also	RB
tells	VBZ
me	PRP
I	PRP
'm	VBP
playing	VBG
the	DT
great	JJ
role	NN
of	IN
enabler	NN
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
a	DT
lot	NN
about	IN
that	DT
term	NN
,	,
intellectually	RB
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
guess	VBP
not	RB
a	DT
whole	JJ
lot	NN
emotionally	RB
.	.
My	PRP$
problem	NN
with	IN
NOT	NNP
forcing	VBG
her	PRP
,	,
kicking	VBG
and	CC
screaming	VBG
,	,
to	TO
a	DT
hospital	NN
is	VBZ
:	:
people	NNS
have	VBP
tried	VBN
it	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
,	,
in	IN
fact	NN
,	,
have	VBP
tried	VBN
it	PRP
with	IN
a	DT
911	CD
call	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
Caron	NNP
simply	RB
walks	VBZ
away	RB
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
walked	VBN
out	IN
of	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
room	NN
before	RB
,	,
and	CC
has	VBZ
talked	VBN
her	PRP$
way	NN
out	IN
of	IN
an	DT
involuntary	JJ
committment	NN
,	,
and	CC
continues	VBZ
to	TO
convince	VB
her	PRP$
medical	JJ
doctor	NN
that	IN
she	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
benefit	VB
from	IN
being	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
hospital	NN
.	.
Whenever	NNP
I	PRP
approach	VBP
this	DT
subject	NN
,	,
Caron	NNP
threatens	VBZ
to	TO
run	VB
away	RB
and	CC
live	VB
on	IN
the	DT
streets	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
tells	VBZ
me	PRP
she	PRP
is	VBZ
an	DT
adult	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
the	DT
`	``
right	NN
'	''
to	TO
do	VB
what	WP
she	PRP
wants	VBZ
-LRB-	-LRB-
not	RB
eating	VBG
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
says	VBZ
if	IN
she	PRP
were	VBD
forced	VBN
anywhere	RB
she	PRP
would	MD
escape	VB
and\/or	CC
use	VB
every	DT
trick	NN
in	IN
the	DT
book	NN
to	TO
keep	VB
her	PRP$
anorexia	NN
going	VBG
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
hospitalized	VBN
three	CD
times	NNS
and	CC
got	VBD
away	RP
with	IN
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
stuff	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
because	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
legal	JJ
gaurdian	NN
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
also	RB
be	VB
responsbible	JJ
for	IN
her	PRP$
medical	JJ
bills	NNS
.	.
Guess	VB
what	WP
?	.
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
afford	VB
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
care	NN
she	PRP
needs	VBZ
.	.
So	RB
then	RB
I	PRP
'm	VBP
the	DT
evil	JJ
medical	JJ
guardian	NN
who	WP
ca	MD
n't	RB
pay	VB
.	.
But	CC
no	DT
therapist	NN
will	MD
see	VB
Caron	NNP
right	RB
now	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
she	PRP
would	MD
go	VB
herself	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
because	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
mentally	RB
unable	JJ
to	TO
respond	VB
to	TO
therapy	NN
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
medically	RB
unstable	JJ
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
therapist	NN
's	POS
license	NN
would	MD
be	VB
at	IN
risk	NN
at	IN
this	DT
point	NN
.	.
I	PRP
consulted	VBD
about	IN
all	DT
of	IN
this	DT
with	IN
Carolyn	NNP
Costin	NNP
,	,
MFCC	NNP
,	,
who	WP
is	VBZ
a	DT
local	JJ
leader	NN
in	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
field	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
only	RB
one	CD
recovery	NN
center	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
NOT	RB
charge	VB
Caron	NNP
thousands	NNS
of	IN
dollars	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
place	NN
I	PRP
work	VBP
at	IN
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
costs	VBZ
one	CD
thousand	CD
dollars	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
that	DT
is	VBZ
in	IN
Atlanta	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
we	PRP
live	VBP
in	IN
California	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
Catholic	NNP
recovery	NN
home	NN
.	.
The	DT
problem	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
Caron	NNP
refuses	VBZ
to	TO
go	VB
there	RB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
locked	VBN
unit	NN
so	IN
she	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
held	VBN
against	IN
her	PRP$
will	NN
,	,
and	CC
she	PRP
can	MD
NOT	VB
travel	NN
in	IN
this	DT
medical	JJ
stage	NN
anyway	RB
.	.
The	DT
most	RBS
up-to-date	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
you	PRP
can	MD
decide	VB
to	TO
post	VB
or	CC
not	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
on	IN
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
that	IN
she	PRP
found	VBD
out	RP
about	IN
the	DT
Web	NNP
page	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
very	RB
angry	JJ
at	IN
me	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
feels	VBZ
betrayed	VBN
because	IN
she	PRP
thinks	VBZ
I	PRP
'm	VBP
``	``
plotting	VBG
''	''
to	TO
force	VB
her	PRP$
into	IN
a	DT
hospital	NN
.	.
She	PRP
revamped	VBD
her	PRP$
threats	NNS
to	TO
run	VB
away	RB
if	IN
I	PRP
tried	VBD
anything	NN
.	.
I	PRP
spent	VBD
time	NN
in	IN
the	DT
middle	NN
of	IN
the	DT
night	NN
trying	VBG
to	TO
calm	VB
her	PRP$
down	NN
and	CC
explain	VB
my	PRP$
desire	NN
to	TO
help	VB
her	PRP
,	,
not	RB
hurt	VB
her	PRP
.	.
Caron	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
hard	JJ
time	NN
trusting	JJ
anyone	NN
because	IN
she	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
so	RB
violently	RB
taken	VBN
advantage	NN
of	IN
in	IN
her	PRP$
past	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
give	VB
her	PRP$
copies	NNS
of	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
wonderful	JJ
,	,
supportive	JJ
e-mails	NNS
I	PRP
have	VBP
recieved	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
hope	VBP
these	DT
will	MD
help	VB
her	PRP
see	VB
the	DT
love	NN
that	WDT
myself	PRP
and	CC
others	NNS
are	VBP
trying	VBG
to	TO
offer	VB
.	.
Please	VB
understand	VB
that	DT
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
very	RB
sick	JJ
and	CC
she	PRP
assumes	VBZ
everyone	NN
is	VBZ
out	IN
to	TO
hurt	VB
her	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
suspicious	JJ
of	IN
loving	JJ
,	,
kind	JJ
things	NNS
because	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
used	VBN
to	TO
them	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
very	RB
scared	VBN
last	JJ
night	NN
about	IN
her	PRP$
health	NN
because	IN
she	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
upset	JJ
,	,
but	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
much	RB
better	RBR
this	DT
morning	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
think	VBP
it	PRP
's	VBZ
going	VBG
to	TO
pass	VB
.	.
But	CC
there	EX
are	VBP
so	RB
many	JJ
`	``
close	JJ
calls	NNS
'	POS
like	IN
this	DT
with	IN
her	PRP
.	.
Whenever	NNP
something	NN
happens	VBZ
that	DT
is	VBZ
upsetting	VBG
,	,
Caron	NNP
falls	VBZ
apart	RB
and	CC
questions	NNS
her	PRP$
desire	NN
to	TO
live	VB
altogether	RB
.	.
I	PRP
understand	VBP
pain	NN
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
.	.
How	WRB
can	MD
I	PRP
possibly	RB
convince	VB
someone	NN
to	TO
live	VB
when	WRB
their	PRP$
experience	NN
of	IN
living	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
mostly	RB
painful	JJ
and	CC
traumatic	JJ
?	.
``	``
enabler	NN
''	''
rules	NNS
do	VBP
n't	RB
apply	VB
much	JJ
anymore	RB
in	IN
this	DT
situation	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
familiar	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
term	NN
and	CC
role	NN
from	IN
my	PRP$
work	NN
at	IN
Rader	NNP
with	IN
family\/loved	JJ
ones	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
patients	NNS
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
could	MD
,	,
at	IN
this	DT
point	NN
,	,
not	RB
be	VB
supportive	JJ
or	CC
loving	JJ
at	IN
all	DT
and	CC
Caron	NNP
would	MD
continue	VB
her	PRP$
anorexia	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
I	PRP
hear	VBP
her	PRP$
disease	NN
talking	VBG
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
very	RB
little	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
real	JJ
Caron	NNP
left	VBD
.	.
Her	PRP$
disease	NN
talks	NNS
about	IN
feeling	VBG
fat	JJ
still	RB
,	,
even	RB
at	IN
this	DT
point	NN
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
no	DT
one	NN
cares	VBZ
or	CC
understands	VBZ
.	.
Her	PRP$
disease	NN
talks	NNS
about	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
pain	NN
that	IN
she	PRP
has	VBZ
gone	VBN
through	IN
and	CC
how	WRB
no	DT
one	NN
can	MD
be	VB
trusted	VBN
and	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
loveable	JJ
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
Every	DT
now	RB
and	CC
then	RB
the	DT
real	JJ
Caron	NNP
will	MD
tell	VB
me	PRP
she	PRP
is	VBZ
scared	VBN
.	.
But	CC
even	RB
the	DT
real	JJ
Caron	NNP
will	MD
argue	VB
with	IN
me	PRP
that	IN
treatment	NN
centers\/hospitals	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
the	DT
answer	NN
because	IN
she	PRP
will	MD
simply	RB
work	VB
harder	JJR
to	TO
destroy	VB
herself	PRP
in	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Yesterday	NN
she	PRP
was	VBD
talking	VBG
about	IN
running	VBG
away	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
we	PRP
had	VBD
n't	RB
threatened	VBN
her	PRP$
this	DT
time	NN
even	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
just	RB
because	IN
she	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
burden	NN
Cynthia	NNP
or	CC
me	PRP
anymore	RB
.	.
We	PRP
assured	VBD
her	PRP$
that	IN
she	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
a	DT
burden	NN
and	CC
we	PRP
loved	VBD
her	PRP
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
if	IN
she	PRP
ran	VBD
away	RB
we	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
more	RBR
``	``
burdened	VBN
''	''
with	IN
worry	NN
.	.
She	PRP
stayed	VBD
,	,
but	CC
she	PRP
repeated	VBD
over	IN
&	CC
over	IN
to	TO
us	PRP
about	IN
NOT	NNP
going	VBG
to	TO
get	VB
help	NN
.	.
Not	RB
to	TO
the	DT
Montreaux	NNP
Clinic	NNP
,	,
specifically	RB
,	,
she	PRP
said	VBD
.	.
She	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
trust	VB
any	DT
of	IN
these	DT
methods	NNS
and	CC
thinks	VBZ
she	PRP
'll	MD
die	VB
if	IN
she	PRP
was	VBD
forced	VBN
against	IN
her	PRP$
will	NN
,	,
simply	RB
because	IN
she	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
so	RB
upset	JJ
that	IN
her	PRP$
body	NN
would	MD
give	VB
up	RP
along	IN
with	IN
her	PRP$
...	:
Ironic	NNP
,	,
huh	NN
?	.
We	PRP
all	DT
think	VBP
that	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
only	JJ
way	NN
she	PRP
'll	MD
live	VB
.	.
She	PRP
tells	VBZ
me	PRP
she	PRP
KNOWS	VBZ
that	IN
she	PRP
would	MD
die	VB
in	IN
a	DT
hospital	NN
because	IN
she	PRP
would	MD
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
live	VB
there	RB
.	.
Yes	RB
--	:
I	PRP
am	VBP
also	RB
still	RB
in	IN
contact	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Leeza	NNP
Show	NNP
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
planning	VBG
on	IN
doing	VBG
an	DT
update	VBP
next	JJ
season	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
they	PRP
are	VBP
done	VBN
for	IN
this	DT
season	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
but	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
afraid	JJ
Caron	NNP
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
around	IN
for	IN
another	DT
show	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
meantime	NN
,	,
we	PRP
are	VBP
actually	RB
talking	VBG
with	IN
The	DT
Maury	NNP
Povich	NNP
show	VBP
about	IN
doing	VBG
something	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
also	RB
had	VBD
two	CD
out-of-body	JJ
experiences	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
she	PRP
describes	VBZ
them	PRP
that	DT
way	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
a	DT
high	JJ
fever	NN
.	.
Yet	RB
she	PRP
keeps	VBZ
fighting	VBG
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
talking	VBG
recently	RB
about	IN
starting	VBG
up	RP
a	DT
recovery	NN
center	NN
to	TO
help	VB
severe	JJ
anorexics	NNS
like	IN
herself	PRP
.	.
While	IN
I	PRP
support	VBP
her	PRP$
dreams	NNS
,	,
and	CC
know	VB
they	PRP
are	VBP
important	JJ
for	IN
her	PRP$
to	TO
keep	VB
fighting	VBG
,	,
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
ignore	VB
the	DT
irony	NN
that	IN
she	PRP
wants	VBZ
to	TO
help	VB
others	NNS
but	CC
not	RB
herself	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
makes	VBZ
me	PRP
very	RB
sad	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
powerless	JJ
over	IN
this	DT
tiny	JJ
woman	NN
because	IN
her	PRP$
anorexia	NN
has	VBZ
grown	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
so	RB
large	JJ
.	.
Just	RB
wanted	VBD
to	TO
check	VB
in	IN
.	.
First	RB
,	,
I	PRP
adore	VBP
the	DT
memorial	NN
site	NN
you	PRP
are	VBP
setting	VBG
up	RP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
passionate	JJ
and	CC
inspirational	JJ
and	CC
I	PRP
think	VBP
will	MD
have	VB
a	DT
strong	JJ
impact	NN
.	.
I	PRP
hope	VBP
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
effected	VBN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
hope	VBP
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
will	MD
send	VB
names	NNS
&	CC
stories	NNS
of	IN
loved	VBN
ones	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
died	VBN
to	TO
put	VB
a	DT
face	NN
and	CC
SOUL	NN
on	IN
this	DT
disease	NN
.	.
I	PRP
remain	VBP
full	JJ
of	IN
hope	NN
.	.
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
hanging	VBG
in	IN
there	RB
,	,
fighting	VBG
for	IN
her	PRP$
life	NN
every	DT
day	NN
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
throwing	VBG
up	RP
blood	NN
,	,
which	WDT
she	PRP
believes	VBZ
is	VBZ
a	DT
sign	NN
from	IN
God	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
though	IN
she	PRP
says	VBZ
she	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
know	VB
what	WP
the	DT
message	NN
is	VBZ
yet	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
hard	JJ
time	NN
swallowing	VBG
now	RB
.	.
Her	PRP$
throat	NN
is	VBZ
torn	VBN
up	RB
from	IN
the	DT
self-induced	JJ
vomiting	NN
and	CC
that	DT
is	VBZ
causing	VBG
open	JJ
sores	NNS
internally	RB
to	TO
bleed	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
hence	RB
her	PRP$
throwing	VBG
up	RP
blood	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
making	VBG
it	PRP
very	RB
painful	JJ
for	IN
her	PRP$
to	TO
swallow	VB
anything	NN
.	.
Her	PRP$
skin	NN
color	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
become	VBN
quite	RB
disturbing	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
yellow-grey	JJ
color	NN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
become	VBN
used	VBN
to	TO
it	PRP
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
realize	VBP
it	PRP
still	RB
shocks	NNS
people	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
n't	RB
seen	VBN
her	PRP$
in	IN
a	DT
while	NN
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
brighter	JJ
side	NN
,	,
she	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
lot	NN
more	JJR
energy	NN
these	DT
days	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
making	VBG
plans	NNS
to	TO
publish	VB
her	PRP$
writing	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
she	PRP
writes	VBZ
poetry	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
wants	VBZ
to	TO
do	VB
another	DT
talk	NN
show	NN
.	.
She	PRP
still	RB
talks	VBZ
about	IN
opening	VBG
a	DT
recovery	NN
center	NN
.	.
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
still	RB
fighting	VBG
strong	JJ
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
chest	NN
pains	NNS
and	CC
her	PRP$
doctor	NN
wants	VBZ
to	TO
do	VB
an	DT
EKG	NNP
,	,
but	CC
she	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
feel	VB
like	IN
she	PRP
``	``
deserves	VBZ
''	''
it	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
because	IN
he	PRP
'd	MD
do	VB
it	PRP
for	IN
free	JJ
,	,
she	PRP
has	VBZ
no	DT
money	NN
,	,
and	CC
she	PRP
knows	VBZ
how	WRB
expensive	JJ
they	PRP
are	VBP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Cynthia	NNP
and	CC
I	PRP
are	VBP
desperately	RB
trying	VBG
to	TO
convince	VB
her	PRP$
otherwise	RB
.	.
however	RB
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
they	PRP
did	VBD
one	CD
and	CC
found	VBD
something	NN
wrong	JJ
,	,
she	PRP
'd	MD
refuse	VB
to	TO
be	VB
treated	VBN
for	IN
it	PRP
...	:
so	RB
...	:
it	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
difficult	JJ
thing	NN
.	.
She	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
okay	JJ
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
whole	JJ
thing	NN
has	VBZ
scared	VBN
Caron	NNP
a	DT
lot	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
raised	VBD
my	PRP$
blood	NN
pressure	NN
a	DT
bit	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Ironic	JJ
how	WRB
Caron	NNP
has	VBZ
managed	VBN
to	TO
stay	VB
out	IN
of	IN
hospitals	NNS
,	,
yet	RB
Cynthia	NNP
's	POS
health	NN
is	VBZ
n't	RB
holding	VBG
up	RP
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
very	RB
helpless	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
make	VB
Caron	NNP
's	POS
fears	NNS
go	VBP
away	RB
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
I	PRP
reassure	VBP
her	PRP$
that	WDT
Cynthia	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
fine	JJ
...	:
Caron	NNP
thinks	VBZ
this	DT
might	MD
be	VB
her	PRP$
fault	NN
because	IN
Cynthia	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
under	IN
so	RB
much	JJ
stress	NN
taking	VBG
care	NN
of	IN
Caron	NNP
.	.
Of	IN
couse	NN
I	PRP
told	VBD
her	PRP
it	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
,	,
but	CC
Caron	NNP
feels	VBZ
guilty	JJ
for	IN
breathing	VBG
these	DT
days	NNS
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
certain	JJ
moods	NNS
she	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
talked	VBN
out	IN
of	IN
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
afraid	JJ
of	IN
what	WP
the	DT
real	JJ
and	CC
imagined	VBD
stress	NN
that	IN
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
dealing	VBG
with	IN
will	MD
do	VB
to	TO
her	PRP$
fragile	JJ
body	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
holding	VBG
tight	RB
.	.
We	PRP
're	VBP
just	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
have	VB
to	TO
pull	VB
through	IN
this	DT
one	CD
...	:
Cynthia	NNP
should	MD
be	VB
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
in	IN
a	DT
couple	NN
days	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
check	VBP
in	IN
with	IN
Caron	NNP
constantly	RB
,	,
but	CC
there	EX
are	VBP
n't	RB
enough	JJ
words	NNS
to	TO
comfort	NN
her	PRP$
right	NN
now	RB
.	.
Hi	NNS
...	:
it	PRP
's	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
very	RB
tough	JJ
week	NN
.	.
Cynthia	NNP
is	VBZ
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
going	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
okay	JJ
.	.
She	PRP
will	MD
need	VB
surgery	NN
in	IN
the	DT
future	JJ
but	CC
for	IN
now	RB
just	RB
needs	VBZ
rest	NN
.	.
Caron	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
extremely	RB
distressed	JJ
over	IN
Cynthia	NNP
's	POS
sickness	NN
.	.
Caron	NNP
took	VBD
syrup	NN
of	IN
Ipecac	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
posion	NN
abused	VBN
by	IN
bulimics	NNS
sometimes	RB
to	TO
induce	VB
vomiting	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
while	IN
Cynthia	NNP
was	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
because	IN
she	PRP
felt	VBD
she	PRP
deserved	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
punished	VBN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
Caron	NNP
was	VBD
sick	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
dog	NN
all	DT
day	NN
long	RB
and	CC
her	PRP$
body	NN
took	VBD
a	DT
huge	JJ
blow	NN
.	.
This	DT
added	VBD
deterioation	NN
has	VBZ
caused	VBN
Caron	NNP
to	TO
lose	VB
blood	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
she	PRP
vomits	VBZ
blood	NN
daily	RB
now	RB
due	JJ
to	TO
tears	NNS
in	IN
her	PRP$
esophogous	NN
from	IN
the	DT
vomiting	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
She	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
afford	VB
to	TO
lose	VB
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
blood	NN
,	,
as	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
imagine	VB
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
bruised	VBN
easily	RB
for	IN
a	DT
while	NN
now	RB
,	,
because	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
anemic	JJ
,	,
but	CC
since	IN
she	PRP
took	VBD
Ipecac	NNP
she	PRP
has	VBZ
developed	VBN
HUGE	JJ
bruises	NNS
on	IN
her	PRP$
legs	NNS
that	WDT
look	VBP
like	IN
she	PRP
was	VBD
hit	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
baseball	NN
bat	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
they	PRP
are	VBP
very	RB
dark	JJ
and	CC
large	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
due	JJ
to	TO
weak	JJ
capallaries	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
blood	NN
platelets	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
bleed	VB
internally	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
that	DT
's	VBZ
what	WP
bruising	VBG
is	VBZ
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
losing	VBG
more	JJR
blood	NN
.	.
With	IN
her	PRP$
cuts	NNS
in	IN
her	PRP$
throat	NN
and	CC
the	DT
bruising	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
hard	JJ
to	TO
tell	VB
how	WRB
much	JJ
blood	NN
she	PRP
can	MD
tolerate	VB
losing	VBG
...	:
her	PRP$
blood	NN
pressure	NN
has	VBZ
dropped	VBN
considerabably	RB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
scared	VBN
.	.
Her	PRP$
body	NN
is	VBZ
fighting	VBG
to	TO
stay	VB
alive	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
told	VBN
by	IN
doctors	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
body	NN
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
let	VB
things	NNS
go	VB
that	DT
are	VBP
not	RB
``	``
vital	JJ
''	''
to	TO
her	PRP$
heart	NN
beating	NN
.	.
Eventually	RB
,	,
though	RB
,	,
the	DT
body	NN
will	MD
eat	VB
the	DT
brain	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
organs	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
keep	VB
itself	PRP
going	VBG
.	.
The	DT
body	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
organism	NN
that	WDT
simply	RB
wants	VBZ
to	TO
live	VB
,	,
and	CC
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
testimony	NN
to	TO
that	DT
wonder	NN
.	.
The	DT
anorexia	NN
is	VBZ
very	RB
powerful	JJ
at	IN
this	DT
point	NN
,	,
obviously	RB
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
waging	VBG
a	DT
war	NN
like	IN
I	PRP
've	VBP
never	RB
seen	VBN
before	IN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
what	WP
to	TO
do	VB
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
think	VB
there	EX
is	VBZ
anything	NN
I	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
.	.
I	PRP
wish	VBP
I	PRP
had	VBD
something	NN
positive	JJ
to	TO
offer	VB
you	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
like	IN
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
comfort	NN
everyone	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
written	VBN
me	PRP
and	CC
has	VBZ
read	VBN
this	DT
page	NN
...	:
Please	UH
know	VB
I	PRP
have	VBP
not	RB
given	VBN
up	RP
.	.
As	RB
long	RB
as	IN
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
fighting	VBG
then	RB
I	PRP
am	VBP
,	,
with	IN
a	DT
billion	CD
times	NNS
more	RBR
energy	NN
and	CC
hope	NN
.	.
Caron	NNP
moved	VBD
out	RB
of	IN
Cynthia	NNP
's	POS
house	NN
today	NN
,	,
to	TO
an	DT
apartment	NN
across	IN
the	DT
street	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
glad	JJ
she	PRP
is	VBZ
so	RB
close	JJ
to	TO
Cynthia	NNP
but	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
worried	VBN
about	IN
her	PRP$
living	NN
on	IN
her	PRP$
own	JJ
.	.
Her	PRP$
health	NN
continues	VBZ
to	TO
deterioate	VB
...	:
she	PRP
has	VBZ
non-stop	JJ
bone	NN
pain	NN
,	,
joint	JJ
pain	NN
,	,
and	CC
muscle	NN
pain	NN
from	IN
the	DT
malnutrition	NN
.	.
Her	PRP$
body	NN
is	VBZ
slowly	RB
eating	VBG
itself	PRP
.	.
Cynthia	NNP
is	VBZ
also	RB
having	VBG
problems	NNS
with	IN
her	PRP$
own	JJ
anorexia	NN
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
under	IN
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
stress	NN
,	,
raising	VBG
a	DT
four	CD
year	NN
old	JJ
,	,
caring	VBG
for	IN
Caron	NNP
,	,
and	CC
dealing	VBG
with	IN
a	DT
shakey	NN
marriage	NN
.	.
Cynthia	NNP
is	VBZ
so	RB
selfless	JJ
,	,
she	PRP
neglects	VBZ
herself	PRP
to	TO
care	VB
for	IN
others	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
common	JJ
trait	NN
of	IN
anorexics	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Caron	NNP
does	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
thing	NN
-	:
and	CC
so	IN
the	DT
two	CD
of	IN
them	PRP
get	VB
together	RB
and	CC
try	VB
to	TO
nurture	VB
each	DT
other	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
tearing	VBG
me	PRP
apart	RB
to	TO
watch	VB
them	PRP
.	.
They	PRP
love	VBP
each	DT
other	JJ
and	CC
have	VBP
beautiful	JJ
intentions	NNS
,	,
but	CC
neither	DT
of	IN
them	PRP
are	VBP
taking	VBG
care	NN
of	IN
themselves	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
at	IN
a	DT
complete	JJ
LOSS	NN
of	IN
what	WP
to	TO
do	VB
...	:
Cynthia	NNP
does	VBZ
have	VB
a	DT
therapist	NN
and	CC
doctor	NN
and	CC
nutritionist	NN
,	,
so	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
supported	VBN
by	IN
professionals	NNS
.	.
Caron	NNP
,	,
though	RB
,	,
remains	VBZ
stubbornly	RB
against	IN
treatment	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
willing	JJ
to	TO
tolerate	VB
extreme	JJ
pain	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
see	VB
a	DT
doctor	NN
.	.
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
doing	VBG
okay	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
no	DT
new	JJ
health	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
same	JJ
ones	NNS
continue	VBP
to	TO
wear	VB
her	PRP$
down	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
...	:
she	PRP
has	VBZ
started	VBN
a	DT
support	NN
group	NN
for	IN
other	JJ
anorexics	NNS
and	CC
has	VBZ
moved	VBN
into	IN
her	PRP$
own	JJ
apartment	NN
accross	IN
the	DT
street	NN
from	IN
Cynthia	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
cooking	VBG
a	DT
lot	NN
lately	RB
.	.
She	PRP
bakes	VBZ
and	CC
makes	VBZ
jewlery	NN
and	CC
drinks	NNS
coffee	NN
during	IN
the	DT
day	NN
.	.
She	PRP
says	VBZ
she	PRP
has	VBZ
binged	VBN
and	CC
purged	VBN
a	DT
couple	NN
times	NNS
this	DT
past	JJ
week	NN
.	.
But	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
in	IN
good	JJ
spirits	NNS
...	:
we	PRP
laughed	VBD
a	DT
lot	NN
yesterday	NN
.	.
Cynthia	NNP
is	VBZ
still	RB
relapsing	VBG
,	,
and	CC
her	PRP$
doctors	NNS
are	VBP
trying	VBG
to	TO
get	VB
her	PRP$
into	IN
a	DT
day	NN
patient	NN
program	NN
.	.
Caron	NNP
says	VBZ
she	PRP
is	VBZ
understanding	VBG
what	WP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
like	IN
for	IN
me	PRP
to	TO
watch	VB
her	PRP$
get	VB
sick	JJ
,	,
because	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
watching	VBG
Cynthia	NNP
now	RB
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
see	VBP
them	PRP
both	DT
,	,
two	CD
skeletal	JJ
beautiful	JJ
sad	JJ
ladies	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
feel	VBP
horribably	RB
helpless	JJ
.	.
Cynthia	NNP
is	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
again	RB
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
on	IN
a	DT
feeding	NN
tube	NN
.	.
She	PRP
needs	VBZ
to	TO
gain	VB
weight	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
attend	VB
a	DT
day	NN
program	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
truly	RB
scary	JJ
to	TO
see	VB
her	PRP$
--	:
how	WRB
she	PRP
devotes	VBZ
so	RB
much	JJ
of	IN
her	PRP$
precious	JJ
energy	NN
to	TO
helping	VBG
Caron	NNP
,	,
yet	RB
she	PRP
is	VBZ
neglecting	VBG
herself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
common	JJ
trap	NN
for	IN
us	PRP
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
personalities	NNS
:	:
to	TO
take	VB
care	NN
of	IN
everyone	NN
else	RB
and	CC
ignore	VB
ourselves	PRP
.	.
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
worried	JJ
and	CC
upset	JJ
seeing	VBG
Cynthia	NNP
in	IN
a	DT
hospital	NN
bed	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
frightened	JJ
of	IN
losing	VBG
BOTH	DT
of	IN
them	PRP
now	RB
.	.
I	PRP
saw	VBD
Caron	NNP
at	IN
her	PRP$
apartment	NN
today	NN
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
good	JJ
spirits	NNS
:	:
energetically	RB
showing	VBG
me	PRP
around	IN
her	PRP$
new	JJ
home	NN
,	,
which	WDT
she	PRP
has	VBZ
decorated	VBN
with	IN
positive	JJ
messages	NNS
,	,
angels	NNS
,	,
and	CC
pictures	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
her	PRP$
friends	NNS
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
know	VBP
Cynthia	NNP
being	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
has	VBZ
taken	VBN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
toll	NN
on	IN
her	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
wearing	VBG
a	DT
tee	NN
shirt	NN
and	CC
looked	VBD
so	RB
very	RB
frail	JJ
and	CC
breakable	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
felt	VBD
terribably	RB
sad	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
heal	VB
her	PRP$
desperately	RB
.	.
Cynthia	NNP
remains	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
on	IN
the	DT
feeding	VBG
tube	NN
,	,
but	CC
she	PRP
will	MD
get	VB
out	RP
after	IN
this	DT
weekend	NN
and	CC
go	VB
to	TO
a	DT
residential	JJ
treatment	NN
center	NN
in	IN
Malibu	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
an	DT
excellent	JJ
place	NN
with	IN
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
and	CC
strong	JJ
staff	NN
.	.
Cynthia	NNP
,	,
despite	IN
being	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
hospital	NN
bed	NN
,	,
tells	VBZ
me	PRP
she	PRP
is	VBZ
worried	VBN
about	IN
Caron	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Cynthia	NNP
is	VBZ
never	RB
concerned	VBN
about	IN
herself	PRP
-	:
very	RB
typical	JJ
anorexic	JJ
logic	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Caron	NNP
will	MD
have	VB
a	DT
hard	JJ
time	NN
with	IN
Cynthia	NNP
away	RB
for	IN
30	CD
days	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
though	IN
we	PRP
will	MD
visit	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
think	VBP
it	PRP
's	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
Caron	NNP
rely	VB
on	IN
herself	PRP
.	.
Am	VBP
I	PRP
being	VBG
too	RB
hopeful	JJ
?	.
If	IN
Caron	NNP
relies	VBZ
on	IN
herself	PRP
she	PRP
might	MD
not	RB
try	VB
to	TO
take	VB
ANY	NNP
care	NN
of	IN
herself	PRP
...	:
or	CC
maybe	RB
she	PRP
will	MD
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
and	CC
unfortunately	RB
,	,
as	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
learning	VBG
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
my	PRP$
choice	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
up	RB
to	TO
Caron	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
worried	VBN
about	IN
Cynthia	NNP
,	,
though	RB
at	IN
least	JJS
she	PRP
is	VBZ
seeking	VBG
and	CC
receiving	VBG
professional	JJ
help	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
worried	VBN
about	IN
Caron	NNP
because	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
always	RB
worried	VBN
about	IN
Caron	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
feels	VBZ
like	IN
a	DT
natural	JJ
state	NN
to	TO
me	PRP
now	RB
.	.
Her	PRP$
health	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
-	:
but	CC
she	PRP
mentioned	VBD
to	TO
me	PRP
that	IN
she	PRP
thinks	VBZ
she	PRP
is	VBZ
dropping	VBG
in	IN
weight	NN
again	RB
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
n't	RB
sure	JJ
and	CC
wo	MD
n't	RB
see	VB
a	DT
doctor	NN
to	TO
even	RB
get	VB
weighed	VBN
at	IN
this	DT
point	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
think	VB
she	PRP
even	RB
wants	VBZ
to	TO
know	VB
anymore	RB
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
fighting	VBG
so	RB
hard	RB
,	,
though	IN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
decorated	VBN
her	PRP$
apartment	NN
with	IN
all	DT
sorts	NNS
of	IN
angels	NNS
and	CC
positive	JJ
things	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
cooking	VBG
a	DT
lot	NN
and	CC
having	VBG
a	DT
bake	JJ
sale	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
she	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
great	JJ
cook	NN
of	IN
course	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
And	CC
Cynthia	NNP
is	VBZ
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
,	,
and	CC
living	VBG
at	IN
home	NN
for	IN
a	DT
couple	NN
weeks	NNS
until	IN
she	PRP
starts	VBZ
treatment	NN
in	IN
Malibu	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
month	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
taking	VBG
good	JJ
care	NN
and	CC
staying	VBG
strong	JJ
&	CC
reliable	JJ
&	CC
patient	JJ
.	.
Caron	NNP
was	VBD
interviewed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
woman	NN
writing	VBG
a	DT
book	NN
recently	RB
and	CC
is	VBZ
still	RB
writing	VBG
her	PRP$
own	JJ
creative	JJ
works	NNS
.	.
Her	PRP$
spirit	NN
is	VBZ
amazing	JJ
.	.
Her	PRP$
body	NN
is	VBZ
amazing	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
everyone	NN
who	WP
knows	VBZ
or	CC
has	VBZ
heard	VBN
of	IN
Caron	NNP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
understand	VB
how	WRB
she	PRP
is	VBZ
still	RB
living	VBG
-LRB-	-LRB-
much	RB
less	JJR
walking	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
something	NN
amazing	JJ
at	IN
work	NN
here	RB
that	IN
perhaps	RB
we	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
understand	VB
...	:
Everyone	NN
responded	VBD
with	IN
hope	NN
.	.
Those	DT
that	WDT
could	MD
be	VB
there	RB
in	IN
person	NN
,	,
dropped	VBD
whatever	WDT
they	PRP
were	VBD
doing	VBG
that	DT
day	NN
and	CC
came	VBD
,	,
those	DT
that	WDT
could	MD
n't	RB
,	,
asked	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
specifically	RB
mentioned	VBN
that	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
there	RB
in	IN
spirit	NN
.	.
We	PRP
did	VBD
some	DT
quick	JJ
planning	NN
,	,
we	PRP
were	VBD
afraid	JJ
that	IN
Caron	NNP
would	MD
panic	VB
if	IN
she	PRP
knew	VBD
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
managed	VBD
to	TO
get	VB
her	PRP$
alone	JJ
in	IN
her	PRP$
apartment	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
VERY	RB
tense	JJ
,	,
emotional	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
We	PRP
read	VBP
love	NN
letters	NNS
to	TO
her	PRP$
and	CC
talked	VBD
about	IN
how	WRB
she	PRP
has	VBZ
effected	VBN
us	PRP
and	CC
how	WRB
afraid	JJ
we	PRP
are	VBP
for	IN
her	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
Though	IN
we	PRP
know	VBP
she	PRP
is	VBZ
fearful	JJ
of	IN
hospitals	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
begged	VBD
her	PRP
to	TO
come	VB
with	IN
us	PRP
to	TO
a	DT
local	JJ
emergency	NN
room	NN
to	TO
get	VB
checked	VBN
out	RP
.	.
After	IN
much	JJ
negotiation	NN
and	CC
tears	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
escorted	VBD
Caron	NNP
,	,
surrounding	VBG
her	PRP$
with	IN
our	PRP$
support	NN
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
e.r.	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
is	VBZ
something	NN
I	PRP
never	RB
thought	VBD
we	PRP
could	MD
get	VB
her	PRP
to	TO
agree	VB
with	IN
,	,
but	CC
we	PRP
actually	RB
did	VBD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
test	NN
results	NNS
showed	VBD
nothing	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
require	VB
immediate	JJ
hosptialization	NN
or	CC
immediate	JJ
medical	JJ
attention	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
her	PRP$
vitals	NNS
are	VBP
normal	JJ
,	,
her	PRP$
blood	NN
&	CC
urine	NN
fine	NN
,	,
and	CC
her	PRP$
EKG	NNP
stable	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
shocked	VBN
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
us	PRP
were	VBD
,	,
I	PRP
think	VBP
even	RB
Caron	NNP
was	VBD
.	.
The	DT
professional	JJ
interventionist	NN
who	WP
was	VBD
working	VBG
with	IN
us	PRP
noted	VBD
that	IN
this	DT
meant	VBN
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
medically	RB
stable	JJ
and	CC
can	MD
go	VB
to	TO
a	DT
treatment	NN
center	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
scholarship	NN
for	IN
Caron	NNP
for	IN
$	$
60,000	CD
at	IN
Remuda	NNP
Ranch	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
is	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
nice	JJ
private	JJ
residential	JJ
treatment	NN
center	NN
in	IN
Arizona	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
waiting	VBG
.	.
But	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
voluntary	JJ
unit	NN
,	,
and	CC
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
refusing	VBG
to	TO
go	VB
.	.
We	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
make	VB
her	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
go	VB
,	,
period	NN
.	.
Caron	NNP
IS	VBZ
following	VBG
through	RP
with	IN
her	PRP$
doctor	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
medical	JJ
side	NN
of	IN
things	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
otherwise	RB
not	RB
in	IN
any	DT
treatment	NN
,	,
refusing	VBG
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
Remuda	NNP
Ranch	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
one	PRP
must	MD
sign	VB
up	RP
for	IN
voluntarily	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
But	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
tryinga	JJ
little	JJ
bit	NN
,	,
leading	VBG
a	DT
support	NN
group	NN
and	CC
attending	VBG
groups	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
decorating	VBG
her	PRP$
apartment	NN
and	CC
selling	VBG
her	PRP$
baked	JJ
goods	NNS
;	:
and	CC
her	PRP$
spirit	NN
continues	VBZ
to	TO
thrive	VB
.	.
We	PRP
were	VBD
all	DT
surprised	JJ
that	DT
Caron	NNP
's	POS
tests	NNS
were	VBD
okay	JJ
...	:
but	CC
Caron	NNP
's	POS
medical	JJ
tests	NNS
are	VBP
probably	RB
normal	JJ
because	IN
the	DT
human	JJ
body	NN
can	MD
create	VB
a	DT
homeostasis	NN
,	,
and	CC
literally	RB
,	,
can	MD
adjust	VB
to	TO
the	DT
famine	NN
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
it	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
surprise	NN
,	,
but	CC
every	DT
cell	NN
in	IN
her	PRP$
body	NN
is	VBZ
fighting	VBG
to	TO
live	VB
and	CC
will	MD
do	VB
anything	NN
to	TO
maintain	VB
itself	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
the	DT
mind	NN
that	WDT
wants	VBZ
to	TO
destroy	VB
.	.
Cynthia	NNP
,	,
who	WP
played	VBD
an	DT
important	JJ
role	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
struggling	VBG
herself	PRP
,	,
and	CC
had	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
hospitalized	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
day	NN
.	.
She	PRP
will	MD
go	VB
to	TO
a	DT
treatment	NN
center	NN
within	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
two	CD
weeks	NNS
,	,
sadly	RB
watching	VBG
Caron	NNP
refusing	VBG
a	DT
treatment	NN
option	NN
...	:
DO	NNP
love	VB
her	PRP$
and	CC
are	VBP
willing	JJ
to	TO
work	VB
VERY	RB
hard	JJ
to	TO
help	VB
her	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
truly	RB
humbled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
human	JJ
spirit	NN
's	POS
ability	NN
to	TO
love	VB
,	,
yet	RB
in	IN
awe	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
ability	NN
to	TO
stubbornly	RB
resist	VB
such	JJ
love	NN
.	.
The	DT
whole	JJ
thing	NN
simply	RB
baffles	VBZ
me	PRP
.	.
The	DT
methodical	JJ
way	NN
Caron	NNP
plays	VBZ
out	RP
her	PRP$
daily	JJ
life	NN
:	:
cooking	NN
,	,
writing	VBG
,	,
cleaning	NN
,	,
not	RB
eating	VBG
,	,
talking	VBG
about	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
same	JJ
pain	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
madness	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
get	VBP
caught	VBN
up	RP
in	IN
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
grow	VBP
immune	JJ
to	TO
how	WRB
gray	JJ
her	PRP$
skin	NN
color	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
and	CC
chat	VB
about	IN
upcoming	VBG
movies	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
block	VBP
out	RP
her	PRP$
thin	JJ
branches	NNS
of	IN
legs	NNS
that	WDT
manage	VBP
to	TO
walk	VB
,	,
and	CC
get	VB
excited	VBN
about	IN
her	PRP$
bake	NN
sales	NNS
and	CC
poetry	NN
.	.
``	``
SAINTLY	NNP
''	''
to	TO
have	VB
put	VBN
up	RP
with	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
already	RB
have	VBP
with	IN
her	PRP
.	.
Yet	RB
I	PRP
am	VBP
always	RB
wondering	VBG
if	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
doing	VBG
enough	RB
and	CC
I	PRP
worry	VBP
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
being	VBG
selfish	JJ
because	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
see	VB
her	PRP
as	RB
often	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
literally	RB
could	MD
.	.
I	PRP
keep	VBP
thinking	VBG
,	,
if	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
me	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
so	RB
truly	RB
terrified	VBD
underneath	IN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
would	MD
hope	VB
no	DT
one	PRP
would	MD
leave	VB
me	PRP
or	CC
grow	VB
weary	JJ
.	.
Sigh	NN
.	.
Caron	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
insurance	NN
,	,
she	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
Canadian	JJ
citizen	NN
,	,
another	DT
reason	NN
why	WRB
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
even	RB
think	VB
I	PRP
COULD	VBP
be	VB
awarded	VBN
medical	JJ
gaurdianship	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
U.S.	NNP
court	NN
decision	NN
,	,
afterall	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
if	IN
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
go	VB
against	IN
Caron	NNP
's	POS
wishes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
frustrating	JJ
thing	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
in	IN
Canada	NNP
they	PRP
are	VBP
on	IN
a	DT
different	JJ
medical	JJ
system	NN
and	CC
not	RB
only	RB
would	MD
she	PRP
be	VB
hospitalized	VBN
against	IN
her	PRP$
will	MD
-LRB-	-LRB-
based	VBN
on	IN
weight	NN
alone	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
but	CC
her	PRP$
medical	JJ
bills	NNS
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
so	RB
problematic	JJ
.	.
But	CC
Caron	NNP
refuses	VBZ
to	TO
go	VB
back	RB
.	.
Her	PRP$
sister	NN
is	VBZ
actually	RB
visiting	VBG
from	IN
Canada	NNP
right	RB
now	RB
,	,
staying	VBG
with	IN
Caron	NNP
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
hoping	VBG
to	TO
bring	VB
her	PRP$
back	NN
but	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
work	VB
.	.
The	DT
stubborn	JJ
need	NN
to	TO
control	VB
everything	NN
is	VBZ
so	RB
present	JJ
in	IN
Caron	NNP
it	PRP
will	MD
fight	VB
back	RB
at	IN
ANY	NNP
COST	NNP
.	.
Today	NN
was	VBD
Caron	NNP
's	POS
23rd	JJ
Birthday	NN
,	,
one	CD
that	WDT
many	JJ
of	IN
us	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
know	VB
she	PRP
'd	MD
be	VB
alive	JJ
to	TO
celebrate	VB
.	.
A	DT
group	NN
of	IN
supportive	JJ
,	,
loving	JJ
people	NNS
gathered	VBN
around	IN
Caron	NNP
to	TO
share	VB
this	DT
day	NN
with	IN
her	PRP
,	,
including	VBG
her	PRP$
sister	NN
,	,
who	WP
is	VBZ
visiting	VBG
from	IN
Canada	NNP
right	RB
now	RB
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
bittersweet	JJ
party	NN
,	,
filled	VBN
with	IN
Angel-covered	JJ
cards	NNS
and	CC
gifts	NNS
.	.
Caron	NNP
's	POS
spirits	NNS
soared	VBD
as	IN
her	PRP$
family	NN
of	IN
friends	NNS
surrounded	VBD
her	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
blew	VBD
out	RP
the	DT
single	JJ
candle	NN
on	IN
the	DT
ice	NN
cream	NN
sundae	NN
donated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
restaurant	NN
,	,
and	CC
quickly	RB
passed	VBD
the	DT
food	NN
along	IN
to	TO
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
kids	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
table	NN
.	.
I	PRP
felt	VBD
a	DT
deep	JJ
sadness	NN
then	RB
.	.
But	CC
she	PRP
looks	VBZ
so	RB
alive	JJ
,	,
vibrant	JJ
,	,
filled	VBN
with	IN
love	NN
today	NN
,	,
that	IN
I	PRP
pushed	VBD
that	IN
feeling	VBG
aside	RB
,	,
and	CC
wished	VBD
right	RB
along	IN
with	IN
her	PRP
.	.
Hi	FW
loves	VBZ
,	,
happy	JJ
September	NNP
!	.
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
holding	VBG
steady	JJ
.	.
Her	PRP$
sister	NN
went	VBD
back	RB
to	TO
Canada	NNP
,	,
and	CC
unfortunately	RB
,	,
their	PRP$
visit	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
completely	RB
successful	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
glad	JJ
they	PRP
saw	VBD
each	DT
other	JJ
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
guess	VBP
I	PRP
was	VBD
hoping	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
exchange	NN
would	MD
result	VB
in	IN
Caron	NNP
getting	VBG
some	DT
help	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
planning	VBG
on	IN
starting	VBG
therapy	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
hopeful	JJ
again	RB
,	,
but	CC
her	PRP$
eating	NN
habits	NNS
have	VBP
not	RB
changed	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
she	PRP
drinks	NNS
coffee	NN
during	IN
each	DT
day	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
non-fat	JJ
frozen	JJ
yogurt	NN
each	DT
night	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Cynthia	NNP
continues	VBZ
to	TO
work	VB
on	IN
herself	PRP
at	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
center	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
with	IN
the	DT
help	NN
of	IN
so	RB
many	JJ
of	IN
you	PRP
reading	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
am	VBP
determined	VBN
to	TO
support	VB
them	PRP
both	DT
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
in	IN
this	DT
for	IN
the	DT
long	JJ
haul	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
so	RB
nice	JJ
to	TO
know	VB
you	PRP
have	VBP
taken	VBN
the	DT
time	NN
to	TO
join	VB
me	PRP
.	.
Blessed	JJ
be	VB
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
``	``
our	PRP$
kind	NN
''	''
,	,
the	DT
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
,	,
we	PRP
are	VBP
the	DT
most	RBS
generous	JJ
people	NNS
;	:
self-sacraficing	JJ
and	CC
giving	VBG
.	.
Caron	NNP
displays	NNS
this	DT
daily	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
imperative	JJ
that	IN
all	DT
of	IN
us	PRP
learn	VBP
to	TO
care	VB
for	IN
ourselves	PRP
...	:
there	EX
is	VBZ
nothing	NN
admirable	JJ
about	IN
a	DT
dying	VBG
``	``
mother	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
not	RB
literally	RB
a	DT
mother	NN
,	,
but	CC
a	DT
care	NN
giver	NN
type	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
None	NN
of	IN
us	PRP
receive	VBP
extra	JJ
credit	NN
for	IN
playing	VBG
saints	NNS
,	,
until	IN
we	PRP
are	VBP
good	JJ
to	TO
OURSELVES	NNP
.	.
Then	RB
we	PRP
feel	VBP
the	DT
rewards	NNS
,	,
then	RB
we	PRP
can	MD
truly	RB
give	VB
to	TO
other	JJ
people	NNS
,	,
right	RB
?	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
so	RB
much	RB
more	RBR
helpful	JJ
now	RB
than	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
for	IN
the	DT
seven	CD
years	NNS
I	PRP
lived	VBD
in	IN
anorexic	JJ
chains	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
come	VB
back	RB
and	CC
post	VB
exciting	JJ
news	NN
,	,
I	PRP
really	RB
did	VBD
.	.
But	CC
the	DT
trip	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
disaster	NN
of	IN
complications	NNS
and	CC
travel	NN
problems	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
from	IN
missing	VBG
one	CD
plane	NN
to	TO
not	RB
having	VBG
a	DT
reservation	NN
at	IN
the	DT
hotel	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
all	DT
of	IN
which	WDT
were	VBD
supposed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
taken	VBN
care	NN
of	IN
by	IN
the	DT
show	NN
.	.
The	DT
anxiety	NN
along	IN
with	IN
the	DT
trauma	NN
of	IN
traveling	VBG
so	RB
far	RB
had	VBD
Caron	NNP
feeling	VBG
pretty	RB
sick	JJ
and	CC
out	IN
of	IN
it	PRP
.	.
By	IN
the	DT
time	NN
we	PRP
were	VBD
under	IN
the	DT
lights	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
studio	NN
,	,
we	PRP
were	VBD
tired	JJ
and	CC
worn	JJ
down	RB
.	.
Caron	NNP
did	VBD
wonderfully	RB
on	IN
the	DT
show	NN
,	,
but	CC
she	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
in	IN
my	PRP$
opinion	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
misrepresented	VBD
herself	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
said	VBD
she	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
therapy	NN
,	,
which	WDT
she	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
unless	IN
you	PRP
count	VBP
the	DT
`	``
support	NN
group	NN
therapy	NN
'	''
she	PRP
has	VBZ
in	IN
her	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
said	VBD
she	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
starving	VBG
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
,	,
perhaps	RB
,	,
in	IN
her	PRP$
mind	NN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
n't	RB
,	,
but	CC
she	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
eat	VB
solid	JJ
foods	NNS
anymore	RB
and	CC
only	RB
had	VBD
coffee	NN
and	CC
orange	NN
juice	NN
during	IN
the	DT
entire	JJ
trip	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
insisted	VBD
the	DT
show	NN
not	RB
know	VB
her	PRP$
real	JJ
weight	NN
,	,
and	CC
lied	VBD
about	IN
what	WP
it	PRP
was	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
understand	VBP
her	PRP$
desire	NN
to	TO
present	VB
herself	PRP
well	RB
,	,
as	IN
someone	NN
fighting	VBG
for	IN
recovery	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
made	VBD
me	PRP
sad	JJ
because	IN
I	PRP
wish	VBP
she	PRP
were	VBD
so	RB
healthy	JJ
.	.
Anyway	RB
,	,
I	PRP
considered	VBD
``	``
confronting	VBG
''	''
her	PRP$
on	IN
the	DT
show	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
only	RB
on	IN
the	DT
air	NN
for	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
ten	CD
minutes	NNS
and	CC
it	PRP
just	RB
was	VBD
not	RB
worth	JJ
upsetting	VBG
her	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
's	VBZ
been	VBN
through	IN
enough	JJ
and	CC
I	PRP
know	VBP
her	PRP$
heart	NN
really	RB
wants	VBZ
the	DT
things	NNS
she	PRP
said	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
true	JJ
.	.
She	PRP
called	VBD
me	PRP
her	PRP$
gaurdian	NN
angel	NN
on	IN
national	JJ
television	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
heart	NN
sank	VBD
.	.
After	IN
the	DT
show	NN
,	,
our	PRP$
night	NN
at	IN
the	DT
hotel	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
disaster	NN
.	.
Room	NN
service	NN
had	VBD
nothing	NN
for	IN
her	PRP$
and	CC
was	VBD
two	CD
hours	NNS
late	JJ
delievering	VBG
my	PRP$
food	NN
anyways	RB
,	,
plus	CC
our	PRP$
room	NN
's	POS
heater	NN
broke	VBD
and	CC
poor	JJ
Caron	NNP
was	VBD
so	RB
cold	JJ
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
up	RB
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
night	NN
from	IN
hypothermia	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
freezing	NN
,	,
no	DT
body	NN
fat	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
could	MD
have	VB
died	VBN
from	IN
it	PRP
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
morning	NN
we	PRP
were	VBD
both	DT
overwhelmed	VBD
,	,
anxious	JJ
,	,
and	CC
distressed	JJ
.	.
The	DT
last	JJ
straw	NN
was	VBD
our	PRP$
car	NN
did	VBD
n't	RB
come	VB
to	TO
get	VB
us	PRP
for	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
ended	VBD
up	RP
making	VBG
arrangements	NNS
for	IN
us	PRP
...	:
we	PRP
finally	RB
got	VBD
home	NN
safely	RB
to	TO
beautiful	JJ
,	,
warm	JJ
California	NNP
.	.
NOW	RB
--	:
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
still	RB
dealing	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
nightmare	NN
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
needed	VBD
a	DT
long	JJ
nap	NN
to	TO
recover	VB
,	,
but	CC
Caron	NNP
has	VBZ
dropped	VBN
weight	NN
overnight	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
no	RB
longer	RBR
know	VB
what	WP
she	PRP
weighs	VBZ
,	,
it	PRP
flucuates	VBZ
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
is	VBZ
very	RB
upset	JJ
.	.
She	PRP
tells	VBZ
me	PRP
she	PRP
feels	VBZ
she	PRP
has	VBZ
gotten	VBN
much	JJ
sicker	JJR
very	RB
quickly	RB
and	CC
is	VBZ
scared	VBN
for	IN
her	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
only	RB
comfort	NN
her	PRP$
again	RB
and	CC
again	RB
with	IN
my	PRP$
words	NNS
,	,
but	CC
words	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
provide	VB
the	DT
health	NN
,	,
warmth	NN
,	,
and	CC
cushin	VB
her	PRP$
body	NN
needs	VBZ
.	.
Caron	NNP
called	VBD
me	PRP
early	JJ
Sunday	NNP
morning	NN
and	CC
told	VBD
me	PRP
she	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
do	VB
this	DT
on	IN
her	PRP$
own	JJ
anymore	RB
,	,
she	PRP
is	VBZ
scared	VBN
for	IN
her	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
and	CC
wants	VBZ
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
a	DT
hospital	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
surprised	JJ
and	CC
happy	JJ
and	CC
sad	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
.	.
Caron	NNP
has	VBZ
had	VBN
a	DT
completely	RB
awful	JJ
time	NN
lately	RB
,	,
she	PRP
fears	VBZ
nightly	JJ
that	IN
if	IN
she	PRP
goes	VBZ
to	TO
sleep	VB
she	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
wake	VB
up	RP
.	.
Her	PRP$
heart	NN
,	,
chest	NN
,	,
and	CC
bones	NNS
ache	VBP
,	,
she	PRP
is	VBZ
bleeding	VBG
internally	RB
,	,
and	CC
she	PRP
gets	VBZ
confused	VBN
about	IN
where	WRB
she	PRP
is	VBZ
and	CC
what	WP
is	VBZ
real	JJ
and	CC
what	WP
's	VBZ
not	RB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
terrifying	JJ
space	NN
to	TO
be	VB
in	IN
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
alone	RB
in	IN
her	PRP$
apartment	NN
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
the	DT
time	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
so	RB
scared	JJ
she	PRP
will	MD
die	VB
alone	RB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
absolutely	RB
gut-wrenching	JJ
to	TO
hear	VB
her	PRP$
sob	VB
to	TO
me	PRP
on	IN
the	DT
phone	NN
about	IN
not	RB
having	VBG
done	VBN
everything	NN
she	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
do	VB
in	IN
this	DT
life	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
etc.	FW
This	DT
fear	NN
and	CC
recent	JJ
medical	JJ
complications	NNS
has	VBZ
pushed	VBN
Caron	NNP
into	IN
finally	RB
wanting	VBG
help	NN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
phone	NN
non-stop	JJ
with	IN
hospitals	NNS
and	CC
treatment	NN
centers	NNS
ever	RB
since	IN
she	PRP
made	VBD
her	PRP$
decision	NN
.	.
The	DT
most	RBS
tragic	JJ
of	IN
this	DT
whole	JJ
thing	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
after	IN
ten	CD
long	RB
long	RB
months	NNS
of	IN
trying	VBG
to	TO
get	VB
Caron	NNP
to	TO
want	VB
help	NN
,	,
now	RB
that	IN
she	PRP
wants	VBZ
it	PRP
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
so	RB
easily	RB
available	JJ
.	.
Caron	NNP
has	VBZ
no	DT
money	NN
and	CC
no	DT
insurance	NN
and	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
citizen	NN
of	IN
this	DT
country	NN
.	.
Treatment	NNP
centers	NNS
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
like	IN
Rader	NNP
,	,
Renfrew	NNP
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
wo	MD
n't	RB
take	VB
her	PRP$
for	IN
free	JJ
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
free	JJ
care	NN
she	PRP
can	MD
access	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
county	NN
mental	JJ
health	NN
hospital	NN
that	WDT
does	VBZ
not	RB
specialize	VB
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
as	IN
is	VBZ
usually	RB
populated	VBN
by	IN
homeless	JJ
schizophrenic	JJ
sufferers	NNS
.	.
This	DT
option	NN
is	VBZ
too	RB
frightening	JJ
to	TO
Caron	NNP
,	,
and	CC
truthfully	RB
,	,
she	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
even	RB
qualify	VB
for	IN
such	JJ
care	NN
.	.
HOWEVER	NNP
,	,
the	DT
good	JJ
news	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
Caron	NNP
can	MD
have	VB
free	JJ
medical	JJ
treatment	NN
at	IN
U.C.L.A.	NNP
Hospital	NNP
which	WDT
is	VBZ
an	DT
excellent	JJ
facility	NN
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
first	JJ
step	NN
no	DT
matter	NN
what	WDT
because	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
clinic	NN
could	MD
n't	RB
take	VB
her	PRP$
even	RB
if	IN
she	PRP
had	VBD
money	NN
if	IN
she	PRP
were	VBD
not	RB
stable	JJ
medically	RB
.	.
So	IN
the	DT
plan	NN
of	IN
Caron	NNP
's	POS
``	``
support	NN
''	''
team	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
includes	VBZ
me	PRP
,	,
Diane	NNP
,	,
Anita	NNP
,	,
and	CC
many	JJ
other	JJ
friends	NNS
of	IN
hers	NNS
-	:
people	NNS
who	WP
were	VBD
involved	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
intervention	NN
we	PRP
tried	VBD
a	DT
few	JJ
months	NNS
ago	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
to	TO
have	VB
her	PRP$
go	NN
to	TO
U.C.L.A.	NNP
Medical	NNP
Hospital	NNP
to	TO
be	VB
cared	VBN
for	IN
.	.
The	DT
internal	JJ
bleeding	NN
is	VBZ
obviously	RB
very	RB
serious	JJ
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
chest	NN
pains	NNS
she	PRP
experiences	VBZ
may	MD
lead	VB
the	DT
doctors	NNS
to	TO
find	VB
other	JJ
critical	JJ
problems	NNS
that	WDT
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
addressed	VBN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
meantime	NN
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
trying	VBG
to	TO
find	VB
the	DT
psychological	JJ
care	NN
she	PRP
needs	VBZ
desperately	RB
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
the	DT
intervention	NN
,	,
Caron	NNP
was	VBD
offered	VBN
a	DT
scholarship	NN
at	IN
Remuda	NNP
Ranch	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
treatment	NN
center	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
spoke	VBD
with	IN
them	PRP
today	NN
and	CC
that	DT
is	VBZ
no	RB
longer	RB
available	JJ
.	.
BUT	NNP
I	PRP
AM	VBP
HOPEFUL	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
hopeful	JJ
because	IN
Caron	NNP
WANTS	VBZ
help	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
taking	VBG
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
asking	VBG
for	IN
help	NN
,	,
after	IN
all	PDT
this	DT
time	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
asking	VBG
you	PRP
,	,
out	IN
there	RB
,	,
this	DT
family	NN
of	IN
readers	NNS
we	PRP
've	VBP
become	VBN
,	,
to	TO
please	VB
have	VB
good	JJ
thoughts	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
prayers	NNS
if	IN
that	DT
applies	VBZ
to	TO
you	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
send	VB
them	PRP
in	IN
Caron	NNP
's	POS
direction	NN
.	.
This	DT
past	JJ
week	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
more	RBR
and	CC
more	RBR
certain	JJ
that	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
going	VBG
to	TO
die	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
even	RB
describe	VB
all	PDT
the	DT
nightmarish	JJ
scares	NNS
and	CC
pains	NNS
she	PRP
has	VBZ
endured	VBN
lately	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
now	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
have	VB
her	PRP$
voluntarily	RB
go	VB
to	TO
the	DT
hospital	NN
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
hopeful	JJ
again	RB
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
sorry	JJ
to	TO
report	VB
that	DT
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
no	RB
longer	RBR
willing	JJ
or	CC
wanting	VBG
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
a	DT
medical	JJ
hospital	NN
or	CC
treatment	NN
center	NN
.	.
Myself	NNP
and	CC
other	JJ
friends	NNS
of	IN
Caron	NNP
's	POS
tried	VBD
for	IN
five	CD
days	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
her	PRP$
to	TO
UCLA	NNP
Medical	NNP
Hospital	NNP
to	TO
be	VB
seen	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
physician	NN
,	,
but	CC
she	PRP
kept	VBD
putting	VBG
it	PRP
off	RP
and	CC
finally	RB
decided	VBD
not	RB
to	TO
go	VB
at	IN
all	DT
-LRB-	-LRB-
based	VBN
largely	RB
on	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
she	PRP
has	VBZ
had	VBN
bad	JJ
experiences	NNS
with	IN
hospitals	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
past	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
meantime	NN
,	,
I	PRP
had	VBD
set	VBN
up	RP
a	DT
plan	NN
to	TO
fly	VB
with	IN
her	PRP
to	TO
get	VB
treatment	NN
in	IN
Canada	NNP
,	,
and	CC
she	PRP
only	RB
considered	VBD
this	DT
for	IN
a	DT
day	NN
or	CC
two	CD
before	IN
deciding	VBG
that	IN
going	VBG
to	TO
back	VB
to	TO
where	WRB
her	PRP$
family	NN
lives	NNS
was	VBD
not	RB
an	DT
option	NN
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
also	RB
attempted	VBN
to	TO
find	VB
her	PRP$
care	NN
in	IN
other	JJ
treatment	NN
centers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
and	CC
was	VBD
not	RB
successful	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
financial	JJ
and	CC
medical	JJ
reasons	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Caron	NNP
did	VBD
consider	VB
coming	VBG
to	TO
The	DT
Rader	NNP
Institute	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
where	WRB
I	PRP
work	VBP
-RRB-	-RRB-
but	CC
has	VBZ
decided	VBN
,	,
for	IN
now	RB
,	,
to	TO
continue	VB
her	PRP$
own	JJ
plan	NN
of	IN
action	NN
to	TO
get	VB
better	JJR
.	.
My	PRP$
friends	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
skeptical	JJ
and	CC
saddened	JJ
by	IN
this	DT
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
hopeful	JJ
during	IN
the	DT
week	NN
of	IN
scrambling	VBG
around	RB
,	,
making	VBG
many	JJ
phone	NN
calls	NNS
,	,
trying	VBG
to	TO
find	VB
a	DT
place	NN
for	IN
Caron	NNP
to	TO
go	VB
...	:
but	CC
the	DT
motivation	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
last	JJ
for	IN
her	PRP
,	,
and	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
now	RB
,	,
once	RB
again	RB
,	,
in	IN
charge	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
afraid	JJ
because	IN
when	WRB
she	PRP
has	VBZ
control	NN
,	,
her	PRP$
anorexia	NN
has	VBZ
control	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
sure	JJ
that	IN
someone	NN
as	IN
sick	JJ
as	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
anyone	NN
suffering	NN
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
as	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
diseases	NNS
,	,
addictions	NNS
,	,
that	IN
we	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
understand	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
can	MD
fight	VB
against	IN
the	DT
unyeilding	VBG
power	NN
of	IN
this	DT
eating	VBG
illness	NN
.	.
Since	IN
Caron	NNP
and	CC
I	PRP
became	VBD
close	JJ
friends	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
talked	VBN
to	TO
her	PRP$
on	IN
the	DT
phone	NN
daily	RB
,	,
usually	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
once	RB
a	DT
day	NN
,	,
even	RB
when	WRB
I	PRP
've	VBP
gone	VBN
away	RB
on	IN
vacation	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
deeply	RB
concerned	JJ
and	CC
I	PRP
regret	VBP
to	TO
say	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
not	RB
heard	VBN
from	IN
my	PRP$
angel	NN
friend	NN
since	IN
Wednesday	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Nov.	NNP
27th	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
That	DT
day	NN
,	,
she	PRP
did	VBD
tell	VB
me	PRP
her	PRP$
phone	NN
was	VBD
being	VBG
disconnected	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
she	PRP
can	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
afford	VB
the	DT
bill	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
her	PRP$
plan	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
stay	VB
at	IN
a	DT
friend	NN
's	POS
house	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
friend	NN
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
However	RB
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
800	CD
number	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
toll	NN
free	JJ
number	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
she	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
gone	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
pay	NN
phone	NN
by	IN
now	RB
,	,
so	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
begun	VBN
to	TO
seriously	RB
worry	VB
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
called	VBN
her	PRP$
circle	NN
of	IN
amazing	JJ
friends	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
those	DT
that	IN
I	PRP
know	VBP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
none	NN
of	IN
them	PRP
have	VBP
heard	VBN
from	IN
her	PRP$
either	CC
.	.
Her	PRP$
family	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
calling	VBG
me	PRP
from	IN
Canada	NNP
,	,
worried	JJ
,	,
because	IN
she	PRP
had	VBD
promised	VBN
to	TO
talk	VB
to	TO
them	PRP
on	IN
Wednesday	NNP
night	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
not	RB
called	VBN
them	PRP
yet	RB
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
overeact	VB
,	,
perhaps	RB
this	DT
is	VBZ
simply	RB
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
no	DT
longer	JJR
having	VBG
a	DT
phone	NN
,	,
but	CC
,	,
obviously	RB
,	,
in	IN
her	PRP$
condition	NN
not	RB
having	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
a	DT
phone	NN
can	MD
be	VB
dangerous	JJ
.	.
Cynthia	NNP
,	,
who	WP
is	VBZ
working	VBG
hard	RB
on	IN
her	PRP$
own	JJ
recovery	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
currently	RB
helping	VBG
me	PRP
try	VB
to	TO
find	VB
Caron	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
with	IN
her	PRP$
friend	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
who	WP
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
fine	JJ
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
doubt	VBP
I	PRP
'll	MD
relax	VB
until	IN
I	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
for	IN
sure	JJ
.	.
Caron	NNP
also	RB
had	VBD
reason	NN
to	TO
leave	VB
her	PRP$
apartment	NN
,	,
having	VBG
never	RB
been	VBN
able	JJ
to	TO
pay	VB
November	NNP
's	POS
rent	NN
and	CC
being	VBG
threatened	VBN
with	IN
eviction	NN
.	.
This	DT
may	MD
sound	VB
silly	JJ
,	,
but	CC
if	IN
anyone	NN
reading	NN
this	DT
lives	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
Los	NNP
Angeles	NNP
area	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
primarly	RB
the	DT
valley	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
if	IN
you	PRP
could	MD
look	VB
at	IN
her	PRP$
pictures	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
click	VBP
here	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
just	RB
keep	VB
an	DT
eye	NN
out	RP
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
appreciate	VB
it	PRP
.	.
My	PRP$
plan	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
fill	VB
out	RP
a	DT
missing	VBG
persons	NNS
report	NN
tonight	NN
.	.
Hello	UH
loves	VBZ
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
thrilled	VBN
to	TO
announce	VB
that	DT
Caron	NNP
called	VBD
me	PRP
and	CC
is	VBZ
doing	VBG
fine	JJ
,	,
she	PRP
simply	RB
wanted	VBD
to	TO
break	VB
away	RP
from	IN
everyone	NN
and	CC
try	VB
to	TO
collect	VB
her	PRP$
thoughts	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
days	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
tends	VBZ
to	TO
assume	VB
that	IN
no	DT
one	NN
cares	VBZ
about	IN
her	PRP$
and	CC
would	MD
n't	RB
miss	VB
her	PRP$
;	:
she	PRP
was	VBD
quite	RB
surprised	JJ
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
filed	VBN
a	DT
police	NN
report	NN
and	CC
that	IN
SO	RB
many	JJ
people	NNS
were	VBD
worried	JJ
sick	JJ
about	IN
her	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
says	VBZ
she	PRP
understands	VBZ
now	RB
that	IN
we	PRP
love	VBP
her	PRP$
and	CC
she	PRP
promises	VBZ
not	RB
to	TO
do	VB
that	DT
again	RB
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
she	PRP
gave	VBD
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
thought	NN
to	TO
getting	VBG
help	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
wanting	VBG
to	TO
look	VB
into	IN
her	PRP$
options	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
a	DT
good	JJ
sign	NN
.	.
I	PRP
apologize	VBP
for	IN
any	DT
worry	NN
any	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
might	MD
have	VB
suffered	VBN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
VERY	RB
VERY	RB
much	JJ
appreciate	VBP
the	DT
floods	NNS
of	IN
supportive	JJ
e-mails	NNS
I	PRP
received	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
extremely	RB
afraid	JJ
and	CC
you	PRP
all	DT
have	VBP
been	VBN
such	JJ
comforts	NNS
to	TO
me	PRP
.	.
Thank	VB
you	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
need	VB
to	TO
warn	VB
all	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
that	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
some	DT
exaggerations	NNS
on	IN
this	DT
show	NN
.	.
Caron	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
disclose	VB
her	PRP$
real	JJ
weight	NN
and	CC
did	VBD
say	VB
she	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
therapy	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
she	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
currently	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
But	CC
what	WP
you	PRP
WILL	MD
see	VB
is	VBZ
Caron	NNP
's	POS
spirit	NN
and	CC
hope	NN
,	,
and	CC
her	PRP$
desire	NN
to	TO
help	VB
others	NNS
.	.
Caron	NNP
has	VBZ
broken	VBN
her	PRP$
upper	JJ
arm	NN
and	CC
shoulder	NN
bone	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
nerve	NN
damage	NN
from	IN
the	DT
shattering	VBG
and	CC
splintering	VBG
of	IN
the	DT
bones	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
broke	VBD
easily	RB
due	JJ
to	TO
her	PRP$
malnurishment	NN
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
pushed	VBN
accidently	RB
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
healthy	JJ
person	NN
would	MD
have	VB
simply	RB
bruised	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
fall	NN
,	,
but	CC
Caron	NNP
's	POS
body	NN
nearly	RB
broke	VBD
in	IN
half	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
so	RB
incredibably	RB
fragile	JJ
.	.
Though	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
sad	JJ
news	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
,	,
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
,	,
possibly	RB
a	DT
blessing	NN
.	.
Why	WRB
?	.
The	DT
pain	NN
from	IN
her	PRP$
shoulder	NN
encourged	VBD
her	PRP$
enough	JJ
to	TO
voluntarily	RB
go	VB
into	IN
a	DT
hospital	NN
to	TO
be	VB
checked	VBN
!	.
!	.
The	DT
doctors	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
clinic	NN
treated	VBD
her	PRP$
for	IN
free	JJ
,	,
stressing	VBG
they	PRP
were	VBD
more	RBR
concerned	JJ
about	IN
her	PRP$
anorexia	NN
than	IN
her	PRP$
broken	JJ
bone	NN
.	.
She	PRP
stayed	VBD
for	IN
a	DT
couple	NN
hours	NNS
,	,
was	VBD
given	VBN
medication	NN
and	CC
a	DT
sling	NN
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
instructed	VBN
to	TO
return	VB
the	DT
next	JJ
day	NN
to	TO
have	VB
the	DT
bone	NN
set	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
an	DT
orthopedic	JJ
surgeon	NN
look	NN
at	IN
it	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
because	IN
the	DT
shoulder	NN
blade	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
as	RB
easily	RB
repaired	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
broken	JJ
arm	NN
,	,
also	RB
she	PRP
is	VBZ
suffering	VBG
from	IN
osteoporosis	NN
and	CC
osteopena	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
but	CC
did	VBD
not	RB
go	VB
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
clinic	NN
.	.
The	DT
pain	NN
in	IN
her	PRP$
shoulder	NN
and	CC
arm	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
did	VBD
NOT	RB
go	VB
away	RB
,	,
which	WDT
forced	VBD
her	PRP
once	RB
again	RB
to	TO
strongly	RB
consider	VB
going	VBG
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
hospital	NN
and	CC
get	VB
some	DT
treatment	NN
.	.
Cynthia	NNP
was	VBD
ready	JJ
to	TO
take	VB
her	PRP
to	TO
a	DT
county	NN
hospital	NN
today	NN
to	TO
be	VB
looked	VBN
at	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
both	DT
the	DT
broken	VBN
bone	NN
and	CC
her	PRP$
anorexia	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
but	CC
in	IN
the	DT
end	NN
,	,
Caron	NNP
refused	VBD
to	TO
go	VB
.	.
She	PRP
does	VBZ
say	VB
she	PRP
will	MD
try	VB
to	TO
go	VB
tomorrow	NN
,	,
or	CC
at	IN
least	JJS
by	IN
Christmas	NNP
Day	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
hope	VBP
so	RB
.	.
I	PRP
pray	VBP
this	DT
works	VBZ
,	,
as	IN
stubborn	JJ
as	IN
she	PRP
remains	VBZ
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
her	PRP$
bones	NNS
were	VBD
so	RB
easy	JJ
to	TO
break	VB
is	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
bad	JJ
sign	NN
about	IN
her	PRP$
entire	JJ
physical	JJ
body	NN
and	CC
she	PRP
needs	VBZ
nutrition	NN
fast	RB
.	.
She	PRP
needs	VBZ
help	NN
that	IN
my	PRP$
love	NN
alone	RB
can	MD
not	RB
give	VB
.	.
Reflections	NNS
on	IN
this	DT
past	JJ
year	NN
with	IN
Caron	NNP
have	VBP
led	VBN
me	PRP
to	TO
change	VB
the	DT
ideas	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
friendship	NN
with	IN
her	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
become	VBN
so	RB
very	RB
stuck	VBN
in	IN
her	PRP$
disease	NN
this	DT
year	NN
,	,
losing	VBG
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
Caron	NNP
''	''
I	PRP
know	VBP
and	CC
love	VBP
,	,
and	CC
becoming	VBG
more	RBR
Anorexia	JJ
and	CC
Addiction	NN
than	IN
ever	RB
.	.
It	PRP
quite	RB
literally	RB
hurts	VBZ
my	PRP$
heart	NN
.	.
I	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
separate	JJ
myself	PRP
a	DT
little	RB
from	IN
Caron	NNP
.	.
Her	PRP$
promises	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
help	VB
since	IN
late	JJ
October	NNP
have	VBP
gone	VBN
no	DT
where	WRB
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
except	IN
to	TO
my	PRP$
hope	NN
being	VBG
disappointed	VBN
again	RB
,	,
my	PRP$
worry	NN
&	CC
efforts	NNS
being	VBG
useless	JJ
again	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
Please	UH
understand	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
know	VBP
the	DT
sickness	NN
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
VERY	RB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
actually	RB
accept	VB
help	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
I	PRP
understand	VBP
why	WRB
Caron	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
act	VB
on	IN
her	PRP$
promises	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
she	PRP
never	RB
went	VBD
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
hospital	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
empathy	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
also	RB
do	VBP
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
end	VB
up	RP
resenting	VBG
her	PRP
.	.
So	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
taking	VBG
a	DT
step	NN
back	RB
.	.
Caron	NNP
needs	VBZ
many	JJ
things	NNS
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
.	.
She	PRP
needs	VBZ
money	NN
,	,
medical	JJ
attention	NN
,	,
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
family	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
support	NN
for	IN
the	DT
sexual	JJ
abuse\/eating	VBG
disorder\/drug	NN
addiction	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
I	PRP
believe	VBP
she	PRP
is	VBZ
currently	RB
into	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
healing	NN
from	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
pain	NN
she	PRP
has	VBZ
endured	VBN
.	.
Such	JJ
a	DT
tiny	JJ
body	NN
,	,
such	PDT
a	DT
young	JJ
woman	NN
,	,
and	CC
SO	RB
much	JJ
hurt	NN
!	.
!	.
I	PRP
,	,
sadly	RB
,	,
can	MD
not	RB
provide	VB
these	DT
things	NNS
for	IN
her	PRP
.	.
My	PRP$
friendship	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
changed	VBN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
demands	NNS
she	PRP
has	VBZ
I	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
meet	VB
with	IN
friendship	NN
alone	RB
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
stop	VB
pretending	VBG
that	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
does	VBZ
she	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
spiritual	JJ
ache	NN
.	.
That	DT
my	PRP$
unconditional	JJ
love	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
enough	RB
,	,
nor	CC
will	MD
it	PRP
be	VB
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
1996	CD
,	,
when	WRB
her	PRP$
relapse	NN
turned	VBD
into	IN
a	DT
serious	JJ
&	CC
severe	JJ
condition	NN
,	,
I	PRP
thought	VBD
my	PRP$
love	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
her	PRP$
other	JJ
friends	NNS
'	POS
love	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
would	MD
be	VB
enough	RB
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
...	:
Caron	NNP
and	CC
I	PRP
both	DT
are	VBP
learning	VBG
the	DT
hard	JJ
,	,
hard	JJ
way	NN
.	.
And	CC
so	RB
,	,
I	PRP
continue	VBP
to	TO
love	VB
her	PRP
,	,
her	PRP$
soul	NN
,	,
unconditionally	RB
,	,
but	CC
she	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
the	DT
one	CD
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
committment	NN
to	TO
live	VB
.	.
Herself	NNP
,	,
to	TO
really	RB
try	VB
to	TO
live	VB
LIFE	NNP
as	IN
it	PRP
ought	MD
to	TO
be	VB
lived	VBN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
take	VB
the	DT
professional	JJ
help	NN
available	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
wish	VBP
for	IN
all	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
,	,
out	IN
in	IN
cyberspace	NN
,	,
to	TO
know	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
currently	RB
suffering	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
YOU	PRP
must	MD
make	VB
a	DT
decsion	NN
for	IN
YOURSELF	NNP
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
those	DT
who	WP
love	VBP
you	PRP
dearly	RB
.	.
My	PRP$
love	NN
and	CC
dedication	NN
,	,
though	IN
strong	JJ
,	,
is	VBZ
not	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
heal	VB
Caron	NNP
from	IN
the	DT
ravages	NNS
of	IN
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
in	IN
angels	NNS
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
yet	RB
to	TO
understand	VB
how	WRB
they	PRP
work	VBP
.	.
Caron	NNP
called	VBD
me	PRP
an	DT
angel	NN
on	IN
national	JJ
television	NN
,	,
a	DT
title	NN
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
qualify	VB
for	IN
,	,
simply	RB
because	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
human	JJ
-	:
as	IN
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
human	JJ
-	:
and	CC
I	PRP
need	VBP
things	NNS
to	TO
live	VB
:	:
food	NN
,	,
water	NN
,	,
love	NN
,	,
fun	NN
,	,
rest	NN
,	,
comfort	NN
,	,
warmth	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
so	RB
on	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
These	DT
things	NNS
I	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
allow	VB
myself	PRP
to	TO
receive	VB
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
the	DT
ONLY	NNP
one	CD
who	WP
decides	VBZ
that	IN
.	.
I	PRP
decide	VBP
to	TO
accept	VB
those	DT
things	NNS
today	NN
.	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
Caron	NNP
to	TO
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
finding	VBG
myself	PRP
with	IN
more	JJR
time	NN
to	TO
myself	PRP
now	RB
,	,
having	VBG
stepped	VBD
back	RB
from	IN
Caron	NNP
...	:
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
filling	VBG
up	RP
that	DT
time	NN
with	IN
my	PRP$
spirituality	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
relaxation	NN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
noticed	VBN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
a	DT
calmer	JJ
person	NN
,	,
like	IN
something	NN
is	VBZ
lifted	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
heard	VBD
from	IN
her	PRP$
a	DT
week	NN
ago	RB
,	,
she	PRP
was	VBD
getting	VBG
over	IN
the	DT
flu	NN
and	CC
still	RB
in	IN
a	DT
cast	NN
from	IN
the	DT
broken	JJ
bones	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
seemed	VBD
fairly	RB
okay	JJ
,	,
not	RB
hysterical	JJ
about	IN
anything	NN
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
angry	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
that	IN
she	PRP
tells	VBZ
me	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
about	IN
my	PRP$
decision	NN
.	.
She	PRP
says	VBZ
she	PRP
loves	VBZ
me	PRP
still	RB
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
hope	VBP
that	IN
she	PRP
knows	VBZ
I	PRP
love	VBP
her	PRP$
very	JJ
strongly	RB
,	,
as	IN
ALWAYS	NNP
.	.
Sadly	RB
,	,
she	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
mention	VB
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
going	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
hospital	NN
again	RB
,	,
though	IN
.	.
Sigh	NN
.	.
I	PRP
spoke	VBD
to	TO
Caron	NNP
's	POS
sister	NN
and	CC
mother	NN
this	DT
week	NN
.	.
They	PRP
called	VBD
me	PRP
after	IN
waiting	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
Canadian	JJ
airport	NN
for	IN
hours	NNS
,	,
expecting	VBG
Caron	NNP
to	TO
climb	VB
off	RP
a	DT
plane	NN
from	IN
Los	NNP
Angeles	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
plane	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
had	VBD
bought	VBN
her	PRP$
a	DT
ticket	NN
for	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Caron	NNP
remains	VBZ
in	IN
Los	NNP
Angeles	NNP
,	,
stubbornly	RB
refusing	VBG
to	TO
return	VB
to	TO
Canada	NNP
for	IN
medical	JJ
and	CC
psychological	JJ
care	NN
.	.
I	PRP
wish	VBP
she	PRP
had	VBD
used	VBN
the	DT
ticket	NN
home	NN
,	,
I	PRP
think	VBP
she	PRP
felt	VBD
ready	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
while	NN
,	,
but	CC
in	IN
the	DT
end	NN
,	,
gave	VBD
in	IN
to	TO
her	PRP$
anorexic	JJ
voice	NN
.	.
That	DT
voice	NN
,	,
I	PRP
know	VBP
,	,
can	MD
be	VB
very	RB
loud	JJ
.	.
Caron	NNP
's	POS
arm	NN
and	CC
shoulder	NN
are	VBP
doing	VBG
better	RB
,	,
her	PRP$
body	NN
trying	VBG
to	TO
heal	VB
what	WP
it	PRP
can	MD
,	,
causing	VBG
her	PRP$
less	JJR
pain	NN
.	.
But	CC
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
struggling	VBG
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
lost	VBN
more	JJR
friends	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
only	RB
in	IN
that	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
help	VB
her	PRP$
stay	NN
sick	JJ
,	,
they	PRP
still	RB
love	VBP
her	PRP$
without	IN
question	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
is	VBZ
having	VBG
a	DT
harder	JJR
time	NN
taking	VBG
care	NN
of	IN
herself	PRP
more	JJR
than	IN
ever	RB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
still	RB
trying	VBG
to	TO
help	VB
,	,
in	IN
a	DT
different	JJ
way	NN
than	IN
before	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
was	VBD
supporting	VBG
Caron	NNP
's	POS
illness	NN
accidentialy	RB
by	IN
making	VBG
it	PRP
easy	JJ
for	IN
her	PRP$
to	TO
be	VB
comfortable	JJ
as	IN
she	PRP
was	VBD
and	CC
therefore	RB
refuse	VBP
help	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
currently	RB
attempting	VBG
to	TO
get	VB
in	IN
touch	NN
with	IN
Peggy	NNP
Claude	NNP
Pierre	NNP
of	IN
Montreaux	NNP
Clinic	NNP
fame	NN
,	,
simply	RB
to	TO
see	VB
if	IN
she	PRP
has	VBZ
any	DT
suggestions	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
because	IN
her	PRP$
clinic	NN
is	VBZ
voluntary	JJ
and	CC
has	VBZ
a	DT
two	CD
year	NN
waiting	VBG
list	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
referrals	NNS
to	TO
offer	VB
regarding	VBG
Caron	NNP
's	POS
situation	NN
.	.
And	CC
I	PRP
will	MD
never	RB
stop	VB
sending	VBG
spiritual	JJ
energies	NNS
of	IN
health	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
praryer	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
Caron	NNP
's	POS
way	NN
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
all	DT
people	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Hello	UH
!	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
out	IN
of	IN
commission	NN
for	IN
a	DT
while	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
computer	NN
problems	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
report	VB
that	DT
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
still	RB
alive	JJ
,	,
living	VBG
in	IN
Los	NNP
Angeles	NNP
in	IN
her	PRP$
apartment	NN
while	IN
her	PRP$
landlord	NN
is	VBZ
trying	VBG
to	TO
have	VB
her	PRP$
evicted	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
she	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
pay	VB
rent	NN
anymore	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Her	PRP$
mother	NN
and	CC
sister	NN
did	VBD
send	VB
her	PRP$
an	DT
airline	NN
ticket	NN
to	TO
Canada	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
but	CC
she	PRP
never	RB
showed	VBD
up	RP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
continue	VB
to	TO
encourage	VB
and	CC
welcome	VB
her	PRP
to	TO
come	VB
to	TO
Canada	NNP
for	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
For	IN
now	RB
,	,
she	PRP
is	VBZ
unwilling	JJ
to	TO
go	VB
,	,
though	IN
she	PRP
sometimes	RB
considers	VBZ
it	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
stable	JJ
but	CC
suffering	NN
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
so	RB
scared	JJ
the	DT
other	JJ
night	NN
that	IN
she	PRP
curled	VBD
up	RB
and	CC
tried	VBD
to	TO
sleep	VB
in	IN
her	PRP$
apartment	NN
building	NN
's	POS
laundry	NN
room	NN
.	.
The	DT
anorexia	NN
and	CC
drug	NN
use	NN
tends	VBZ
to	TO
make	VB
her	PRP$
``	``
out	IN
of	IN
it	PRP
''	''
.	.
Currently	RB
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
spend	VB
time	NN
with	IN
Caron	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
guess	VBP
I	PRP
really	RB
thought	VBD
last	JJ
year	NN
if	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
everything	NN
I	PRP
did	VBD
-LRB-	-LRB-
gave	VBD
her	PRP$
money	NN
,	,
gave	VBD
her	PRP$
unconditional	JJ
love	NN
and	CC
support	NN
,	,
did	VBD
the	DT
intervention	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
Caron	NNP
would	MD
be	VB
inspired	VBN
to	TO
try	VB
to	TO
get	VB
well	RB
.	.
But	CC
as	IN
the	DT
year	NN
painfully	RB
went	VBD
on	IN
,	,
I	PRP
realized	VBD
that	IN
she	PRP
was	VBD
quite	RB
devoted	VBN
to	TO
being	VBG
sick	JJ
,	,
no	DT
doubt	NN
because	IN
that	DT
had	VBD
worked	VBN
for	IN
her	PRP$
all	DT
her	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
became	VBD
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
emotional	JJ
toll	NN
it	PRP
was	VBD
taking	VBG
on	IN
me	PRP
to	TO
watch	VB
someone	NN
slowly	RB
slowly	RB
die	VB
.	.
I	PRP
remember	VBP
her	PRP$
saying	VBG
on	IN
a	DT
talk	NN
show	NN
we	PRP
went	VBD
on	IN
that	IN
she	PRP
was	VBD
afraid	JJ
if	IN
she	PRP
got	VBD
well	RB
that	IN
her	PRP$
friends	NNS
would	MD
leave	VB
her	PRP
.	.
Ironically	RB
,	,
I	PRP
feel	VBP
that	IN
if	IN
she	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
get	VB
well	RB
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
choice	NN
but	CC
to	TO
distance	VB
myself	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
stay	VB
well	RB
myself	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
But	CC
it	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
mean	VB
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
love	VB
her	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
.	.
While	IN
I	PRP
thought	VBD
the	DT
many	JJ
dramas	NN
I	PRP
went	VBD
through	IN
with	IN
her	PRP$
were	VBD
the	DT
most	RBS
painful	JJ
things	NNS
I	PRP
had	VBD
ever	RB
encountered	VBN
,	,
I	PRP
find	VBP
that	DT
separating	VBG
myself	PRP
is	VBZ
equally	RB
difficult	JJ
,	,
but	CC
sadly	RB
necessary	JJ
.	.
Dispite	NNP
my	PRP$
resolve	NN
,	,
I	PRP
continue	VBP
to	TO
do	VB
little	JJ
things	NNS
when	WRB
I	PRP
can	MD
...	:
I	PRP
have	VBP
contacted	VBN
the	DT
famous	JJ
Montreaux	NNP
Clinic	NNP
run	VBN
by	IN
Peggy	NNP
Claude-Pierre	NNP
,	,
and	CC
told	VBD
them	PRP
about	IN
Caron	NNP
,	,
but	CC
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
two	CD
year	NN
waiting	VBG
list	NN
and	CC
all	DT
of	IN
their	PRP$
patients	NNS
are	VBP
on	IN
a	DT
voluntary	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
The	DT
clinic	NN
simply	RB
offered	VBD
me	PRP
sympathy	NN
and	CC
encouragement	NN
.	.
Old	NNP
friends	NNS
of	IN
Caron	NNP
,	,
including	VBG
nurses	NNS
and	CC
therapists	NNS
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
at	IN
The	DT
Rader	NNP
Institute	NNP
continue	VBP
to	TO
pray	VB
and	CC
hope	VB
for	IN
her	PRP
.	.
And	CC
I	PRP
remain	VBP
available	JJ
if	IN
she	PRP
wants	VBZ
help	NN
...	:
For	IN
now	RB
,	,
I	PRP
devote	VBP
my	PRP$
energies	NNS
to	TO
helping	VBG
people	NNS
who	WP
want	VBP
help	NN
,	,
whose	WP$
stories	NNS
also	RB
break	VB
my	PRP$
heart	NN
,	,
and	CC
though	IN
I	PRP
know	VBP
not	RB
all	DT
of	IN
them	PRP
will	MD
get	VB
better	JJR
-LRB-	-LRB-
10	CD
%	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
diagnosed	VBN
with	IN
anorexia	NN
will	MD
die	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
I	PRP
feel	VBP
useful	JJ
and	CC
good	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
still	RB
believe	VBP
there	EX
is	VBZ
another	DT
way	NN
to	TO
live	VB
this	DT
Life	NNP
besides	IN
starving	VBG
and	CC
stuffing	VBG
.	.
And	CC
I	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
this	DT
web	NN
site	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
get	VB
help	NN
,	,
to	TO
make	VB
connections	NNS
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
learn	VB
about	IN
this	DT
addiction	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
proud	JJ
to	TO
meet	VB
all	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
who	WP
read	VBD
this	DT
...	:
and	CC
I	PRP
appreciate	VBP
the	DT
unbelievable	JJ
support	NN
you	PRP
have	VBP
given	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
let	VB
you	PRP
know	VB
what	WP
happens	VBZ
to	TO
Caron	NNP
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
myself	PRP
.	.
But	CC
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
while	NN
before	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
anything	NN
significant	JJ
to	TO
report	VB
.	.
Until	IN
then	RB
,	,
dear	RB
cyber	JJ
friends	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
encourage	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
explore	VB
the	DT
other	JJ
amazing	JJ
parts	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
web	NN
site	NN
and	CC
learn	VBP
&	CC
discover	VBP
&	CC
begin	VBP
to	TO
realize	VB
there	EX
are	VBP
millions	NNS
of	IN
us	PRP
with	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
who	WP
are	VBP
finding	VBG
other	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
survive	VB
.	.
Caron	NNP
continues	VBZ
to	TO
hang	VB
on	IN
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
evicted	VBN
from	IN
her	PRP$
apartment	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
after	IN
a	DT
long	JJ
landlord	NN
battle	NN
that	WDT
began	VBD
when	WRB
Caron	NNP
stopped	VBD
paying	VBG
rent	NN
in	IN
November	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
was	VBD
set	VBN
to	TO
live	VB
with	IN
a	DT
friend	NN
,	,
who	WP
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
minute	NN
,	,
changed	VBD
his	PRP$
mind	NN
.	.
Caron	NNP
's	POS
response	NN
was	VBD
,	,
with	IN
her	PRP$
other	JJ
friends	NNS
,	,
to	TO
steal	VB
from	IN
him	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
VCR	NNP
and	CC
expensive	JJ
camera	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
disappear	VB
.	.
Which	WDT
she	PRP
did	VBD
for	IN
six	CD
days	NNS
.	.
Caron	NNP
's	POS
mother	NN
then	RB
called	VBD
me	PRP
from	IN
Canada	NNP
,	,
hysterical	JJ
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
called	VBD
the	DT
police	NN
detective	NN
who	WP
helped	VBD
me	PRP
last	JJ
time	NN
Caron	NNP
was	VBD
missing	VBG
and	CC
re-opened	VBD
her	PRP$
``	``
missing	VBG
persons	NNS
''	''
file	NN
.	.
The	DT
next	JJ
day	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
Caron	NNP
called	VBD
her	PRP$
sister	NN
to	TO
report	VB
that	IN
she	PRP
was	VBD
okay	JJ
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
living	VBG
in	IN
different	JJ
places	NNS
,	,
going	VBG
from	IN
friend	NN
to	TO
friend	NN
,	,
and	CC
tells	VBZ
her	PRP$
mother	NN
she	PRP
still	RB
thinks	VBZ
about	IN
returning	VBG
to	TO
Canada	NNP
.	.
My	PRP$
instinct	NN
tells	VBZ
me	PRP
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
wrapped	VBN
up	RP
,	,
too	RB
deep	JJ
,	,
in	IN
a	DT
world	NN
of	IN
drug	NN
use	NN
and	CC
Los	NNP
Angeles	NNP
lifestyle	NN
that	WDT
makes	VBZ
t.v.	JJ
movies	NNS
look	VBP
dull	JJ
.	.
Her	PRP$
anorexia	NN
contines	NNS
,	,
but	CC
is	VBZ
only	RB
one	CD
layer	NN
of	IN
a	DT
problem	NN
that	IN
spirals	NNS
on	IN
and	CC
on	IN
.	.
Caron	NNP
's	POS
anorexia	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
main	JJ
problem	NN
here	RB
.	.
Yes	UH
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
serious	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
quite	RB
real	JJ
and	CC
life	NN
threatening	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
point	NN
where	WRB
I	PRP
am	VBP
certain	JJ
she	PRP
will	MD
eventually	RB
die	VB
of	IN
related	JJ
causes	NNS
,	,
yet	RB
there	EX
are	VBP
complex	JJ
issues	NNS
here	RB
that	IN
the	DT
``	``
average	JJ
''	''
anorexic	JJ
does	VBZ
not	RB
face	VB
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
each	DT
story	NN
is	VBZ
unique	JJ
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
dis-service	NN
if	IN
I	PRP
pretended	VBD
that	IN
Caron	NNP
's	POS
struggle	NN
was	VBD
that	IN
of	IN
typical	JJ
anorexia	NN
.	.
Ironically	RB
,	,
Caron	NNP
would	MD
agree	VB
.	.
At	IN
least	JJS
the	DT
Caron	NNP
I	PRP
knew	VBD
and	CC
spent	VBD
so	RB
much	JJ
of	IN
my	PRP$
devoted	JJ
energy	NN
and	CC
time	NN
with	IN
all	DT
last	JJ
year	NN
.	.
She	PRP
would	MD
say	VB
she	PRP
's	VBZ
got	VBD
the	DT
anorexia	JJ
thing	NN
down	IN
to	TO
a	DT
science	NN
and	CC
that	IN
her	PRP$
daily	JJ
problems	NNS
where	WRB
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
anorexia	NN
.	.
She	PRP
would	MD
speak	VB
of	IN
the	DT
world	NN
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
it	PRP
's	VBZ
``	``
done	VBN
her	PRP$
wrong	JJ
''	''
and	CC
she	PRP
would	MD
wonder	VB
``	``
why	WRB
''	''
and	CC
did	VBD
she	PRP
``	``
deserve	VBP
''	''
so	RB
much	JJ
pain	NN
and	CC
abuse	NN
and	CC
neglect	NN
and	CC
torture	VB
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
lost	VBN
soul	NN
then	RB
,	,
too	RB
.	.
But	CC
these	DT
days	NNS
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
feel	VB
a	DT
connection	NN
with	IN
Caron	NNP
anymore	RB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
sad	JJ
about	IN
this	DT
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
understand	VBP
her	PRP$
drive	NN
to	TO
only	RB
take	VB
on	RP
this	DT
world	NN
drugged	VBD
and	CC
violently	RB
.	.
My	PRP$
heart	NN
is	VBZ
empathetic	JJ
,	,
yes	UH
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
also	RB
frustrated	VBN
.	.
Because	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
think	VB
she	PRP
is	VBZ
giving	VBG
herself	PRP
a	DT
chance	NN
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
choice	NN
,	,
you	PRP
know	VBP
?	.
We	PRP
all	DT
do	VBP
.	.
We	PRP
can	MD
decide	VB
to	TO
feed	VB
ourselves	PRP
,	,
physically	RB
and	CC
emotionally	RB
and	CC
spiritually	RB
.	.
We	PRP
can	MD
ask	VB
for	IN
help	NN
,	,
we	PRP
can	MD
change	VB
patterns	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
easy	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
biggest	JJS
things	NNS
we	PRP
face	VBP
as	IN
peoples	NNS
,	,
but	CC
is	VBZ
n't	RB
is	VBZ
worth	JJ
it	PRP
?	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
serious	JJ
injury	NN
and	CC
usually	RB
occurs	VBZ
in	IN
elderly	JJ
people	NNS
,	,
as	IN
their	PRP$
bones	NNS
are	VBP
quite	RB
brittle	JJ
.	.
Caron	NNP
's	POS
anorexia	NN
has	VBZ
caused	VBN
her	PRP$
serious	JJ
,	,
severe	JJ
decay	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
bones	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
osteopena	NN
,	,
osteoporosis	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
which	WDT
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
all	RB
too	RB
easy	JJ
for	IN
her	PRP$
to	TO
break	VB
her	PRP$
hip	NN
bone	NN
.	.
Caron	NNP
only	RB
went	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
county	NN
medical	JJ
hospital	NN
because	IN
the	DT
pain	NN
was	VBD
extreme	JJ
.	.
Once	RB
it	PRP
was	VBD
discovered	VBN
that	IN
her	PRP$
hip	NN
was	VBD
broken	VBN
,	,
doctors	NNS
gave	VBD
her	PRP$
demorol	NN
for	IN
the	DT
pain	NN
,	,
and	CC
hospitalized	VBD
her	PRP$
immediately	RB
.	.
Sadly	RB
,	,
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
terrified	VBN
of	IN
hospitals	NNS
and	CC
left	VBD
the	DT
morning	NN
of	IN
the	DT
third	JJ
day	NN
,	,
against	IN
medical	JJ
advice	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
staying	VBG
with	IN
friends	NNS
,	,
going	VBG
from	IN
one	CD
to	TO
another	DT
,	,
as	IN
eventually	RB
each	DT
friend	NN
can	MD
not	RB
take	VB
care	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
-LRB-	-LRB-
she	PRP
is	VBZ
struggling	VBG
to	TO
walk	VB
at	IN
times	NNS
,	,
is	VBZ
often	RB
tired	JJ
,	,
blacks	NNS
out	RB
often	RB
,	,
and	CC
has	VBZ
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
aches	NNS
and	CC
pains	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Caron	NNP
's	POS
mother	NN
begged	VBD
her	PRP
to	TO
return	VB
to	TO
Canada	NNP
,	,
but	CC
even	RB
from	IN
her	PRP$
hospital	NN
bed	NN
,	,
Caron	NNP
refused	VBD
to	TO
get	VB
help	NN
.	.
I	PRP
must	MD
tell	VB
you	PRP
,	,
my	PRP$
gentle	JJ
caring	NN
friends	NNS
,	,
that	IN
Caron	NNP
's	POS
problems	NNS
are	VBP
larger	JJR
than	IN
anorexia	NN
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
addicted	VBN
to	TO
drugs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
most	RBS
likely	JJ
will	MD
utilize	VB
her	PRP$
broken	JJ
hip	NN
bone	NN
to	TO
get	VB
her	PRP$
hands	NNS
on	IN
lots	NNS
of	IN
prescription	NN
pain	NN
medications	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
understand	VBP
that	IN
her	PRP$
drug	NN
addiction	NN
stems	VBZ
from	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
her	PRP$
severely	RB
malnourished	VBN
body	NN
aches	NNS
all	PDT
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
and	CC
she	PRP
started	VBD
using	VBG
medication	NN
to	TO
ease	VB
her	PRP$
physical	JJ
pain	NN
,	,
which	WDT
covered	VBD
up	RP
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
getting	VBG
help	NN
for	IN
anorexia	NN
would	MD
have	VB
helped	VBN
stopped	VBD
the	DT
physical	JJ
pain	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
drugs	NNS
grew	VBD
more	RBR
inviting	VBG
as	IN
her	PRP$
quality	NN
of	IN
life	NN
has	VBZ
dropped	VBN
so	RB
dramatically	RB
.	.
Without	IN
the	DT
chronic	NN
anorexia	NN
,	,
I	PRP
doubt	VBP
Caron	NNP
would	MD
have	VB
dared	VBN
taken	VBN
the	DT
drugs	NNS
she	PRP
has	VBZ
.	.
But	CC
this	DT
disease	NN
has	VBZ
eaten	VBN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
way	NN
into	IN
every	DT
area	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
life	NN
:	:
physical	JJ
,	,
emotional	JJ
,	,
mental	JJ
,	,
and	CC
spiritual	NN
.	.
I	PRP
wish	VBP
she	PRP
had	VBD
stayed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
,	,
where	WRB
she	PRP
could	MD
at	IN
least	JJS
be	VB
comfortable	JJ
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
take	VB
in	RP
some	DT
nutrition	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
guess	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
pain	NN
and	CC
problems	NNS
that	IN
this	DT
broken	JJ
hip	NN
will	MD
cause	VB
in	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
couple	NN
weeks	NNS
might	MD
drive	VB
her	PRP
to	TO
go	VB
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
medical	JJ
center	NN
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
just	RB
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
as	IN
stubborn	JJ
as	IN
anorexia	NN
can	MD
be	VB
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
quite	RB
sad	JJ
,	,
but	CC
she	PRP
has	VBZ
had	VBN
opportunity	NN
to	TO
turn	VB
this	DT
deadly	JJ
cycle	NN
around	IN
,	,
and	CC
just	RB
plain	RB
does	VBZ
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
.	.
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
Okay	UH
.	.
She	PRP
did	VBD
break	VB
her	PRP$
hip	NN
and	CC
now	RB
gets	VBZ
around	RP
on	IN
crutches	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
stays	VBZ
sitting	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
but	CC
she	PRP
did	VBD
have	VB
an	DT
operation	NN
to	TO
help	VB
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
the	DT
hip	NN
replacement	NN
surgery	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
take	VB
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
it	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
due	JJ
to	TO
her	PRP$
low	JJ
immune	JJ
system	NN
and	CC
malnutrition	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
so	IN
she	PRP
will	MD
remain	VB
on	IN
crutches	NNS
indefinitely	RB
.	.
She	PRP
take	VBP
perscription	NN
medication	NN
for	IN
her	PRP$
on-going	JJ
bone	NN
pain	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
this	DT
episode	NN
did	VBD
effect	NN
her	PRP$
deeply	RB
.	.
She	PRP
really	RB
is	VBZ
truly	RB
and	CC
painfully	RB
aware	JJ
that	IN
she	PRP
could	MD
die	VB
at	IN
any	DT
moment	NN
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
inspired	VBN
to	TO
try	VB
harder	JJR
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
moves	VBZ
around	IN
less	JJR
,	,
thus	RB
burning	VBG
less	JJR
calories	NNS
,	,
and	CC
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
able	JJ
to	TO
gain	VB
a	DT
little	JJ
bit	NN
of	IN
weight	NN
.	.
She	PRP
continues	VBZ
to	TO
try	VB
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
support	NN
of	IN
friends	NNS
who	WP
let	VBD
her	PRP
stay	VB
with	IN
them	PRP
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
trying	VBG
to	TO
move	VB
forward	RB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
happy	JJ
and	CC
sad	JJ
at	IN
this	DT
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
glad	JJ
the	DT
seriousness	NN
has	VBZ
finally	RB
sunk	VBN
in	IN
,	,
yet	RB
I	PRP
am	VBP
terribly	RB
worried	VBN
that	IN
her	PRP$
physical	JJ
body	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
damaged	VBN
beyond	IN
repair	NN
.	.
But	CC
so	RB
long	RB
as	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
still	RB
breathing	VBG
,	,
trying	VBG
and	CC
talking	VBG
about	IN
hope	NN
,	,
than	IN
I	PRP
will	MD
continue	VB
sending	VBG
her	PRP$
as	RB
much	JJ
healing	NN
energy	NN
her	PRP$
way	NN
as	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
muster	VB
.	.
Los	NNP
Angeles	NNP
County	NNP
jail	NN
for	IN
drug	NN
possession	NN
.	.
Caron	NNP
,	,
who	WP
's	VBZ
broken	VBN
hip	NN
is	VBZ
constantly	RB
causing	VBG
her	PRP$
very	RB
intense	JJ
pain	NN
,	,
has	VBZ
been	VBN
using	VBG
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
different	JJ
drugs	NNS
to	TO
soothe	VB
her	PRP$
aching	VBG
emaciated	JJ
body	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
to	TO
escape	VB
from	IN
the	DT
painful	JJ
realities	NNS
of	IN
her	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
year	NN
.	.
Like	IN
many	JJ
addicts	NNS
,	,
Caron	NNP
's	POS
luck	NN
ran	VBD
out	RP
eventually	RB
,	,
and	CC
she	PRP
was	VBD
caught	VBN
during	IN
a	DT
drug	NN
bust	NN
at	IN
a	DT
hotel	NN
where	WRB
she	PRP
was	VBD
staying	VBG
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
She	PRP
has	VBZ
continued	VBN
to	TO
move	VB
from	IN
friend	NN
to	TO
friend	NN
to	TO
occasional	JJ
hotel	NN
,	,
since	IN
being	VBG
kicked	VBD
out	IN
of	IN
her	PRP$
apartment	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
her	PRP$
inability	NN
to	TO
pay	VB
rent	NN
,	,
since	IN
she	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
work	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Her	PRP$
hip	NN
was	VBD
operated	VBN
on	IN
,	,
but	CC
she	PRP
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
taking	VBG
proper	JJ
care	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
,	,
so	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
able	JJ
to	TO
heal	VB
.	.
She	PRP
limps	VBZ
or	CC
uses	VBZ
crutches	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
around	RB
,	,
though	IN
mostly	RB
she	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
walk	VB
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
Now	RB
that	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
in	IN
jail	NN
,	,
ironically	RB
,	,
she	PRP
will	MD
receive	VB
some	DT
minimal	JJ
medical	JJ
attention	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
an	DT
inmate	NN
's	POS
right	NN
to	TO
have	VB
health	NN
care	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
She	PRP
will	MD
most	RBS
likely	JJ
be	VB
out	IN
of	IN
jail	NN
in	IN
another	DT
two	CD
weeks	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
unable	JJ
to	TO
write	VB
frequently	RB
about	IN
Caron	NNP
because	IN
our	PRP$
friendship	NN
has	VBZ
changed	VBN
drastically	RB
.	.
I	PRP
spent	VBD
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
year	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
you	PRP
look	VBP
back	RB
at	IN
the	DT
early	JJ
letter	NN
on	IN
this	DT
website	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
trying	VBG
desperately	RB
to	TO
help	VB
Caron	NNP
.	.
There	EX
were	VBD
interventions	NNS
,	,
pleading	VBG
and	CC
bargaining	NN
,	,
free	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
free	JJ
medical	JJ
care	NN
,	,
support	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
legal	JJ
action	NN
,	,
talk	NN
shows	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
,	,
to	TO
help	VB
her	PRP$
get	VB
well	RB
.	.
The	DT
bottom	JJ
line	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
Caron	NNP
decided	VBD
she	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
want	VB
recovery	NN
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
her	PRP$
severe	JJ
Anorexia	NNP
has	VBZ
given	VBN
her	PRP$
a	DT
false	JJ
identity	NN
,	,
an	DT
illusion	NN
of	IN
importance	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
completely	RB
avoid	VB
her	PRP$
horrible	JJ
childhood	NN
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
in	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
recovery	NN
from	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
slowly	RB
let	VB
my	PRP$
efforts	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
Caron	NNP
fade	VB
,	,
when	WRB
I	PRP
finally	RB
realized	VBD
she	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
take	VB
them	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
very	RB
difficult	JJ
for	IN
me	PRP
to	TO
let	VB
go	VB
and	CC
realize	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
powerless	JJ
.	.
For	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
friends	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
loved	VBN
ones	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
,	,
this	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
horrible	JJ
lesson	NN
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
proudly	RB
work	VBP
every	DT
day	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Rader	NNP
Institute	NNP
in	IN
Los	NNP
Angeles	NNP
,	,
helping	VBG
the	DT
people	NNS
who	WP
want	VBP
recovery	NN
to	TO
find	VB
it	PRP
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
growth	NN
,	,
I	PRP
rarely	RB
speak	VBP
to	TO
Caron	NNP
these	DT
days	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
why	WRB
I	PRP
rarely	RB
update	VBP
this	DT
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
website	NN
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
hear	VB
from	IN
me	PRP
again	RB
,	,
probably	RB
not	RB
for	IN
several	JJ
months	NNS
though	IN
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
tell	VB
you	PRP
if	IN
anything	NN
drastic	JJ
happens	VBZ
and	CC
I	PRP
do	VBP
appreciate	VB
all	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
and	CC
all	DT
of	IN
your	PRP$
supportive	JJ
kind	NN
e-mails	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
unable	JJ
to	TO
write	VB
back	RP
to	TO
everyone	NN
and	CC
am	VBP
so	RB
sorry	JJ
for	IN
that	DT
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
work	VBP
for	IN
Rader	NNP
,	,
for	IN
ANAD	NNP
and	CC
am	VBP
in	IN
school	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
musician	NN
-	:
my	PRP$
time	NN
is	VBZ
quite	RB
limited	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
however	RB
,	,
firmly	RB
believe	VBP
that	IN
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
and	CC
that	IN
within	IN
this	DT
amazing	JJ
website	NN
everyone	NN
can	MD
find	VB
some	DT
helpful	JJ
information	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
start	VB
them	PRP
on	IN
the	DT
wonderful	JJ
journey	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
Caron	NNP
can	MD
not	RB
work	VB
due	JJ
to	TO
her	PRP$
weakness	NN
,	,
ill	JJ
appearance	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
her	PRP$
skin	NN
color	NN
is	VBZ
yellow-grey-ish	JJ
and	CC
her	PRP$
weight	NN
has	VBZ
leveled	VBN
out	RP
and	CC
is	VBZ
much	RB
better	JJR
actually	RB
than	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
last	JJ
year	NN
at	IN
her	PRP$
all	DT
time	NN
low	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
mood	NN
swings	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
rollar	NN
coaster	NN
ride	NN
of	IN
rage	NN
and	CC
sadness	NN
,	,
hopelessness	NN
and	CC
anger	NN
is	VBZ
so	RB
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
it	PRP
feels	VBZ
like	IN
her	PRP$
personality	NN
has	VBZ
changed	VBN
completely	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
lack	NN
of	IN
energy	NN
,	,
osteopena	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
loss	NN
of	IN
bone	NN
density	NN
in	IN
her	PRP$
hips	NNS
,	,
what	WP
caused	VBD
her	PRP
to	TO
break	VB
her	PRP$
hip	NN
last	JJ
year	NN
when	WRB
she	PRP
fell	VBD
against	IN
a	DT
couch	NN
,	,
and	CC
what	WP
now	RB
limits	VBZ
her	PRP
ability	NN
to	TO
walk	VB
for	IN
long	JJ
periods	NNS
of	IN
time	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
osteoporosis	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
loss	NN
of	IN
bone	NN
density	NN
in	IN
her	PRP$
back	NN
and	CC
spine	NN
,	,
which	WDT
has	VBZ
caused	VBN
her	PRP$
to	TO
shrink	VB
in	IN
height	NN
from	IN
5	CD
foot	NN
4	CD
inches	NNS
to	TO
about	IN
5	CD
feet	NNS
even	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
failing	VBG
eyesight	NN
,	,
chronic	JJ
stomach	NN
problems	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
her	PRP$
GI	NNP
track	NN
will	MD
most	RBS
likely	JJ
never	RB
recover	VB
and	CC
behave	VB
normally	RB
again	RB
due	JJ
to	TO
malnutrition	NN
,	,
vomiting	NN
,	,
laxatives	NNS
and	CC
odd	JJ
``	``
ritual	NN
safe	JJ
''	''
foods	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
chronic	JJ
headaches	NNS
,	,
bone	NN
pain	NN
,	,
muscle	NN
atrophy	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
her	PRP$
muscles	NNS
are	VBP
weak	JJ
and	CC
worn	JJ
out	RB
and	CC
can	MD
not	RB
endure	VB
much	JJ
strength	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
health	NN
problems	NNS
that	WDT
come	VBP
in	IN
and	CC
out	IN
of	IN
her	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
24	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
.	.
She	PRP
looks	VBZ
and	CC
feels	VBZ
like	IN
an	DT
80	CD
year	NN
old	JJ
woman	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
think	VBP
her	PRP$
soul	NN
is	VBZ
even	RB
older	JJR
than	IN
that	DT
,	,
with	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
cynical	JJ
startling	JJ
awareness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
darkness	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
world	NN
.	.
I	PRP
spoke	VBD
to	TO
Caron	NNP
's	POS
mother	NN
who	WP
speaks	VBZ
with	IN
her	PRP$
daughter	NN
fairly	RB
often	RB
and	CC
tells	VBZ
me	PRP
she	PRP
is	VBZ
worried	VBN
about	IN
Caron	NNP
's	POS
on-again-off-again	JJ
romance	NN
with	IN
this	DT
older	JJR
man	NN
.	.
Sometimes	RB
Caron	NNP
calls	VBZ
her	PRP$
mother	NN
crying	VBG
hysterical	JJ
saying	VBG
this	DT
guy	NN
beats	VBZ
her	PRP$
up	RP
and	CC
treats	VBZ
her	PRP$
badly	RB
.	.
Sometimes	RB
Caron	NNP
calls	VBZ
saying	VBG
she	PRP
is	VBZ
so	RB
in	IN
love	NN
and	CC
happy	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
guess	NN
is	VBZ
she	PRP
is	VBZ
still	RB
using	VBG
drugs	NNS
to	TO
take	VB
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
pain	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
condition	NN
away	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
her	PRP$
favorite	JJ
drug	NN
was	VBD
always	RB
pot	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
perhaps	RB
she	PRP
is	VBZ
sometimes	RB
telling	VBG
the	DT
truth	NN
,	,
sometimes	RB
not	RB
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
rather	RB
intense	JJ
flair	NN
for	IN
drama	NN
afterall	NN
.	.
What	WP
I	PRP
know	VBP
is	VBZ
she	PRP
is	VBZ
hanging	VBG
in	IN
there	RB
,	,
she	PRP
does	VBZ
write	VB
poetry	NN
still	RB
and	CC
remains	VBZ
an	DT
excellent	JJ
cook	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
ah	RB
,	,
the	DT
irony	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
She	PRP
eats	VBZ
just	RB
barely	RB
enough	JJ
to	TO
maintain	VB
her	PRP$
numbed	JJ
and	CC
fatigued	JJ
state	NN
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
lively	JJ
fun	NN
girl	NN
I	PRP
met	VBD
years	NNS
ago	RB
,	,
but	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
still	RB
with	IN
us	PRP
and	CC
I	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
,	,
in	IN
and	CC
of	IN
itself	PRP
,	,
is	VBZ
something	NN
profound	JJ
.	.
Angeles	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
hard	JJ
time	NN
walking	VBG
alot	NNS
due	JJ
to	TO
last	JJ
years	NNS
hip	NN
fracture	NN
and	CC
replacement	NN
,	,
and	CC
her	PRP$
bones	NNS
are	VBP
still	RB
very	RB
brittle	JJ
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
terribably	RB
thin	JJ
,	,
as	IN
she	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
for	IN
so	RB
long	RB
now	RB
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
``	``
higher	JJR
''	''
than	IN
in	IN
the	DT
past	NN
.	.
She	PRP
eats	VBZ
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
a	DT
lot	NN
and	CC
only	RB
in	IN
ritualized	JJ
and	CC
finiky	JJ
ways	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
alive	JJ
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
much	JJ
of	IN
a	DT
life	NN
.	.
She	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
work	VB
,	,
though	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
lucky	JJ
that	IN
her	PRP$
boyfriend	NN
takes	VBZ
care	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
financially	RB
,	,
and	CC
she	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
do	VB
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
recreational	JJ
activites	NNS
because	IN
of	IN
her	PRP$
bad	JJ
health	NN
,	,
weakness	NN
,	,
and	CC
lack	NN
of	IN
muscle	NN
tissue	NN
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
malnurished	VBN
,	,
her	PRP$
hair	NN
still	RB
badly	RB
damaged	JJ
and	CC
thin	JJ
,	,
her	PRP$
skin	NN
yellow-gray	NN
,	,
the	DT
light	NN
in	IN
her	PRP$
eyes	NNS
gone	VBN
.	.
She	PRP
does	VBZ
smoke	VB
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
pot	NN
because	IN
the	DT
bone	NN
pain	NN
and	CC
stomach	NN
problems	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
anorexia	NN
cause	VB
her	PRP$
pain	NN
and	CC
the	DT
high	JJ
numbs	NNS
that	WDT
pain	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
sad	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
angry	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
grateful	JJ
for	IN
all	DT
of	IN
your	PRP$
support	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
sorry	JJ
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
answer	VB
all	DT
your	PRP$
e-mails	NNS
,	,
but	CC
be	VB
assured	VBN
that	IN
I	PRP
read	VBP
them	PRP
and	CC
keep	VB
them	PRP
and	CC
treasure	NN
them	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
glad	JJ
this	DT
web	NN
page	NN
exists	VBZ
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
hopeful	JJ
that	IN
anyone	NN
reading	NN
who	WP
needs	VBZ
to	TO
know	VB
something	NN
about	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
will	MD
find	VB
it	PRP
here	RB
,	,
at	IN
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
.	.
Caron	NNP
knows	VBZ
this	DT
site	NN
still	RB
exists	VBZ
and	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
honored	VBN
that	IN
you	PRP
all	DT
continue	VBP
to	TO
ask	VB
about	IN
her	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
consumed	VBN
by	IN
pain	NN
and	CC
hurt	NN
and	CC
anger	NN
and	CC
sadness	NN
.	.
She	PRP
knows	VBZ
this	DT
world	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
unjust	JJ
to	TO
her	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
still	RB
a	DT
fighter	NN
because	IN
she	PRP
has	VBZ
n't	RB
killed	VBN
herself	PRP
and	CC
she	PRP
wants	VBZ
others	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
help	VB
and	CC
learn	VB
from	IN
her	PRP$
story	NN
.	.
This	DT
dream	NN
has	VBZ
come	VBN
true	JJ
.	.
Hello	UH
readers	NNS
,	,
all	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
,	,
across	IN
the	DT
international	JJ
web	NN
,	,
sitting	VBG
at	IN
your	PRP$
computers	NNS
...	:
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
check-in	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
because	IN
I	PRP
receive	VBP
mails	VBZ
everyday	JJ
and	CC
I	PRP
wish	VBP
I	PRP
had	VBD
more	JJR
time	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
so	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
sit	VB
and	CC
write	VB
back	RP
every	DT
single	JJ
kind	NN
supportive	JJ
letter	NN
I	PRP
receive	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
still	RB
amazed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
loving	JJ
responses	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
all	DT
share	NN
with	IN
me	PRP
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
do	VBP
read	VB
them	PRP
all	DT
and	CC
I	PRP
do	VBP
thank	VB
you	PRP
and	CC
I	PRP
deeply	RB
regret	VBP
not	RB
being	VBG
able	JJ
to	TO
answer	VB
everyone	NN
individually	RB
.	.
The	DT
best	JJS
I	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
is	VBZ
here	RB
,	,
on	IN
Amy	NNP
's	POS
amazing	JJ
web	NN
page	NN
,	,
tell	VBP
you	PRP
how	WRB
things	NNS
are	VBP
going	VBG
...	:
Her	PRP$
heart	NN
is	VBZ
weak	JJ
,	,
all	DT
of	IN
her	PRP$
major	JJ
organs	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
damaged	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
starvation	NN
.	.
But	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
young	JJ
and	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
taking	VBG
in	RP
nutrition	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
using	VBG
nutrition	NN
shakes	VBZ
,	,
like	IN
Ensure	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
can	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
live	VB
a	DT
non-active	JJ
life	NN
.	.
She	PRP
uses	VBZ
drugs	NNS
to	TO
keep	VB
the	DT
body	NN
aches	VBZ
away	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
marijuana	NN
&	CC
other	JJ
stuff	NN
,	,
pain	NN
killers	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
she	PRP
continues	VBZ
to	TO
write	VB
and	CC
think	VB
about	IN
helping	VBG
others	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
but	CC
she	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
the	DT
strength	NN
.	.
I	PRP
rarely	RB
speak	VBP
to	TO
her	PRP
,	,
as	IN
she	PRP
has	VBZ
settled	VBN
into	IN
a	DT
life	NN
and	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
want	VB
help	NN
and	CC
,	,
due	JJ
to	TO
my	PRP$
own	JJ
recovery	NN
,	,
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
surround	VB
myself	PRP
with	IN
healthy	JJ
loving	JJ
people	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
willing	JJ
to	TO
work	VB
on	IN
their	PRP$
issues	NNS
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
very	RB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
around	IN
someone	NN
who	WP
remains	VBZ
dedicated	JJ
to	TO
self-destruction	NN
.	.
Cythnia	NNP
now	RB
lives	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
San	NNP
Franiscco	NNP
area	NN
of	IN
California	NNP
,	,
with	IN
her	PRP$
husband	NN
and	CC
son	NN
,	,
and	CC
continues	VBZ
to	TO
work	VB
hard	RB
for	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
support	NN
from	IN
her	PRP$
family	NN
and	CC
parents	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
move	NN
up	RB
north	RB
was	VBD
intended	VBN
to	TO
surround	VB
Cynthia	NNP
with	IN
more	RBR
loving	JJ
people	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
continue	VBP
to	TO
do	VB
well	RB
in	IN
recovery	NN
also	RB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
still	RB
honored	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
working	VBG
with	IN
people	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
at	IN
Rader	NNP
.	.
Another	DT
sign	NN
of	IN
victory	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
returned	VBN
to	TO
one	CD
of	IN
my	PRP$
first	JJ
love	NN
's	POS
,	,
music	NN
,	,
and	CC
am	VBP
singing	VBG
and	CC
playing	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
band	NN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
recently	RB
been	VBN
interviewed	VBN
by	IN
People	NNS
Magazine	NNP
regarding	VBG
my	PRP$
eating	NN
disorder	NN
,	,
recovery	NN
,	,
and	CC
work	NN
with	IN
other	JJ
victims	NNS
of	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
The	DT
article	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
ready	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
published	VBN
yet	RB
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
ought	MD
to	TO
be	VB
in	IN
a	DT
couple	NN
months	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
will	MD
let	VB
you	PRP
all	DT
know	VBP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
very	RB
blessed	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
also	RB
,	,
again	RB
,	,
personally	RB
thank	VBP
you	PRP
all	DT
for	IN
writing	VBG
to	TO
me	PRP
and	CC
though	IN
this	DT
update	VB
can	MD
not	RB
match	VB
an	DT
individual	JJ
response	NN
,	,
I	PRP
hope	VBP
you	PRP
will	MD
accept	VB
it	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
gesture	NN
to	TO
reach	VB
all	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
who	WP
have	VBP
followed	VBN
this	DT
story	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
offered	VBN
me	PRP
,	,
Caron	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Cynthia	NNP
so	RB
much	JJ
support	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
how	WRB
December	NNP
started	VBD
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
With	IN
a	DT
couple	NN
pay-phone	JJ
phone	NN
calls	NNS
on	IN
my	PRP$
voice	NN
mail	NN
from	IN
Caron	NNP
,	,
announcing	VBG
herself	PRP
back	RB
into	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
She	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
absent	JJ
for	IN
nearly	RB
six	CD
months	NNS
and	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
beginning	VBG
to	TO
wonder	VB
and	CC
worry	VB
and	CC
tell	VB
myself	PRP
to	TO
let	VB
go	VB
.	.
Though	IN
she	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
have	VB
a	DT
phone	NN
number	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
own	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
waited	VBD
for	IN
her	PRP$
to	TO
call	VB
again	RB
,	,
and	CC
last	JJ
week	NN
she	PRP
did	VBD
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
,	,
she	PRP
came	VBD
to	TO
see	VB
me	PRP
at	IN
work	NN
.	.
WOW	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
actually	RB
glowing	JJ
.	.
Her	PRP$
cheeks	NNS
were	VBD
not	RB
shrunking	VBG
in	IN
,	,
hallow	NN
,	,
and	CC
gray	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
were	VBD
rosy	JJ
.	.
Her	PRP$
hair	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
falling	VBG
out	RP
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
long	JJ
and	CC
curly	JJ
and	CC
full	JJ
.	.
She	PRP
told	VBD
me	PRP
she	PRP
nearly	RB
died	VBD
six	CD
months	NNS
ago	RB
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
staying	VBG
with	IN
a	DT
boyfriend	NN
who	WP
beat	VBD
her	PRP$
up	RP
and	CC
she	PRP
found	VBD
a	DT
tiny	JJ
light	NN
of	IN
courage	NN
and	CC
she	PRP
called	VBD
the	DT
police	NN
on	IN
him	PRP
.	.
Once	RB
he	PRP
was	VBD
away	RB
from	IN
her	PRP
,	,
she	PRP
begun	VBD
to	TO
give	VB
herself	PRP
more	RBR
credit	NN
and	CC
more	JJR
attention	NN
and	CC
more	JJR
food	NN
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
sick	JJ
of	IN
being	VBG
sick	JJ
and	CC
wanted	VBD
to	TO
take	VB
a	DT
``	``
second	JJ
chance	NN
''	''
head	NN
on	IN
.	.
Over	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
months	NNS
,	,
she	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
eating	VBG
,	,
trying	VBG
her	PRP$
best	JJS
-LRB-	-LRB-
some	DT
bad	JJ
days	NNS
,	,
some	DT
good	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
challanging	VBG
herself	PRP
to	TO
eat	VB
just	RB
a	DT
little	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
comfortable	JJ
with	IN
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
And	CC
she	PRP
started	VBD
feeling	VBG
better	RBR
quickly	RB
.	.
My	PRP$
guess	NN
is	VBZ
Caron	NNP
was	VBD
so	RB
used	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
state	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
absolute	JJ
lack	NN
of	IN
nutrition	NN
,	,
that	IN
it	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
take	VB
much	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
her	PRP$
feel	NN
100	CD
%	NN
better	JJR
.	.
Not	RB
so	RB
weak	JJ
,	,
not	RB
so	RB
cold	JJ
constantly	RB
,	,
able	JJ
to	TO
sleep	VB
more	RBR
,	,
able	JJ
to	TO
think	VB
more	JJR
clearly	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
some	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
reading	VBG
are	VBP
all	DT
too	RB
familiar	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
``	``
anorexic	JJ
fog	NN
''	''
that	WDT
your	PRP$
mind	NN
can	MD
get	VB
lost	VBN
in	IN
,	,
when	WRB
you	PRP
become	VBP
just	RB
dazed	VBN
and	CC
dumb	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Things	NNS
are	VBP
good	JJ
.	.
Her	PRP$
weight	NN
is	VBZ
up	RB
.	.
She	PRP
limps	VBZ
from	IN
the	DT
broken	JJ
hip	NN
,	,
this	DT
is	VBZ
most	RBS
likely	JJ
permanent	JJ
.	.
Her	PRP$
teeth	NNS
are	VBP
damaged	VBN
severly	RB
,	,
this	DT
is	VBZ
permanent	JJ
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
completely	RB
free	JJ
.	.
She	PRP
tells	VBZ
me	PRP
she	PRP
has	VBZ
binged-and-purged	VBN
a	DT
couple	NN
times	NNS
and	CC
has	VBZ
restricted	VBN
in	IN
moments	NNS
of	IN
anxiety	NN
too	RB
.	.
She	PRP
still	RB
uses	VBZ
drugs	NNS
.	.
Things	NNS
are	VBP
good	JJ
but	CC
things	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
over	RB
.	.
Things	NNS
are	VBP
only	RB
good	JJ
because	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
simply	RB
so	RB
extremly	RB
worse	JJR
before	IN
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
work	VBP
at	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
hospital	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
aware	JJ
that	IN
her	PRP$
quick	JJ
weight	NN
gain	NN
,	,
brought	VBN
on	RP
by	IN
her	PRP$
body	NN
's	POS
desperation	NN
for	IN
nutrition	NN
and	CC
a	DT
traumatized	VBN
metabolism	NN
,	,
can	MD
actually	RB
be	VB
dangerous	JJ
for	IN
her	PRP$
heart	NN
if	IN
she	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
keep	VB
her	PRP$
meal	NN
plan	NN
steady	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
she	PRP
had	VBD
done	VBN
permanent	JJ
and	CC
serious	JJ
damage	NN
to	TO
her	PRP$
bones	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
spine	NN
and	CC
hips	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
internal	JJ
organs	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
much	JJ
speed	NN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
doing	VBG
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
fooled	VBN
that	IN
she	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
gained	VBN
weight	NN
to	TO
please	VB
others	NNS
,	,
in	IN
fact	NN
I	PRP
am	VBP
still	RB
worried	VBN
,	,
its	PRP$
just	RB
different	JJ
now	RB
.	.
She	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
enter	VB
into	IN
therapy	NN
,	,
she	PRP
says	VBZ
she	PRP
has	VBZ
attended	VBN
a	DT
couple	NN
of	IN
support	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
but	CC
as	RB
far	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
know	VBP
she	PRP
has	VBZ
not	RB
received	VBN
the	DT
professional	JJ
help	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
keep	VB
her	PRP$
from	IN
self-destruction	NN
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
her	PRP$
hurts	VBZ
and	CC
issues	NNS
are	VBP
all	DT
still	RB
there	RB
,	,
perhaps	RB
hiding	VBG
behind	IN
the	DT
drug	NN
addiction	NN
while	IN
the	DT
anorexia	NN
lays	VBZ
dormant	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
while	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
.	.
Perhaps	RB
I	PRP
ought	MD
not	RB
be	VB
so	RB
negative	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
IS	VBZ
amazing	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
really	RB
is	VBZ
.	.
I	PRP
cried	VBD
after	IN
I	PRP
hugged	VBD
her	PRP$
and	CC
she	PRP
was	VBD
actually	RB
there	RB
,	,
I	PRP
mean	VBP
there	EX
was	VBD
something	NN
to	TO
hug	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
afraid	JJ
I	PRP
'd	MD
break	VB
her	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
thanked	VBD
me	PRP
.	.
That	DT
was	VBD
very	RB
special	JJ
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
But	CC
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
she	PRP
entered	VBD
my	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
she	PRP
left	VBD
again	RB
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
n't	RB
heard	VBN
from	IN
her	PRP$
and	CC
I	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
for	IN
a	DT
while	NN
again	RB
.	.
She	PRP
moves	VBZ
from	IN
hotel	NN
to	TO
friend	NN
's	POS
house	NN
to	TO
hotel	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
new	JJ
boyfriend	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
very	RB
nice	JJ
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
many	JJ
friends	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
druggies	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
and	CC
they	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
blast	NN
but	CC
they	PRP
are	VBP
never	RB
sober	JJ
.	.
A	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
things	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
happening	VBG
lately	RB
.	.
The	DT
Dateline	NNP
NBC	NNP
show	VBP
that	IN
interviewed	VBD
me	PRP
finally	RB
aired	VBD
on	IN
4.2.99	CD
and	CC
I	PRP
felt	VBD
that	IN
they	PRP
did	VBD
a	DT
great	JJ
job	NN
,	,
they	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
glamorize	VB
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
they	PRP
focused	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
positve	NN
ending	VBG
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
only	RB
reporting	VBG
the	DT
drama	NN
.	.
After	IN
Dateline	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Today	NN
Show	NNP
NBC	NNP
also	RB
showed	VBD
a	DT
small	JJ
segment	NN
on	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
as	IN
did	VBD
the	DT
show	NN
Extra	NN
!	.
NBC	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
both	DT
aired	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
week	NN
of	IN
April	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
glad	JJ
that	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
got	VBD
such	JJ
important	JJ
media	NNS
attention	NN
,	,
as	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
so	RB
many	JJ
people	NNS
who	WP
do	VBP
n't	RB
understand	VB
or	CC
refuse	VB
to	TO
believe	VB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
real	JJ
disease	NN
.	.
The	DT
Video	NNP
Diary	NNP
that	IN
Dateline	NNP
showed	VBD
I	PRP
had	VBD
made	VBN
years	NNS
ago	RB
in	IN
an	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
tell	VB
myself	PRP
how	WRB
life	NN
was	VBD
going	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
middle	NN
of	IN
anorexia	NN
.	.
I	PRP
never	RB
expected	VBD
it	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
shown	VBN
on	IN
t.v.	JJ
years	NNS
later	RB
,	,
however	RB
,	,
if	IN
any	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
currently	RB
battling	VBG
an	DT
eating	JJ
illness	NN
you	PRP
may	MD
want	VB
to	TO
consider	VB
doing	VBG
a	DT
Video	NNP
Diary	NNP
,	,
just	RB
a	DT
homevideo	NN
with	IN
you	PRP
talking	VBG
honestly	RB
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
worth	JJ
a	DT
try	NN
and	CC
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
valuable	JJ
documentary	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
life	NN
.	.
The	DT
People	NNS
Magazine	NN
article	NN
was	VBD
on	IN
stands	NNS
April	NNP
2	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
though	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
technically	RB
the	DT
April	NNP
12th	JJ
issue	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
cover	NN
story	NN
on	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
on	IN
college	NN
campuses	NNS
.	.
Again	RB
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
glad	JJ
this	DT
very	RB
serious	JJ
issue	NN
was	VBD
highlighted	VBN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
I	PRP
personally	RB
was	VBD
not	RB
happy	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
People	NNS
article	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
my	PRP$
story	NN
only	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
because	IN
I	PRP
felt	VBD
it	PRP
was	VBD
more	RBR
focused	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
negative	JJ
and	CC
``	``
gory	JJ
''	''
details	NNS
rather	RB
than	IN
the	DT
real-life-reality	NN
that	WDT
having	VBG
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
is	VBZ
NO	RB
WAY	NNP
TO	TO
LIVE	VB
and	CC
that	IN
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
option	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
a	DT
few	JJ
facts	NNS
were	VBD
incorrect	JJ
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
beauty	NN
contest	NN
winner	NN
,	,
not	RB
a	DT
homecoming	NN
queen	NN
,	,
and	CC
she	PRP
never	RB
told	VBD
me	PRP
she	PRP
took	VBD
75	CD
laxatives	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
she	PRP
did	VBD
take	VB
alot	NN
,	,
though	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
also	RB
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
did	VBD
pay	VB
for	IN
a	DT
lengthy	JJ
hospitalization	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
insurance	NN
ran	VBD
out	RP
-LRB-	-LRB-
but	CC
my	PRP$
parents	NNS
spent	VBD
their	PRP$
savings	NNS
so	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
finish	VB
my	PRP$
treatment	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
also	RB
the	DT
photo	NN
on	IN
the	DT
beach	NN
was	VBD
taken	VBN
in	IN
Santa	NNP
Monica	NNP
and	CC
my	PRP$
therapist	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
any	DT
pictures	NNS
,	,
its	PRP$
a	DT
medical	JJ
doctor	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
weighing	VBG
me	PRP
;	:
etc.	FW
etc.	FW
Regardless	RB
,	,
the	DT
entire	JJ
People	NNS
cover	VBP
article	NN
did	VBD
capture	VB
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
attention	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
heard	VBN
from	IN
so	RB
many	JJ
young	JJ
people	NNS
who	WP
can	MD
relate	VB
and	CC
awareness	NN
was	VBD
raised	VBN
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
record	NN
,	,
please	VB
do	VB
not	RB
use	VB
any	DT
of	IN
these	DT
media	NNS
stories	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
``	``
learn	VB
''	''
how	WRB
to	TO
continue	VB
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
behaviors	NNS
or	CC
to	TO
compare	VB
yourself	PRP
and	CC
judge	NN
yourself	PRP
against	IN
other	JJ
sufferers	NNS
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
miss	VB
the	DT
point	NN
of	IN
all	DT
of	IN
this	DT
...	:
and	CC
that	DT
is	VBZ
to	TO
demand	VB
an	DT
end	NN
to	TO
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
this	DT
devastating	JJ
chronic	NN
low	JJ
self	NN
esteem	NN
that	WDT
girls	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
are	VBP
haunted	VBN
by	IN
and	CC
willing	JJ
to	TO
sacrafice	VB
their	PRP$
entire	JJ
lives	NNS
for	IN
and	CC
their	PRP$
inner	JJ
power	NN
and	CC
ability	NN
to	TO
experience	VB
joy	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
fear	NN
of	IN
any	DT
of	IN
those	DT
shows	NNS
is	VBZ
that	IN
people	NNS
will	MD
use	VB
it	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
tool	NN
to	TO
be	VB
more	RBR
abusive	JJ
to	TO
their	PRP$
already	RB
hurting	VBG
souls	NNS
and	CC
bodies	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
please	VB
try	VB
not	RB
to	TO
do	VB
that	DT
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
see	VB
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
rather	RB
passionate	JJ
about	IN
this	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Montel	NNP
Williams	NNP
Show	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
it	PRP
is	VBZ
scheduled	VBN
to	TO
tape	NN
in	IN
mid-May	JJ
which	WDT
means	VBZ
it	PRP
will	MD
most	RBS
likely	JJ
air	NN
in	IN
early	JJ
June	NNP
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
will	MD
let	VB
you	PRP
know	VB
when	WRB
I	PRP
have	VBP
an	DT
exact	JJ
date	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Leeza	NNP
Gibbons	NNP
also	RB
called	VBD
me	PRP
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
doing	VBG
a	DT
show	NN
in	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
few	JJ
weeks	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
be	VB
on	IN
the	DT
lookout	NN
for	IN
it	PRP
!	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
already	RB
contracted	VBD
with	IN
Montel	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
sure	JJ
if	IN
anyone	NN
reading	NN
this	DT
is	VBZ
interested	JJ
,	,
but	CC
if	IN
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
tell	VB
your	PRP$
story	NN
,	,
I	PRP
encourage	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
take	VB
the	DT
time	NN
to	TO
write	VB
or	CC
call	VB
the	DT
many	JJ
talk	NN
shows	NNS
and	CC
news	NN
shows	NNS
this	DT
country	NN
has	VBZ
.	.
Talk	NN
shows	NNS
complain	VBP
,	,
actually	RB
,	,
because	IN
Rader	NNP
keeps	VBZ
all	DT
patients	NNS
confidential	JJ
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
are	VBP
always	RB
trying	VBG
to	TO
find	VB
people	NNS
with	IN
dramatic	JJ
stories	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
of	IN
course	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
media	NNS
,	,
please	VB
keep	VB
that	DT
in	IN
perspective	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
media	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
tell	VB
people	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
Website	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
resource	NN
and	CC
a	DT
place	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
others	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
memorial	NN
site	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
incredible	JJ
and	CC
baffling	JJ
.	.
However	RB
,	,
please	VB
be	VB
careful	JJ
--	:
the	DT
media	NNS
has	VBZ
it	PRP
's	VBZ
own	JJ
interest	NN
at	IN
heart	NN
and	CC
DRAMA	NN
sells	VBZ
and	CC
some	DT
people	NNS
have	VBP
had	VBN
bad	JJ
experiences	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
recieved	VBN
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
mail	NN
from	IN
people	NNS
in	IN
pain	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
just	RB
want	VBP
to	TO
say	VB
,	,
please	VB
do	VBP
n't	RB
give	VB
up	RP
,	,
we	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
all	DT
fight	NN
this	DT
--	:
we	PRP
are	VBP
the	DT
ones	NNS
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
we	PRP
fight	VBP
now	RB
it	PRP
might	MD
get	VB
easier	JJR
for	IN
our	PRP$
grandchildren	NNS
or	CC
maybe	RB
insurance	NN
will	MD
cave	VB
in	IN
and	CC
pay	VB
for	IN
our	PRP$
treatment	NN
or	CC
maybe	RB
we	PRP
'll	MD
be	VB
the	DT
first	JJ
generation	NN
of	IN
women	NNS
to	TO
LOVE	VB
themselves	PRP
enough	RB
so	RB
that	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
generation	NN
of	IN
women	NNS
will	MD
have	VB
a	DT
chance	NN
to	TO
live	VB
fully	RB
.	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
help	VB
each	DT
and	CC
every	DT
one	CD
of	IN
you	PRP
,	,
one	CD
by	IN
one	CD
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
,	,
but	CC
DO	NNP
NOT	NNP
use	VBP
that	IN
as	IN
an	DT
excuse	NN
to	TO
not	RB
get	VB
better	JJR
.	.
Please	UH
.	.
Utilize	VB
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
resources	NNS
available	JJ
now	RB
,	,
especially	RB
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
and	CC
talk	NN
to	TO
other	JJ
people	NNS
still	RB
suffering	VBG
or	CC
order	NN
a	DT
book	NN
that	WDT
might	MD
inspire	VB
you	PRP
or	CC
try	VB
the	DT
suggestions	NNS
written	VBN
by	IN
those	DT
in	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
Its	PRP$
called	VBN
Healing	NNP
Connections	NNP
and	CC
someday	RB
I	PRP
pray	VBP
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
huge	JJ
charity	NN
that	WDT
does	VBZ
outreach	NN
work	NN
.	.
It	PRP
makes	VBZ
me	PRP
so	RB
sad	JJ
to	TO
know	VB
that	DT
anorexia	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
HIGHEST	NNP
death	NN
rate	NN
among	IN
psychiatric	JJ
illnesses	NNS
and	CC
yet	RB
there	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
federal	JJ
funds	NNS
for	IN
this	DT
disease	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
in	IN
contrast	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
funds	NNS
for	IN
drug	NN
addiction	NN
and	CC
alcoholism	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Caron	NNP
tells	VBZ
me	PRP
she	PRP
still	RB
struggles	VBZ
with	IN
food	NN
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
scared	JJ
she	PRP
will	MD
get	VB
back	RB
into	IN
the	DT
``	``
bulimia	NN
thing	NN
''	''
and	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
fearful	JJ
of	IN
that	DT
cycle	NN
taking	VBG
over	RP
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
irradic	JJ
in	IN
her	PRP$
eating	NN
,	,
trying	VBG
to	TO
eat	VB
but	CC
not	RB
binge	NN
,	,
trying	VBG
to	TO
not	RB
feel	VB
pressure	NN
to	TO
be	VB
``	``
skinny	JJ
sickly	NN
Caron	NNP
''	''
anymore	RB
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
enough	RB
willingness	NN
to	TO
have	VB
reached	VBN
this	DT
point	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	DT
is	VBZ
HOPE	NNP
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
kidding	VBG
myself	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
work	VBP
at	IN
being	VBG
positive	JJ
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
human	JJ
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
worry	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
scared	JJ
for	IN
Caron	NNP
's	POS
weakened	JJ
body	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
scared	JJ
for	IN
another	DT
friend	NN
,	,
who	WP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
see	VB
she	PRP
is	VBZ
dying	VBG
,	,
who	WP
is	VBZ
out	IN
of	IN
it	PRP
and	CC
the	DT
malnutrition	NN
stops	VBZ
her	PRP$
brain	NN
and	CC
psyche	NN
from	IN
fighting	VBG
the	DT
disease	NN
,	,
yet	RB
she	PRP
is	VBZ
fearful	JJ
that	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
sick	JJ
``	``
enough	JJ
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
that	DT
is	VBZ
anorexia	NN
's	POS
nature	NN
:	:
never	RB
to	TO
be	VB
thin	JJ
enough	RB
,	,
good	JJ
enough	RB
,	,
perfect	JJ
enough	RB
,	,
sick	JJ
enough	RB
,	,
dying	VBG
dramatically	RB
enough	RB
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
scared	JJ
that	IN
no	DT
one	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
insurance	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
paying	VBG
for	IN
treatment	NN
for	IN
us	PRP
.	.
And	CC
sometimes	RB
I	PRP
wonder	VBP
if	IN
mostly	RB
men	NNS
had	VBD
this	DT
disorder	NN
if	IN
they	PRP
would	MD
pay	VB
.	.
The	DT
good	JJ
news	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
found	VBN
other	JJ
people	NNS
and	CC
together	RB
we	PRP
could	MD
be	VB
unstoppable	JJ
.	.
Something	NN
Fishy	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
thriving	VBG
example	NN
.	.
Gurze	NNP
books	NNS
is	VBZ
another	DT
.	.
Healing	NN
Connections	NNP
is	VBZ
one	CD
and	CC
so	RB
is	VBZ
the	DT
newsletter	NN
for	IN
parents	NNS
with	IN
kids	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
EDs	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
can	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
on	IN
something	NN
fishy	JJ
's	POS
site	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
whose	WP$
founder	NN
,	,
Megan	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
spoke	VBD
with	IN
on	IN
the	DT
phone	NN
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
an	DT
advocate	NN
,	,
another	DT
voice	NN
speaking	VBG
out	RP
.	.
Hello	UH
to	TO
all	DT
!	.
I	PRP
regret	VBP
not	RB
being	VBG
able	JJ
to	TO
give	VB
more	JJR
frequent	JJ
updates	NNS
,	,
but	CC
that	DT
is	VBZ
only	RB
because	IN
there	EX
has	VBZ
n't	RB
been	VBN
much	JJ
to	TO
update	VB
in	IN
this	DT
true	JJ
tale	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
was	VBD
once	RB
a	DT
rollarcoaster	NN
,	,
ever-changing	JJ
,	,
death-defying	JJ
drama	NN
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
now	RB
a	DT
slower	JJR
evolving	VBG
portrait	NN
of	IN
pain	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Caron	NNP
does	VBZ
continue	VB
to	TO
defy	VB
death	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
as	IN
her	PRP$
body	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
through	IN
more	JJR
medical	JJ
physical	JJ
war	NN
than	IN
anyone	NN
I	PRP
know	VBP
.	.
She	PRP
turns	VBZ
25	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
this	DT
month	NN
and	CC
continues	VBZ
to	TO
live	VB
in	IN
various	JJ
places	NNS
around	IN
Los	NNP
Angeles	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
calls	VBZ
me	PRP
randomly	RB
and	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
seen	VBN
her	PRP$
a	DT
few	JJ
scattered	JJ
times	NNS
since	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
year	NN
began	VBD
.	.
Caron	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
limp	JJ
,	,
however	RB
,	,
which	WDT
she	PRP
will	MD
always	RB
have	VB
now	RB
,	,
after	IN
breaking	VBG
her	PRP$
hip	NN
bone	NN
during	IN
an	DT
anorexic	JJ
crisis	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
she	PRP
fell	VBD
against	IN
a	DT
couch	NN
and	CC
her	PRP$
bone	NN
deterioation	NN
,	,
osteopena	NN
,	,
caused	VBD
it	PRP
to	TO
break	VB
as	IN
if	IN
she	PRP
were	VBD
a	DT
eighty	CD
year	NN
old	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
she	PRP
has	VBZ
irreversable	JJ
bone	NN
loss	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
osteoporosis	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
throughout	IN
her	PRP$
body	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
permanent	JJ
damage	NN
to	TO
her	PRP$
teeth	NNS
,	,
heart	NN
,	,
liver	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
vital	JJ
internal	JJ
drives	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
live	VB
a	DT
full	JJ
life	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
female	JJ
life	NN
expectancy	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
80	CD
these	DT
days	NNS
,	,
but	CC
Caron	NNP
may	MD
not	RB
even	RB
make	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
40	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
her	PRP$
health	NN
problems	NNS
will	MD
exist	VB
from	IN
now	RB
and	CC
every	DT
day	NN
until	IN
her	PRP$
body	NN
gives	VBZ
up	RP
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
NOT	RB
a	DT
pretty	RB
picture	NN
AT	NNP
ALL	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
lost	VBN
the	DT
youthful	JJ
glow	NN
and	CC
her	PRP$
``	``
looks	VBZ
''	''
will	MD
never	RB
fully	RB
return	VB
,	,
so	RB
if	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
all	DT
for	IN
appearance	NN
's	POS
sake	NN
,	,
then	RB
she	PRP
has	VBZ
done	VBN
the	DT
direct	JJ
opposite	NN
of	IN
improving	VBG
her	PRP$
appearance	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
single-handedly	RB
aged	VBN
herself	PRP
beyond	IN
repair	NN
.	.
And	CC
she	PRP
continues	VBZ
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
insidious	JJ
monster	NN
of	IN
bulimia	NN
,	,
Caron	NNP
is	VBZ
also	RB
battling	VBG
with	IN
drug	NN
addiction	NN
...	:
as	IN
I	PRP
've	VBP
mentioned	VBN
a	DT
few	JJ
times	NNS
before	IN
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
``	``
simple	JJ
''	''
matter	NN
of	IN
smoking	NN
pot	NN
to	TO
ease	VB
her	PRP$
bone	NN
pain	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
is	VBZ
less	RBR
traumatic	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
body	NN
than	IN
alcohol	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
At	IN
times	NNS
Caron	NNP
smokes	VBZ
rock	NN
cocaine	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
this	DT
is	VBZ
commonly	RB
called	VBN
Crack	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
also	RB
snorts	VBZ
powder	NN
cocaine	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
uses	NNS
speed	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
crystal	NN
meth	NN
,	,
also	RB
called	VBN
Ice	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
other	JJ
drugs	NNS
to	TO
destract	VB
her	PRP$
from	IN
living	VBG
and	CC
being	VBG
and	CC
experiencing	VBG
life	NN
for	IN
real	JJ
.	.
Actually	RB
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
sure	JJ
Caron	NNP
remembers	VBZ
at	IN
this	DT
point	NN
what	WP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
like	IN
to	TO
truly	RB
and	CC
honestly	RB
experience	VB
life	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
past	NN
,	,
when	WRB
she	PRP
has	VBZ
had	VBN
recovery	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
when	WRB
I	PRP
met	VBD
her	PRP
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
after	IN
her	PRP$
stay	NN
at	IN
Rader	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
was	VBD
nearly	RB
five	CD
years	NNS
ago	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
that	DT
is	VBZ
when	WRB
Caron	NNP
was	VBD
most	RBS
happy	JJ
and	CC
was	VBD
her	PRP$
real	JJ
self	NN
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
funny	JJ
and	CC
witty	JJ
and	CC
fun	NN
to	TO
be	VB
around	RB
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
creative	JJ
and	CC
intelligent	JJ
and	CC
talented	JJ
.	.
Her	PRP$
time	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
spent	VBN
trying	VBG
to	TO
find	VB
the	DT
best	JJS
method	NN
of	IN
self	NN
destruction	NN
...	:
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
working	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
clients	NNS
at	IN
Rader	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
also	RB
do	VBP
volunteer	NN
work	NN
at	IN
a	DT
drug	NN
and	CC
alcohol	NN
clinic	NN
in	IN
Santa	NNP
Monica	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
called	VBN
New	NNP
Start	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
I	PRP
just	RB
happened	VBD
to	TO
begin	VB
this	DT
work	NN
about	IN
six	CD
months	NNS
ago	RB
right	RB
around	IN
the	DT
time	NN
when	WRB
Caron	NNP
was	VBD
smoking	VBG
crack	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
she	PRP
has	VBZ
periods	NNS
of	IN
sobriety	NN
from	IN
this	DT
drug	NN
,	,
a	DT
few	JJ
weeks	NNS
here	RB
and	CC
there	RB
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
this	DT
drug	NN
is	VBZ
absolutely	RB
horrifying	JJ
as	IN
it	PRP
causes	VBZ
the	DT
body	NN
,	,
mind	NN
,	,
and	CC
soul	NN
to	TO
CRAVE	VB
the	DT
crack	NN
intensely	RB
and	CC
it	PRP
beats	VBZ
up	RP
on	IN
you	PRP
when	WRB
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
use	VB
it	PRP
,	,
so	IN
you	PRP
get	VBP
stuck	VBN
and	CC
have	VBP
to	TO
use	VB
it	PRP
just	RB
to	TO
feel	VB
okay	JJ
,	,
not	RB
even	RB
to	TO
feel	VB
high	JJ
after	IN
awhile	RB
,	,
much	RB
like	IN
heroin	NN
...	:
PLEASE	NNP
do	VBP
n't	RB
ever	RB
try	VB
or	CC
experiment	NN
with	IN
either	DT
of	IN
these	DT
drugs	NNS
as	IN
their	PRP$
nature	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
change	VB
your	PRP$
body	NN
's	POS
chemistry	NN
so	IN
that	IN
it	PRP
NEEDS	VBZ
the	DT
drug	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Caron	NNP
has	VBZ
had	VBN
legal	JJ
problems	NNS
because	IN
of	IN
her	PRP$
crack	NN
use	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
able	JJ
to	TO
help	VB
her	PRP$
a	DT
little	JJ
because	IN
of	IN
my	PRP$
position	NN
at	IN
New	NNP
Start	NNP
...	:
but	CC
ultimately	RB
I	PRP
am	VBP
helpless	JJ
YET	RB
AGAIN	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
over	IN
her	PRP$
anorexia	NN
and	CC
am	VBP
over	IN
her	PRP$
bulimia	NN
to	TO
CURE	VB
her	PRP$
of	IN
these	DT
addictions	NNS
.	.
Along	IN
with	IN
all	DT
of	IN
this	DT
distress	NN
,	,
trauma	NN
and	CC
self	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
Caron	NNP
continues	VBZ
to	TO
attract	VB
and	CC
date	VB
men	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
sometimes	RB
abusive	JJ
to	TO
her	PRP$
and	CC
the	DT
chaos	NN
that	WDT
results	VBZ
-LRB-	-LRB-
break-ups	NNS
,	,
reconciliations	NNS
,	,
her	PRP$
moving	VBG
back	RB
and	CC
forth	RB
from	IN
different	JJ
houses	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
no	DT
doubt	NN
contributes	VBZ
to	TO
her	PRP$
self	NN
induced	JJ
vomiting	NN
and	CC
drug	NN
taking	NN
.	.
I	PRP
see	VBP
her	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
little	JJ
girl	NN
,	,
still	RB
,	,
in	IN
so	RB
much	JJ
pain	NN
and	CC
confusion	NN
,	,
running	VBG
about	RB
trying	VBG
to	TO
find	VB
love	NN
and	CC
nourishment	NN
from	IN
the	DT
outside	JJ
world	NN
,	,
and	CC
being	VBG
continually	RB
disappointed	VBN
in	IN
what	WP
she	PRP
finds	VBZ
...	:
I	PRP
can	MD
relate	VB
100	CD
%	NN
to	TO
this	DT
desperate	JJ
plea	NN
of	IN
pain	NN
and	CC
cry	NN
for	IN
help	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
sad	JJ
but	CC
sure	JJ
that	IN
many	JJ
of	IN
you	PRP
reading	VBG
this	DT
can	MD
relate	VB
to	TO
as	RB
well	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
but	CC
what	WP
I	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
the	DT
hard	JJ
,	,
hard	JJ
way	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
unless	IN
I	PRP
nourish	VBP
myself	PRP
first	RB
and	CC
help	VB
myself	PRP
first	RB
and	CC
love	VB
myself	PRP
first	RB
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
remain	VB
in	IN
the	DT
dark	JJ
and	CC
searching	VBG
outside	IN
for	IN
something	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
actually	RB
tucked	VBN
way	NN
deep	RB
down	RB
within	IN
.	.
During	IN
her	PRP$
severe	JJ
anorexia	NN
,	,
Caron	NNP
was	VBD
fairly	RB
certain	JJ
she	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
children	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
were	VBD
doctors	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
However	RB
,	,
she	PRP
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
drastically	RB
low	RB
in	IN
weight	NN
for	IN
over	IN
a	DT
year	NN
now	RB
and	CC
her	PRP$
body	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
though	IN
visibly	RB
beaten	VBN
up	RP
by	IN
the	DT
anorexia	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
began	VBD
to	TO
menstruate	VB
sporadically	RB
.	.
Caron	NNP
had	VBD
abandoned	VBN
her	PRP$
anorexia	NN
coping	VBG
mechanism	NN
in	IN
place	NN
of	IN
drugs	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
namely	RB
crack	NN
cocaine	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
her	PRP$
wrecked	VBN
body	NN
managed	VBD
to	TO
survive	VB
and	CC
sustain	VB
life	NN
,	,
as	IN
she	PRP
continued	VBD
her	PRP$
on-going	JJ
quest	NN
for	IN
self-destruction	NN
.	.
ALL	NNP
OF	IN
THIS	NNP
BEWILDERS	NNP
ME	NNP
...	:
yet	CC
there	EX
stands	VBZ
Caron	NNP
,	,
asking	VBG
me	PRP
to	TO
help	VB
her	PRP$
with	IN
legal	JJ
problems	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
drug	NN
charges	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
boyfriend	NN
dramas	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
she	PRP
battles	VBZ
between	IN
two	CD
men	NNS
,	,
and	CC
though	IN
I	PRP
think	VBP
both	DT
use	NN
drugs	NNS
,	,
she	PRP
says	VBZ
one	CD
is	VBZ
a	DT
recovering	VBG
crack	NN
addict	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
living	VBG
arrangements	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
vary	VBP
depending	VBG
on	IN
her	PRP$
romance	NN
and	CC
drug	NN
use	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
...	:
I	PRP
was	VBD
surprised	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
should	MD
know	VB
not	RB
to	TO
be	VB
surprised	VBN
because	IN
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
substance	NN
abusers	NNS
and	CC
I	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
virtually	RB
impossible	JJ
to	TO
keep	VB
track	NN
of	IN
birth	NN
control	NN
when	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
addicted	VBN
to	TO
hard	JJ
drugs	NNS
...	:
but	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
surprised	JJ
anyway	RB
.	.
Caron	NNP
went	VBD
through	IN
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
emotions	NNS
regarding	VBG
her	PRP$
pregnancy	NN
.	.
She	PRP
had	VBD
moments	NNS
of	IN
excitement	NN
and	CC
moments	NNS
of	IN
terror	NN
.	.
She	PRP
considered	VBD
having	VBG
an	DT
abortion	NN
and	CC
was	VBD
even	RB
offered	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
one	CD
for	IN
free	JJ
by	IN
a	DT
medical	JJ
professional	JJ
friend	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
because	IN
of	IN
her	PRP$
drug	NN
addiction	NN
and	CC
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
,	,
the	DT
thought	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
baby	NN
would	MD
have	VB
compromised	VBN
health	NN
and	CC
so	RB
would	MD
Caron	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
She	PRP
even	RB
called	VBD
me	PRP
hysterical	JJ
one	CD
night	NN
thinking	VBG
she	PRP
had	VBD
miscarried	VBN
,	,
but	CC
she	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
a	DT
drug	NN
induced	VBD
psychosis	NN
and	CC
was	VBD
actually	RB
hallucinating	JJ
.	.
To	TO
be	VB
honest	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
surprised	JJ
she	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
naturally	RB
miscarry	VB
because	IN
her	PRP$
body	NN
has	VBZ
so	RB
many	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
But	CC
the	DT
human	JJ
body	NN
prevails	VBZ
and	CC
nature	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
stubborn	JJ
thing	NN
and	CC
the	DT
force	NN
of	IN
life	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
be	VB
stopped	VBN
in	RP
this	DT
case	NN
.	.
Caron	NNP
experienced	VBD
morning	NN
sickness	NN
and	CC
she	PRP
tells	VBZ
me	PRP
this	DT
lead	NN
her	PRP$
right	NN
back	RB
into	IN
the	DT
arms	NNS
of	IN
Bulimia	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
she	PRP
has	VBZ
battled	VBN
with	IN
before	RB
,	,
as	IN
nearly	RB
half	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
with	IN
anorexia	NN
have	VBP
bulimic	JJ
features	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Throughout	IN
the	DT
short	JJ
pregnancy	NN
,	,
Caron	NNP
was	VBD
dealing	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
demons	NNS
of	IN
Bulimia	NNP
and	CC
Addiction	NNP
.	.
Caron	NNP
said	VBD
giving	VBG
birth	NN
changed	VBD
her	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
Though	IN
she	PRP
was	VBD
ambivalent	JJ
at	IN
best	JJS
during	IN
her	PRP$
pregnancy	NN
,	,
the	DT
experience	NN
of	IN
having	VBG
Angel	NNP
was	VBD
extremely	RB
powerful	JJ
for	IN
her	PRP
.	.
Perhaps	RB
this	DT
was	VBD
Angel	NNP
's	POS
mission	NN
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
threats	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
and	CC
my	PRP$
state	NN
referral	NN
agency	NN
,	,
Caron	NNP
was	VBD
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
go	VB
into	IN
a	DT
drug	NN
rehab	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
get	VB
clean	JJ
and	CC
then	RB
begin	VB
taking	VBG
the	DT
steps	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
custody	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
child	NN
back	RB
.	.
Angel	NNP
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
meantime	NN
,	,
has	VBZ
been	VBN
put	VBN
into	IN
foster	JJ
care	NN
.	.
Caron	NNP
went	VBD
to	TO
rehab	VB
!	.
Caron	NNP
said	VBD
giving	VBG
birth	NN
changed	VBD
her	PRP$
life	NN
and	CC
she	PRP
proved	VBD
this	DT
by	IN
willingly	RB
going	VBG
into	IN
the	DT
Tarzana	NNP
treatment	NN
center	NN
for	IN
30	CD
days	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
went	VBD
through	IN
detox	NN
,	,
therapy	NN
,	,
medical	JJ
check-ups	NNS
and	CC
was	VBD
introduced	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
12-step	JJ
recovering	VBG
community	NN
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
hear	VB
from	IN
her	PRP$
during	IN
the	DT
30	CD
days	NNS
because	IN
patients	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
allowed	VBN
contact	NN
with	IN
the	DT
outside	JJ
world	NN
during	IN
this	DT
vital	JJ
first	JJ
month	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
during	IN
these	DT
same	JJ
30	CD
days	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
left	VBD
my	PRP$
work	NN
at	IN
Rader	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
though	IN
I	PRP
still	RB
do	VBP
consulting	VBG
work	NN
for	IN
them	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
began	VBD
a	DT
new	JJ
job	NN
at	IN
a	DT
residential	JJ
treatment	NN
center	NN
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
During	IN
this	DT
time	NN
I	PRP
also	RB
received	VBD
an	DT
e-mail	NN
from	IN
Caron	NNP
's	POS
sister	NN
who	WP
lives	VBZ
in	IN
Canada	NNP
and	CC
is	VBZ
pleased	JJ
that	IN
her	PRP$
nephew	NN
,	,
Angel	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
now	RB
in	IN
good	JJ
health	NN
...	:
Caron	NNP
has	VBZ
since	IN
re-emerged	VBN
and	CC
is	VBZ
now	RB
seeking	VBG
counseling	NN
for	IN
her	PRP$
Bulimia	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
now	RB
raging	VBG
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
especially	RB
since	IN
she	PRP
has	VBZ
given	VBN
up	RP
her	PRP$
drugs	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Caron	NNP
asked	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
her	PRP$
therapist	NN
because	IN
she	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
trust	VB
people	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
after	IN
all	DT
she	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
through	RB
,	,
past	JJ
and	CC
present	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
because	IN
I	PRP
know	VBP
her	PRP$
rather	RB
complicated	JJ
history	NN
.	.
Because	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
her	PRP$
friend	NN
I	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
her	PRP$
therapist	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
did	VBD
attempt	NN
to	TO
find	VB
her	PRP$
another	DT
therapist	NN
but	CC
this	DT
is	VBZ
rather	RB
difficult	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
due	JJ
to	TO
many	JJ
things	NNS
,	,
financial	JJ
and	CC
geographical	JJ
and	CC
her	PRP$
phone	NN
number	NN
keeps	VBZ
changing	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
One	CD
benefit	NN
from	IN
my	PRP$
working	VBG
at	IN
Rader	NNP
was	VBD
access	NN
to	TO
an	DT
800	CD
number	NN
which	WDT
she	PRP
could	MD
call	VB
from	IN
anywhere	RB
at	IN
anytime	RB
for	IN
no	DT
charge	NN
...	:
Her	PRP$
life	NN
changes	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
daily	JJ
basis	NN
at	IN
this	DT
point	NN
and	CC
things	NNS
are	VBP
fairly	RB
drastic	JJ
.	.
But	CC
then	RB
,	,
looking	VBG
back	RB
,	,
I	PRP
guess	VBP
Caron	NNP
creates	VBZ
drama	NN
or	CC
finds	VBZ
drama	NN
or	CC
it	PRP
finds	VBZ
her	PRP$
...	:
and	CC
that	DT
is	VBZ
how	WRB
it	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
very	RB
long	JJ
time	NN
now	RB
.	.
She	PRP
calls	VBZ
me	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
always	RB
from	IN
a	DT
pay	NN
phone	NN
,	,
I	PRP
can	MD
hear	VB
the	DT
rumbling	VBG
city	NN
streets	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
background	NN
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
where	WRB
she	PRP
is	VBZ
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
says	VBZ
she	PRP
needs	VBZ
her	PRP$
``	``
guardian	NN
angel	NN
''	''
and	CC
I	PRP
feel	VBP
helpless	JJ
and	CC
powerless	JJ
and	CC
not	RB
like	VB
a	DT
guardian	NN
angel	NN
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
Caron	NNP
tells	VBZ
me	PRP
things	NNS
are	VBP
at	IN
a	DT
crucial	JJ
point	NN
now	RB
and	CC
she	PRP
wants	VBZ
to	TO
get	VB
her	PRP$
son	NN
back	RB
.	.
Currently	RB
Angel	NNP
remains	VBZ
in	IN
foster	JJ
care	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
is	VBZ
doing	VBG
fine	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
Caron	NNP
must	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
California	NNP
courts	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
includes	VBZ
drug	NN
treatment	NN
,	,
drug	NN
testing	NN
and	CC
parenting	NN
classes	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
then	RB
she	PRP
must	MD
meet	VB
with	IN
the	DT
judge	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
plea	VB
her	PRP$
case	NN
and	CC
regain	VB
custody	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
son	NN
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
and	CC
surprising	JJ
information	NN
...	:
although	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
typical	JJ
given	VBN
the	DT
drug	NN
abuse	NN
situation	NN
.	.
Having	VBG
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
bulimia	NN
in	IN
addition	NN
is	VBZ
simply	RB
crippling	JJ
and	CC
though	IN
her	PRP$
weight	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
better	JJR
''	''
currently	RB
,	,
Caron	NNP
's	POS
anorexia	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
be	VB
treated	VBN
and	CC
remains	VBZ
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
battle	NN
.	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
end	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
now	RB
,	,
though	IN
I	PRP
will	MD
update	VB
after	IN
Thanksgiving	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
by	IN
welcoming	VBG
Angel	NNP
Feldman	NNP
into	IN
this	DT
world	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
hope	NN
that	IN
his	PRP$
arrival	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
such	JJ
a	DT
tremendous	JJ
gift	NN
,	,
will	MD
bring	VB
true	JJ
light	NN
to	TO
shine	VB
through	IN
this	DT
darkness	NN
so	RB
that	IN
Caron	NNP
may	MD
see	VB
her	PRP$
way	NN
through	IN
...	:
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
I	PRP
wish	VBP
I	PRP
could	MD
say	VB
it	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
happy	JJ
one	CD
--	:
or	CC
one	CD
with	IN
some	DT
answers	NNS
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
case	NN
.	.
Throughout	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
two	CD
years	NNS
I	PRP
have	VBP
not	RB
received	VBN
any	DT
further	JJ
updates	NNS
on	IN
Caron	NNP
's	POS
condition	NN
or	CC
well-being	NN
,	,
nor	CC
of	IN
her	PRP$
baby	NN
's	POS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
often	RB
the	DT
case	NN
in	IN
life	NN
...	:
we	PRP
lose	VBP
touch	NN
with	IN
people	NNS
around	IN
us	PRP
and	CC
are	VBP
left	VBN
to	TO
wonder	VB
``	``
well	RB
,	,
what	WP
happened	VBD
?	.
''	''
Like	IN
I	PRP
,	,
the	DT
rest	NN
of	IN
you	PRP
should	MD
all	DT
hope	NN
and	CC
wish	NN
for	IN
Caron	NNP
and	CC
Lisa	NNP
's	POS
best	JJS
--	:
that	IN
life	NN
brings	VBZ
them	PRP
everything	NN
they	PRP
hope	VBP
for	IN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
Caron	NNP
has	VBZ
found	VBN
her	PRP$
way	NN
to	TO
taking	VBG
care	NN
of	IN
herself	PRP
.	.
Hopefully	RB
she	PRP
has	VBZ
found	VBN
the	DT
strength	NN
to	TO
help	VB
herself	PRP
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
try	VBP
to	TO
imagine	VB
she	PRP
is	VBZ
living	VBG
her	PRP$
life	NN
happy	JJ
and	CC
fulfilled	VBN
.	.
Caron	NNP
's	POS
Anorexia	NNP
began	VBD
when	WRB
she	PRP
was	VBD
about	IN
eleven	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
,	,
living	VBG
in	IN
Canada	NNP
,	,
with	IN
a	DT
Bulimic	JJ
mother	NN
and	CC
an	DT
image-obsessed	JJ
household	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
her	PRP$
father	NN
leaving	VBG
the	DT
family	NN
without	IN
an	DT
explanation	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
She	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
teased	VBN
about	IN
her	PRP$
``	``
baby	NN
fat	JJ
''	''
and	CC
dieting	NN
seemed	VBD
like	IN
the	DT
``	``
answer	NN
''	''
.	.
This	DT
began	VBD
a	DT
long	JJ
love	NN
affair	NN
with	IN
dieting	NN
,	,
binging	NN
and	CC
purging	VBG
,	,
and	CC
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
teenager	NN
she	PRP
was	VBD
hospitalized	VBN
a	DT
few	JJ
times	NNS
for	IN
both	DT
Anorexia	NNP
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
and	CC
left	VBD
home	NN
at	IN
seventeen	CD
to	TO
get	VB
away	RB
from	IN
her	PRP$
dysfunctional	JJ
family	NN
.	.
She	PRP
continued	VBD
to	TO
struggle	VB
,	,
eventually	RB
coming	VBG
out	RP
to	TO
California	NNP
for	IN
treatment	NN
where	WRB
she	PRP
ended	VBD
up	RP
making	VBG
her	PRP$
home	NN
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
recovery	NN
for	IN
some	DT
time	NN
,	,
helping	VBG
others	NNS
with	IN
their	PRP$
struggles	NNS
,	,
but	CC
had	VBD
a	DT
relapse	NN
after	IN
being	VBG
raped	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
she	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
sexually	RB
abused	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
child	NN
also	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
relapse	NN
was	VBD
additionally	RB
fueled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
``	``
hopelessness	NN
''	''
of	IN
having	VBG
been	VBN
in	IN
many	JJ
hospitals	NNS
,	,
seeing	VBG
many	JJ
different	JJ
therapists\/psychiatrists\/doctors	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
and	CC
never	RB
finding	VBG
the	DT
key	NN
to	TO
getting	VBG
a	DT
solid	JJ
recovery	NN
.	.
This	DT
relapse	NN
has	VBZ
pushed	VBN
her	PRP$
weight	NN
lower	JJR
than	IN
ever	RB
before	RB
.	.
She	PRP
continues	VBZ
to	TO
refuse	VB
treatment	NN
and	CC
somehow	RB
manages	VBZ
to	TO
still	RB
help	VB
others	NNS
.	.
Caron	NNP
's	POS
condition	NN
for	IN
right	RB
now	RB
seems	VBZ
stable	JJ
...	:
she	PRP
has	VBZ
hit	VBN
a	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
steady	JJ
state	NN
,	,
she	PRP
has	VBZ
n't	RB
lost	VBN
weight	NN
in	IN
a	DT
while	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
thank	VB
god	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
eats	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
ritualized	JJ
thing	NN
daily	JJ
and	CC
everything	NN
has	VBZ
leveled	VBN
off	RP
somehow	RB
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
many	JJ
physical	NN
pains	NNS
,	,
but	CC
does	VBZ
talk	VB
to	TO
a	DT
doctor	NN
weekly	NN
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
busy	JJ
raising	VBG
funds	NNS
for	IN
helping	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
...	:
amazing	JJ
and	CC
ironic	JJ
and	CC
heartbreaking	JJ
.	.
The	DT
thoughts	NNS
or	CC
the	DT
pain	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
or	CC
even	RB
seem	VB
to	TO
feel	VB
just	RB
because	RB
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
in	IN
a	DT
long	JJ
time	NN
or	CC
even	RB
in	IN
my	PRP$
entire	JJ
life	NN
,	,
for	IN
that	DT
matter	NN
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
built	VBN
and	CC
developed	VBN
something	NN
so	RB
incredibly	RB
true	JJ
,	,
sincere	JJ
,	,
honest	JJ
,	,
and	CC
real	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
just	RB
want	VBP
out	RP
-	:
how	WRB
much	RB
more	RBR
clear	JJ
can	MD
I	PRP
be	VB
Somewhere	RB
to	TO
go	VB
and	CC
hide	VB
with	IN
no	DT
body	NN
to	TO
have	VB
to	TO
see	VB
My	PRP$
life	NN
is	VBZ
so	RB
empty	JJ
-	:
my	PRP$
heart	NN
aches	NNS
such	PDT
a	DT
void	JJ
But	CC
no	DT
matter	NN
what	WP
I	PRP
do	VBP
,	,
God	NNP
,	,
you	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
let	VB
me	PRP
go	VB
or	CC
die	VB
there	RB
must	MD
be	VB
a	DT
reason	NN
as	IN
I	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
there	EX
always	RB
is	VBZ
.	.
Outpatient	NN
department	NN
of	IN
psychiatry	NN
with	IN
inpatient	JJ
acute	JJ
mental	JJ
health	NN
services	NNS
.	.
Treatment	NNP
modalities	NNS
include	VBP
full	JJ
DBT	NNP
and	CC
also	RB
6	CD
week	NN
segments	NNS
of	IN
DBT	NNP
skills	NNS
.	.
CBT	NNP
and	CC
IPT	NNP
,	,
art	NN
therapy	NN
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Private	JJ
practice	NN
therapist	NN
.	.
Individual	NNP
,	,
couples	NNS
,	,
family	NN
,	,
&	CC
adolescent	JJ
counseling	NN
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
:	:
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
grief\/loss	VBZ
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
,	,
addictions	NNS
,	,
women	NNS
's	POS
issues	NNS
&	CC
relational	JJ
struggles	NNS
.	.
Whole-person	JJ
counseling	NN
approach	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
exploring	VBG
issues	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
body	NN
,	,
heart	NN
,	,
and	CC
soul	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
client-centered	JJ
,	,
relationally-focused	JJ
.	.
Creative	JJ
expression	NN
encouraged	VBD
in	IN
healing	NN
process	NN
.	.
Licensed	VBN
Psychologist	NNP
Uses	VBZ
a	DT
team	NN
based	VBN
approach	NN
to	TO
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Coordinates	VBZ
treatment	NN
with	IN
dietitians	NNS
,	,
exercise	NN
physiologists	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
professionals	NNS
.	.
Offers	VBZ
individual	JJ
,	,
family	NN
,	,
couples	NNS
,	,
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
in	IN
Seattle	NNP
,	,
WA	NNP
and	CC
work	NN
with	IN
men	NNS
,	,
women	NNS
,	,
and	CC
couples	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
my	PRP$
experience	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
,	,
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
and	CC
general	JJ
relationship	NN
problems	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
use	VBP
a	DT
bio-psycho-social	JJ
approach	NN
with	IN
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
,	,
meaning	VBG
body	NN
,	,
mind	NN
and	CC
relationships	NNS
are	VBP
considered	VBN
in	IN
our	PRP$
work	NN
together	RB
.	.
When	WRB
one	CD
of	IN
those	DT
areas	NNS
suffers	VBZ
,	,
all	DT
areas	NNS
suffer	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
focused	VBN
on	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
until	IN
they	PRP
discover	VBP
the	DT
health	NN
and	CC
healing	NN
they	PRP
desire	VBP
in	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
overcome	VBN
with	IN
both	DT
a	DT
lot	NN
hard	JJ
work	NN
and	CC
trust	NN
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
decade	NN
Ms.	NNP
Carrad	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
successfully	RB
treating	VBG
clients	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
issues	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
trauma	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
realtionship	NN
,	,
and	CC
self	NN
esteem	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Carrad	NNP
graduated	VBD
from	IN
NYU	NNP
with	IN
a	DT
master	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
in	IN
Art	NNP
Therapy	NNP
,	,
and	CC
she	PRP
utilizes	VBZ
traditional	JJ
verbal	JJ
and	CC
art	NN
psychotherapy	NN
techniques	NNS
reflecting	VBG
psychodynamic	JJ
,	,
cognitive\/behavioral	JJ
,	,
insight	NN
oriented	VBN
,	,
and	CC
solution	NN
focused	VBD
modalities	NNS
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Carrad	NNP
has	VBZ
counseled	VBN
patients	NNS
both	DT
individually	RB
and	CC
in	IN
groups	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
settings	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
hospital	NN
based	VBN
programs	NNS
,	,
out	IN
patient	JJ
settings	NNS
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
traditional	JJ
private	JJ
settings	NNS
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Carrad	NNP
draws	VBZ
on	IN
her	PRP$
extensive	JJ
experience	NN
to	TO
assess	VB
appropriate	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
care	NN
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
promotes	VBZ
collaboration	NN
amoung	NN
herself	PRP
,	,
her	PRP$
clients	NNS
,	,
and	CC
outside	JJ
services	NNS
where	WRB
necessary	JJ
to	TO
ensure	VB
comprehensive	JJ
care	NN
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Carrad	NNP
is	VBZ
licensed	VBN
in	IN
New	NNP
Jersey	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
Licensed	VBN
Professional	NNP
Counselor	NNP
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
Licensed	VBN
Creative	NNP
Arts	NNP
Therapist	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
individual	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
for	IN
adult	NN
and	CC
adolescent	JJ
women	NNS
with	IN
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
eating	VBG
issues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
women	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
and	CC
difficulties	NNS
in	IN
relationships	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
clients	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
understand	VB
the	DT
reasons	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
problems	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
to	TO
learn	VB
to	TO
draw	VB
on	IN
their	PRP$
strengths	NNS
to	TO
overcome	VB
these	DT
problems	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
worked	VBN
at	IN
The	DT
Renfrew	NNP
Center	NNP
,	,
both	DT
in	IN
the	DT
Day	NNP
Treatment	NNP
Program	NNP
and	CC
as	IN
an	DT
Outpatient	NNP
Therapist	NNP
.	.
When	WRB
necessary	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
collaborate	VBP
with	IN
and	CC
can	MD
provide	VB
referrals	NNS
to	TO
Nutritionists	NNS
,	,
Psychiatrists	NNPS
,	,
and	CC
Primary	JJ
Care	NNP
Physicians	NNP
.	.
Sliding	VBG
scale	NN
fees	NNS
are	VBP
possible	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
licensed	JJ
psyhcotherapist	NN
with	IN
a	DT
practice	NN
in	IN
Long	NNP
Beach	NNP
who	WP
has	VBZ
specialized	VBN
in	IN
treating	VBG
people	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
since	IN
1999	CD
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
experience	NN
providing	VBG
treatment	NN
in	IN
residential	JJ
,	,
day	NN
treatment	NN
and	CC
outpatient	NN
settings	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
found	VBN
in	IN
my	PRP$
work	NN
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
Binge	NNP
eating	NN
,	,
exercise	NN
addiction	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
distortion	NN
,	,
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
so	RB
important	JJ
to	TO
help	VB
the	DT
individual	JJ
gain	NN
an	DT
understanding	NN
of	IN
what	WP
purpose	NN
the	DT
eating	NN
disorder	NN
is	VBZ
serving	VBG
in	IN
his\/her	JJ
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
use	VBP
an	DT
individualized	JJ
treatment	NN
approach	NN
which	WDT
can	MD
include	VB
psychodynamic	JJ
,	,
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
,	,
experiential	JJ
and	CC
psychoeducational	JJ
therapies	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
approach	NN
is	VBZ
grounded	VBN
in	IN
my	PRP$
respect	NN
for	IN
the	DT
mind-body	JJ
connection	NN
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
address	VBP
the	DT
issues	NNS
that	WDT
often	RB
coexist	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
trauma	NN
,	,
drug\/alcohol	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
self-mutilation	NN
and	CC
relationship	NN
difficulties	NNS
.	.
At	IN
times	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
important	JJ
to	TO
utilize	VB
a	DT
team	NN
approach	NN
and	CC
collaborate	VB
with	IN
other	JJ
professionals	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
coordinate	VB
treatment	NN
as	IN
needed	VBN
with	IN
Dieticians	NNPS
,	,
Physicians	NNP
and	CC
Psychiatrists	NNPS
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
individual	JJ
,	,
couples	NNS
or	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
for	IN
women	NNS
and	CC
men	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
ages	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
problems	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
looking	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
therapist	NN
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
feel	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
ready	JJ
to	TO
give	VB
up	RP
your	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
for	IN
good	JJ
,	,
and	CC
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
times	NNS
you	PRP
wonder	VBP
how	WRB
you	PRP
can	MD
survive	VB
without	IN
it	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
utilize	VBP
a	DT
range	NN
of	IN
theory	NN
to	TO
help	VB
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
integrate	VBP
parts	NNS
of	IN
themselves	PRP
that	WDT
are	VBP
conflicted	VBN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
learn	VB
to	TO
use	VB
emotion	NN
to	TO
access	VB
a	DT
deeper	JJR
healing	NN
self	NN
.	.
Currently	RB
I	PRP
accept	VBP
ComPsych	NNP
,	,
Blue	NNP
Shield	NNP
,	,
Pacific	NNP
Foundation	NNP
for	IN
Medical	NNP
Care	NNP
and	CC
TriWest	NNP
insurance	NN
,	,
but	CC
call	VBP
to	TO
check	VB
on	IN
your	PRP$
insurance	NN
or	CC
for	IN
sliding	VBG
scale	NN
fee	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
regular	JJ
fee	NN
is	VBZ
$	$
100	CD
.	.
Using	VBG
food	NN
to	TO
manage	VB
your	PRP$
life	NN
and	CC
your	PRP$
potential	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
temporary	JJ
solution	NN
and	CC
ultimately	RB
harmful	JJ
.	.
Let	VB
me	PRP
help	VB
you	PRP
strengthen	VB
your	PRP$
connection	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
own	JJ
desire	NN
to	TO
heal	VB
and	CC
help	VB
you	PRP
learn	VBP
healthy	JJ
ways	NNS
of	IN
regulating	VBG
your	PRP$
emotions	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Claudia	NNP
Lineweaver	NNP
provides	VBZ
individual	JJ
,	,
family	NN
,	,
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
to	TO
individuals	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
counseling	NN
for	IN
several	JJ
related	JJ
issues	NNS
:	:
substance	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
being	VBG
a	DT
child	NN
of	IN
an	DT
alcoholic	JJ
,	,
relationship	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
and	CC
anxiety	NN
.	.
Claudia	NNP
is	VBZ
offering	VBG
two	CD
counseling	NN
groups	NNS
this	DT
spring	NN
2007	CD
--	:
one	CD
for	IN
women	NNS
with	IN
bulimia	NN
and	CC
one	CD
for	IN
women	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
compulsive	JJ
overeaters	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
contact	NN
claudia	NNS
at	IN
claudialineweaver@hotmail.com	NN
or	CC
703-598-6190	CD
for	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
``	``
team	NN
''	''
utilizes	VBZ
a	DT
diverse	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
healing	NN
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
with	IN
proven	JJ
success	NN
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
teach	VB
you	PRP
coping	VBG
skills	NNS
,	,
by	IN
creating	VBG
a	DT
spiritual	NN
,	,
peaceful	JJ
and	CC
comforting	JJ
environment	NN
for	IN
therapy	NN
.	.
We	PRP
teach	VBP
``	``
mindful	JJ
eating	NN
''	''
utilizing	VBG
role-playing	NN
,	,
meditation	NN
visualization	NN
and	CC
rituals	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
set	VBP
goals	NNS
and	CC
measure	NN
success	NN
at	IN
regular	JJ
intervals	NNS
.	.
Specializing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
specifically	RB
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
.	.
I	PRP
utilize	VBP
both	DT
cognitive	JJ
behavioral	JJ
and	CC
insight	NN
oriented	VBN
treatment	NN
approaches	NNS
.	.
Treatment	NNP
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
reducing	VBG
symptoms	NNS
,	,
learning	VBG
new	JJ
coping	VBG
skills	NNS
,	,
exploring	VBG
underlying	VBG
issues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
developing	VBG
a	DT
healthy	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
self	NN
esteem	NN
and	CC
self	NN
worth	NN
.	.
Formerly	RB
,	,
the	DT
director	NN
of	IN
the	DT
day	NN
treatment	NN
program	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Renfrew	NNP
Center	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
individuals	NNS
,	,
couples	NNS
,	,
and	CC
families	NNS
in	IN
both	DT
short	JJ
and	CC
long	JJ
term	NN
treatment	NN
.	.
I	PRP
typically	RB
see	VBP
patients	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
weekly	JJ
or	CC
bi-weekly	JJ
basis	NN
and	CC
can	MD
be	VB
helpful	JJ
with	IN
finding	VBG
appropriate	JJ
referrals	NNS
to	TO
nutritionists	NNS
,	,
psychiatrists	NNS
,	,
and	CC
support\/therapy	JJ
groups	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
extensive	JJ
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
trauma	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
substance	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
and	CC
relationship	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
charge	VB
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
appointment	NN
,	,
as	IN
I	PRP
consider	VBP
this	DT
an	DT
informational	JJ
session	NN
and	CC
use	VB
it	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
time	NN
for	IN
us	PRP
to	TO
get	VB
to	TO
know	VB
potential	JJ
patients	NNS
,	,
answer	VB
any	DT
questions	NNS
and	CC
concerns	NNS
,	,
and	CC
determine	VB
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
right	JJ
fit	NN
to	TO
work	VB
together	RB
.	.
\*\*\*	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
&	CC
Substance	NNP
Abuse	NNP
Group	NNP
\*\*\*	NNP
Ongoing	NNP
psychotherapy	NN
group	NN
for	IN
women	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
substance	NN
abuse	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
meeting	VBG
weekly	JJ
on	IN
Tuesday	NNP
evenings	NNS
at	IN
7:00	CD
P.M.	NNP
Focusing	VBG
on	IN
symptom	NN
reduction	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
New	NNP
members	NNS
are	VBP
welcome	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
take	VB
insurance	NN
at	IN
this	DT
time	NN
,	,
but	CC
typically	RB
can	MD
work	VB
out	RP
affordable	JJ
fees	NNS
if	IN
needed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
office	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
corner	NN
of	IN
Broadway	NNP
and	CC
26th	JJ
Street	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
convenient	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
6	CD
,	,
1	CD
,	,
N	NNP
,	,
R	NNP
,	,
B	NNP
,	,
and	CC
D	NNP
subway	NN
lines	NNS
.	.
Partial	NNP
Hospital	NNP
day	NN
program	NN
for	IN
Anorexia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Binge	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
Serving	VBG
females	NNS
and	CC
males	NNS
,	,
from	IN
age	NN
14	CD
and	CC
up	RB
.	.
Individual	NNP
and	CC
family	NN
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
re-feeding	NN
,	,
nutritional	JJ
counseling	NN
,	,
medical	JJ
and	CC
psychiatric	JJ
services	NNS
are	VBP
combined	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
multidisciplinary	JJ
program	NN
,	,
seven	CD
hours	NNS
per	IN
day	NN
,	,
five	CD
days	NNS
per	IN
week	NN
.	.
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
disturbances	NNS
are	VBP
complex	JJ
and	CC
multi-causal	JJ
illnesses	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
responsive	JJ
to	TO
varied	JJ
treatment	NN
approaches	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
an	DT
LICW	NNP
and	CC
an	DT
ACE	NNP
Certified	NNP
Personal	NNP
Fitness	NNP
Trainer	NNP
with	IN
many	JJ
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
treating	VBG
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
using	VBG
psychodynamic	JJ
and	CC
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
methods	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
integrate	VBP
physical	JJ
fitness	NN
and	CC
strength	NN
training	NN
into	IN
the	DT
work	NN
as	IN
a	DT
means	NN
of	IN
connecting	VBG
the	DT
body	NN
with	IN
emotional	JJ
processes	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
support	NN
groups	NNS
for	IN
adolescent	JJ
females	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
psychoeducational	JJ
tool	NN
in	IN
hopes	NNS
of	IN
decreasing	VBG
and	CC
preventing	VBG
the	DT
rise	NN
in	IN
all	DT
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
``	``
It	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
that	IN
when	WRB
we	PRP
no	RB
longer	RBR
know	VB
what	WP
to	TO
do	VB
,	,
we	PRP
have	VBP
come	VBN
to	TO
our	PRP$
real	JJ
work	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
when	WRB
we	PRP
no	RB
longer	RBR
know	VB
which	WDT
way	NN
to	TO
go	VB
,	,
we	PRP
have	VBP
begun	VBN
our	PRP$
real	JJ
journey	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
W.	NNP
Berry	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
consistently	RB
surprised	VBN
by	IN
our	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
grow	VB
and	CC
adapt	VB
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
our	PRP$
self-imposed	JJ
limitations	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
goal	NN
when	WRB
working	VBG
with	IN
clients	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
support	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
find	VB
a	DT
balance	NN
between	IN
the	DT
practical	JJ
,	,
the	DT
emotional	JJ
,	,
the	DT
rational	JJ
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
spiritual	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
manner	NN
is	VBZ
warm	JJ
,	,
interactive	JJ
,	,
and	CC
respectful	JJ
.	.
Our	PRP$
work	NN
together	RB
will	MD
likely	RB
combine	VB
exploring	VBG
personal	JJ
history	NN
and	CC
current	JJ
concerns	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
look	VBP
for	IN
patterns	NNS
and	CC
deeper	JJR
issues	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
created	VBN
or	CC
contributed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
challenges	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
today	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
approach	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
meet	VB
your	PRP$
needs	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
goals	NNS
we	PRP
create	VBP
together	RB
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
specialty	NN
in	IN
Expressive	NNP
Arts	NNP
Therapy	NNP
for	IN
interested	JJ
clients	NNS
.	.
Arts	NNS
therapy	NN
uses	VBZ
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
of	IN
the	DT
arts	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
writing	NN
,	,
visual	JJ
art	NN
,	,
movement	NN
,	,
drama	NN
,	,
music	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
express	VB
feelings	NNS
and	CC
explore	VB
issues	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
therapeutic	JJ
context	NN
.	.
Creative	JJ
thought	NN
and	CC
action	NN
are	VBP
essential	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
healthy	JJ
psyche	NN
,	,
to	TO
a	DT
thriving	JJ
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
arts	NNS
therapy	NN
groups	NNS
for	IN
those	DT
in	IN
recovery	NN
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Outpatient	NN
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
service	NN
offering	NN
individual	NN
,	,
family	NN
and	CC
group	NN
counselling	NN
for	IN
people	NNS
over	IN
sixteen	CD
suffering	NN
from	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
or	CC
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
.	.
Therapist	NN
training	NN
and	CC
trainee	NN
counsellor	NN
placements	NNS
available	JJ
.	.
Drop-in	JJ
service	NN
available	JJ
.	.
Service	NNP
is	VBZ
normally	RB
free	JJ
of	IN
charge	NN
to	TO
Stockport	NNP
,	,
Cheshire	NNP
residents	NNS
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
Carolina	NNP
House	NNP
,	,
we	PRP
provide	VBP
treatment	NN
for	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
and	CC
related	JJ
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
treatment	NN
for	IN
women	NNS
ages	NNS
seventeen	JJ
and	CC
up	RB
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
created	VBN
an	DT
opportunity	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
to	TO
recover	VB
in	IN
a	DT
naturalistic	JJ
setting	NN
where	WRB
routine	JJ
life	NN
experiences	NNS
can	MD
occur	VB
;	:
this	DT
can	MD
be	VB
challenging	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
residents	NNS
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
also	RB
encourages	VBZ
growth	NN
.	.
The	DT
Carolina	NNP
House	NNP
offers	VBZ
a	DT
multitude	NN
of	IN
individual	JJ
,	,
family	NN
and	CC
group	NN
therapies	NNS
designed	VBN
to	TO
promote	VB
healing	NN
.	.
These	DT
include	VBP
:	:
Dialectical	NNP
Behavioral	NNP
Therapy	NNP
,	,
Culinary	NNP
Therapy	NNP
,	,
Nutrition	NNP
Therapy	NNP
,	,
Spirituality	NNP
,	,
Expressive	NNP
Art	NNP
Therapy	NNP
,	,
Equine	NNP
Assisted	NNP
Psychotherapy	NNP
,	,
Yoga	NNP
and	CC
Mindfulness	NNP
Therapy	NNP
.	.
Education-based	JJ
nutritional	JJ
counseling	NN
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
nutrition	NN
education	NN
program	NN
that	WDT
covers	VBZ
topics	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
normal	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
healthy	JJ
body	NN
,	,
nutrients	NNS
,	,
and	CC
normal	JJ
exercise	NN
.	.
The	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
presented	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
clear	JJ
,	,
straightforward	JJ
way	NN
by	IN
a	DT
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
.	.
Detailed	JJ
handouts	NNS
are	VBP
given	VBN
,	,
and	CC
visual	JJ
aids	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
food	NN
models	NNS
or	CC
drawings	NNS
from	IN
an	DT
anatomy	NN
book	NN
are	VBP
used	VBN
.	.
The	DT
aim	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
to	TO
learn	VB
the	DT
information	NN
in	IN
a	DT
safe	JJ
,	,
calm	JJ
setting	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
helpful	JJ
addition	NN
to	TO
regular	JJ
counseling	NN
with	IN
a	DT
psychologist	NN
or	CC
counselor	NN
.	.
Examples	NNS
of	IN
topics	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
covered	VBN
:	:
``	``
Normal	NNP
Eating	NNP
''	''
-	:
knowing	VBG
when	WRB
to	TO
eat-knowing	JJ
how	WRB
much	JJ
to	TO
eat-listening	JJ
to	TO
hunger	NN
and	CC
fullness	NN
signals-what	JJ
foods	NNS
make	VBP
up	RP
normal	JJ
meals	NNS
and	CC
snacks-natural	JJ
and	CC
organic	JJ
foods-flexible	JJ
healthy	JJ
eating-eating	JJ
what	WP
sounds	VBZ
good	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
moment	NN
``	``
Malnutrition	NN
''	''
-	:
how	WRB
nutrients	NNS
are	VBP
used	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
body-symptoms	NNS
of	IN
mild	JJ
,	,
moderate	JJ
,	,
and	CC
severe	JJ
malnutrition	NN
``	``
Exercise	NN
''	''
-	:
exercising	VBG
with	IN
kindness-how	JJ
health	NN
and	CC
lifestyle	NN
issues	NNS
affect	VBP
physical	JJ
conditioning-guidelines	NNS
for	IN
normal	JJ
,	,
healthy	JJ
exercise-how	NN
to	TO
exercise	VB
while	IN
recovering	VBG
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
``	``
Body	NNP
Image	NN
``	``
Body	NNP
image	NN
is	VBZ
addressed	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
Normal	JJ
,	,
healthy	JJ
body	NN
fat	NN
and	CC
body	NN
weight	NN
are	VBP
thoroughly	RB
covered	VBN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
this	DT
,	,
a	DT
body	NN
image	NN
exercise	NN
is	VBZ
given	VBN
at	IN
each	DT
visit	NN
.	.
These	DT
exercises	NNS
promote	VBP
relaxation	NN
,	,
healing	NN
,	,
and	CC
kindness	NN
to	TO
the	DT
self	NN
and	CC
all	DT
people	NNS
.	.
Sessions	NNP
are	VBP
30	CD
minutes	NNS
every	DT
2	CD
weeks	NNS
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
takes	VBZ
15-20	CD
visits	NNS
to	TO
complete	VB
.	.
Payment	NN
is	VBZ
due	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
service	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
insurance	NN
plans	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
cover	VB
nutritional	JJ
counseling	NN
,	,
so	RB
insurance	NN
claims	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
filed	VBN
.	.
A	DT
sliding	VBG
scale	NN
fee	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
income	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
.	.
Patients	NNS
are	VBP
expected	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
under	IN
the	DT
care	NN
of	IN
a	DT
psychologist	NN
or	CC
counselor	NN
and	CC
a	DT
physician	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
.	.
The	DT
dietitian	NN
maintains	VBZ
open	JJ
communication	NN
with	IN
these	DT
professionals	NNS
.	.
Note	NN
:	:
This	DT
is	VBZ
outpatient	NN
treatment	NN
,	,
so	RB
patients	NNS
are	VBP
responsible	JJ
for	IN
deciding	VBG
whether	IN
to	TO
eat	VB
and	CC
what	WP
to	TO
eat	VB
.	.
Patients	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
unable	JJ
to	TO
eat	VB
enough	RB
or	CC
reduce	VB
purging	VBG
enough	RB
to	TO
be	VB
medically	RB
stable	JJ
are	VBP
referred	VBN
to	TO
inpatient	JJ
treatment	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
and	CC
nutrition	NN
therapist	NN
specializing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
normalization	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
problems	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
compulsive	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
binge	NN
eating	NN
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
extensive	JJ
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
young	JJ
adults	NNS
including	VBG
working	VBG
at	IN
Children	NNP
's	POS
Hospital	NNP
,	,
Boston	NNP
for	IN
4	CD
years	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
being	VBG
instrumental	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
opening	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Klarman	NNP
Center	NNP
,	,
at	IN
McLean	NNP
Hospital	NNP
,	,
in	IN
Belmont	NNP
,	,
MA	NNP
.	.
``	``
Taking	VBG
your	PRP$
health	NN
to	TO
new	JJ
peaks	NNS
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
specialize	VBP
in	IN
nutrition	NN
therapy	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
weight	NN
mangament	NN
,	,
through	IN
a	DT
non-diet	JJ
approach	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
focus	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
supporting	VBG
and	CC
motivating	VBG
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
to	TO
normalize	VB
their	PRP$
eating	VBG
patterns	NNS
and	CC
behaviors	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
assist	VBP
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
in	IN
establishing	VBG
a	DT
healthy	JJ
relationship	NN
to	TO
food	NN
to	TO
move	VB
towards	IN
a	DT
balanced	JJ
lifestyle	NN
for	IN
more	JJR
optimal	JJ
health	NN
.	.
Nutrition	NNP
counseling	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
by	IN
phone	NN
,	,
email	NN
,	,
and	CC
in-person	JJ
.	.
Health	NNP
Management	NNP
Institute\/Canopy	NNP
Cove	NNP
provides	VBZ
outpatient	NN
,	,
partial	JJ
hospitalization	NN
,	,
and	CC
residential	JJ
treatment	NN
for	IN
those	DT
suffering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
related	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
Treatment	NNP
is	VBZ
offered	VBN
for	IN
both	DT
males	NNS
and	CC
females	NNS
ages	NNS
8	CD
and	CC
up	RB
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Lynda	NNP
Brogdon	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
founder	NN
of	IN
HMI\/Canopy	NNP
Cove	NNP
and	CC
has	VBZ
been	VBN
treating	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
for	IN
over	IN
20	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Canopy	NNP
Cove	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
Christian-based	JJ
program	NN
centered	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
recovery	NN
model	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
An	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
is	VBZ
about	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
food	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
feelings	NNS
and	CC
unresolved	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
By	IN
identifying	VBG
and	CC
resolving	VBG
these	DT
issues	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
full	JJ
recovery	NN
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
reality	NN
.	.
An	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
is	VBZ
as	IN
unique	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
and	CC
to	TO
meet	VB
those	DT
individual	JJ
needs	NNS
,	,
Canopy	NNP
Cove	NNP
develops	VBZ
a	DT
treatment	NN
plan	NN
and	CC
meal	NN
pattern	NN
exclusively	RB
for	IN
each	DT
client	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
program	NN
provides	VBZ
:	:
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
dietary	JJ
counseling	NN
,	,
family	NN
sessions	NNS
&	CC
education	NN
,	,
medical	JJ
monitoring	NN
,	,
art	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
music	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
movement	NN
,	,
nature	NN
,	,
therapeutic	JJ
field	NN
trips	NNS
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
work	NN
,	,
equine	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
spirituality	NN
,	,
a	DT
safe	JJ
and	CC
therapeutic	JJ
environment	NN
,	,
a	DT
small	JJ
group	NN
census	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
compassionate	JJ
and	CC
experienced	JJ
staff	NN
.	.
Offering	VBG
nutrition	NN
therapy	NN
and	CC
educational	JJ
workshops	NNS
for	IN
clients	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
in	IN
Southern	NNP
New	NNP
Mexico	NNP
and	CC
West	NNP
Texas	NNP
.	.
A	DT
Registered	NNP
Dietitian	NNP
since	IN
1990	CD
specializing	VBG
in	IN
Women	NNP
's	POS
Health	NNP
and	CC
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
Water	NNP
's	POS
Edge	NNP
offers	VBZ
both	DT
individual	JJ
services	NNS
and	CC
an	DT
Intensive	JJ
Outpatient	NNP
Program	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
IOP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
adults\/adolescents	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
Dietitian	NNP
consultation	NN
and	CC
DBT	NNP
groups	NNS
for	IN
individuals	NNS
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
are	VBP
available	JJ
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
traditional	JJ
individual\/family	JJ
therapry	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
IOP	NNP
program	NN
incorporates	VBZ
traditional	JJ
treatment	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
psychotherapy\/dietitian	JJ
consultation	NN
,	,
meal	NN
support	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
with	IN
complimentary	JJ
alternative	NN
methods	NNS
including	VBG
yoga\/movement	NN
,	,
spiritual	JJ
care	NN
and	CC
mindful	JJ
leisure	NN
walks	VBZ
.	.
Wendy	NNP
Winkleman	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
registered	VBN
,	,
licenced	VBN
dietitian	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
working	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
for	IN
3	CD
years	NNS
,	,
specializing	VBG
in	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
.	.
She	PRP
received	VBD
her	PRP$
undergraduated	JJ
degree	NN
in	IN
Food	NNP
Science	NNP
and	CC
Human	NNP
Nutrition	NNP
,	,
with	IN
a	DT
specialization	NN
in	IN
Dietetics	NNP
from	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Florida	NNP
.	.
Working	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
Nutrition	NNP
Therapist	NNP
at	IN
Ridgeview	NNP
Institute	NNP
has	VBZ
given	VBN
her	PRP$
the	DT
skills	NNS
and	CC
experience	NN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
treat	VB
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
dysfunctional	JJ
eating	NN
patterns	NNS
to	TO
severe	JJ
eating	NN
disorder	NN
behavior	NN
.	.
She	PRP
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
behavior	NN
modificiation	NN
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
improvement	NN
,	,
normalization	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
patterns	NNS
,	,
weight	NN
management	NN
,	,
coping	VBG
skills	NNS
,	,
mindful	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
and	CC
separating	VBG
food	NN
from	IN
feelings	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
works	VBZ
mostly	RB
with	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
ages	NNS
.	.
Walden	NNP
Behavioral	NNP
Care	NNP
treats	VBZ
all	DT
forms	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
;	:
males	NNS
and	CC
females	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
adults	NNS
.	.
Walden	NNP
Behavioral	NNP
Care	NNP
also	RB
works	VBZ
with	IN
Athletes	NNPS
and	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Exercisers	NNPS
,	,
Food	NNP
Addiction	NNP
,	,
Binge	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
,	,
Obsessive	NNP
Compulsive	NNP
Disorder	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
OCD	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
Body	NNP
Dysmorphic	NNP
Disorder	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
BDD	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Walden	NNP
Behavioral	NNP
Care	NNP
has	VBZ
responded	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
evolving	VBG
knowledge	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
by	IN
becoming	VBG
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
hospitals	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
country	NN
to	TO
offer	VB
the	DT
full	JJ
``	``
continuum	NN
of	IN
care	NN
''	''
for	IN
treating	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
:	:
Inpatient	JJ
care	NN
,	,
Residential	NNP
care	NN
,	,
Partial	JJ
hospitalization	NN
,	,
and	CC
Intensive	NNP
outpatient	NN
care	NN
.	.
For	IN
those	DT
with	IN
advanced	JJ
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
,	,
24-hour	JJ
monitoring	NN
and	CC
nursing	NN
care	NN
are	VBP
essential	JJ
.	.
Treatment	NNP
at	IN
this	DT
level	NN
stabilizes	VBZ
the	DT
patient	NN
in	IN
preparation	NN
for	IN
intensive	JJ
behavioral	JJ
,	,
medical	JJ
,	,
nutritional	JJ
and	CC
psychological	JJ
therapy	NN
.	.
Walden	NNP
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
only	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
hospitals	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
country	NN
to	TO
offer	VB
acute	JJ
inpatient	JJ
care	NN
in	IN
a	DT
specialized	VBN
,	,
dedicated	VBN
program	NN
.	.
Inpatient	JJ
care	NN
typically	RB
lasts	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
weeks	NNS
.	.
As	IN
patients	NNS
progress	NN
,	,
they	PRP
advance	VBP
to	TO
their	PRP$
residential	JJ
program	NN
at	IN
Walden	NNP
Place	NNP
or	CC
our	PRP$
partial	JJ
hospitalization	NN
program	NN
.	.
For	IN
those	DT
who	WP
still	RB
need	VBP
a	DT
structured	JJ
,	,
full-time	JJ
program	NN
,	,
Walden	NNP
Place	NNP
provides	VBZ
treatment	NN
in	IN
a	DT
comfortable	JJ
,	,
home-like	JJ
setting	NN
.	.
Partial	JJ
hospitalization	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
recommended	VBN
treatment	NN
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
not	RB
quite	RB
ready	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
transition	NN
from	IN
fulltime	JJ
hospital	NN
care	NN
to	TO
independent	JJ
living	NN
.	.
It	PRP
includes	VBZ
a	DT
daily	JJ
,	,
structured	JJ
program	NN
,	,
but	CC
patients	NNS
return	VBP
home	NN
each	DT
evening	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
care	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
patients	NNS
complete	VB
their	PRP$
readjustment	NN
and	CC
maintain	VB
healthy	JJ
eating	NN
patterns	NNS
.	.
Patients	NNS
move	VBP
in	IN
both	DT
directions	NNS
within	IN
Walden	NNP
's	POS
care	NN
system	NN
.	.
When	WRB
more	RBR
intensive	JJ
care	NN
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
available	JJ
for	IN
them	PRP
.	.
As	IN
they	PRP
gain	VBP
control	NN
over	IN
their	PRP$
disorder	NN
,	,
they	PRP
move	VBP
toward	IN
independent	JJ
living	NN
.	.
Because	IN
they	PRP
provide	VBP
a	DT
full	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
options	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
can	MD
treat	VB
patients	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
at	IN
any	DT
stage	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
eating	NN
disorder	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
patients	NNS
receive	VBP
uninterrupted	JJ
medical	JJ
care	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
advance	VBP
toward	IN
lasting	JJ
recovery	NN
.	.
Their	PRP$
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNP
Service	NNP
provides	VBZ
discrete	JJ
,	,
highly	RB
specialized	VBN
treatment	NN
for	IN
patients	NNS
13	CD
and	CC
older	JJR
with	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
binge-eating	JJ
disorder	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
call	NN
781-647-6727	CD
,	,
email	NN
mmoran@waldenbehavioralcare.com	NN
,	,
or	CC
visit	VB
our	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
at	IN
www.waldenbehavioralcare.com	NN
.	.
Wekiva	NNP
Springs	NNP
Center	NNP
for	IN
Women	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
fully	RB
licensed	JJ
residential	JJ
treatment	NN
program	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
accredited	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Joint	NNP
Commission	NNP
on	IN
Accreditation	NNP
of	IN
Healthcare	NNP
Organizations	NNP
.	.
Wekiva	NNP
Springs	NNP
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
addictions	NNS
,	,
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
trauma	NN
recovery	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
mood	NN
disorders	NNS
,	,
exclusively	RB
for	IN
women	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
residential	JJ
program	NN
provides	VBZ
comprehensive	JJ
,	,
individualized	JJ
treatment	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
proven	JJ
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
and	CC
12-Step	JJ
philosophies	NNS
.	.
Individualized	VBN
treatment	NN
plans	NNS
are	VBP
formulated	VBN
by	IN
our	PRP$
multidisciplinary	JJ
clinical	JJ
staff	NN
to	TO
promote	VB
successful	JJ
recovery	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
your	PRP$
needs	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
or	CC
a	DT
woman	NN
you	PRP
love	VBP
are	VBP
ready	JJ
to	TO
regain	VB
control	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
we	PRP
encourage	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
take	VB
action	NN
.	.
Wekiva	NNP
Springs	NNP
Center	NNP
for	IN
Women	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
place	NN
of	IN
hope	NN
and	CC
healing	NN
,	,
exclusively	RB
treating	VBG
women	NNS
for	IN
addictions	NNS
,	,
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
trauma	NN
,	,
and	CC
mood	NN
disorders	NNS
.	.
Medical	JJ
clinic	NN
specializing	VBG
in	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
treatment	NN
.	.
Three	CD
levels	NNS
of	IN
care	NN
offered	VBD
ranging	VBG
from	IN
outpatient	NN
to	TO
intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
day	NN
treatment	NN
program	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
IOP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Staffing	NN
includes	VBZ
Physician	NNP
,	,
Nurse	NNP
Practitioner	NNP
,	,
Physician	NNP
Assistant	NNP
,	,
Dietitian	NNP
and	CC
Nutrition	NNP
support	NN
staff	NN
,	,
Psychologist	NN
,	,
and	CC
Exercise	NNP
Physiologists	NNPS
.	.
Located	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Fremont	NNP
area	NN
of	IN
Seattle	NNP
.	.
All	DT
ages	NNS
treated	VBN
.	.
Our	PRP$
IOP	NNP
program	NN
is	VBZ
geared	VBN
for	IN
adults	NNS
and	CC
is	VBZ
structured	VBN
as	IN
5	CD
days	NNS
per	IN
week	NN
of	IN
nutritional	JJ
support	NN
,	,
close	JJ
medical	JJ
monitoring	NN
,	,
exercise	NN
rehabilitation	NN
and	CC
group	NN
psychotherapy	NN
.	.
All	DT
forms	NNS
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
treated	VBD
,	,
including	VBG
Anorexia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
Purge	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
Binge	NNP
Disorder	NNP
and	CC
ED	NNP
NOS.	NNP
Manna	NNP
Treatment	NNP
Center	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
Christian-based	JJ
facility	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
currently	RB
provide	VBP
individual	JJ
,	,
family	NN
,	,
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
nutritional	JJ
counseling	NN
.	.
Please	VB
see	VB
our	PRP$
website	NN
for	IN
a	DT
more	RBR
thorough	JJ
description	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
services	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
treatment	NN
program	NN
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
a	DT
4	CD
hour	NN
4	CD
evening	NN
a	DT
week	NN
recovery	NN
program	NN
which	WDT
includes	VBZ
a	DT
meal	NN
and	CC
a	DT
snack	NN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
safe	JJ
and	CC
compassionate	JJ
setting	NN
for	IN
ED	NNP
treatment	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
staff	NN
are	VBP
recovered	VBN
professionals	NNS
,	,
with	IN
first	JJ
hand	NN
experience	NN
in	IN
the	DT
``	``
recovery	NN
''	''
journey	NN
.	.
The	DT
Intensive	NNP
Outpatient	NNP
Program	NNP
accepts	VBZ
the	DT
following	JJ
insurance	NN
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
eligibility	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
often	RB
adding	VBG
more	RBR
:	:
Aetna	NNP
Behavioral	NNP
HealthPacifiCare	NNP
Behavioral	NNP
HealthUnited	NNP
Behavioral	NNP
HealthCignaValue	NNP
Options	NNPS
Blue	NNP
Cross	NNP
of	IN
Californai	NNP
.	.
A	DT
new	JJ
,	,
community	NN
based	VBN
extended	JJ
treatment	NN
center	NN
for	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Tapestry	NN
within	IN
walking	VBG
distance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
main	JJ
street	NN
in	IN
Brevard	NNP
and	CC
is	VBZ
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
helping	VBG
women	NNS
develop	VB
recovery	NN
skills	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
structured	JJ
yet	RB
non-restrictive	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
6	CD
beds	NNS
and	CC
offer	VBP
weekly	JJ
individual	JJ
therapy	NN
with	IN
a	DT
certified	JJ
eating	NN
disorder	NN
therapist	NN
,	,
full	JJ
psychiatric	JJ
coverage	NN
,	,
DBT	NNP
,	,
Yoga	NNP
,	,
Massage	NNP
,	,
expressive	JJ
arts	NNS
and	CC
recreational	JJ
therapies	NNS
including	VBG
a	DT
low	JJ
ropes	NNS
course	NN
and	CC
equine	NN
assisted	VBD
therapy	NN
nearby	RB
.	.
Private	JJ
pay	NN
.	.
The	DT
Bella	NNP
Vita	NNP
at	IN
BHC	NNP
Alhambra	NNP
Hospital	NNP
provides	VBZ
a	DT
full	JJ
continuum	NN
of	IN
care	NN
,	,
treating	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
inpatient	NN
,	,
residential	JJ
,	,
partial	JJ
hospitalization	NN
and	CC
intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
levels	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
treat	VBP
adolescents	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
13yrs	NNS
and	CC
up	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
adults	NNS
,	,
male	NN
and	CC
female	NN
.	.
We	PRP
accept	VBP
most	RBS
insurance	NN
plans	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
call	VB
or	CC
come	VB
in	IN
for	IN
a	DT
free	JJ
assessment	NN
.	.
The	DT
Casa	NNP
de	IN
Lago	NNP
Treatment	NNP
Center	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
residential	JJ
program	NN
for	IN
adolescent	JJ
females	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
ages	NNS
of	IN
12-17	CD
.	.
Located	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
beautiful	JJ
private	JJ
gated	JJ
community	NN
of	IN
Canyon	NNP
Lake	NNP
,	,
Casa	NNP
de	IN
Lago	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
tranquil	JJ
setting	NN
that	WDT
fosters	VBZ
growth	NN
and	CC
promotes	VBZ
healing	NN
.	.
Each	DT
client	NN
receives	VBZ
specialized	VBN
treatment	NN
for	IN
such	JJ
diagnoses	NNS
as	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
,	,
Trauma	NNP
,	,
Depression	NNP
,	,
Peer	NNP
Relation	NNP
and	CC
Co-Occurring	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
.	.
Our	PRP$
program	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
recovery	NN
model	NN
that	WDT
addresses	VBZ
both	CC
the	DT
psychological	JJ
and	CC
physiological	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
teen	JJ
issues	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
intensive	JJ
,	,
individualized	JJ
,	,
and	CC
multi-dimensional	JJ
structured	JJ
setting	NN
.	.
Clients	NNS
will	MD
receive	VB
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
family	NN
education	NN
,	,
and	CC
nutritional	JJ
counseling	NN
.	.
ACORN	NNP
Food	NNP
Dependency	NNP
Recovery	NNP
Services	NNPS
is	VBZ
a	DT
professional	JJ
organization	NN
committed	VBN
to	TO
helping	VBG
other	JJ
food	NN
addicts	NNS
.	.
All	DT
staff	NN
members	NNS
are	VBP
food	NN
addicts	NNS
with	IN
long-term	JJ
stable	JJ
abstinence	NN
and	CC
recovery	NN
.	.
The	DT
primary	JJ
work	NN
in	IN
ACORN	NNP
groups	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
achieve	VB
and	CC
maintain	VB
abstinence	NN
,	,
be	VB
rigorously	RB
honest	JJ
about	IN
thoughts	NNS
and	CC
feelings	NNS
,	,
and	CC
share	NN
about	IN
in-depth	JJ
spiritual	JJ
work	NN
.	.
Remuda	NNP
Ranch	NNP
provides	VBZ
inpatient	JJ
and	CC
residential	JJ
programs	NNS
for	IN
women	NNS
and	CC
girls	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
related	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
In	IN
our	PRP$
unique	JJ
,	,
non-institutional	JJ
settings	NNS
,	,
our	PRP$
treatment	NN
teams	NNS
,	,
consisting	VBG
of	IN
Psychiatric	NNP
and	CC
Primary	JJ
Care	NNP
Providers	NNP
,	,
Registered	NNP
Dietitians	NNPS
,	,
Masters	NNP
Level	NNP
Therapists	NNPS
,	,
Psychologists	NNS
and	CC
Registered	NNP
Nurses	NNPS
,	,
offer	VBP
Biblically	NNP
based	VBN
intensive	JJ
care	NN
.	.
These	DT
compassionate	JJ
professionals	NNS
support	VBP
each	DT
resident	NN
by	IN
providing	VBG
the	DT
right	NN
tools	NNS
to	TO
live	VB
a	DT
healthy	JJ
and	CC
productive	JJ
life	NN
.	.
Having	VBG
recovered	VBN
from	IN
her	PRP$
own	JJ
10	CD
year	NN
struggle	NN
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
Vonnie	NNP
has	VBZ
over	IN
20	CD
years	NNS
experience	NN
in	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
sufferers	NNS
and	CC
carers	NNS
.	.
Trained	VBN
in	IN
Family	NNP
Therapy	NNP
and	CC
Physiotherapy	NNP
.	.
Dietary	NNP
and	CC
excercise	NN
counselling	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
available	JJ
.	.
Vonnie	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
unique	JJ
,	,
respectful	JJ
,	,
and	CC
adaptive	JJ
way	NN
of	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
clients	NNS
.	.
Are	VBP
you	PRP
a	DT
woman	NN
struggling	VBG
with	IN
addictive	JJ
behaviors	NNS
?	.
Do	VBP
you	PRP
feel	VB
empty	JJ
,	,
lonely	JJ
and	CC
confused	JJ
?	.
Are	VBP
you	PRP
sick	JJ
and	CC
tired	JJ
of	IN
being	VBG
sick	JJ
and	CC
tired	JJ
?	.
Having	VBG
been	VBN
there	RB
myself	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
know	VBP
what	WP
it	PRP
's	VBZ
like	IN
to	TO
have	VB
painful	JJ
relationships	NNS
,	,
to	TO
feel	VB
depressed	JJ
and	CC
anxious	JJ
,	,
to	TO
just	RB
be	VB
in	IN
such	JJ
pain	NN
that	IN
no	DT
one	NN
else	RB
seems	VBZ
to	TO
understand	VB
.	.
Sometimes	RB
it	PRP
helps	VBZ
to	TO
get	VB
clear	JJ
on	IN
what	WP
's	VBZ
stopping	VBG
you	PRP
from	IN
feeling	VBG
better	RB
now	RB
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
suffered	VBN
the	DT
pain	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
problems	NNS
,	,
substance	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
codependency	NN
or	CC
adult	NN
children	NNS
of	IN
alcoholics	NNS
issues	NNS
,	,
or	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
unhappiness	NN
,	,
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
help	VB
.	.
I	PRP
love	VBP
working	VBG
with	IN
women	NNS
because	IN
we	PRP
share	VBP
a	DT
common	JJ
language	NN
and	CC
common	JJ
experience	NN
.	.
You	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
alone	RB
in	IN
a	DT
sea	NN
of	IN
overwhelming	JJ
feelings	NNS
and	CC
concerns	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
find	VB
relief	NN
knowing	VBG
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
n't	RB
alone	RB
,	,
that	IN
you	PRP
'll	MD
be	VB
listened	VBN
to	TO
and	CC
understood	VBN
.	.
Let	VB
me	PRP
help	VB
.	.
Tell	VB
me	PRP
where	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
in	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
right	RB
now	RB
,	,
and	CC
what	WP
might	MD
be	VB
helpful	JJ
for	IN
you	PRP
now	RB
.	.
Visit	VB
my	PRP$
website	NN
for	IN
my	PRP$
monthly	JJ
workshops	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
's	POS
group	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
committed	VBN
to	TO
helping	VBG
women	NNS
live	VBP
fuller	JJR
lives	NNS
.	.
Email	NNP
or	CC
call	VB
to	TO
start	VB
to	TO
change	VB
your	PRP$
life	NN
now	RB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
licensed	JJ
clinical	JJ
psychologist	NN
specializing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
specifically	RB
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
extensive	JJ
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
adolescents	NNS
,	,
adults	NNS
,	,
couples	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
providing	VBG
a	DT
supportive	JJ
,	,
confidential	JJ
environment	NN
where	WRB
treatment	NN
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
symptom	NN
reduction	NN
,	,
learning	VBG
new	JJ
coping	VBG
skills	NNS
,	,
exploring	VBG
and	CC
understanding	VBG
underlying	VBG
issues	NNS
and	CC
enhancing	VBG
self-esteem	NN
and	CC
interpersonal	JJ
relationships	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
individuals	NNS
,	,
couples	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
in	IN
short	JJ
and	CC
long	JJ
term	NN
treatment	NN
.	.
Often	RB
,	,
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
other	JJ
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
professionals	NNS
including	VBG
nutritionists	NNS
and	CC
psychiatrists	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
multidisciplinary	JJ
treatment	NN
team	NN
approach	NN
.	.
Additional	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
specialty	NN
include	VBP
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
substance	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
relationship	NN
issues	NNS
and	CC
trauma	NN
.	.
Reclaiming	VBG
Your	PRP$
Body	NNP
&	CC
Lifefor	NNP
People	NNS
with	IN
Eating	NNP
IssuesThis	NNP
work	NN
assists	VBZ
you	PRP
on	IN
the	DT
physical	JJ
,	,
emotional	JJ
,	,
energetic	JJ
and	CC
spiritual	JJ
levels	NNS
with	IN
healing	VBG
the	DT
root	NN
causes	VBZ
of	IN
your	PRP$
food	NN
and	CC
eating	VBG
issues	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
choose	VBP
to	TO
work	VB
in	IN
either	DT
ongoing	JJ
,	,
private	JJ
sessions	NNS
as	IN
needed	VBN
,	,
or	CC
in	IN
a	DT
twelve	CD
week	NN
,	,
personal	JJ
,	,
structured	JJ
format	NN
.	.
You	PRP
discover	VBP
and	CC
transform	VBP
your	PRP$
intentions	NNS
about	IN
living	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
body	NN
.	.
You	PRP
awaken	VBP
and	CC
strengthen	VBP
your	PRP$
connection	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
personal	JJ
dreams	NNS
,	,
longings	NNS
,	,
creativity	NN
and	CC
essence	NN
.	.
You	PRP
process	NN
and	CC
clear	JJ
painful	JJ
personal	JJ
and	CC
family	NN
histories	NNS
and	CC
core	NN
feelings	NNS
of	IN
emotional	JJ
and	CC
spiritual	JJ
impoverishment	NN
.	.
You	PRP
strengthen	VBP
your	PRP$
boundaries	NNS
for	IN
discriminating	VBG
messages	NNS
about	IN
self	NN
and	CC
the	DT
body	NN
from	IN
the	DT
outside	JJ
culture	NN
\/	NN
media	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
eat	VBP
higher	JJR
quality	NN
and	CC
whole	JJ
foods	NNS
,	,
revitalize	VB
your	PRP$
body	NN
and	CC
restore	VB
your	PRP$
relationship	NN
to	TO
food	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
rightful	JJ
place	NN
.	.
Whole	JJ
Living	VBG
Healing	NN
Arts	NNS
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
energy	NN
healing	NN
,	,
body-centered	JJ
personal	JJ
work	NN
,	,
conscious	JJ
nourishment	NN
and	CC
creative	JJ
unfoldment	NN
for	IN
people	NNS
intentionally	RB
seeking	VBG
more	JJR
love	NN
,	,
joy	NN
and	CC
fulfillment	NN
and	CC
healing	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
Whole	JJ
Living	VBG
Healing	NN
Arts	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
private	JJ
healing	NN
practice	NN
of	IN
Brennan	NNP
Healer	NNP
and	CC
LMSW	NNP
,	,
Lisa	NNP
Jill	NNP
Marcus	NNP
.	.
Lisa	NNP
is	VBZ
dedicated	VBN
toward	IN
easing	VBG
the	DT
struggle	NN
people	NNS
encounter	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
personal	JJ
transformation	NN
process	NN
and	CC
enhancing	VBG
their	PRP$
ability	NN
for	IN
living	VBG
fully	RB
and	CC
pleasurably	RB
in	IN
the	DT
body	NN
.	.
A	DT
holistic	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
from	IN
eating	VBG
distress	NN
.	.
The	DT
aim	NN
of	IN
the	DT
center	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
aid	VB
people	NNS
in	IN
attaining	VBG
full	JJ
recovery	NN
.	.
To	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
clients	NNS
with	IN
hope	NN
that	IN
full	JJ
recovery	NN
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
treat	VBP
each	DT
individual	NN
as	IN
such	JJ
-	:
being	VBG
individual	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Marino	NNP
Therapy	NNP
Centre	NNP
provide	VBP
hope	NN
to	TO
individuals	NNS
that	WDT
full	JJ
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
aid	VBP
them	PRP
in	IN
achieving	VBG
that	DT
goal	NN
.	.
The	DT
therapy	NN
at	IN
the	DT
center	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
individual	JJ
process	NN
-	:
in	IN
that	DT
,	,
no	DT
two	CD
clients	NNS
are	VBP
treated	VBN
alike	RB
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
run	VBP
workshops	NNS
periodically	RB
,	,
on	IN
topics	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
tangent	NN
to	TO
the	DT
recovery	NN
process	NN
-	:
eg	FW
nutrition	NN
,	,
relationships	NNS
,	,
humor	NN
etc.	NN
I	PRP
support	VBP
individuals	NNS
,	,
families	NNS
and	CC
groups	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
desire	NN
to	TO
achieve	VB
optimal	JJ
life	NN
fulfillment	NN
.	.
Although	IN
we	PRP
all	DT
have	VBP
different	JJ
issues	NNS
and	CC
problems	NNS
in	IN
life	NN
,	,
we	PRP
all	DT
have	VBP
the	DT
same	JJ
interest	NN
;	:
to	TO
be	VB
happy	JJ
,	,
valued	VBN
and	CC
have	VB
our	PRP$
needs	NNS
met	VBD
successfully	RB
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
self	NN
-	:
reliance	NN
is	VBZ
achieved	VBN
when	WRB
the	DT
six	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
domains	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
cultural	JJ
,	,
intellectual	JJ
,	,
spiritual	JJ
,	,
social	JJ
,	,
emotional	JJ
and	CC
financial	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
a	DT
person	NN
's	POS
life	NN
are	VBP
balanced	VBN
and	CC
functioning	VBG
holistically	RB
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
as	IN
your	PRP$
therapist	NN
,	,
I	PRP
take	VBP
the	DT
time	NN
to	TO
listen	VB
to	TO
your	PRP$
desires	NNS
and	CC
help	VB
you	PRP
turn	VB
them	PRP
into	IN
achievable	JJ
goals	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
result	VB
in	IN
met	VBN
needs	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
self-valued	JJ
life	NN
.	.
At	IN
my	PRP$
initial	JJ
meeting	NN
with	IN
you	PRP
or	CC
your	PRP$
child	NN
,	,
I	PRP
take	VBP
the	DT
time	NN
to	TO
get	VB
to	TO
know	VB
you	PRP
.	.
Then	RB
together	RB
,	,
we	PRP
develop	VBP
issue-specific	JJ
goals	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
lead	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
your	PRP$
desired	VBN
life	NN
outcome	NN
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
quality	NN
and	CC
effective	JJ
services	NNS
that	WDT
keep	VBP
the	DT
whole	JJ
person	NN
in	IN
mind	NN
.	.
I	PRP
create	VBP
a	DT
comfortable	JJ
and	CC
peaceful	JJ
environment	NN
where	WRB
you	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
support	NN
needed	VBD
to	TO
address	VB
all	DT
of	IN
your	PRP$
concerns	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
make	VBP
the	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
you	PRP
in	IN
creating	VBG
achievable	JJ
solutions	NNS
that	WDT
include	VBP
your	PRP$
individuality	NN
and	CC
personal	JJ
strengths	NNS
.	.
``	``
Specializing	VBG
in	IN
keeping	VBG
the	DT
whole	JJ
person	NN
in	IN
mind	NN
.	.
''	''
Counselling	VBG
services	NNS
for	IN
people	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
issues	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
eating	VBG
,	,
or\/and	VB
for	IN
people	NNS
working	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
entertainment	NN
business	NN
.	.
Using	VBG
an	DT
integrated	JJ
approach	NN
that	WDT
combines	VBZ
well-researched	JJ
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
therapy	NN
with	IN
expressive	JJ
arts	NNS
modalities	NNS
,	,
change	NN
is	VBZ
facilitated	VBN
.	.
Working	VBG
when	WRB
appropriate	JJ
with	IN
other	JJ
practitioners	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
physicians	NNS
and	CC
nutritionists	NNS
and	CC
with	IN
family	NN
members	NNS
.	.
Offering	VBG
a	DT
discount	NN
to	TO
students	NNS
with	IN
identification	NN
.	.
Groups	NNS
and	CC
workshops	NNS
from	IN
time	NN
to	TO
time	NN
,	,
please	VB
visit	NN
website	NN
.	.
Note	NN
:	:
presentations	NNS
and	CC
workshops	NNS
available	JJ
,	,
please	VB
inquire	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
an	DT
experienced	JJ
and	CC
compassionate	JJ
therapist	NN
with	IN
extensive	JJ
experience	NN
and	CC
training	NN
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
trauma	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
related	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
individual	JJ
,	,
group	NN
,	,
and	CC
family	NN
therapies	NNS
using	VBG
a	DT
range	NN
of	IN
approaches	NNS
including	VBG
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
,	,
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
,	,
EMDR	NNP
,	,
and	CC
art	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
very	RB
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
working	VBG
with	IN
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
them	PRP
in	IN
achieving	VBG
emotional	JJ
and	CC
physical	JJ
health	NN
and	CC
well-being	NN
.	.
Providing	VBG
National	NNP
Education	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
workshops	NNS
,	,
conferences	NNS
,	,
seminars	NNS
and	CC
consultation	NN
on	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
,	,
Body	NNP
Image	NN
,	,
Sexuality	NNP
,	,
Gender	NNP
and	CC
Sexual	NNP
Orientation	NNP
.	.
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
are	VBP
uncommon	JJ
,	,
historically	RB
speaking	VBG
.	.
Unlike	IN
depression	NN
and	CC
anxiety	NN
,	,
which	WDT
we	PRP
can	MD
trace	VB
throughout	IN
history	NN
and	CC
culture	NN
,	,
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
have	VBP
only	RB
appeared	VBN
in	IN
noticeable	JJ
numbers	NNS
a	DT
few	JJ
times	NNS
in	IN
history	NN
in	IN
a	DT
handful	NN
of	IN
cultures	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
on	IN
the	DT
scene	NN
,	,
as	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
today	NN
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
uniquely	RB
prejudicial	JJ
.	.
While	IN
many	JJ
psychological	JJ
disorders	NNS
lean	JJ
towards	IN
particular	JJ
demographics	NNS
,	,
none	NN
as	IN
overwhelmingly	RB
as	IN
anorexia	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
.	.
Eating	NNP
disorders	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
almost	RB
exclusive	JJ
domain	NN
of	IN
women	NNS
.	.
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
Binge	NNP
Eating	NNP
and	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
are	VBP
culturally	RB
constructed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
particularities	NNS
of	IN
who	WP
gets	VBZ
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
getting	VBG
them	PRP
in	IN
epidemic	NN
proportions	NNS
in	IN
our	PRP$
era	NN
,	,
in	IN
our	PRP$
country	NN
,	,
are	VBP
our	PRP$
clues	NNS
to	TO
what	WP
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
are	VBP
about	RB
.	.
They	PRP
hold	VBP
meaning	VBG
about	IN
our	PRP$
time	NN
and	CC
place	NN
,	,
and	CC
speak	VBP
specifically	RB
,	,
given	VBN
the	DT
gender	NN
bias	NN
of	IN
the	DT
disorder	NN
,	,
to	TO
something	NN
about	IN
how	WRB
we	PRP
define	VBP
femininity	NN
.	.
Seeing	VBG
the	DT
epidemic	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
with	IN
its	PRP$
overwhelming	JJ
demographic	JJ
of	IN
girls	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
,	,
as	IN
evidence	NN
that	IN
the	DT
societal	JJ
construction	NN
of	IN
femininity	NN
and	CC
current	JJ
beauty	NN
ideal	NN
are	VBP
dangerous	JJ
to	TO
women	NNS
,	,
Full	NNP
Living	VBG
offers	NNS
training	NN
and	CC
education	NN
to	TO
those	DT
seeking	VBG
to	TO
redefine	VB
gender	NN
and	CC
sexual	JJ
expression	NN
.	.
Whether	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
because	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
the	DT
first	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
contact	NN
with	IN
those	DT
struggling	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
distress	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
and	CC
gender	VB
expression	NN
,	,
or	CC
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
efforts	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
education	NN
and	CC
support	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
community	NN
,	,
let	VB
us	PRP
help	VB
you	PRP
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
presentations	NNS
and	CC
workshops	NNS
to	TO
your	PRP$
community	NN
,	,
staff	NN
,	,
students	NNS
,	,
or	CC
clinicians	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
assist	VB
you	PRP
in	IN
designing	VBG
year-round	JJ
programming	NN
to	TO
be	VB
implemented	VBN
by	IN
Full	NNP
Living	VBG
,	,
or	CC
training	NN
your	PRP$
staff	NN
for	IN
implementation	NN
.	.
When	WRB
working	VBG
with	IN
schools	NNS
and	CC
universities	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
recommend	VBP
a	DT
multi-pronged	JJ
approach	NN
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
training	NN
and	CC
education	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
,	,
faculty	NN
,	,
parents	NNS
,	,
coaches	NNS
and	CC
counselors	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
clinicians	NNS
will	MD
assist	VB
you	PRP
in	IN
designing	VBG
a	DT
program	NN
specific	NN
to	TO
you	PRP
and	CC
your	PRP$
groups	NNS
needs	NNS
.	.
DISCOVER	NNP
THE	DT
RELIEF	NN
of	IN
shifting	VBG
negative	JJ
beliefs	NNS
that	WDT
drive	VBP
eating	VBG
behaviors	NNS
!	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
weight	NN
and	CC
body	NN
issues	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
perspective	NN
of	IN
over	IN
20	CD
yrs	NNS
of	IN
clincial	JJ
practice	NN
and	CC
training	NN
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
EMDR	NNP
to	TO
install	VB
positive	JJ
beliefs	NNS
,	,
writing	VBG
for	IN
release	NN
and	CC
clearing	NN
of	IN
toxic	JJ
,	,
draining	VBG
energy	NN
and	CC
for	IN
manifesting	NN
,	,
guided	VBN
imagery	NN
relaxation	NN
journeys,energy-readings	NNS
and	CC
healing	NN
to	TO
see	VB
where	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
holding	VBG
negative	JJ
energies	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
body	NN
,	,
custom	NN
audio	NN
tapes	NNS
for	IN
at-home	JJ
relaxation	NN
and	CC
attuned	JJ
intuitive	JJ
counseling	NN
.	.
Eating	NNP
disorders	NNS
reflect	VBP
a	DT
disconnection	NN
from	IN
your	PRP$
Highest	JJS
Self	NN
-	:
we	PRP
will	MD
look	VB
at	IN
gifts	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
metaphysical	JJ
teachings	NNS
can	MD
bring	VB
to	TO
this	DT
issue	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
perspective	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Divine	NNP
Feminine	NNP
,	,
to	TO
allow	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
shift	VB
more	JJR
naturally	RB
and	CC
lovingly	RB
back	RB
into	IN
alignment	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
true	JJ
nature	NN
and	CC
best	JJS
self	NN
.	.
Women	NNS
and	CC
girls	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
have	VBP
many	JJ
strengths	NNS
in	IN
common	JJ
which	WDT
often	RB
lead	VBP
to	TO
their	PRP$
having	VBG
to	TO
``	``
hide	VB
their	PRP$
light	NN
''	''
to	TO
survive	VB
their	PRP$
families	NNS
,	,
peer	VB
groups	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
learn	VB
what	WP
these	DT
are	VBP
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
use	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
empower	VB
and	CC
express	VB
yourself	PRP
in	IN
exciting	JJ
and	CC
comfortable	JJ
ways	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
teach	VB
you	PRP
how	WRB
to	TO
``	``
get	VB
back	RB
in	IN
your	PRP$
body	NN
''	''
,	,
grounding	VBG
techniques	NNS
,	,
how	WRB
to	TO
transmute	VB
the	DT
negative	JJ
energies	NNS
and	CC
emotions	NNS
that	WDT
keep	VBP
you	PRP
disconnected	VBN
,	,
so	IN
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
create	VB
and	CC
manifest	JJ
your	PRP$
unique	JJ
talents	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
do	VB
work	VB
around	RP
certain	JJ
places	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
body	NN
where	WRB
energies	NNS
are	VBP
commonly	RB
stuck	VBN
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
and	CC
you	PRP
will	MD
see	VB
why	WRB
your	PRP$
symptoms	NNS
make	VBP
such	JJ
good	JJ
sense	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
find	VB
better	JJR
ways	NNS
to	TO
express	VB
yourself	PRP
!	.
!	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
individual	JJ
sessions	NNS
in	IN
person	NN
,	,
by	IN
phone	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
email	NN
support	NN
.	.
Also	RB
a	DT
group	NN
on	IN
``	``
Healing	NNP
Disconnection	NNP
in	IN
Your	PRP$
Body	NN
''	''
-	:
My	PRP$
office	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
1800	CD
's	POS
farmhouse	NN
with	IN
beautiful	JJ
grounds	NNS
,	,
and	CC
offers	VBZ
a	DT
private	JJ
and	CC
relaxingplace	NN
to	TO
do	VB
your	PRP$
important	JJ
healing	NN
work	NN
.	.
If	IN
this	DT
calls	VBZ
to	TO
you	PRP
please	VB
contact	NN
me	PRP
by	IN
phone	NN
or	CC
email	NN
-	:
It	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
my	PRP$
honor	NN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
learn	VBP
to	TO
Shine	VB
Your	PRP$
Brightest	JJS
Light	NN
.	.
\*\*	SYM
sorry	RB
,	,
no	DT
insurance	NN
is	VBZ
accepted	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
create	VBP
a	DT
warm	JJ
,	,
safe	JJ
environment	NN
for	IN
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
so	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
express	VB
themselves	PRP
without	IN
judgment	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
goal	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
help	VB
empower	VB
clients	NNS
to	TO
take	VB
control	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
ultimately	RB
improve	VB
their	PRP$
overall	JJ
quality	NN
of	IN
life	NN
.	.
This	DT
can	MD
be	VB
accomplished	VBN
in	IN
many	JJ
ways	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
self-esteem	NN
building	NN
,	,
stress	NN
management	NN
,	,
and	CC
assertiveness	NN
training	NN
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
in	IN
exploring	VBG
past	JJ
history	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
childhood	NN
issues	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
as	IN
it	PRP
relates	VBZ
to	TO
current	JJ
problems	NNS
or	CC
blocks	NNS
.	.
Treatment	NNP
goals	NNS
are	VBP
created	VBN
with	IN
client	NN
input	NN
and	CC
tailored	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
unique	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
client	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
practice	NN
offers	VBZ
a	DT
relaxed	VBN
,	,
yet	RB
active	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
experience	NN
treating	VBG
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
issues	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
and	CC
PTSD	NNP
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
relationship	NN
difficulties	NNS
and	CC
life	NN
transitions	NNS
.	.
In	IN
my	PRP$
work	NN
with	IN
individuals	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
work	VBP
on	IN
unraveling	NN
root	NN
causes	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
behaviors	NNS
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
exploring	VBG
alternative	NN
,	,
healthy	JJ
coping	VBG
skills	NNS
.	.
Monica	NNP
Smith	NNP
,	,
Registered	NNP
Dietitian	NNP
,	,
Limited	NNP
License	NNP
Professional	NNP
Counselor	NNP
.	.
Private	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
Integrated	NNP
mental	JJ
health	NN
and	CC
gentle	JJ
,	,
number	NN
free	JJ
,	,
nutrition	NN
counseling	NN
.	.
Specializing	VBG
in	IN
treating	VBG
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
behaviors	NNS
and	CC
anxiety	NN
.	.
Stress	NN
management	NN
and	CC
relaxation	NN
training	NN
.	.
Sliding	VBG
scale	NN
fees	NNS
.	.
Counseling	NN
and	CC
Psychotherapy	NNP
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
including	VBG
body	NN
image	NN
struggles	VBZ
,	,
weight	NN
concern	NN
,	,
overeating	VBG
and\/or	CC
binge	NN
eating	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
and	CC
anorexia	NN
.	.
Over	IN
16	CD
years	NNS
professional	JJ
experience	NN
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
including	VBG
past	JJ
employment	NN
at	IN
The	DT
Renfrew	NNP
Center	NNP
.	.
Relational	JJ
,	,
psychodynamic	JJ
,	,
and	CC
cognitive	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
with	IN
awareness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
mind-body	JJ
connection	NN
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
distress	NN
is	VBZ
rooted	VBN
in	IN
disconnection	NN
from	IN
one	CD
's	POS
authentic	JJ
self	NN
and	CC
patterns	NNS
of	IN
relating	VBG
with	IN
others	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
client	NN
brings	VBZ
everything	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
to	TO
heal	VB
and	CC
grow	VB
.	.
Therapy	NN
is	VBZ
about	IN
clearing	VBG
obstacles	NNS
,	,
connecting	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
healthy	JJ
and	CC
true	JJ
``	``
core	NN
self	NN
''	''
,	,
and	CC
discovering	VBG
new	JJ
ways	NNS
of	IN
feeling	NN
,	,
expressing	VBG
oneself	NN
,	,
and	CC
relating	VBG
to	TO
others	NNS
.	.
Rev.	NNP
Sheri	NNP
Heller	NNP
,	,
LCSW	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
New	NNP
York	NNP
State-licensed	JJ
social	JJ
worker	NN
,	,
certified	VBN
addiction	NN
specialist	NN
,	,
Ericksonian	JJ
hypnotist	NN
,	,
and	CC
interfaith	NN
minister	NN
with	IN
a	DT
total	NN
of	IN
24	CD
years	NNS
clinical	JJ
,	,
supervisory	JJ
,	,
and	CC
administrative	JJ
experience	NN
in	IN
the	DT
addiction	NN
and	CC
mental	JJ
health	NN
fields	NNS
.	.
Amy	NNP
Fassold	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
Licenced	NNP
Professional	NNP
Counselor	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
Licensed	VBN
Creative	NNP
Arts	NNP
Therapist	NNP
,	,
providing	VBG
an	DT
ecclectic	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
treating	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
types	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
treats	VBZ
adolescents	NNS
,	,
adults	NNS
,	,
families	NNS
and	CC
facilitates	VBZ
groups	NNS
.	.
Grace	NNP
Clinic	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
professional	JJ
mental	JJ
health	NN
counseling	NN
practice	NN
offering	VBG
comprehensive	JJ
services	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Central	NNP
Florida	NNP
community	NN
.	.
Working	VBG
with	IN
clients	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
ages	NNS
,	,
our	PRP$
experienced	JJ
therapists	NNS
help	VBP
guide	VB
both	DT
individuals	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
to	TO
relational	JJ
wholeness	NN
.	.
Cathy	NNP
Buckland	NNP
,	,
M.A.	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
Licensed	VBN
Mental	NNP
Health	NNP
Counselor	NNP
at	IN
Grace	NNP
Clinic	NNP
who	WP
works	VBZ
with	IN
a	DT
team	NN
of	IN
health	NN
professionals	NNS
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
physical	JJ
,	,
emotional	JJ
,	,
mental	JJ
,	,
and	CC
spiritual	JJ
aspects	NNS
behind	IN
and	CC
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
emphasize	VBP
an	DT
eclectic	JJ
therapeutic	JJ
approach	NN
when	WRB
providing	VBG
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
psychotherapy	NN
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
.	.
Experiential	JJ
exercises	NNS
and	CC
alternative	JJ
modalities	NNS
are	VBP
woven	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
``	``
talk	NN
''	''
therapy	NN
to	TO
awaken	VB
a	DT
person	NN
more	RBR
fully	RB
to	TO
their	PRP$
body	NN
,	,
mind	NN
,	,
and	CC
spirit	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
in	IN
hospital	NN
settings	NNS
,	,
private	JJ
practice	NN
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
in	IN
pastures	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
equine	NN
assisted	VBN
psychotherapy	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
solution-focused	JJ
,	,
brief	JJ
therapy	NN
to	TO
persons	NNS
ready	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
change	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
clinical	JJ
director	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
in	IN
recovery	NN
for	IN
10	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
has	VBZ
her	PRP$
PhD	NNP
in	IN
counseling	NN
with	IN
a	DT
specialty	NN
in	IN
addictive	JJ
behaviors	NNS
.	.
Discovery	NNP
counseling	NN
was	VBD
developed	VBN
and	CC
is	VBZ
managed	VBN
by	IN
me	PRP
,	,
Sara	NNP
Weber	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
an	DT
outpatient	NN
treatment	NN
program	NN
offering	NN
individual	NN
,	,
family	NN
,	,
couples	NNS
,	,
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
services	NNS
for	IN
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
addressing	VBG
eating	JJ
disorders	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
&	CC
NOS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
binge	NN
eating	NN
,	,
overeating	NN
,	,
&	CC
restricting	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
exercise	NN
concerns	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
focus	VBP
on	IN
Self-Discovery	NNP
,	,
Self-Awareness	NNP
,	,
Self-Acceptance	NNP
,	,
Self-Esteem	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Self-Empowerment	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
team	NN
approach	NN
and	CC
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
treatment	NN
model	NN
that	WDT
addresses	VBZ
the	DT
physical	JJ
,	,
emotional	JJ
,	,
spiritual	JJ
,	,
and	CC
relational	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
individual	NN
.	.
Fees	NNS
are	VBP
lower	JJR
than	IN
average	NN
for	IN
the	DT
region	NN
and	CC
scholarships	NNS
available	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
provide	VBP
training	NN
and	CC
education	NN
about	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
treatment	NN
to	TO
other	JJ
professionals	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
happy	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
referrals	NNS
to	TO
treatment	NN
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
if	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
questions	NNS
or	CC
concerns	NNS
about	IN
your	PRP$
treatment	NN
options	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
central	JJ
Texas	NNP
area	NN
.	.
E-mail	NN
preferred	VBN
for	IN
questions	NNS
.	.
Jennifer	NNP
Yellen	NNP
,	,
Ph.D.	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
Clinical	JJ
Psychologist	NN
with	IN
specialized	JJ
training	NN
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
Prior	RB
to	TO
opening	VBG
her	PRP$
practice	NN
,	,
she	PRP
trained	VBD
at	IN
The	DT
Center	NNP
for	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNS
at	IN
Sheppard	NNP
Pratt	NNP
Hospital	NNP
and	CC
St.	NNP
Joseph	NNP
Medical	NNP
Center	NNP
in	IN
Baltimore	NNP
,	,
Maryland	NNP
where	WRB
she	PRP
provided	VBD
individual	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
family	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
to	TO
people	NNS
receiving	VBG
inpatient	JJ
and	CC
day	NN
treatment	NN
care	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
currently	RB
provides	VBZ
outpatient	NN
psychotherapy	NN
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
,	,
adults	NNS
,	,
couples	NNS
,	,
and	CC
families	NNS
and	CC
treats	VBZ
a	DT
wide	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
issues	NNS
and	CC
disorders	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
Binge	NNP
Eating	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Body	NNP
Image	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Yellen	NNP
values	VBZ
a	DT
team	NN
approach	NN
in	IN
treating	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
routinely	RB
collaborates	VBZ
with	IN
dietitians	NNS
and	CC
psychiatrists	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
comphrehensive	JJ
treatment	NN
for	IN
her	PRP$
patients	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
working	VBG
with	IN
people	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
she	PRP
primarily	RB
uses	VBZ
Cognitive-Behavioral	NNP
Therapy	NNP
to	TO
target	VB
the	DT
eating	NN
disorder	NN
behaviors	NNS
and	CC
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
thoughts	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Yellen	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Association	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Academy	NNP
for	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
Balance	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
interactive	JJ
social	JJ
network	NN
for	IN
women	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
overcoming	VBG
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
The	DT
group	NN
will	MD
focus	VB
on	IN
activities	NNS
that	WDT
promote	VBP
self	NN
confidence	NN
in	IN
every	DT
day	NN
life	NN
for	IN
participants	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
dining	VBG
out	RP
,	,
shopping	VBG
for	IN
clothes	NNS
,	,
healthy	JJ
exercise	NN
and	CC
nutrition	NN
.	.
Balance	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
heavy	JJ
social	JJ
emphasis	NN
encouraging	VBG
interaction	NN
with	IN
members	NNS
inside	IN
and	CC
outside	IN
of	IN
the	DT
group	NN
.	.
The	DT
group	NN
meets	VBZ
once	RB
a	DT
week	NN
for	IN
an	DT
hour	NN
and	CC
a	DT
half	NN
on	IN
Monday	NNP
evenings	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
meetings	NNS
involve	VBP
activities	NNS
while	IN
others	NNS
center	NN
around	IN
discussion	NN
.	.
This	DT
group	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
women	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
proactive	JJ
about	IN
thier	JJR
recover	VB
and	CC
who	WP
are	VBP
willing	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
challenged	VBN
in	IN
real	JJ
life	NN
settings	NNS
;	:
women	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
adventurous	JJ
and	CC
who	WP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
meet	VB
and	CC
spend	VB
time	NN
with	IN
other	JJ
women	NNS
experiencing	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
challenges	NNS
.	.
Cost	NN
of	IN
group	NN
is	VBZ
$	$
15	CD
for	IN
10	CD
sessions	NNS
.	.
An	DT
outpatient	NN
treatment	NN
facility	NN
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
beset	VBN
by	IN
addictions	NNS
.	.
Chemical	NNP
Dependency	NNP
effects	NNS
the	DT
whole	JJ
family	NN
and	CC
we	PRP
specialize	VBP
in	IN
individualized	JJ
treatment	NN
plans	NNS
and	CC
incorporate	VB
a	DT
strong	JJ
family	NN
component	NN
to	TO
treatment	NN
.	.
Individual	NNP
,	,
Group	NNP
and	CC
Family	NNP
work	NN
is	VBZ
addressed	VBN
.	.
We	PRP
do	VBP
evaluations	NNS
for	IN
referrals	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
set	VB
up	RP
recommendations	NNS
for	IN
specific	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
care	NN
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
work	VBP
directly	RB
with	IN
other	JJ
mental	JJ
health	NN
professinoals	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
to	TO
address	VB
underlying	VBG
issues	NNS
or	CC
assess	VB
for	IN
any	DT
mood	NN
disorder	NN
.	.
We	PRP
would	MD
love	VB
to	TO
hear	VB
from	IN
you	PRP
via	IN
phone	NN
,	,
mail	NN
or	CC
email	NN
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
do	VBP
IM	NNP
or	CC
email	NN
coaching	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
members	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
visit	VB
our	PRP$
website	NN
for	IN
details	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
Harvard-trained	JJ
clinical	JJ
psychologist	NN
specializing	VBG
in	IN
women	NNS
's	POS
issues	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
sexual	JJ
abuse\/assault	NN
histories	NNS
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
and	CC
relationship	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
hold	VBP
expertise	NN
in	IN
late	JJ
adolescence	NN
and	CC
young	JJ
adulthood	NN
.	.
Services	NNPS
offered	VBD
include	VBP
:	:
individual	JJ
and	CC
couples	NNS
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
group	NN
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
consultation	NN
,	,
and	CC
psychoeducational	JJ
presentations	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
medication	NN
consultants	NNS
,	,
nutritionists	NNS
,	,
and	CC
physicians	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
team	NN
approach	NN
as	IN
needed	VBN
.	.
By	IN
appointment	NN
only	RB
.	.
Help	VB
for	IN
sufferers	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
with	IN
Clinical	JJ
Hypnotherapy	NNP
in	IN
Beckenham	NNP
with	IN
Alan	NNP
Crisp	NNP
DHP	NNP
,	,
one	CD
of	IN
London	NNP
's	POS
leading	VBG
Clinical	NNP
Hypnotherapists	NNPS
.	.
Your	PRP$
initial	JJ
consultation	NN
is	VBZ
free	JJ
and	CC
without	IN
obligation	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
sure	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
very	RB
best	JJS
professional	JJ
,	,
understanding	NN
and	CC
considerate	JJ
treatment	NN
from	IN
this	DT
distinguished	JJ
practitioner	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
licensed	JJ
psychologist	NN
specialized	VBN
in	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
children	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
adults	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
concerns	NNS
,	,
and	CC
eating	VBG
problems	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
other	JJ
psychiatric	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
my	PRP$
private	JJ
practice	NN
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
psychologist	NN
at	IN
The	DT
Children	NNP
's	POS
Hospital	NNP
's	POS
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Program	NNP
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Professionals	NNP
of	IN
Colorado	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
individual	JJ
,	,
family	NN
,	,
and	CC
couples	NNS
therapy	NN
,	,
EMDR	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Maudsley	NNP
based	VBN
treatment	NN
.	.
Using	VBG
several	JJ
treatment	NN
methods	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
provide	VBP
intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
life	NN
coaching	NN
,	,
specialist	NN
consulting	NN
,	,
group	NN
therapy	NN
and	CC
education	NN
to	TO
treat	VB
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
,	,
emotional	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
also	RB
self-injury	NN
.	.
We	PRP
serve	VBP
the	DT
southern	JJ
Colorado	NNP
area	NN
,	,
but	CC
can	MD
make	VB
accomodations	NNS
for	IN
anyone	NN
to	TO
attend	VB
our	PRP$
program	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
to	TO
receive	VB
some	DT
treatments	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
phone	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
team	NN
consists	VBZ
of	IN
a	DT
Licensed	VBN
Professional	NNP
Counselor	NNP
,	,
a	DT
certified	JJ
Life	NNP
Coach	VBP
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
self-harm	NN
specialist	NN
.	.
We	PRP
treat	VBP
adolescents	NNS
through	IN
adults	NNS
.	.
Faith	NN
based	VBN
counseling	NN
center	NN
that	WDT
offers	VBZ
individual	JJ
,	,
family	NN
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
Current	JJ
groups	NNS
consist	VBP
of	IN
CBT	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
support	NN
group	NN
for	IN
friends\/family	RB
of	IN
individuals	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
treatment	NN
to	TO
individuals	NNS
,	,
couples	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
psychological	JJ
and	CC
relational	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
specialty	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
treating	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
nervosa	NN
,	,
binge-eating	JJ
disorder	NN
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
having	VBG
worked	VBN
with	IN
clients	NNS
in	IN
residential	JJ
treatment	NN
centers	NNS
and	CC
private	JJ
practice	NN
settings	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
usually	RB
exist	VBP
alone	RB
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
experienced	VBN
in	IN
treating	VBG
issues	NNS
of	IN
anxiety	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
substance	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
obsessive-compulsive	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
ADHD	NNP
,	,
trauma	NN
and	CC
relationship	NN
concerns	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
apply	VBP
therortical	JJ
understanding	NN
and	CC
interventions	NNS
based	VBN
upon	IN
the	DT
unique	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
;	:
integrating	VBG
a	DT
Christian	JJ
perspective	NN
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
interested	JJ
.	.
A	DT
licensed	JJ
clinical	JJ
psychologist	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
licensed	JJ
marriage	NN
and	CC
family	NN
therapist	NN
who	WP
works	VBZ
with	IN
school	NN
age	NN
children	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
stuggling	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
issues	NNS
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
self-image	NN
and	CC
impulse	NN
control	NN
problems	NNS
including	VBG
self-injury	NN
.	.
West	NNP
County	NNP
Psychological	NNP
AssociatesTo	NNP
hold	VBP
the	DT
hand	NN
of	IN
a	DT
young	JJ
woman	NN
as	IN
she	PRP
fights	VBZ
for	IN
each	DT
bite	NN
of	IN
food	NN
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
see	VB
the	DT
force	NN
of	IN
a	DT
craving	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
to	TO
understand	VB
the	DT
power	NN
of	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
spent	VBN
several	JJ
years	NNS
working	VBG
with	IN
individuals	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
intensive	JJ
treatment	NN
faciity	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
knowledge	NN
of	IN
underlying	VBG
issues	NNS
including	VBG
biology	NN
,	,
family	NN
dynamics	NNS
,	,
attachment	NN
styles	NNS
,	,
and	CC
trauma	NN
support	NN
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
treatment	NN
approach	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
therapeutic	JJ
plan	NN
includes	VBZ
both	DT
behavioral	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
including	VBG
a	DT
12	CD
step	NN
focus	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
psychodynamic	JJ
models	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
also	RB
trained	VBN
in	IN
Internal	NNP
Family	NNP
Systems	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
IFS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
therapyand	RB
EMDRMy	NNP
background	NN
as	IN
a	DT
Licensed	VBN
Registered	NNP
Nurse	NNP
strengthens	VBZ
my	PRP$
understanding	NN
of	IN
health	NN
and	CC
nutritional	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
interconnection	NN
between	IN
body	NN
symptoms	NNS
and	CC
emotions	NNS
.	.
In	IN
my	PRP$
private	JJ
practice	NN
I	PRP
treat	VBP
individuals	NNS
,	,
couples	NNS
,	,
and	CC
families	NNS
dealing	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
do	VBP
educational	JJ
and	CC
process	NN
groups	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
developed	VBN
an	DT
Addictive	JJ
Process	NNP
Program	NN
that	WDT
addresses	VBZ
substance	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
compulsive	JJ
exercise	NN
,	,
self-harm	NN
,	,
shopping	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
and	CC
relapse	NN
prevention	NN
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
,	,
both	DT
male	NN
and	CC
female	NN
,	,
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
the	DT
firm	NN
guidance	NN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
manage	VB
addictive	JJ
behaviors	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
atmosphere	NN
of	IN
compassion	NN
and	CC
respect	NN
.	.
Center	NNP
for	IN
nutritional	JJ
and	CC
psychological	JJ
wellness	NN
.	.
The	DT
staff	NN
at	IN
BeginWithin	NNP
are	VBP
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
helping	VBG
individuals	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
develop	VB
the	DT
insight	NN
and	CC
skills	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
healthy	JJ
changes	NNS
toward	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
Beginning	VBG
with	IN
a	DT
``	``
spa-like	JJ
''	''
waiting	VBG
area	NN
,	,
clients	NNS
feel	VBP
comfortable	JJ
upon	IN
entering	VBG
the	DT
center	NN
.	.
We	PRP
try	VBP
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
every	DT
client	NN
feels	VBZ
comfortable	JJ
and	CC
at	IN
ease	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
work	VBP
on	IN
their	PRP$
recovery	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
dedicated	VBN
,	,
highly	RB
trained	VBN
staff	NN
of	IN
therapists	NNS
and	CC
nutritionists	NNS
are	VBP
devoted	VBN
to	TO
providing	VBG
the	DT
most	RBS
compassionate	JJ
,	,
professional	JJ
treatment	NN
possible	JJ
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
nutrition	NN
and	CC
psychotherapy	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
weekly	JJ
support	NN
groups	NNS
.	.
Specializing	VBG
in	IN
research	NN
on	IN
the	DT
assessment	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
symptoms	NNS
including	VBG
binge	NN
eating	NN
and	CC
purging	VBG
,	,
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
,	,
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
,	,
and	CC
bulimia	NN
nervosa	NN
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
on	IN
our	PRP$
current	JJ
studies	NNS
please	VB
call	NN
:	:
612-627-1991	CD
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
Registered	NNP
Dietician\/Nutritionist	NNP
providing	VBG
nutrition	NN
counseling	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
including	VBG
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulemia	NN
,	,
binge	NN
eating	NN
,	,
and	CC
overeating	NN
.	.
I	PRP
help	VBP
patients	NNS
to	TO
establish	VB
a	DT
healthy	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
food	NN
in	IN
a	DT
supportive	JJ
and	CC
nonjudemental	JJ
environment	NN
,	,
focusing	VBG
on	IN
nutrition	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
patients	NNS
to	TO
create	VB
healthful	JJ
meal	NN
plans	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
licensed	JJ
therapist	NN
with	IN
30	CD
years	NNS
exp	NN
.	.
working	VBG
with	IN
ED	NNP
's	POS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
worked	VBN
at	IN
an	DT
inpatient	JJ
hospital	NN
for	IN
ED	NNP
's	POS
.	.
Taught	NNP
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
to	TO
Master	NNP
's	POS
level	NN
counseling	NN
students	NNS
at	IN
Antioch	NNP
University	NNP
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
do	VBP
consultation	NN
for	IN
other	JJ
therapists	NNS
wanting	VBG
to	TO
learn	VB
more	JJR
about	IN
ED	NNP
's	POS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
proactive	JJ
in	IN
my	PRP$
approach	NN
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
just	RB
listen	VB
,	,
I	PRP
also	RB
give	VBP
homework	NN
and	CC
help	VB
people	NNS
change	VB
their	PRP$
behaviors	NNS
while	IN
working	VBG
through	IN
the	DT
reasons	NNS
that	WDT
someone	NN
has	VBZ
an	DT
ED	NNP
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
work	VB
through	IN
an	DT
ED	NNP
.	.
Please	VB
visit	VB
my	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
at	IN
www.suebates.com	NN
and	CC
give	VB
me	PRP
a	DT
call	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
your	PRP$
situation	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
licensed	JJ
psychotherapist	NN
with	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
practice	NN
in	IN
Orange	NNP
County	NNP
,	,
CA	NNP
where	WRB
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
many	JJ
different	JJ
populations	NNS
and	CC
specialize	VB
in	IN
treating	VBG
people	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
experience	NN
providing	VBG
treatment	NN
in	IN
inpatient	NN
,	,
partial	JJ
hospital	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
day	NN
treatment	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
outpatient	NN
settings	NNS
.	.
In	IN
my	PRP$
work	NN
with	IN
people	NNS
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
distortion	NN
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
found	VBN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
extremely	RB
important	JJ
to	TO
help	VB
one	CD
gain	NN
an	DT
understanding	NN
of	IN
what	WP
purpose	NN
the	DT
eating	NN
disorder	NN
is	VBZ
serving	VBG
and	CC
establish	VB
healthier	RBR
coping	VBG
strategies	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
treatment	NN
approach	NN
is	VBZ
individualized	JJ
and	CC
collaborative	JJ
and	CC
may	MD
include	VB
psychodynamic	JJ
,	,
psychoeducational	JJ
,	,
&	CC
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
therapies	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
specialize	VBP
in	IN
treating	VBG
people	NNS
who	WP
self-injure	VBP
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
in	IN
addressing	VBG
other	JJ
issues	NNS
that	WDT
often	RB
coexist	VBP
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
anxiety	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
and	CC
trauma	NN
.	.
As	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
helpful	JJ
to	TO
some	DT
clients	NNS
to	TO
work	VB
within	IN
a	DT
team	NN
environment	NN
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
happy	JJ
to	TO
coordinate	VB
care	NN
as	IN
needed	VBN
with	IN
psychiatrists	NNS
,	,
dietitians	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
treatment	NN
providers	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
overcome	VB
your	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
we	PRP
have	VBP
qualified	VBN
councellors	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
!	.
Recovery	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
personal	JJ
journey	NN
.	.
Every	DT
client	NN
is	VBZ
treated	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
unique	JJ
personalized	JJ
counselling	NN
session	NN
.	.
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
BC	NNP
.	.
ca	MD
is	VBZ
helping	VBG
women	NNS
and	CC
young	JJ
girls	NNS
recover	VBP
from	IN
compulsive	JJ
over-eating	NN
,	,
anorexia	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
our	PRP$
counsellors	NNS
have	VBP
specialty	NN
diplomas	NNS
in	IN
Disordered	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
Drug	NN
and	CC
Alcohol	NN
abuse	NN
and	CC
Sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
and	CC
dysfunction	NN
.	.
Counselling	VBG
services	NNS
provided	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
privacy	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
home	NN
.	.
For	IN
your	PRP$
convenience	NN
we	PRP
also	RB
offer	VBP
telephone	NN
and	CC
on-line	JJ
sessions	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
aim	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
contact	NN
point	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
resources	NNS
by	IN
educating	VBG
patients	NNS
,	,
families	NNS
,	,
professionals	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
community	NN
about	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
;	:
increasing	VBG
the	DT
availability	NN
of	IN
training	NN
opportunities	NNS
and	CC
treatment	NN
resources	NNS
for	IN
those	DT
affected	VBN
by	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
;	:
and	CC
encouraging	JJ
community-based	JJ
outreach	NN
to	TO
promote	VB
prevention	NN
.	.
Multidisciplinary	JJ
treatment	NN
center	NN
offering	VBG
individual	JJ
,	,
family	NN
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Nutrition	NNP
counseling	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
as	IN
is	VBZ
psychiatric	JJ
medical	JJ
management	NN
.	.
Treatment	NNP
is	VBZ
coordinated	VBN
by	IN
clinical	JJ
psychologists	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
offer	VBP
intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
treatment	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
needing	VBG
a	DT
more	RBR
structured	JJ
,	,
supportive	JJ
treatment	NN
.	.
Addiction	NN
Action	NNP
provides	VBZ
the	DT
following	NN
:	:
First	NNP
line	NN
support	NN
and	CC
counselling	NN
for	IN
food	NN
,	,
alcohol	NN
,	,
drugs	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
compulsive	JJ
illnesses	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
offer	VBP
services	NNS
for	IN
treatment	NN
of	IN
trauma	NN
and	CC
depression	NN
related	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
Professional	NNP
counselling	VBG
staff	NN
providing	VBG
treatment	NN
assesment	NN
and	CC
referral	NN
to	TO
UK	NNP
based	VBN
treatment	NN
facilities	NNS
.	.
All	DT
initial	JJ
assesments	NNS
sessions	NNS
are	VBP
free	JJ
of	IN
charge	NN
whether	IN
face	NN
to	TO
face	VB
or	CC
by	IN
phone	NN
.	.
After	IN
care	NN
services	NNS
including	VBG
1	CD
to	TO
1	CD
counselling	NN
and	CC
telephone	NN
counselling	NN
by	IN
arangement	NN
or	CC
referral	NN
.	.
English	NNP
and	CC
French	JJ
spoken	VBN
.	.
Outpatient	NN
psychiatry	NN
services	NNS
:	:
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
medication	NN
management	NN
,	,
or	CC
both	DT
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
drug	NN
and	CC
alcohol	NN
issues	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
full	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
mood	NN
,	,
interpersonal	JJ
,	,
sleep	VB
and	CC
anxiety	NN
disorders	NNS
.	.
Call	VB
the	DT
office	NN
for	IN
information	NN
or	CC
to	TO
make	VB
an	DT
appointment	NN
.	.
As	IN
someone	NN
living	NN
in	IN
recovery	NN
from	IN
bulimia	NN
,	,
I	PRP
know	VBP
all	DT
too	RB
well	RB
how	WRB
overwhelming	JJ
it	PRP
can	MD
feel	VB
to	TO
figure	VB
out	RP
who	WP
you	PRP
are	VBP
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
live	VB
life	NN
without	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
Life	NNP
coaching	NN
provides	VBZ
support	NN
and	CC
structure	NN
in	IN
that	DT
discovery	NN
process	NN
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
clients	NNS
in	IN
person	NN
or	CC
over	IN
the	DT
phone	NN
and	CC
look	VB
forward	RB
to	TO
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
help	VB
.	.
Licensed	VBN
Clinical	NNP
Psychologist	NNP
specializing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
those	DT
suffering	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Experienced	VBN
in	IN
providing	VBG
individual	JJ
,	,
group	NN
,	,
family	NN
,	,
and	CC
couples	NNS
psychotherapy	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
support	NN
groups	NNS
for	IN
individuals	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
family	NN
members	NNS
.	.
Coordinated	VBN
team	NN
approach	NN
to	TO
treatment	NN
.	.
Other	JJ
specialty	NN
areas	NNS
include	VBP
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
substance	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
and	CC
trauma	NN
.	.
Completed	VBN
residency	NN
at	IN
renowned	JJ
eating	NN
disorder	NN
facility	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
professionally	RB
trained	JJ
life	NN
coach	NN
with	IN
expertise	NN
in	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
women	NNS
and	CC
teens	NNS
to	TO
live	VB
more	JJR
full	JJ
lives	NNS
,	,
free	JJ
from	IN
self-limiting	JJ
thoughts	NNS
and	CC
behaviors	NNS
.	.
The	DT
coaching	NN
relationship	NN
provides	VBZ
structure	NN
,	,
support	NN
and	CC
accountability	NN
to	TO
help	VB
women	NNS
maintain	VB
and	CC
strengthen	VB
recovery	NN
after	IN
leaving	VBG
treatment	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
Masters	NNP
in	IN
Social	NNP
Work	NNP
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
happy	JJ
to	TO
work	VB
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
multi-disciplinary	JJ
team	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
also	RB
a	DT
person	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
recovered	VBN
from	IN
anorexia	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
coaching	NN
services	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
phone	NN
and	CC
in	IN
person	NN
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
a	DT
free	JJ
initial	JJ
consultation	NN
and	CC
sample	NN
session	NN
.	.
One-on-on	JJ
coaching	NN
and	CC
group	NN
coaching	NN
for	IN
people	NNS
coming	VBG
out	IN
of	IN
intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
programs	NNS
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
coaching	NN
is	VBZ
most	RBS
effective	JJ
with	IN
clients	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
transitioning	VBG
out	IN
of	IN
outpatient	NN
treatment	NN
,	,
who	WP
are	VBP
managing	VBG
symptoms	NNS
pretty	RB
well	RB
and	CC
are	VBP
looking	VBG
for	IN
additional	JJ
support	NN
and	CC
structure	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
challenge	VBP
themselves	PRP
and	CC
start	VB
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
fulfilling	VBG
and	CC
meaningful	JJ
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
professional	JJ
certified	JJ
coach	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
struggled	VBN
with	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
exercise	NN
addiction	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
coach	NN
,	,
I	PRP
listen	VBP
to	TO
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
as	IN
powerful	JJ
,	,
courageous	JJ
,	,
strong	JJ
people	NNS
and	CC
offer	VBP
support	NN
and	CC
encouragement	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
continue	VBP
to	TO
expand	VB
their	PRP$
worlds	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
cover	VBP
long	JJ
distance	NN
charges	NNS
for	IN
clients	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
A	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
3	CD
months	NNS
of	IN
coaching	NN
,	,
sessions	NNS
once	IN
a	DT
week	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
reccomended	VBN
.	.
When	WRB
feeling	VBG
overwhelmed	VBN
with	IN
life	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
problems	NNS
,	,
know	VBP
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
place	NN
to	TO
turn	VB
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
committed	VBN
to	TO
providing	VBG
our	PRP$
patients	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
highest	JJS
quality	NN
of	IN
psychiatric	JJ
care	NN
in	IN
an	DT
atmosphere	NN
of	IN
respect	NN
,	,
compassion	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
belief	NN
in	IN
the	DT
innate	JJ
value	NN
of	IN
every	DT
individual	JJ
regardless	RB
of	IN
their	PRP$
accomplishments	NNS
or	CC
failures	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
Christian	JJ
based	VBN
counseling	NN
for	IN
those	DT
desiring	VBG
this	DT
and	CC
respect	VB
the	DT
right	NN
of	IN
individuals	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
this	DT
choice	NN
for	IN
themselves	PRP
.	.
We	PRP
strive	VBP
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
setting	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
one	CD
will	MD
feel	VB
supported	VBN
and	CC
safe	JJ
in	IN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
whatever	WDT
problems	NNS
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
needs	VBZ
to	TO
address	VB
.	.
We	PRP
're	VBP
here	RB
to	TO
help	VB
.	.
Currently	RB
accepting	VBG
new	JJ
patients	NNS
,	,
adult	NN
,	,
adolescent	JJ
and	CC
children	NNS
ages	NNS
5	CD
and	CC
up	RB
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
treat	VB
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
;	:
lower	JJR
cholesterol	NN
with	IN
food	NN
and	CC
diet	NN
;	:
want	VB
to	TO
avoid	VB
stomach	NN
surgery	NN
;	:
want	VB
to	TO
identify	VB
and	CC
treat	VB
food	NN
allergies	NNS
or	CC
intolerances	NNS
;	:
or	CC
have	VB
celiac	JJ
disease	NN
,	,
irritable	JJ
bowel	NN
syndrome	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
still-undiagnosed	JJ
medical	JJ
problems	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
food	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
lifestyle	NN
,	,
then	RB
you	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
interested	JJ
in	IN
our	PRP$
private	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
good	JJ
candidate	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Program	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Program	NNP
for	IN
Weight	NNP
Loss	NN
,	,
the	DT
Wall	NNP
Street	NNP
Journal	NNP
Cholesterol-Lowering	NNP
Program	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Healthy	JJ
Weight	NNP
Loss	NN
Program	NN
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
highly	RB
motivated	VBN
and	CC
are	VBP
a	DT
high-achiever	NN
,	,
or	CC
if	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
high-potential	JJ
to	TO
achieve	VB
.	.
Dr.	NNP
John	NNP
La	NNP
Puma	NNP
conducts	VBZ
all	DT
programs	NNS
personally	RB
.	.
A	DT
New	NNP
York	NNP
Times	NNP
best-selling	JJ
author	NN
and	CC
board-certified	JJ
internist	NN
specialist	NN
in	IN
nutrition	NN
,	,
he	PRP
sees	VBZ
patients	NNS
ages	NNS
16	CD
and	CC
up	RB
by	IN
referral	NN
.	.
You	PRP
receive	VBP
a	DT
medical	JJ
evaluation	NN
and	CC
a	DT
multidisciplinary	JJ
,	,
individualized	JJ
program	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
La	NNP
Puma	NNP
takes	VBZ
a	DT
careful	JJ
,	,
nutritional	JJ
,	,
personalized	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
program	NN
,	,
which	WDT
usually	RB
includes	VBZ
cognitive	JJ
behavioral	JJ
,	,
nutritional	JJ
and	CC
educational	JJ
components	NNS
.	.
Feel	NNP
free	JJ
to	TO
contact	VB
the	DT
Institute	NNP
for	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
as	IN
a	DT
therapist	NN
in	IN
Vancouver	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
done	VBN
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
work	NN
with	IN
patients	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
from	IN
anorexia	NN
to	TO
bulimia	NN
to	TO
compulsive	JJ
over	IN
eating	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
work	VB
one-on-one	JJ
in	IN
person	NN
or	CC
via	IN
the	DT
telephone	NN
for	IN
counselling	VBG
sessions	NNS
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
our	PRP$
online	NN
therapists	NNS
have	VBP
passed	VBN
our	PRP$
rigorous	JJ
screening	VBG
process	NN
,	,
are	VBP
licensed	JJ
or	CC
board	NN
certified	VBD
in	IN
their	PRP$
states	NNS
,	,
and	CC
are	VBP
carefully	RB
selected	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
part	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
network	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
their	PRP$
demonstrated	VBN
clinical	JJ
skills	NNS
.	.
Chat	NN
,	,
email	NN
and	CC
phone	NN
sessions	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
.	.
Individual	JJ
Counselling	NN
for	IN
those	DT
struggling	VBG
with	IN
compulsive	JJ
,	,
binge-eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
bulemia	NN
,	,
anorexia	NN
,	,
food	NN
restriction	NN
.	.
Safe	NNP
,	,
supportive	JJ
atmosphere	NN
from	IN
one	CD
who	WP
has	VBZ
recovered	VBN
.	.
Free	NNP
one	CD
hour	NN
consultation	NN
.	.
Telephone	NNP
counselling	NN
available	JJ
.	.
Weekly	NNP
sessions	NNS
at	IN
$	$
65.00	CD
\/	CD
session	NN
.	.
Sliding	VBG
scale	NN
available	JJ
.	.
Bursaries\/Scholarships	NNS
available	JJ
.	.
Satir	NNP
Therapist	NNP
,	,
Nutritional	NNP
Consultant	NN
.	.
Available	JJ
evenings	NNS
,	,
weekdays	NNS
.	.
Jacquelyn	NNP
Ekern	NNP
,	,
MS	NNP
,	,
offers	VBZ
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
counseling	NN
to	TO
those	DT
seeking	VBG
recovery	NN
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
employs	VBZ
DBT	NNP
,	,
CBT	NNP
,	,
and	CC
IPT	NNP
in	IN
her	PRP$
treatment	NN
strategies	NNS
.	.
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Recovery	NNP
coaching	NN
available	JJ
by	IN
telephone	NN
and	CC
internet	NN
.	.
All	DT
coaching	NN
provided	VBN
by	IN
Jacquelyn	NNP
Ekern	NNP
,	,
MS	NNP
,	,
founder	NN
and	CC
president	NN
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Hope	NNP
,	,
LLC	NNP
.	.
Coaching	NN
is	VBZ
separate	JJ
from	IN
therapy	NN
and	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
involve	VB
psychotherapy	NN
.	.
Supportive	JJ
,	,
positive	JJ
and	CC
proactive	JJ
group	NN
discussion\/sharing	VBG
will	MD
be	VB
led	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
group	NN
leader	NN
.	.
Discussion	NN
will	MD
consist	VB
of	IN
topics	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
recovering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
personal	JJ
issues	NNS
the	DT
individual	NN
is	VBZ
working	VBG
through	IN
to	TO
accomplish	VB
this	DT
.	.
This	DT
group	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
substitute	NN
for	IN
professional	JJ
counseling	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
this	DT
group	NN
will	MD
work	VB
well	RB
with	IN
additional	JJ
outside	JJ
treatment	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
member	NN
so	RB
desires	NNS
.	.
Meeting	VBG
weekly	JJ
,	,
wednesday	NN
's	POS
,	,
7	CD
to	TO
8:30	CD
pm	NN
,	,
cost	NN
is	VBZ
$	$
10	CD
per	IN
group	NN
.	.
Individual	NNP
,	,
and	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
offered	VBD
for	IN
those	DT
struggling	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
understand	VB
the	DT
roots	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
and	CC
better	JJR
ways	NNS
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
difficult	JJ
feelings	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
supportive	JJ
,	,
effective	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
in	IN
a	DT
non-judgemental	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
Therapy	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
as	IN
scary	JJ
as	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
seem	VB
at	IN
first	RB
,	,
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
recovery	NN
process	NN
of	IN
discovery	NN
and	CC
empowerment	NN
.	.
Transition	NN
Yoga	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
gentle	JJ
practice	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
recovering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
to	TO
assist	VB
them	PRP
in	IN
developing	VBG
a	DT
positive	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
their	PRP$
body	NN
&	CC
spirit	NN
.	.
The	DT
practice	NN
incorporates	VBZ
hatha	NN
yoga	NN
,	,
thai	JJ
massage	NN
,	,
vizualizations	NN
&	CC
meditation	NN
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
yoga	NN
teacher	NN
&	CC
coach	NN
who	WP
recovered	VBD
from	IN
her	PRP$
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
with	IN
this	DT
program	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
complimentary	JJ
&	CC
supportive	JJ
of	IN
individual	JJ
therapy	NN
.	.
Divya	NNP
Jyoti	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
certified	JJ
Yoga	NN
therapist	NN
trained	VBN
in	IN
Brazil	NNP
and	CC
in	IN
India	NNP
.	.
While	IN
living	VBG
in	IN
India	NNP
for	IN
one	CD
year	NN
,	,
she	PRP
extensively	RB
studied	VBD
the	DT
therapeutic	JJ
yoga	NN
and	CC
meditation	NN
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
currently	RB
studying	VBG
towards	IN
her	PRP$
master	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
in	IN
Yoga	NNP
Psychology	NNP
applied	VBD
to	TO
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
at	IN
Lesley	NNP
University	NNP
,	,
Cambridge	NNP
.	.
Divya	NNP
Jyoti	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
researcher	NN
assistant	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Psychology	NNP
Laboratory	NNP
in	IN
Harvard	NNP
University	NNP
,	,
conducting	VBG
clinical	JJ
research	NN
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
self-injurious	JJ
behaviors	NNS
.	.
Divya	NNP
Jyoti	NNP
is	VBZ
professionaly	RB
associated	VBN
with	IN
MEDA	NNP
-	:
MAssachusets	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Association	NNP
and	CC
she	PRP
provides	VBZ
private	JJ
yoga	NN
therapy	NN
sessions	NNS
for	IN
those	DT
suffering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
for	IN
the	DT
family	NN
members	NNS
.	.
Compassionate	JJ
work	NN
from	IN
a	DT
Massage	NNP
Therapist	NNP
and	CC
Yoga	NNP
Instructor	NNP
who	WP
is	VBZ
in	IN
recovery	NN
herself	PRP
from	IN
food	NN
and	CC
body-related	JJ
issues	NNS
and	CC
is	VBZ
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
helping	VBG
create	VB
a	DT
world	NN
where	WRB
girls	NNS
grow	VBP
up	RP
loving	JJ
themselves	PRP
and	CC
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
women	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
issues	NNS
with	IN
food	NN
and	CC
the	DT
body	NN
have	VBP
recovery	NN
options	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
them	PRP
that	IN
empower	VB
and	CC
assist	VB
them	PRP
on	IN
their	PRP$
path	NN
to	TO
joyful	JJ
living	NN
.	.
Yoga	NN
lessons	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
available	JJ
both	DT
for	IN
groups	NNS
and	CC
individuals	NNS
.	.
Special	JJ
courses	NNS
are	VBP
offered	VBN
on	IN
``	``
Yoga	NNP
for	IN
Loving	NNP
Your	PRP$
Body	NN
at	IN
Any	DT
Age	NNP
,	,
Shape	NNP
and	CC
Size	NN
''	''
.	.
Johanna	NNP
offers	VBZ
various	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
massage	NN
and	CC
bodywork	NN
that	WDT
are	VBP
helpful	JJ
to	TO
women	NNS
in	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
Myofascial	NNP
release	NN
and	CC
unwinding	VBG
assists	VBZ
clients	NNS
in	IN
experiencing	VBG
and	CC
releasing	VBG
stuck	JJ
emotions	NNS
and	CC
traumas	NNS
through	IN
intrinsic	JJ
movement	NN
,	,
deep	JJ
touch	NN
and	CC
stretching	VBG
techniques	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
massage	NN
are	VBP
available	JJ
to	TO
sooth	VB
,	,
nurture	VB
and	CC
bring	VB
balance	NN
to	TO
the	DT
mind	NN
and	CC
body	NN
,	,
including	VBG
Swedish	NNP
,	,
Deep	NNP
Tissue	NNP
,	,
MFR	NNP
,	,
Shiatsu	NNP
,	,
Thai	NNP
Massage	NNP
,	,
Hot	NNP
Stone	NNP
and	CC
energy	NN
work	NN
.	.
Guided	VBN
meditations	NNS
and	CC
visualizations	NNS
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
integrated	VBN
into	IN
bodywork	NN
sessions	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
clients	NNS
relax	VB
more	JJR
deeply	RB
and	CC
connect	VB
with	IN
their	PRP$
higher	JJR
power	NN
.	.
Certified	NNP
Fitness	NNP
Trainer	NNP
specializing	VBG
in	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
women	NNS
and	CC
adolescents	NNS
recovering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Using	VBG
integrated	VBN
pilates	NNS
and	CC
strength	NN
training	NN
methods	NNS
to	TO
optimize	VB
energy	NN
and	CC
wellness	NN
in	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
facility	NN
.	.
Sliding	VBG
scale	NN
available	JJ
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
a	DT
10	CD
week	NN
intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
program	NN
that	WDT
meets	VBZ
Tuesday	NNP
through	IN
Thursday	NNP
from	IN
4:30	CD
-7:30	CD
PM	NNP
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
we	PRP
offer	VBP
3	CD
therapeutic	JJ
outings	NNS
on	IN
Monday	NNP
evenings	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
program	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
clients	NNS
who	WP
need	VBP
continuity	NN
of	IN
care	NN
after	IN
leaving	VBG
an	DT
in-patient\/residential	JJ
treatment	NN
facility	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
clients	NNS
who	WP
need	VBP
more	JJR
than	IN
weekly	JJ
therapy	NN
sessions	NNS
with	IN
their	PRP$
therapist	NN
and\/or	CC
dietitian	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
approach	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
cognitive	JJ
behavioral	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
dialectical	JJ
behavioral	JJ
therapy	NN
and	CC
experiential	JJ
therapy	NN
.	.
Group	NNP
sessions	NNS
are	VBP
tailored	VBN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
clientele	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
fully	RB
licensed	JJ
treatment	NN
team	NN
has	VBZ
over	IN
20	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
combined	VBN
experience	NN
treating	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
private	JJ
practice	NN
and	CC
in	IN
hopsital	JJ
based	VBN
treatment	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Outpatient	NN
treatment	NN
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
,	,
adults	NNS
for	IN
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
problems	NNS
.	.
Incorporate	VB
multi-faceted	JJ
trmnt	NN
--	:
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
nutritional	JJ
counseling	NN
,	,
medical	JJ
,	,
psychiatric	JJ
monitoring	NN
.	.
Offer	NN
individual	NN
,	,
family	NN
,	,
group	NN
interventions	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
private	JJ
group	NN
practice	NN
providing	VBG
comprehensive	JJ
mental	JJ
health	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
children	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
with	IN
specialties	NNS
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
attention	NN
deficit	NN
disorder	NN
.	.
We	PRP
know	VBP
how	WRB
painful	JJ
it	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
have	VB
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
advanced	VBN
clinicians	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
the	DT
dedication	NN
and	CC
skill	NN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
actively	RB
engage	VBP
in	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
recovery	NN
process	NN
.	.
Since	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
can	MD
affect	VB
every	DT
aspect	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
we	PRP
are	VBP
prepared	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
with	IN
school	NN
,	,
work	NN
,	,
family	NN
and	CC
love	NN
life	NN
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
psychiatry	NN
,	,
testing	NN
and	CC
a	DT
range	NN
of	IN
psychotherapies	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
known	VBN
for	IN
our	PRP$
clinical	JJ
integrity	NN
,	,
versatility	NN
and	CC
down	RB
to	TO
earth	NN
style	NN
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
hope	NN
,	,
skill	NN
and	CC
compassion	NN
.	.
Medical	JJ
management	NN
for	IN
women	NNS
and	CC
men	NNS
that	WDT
suffer	VBP
from	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
Member	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Columbia	NNP
River	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Network	NNP
,	,
International	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Association	NNP
.	.
Multidisciplinary	JJ
team	NN
treatment	NN
approach	NN
.	.
All	DT
levels	NNS
of	IN
care	NN
available	JJ
ranging	VBG
from	IN
outpatient	NN
team	NN
care	NN
,	,
day	NN
hospital	NN
care	NN
,	,
to	TO
inpatient	JJ
care	NN
for	IN
medical	JJ
stabilization	NN
.	.
Warm	JJ
and	CC
friendly	JJ
staff	NN
with	IN
team	NN
approach	NN
.	.
The	DT
patient	NN
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
team	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
related	JJ
services	NNS
offered	VBN
in	IN
one	CD
location	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
insurance	NN
accepted	VBN
.	.
State	NN
of	IN
the	DT
art	NN
facility	NN
with	IN
specialized	JJ
equipment	NN
for	IN
the	DT
diagnosis	NN
and	CC
monitoring	NN
of	IN
complications	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
transitioning	VBG
from	IN
a	DT
residential	JJ
or	CC
other	JJ
treatment	NN
program	NN
,	,
we	PRP
can	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
find	VB
your	PRP$
way	NN
.	.
Comprehensive	NNP
treatment	NN
of	IN
individuals	NNS
having	VBG
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
Specialty	NNP
Unit	NNP
based	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
urban	JJ
hospital	NN
accredited	VBN
by	IN
JCAHO	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
State	NN
of	IN
Maine	NNP
.	.
Multidisciplinary	JJ
treatment	NN
team	NN
guide	NN
patients	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
Programs	NNS
include	VBP
inpatient	JJ
medical	JJ
stabilization	NN
,	,
partial	JJ
hospitalization	NN
,	,
intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
program	NN
,	,
medication	NN
management	NN
,	,
assessment	NN
and	CC
referral	NN
.	.
The	DT
staff	NN
is	VBZ
experienced	JJ
and	CC
has	VBZ
functioned	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorders	NNS
treatment	NN
unit	NN
since	IN
1987	CD
formerly	RB
based	VBN
at	IN
Westbrook	NNP
Community	NNP
Hospital	NNP
.	.
The	DT
merger	NN
with	IN
Mercy	NNP
Hospital	NNP
has	VBZ
enriched	VBN
the	DT
program	NN
's	POS
ability	NN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
resource	NN
to	TO
the	DT
community	NN
.	.
The	DT
Transformation	NN
center	NN
offers	NNS
and	CC
integrated	VBN
approach	NN
to	TO
the	DT
treatment	NN
and	CC
prevention	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
combine	VBP
traditional	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
with	IN
medical	JJ
,	,
nutritional	JJ
,	,
and	CC
mind-body	JJ
connection	NN
therapies	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
movement	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
Pilates	NNP
,	,
Yoga	NNP
,	,
Conditioning	NNP
,	,
massage	NN
.	.
Trager	NNP
work	NN
etc.	FW
in	IN
a	DT
team	NN
approach	NN
.	.
We	PRP
bridge	VBP
the	DT
gap	NN
between	IN
local	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
treatment	NN
by	IN
itself	PRP
and	CC
full	JJ
residential	JJ
treatment	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
staff	NN
of	IN
14	CD
and	CC
a	DT
facility	NN
that	WDT
allows	VBZ
on-site	JJ
treatment	NN
for	IN
all	DT
our	PRP$
theraputic	JJ
approaches	NNS
.	.
Licensed	VBN
Clinical	NNP
Psychologist	NNP
We	PRP
offer	VBP
a	DT
multidisciplinary	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
focus	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
wellness	NN
;	:
i.e.	FW
,	,
the	DT
emphasis	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
creating	VBG
and	CC
building	VBG
on	IN
healthy	JJ
living	NN
,	,
and	CC
moving	VBG
away	RB
from	IN
symptoms	NNS
.	.
This	DT
``	``
team	NN
''	''
includes	VBZ
psychologists	NNS
,	,
registered	VBN
dietitians	NNS
,	,
and	CC
medication	NN
management	NN
specialists	NNS
;	:
along	IN
with	IN
family	NN
therapists	NNS
and	CC
psychotherapists	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
trained	VBN
in	IN
advanced	JJ
visualization	NN
techniques	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
we	PRP
offer	VBP
metabolic	JJ
assessment	NN
via	IN
the	DT
MedGem	NNP
:	:
an	DT
FDA-approved	JJ
device	NN
which	WDT
measures	VBZ
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
calories	NNS
your	PRP$
body	NN
burns	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
given	VBN
day	NN
.	.
We	PRP
accept	VBP
and	CC
file	VBP
for	IN
most	JJS
major	JJ
insurance	NN
;	:
and	CC
take	VB
credit	NN
cards	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
offices	NNS
both	DT
at	IN
the	DT
beaches	NNS
and	CC
``	``
in	IN
town	NN
''	''
.	.
Ph.D.	NNP
,	,
LISW	NNP
's	POS
,	,
R.D.	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Psychiatrist	NNP
The	NNP
Center	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
non-profit	JJ
organization	NN
providing	VBG
a	DT
mutlidiscplinary	JJ
,	,
team	NN
approach	NN
to	TO
treatment	NN
.	.
The	DT
center	NN
provides	VBZ
individual	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
group	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
nutritional	JJ
counseling	NN
and	CC
psychiatric	JJ
evaluations	NNS
and	CC
medical	JJ
managment	NN
.	.
The	DT
Center	NNP
'	POS
mission	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
educational	JJ
outreach	NN
,	,
preventative	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
research	NN
and	CC
comprehensive	JJ
specialized	VBN
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
treatment	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
behavioral	JJ
internist	NN
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
practice	NN
setting	VBG
in	IN
coordination	NN
with	IN
referrals	NNS
to	TO
dietician	NN
,	,
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
and	CC
endocrinology	NN
when	WRB
appropriate	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
personally	RB
can	MD
use	VB
medical	JJ
hypnosis	NN
when	WRB
useful	JJ
.	.
Each	DT
person	NN
's	POS
care	NN
is	VBZ
individualized	VBN
.	.
My	PRP$
patients	NNS
often	RB
use	VBP
E-mail	NN
as	IN
a	DT
way	NN
of	IN
both	DT
communicating	VBG
and	CC
keeping	VBG
focus	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
behavioral	JJ
goals	NNS
,	,
though	IN
obviously	RB
some	DT
problems	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
handled	VBN
in	IN
person	NN
.	.
Experienced	VBN
multi-professional	JJ
team	NN
offers	VBZ
psychological	JJ
,	,
nutritional	JJ
and	CC
medical	JJ
assessment	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
for	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
Consultations	NNS
for	IN
mental	JJ
health	NN
professionals	NNS
,	,
nutritionists	NNS
and	CC
medical	JJ
doctors	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
.	.
Presentations	NNS
about	IN
a	DT
wide	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
topics	NNS
relevant	JJ
to	TO
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
scheduled	VBN
.	.
Team	NNP
Treatment	NNP
Model	NNP
using	VBG
numerous	JJ
modalities	NNS
including	VBG
Equine	NNP
Assisted	NNP
Psychotherapy	NNP
.	.
Free	NNP
phone	NN
consultation	NN
,	,
treatment	NN
plans	NNS
include	VBP
team	NN
input	NN
and	CC
values	VBZ
the	DT
input	NN
of	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
program	NN
is	VBZ
tailored	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
and	CC
family	NN
and	CC
includes	VBZ
evaluation	NN
of	IN
community	NN
resourses	NNS
.	.
Clinically	RB
intensive	JJ
residential	JJ
treatment	NN
for	IN
teenage	JJ
girls	NNS
ages	NNS
13-17	CD
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Extensive	JJ
equine	JJ
program	NN
that	WDT
incorporates	VBZ
riding	VBG
,	,
jumping	VBG
,	,
showing	VBG
,	,
and	CC
horse	NN
care	NN
along	IN
with	IN
a	DT
12-step	JJ
based	VBN
program	NN
for	IN
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
addictions	NNS
.	.
Small	JJ
--	:
12	CD
beds	NNS
--	:
for	IN
individual	JJ
attention	NN
,	,
but	CC
comprehensive	JJ
with	IN
accredited	JJ
,	,
outstanding	JJ
educaition	NN
,	,
excellent	JJ
psychiatric	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
.	.
Tired	JJ
of	IN
traditional	JJ
treatment	NN
methods	NNS
and	CC
attempts	NNS
?	.
Recover	VB
your	PRP$
health	NN
here	RB
,	,
naturally	RB
.	.
Welcome	UH
to	TO
Essence	NNP
Recovery	NNP
Center	NNP
,	,
where	WRB
a	DT
natural	JJ
,	,
holistic	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
overcoming	VBG
health	NN
issues	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
focus	NN
.	.
Here	RB
at	IN
our	PRP$
exclusive	JJ
Retreat	NNP
Center	NNP
,	,
we	PRP
provide	VBP
an	DT
all-inclusive	JJ
vacation-like	JJ
atmosphere	NN
while	IN
we	PRP
take	VBP
you	PRP
on	IN
a	DT
journey	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
and	CC
healing	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
unique	JJ
program	NN
places	VBZ
its	PRP$
emphasis	NN
on	IN
healing	NN
through	IN
correcting	VBG
the	DT
bio-chemical	JJ
imbalances	NNS
that	WDT
lead	VBP
to	TO
addiction	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
health	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
through	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
customized	VBN
nutritional	JJ
supplementation	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Orthomolecular	JJ
Medicine	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
herbal	JJ
combinations	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
include	VBP
an	DT
abundance	NN
of	IN
massage	NN
and	CC
bodywork	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
acupuncture	NN
,	,
individual	JJ
``	``
talk	NN
''	''
therapy	NN
sessions	NNS
,	,
group	NN
art	NN
and	CC
music	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
Equine	NNP
Assisted	NNP
Therapy	NNP
,	,
sweat	NN
lodge	VBP
ceremonies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
guided	VBD
meditations	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
provide	VB
exposure	NN
to	TO
traditional	JJ
12-Step	JJ
recovery	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
all	DT
on	IN
our	PRP$
private	JJ
,	,
exclusive	JJ
estate	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
program	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
reclaim	VB
their	PRP$
health	NN
naturally	RB
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
experience	VB
recovery	NN
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
that	IN
supports	VBZ
ongoing	JJ
success	NN
.	.
We	PRP
hope	VBP
you	PRP
will	MD
explore	VB
our	PRP$
program	NN
carefully	RB
and	CC
feel	VB
confident	JJ
that	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
answer	NN
you	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
searching	VBG
for	IN
.	.
Clients	NNS
who	WP
choose	VBP
to	TO
come	VB
to	TO
Essence	NNP
have	VBP
ongoing	JJ
issues	NNS
with	IN
:	:
Alcohol	NNP
DependencyDrug	NNP
AbuseChronic	NNP
Relapse	NNP
Nicotine	NNP
Addiction	NNP
Food	NNP
Addictions	NNPS
ADD\/ADHD\/Bi-PolarEnvironmental	JJ
Toxicity	NN
Depression\/AngerAnxiety	NNP
\/	NNP
StressSleep	NNP
DisordersChemical	NNP
ImbalancesWeight	NNP
ProblemsFibromyalgia\/CFSChronic	NNP
Poor	NNP
HealthThis	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
non-medical	JJ
Residential	NNP
and	CC
Day-Program	NNP
for	IN
natural	JJ
health	NN
recovery	NN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
an	DT
institutional-style	JJ
rehab	NN
,	,
but	CC
a	DT
Healing	NNP
Arts	NNP
Resort	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
body	NN
,	,
mind	NN
and	CC
soul	NN
.	.
Cadwalder	NNP
Behavioral	NNP
Clinics	NNP
offers	VBZ
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
including	VBG
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
and	CC
binge	NN
eating	NN
disorder	NN
.	.
Specializing	VBG
in	IN
these	DT
conditions	NNS
when	WRB
complicated	VBN
by	IN
substance	NN
abuse	NN
.	.
Also	RB
offering	VBG
Therapeutic	NNP
Boarding	NNP
School	NNP
at	IN
Spring	NNP
CreekHorse	NNP
Farm	NNP
.	.
LifeWorks	NNS
counseling	VBG
associates	NNS
values	NNS
creativity	NN
,	,
community	NN
,	,
and	CC
truth	NN
.	.
Each	DT
LifeWorks	NNP
counselor	NN
was	VBD
recruited	VBN
,	,
in	IN
part	NN
,	,
for	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
creative	JJ
capacity	NN
.	.
We	PRP
not	RB
only	RB
think	VB
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
box	NN
,	,
we	PRP
sometimes	RB
take	VBP
the	DT
box	NN
itself	PRP
,	,
shred	NN
it	PRP
,	,
make	VBP
confetti	NNS
out	IN
of	IN
it	PRP
,	,
and	CC
throw	VB
a	DT
parade	NN
for	IN
a	DT
client	NN
who	WP
experiences	VBZ
a	DT
breakthrough	NN
.	.
We	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
a	DT
``	``
stuck	JJ
''	''
case	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
opportunity	NN
for	IN
fresh	JJ
thinking	NN
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
are	VBP
diligent	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
that	IN
new	JJ
and	CC
elusive	JJ
door	NN
to	TO
healing	NN
and	CC
walk	NN
through	IN
it	PRP
boldly	RB
and	CC
without	IN
fear	NN
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Kelly	NNP
is	VBZ
currently	RB
finishing	VBG
her	PRP$
doctoral	JJ
program	NN
in	IN
Clinical	JJ
Psychology	NN
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Illinois	NNP
at	IN
Chicago	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
completed	VBD
her	PRP$
clinical	JJ
internship	NN
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Illinois	NNP
Urbana	NNP
,	,
Champaign	NNP
in	IN
1998	CD
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Kelly	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
dual	JJ
career	NN
as	IN
an	DT
equestrian	NN
and	CC
psychotherapist	NN
.	.
She	PRP
became	VBD
interested	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
psychology	NN
while	IN
training	NN
athletes	NNS
who	WP
struggled	VBD
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
her	PRP$
expertise	NN
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
Ms.	NNP
Kelly	NNP
works	VBZ
with	IN
persons	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
mood	NN
,	,
trauma	NN
and	CC
relational	JJ
difficulties	NNS
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Kelly	NNP
has	VBZ
specialized	VBN
training	NN
in	IN
Sports	NNP
Psychology	NNP
,	,
Leadership	NNP
Training	NNP
,	,
Pet	NNP
Bereavement	NNP
,	,
and	CC
animal-assisted	JJ
therapy	NN
.	.
Rein	NNP
&	CC
Shine	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
non-profit	JJ
Equine-Facilitated	NNP
Therapy	NNP
that	IN
uses	VBZ
horses	NNS
and	CC
horseback	NN
riding	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
therapy	NN
for	IN
all	DT
kinds	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
with	IN
all	DT
kinds	NNS
of	IN
disorders	NNS
and	CC
disabilities	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
had	VBD
a	DT
personal	JJ
experience	NN
that	WDT
proves	VBZ
that	IN
horses	NNS
can	MD
help	VB
people	NNS
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
SOS	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
non-profit	JJ
agency	NN
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
Hope	NNP
for	IN
both	DT
People	NNS
and	CC
Animals	NNS
through	IN
our	PRP$
various	JJ
programs	NNS
including	VBG
animal-assisted	JJ
therapy	NN
.	.
SOS	NNP
is	VBZ
teaching	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
more	RBR
compassioante	JJ
world	NN
and	CC
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
promote	VB
and	CC
enhance	VB
healthy	JJ
,	,
humane	JJ
behavior	NN
toward	IN
all	DT
living	VBG
creatures	NNS
.	.
SOS	NNP
bases	VBZ
its	PRP$
principles	NNS
on	IN
Christian	NNP
beliefs	NNS
.	.
All	DT
faiths	NNS
and	CC
people	NNS
are	VBP
welcome	JJ
to	TO
SOS	NNP
.	.
Being	VBG
in	IN
recovery	NN
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
special	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
counseling	NN
others	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
binge	NN
and	CC
over	IN
eating	NN
.	.
We	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
parents	NNS
for	IN
support	NN
,	,
individuals	NNS
,	,
families	NNS
and	CC
groups	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
focus	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
youth	NN
,	,
women	NNS
's	POS
issues	NNS
and	CC
men	NNS
for	IN
self-esteem	NN
,	,
mood	NN
disorders	NNS
,	,
alcohol	NN
and	CC
drug	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
domestic	JJ
violence	NN
and	CC
crises\/coping	VBG
skills	NNS
.	.
International	NNP
hospital	NN
specializing	VBG
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
chemical	NN
dependency	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
,	,
trauma	NN
,	,
sex	NN
addiction	NN
,	,
co-dependency	NN
,	,
gambling	VBG
addiction	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
and	CC
obsessive	JJ
cumpulsive	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
among	IN
others	NNS
.	.
Specializing	VBG
in	IN
multi-issued	JJ
clients	NNS
.	.
Utilizing	VBG
a	DT
bio-psycho-social-spiritual-emotional	JJ
approach	NN
.	.
Individual	JJ
treatment	NN
plans	NNS
.	.
Eating	NNP
disorder	NN
group	NN
specific	JJ
facilitated	VBN
by	IN
masters	NNS
level	NN
therapist	NN
,	,
dedicated	VBN
psychiatrist	NN
,	,
nutritionist	NN
and	CC
exercise	NN
therapist	NN
.	.
Therapies	NNS
include	VBP
:	:
psychodynamic	JJ
,	,
cognitive	JJ
behavioal	NN
,	,
experiential	JJ
,	,
EMDR	NNP
,	,
Equine	NNP
assisted	VBD
therapy	NN
,	,
adventure	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
psychopharmacolgy	NN
,	,
relapse	NN
prevention	NN
,	,
12	CD
step	NN
and	CC
psycho	NN
educational	JJ
work	NN
.	.
Beautiful	JJ
campus	NN
setting	VBG
integrated	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
high	JJ
desert	NN
.	.
Windward	NNP
Farm	NNP
provides	VBZ
Equine	NNP
Assisted	NNP
Psychotherapy	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
EAP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
children	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
.	.
Individual	NNP
,	,
group	NN
and	CC
family	NN
sessions	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
emotional	JJ
and	CC
behavioral	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
EAP	NNP
is	VBZ
used	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
anxiety	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
ADHD	NNP
,	,
asperger	NN
's	POS
syndrome	NN
,	,
behavioral	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
adjustment	NN
difficulties	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
loss	NN
or	CC
divorce	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
increase	VB
self-esteem	NN
and	CC
problem	NN
solving	VBG
skills	NNS
.	.
Therapeutic	JJ
Intensive	JJ
weekend	NN
workshops	NNS
offered	VBD
every	DT
4	CD
to	TO
6	CD
weeks	NNS
.	.
The	DT
workshops	NNS
take	VBP
place	NN
Friday	NNP
and	CC
Saturday	NNP
,	,
in	IN
West	NNP
Palm	NNP
Beach	NNP
.	.
For	IN
up	RB
to	TO
6	CD
participants	NNS
,	,
must	MD
be	VB
actively	RB
involved	VBN
in	IN
ongoing	JJ
therapy	NN
to	TO
qualify	VB
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
need	VB
permission	NN
to	TO
consult	VB
with	IN
your	PRP$
outpatient	NN
therapist	NN
before	IN
and	CC
after	IN
the	DT
workshop	NN
.	.
Workshop	NNP
is	VBZ
very	RB
intense	JJ
,	,
emphasizing	VBG
experiential	JJ
resolution	NN
of	IN
longstanding	JJ
underlying	VBG
issues	NNS
including	VBG
physical	JJ
,	,
sexual	JJ
,	,
emotional	JJ
abuse	NN
;	:
grief	NN
,	,
shame	NN
and	CC
guilt	NN
,	,
anger	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
substance	NN
abuse\/dependency	NN
,	,
poor	JJ
self-esteem	NN
,	,
pattern	NN
of	IN
abusive	JJ
relationsihps	NNS
,	,
parental	JJ
death	NN
,	,
divorce	NN
,	,
alcoholism	NN
,	,
abandonment	NN
,	,
neglect	NN
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
.	.
A	DT
one-person	NN
all	DT
day	NN
Intensive	NNP
is	VBZ
also	RB
being	VBG
offered	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
alternative	NN
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
can	MD
not	RB
afford	VB
the	DT
time	NN
commitment	NN
and\/or	CC
who	WP
are	VBP
not	RB
interested	JJ
in	IN
group	NN
work	NN
.	.
Look	VB
at	IN
our	PRP$
website	NN
to	TO
get	VB
more	JJR
information	NN
:	:
www.recover-ed.netW	NNP
e	SYM
also	RB
offer	VBP
a	DT
full	JJ
array	NN
of	IN
outpatient	NN
services	NNS
.	.
Carolyn	NNP
recovered	VBD
herself	PRP
from	IN
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
over	IN
twenty	CD
years	NNS
ago	RB
.	.
Her	PRP$
own	JJ
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
primary	JJ
factor	NN
in	IN
her	PRP$
understanding	NN
of	IN
and	CC
establishing	VBG
empathy	NN
with	IN
her	PRP$
clients	NNS
.	.
The	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
personal	JJ
experience	NN
and	CC
extensive	JJ
training	NN
as	IN
both	DT
a	DT
therapist	NN
and	CC
an	DT
educator	NN
have	VBP
given	VBN
her	PRP$
a	DT
special	JJ
aptitude	NN
for	IN
grasping	VBG
the	DT
underlying	VBG
conflict	NN
,	,
stresses	VBZ
,	,
perceptions	NNS
,	,
distortions	NNS
and	CC
self-worth	NN
issues	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
related	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
Carolyn	NNP
believes	VBZ
that	IN
clients	NNS
need	VBP
empathic	JJ
but	CC
firm	JJ
attention	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
be	VB
healed	VBN
.	.
Carolyn	NNP
gains	VBZ
her	PRP$
clients	NNS
'	POS
confidence	NN
and	CC
cooperation	NN
in	IN
solving	VBG
their	PRP$
problems	NNS
.	.
Carolyn	NNP
originally	RB
founded	VBD
The	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Center	NNP
of	IN
CA	NNP
which	WDT
continues	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
outpatient	NN
therapy	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
throughout	IN
southern	JJ
CA	NNP
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
this	DT
Carolyn	NNP
served	VBD
as	IN
director	NN
for	IN
several	JJ
hospital	NN
programs	NNS
but	CC
soon	RB
realized	VBD
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
more	RBR
home-like	JJ
environment	NN
for	IN
optimum	JJ
treatment	NN
to	TO
take	VB
place	NN
.	.
Despite	IN
her	PRP$
other	JJ
responsibilities	NNS
and	CC
her	PRP$
busy	JJ
schedule	NN
Carolyn	NNP
continues	VBZ
to	TO
maintain	VB
a	DT
hands-on	JJ
approach	NN
at	IN
Monte	NNP
Nido	NNP
?	.
providing	VBG
both	DT
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
Carolyn	NNP
's	POS
unique	JJ
combination	NN
of	IN
experience	NN
,	,
training	NN
,	,
and	CC
passion	NN
have	VBP
led	VBN
to	TO
national	JJ
recognition	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
many	JJ
accomplishments	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Carolyn	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
frequent	JJ
speaker	NN
at	IN
national	JJ
eating	NN
disorder	NN
conferences	NNS
and	CC
is	VBZ
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
several	JJ
national	JJ
eating	NN
disorder	NN
organizations	NNS
.	.
Carolyn	NNP
is	VBZ
also	RB
the	DT
author	NN
of	IN
two	CD
books	NNS
and	CC
another	DT
small	JJ
manuscript	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
editorial	NN
board	NN
of	IN
The	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Journal	NNP
of	IN
Treatment	NNP
and	CC
Prevention	NNP
.	.
Carolyn	NNP
attends	VBZ
national	JJ
eating	NN
disorder	NN
conferences	NNS
and	CC
stays	NNS
versed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
etiology	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
cultural	JJ
,	,
developmental	JJ
,	,
biological	JJ
and	CC
psychological	JJ
levels	NNS
.	.
Carolyn	NNP
believes	VBZ
that	IN
in	IN
each	DT
of	IN
her	PRP$
clients	NNS
,	,
to	TO
a	DT
greater	JJR
or	CC
lesser	JJR
degree	NN
,	,
there	EX
exists	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
healthy	JJ
self	NN
''	''
and	CC
a	DT
separate	JJ
``	``
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
self	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
eating	NN
disorder	NN
self	NN
has	VBZ
it	PRP
's	VBZ
own	JJ
set	NN
of	IN
needs	NNS
,	,
feelings	NNS
,	,
thoughts	NNS
and	CC
behaviors	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
different	JJ
from	IN
those	DT
of	IN
the	DT
healthy	JJ
self	NN
and	CC
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
understood	VBN
.	.
Individual	NNP
,	,
group	NN
and	CC
distance	NN
wholistic	JJ
treatment	NN
for	IN
compulsive	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
obesity	NN
.	.
Using	VBG
a	DT
3	CD
phase	NN
approach	NN
of	IN
:	:
exploring	VBG
the	DT
problem	NN
and	CC
solutions	NNS
,	,
reviewing	VBG
and	CC
revising	VBG
problematic	JJ
life	NN
strategies	NNS
and	CC
creating	VBG
new	JJ
skills	NNS
to	TO
maintain	VB
change	NN
.	.
Programs	NNS
include	VBP
,	,
individual	JJ
intensive	JJ
,	,
ongoing	JJ
groups	NNS
,	,
email	NN
and	CC
in	IN
person	NN
,	,
retreats	NNS
and	CC
workshops	NNS
.	.
Incorporates	VBZ
a	DT
wide	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
perspectives	NNS
and	CC
methods	NNS
from	IN
12	CD
step	NN
and	CC
Cognitive	NNP
Behavioral	NNP
Therapies	NNPS
to	TO
psychospiritual	JJ
interventions	NNS
.	.
Focuses	NNS
on	IN
getting	VBG
participants	NNS
back	RB
in	IN
touch	NN
with	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
body	NN
wisdom	NN
and	CC
natural	JJ
life	NN
process	NN
.	.
Green	NNP
Mountain	NNP
at	IN
Fox	NNP
Run	NNP
was	VBD
established	VBN
in	IN
1973	CD
to	TO
offer	VB
the	DT
country	NN
's	POS
first	JJ
integrated	VBN
weight	NN
and	CC
health	NN
management	NN
program	NN
for	IN
women	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
inception	NN
,	,
Green	NNP
Mountain	NNP
has	VBZ
pioneered	VBN
a	DT
`	``
non-diet	JJ
'	''
approach	NN
to	TO
building	VBG
healthy	JJ
lifestyle	NN
habits	NNS
,	,
to	TO
help	VB
women	NNS
make	VB
positive	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
attitudes	NNS
and	CC
behaviors	NNS
regarding	VBG
food	NN
,	,
eating	VBG
,	,
physical	JJ
activity	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
.	.
A	DT
multidisciplinary	JJ
team	NN
of	IN
professionals	NNS
in	IN
nutrition	NN
psychology	NN
,	,
exercise	NN
physiology	NN
,	,
metabolism	NN
and	CC
stress	NN
management	NN
.	.
Hilton	NNP
Head	NNP
Health	NNP
Institute	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
providing	VBG
a	DT
no-nonsense	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
healthy	JJ
lifestyles	NNS
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
25	CD
years	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
combine	VBP
the	DT
knowledge	NN
and	CC
talents	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
highly	RB
qualified	VBN
professional	JJ
staff	NN
of	IN
health	NN
educators	NNS
,	,
exercise	NN
physiologists	NNS
,	,
registered	VBN
dietitians	NNS
,	,
behavioural	JJ
counselors	NNS
,	,
fitness	NN
trainers	NNS
,	,
registered	VBN
nurses	NNS
and	CC
culinary	JJ
staff	NN
,	,
resulting	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
serious	JJ
alternative	NN
to	TO
pampering	VBG
spas	NNS
,	,
vacation	NN
resorts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
traditional	JJ
medically-based	JJ
treatment	NN
facilitites	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
unique	JJ
environment	NN
,	,
far	RB
from	IN
the	DT
stressors	NNS
of	IN
everyday	JJ
living	NN
,	,
offers	VBZ
just	RB
the	DT
right	JJ
blend	VB
of	IN
personal	JJ
insight	NN
,	,
healthy	JJ
cuisine	NN
,	,
physical	JJ
challenge	NN
and	CC
mindful	JJ
nourishment	NN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
make	VB
lasting	JJ
lifestyle	NN
changes	NNS
.	.
Hilton	NNP
Head	NNP
Health	NNP
Institute	NNP
provides	VBZ
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
awaken	VB
and	CC
nourish	VB
yourself	PRP
physically	RB
,	,
spiritually	RB
and	CC
emotionally	RB
.	.
Clinical	JJ
psychologist	NN
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
with	IN
25	CD
years	NNS
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
clients	NNS
,	,
adolescent	JJ
and	CC
adult	NN
,	,
in	IN
varied	JJ
settings	NNS
.	.
Maudsley	NNP
Method	NNP
and	CC
Individual	NNP
approaches	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
CBT	NNP
,	,
IPT	NNP
offered	VBD
for	IN
patients	NNS
ranging	VBG
in	IN
age	NN
from	IN
early	JJ
adolescence	NN
to	TO
adults	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Limbrunner	NNP
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
,	,
in	IN
both	DT
males	NNS
and	CC
females	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
ages	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
extensive	JJ
training	NN
and	CC
experience	NN
at	IN
nationally	RB
recognized	VBN
eating	NN
disorder	NN
treatment	NN
centers	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Limbrunner	NNP
is	VBZ
also	RB
experienced	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Maudsley	NNP
Method	NNP
and	CC
Dialectical	NNP
Behavioral	NNP
Therapy	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
DBT	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
these	DT
disorders	NNS
.	.
Laurie	NNP
Daily	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
Certified	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Specialist	NNP
who	WP
does	VBZ
support	VB
coaching	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
and	CC
parents	NNS
of	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
teens	NNS
who	WP
struggle	VBP
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Coaching	NN
can	MD
be	VB
in	IN
person	NN
or	CC
over	IN
the	DT
phone	NN
and	CC
email	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
times	NNS
the	DT
parents	NNS
have	VBP
no	DT
idea	NN
what	WP
to	TO
do	VB
when	WRB
their	PRP$
child	NN
is	VBZ
struggling	VBG
.	.
Laurie	NNP
has	VBZ
14	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
her	PRP$
own	JJ
recovery	NN
and	CC
ironically	RB
has	VBZ
a	DT
step-son	NN
who	WP
struggled	VBD
with	IN
anorexia	NN
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
Laurie	NNP
can	MD
work	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
find	VB
out	RP
how	WRB
to	TO
help	VB
your	PRP$
child	NN
.	.
Mount	NNP
Sinai	NNP
's	POS
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Program	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
outpatient	NN
facility	NN
that	WDT
offers	VBZ
gold-standard	JJ
treatment	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
cutting	VBG
edge	NN
research	NN
.	.
Treatment	NNP
is	VBZ
offered	VBN
for	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
binge	NN
eating	NN
disorder	NN
and	CC
obesity	NN
,	,
and	CC
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
ages	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
from	IN
children	NNS
to	TO
adults	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
Duke	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Program	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
multidisciplinary	JJ
,	,
outpatient	NN
program	NN
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
the	DT
following	VBG
services	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
:	:
individual\/family	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
group	NN
parent	NN
training	NN
program	NN
,	,
group	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
services	NNS
,	,
medical	JJ
management	NN
,	,
and	CC
medication	NN
consultation	NN
.	.
Initially	RB
,	,
anyone	NN
who	WP
seeks	VBZ
treatment	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Duke	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Clinic	NNP
undergoes	VBZ
a	DT
thorough	JJ
evaluation	NN
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
a	DT
psychological	JJ
interview	NN
and	CC
medical	JJ
exam	NN
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
initial	JJ
assessment	NN
,	,
we	PRP
present	VBP
patients	NNS
with	IN
an	DT
individualized	JJ
treatment	NN
plan	NN
that	WDT
delineates	VBZ
specific	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
skill	NN
development	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
feel	VBP
would	MD
be	VB
particularly	RB
beneficial	JJ
.	.
Kartini	NNP
Clinic	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
multi-diciplinary	JJ
clinic	NN
founded	VBN
to	TO
treat	VB
children	NNS
and	CC
adolescents	NNS
with	IN
all	DT
conditions	NNS
of	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
Medical	JJ
treatment	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
family	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
are	VBP
provided	VBN
.	.
In-patient	JJ
,	,
day	NN
hospital	NN
and	CC
outpatient	NN
care	NN
are	VBP
provided	VBN
for	IN
those	DT
with	IN
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
,	,
outpatient	NN
care	NN
for	IN
all	DT
others	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
see	VB
our	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
for	IN
a	DT
complete	JJ
listing	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
and	CC
staff	NN
.	.
Dr	NNP
Julie	NNP
O'Toole	NNP
,	,
Board	NNP
Certified	NNP
pediatrician	NN
and	CC
Adolescent	JJ
Medicine	NN
doctor	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
the	DT
Medical	NNP
Director	NNP
.	.
UHHS	NNP
Laurelwood	NNP
's	POS
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Program	NNP
offers	VBZ
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
designed	VBN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
specific	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
individuals	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
:	:
Consultation	NNP
Services	NNPS
-	:
for	IN
professionals	NNS
,	,
families	NNS
and	CC
organizations	NNS
Individual	JJ
Therapy	NN
-	:
one-to-one	JJ
counseling	NN
Nutritional	NNP
Counseling	NN
-	:
meeting	NN
with	IN
a	DT
registered	VBN
dietician	NN
Group	NNP
Therapy	NNP
-	:
for	IN
clients	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
Intensive	NNP
Outpatient\/Partial	NNP
Hospitalization	NNP
Program	NNP
\*	SYM
Inpatient	NNP
Treatment	NNP
-	:
coordination	NN
of	IN
inpatient	JJ
careLucene	NNP
Wisniewski	NNP
,	,
Ph.D.	NNP
,	,
FAED	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
the	DT
Director	NNP
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Programs	NNP
for	IN
UHHS	NNP
Laurelwood	NNP
Hospital	NNP
&	CC
Counseling	NN
Centers	NNPS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Wisniewski	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
expert	NN
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
not	RB
only	RB
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
in	IN
adults	NNS
and	CC
adolescents	NNS
with	IN
other	JJ
chronic	JJ
mental	JJ
health	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
with	IN
children	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
pediatric	JJ
obesity	NN
.	.
Her	PRP$
broad	JJ
clinical	JJ
experience	NN
and	CC
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
latest	JJS
scientific	JJ
evidence	NN
regarding	VBG
effective	JJ
treatment	NN
strategies	NNS
results	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
highly	RB
practical	JJ
and	CC
well-informed	JJ
teaching	NN
style	NN
.	.
Her	PRP$
clinical	JJ
,	,
research	NN
and	CC
consulting	NN
work	NN
across	IN
routine	JJ
inpatient	NN
,	,
partial	JJ
hospital	NN
,	,
outpatient	NN
,	,
and	CC
private	JJ
practice	NN
settings	NNS
means	VBZ
she	PRP
knows	VBZ
how	WRB
to	TO
adapt	VB
empirically-based	JJ
therapies	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
practical	JJ
realities	NNS
of	IN
today	NN
's	POS
health	NN
care	NN
environment	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Wisniewski	NNP
's	POS
most	RBS
recent	JJ
publications	NNS
include	VBP
family-based	JJ
interventions	NNS
with	IN
pediatric	JJ
obesity	NN
and	CC
adaptation	NN
of	IN
dialectical	JJ
behavior	NN
therapy	NN
to	TO
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Comprehensive	NNP
Psychological	NNP
Services	NNPS
with	IN
a	DT
Specialty	NNP
in	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
We	PRP
customize	VBP
our	PRP$
treatment	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
each	DT
person	NN
's	POS
particular	JJ
needs	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
individual	JJ
,	,
couples	NNS
,	,
family	NN
and	CC
nutrition	NN
services	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
offer	VBP
psychological	JJ
testing	NN
,	,
psychiatric	JJ
medication	NN
and	CC
consultation	NN
.	.
Therapists	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
seven	CD
days	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
,	,
offering	VBG
both	DT
daytime	JJ
and	CC
evening	NN
appointments	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
groups	NNS
are	VBP
created	VBN
with	IN
specific	JJ
attention	NN
to	TO
the	DT
make-up	NN
and	CC
comfort	NN
level	NN
of	IN
the	DT
participants	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
take	VBP
pride	NN
in	IN
a	DT
willingness	NN
to	TO
match	VB
each	DT
person	NN
not	RB
only	RB
with	IN
an	DT
expertly	RB
trained	JJ
therapist	NN
,	,
but	CC
with	IN
a	DT
therapist	NN
with	IN
whom	WP
they	PRP
are	VBP
most	RBS
likely	JJ
to	TO
feel	VB
comfortable	JJ
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
offer	VBP
specialized	VBN
Day	NNP
Treatment	NNP
and	CC
Intensive	NNP
Outpatient	NNP
Programs	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
IOP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
2	CD
locations	NNS
:	:
Hohokus	NNP
and	CC
Englewood	NNP
,	,
NJ	NNP
.	.
Psychotherapy	NN
using	VBG
a	DT
cognitive	JJ
behavioral	JJ
model	NN
,	,
nutritional	JJ
counselling	NN
,	,
a	DT
focus	NN
on	IN
stress	NN
management	NN
and	CC
interpersonal	JJ
issues	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
food\/body	JJ
image	NN
\/	NN
weight	NN
preoccupation	NN
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
problem-solving	JJ
and	CC
skill	NN
acquisition	NN
oriented	VBD
.	.
Christian	NNP
based	VBN
spiritual	JJ
counselling	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
available	JJ
upon	IN
request	NN
Offered	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
home-like	JJ
residential	JJ
setting	NN
,	,
with	IN
a	DT
collaborative	JJ
rather	RB
than	IN
compliance	NN
based	VBN
style	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
model	NN
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
day	NN
treatment	NN
program	NN
,	,
but	CC
offers	VBZ
residential	JJ
facility	NN
on	IN
site	NN
.	.
Web	NNP
site	NN
has	VBZ
photos	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
facility	NN
.	.
EDF	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
community	NN
based	VBN
organization	NN
which	WDT
supports	VBZ
,	,
educates	VBZ
and	CC
advocates	VBZ
for	IN
those	DT
affected	VBN
by	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
play	VBP
a	DT
unique	JJ
role	NN
in	IN
understanding	NN
and	CC
responding	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
personal	JJ
and	CC
social	JJ
impact	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
our	PRP$
goal	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
improve	VB
the	DT
mental	JJ
and	CC
physical	JJ
health	NN
of	IN
everyone	NN
affected	VBN
.	.
Registered	NNP
Charity	NNP
Number	NNP
1061652	CD
Colchester	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Support	NN
Centre	NNP
aims	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
an	DT
holistic	JJ
,	,
supportive	JJ
environment	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
their	PRP$
family	NN
and	CC
carers	NNS
,	,
focusing	VBG
on	IN
self	NN
help	NN
and	CC
user	NN
empowerment	NN
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
a	DT
daily	JJ
program	NN
of	IN
therapies	NNS
,	,
counselling	NN
,	,
groups	NNS
,	,
self	NN
help	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
art	NN
and	CC
craft	NN
,	,
womens	NNS
group	NN
,	,
meditation	NN
and	CC
relaxation	NN
and	CC
we	PRP
produce	VBP
our	PRP$
own	JJ
magazine	NN
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
offer	VBP
a	DT
drop-in	JJ
facility	NN
,	,
a	DT
library	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
open	JJ
6	CD
days	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
,	,
9.30	CD
am	VBP
till	IN
6pm	CD
and	CC
on	IN
Wednesdays	NNS
until	IN
9pm	CD
.	.
Our	PRP$
services	NNS
are	VBP
free	JJ
to	TO
sufferers	NNS
and	CC
carers	NNS
.	.
Support	NN
,	,
information	NN
and	CC
hope	NN
for	IN
people	NNS
directly	RB
affected	VBN
by	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
or	CC
for	IN
people	NNS
supporting	VBG
someone	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
experiencing	VBG
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
Services	NNP
provided	VBD
are	VBP
helpline	NN
9.30	CD
am	VBP
to	TO
4.30	CD
pm	NN
;	:
regular	JJ
support	NN
groups	NNS
;	:
community	NN
education	NN
;	:
quaterly	RB
newsletter	NN
;	:
health	NN
promotion	NN
for	IN
International	NNP
no	DT
diet	NN
day	NN
and	CC
national	JJ
body	NN
image	NN
week	NN
;	:
referral	NN
dataase	NN
for	IN
therapeutic	JJ
and	CC
treatment	NN
services	NNS
available	JJ
in	IN
South	NNP
Australia	NNP
.	.
Help	VB
and	CC
Information	NNP
line	NN
,	,
support	NN
group	NN
meetings	NNS
for	IN
people	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
nervosa	NN
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
and	CC
related	VBN
self-esteem	NN
and	CC
body-image	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
give	VBP
information\/awareness	JJ
lectures	VBZ
and	CC
talks	VBZ
to	TO
schools	NNS
,	,
community	NN
groups	NNS
etc.	FW
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
list	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
options	NNS
and	CC
recognized	VBN
qualified	JJ
psychologists	NNS
,	,
therapists	NNS
and	CC
counsellors	NNS
in	IN
Ireland	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
launching	VBG
a	DT
new	JJ
program	NN
of	IN
primary	JJ
and	CC
secondary	JJ
prevention	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Dr.	NNP
William	NNP
Glasser	NNP
's	POS
theories	NNS
of	IN
Choice	NNP
Theory\/Reality	NNP
Therapy	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
aimed	VBN
at	IN
primary	JJ
and	CC
secondary	JJ
school	NN
children	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
are	VBP
also	RB
doing	VBG
research	NN
studies	NNS
into	IN
the	DT
area	NN
od	NN
childhood	NN
and	CC
adolescent	JJ
obesity	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
we	PRP
might	MD
prevent	VB
the	DT
increase	NN
of	IN
this	DT
problem	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
physician	NN
and	CC
psychiatrist	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
board-certified	JJ
in	IN
psychiatry	NN
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
did	VBD
a	DT
medical	JJ
school	NN
elective	JJ
in	IN
endocrinology	NN
and	CC
did	VBD
additional	JJ
residency	NN
training	NN
in	IN
ob-gynecology	JJ
and	CC
so	RB
am	VBP
well-versed	JJ
in	IN
both	DT
the	DT
psychiatric	JJ
issues	NNS
and	CC
medical	JJ
complications	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
start	VBP
with	IN
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
psychiatric	JJ
evaluation	NN
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
a	DT
detailed	JJ
medical	JJ
history	NN
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
state-of-the-art	JJ
medication	NN
management	NN
for	IN
binge	NN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
carefully	RB
evaluate	VB
everyone	NN
for	IN
substance	NN
use	NN
disorders	NNS
that	WDT
often	RB
accompany	VBP
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
recommend	VB
treatments	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
non-judgmental	JJ
way	NN
or	CC
refer	VBP
people	NNS
for	IN
additional	JJ
treatment	NN
when	WRB
needed	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
familiar	JJ
with	IN
managed	VBN
care	NN
concerns	NNS
about	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
and	CC
can	MD
negotiate	VB
with	IN
managed	VBN
care	NN
organizations	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
pts	NNS
gain	VB
access	NN
to	TO
higher	JJR
levels	NNS
of	IN
care	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
IOP	NNP
or	CC
IP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
when	WRB
necessary	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
use	VBP
structured	VBN
,	,
cognitive	JJ
techniques	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
pts	NNS
tailor	VB
individual	JJ
approaches	NNS
to	TO
their	PRP$
eating	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
also	RB
an	DT
artist	NN
whose	WP$
work	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
exhibited	VBN
in	IN
several	JJ
museums	NNS
,	,
and	CC
so	RB
I	PRP
also	RB
offer	VBP
an	DT
art-related	JJ
adjunctive	JJ
course	NN
on	IN
``	``
Image	NN
and	CC
Identity	NN
''	''
to	TO
appropriate	JJ
patients	NNS
.	.
To	TO
ensure	VB
patient	JJ
safety	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
evaluate	VB
all	DT
possible	JJ
medical	JJ
and	CC
dental	JJ
complications	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
coordinate	VBP
care	NN
with	IN
internists	NNS
,	,
endocrinologists	NNS
,	,
and	CC
gynecologists	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
a	DT
physician	NN
for	IN
30	CD
+	CD
years	NNS
,	,
and	CC
served	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
psychiatrist	NN
consultant	NN
to	TO
colleges	NNS
and	CC
have	VBP
extensive	JJ
experience	NN
in	IN
treating	VBG
college-students	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
out-patient	JJ
treatment	NN
at	IN
a	DT
convenient	JJ
location	NN
at	IN
Union	NNP
Square	NNP
in	IN
Manhattan	NNP
and	CC
accept	VB
several	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
insurance	NN
for	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
many	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
services	NNS
offered	VBN
.	.
CUSU	NNP
EDS	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
service	NN
for	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
Cambridge	NNP
University	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
UK	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Support	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
EDS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
a	DT
student-run	JJ
organization	NN
working	VBG
to	TO
provide	VB
help	NN
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
have	VBP
problems	NNS
with	IN
food	NN
,	,
weight	NN
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
and	CC
any	DT
forms	NNS
of	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
We	PRP
aim	VBP
to	TO
give	VB
support	NN
and	CC
information	NN
to	TO
those	DT
who	WP
have	VBP
current	JJ
or	CC
past	JJ
difficulties	NNS
,	,
or	CC
are	VBP
supporting	VBG
someone	NN
else	RB
suffering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
EDS	NNP
hopes	VBZ
to	TO
raise	VB
general	JJ
awareness	NN
throughout	IN
Cambridge	NNP
University	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
a	DT
broad	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
group	NN
programs	NNS
and	CC
individual	JJ
counseling	NN
for	IN
undergraduate	JJ
and	CC
graduate	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
purpose	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
assist	VB
students	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
personal	JJ
,	,
social	JJ
,	,
and	CC
academic	JJ
development	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
achievement	NN
of	IN
life	NN
goals	NNS
.	.
Services	NNPS
are	VBP
provided	VBN
free	JJ
to	TO
all	DT
interested	JJ
Drew	NNP
students	NNS
.	.
Sometimes	RB
referrals	NNS
are	VBP
made	VBN
to	TO
other	JJ
,	,
more	RBR
appropriate	JJ
,	,
resources	NNS
either	CC
within	IN
the	DT
university	NN
community	NN
,	,
or	CC
outside	IN
the	DT
university	NN
.	.
The	DT
Rutgers	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNP
Clinic	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
REDC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
serves	VBZ
women	NNS
and	CC
men	NNS
who	WP
experience	VBP
problems	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
food	NN
,	,
eating	VBG
,	,
weight	NN
,	,
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
.	.
The	DT
REDC	NNP
is	VBZ
operated	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
auspices	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Graduate	NNP
School	NNP
of	IN
Applied	NNP
and	CC
Professional	NNP
Psychology	NNP
of	IN
Rutgers	NNP
,	,
The	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
of	IN
New	NNP
Jersey	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
consultation	NN
,	,
assessment	NN
,	,
and	CC
treatment	NN
services	NNS
to	TO
all	DT
Rutgers	NNP
University	NNP
staff	NN
and	CC
students	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
community	NN
.	.
The	DT
clinic	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
professional	JJ
district	NN
adjacent	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Livingston	NNP
campus	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
mission	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
services	NNS
to	TO
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
community	NN
,	,
train	NN
doctoral	JJ
students	NNS
in	IN
clinical	JJ
psychology	NN
,	,
and	CC
conduct	VB
clinical	JJ
research	NN
to	TO
better	JJR
understand	VB
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Counseling	NN
and	CC
Mental	NNP
Health	NNP
Center	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Texas	NNP
at	IN
Austin	NNP
provides	VBZ
initial	JJ
consultation	NN
,	,
assessment	NN
,	,
individual	JJ
,	,
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
and	CC
psychiatric	JJ
interventions	NNS
for	IN
students	NNS
with	IN
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
and	CC
disordered	JJ
eating	VBG
issues	NNS
.	.
Nutritional	NNP
counseling	NN
and	CC
medical	JJ
evaluation	NN
are	VBP
also	RB
available	JJ
through	IN
the	DT
Health	NNP
Center	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
love	VB
to	TO
take	VB
credit	NN
for	IN
my	PRP$
wife	NN
's	POS
recovery	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
credit	NN
hog	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
say	VBP
``	``
it	PRP
's	VBZ
because	IN
she	PRP
met	VBD
me	PRP
that	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
where	WRB
she	PRP
is	VBZ
now	RB
''	''
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
say	VB
that	IN
.	.
Sure	RB
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
there	RB
to	TO
hold	VB
her	PRP$
hand	NN
...	:
sure	RB
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
there	RB
to	TO
listen	VB
when	WRB
all	DT
she	PRP
needed	VBD
was	VBD
an	DT
ear	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
was	VBD
also	RB
there	RB
to	TO
say	VB
the	DT
wrong	JJ
things	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
think	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
just	RB
an	DT
eating	JJ
thing	NN
.	.
So	RB
actually	RB
,	,
now	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
read	VBP
back	RB
what	WP
I	PRP
'm	VBP
writing	VBG
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
more	RBR
amazed	VBN
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
she	PRP
also	RB
found	VBD
the	DT
time	NN
to	TO
teach	VB
me	PRP
about	IN
the	DT
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
tell	VB
you	PRP
the	DT
exact	JJ
time	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
heard	VBD
her	PRP
say	VB
to	TO
me	PRP
``	``
hon	NN
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
''	''
but	CC
I	PRP
can	MD
tell	VB
you	PRP
somewhat	RB
what	WP
I	PRP
felt	VBD
.	.
``	``
An	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
?	.
What	WP
's	VBZ
that	IN
?	.
Does	VBZ
it	PRP
mean	VB
I	PRP
gotta	VBP
give	VB
ya	PRP
a	DT
burger	NN
every	DT
five	CD
minutes	NNS
?	.
Does	VBZ
it	PRP
mean	VB
you	PRP
wanna	VBP
be	VB
thin	JJ
like	IN
the	DT
models	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
magazines	NNS
?	.
Does	VBZ
it	PRP
mean	VB
you	PRP
're	VBP
afraid	JJ
of	IN
being	VBG
fat	JJ
?	.
''	''
Obviously	RB
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
confused	VBN
,	,
to	TO
say	VB
the	DT
least	JJS
.	.
I	PRP
remember	VBP
noticing	VBG
boxes	NNS
of	IN
lax	JJ
's	POS
and	CC
diet	NN
pills	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
bathroom	NN
drawers	NNS
and	CC
wondering	VBG
``	``
what	WP
the	DT
hell	NN
is	VBZ
this	DT
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
remember	VBP
finding	VBG
the	DT
seven	CD
or	CC
eight	CD
large	JJ
cups	NNS
of	IN
coffee	NN
in	IN
the	DT
garbage	NN
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
day	NN
.	.
I	PRP
remember	VBP
the	DT
``	``
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
hungry	JJ
right	RB
now	RB
''	''
...	:
``	``
I	PRP
'm	VBP
too	RB
busy	JJ
to	TO
eat	VB
''	''
...	:
``	``
yeah	JJ
I	PRP
had	VBD
something	NN
before	RB
''	''
...	:
but	CC
at	IN
this	DT
point	NN
I	PRP
never	RB
really	RB
realized	VBN
what	WP
they	PRP
meant	VBD
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ED	NNP
.	.
At	IN
one	CD
point	NN
I	PRP
looked	VBD
at	IN
her	PRP$
and	CC
yelled	VBD
--	:
no	DT
screamed	VBN
at	IN
her	PRP$
--	:
that	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
want	VB
her	PRP$
drinking	NN
anymore	RB
coffee	NN
cause	NN
she	PRP
was	VBD
drinking	VBG
too	RB
much	RB
.	.
I	PRP
now	RB
know	VBP
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
replacement	NN
for	IN
true	JJ
nourishment	NN
but	CC
this	DT
is	VBZ
in	IN
hindsight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
still	RB
remember	VBP
the	DT
cover	NN
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
book	NN
we	PRP
bought	VBD
together	RB
on	IN
EDs	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
remember	VBP
reading	VBG
it	PRP
...	:
I	PRP
remember	VBP
still	RB
not	RB
understanding	VBG
it	PRP
.	.
But	CC
one	CD
thing	NN
that	WDT
stuck	VBD
in	IN
my	PRP$
mind	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
written	VBN
over	IN
and	CC
over	IN
again	RB
was	VBD
the	DT
word	NN
death	NN
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
if	IN
there	EX
's	VBZ
anything	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
say	VB
was	VBD
just	RB
as	IN
helpful	JJ
to	TO
Amy	NNP
as	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
to	TO
me	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
communication	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
had	VBD
about	IN
the	DT
ED	NNP
.	.
As	IN
I	PRP
asked	VBD
questions	NNS
and	CC
she	PRP
gave	VBD
me	PRP
answers	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
see	VB
the	DT
ED	NNP
for	IN
what	WP
it	PRP
was	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
wake	VB
up	RP
in	IN
the	DT
middle	NN
of	IN
the	DT
night	NN
and	CC
check	NN
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
she	PRP
was	VBD
still	RB
breathing	NN
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
honestly	RB
say	VB
it	PRP
was	VBD
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
scariest	JJS
things	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
live	VB
with	IN
at	IN
that	DT
time	NN
.	.
The	DT
fear	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
lose	VB
the	DT
person	NN
I	PRP
love	VBP
to	TO
a	DT
disease	NN
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
totally	RB
understand	VB
and	CC
was	VBD
totally	RB
helpless	JJ
over	IN
.	.
What	WP
could	MD
I	PRP
do	VB
?	.
What	WP
magic	NN
pill	NN
could	MD
I	PRP
give	VB
her	PRP
?	.
What	WP
magic	NN
doctor	NN
could	MD
I	PRP
take	VB
her	PRP
to	TO
?	.
What	WP
did	VBD
I	PRP
do	VBP
?	.
I	PRP
must	MD
not	RB
make	VB
her	PRP$
happy	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
a	DT
loser	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
yes	UH
,	,
unfortunately	RB
,	,
I	PRP
tried	VBD
to	TO
slowly	RB
turn	VB
it	PRP
into	IN
a	DT
``	``
me	PRP
''	''
thing	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
``	``
You	PRP
look	VBP
beautiful	JJ
today	NN
''	''
...	:
``	``
I	PRP
love	VBP
your	PRP$
hair	NN
that	DT
way	NN
''	''
...	:
``	``
I	PRP
love	VBP
it	PRP
when	WRB
you	PRP
wear	VBP
that	IN
dress	NN
''	''
...	:
great	JJ
things	NNS
to	TO
say	VB
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
what	WP
the	DT
ED	NNP
hears	VBZ
.	.
She	PRP
heard	VBD
``	``
I	PRP
looked	VBD
sh	JJ
\*	SYM
tty	NN
yesterday	NN
''	''
...	:
``	``
he	PRP
hated	VBD
the	DT
way	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
my	PRP$
hair	NN
before	IN
''	''
...	:
``	``
he	PRP
hates	VBZ
all	DT
my	PRP$
clothes	NNS
''	''
...	:
I	PRP
think	VBP
at	IN
this	DT
point	NN
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
realize	VB
what	WP
the	DT
ED	NNP
was	VBD
all	DT
about	RB
.	.
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
realize	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
a	DT
``	``
me	PRP
''	''
thing	NN
or	CC
a	DT
``	``
her	PRP$
''	''
thing	NN
...	:
it	PRP
was	VBD
an	DT
``	``
it	PRP
''	''
thing	NN
.	.
An	DT
ED	JJ
thing	NN
.	.
I	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
realize	VB
that	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
actually	RB
another	DT
force	NN
to	TO
reckon	VB
with	IN
--	:
the	DT
other	JJ
force	NN
was	VBD
n't	RB
food	NN
...	:
the	DT
other	JJ
force	NN
was	VBD
n't	RB
how	WRB
many	JJ
compliments	NNS
I	PRP
gave	VBD
her	PRP$
...	:
the	DT
other	JJ
force	NN
was	VBD
n't	RB
whether	IN
I	PRP
made	VBD
her	PRP$
feel	NN
safe	JJ
every	DT
second	NN
of	IN
the	DT
day	NN
or	CC
not	RB
.	.
The	DT
``	``
it	PRP
''	''
was	VBD
about	IN
how	WRB
she	PRP
felt	VBD
about	IN
herself	PRP
.	.
With	IN
this	DT
in	IN
mind	NN
,	,
now	RB
looking	VBG
back	RB
,	,
I	PRP
can	MD
remember	VB
things	NNS
that	WDT
my	PRP$
wife	NN
would	MD
do	VB
artistically	RB
and	CC
her	PRP$
never	RB
being	VBG
happy	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
relate	VB
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
draw	VB
but	CC
I	PRP
write	VBP
music	NN
...	:
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
say	VB
I	PRP
'm	VBP
always	RB
one-hundred-and-ten	JJ
percent	NN
satisfied	VBN
with	IN
everything	NN
I	PRP
've	VBP
completed	VBN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
always	RB
have	VBP
a	DT
general	JJ
good	JJ
feeling	NN
about	IN
things	NNS
I	PRP
've	VBP
done	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
remember	VB
my	PRP$
wife	NN
doubting	VBG
everything	NN
she	PRP
ever	RB
did	VBD
,	,
ever	RB
thought	VBN
,	,
ever	RB
imagined	VBD
...	:
and	CC
again	RB
I	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
relate	VB
because	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
stubborn	JJ
,	,
pig-headed	JJ
,	,
confident	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
point	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
a	DT
sickening	JJ
S.O.B.	NN
I	PRP
remember	VBP
her	PRP$
starting	VBG
to	TO
work	VB
on	IN
things	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
remember	VBP
the	DT
self-help	JJ
books	NNS
...	:
I	PRP
remember	VBP
the	DT
beginnings	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
site	NN
...	:
I	PRP
remember	VBP
the	DT
long	JJ
nights	NNS
of	IN
conversation	NN
of	IN
opening	VBG
up	RP
and	CC
letting	VBG
me	PRP
in	IN
...	:
and	CC
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
healing	NN
process	NN
.	.
I	PRP
remember	VBP
her	PRP$
getting	VBG
her	PRP$
first	JJ
official	JJ
therapist	NN
to	TO
combat	VB
the	DT
ED	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
remember	VBP
her	PRP$
coming	JJ
home	NN
and	CC
doing	VBG
her	PRP$
``	``
ED	JJ
homework	NN
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
must	MD
admit	VB
,	,
during	IN
these	DT
times	NNS
it	PRP
was	VBD
all	DT
her	PRP$
work	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
kind-of	VBP
understood	VBN
...	:
kind-of	NN
tried	VBD
to	TO
give	VB
her	PRP$
the	DT
space	NN
to	TO
do	VB
her	PRP$
work	NN
...	:
kind-of	NN
tried	VBD
to	TO
do	VB
my	PRP$
best	JJS
to	TO
not	RB
be	VB
discouraging	VBG
or	CC
judgemental	JJ
,	,
but	CC
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
I	PRP
still	RB
checked	VBD
her	PRP$
breathing	NN
in	IN
the	DT
middle	NN
of	IN
the	DT
night	NN
.	.
Even	RB
though	IN
at	IN
this	DT
point	NN
I	PRP
somewhat	RB
understood	VBD
the	DT
ED	NNP
and	CC
her	PRP$
struggles	NNS
I	PRP
still	RB
found	VBD
myself	PRP
asking	VBG
,	,
``	``
did	VBD
you	PRP
eat	VBP
today	NN
?	.
''	''
...	:
``	``
what	WP
did	VBD
you	PRP
eat	VBP
today	NN
?	.
''	''
...	:
I	PRP
somewhat	RB
knew	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
something	NN
I	PRP
should	MD
have	VB
stayed	VBN
away	RB
from	IN
but	CC
to	TO
me	PRP
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
important	JJ
that	IN
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
struggles	NNS
,	,
and	CC
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
pain	NN
,	,
and	CC
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
,	,
the	DT
important	JJ
thing	NN
was	VBD
that	IN
she	PRP
fueled	VBD
her	PRP$
body	NN
and	CC
mind	NN
.	.
Without	IN
that	DT
fuel	NN
she	PRP
would	MD
n't	RB
have	VB
the	DT
strength	NN
to	TO
continue	VB
her	PRP$
battles	NNS
.	.
Do	VBP
I	PRP
regret	VB
bringing	VBG
these	DT
questions	NNS
up	RP
?	.
Do	VBP
I	PRP
regret	VB
maybe	RB
sounding	VBG
like	IN
a	DT
pest	NN
or	CC
a	DT
hound	NN
?	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
say	VB
no.	RB
.	.
I	PRP
needed	VBD
to	TO
know	VB
that	IN
she	PRP
'd	VBD
still	RB
be	VB
around	IN
for	IN
one	CD
more	JJR
day	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	DT
is	VBZ
what	WP
the	DT
fuel	NN
meant	VBD
to	TO
me	PRP
--	:
and	CC
she	PRP
needed	VBD
to	TO
know	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
only	JJ
way	NN
I	PRP
could	MD
let	VB
her	PRP
know	VB
that	IN
I	PRP
cared	VBD
.	.
She	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
have	VB
thought	VBN
that	DT
way	NN
then	RB
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
'm	VBP
sure	JJ
she	PRP
understands	VBZ
it	PRP
now	RB
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
still	RB
remember	VB
her	PRP$
calling	VBG
me	PRP
over	IN
to	TO
the	DT
computer	NN
for	IN
the	DT
FIRST	NNP
TIME	NNP
and	CC
saying	VBG
``	``
look	VB
what	WP
I	PRP
've	VBP
done	VBN
''	''
and	CC
saw	VBD
a	DT
smile	NN
of	IN
confidence	NN
,	,
pleasure	NN
,	,
and	CC
pride	NN
.	.
At	IN
that	DT
point	NN
I	PRP
knew	VBD
that	IN
Amy	NNP
was	VBD
moving	VBG
forward	RB
in	IN
her	PRP$
battle	NN
.	.
I	PRP
now	RB
sit	VBP
and	CC
listen	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
stories	NNS
she	PRP
tells	VBZ
me	PRP
and	CC
see	VB
the	DT
glitter	NN
in	IN
her	PRP$
eyes	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
always	RB
could	MD
see	VB
shining	VBG
through	IN
,	,
but	CC
never	RB
saw	VBD
her	PRP$
project	NN
.	.
I	PRP
watch	VBP
her	PRP$
interact	NN
with	IN
other	JJ
people	NNS
and	CC
can	MD
sense	VB
the	DT
confidence	NN
that	IN
her	PRP$
words	NNS
convey	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
see	VBP
her	PRP$
fight	NN
every	DT
day	NN
to	TO
leave	VB
the	DT
ED	NNP
further	RBR
and	CC
further	RBR
in	IN
her	PRP$
past	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
therepist	NN
once	RB
said	VBD
,	,
jokingly	RB
,	,
that	IN
I	PRP
majored	VBD
in	IN
``	``
thin	JJ
''	''
in	IN
school	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
so	RB
close	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
truth	NN
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
remember	VB
since	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
about	IN
eight	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
,	,
blowing	VBG
out	RP
my	PRP$
birthday	NN
candles	NNS
every	DT
year	NN
wishing	VBG
I	PRP
were	VBD
smaller	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
25	CD
now	RB
.	.
I	PRP
spent	VBD
so	RB
many	JJ
days	NNS
,	,
hours	NNS
and	CC
minutes	NNS
thinking	VBG
about	IN
how	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
lose	VB
weight	NN
,	,
and	CC
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
I	PRP
had	VBD
no	DT
idea	NN
that	IN
there	EX
were	VBD
concrete	JJ
reasons	NNS
to	TO
why	WRB
my	PRP$
obsession	NN
was	VBD
so	RB
far	RB
gone	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
took	VBD
me	PRP
until	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
22	CD
,	,
when	WRB
I	PRP
started	VBD
to	TO
get	VB
really	RB
bad	JJ
anxiety	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
went	VBD
to	TO
see	VB
a	DT
counsoler	NN
and	CC
then	RB
on	IN
to	TO
see	VB
a	DT
psychiatrist	NN
,	,
that	IN
I	PRP
`	``
admitted	VBD
'	''
to	TO
having	VBG
issues	NNS
with	IN
food	NN
.	.
At	IN
first	RB
,	,
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
let	VB
go	VB
of	IN
the	DT
ed	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
determined	VBN
to	TO
just	RB
``	``
get	VB
over	IN
it	PRP
,	,
''	''
and	CC
find	VB
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
stay	VB
thin	JJ
forever	RB
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
now	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
just	RB
`	``
coping	VBG
'	''
with	IN
the	DT
pain	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
feeling	VBG
and	CC
had	VBD
felt	VBN
for	IN
so	RB
long	RB
,	,
ever	RB
since	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
child	NN
.	.
After	IN
many	JJ
sessions	NNS
with	IN
four	CD
different	JJ
therepists	NNS
and	CC
lots	NNS
of	IN
trial	NN
and	CC
error	NN
in	IN
finding	VBG
the	DT
right	JJ
meds	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
found	VBD
a	DT
great	JJ
therepist	NN
and	CC
drs	NNS
,	,
nutritionist	NN
and	CC
the	DT
right	JJ
combination	NN
of	IN
medication	NN
to	TO
fianlly	RB
confront	VB
my	PRP$
demons	NNS
,	,
not	RB
the	DT
food	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
either	RB
.	.
Although	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
still	RB
in	IN
recovery	NN
and	CC
have	VB
had	VBN
slips	VBZ
and	CC
falls	VBZ
along	IN
the	DT
way	NN
,	,
I	PRP
feel	VBP
and	CC
KNOW	VBP
that	IN
I	PRP
've	VBP
done	VBN
such	PDT
a	DT
great	JJ
job	NN
at	IN
working	VBG
my	PRP$
best	JJS
to	TO
get	VB
this	DT
ed	VBN
out	IN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
and	CC
to	TO
let	VB
myself	PRP
FEEL	VB
again	RB
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
anorexia	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
sort	NN
of	IN
teacher	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
hard	JJ
to	TO
explain	VB
how	WRB
something	NN
very	RB
dangerous	JJ
and	CC
isolating	NN
can	MD
turn	VB
out	RP
to	TO
actually	RB
teach	VB
me	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
me	PRP
when	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
all	DT
said	VBD
and	CC
done	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
learned	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
more	RBR
open	JJ
with	IN
myself	PRP
and	CC
with	IN
others	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
not	RB
even	RB
close	VB
to	TO
being	VBG
as	IN
shy	JJ
as	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
when	WRB
the	DT
anorexia	NN
had	VBD
its	PRP$
full	JJ
grasp	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
ever	RB
regret	VB
going	VBG
on	IN
that	DT
first	JJ
diet	NN
...	:
I	PRP
would	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
the	DT
wonderful	JJ
person	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
today	NN
without	IN
having	VBG
gone	VBN
through	IN
and	CC
grown	VBN
from	IN
those	DT
experiences	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
licensed	JJ
psychologist	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
California	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
extensive	JJ
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
especially	RB
with	IN
college	NN
women	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
therapeutic	JJ
style	NN
utilizes	VBZ
interpersonal	JJ
process	NN
and	CC
cognitive	JJ
behavioral	JJ
approaches	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
specialize	VBP
in	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
people	NNS
of	IN
color	NN
.	.
I	PRP
focus	VBP
on	IN
exploring	VBG
how	WRB
cultural	JJ
,	,
social	JJ
and	CC
environmental	JJ
variables	NNS
contribute	VBP
to	TO
eating	VBG
concerns	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
worked	VBN
in	IN
university	NN
counseling	NN
centers	NNS
and	CC
coordinated	VBN
eating	JJ
disorders	NNS
awareness	NN
week	NN
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
sliding	VBG
scale	NN
for	IN
clients	NNS
and	CC
currently	RB
have	VBP
openings	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
private	JJ
practice	NN
offices	NNS
in	IN
San	NNP
Francisco	NNP
and	CC
Berkeley	NNP
,	,
California	NNP
.	.
Provide	VB
individual	JJ
counseling	NN
on	IN
an	DT
out-patient	JJ
basis	NN
for	IN
women	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and\/or	CC
eating	VBG
challenges	NNS
.	.
Models	NNS
include	VBP
:	:
Psychodynamic	NNP
,	,
Interpersonal\/Relational	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Intuitive	NNP
Eating	NNP
.	.
Moderate	JJ
fee	NN
-	:
Not	RB
on	IN
any	DT
insurance	NN
panels	NNS
.	.
Fresh	JJ
Hope	NNP
offers	VBZ
individual	JJ
counselling	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
recovery	NN
.	.
Beth	NNP
Murray	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
Registered	NNP
Psychologist	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
province	NN
of	IN
Alberta	NNP
and	CC
is	VBZ
a	DT
specialist	NN
in	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
proven	JJ
track	NN
record	NN
in	IN
moving	VBG
motivated	JJ
clients	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
place	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
Treatment	NNP
includes	VBZ
a	DT
focus	NN
on	IN
the	DT
emotional	JJ
issues	NNS
and	CC
predispositions	NNS
that	WDT
factored	JJ
into	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
.	.
Beth	NNP
Murray	NNP
has	VBZ
three	CD
years	NNS
experience	NN
working	VBG
at	IN
a	DT
prominent	JJ
inpatient	JJ
eating	NN
disorder	NN
facility	NN
,	,
and	CC
eight	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
counselling	VBG
experience	NN
altogether	RB
.	.
Specializing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
depression	NN
and	CC
anxiety	NN
.	.
Through	IN
an	DT
empathic	JJ
and	CC
interactive	JJ
approach	NN
,	,
I	PRP
help	VBP
clients	NNS
to	TO
not	RB
only	RB
focus	VB
on	IN
reducing	VBG
symptoms	NNS
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
explore	VB
and	CC
heal	VB
the	DT
underlying	VBG
issues	NNS
and	CC
emotional	JJ
origins	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
eating	NN
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
worked	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
Renfrew	NNP
Center	NNP
of	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
,	,
both	DT
as	IN
an	DT
outpatient	NN
therapist	NN
and	CC
as	IN
the	DT
Admissions	NNPS
Coordinator	NNP
,	,
and	CC
can	MD
collaborate	VB
with	IN
and	CC
provide	VB
referrals	NNS
to	TO
psychiatrists	NNS
,	,
nutritionists	NNS
and	CC
physicians	NNS
as	IN
needed	VBN
.	.
Variety	NNP
of	IN
office	NN
hours	NNS
available	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
happy	JJ
to	TO
set	VB
up	RP
a	DT
consultation	NN
with	IN
you	PRP
and	CC
look	VB
forward	RB
to	TO
helping	VBG
you	PRP
create	VBP
meaningful	JJ
and	CC
fulfilling	VBG
life	NN
changes	NNS
.	.
Providing	VBG
Individual	JJ
and	CC
Family	NNP
Therapy	NNP
.	.
Utilizing	VBG
verbal	JJ
and	CC
non-verbal	JJ
therapies	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
clients	NNS
.	.
Registered	NNP
and	CC
Board	NNP
Certified	NNP
Art	NNP
Therapist	NNP
with	IN
experience	NN
with	IN
supporting	VBG
clients	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
Partial	JJ
Hospitalization	NN
setting	NN
,	,
Outpatient	NNP
Mental	NNP
Health	NNP
Clinic	NNP
and	CC
now	RB
in	IN
private	JJ
practive	NN
.	.
Psychologist	NN
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Lerner	NNP
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
treating	VBG
adolescent	JJ
girls	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
difficulties	NNS
,	,
weight	NN
concerns	NNS
,	,
and	CC
self	NN
esteem	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
works	VBZ
with	IN
mood	NN
disorders	NNS
,	,
relationship	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
grief	NN
and	CC
loss	NN
,	,
and	CC
spirituality	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Lerner	NNP
works	VBZ
with	IN
adults	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
couples	NNS
in	IN
San	NNP
Rafael	NNP
and	CC
San	NNP
Francisco	NNP
.	.
Tessa	NNP
Addison	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
Licensed	VBN
Clinical	NNP
Social	NNP
Worker	NNP
and	CC
Psychoanalyst	NNP
who	WP
offers	VBZ
individualized	JJ
treatment	NN
from	IN
a	DT
psychodynamic	JJ
perspective	NN
designed	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
understand	VB
and	CC
work	VB
through	IN
longstanding	JJ
underlying	VBG
issues	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
contribute	VB
to	TO
the	DT
difficult	JJ
feelings	NNS
,	,
thoughts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
behaviors	NNS
surrounding	VBG
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Addison	NNP
knows	VBZ
that	IN
to	TO
examine	VB
and	CC
reveal	VB
your	PRP$
inner	JJ
world	NN
,	,
to	TO
trust	VB
another	DT
to	TO
share	VB
in	IN
that	DT
process	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
inherently	RB
difficult	JJ
effort	NN
to	TO
change	VB
all	DT
require	VBP
considerable	JJ
courage	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
possible	JJ
only	RB
in	IN
an	DT
environment	NN
of	IN
empathy	NN
,	,
respect	NN
,	,
and	CC
confidentiality	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
delicate	JJ
balance	NN
between	IN
encouraging	JJ
growth	NN
and	CC
respecting	VBG
limits	NNS
is	VBZ
thoughtfully	RB
attended	VBN
to	TO
.	.
Are	VBP
you	PRP
plagued	VBN
by	IN
obsessions	NNS
with	IN
food	NN
,	,
weight	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
restricting	VBG
and	CC
binging\/purging	VBG
?	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
over	IN
thirteen	CD
years	NNS
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
people	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
many	JJ
of	IN
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
have	VBP
told	VBN
me	PRP
that	IN
they	PRP
feel	VBP
very	RB
comfortable	JJ
confiding	VBG
in	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
use	VBP
a	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
therapy	NN
approaches	NNS
,	,
each	DT
tailored	VBN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
specific	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
individual	JJ
client	NN
.	.
These	DT
include	VBP
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
techniques	NNS
,	,
psychodnamic	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
relational	JJ
approaches	NNS
,	,
psychoeducational	JJ
methods	NNS
and	CC
addiction	NN
models	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
stop	VB
the	DT
cycle	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
formally	RB
trained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
created	VBD
and	CC
ran	VBD
the	DT
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
program	NN
at	IN
a	DT
major	JJ
metropolitan	JJ
hospital	NN
,	,
and	CC
currently	RB
work	VBP
with	IN
individuals	NNS
,	,
couples	NNS
,	,
family	NN
members	NNS
and	CC
groups	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
run	VBP
a	DT
free	JJ
Saturday	NNP
support	NN
group	NN
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
people	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
bulimia	NN
,	,
anorexia	NN
,	,
binge	NN
eating	NN
disorder	NN
,	,
and	CC
food	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
other	JJ
problems	NNS
that	WDT
often	RB
exist	VBP
along	IN
side	NN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
drug	NN
and	CC
alcohol	NN
addictions	NNS
,	,
low	JJ
self	NN
esteem	NN
,	,
relationship	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
childhood	NN
trauma	NN
and	CC
abuse	NN
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
.	.
My	PRP$
office	NN
is	VBZ
two	CD
blocks	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
bart	NN
station	NN
,	,
and	CC
my	PRP$
initial	JJ
screening	NN
sessions	NNS
are	VBP
always	RB
FREE	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
have	VBP
a	DT
sliding	VBG
scale	NN
.	.
Please	VB
call	VB
,	,
email	VB
me	PRP
,	,
or	CC
check	VB
out	RP
my	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
to	TO
schedule	VB
your	PRP$
free	JJ
appointment	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
approach	NN
to	TO
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
meet	VB
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
``	``
where	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
''	''
and	CC
help	VB
them	PRP
learn	VB
what	WP
they	PRP
can	MD
control	VB
vs.	FW
what	WP
they	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
control	VB
.	.
I	PRP
teach	VBP
clients	NNS
how	WRB
to	TO
develop	VB
coping	VBG
strategies	NNS
to	TO
gain	VB
control	NN
over	IN
their	PRP$
thoughts	NNS
and	CC
behaviors	NNS
while	IN
learning	VBG
how	WRB
to	TO
let	VB
go	VB
of	IN
what	WP
they	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
control	VB
.	.
I	PRP
use	VBP
a	DT
Cognitive	NNP
Behavioral	NNP
approach	NN
to	TO
help	VB
clients	NNS
manage	VB
stress	NN
,	,
adapt	VB
to	TO
life	NN
transitions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
understand	VB
the	DT
underlying	VBG
causes	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
problems	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
goal	NN
oriented	VBN
and	CC
want	VB
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
to	TO
walk	VB
away	RB
from	IN
their	PRP$
sessions	NNS
learning	VBG
new	JJ
tools	NNS
they	PRP
can	MD
apply	VB
towards	IN
any	DT
problem	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
much	JJ
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
's	POS
issues	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
value	VBP
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
resources	NNS
to	TO
give	VB
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
support	NN
and	CC
guidance	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
work	VBP
through	IN
various	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
combination	NN
of	IN
support	NN
vs.	IN
challenge	NN
allows	VBZ
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
to	TO
develop	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
strategies	NNS
to	TO
solve	VB
future	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
licensed	JJ
marriage	NN
and	CC
family	NN
therapist	NN
focusing	VBG
on	IN
adolescent	JJ
,	,
individual	JJ
and	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
I	PRP
focus	VBP
on	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
different	JJ
influences	NNS
in	IN
our	PRP$
lives	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
contributing	VBG
to	TO
emotional	JJ
distress	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
clinical	JJ
psychologist	NN
,	,
specializing	VBG
in	IN
eating\/body	JJ
image	NN
concerns	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
especially	RB
interested	JJ
in	IN
compulsive\/emotional	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
compulsive	JJ
exercise	NN
,	,
and	CC
binge	NN
eating	NN
disorder	NN
and	CC
also	RB
do	VBP
quite	RB
a	DT
bit	NN
of	IN
work	NN
with	IN
anxiety	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
and	CC
relationship	NN
concerns	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
treatment	NN
approach	NN
blends	VBZ
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
,	,
psychodynamic	JJ
,	,
and	CC
interpersonal	JJ
therapies	NNS
,	,
with	IN
intuitive	JJ
eating	NN
techniques	NNS
.	.
Individual	NNP
and	CC
group	NN
treatment	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
struggling	VBG
with	IN
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
addiction	NN
,	,
grief	NN
,	,
relationship	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
life	NN
transition	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
mission	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
relief	NN
and	CC
restore	VB
hope	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
approach	NN
integrates	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
current	JJ
and	CC
successful	JJ
findings	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
fields	NNS
of	IN
psychology	NN
and	CC
neuroscience	NN
.	.
If	IN
required	VBN
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
coordinate	VB
your	PRP$
treatment	NN
with	IN
a	DT
qualified	VBN
psychopharmacologist	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
office	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
setting	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
Metro	NNP
accessible	JJ
:	:
Dupont	NNP
Circle	NNP
-	:
Washington	NNP
,	,
DC	NNP
''	''
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
individuals	NNS
,	,
families	NNS
,	,
and	CC
couples	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
suffering	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
role	NN
as	IN
the	DT
therapist	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
empower	VB
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
and	CC
help	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
better	JJR
understand	VB
what	WP
role	NN
the	DT
eating	NN
disorder	NN
is	VBZ
playing	VBG
in	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
best	RB
regain	VB
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
disease	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
Eating	NNP
disorders	NNS
not	RB
only	RB
affect	VB
the	DT
individual	NN
with	IN
the	DT
active	JJ
symptoms	NNS
but	CC
affect	VB
all	DT
who	WP
love	VBP
and	CC
care	VBP
for	IN
her\/him	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
extensive	JJ
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
individuals	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
and	CC
binge	NN
eating	NN
disorder\/compulsive	JJ
eating	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
substance	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
and	CC
couples	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
issues	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
stressors	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
licensed	JJ
doctoral-level	NN
clinical	JJ
psychologist	NN
who	WP
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
outpatient	NN
individual	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
running	VBG
group	NN
therapy	NN
one	CD
to	TO
two	CD
times	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
in	IN
the	DT
evenings	NNS
for	IN
adult	NN
women	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
In	IN
her	PRP$
private	JJ
practice	NN
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Chambliss	NNP
utilizes	VBZ
various	JJ
treatment	NN
techniques	NNS
to	TO
identify	VB
and	CC
treat	VB
underlying	VBG
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
While	IN
examining	VBG
past	JJ
and	CC
present	JJ
experiences	NNS
,	,
she	PRP
works	VBZ
with	IN
her	PRP$
clients	NNS
to	TO
understand	VB
how	WRB
these	DT
experiences	NNS
shape	NN
and	CC
influence	NN
destructive	JJ
behavior	NN
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
changing	VBG
her	PRP$
clients	NNS
negative	JJ
thought	NN
process	NN
so	IN
that	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
gain	VB
control	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
in	IN
healthy	JJ
,	,
productive	JJ
ways	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Chambliss	NNP
?	.
strong	JJ
academic	JJ
background	NN
,	,
extensive	JJ
clinical	JJ
training	NN
,	,
research	NN
,	,
and	CC
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
have	VBP
enabled	VBN
her	PRP$
to	TO
give	VB
individuals	NNS
the	DT
quality	NN
help	NN
they	PRP
need	VBP
and	CC
deserve	VBP
.	.
She	PRP
provides	VBZ
a	DT
comfortable	JJ
and	CC
supportive	JJ
therapeutic	JJ
environment	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
her	PRP$
clients	NNS
work	VBP
towards	IN
gaining	VBG
a	DT
clear	JJ
understanding	NN
of	IN
themselves	PRP
and	CC
their	PRP$
relationships	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Chambliss	NNP
has	VBZ
written	VBN
many	JJ
papers	NNS
on	IN
eating	NN
and	CC
self-esteem	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
provides	VBZ
psychotherapy	NN
to	TO
individuals	NNS
,	,
couples	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
.	.
Adult	NN
and	CC
Adolescent	NNP
Therapy	NNP
and	CC
Couples\/Family	NNP
Counseling	NN
.	.
DBT	NNP
Therapy	NNP
and	CC
Classes	NNS
available	JJ
.	.
Counseling	NN
to	TO
address	VB
issues	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
binge	NN
eating	NN
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
addiction	NN
and	CC
relationship	NN
problems	NNS
.	.
Therapist	NNP
in	IN
practice	NN
for	IN
12	CD
+	CD
years	NNS
,	,
with	IN
experience	NN
in	IN
compulsive	JJ
behaviors	NNS
,	,
substance	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
family	NN
and	CC
marriage	NN
counseling	NN
,	,
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
mood	NN
disorders	NNS
.	.
Combining	VBG
the	DT
techniques	NNS
of	IN
Solution-Focused	NNP
Therapy	NNP
,	,
Dialectical	NNP
Behavioral	NNP
Therapy	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Psychodynamic	NNP
Therapy	NNP
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
achieve	VB
your	PRP$
personal	JJ
goals	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
primary	JJ
goal	NN
for	IN
you	PRP
in	IN
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
safe	JJ
,	,
therapeutic	JJ
environment	NN
for	IN
growth	NN
.	.
The	DT
belief	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
therapist	NN
and	CC
client	NN
will	MD
take	VB
a	DT
journey	NN
together	RB
towards	IN
healing	NN
and	CC
self-discovery	NN
.	.
The	DT
goal	NN
in	IN
counseling	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
discover	VB
your	PRP$
own	JJ
voice	NN
,	,
hopes	VBZ
,	,
dreams	VBZ
,	,
and	CC
evoke	VB
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
purpose	NN
and	CC
direction	NN
in	IN
life	NN
.	.
Every	DT
person	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
capability	NN
to	TO
change	VB
unhealthy	JJ
lifestyle	NN
patterns	NNS
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
develop	VB
courage	NN
to	TO
follow	VB
through	IN
with	IN
new	JJ
choices	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
private	JJ
group	NN
practice	NN
of	IN
internationally	RB
recognized	VBN
mental	JJ
health	NN
professionals	NNS
who	WP
specialize	VBP
in	IN
Cognitive	NNP
Behavior	NNP
Therapy	NNP
and	CC
Dialectical	NNP
Behavior	NNP
Therapy	NNP
,	,
and	CC
provide	VB
clinical	JJ
,	,
consultation	NN
,	,
and	CC
coaching	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
children	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
group	NN
of	IN
dedicated	JJ
clinicians	NNS
and	CC
researchers	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
are	VBP
committed	VBN
to	TO
helping	VBG
clients	NNS
identify	VB
goals	NNS
,	,
overcome	VBN
obstacles	NNS
,	,
and	CC
resolve	VB
problems	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
impeding	VBG
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
Through	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
evidence-based	JJ
approaches	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
provide	VBP
the	DT
necessary	JJ
structure	NN
and	CC
tools	NNS
to	TO
assist	VB
individuals	NNS
with	IN
issues	NNS
ranging	VBG
from	IN
life	NN
stresses	VBZ
and	CC
problems	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
full	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
mild	JJ
to	TO
severe	JJ
psychological	JJ
disorders	NNS
including	VBG
eating	JJ
disorders	NNS
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
self-injurious	JJ
behaviors	NNS
,	,
mood	NN
regulation	NN
difficulties	NNS
,	,
insomnia	NN
and	CC
habit	NN
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
individually	RB
and	CC
in	IN
groups	NNS
with	IN
women	NNS
who	WP
struggle	VBP
with	IN
issues	NNS
around	IN
eating	VBG
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
.	.
Obsession	NN
with	IN
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
over	IN
exercising	VBG
,	,
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
.	.
Feelings	NNS
of	IN
shame	NN
and	CC
embarrassment	NN
are	VBP
often	RB
associated	VBN
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
a	DT
safe	JJ
and	CC
confidential	JJ
environment	NN
where	WRB
you	PRP
can	MD
explore	VB
,	,
learn	VB
tools	NNS
,	,
and	CC
discuss	VB
issues	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
your	PRP$
eating	NN
disorder	NN
.	.
Allow	VB
yourself	PRP
to	TO
``	``
BE	VB
''	''
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
what	WP
I	PRP
help	VBP
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
do	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
Licensed	VBN
Professional	NNP
Counselor	NNP
in	IN
Colorado	NNP
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
a	DT
National	NNP
Certified	NNP
Counselor	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
realistic	JJ
,	,
humanistic	JJ
counseling	NN
philosophy	NN
,	,
with	IN
a	DT
desire	NN
to	TO
help	VB
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
explore	VB
and	CC
begin	VB
to	TO
love	VB
the	DT
person	NN
they	PRP
truly	RB
are	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
start	VBP
with	IN
an	DT
assessment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
,	,
family	NN
or	CC
couple	NN
,	,
then	RB
formulate	VBP
a	DT
plan	NN
for	IN
treatment	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
unique	JJ
to	TO
each	DT
client	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
counseling	NN
field	NN
since	IN
1990	CD
and	CC
have	VBP
been	VBN
exposed	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
wide	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
settings	NNS
and	CC
clients	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
I	PRP
believe	VBP
my	PRP$
calling	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
dedicate	VB
my	PRP$
life	NN
's	POS
work	NN
to	TO
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Providing	VBG
psychotherapy	NN
to	TO
adults	NNS
and	CC
adolescents	NNS
with	IN
food	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
:	:
food	NN
restriction	NN
,	,
binging	NN
,	,
purging	VBG
,	,
emotional	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
chronic	JJ
dieting	NN
and	CC
body	NN
dissatisfaction	NN
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
an	DT
eclectic	JJ
approach	NN
in	IN
a	DT
warm	JJ
and	CC
supportive	JJ
setting	NN
,	,
specializing	VBG
in	IN
working	VBG
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
individual	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
person	NN
.	.
Referrals	NNS
to	TO
and	CC
collaborations	NNS
with	IN
nutritionists	NNS
,	,
psychiatrists	NNS
and	CC
medical	JJ
doctors	NNS
as	IN
needed	VBN
.	.
Insurance	NNP
reimbursable	JJ
.	.
Anne	NNP
Chester	NNP
,	,
LCSW	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
experienced	JJ
counselor	NN
specializing	VBG
in	IN
child	NN
and	CC
adolescent	JJ
population	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
worked	VBN
with	IN
at	IN
risk	NN
children	NNS
for	IN
over	IN
15	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
professional	JJ
counselor	NN
for	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
7	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Practice	NN
specialties	NNS
include	VBP
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
,	,
trauma	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
disorders	NNS
,	,
bipolar	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
divorce	NN
reaction	NN
,	,
self	NN
harm	NN
behaviors	NNS
,	,
communication	NN
skills	NNS
,	,
self	NN
esteem	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
parent	NN
child	NN
discord	NN
,	,
anger	NN
managment	NN
,	,
and	CC
oppositional	JJ
defiant	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
Anne	NNP
Chester	NNP
,	,
LCSW	NNP
works	VBZ
with	IN
many	JJ
local	JJ
psychiatrists	NNS
and	CC
dietitians	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Carr	NNP
treats	VBZ
teenagers	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
disturbance	NN
using	VBG
an	DT
integrative	JJ
,	,
client-centered	JJ
and	CC
collaborative	JJ
approach	NN
,	,
employing	VBG
empirically-based	JJ
interventions	NNS
that	WDT
address	VBP
clients	NNS
'	POS
difficulties	NNS
while	IN
building	VBG
on	IN
their	PRP$
strengths	NNS
and	CC
empowering	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
create	VB
positive	JJ
change	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Carr	NNP
accepts	VBZ
Blue	NNP
Cross	NNP
\/	NNP
Blue	NNP
Shield	NNP
PPO	NNP
health	NN
insurance	NN
and	CC
offers	VBZ
a	DT
sliding	VBG
scale	NN
to	TO
clients	NNS
with	IN
financial	JJ
need	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
licensed	JJ
,	,
clinical	JJ
psychologist	NN
who	WP
treats	VBZ
individuals	NNS
with	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
binge	NN
eating	NN
,	,
and	CC
obesity	NN
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
bariatric	JJ
assessments	NNS
and	CC
some	DT
psychological	JJ
testing	NN
.	.
I	PRP
enjoy	VBP
working	VBG
with	IN
women	NNS
and	CC
teenage	JJ
girls	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
treatment	NN
is	VBZ
tailored	VBN
to	TO
individuals	NNS
'	POS
needs	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
bill	VB
most	RBS
insurance	NN
plans	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
counseling	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Family	NNP
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
available	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
combine	VB
my	PRP$
education	NN
and	CC
experience	NN
in	IN
counseling	NN
psychology	NN
and	CC
health	NN
and	CC
fitness	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
multi-disciplinary	JJ
counseling	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Smith	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
licensed	JJ
psychologist	NN
with	IN
a	DT
practice	NN
in	IN
Santa	NNP
Barbara	NNP
,	,
CA	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
specialized	VBN
in	IN
treating	VBG
people	NNS
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
since	IN
1998	CD
.	.
Her	PRP$
approach	NN
is	VBZ
grounded	VBN
in	IN
her	PRP$
respect	NN
for	IN
and	CC
support	NN
of	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
.	.
She	PRP
works	VBZ
collaboratively	RB
to	TO
help	VB
the	DT
patient	JJ
understand	VBP
what	WP
purpose	NN
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
is	VBZ
serving	VBG
in	IN
his\/her	JJ
life	NN
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
helps	VBZ
the	DT
patient	NN
to	TO
decrease	VB
unhealthy	JJ
behaviors	NNS
and	CC
increase	VB
healthy	JJ
behaviors	NNS
and	CC
self	NN
acceptance	NN
.	.
I	PRP
utilize	VBP
a	DT
behavioral	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
eating	NN
disorder	NN
behavior	NN
which	WDT
allows	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
underlying	VBG
emotional	JJ
issues	NNS
to	TO
surface	VB
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
worked	VBN
on	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
eating	NN
disorder	NN
recovery	NN
and	CC
am	VBP
honored	VBN
to	TO
support	VB
others	NNS
with	IN
their	PRP$
recovery	NN
.	.
Jennifer	NNP
has	VBZ
extensive	JJ
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
and	CC
has	VBZ
treated	VBN
clients	NNS
on	IN
inpatient	NN
,	,
partial	JJ
hospital	NN
and	CC
intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
levels	NNS
.	.
Having	VBG
recovered	VBN
from	IN
Anorexia	NNP
for	IN
over	RB
16	CD
years	NNS
,	,
Jennifer	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
special	JJ
empathy	NN
for	IN
those	DT
suffering	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
devastating	JJ
effects	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
Her	PRP$
approach	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
compassion	NN
and	CC
understanding	NN
,	,
and	CC
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
directive	NN
and	CC
goal-oriented	JJ
.	.
Jennifer	NNP
believes	VBZ
that	IN
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
for	IN
every	DT
person	NN
and	CC
she	PRP
works	VBZ
to	TO
collaborate	VB
with	IN
clients	NNS
in	IN
finding	VBG
their	PRP$
own	JJ
paths	NNS
towards	IN
health	NN
and	CC
wholeness	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
clinical	JJ
psychologist	NN
with	IN
experience	NN
treating	VBG
eating	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
completed	VBD
training	NN
at	IN
university	NN
counseling	NN
centers	NNS
,	,
providing	VBG
group	NN
,	,
family	NN
,	,
couple	NN
's	POS
and	CC
individual	JJ
counseling	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
practice	NN
setting	VBG
for	IN
5	CD
years	NNS
.	.
In	IN
treating	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
think	VBP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
look	VB
at	IN
the	DT
role	NN
food	NN
is	VBZ
playing	VBG
in	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
Often	RB
,	,
people	NNS
are	VBP
using	VBG
food	NN
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
and\/or	CC
not	RB
feel	VB
painful	JJ
emotions	NNS
and	CC
,	,
sometimes	RB
,	,
to	TO
punish	VB
themselves	PRP
.	.
Treatment	NNP
is	VBZ
focused	VBN
on	IN
finding	VBG
other	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
painful	JJ
emotions	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
get	VB
your	PRP$
needs	NNS
met	VBD
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
also	RB
look	VB
at	IN
how	WRB
societal	JJ
and	CC
family	NN
factors	NNS
have	VBP
influenced	VBN
the	DT
problem	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
common	JJ
for	IN
other	JJ
issues	NNS
to	TO
arise	VB
,	,
like	IN
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
past	JJ
trauma	NN
,	,
and	CC
self-esteem	NN
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
treatment	NN
works	NNS
best	RBS
when	WRB
it	PRP
involves	VBZ
a	DT
team	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
would	MD
decide	VB
together	RB
what	WP
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
nutritional	JJ
counseling	NN
,	,
medication	NN
,	,
group	NN
theray	NN
,	,
etc	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Looking	VBG
for	IN
help	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
huge	JJ
step	NN
on	IN
the	DT
road	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
on	IN
your	PRP$
way	NN
by	IN
looking	VBG
at	IN
this	DT
website	NN
.	.
Please	VB
feel	VB
free	JJ
to	TO
contact	VB
me	PRP
if	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
further	JJ
questions	NNS
.	.
Phone	NN
contact	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
best	JJS
way	NN
to	TO
reach	VB
me	PRP
or	CC
get	VB
a	DT
message	NN
to	TO
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
an	DT
experienced	JJ
psychotherapist	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
worked	VBN
extensively	RB
treating	VBG
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
\/	NN
binge-eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
troubles	NNS
with	IN
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
food	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
view	VBP
therapy	NN
as	IN
a	DT
collaborative	JJ
process	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
we	PRP
we	PRP
work	VBP
on	IN
understanding	VBG
what	WP
causes	VBZ
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
and	CC
make	VB
concerns	NNS
about	IN
food	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
less	RBR
powerful	JJ
so	IN
that	IN
satisfaction	NN
can	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
in	IN
life	NN
and	CC
relationships	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
treating	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
well-versed	JJ
in	IN
addressing	VBG
anxiety	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
and	CC
trauma	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
drug	NN
and	CC
alcohol	NN
addiction	NN
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
both	DT
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
with	IN
many	JJ
young	JJ
adults	NNS
trying	VBG
to	TO
find	VB
satisfying	JJ
relationships	NNS
and	CC
career	NN
paths	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
are	VBP
artists	NNS
,	,
actors	NNS
,	,
and	CC
dancers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
understand	VBP
the	DT
joys	NNS
and	CC
pitfalls	NNS
of	IN
realizing	VBG
a	DT
career	NN
in	IN
the	DT
arts	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
offer	VB
short	JJ
-	:
and	CC
long-term	JJ
treatment	NN
.	.
When	WRB
there	EX
are	VBP
limited	JJ
finances	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
can	MD
offer	VB
a	DT
reduced	JJ
rate	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
therapist	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
specialized	VBN
in	IN
treating	VBG
children	NNS
and	CC
young	JJ
adults	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
three	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
plus	CC
-RRB-	-RRB-
years	NNS
.	.
At	IN
The	DT
Center	NNP
for	IN
Counseling	NN
and	CC
Psychotherapy	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
hope	VBP
to	TO
continue	VB
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
individuals	NNS
who	WP
struggle	VBP
with	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
in	IN
individual	JJ
,	,
family	NN
or	CC
couple	NN
's	POS
therapy	NN
.	.
Dana	NNP
Shafir	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
Licensed	VBN
Professional	NNP
Counselor	NNP
who	WP
works	VBZ
with	IN
adolescents	NNS
,	,
adults	NNS
,	,
and	CC
families	NNS
.	.
Her	PRP$
person-centered	JJ
approach	NN
cultivates	VBZ
an	DT
empowering	VBG
and	CC
egalitarian	JJ
environment	NN
that	WDT
encourages	VBZ
clients	NNS
to	TO
explore	VB
and	CC
discover	VB
their	PRP$
inner	JJ
strengths	NNS
and	CC
competencies	NNS
.	.
Solution-focused	JJ
and	CC
cognitive	JJ
behavioral	JJ
techniques	NNS
are	VBP
often	RB
utilized	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
clients	NNS
make	VB
goal-oriented	JJ
steps	NNS
toward	IN
positive	JJ
,	,
realistic	JJ
,	,
and	CC
lasting	JJ
changes	NNS
.	.
Dana	NNP
's	POS
clinical	JJ
interests	NNS
include	VBP
issues	NNS
surrounding	VBG
body	NN
image	NN
and	CC
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
matters	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
mental	JJ
health	NN
of	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
47	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
and	CC
have	VBP
been	VBN
working	VBG
on	IN
myself	PRP
for	IN
over	IN
half	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
passion	NN
is	VBZ
helping	VBG
individuals	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
because	IN
I	PRP
personally	RB
recovered	VBD
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
about	IN
15	CD
years	NNS
ago	RB
.	.
I	PRP
love	VBP
watching	VBG
people	NNS
grow	VB
and	CC
being	VBG
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
process	NN
.	.
Sessions	NNP
are	VBP
geared	VBN
toward	IN
the	DT
personal	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
client	NN
.	.
I	PRP
view	VBP
the	DT
individual	NN
as	IN
coping	VBG
with	IN
life	NN
in	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
way	NN
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
knows	VBZ
how	WRB
,	,
and	CC
view	VB
the	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
difficulties	NNS
as	IN
understandable	JJ
responses	NNS
to	TO
life	NN
situations	NNS
.	.
Together	RB
,	,
we	PRP
begin	VBP
to	TO
understand	VB
the	DT
difficulties	NNS
,	,
where	WRB
they	PRP
come	VBP
from	IN
,	,
and	CC
them	PRP
move	VBP
through	IN
them	PRP
to	TO
a	DT
happier	JJR
,	,
healthier	RBR
place	NN
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
group	NN
and	CC
individual	JJ
treatment	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
Dialectical	NNP
Behavior	NNP
Therapy	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
DBT	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
with	IN
a	DT
focus	NN
on	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
DBT	NNP
provides	VBZ
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
gain	VB
the	DT
skills	NNS
necessary	JJ
for	IN
identifying	VBG
,	,
experiencing	VBG
and	CC
regulating	VBG
emotions	NNS
,	,
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
interact	VB
more	RBR
effectively	RB
with	IN
ourselves	PRP
and	CC
others	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
two	CD
components	NNS
to	TO
DBT	NNP
:	:
skills	NNS
training	NN
group	NN
and	CC
individual	JJ
therapy	NN
.	.
In	IN
skills	NNS
training	VBG
group	NN
,	,
lectures	VBZ
and	CC
discussions	NNS
focus	NN
on	IN
managing	VBG
emotions	NNS
,	,
learning	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
more	RBR
effective	JJ
in	IN
relationships	NNS
,	,
and	CC
learning	VBG
techniques	NNS
for	IN
tolerating	VBG
distress	NN
.	.
Individual	JJ
therapy	NN
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
staying	VBG
motivated	JJ
,	,
understanding	VBG
how	WRB
and	CC
why	WRB
problem	NN
behaviors	NNS
occur	VBP
and	CC
identifying	VBG
alternative	NN
,	,
more	JJR
skillful	JJ
ways	NNS
of	IN
coping	VBG
.	.
The	DT
overall	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
called	VBN
``	``
dialectical	JJ
''	''
because	IN
it	PRP
seeks	VBZ
balance	NN
between	IN
opposites	NNS
--	:
such	JJ
as	IN
acceptance	NN
and	CC
change	NN
,	,
validation	NN
and	CC
challenge	NN
,	,
rigidity	NN
and	CC
flexibility	NN
.	.
Underlying	JJ
DBT	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
``	``
mindfulness	NN
.	.
''	''
Drawn	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
Zen	NNP
tradition	NN
of	IN
meditation	NN
,	,
mindfulness	NN
is	VBZ
about	IN
attending	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
moment	NN
,	,
without	IN
judgment	NN
or	CC
impulsivity	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Tanowitz	NNP
integrates	VBZ
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
therapeutic	JJ
approaches	NNS
and	CC
emphasizes	VBZ
the	DT
mind-body	JJ
relationship	NN
.	.
She	PRP
assists	VBZ
clients	NNS
in	IN
developing	VBG
new	JJ
coping	VBG
skills	NNS
and	CC
making	VBG
lifestyle	NN
changes	NNS
to	TO
improve	VB
overall	JJ
well-being	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Tanowitz	NNP
works	VBZ
with	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
and	CC
depression	NN
.	.
She	PRP
aims	VBZ
to	TO
optimize	VB
the	DT
psychological	JJ
and	CC
physical	JJ
health	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
clients	NNS
.	.
Individual	JJ
therapy	NN
and	CC
a	DT
cognitive	JJ
behavioral	JJ
group	NN
are	VBP
offered	VBN
at	IN
her	PRP$
practice	NN
in	IN
Sleepy	NNP
Hollow	NNP
,	,
N.Y.	NNP
Cognitive-Behavior	NNP
Therapy	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CBT	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
an	DT
extensively	RB
researched	VBN
treatment	NN
of	IN
choice	NN
for	IN
Bulimia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
and	CC
Binge	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
Certified	NNP
Cognitive	NNP
Therapist	NNP
with	IN
expertise	NN
in	IN
Dialectical	NNP
Behavior	NNP
Therapy	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
DBT	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
emotion	NN
dysregulation	NN
and	CC
trauma	NN
.	.
Treatment	NNP
for	IN
your	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
will	MD
follow	VB
the	DT
researched	VBN
,	,
4-Stage	JJ
CBT	NNP
enhanced	JJ
protocol	NN
.	.
I	PRP
draw	VBP
from	IN
acceptance	NN
,	,
strength-based	JJ
,	,
and	CC
positive	JJ
psychological	JJ
principles	NNS
to	TO
balance	VB
the	DT
change	NN
process	NN
.	.
Please	VB
go	VB
to	TO
my	PRP$
website	NN
and\/or	CC
call\/e-mail	NN
me	PRP
for	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
or	CC
a	DT
free	JJ
consultation	NN
.	.
Nina	NNP
Savelle-Rocklin	NNP
,	,
M.A.	NNP
,	,
MFT	NNP
has	VBZ
extensive	JJ
experience	NN
treating	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
in	IN
children	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
her	PRP$
private	JJ
practice	NN
located	VBN
in	IN
Sherman	NNP
Oaks	NNPS
,	,
she	PRP
holds	VBZ
a	DT
position	NN
as	IN
staff	NN
therapist	NN
at	IN
The	DT
Manick	NNP
Program	NNP
,	,
an	DT
intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
program	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
recently	RB
completed	VBD
a	DT
three-year	JJ
internship	NN
in	IN
the	DT
psychoanalytic	JJ
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
tutelage	NN
of	IN
Susan	NNP
Cofsky	NNP
,	,
Psy	NNP
.	.
D.	NNP
Previously	RB
,	,
Nina	NNP
was	VBD
affiliated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
Center	NNP
for	IN
Individual	NNP
&	CC
Family	NNP
Therapy	NNP
where	WRB
she	PRP
created	VBD
and	CC
facilitated	VBD
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
group	NN
for	IN
bulimic	JJ
women	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
LATFED	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Los	NNP
Angeles	NNP
Task	NNP
Force	NNP
on	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
ANAD	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Anorexia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
and	CC
Associated	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Nina	NNP
strives	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
compassion	NN
and	CC
support	NN
in	IN
a	DT
safe	JJ
environment	NN
as	IN
she	PRP
works	VBZ
with	IN
clients	NNS
toward	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
private	JJ
practice	NN
setting	NN
,	,
a	DT
treatment	NN
team	NN
approach	NN
is	VBZ
supported	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
recovery	NN
process	NN
.	.
Referrals	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
medication	NN
evaluation	NN
,	,
a	DT
nutrition	NN
consult	VB
with	IN
a	DT
registered	VBN
and	CC
licensed	VBN
dietician	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
support	NN
group	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
.	.
The	DT
focus	NN
of	IN
this	DT
therapist	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
individual	JJ
counseling	NN
on	IN
an	DT
outpatient	NN
basis	NN
with	IN
family	NN
counseling	NN
when	WRB
needed	VBN
and\/or	CC
recommended	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
one	CD
of	IN
my	PRP$
primary	JJ
interests	NNS
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
women	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
concerns	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
held	VBD
a	DT
staff	NN
psychologist	NN
position	NN
at	IN
a	DT
state	NN
University	NNP
for	IN
12	CD
years	NNS
,	,
i	FW
was	VBD
the	DT
appointed	VBN
person	NN
for	IN
treatment	NN
,	,
consultation	NN
training	NN
,	,
and	CC
outreach	NN
work	NN
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
served	VBD
as	IN
the	DT
co-coordinator	NN
to	TO
a	DT
university-wide	JJ
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
and	CC
Body	NNP
Image	NN
Concerns	NNS
Task	NNP
Force	NNP
for	IN
about	IN
7	CD
years	NNS
at	IN
this	DT
University	NNP
.	.
My	PRP$
approaches	NNS
were	VBD
eclectic	JJ
,	,
primarily	RB
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
but	CC
often	RB
with	IN
creative	JJ
and	CC
multi-cultural	JJ
perspectives	NNS
given	VBN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
ethnically	RB
Chinese	JJ
background	NN
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
collaboratively	RB
with	IN
other	JJ
mental\/health	NN
providers	NNS
for	IN
comprehesive	JJ
care	NN
of	IN
the	DT
clients	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
licensed	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
psychologist	NN
since	IN
1994	CD
in	IN
Virginia	NNP
and	CC
have	VBP
worked	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
very	RB
diverse	JJ
clientele	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
also	RB
a	DT
registrant	NN
with	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Register	NNP
in	IN
Psychology	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
participate	VBP
in	IN
several	JJ
managed	VBN
care	NN
panels	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
Medicare	NNP
,	,
Kaiser	NNP
Permanente	NNP
,	,
BCBS	NNP
PPO	NNP
,	,
Tricare	NNP
,	,
PHCS	NNP
and	CC
NCPPO	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
worked	VBN
for	IN
many	JJ
years	NNS
with	IN
individuals	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
encompassing	VBG
a	DT
vast	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
cultural	JJ
and	CC
social	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
Also	RB
I	PRP
have	VBP
had	VBN
experience	NN
with	IN
addiction	NN
and	CC
substance	NN
use	NN
.	.
As	RB
well	RB
as	IN
currently	RB
specializing	VBG
in	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Treatment	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
currently	RB
co-facilitate	VBP
a	DT
free	JJ
support	NN
group	NN
that	WDT
meets	VBZ
twice	RB
a	DT
month	NN
that	WDT
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
Eating	NNP
Disoders	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
use	VBP
a	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
therapy	NN
approaches	NNS
when	WRB
needed	VBN
.	.
They	PRP
include	VBP
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
techniques	NNS
,	,
psychodnamic	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
relational	JJ
approaches	NNS
,	,
psychoeducational	JJ
methods	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
speak	VBP
Spanish	JJ
and	CC
offer	NN
therapy	NN
in	IN
Spanish	JJ
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
The	DT
initial	JJ
screening	NN
session	NN
is	VBZ
free	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
offer	VBP
a	DT
sliding	VBG
scale	NN
.	.
Please	VB
call	VB
me	PRP
at	IN
the	DT
number	NN
listed	VBN
.	.
Cognitive-behavioral	JJ
therapy	NN
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
&	CC
adults	NNS
in	IN
Dallas	NNP
,	,
TX	NNP
.	.
A	DT
rational	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
understanding	VBG
the	DT
basis	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
thoughts	NNS
&	CC
actions	NNS
,	,
providing	VBG
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
re-pattern	VB
your	PRP$
thinking	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
improve	VB
behaviors	NNS
.	.
Wednesday	NNP
evening	NN
ongoing	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
group	NN
for	IN
women	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
and	CC
binge	NN
eating	NN
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
group	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
mutual	JJ
support	NN
,	,
to	TO
reduce	VB
symptoms	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
better	JJR
understand	VB
the	DT
underlying	VBG
issues\/origins	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
also	RB
look	VB
at	IN
how	WRB
the	DT
eating	NN
disorder	NN
impacts	NNS
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
relationships	NNS
and	CC
self-esteem	NN
.	.
The	DT
group	NN
meets	VBZ
Wednesday	NNP
evenings	NNS
at	IN
6:45	CD
pm	NN
.	.
Office	NNP
is	VBZ
located	VBN
at	IN
26th	JJ
and	CC
Broadway	NNP
and	CC
is	VBZ
accessible	JJ
via	IN
the	DT
1	CD
,	,
F	NN
,	,
N\/R	NNP
,	,
and	CC
6	CD
trains	NNS
.	.
Group	NNP
is	VBZ
run	VBN
by	IN
Jennifer	NNP
Silacci	NNP
,	,
LMSW	NNP
.	.
Completed	VBN
post-graduate	JJ
psychoanalytic	JJ
training	NN
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
at	IN
The	DT
Women	NNP
's	POS
Therapy	NNP
Centre	NNP
Institute	NNP
and	CC
currently	RB
run	VBP
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
groups	NNS
for	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
University	NNP
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
the	DT
Clinical	NNP
Advisor	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
FREED	NNP
Foundation	NNP
.	.
Carmen	NNP
Scroggin	NNP
provides	VBZ
individual	JJ
,	,
couples	NNS
,	,
and	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
.	.
Her	PRP$
office	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
in	IN
North	NNP
Dallas	NNP
at	IN
Inwood	NNP
and	CC
Northwest	NNP
Highway	NNP
.	.
Carmen	NNP
accepts	VBZ
most	RBS
insurance	NN
plans	NNS
.	.
Her	PRP$
warm	JJ
,	,
individualzed	JJ
approach	NN
helps	VBZ
each	DT
person	NN
feel	VB
comfortable	JJ
as	IN
they	PRP
work	VBP
to	TO
make	VB
positive	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
thinking	NN
,	,
emotions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
behaviors	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
start	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
premise	NN
that	WDT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
are	VBP
meaningful	JJ
and	CC
can	MD
be	VB
understood	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
more	RBR
important	JJ
than	IN
body	NN
and	CC
food	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
hunger	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
person	NN
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
an	DT
all	DT
out	IN
war	NN
with	IN
their	PRP$
hunger	NN
.	.
In	IN
my	PRP$
work	NN
I	PRP
try	VBP
to	TO
help	VB
folks	NNS
get	VB
in	IN
touch	NN
with	IN
the	DT
more	JJR
meaningful	JJ
hungers	NNS
they	PRP
are	VBP
craving	NN
,	,
and	CC
help	VB
them	PRP
seeks	VBZ
means	NNS
of	IN
satisfying	VBG
those	DT
larger	JJR
hungers	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
clients	NNS
describe	VBP
me	PRP
as	IN
warm	JJ
,	,
compassionate	JJ
and	CC
funny	JJ
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
as	IN
direct	JJ
,	,
challenging	JJ
,	,
and	CC
focused	VBD
;	:
seeking	VBG
out	RP
the	DT
hard	JJ
and	CC
stuck	VBD
places	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
approach	NN
to	TO
living	VBG
and	CC
loving	VBG
.	.
To	TO
quote	VB
a	DT
movie	NN
,	,
The	DT
Summer	NNP
Place	NNP
,	,
``	``
Life	NNP
is	VBZ
too	RB
hard	JJ
without	IN
being	VBG
miserable	JJ
on	IN
top	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
try	VB
to	TO
convince	VB
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
that	WDT
life	NN
is	VBZ
easy	JJ
or	CC
carefree	JJ
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
do	VBP
believe	VB
lots	NNS
of	IN
happiness	NN
and	CC
contentment	NN
can	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
when	WRB
we	PRP
face	VBP
and	CC
come	VBP
to	TO
terms	NNS
with	IN
our	PRP$
truths	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
leaving	VBG
counseling	NN
,	,
folks	NNS
usually	RB
feel	VBP
better	RBR
.	.
Not	RB
necessarily	RB
so	RB
with	IN
therapy	NN
.	.
The	DT
work	NN
can	MD
be	VB
hard	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
always	RB
feel	VB
good	JJ
right	NN
away	RB
.	.
What	WP
I	PRP
promise	VBP
clients	NNS
is	VBZ
that	IN
I	PRP
will	MD
take	VB
good	JJ
care	NN
of	IN
them	PRP
while	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
the	DT
hard	JJ
work	NN
of	IN
looking	VBG
at	IN
themselves	PRP
and	CC
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
While	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
are	VBP
my	PRP$
specialty	NN
of	IN
14	CD
years	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
believe	VBP
therapy	NN
deals	NNS
most	RBS
with	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
we	PRP
all	DT
share	NN
in	IN
common	JJ
,	,
like	IN
figuring	VBG
out	RP
how	WRB
to	TO
love	VB
and	CC
be	VB
loved	VBN
,	,
how	WRB
to	TO
see	VB
ourselves	PRP
and	CC
others	NNS
with	IN
compassion	NN
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
take	VB
control	NN
of	IN
the	DT
crafting	VBG
of	IN
our	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
about	IN
my	PRP$
views	NNS
on	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
,	,
please	VB
visit	NN
my	PRP$
website	NN
listed	VBN
below	RB
.	.
Psychotherapy	NNP
for	IN
individuals	NNS
couples	NNS
and	CC
groups	NNS
.	.
Specializing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
distortion	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
Evaluations	NNS
and	CC
follow	VB
up	RP
psychotherapy	NN
for	IN
weight	NN
loss	NN
surgury	NN
patients	NNS
.	.
Personal	NNP
coaching	NN
for	IN
health	NN
and	CC
wellness	NN
.	.
Offices	NNS
in	IN
Long	NNP
Island	NNP
and	CC
NYC	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
treat	VBP
men	NNS
,	,
women	NNS
and	CC
adolescents	NNS
with	IN
anorexic	JJ
,	,
bulimic	JJ
,	,
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
and	CC
ruminating	VBG
symptoms	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
clients	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
in	IN
in-patient	JJ
,	,
day	NN
treatment	NN
and	CC
outpatient	NN
settings	NNS
and	CC
like	VB
to	TO
work	VB
as	IN
a	DT
team	NN
where	WRB
appropriate	JJ
with	IN
nutritionists	NNS
,	,
physicians	NNS
and	CC
psychiatrists	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
work	VBP
with	IN
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
and	CC
trauma	NN
and	CC
abuse	NN
,	,
and	CC
am	VBP
trained	VBN
in	IN
EMDR	NNP
,	,
somatic	JJ
experiencing	VBG
and	CC
DBT	NNP
skills	NNS
building	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
ecclectic	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
approach	NN
,	,
drawing	VBG
my	PRP$
understanding	NN
from	IN
the	DT
psychodynamic	JJ
orientation	NN
,	,
but	CC
believing	VBG
that	IN
as	IN
an	DT
exclusive	JJ
technique	NN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
often	RB
ineffective	JJ
because	IN
it	PRP
ignores	VBZ
the	DT
body	NN
and	CC
the	DT
non-thinking	JJ
parts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
brain	NN
.	.
I	PRP
take	VBP
into	IN
account	NN
people	NNS
's	POS
presenting	VBG
issues	NNS
,	,
what	WP
has	VBZ
and	CC
has	VBZ
not	RB
worked	VBN
for	IN
them	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
past	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
learning	NN
styles	NNS
in	IN
deciding	VBG
what	WP
combination	NN
of	IN
insight	NN
,	,
cognitive	JJ
behavioral	JJ
or	CC
body-based	JJ
work	NN
to	TO
incorporate	VB
.	.
Currently	RB
I	PRP
am	VBP
co-leading	NN
a	DT
group	NN
for	IN
women	NNS
sexually	RB
abused	VBD
as	IN
children	NNS
and	CC
will	MD
co-lead	VB
another	DT
group	NN
in	IN
the	DT
fall	NN
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
is	VBZ
not	RB
just	RB
about	IN
food	NN
-	:
whether	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
eating	VBG
it	PRP
,	,
not	RB
eating	VBG
it	PRP
,	,
keeping	VBG
it	PRP
down	RP
or	CC
exercising	VBG
it	PRP
off	RP
.	.
Treatment	NNP
must	MD
address	VB
the	DT
underlying	VBG
issues	NNS
that	WDT
began	VBD
and	CC
maintain	VB
the	DT
eating	NN
disorder	NN
so	RB
that	IN
one	CD
may	MD
experience	VB
true	JJ
freedom	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
experience	NN
includes	VBZ
being	VBG
the	DT
Student	NN
Director	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Weight	NNP
Control	NNP
Clinic	NNP
at	IN
SDSU	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
1970	CD
's	POS
as	RB
well	RB
having	VBG
developed	VBN
and	CC
co-owned	VBN
Summit	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Program	NNP
here	RB
in	IN
Sacramento	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
now	RB
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
and	CC
do	VB
individual	JJ
,	,
couples	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
and	CC
often	RB
offer	VBP
groups	NNS
geared	VBN
toward	IN
individuals	NNS
grappling	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
David	NNP
Parker	NNP
Psy	NNP
.	.
D.	NNP
and	CC
Janet	NNP
Kelly	NNP
,	,
LMSW	NNP
,	,
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Specialists	NNPS
,	,
welcome	VB
you	PRP
or	CC
someone	NN
you	PRP
know	VBP
to	TO
a	DT
treatment	NN
aimed	VBN
at	IN
reducing	VBG
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
symptoms	NNS
.	.
A	DT
unique	JJ
opportunity	NN
awaits	VBZ
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
will	MD
start	VB
with	IN
an	DT
initial	JJ
intake	NN
assessment	NN
to	TO
help	VB
determine	VB
your	PRP$
goals	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
also	RB
evaluate	VB
your	PRP$
current	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
symptom	NN
use	NN
and	CC
help	VB
you	PRP
develop	VB
a	DT
meal	NN
plan	NN
to	TO
guide	VB
you	PRP
through	IN
our	PRP$
15-week	JJ
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
will	MD
include	VB
a	DT
weekly	JJ
dinner	NN
followed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
therapeutically	RB
informed	VBN
discussion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meal	NN
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
explore	VB
your	PRP$
feelings	NNS
,	,
physical	JJ
sensations	NNS
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
following	VBG
the	DT
completion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meal	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
meal	NN
and	CC
subsequent	JJ
reflection	NN
,	,
we	PRP
will	MD
have	VB
a	DT
group	NN
therapy	NN
session	NN
discussing	VBG
the	DT
underlying	VBG
emotional	JJ
issues	NNS
driving	VBG
your	PRP$
eating	NN
smptoms	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
atmosphere	NN
of	IN
mutual	JJ
support	NN
and	CC
understanding	NN
.	.
Each	DT
session	NN
is	VBZ
then	RB
concluded	VBN
with	IN
members	NNS
setting	VBG
realistic	JJ
goals	NNS
to	TO
reach	VB
towards	IN
in	IN
the	DT
following	JJ
week	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
program	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
accompaniment	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
weekly	JJ
therapy	NN
;	:
it	PRP
is	VBZ
aimed	VBN
towards	IN
the	DT
cessation	NN
of	IN
food	NN
symptoms	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
restriction	NN
,	,
binge	NN
eating	NN
,	,
purging	VBG
and	CC
obsessive	JJ
thoughts	NNS
around	IN
food	NN
and	CC
body	NN
.	.
Through	IN
our	PRP$
therapeutic	JJ
evening	NN
you	PRP
will	MD
learn	VB
to	TO
identify	VB
,	,
acknowledge	VB
and	CC
shift	VB
your	PRP$
relationship	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
.	.
We	PRP
look	VBP
forward	RB
to	TO
working	VBG
with	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Next	JJ
session	NN
begins	VBZ
Tuesday	NNP
,	,
September	NNP
12th	JJ
,	,
5:30	CD
pm-8	JJ
:30	CD
pm	NN
.	.
Call	VB
now	RB
to	TO
reserve	VB
your	PRP$
spot	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
an	DT
8	CD
person	NN
maximum	NN
for	IN
this	DT
group	NN
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
in	IN
each	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
ability	NN
to	TO
work	VB
through	IN
issues	NNS
with	IN
food	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
and	CC
eventually	RB
achieve	VB
a	DT
life	NN
free	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
distress	NN
,	,
pain	NN
,	,
and	CC
shame	NN
caused	VBN
by	IN
these	DT
issues	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
individual	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
for	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
want	VBP
to	TO
recover	VB
from	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
work	VB
with	IN
couples	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
as	IN
needed	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
often	RB
utilize	VBP
a	DT
team	NN
approach	NN
and	CC
collaborate	VB
with	IN
other	JJ
professionals	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
physicians	NNS
,	,
nutritionists	NNS
,	,
and	CC
psychiatrists	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
more	RBR
fully	RB
help	VB
the	DT
recovering	VBG
individual	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
extensive	JJ
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
frequently	RB
co-existing	JJ
conditions	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
and	CC
substance	NN
abuse	NN
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
culturally	RB
sensitive	JJ
therapy	NN
to	TO
both	DT
women	NNS
and	CC
men	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
clinical	JJ
psychologist	NN
with	IN
many	JJ
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
suffer	VBP
from	IN
bulimia	NN
,	,
anorexia	NN
,	,
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
individual	JJ
,	,
group	NN
,	,
and	CC
family\/couples	NNS
therapy	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
starting	VBG
this	DT
September	NNP
I	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
providing	VBG
a	DT
3-hour	JJ
weekly	JJ
program	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
offer	VB
a	DT
meal	NN
,	,
a	DT
discussion	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
experience	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meal	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
group	NN
therapy	NN
session	NN
.	.
I	PRP
practice	VBP
insight	NN
oriented	VBN
\/	CD
self-acceptance	NN
based	VBN
therapy	NN
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
both	DT
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
;	:
adolecents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
specialize	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
and	CC
obsessive	JJ
compulsive	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
have	VBP
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
male	JJ
family	NN
members	NNS
of	IN
patients	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
helping	VBG
them	PRP
understand	VB
the	DT
disorder	NN
and	CC
learn	VB
to	TO
better	JJR
communicate	VBP
with	IN
their	PRP$
loved	VBN
one	CD
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
therapeutic	JJ
services	NNS
to	TO
both	DT
individuals	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
specialize	VBP
in	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
individuals	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
also	RB
assist	VB
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
in	IN
overcoming	VBG
anxiety	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
relationship	NN
difficulties	NNS
,	,
and	CC
familial	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
tailor	VBP
each	DT
individual	JJ
treatment	NN
plan	NN
according	VBG
to	TO
my	PRP$
client	NN
's	POS
needs	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
strong	JJ
emphasis	NN
on	IN
cognitive	JJ
behavioral	JJ
techniques	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
my	PRP$
client	NN
to	TO
regain	VB
her	PRP$
inner	JJ
strength	NN
,	,
and	CC
her	PRP$
self-esteem	NN
.	.
I	PRP
hold	VBP
a	DT
process	NN
group	NN
for	IN
women	NNS
in	IN
recovery	NN
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
every	DT
Monday	NNP
night	NN
from	IN
6:30	CD
pm	NN
to	TO
8	CD
pm	NN
.	.
In	IN
contact	NN
with	IN
others	NNS
who	WP
share	VBP
their	PRP$
feeligns	NNS
and	CC
struggles	NNS
,	,
individuals	NNS
can	MD
learn	VB
to	TO
gain	VB
insight	NN
into	IN
their	PRP$
issues	NNS
and	CC
become	VB
more	RBR
true	JJ
to	TO
themselves	PRP
.	.
Free	RB
,	,
ongoing	JJ
ANAD	NNP
support	NN
group	NN
meets	VBZ
the	DT
2nd	JJ
and	CC
4th	JJ
Saturdays	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
month	NN
from	IN
10:00	CD
-11:30	CD
AM	NNP
.	.
Open	NNP
to	TO
all	DT
ages	NNS
,	,
race	NN
,	,
gender	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
a	DT
warm	JJ
,	,
supportive	JJ
and	CC
understanding	VBG
environment	NN
to	TO
those	DT
suffering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
disturbance	NN
,	,
and	CC
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
provide	VBP
a	DT
phone	NN
contact	NN
list	NN
for	IN
extra	JJ
support	NN
in	IN
between	IN
meetings	NNS
,	,
information	NN
,	,
materials	NNS
,	,
a	DT
lending	NN
library	NN
and	CC
referrals	NNS
for	IN
therapy	NN
.	.
Eating	NNP
disorders	NNS
can	MD
compromise	VB
your	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
function	VB
in	IN
many	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
Secrecy	NNP
and	CC
shame	NN
make	VBP
it	PRP
difficult	JJ
to	TO
overcome	VB
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
A	DT
support	NN
group	NN
helps	VBZ
provide	VB
relief	NN
from	IN
this	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
isolation	NN
by	IN
providing	VBG
optimism	NN
,	,
support	NN
,	,
hope	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
community	NN
through	IN
the	DT
sharing	NN
of	IN
life	NN
experiences	NNS
with	IN
other	JJ
people	NNS
like	IN
yourself	PRP
.	.
This	DT
weekly	JJ
group	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
forum	NN
for	IN
all	DT
women	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
recovery	NN
process	NN
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
Members	NNS
support	VBP
one	CD
another	DT
and	CC
share	VB
their	PRP$
triumphs	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
challenges	NNS
they	PRP
face	VBP
as	IN
they	PRP
seek	VBP
to	TO
empower	VB
themselves	PRP
and	CC
each	DT
other	JJ
.	.
The	DT
group	NN
recognizes	VBZ
that	IN
eating	VBG
behaviors	NNS
are	VBP
a	DT
symptom	NN
,	,
a	DT
mechanism	NN
used	VBN
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
situations	NNS
or	CC
emotions	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
felt	VBN
unbearable	JJ
.	.
This	DT
group	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
safe	JJ
place	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
issues	NNS
surrounding	VBG
the	DT
recovery	NN
process	NN
,	,
a	DT
space	NN
for	IN
self-expression	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
network	NN
of	IN
creative	JJ
,	,
talented	JJ
,	,
and	CC
beautiful	JJ
women	NNS
.	.
A	DT
Safe	NNP
Place	NNP
to	TO
Heal	VB
is	VBZ
pleased	VBN
to	TO
offer	VB
therapy	NN
in	IN
a	DT
safe	JJ
,	,
confidential	JJ
environment	NN
for	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
challenged	VBN
by	IN
their	PRP$
eating	NN
patterns	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
with	IN
their	PRP$
personal	JJ
relationships	NNS
.	.
By	IN
attending	VBG
counseling	NN
sessions	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
not	RB
only	RB
have	VB
a	DT
safe	JJ
place	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
your	PRP$
struggles	NNS
,	,
process	NN
your	PRP$
feelings	NNS
,	,
and	CC
receive	VB
support	NN
,	,
but	CC
you	PRP
will	MD
also	RB
be	VB
exposed	VBN
to	TO
psycho-educational	JJ
learning	VBG
helping	VBG
you	PRP
to	TO
:	:
Define	VB
and	CC
understand	VB
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Anorexia\/Bulimia\/Overeating	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
Identify	VB
underlying	VBG
feelings\/thoughts	NNS
about	IN
your	PRP$
self	NN
esteem	NN
&	CC
body	NN
imageIdentify	JJ
dysfunctional	JJ
family	NN
patterns	NNS
and	CC
faulty	JJ
cognitive	JJ
beliefs	NNS
about	IN
food	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
family	NN
of	IN
originLearn	NNP
to	TO
overcome	VB
these	DT
cognitive	JJ
beliefs	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
kept	VBN
you	PRP
stuck	VBD
in	IN
old	JJ
,	,
negative	JJ
thinking	NN
patternsLearn	NNP
specific	JJ
skills	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
incorporating	VBG
emotional	JJ
,	,
psychological	JJ
,	,
physical	JJ
and	CC
spiritual	JJ
ways	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
heal	VB
yourself	PRP
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
your	PRP$
personal	JJ
relationshipsFind	NNP
a	DT
healthy	JJ
environment	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
can	MD
become	VB
a	DT
more	RBR
powerful	JJ
,	,
more	RBR
balanced	JJ
,	,
more	RBR
integrated	JJ
YOU	PRP
!	.
The	DT
key	NN
to	TO
a	DT
satisfying	JJ
therapy	NN
experience	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
relationship	NN
between	IN
clinician	NN
and	CC
client	NN
,	,
the	DT
right	JJ
fit	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
aim	NN
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
comfortable	JJ
,	,
safe	JJ
and	CC
accepting	VBG
atmosphere	NN
to	TO
facilitate	VB
your	PRP$
healing	NN
process	NN
.	.
Rather	RB
than	IN
a	DT
silent	JJ
onlooker	NN
in	IN
the	DT
room	NN
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
vocal	JJ
and	CC
engaged	VBD
,	,
utilizing	VBG
your	PRP$
personal	JJ
history	NN
and	CC
in-the-room	NN
observations	NNS
to	TO
heighten	VB
your	PRP$
understanding	NN
of	IN
circumstances	NNS
and	CC
guide	NN
you	PRP
towards	IN
positive	JJ
change	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
work	NN
involves	VBZ
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
an	DT
overall	JJ
helping	VBG
relationship	NN
with	IN
people	NNS
like	IN
you	PRP
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
counseling	NN
process	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
work	VB
together	RB
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
the	DT
concerns	NNS
that	IN
bring	VBP
you	PRP
into	IN
the	DT
counseling	NN
relationship	NN
.	.
Identifying	VBG
concerns	NNS
and	CC
developing	VBG
plans	NNS
to	TO
address	VB
them	PRP
often	RB
involves	VBZ
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
change	NN
.	.
This	DT
process	NN
can	MD
produce	VB
dramatic	JJ
results	NNS
,	,
though	RB
often	RB
the	DT
process	NN
takes	VBZ
time	NN
and	CC
recurrent	JJ
effort	NN
.	.
Having	VBG
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
tools	NNS
and	CC
resources	NNS
can	MD
facilitate	VB
the	DT
accomplishment	NN
of	IN
goals	NNS
and	CC
many	JJ
times	NNS
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
counseling	NN
include	VBP
the	DT
efforts	NNS
you	PRP
exert	VB
outside	IN
the	DT
counseling	NN
setting	NN
.	.
Counseling	NN
requires	VBZ
active	JJ
participation	NN
from	IN
you	PRP
and	CC
me	PRP
.	.
We	PRP
must	MD
work	VB
together	RB
toward	IN
your	PRP$
goals	NNS
.	.
This	DT
work	NN
can	MD
include	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
several	JJ
different	JJ
techniques	NNS
and	CC
approaches	NNS
.	.
If	IN
something	NN
is	VBZ
troubling	VBG
you	PRP
,	,
call	VB
for	IN
a	DT
complimentary	JJ
phone	NN
consultation	NN
today	NN
,	,
to	TO
see	VB
how	WRB
A	DT
Safe	NNP
Place	NNP
to	TO
Heal	VB
can	MD
help	VB
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
offering	VBG
support	NN
groups	NNS
for	IN
individuals	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
family	NN
members	NNS
.	.
The	DT
groups	NNS
will	MD
provide	VB
psychoeducation	NN
,	,
processing	NN
of	IN
feelings	NNS
,	,
coping	VBG
tools	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
support	NN
you	PRP
need	VBP
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
group	NN
will	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
on	IN
Saturday	NNP
mornings	NNS
at	IN
10:00	CD
am	VBP
for	IN
individuals	NNS
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
or	CC
preoccupation	NN
with	IN
body	NN
image	NN
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
group	NN
will	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
at	IN
12:00	CD
pm	NN
on	IN
Saturday	NNP
afternoon	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
open	JJ
to	TO
family	NN
members	NNS
and	CC
friends	NNS
of	IN
someone	NN
suffering	NN
from	IN
these	DT
difficulties	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
call	VB
us	PRP
for	IN
further	JJ
details	NNS
.	.
Co-founder	NN
of	IN
The	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Collaborative	NNP
in	IN
San	NNP
Francisco	NNP
and	CC
San	NNP
Rafael	NNP
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
Director	NNP
for	IN
17	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
Ohlhoff	NNP
Outpatient	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNP
Treatment	NNP
Facility	NNP
.	.
Now	RB
in	IN
Private	JJ
Practice	NN
treating	VBG
all	DT
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
to	TO
all	DT
people	NNS
.	.
Individual	NNP
,	,
Couples	NNPS
,	,
Family	NNP
,	,
Groups	NNS
,	,
Nutrition	NNP
,	,
Anxiety	NN
Reduction	NN
.	.
We	PRP
treat	VBP
the	DT
whole	JJ
individual	NN
,	,
physically	RB
,	,
mentally	RB
and	CC
emotionally	RB
and	CC
have	VB
a	DT
separate	JJ
component	NN
for	IN
Women	NNS
of	IN
Size	NN
.	.
We	PRP
collaborate	VBP
with	IN
physicians	NNS
,	,
nutritionists	NNS
and	CC
alternative	JJ
treatment	NN
personnel	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
value	VBP
each	DT
client	NN
individually	RB
and	CC
help	VB
the	DT
client	NN
know	VBP
themselves	PRP
and	CC
their	PRP$
hunger	NN
.	.
We	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
behind	IN
every	DT
compulsive	JJ
bite	NN
or	CC
act	NN
of	IN
restriction	NN
with	IN
food	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
body-anxiety	NN
that	WDT
seems	VBZ
too	RB
unbearable	JJ
.	.
We	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
ways	NNS
to	TO
``	``
bear	VB
the	DT
unbearable	JJ
,	,
``	``
allowing	VBG
strength	NN
emerge	VBP
.	.
Our	PRP$
group	NN
size	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
maximum	NN
of	IN
6	CD
,	,
allowing	VBG
enough	JJ
time	NN
for	IN
each	DT
person	NN
.	.
Clients	NNS
will	MD
learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
thrive	VB
,	,
not	RB
merely	RB
survive	VB
.	.
Licensed	VBN
Clinical	NNP
Psychologist	NNP
providing	VBG
individual	JJ
,	,
group	NN
,	,
family	NN
,	,
and	CC
couples	NNS
psychotherapy	NN
for	IN
the	DT
prevention	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Support	NN
groups	NNS
for	IN
individuals	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
and	CC
for	IN
family	NN
members	NNS
.	.
Multi-disciplinary	JJ
team	NN
approach	NN
by	IN
coordinating	VBG
treatment	NN
with	IN
other	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
providers	NNS
.	.
Other	JJ
specialty	NN
areas	NNS
include	VBP
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety\/stress	JJ
management	NN
,	,
self-esteem\/identity	JJ
issues	NNS
and	CC
trauma	NN
.	.
Completed	VBN
residency	NN
at	IN
renowned	JJ
eating	NN
disorder	NN
facility	NN
.	.
Community	NNP
Counseling	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
unique	JJ
outpatient	NN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
outpatient	NN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
specialists	NNS
,	,
many	JJ
of	IN
whom	WP
have	VBP
recovered	VBN
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
themselves	PRP
,	,
offer	VBP
both	DT
individual	JJ
,	,
family	NN
,	,
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
take	VB
an	DT
active	JJ
role	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
treatment	NN
plan	NN
and	CC
will	MD
not	RB
simply	RB
be	VB
prescribed	VBN
a	DT
standard	JJ
treatment	NN
formula	NN
to	TO
follow	VB
.	.
With	IN
your	PRP$
help	NN
,	,
Community	NNP
Counseling	NN
will	MD
evaluate	VB
your	PRP$
needs	NNS
and	CC
implement	VB
an	DT
individual	JJ
program	NN
for	IN
you	PRP
which	WDT
consists	VBZ
of	IN
therapy	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
,	,
exercise	NN
,	,
and	CC
behavior	NN
modification	NN
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
restore	VB
your	PRP$
metabolism	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
control	VB
your	PRP$
weight	NN
in	IN
a	DT
healthy	JJ
way	NN
,	,
which	WDT
Community	NNP
Counseling	NN
knows	VBZ
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
learn	VB
about	IN
the	DT
underlying	VBG
stresses	VBZ
and	CC
problems	NNS
of	IN
life	NN
that	WDT
have	VBP
helped	VBN
cause	VB
or	CC
contribute	VB
to	TO
your	PRP$
turning	VBG
to	TO
starving	VBG
,	,
binging	NN
,	,
or	CC
purging	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
means	NN
to	TO
cope	VB
.	.
The	DT
staff	NN
works	VBZ
with	IN
you	PRP
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
team	NN
.	.
Community	NNP
Counseling	NN
recognizes	VBZ
you	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
unique	JJ
situation	NN
and	CC
needs	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
help	VB
set	VB
you	PRP
up	RP
with	IN
a	DT
dietician	NN
,	,
doctor	NN
and\/or	CC
a	DT
psychiatrist	NN
.	.
Is	NNP
Community	NNP
Counseling	NN
Right	RB
For	IN
You	PRP
?	.
The	DT
first	JJ
step	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
hardest	RBS
to	TO
take	VB
.	.
Community	NNP
Counseling	NN
asks	VBZ
you	PRP
simply	RB
to	TO
take	VB
the	DT
time	NN
to	TO
call	VB
and	CC
find	VB
out	RP
more	JJR
about	IN
their	PRP$
services	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
answer	VB
any	DT
of	IN
your	PRP$
questions	NNS
,	,
evaluate	VB
your	PRP$
needs	NNS
,	,
help	VBP
you	PRP
with	IN
financial	JJ
arrangements	NNS
including	VBG
checking	VBG
your	PRP$
insurance	NN
coverage	NN
and	CC
most	RBS
importantly	RB
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
get	VB
a	DT
feel	NN
for	IN
our	PRP$
philosophy	NN
and	CC
our	PRP$
staff	NN
.	.
Community	NNP
Counseling	NN
has	VBZ
offices	NNS
in	IN
Agoura	NNP
Hills	NNP
,	,
Malibu	NNP
,	,
West	NNP
Los	NNP
Angeles	NNP
,	,
Brentwood	NNP
,	,
Pacific	NNP
Palisades	NNP
,	,
Beverly	NNP
Hills	NNP
and	CC
Santa	NNP
Barbara	NNP
.	.
The	DT
DC	NNP
ANAD	NNP
Support	NN
Group	NNP
has	VBZ
established	VBN
itself	PRP
with	IN
the	DT
intention	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
cost-free	JJ
support	NN
to	TO
anyone	NN
whose	WP$
life	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
impacted	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
DC	NNP
ANAD	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
valuable	JJ
and	CC
easily	RB
accessible	JJ
local	JJ
resource	NN
in	IN
the	DT
fight	NN
against	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
through	IN
its	PRP$
free	JJ
,	,
weekly	JJ
support	NN
group	NN
meetings	NNS
.	.
Beyond	NNP
Hunger	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
non-profit	JJ
organization	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
providing	VBG
workshops	NNS
,	,
support	NN
groups	NNS
and	CC
prevention	NN
programs	NNS
for	IN
adults	NNS
and	CC
teens	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
body	NN
hatred	NN
since	IN
1988	CD
.	.
Beyond	NNP
Hunger	NNP
's	POS
programs	NNS
combine	VBP
body	NN
acceptance	NN
,	,
intuitive	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
emotional	JJ
coping	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
psycho-educational	JJ
support	NN
group	NN
format	NN
with	IN
licensed	JJ
therapists	NNS
.	.
Beyond	NNP
Hunger	NNP
was	VBD
founded	VBN
by	IN
Carol	NNP
Normandi	NNP
,	,
MFT	NNP
and	CC
Laurelee	NNP
Roark	NNP
,	,
CCHT	NNP
co-authors	NNS
of	IN
``	``
It	PRP
's	VBZ
Not	RB
About	IN
Food	NN
''	''
and	CC
``	``
Over	IN
It	PRP
.	.
''	''
Beyond	NNP
Hunger	NNP
trains	NNS
high	JJ
school	NN
peer	VB
educators	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
prevention	NN
and	CC
education	NN
in	IN
Marin	NNP
's	POS
middle	JJ
and	CC
high	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
Beyond	NNP
Hunger	NNP
also	RB
offers	VBZ
resources	NNS
and	CC
referrals	NNS
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
treatment	NN
professionals	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Mandel	NNP
Center	NNP
of	IN
Arizona	NNP
provides	VBZ
supportive	JJ
psychotherapeutic	JJ
services	NNS
to	TO
people	NNS
in	IN
need	NN
.	.
We	PRP
strive	VBP
to	TO
make	VB
therapy	NN
as	IN
positive	JJ
and	CC
helpful	JJ
an	DT
experience	NN
as	IN
possible	JJ
by	IN
``	``
being	VBG
where	WRB
the	DT
patient	NN
is	VBZ
''	''
.	.
This	DT
means	VBZ
that	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
's	POS
life	NN
experiences	NNS
are	VBP
taken	VBN
into	IN
account	NN
including	VBG
their	PRP$
past	NN
,	,
present	JJ
and	CC
hopes	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
The	DT
Mandel	NNP
Center	NNP
of	IN
Arizona	NNP
is	VBZ
headed	VBN
by	IN
Alyssa	NNP
Mandel	NNP
,	,
LCSW	NNP
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Mandel	NNP
earned	VBD
her	PRP
Masters	NNP
Degree	NNP
at	IN
Columbia	NNP
University	NNP
in	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
City	NNP
and	CC
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
licensed	JJ
psychotherapist	NN
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
10	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Her	PRP$
supportive	JJ
philosophy	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
people	NNS
from	IN
many	JJ
different	JJ
backgrounds	NNS
and	CC
with	IN
numerous	JJ
presenting	VBG
problems	NNS
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Mandel	NNP
believes	VBZ
that	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
patients	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
non-judgmental	JJ
perspective	NN
empowers	VBZ
the	DT
patient	NN
and	CC
the	DT
therapeutic	JJ
relationship	NN
,	,
making	VBG
it	PRP
more	RBR
productive	JJ
and	CC
comfortable	JJ
for	IN
all	DT
involved	VBN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
Ms.	NNP
Mandel	NNP
believes	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
an	DT
inter-disciplinary	JJ
team	NN
approach	NN
to	TO
therapy	NN
that	IN
enlists	VBZ
the	DT
expertise	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
behavioral	JJ
health	NN
professionals	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
social	JJ
workers	NNS
,	,
psychiatrists	NNS
and	CC
psychologists	NNS
,	,
together	RB
with	IN
physicians	NNS
and	CC
nutritionists	NNS
,	,
where	WRB
deemed	VBN
appropriate	JJ
.	.
Such	PDT
an	DT
approach	NN
can	MD
help	VB
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
relevant	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
client	NN
's	POS
health	NN
are	VBP
addressed	VBN
appropriately	RB
and	CC
in	IN
a	DT
coordinated	VBN
fashion	NN
.	.
The	DT
Mandel	NNP
Center	NNP
of	IN
Arizona	NNP
has	VBZ
experience	NN
in	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
areas	NNS
:	:
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
:	:
-	:
Anorexia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
-	:
Bulimia	SYM
-	:
Binge	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
-	:
Compulsive	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
-	:
ObesityPanic	NNP
and	CC
Anxiety	NN
DisordersDepressionSubstance	NNP
AbuseAdolescent	NNP
IssuesCouples	NNPS
CounselingFamily	NNP
Therapy	NNP
Workplace	NNP
CounselingConsulting	NNP
Services	NNPS
:	:
The	DT
Mandel	NNP
Center	NNP
of	IN
Arizona	NNP
is	VBZ
prepared	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
consulting	NN
services	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
group	NN
seminars	NNS
,	,
workshops	NNS
,	,
workplace	NN
assessments	NNS
and	CC
problem	NN
resolution	NN
consulting	NN
,	,
to	TO
business	NN
and	CC
professional	JJ
organizations	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
types	NNS
and	CC
sizes	NNS
.	.
Consulting	NNP
services	NNS
are	VBP
customized	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
specific	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
organization	NN
.	.
Please	VB
contact	VB
us	PRP
for	IN
more	JJR
details	NNS
.	.
Jennifer	NNP
completed	VBD
her	PRP$
graduate	NN
studies	NNS
in	IN
Clinical	NNP
Social	NNP
Work	NNP
at	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
University	NNP
and	CC
post-graduate	JJ
work	NN
in	IN
Rational	NNP
Emotive	NNP
Behavior	NNP
Therapy	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
Albert	NNP
Ellis	NNP
Institute	NNP
in	IN
Manhattan	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
prior	RB
experience	NN
as	IN
a	DT
therapist	NN
in	IN
both	DT
inpatient	JJ
and	CC
outpatient	NN
settings	NNS
.	.
Sessions	NNP
are	VBP
available	JJ
by	IN
appointment	NN
to	TO
address	VB
a	DT
wide	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
issues	NNS
including	VBG
eating	JJ
disorders\/disordered	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
self-esteem	NN
,	,
substance	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
trauma	NN
,	,
relationships	NNS
,	,
family	NN
,	,
career	NN
and	CC
life	NN
changes	NNS
.	.
Traditional	JJ
talk	NN
therapies	NNS
reflecting	VBG
cognitive	JJ
behavioral	JJ
,	,
family	NN
systems	NNS
,	,
psychodynamic	JJ
and	CC
solution	NN
focused	VBD
perspectives	NNS
are	VBP
employed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
process	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
is	VBZ
interactive	JJ
,	,
personal	JJ
and	CC
collaborative	JJ
.	.
Oftentimes	RB
additional	JJ
outside	IN
treatment	NN
providers	NNS
are	VBP
called	VBN
upon	IN
to	TO
address	VB
coexisting	JJ
medical	JJ
,	,
nutritional	JJ
and	CC
psychiatric	JJ
concerns	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Circle	NNP
of	IN
Friends	NNPS
free	JJ
support	NN
group	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
to	TO
males	NNS
and	CC
females	NNS
seeking	VBG
a	DT
supportive	JJ
group	NN
environment	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
recovery	NN
.	.
This	DT
group	NN
meets	VBZ
one	CD
evening	NN
per	IN
week	NN
.	.
Please	VB
contact	NN
Nancy	NNP
Albus	NNP
for	IN
further	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
meeting	NN
times	NNS
and	CC
location	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
licensed	JJ
marriage	NN
and	CC
family	NN
therapist	NN
,	,
I	PRP
offer	VBP
a	DT
safe	JJ
place	NN
to	TO
explore	VB
the	DT
many	JJ
issues	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
gentle	JJ
,	,
yet	RB
directive	NN
support	NN
for	IN
the	DT
journey	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
.	.
I	PRP
Please	VBP
feel	VB
free	JJ
to	TO
call	VB
for	IN
additional	JJ
information	NN
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
work	VBP
with	IN
birthmothers	NNS
and	CC
adult	NN
adoptees	NNS
in	IN
relation	NN
to	TO
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Support	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
family	NN
and	CC
couples	NNS
therapy	NN
are	VBP
also	RB
available	JJ
.	.
Attendees	NNS
will	MD
hear	VB
from	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
OA	NNP
who	WP
have	VBP
experienced	VBN
recovery	NN
from	IN
food	NN
obsession	NN
,	,
obesity	NN
,	,
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
and	CC
obsession	NN
with	IN
dieting	NN
.	.
Everyone	NN
is	VBZ
invited	VBN
to	TO
learn	VB
more	JJR
about	IN
the	DT
OA	NNP
12-step	JJ
program	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
,	,
ask	VB
questions	NNS
,	,
find	VB
understanding	NN
,	,
support	NN
and	CC
help	NN
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
,	,
see	VB
our	PRP$
website	NN
at	IN
www.oahouston.org	NN
or	CC
call	VB
713-973-6633	CD
.	.
An	DT
outpatient	NN
therapeutic	JJ
approach	NN
combining	VBG
cognitive	JJ
and	CC
behavioral	JJ
strategies	NNS
with	IN
meal	NN
and	CC
group	NN
support	NN
.	.
It	PRP
includes	VBZ
group	NN
therapies	NNS
focused	VBD
on	IN
symptom	NN
resolution	NN
,	,
emotion	NN
management	NN
,	,
and	CC
relationship	NN
skills	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
nutrition	NN
education	NN
groups	NNS
and	CC
meal	NN
outings	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
goal	NN
of	IN
nomalizing	VBG
eating	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
.	.
An	DT
advanced	JJ
recovery	NN
group	NN
is	VBZ
offered	VBN
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
have	VBP
already	RB
received	VBN
significant	JJ
treatment	NN
and	CC
want	VB
continued	JJ
support	NN
in	IN
ongoing	JJ
recovery	NN
efforts	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Manhattan	NNP
West	NNP
Division	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Jewish	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Family	NNP
and	CC
Children	NNP
's	POS
Services	NNPS
,	,
Inc.	NNP
offers	VBZ
a	DT
weekly	JJ
group	NN
for	IN
women	NNS
ages	NNS
20	CD
and	CC
up	RB
struggling	VBG
with	IN
eating	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
The	DT
group	NN
meets	VBZ
on	IN
Thursdays	NNPS
from	IN
7:00	CD
pm-8	JJ
:15	CD
pm	NN
.	.
Some	DT
topics	NNS
include	VBP
self-esteem	NN
,	,
body	NN
distortions	NNS
,	,
isolation	NN
,	,
interpersonal	JJ
relationships	NNS
,	,
perfectionism	NN
,	,
feeling	VBG
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
,	,
difficulty	NN
nurturing	VBG
oneself	NN
and	CC
asking	VBG
for	IN
one	NN
's	POS
needs	NNS
,	,
childhood	NN
trauma	NN
and	CC
abuse	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
and	CC
anger	NN
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
discusses	VBZ
healthy	JJ
eating	NN
habits	NNS
to	TO
improve	VB
one	CD
's	POS
relationship	NN
with	IN
food	NN
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
particularly	RB
involve	VB
an	DT
anti-diet	JJ
approach	NN
where	WRB
women	NNS
will	MD
learn	VB
to	TO
recognize	VB
physiological	JJ
hunger	NN
,	,
so	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
know	VB
when	WRB
to	TO
feed	VB
themselves	PRP
and	CC
when	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
satiated	VBN
.	.
Overall	RB
,	,
this	DT
group	NN
will	MD
provide	VB
women	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
strategies	NNS
they	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
change	VB
the	DT
negative	JJ
thoughts	NNS
and	CC
feelings	NNS
they	PRP
have	VBP
about	IN
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
and	CC
themselves	PRP
.	.
Most	JJS
insurances	NNS
are	VBP
accepted	VBN
and	CC
a	DT
sliding	VBG
scale	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
upon	IN
request	NN
.	.
Provides	VBZ
individual	JJ
,	,
family	NN
and	CC
group	NN
psychotherapy	NN
for	IN
all	DT
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
adult	NN
and	CC
adolescents	NNS
.	.
Certified	JJ
group	NN
therapist	NN
offers	VBZ
groups	NNS
in	IN
Oakland	NNP
and	CC
Walnut	NNP
Creek	NNP
,	,
Ca	JJ
.	.
Two	CD
new	JJ
groups	NNS
starting	VBG
in	IN
May	NNP
and	CC
June	NNP
2005	CD
.	.
The	DT
name	NN
Understanding	VBG
Nutrition	NNP
says	VBZ
it	PRP
all	DT
.	.
Our	PRP$
philosophy	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
healthy	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
food	NN
and	CC
eating	NN
is	VBZ
key	JJ
piece	NN
of	IN
a	DT
happy	JJ
and	CC
healthy	JJ
life	NN
.	.
We	PRP
understand	VBP
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
related	JJ
issues	NNS
-	:
that	WDT
's	VBZ
all	DT
that	IN
we	PRP
do	VBP
.	.
Our	PRP$
goal	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
understand	VB
your	PRP$
food	NN
and	CC
eating	VBG
habits	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
changes	NNS
you	PRP
know	VBP
you	PRP
need	VB
,	,
while	IN
understanding	VBG
that	IN
making	VBG
changes	NNS
is	VBZ
difficult	JJ
.	.
We	PRP
can	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
therapist	NN
and	CC
physician	NN
referrals	NNS
as	IN
needed	VBN
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
anyone	NN
who	WP
wants	VBZ
recovery	NN
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
ability	NN
to	TO
pay	VB
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
ready	JJ
to	TO
reach	VB
out	RP
,	,
we	PRP
're	VBP
ready	JJ
to	TO
help	VB
.	.
Formerly	RB
of	IN
the	DT
Renfrew	NNP
Center	NNP
Florida	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
extensive	JJ
experience	NN
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
and	CC
Disordered	NNP
Eating	NNP
.	.
Bringing	VBG
the	DT
experience	NN
from	IN
this	DT
leading	VBG
treatment	NN
facility	NN
to	TO
the	DT
heart	NN
of	IN
Texas	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
clients	NNS
with	IN
an	DT
empathetic	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
normalizing	VBG
the	DT
relationship	NN
to	TO
food	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
additional	JJ
experience	NN
with	IN
gastric	JJ
bypass	NN
patients	NNS
and	CC
can	MD
provide	VB
effective	JJ
treatment	NN
for	IN
those	DT
with	IN
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
or	CC
binge	NN
eating	NN
disorder	NN
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
unsure	JJ
about	IN
technically	RB
having	VBG
an	DT
`	``
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
'	''
,	,
we	PRP
can	MD
explore	VB
and	CC
identify	VB
any	DT
difficulties	NNS
with	IN
food	NN
.	.
Cynthia	NNP
A.	NNP
Ray	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
and	CC
a	DT
recovered	VBN
professional	JJ
specializing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Cynthia	NNP
provides	VBZ
treamtnet	NN
for	IN
both	DT
male	NN
and	CC
female	JJ
children	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
adults	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
one-on-one	JJ
private	JJ
and	CC
confidential	JJ
environemnt	NN
.	.
Nutrition	NNP
therapist	NN
with	IN
over	IN
ten	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
specializing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
compulsive	JJ
eating	NN
disorder	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
management	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
available	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
in	IN
home	NN
nutrition	NN
therapy	NN
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
south	JJ
jersey	NN
area	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
services	NNS
include	VBP
individual	JJ
sessions	NNS
,	,
family	NN
support	NN
and	CC
referrals	NNS
to	TO
other	JJ
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
professionals	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
adults	NNS
and	CC
teenagers	NNS
dealing	VBG
with	IN
EDs	NNS
including	VBG
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulemia	NN
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
over-eating	NN
from	IN
a	DT
holistic	JJ
perspective	NN
paying	VBG
attention	NN
to	TO
nutrition	NN
,	,
lifestyle	NN
and	CC
relationship	NN
with	IN
the	DT
body	NN
.	.
The	DT
director	NN
,	,
Jena	NNP
la	NNP
Flamme	NNP
is	VBZ
fully	RB
recovered	VBN
from	IN
years	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
an	DT
ED	NNP
and	CC
is	VBZ
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
supporting	VBG
others	NNS
to	TO
fully	RB
recover	VB
aswell	NN
.	.
Her	PRP$
approach	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
depp	NN
respect	NN
for	IN
the	DT
innate	JJ
intelligence	NN
of	IN
the	DT
body	NN
and	CC
the	DT
knowledge	NN
that	WDT
with	IN
nurturanc	NN
and	CC
attention	NN
balance	NN
with	IN
food	NN
can	MD
be	VB
rediscovered	VBN
.	.
Jena	NNP
la	NNP
Flamme	NNP
is	VBZ
available	JJ
for	IN
seminars	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
pro-bono	JJ
basis	NN
and	CC
for	IN
introductory	JJ
individual	JJ
consultations	NNS
for	IN
$	$
25	CD
either	CC
by	IN
phone	NN
or	CC
in	IN
person	NN
in	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
City	NNP
.	.
Kate	NNP
Evett	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
and	CC
nutrition	NN
therapist	NN
specializing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
weight	NN
management	NN
.	.
She	PRP
earned	VBD
her	PRP$
Bachelors	NNS
of	IN
Science	NN
in	IN
Food	NNP
Science	NNP
and	CC
Human	NNP
Nutrition	NNP
from	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Missouri-Columbia	NNP
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
her	PRP$
private	JJ
practice	NN
,	,
Kate	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
nutrition	NN
therapist	NN
at	IN
Castlewood	NNP
Treatment	NNP
Center	NNP
for	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
She	PRP
assists	VBZ
her	PRP$
clients	NNS
in	IN
developing	VBG
a	DT
healthy	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
food	NN
through	IN
a	DT
non-diet	JJ
approach	NN
.	.
Meal	NN
support	NN
,	,
grocery	NN
shopping	NN
assistance	NN
,	,
and	CC
online\/telephone	JJ
therapy	NN
available	JJ
.	.
Nutrition	NNP
therapist	NN
specializing	VBG
in	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
and	CC
weight	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
using	VBG
CBT	NNP
exercises	NNS
.	.
Non	NNP
diet	NN
approach	NN
,	,
addressing	VBG
thought	NN
pattern	NN
and	CC
behavior	NN
with	IN
food	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
work	NN
is	VBZ
very	RB
individualised	JJ
and	CC
depends	VBZ
on	IN
each	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
situation	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
my	PRP$
work	NN
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
I	PRP
am	VBP
on	IN
staff	NN
at	IN
an	DT
Earing	NNP
Disorder	NNP
treatment	NN
Center	NNP
.	.
Registered	NNP
Dietitian	NNP
and	CC
Nutritionist	NNP
specializing	VBG
in	IN
all	DT
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
including	VBG
,	,
anorexia	NN
,	,
buminia	NN
,	,
binge	NN
eating	NN
disorder	NN
and	CC
overeating	NN
.	.
Non-judgemental	JJ
and	CC
comfortable	JJ
atmosphere	NN
.	.
Flexible	JJ
and	CC
warm	JJ
counseling	NN
environement	NN
.	.
Provides	VBZ
in	IN
home	NN
visit	NN
nutrition	NN
counseling	NN
to	TO
residents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Greater	NNP
Cincinnati	NNP
and	CC
Northern	NNP
Kentucky	NNP
areas	NNS
.	.
Education	NNP
and	CC
counseling	NN
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
by	IN
Registered	NNP
Dietitians	NNPS
and	CC
Certified	NNP
Diabetes	NNP
Educators	NNP
on	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
nutrition	NN
related	VBN
topics	NNS
including	VBG
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
weight	NN
management	NN
,	,
diabetes	NN
,	,
meal	NN
planning	NN
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
.	.
Contact	NN
us	PRP
to	TO
sign	VB
up	RP
for	IN
our	PRP$
free	JJ
newsletter	NN
.	.
Deborah	NNP
Kauffmann	NNP
,	,
RD	NNP
,	,
LDN	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
been	VBN
providing	VBG
nutrition	NN
counseling	NN
to	TO
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
sixteen	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Currently	RB
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
,	,
she	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
former	JJ
Director	NNP
of	IN
Nutrition	NNP
Services	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
Center	NNP
for	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNS
at	IN
St.	NNP
Joseph	NNP
Medical	NNP
Center	NNP
in	IN
Towson	NNP
,	,
Maryland	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
pioneers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
nondiet	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
weight	VB
management	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Baltimore	NNP
area	NN
.	.
Since	IN
1993	CD
Deborah	NNP
has	VBZ
lectured	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
nutritional	JJ
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
overcoming	VBG
overeating	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Health	NNP
at	IN
Every	DT
Size	NN
paradigm	NN
at	IN
health	NN
care	NN
organizations	NNS
throughout	IN
Maryland	NNP
.	.
Deborah	NNP
has	VBZ
also	RB
appeared	VBN
on	IN
Maryland	NNP
Public	NNP
Television	NNP
to	TO
promote	VB
size	NN
acceptance	NN
.	.
Professional	NNP
affiliations	NNS
include	VBP
the	DT
American	JJ
Dietetic	NNP
Association	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Maryland	NNP
Dietetic	NNP
Association	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Association	NNP
for	IN
Size	NN
Diversity	NN
and	CC
Health	NNP
.	.
Deborah	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
offering	VBG
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
nutrition	NN
counseling	NN
to	TO
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
for	IN
:	:
-	:
Anorexia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
-	:
Bulimia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
-	:
Compulsive	JJ
eating	NN
-	:
Weight	NNP
management	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
nondiet	JJ
approach	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
WellnessDeborah	NNP
also	RB
offers	VBZ
Largely	RB
Positive	JJ
,	,
a	DT
support	NN
group	NN
for	IN
people	NNS
of	IN
size	NN
.	.
The	DT
mission	NN
of	IN
Largely	RB
Positive	JJ
is	VBZ
to	TO
promote	VB
health	NN
and	CC
self-esteem	NN
among	IN
larger	JJR
people	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
,	,
with	IN
a	DT
unique	JJ
background	NN
of	IN
a	DT
Masters	NNP
degree	NN
in	IN
Educational	NNP
Counseling	NN
,	,
I	PRP
dedicate	VBP
my	PRP$
practice	NN
primarily	RB
to	TO
treating	VBG
individuals	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
strongly	RB
believe	VBP
that	IN
full	JJ
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
attainable	JJ
,	,
when	WRB
the	DT
individual	NN
is	VBZ
genuinely	RB
ready	JJ
to	TO
work	VB
along	RP
with	IN
their	PRP$
treatment	NN
team	NN
to	TO
make	VB
permanent	JJ
behavior	NN
changes	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
private	JJ
practice	NN
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
currently	RB
on	IN
staff	NN
at	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
treatment	NN
center	NN
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
for	IN
full	JJ
recovery	NN
to	TO
occur	VB
,	,
I	PRP
believe	VBP
in	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
a	DT
team	NN
of	IN
professionals	NNS
including	VBG
a	DT
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
,	,
a	DT
therapist	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
psychiatrist	NN
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
nutritional	JJ
therapy	NN
to	TO
clients	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
all	DT
varieties	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
nutrition	NN
education	NN
to	TO
individuals	NNS
,	,
couples	NNS
,	,
parents	NNS
and	CC
groups	NNS
using	VBG
a	DT
supportive	JJ
and	CC
direct	JJ
,	,
yet	RB
empathic	JJ
approach	NN
.	.
I	PRP
utilize	VBP
an	DT
integrative	JJ
team	NN
approach	NN
,	,
establishing	VBG
a	DT
strong	JJ
network	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
personal	JJ
physician	NN
,	,
psychiatrist	NN
and	CC
therapist	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
prescribe	VB
diets	NNS
or	CC
meal	NN
plans	NNS
,	,
but	CC
instead	RB
focus	VB
on	IN
specific	JJ
interventions	NNS
to	TO
challenge	VB
your	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
nutrition	NN
therapy	NN
for	IN
teens	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
emotional	JJ
eating	NN
difficulties	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
support	VBP
the	DT
non-diet	JJ
approach	NN
,	,
and	CC
have	VBP
a	DT
background	NN
in	IN
nutrition	NN
as	IN
a	DT
form	NN
of	IN
natural	JJ
medicine	NN
.	.
Teen	JJ
groups	NNS
,	,
individual	JJ
work	NN
,	,
and	CC
collaboration	NN
with	IN
experienced	JJ
eating	NN
disorder	NN
therapists	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
a	DT
multidiscplinary	JJ
team	NN
through	IN
the	DT
Walker	NNP
Wellness	NNP
Clinic	NNP
that	WDT
is	VBZ
committed	VBN
to	TO
physical	JJ
and	CC
mental	JJ
health	NN
.	.
We	PRP
believe	VBP
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
and	CC
have	VBP
been	VBN
in	IN
practice	NN
for	IN
ten	CD
years	NNS
working	VBG
with	IN
those	DT
who	WP
suffer	VBP
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
individualized	JJ
nutrition	NN
consultation	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
teach	VBP
a	DT
6	CD
week	NN
class	NN
series	NN
called	VBN
Diet-Free	NNP
Living	VBG
,	,
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
ready	JJ
to	TO
get	VB
off	RP
the	DT
diet	NN
roller	NN
coaster	NN
and	CC
develop	VB
a	DT
more	RBR
peaceful	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
food	NN
.	.
Individual	JJ
nutiriton	NN
therapy	NN
utilizing	VBG
cognitive	JJ
and	CC
behavioral	JJ
approaches	NNS
to	TO
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
general	JJ
health	NN
and	CC
wellness	NN
and	CC
medical	JJ
nutrition	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
closely	RB
with	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
team	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
coordinated	VBN
approach	NN
for	IN
the	DT
client	NN
.	.
Nutritional	NNP
Consultant	NN
I	PRP
help	VBP
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
build	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
food	NN
.	.
Establishing	VBG
appropriate	JJ
foods	NNS
and	CC
supplements	NNS
for	IN
that	DT
individual	NN
.	.
I	PRP
educate	VBP
and	CC
empower	VBP
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
with	IN
sensitivity	NN
and	CC
experience	NN
.	.
Recovery	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
journey	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
unique	JJ
to	TO
each	DT
individual	NN
.	.
A	DT
bond	NN
of	IN
trust	NN
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
and	CC
there	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
time	NN
restraints	NNS
on	IN
my	PRP$
work	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Shandor	NNP
Weiss	NNP
,	,
Naturopathic	NNP
Physician	NNP
and	CC
Licensed	NNP
Acupuncturist	NNP
,	,
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
diagnosing	VBG
and	CC
treating	VBG
difficult	JJ
cases	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
biofeedback	NN
tests	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
aka	FW
electrodermal	FW
or	CC
EAV	NNP
testing	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Weiss	NNP
can	MD
find	VB
the	DT
precise	JJ
cause	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
each	DT
patient	NN
's	POS
problems	NNS
.	.
Causes	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
emotional	JJ
,	,
metabolic	JJ
,	,
genetic	JJ
,	,
hormonal	JJ
,	,
neurological	JJ
,	,
spiritual	JJ
,	,
environmental	JJ
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
factors	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
a	DT
patient	NN
who	WP
binges	VBZ
may	MD
have	VB
a	DT
self	NN
esteem	NN
issue	NN
,	,
a	DT
blood	NN
sugar	NN
problem	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
genetic	JJ
variance	NN
on	IN
starch	NN
metabolism	NN
,	,
all	DT
together	RB
.	.
Some	DT
cases	NNS
are	VBP
more	RBR
esoteric	JJ
,	,
e.g.	FW
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
seem	VB
like	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
low	JJ
self	NN
esteem	NN
problem	NN
,	,
but	CC
really	RB
the	DT
cause	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
empathic	JJ
or	CC
psychic	JJ
perception	NN
of	IN
a	DT
parent	NN
's	POS
suppressed	VBN
disapproval	NN
.	.
Then	RB
the	DT
patient	NN
uses	VBZ
purging	VBG
to	TO
rid	VB
themselves	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
feelings	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
person	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
,	,
many	JJ
other	JJ
possible	JJ
causes	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
problems	NNS
,	,
also	RB
.	.
With	IN
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
individualized	JJ
approach	NN
,	,
and	CC
using	VBG
electrodermal	JJ
tests	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
can	MD
always	RB
find	VB
out	RP
why	WRB
a	DT
patient	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
problems	NNS
they	PRP
have	VBP
,	,
and	CC
find	VB
ways	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
.	.
To	TO
find	VB
out	RP
more	JJR
about	IN
whether	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
help	VB
or	CC
not	RB
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
I	PRP
practice	VBP
,	,
please	VB
visit	NN
www.aruraclinic.com	NN
,	,
and	CC
especially	RB
read	VB
the	DT
pages	NNS
called	VBN
Ways	NNP
To	TO
Help	VB
,	,
Deep	NNP
Healing	NNP
,	,
Natural	NNP
Mind	NNP
Therapy	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Electrodermal	NNP
Tests	NNPS
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
free	JJ
introductory	JJ
consultations	NNS
,	,
phone	NN
and	CC
email	NN
consults	VBZ
,	,
Deep	NNP
Healing	NNP
Programs	NNP
,	,
and	CC
programs	NNS
for	IN
visiting	VBG
patients	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
and	CC
nutrition	NN
consultant	NN
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
there	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
good	JJ
or	CC
bad	JJ
foods	NNS
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
true	JJ
freedom	NN
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
is	VBZ
eating	VBG
what	WP
you	PRP
want	VBP
,	,
when	WRB
you	PRP
want	VBP
without	IN
fear	NN
and	CC
guilt	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
mission	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
come	VB
along	IN
side	NN
you	PRP
and	CC
walk	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
true	JJ
freedom	NN
with	IN
food	NN
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
nutrition	NN
education	NN
,	,
one	CD
to	TO
one	CD
nutrition	NN
counseling	NN
,	,
and	CC
experiential	JJ
therapies	NNS
.	.
Long	JJ
time	NN
nutritionist	NN
,	,
yoga	NN
instructor	NN
and	CC
coach	NN
:	:
Nutritionist	NNP
Jen	NNP
Blackert	NNP
practices	NNS
nutrition	NN
therapy	NN
beyond	IN
the	DT
typical	JJ
what	WP
to	TO
eat	VB
and	CC
what	WP
not	RB
to	TO
eat	VB
.	.
I	PRP
focus	VBP
on	IN
what	WP
to	TO
do	VB
when	WRB
we	PRP
know	VBP
what	WP
we	PRP
SHOULD	MD
DO	VB
.	.
The	DT
Anxiety	NN
&	CC
Stress	NN
Management	NNP
Institute	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
facility	NN
offering	NN
specialized	VBN
treatment	NN
for	IN
anxiety	NN
and	CC
stress	NN
disorders	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
have	VBP
a	DT
solid	JJ
team	NN
of	IN
over	IN
30	CD
therapists	NNS
with	IN
every	DT
other	JJ
kind	NN
of	IN
specialty	NN
.	.
We	PRP
believe	VBP
in	IN
treating	VBG
the	DT
whole	JJ
person	NN
and	CC
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
provide	VBP
additional	JJ
services	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
nutritional	JJ
counseling	NN
,	,
yoga	NN
,	,
meditation	NN
classes	NNS
,	,
massage	NN
,	,
and	CC
biofeedback	NN
.	.
Please	VB
see	VB
our	PRP$
website	NN
at	IN
www.StressMgt.net	NNP
.	.
Kristen	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
licensed	JJ
psychotherapist	NN
specializing	VBG
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
recovery	NN
,	,
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
and	CC
obesity	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
both	CC
the	DT
physiological	JJ
and	CC
psychological	JJ
aspects	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
several	JJ
organizations	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
health	NN
field	NN
including	VBG
the	DT
National	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Association	NNP
and	CC
International	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Professionals	NNPS
.	.
Residing	VBG
in	IN
Beverly	NNP
Hills	NNP
,	,
Kristen	NNP
also	RB
has	VBZ
over	IN
10	CD
years	NNS
experience	NN
as	IN
a	DT
nutritionist	NN
.	.
In	IN
collaboration	NN
with	IN
world-renowned	JJ
endocrinologist	NN
,	,
Calvin	NNP
Ezrin	NNP
,	,
she	PRP
co-authored	VBD
Your	PRP$
Fat	NNP
Can	MD
Make	VB
You	PRP
Thin	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Lowell	NNP
House	NNP
,	,
2000	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
which	WDT
is	VBZ
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
guide	NN
to	TO
weight	VB
loss	NN
focusing	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
hormonal	JJ
and	CC
neurotransmitter	NN
imbalances	NNS
in	IN
obesity	NN
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
the	DT
author	NN
of	IN
The	DT
Everday	NNP
Meal	NNP
Planner	NNP
for	IN
Type	NNP
2	CD
Diabetes	NNP
:	:
Simple	NN
Tips	NNP
for	IN
Healthy	JJ
Dining	NN
at	IN
Home	NNP
and	CC
On	IN
The	DT
Town	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
McGraw-Hill	NNP
,	,
2002	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Kristen	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
speaker	NN
at	IN
several	JJ
weight	NN
loss	NN
seminars	NNS
sponsored	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Diabetes	NNP
Care	NNP
Center	NNP
of	IN
Tarzana	NNP
and	CC
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
frequent	JJ
guest	NN
on	IN
KRLA	NNP
's	POS
Healthy	JJ
Advice	NNP
with	IN
Dr.	NNP
Gene	NNP
Steiner	NNP
.	.
Along	IN
with	IN
Dr.	NNP
Calvin	NNP
Ezrin	NNP
,	,
she	PRP
has	VBZ
also	RB
appeared	VBN
on	IN
FOX	NN
Midday	NN
Sunday	NNP
to	TO
discuss	VB
obesity	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
treatment	NN
.	.
Kristen	NNP
also	RB
participates	VBZ
in	IN
educational	JJ
outreach	NN
programs	NNS
with	IN
adolescents	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
range	NN
of	IN
topics	NNS
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
time	NN
when	WRB
we	PRP
are	VBP
seeing	VBG
obesity	NN
and	CC
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
behaviors	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
rise	NN
,	,
Kristen	NNP
Caron	NNP
's	POS
insight	NN
into	IN
treating	VBG
these	DT
serious	JJ
problems	NNS
is	VBZ
in	IN
great	JJ
demand	NN
.	.
Through	IN
nurturing	VBG
care	NN
and	CC
applied	VBD
expertise	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
Kristen	NNP
's	POS
ongoing	JJ
commitment	NN
to	TO
help	VB
people	NNS
with	IN
these	DT
often	RB
misunderstood	VBN
and	CC
minimized	VBN
problems	NNS
understand	VBP
why	WRB
they	PRP
have	VBP
struggled	VBN
with	IN
obesity	NN
and\/or	CC
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
help	VB
them	PRP
unlock	VB
their	PRP$
potential	NN
for	IN
a	DT
healthier	RBR
self	NN
.	.
Individual	JJ
nutrition	NN
counseling	NN
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
or	CC
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
Provides	VBZ
Resting	NNP
Metabolic	NNP
Rate	NNP
Testing	NNP
using	VBG
state-of-the-art	JJ
equipment	NN
.	.
This	DT
test	NN
provides	VBZ
an	DT
accurate	JJ
assessment	NN
of	IN
an	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
calorie	NN
requirements	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
personalized	JJ
meal	NN
plan	NN
.	.
Ani	NNP
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
individual	JJ
nutrition	NN
therapy	NN
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
suffering	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
management	NN
.	.
By	IN
providing	VBG
a	DT
caring	NN
and	CC
supportive	JJ
environment	NN
,	,
she	PRP
helps	VBZ
clients	NNS
achieve	VB
lifestyle	NN
goals	NNS
,	,
empowerment	NN
and	CC
well	RB
being	VBG
.	.
She	PRP
provides	VBZ
nutrition	NN
therapy	NN
to	TO
women	NNS
,	,
men	NNS
and	CC
adolescents	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
food	NN
and	CC
body	NN
size	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
offers	VBZ
nutrition	NN
education	NN
and	CC
experimental	JJ
groups	NNS
,	,
meal	NN
support	NN
outings	NNS
and	CC
grocery	NN
guidance	NN
in	IN
a	DT
group	NN
or	CC
individual	JJ
format	NN
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
counsels	VBZ
individuals	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
PCOS	NNP
,	,
obesity	NN
or	CC
those	DT
who	WP
want	VBP
to	TO
adopt	VB
a	DT
healthier	RBR
lifestyle	NN
.	.
Amy	NNP
Jaffe	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
nationally	RB
registered	VBN
,	,
state	NN
licensed	VBD
nutrition	NN
professional	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
practicing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
nutrion	NN
for	IN
over	IN
20	CD
years	NNS
,	,
specializing	VBG
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
weight-related	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
provided	VBN
numerous	JJ
presntations	NNS
and	CC
interviews	NNS
locally	RB
and	CC
nationally	RB
,	,
on	IN
radio	NN
,	,
tv	NN
and	CC
print	NN
media	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
teaches	VBZ
nutrition	NN
counseling	NN
and	CC
comunication	NN
skills	NNS
classes	NNS
and	CC
is	VBZ
the	DT
Director	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Graduate	NN
Dietetic	NNP
Internship	NNP
Program	NNP
at	IN
Florida	NNP
International	NNP
University	NNP
in	IN
Miami	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
co-author	NN
of	IN
the	DT
published	VBN
textbook	NN
,	,
``	``
Nutrition	NNP
Counseling	NN
and	CC
Communication	NNP
Skills	NNS
''	''
,	,
used	VBN
in	IN
universities	NNS
to	TO
train	VB
nutrition	NN
students	NNS
.	.
``	``
Myapproach	NNP
is	VBZ
highly	RB
individualized	JJ
,	,
holistic	JJ
and	CC
my	PRP$
style	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
collaborate	VB
with	IN
clients	NNS
rather	RB
than	IN
dictate	VB
to	TO
them	PRP
using	VBG
a	DT
nondiet	JJ
approach	NN
and	CC
philosophy	NN
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
'm	VBP
a	DT
Registered	NNP
Dietitian	NNP
with	IN
my	PRP$
training	NN
and	CC
interests	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
all	DT
aspects	NNS
of	IN
weight	NN
management	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
helped	VBN
thousands	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
modify	VBP
their	PRP$
behaviors	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
work	VB
towards	IN
a	DT
healthier	RBR
lifestyle	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
approach	NN
utilizes	VBZ
small	JJ
behavior	NN
changes	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
proper	JJ
nutrition	NN
and	CC
exercise	NN
while	IN
building	VBG
a	DT
strong	JJ
foundation	NN
of	IN
self-esteem	NN
,	,
social	JJ
support	NN
,	,
self-awareness	NN
,	,
and	CC
communication	NN
skills	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
welcome	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
call	VB
and	CC
interview	VB
me	PRP
for	IN
a	DT
position	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
health	NN
care	NN
team	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
someone	NN
who	WP
struggles	VBZ
with	IN
her	PRP$
weight	NN
and	CC
obsessive	JJ
thoughts	NNS
about	IN
food	NN
,	,
wonder	VB
how	WRB
much	JJ
to	TO
eat	VB
,	,
when	WRB
,	,
what	WP
to	TO
choose	VB
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
nourish	VB
the	DT
body	NN
without	IN
becoming	VBG
even	RB
more	RBR
obsessed	VBN
with	IN
food	NN
...	:
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
someone	NN
who	WP
wants	VBZ
to	TO
end	VB
the	DT
vicious	JJ
cycle	NN
of	IN
dieting	NN
,	,
weighing	VBG
yourself	PRP
,	,
having	VBG
good	JJ
and	CC
bad	JJ
food	NN
days	NNS
,	,
of	IN
seeing	VBG
your	PRP$
weight	NN
go	VB
up	RB
and	CC
down	RB
and	CC
up	RB
and	CC
down	RB
and	CC
up	RB
...	:
...	:
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
ready	JJ
to	TO
consult	VB
with	IN
a	DT
nutrition	NN
expert	NN
who	WP
will	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
let	VB
go	VB
of	IN
your	PRP$
food	NN
worries	NNS
and	CC
finally	RB
enjoy	VB
a	DT
healthy	JJ
weight	NN
and	CC
less	JJR
stressful	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
food	NN
-	:
visit	NN
Nancy	NNP
Nutrition	NNP
Consulting	NNP
in	IN
Westwood	NNP
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
come	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
right	JJ
place	NN
.	.
Let	VB
Nancy	NNP
Ling	NNP
,	,
RD	NNP
work	NN
with	IN
you	PRP
in	IN
a	DT
comfortable	JJ
,	,
supportive	JJ
environment	NN
,	,
using	VBG
targeted	VBN
techniques	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
let	VB
go	VB
of	IN
behaviors	NNS
that	WDT
do	VBP
n't	RB
serve	VB
you	PRP
any	DT
longer	JJR
,	,
so	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
finally	RB
live	VB
the	DT
life	NN
you	PRP
want	VBP
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
body	NN
that	WDT
makes	VBZ
you	PRP
feel	VBP
good	JJ
.	.
Affordable	JJ
rates	NNS
make	VBP
getting	VBG
the	DT
nutrition	NN
care	NN
you	PRP
need	VBP
,	,
accessible	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
Conveniently	RB
located	VBN
at	IN
1328	CD
Westwood	NNP
Boulevard	NNP
,	,
Suite	NNP
3	CD
,	,
Los	NNP
Angeles	NNP
,	,
CA	NNP
90024	CD
.	.
We	PRP
're	VBP
2	CD
blocks	NNS
south	RB
of	IN
Wilshire	NNP
,	,
near	IN
Borders	NNP
Books	NNPS
.	.
Debra	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
Masters	NNP
level	NN
registered	VBD
dietitian	NN
with	IN
15	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
individuals	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Phoenix	NNP
metro	NN
area	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
worked	VBN
in	IN
both	DT
the	DT
inpatient	NN
and	CC
outpatient	NN
setting	NN
.	.
Vivian	NNP
Delman	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
registered	VBN
dietitian\/nutritionist	NN
and	CC
holds	VBZ
a	DT
masters	NNS
degree	NN
in	IN
clinical	JJ
counseling	NN
.	.
She	PRP
works	VBZ
with	IN
women	NNS
,	,
men	NNS
and	CC
adolescents	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
integrates	VBZ
nutrition	NN
counseling	NN
and	CC
therapy	NN
in	IN
her	PRP$
sessions	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
coaches	NNS
people	NNS
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
healthier	RBR
relationship	NN
with	IN
food	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
and	CC
exercise	NN
.	.
Specialized	NNP
outpatient	NN
treatment	NN
for	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
binge	NN
eating	NN
disorder	NN
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
problems	NNS
.	.
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
and	CC
overexercising	NN
.	.
Intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
program	NN
,	,
group	NN
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
individual	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
family	NN
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
and	CC
nutritional	JJ
counseling	NN
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
an	DT
individualized	JJ
non-diet	JJ
approach	NN
with	IN
the	DT
motivation	NN
and	CC
support	NN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
in	IN
your	PRP$
process	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
work	VB
together	RB
to	TO
develop	VB
goals	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
feel	VBP
comfortable	JJ
working	VBG
towards	IN
.	.
Wekiva	NNP
Springs	NNP
Wellness	NNP
Center	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
30	CD
-	:
day	NN
residential	JJ
facililty	NN
providing	VBG
exclusive	JJ
treatment	NN
for	IN
women	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
alcoholism	NN
,	,
drug	NN
dependency	NN
and\/or	CC
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
completely	RB
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
women	NNS
's	POS
issues	NNS
and	CC
recovery	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
program	NN
takes	VBZ
a	DT
more	RBR
hollistic	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
treatment	NN
incorporating	VBG
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
educational	JJ
,	,
recerational	JJ
,	,
and	CC
theraputic	JJ
sessions	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
goal	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
teach	VB
the	DT
skills	NNS
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
right	JJ
choices	NNS
on	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
,	,
towards	IN
living	VBG
a	DT
healthier	RBR
life	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
or	CC
someone	NN
you	PRP
know	VBP
is	VBZ
suffering	VBG
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
or	CC
addiction	NN
,	,
please	VB
call	NN
Wekiva	NNP
Springs	NNP
Wellness	NNP
toll	NN
free	JJ
1-877-339-6636	CD
for	IN
a	DT
free	JJ
consultation	NN
.	.
I	PRP
specialize	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
nutritional	JJ
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
in	IN
sports	NNS
nutrition	NN
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
nutrition	NN
in	IN
complementary	JJ
care	NN
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
treatment	NN
in	IN
an	DT
outpatient	NN
setting	NN
,	,
both	DT
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
and	CC
as	IN
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
New	NNP
Orleans	NNP
Center	NNP
for	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
http://www.centerforeatingdisorders.com	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
One	CD
on	IN
one	CD
nutrition	NN
therapy	NN
in	IN
a	DT
womens	NNS
clinic	NN
for	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
bulimia	NN
,	,
anorexia	NN
,	,
compulsive	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
had	VBN
over	IN
20	CD
years	NNS
experience	NN
with	IN
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
also	RB
a	DT
creative	JJ
expressive	JJ
arts	NNS
therapist	NN
and	CC
use	NN
different	JJ
tools	NNS
in	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
feelings	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
bill	VB
some	DT
insurances	NNS
and	CC
have	VBP
a	DT
very	RB
reasonable	JJ
cost	NN
per	IN
hour	NN
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
insurance	NN
coverage	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
Masters	NNP
level	NN
Registered	NNP
Dietitian	NNP
and	CC
Certified	NNP
Personal	NNP
Trainer	NNP
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
,	,
specializing	VBG
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
for	IN
14	CD
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
worked	VBN
with	IN
people	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
ranging	VBG
from	IN
champion	NN
Olympic	NNP
athletes	NNS
and	CC
highly	RB
esteemed	VBN
public	JJ
figures	NNS
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
average	JJ
housewife	NN
and	CC
teenager	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
learn	VB
to	TO
live	VB
in	IN
peace	NN
with	IN
food	NN
,	,
but	CC
you	PRP
need	VBP
the	DT
proper	JJ
tools	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
conduct	VBP
both	DT
individuals	NNS
and	CC
group	NN
sessions	NNS
for	IN
people	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
also	RB
a	DT
Christian	JJ
Counselor	NN
for	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
interested	JJ
in	IN
biblical	JJ
help	NN
for	IN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
food	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
All	DT
faiths	NNS
and	CC
people	NNS
are	VBP
welcome	JJ
to	TO
my	PRP$
practice	NN
.	.
All	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
confidential	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Collaborative	NNP
provides	VBZ
high	JJ
quality	NN
treatment	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
A	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
excellent	JJ
healing	NN
modalities	NNS
include	VBP
nutrition	NN
,	,
expressive	JJ
arts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
stress	NN
reduction	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
supportive	JJ
environment	NN
,	,
the	DT
harmful	JJ
defenses	NNS
of	IN
fear	NN
,	,
shame	NN
,	,
isolation	NN
,	,
and	CC
numbness	NN
transform	VBP
into	IN
experiences	NNS
of	IN
confidence	NN
,	,
aliveness	NN
,	,
peace	NN
,	,
and	CC
freedom	NN
.	.
I	PRP
specialize	VBP
in	IN
treatment	NN
of	IN
individuals	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
goal	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
assist	VB
in	IN
achievement	NN
of	IN
a	DT
successful	JJ
recovery	NN
by	IN
providing	VBG
nutritional	JJ
education	NN
in	IN
a	DT
sincere	JJ
yet	RB
professional	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
Registered	NNP
Dietitian	NNP
working	VBG
with	IN
individuals	NNS
seeking	VBG
to	TO
recover	VB
from	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulima	NN
and	CC
binge	NN
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
.	.
With	IN
over	IN
15	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
as	IN
a	DT
dietitian	NN
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
help	VB
to	TO
empower	VB
you	PRP
towards	IN
a	DT
healthy	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
food	NN
and	CC
your	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
Registered	NNP
Dietitian\/Exercise	NNP
Physiologist	NNP
I	PRP
provide	VBP
nutritional	JJ
counseling	NN
to	TO
those	DT
who	WP
struggle	VBP
with	IN
food	NN
.	.
I	PRP
treat	VBP
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
take	VBP
a	DT
wellness	JJ
approach	NN
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
exercise	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
when	WRB
appropriate	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
nutrition	NN
,	,
stress	NN
management	NN
and	CC
mental	JJ
well	RB
being	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
treatment	NN
on	IN
an	DT
outpatient	NN
basis	NN
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
a	DT
full	JJ
array	NN
of	IN
individual	JJ
,	,
group	NN
,	,
and	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
for	IN
children	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
adults	NNS
by	IN
nine	CD
experienced	JJ
clinicians	NNS
.	.
An	DT
intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
program	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
IOP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
available	JJ
for	IN
those	DT
needing	VBG
a	DT
step	NN
above	IN
once-a-week	JJ
treatment	NN
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
psychological	JJ
,	,
dietary	JJ
,	,
and	CC
exercise	NN
therapies	NNS
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
childhood	NN
and	CC
adult	NN
obesity	NN
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
DBT	NNP
Skills	NNS
Training	VBG
in	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
current	JJ
individual	JJ
therapy	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
by	IN
your	PRP$
therapist	NN
or	CC
ours	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
offer	VBP
the	DT
Shapedown	NNP
program	NN
--	:
the	DT
nation	NN
's	POS
leading	VBG
weight	NN
management	NN
program	NN
for	IN
ages	NNS
6-18	CD
.	.
Our	PRP$
intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
program	NN
provides	VBZ
a	DT
stable	JJ
,	,
loving	JJ
and	CC
caring	VBG
environment	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
clients	NNS
attend	VBP
for	IN
3	CD
hours	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
3	CD
to	TO
4	CD
times	NNS
per	IN
week	NN
.	.
Treatment	NNP
includes	VBZ
group	NN
therapy	NN
and	CC
education	NN
on	IN
topics	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
nutrition	NN
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
healthy	JJ
relationships	NNS
and	CC
much	RB
more	RBR
.	.
Our	PRP$
clients	NNS
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
obtain	VB
the	DT
goal	NN
of	IN
long-term	JJ
recovery	NN
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
acknowledge	VBP
and	CC
will	MD
strive	VB
to	TO
help	VB
the	DT
client	NN
work	NN
on	IN
resolving	VBG
any	DT
underlying	VBG
core	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
may	MD
include	VB
anxiety	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
bi-polar	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
In	IN
that	DT
attempt	NN
,	,
we	PRP
will	MD
provide	VB
traditional	JJ
eating	NN
disorder	NN
treatment	NN
for	IN
adults	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
with	IN
an	DT
emphasis	NN
on	IN
maintaining	VBG
long-term	JJ
recovery	NN
through	IN
innovative	JJ
methodologies	NNS
and	CC
individualized	JJ
treatment	NN
planning	NN
.	.
At	IN
Advanced	NNP
Center	NNP
for	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
,	,
we	PRP
understand	VBP
that	DT
high	JJ
quality	NN
recovery	NN
services	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
and	CC
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
available	JJ
only	RB
for	IN
the	DT
rich	JJ
and	CC
famous	JJ
.	.
At	IN
many	JJ
facilities	NNS
,	,
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
approaches	NNS
that	IN
of	IN
a	DT
major	JJ
surgery	NN
.	.
To	TO
that	DT
end	NN
,	,
Advanced	NNP
Center	NNP
for	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
strive	VBP
to	TO
maintain	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
cost	VBN
effective	JJ
yet	RB
comprehensive	JJ
and	CC
successful	JJ
program	NN
possible	JJ
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
every	DT
income	NN
strata	NN
.	.
Casa	NNP
Serena	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
evening	NN
program	NN
for	IN
women	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
18	CD
yrs	NNS
of	IN
age	NN
and	CC
older	JJR
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
an	DT
individualized	JJ
plan	NN
for	IN
recovery	NN
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
:	:
Individual	NNP
,	,
Couple	NN
and	CC
Family	NNP
therapy	NN
,	,
Dietary	NNP
Consultations	NNP
,	,
a	DT
dinner	NN
meal	NN
each	DT
evening	NN
and	CC
8	CD
issue	NN
specific	JJ
groups	NNS
each	DT
week	NN
to	TO
help	VB
develop	VB
the	DT
coping	VBG
skills	NNS
necessary	JJ
for	IN
healing	NN
from	IN
your	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
provide	VBP
consultation	NN
and	CC
educational	JJ
services	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
professional	JJ
and	CC
to	TO
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
through	IN
our	PRP$
Free	NNP
Community	NNP
Education	NNP
and	CC
Support	NN
Group	NNP
which	WDT
meets	VBZ
bi-monthly	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Family	NNP
Therapy	NNP
Institute	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
private	JJ
outpaitent	NN
treatment	NN
center	NN
that	WDT
offers	VBZ
Brief-Strategic	NNP
Therapy	NNP
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Treatment	NNP
is	VBZ
brief	JJ
,	,
focused	VBD
,	,
and	CC
effective	JJ
for	IN
binge	NN
eating	NN
,	,
restricting	VBG
,	,
and	CC
vomiting	VBG
related	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
Intensive	JJ
Outpatient	NNP
Treatment	NNP
program	NN
foradults	NNS
and	CC
adolescents	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
bulimia	NN
,	,
anorexia	NN
,	,
and\/or	CC
binge	NN
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
.	.
Smallgroups	NNS
meet	VBP
3	CD
times	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
for	IN
15	CD
weeks	NNS
.	.
Groups	NNS
are	VBP
facilitated	VBN
by	IN
licensed	JJ
clinicians	NNS
andnutritionists	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
accept	VBP
most	RBS
insurance	NN
.	.
Ouroffice	NNP
is	VBZ
located	VBN
in	IN
Sherman	NNP
Oaks	NNP
.	.
Christian	NNP
Psychotherapy	NNP
Services	NNPS
looks	VBZ
to	TO
serve	VB
those	DT
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Individual	NNP
,	,
group	NN
,	,
and	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
suffering	VBG
from	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
patterns	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Center	NNP
for	IN
Counseling	NN
&	CC
Health	NNP
Resources	NNPS
,	,
Inc.	NNP
located	VBN
in	IN
Seattle	NNP
,	,
WA	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
providing	VBG
counseling	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
22	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Unlike	IN
other	JJ
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
programs	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
group-focused	JJ
,	,
our	PRP$
Specialized	NNP
Intensive	NNP
Treatment	NNP
focus	NN
on	IN
providing	VBG
an	DT
individual	NN
,	,
one-one-one	NN
,	,
counseling	VBG
experience	NN
.	.
Even	RB
with	IN
this	DT
individualized	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
care	NN
,	,
our	PRP$
Intensive	NNP
Recovery	NNP
Programs	NNP
are	VBP
offered	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
fraction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
most	JJS
in-patient	JJ
,	,
hospital-based	JJ
programs	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
housing	NN
arrangements	NNS
for	IN
clients	NNS
coming	VBG
from	IN
areas	NNS
outside	IN
of	IN
Washington	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
numerous	JJ
testimonials	NNS
of	IN
previous	JJ
clients	NNS
.	.
Go	VB
to	TO
our	PRP$
website	NN
to	TO
read	VB
them	PRP
.	.
The	DT
Wellness	NNP
Program	NN
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
South	NNP
Florida	NNP
provides	VBZ
affordable	JJ
outpatient	NN
therapy	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
aged	VBN
16	CD
&	CC
over	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
adults	NNS
with	IN
food	NN
,	,
eating	VBG
,	,
weight	NN
,	,
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
disturbance	NN
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
assessment	NN
and	CC
individualized	JJ
treatment	NN
plan	NN
using	VBG
a	DT
mulitdisciplinary	JJ
approach	NN
.	.
ModoSano	NNP
Counselling	NNP
&	CC
Consulting	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
outpatient	NN
agency	NN
specializing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
addictive	JJ
disorders	NNS
including	VBG
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
substance	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
co-occurance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
two	CD
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
interested	JJ
in	IN
moving	VBG
towards	IN
a	DT
healthier	RBR
life	NN
,	,
we	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
expertise	NN
to	TO
help	VB
.	.
Cambridge	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Center	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CEDC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
program	NN
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Specialized	NNP
outpatient	NN
services	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
for	IN
children	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
both	DT
male	NN
and	CC
female	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
Center	NNP
is	VBZ
staffed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
multidisciplinary	JJ
team	NN
of	IN
psychiatrists	NNS
,	,
psychologists	NNS
,	,
social	JJ
workers	NNS
,	,
counselors	NNS
and	CC
dieticians	NNS
who	WP
work	VBP
closely	RB
together	RB
to	TO
ensure	VB
the	DT
highest	JJS
level	NN
of	IN
care	NN
.	.
The	DT
Center	NNP
's	POS
director	NN
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Seda	NNP
Ebrahimi	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
well-known	JJ
specialist	NN
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
former	JJ
director	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Treatment	NNP
Program	NNP
at	IN
McLean	NNP
Hospital	NNP
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
an	DT
instructor	NN
at	IN
Harvard	NNP
University	NNP
.	.
The	DT
mission	NN
of	IN
CEDC	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
outpatient	NN
treatment	NN
in	IN
a	DT
community	NN
setting	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
aim	NN
of	IN
preventing	VBG
hospitalization	NN
.	.
CEDC	NNP
provides	VBZ
consultation	NN
,	,
individual	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
group	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
family	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
nutritional	JJ
counseling	NN
,	,
medication	NN
evaluation	NN
and	CC
management	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
monthly	JJ
Family\/Friends	NNS
support	VBP
group	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
outpatient	NN
servcies	NNS
,	,
CEDC	NNP
offers	VBZ
an	DT
Intensive	JJ
Outpatient	NNP
Program	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
IOP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
which	WDT
involves	VBZ
three	CD
hours	NNS
per	IN
evening	NN
,	,
five	CD
days	NNS
per	IN
week	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
The	DT
treatment	NN
program	NN
includes	VBZ
supervision	NN
of	IN
dinner	NN
,	,
psychoeducational	JJ
experience	NN
,	,
therapy	NN
,	,
and	CC
support	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
IOP	NNP
Program	NNP
has	VBZ
two	CD
separate	JJ
tracks	NNS
,	,
one	CD
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
,	,
ages	NNS
12-17	RB
,	,
and	CC
one	CD
for	IN
adults	NNS
,	,
ages	NNS
18	CD
and	CC
older	JJR
.	.
Lees	NNP
Psychological	NNP
Services	NNPS
offers	VBZ
expert	JJ
treatment	NN
for	IN
children	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
experiencing	VBG
eating	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
disorders	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
treatment	NN
staff	NN
includes	VBZ
a	DT
clinical	JJ
psychologist	NN
,	,
registered	VBN
nurse	NN
,	,
psychotherapist	NN
and	CC
a	DT
dietician	NN
with	IN
over	IN
50	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
combined	VBN
experience	NN
.	.
We	PRP
believe	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
team	NN
approach	NN
to	TO
treatment	NN
and	CC
only	RB
refer	VBP
to	TO
physicians	NNS
and	CC
psychiatrists	NNS
who	WP
also	RB
have	VBP
expertise	NN
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
believe	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
biopsychosocial	JJ
model	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
treating	VBG
the	DT
medical\/physical	NN
,	,
emotional	JJ
,	,
and	CC
environmental	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
binge	NN
eating	NN
,	,
chronic	JJ
dieting	NN
,	,
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
dissatisfaction	NN
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
believe	VBP
that	IN
full	JJ
recovery	NN
and	CC
life	NN
without	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
is	VBZ
absolutely	RB
possible	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
overall	JJ
goal	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
a	DT
free	JJ
,	,
professionally	RB
facilitated	VBD
support	NN
group	NN
that	WDT
meets	VBZ
every	DT
Saturday	NNP
from	IN
10:00	CD
-	:
11:30	CD
a.m.	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
for	IN
males	NNS
and	CC
females	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
parents	NNS
,	,
family	NN
,	,
friends	NNS
,	,
spouses	NNS
and	CC
concerned	JJ
others	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
the	DT
VITALIZE	NNP
Program	NNP
for	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
overweight	JJ
and	CC
experiencing	VBG
medical	JJ
problems	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
heart	NN
disease	NN
,	,
diabetes	NN
,	,
high	JJ
blood	NN
pressure	NN
,	,
high	JJ
cholesterol	NN
and	CC
high	JJ
triglycerides	NNS
.	.
A	DT
non-diet	JJ
approach	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
for	IN
weight	NN
management	NN
and	CC
intervention	NN
with	IN
medical	JJ
complications	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
weight	NN
.	.
All	DT
staff	NN
regularly	RB
attend	VB
local	JJ
,	,
national	JJ
and	CC
international	JJ
conferences	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
maintain	VB
the	DT
highest	JJS
level	NN
of	IN
expertise	NN
and	CC
knowledge	NN
of	IN
state	NN
of	IN
the	DT
art	NN
research	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
available	JJ
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Program	NNP
provides	VBZ
individualized	JJ
,	,
comprehensive	JJ
treatment	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
latest	JJS
empirical	JJ
research	NN
.	.
Treatment	NNP
begins	VBZ
with	IN
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
evaluation	NN
,	,
consisting	VBG
of	IN
an	DT
interview	NN
of	IN
the	DT
affected	JJ
individual	NN
,	,
psychological	JJ
questionnaires	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
gathering	NN
of	IN
external	JJ
medical	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Family	NNP
members	NNS
are	VBP
strongly	RB
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
initial	JJ
assessment	NN
and	CC
with	IN
subsequent	JJ
treatment	NN
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
our	PRP$
Intensive	NNP
Outpatient	NNP
Program	NNP
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
individual	JJ
and	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
on	IN
an	DT
outpatient	NN
basis	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Intensive	NNP
Outpatient	NNP
Program	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ED-IOP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
consists	VBZ
of	IN
three	CD
groups\/day	NN
,	,
five	CD
days\/week	NN
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
treatment	NN
model	NN
.	.
The	DT
ED-IOP	NNP
includes	VBZ
a	DT
therapeutic	JJ
meal	NN
daily	RB
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
10	CD
groups	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
topics	NNS
relevant	JJ
to	TO
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
treatment	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
Body	NNP
Image	NN
,	,
Symptom	NNP
Management	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
ED-IOP	NNP
is	VBZ
run	VBN
by	IN
licensed	JJ
clinical	JJ
psychologists	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
specialists	NNS
.	.
All	DT
treatment	NN
programs	NNS
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
alter	VB
unhealthy	JJ
eating	JJ
practices	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
restricting	VBG
,	,
binge	NN
eating	NN
,	,
purging	VBG
via	IN
self-induced	JJ
vomiting	VBG
and\/or	CC
laxative	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
and	CC
excessive	JJ
exercise	NN
.	.
While	IN
enhancing	VBG
self-esteem	NN
and	CC
modifying	VBG
disturbances	NNS
in	IN
thinking	NN
,	,
feeling	NN
,	,
and	CC
behaving	VBG
,	,
participants	NNS
also	RB
develop	VBP
improved	VBN
interpersonal	JJ
skills	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
intensively	RB
trained	VBN
DBT	NNP
therapists	NNS
trained	VBN
by	IN
Dr.	NNP
Marsha	NNP
Linehan	NNP
,	,
and	CC
her	PRP$
team	NN
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
complete	JJ
4	CD
component	NN
protocol	NN
DBT	NNP
program	NN
that	WDT
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
treating	VBG
the	DT
multi-disordered	JJ
patient	NN
.	.
We	PRP
teack	VBP
skills	NNS
training	VBG
classes	NNS
in	IN
mindfulness	NN
,	,
emotion	NN
regulation	NN
,	,
interpersonal	JJ
effectiveness	NN
,	,
and	CC
distress	NN
tolerance	NN
.	.
Eating	NNP
disorders	NNS
are	VBP
serious	JJ
illnesses	NNS
of	IN
mind	NN
and	CC
body	NN
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
distorted	JJ
perceptions	NNS
,	,
obsessive	JJ
and	CC
perfectionistic	JJ
thinking	NN
,	,
and	CC
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
.	.
The	DT
multidisciplinary	JJ
approach	NN
used	VBD
to	TO
treat	VB
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
at	IN
PsycheSoma	NNP
allows	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
more	RBR
effective	JJ
treatment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
whole	JJ
person	NN
,	,
making	VBG
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
's	POS
skills	NNS
and	CC
interests	NNS
,	,
while	IN
working	VBG
to	TO
strengthen	VB
weak	JJ
areas	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
ED	JJ
sufferers	NNS
are	VBP
knowledgeable	JJ
about	IN
nutrition	NN
and	CC
fitness	NN
,	,
but	CC
their	PRP$
ideas	NNS
are	VBP
usually	RB
combinations	NNS
of	IN
correct	JJ
and	CC
incorrect	JJ
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
passion	NN
for	IN
fitness	NN
can	MD
be	VB
seen	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
positive	JJ
side	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
but	CC
one	CD
that	WDT
is	VBZ
overwhelmed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
unhealthy\/obsessional	JJ
pursuit	NN
of	IN
thinness	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
perfectionistic	JJ
and	CC
depressogenic	JJ
self-concept	NN
.	.
The	DT
PsycheSoma	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Program	NNP
includes	VBZ
Nutritional	NNP
Counseling	NN
,	,
Fitness	NNP
Evaluation	NNP
and	CC
Education	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Psychotherapy	NNP
.	.
Analysis	NN
of	IN
body	NN
composition	NN
and	CC
metabolic	JJ
rate	NN
are	VBP
included	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
assessment	NN
.	.
Sevices	NNS
are	VBP
provided	VBN
by	IN
professionals	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
psychology	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
exercise	NN
physiology	NN
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
expert	JJ
supervision	NN
in	IN
healthy	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
exercise	NN
,	,
and	CC
psychological	JJ
services	NNS
including	VBG
any	DT
or	CC
all	DT
of	IN
:	:
individual	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
couple	NN
or	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
integrated	VBN
approach	NN
provides	VBZ
patients	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
greatest	JJS
chance	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
and	CC
maintenance	NN
.	.
Individualized	VBN
outpatient	NN
services	NNS
.	.
Formerly	RB
Comprehensive	JJ
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
in	IN
California	NNP
for	IN
12	CD
years	NNS
,	,
now	RB
in	IN
Kansas	NNP
for	IN
3	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Primary	JJ
providers	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
services	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
students	NNS
at	IN
KU	NNP
,	,
the	DT
city	NN
of	IN
Lawrence	NNP
,	,
and	CC
most	JJS
areas	NNS
of	IN
Kansas	NNP
.	.
Services	NNPS
include	VBP
online	JJ
support	NN
and	CC
workbooks	NNS
on	IN
CD	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
strive	VBP
to	TO
serve	VB
everyone	NN
and	CC
fees	NNS
are	VBP
adjusted	VBN
based	VBN
on	IN
ability	NN
to	TO
pay	VB
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
info	NN
please	VB
call	NN
or	CC
email	NN
.	.
Future	NNP
Road	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
outpatient	NN
center	NN
based	VBN
at	IN
TherapyWorks	NNP
in	IN
Grange	NNP
,	,
Queensland	NNP
,	,
Australia	NNP
,	,
a	DT
suburb	NN
of	IN
Brisbane	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
CBT-based	JJ
counselling	NN
with	IN
a	DT
Montreux	NNP
orientation	NN
for	IN
anorexia	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
fortnightly	JJ
support	NN
groups	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
currently	RB
looking	VBG
at	IN
increasing	VBG
the	DT
number	NN
and	CC
frequency	NN
of	IN
support	NN
groups	NNS
according	VBG
to	TO
demand	VB
.	.
Workshops	NNS
and	CC
supervision	NN
for	IN
counselling	NN
professionals	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
.	.
Abigail	NNP
H.	NNP
Natenshon	NNP
,	,
MA	NNP
LCSW	NNP
BCD	NNP
a	DT
recognized	VBN
psychotherapist	NN
,	,
author	NN
and	CC
speaker	NN
with	IN
29	CD
years	NNS
expertise	NN
,	,
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
with	IN
individuals	NNS
,	,
families	NNS
and	CC
groups	NNS
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Natenshon	NNP
contends	VBZ
that	IN
though	IN
not	RB
the	DT
cause	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
child	NN
's	POS
illness	NN
,	,
parents	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
best	JJS
line	NN
of	IN
defense	NN
against	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
as	IN
advocates	NNS
of	IN
prevention	NN
and	CC
recovery	NN
.	.
As	IN
co-founder	NN
and	CC
director	NN
of	IN
``	``
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Specialists	NNPS
of	IN
Illinois	NNP
:	:
A	NNP
Clinic	NNP
Without	IN
Walls	NNP
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
consults	VBZ
with	IN
schools	NNS
,	,
parents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
social	JJ
service	NN
organizations	NNS
and	CC
supervises	VBZ
clinicians	NNS
and	CC
graduate	JJ
students	NNS
of	IN
social	JJ
work	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
adjunct	JJ
teaching	NN
faculties	NNS
of	IN
several	JJ
Illinois	NNP
graduate	NN
schools	NNS
of	IN
social	JJ
work	NN
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Natenshon	NNP
conducts	VBZ
workshops	NNS
and	CC
lectures	VBZ
widely	RB
on	IN
the	DT
topic	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
published	VBN
widely	RB
in	IN
magazines	NNS
and	CC
newspapers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
has	VBZ
made	VBN
numerous	JJ
appearances	NNS
on	IN
television	NN
,	,
national	JJ
radio	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Her	PRP$
most	RBS
recent	JJ
book	NN
,	,
``	``
When	WRB
Your	PRP$
Child	NNP
Has	VBZ
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
:	:
A	NNP
Step-by-Step	NNP
Workbook	NNP
for	IN
Parents	NNP
and	CC
Other	JJ
Caregivers	NNS
''	''
was	VBD
published	VBN
by	IN
Jossey	NNP
Bass	NNP
Publishers	NNPS
in	IN
October	NNP
1999	CD
.	.
``	``
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Specialists	NNPS
of	IN
Illinois	NNP
''	''
is	VBZ
an	DT
outpatient	NN
multi-disciplinary	JJ
network	NN
of	IN
professionals	NNS
who	WP
specialize	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Psychotherapists	NNS
,	,
physicians	NNS
,	,
and	CC
nutritionists	NNS
collaborate	VBP
to	TO
provide	VB
diverse	JJ
and	CC
comprehensive	JJ
assessment	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
services	NNS
to	TO
individuals	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
.	.
With	IN
a	DT
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
,	,
psychodynamic	JJ
treatment	NN
approach	NN
and	CC
a	DT
strong	JJ
bias	NN
in	IN
family	NN
systems	NNS
theory	NN
,	,
experts	NNS
who	WP
appreciate	VBP
and	CC
support	VBP
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
knowledgeable	JJ
parents	NNS
in	IN
preventing	VBG
and	CC
healing	VBG
eating	JJ
disorders	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
children	NNS
are	VBP
based	VBN
primarily	RB
in	IN
Chicago	NNP
's	POS
north	NN
shore	NN
.	.
The	DT
group	NN
is	VBZ
affiliated	VBN
with	IN
several	JJ
area	NN
hospitals	NNS
.	.
An	DT
outpatient	NN
multidisciplinary	JJ
team	NN
approach	NN
to	TO
treating	VBG
adolescents	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
team	NN
includes	VBZ
therapists	NNS
,	,
physicians	NNS
,	,
psychiatrists	NNS
,	,
nutritionist	NN
and	CC
hospital	NN
support	NN
services	NNS
.	.
This	DT
specialty	NN
program	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
service	NN
of	IN
Arkansas	NNP
Children	NNP
's	POS
Hospital	NN
and	CC
staffed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
faculty	NN
of	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Arkansas	NNP
Medical	NNP
Sciences	NNPS
.	.
Alexian	NNP
Brothers	NNPS
Behavioral	NNP
Health	NNP
Hospital	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
full	JJ
service	NN
psychiatric	JJ
facility	NN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
our	PRP$
specialty	NN
programs	NNS
is	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
in	IN
both	DT
inpatient	JJ
and	CC
outpatient	NN
settings	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
staff	NN
are	VBP
available	JJ
for	IN
public	JJ
speaking	NN
engagements	NNS
.	.
Presentations	NNS
are	VBP
typically	RB
free	JJ
of	IN
charge	NN
and	CC
limited	VBN
to	TO
staff	NN
availability	NN
.	.
For	IN
information	NN
on	IN
presentations	NNS
call	VBP
the	DT
Business	NNP
Development	NNP
Department	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Arlington	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Program	NNP
provides	VBZ
outpatient	NN
treatment	NN
for	IN
all	DT
forms	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
for	IN
individuals	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
ages	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
use	VBP
a	DT
multidisiplinary	JJ
team	NN
approach	NN
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
complex	JJ
psychological	JJ
,	,
medical	JJ
,	,
nutritional	JJ
,	,
and	CC
social	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
practice	NN
setting	NN
.	.
Day	NNP
Treatment	NNP
Program	NNP
:	:
Comprehensive	NNP
Day	NNP
Treatment	NNP
Program	NNP
under	IN
the	DT
medical	JJ
supervision	NN
of	IN
a	DT
psychiatrist	NN
.	.
Staff	NNP
include	VBP
clinical	JJ
social	JJ
workers	NNS
,	,
dietician	NN
,	,
nurses	NNS
,	,
art	NN
therapist	NN
,	,
occupational	JJ
therapist	NN
,	,
educators	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
therapists	NNS
.	.
Program	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
five	CD
week	NN
program	NN
but	CC
does	VBZ
operate	VB
with	IN
a	DT
variable	JJ
length	NN
of	IN
stay	NN
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
assessment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
.	.
Accepting	VBG
new	JJ
patients	NNS
...	:
please	VB
inquire	NN
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
most	RBS
comprehensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
treatment	NN
program	NN
in	IN
the	DT
city	NN
of	IN
Chicago	NNP
.	.
Our	PRP$
program	NN
consists	VBZ
of	IN
a	DT
multi-faceted	JJ
approach	NN
that	WDT
attacks	VBZ
the	DT
problem	NN
wholistically	RB
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
:	:
Individual	NNP
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
individual	JJ
nutrition	NN
counseling	NN
,	,
individual	JJ
psychiatric	JJ
evaluations	NNS
and	CC
medication	NN
management	NN
,	,
individual	JJ
art	NN
&	CC
\/	NN
or	CC
movement	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
couples	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
have	VBP
group	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
free	JJ
support	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
nutrition	NN
counseling	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
art	NN
therapy	NN
and	CC
movement	NN
therapy	NN
groups	NNS
.	.
A	DT
free	JJ
newsletter	NN
with	IN
articles	NNS
on	IN
various	JJ
health	NN
and	CC
emotional	JJ
issues	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
recovery	NN
will	MD
be	VB
sent	VBN
to	TO
you	PRP
if	IN
you	PRP
email	VBP
us	PRP
your	PRP$
mailing	NN
address	NN
.	.
We	PRP
accept	VBP
many	JJ
PPO	NNP
insurance	NN
,	,
some	DT
HMO	NNP
's	POS
and	CC
also	RB
offer	VBP
a	DT
sliding	VBG
fee	NN
if	IN
insurance	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
an	DT
option	NN
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
day	NN
,	,
evening	NN
and	CC
weekend	NN
hours	NNS
available	JJ
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
4	CD
therapists	NNS
,	,
1	CD
psychiatrist	NN
and	CC
2	CD
nutritionists	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
We	PRP
each	DT
have	VBP
extensive	JJ
training	NN
and	CC
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
women	NNS
and	CC
men	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Brattleboro	NNP
Retreat	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
regional	JJ
,	,
comprehensive	JJ
hospital	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
center	NN
,	,
providing	VBG
a	DT
full	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
diagnostic	JJ
,	,
therapeutic	JJ
and	CC
rehabilitation	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
individuals	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
ages	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
1977	CD
,	,
the	DT
Retreat	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
affiliated	VBN
with	IN
Dartmouth	NNP
Medical	NNP
School	NNP
,	,
extending	VBG
its	PRP$
role	NN
as	IN
a	DT
leader	NN
in	IN
education	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
.	.
Canopy	NNP
Cove	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
division	NN
of	IN
Health	NNP
Management	NNP
Institute	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
HMI	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
an	DT
outpatient	NN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
treatment	NN
facility	NN
developed	VBN
by	IN
Dr.	NNP
Lynda	NNP
A.	NN
Brogdon	NNP
in	IN
1990	CD
.	.
HMI	NNP
has	VBZ
continued	VBN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
its	PRP$
clients	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
by	IN
expanding	VBG
the	DT
services	NNS
it	PRP
offers	VBZ
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Brogdon	NNP
originally	RB
began	VBD
providing	VBG
traditional	JJ
individual	JJ
therapy	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
treatment	NN
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
about	IN
10	CD
years	NNS
ago	RB
.	.
Recognizing	VBG
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
additional	JJ
care	NN
,	,
she	PRP
began	VBD
to	TO
run	VB
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
groups	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
provide	VB
more	JJR
comprehensive	JJ
treatment	NN
.	.
This	DT
care	NN
evolved	VBD
through	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
to	TO
include	VB
the	DT
establishment	NN
of	IN
HMI	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
provides	VBZ
intensive	JJ
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
treatment	NN
for	IN
all	DT
levels	NNS
of	IN
severity	NN
.	.
HMI	NNP
clients	NNS
receive	VBP
treatment	NN
specific	JJ
to	TO
their	PRP$
needs	NNS
;	:
individually	RB
and	CC
in	IN
group	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
for	IN
family	NN
therapy	NN
when	WRB
appropriate	JJ
.	.
Nutritional	NNP
counseling	NN
and	CC
physician	NN
consultation	NN
for	IN
medical	JJ
monitoring	NN
and	CC
medication	NN
management	NN
are	VBP
also	RB
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
approach	NN
at	IN
HMI	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
even	RB
after	IN
these	DT
expansions	NNS
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Brogdon	NNP
believed	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
structured	JJ
residential	JJ
day	NN
treatment	NN
program	NN
would	MD
better	RB
meet	VB
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
many	JJ
HMI	NNP
clients	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
continuing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
endeavor	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
critical	JJ
and	CC
complex	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
clients	NNS
,	,
HMI	NNP
created	VBD
Canopy	NNP
Cove	NNP
-	:
a	DT
residential	JJ
day	NN
treatment	NN
program	NN
.	.
In	IN
developing	VBG
this	DT
program	NN
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Brogdon	NNP
researched	VBD
other	JJ
successful	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
residential	JJ
day	NN
treatment	NN
programs	NNS
and	CC
then	RB
combined	VBN
the	DT
most	RBS
therapeutic	JJ
elements	NNS
from	IN
these	DT
examples	NNS
with	IN
her	PRP$
own	JJ
years	NNS
of	IN
clinical	JJ
experience	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
Canopy	NNP
Cove	NNP
.	.
Private	NNP
Center	NNP
for	IN
Women	NNP
Struggling	VBG
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
and\/or	CC
Bulimia	NNP
The	NNP
Center	NNP
for	IN
Change	NNP
offers	VBZ
a	DT
multi-disciplinary	JJ
,	,
stepped-care	JJ
treatment	NN
program	NN
exclusively	RB
for	IN
women	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Levels	NNS
of	IN
treatment	NN
include	VBP
inpatient	JJ
care	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
those	DT
needing	VBG
24-hour	JJ
intervention	NN
and	CC
medical	JJ
treatment	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
day	NN
treatment	NN
,	,
intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
and	CC
outpatient	NN
care	NN
.	.
Assessments	NNS
and	CC
weekly	JJ
support	NN
groups	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
offered	VBN
.	.
Intensive	JJ
treatment	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
including	VBG
frequent	JJ
individual\/group\/family	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
art\/dance\/recreation	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
and	CC
nutritional	JJ
counseling	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
cost-effective	JJ
manner	NN
which	WDT
does	VBZ
not	RB
compromise	VB
treatment	NN
.	.
We	PRP
believe	VBP
in	IN
each	DT
person	NN
's	POS
innate	JJ
capacity	NN
for	IN
healing	NN
and	CC
growth	NN
.	.
With	IN
proper	JJ
help	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
,	,
women	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
have	VBP
an	DT
excellent	JJ
opportunity	NN
for	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
the	DT
first	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
so	RB
far	RB
the	DT
only	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
privately	RB
owned	VBN
non-profit	JJ
eating	NN
disorder	NN
treatment	NN
center	NN
in	IN
Finland	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
existed	VBN
since	IN
June	NNP
2002	CD
.	.
We	PRP
currently	RB
offer	VBP
cognitive	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
complementary	JJ
therapies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
individually	RB
tailored	VBN
intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
treatments	NNS
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
patients	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
.	.
In	IN
Autumn	NNP
2003	CD
we	PRP
are	VBP
planning	VBG
to	TO
start	VB
a	DT
day	NN
patient	NN
treatment	NN
program	NN
.	.
Outpatient	NN
treatment	NN
for	IN
adults	NNS
and	CC
adolescents	NNS
with	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
binge	NN
eating	NN
disorder	NN
,	,
food	NN
addiction	NN
.	.
Treatment	NNP
includes	VBZ
complete	JJ
psychological	JJ
care	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
weekly	JJ
sessions	NNS
:	:
1	LS
.	.
cognitive	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
2	CD
.	.
Neuro	NNP
Linguistic	NNP
Programming	NNP
3	CD
.	.
assertiveness	NN
training	NN
,	,
4	CD
.	.
body	NN
image	NN
and	CC
media	NNS
awareness	NN
,	,
5	CD
.	.
relapse	NN
prevention	NN
6	CD
.	.
EMDR	NNP
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
individualized	VBN
for	IN
each	DT
person	NN
.	.
Staff	NNP
includes	VBZ
:	:
Two	CD
licensed	JJ
professional	JJ
counselors	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
LPC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
LCSW	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
certified	VBN
fitness	NN
trainer	NN
,	,
group	NN
therapist	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
LCSW	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
Individualized	VBN
treatment	NN
plans	NNS
,	,
combined	VBN
with	IN
small	JJ
group	NN
therapy	NN
provide	VBP
a	DT
supportive	JJ
environment	NN
where	WRB
people	NNS
can	MD
practice	VB
new	JJ
behaviors	NNS
and	CC
learn	VB
new	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
relate	VB
to	TO
themselves	PRP
and	CC
others	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Chrysalis	NNP
Center	NNP
believes	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
supportive	JJ
,	,
healing	NN
environment	NN
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
in	IN
order	NN
for	IN
change	NN
and	CC
growth	NN
to	TO
occur	VB
.	.
We	PRP
seek	VBP
to	TO
offer	VB
such	PDT
an	DT
environment	NN
to	TO
clients	NNS
and	CC
help	VB
them	PRP
create	VB
that	DT
in	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
therapeutic	JJ
approach	NN
is	VBZ
empathetic	JJ
,	,
nonjudgmental	JJ
and	CC
interpersonal	JJ
in	IN
nature	NN
.	.
We	PRP
strive	VBP
to	TO
help	VB
clients	NNS
understand	VB
themselves	PRP
and	CC
the	DT
roots	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
problems	NNS
,	,
to	TO
identify	VB
dysfunctional	JJ
behaviors	NNS
and	CC
patterns	NNS
,	,
and	CC
develop	VB
more	JJR
effective	JJ
strategies	NNS
for	IN
coping	VBG
.	.
Services	NNPS
Provided	VBN
:	:
Treatment	NNP
is	VBZ
individualized	VBN
for	IN
each	DT
client	NN
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
a	DT
structured	JJ
eating	NN
disorder	NN
program	NN
for	IN
clients	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
on-site	JJ
nutritional	JJ
counseling	NN
,	,
close	JJ
collaboration	NN
with	IN
medical	JJ
doctors	NNS
and	CC
psychiatrists	NNS
,	,
and	CC
three	CD
active	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
groups	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
,	,
adults	NNS
,	,
and	CC
gastric	JJ
bypass	NN
clients	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
meet	VBP
on	IN
a	DT
weekly	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
We	PRP
treat	VBP
all	DT
forms	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
males	NNS
and	CC
females	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
ages	NNS
10	CD
and	CC
up	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
adults	NNS
.	.
Both	DT
psychologists	NNS
are	VBP
licensed	JJ
professionals	NNS
and	CC
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
International	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Professionals	NNP
.	.
COPAC	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
JCAHO	NNP
accredited	VBN
addiction	NN
treatment	NN
center	NN
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
treating	VBG
all	DT
kinds	NNS
of	IN
addiction	NN
for	IN
over	IN
20	CD
years	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
do	VBP
have	VB
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
primary	JJ
chemical	NN
dependency	NN
diagnosis	NN
which	WDT
many	JJ
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
people	NNS
do	VBP
.	.
We	PRP
can	MD
complete	VB
an	DT
intense	JJ
assessment	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
extent	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
even	RB
if	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
a	DT
chemical	NN
dependency	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
any	DT
questions	NNS
or	CC
think	VB
we	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
or	CC
a	DT
loved	VBD
one	CD
,	,
please	VB
call	NN
for	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
.	.
Highly	NNP
motivating	VBG
and	CC
structured	VBN
individualized	JJ
program	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
which	WDT
include	VBP
individual	JJ
,	,
group	NN
,	,
family	NN
and	CC
multi-family	JJ
support	NN
therapy	NN
groups	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
program	NN
consists	VBZ
of	IN
a	DT
team	NN
of	IN
passionate	JJ
professionals	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
recovering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
ourselves	PRP
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Manick	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
for	IN
over	IN
twenty-years	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
developed	VBD
the	DT
out-patient	JJ
obesity	NN
program	NN
and	CC
intensive	JJ
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
program	NN
for	IN
the	DT
largest	JJS
HMO	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
She	PRP
speaks	VBZ
nation	NN
wide	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
subject	JJ
and	CC
was	VBD
the	DT
clinical	JJ
director	NN
for	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
foremost	JJ
in-patient	JJ
eating	NN
disorder	NN
programs	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
We	PRP
are	VBP
committed	VBN
to	TO
treating	VBG
you	PRP
with	IN
respect	NN
and	CC
compassion	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
truly	RB
SO	RB
MUCH	NNP
HOPE	VBP
!	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
imperitive	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
the	DT
right	JJ
treatment	NN
with	IN
knowledgeable	JJ
professionals	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
do	VBP
meal	NN
outings	NNS
,	,
walks	VBZ
and	CC
teach	VB
behavioral	JJ
techniques	NNS
to	TO
conquer	VB
``	``
the	DT
madness	NN
''	''
within	IN
.	.
We	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
with	IN
your	PRP$
commitment	NN
and	CC
our	PRP$
dedication	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
recovery	NN
you	PRP
can	MD
move	VB
from	IN
``	``
victim	NN
to	TO
Victor	NNP
!	.
''	''
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
many	JJ
many	JJ
references	NNS
upon	IN
request	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
insurances	NNS
are	VBP
accepted	VBN
.	.
We	PRP
work	VBP
according	VBG
to	TO
your	PRP$
work	NN
and	CC
school	NN
schedule	NN
.	.
Please	VB
call	VB
for	IN
free	JJ
20	CD
minute	NN
phone	NN
consultation	NN
.	.
We	PRP
promise	VBP
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
in	IN
any	DT
way	NN
we	PRP
can	MD
...	:
There	EX
truly	RB
is	VBZ
hope	NN
...	:
The	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNP
Services	NNP
at	IN
Deaconess-Waltham	NNP
Hospital	NNP
offers	VBZ
a	DT
full	JJ
continuum	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
to	TO
those	DT
suffering	VBG
from	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
,	,
and	CC
those	DT
who	WP
care	VBP
for	IN
them	PRP
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
an	DT
inpatient	JJ
hospital	NN
unit	NN
dedicated	VBN
solely	RB
to	TO
treating	VBG
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
various	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
outpatient	NN
service	NN
,	,
including	VBG
individual	JJ
or	CC
group	NN
treatment	NN
,	,
evening	NN
treatment	NN
and	CC
a	DT
structured	JJ
day	NN
treatment	NN
program	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
we	PRP
offer	VBP
a	DT
free	JJ
monthly	JJ
Saturday	NNP
Support	NN
Group	NNP
for	IN
anyone	NN
interested	JJ
in	IN
support	NN
or	CC
learning	NN
in	IN
relation	NN
to	TO
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
happy	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
information	NN
.	.
Queen	NNP
Elizabeth	NNP
II	NNP
Health	NNP
Sciences	NNPS
Centre	NNP
Provides	VBZ
group	NN
counselling	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
self-help	JJ
\/	NN
support	NN
group	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
on	IN
an	DT
inpatient	NN
,	,
outpatient	NN
and	CC
day	NN
patient	JJ
basis	NN
for	IN
people	NNS
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
.	.
Experienced	VBN
working	VBG
with	IN
sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
,	,
incest	NN
survivors	NNS
,	,
weight	NN
preoccupation	NN
food	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
for	IN
women	NNS
and	CC
men	NNS
.	.
Multidisciplinary	JJ
programs	NNS
,	,
in	IN
patient	NN
and	CC
outpatient	NN
services	NNS
.	.
Individual	NNP
,	,
family	NN
,	,
marital\/couples	NNS
,	,
medical	JJ
,	,
nutrition	NN
,	,
support	NN
group-families	NNS
,	,
sufferers	NNS
.	.
Experience	NN
working	NN
with	IN
sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
and	CC
incest	NN
survivors	NNS
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
addictions	NNS
,	,
food	NN
and	CC
weigh	VB
issues	NNS
.	.
Seabrook	NNP
House	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
nationally	RB
recognized	VBN
inpatient	JJ
drug	NN
and	CC
alcohol	NN
rehab	NN
center	NN
located	VBN
in	IN
rural	JJ
Bridgeton	NNP
,	,
New	NNP
Jersey	NNP
.	.
Our	PRP$
campus	NN
extends	VBZ
over	IN
40	CD
manicured	JJ
acres	NNS
,	,
providing	VBG
a	DT
serene	JJ
and	CC
comfortable	JJ
healing	NN
environment	NN
.	.
For	IN
over	IN
30	CD
years	NNS
,	,
Seabrook	NNP
House	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
helping	VBG
families	NNS
find	VBP
the	DT
courage	NN
to	TO
recover	VB
from	IN
alcoholism	NN
,	,
drug	NN
addiction	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
compulsive	JJ
diseases	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
assist	VBP
patients	NNS
in	IN
restoring	VBG
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
by	IN
embracing	VBG
a	DT
way	NN
of	IN
life	NN
based	VBN
upon	IN
the	DT
12-Step	JJ
principles	NNS
of	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
Conveniently	RB
located	VBN
within	IN
a	DT
45	CD
minute	NN
drive	NN
from	IN
Philadelphia	NNP
,	,
PA	NNP
or	CC
within	IN
a	DT
2	CD
hour	NN
drive	NN
from	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
City	NNP
.	.
Beau	NNP
Monde	NNP
Programs	NNP
provides	VBZ
a	DT
serene	JJ
and	CC
confidential	JJ
setting	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
an	DT
intensive	JJ
,	,
multi	NNS
-	:
dimensional	JJ
``	``
changing	VBG
eating	VBG
behaviors	NNS
''	''
program	NN
in	IN
a	DT
very	RB
small	JJ
,	,
exclusive	JJ
setting	NN
.	.
Please	VB
be	VB
advised	VBN
that	IN
we	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
treat	VB
individuals	NNS
with	IN
``	``
active	JJ
''	''
anorexia	NN
or	CC
bulimia	NN
requiring	VBG
a	DT
higher	JJR
level	NN
of	IN
medical	JJ
care	NN
or	CC
hospitalization	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
clients	NNS
come	VBP
to	TO
us	PRP
to	TO
change	VB
problematic	JJ
eating	NN
behaviors	NNS
,	,
or	CC
for	IN
``	``
aftercare	NN
''	''
or	CC
extended	VBN
care	NN
after	IN
stabilization	NN
and	CC
completion	NN
of	IN
a	DT
primary	JJ
care	NN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
program	NN
or	CC
chemical	NN
dependency	NN
treatment	NN
program	NN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
an	DT
exclusive	JJ
,	,
very	RB
small	JJ
,	,
private	JJ
treatment	NN
&	CC
aftercare	NN
program	NN
for	IN
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
,	,
binge	NN
eating	NN
,	,
food	NN
addiction	NN
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
client	NN
requiring	VBG
confidentiality	NN
,	,
one-to-one	JJ
services	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
highest	JJS
quality	NN
of	IN
care	NN
.	.
Only	RB
4	CD
clients	NNS
accepted	VBN
at	IN
one	CD
time	NN
!	.
Multi-dimensional	JJ
,	,
holistic	JJ
program	NN
with	IN
intensive	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
counseling	NN
,	,
life	NN
coaching	NN
,	,
personal	JJ
training	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
All	DT
private	JJ
rooms\/suites	NNS
overlooking	VBG
the	DT
ocean	NN
.	.
The	DT
Ridge	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Program	NNP
,	,
located	VBN
in	IN
Lexington	NNP
,	,
Kentucky	NNP
,	,
was	VBD
designed	VBN
to	TO
treat	VB
youth	NN
,	,
ages	NNS
12	CD
to	TO
17	CD
,	,
or	CC
18	CD
if	IN
still	RB
in	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
.	.
This	DT
target	NN
population	NN
is	VBZ
suffering	VBG
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
which	WDT
has	VBZ
proven	VBN
refractory	JJ
to	TO
short-term	JJ
intensive	JJ
treatment	NN
programs	NNS
and	CC
unmanageable	JJ
in	IN
less-intensive	JJ
treatment	NN
settings	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Ridge	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Program	NNP
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
habilitation	NN
of	IN
youth	NN
whose	WP$
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
pathology	NN
is	VBZ
manifested	VBN
chiefly	RB
by	IN
medical	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
alteration	NN
in	IN
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
relationship	NN
problems	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
insight	NN
into	IN
the	DT
severity	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
illness	NN
.	.
The	DT
primary	JJ
treatment	NN
goal	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
services	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
enable	VB
the	DT
program	NN
participants	NNS
to	TO
return	VB
to	TO
their	PRP$
communities	NNS
with	IN
an	DT
improved	VBN
self-image	NN
,	,
physical	JJ
health	NN
,	,
with	IN
less	JJR
restrictive	JJ
treatment	NN
requirements	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
knowledge	NN
and	CC
commitment	NN
of	IN
maintaining	VBG
a	DT
healthy	JJ
lifestyle	NN
.	.
The	DT
expected	VBN
length	NN
of	IN
stay	NN
is	VBZ
45	CD
days	NNS
.	.
Any	DT
variability	NN
in	IN
length	NN
of	IN
stay	NN
will	MD
be	VB
determined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
team	NN
.	.
This	DT
comprehensive	JJ
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
program	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
formal	JJ
training	NN
affiliation	NN
with	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Maryland	NNP
School	NNP
of	IN
Medicine	NNP
and	CC
is	VBZ
directed	VBN
by	IN
Harry	NNP
A.	NNP
Brandt	NNP
,	,
M.D.	NNP
,	,
who	WP
was	VBD
formerly	RB
director	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Unit	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Institutes	NNPS
of	IN
Health	NNP
in	IN
Bethesda	NNP
,	,
Md.	NNP
.	.
Among	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
stable	JJ
and	CC
respected	JJ
programs	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
,	,
features	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Center	NNP
for	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNS
at	IN
Sheppard	NNP
Pratt	NNP
include	VBP
a	DT
specialized	VBN
inpatient	NN
and	CC
12	CD
hour	NN
day-treatment	JJ
unit	NN
,	,
a	DT
4	CD
hour	NN
intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
program	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
full	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
outpatient	NN
services	NNS
including	VBG
individual	JJ
,	,
group	NN
,	,
pharmacologic	JJ
,	,
and	CC
family	NN
psychotherapy	NN
.	.
The	DT
Center	NNP
admits	VBZ
approximately	RB
600	CD
patients	NNS
per	IN
year	NN
to	TO
the	DT
hospital	NN
,	,
and	CC
provides	VBZ
approximately	RB
35,000	CD
outpatient	NN
visits	NNS
per	IN
yearThe	JJ
research	NN
division	NN
is	VBZ
currently	RB
involved	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
genetic	JJ
study	NN
of	IN
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
actively	RB
seeking	VBG
families	NNS
with	IN
two	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
affected	JJ
individuals	NNS
.	.
Avalon	NNP
is	VBZ
Latin	NNP
America	NNP
's	POS
only	JJ
spanish	JJ
speaking	NN
inpatient	NN
social	JJ
model	NN
treatment	NN
center	NN
designed	VBN
specifically	RB
for	IN
women	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
,	,
Trauma	NNP
or	CC
Addictions	NNPS
using	VBG
the	DT
Sierra	NNP
Model	NNP
of	IN
treatment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
world	NN
recognized	VBN
Sierra	NNP
Tucson	NNP
Treatment	NNP
Center	NNP
in	IN
Tucson	NNP
,	,
Arizona	NNP
,	,
USA	NNP
.	.
Avalon	NNP
treats	VBZ
spanish	JJ
speaking	NN
women	NNS
from	IN
all	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
Avalon	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
center	NN
of	IN
Women	NNS
helping	VBG
Women	NNS
and	CC
offers	VBZ
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
programs	NNS
depending	VBG
of	IN
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
.	.
Treatment	NNP
costs	NNS
are	VBP
approximately	RB
60	CD
%	NN
less	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
leading	VBG
centers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
Please	VB
feel	VB
free	JJ
to	TO
contact	VB
our	PRP$
admissions	NNS
office	NN
for	IN
complete	JJ
treatment	NN
details	NNS
.	.
Be	VB
Totally	RB
Free	JJ
!	.
helps	VBZ
others	NNS
to	TO
overcome	VB
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
numerous	JJ
other	JJ
addictions	NNS
.	.
This	DT
service	NN
is	VBZ
completely	RB
free	JJ
of	IN
charge	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
offered	VBN
by	IN
those	DT
who	WP
have	VBP
overcome	VBN
every	DT
imaginable	JJ
addiction	NN
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
personal	JJ
experience	NN
of	IN
overcoming	VBG
.	.
We	PRP
help	VBP
a	DT
person	NN
get	VB
to	TO
and	CC
heal	VB
the	DT
root	NN
of	IN
all	DT
compulsions	NNS
and	CC
obsessions	NNS
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
just	RB
focusing	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
symptoms	NNS
,	,
so	RB
that	IN
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
can	MD
truly	RB
``	``
be	VB
totally	RB
free	JJ
.	.
''	''
Visit	VB
our	PRP$
website	NN
and	CC
fill	VB
out	RP
a	DT
personal	JJ
evaluation	NN
for	IN
consideration	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Serving	VBG
California	NNP
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
nationally	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Bellwood	NNP
Health	NNP
Services	NNPS
,	,
Inc.	NNP
provides	VBZ
residential	JJ
treatment	NN
services	NNS
to	TO
adults	NNS
age	NN
19	CD
and	CC
over	IN
suffering	VBG
from	IN
anorexia	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
binge	NN
eating	NN
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
disorders	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
holistically-based	JJ
programs	NNS
focus	VB
on	IN
the	DT
restoration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
physical	JJ
,	,
mental	JJ
,	,
social	JJ
and	CC
spiritual	JJ
health	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
patients	NNS
.	.
This	DT
focus	NN
is	VBZ
maintained	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
recovery	NN
process	NN
through	IN
a	DT
long	JJ
term	NN
continuing	VBG
health	NN
program	NN
.	.
Through	IN
lectures	VBZ
and	CC
discussions	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
topics	NNS
from	IN
food	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
to	TO
sexuality	NN
and	CC
relationship	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
help	VBP
clients	NNS
understand	VB
their	PRP$
disorder	NN
,	,
identify	VB
their	PRP$
feelings	NNS
and	CC
see	VB
things	NNS
more	JJR
clearly	RB
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
education	NN
sessions	NNS
that	WDT
focus	VBP
on	IN
psychological	JJ
development	NN
,	,
self-esteem	NN
,	,
compulsive	JJ
behaviors	NNS
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
.	.
Workshops	NNS
teach	VBP
stress	NN
management	NN
,	,
communication	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
prevent	VB
a	DT
return	NN
to	TO
compulsive	JJ
behavior	NN
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
other	JJ
important	JJ
skills	NNS
.	.
Practical	NNP
therapies	NNS
include	VBP
meal	NN
planning	NN
,	,
shopping	NN
and	CC
restaurant	NN
outings	NNS
.	.
All	DT
clients	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
attend	VB
regular	JJ
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Anonymous	JJ
meetings	NNS
.	.
Bellwood	NNP
also	RB
provides	VBZ
customized	VBN
treatment	NN
for	IN
alcohol	NN
,	,
drug	NN
,	,
gambling	NN
,	,
and	CC
sexual	JJ
addictions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
compulsive	JJ
behaviors	NNS
and	CC
stress	NN
related	VBN
illnesses	NNS
.	.
The	DT
treatment	NN
staff	NN
at	IN
Brookhaven	NNP
Hospital	NNP
in	IN
cooperation	NN
with	IN
Rader	NNP
Institute	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
providing	VBG
high-quality	JJ
clinical	JJ
programs	NNS
for	IN
over	IN
10	CD
years	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
specialize	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
and	CC
related	VBN
disorders	NNS
including	VBG
sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
our	PRP$
mission	NN
to	TO
help	VB
save	VB
the	DT
lives	NNS
of	IN
those	DT
suffering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
primary	JJ
purpose	NN
of	IN
Rader	NNP
Programs	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
treat	VB
the	DT
dysfunctional	JJ
behavior	NN
in	IN
a	DT
supportive	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
A	DT
staff	NN
of	IN
caring	NN
and	CC
experienced	VBD
professionals	NNS
,	,
many	JJ
who	WP
are	VBP
recovering	VBG
themselves	PRP
,	,
assist	VB
the	DT
affected	JJ
individual	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
family	NN
in	IN
developing	VBG
a	DT
life	NN
long	RB
program	NN
for	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
We	PRP
recognize	VBP
the	DT
complexity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
disorder	NN
and	CC
understand	VB
the	DT
medical	JJ
,	,
psychological	JJ
,	,
physical	JJ
,	,
and	CC
nutritional	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
treatment	NN
approach	NN
is	VBZ
centered	VBN
around	IN
the	DT
special	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
individual	NN
and	CC
we	PRP
are	VBP
completely	RB
committed	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
individuals	NNS
achieve	VB
recovery	NN
.	.
The	DT
treatment	NN
team	NN
consists	VBZ
of	IN
experienced	JJ
professionals	NNS
including	VBG
,	,
physicians	NNS
,	,
psychiatrists	NNS
,	,
psychologists	NNS
,	,
family	NN
counselors	NNS
,	,
dietitians	NNS
,	,
exercise	NN
counselors	NNS
,	,
and	CC
nurses	NNS
who	WP
assist	VBP
the	DT
individual	JJ
and	CC
family	NN
through	IN
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
Through	IN
the	DT
utilization	NN
of	IN
a	DT
multi-disciplinary	JJ
approach	NN
,	,
the	DT
individuals	NNS
learn	VBP
to	TO
love	VB
and	CC
respect	VB
themselves	PRP
and	CC
to	TO
form	VB
positive	JJ
relationships	NNS
with	IN
their	PRP$
family	NN
.	.
CARE	NNP
provides	VBZ
counseling	NN
,	,
alternative	JJ
medicine	NN
and	CC
structured	JJ
living	NN
in	IN
a	DT
South	NNP
Florida	NNP
vacation	NN
setting	VBG
at	IN
affordable	JJ
rates	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
treatment	NN
staff	NN
will	MD
work	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
lifestyle	NN
.	.
We	PRP
specialize	VBP
in	IN
dually	RB
diagnosed	VBN
clients	NNS
.	.
Eating	NNP
disorders	NNS
consist	VBP
of	IN
a	DT
complex	JJ
array	NN
of	IN
psychological	JJ
and	CC
physical	JJ
symptoms	NNS
and	CC
complications	NNS
.	.
Castlewood	NNP
's	POS
treatment	NN
philosophy	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
highest	JJS
quality	NN
,	,
multi-modal	JJ
intervention	NN
to	TO
facilitate	VB
the	DT
fullest	JJS
recovery	NN
possible	JJ
.	.
Treatment	NNP
goals	NNS
include	VBP
the	DT
restoration	NN
of	IN
body	NN
weight	NN
to	TO
near	IN
ideal	NN
,	,
understanding	NN
and	CC
developing	VBG
healthy	JJ
eating	VBG
behaviors	NNS
,	,
increasing	VBG
autonomy	NN
from	IN
compulsive	JJ
patterns	NNS
and	CC
facilitating	VBG
an	DT
enhanced	JJ
attitude	NN
toward	IN
self	NN
and	CC
body	NN
.	.
Castlewood	NNP
's	POS
homelike	JJ
setting	NN
is	VBZ
comfortable	JJ
and	CC
intimate	JJ
,	,
allowing	VBG
for	IN
personalized	VBN
care	NN
and	CC
highly	RB
individualized	JJ
treatment	NN
planning	NN
.	.
Eating	NNP
disorders	NNS
have	VBP
many	JJ
developmental	JJ
pathways	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
co-morbid	JJ
factors	NNS
which	WDT
influence	VBP
diagnosis	NN
,	,
treatment	NN
prognosis	NN
,	,
and	CC
outcome	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
personality	NN
disorder	NN
,	,
Axis	NNP
1	CD
psychiatric	JJ
disorders	NNS
,	,
and	CC
trauma	NN
history	NN
.	.
Each	DT
individual	NN
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
is	VBZ
both	DT
similar	JJ
and	CC
different	JJ
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
critical	JJ
factor	NN
in	IN
establishing	VBG
individualized	JJ
treatment	NN
plan	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
goals	NNS
.	.
Personal	NNP
strengths	NNS
,	,
resources	NNS
,	,
and	CC
life	NN
ambitions	NNS
are	VBP
explored	VBN
to	TO
empower	VB
clients	NNS
to	TO
begin	VB
building	VBG
a	DT
life	NN
around	IN
more	JJR
appropriate	JJ
goals	NNS
and	CC
expectations	NNS
,	,
facilitating	VBG
personal	JJ
growth	NN
beyond	IN
the	DT
constraints	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
.	.
Body	NN
image	NN
work	NN
,	,
movement	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
Yoga	NN
,	,
and	CC
supervised	VBD
exercise	NN
are	VBP
tailored	VBN
to	TO
each	DT
resident	NN
's	POS
needs	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
facilitate	VB
increased	VBN
comfort	NN
and	CC
respect	NN
for	IN
the	DT
body	NN
.	.
Daily	NNP
groups	NNS
provide	VBP
psycho-education	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
cognitive	JJ
,	,
family	NN
of	IN
origin	NN
and	CC
expressive	JJ
therapy	NN
.	.
Journaling	VBG
exercises	NNS
and	CC
between-session	NN
assignments	NNS
are	VBP
provided	VBN
to	TO
extend	VB
the	DT
forward	JJ
movement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
therapeutic	JJ
process	NN
.	.
Trauma	NN
resolution	NN
work	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
for	IN
clients	NNS
where	WRB
earlier	JJR
traumatic	JJ
experiences	NNS
have	VBP
contributed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
development	NN
and\/or	CC
maintenance	NN
of	IN
current	JJ
symptomatology	NN
.	.
THE	DT
EATING	NN
DISORDERS	NNS
PROGRAMAdolescent	JJ
residential	JJ
treatment	NN
center	NN
for	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
Treating	VBG
both	DT
female	JJ
and	CC
male	JJ
teens	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
ages	NNS
11-18	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
beautiful	JJ
Southern	NNP
California	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Center	NN
For	IN
Discovery	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
residential	JJ
home	NN
where	WRB
clients	NNS
come	VBP
to	TO
live	VB
during	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
24-hour	JJ
staff	NN
includes	VBZ
:	:
Medical	NNP
doctors	NNS
,	,
Psychiatrist	NNP
,	,
Psychologist	NNP
,	,
Clinical	NNP
Psychotherapists	NNPS
,	,
Nutrition	NNP
Therapist	NNP
,	,
Personal	NNP
Trainer	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Counselors	NNPS
.	.
Currently	RB
we	PRP
are	VBP
the	DT
only	JJ
residential	JJ
care	NN
center	NN
for	IN
teenagers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
and	CC
we	PRP
have	VBP
JCAHO	VBN
accredidation	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
state	NN
licensed	VBD
.	.
With	IN
state-of-the-art	JJ
eating	NN
disorder	NN
treatment	NN
methods	NNS
including	VBG
family	NN
participation	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
family	NN
group	NN
,	,
family	NN
meal	NN
,	,
family	NN
therapy	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
individualized	JJ
treatment	NN
plans	NNS
,	,
our	PRP$
clients	NNS
receive	VBP
the	DT
highest	JJS
level	NN
of	IN
care	NN
available	JJ
.	.
Along	IN
with	IN
three	CD
individual	JJ
sessions	NNS
with	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
therapist	NN
each	DT
week	NN
,	,
clients	NNS
attend	VBP
groups	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Body	NNP
Image	NN
,	,
Relapse	NNP
Prevention	NNP
,	,
Assertiveness	NNP
,	,
Expressive	NNP
Therapy	NNP
,	,
Coping	NNP
Skills	NNS
,	,
Spirituality	NNP
,	,
Anger	NN
!	.
Management	NNP
,	,
Emotion	NNP
Therapy	NNP
,	,
Exercise	NNP
Group	NNP
,	,
Art	NNP
Therapy	NNP
,	,
Boundaries	NNS
,	,
Goal	NNP
Setting	NNP
,	,
Group	NNP
Process	NNP
and	CC
more	JJR
.	.
Some	DT
highlights	VBZ
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
include	VBP
our	PRP$
Greenhouse	NN
,	,
were	VBD
residents	NNS
learn	VB
to	TO
nourish	VB
and	CC
tend	VB
flowers	NNS
and	CC
plants	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
methaphor	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
self	NN
care	NN
and	CC
nourishment	NN
.	.
We	PRP
treat	VBP
all	DT
three	CD
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
have	VBP
a	DT
multi-level	JJ
system	NN
which	WDT
allows	VBZ
residents	NNS
to	TO
grow	VB
in	IN
the	DT
program	NN
at	IN
the	DT
pace	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
right	JJ
for	IN
them	PRP
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
visit	NN
our	PRP$
website	NN
or	CC
call	NN
and	CC
talk	NN
to	TO
us	PRP
!	.
The	DT
Center	NN
For	IN
Discovery	NNP
's	POS
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
residential	JJ
center	NN
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
is	VBZ
new	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
The	DT
Center	NN
For	IN
Discovery	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
around	IN
for	IN
a	DT
long	JJ
time	NN
,	,
treating	VBG
substance	NN
abuse	NN
and	CC
depression	NN
,	,
this	DT
residential	JJ
home	NN
geared	VBN
towards	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
is	VBZ
our	PRP$
most	RBS
recent	JJ
addition	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
has	VBZ
been	VBN
born	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
minds	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
and	CC
adolescent	JJ
specialists	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Program	NNP
at	IN
Clearsprings	NNP
Health	NNP
Center	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
in-patient	JJ
program	NN
that	WDT
offers	VBZ
a	DT
unique	JJ
and	CC
innovative	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
the	DT
problem	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Research	NNP
indicates	VBZ
that	IN
specific	JJ
nutritional	JJ
deficiencies	NNS
can	MD
predispose	VB
a	DT
person	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
develop	VB
,	,
these	DT
deficiencies	NNS
which	WDT
effect	NN
brain	NN
chemisty	NN
in	IN
areas	NNS
that	WDT
influence	VBP
this	DT
type	NN
of	IN
behavior	NN
,	,
tend	VB
to	TO
worsen	VB
.	.
To	TO
add	VB
to	TO
the	DT
problem	NN
,	,
the	DT
automatic	JJ
control	NN
centers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
body	NN
become	VBN
programmed	JJ
to	TO
reflexively	RB
stimulate	VB
undesirable	JJ
physical	JJ
and	CC
mental	JJ
responses	NNS
.	.
This	DT
`	``
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
behavior	NN
'	''
leaves	VBZ
the	DT
person	NN
with	IN
the	DT
feelings	NNS
of	IN
loss	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
and	CC
depression	NN
associated	VBN
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
WE	NNP
have	VBP
found	VBN
that	IN
with	IN
a	DT
program	NN
of	IN
specific	JJ
nutritional	JJ
correction	NN
and	CC
rehabilitation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
body	NN
control	NN
centers	NNS
,	,
the	DT
social	JJ
and	CC
emotional	JJ
components	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
addressed	VBN
more	RBR
efficiently	RB
and	CC
effectively	RB
.	.
Our	PRP$
emphasis	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
natural	JJ
drug-free	JJ
methods	NNS
that	WDT
address	VBP
the	DT
underlying	VBG
causes	VBZ
that	IN
trap	NN
the	DT
person	NN
in	IN
the	DT
physical	JJ
,	,
mental	JJ
and	CC
spiritual	JJ
prison	NN
of	IN
`	``
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
behavior	NN
associated	VBN
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
By	IN
understanding	VBG
the	DT
physiological	JJ
mechanisms	NNS
that	WDT
keep	VBP
the	DT
person	NN
trapped	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
cycle	NN
of	IN
self	NN
destructive	JJ
behavior	NN
,	,
we	PRP
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
use	VB
these	DT
keys	NNS
to	TO
free	VB
the	DT
person	NN
to	TO
regain	VB
their	PRP$
health	NN
and	CC
self	NN
determinism	NN
.	.
Located	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
110	CD
acre	NN
organic	JJ
farm	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Ozark	NNP
Mountains	NNPS
of	IN
Arkansas	NNP
,	,
Clearsprings	NNP
Health	NNP
Center	NNP
provides	VBZ
high	JJ
quality	NN
professional	JJ
care	NN
in	IN
a	DT
naturally	RB
beautiful	JJ
setting	NN
.	.
Cumberland	NNP
Hospital	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
84-bed	JJ
,	,
specialty	NN
rehabilitation	NN
JCAHO	NNP
accredited	VBD
medical	JJ
hospital	NN
located	VBN
on	IN
98	CD
acres	NNS
.	.
Cumberland	NNP
also	RB
has	VBZ
community	NN
based	VBN
group	NN
homes	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
residential	JJ
treatment	NN
center	NN
in	IN
Virginia	NNP
.	.
Our	PRP$
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
treatment	NN
addresses	NNS
both	DT
emotional	JJ
and	CC
medical	JJ
issues	NNS
or	CC
behavioral	JJ
challenges	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
treated	VBN
in	IN
tandem	NN
.	.
Pediatric	NNP
and	CC
Adolescent	NNP
focus	NN
;	:
Treatment	NNP
of	IN
complex	JJ
medical	JJ
issues	NNS
;	:
Realistic	NNP
and	CC
practical	JJ
life	NN
skills	NNS
training	NN
;	:
On-site	JJ
school	NN
;	:
On-site	JJ
physicians	NNS
and	CC
medical	JJ
specialists	NNS
;	:
Family	NNP
therapy	NN
;	:
Anger	NNP
management	NN
;	:
Self-esteem	NN
;	:
Body	NNP
image	NN
;	:
Assertiveness	NNP
.	.
Admission	NN
Criteria	NNS
:	:
The	DT
Chronic	JJ
Illness	NNP
Program	NNP
provides	VBZ
a	DT
structured	JJ
environment	NN
for	IN
medical	JJ
supervision	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
underlying	VBG
emotional	JJ
,	,
social	JJ
and	CC
behavioral	JJ
challenges	NNS
,	,
preventing	VBG
successful	JJ
self	NN
management	NN
.	.
The	DT
admission	NN
criteria	NNS
is	VBZ
a	DT
follows	VBZ
:	:
A	DT
chronic	JJ
illness	NN
diagnosis	NN
Child	NNP
,	,
adolescent	JJ
or	CC
young	JJ
adult	NN
through	IN
age	NN
22	CD
.	.
Inability	NN
to	TO
function	VB
independently	RB
at	IN
an	DT
age	NN
appropriate	JJ
level	NN
in	IN
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
areas	NNS
:	:
self-care	JJ
mood	NN
stability	NN
school	NN
Individuals	NNS
may	MD
exhibit	VB
a	DT
specific	JJ
pattern	NN
of	IN
self-destruction	NN
and	CC
behaviors	NNS
inconsistent	JJ
with	IN
responsible	JJ
management	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
chronic	JJ
illness	NN
.	.
Clients	NNS
with	IN
Diabetes	NNP
and	CC
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
in	IN
combination	NN
are	VBP
accepted	VBN
.	.
JCAHO	NNP
Licensed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
Florida	NNP
The	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
medical-recovery	JJ
model	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
concept	NN
of	IN
a	DT
multi-disciplinary	JJ
team	NN
approach	NN
.	.
The	DT
goal	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
treat	VB
both	DT
adolescent	JJ
and	CC
adult	NN
,	,
female	JJ
and\/or	CC
male	JJ
patients	NNS
with	IN
anorexia	NN
or	CC
bulimia	NN
nervosa	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
either	CC
the	DT
restricting	VBG
or	CC
binge-eating\/purging	JJ
types	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
mission	NN
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
patients	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
with	IN
a	DT
quality	NN
residential	JJ
treatment	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
sufficiently	RB
lengthy	JJ
to	TO
permit	VB
the	DT
patients	NNS
to	TO
attain	VB
recovery	NN
.	.
Fairwinds	NNS
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
program	NN
is	VBZ
able	JJ
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
specialized	VBN
needs	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
patients	NNS
who	WP
may	MD
have	VB
co-occuring	JJ
chemical	NN
dependency	NN
and	CC
or	CC
psychiatric	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
Fairwinds	NNP
provides	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
home-like	JJ
intimate	JJ
environment	NN
within	IN
a	DT
highly	RB
structured	JJ
medical	JJ
model	NN
.	.
Multidisciplinary	NNP
Treatment	NNP
Team	NNP
Residential	NNP
treatment	NN
is	VBZ
offered	VBN
to	TO
medically	RB
stable	JJ
individuals	NNS
ages	NNS
16	CD
and	CC
older	JJR
.	.
A	DT
multidisciplinary	JJ
team	NN
of	IN
mental	JJ
health	NN
profressionals	NNS
provide	VBP
treatment	NN
for	IN
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
diagnosed	VBN
with	IN
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
nervosa	NN
.	.
A	DT
``	``
long	JJ
term	NN
''	''
residential	JJ
treatment	NN
setting	VBG
for	IN
women	NNS
wanting	VBG
to	TO
recognize	VB
and	CC
address	VB
their	PRP$
issues	NNS
of	IN
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
,	,
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
alcohol	NN
,	,
drug	NN
addiction	NN
,	,
or	CC
co-dependency	NN
.	.
Primary	JJ
issues	NNS
addressed	VBD
are	VBP
:	:
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
chemical	NN
dependency	NN
,	,
nutritional	JJ
needs	NNS
,	,
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
,	,
trauma	NN
,	,
distorted	JJ
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
grief	NN
,	,
dysfunctional	JJ
relationships	NNS
and	CC
co-dependency	NN
.	.
Admission	NN
Criteria	NNS
:	:
Female	NNP
,	,
18	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
age	NN
or	CC
older	JJR
with	IN
a	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
above	JJ
disorders	NNS
.	.
Intensive	JJ
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Treatment	NNP
facility	NN
provides	VBZ
extended	JJ
care	NN
tx	NN
in	IN
a	DT
supportive	JJ
transitional	JJ
living	NN
situation	NN
.	.
A	DT
full	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
from	IN
out-patient	JJ
treatment	NN
to	TO
:	:
Day	NNP
Treatment	NNP
,	,
PHP	NNP
,	,
&	CC
IOP	NNP
.	.
Introducing	VBG
alternative	JJ
medicing	NN
blended	JJ
with	IN
traditional	JJ
treatment	NN
.	.
In	IN
operation	NN
since	IN
1993	CD
.	.
Most	JJS
insurance	NN
and	CC
medicare	NN
accepted	VBN
.	.
Coming	VBG
soon	RB
an	DT
inpatient	JJ
stabalization	NN
unit	NN
.	.
The	DT
Centre	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
nine	CD
bedded	VBN
home	NN
for	IN
males	NNS
and	CC
females	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
and	CC
other	JJ
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
An	DT
holistic	JJ
approach	NN
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
's	POS
spiritual	NN
,	,
physical	JJ
and	CC
psychological	JJ
needs	NNS
,	,
in	IN
an	DT
accepting	VBG
atmosphere	NN
.	.
Laurel	NNP
Hill	NNP
Inn	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
residential	JJ
program	NN
for	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
located	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
greater	JJR
Boston	NNP
area	NN
.	.
The	DT
setting	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
welcoming	VBG
feeling	NN
of	IN
an	DT
old	JJ
New	NNP
England	NNP
Inn	NNP
and	CC
is	VBZ
tailored	VBN
to	TO
deliver	VB
a	DT
personalized	VBN
treatment	NN
program	NN
to	TO
a	DT
small	JJ
group	NN
of	IN
individuals	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
program	NN
provides	VBZ
treatment	NN
exclusively	RB
to	TO
adults	NNS
whose	WP$
primary	JJ
diagnosis	NN
is	VBZ
anorexia	JJ
nervosa	NN
or	CC
bulimia	NN
nervosa	NN
.	.
The	DT
intensive	JJ
group	NN
program	NN
relies	VBZ
heavily	RB
on	IN
cognitive	JJ
behavioral	JJ
treatment	NN
and	CC
dialectical	JJ
behavioral	JJ
skills	NNS
training	NN
.	.
An	DT
experienced	JJ
multi-disciplinary	JJ
staff	NN
will	MD
provide	VB
individual	JJ
,	,
group	NN
and	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
Education	NNP
and	CC
practice	NN
are	VBP
key	JJ
elements	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
treament	NN
program	NN
.	.
Everyday	JJ
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
skill-teaching	JJ
groups	NNS
that	WDT
help	VBP
individuals	NNS
modify	VBP
their	PRP$
eating	JJ
disordered	JJ
behaviors	NNS
so	IN
that	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
lead	VB
more	RBR
fulfilling	VBG
lives	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
insurance	NN
providers	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
case-by	JJ
case	NN
basis	NN
and	CC
would	MD
be	VB
happy	JJ
to	TO
discuss	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
ways	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
to	TO
pursue	VB
coverage	NN
for	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
Founded	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
generous	JJ
support	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Klarman	NNP
Family	NNP
Foundation	NNP
the	DT
Klarman	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Center	NNP
at	IN
McLean	NNP
provides	VBZ
state-of-the-art	JJ
treatment	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
in	IN
girls	NNS
and	CC
young	JJ
women	NNS
ages	NNS
13	CD
to	TO
23	CD
.	.
Housed	VBN
in	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
newly	RB
renovated	VBN
building	NN
on	IN
the	DT
grounds	NNS
of	IN
McLean	NNP
Hospital	NNP
,	,
the	DT
center	NN
provides	VBZ
a	DT
unique	JJ
therapeutic	JJ
environment	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
conducive	JJ
to	TO
recovery	NN
.	.
The	DT
center	NN
is	VBZ
comprised	VBN
of	IN
a	DT
highly	RB
trained	VBN
multidisciplinary	JJ
team	NN
,	,
many	JJ
of	IN
whom	WP
are	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
Harvard	NNP
Medical	NNP
School	NNP
faculty	NN
.	.
The	DT
staff	NN
consists	VBZ
of	IN
expressive	JJ
therapists	NNS
,	,
nurses	NNS
,	,
nutritionists	NNS
,	,
psychiatrists	NNS
,	,
psychologists	NNS
,	,
social	JJ
workers	NNS
and	CC
teachers	NNS
.	.
Center	NNP
clinicians	NNS
and	CC
McLean	NNP
staff	NN
are	VBP
particularly	RB
skilled	JJ
at	IN
treating	VBG
co-existing	JJ
conditions	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
substance	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
trauma-related	JJ
disorders	NNS
,	,
anxiety	NN
disorders	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
comorbid	JJ
psychiatric	JJ
conditions	NNS
.	.
Services	NNPS
include	VBP
:	:
Residential	NNP
Care	NNP
,	,
Transitional	NNP
Partial	NNP
Hospital	NNP
.	.
Treatment	NNP
plans	NNS
are	VBP
individualized	VBN
for	IN
patients	NNS
at	IN
each	DT
level	NN
of	IN
care	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
with	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
,	,
her	PRP$
family	NN
and	CC
the	DT
center	NN
staff	NN
.	.
The	DT
plans	NNS
are	VBP
continually	RB
reviewed	VBN
and	CC
re-negotiated	VBN
as	IN
needed	VBN
and	CC
integrate	VB
the	DT
following	NN
:	:
thorough	JJ
initial	JJ
psychiatric	JJ
evaluation	NN
;	:
medical	JJ
history	NN
and	CC
physical	JJ
examination	NN
;	:
psychotherapeutic	JJ
interventions	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
and	CC
family	NN
;	:
nutritional	JJ
assessment	NN
and	CC
ongoing	JJ
therapy	NN
;	:
cognitive	JJ
and	CC
dialectical	JJ
behavior	NN
therapies	NNS
;	:
ongoing	JJ
psychiatric	JJ
assessment	NN
,	,
including	VBG
medications	NNS
;	:
psychological	JJ
testing	NN
;	:
creative	JJ
arts	NNS
,	,
vocational	JJ
therapy	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
work	NN
;	:
educational	JJ
classroom	NN
through	IN
grade	NN
12	CD
;	:
social	JJ
skills	NNS
and	CC
interpersonal	JJ
relationship	NN
training	NN
;	:
relapse	NN
prevention	NN
,	,
and	CC
close	RB
coordination	NN
of	IN
care	NN
and	CC
discharge	VB
planning	NN
with	IN
community-based	JJ
treatment	NN
team	NN
.	.
JCHO	NNP
accredidation	NN
The	NNP
Medical	NNP
Center	NNP
at	IN
Princeton	NNP
offers	VBZ
inpatient	JJ
and	CC
partial	JJ
hospital	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
children	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
.	.
The	DT
experienced	JJ
treatment	NN
team	NN
of	IN
physicians	NNS
,	,
psychologists	NNS
,	,
nurses	NNS
,	,
therapists	NNS
,	,
and	CC
nutritionists	NNS
take	VBP
a	DT
biopsychosocial	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
treating	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
provide	VB
individual	JJ
,	,
group	NN
and	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
nutrition	NN
counseling	NN
and	CC
often	RB
medications	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Institute	NNP
at	IN
Methodist	NNP
Hospital	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
multi-disciplinary	JJ
treatment	NN
program	NN
for	IN
anorexia	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
.	.
An	DT
initial	JJ
comprehensive	JJ
assessment	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
for	IN
anyone	NN
concerned	VBN
about	IN
having	VBG
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
The	DT
treatment	NN
team	NN
,	,
including	VBG
a	DT
medical	JJ
doctor	NN
,	,
licensed	VBD
psychologist	NN
,	,
and	CC
dietitian	NN
,	,
evaluate	VBP
the	DT
individual	JJ
and	CC
develop	VB
a	DT
treatment	NN
plan	NN
.	.
Four	CD
levels	NNS
of	IN
care	NN
are	VBP
available	JJ
:	:
inpatient	NN
,	,
partial	JJ
,	,
intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
,	,
and	CC
outpatient	NN
.	.
JCAHO	NNP
and	CC
AHCA	NNP
accredited	VBD
Provides	VBZ
residential	JJ
and	CC
intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
individuals	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
primary	JJ
eating	NN
disorder	NN
diagnosis	NN
.	.
JCAHO	NNP
and	CC
AHCA	NNP
accreditation	NN
and	CC
licensure	NN
.	.
Apartment-style	JJ
residences	NNS
with	IN
24	CD
hour	NN
on-site	JJ
support	NN
.	.
Contracted	VBN
with	IN
most	JJS
major	JJ
insurances	NNS
and	CC
managed	VBD
care	NN
organizations	NNS
.	.
Sliding	VBG
scale	NN
fee	NN
schedules	NNS
available	JJ
upon	IN
request	NN
.	.
Dual	JJ
diagnosis	NN
track	NN
with	IN
an	DT
emphasis	NN
on	IN
treating	VBG
individuals	NNS
with	IN
coexisting	VBG
depression	NN
and\/or	CC
substance	NN
abuse	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
Residents	NNS
may	MD
bring	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
vehicles	NNS
,	,
although	IN
the	DT
facility	NN
provides	VBZ
transportation	NN
to	TO
all	DT
scheduled	VBN
activities	NNS
.	.
Clinical	JJ
staff	NN
includes	VBZ
A.S.A.M.	NNP
credentialed	JJ
physicians	NNS
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
licensed	JJ
clinical	JJ
staff	NN
who	WP
are	VBP
IAEDP	NNP
certified	VBD
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
specialists	NNS
.	.
Milestones	NNS
offers	VBZ
a	DT
safe	JJ
and	CC
structured	JJ
environment	NN
tailored	VBN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
who	WP
do	VBP
not	RB
need	VB
or	CC
wish	VB
for	IN
the	DT
restrictive	JJ
elements	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
hospital	NN
based	VBN
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
residential	JJ
program	NN
provides	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
full	JJ
schedule	NN
of	IN
therapeutic	JJ
activities	NNS
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
evening	NN
and	CC
weekends	NNS
.	.
Recovery	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
``	``
real	JJ
world	NN
''	''
experiences	NNS
which	WDT
include	VBP
grocery	NN
shopping	NN
,	,
meal	NN
preparation	NN
,	,
and	CC
attending	VBG
local	JJ
support	NN
groups	NNS
which	WDT
compliment	VBP
the	DT
schedule	NN
of	IN
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
therapies	NNS
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
accepts	VBZ
patients	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
adults	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
18	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
older	JJR
-RRB-	-RRB-
who	WP
are	VBP
both	DT
local	JJ
residents	NNS
and	CC
from	IN
out	IN
of	IN
town	NN
.	.
Aftercare	NNP
and	CC
alumni	NNS
support	NN
groups	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
provided	VBN
.	.
Mirasol	NNP
's	POS
program	NN
has	VBZ
as	IN
its	PRP$
foundation	NN
the	DT
philosophy	NN
of	IN
integrative	JJ
psychophysiology	NN
.	.
Dr	NNP
Andrew	NNP
Weil	NNP
defines	VBZ
healing	NN
as	IN
``	``
the	DT
natural	JJ
process	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
body	NN
attempts	VBZ
to	TO
restore	VB
a	DT
state	NN
of	IN
wholeness	NN
and	CC
balance	NN
,	,
when	WRB
wholeness	NN
and	CC
balance	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
lost	VBN
because	IN
of	IN
illness	NN
,	,
injury	NN
or	CC
a	DT
maladaptive	JJ
response	NN
to	TO
severe	JJ
stress	NN
.	.
We	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
are	VBP
a	DT
maladaptive	JJ
response	NN
to	TO
severe	JJ
stress	NN
.	.
At	IN
Mirasol	NNP
,	,
we	PRP
have	VBP
developed	VBN
a	DT
program	NN
that	WDT
changes	VBZ
the	DT
way	NN
traditional	JJ
psychotherapeutic	JJ
eating	NN
disorder	NN
treatment	NN
is	VBZ
delivered	VBN
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
developed	VBN
a	DT
basic	JJ
curriculum	NN
in	IN
integrative	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
complementary	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
psychophysiological	JJ
therapy	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
use	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
chronic	NN
,	,
stress	NN
related	VBN
disease	NN
.	.
Mirasol	NNP
's	POS
program	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
biofeedback	NN
,	,
clinical	JJ
hypnosis	NN
,	,
Qigong	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
is	VBZ
an	DT
ancient	JJ
Chinese	JJ
holistic	JJ
system	NN
of	IN
self-healing	JJ
exercise	NN
and	CC
meditation	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
Jungian	JJ
mandala	NN
and	CC
dream	NN
work	NN
,	,
group	NN
process	NN
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
work	NN
,	,
and	CC
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
traditional	JJ
cognitive	JJ
behavioral	JJ
methods	NNS
for	IN
treating	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Psychology	NN
,	,
physiology	NN
,	,
and	CC
spirituality	NN
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
considered	VBN
separately	RB
but	CC
should	MD
really	RB
be	VB
understood	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
transpersonal	JJ
psychophysiology	NN
since	IN
separating	VBG
the	DT
body	NN
from	IN
the	DT
psyche	NN
and	CC
the	DT
soul	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
artificial	JJ
and	CC
misleading	JJ
way	NN
of	IN
looking	VBG
at	IN
the	DT
human	JJ
experience	NN
.	.
At	IN
Mirasol	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
our	PRP$
belief	NN
that	IN
taking	VBG
action	NN
decreases	VBZ
the	DT
fear	NN
and	CC
depression	NN
that	WDT
so	RB
often	RB
accompanies	VBZ
illness	NN
.	.
Each	DT
patient	NN
is	VBZ
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
become	VB
actively	RB
involved	VBN
in	IN
self-healing	JJ
.	.
This	DT
helps	VBZ
her	PRP$
to	TO
shift	VB
from	IN
feelings	NNS
of	IN
helplessness	NN
and	CC
hopelessness	NN
to	TO
self-mastery	NN
.	.
She	PRP
learns	VBZ
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
place	NN
for	IN
intuition	NN
,	,
divine	JJ
guidance	NN
,	,
hope	NN
and	CC
faith	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
program	NN
rich	JJ
in	IN
tradition	NN
and	CC
creativity	NN
and	CC
extremely	RB
cost	NN
effective	JJ
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
The	DT
Mirasol	NNP
experience	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
that	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
life	NN
changing	VBG
for	IN
you	PRP
or	CC
your	PRP$
client	NN
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
an	DT
important	JJ
healing	NN
alternative	NN
to	TO
the	DT
many	JJ
stresses	VBZ
in	IN
life	NN
.	.
Please	VB
call	VB
us	PRP
at	IN
our	PRP$
toll-free	JJ
number	NN
,	,
or	CC
check	VB
out	RP
our	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
for	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
.	.
Eating	NNP
disorders	NNS
are	VBP
progressive	JJ
and	CC
debilitating	JJ
illnesses	NNS
requiring	VBG
medical	JJ
,	,
nutritional	JJ
and	CC
psychological	JJ
intervention	NN
.	.
Individuals	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
often	RB
need	VBP
a	DT
structured	JJ
environment	NN
to	TO
achieve	VB
recovery	NN
.	.
However	RB
all	DT
too	RB
often	RB
a	DT
person	NN
does	VBZ
well	RB
in	IN
a	DT
highly	RB
structured	VBN
regimented	JJ
environment	NN
only	RB
too	RB
fall	VB
into	IN
relapse	NN
upon	IN
returning	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
less	RBR
structured	JJ
situation	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
residential	JJ
program	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
individual	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
clients	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
that	WDT
gives	VBZ
them	PRP
a	DT
higher	JJR
level	NN
of	IN
responsibility	NN
and	CC
``	``
teaches	VBZ
''	''
them	PRP
how	WRB
to	TO
recover	VB
.	.
The	DT
atmosphere	NN
of	IN
Monte	NNP
Nido	NNP
is	VBZ
professional	JJ
and	CC
structured	JJ
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
warm	JJ
friendly	JJ
and	CC
family	NN
like	IN
.	.
Our	PRP$
dedicated	JJ
staff	NN
,	,
many	JJ
of	IN
whom	WP
are	VBP
recovered	VBN
themselves	PRP
,	,
serve	VBP
as	IN
role	NN
models	NNS
;	:
and	CC
our	PRP$
environment	NN
inspires	VBZ
people	NNS
to	TO
commit	VB
to	TO
overcoming	VBG
obstacles	NNS
that	WDT
interfere	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
at	IN
Monte	NNP
Nido	NNP
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
behavior	NN
and	CC
mood	NN
stabilization	NN
,	,
creating	VBG
a	DT
climate	NN
where	WRB
destructive	JJ
behavior	NN
can	MD
be	VB
interrupted	VBN
.	.
Clients	NNS
can	MD
then	RB
work	VB
on	IN
the	DT
crucial	JJ
underlying	VBG
issues	NNS
which	WDT
caused	VBD
and	CC
perpetuate	VB
their	PRP$
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
dysfunctional	JJ
behaviors	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
a	DT
structured	JJ
schedule	NN
with	IN
education	NN
,	,
psychodynamic	JJ
and	CC
cognitive	JJ
behavioral	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
corrective	JJ
eating	NN
patterns	NNS
,	,
healthy	JJ
exercise	NN
,	,
life	NN
skills	NNS
training	NN
and	CC
spiritual	JJ
enhancement	NN
,	,
family	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
and	CC
discharge	VB
planning	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
philosophy	NN
includes	VBZ
:	:
restoring	VBG
biochemical	JJ
functioning	NN
and	CC
nutritional	JJ
balance	NN
,	,
implementing	VBG
healthy	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
exercise	NN
habits	NNS
,	,
changing	VBG
destructive	JJ
behaviors	NNS
,	,
and	CC
gaining	VBG
insight	NN
and	CC
coping	VBG
skills	NNS
for	IN
underlying	VBG
emotional	JJ
,	,
psychological	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
are	VBP
illnesses	NNS
which	WDT
,	,
when	WRB
treated	VBN
correctly	RB
,	,
can	MD
result	VB
in	IN
full	JJ
recovery	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
individual	NN
can	MD
resume	VB
a	DT
normal	JJ
healthy	JJ
relationship	NN
to	TO
food	NN
.	.
Nutrition	NNP
and	CC
exercise	NN
are	VBP
not	RB
simply	RB
part	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
program	NN
.	.
We	PRP
recognize	VBP
these	DT
as	IN
crucial	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
we	PRP
require	VBP
assessments	NNS
on	IN
nutritional	JJ
status	NN
,	,
metabolism	NN
,	,
and	CC
biochemistry	NN
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
teach	VBP
patients	NNS
what	WP
this	DT
information	NN
means	VBZ
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
recovery	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
detailed	JJ
attention	NN
to	TO
the	DT
nutrition	NN
and	CC
exercise	NN
component	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
reveals	VBZ
our	PRP$
dedication	NN
to	TO
these	DT
areas	NNS
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
plan	NN
for	IN
a	DT
healthy	JJ
,	,
lasting	JJ
recovery	NN
.	.
Montecatini	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
long	JJ
term	NN
residential	JJ
teatment	JJ
facility	NN
for	IN
women	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
addictions	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
want	VBP
our	PRP$
residents	NNS
to	TO
start	VB
living	VBG
life	NN
,	,
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
school	NN
,	,
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
work	VB
,	,
raise	VB
their	PRP$
families	NNS
,	,
and	CC
not	RB
be	VB
different	JJ
because	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
An	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
condition	NN
to	TO
manage	VB
and	CC
move	VB
past	RB
.	.
It	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
define	VB
a	DT
person	NN
.	.
We	PRP
want	VBP
our	PRP$
residents	NNS
to	TO
overcome	VB
their	PRP$
compulsions	NNS
and	CC
learn	VB
to	TO
focus	VB
on	IN
other	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
A	DT
resident	NN
of	IN
Montecatini	NNP
once	RB
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
to	TO
many	JJ
other	JJ
treatments	NNS
,	,
and	CC
what	WP
makes	VBZ
Montecatini	NNP
different	JJ
is	VBZ
that	IN
residents	NNS
here	RB
do	VBP
not	RB
compare	VB
and	CC
compete	VB
as	IN
to	TO
who	WP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
more	JJR
successful	JJ
in	IN
their	PRP$
disease	NN
but	CC
they	PRP
compete	VBP
and	CC
strive	VBP
for	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
They	PRP
see	VBP
alumni	NNS
living	VBG
life	NN
and	CC
ask	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
obtain	VB
the	DT
recovery	NN
.	.
''	''
Montecatini	NNP
's	POS
program	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
interrupt	VB
dysfunctional	JJ
behavior	NN
so	IN
that	IN
residents	NNS
can	MD
take	VB
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
steps	NNS
toward	IN
recovery	NN
and	CC
healing	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
built	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
understanding	NN
that	WDT
treatment	NN
is	VBZ
done	VBN
not	RB
only	RB
by	IN
staff	NN
,	,
but	CC
by	IN
staff	NN
,	,
residents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
family	NN
members	NNS
working	VBG
together	RB
.	.
This	DT
requires	VBZ
active	JJ
participation	NN
in	IN
all	DT
scheduled	VBN
activities	NNS
.	.
Family	NNP
members	NNS
are	VBP
an	DT
integral	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
,	,
and	CC
their	PRP$
participation	NN
in	IN
treatment	NN
is	VBZ
highly	RB
encouraged	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Montecatini	NNP
staff	NN
involves	VBZ
a	DT
multidisciplinary	JJ
panel	NN
of	IN
professionals	NNS
who	WP
offer	VBP
both	DT
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
Montecatini	NNP
also	RB
offers	VBZ
the	DT
residents	NNS
a	DT
hands	NNS
on	IN
appraoch	NN
to	TO
dealing	VBG
with	IN
food	NN
and	CC
exercise	NN
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
detailed	JJ
information	NN
please	VB
do	VB
not	RB
hesitate	VB
to	TO
call	VB
us	PRP
at	IN
(760) 436-8930	CD
or	CC
visit	VB
our	PRP$
website	NN
.	.
Residential	NNP
Program	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Treatment	NNP
of	IN
Eating	NNP
DisordersOur	NNP
mission	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
intensive	JJ
,	,
effective	JJ
treatment	NN
in	IN
a	DT
safe	JJ
structured	VBN
,	,
nurturing	VBG
environment	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
highly	RB
skilled	JJ
team	NN
of	IN
experienced	JJ
professionals	NNS
offers	VBZ
24	CD
-	:
hour	NN
care	NN
.	.
Oceanaire	NNP
is	VBZ
located	VBN
in	IN
picturesque	JJ
Rancho	NNP
Palos	NNP
Verdes	NNP
,	,
in	IN
an	DT
idyllic	JJ
,	,
home-like	JJ
setting	NN
,	,
overlooking	VBG
the	DT
majestic	JJ
Pacific	NNP
Ocean	NNP
.	.
The	DT
OMNI	NNP
program	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
only	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
regional	JJ
treatment	NN
settings	NNS
that	WDT
offer	VBP
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
,	,
multi-disciplinary	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
OMNI	NNP
Behavioral	NNP
Health	NNP
is	VBZ
JCAHO	NNP
accredited	VBN
and	CC
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
community-based	JJ
mental	JJ
health	NN
services	NNS
.	.
Services	NNPS
are	VBP
provided	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
compassionate	JJ
and	CC
confidential	JJ
manner	NN
.	.
OMNI	NNP
offers	VBZ
a	DT
unique	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
treatment	NN
that	IN
emphasizes	VBZ
a	DT
functional	JJ
perspective	NN
of	IN
behavior	NN
.	.
The	DT
focus	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
all	DT
aspects	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
and	CC
promotes	VBZ
the	DT
utilization	NN
of	IN
natural	JJ
support	NN
systems	NNS
in	IN
reaching	VBG
sustained	VBN
goals	NNS
.	.
Treatment	NNP
is	VBZ
available	JJ
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
,	,
females	NNS
and	CC
males	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
diagnosed	VBN
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
,	,
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Not	RB
Otherwise	RB
Specified	VBN
,	,
Binge	NNP
Eating	NNP
and	CC
Weight	NNP
Loss	NN
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
a	DT
full	JJ
spectrum	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
outpatient	NN
treatment	NN
,	,
an	DT
intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
program	NN
,	,
a	DT
partial	JJ
program	NN
,	,
and	CC
inpatient	JJ
treatment	NN
.	.
We	PRP
take	VBP
a	DT
multidisciplinary	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
treatment	NN
including	VBG
medical	JJ
,	,
psychiatric	JJ
,	,
psychological	JJ
,	,
and	CC
nutrition	NN
management	NN
.	.
Pine	NNP
Ridge	NNP
Academy	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
therapeutic	JJ
boarding	VBG
school	NN
and	CC
residential	JJ
treatment	NN
center	NN
for	IN
youth	NN
and	CC
teenagers	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
ages	NNS
of	IN
11	CD
and	CC
18	CD
who	WP
are	VBP
experiencing	VBG
emotional	JJ
,	,
behavioral	JJ
,	,
or	CC
academic	JJ
difficulties	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Renaissance	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNP
Treatment	NNP
Program	NNP
is	VBZ
unique	JJ
because	IN
we	PRP
offer	VBP
a	DT
professional	JJ
staff	NN
with	IN
a	DT
passion	NN
for	IN
helping	VBG
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
patients	NNS
through	IN
an	DT
individualized	JJ
approach	NN
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
a	DT
treatment	NN
program	NN
that	WDT
prepares	VBZ
patients	NNS
for	IN
long	JJ
term	NN
recovery	NN
using	VBG
the	DT
step	NN
down	RB
approach	NN
.	.
We	PRP
advocate	VBP
a	DT
multidisciplinary	JJ
approach	NN
including	VBG
family	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
nutritional	JJ
counseling	NN
,	,
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
fitness	NN
instruction	NN
,	,
self-image	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
and	CC
psychodrama	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
complete	JJ
residential	JJ
treatment	NN
program	NN
begins	VBZ
with	IN
a	DT
medical	JJ
and	CC
psychological	JJ
evaluation	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
and	CC
whether	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
any	DT
other	JJ
complicated	JJ
issues	NNS
that	WDT
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
addressed	VBN
.	.
We	PRP
treat	VBP
all	DT
aspects	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
disease	NN
in	IN
a	DT
controlled	JJ
setting	NN
where	WRB
we	PRP
provide	VBP
nutritional	JJ
management	NN
by	IN
a	DT
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
,	,
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
special	JJ
subject	JJ
discussions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
psychological	JJ
services	NNS
needed	VBN
by	IN
our	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
patients	NNS
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
their	PRP$
complex	JJ
problems	NNS
and	CC
develop	VB
a	DT
healthy	JJ
body	NN
image	NN
.	.
The	DT
inpatient	JJ
and\/or	CC
the	DT
partial	JJ
hospitalization	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
day	NN
treatment	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
programs	NNS
consist	VBP
of	IN
numerous	JJ
treatment	NN
modalities	NNS
,	,
individually	RB
tailored	VBN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
special	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
patient	NN
.	.
Rimrock	NN
also	RB
offers	VBZ
treatment	NN
for	IN
chemical	NN
dependency	NN
,	,
compulsive	JJ
gambling	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
addiction	NN
and	CC
to	TO
people	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
a	DT
dual	JJ
diagnosis	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
term	NN
that	WDT
refers	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
presence	NN
of	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
addiction	NN
problems	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
complicated	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
co-existing	JJ
psychiatric	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
major	JJ
depression	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Rogers	NNP
Memorial	NNP
Hospital	NNP
offers	VBZ
intensive	JJ
residential	JJ
treatment	NN
for	IN
both	DT
males	NNS
and	CC
females	NNS
with	IN
separate	JJ
units	NNS
and	CC
distinct	JJ
programming	NN
.	.
Ted	NNP
Weltzin	NNP
,	,
M.D.	NNP
,	,
medical	JJ
director	NN
of	IN
The	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Center	NNP
at	IN
Rogers	NNP
Memorial	NNP
,	,
helps	VBZ
create	VB
an	DT
individualized	JJ
treatment	NN
plan	NN
for	IN
each	DT
patient	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
program	NN
approach	NN
encourages	VBZ
self-empowerment	NN
in	IN
a	DT
safe	JJ
,	,
confidential	JJ
,	,
home-like	JJ
atmosphere	NN
.	.
We	PRP
consult	VBP
with	IN
patients	NNS
in	IN
establishing	VBG
their	PRP$
individualized	JJ
treatment	NN
plan	NN
utilizing	VBG
many	JJ
experiential	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
learning-by-doing	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
approaches	VBZ
including	VBG
art	NN
and	CC
recreation	NN
therapies	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
patients	NNS
have	VBP
confirmed	VBN
this	DT
individualized	JJ
treatment	NN
approach	NN
through	IN
satisfaction	NN
surveys	NNS
completed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
discharge	VB
.	.
We	PRP
feel	VBP
these	DT
surveys	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
this	DT
past	JJ
year	NN
reflected	VBD
a	DT
satisfaction	NN
rate	NN
of	IN
95	CD
%	NN
,	,
are	VBP
the	DT
strongest	JJS
testimony	NN
to	TO
the	DT
level	NN
of	IN
personalized	VBN
care	NN
that	IN
Rogers	NNP
Memorial	NNP
provides	VBZ
for	IN
individuals	NNS
with	IN
behavioral	JJ
health	NN
concerns	NNS
.	.
Rogers	NNP
Memorial	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
not-for-profit	JJ
facility	NN
committed	VBN
to	TO
providing	VBG
the	DT
highest	JJS
quality	NN
mental	JJ
health	NN
services	NNS
that	WDT
also	RB
are	VBP
cost-effective	JJ
.	.
Our	PRP$
residential	JJ
program	NN
is	VBZ
as	IN
clinically	RB
intensive	JJ
as	IN
inpatient	JJ
yet	RB
available	JJ
at	IN
approximately	RB
one-third	JJ
the	DT
daily	JJ
cost	NN
of	IN
the	DT
average	JJ
inpatient	JJ
program	NN
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
phone	NN
assessments	NNS
and	CC
make	VB
referrals	NNS
24	CD
hours	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
,	,
7	CD
days	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
.	.
The	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Center	NNP
at	IN
Rogers	NNP
Memorial	NNP
Hospital	NNP
's	POS
Oconomowoc	NNP
campus	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
between	IN
Madison	NNP
and	CC
Milwaukee	NNP
,	,
Wisconsin	NNP
,	,
USA	NNP
,	,
90	CD
miles	NNS
from	IN
Chicago	NNP
,	,
Illinois	NNP
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
one	CD
mile	NN
north	NN
of	IN
Interstate	NNP
94	CD
east	JJ
of	IN
Oconomowoc	NNP
.	.
Counseling	NN
&	CC
Consulting	NNP
for	IN
individuals	NNS
,	,
couples	NNS
,	,
and	CC
families	NNS
.	.
Specializing	VBG
in	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
and	CC
concurrent	JJ
issues	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
anxiety	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
intimacy	NN
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
self-esteem	NN
,	,
transition	NN
and	CC
adjustment	NN
.	.
\*	SYM
As	IN
principal	NN
of	IN
The	DT
Sommer	NNP
Group	NNP
,	,
Heidi	NNP
Sommer	NNP
McAlister	NNP
believes	VBZ
in	IN
finding	NN
,	,
developing	VBG
,	,
and	CC
utilizing	VBG
the	DT
unique	JJ
,	,
inherent	JJ
,	,
and	CC
valuable	JJ
qualities	NNS
in	IN
each	DT
of	IN
us	PRP
.	.
The	DT
Sommer	NNP
Group	NNP
's	POS
philosophical	JJ
stance	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
we	PRP
hold	VBP
within	IN
ourselves	PRP
the	DT
capacity	NN
for	IN
change	NN
and	CC
growth	NN
.	.
Sometimes	RB
events	NNS
occur	VBP
in	IN
our	PRP$
lives	NNS
that	WDT
leave	VBP
such	PDT
a	DT
significant	JJ
impact	NN
on	IN
us	PRP
that	IN
we	PRP
become	VBP
confused	JJ
and	CC
unsure	JJ
about	IN
ourselves	PRP
,	,
our	PRP$
relationships	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
direction	NN
we	PRP
want	VBP
our	PRP$
lives	NNS
to	TO
go	VB
in	IN
.	.
Professional	NNP
help	NN
can	MD
be	VB
critical	JJ
during	IN
this	DT
time	NN
.	.
Heidi	NNP
works	VBZ
with	IN
clients	NNS
using	VBG
a	DT
humanistic	JJ
and	CC
direct	JJ
therapeutic	JJ
style	NN
that	WDT
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
honesty	NN
and	CC
staying	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
moment	NN
with	IN
feelings	NNS
and	CC
thoughts	NNS
.	.
Heidi	NNP
`	``
sbackground	NN
in	IN
the	DT
arts	NNS
in	IN
combination	NN
with	IN
her	PRP$
clinical	JJ
counseling	NN
training	NN
,	,
fosters	VBZ
a	DT
creative	JJ
and	CC
focused	VBD
approach	NN
to	TO
the	DT
services	NNS
offered	VBN
through	IN
The	DT
Sommer	NNP
Group	NNP
.	.
Transformational	JJ
work	NN
with	IN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
,	,
couples	NNS
and	CC
groups	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
Psychotherapy	NNP
and	CC
consultancy	NN
services	NNS
that	WDT
empower	VBP
individuals	NNS
in	IN
embracing	VBG
change	NN
.	.
Change	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
inevitable	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
life	NN
and	CC
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
controlled	VBN
.	.
The	DT
tendancy	NN
to	TO
hold	VB
onto	IN
the	DT
familiar	JJ
is	VBZ
to	TO
resist	VB
change	NN
and	CC
remain	VBP
stuck	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
threshold	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
source	NN
of	IN
much	JJ
pain	NN
,	,
dis-ease	NN
and	CC
distress	NN
that	IN
people	NNS
experience	NN
in	IN
life	NN
.	.
Suffering	VBG
is	VBZ
the	DT
product	NN
of	IN
holding	VBG
onto	IN
anything	NN
,	,
which	WDT
no	RB
longer	RB
serves	VBZ
us	PRP
.	.
Living	VBG
from	IN
The	DT
Heart	NNP
program	NN
,	,
empowers	VBZ
you	PRP
to	TO
become	VB
more	RBR
loving	JJ
and	CC
more	RBR
authentic	JJ
.	.
When	WRB
we	PRP
live	VBP
from	IN
the	DT
wisdom	NN
of	IN
the	DT
heart	NN
,	,
we	PRP
can	MD
achieve	VB
our	PRP$
goals	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
can	MD
fulfil	VB
our	PRP$
desires	NNS
,	,
and	CC
our	PRP$
potential	NN
.	.
We	PRP
can	MD
understand	VB
our	PRP$
purpose	NN
with	IN
clarity	NN
as	IN
we	PRP
journey	NN
towards	IN
self-knowledge	NN
and	CC
increased	VBD
awareness	NN
of	IN
everything	NN
around	IN
us	PRP
.	.
As	IN
an	DT
experiential	JJ
psychotherapist	NN
,	,
I	PRP
treat	VBP
each	DT
client	NN
holistically	RB
,	,
addressing	VBG
healing	NN
on	IN
all	DT
levels	NNS
including	VBG
mind	NN
,	,
body	NN
,	,
and	CC
spirit	NN
.	.
I	PRP
integrate	VBP
verbal	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
with	IN
a	DT
range	NN
of	IN
expressive	JJ
modalities	NNS
including	VBG
psychodrama	NN
,	,
movement	NN
,	,
writing	VBG
,	,
vocal	JJ
work	NN
,	,
and	CC
guided	VBD
imagery	NN
.	.
I	PRP
facilitate	VBP
the	DT
identification	NN
and	CC
transformation	NN
of	IN
underlying	VBG
emotional	JJ
and	CC
mental	JJ
patterns	NNS
,	,
helping	VBG
clients	NNS
to	TO
develop	VB
new	JJ
insights	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
embrace	VB
new	JJ
behaviors	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
work	NN
is	VBZ
centered	VBN
on	IN
core	NN
values	NNS
of	IN
respect	NN
for	IN
each	DT
client	NN
's	POS
journey	NN
as	IN
her	PRP$
own	JJ
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
belief	NN
that	IN
every	DT
human	JJ
being	NN
is	VBZ
so	RB
much	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
disorder	NN
or	CC
cluster	NN
of	IN
symptoms	NNS
.	.
The	DT
work	NN
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
helping	VBG
clients	NNS
remember	VB
and	CC
re-claim	VB
the	DT
truth	NN
of	IN
who	WP
they	PRP
really	RB
are	VBP
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
licensed	VBN
social	JJ
worker	NN
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
practicing	VBG
psychotherapy	NN
and	CC
clinical	JJ
psychodrama	NN
for	IN
over	IN
15	CD
years	NNS
,	,
with	IN
a	DT
specialty	NN
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
's	POS
issues	NNS
for	IN
10	CD
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
look	VBP
forward	RB
to	TO
speaking	VBG
with	IN
you	PRP
about	IN
your	PRP$
interest	NN
in	IN
treatment	NN
,	,
and	CC
would	MD
be	VB
glad	JJ
to	TO
answer	VB
any	DT
questions	NNS
you	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
reached	VBN
at	IN
(215)701-7013	CD
.	.
In	IN
my	PRP$
practice	NN
,	,
art	NN
psychotherapy\/verbal	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
are	VBP
used	VBN
as	IN
primary	JJ
treatment	NN
modalities	NNS
in	IN
treating	VBG
eating	JJ
disorders\/trauma	NN
survivors	NNS
.	.
Individuals	NNS
need	VBP
not	RB
be	VB
trained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
art	NN
materials	NNS
or	CC
even	RB
like	IN
art	NN
per	IN
se	FW
,	,
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
engage	VB
in	IN
this	DT
type	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
The	DT
use	NN
of	IN
nonverbal	JJ
modalities	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
art	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
expedite	VB
treatment	NN
is	VBZ
documented	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
ED	NNP
literature	NN
,	,
as	IN
it	PRP
facilitates	VBZ
the	DT
``	``
breaking	VBG
through	IN
''	''
of	IN
barriers	NNS
which	WDT
maintain	VBP
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
thinking\/behaviors	NNS
.	.
Art	NNP
psychotherapy	NN
may	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
treatment	NN
form	NN
,	,
although	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
often	RB
used	VBN
in	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
traditional	JJ
verbal	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
and	CC
medication	NN
management	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
inpatient	JJ
and	CC
partial	JJ
hospital	NN
program	NN
offer	NN
art	NN
psychotherapy	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
facilities	NNS
as	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
proven	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
highly	RB
effective	JJ
form	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
for	IN
both	DT
individuals	NNS
and	CC
groups	NNS
.	.
Angela	NNP
Bardick	NNP
,	,
B.F.A.	NNP
,	,
B.	NNP
Ed.	NNP
,	,
M.	NNP
Ed.	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
psychologist	NN
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
offering	VBG
counselling	NN
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
or	CC
body	NN
image	NN
concerns	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
other	JJ
emotional	JJ
and	CC
behavioral	JJ
issues	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
bereavement	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
She	PRP
uses	VBZ
an	DT
integrated	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
personal	JJ
counselling	NN
,	,
using	VBG
aspects	NNS
of	IN
Cognitive	NNP
Behavioral	NNP
Therapy	NNP
,	,
Mindfulness	NNP
Cognitive	NNP
Behavioral	NNP
Therapy	NNP
,	,
Dialectical	NNP
Behavioral	NNP
Therapy	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Humanistic	NNP
therapy	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
individual	NN
.	.
Angela	NNP
has	VBZ
conducted	VBN
research	NN
in	IN
adolescent	JJ
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
and	CC
male	JJ
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
which	WDT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
published	VBN
in	IN
international	JJ
journals	NNS
and	CC
presented	VBN
at	IN
an	DT
international	JJ
conference	NN
.	.
Angela	NNP
has	VBZ
conducted	VBN
workshops	NNS
in	IN
body	NN
image	NN
and	CC
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Physical	JJ
referrals	NNS
and	CC
self-referrals	NNS
are	VBP
welcome	JJ
.	.
Provide	VB
specialized	VBN
counseling	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
weight	NN
control	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
emotional	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
stress	NN
and	CC
anxiety	NN
.	.
Counseling	NN
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
,	,
adults	NNS
,	,
couples	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
Licensed	VBN
Professional	NNP
Counselor	NNP
who	WP
has	VBZ
had	VBN
both	DT
personal	JJ
and	CC
professional	JJ
experience	NN
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
in	IN
recovery	NN
myself	PRP
and	CC
have	VB
a	DT
passion	NN
for	IN
helping	VBG
others	NNS
break	VB
the	DT
bondage	NN
of	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
Although	IN
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
behaviors	NNS
and	CC
one	CD
's	POS
physical	JJ
health	NN
are	VBP
essential	JJ
to	TO
address	VB
and	CC
monitor	VB
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
committed	VBN
to	TO
addressing	VBG
the	DT
underlying	VBG
issues	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
led	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
person	NN
's	POS
eating	NN
disorder	NN
behaviors	NNS
.	.
An	DT
individual	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
an	DT
``	``
anorexic	JJ
''	''
or	CC
a	DT
``	``
bulimic	JJ
''	''
but	CC
a	DT
person	NN
who	WP
battles	VBZ
these	DT
diseases	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
distinctive	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
practice	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
I	PRP
provide	VBP
quality	NN
Christian	JJ
Counseling	NN
for	IN
those	DT
clients	NNS
who	WP
desire	VBP
such	PDT
an	DT
emphasis	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
clients	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
need	VB
to	TO
share	VB
my	PRP$
beliefs	NNS
,	,
but	CC
they	PRP
do	VBP
have	VB
a	DT
right	NN
to	TO
know	VB
that	IN
my	PRP$
value	NN
assumptions	NNS
are	VBP
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
truth	NN
of	IN
scripture	NN
,	,
that	IN
I	PRP
rely	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
Holy	NNP
Spirit	NNP
as	IN
my	PRP$
guide	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
I	PRP
know	VBP
Christ	NNP
as	IN
the	DT
healer	NN
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
safe	JJ
environment	NN
where	WRB
individuals	NNS
,	,
couples	NNS
,	,
or	CC
families	NNS
can	MD
explore	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
histories	NNS
and	CC
beliefs	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
safe	JJ
environment	NN
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
have	VBP
experienced	VBN
spiritual	JJ
abuse	NN
or	CC
oppression	NN
,	,
so	RB
that	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
find	VB
healing	NN
and	CC
truth	NN
from	IN
such	JJ
destruction	NN
.	.
Michelle	NNP
L.	NNP
Dean	NNP
,	,
MA	NNP
,	,
ATR-BC	NNP
,	,
LPC	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
board	NN
certified	VBD
art	NN
psychotherapist	NN
and	CC
a	DT
licensed	JJ
professional	JJ
counselor	NN
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Dean	NNP
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
and	CC
self	NN
injurious	JJ
behaviors	NNS
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
acceptance	NN
,	,
and	CC
survivors	NNS
of	IN
trauma	NN
in	IN
her	PRP$
private	JJ
practice	NN
in	IN
Glenside	NNP
,	,
Pennsylvania	NNP
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
her	PRP$
practice	NN
,	,
she	PRP
is	VBZ
an	DT
Adjunct	NNP
Professor	NNP
at	IN
Arcadia	NNP
University	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
formerly	RB
Beaver	NNP
College	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
instructing	VBG
art	NN
therapy	NN
courses	NNS
for	IN
undergraduate	JJ
students	NNS
since	IN
1997	CD
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
supervisor	NN
for	IN
graduate	JJ
students	NNS
,	,
ATR	NNP
and	CC
LPC	NNP
candidates	NNS
and	CC
clinicians	NNS
wanting	VBG
to	TO
further	VB
their	PRP$
knowledge	NN
about	IN
art	NN
therapy	NN
and	CC
the	DT
therapeutic	JJ
uses	NNS
of	IN
art	NN
,	,
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
related	JJ
topics	NNS
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Dean	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
author	NN
of	IN
the	DT
children	NNS
's	POS
book	NN
``	``
Taking	VBG
Weight	NNP
Problems	NNPS
to	TO
School	NNP
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
JayJo	NNP
Press	NNP
,	,
2005	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Former	JJ
employment	NN
includes	VBZ
work	NN
for	IN
The	DT
Delaware	NNP
County	NNP
Women	NNP
Against	IN
Rape	NNP
and	CC
Crime	NNP
Victims	NNP
Services	NNPS
in	IN
Media	NNP
,	,
PA	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
primary	JJ
therapist	NN
and	CC
as	IN
the	DT
art	NN
therapy	NN
and	CC
trauma	NN
track	NN
coordinator	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Renfrew	NNP
Center	NNP
,	,
art	NN
therapist	NN
at	IN
The	DT
Belmont	NNP
Center	NNP
and	CC
The	DT
Rader	NNP
Institute	NNP
in	IN
Philadelphia	NNP
,	,
PA.	NNP
Ms.	NNP
Dean	NNP
has	VBZ
presented	VBN
extensively	RB
on	IN
the	DT
therapeutic	JJ
benefits	NNS
of	IN
art	NN
therapy	NN
with	IN
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
clients	NNS
and	CC
has	VBZ
provided	VBN
numerous	JJ
workshops	NNS
and	CC
trainings	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
therapeutic	JJ
uses	NNS
of	IN
art	NN
for	IN
mental	JJ
health	NN
clinicians	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
invited	VBN
to	TO
speak	VB
on	IN
the	DT
radio	NN
,	,
at	IN
schools	NNS
,	,
colleges	NNS
,	,
and	CC
at	IN
numerous	JJ
local	JJ
and	CC
national	JJ
conferences	NNS
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
supportive	JJ
and	CC
safe	JJ
environment	NN
,	,
the	DT
creative	JJ
process	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
art	NN
,	,
writing	VBG
,	,
guided	VBN
imagery	NN
and	CC
discussion	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
used	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
promote	VB
healing	NN
,	,
expression	NN
of	IN
feelings	NNS
and	CC
personal	JJ
understanding	NN
in	IN
an	DT
honoring	VBG
way	NN
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Dean	NNP
works	VBZ
with	IN
individuals	NNS
,	,
couples	NNS
,	,
families	NNS
,	,
groups	NNS
and	CC
workshops	NNS
;	:
from	IN
age	NN
4	CD
to	TO
adulthood	NN
.	.
All	DT
levels	NNS
of	IN
art	NN
experience	NN
welcome	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
counseling	NN
to	TO
women	NNS
and	CC
men	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
compulsive	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
binge	NN
eating	NN
,	,
and	CC
bulimic	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
work	VB
with	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
happy	JJ
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
find	VB
a	DT
referral	NN
to	TO
someone	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
right	RB
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
My	PRP$
style	NN
is	VBZ
intuitive	JJ
,	,
creative	JJ
,	,
and	CC
compassionate	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
work	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
uncover	VB
the	DT
hidden	JJ
messages	NNS
embedded	VBN
in	IN
your	PRP$
behavior	NN
with	IN
food	NN
so	IN
that	IN
we	PRP
can	MD
decipher	VB
what	WP
your	PRP$
soul	NN
is	VBZ
saying	VBG
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
from	IN
this	DT
place	NN
that	WDT
lasting	JJ
relief	NN
and	CC
change	NN
is	VBZ
attainable	JJ
.	.
That	DT
means	VBZ
we	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
curious	JJ
about	IN
your	PRP$
behavior	NN
instead	RB
of	IN
critical	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
never	RB
seen	VBN
lasting	JJ
change	NN
come	VBN
from	IN
a	DT
process	NN
that	WDT
emphasizes	VBZ
all	PDT
the	DT
ways	NNS
that	IN
we	PRP
are	VBP
``	``
bad	JJ
''	''
and	CC
``	``
wrong	JJ
''	''
.	.
Whether	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
clear	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
yet	RB
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
wisdom	NN
embedded	VBN
in	IN
your	PRP$
behaviors	NNS
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
will	MD
work	VB
together	RB
to	TO
tap	VB
into	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
healing	NN
resources	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
are	VBP
creative	JJ
,	,
sensitive	JJ
,	,
and	CC
intuitive	JJ
and	CC
often	RB
play	VB
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
the	DT
healer	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
relationships	NNS
with	IN
friends	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
.	.
Years	NNS
of	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
have	VBP
left	VBN
them	PRP
out	IN
of	IN
touch	NN
with	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
needs	NNS
and	CC
feelings	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
powerful	JJ
process	NN
to	TO
claim	VB
these	DT
lost	VBN
parts	NNS
of	IN
ourselves	PRP
and	CC
I	PRP
consider	VBP
it	PRP
an	DT
honor	NN
to	TO
accompany	VB
people	NNS
on	IN
this	DT
life	NN
changing	VBG
journey	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
my	PRP$
work	NN
with	IN
eating	VBG
issues	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
also	RB
specialize	VBP
in	IN
women	NNS
's	POS
issues	NNS
,	,
trauma	NN
recovery	NN
,	,
finding	VBG
one	CD
's	POS
voice	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
transition	NN
to	TO
parenthood	NN
.	.
Please	VB
feel	VB
free	JJ
to	TO
contact	VB
me	PRP
to	TO
see	VB
whether	IN
we	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
good	JJ
match	NN
.	.
I	PRP
look	VBP
forward	RB
to	TO
speaking	VBG
with	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Family	NNP
Recovery	NNP
Center	NNP
,	,
PLC	NNP
,	,
offers	VBZ
education	NN
for	IN
substance	NN
abuse	NN
and	CC
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
by	IN
request	NN
.	.
Individual	JJ
substance	NN
abuse	NN
counseling	NN
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
substitute	NN
for	IN
intensive	JJ
group	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
Family	NNP
interventions	NNS
are	VBP
provided	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
a	DT
loved	VBN
one	CD
recognize	VBP
their	PRP$
struggles	NNS
and	CC
get	VB
the	DT
right	JJ
treatment	NN
.	.
Affordable	JJ
help	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
.	.
A	DT
sliding	VBG
fee	NN
scale	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
created	VBN
to	TO
assist	VB
those	DT
under	IN
financial	JJ
strain	NN
.	.
Call	VB
now	RB
for	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
and	CC
a	DT
free	JJ
consultation	NN
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
psychotherapy	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
using	VBG
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
modalities	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
individual	JJ
needs	NNS
including	VBG
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
limited	VBN
,	,
to	TO
cognitive	JJ
behavioral	JJ
,	,
experiential	JJ
,	,
expressive	JJ
therapies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
family	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
individuals	NNS
on	IN
developing	VBG
confidence	NN
,	,
improving	VBG
body	NN
image	NN
and	CC
self-worth	NN
,	,
and	CC
living	VBG
with	IN
inner	JJ
peace	NN
.	.
Having	VBG
suffered	VBN
from	IN
Anorexia	NNP
18	CD
years	NNS
ago	RB
,	,
I	PRP
understand	VBP
first	JJ
hand	NN
the	DT
complexity	NN
and	CC
underlying	VBG
emotional	JJ
issues	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
approach	NN
is	VBZ
caring	VBG
,	,
supportive	JJ
,	,
and	CC
straight	JJ
forward	RB
.	.
Counseling	NN
from	IN
a	DT
Christian	JJ
framework	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
available	JJ
by	IN
request	NN
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
sliding	VBG
scale	NN
fees	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
individual	JJ
needs	NNS
.	.
Womencare	NNP
was	VBD
founded	VBN
by	IN
Laurie	NNP
Kahn	NNP
in	IN
1978	CD
with	IN
the	DT
goal	NN
of	IN
meeting	VBG
the	DT
special	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
women	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
partners	NNS
,	,
friends	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
.	.
At	IN
Womencare	NNP
,	,
we	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
change	NN
occurs	VBZ
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
collaborative	JJ
process	NN
.	.
We	PRP
work	VBP
from	IN
an	DT
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
psychology	NN
of	IN
women	NNS
using	VBG
a	DT
relational	JJ
model	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
non-pathologizing	JJ
and	CC
empowering	VBG
.	.
Our	PRP$
therapists	NNS
offer	VBP
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
and	CC
therapeutic	JJ
opportunities	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
:	:
Individual	NNP
Counseling	NN
,	,
Couple	NN
Counseling	NN
,	,
Child	NNP
&	CC
Family	NNP
Counseling	NN
,	,
Non-Traditional	NNP
Family	NNP
Counseling	NN
,	,
Blended	NNP
Family	NNP
Counseling	NN
,	,
Adolescent	NNP
Counseling	NN
and	CC
Group	NNP
Therapy	NNP
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
Womencare	NNP
works	VBZ
both	DT
independently	RB
and	CC
also	RB
in	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
Chicago-area	JJ
universities	NNS
and	CC
mental	JJ
health	NN
facilities	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
educational	JJ
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
,	,
clients	NNS
and	CC
professionals	NNS
.	.
Clinical	JJ
Social	NNP
Worker	NNP
,	,
certified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Addictions	NNPS
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
chemical	NN
dependency	NN
.	.
Individual	NNP
,	,
couple	NN
,	,
family	NN
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
offered	VBD
.	.
Body	NNP
Image	NN
4-week	JJ
group	NN
starting	VBG
10-30-04	CD
.	.
Have	VBP
20	CD
yrs	NNS
.	.
experience	NN
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
treatment	NN
,	,
including	VBG
trauma	NN
resolution	NN
.	.
Specialized	NNP
training	NN
in	IN
family	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
The	DT
BLJ	NNP
Recovery	NNP
Center	NNP
offers	VBZ
Living	VBG
Abstinent	JJ
support	NN
groups	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
San	NNP
Diego	NNP
area	NN
and	CC
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
workshops	NNS
for	IN
people	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
website	NN
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
find	VB
Becky	NNP
's	POS
story	NN
,	,
the	DT
first	JJ
chapter	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
book	NN
Dieting	NN
:	:
A	DT
Dry	NNP
Drunk	NNP
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
helpful	JJ
information	NN
for	IN
people	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
,	,
binging	NN
,	,
purging	VBG
,	,
anorexia	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
.	.
All	DT
groups	NNS
and	CC
workshops	NNS
are	VBP
lead	JJ
by	IN
licensed	JJ
mental	JJ
health	NN
professionals	NNS
.	.
Begin	VB
from	IN
Within	IN
is	VBZ
a	DT
non-profit	JJ
program	NN
of	IN
Jewish	JJ
Family	NNP
and	CC
Children	NNP
's	POS
Services	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
of	IN
San	NNP
Francisco	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Peninsula	NNP
,	,
Marin	NNP
and	CC
Sonoma	NNP
counties	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
offering	VBG
4	CD
week	NN
workshops	NNS
and	CC
on-going	JJ
groups	NNS
for	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
suffering	VBG
from	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
and	CC
the	DT
difficulties	NNS
of	IN
food	NN
,	,
weight	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
problems	NNS
.	.
These	DT
services	NNS
in	IN
San	NNP
Francisco	NNP
,	,
Marin	NNP
and	CC
Palo	NNP
Alto	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
open	JJ
to	TO
offering	VBG
our	PRP$
services	NNS
in	IN
new	JJ
locations	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
community	NN
.	.
Bodywise	NNP
offers	VBZ
comprehensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
services	NNS
exclusively	RB
for	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
compulsive	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
binge	NN
eating	NN
disorder	NN
.	.
Individual	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
groups	NNS
,	,
workshops	NNS
,	,
and	CC
nutrition	NN
services	NNS
are	VBP
offered	VBN
.	.
Referrals	NNS
to	TO
physicians	NNS
and	CC
psychiatrists	NNS
sensitive	JJ
to	TO
these	DT
issues	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
available	JJ
.	.
Please	VB
call	VB
the	DT
number	NN
below	IN
and	CC
ask	VB
for	IN
the	DT
Bodywise	NNP
Program	NNP
,	,
send	VBP
an	DT
email	NN
,	,
or	CC
visit	VB
our	PRP$
website	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Jim	NNP
Harris	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
psychologist	NN
with	IN
over	IN
a	DT
decade	NN
of	IN
experience	NN
treating	VBG
those	DT
suffering	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
serves	VBZ
as	IN
clinical	JJ
faculty	NN
for	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Texas	NNP
Southwestern	NNP
Medical	NNP
School	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
North	NNP
Texas	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
accept	VB
insurance	NN
in	IN
his	PRP$
private	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Harris	NNP
has	VBZ
appeared	VBN
multiple	JJ
times	NNS
as	IN
an	DT
expert	NN
on	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
on	IN
television	NN
,	,
including	VBG
ABC	NNP
World	NNP
News	NNP
Tonight	NNP
with	IN
Peter	NNP
Jennings	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
conducts	VBZ
workshops	NNS
and	CC
has	VBZ
helped	VBN
train	NN
scores	NNS
of	IN
professionals	NNS
interested	JJ
in	IN
learning	VBG
how	WRB
to	TO
treat	VB
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Incorporated	NNP
Society	NNP
We	PRP
provide	VBP
:	:
resources	NNS
,	,
referrals	NNS
,	,
quarterly	JJ
newsletter	NN
,	,
information	NN
and	CC
support	NN
to	TO
individuals	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
food	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
their	PRP$
families	NNS
and	CC
friends	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
run	VBP
workshops	NNS
for	IN
professionals	NNS
and	CC
support	NN
groups	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
believe	VBP
a	DT
holistic	JJ
approach	NN
provides	VBZ
individuals	NNS
with	IN
choices	NNS
to	TO
enable	VB
self-acceptance	NN
and	CC
recovery	NN
.	.
The	DT
Eating	NNP
Problems	NNP
Service	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
specialist	NN
service	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
help	VB
to	TO
relieve	VB
the	DT
stress	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
problems	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
friends	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Eating	NNP
Problems	NNP
Service	NNP
provides	VBZ
:	:
information	NN
,	,
workshops	NNS
,	,
training	NN
,	,
advice	NN
and	CC
one	CD
to	TO
one	CD
counselling	NN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
group	NN
of	IN
professionals	NNS
who	WP
include	VBP
counsellors	NNS
,	,
nurses	NNS
,	,
nutritionists	NNS
,	,
dieticians	NNS
,	,
exercise	NN
specialists	NNS
,	,
and	CC
psychotherapists	NNS
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
us	PRP
have	VBP
considerable	JJ
experience	NN
of	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
those	DT
who	WP
have	VBP
issues	NNS
about	IN
food	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
.	.
We	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
help	VB
all	PDT
those	DT
whose	WP$
weight	NN
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
and	CC
eating	VBG
causes	VBZ
them	PRP
distress	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
nurse	NN
Penny	NNP
Hyndman	NNP
RN	NNP
provides	VBZ
neruofeedback	NN
to	TO
clients	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
ages	NNS
to	TO
assist	VB
in	IN
self-regulation	NN
.	.
Neurofeedback	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
referred	VBN
to	TO
as	IN
exercise	NN
for	IN
the	DT
brain	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
powerful	JJ
Biofeedback	NNP
technique	NN
which	WDT
improves	VBZ
the	DT
brain	NN
's	POS
ability	NN
to	TO
self-regulate	JJ
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
many	JJ
physical	JJ
symptoms	NNS
often	RB
``	``
fall	VB
away	RB
''	''
.	.
Neurofeedback	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
an	DT
effective	JJ
drug-free	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
health	NN
.	.
Clients	NNS
have	VBP
reported	VBN
better	JJR
sleep	NN
,	,
increased	VBD
concentration	NN
&	CC
focus	NN
,	,
decreased	VBD
impulsivity	NN
,	,
decreased	VBD
mental	JJ
chatter	NN
,	,
improved	VBN
memory	NN
,	,
reduced	VBN
anxiety	NN
and	CC
an	DT
increase	NN
overall	JJ
feeling	NN
of	IN
well	RB
being	VBG
.	.
Services	NNPS
in	IN
our	PRP$
clinic	NN
also	RB
include	VBP
massage	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
craniosacral	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
therapuetic	JJ
touch	NN
,	,
homeopathy	NN
and	CC
wellness	JJ
workshops	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
place	NN
for	IN
families	NNS
of	IN
those	DT
fighting	VBG
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
the	DT
skills	NNS
,	,
support	NN
and	CC
coaching	NN
needed	VBN
to	TO
survive	VB
and	CC
thrive	VB
during	IN
a	DT
family	NN
member	NN
's	POS
fight	NN
against	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
We	PRP
'll	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
finding	VBG
resources	NNS
,	,
support	NN
,	,
info	NN
and	CC
coaching	NN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
find	VB
useful	JJ
perspectives	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
incredible	JJ
challenges	NNS
you	PRP
are	VBP
facing	VBG
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
tele-classes	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
so	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
anywhere	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
workshops	NNS
here	RB
in	IN
SW	NNP
Minneapolis	NNP
suburbs	NNS
,	,
group	NN
coaching	NN
&	CC
individual	JJ
coaching	NN
.	.
Individual	NNP
Psychotherapy	NNP
and	CC
Assessment	NNP
for	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
Consultations	NNS
with	IN
other	JJ
therapists	NNS
and	CC
physicians	NNS
.	.
Family	NNP
therapy	NN
and	CC
education	NN
.	.
Public	NNP
Speaking	VBG
and	CC
workshops	NNS
on	IN
Body	NNP
Image	NN
and	CC
Personal	NNP
Power	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
Workplace	NNP
.	.
Special	JJ
Interests	NNS
on	IN
Infertility	NN
and	CC
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
and	CC
Healthful	NNP
Mothering	NNP
.	.
Registered	NNP
Dietitian	NNP
and	CC
Doctorate	NNP
in	IN
Psychology	NNP
Our	PRP$
firm	NN
offers	VBZ
national	JJ
training	NN
,	,
retreats	NNS
and	CC
seminars	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
issues	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
women	NNS
,	,
eating	VBG
and	CC
health	NN
.	.
Audiences	NNS
include	VBP
corporations	NNS
,	,
schools	NNS
,	,
associations	NNS
and	CC
health	NN
professions	NNS
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
author	NN
of	IN
``	``
Love	NNP
the	DT
Body	NNP
You	PRP
Were	VBD
Born	NNP
With	IN
:	:
A	DT
Ten	CD
Step	NN
Workbook	NNP
for	IN
Women	NNP
''	''
published	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
by	IN
Berkley	NNP
and	CC
in	IN
8	CD
other	JJ
countries	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
focus	VBP
on	IN
prevention	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
in	IN
women	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
lifespan	NN
.	.
``	``
Love	NNP
the	DT
Body	NNP
''	''
groups	NNS
are	VBP
offered	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
country	NN
in	IN
health	NN
clubs	NNS
,	,
schools	NNS
and	CC
hospitals	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
women	NNS
come	VB
to	TO
peace	NN
with	IN
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
eating	NN
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
offer	VBP
individual	JJ
coaching	NN
via	IN
e-mail	NN
,	,
one-on-one	JJ
or	CC
telephone	NN
to	TO
women	NNS
interested	VBN
in	IN
empowering	VBG
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
and	CC
defining	VBG
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
beyond	IN
weight	NN
.	.
``	``
Happiness	NN
stems	VBZ
from	IN
a	DT
passion	NN
for	IN
life	NN
,	,
not	RB
another	DT
diet	NN
.	.
''	''
Pre-therapy	JJ
group	NN
:	:
Marathon	NNP
weekend	NN
for	IN
sufferers	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
members	NNS
.	.
Save	NNP
time	NN
and	CC
money	NN
by	IN
getting	VBG
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
information	NN
about	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
in	IN
one	CD
weekend	NN
of	IN
classes	NNS
,	,
instead	RB
of	IN
dragging	VBG
it	PRP
out	RP
over	IN
many	JJ
weeks	NNS
of	IN
expensive	JJ
individual	JJ
therapy	NN
.	.
Link	NN
with	IN
others	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
boat	NN
.	.
Learn	VB
what	WP
you	PRP
would	MD
need	VB
to	TO
do	VB
to	TO
get	VB
over	IN
this	DT
!	.
Individual	JJ
therapy	NN
:	:
Sliding-scale	JJ
fee	NN
so	IN
that	IN
just	RB
about	IN
anyone	NN
can	MD
afford	VB
it	PRP
.	.
No	DT
insurance	NN
payments	NNS
or	CC
managed	VBN
care	NN
intrusions	NNS
,	,
so	RB
you	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
assured	VBN
of	IN
confidentiality	NN
and	CC
of	IN
continuing	VBG
care	NN
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
YOU	PRP
want	VBP
it	PRP
.	.
Put	VB
into	IN
practice	NN
what	WP
you	PRP
learned	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
pre-therapy	JJ
marathon	NN
weekend	NN
.	.
Private	JJ
Practice	NN
with	IN
specialized	JJ
training	NN
in	IN
treatment	NN
of	IN
children	NNS
and	CC
adolscents	NNS
.	.
Experience	NN
with	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
life	NN
's	POS
issues	NNS
including	VBG
eating	JJ
disorders	NNS
,	,
axiety	NN
and	CC
depression	NN
.	.
Runs	VBZ
Women	NNP
's	POS
Self-Discovery	NNP
Group	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
treatment	NN
group	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
emotional	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
problems	NNS
.	.
Also	RB
presents	VBZ
healthy	JJ
cooking	NN
classes	NNS
and	CC
wellness	JJ
workshops	NNS
.	.
Individual	NNP
and	CC
couples	NNS
psychotherapy	NN
and	CC
consultation	NN
,	,
occasional	JJ
groups	NNS
and	CC
seminars\/workshops	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
many	JJ
years	NNS
'	POS
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
people	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
to	TO
empower	VB
clients	NNS
,	,
helping	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
stabilize	VB
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
patterns	NNS
,	,
increase	NN
self-acceptance	NN
and	CC
honor	NN
natural	JJ
appetites	NNS
and	CC
self-regulatory	JJ
processes	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
work	VB
from	IN
an	DT
addictions	NNS
model	NN
.	.
MSc	NNP
Addiction	NNP
Counselling	NNP
Progress	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
general	JJ
counselling	NN
practice	NN
specialising	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
addictions	NNS
,	,
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
compulsive	JJ
behaviors	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
therapeutic	JJ
surroundings	NNS
of	IN
St.	NNP
John	NNP
's	POS
Court	NNP
's	POS
we	PRP
offer	VBP
qualified	VBN
and	CC
affordable	JJ
care	NN
for	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
community	NN
.	.
We	PRP
run	VBP
a	DT
treatment	NN
program	NN
individually	RB
tailored	VBN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
clients	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
also	RB
have	VBP
one	CD
to	TO
one	CD
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
families	NNS
counselling	VBG
,	,
workshops	NNS
and	CC
seminars	NNS
.	.
Indvidual	NNP
,	,
group	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
family	NN
counseling	NN
,	,
telephone	NN
coaching	NN
,	,
nutritional	JJ
counseling	NN
,	,
personal	JJ
training	NN
,	,
workshops	NNS
and	CC
retreats	NNS
for	IN
compulsive	JJ
eaters	NNS
,	,
binge	NN
eaters	NNS
,	,
people	NNS
of	IN
size	NN
who	WP
struggle	VBP
with	IN
diabetes	NN
and	CC
heart	NN
problems	NNS
.	.
Special	JJ
groups	NNS
for	IN
post	NN
bariatric	JJ
sugery	NN
patients	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
their	PRP$
body	NN
image	NN
and	CC
emotions	NNS
after	IN
weight	NN
loss	NN
.	.
``	``
Walk	VB
with	IN
Words	NNP
''	''
,	,
a	DT
walking	VBG
therapy	NN
group	NN
led	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
professional	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Brandywine	NNP
Center	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
group	NN
of	IN
all	DT
women	NNS
therapists	NNS
working	VBG
to	TO
help	VB
others	NNS
reach	VBP
meaningful	JJ
solutions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
challenges	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
diverse	JJ
,	,
experienced	JJ
and	CC
caring	VBG
group	NN
of	IN
psychologists	NNS
,	,
social	JJ
workers	NNS
and	CC
counselors	NNS
who	WP
provide	VBP
individual	JJ
,	,
group	NN
,	,
couples	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
offer	VBP
time-limited	JJ
workshops	NNS
on	IN
self-esteem	NN
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
career	NN
issues	NNS
and	CC
binge	NN
eating	NN
.	.
We	PRP
take	VBP
great	JJ
pride	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
success	NN
in	IN
couseling	VBG
women	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
atmosphere	NN
at	IN
The	DT
Brandywine	NNP
Center	NNP
is	VBZ
warm	JJ
and	CC
welcoming	VBG
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
place	NN
where	WRB
people	NNS
feel	VBP
safe	JJ
,	,
nurtured	VBN
and	CC
respected	VBN
.	.
Our	PRP$
goal	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
help	VB
others	NNS
work	VB
toward	IN
a	DT
life	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
happier	JJR
,	,
more	RBR
harmonious	JJ
and	CC
more	RBR
fulfilling	VBG
.	.
Private	JJ
practice	NN
-	:
Licensed	VBN
Mental	NNP
Health	NNP
Counselor	NNP
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
addictions	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
in	IN
recovery	NN
myself	PRP
since	IN
1983	CD
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
have	VBP
Body	NNP
Image	NN
Workshops	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
Certified	NNP
Imago	NNP
Relationship	NN
Therapist	NN
,	,
which	WDT
utilizes	VBZ
the	DT
Harville	NNP
Hendrix	NNP
couples	NNS
model	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
also	RB
a	DT
Certified	NNP
Hypnotherapist	NNP
and	CC
can	MD
utilize	VB
this	DT
skill	NN
in	IN
treating	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
William	NNP
Alanson	NNP
White	NNP
Institute	NNP
was	VBD
founded	VBN
in	IN
1943	CD
and	CC
has	VBZ
provided	VBN
in-depth	JJ
treatment	NN
for	IN
a	DT
wide	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
difficulties	NNS
in	IN
living	VBG
since	IN
that	DT
time	NN
.	.
The	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders\/Substance	NNP
Abuse	NNP
Service	NNP
offers	VBZ
individuals	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
history	NN
of	IN
addiction	NN
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
work	VB
toward	IN
substantive	JJ
character	NN
change	NN
through	IN
psychoanalytic	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
.	.
All	DT
clinicians	NNS
are	VBP
licensed	JJ
psychologists	NNS
or	CC
psychiatrists	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
either	DT
graduates	NNS
or	CC
current	JJ
matriculants	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
William	NNP
Alanson	NNP
White	NNP
program	NN
in	IN
psychoanalysis	NN
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
trained	VBN
in	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
special	JJ
concerns	NNS
of	IN
those	DT
experiencing	VBG
a	DT
full	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and\/or	CC
compulsive	JJ
addictive	JJ
disorders	NNS
.	.
A	DT
moderate	JJ
level	NN
sliding	VBG
fee	NN
scale	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
when	WRB
there	EX
is	VBZ
financial	JJ
need	NN
.	.
Clinical	JJ
Therapist	NN
,	,
Art	NNP
PsychotherapistMy	NNP
private	JJ
practice	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
in	IN
Barnhart	NNP
,	,
Missouri	NNP
,	,
set	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
relaxing	JJ
wooded	JJ
atmosphere	NN
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
adults	NNS
and	CC
children	NNS
,	,
incorporating	VBG
art	NN
therapy	NN
methods	NNS
into	IN
my	PRP$
work	NN
,	,
however	RB
use	NN
of	IN
this	DT
method	NN
is	VBZ
evaluated	VBN
on	IN
an	DT
individual	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
encourage	VBP
other	JJ
creative	JJ
therapies	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
music	NN
,	,
dance	NN
,	,
and	CC
journaling	NN
,	,
and	CC
help	VB
to	TO
explore	VB
alternative	JJ
healing	NN
paths	NNS
for	IN
individuals	NNS
.	.
Specialty	NNP
areas	NNS
are	VBP
-LRB-	-LRB-
but	CC
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
-RRB-	-RRB-
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
sexual\/physical\/emotional	JJ
abuse	NN
,	,
single	JJ
parents	NNS
,	,
children	NNS
,	,
and	CC
teens	NNS
.	.
Naturopathic	JJ
Doctor	NNP
Naturopathic	JJ
medicine	NN
involves	VBZ
individualized	JJ
treatment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
whole	JJ
person	NN
.	.
Therapies	NNS
include	VBP
homeopathy	NN
,	,
botanical	JJ
medicine	NN
,	,
acupuncture	NN
,	,
counseling	NN
and	CC
nutrition	NN
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
individuals	NNS
to	TO
identify	VB
and	CC
remove	VB
the	DT
root	NN
cause	NN
of	IN
any	DT
health	NN
imbalances	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
experience	NN
with	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
health	NN
concerns	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
a	DT
specialty	NN
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
private	JJ
practice	NN
,	,
I	PRP
teach	VBP
and	CC
supervise	VBP
and	CC
the	DT
Canadian	JJ
College	NNP
of	IN
Naturopathic	NNP
Medicine	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
individual	JJ
,	,
group	NN
and	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
relaxation	NN
training	NN
,	,
cognitive	JJ
behavioral	JJ
modification	NN
,	,
coping	VBG
skills	NNS
training	NN
,	,
relapse	NN
prevention	NN
and	CC
maintenance	NN
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
work	VBP
from	IN
a	DT
holistic	JJ
perspective	NN
,	,
integrating	VBG
Western	JJ
modalities	NNS
of	IN
treatment	NN
with	IN
transpersonal	JJ
elements	NNS
.	.
Eating	NNP
disorders	NNS
are	VBP
all	DT
about	IN
unsatisfied	JJ
,	,
out-of-control	JJ
,	,
painful	JJ
and	CC
negative	JJ
emotions	NNS
...	:
Healing	NN
on	IN
deeper	JJR
and	CC
root	NN
levels	NNS
means	VBZ
letting	VBG
go	VB
of	IN
these	DT
emotional	JJ
issues	NNS
-	:
the	DT
fastest	JJS
way	NN
i	FW
have	VBP
found	VBN
is	VBZ
rebirthing	NN
-	:
and	CC
then	RB
working	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
mental	JJ
patterns	NNS
which	WDT
go	VBP
along	RP
with	IN
them	PRP
...	:
Get	VB
to	TO
the	DT
root	NN
of	IN
why	WRB
you	PRP
feel	VBP
so	RB
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
quickly	RB
and	CC
thouroughly	RB
,	,
clear	JJ
negative	JJ
emotional	JJ
and	CC
mental	JJ
patterns	NNS
using	VBG
combinations	NNS
of	IN
rebirthing	NN
,	,
intuitive	JJ
councelling	NN
and	CC
regression	NN
and	CC
healing	NN
sessions	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
work	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
any	DT
eating	JJ
disorders	NNS
,	,
whether	IN
you	PRP
overeat	VBP
or	CC
undereat	NN
.	.
The	DT
causes	NNS
are	VBP
always	RB
emotional	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
emotions	NNS
can	MD
always	RB
be	VB
healed	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
belief	NN
of	IN
eastern	JJ
physicians	NNS
that	IN
``	``
the	DT
cause	NN
of	IN
all	DT
negative	JJ
emotions	NNS
is	VBZ
a	DT
disruption	NN
in	IN
the	DT
body	NN
's	POS
energy	NN
system	NN
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
acupuncture	NN
and	CC
acupressure	NN
treatments	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
balance	VB
the	DT
energy	NN
in	IN
the	DT
body	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Kutlesa	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
psychologist	NN
who	WP
applies	VBZ
a	DT
holistic	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
counselling	NN
and	CC
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
mind-body	JJ
connections	NNS
,	,
health	NN
,	,
and	CC
wellness	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
expertise	NN
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
emotional	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Kutlesa	NNP
provides	VBZ
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
in	IN
her	PRP$
private	JJ
practice	NN
and	CC
offers	VBZ
workshops	NNS
on	IN
healthy	JJ
body-healthy	JJ
mind	NN
,	,
overcoming	VBG
perfectionism	NN
,	,
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
and	CC
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Kutlesa	NNP
has	VBZ
conducted	VBN
extensive	JJ
research	NN
on	IN
perfectionism	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
presented	VBN
her	PRP$
findings	NNS
at	IN
many	JJ
conferences	NNS
across	IN
Canada	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
accepts	VBZ
referrals	NNS
from	IN
family	NN
physicians	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
self-referrals	NNS
and	CC
is	VBZ
currently	RB
in	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
starting	VBG
a	DT
new	JJ
support	NN
group	NN
for	IN
adults	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
interested	JJ
in	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
more	JJR
individuals	NNS
who	WP
want	VBP
to	TO
overcome	VB
the	DT
tyrany	NN
of	IN
compulsive	JJ
or	CC
addictive	JJ
patterns	NNS
of	IN
overeating	NN
,	,
undereating	NN
,	,
purging	VBG
or	CC
mental	JJ
obsessions	NNS
about	IN
food	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
25	CD
years	NNS
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
individuals	NNS
and	CC
groups	NNS
on	IN
recovery	NN
from	IN
abuse	NN
and	CC
addiction	NN
and	CC
personal	JJ
empowerment	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
life-time	NN
's	POS
experience	NN
working	VBG
on	IN
eating	VBG
issues	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
inside	NN
out	RP
.	.
I	PRP
value	VBP
the	DT
12	CD
Steps	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
transformative	JJ
path	NN
to	TO
emotional	JJ
,	,
physical	JJ
,	,
mental	JJ
and	CC
spiritual	JJ
well-being	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
approach	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
prefer	VB
emphasizing	VBG
flexibility	NN
,	,
with	IN
an	DT
emphasis	NN
on	IN
accumulating	VBG
successes	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
understand	VBP
as	RB
well	RB
,	,
that	IN
we	PRP
all	DT
differ	VBP
in	IN
our	PRP$
specific	JJ
needs	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
more	RBR
or	CC
less	RBR
structured	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
eating	VBG
patterns	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
rest	NN
of	IN
life	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
delight	VBP
in	IN
assisting	VBG
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
to	TO
discover	VB
and	CC
claim	VB
what	WP
works	VBZ
best	JJS
for	IN
her\/him	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
trained	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
holistic	JJ
and	CC
expressive	JJ
techniques	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
cognitive	JJ
and	CC
behavioral	JJ
re-patterning	NN
.	.
I	PRP
find	VBP
that	IN
many	JJ
folks	NNS
value	NN
most	RBS
the	DT
chance	NN
to	TO
`	``
get	VB
things	NNS
off	RP
their	PRP$
chest	NN
'	''
and	CC
`	``
sort	NN
things	NNS
out	RP
'	''
with	IN
someone	NN
who	WP
they	PRP
feel	VBP
understands	VBZ
,	,
honors	NNS
and	CC
celebrates	VBZ
them	PRP
in	IN
a	DT
real	JJ
way	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
fee	NN
is	VBZ
$	$
100	CD
for	IN
a	DT
60	CD
minute	JJ
hour	NN
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
work	VB
with	IN
some	DT
insurance	NN
companies	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
negotiate	VB
a	DT
reduced	VBN
fee	NN
when	WRB
the	DT
circumstances	NNS
warrant	VBP
it	PRP
and	CC
there	EX
is	VBZ
room	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
schedule	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
office	NN
is	VBZ
currently	RB
near	IN
Arlington	NNP
Center	NNP
...	:
a	DT
brief	JJ
walk	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Mass	NNP
Ave	NNP
bus	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
reading	VBG
this	DT
,	,
know	VBP
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
including	VBG
you	PRP
and	CC
your	PRP$
recovery	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
prayers	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
individual	JJ
,	,
couples	NNS
,	,
and	CC
family	NN
counseling	NN
for	IN
those	DT
struggling	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
holistically	RB
,	,
and	CC
view	VB
this	DT
problem	NN
as	IN
a	DT
disorder	NN
of	IN
the	DT
mind	NN
,	,
body	NN
and	CC
spirit	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
complete	JJ
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
.	.
Sharing	VBG
my	PRP$
own	JJ
recovery	NN
and	CC
helping	VBG
others	NNS
heal	VB
and	CC
cultivate	VB
self-love	NN
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
life	NN
's	POS
work	NN
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
using	VBG
motivational	JJ
enhanced	JJ
therapy	NN
and	CC
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
understanding	VBG
!	.
I	PRP
encourage	VBP
a	DT
team	NN
approach	NN
including	VBG
a	DT
doctor	NN
and	CC
Registered	NNP
Dietician	NNP
to	TO
assist	VB
you	PRP
in	IN
creating	VBG
health	NN
and	CC
change	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
process	NN
and	CC
you	PRP
get	VBP
to	TO
set	VB
the	DT
pace	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
hope	NN
!	.
Please	VB
contact	NN
my	PRP$
office	NN
or	CC
email	NN
me	PRP
and	CC
I	PRP
will	MD
provide	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
a	DT
prompt	JJ
response	NN
.	.
Offering	VBG
a	DT
full	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
counseling	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
,	,
couple	NN
,	,
family	NN
and	CC
children	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
emphasize	VBP
a	DT
holistic	JJ
and	CC
solution	NN
focused	VBD
approach	NN
to	TO
managing	VBG
issues	NNS
of	IN
everyday	JJ
life	NN
.	.
FindingStone	NNP
offers	VBZ
highly	RB
trained	VBN
,	,
experienced	VBD
therapists	NNS
,	,
a	DT
client	NN
centered	VBN
philosophy	NN
,	,
affordable	JJ
rates	NNS
and	CC
convenient	JJ
appointment	NN
times	NNS
.	.
Green	NNP
Bamboo	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
new	JJ
acupuncture	NN
and	CC
oriental	JJ
medicine	NN
office	NN
in	IN
Chicago	NNP
.	.
Among	IN
several	JJ
specialties	NNS
,	,
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
are	VBP
treated	VBN
using	VBG
the	DT
wholistic	JJ
and	CC
natural	JJ
approach	NN
of	IN
Eastern	NNP
therapy	NN
.	.
Acupuncture	NNP
and	CC
oriental	JJ
medicine	NN
is	VBZ
effective	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
and	CC
compulsive-binge	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
Underlying	JJ
issues	NNS
including	VBG
anxiety	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
obsessive-compulsive	JJ
disorder	NN
are	VBP
addressed	VBN
.	.
Please	VB
call	VB
or	CC
write	VB
for	IN
further	JJ
information	NN
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
every	DT
addiction	NN
holds	VBZ
profound	JJ
meaning	NN
and	CC
healing	NN
potential	NN
.	.
I	PRP
help	VBP
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
uncover	VBP
that	IN
meaning	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
deep	JJ
sources	NNS
of	IN
healing	NN
within	IN
the	DT
addiction	NN
itself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
provide	VBP
practical	JJ
,	,
everyday	JJ
approaches	NNS
to	TO
overcoming	VBG
compulsive	JJ
behavior	NN
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
other	JJ
private	JJ
practitioners	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
clinic	NN
to	TO
address	VB
nutritional	JJ
and	CC
body-centered	JJ
needs	NNS
.	.
A	DT
naturopathic	JJ
physician	NN
,	,
acupuncturist	NN
,	,
massage	NN
therapist	NN
,	,
and	CC
craniosacral	JJ
therapist	NN
are	VBP
available	JJ
for	IN
consultation	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
.	.
Methodologies	NNS
include	VBP
:	:
dream	NN
work	NN
;	:
sandplay	NN
;	:
art	NN
therapy	NN
;	:
active	JJ
imagination	NN
;	:
gestalt	NN
dialogue	NN
;	:
mindfulness	NN
,	,
awareness	NN
exploration	NN
;	:
cognitive	JJ
and	CC
behavioral	JJ
techniques	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
call	VB
for	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
.	.
CCHT	NNP
and	CC
Clinical	NNP
Pyschologist	NNP
We	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
wonderful	JJ
eating	NN
disorder	NN
program	NN
,	,
not	RB
only	RB
do	VB
we	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
emotional	JJ
part	NN
but	CC
we	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
a	DT
nutritional	JJ
program	NN
and	CC
herbal	JJ
program	NN
to	TO
get	VB
your	PRP$
body	NN
back	RB
in	IN
balance	NN
again	RB
.	.
We	PRP
use	VBP
hypnotherapy	NN
and	CC
counseling	NN
and	CC
we	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
nutritionist	NN
and	CC
a	DT
foot	NN
reflexologist	NN
to	TO
help	VB
check	VB
your	PRP$
bodies	NNS
needs	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
helping	VBG
many	JJ
clients	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
spent	VBN
years	NNS
suffering	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
``	``
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
make	VB
all	DT
acupuncture	NN
thorough	JJ
and	CC
effective	JJ
one	NN
must	MD
first	RB
cure	VB
the	DT
spirit	NN
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
practice	VBP
Traditional	JJ
Chinese	JJ
Medicine	NN
with	IN
Five	CD
Element	NN
principles	NNS
.	.
Acupuncture	NNP
and	CC
Chinese	NNP
Medicine	NNP
assist	VB
with	IN
healing	NN
wounds	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
body	NN
,	,
mind	NN
and	CC
spirit	NN
.	.
This	DT
facilitates	VBZ
your	PRP$
developmental	JJ
process	NN
on	IN
your	PRP$
journey	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
,	,
helping	VBG
you	PRP
find	VBP
the	DT
health	NN
you	PRP
already	RB
have	VBP
inside	RB
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
first	JJ
hand	NN
how	WRB
much	JJ
work	NN
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
having	VBG
recovered	VBN
from	IN
17	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
Jaclyn	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
naturopath	NN
working	VBG
from	IN
Burleigh	NNP
Health	NNP
and	CC
Vitality	NNP
Centre	NNP
.	.
Jaclyn	NNP
's	POS
passion	NN
and	CC
dedication	NN
to	TO
helping	VBG
people	NNS
with	IN
different	JJ
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
began	VBD
after	IN
a	DT
close	JJ
experience	NN
with	IN
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
years	NNS
ago	RB
.	.
Jaclyn	NNP
uses	VBZ
counselling	NN
,	,
herbal	JJ
medicine	NN
,	,
homeopathy	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
massage	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
an	DT
individual	JJ
and	CC
their	PRP$
family	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
journey	NN
to	TO
overcome	VB
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
a	DT
holistic	JJ
treatment	NN
approach	NN
,	,
which	WDT
means	VBZ
examining	VBG
all	DT
aspects	NNS
of	IN
oneself	NN
:	:
psychological	JJ
,	,
emotional	JJ
,	,
physical	JJ
and	CC
spiritual	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
for	IN
10	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
I	PRP
've	VBP
also	RB
worked	VBN
in	IN
residential	JJ
facilities	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
invite	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
discover	VB
the	DT
freedom	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
Being	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
woman	NN
's	POS
body	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
struggle	NN
for	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
us	PRP
,	,
yet	RB
we	PRP
all	DT
feel	VBP
alone	RB
.	.
Merrill	NNP
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
break	VB
the	DT
isolation	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
through	IN
shared	VBN
meals	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
programs	NNS
designed	VBN
to	TO
empower	VB
women	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
deeper	JJR
understanding	NN
of	IN
food	NN
and	CC
body	NN
.	.
Her	PRP$
private	JJ
sessions	NNS
involve	VBP
nutrition	NN
counseling	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
principles	NNS
of	IN
ayurveda	NN
,	,
and	CC
craniosacral\/polarity	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
Indigo	NNP
House	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
counselling	NN
and	CC
Natural	JJ
Therapies	NNS
clinic	NN
,	,
centrally	RB
located	VBN
in	IN
Brisbane	NNP
.	.
Practitioners	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
disciplines	NNS
,	,
psychology	NN
,	,
naturopathy	NN
,	,
chinese	JJ
medicine	NN
,	,
acupuncture	NN
,	,
massage	NN
,	,
chiropractic	NN
.	.
Michelle	NNP
McClintock	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
registered	VBN
psychologist	NN
who	WP
practices	NNS
from	IN
Indigo	NNP
House	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
experience	NN
in	IN
supporting	VBG
those	DT
living	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
issues	NNS
and	CC
welcomes	VBZ
any	DT
enquires	VBZ
.	.
A	DT
free	JJ
30	CD
minute	NN
consultation	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
to	TO
explore	VB
how	WRB
Michelle	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
of	IN
assistance	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
psychotherapist	NN
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
in	IN
the	DT
greater	JJR
Toronto	NNP
area	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
15	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
in	IN
the	DT
counselling	NN
field	NN
.	.
I	PRP
currently	RB
specialize	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
males	NNS
and	CC
females	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
approach	NN
to	TO
treatment	NN
is	VBZ
holistic	JJ
and	CC
includes	VBZ
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
art	NN
therapy	NN
and	CC
Adlerian	JJ
Life	NNP
style	NN
assessment	NN
to	TO
help	VB
promote	VB
growth	NN
and	CC
self	NN
understanding	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
treatment	NN
of	IN
clients	NNS
with	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
understanding	NN
and	CC
resolving	VBG
underlying	VBG
emotional	JJ
issues	NNS
which	WDT
might	MD
be	VB
driving	VBG
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
Treatment	NNP
is	VBZ
offered	VBN
in	IN
two	CD
locations	NNS
,	,
Downtown	NN
Toronto	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Thornill	NNP
area	NN
.	.
Please	VB
call	VB
(905) 763-0660	CD
to	TO
arrange	VB
for	IN
an	DT
assessment	NN
.	.
Fees	NNS
to	TO
sliding	VBG
scale	NN
.	.
Traditional	JJ
Chinese	JJ
Medicine	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
TCM	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
system	NN
of	IN
health	NN
care	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
the	DT
capacity	NN
to	TO
effectively	RB
address	VB
the	DT
emotional	JJ
and	CC
physical	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Examples	NNS
of	IN
complaints	NNS
treatable	JJ
by	IN
TCM	NNP
include	VBP
Irritable	JJ
Bowel	NNP
Syndrome	NNP
,	,
gastroesophageal	JJ
reflux	NN
,	,
gynecological	JJ
issues	NNS
and	CC
infertility	NN
,	,
insomnia	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
and	CC
obsessive	JJ
thinking	NN
.	.
Traditional	JJ
Chinese	JJ
Medicine	NN
is	VBZ
complementary	JJ
care	NN
that	WDT
supplements	VBZ
your	PRP$
ongoing	JJ
therapies	NNS
and	CC
treatment	NN
by	IN
adding	VBG
a	DT
holistic	JJ
dimension	NN
that	WDT
reintegrates	VBZ
the	DT
body	NN
,	,
emotions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
mind	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
Licensed	VBN
Acupuncturist	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
bring	VBP
training	NN
in	IN
acupuncture	NN
,	,
herbal	JJ
medicine	NN
,	,
meditation	NN
,	,
massage	NN
,	,
and	CC
energetic	JJ
exercise	NN
together	RB
with	IN
a	DT
sensitivity	NN
toward	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
complete	JJ
care	NN
possible	JJ
.	.
Ed	NNP
.	.
M.	NNP
,	,
Reiki	NNP
Master	NNP
,	,
EFT	NNP
Practioner	NNP
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
holistic	JJ
psychotherapist	NN
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
since	IN
1989	CD
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
individual	JJ
,	,
couples	NNS
and	CC
group	NN
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
consultation	NN
and	CC
supervision	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
focus	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
using	VBG
mind\/body\/spirit	JJ
connections	NNS
to	TO
work	VB
collaboratively	RB
with	IN
clients	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
that	IN
within	IN
each	DT
client	NN
there	EX
is	VBZ
wholeness	NN
and	CC
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
psychotherapy	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
discovery	NN
of	IN
the	DT
path	NN
to	TO
understanding	VBG
one	CD
's	POS
own	JJ
whole	JJ
self	NN
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
this	DT
respect	NN
clients	NNS
usually	RB
experience	VBP
acceptance	NN
and	CC
an	DT
extraordinary	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
safety	NN
.	.
I	PRP
use	VBP
an	DT
integrative	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
utilize	VB
a	DT
wide	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
tools	NNS
and	CC
techniques	NNS
to	TO
bring	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
effective	JJ
therapy	NN
to	TO
each	DT
clients	NNS
specific	JJ
needs	NNS
.	.
These	DT
tools	NNS
include	VBP
client-centered	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
energy	NN
therapies	NNS
;	:
EFT	NNP
and	CC
Reiki	NNP
,	,
imaginal	JJ
therapy	NN
and	CC
hypnosis	NN
,	,
expressive	JJ
therapy	NN
and	CC
bodywork	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
specialized	VBN
in	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
addictions	NNS
,	,
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
PTSD	NNP
,	,
trauma	NN
,	,
and	CC
sexuality	NN
issues	NNS
for	IN
many	JJ
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
bring	VBP
personal	JJ
experience	NN
with	IN
addictions	NNS
to	TO
inform	VB
my	PRP$
understanding	VBG
the	DT
recovery	NN
process	NN
.	.
What	WP
I	PRP
have	VBP
found	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
most	RBS
effective	JJ
for	IN
weight	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
food	NN
addictions	NNS
and	CC
all	PDT
the	DT
accompanying	VBG
self-hate	NN
is	VBZ
therapeutic	JJ
process	NN
and	CC
tapping	VBG
accupressure	NN
points	NNS
.	.
Using	VBG
EFT	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Emotional	JJ
Freedom	NNP
Technique	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
with	IN
process	NN
``	``
unsticks	JJ
''	''
underlying	VBG
beliefs	NNS
that	WDT
will-power	NN
ca	MD
n't	RB
touch	VB
.	.
Groups	NNS
utilizing	VBG
these	DT
techniques	NNS
are	VBP
beginning	VBG
this	DT
Spring	NN
2002	CD
and	CC
will	MD
continue	VB
through	IN
out	IN
the	DT
year	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
objective	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
individual	JJ
,	,
family	NN
,	,
group	NN
,	,
and	CC
couple	NN
's	POS
psychotherapy	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
holistically	RB
oriented	VBN
and	CC
comprehensive	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
ie	FW
;	:
incorporates	VBZ
collateral	NN
resources	NNS
and	CC
characterized	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
eclectic	JJ
knowledge	NN
base	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
My	PRP$
specializations	NNS
pertain	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
addictive	JJ
disorders	NNS
,	,
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
trauma\/rape	NN
trauma\/incest	NN
trauma	NN
,	,
and	CC
ACOA\/Co-dependency	NNP
recovery	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
skills	NNS
encompass	VBP
integrating	VBG
12-step	JJ
philosophy	NN
within	IN
treatment	NN
,	,
creative	JJ
visualization\/hypnotic	JJ
imagry	NN
,	,
comprehensive	JJ
understanding	NN
of	IN
ACOA\/Co-dependency	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
training	NN
and	CC
experience	NN
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
and	CC
trained	JJ
rape	NN
counselor	NN
.	.
I	PRP
accept	VBP
most	RBS
major	JJ
insurance	NN
andfees	NNS
are	VBP
generally	RB
negotiated	VBN
based	VBN
on	IN
income	NN
.	.
Keep	VB
the	DT
faith	NN
-	:
in	IN
the	DT
words	NNS
of	IN
Lao	NNP
Tsu	NNP
``	``
The	DT
journey	NN
of	IN
a	DT
thousand	CD
miles	NNS
begins	VBZ
and	CC
ends	VBZ
with	IN
one	CD
step	NN
''	''
Certifed	NNP
Hypnotherapist	NNP
,	,
Cert	NNP
.	.
Energy	NNP
Therapist	NNP
A	NNP
Holostic	NNP
Center	NNP
for	IN
Healing	NNP
...	:
Explore	VB
new	JJ
and	CC
motivating	VBG
perspectives	NNS
to	TO
assist	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
exciting	JJ
and	CC
useful	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Please	VB
enter	VB
and	CC
``	``
dis-cover	NN
''	''
scientific	JJ
and	CC
spiritual	JJ
concepts	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
challenge	VB
and	CC
ignite	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
lead	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
holistic	JJ
living	NN
.	.
At	IN
Siskeene	NNP
's	POS
Emerging	VBG
Light	NN
,	,
we	PRP
invite	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
re-emergence	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
true	JJ
potentiality	NN
.	.
To	TO
review	VB
your	PRP$
life	NN
``	``
problems	NNS
''	''
as	IN
potential	JJ
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
growth	NN
and	CC
to	TO
expand	VB
your	PRP$
level	NN
of	IN
awareness	NN
to	TO
a	DT
new	JJ
more	JJR
positive	JJ
perspective	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
team	NN
we	PRP
draw	VBP
on	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
psychological	JJ
,	,
spiritual	JJ
and	CC
scientific	JJ
concepts	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
foundation	NN
of	IN
balance	NN
and	CC
validation	NN
for	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
.	.
We	PRP
view	VBP
the	DT
whole	JJ
person	NN
as	IN
an	DT
integration	NN
of	IN
body	NN
mind\/spirit	NN
and	CC
that	IN
thoughts	NNS
create	VBP
emotions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
emotions	NNS
create	VBP
beliefs	NNS
and	CC
beliefs	NNS
ultimately	RB
define	VBP
our	PRP$
physical	JJ
reality	NN
.	.
To	TO
change	VB
our	PRP$
physical	JJ
reality	NN
for	IN
the	DT
better	JJR
,	,
we	PRP
must	MD
go	VB
within	IN
ourselves	PRP
and	CC
shift	VB
our	PRP$
thought	NN
patterns	NNS
and	CC
emotions	NNS
and	CC
modify	VB
our	PRP$
beliefs	NNS
to	TO
change	VB
our	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
seminars	NNS
,	,
retreats	NNS
and	CC
holistic	JJ
health	NN
services	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Ehrlich	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
Naturopathic	JJ
Physician	NN
who	WP
integrates	VBZ
conventional	JJ
medicine	NN
with	IN
Complementary	JJ
and	CC
Alternative	NNP
Medicine	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CAM	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
along	IN
with	IN
counseling	NN
therapy	NN
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
food	NN
addictions	NNS
,	,
anorexiea	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
eating	NN
disorder	NN
.	.
An	DT
author	NN
,	,
lecturer	NN
and	CC
clinician	NN
doctor	NN
Ehrlich	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
teaching	VBG
medical	JJ
students	NNS
to	TO
identify	VB
and	CC
treat	VB
dysfunctional	JJ
food	NN
relationships	NNS
in	IN
patients	NNS
for	IN
years	NNS
.	.
His	PRP$
treatment	NN
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
a	DT
whole-person	JJ
approach	NN
using	VBG
psychological	JJ
,	,
nutrtitional	JJ
,	,
herbal	JJ
and	CC
energetic	JJ
based	VBN
interventions	NNS
.	.
Prescription	NN
drugs	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
prescribed	VBN
if	IN
deemed	VBN
necessary	JJ
.	.
Feel	NNP
free	JJ
to	TO
contact	VB
Dr.	NNP
Ehrlich	NNP
at	IN
either	DT
of	IN
his	PRP$
AZ	NNP
offices	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Aeed	NNP
works	VBZ
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
dual	JJ
addiction	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
psychological	JJ
concerns	NNS
.	.
Outpatient	NN
individual	JJ
and\/or	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
holistically	RB
focused	VBN
and	CC
tailored	VBN
to	TO
meet	VB
your	PRP$
recovery	NN
goals	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
safe	JJ
and	CC
supportive	JJ
setting	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Aeed	NNP
works	VBZ
has	VBZ
extensive	JJ
experience	NN
with	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
approaches	NNS
including	VBG
cognitive	JJ
behavioral	JJ
,	,
relational	JJ
work	NN
,	,
EMDR	NNP
,	,
and	CC
hypnosis	NN
.	.
Diploma	NN
remedial	JJ
massage	NN
,	,
reiki	NN
,	,
chakra	NN
balancing	NN
Being	VBG
passionate	JJ
about	IN
the	DT
power	NN
of	IN
healing	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
beautiful	JJ
thing	NN
.	.
And	CC
to	TO
see	VB
someone	NN
discover	VBP
the	DT
healing	NN
power	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
within	IN
is	VBZ
the	DT
joy	NN
that	WDT
massage	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
me	PRP
.	.
As	IN
an	DT
intuitive	JJ
therapist	NN
i	FW
listen	VBP
to	TO
your	PRP$
body	NN
and	CC
take	VB
note	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
massaged	VBN
celebrities	NNS
,	,
lectured	VBD
about	IN
sports	NNS
massage	NN
in	IN
the	DT
states	NNS
and	CC
conducted	VBN
classes	NNS
on	IN
different	JJ
massage	NN
techniques	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
santuary	JJ
is	VBZ
open	JJ
to	TO
visitors	NNS
,	,
see	VBP
you	PRP
soon	RB
...	:
The	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNP
Treatment	NNP
Center	NNP
at	IN
River	NNP
Oaks	NNP
Hospital	NNP
is	VBZ
committed	VBN
to	TO
providing	VBG
a	DT
holistic	JJ
treatment	NN
approach	NN
that	WDT
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
helping	VBG
patients	NNS
develop	VB
a	DT
healthy	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
food	NN
,	,
body	NN
,	,
self	NN
and	CC
others	NNS
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
provides	VBZ
intensive	JJ
individual	NN
,	,
family	NN
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
to	TO
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
and	CC
related	JJ
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
offers	VBZ
both	DT
inpatient	JJ
and	CC
partial	JJ
hospitalization	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
male	NN
and	CC
female	NN
patients	NNS
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
under	IN
the	DT
direction	NN
of	IN
Susan	NNP
G.	NNP
Willard	NNP
,	,
LCSW	NNP
and	CC
George	NNP
Daul	NNP
,	,
M.D.	NNP
,	,
whos	VBZ
multi-disciplinary	JJ
treatment	NN
team	NN
approach	NN
has	VBZ
received	VBN
national	JJ
recognition	NN
in	IN
setting	VBG
the	DT
standard	NN
for	IN
excellence	NN
in	IN
the	DT
care	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
patients	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Oak	NNP
House	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
private	JJ
outpatient	NN
facility	NN
providing	VBG
individually	RB
designed	VBN
,	,
self-paced	JJ
,	,
recovery	NN
programs	NNS
for	IN
sufferers	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
all	DT
types	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
dedicated	VBN
team	NN
of	IN
professionals	NNS
provide	VBP
intensive	JJ
counselling	NN
,	,
both	DT
psychological	JJ
and	CC
dietetic	JJ
for	IN
sufferers	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
ages	NNS
and	CC
gender	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
support	NN
for	IN
family	NN
members	NNS
and	CC
significant	JJ
others	NNS
,	,
all	DT
within	IN
a	DT
safe	JJ
,	,
nurturing	VBG
and	CC
homely	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
We	PRP
walk	VBP
beside	RB
our	PRP$
clients	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
re-discovery	NN
of	IN
the	DT
self	NN
beyond	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Self-referral	JJ
.	.
Perhaps	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
area	NN
of	IN
healing	NN
,	,
the	DT
issues	NNS
surrounding	VBG
eating	JJ
disorders	NNS
and	CC
addictions	NNS
are	VBP
bound	VBN
up	RP
in	IN
shame	NN
and	CC
guilt	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
or	CC
someone	NN
you	PRP
care	VBP
about	RB
is	VBZ
suffering	VBG
in	IN
this	DT
way	NN
,	,
the	DT
right	JJ
therapy	NN
can	MD
allow	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
come	VB
out	RP
from	IN
the	DT
weight	NN
of	IN
secrecy	NN
and	CC
shame	NN
into	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
agency	NN
and	CC
self-direction	NN
.	.
Treatment	NNP
Model	NNP
:	:
Respect	NN
,	,
compassion	NN
,	,
authentic	JJ
connection	NN
with	IN
self	NN
and	CC
others	NNS
,	,
and	CC
active	JJ
self-care	NN
are	VBP
the	DT
corner	NN
stones	NNS
of	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
receive	VB
a	DT
Client	NN
centred	VBD
,	,
experiential	JJ
,	,
Psycho-spiritual	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
healing	NN
and	CC
recovery	NN
with	IN
practical	JJ
exercises	NNS
and	CC
homework	NN
assignments	NNS
.	.
Methods	NNS
:	:
Treatment	NNP
includes	VBZ
:	:
Identifying	VBG
the	DT
spiritual	JJ
\/	NN
emotional	JJ
\/	NN
interpersonal	JJ
splits	VBZ
that	IN
lead	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
addiction	NN
or	CC
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
.	.
Stop	NNP
using	VBG
dysfunction	NN
as	IN
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
beat	VB
up	RP
on	IN
yourself	PRP
and	CC
turn	VB
it	PRP
into	IN
a	DT
path	NN
to	TO
healing	NN
and	CC
inner	JJ
growth	NN
.	.
Full	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
approaches	NNS
and	CC
interventions	NNS
including	VBG
:	:
Traditional	JJ
Family	NNP
of	IN
Origin\/System	NNP
Dynamics	NNP
,	,
Harm	NNP
Reduction	NNP
,	,
Dynamic	NNP
Emotional\/Stress	NNP
Release	NNP
Work	NNP
,	,
Inner	NNP
Child	NNP
\/	VBD
Re-parenting	JJ
Work	NN
,	,
Sexual	NNP
and	CC
Body	NNP
Image	NN
Healing	NN
.	.
Facing	VBG
your	PRP$
inner	JJ
demons	NNS
with	IN
strength	NN
,	,
dignity	NN
,	,
and	CC
creativity	NN
.	.
Finding	VBG
and	CC
expressing	VBG
your	PRP$
inner	JJ
voice	NN
and	CC
personal	JJ
truth	NN
.	.
Family\/couple	NN
counseling	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
supportive	JJ
,	,
authentic	JJ
,	,
fulfilling	VBG
relationships	NNS
during	IN
and	CC
after	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
One	CD
on	IN
one	CD
private	JJ
individual	JJ
and	CC
family	NN
residential	JJ
treatment	NN
available	JJ
for	IN
time	NN
periods	NNS
of	IN
3	CD
days	NNS
up	RB
.	.
Treats	VBZ
all	DT
forms	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
addictions	NNS
;	:
children	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
.	.
Helping	VBG
to	TO
build	VB
foundations	NNS
of	IN
wholeness	NN
and	CC
well	RB
being	VBG
since1984	CD
Payment	NN
options	NNS
:	:
cash\/cheques	NNS
,	,
sliding	VBG
scale	NN
,	,
\*	SYM
Finding	VBG
a	DT
therapist	NN
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
complex	JJ
endeavor-in	NN
order	NN
to	TO
facilitate	VB
your	PRP$
process	NN
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
welcome	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
complimentary	JJ
initial	JJ
phone	NN
session	NN
.	.
Compassion	NNP
,	,
an	DT
understanding	NN
ear	NN
,	,
a	DT
practitioner	NN
who	WP
listens	VBZ
and	CC
takes	VBZ
time	NN
to	TO
do	VB
the	DT
very	RB
best	RB
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
commitment	NN
to	TO
all	DT
my	PRP$
patients	NNS
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
an	DT
integral	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
anyones	JJ
healing	NN
process	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
experience	NN
with	IN
Chinese	JJ
Medicine	NN
spans	NNS
nine	CD
years	NNS
,	,
five	CD
of	IN
which	WDT
where	WRB
spent	VBN
studying	VBG
in	IN
Taiwan	NNP
.	.
Let	NNP
's	POS
work	NN
together	RB
to	TO
bring	VB
about	RB
change	NN
.	.
Offering	VBG
individual	JJ
and	CC
family	NN
counseling	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
recovery	NN
using	VBG
treatment	NN
team	NN
approach	NN
.	.
Play	NNP
and	CC
art	NN
therapy	NN
modalities	NNS
utilized	VBD
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
family	NN
systems	NNS
,	,
and	CC
reality	NN
based	VBN
therapy	NN
.	.
Personal	JJ
history	NN
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
recovery	NN
adds	VBZ
to	TO
professional	JJ
experience	NN
.	.
Diana	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
licensed	JJ
mental	JJ
health	NN
counselor	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
in	IN
older	JJR
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
.	.
Her	PRP$
treatment	NN
approach	NN
is	VBZ
relational	JJ
and	CC
integrative	JJ
with	IN
a	DT
strong	JJ
focus	NN
on	IN
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
and	CC
psychodynamic	JJ
therapy	NN
.	.
She	PRP
works	VBZ
closely	RB
with	IN
families	NNS
and	CC
clients	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
offering	VBG
psychoeducation	NN
,	,
therapy	NN
and	CC
counseling	NN
.	.
Her	PRP$
compassionate	JJ
approach	NN
supports	VBZ
the	DT
complex	JJ
journey	NN
toward	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
Specializing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
and	CC
anorexia	NN
in	IN
Paris	NNP
for	IN
over	IN
10	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Provides	VBZ
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
psychotherapy	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
uses	NNS
techniques	NNS
in	IN
art	NN
therapy	NN
in	IN
exploring	VBG
underlying	VBG
issues	NNS
contributing	VBG
to	TO
distructive	JJ
behavior	NN
while	IN
simultaneously	RB
changing	VBG
negative	JJ
patterns	NNS
.	.
Works	NNP
in	IN
English	NNP
and	CC
Frehch	NNP
.	.
East	NNP
Amherst	NNP
Psychology	NNP
GroupIndividal	NNP
and	CC
Family	NNP
therapy	NN
with	IN
a	DT
focus	NN
on	IN
self	NN
care	NN
and	CC
self	NN
understanding	NN
.	.
Journaling	VBG
and	CC
drawing	VBG
are	VBP
used	VBN
as	IN
comfortable	JJ
for	IN
each	DT
person	NN
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
,	,
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
individually	RB
designed	VBN
.	.
Group	NNP
work	NN
is	VBZ
mind\/body	JJ
and	CC
integates	VBZ
cognitve	NN
behavioral	JJ
techiniques	NNS
and	CC
yoga	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
done	VBN
in	IN
collaboration	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Center	NNP
for	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNS
at	IN
Expressly	RB
for	IN
Women	NNS
housed	VBN
in	IN
Sisters	NNP
Hospital	NNP
in	IN
Buffalo	NNP
NY	NNP
.	.
Psychological	JJ
work	NN
is	VBZ
done	VBN
in	IN
collaboration	NN
with	IN
MD	NNP
and	CC
nutritionist	NN
so	RB
that	IN
meal	NN
planning	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
and	CC
health	NN
are	VBP
managed	VBN
by	IN
medical	JJ
team	NN
members	NNS
.	.
Team	NNP
communication	NN
is	VBZ
ongoing	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
use	VBP
expressive	JJ
arts	NNS
in	IN
therapy	NN
in	IN
both	DT
group	NN
and	CC
individual	JJ
sessions	NNS
.	.
Clients	NNS
are	VBP
facillited	VBN
in	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
process	NN
to	TO
explore	VB
images	NNS
and	CC
stories	NNS
of	IN
thier	JJR
lives	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
supportive	JJ
and	CC
non-judgemental	JJ
counselling	NN
experience	NN
.	.
The	DT
Montreal	NNP
Therapy	NNP
Centre	NNP
offers	VBZ
personalized	VBN
treatment	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
,	,
couples	NNS
,	,
and	CC
families	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
issues	NNS
including	VBG
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
self-esteem	NN
,	,
women	NNS
's	POS
issues	NNS
,	,
parenting	NN
,	,
and	CC
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
team	NN
of	IN
therapists	NNS
are	VBP
specialized	VBN
in	IN
various	JJ
modalities	NNS
including	VBG
Emotionally	RB
Focused	VBN
Therapy	NNP
,	,
Art	NNP
Therapy	NNP
,	,
Psychodynamic	NNP
Psychotherapy	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Solution	NN
Focused	VBN
Therapy	NNP
.	.
Sliding	VBG
fee	NN
scale	NN
rates	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
help	VBP
young	JJ
adult	NN
women	NNS
find	VBP
the	DT
underlying	VBG
causes	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
eating	NN
disorder	NN
by	IN
assisting	VBG
them	PRP
in	IN
discovering	VBG
their	PRP$
authentic	JJ
self	NN
and	CC
the	DT
role	NN
that	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
has	VBZ
played	VBN
in	IN
their	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
individual	JJ
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
group	NN
&	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
approach	NN
to	TO
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
needs	NNS
and	CC
unique	JJ
situation	NN
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
methods	NNS
I	PRP
use	VBP
are	VBP
expressive	JJ
arts	NNS
therapies	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
journaling	NN
,	,
music	NN
,	,
sandtray	NN
,	,
art	NN
,	,
movement	NN
&	CC
clay	NN
.	.
Of	IN
course	NN
,	,
these	DT
are	VBP
only	RB
used	VBN
when	WRB
the	DT
client	NN
is	VBZ
comfortable	JJ
with	IN
these	DT
methods	NNS
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
appropriate	JJ
.	.
Recovery	NN
is	VBZ
within	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Take	VB
the	DT
first	JJ
step	NN
.	.
Expressive	JJ
art	NN
therapy	NN
from	IN
an	DT
experienced	JJ
art	NN
therapist	NN
who	WP
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
patients	NNS
.	.
Therapy	NN
sessions	NNS
consist	VBP
of	IN
artistic	JJ
and	CC
verbal	JJ
interactions	NNS
and	CC
has	VBZ
been	VBN
shown	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
useful	JJ
tool	NN
when	WRB
working	VBG
with	IN
patients	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
For	IN
many	JJ
patients	NNS
art	NN
therapy	NN
offers	VBZ
a	DT
unique	JJ
avenue	NN
for	IN
therapy	NN
and	CC
personal	JJ
development	NN
.	.
Personal	JJ
experience	NN
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
leads	VBZ
me	PRP
to	TO
believe	VB
that	IN
full	JJ
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
completely	RB
possible	JJ
.	.
Individual	NNP
and	CC
group	NN
psychootherapies	NNS
are	VBP
used	VBN
for	IN
treatment	NN
of	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
,	,
and	CC
any	DT
anxiety	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
food	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
.	.
Creative	JJ
therapies	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
art	NN
,	,
dance	NN
,	,
yoga	NN
,	,
and	CC
music	NN
are	VBP
integrated	VBN
when	WRB
appropriate	JJ
.	.
Males	NNS
and	CC
females	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
age	NN
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
inquire	VB
.	.
Sue	VB
Keith	NNP
,	,
RN	NNP
,	,
BSN	NNP
,	,
MSW	NNP
,	,
Art	NNP
PsychotherapistThis	NNP
practice	NN
offers	VBZ
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
counseling	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
practice	NN
also	RB
offers	VBZ
support	NN
groups	NNS
for	IN
individuals	NNS
suffering	VBG
with	IN
any	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
individualized	VBN
for	IN
each	DT
client	NN
's	POS
particular	JJ
need	NN
or	CC
needs	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
art	NN
therapy	NN
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
these	DT
disorders	NNS
,	,
also	RB
.	.
Sometimes	RB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
easier	JJR
for	IN
clients	NNS
to	TO
show	VB
their	PRP$
hurt	NN
and	CC
pain	NN
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
drawing	VBG
or	CC
painting	VBG
instead	RB
of	IN
verbalizing	VBG
it	PRP
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
therapy	NN
for	IN
children	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
adults	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
services	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
caring	NN
,	,
non-judgmental	JJ
atmosphere	NN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
here	RB
for	IN
our	PRP$
clients	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
serve	VB
them	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
capacity	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
best	JJS
suited	VBN
for	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Master	NNP
's	POS
,	,
Board	NNP
Certified	NNP
Creative	NNP
Arts	NNP
Therapists	NNPS
Master	NNP
's	POS
level	NN
,	,
board	NN
certified	VBD
Creative	NNP
Arts	NNP
Therapists	NNPS
with	IN
clinical	JJ
supervision	NN
by	IN
a	DT
licensed	JJ
psychologist	NN
offering	NN
small	JJ
group	NN
creative	JJ
arts	NNS
therapy	NN
for	IN
children	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
utilizing	VBG
art	NN
,	,
music	NN
,	,
dance	NN
,	,
drama	NN
and	CC
culinary	JJ
arts	NNS
as	IN
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
heal	VB
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
worked	VBN
with	IN
adolescents	NNS
,	,
couples	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
and	CC
relationship	NN
issues	NNS
for	IN
over	IN
ten	CD
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
a	DT
warm	JJ
,	,
collaborative	JJ
environment	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
conducive	JJ
to	TO
working	VBG
hard	RB
and	CC
to	TO
healing	NN
!	.
I	PRP
combine	VBP
traditional	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
with	IN
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
and	CC
art	NN
therapy	NN
techniques	NNS
.	.
Clients	NNS
gain	NN
concrete	NN
,	,
useful	JJ
tools	NNS
to	TO
replace	VB
negative	JJ
,	,
unwanted	JJ
thoughts	NNS
and	CC
behaviors	NNS
with	IN
positive	JJ
,	,
healthy	JJ
ones	NNS
.	.
School	NNP
consultations	NNS
and	CC
home	NN
visits	NNS
available	JJ
.	.
Individual	NNP
,	,
group	NN
,	,
family	NN
therapy	NN
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
.	.
Intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
program	NN
offering	NN
supervised	VBD
meals	NNS
,	,
art	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
nutritional	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
medication	NN
management	NN
all	DT
provided	VBN
by	IN
specialists	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Special	JJ
groups	NNS
for	IN
binge	NN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
.	.
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNP
Treatment	NNP
Centers	NNPS
-LRB-	-LRB-
EDTC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
recognize	VBP
that	IN
these	DT
complex	JJ
problems	NNS
often	RB
require	VBP
more	JJR
help	NN
than	IN
can	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
in	IN
traditional	JJ
once-a-week	JJ
therapy	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
there	EX
are	VBP
tremendous	JJ
advantages	NNS
to	TO
receiving	VBG
treatment	NN
while	IN
continuing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
normal	JJ
routine	NN
of	IN
daily	JJ
life	NN
.	.
Progress	NNP
made	VBD
while	IN
living	VBG
at	IN
home	NN
is	VBZ
more	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
persist	VB
than	IN
changes	NNS
made	VBN
in	IN
artificial	JJ
settings	NNS
of	IN
hospital	NN
or	CC
residential	JJ
facilities	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
late	JJ
afternoon	NN
through	IN
evening	NN
programs	NNS
permit	VBP
clients	NNS
to	TO
remain	VB
at	IN
home	NN
and	CC
attend	VB
work	NN
or	CC
school	NN
while	IN
participating	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
range	NN
of	IN
therapies	NNS
to	TO
treat	VB
these	DT
disorders	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
programs	NNS
include	VBP
a	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
individual	JJ
,	,
family	NN
and	CC
group	NN
therapies	NNS
together	RB
with	IN
nutritional	JJ
counseling	NN
.	.
When	WRB
appropriate	JJ
,	,
medication	NN
management	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
available	JJ
for	IN
clients	NNS
with	IN
associated	VBN
problems	NNS
of	IN
depression	NN
and	CC
anxiety	NN
.	.
A	DT
staff-supported	JJ
group	NN
dinner	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
important	JJ
element	NN
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
It	PRP
allows	VBZ
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
practice	VB
with	IN
staff	NN
the	DT
more	JJR
normal	JJ
eating	NN
patterns	NNS
clients	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
implement	VB
at	IN
home	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
our	PRP$
program	NN
services	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
offer	VBP
traditional	JJ
outpatient	NN
therapies	NNS
at	IN
all	DT
our	PRP$
locations	NNS
.	.
These	DT
therapies	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
step-down	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
program	NN
or	CC
an	DT
alternative	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
who	WP
do	VBP
not	RB
require	VB
as	IN
intense	JJ
an	DT
approach	NN
.	.
We	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
many	JJ
clients	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
embark	VBP
on	IN
treatment	NN
with	IN
anxiety	NN
.	.
While	IN
therapy	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
is	VBZ
hard	JJ
work	NN
,	,
we	PRP
believe	VBP
it	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
a	DT
positive	JJ
experience	NN
.	.
To	TO
this	DT
end	NN
we	PRP
have	VBP
endeavored	VBN
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
truly	RB
supportive	JJ
environment	NN
of	IN
care	NN
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
space	NN
and	CC
staff	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
facilities	NNS
are	VBP
homelike	JJ
and	CC
comfortable	JJ
;	:
very	RB
simply	RB
,	,
a	DT
nice	JJ
place	NN
to	TO
be	VB
.	.
The	DT
staff	NN
at	IN
EDTC	NNP
are	VBP
genuinely	RB
enthusiastic	JJ
about	IN
their	PRP$
work	NN
with	IN
clients	NNS
and	CC
have	VBP
been	VBN
selected	VBN
for	IN
their	PRP$
expertise	NN
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
team	NN
of	IN
professionals	NNS
includes	VBZ
doctoral	JJ
and	CC
masters	NNS
level	NN
psychologists	NNS
,	,
licensed	VBD
clinical	JJ
social	JJ
workers	NNS
,	,
certified	JJ
art	NN
therapists	NNS
,	,
registered	VBN
dieticians	NNS
and	CC
board	NN
certified	VBD
psychiatrists	NNS
.	.
The	DT
programs	NNS
are	VBP
under	IN
the	DT
direction	NN
of	IN
Michael	NNP
Pertschuk	NNP
,	,
M.D.	NNP
,	,
Clinical	NNP
Professor	NNP
of	IN
Psychiatry	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Pennsylvania	NNP
,	,
with	IN
over	IN
two	CD
decades	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
EDTC	NNP
participates	VBZ
in	IN
many	JJ
insurance	NN
networks	NNS
for	IN
its	PRP$
program	NN
services	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
largely	RB
or	CC
entirely	RB
covered	VBN
.	.
Clients	NNS
served	VBD
include	VBP
adolescents	NNS
from	IN
age	NN
14	CD
,	,
adults	NNS
,	,
males	NNS
and	CC
females	NNS
.	.
Healthy	JJ
Within	IN
is	VBZ
a	DT
unique	JJ
outpatient	NN
program	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
program	NN
provides	VBZ
treatment	NN
for	IN
adolescent	JJ
males	NNS
,	,
adolescent	JJ
females	NNS
,	,
adult	NN
males	NNS
and	CC
adult	NN
females	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
treatment	NN
team	NN
consists	VBZ
of	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
professionals	NNS
:	:
psychologists	NNS
,	,
nutritionist	NN
,	,
registered	VBN
marriage	NN
and	CC
family	NN
therapist	NN
intern	NN
,	,
yoga	NN
instructor	NN
and	CC
expressive	JJ
arts	NNS
therapist	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
team	NN
assures	VBZ
that	IN
treatment	NN
is	VBZ
comprehensive	JJ
and	CC
thorough	JJ
.	.
Individualized	VBN
treatment	NN
plans	NNS
,	,
combined	VBN
with	IN
small	JJ
group	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
provide	VB
a	DT
supportive	JJ
environment	NN
where	WRB
people	NNS
can	MD
practice	VB
new	JJ
behaviors	NNS
and	CC
learn	VB
new	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
relate	VB
to	TO
themselves	PRP
and	CC
others	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
use	VBP
my	PRP$
background	NN
as	IN
a	DT
nurse	NN
and	CC
psychologist	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
psychotherapy	NN
approach	NN
.	.
I	PRP
focus	VBP
on	IN
probems	NNS
with	IN
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
self-esteem	NN
,	,
perfectionism	NN
,	,
and	CC
relationship	NN
problems	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
body-image	NN
difficulties	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
bulimia	NN
,	,
anorexia	NN
,	,
compuslive	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
and	CC
obesity	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
use	VBP
a	DT
gentle	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
help	VB
access	NN
your	PRP$
authentic	JJ
self	NN
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
an	DT
in-sight	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
understand	VB
your	PRP$
self	NN
and	CC
body-mind	NN
approaches	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
breathing	NN
,	,
mindfulness	NN
,	,
art	NN
,	,
and	CC
visualizations	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
access	NN
feeling	NN
states	NNS
to	TO
resolve	VB
trauma	NN
and	CC
fears	NNS
and	CC
make	VB
significant	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
self-concept	NN
,	,
eating	VBG
behavior	NN
,	,
and	CC
mood	NN
states	NNS
.	.
Individual	NNP
and	CC
Group	NNP
sessions	NNS
available	JJ
.	.
Eating	NNP
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
problems	NNS
can	MD
express	VB
our	PRP$
deepest	JJS
expieriences	NNS
as	IN
women	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
issues	NNS
of	IN
staying	VBG
true	JJ
to	TO
our	PRP$
genuine	JJ
hunger\/s	NNS
,	,
defining	VBG
ourselves	PRP
in	IN
and	CC
not	RB
in	IN
relationship	NN
to	TO
others	NNS
,	,
and	CC
taking	VBG
up	RP
space	NN
in	IN
a	DT
sometimes	RB
dangerous	JJ
world	NN
may	MD
show	VB
up	RP
in	IN
our	PRP$
relationships	NNS
to	TO
food	NN
and	CC
body	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
helping	VBG
women	NNS
work	VBP
through	IN
these	DT
issues	NNS
since	IN
1984	CD
,	,
when	WRB
I	PRP
received	VBD
my	PRP$
post-graduate	JJ
training	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Women	NNP
's	POS
Therapy	NNP
Centre	NNP
Institute	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
founded	VBN
by	IN
Susie	NNP
Orbach	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Since	IN
1986	CD
I	PRP
have	VBP
trained	VBN
and	CC
provided	VBN
consultation	NN
for	IN
many	JJ
therapists	NNS
who	WP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
learn	VB
this	DT
orientation	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
approach	NN
to	TO
the	DT
work	NN
is	VBZ
interactive	JJ
and	CC
compassionate	JJ
,	,
using	VBG
strength	NN
and	CC
an	DT
easy	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
humor	NN
.	.
In	IN
focussing	VBG
on	IN
your	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
choose	VB
to	TO
include	VB
journal	NN
,	,
art	NN
,	,
or	CC
movement	NN
work	NN
,	,
and	CC
guided	VBD
fantasies	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
express	VB
what	WP
the	DT
eating	NN
problem	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
trying	VBG
to	TO
say	VB
.	.
Ultimately	RB
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
learn	VB
to	TO
eat	VB
when	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
hungry	JJ
and	CC
stop	VB
when	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
full	JJ
.	.
But	CC
in	IN
the	DT
meantime	NN
,	,
when	WRB
you	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
always	RB
do	VB
this	DT
,	,
we	PRP
will	MD
use	VB
the	DT
symptoms	NNS
to	TO
point	VB
us	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
triggers	VBZ
and	CC
issues	VBZ
in	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
using	VBG
the	DT
bingeing	NN
,	,
starving	VBG
,	,
and\/or	CC
purging	VBG
to	TO
solve	VB
.	.
We	PRP
work	VBP
these	DT
through	IN
one	CD
by	IN
one	CD
,	,
until	IN
you	PRP
feel	VBP
stronger	JJR
to	TO
face	VB
these	DT
difficulties	NNS
without	IN
depriving	VBG
or	CC
punishing	VBG
yourself	PRP
with	IN
food	NN
.	.
Let	VB
me	PRP
help	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
explore	VB
the	DT
emotional	JJ
issues	NNS
underlying	VBG
your	PRP$
eating	NN
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
hold	VBP
a	DT
container	NN
of	IN
acceptance	NN
in	IN
the	DT
therapy	NN
room	NN
;	:
Respecting	VBG
your	PRP$
current	JJ
struggle	NN
in	IN
life	NN
while	IN
searching	VBG
for	IN
its	PRP$
meaning	NN
and	CC
resolution	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
practice	NN
includes	VBZ
anorexics	NNS
,	,
bulimics	NNS
,	,
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
overeaters	NNS
.	.
Besides	IN
just	RB
talking	VBG
about	IN
your	PRP$
body	NN
image	NN
concerns	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
utilize	VBP
drawing	VBG
,	,
visualization	NN
and	CC
journaling	NN
.	.
This	DT
non-intrusive	JJ
style	NN
allows	VBZ
your	PRP$
feelings	NNS
around	IN
food	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
to	TO
naturally	RB
express	VB
themselves	PRP
.	.
An	DT
Education-Support	NNP
Group	NNP
is	VBZ
now	RB
forming	VBG
for	IN
Mother	NNP
's	POS
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disordered	NNP
Children	NNP
\*	SYM
-LRB-	-LRB-
\*	SYM
of	IN
all	DT
ages	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Affordable	JJ
,	,
professional	JJ
mental	JJ
health	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
individuals	NNS
,	,
couples	NNS
,	,
families	NNS
,	,
and	CC
adolescents	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
areas	NNS
of	IN
expertise	NN
include	VBP
body	NN
image\/eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
abuse\/trauma	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
mood	NN
disorders	NNS
,	,
anxiety	NN
disorders	NNS
,	,
and	CC
women	NNS
's	POS
issues	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
a	DT
safe	JJ
,	,
therapeutic	JJ
environment	NN
for	IN
clients	NNS
.	.
As	IN
we	PRP
take	VBP
the	DT
journey	NN
towards	IN
healing	NN
and	CC
self-fulfillment	NN
together	RB
,	,
we	PRP
will	MD
begin	VB
on	IN
equal	JJ
ground	NN
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
there	RB
for	IN
support	NN
and	CC
guidance	NN
.	.
I	PRP
recognize	VBP
that	IN
ther	NN
is	VBZ
diversity	NN
among	IN
clients	NNS
,	,
each	DT
needing	VBG
a	DT
different	JJ
therapeutic	JJ
approach	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
I	PRP
take	VBP
an	DT
ecclectic	JJ
approach	NN
using	VBG
such	JJ
techniques	NNS
as	IN
cognitive\/behavioral	JJ
modification	NN
therapies	NNS
,	,
art	NN
and	CC
play	VB
therapy	NN
,	,
guided	VBN
imagery	NN
,	,
and	CC
solution-focused	JJ
therapy	NN
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
every	DT
person	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
capability	NN
to	TO
change	VB
unhealthy	JJ
patterns	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
eventually	RB
learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
heal	VB
and	CC
grow	VB
with	IN
change	NN
.	.
Insurance\/Private	NNP
Pay\/Low-Income	NNP
Arrangements	NNP
.	.
Individual	NNP
,	,
group	NN
,	,
couple	NN
and	CC
family	NN
counseling	NN
.	.
Cognitive\/behavioral	NNP
techniques	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
with	IN
trauma	NN
recovery	NN
issues	NNS
including	VBG
self-injury	NN
,	,
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
and	CC
post-traumatic	JJ
dissociation	NN
,	,
depression	NN
and	CC
anxiety	NN
.	.
Addictions	NNS
counseling	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
available	JJ
.	.
Expressive	JJ
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
used	VBN
for	IN
trauma	NN
recovery	NN
and	CC
psychodynamic	JJ
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
for	IN
patients	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
developed	VBN
coping	VBG
skills	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
triggers	VBZ
.	.
Registered	NNP
Art	NNP
Psychotherapist	NNP
Outpatient	NNP
Individual	NNP
Art	NNP
Therapy	NNP
for	IN
persons	NNS
experiencing	VBG
ongoing	JJ
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
Art	NNP
Therapy	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
ideal	JJ
treatment	NN
for	IN
those	DT
whom	WP
have	VBP
difficulty	NN
expressing	VBG
their	PRP$
thoughts	NNS
and	CC
feelings	NNS
through	IN
words	NNS
,	,
have	VBP
unresolved	JJ
grief	NN
and	CC
loss	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
having	VBG
difficulty	NN
making	VBG
a	DT
developmental	JJ
transition	NN
,	,
and\/or	CC
are	VBP
trauma	NN
survivors	NNS
.	.
No	DT
artistic	JJ
talent	NN
or	CC
skill	NN
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
.	.
``	``
Art	NNP
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
belief	NN
that	IN
the	DT
creative	JJ
process	NN
involved	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
making	NN
of	IN
art	NN
is	VBZ
healing	VBG
and	CC
life-enhancing	JJ
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
AATA	NNP
,	,
1998	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Pamela	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
registered	VBN
Art	NNP
Therapist	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
Psychodynamic	NNP
Psychotherapist	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
works	VBZ
at	IN
the	DT
Mosman	NNP
Natural	NNP
Health	NNP
Centre	NNP
,	,
where	WRB
there	EX
are	VBP
also	RB
practitioners	NNS
in	IN
remedial	JJ
massage	NN
,	,
counselling	NN
,	,
naturopathy	NN
,	,
kinesiology	NN
and	CC
chiropractic	NN
.	.
Pamela	NNP
works	VBZ
with	IN
individuals	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
ages	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
,	,
with	IN
issues	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
;	:
drug	NN
and	CC
alcohol	NN
addiction	NN
;	:
issues	NNS
for	IN
children	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
around	IN
any	DT
type	NN
of	IN
abuse	NN
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
works	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
Ryde	NNP
area	NN
.	.
Self	NN
Knowledge	NN
--	:
``	``
Your	PRP$
hearts	NNS
know	VBP
in	IN
silence	NN
the	DT
secrets	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
days	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
nights	NNS
.	.
But	CC
your	PRP$
ears	NNS
thirst	NN
for	IN
the	DT
sound	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
hearts	NNS
'	POS
knowledge	NN
.	.
You	PRP
would	MD
know	VB
in	IN
words	NNS
that	WDT
which	WDT
you	PRP
have	VBP
always	RB
known	VBN
in	IN
thought	NN
.	.
You	PRP
would	MD
touch	VB
with	IN
your	PRP$
fingers	NNS
the	DT
naked	JJ
body	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
dream	NN
.	.
And	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
well	RB
you	PRP
should	MD
.	.
The	DT
hidden	VBN
well	RB
spring	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
soul	NN
must	MD
needs	NNS
rise	VB
and	CC
run	VB
murmuring	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
sea	NN
.	.
''	''
--	:
Kahil	NNP
Gibran	NNP
,	,
The	DT
Prophet	NNP
Although	IN
the	DT
Prophet	NNP
says	VBZ
``	``
you	PRP
must	MD
know	VB
in	IN
words	NNS
that	WDT
which	WDT
you	PRP
have	VBP
always	RB
known	VBN
in	IN
thought	NN
''	''
people	NNS
who	WP
suffer	VBP
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
``	``
the	DT
hidden	JJ
wellspring	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
soul	NN
''	''
underneath	IN
the	DT
bingeing	NN
,	,
purging	VBG
,	,
starving	VBG
,	,
and	CC
dread	NN
of	IN
gaining	VBG
weight	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
work	NN
together	RB
is	VBZ
the	DT
quest	NN
for	IN
self	NN
knowledge	NN
and	CC
the	DT
uncovering	VBG
of	IN
faulty	JJ
thinking	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
if	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
thinner	JJR
,	,
I	PRP
'll	MD
be	VB
happy	JJ
in	IN
every	DT
way	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
the	DT
battle	NN
to	TO
be	VB
freed	VBN
form	NN
the	DT
tyranny	NN
of	IN
dieting	NN
and	CC
body	NN
hatred	NN
.	.
Self	NN
knowledge	NN
and	CC
emotional	JJ
knowledge	NN
are	VBP
powerful	JJ
,	,
sometimes	RB
scary	JJ
forces	NNS
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
why	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
go	VB
slowly	RB
and	CC
hang	VB
on	IN
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
therapy	NN
feels	VBZ
like	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
thing	NN
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
doing	VBG
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
creativity	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
strong	JJ
power	NN
to	TO
heal	VB
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
use	VBP
writing	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
healing	NN
tool	NN
with	IN
groups	NNS
and	CC
individuals	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
psychotherapist	NN
with	IN
twenty	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
caring	NN
,	,
compassionate	JJ
experience	NN
with	IN
all	DT
forms	NNS
of	IN
addictions	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
specialize	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
anoerxia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
overeating	NN
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
problems	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
approach	NN
is	VBZ
flexible	JJ
and	CC
utilizes	VBZ
action	NN
methods	NNS
including	VBG
art	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
innate	JJ
wisdom	NN
and	CC
creativity	NN
we	PRP
all	DT
possess	VBP
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
support	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
couples	NNS
,	,
families	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
kind	NN
,	,
and	CC
groups	NNS
.	.
Call	VB
for	IN
a	DT
phone	NN
consultation	NN
.	.
The	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Program	NNP
at	IN
Somerset	NNP
Medical	NNP
Center	NNP
provides	VBZ
inpatient	JJ
,	,
partial	JJ
hospitalization	NN
,	,
intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
,	,
and	CC
outpatient	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
those	DT
suffering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
individal	JJ
,	,
couples	NNS
,	,
group	NN
,	,
and	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
multi-disciplinary	JJ
treatment	NN
team	NN
includes	VBZ
psychiatrists	NNS
,	,
social	JJ
workers	NNS
,	,
psychologists	NNS
,	,
nurses	NNS
,	,
nutritionists	NNS
,	,
art	NN
and	CC
occupational	JJ
therapists	NNS
,	,
pastoral	JJ
care	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
certified	JJ
teacher	NN
.	.
The	DT
Life	NNP
Healing	NNP
Center	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
residential	JJ
treatment	NN
center	NN
specializing	VBG
in	IN
emotional	JJ
trauma	NN
resolution	NN
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
specific	JJ
phenomena	NNS
we	PRP
address	VBP
are	VBP
;	:
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
;	:
chemical	NN
dependency	NN
;	:
dissociation	NN
;	:
mood	NN
disorders	NNS
;	:
PTSD	NNP
and	CC
sexual	JJ
compulsivity	NN
.	.
The	DT
Life	NNP
Healing	NNP
Center	NNP
offers	VBZ
an	DT
intensive	JJ
program	NN
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
a	DT
bridge	NN
between	IN
inpatient	JJ
treatment	NN
and	CC
the	DT
home	NN
environment	NN
,	,
allowing	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
processing	NN
of	IN
issues	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
best	JJS
addressed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
residential	JJ
setting	NN
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
our	PRP$
most	RBS
distinguishing	JJ
characteristics	NNS
include	VBP
:	:
A	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
3	CD
individual	JJ
therapy	NN
sessions	NNS
per	IN
week	NN
with	IN
a	DT
licensed	JJ
,	,
masters	NNS
level	VBP
therapist	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
small	JJ
size	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
33	CD
beds	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
allows	VBZ
for	IN
individualized	JJ
treatment	NN
plans	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
low	JJ
cost	NN
includes	VBZ
over	IN
35	CD
hours	NNS
of	IN
group	NN
therapy	NN
and	CC
15	CD
hours	NNS
of	IN
supervised	JJ
community	NN
activities	NNS
per	IN
week	NN
.	.
The	DT
community	NN
setting	VBG
enhances	VBZ
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
safe	JJ
,	,
supportive	JJ
,	,
healthy	JJ
connections	NNS
with	IN
others	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
a	DT
holistic	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
therapy	NN
that	IN
attends	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
body	NN
,	,
mind	NN
and	CC
spirit	NN
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
art	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
spirituality	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
12	CD
step	NN
meetings	NNS
,	,
physical	JJ
exercise	NN
and	CC
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
self-nurturing	JJ
skills	NNS
.	.
Transformations	NNS
is	VBZ
an	DT
Art	NNP
Psychotherapy	NNP
Service	NNP
designed	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
women	NNS
and	CC
girls	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
body	NN
image	NN
disturbances	NNS
and	CC
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Shari	NNP
Landau	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
registered	VBN
Art	NNP
Psychotherapist	NNP
who	WP
also	RB
runs	VBZ
the	DT
Art	NNP
Therapy	NNP
program	NN
at	IN
The	DT
Renfrew	NNP
Center	NNP
in	IN
Phila	NNP
.	.
The	DT
art	NN
process	NN
helps	VBZ
you	PRP
heal	VB
your	PRP$
body	NN
,	,
clarify	VB
your	PRP$
mind	NN
,	,
and	CC
restore	VB
your	PRP$
spirit	NN
.	.
Full	JJ
service	NN
outpatient	NN
center	NN
for	IN
treating	VBG
all	DT
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
in	IN
males	NNS
and	CC
females	NNS
ages	NNS
12	CD
and	CC
up	RB
.	.
Clinic	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
operating	VBG
for	IN
20	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Offers	VBZ
individual	JJ
,	,
family	NN
and	CC
group	NN
therapies	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
art	NN
therapy	NN
and	CC
psychodrama	NN
.	.
Approach	NN
is	VBZ
eclectic	JJ
and	CC
varies	VBZ
according	VBG
to	TO
specific	JJ
patient	NN
need	NN
.	.
Healthy	JJ
Body	NN
,	,
Healthy	JJ
Mind	NNP
believes	VBZ
strongly	RB
in	IN
the	DT
connection	NN
between	IN
the	DT
mind	NN
and	CC
the	DT
body	NN
as	IN
integral	JJ
components	NNS
to	TO
whole	JJ
body	NN
health	NN
and	CC
wellness	NN
.	.
HBHM	NNP
works	VBZ
towards	IN
this	DT
goal	NN
by	IN
offering	VBG
body	NN
image	NN
and	CC
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
education	NN
and	CC
training	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
,	,
faculty	NN
,	,
and	CC
staff	NN
,	,
and	CC
offering	VBG
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
yoga	NN
classes	NNS
for	IN
EveryBODY	NN
.	.
We	PRP
send	VBP
guest	JJ
speakers	NNS
into	IN
schools	NNS
and	CC
church	NN
organizations	NNS
to	TO
talk	VB
with	IN
students	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
dangers	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
our	PRP$
speakers	NNS
have	VBP
first-hand	JJ
experience	NN
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
share	VBP
their	PRP$
own	JJ
personal	JJ
stories	NNS
regarding	VBG
these	DT
disorders	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
providing	VBG
educational	JJ
information	NN
,	,
we	PRP
also	RB
provide	VBP
a	DT
real	JJ
face	NN
and	CC
voice	NN
behind	IN
these	DT
disorders	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
our	PRP$
services	NNS
all	DT
over	IN
the	DT
country	NN
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
are	VBP
always	RB
in	IN
need	NN
of	IN
volunteers	NNS
to	TO
offer	VB
these	DT
presentations	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
email	NN
Jennifer	NNP
at	IN
edsos@mail.com	NNP
for	IN
further	JJ
information	NN
if	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
share	VB
your	PRP$
story	NN
or	CC
would	MD
like	VB
your	PRP$
organization	NN
to	TO
benefit	VB
from	IN
our	PRP$
presentations	NNS
.	.
MEDA	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
non-profit	JJ
organization	NN
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
prevention	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
MEDA	NNP
's	POS
mission	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
prevent	VB
the	DT
continuing	VBG
spread	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
through	IN
educational	JJ
awareness	NN
and	CC
early	JJ
detection	NN
.	.
MEDA	NNP
serves	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
support	NN
network	NN
and	CC
resource	NN
for	IN
clients	NNS
,	,
loved	VBD
ones	NNS
,	,
clinicians	NNS
,	,
educators	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
.	.
MEDA	NNP
offers	VBZ
clinical	JJ
services	NNS
and	CC
support	NN
groups	NNS
to	TO
individuals	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
loved	VBN
ones	NNS
.	.
MEDA	NNP
also	RB
offers	VBZ
educational	JJ
presentations	NNS
,	,
trainings	NNS
,	,
resources	NNS
and	CC
materials	NNS
for	IN
schools	NNS
,	,
colleges	NNS
,	,
treatment	NN
centers	NNS
,	,
churches	NNS
,	,
synagogues	NNS
and	CC
community	NN
organizations	NNS
.	.
MEDA	NNP
maintains	VBZ
a	DT
referral	NN
network	NN
of	IN
professional	JJ
members	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
New	NNP
England	NNP
area	NN
and	CC
offers	VBZ
a	DT
National	NNP
Conference	NNP
.	.
Check	VB
out	RP
our	PRP$
website	NN
for	IN
up-to-date	JJ
information	NN
regarding	VBG
our	PRP$
services	NNS
and	CC
events	NNS
.	.
ALUBA	NNP
:	:
was	VBD
created	VBN
16	CD
years	NNS
ago	RB
and	CC
has	VBZ
a	DT
transdisciplinary	JJ
approach	NN
centered	VBD
in	IN
self-help	NN
and	CC
organized	VBN
as	IN
day	NN
hospital	NN
,	,
external	JJ
groups	NNS
and	CC
consultations	NNS
,	,
with	IN
special	JJ
groups	NNS
for	IN
associated	VBN
disorders	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
branches	NNS
in	IN
Argentina	NNP
,	,
Uruguay	NNP
and	CC
Spain	NNP
.	.
The	DT
main	JJ
goals	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
:	:
Inform	VB
on	IN
the	DT
characteristics	NNS
and	CC
scope	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
generate	VB
social	JJ
awareness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
.	.
Develop	VB
Primary	JJ
Prevention	NNP
activities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
contribute	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
early	JJ
detection	NN
of	IN
these	DT
disorders	NNS
.	.
Offer	NN
a	DT
complete	JJ
and	CC
accurate	JJ
diagnosis	NN
of	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
and	CC
family	NN
pathology	NN
.	.
Incorporate	VB
the	DT
patient	NN
and	CC
his\/her	NN
family	NN
into	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
stabilize	VB
the	DT
factors	NNS
that	WDT
cause	VBP
cyclic	JJ
relapses	NNS
.	.
Support	NN
the	DT
self-help	JJ
groups	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
recovery	NN
process	NN
of	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
,	,
and	CC
organize	VB
through	IN
those	DT
groups	NNS
the	DT
social	JJ
reinsertion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
recovered	VBN
patient	NN
.	.
Provide	VB
information	NN
and	CC
advice	NN
to	TO
families	NNS
and	CC
health	NN
professionals	NNS
engaged	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
assistance	NN
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
Explore	VB
these	DT
disorders	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
increase	VB
the	DT
therapeutic	JJ
efficiency	NN
.	.
Train	NN
health	NN
professionals	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
Educate	VB
youths	NNS
without	IN
addictions	NNS
.	.
Individual	NNP
,	,
family	NN
,	,
and	CC
couples	NNS
counseling	NN
,	,
group	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
support	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
outpatient	NN
,	,
training	NN
and	CC
supervision	NN
,	,
and	CC
community	NN
outreach	NN
.	.
We	PRP
treat	VBP
all	DT
forms	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
;	:
females	NNS
and	CC
males	NNS
,	,
children	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
.	.
Caring	JJ
4	CD
Youth	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
independent	JJ
education	NN
and	CC
family	NN
counseling	NN
service	NN
which	WDT
provides	VBZ
assistance	NN
to	TO
families	NNS
and	CC
teens	NNS
in	IN
need	NN
of	IN
a	DT
specialty	NN
school	NN
or	CC
program	NN
.	.
We	PRP
work	VBP
for	IN
you	PRP
!	.
Our	PRP$
highly	RB
trained	VBN
and	CC
experienced	VBN
staff	NN
works	VBZ
for	IN
you	PRP
in	IN
finding	VBG
the	DT
best	JJS
possible	JJ
solution	NN
to	TO
the	DT
issues	NNS
being	VBG
faced	VBN
by	IN
your	PRP$
family	NN
and	CC
your	PRP$
teenager	NN
.	.
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
:	:
Specializing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
.	.
Educational	NNP
Services	NNPS
:	:
Workshops	NNS
and	CC
trainings	NNS
for	IN
schools	NNS
,	,
students	NNS
,	,
parents	NNS
and	CC
communities	NNS
in	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNP
Awareness	NNP
and	CC
Education	NNP
.	.
Non-profit	JJ
agency	NN
established	VBN
in	IN
1983	CD
which	WDT
provides	VBZ
weekly	JJ
support	NN
groups	NNS
for	IN
people	NNS
recovering	VBG
from	IN
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
.	.
Prevention	NNP
and	CC
awareness	NN
programs	NNS
offered	VBD
to	TO
community	NN
.	.
Written	VBN
educational	JJ
materials	NNS
provided	VBN
on	IN
request	NN
.	.
CSAB	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
oldest	JJS
non-profit	JJ
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
clinic	NN
in	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
City	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
treatment	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
patients	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
provide	VBP
a	DT
comprenhensive	JJ
three-year	JJ
training	NN
program	NN
for	IN
professionals	NNS
who	WP
treat	VBP
people	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Treatment	NNP
services	NNS
include	VBP
individual	JJ
and	CC
family	NN
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
short	JJ
and	CC
long	JJ
term	NN
group	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
biweekly	JJ
support	NN
groups	NNS
for	IN
families	NNS
and	CC
friends	NNS
.	.
Christine	NNP
Hartline	NNP
,	,
MA	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
recovering	VBG
anorexic	JJ
and	CC
bulimic	JJ
who	WP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
working	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
treatment	NN
for	IN
over	IN
12	CD
years	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
educating	VBG
others	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
consequences	NNS
,	,
treatment	NN
and	CC
prevention	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
founder	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Referral	NNP
and	CC
Information	NNP
Center	NNP
at	IN
Edreferral.com	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
an	DT
ANAD	NNP
Resource	NNP
person	NN
who	WP
can	MD
help	VB
assist	VB
in	IN
locating	VBG
FREE	JJ
support	NN
groups	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
area	NN
.	.
Christine	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
advocate	NN
for	IN
mental	JJ
health	NN
parity	NN
and	CC
increasing	VBG
research	NN
to	TO
help	VB
understand	VB
the	DT
etiology	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Eating	NNP
disorders	NNS
are	VBP
complex	JJ
and	CC
involved	JJ
complex	JJ
interactions	NNS
of	IN
psychological	JJ
,	,
biological	JJ
,	,
sociological	JJ
,	,
and	CC
interpersonal	JJ
factors	NNS
and	CC
do	VB
require	VB
professional	JJ
assistance	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
body	NN
hatred	NN
impact	NN
the	DT
lives	NNS
of	IN
millions	NNS
of	IN
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
.	.
Eating	NNP
disorders	NNS
are	VBP
gripping	VBG
and	CC
life-threatening	JJ
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
or	CC
someone	NN
you	PRP
love	VBP
is	VBZ
suffering	VBG
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
please	VB
seek	VB
information	NN
and	CC
assistance	NN
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
and	CC
prevention	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
please	VB
fee	NN
free	JJ
to	TO
contact	VB
Christine	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
International	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Referral	NNP
Center	NNP
.	.
Individual	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
--	:
Assessment	NNP
--	:
Family	NNP
treatment16	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
,	,
listed	VBN
with	IN
ANAD	NNP
and	CC
NEDO	NNP
;	:
team	NN
work	NN
with	IN
physician\/dietitian	JJ
Provide	VB
inservice	NN
education	NN
to	TO
clinics	NNS
,	,
hospitals	NNS
,	,
professional	JJ
organizations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
school	NN
systems	NNS
Guest	NNP
lectures	VBZ
to	TO
graduate	JJ
programs	NNS
in	IN
psychology	NN
and	CC
counseling	NN
.	.
While	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
currently	RB
offer	VB
my	PRP$
services	NNS
to	TO
anyone	NN
in	IN
need	NN
of	IN
dietary	JJ
counseling	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
emphasis	NN
as	IN
a	DT
professional	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
those	DT
who	WP
suffer	VBP
with	IN
some	DT
form	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
and\/or	CC
body	NN
image	NN
disorder	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
out	IN
of	IN
sincere	JJ
concern	NN
and	CC
personal	JJ
interest	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
chose	VBD
to	TO
devote	VB
two	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
to	TO
studying	VBG
the	DT
causes	NNS
and	CC
prevalence	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
among	IN
multi-ethnic	JJ
women	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Hawaii	NNP
.	.
While	IN
researching	VBG
the	DT
various	JJ
treatment	NN
and	CC
support	NN
resources	NNS
available	JJ
for	IN
women	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
came	VBD
into	IN
contact	NN
with	IN
Alice	NNP
Grisham	NNP
,	,
founder	NN
and	CC
co-creator	NN
of	IN
The	DT
EDEN	NNP
Process	NNP
.	.
The	DT
EDEN	NNP
Process	NNP
is	VBZ
both	DT
a	DT
peer-developed	JJ
and	CC
community	NN
based	VBN
recovery	NN
skills	NNS
program	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
or	CC
body	NN
image	NN
disorder	NN
.	.
The	DT
EDEN	NNP
process	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
intended	VBN
to	TO
treat	VB
the	DT
eating	NN
disorder	NN
.	.
Rather	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
to	TO
offer	VB
affordable	JJ
professional	JJ
and	CC
peer	VB
support	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
already	RB
in	IN
their	PRP$
recovery	NN
or	CC
maintenance	NN
phase	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
happy	JJ
to	TO
inform	VB
you	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
the	DT
Certified	NNP
Eden	NNP
Process	NNP
facilitator	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Twin	NNP
Cities	NNPS
area	NN
.	.
The	DT
mission	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Association	NNP
of	IN
WNY	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
educate	VB
and	CC
increase	VB
awareness	NN
about	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
provide	VB
direction	NN
for	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
mission	NN
is	VBZ
accomplished	VBN
by	IN
sponsoring	VBG
support	NN
groups	NNS
for	IN
persons	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
significant	JJ
others	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
,	,
through	IN
educational	JJ
programs	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
professional	JJ
community	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
public	NN
at	IN
large	JJ
,	,
offering	VBG
individual	JJ
case	NN
management	NN
and	CC
consultation	NN
,	,
and	CC
by	IN
acting	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
linkage	NN
agent	NN
between	IN
providers	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
treating	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
for	IN
close	NN
to	TO
20	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
have	VBP
been	VBN
applying	VBG
EMDR	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
treament	NN
for	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
7	CD
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
certified	VBN
in	IN
EMDR	NNP
and	CC
facilitate	VB
the	DT
training	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
clinicians	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
present	JJ
workshops	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
country	NN
.	.
I	PRP
treat	VBP
people	NNS
ages	NNS
15	CD
and	CC
up	RB
for	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
offer	VBP
group	NN
,	,
individual	JJ
,	,
couples	NNS
,	,
and	CC
family	NN
treatment	NN
.	.
The	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNP
Treatment	NNP
and	CC
Prevention	NNP
Group	NNP
of	IN
Manitoba	NNP
offers	VBZ
individual	JJ
treatment	NN
,	,
group	NN
and	CC
family	NN
support	NN
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
also	RB
actively	RB
involved	VBN
in	IN
prevention	NN
programs	NNS
in	IN
Manitoba	NNP
and	CC
offer	VBP
lectures	VBZ
,	,
workshops	NNS
and	CC
seminars	NNS
.	.
An	DT
experienced	JJ
nutrition	NN
therapist	NN
,	,
who	WP
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
helping	VBG
those	DT
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
work	NN
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
helping	VBG
people	NNS
decrease	VBP
their	PRP$
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
symtpoms	NNS
and	CC
thoughts	NNS
and	CC
develop	VB
a	DT
healthy	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
food	NN
.	.
Incorporates	VBZ
nutrition	NN
education	NN
,	,
meal	NN
planning	NN
and	CC
food\/feeling	VBG
journals	NNS
into	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
.	.
Currently	RB
the	DT
Director	NNP
of	IN
Nutrition	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
Renfrew	NNP
Center	NNP
of	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
.	.
Collaboration	NN
with	IN
therapists	NNS
,	,
physicians	NNS
,	,
and	CC
psychiatrists	NNS
when	WRB
necessary	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
lecture	VBP
and	CC
write	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
topics	NNS
of	IN
nutrition	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
relate	VBP
to	TO
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
wellness	NN
,	,
weight	NN
management	NN
and	CC
disease	NN
states	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
LiCavoli	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
founder	NN
and	CC
co-owner	NN
of	IN
Clarus	NNP
Center	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
licensed	JJ
clinical	JJ
psychologist	NN
who	WP
obtained	VBD
her	PRP$
doctorate	NN
from	IN
Northwestern	NNP
University	NNP
Medical	NNP
Graduate	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
Providing	VBG
psychotherapy	NN
for	IN
four	CD
years	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Northwestern	NNP
Memorial	NNP
Hospital	NNP
Campus	NNP
,	,
Dr.	NNP
LiCavoli	NNP
learned	VBD
the	DT
art	NN
and	CC
science	NN
of	IN
engendering	VBG
lasting	JJ
change	NN
via	IN
in-depth	JJ
interpersonal	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
.	.
Interning	VBG
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Chicago	NNP
Hospital	NNP
's	POS
Department	NNP
of	IN
Child	NNP
and	CC
Adolescent	NNP
Psychiatry	NNP
,	,
she	PRP
gained	VBD
insights	NNS
on	IN
emotional	JJ
development	NN
through	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
all	DT
age	NN
groups	NNS
beginning	VBG
with	IN
infants	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
parents	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
Postdoctoral	NNP
Fellow	NNP
,	,
she	PRP
worked	VBD
both	DT
inpatient	JJ
and	CC
outpatient	NN
with	IN
a	DT
multi	JJ
disciplinary	JJ
team	NN
,	,
solidifying	VBG
her	PRP$
specialization	NN
in	IN
treating	VBG
trauma	NN
and	CC
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Seeking	VBG
to	TO
treat	VB
clients	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
relationships	NNS
,	,
Dr.	NNP
LiCavoli	NNP
completed	VBD
an	DT
additional	JJ
year	NN
of	IN
training	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Family	NNP
Institute	NNP
of	IN
Northwestern	NNP
University	NNP
.	.
Presently	RB
,	,
Dr.	NNP
LiCavoli	NNP
works	VBZ
to	TO
bridge	VB
traditional	JJ
and	CC
alternative	JJ
treatments	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
more	RBR
complete	JJ
mind	NN
,	,
body	NN
,	,
spirit	NN
approach	NN
to	TO
health	NN
.	.
She	PRP
provides	VBZ
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
psychotherapy	NN
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
presenting	VBG
concerns	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
LiCavoli	NNP
provides	VBZ
community	NN
and	CC
professional	JJ
education	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
published	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
integrated	VBN
treatment	NN
and	CC
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
certified	VBN
in	IN
Eye-Movement	NNP
Desensitization	NNP
and	CC
Reprocessing	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
EMDR	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
psychotherapy	NN
to	TO
adults	NNS
and	CC
adolescents	NNS
who	WP
need	VBP
help	NN
with	IN
eating	VBG
problems	NNS
,	,
relationships	NNS
and	CC
career	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
write	VB
and	CC
present	VB
seminars	NNS
on	IN
these	DT
topics	NNS
and	CC
have	VB
appeared	VBN
on	IN
national	JJ
TV	NN
programs	NNS
as	IN
an	DT
expert	NN
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
currently	RB
affiliated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
Center	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Study	NN
of	IN
Anorexia	NNP
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
.	.
Formerly	RB
,	,
Director	NNP
of	IN
Admissions	NNPS
,	,
Renfrew	NNP
Center	NNP
of	IN
NY	NNP
.	.
Licensed	VBN
Psychologist	NNP
Psychotherapy	NNP
,	,
educational	JJ
workshops	NNS
,	,
and	CC
consultation	NN
with	IN
individuals	NNS
,	,
families	NNS
or	CC
groups	NNS
desiring	VBG
more	JJR
information	NN
or	CC
treatment	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
also	RB
a	DT
professor	NN
and	CC
conduct	NN
research	NN
on	IN
this	DT
and	CC
related	VBN
topics	NNS
.	.
MBS	NNP
Health	NNP
Organization	NNP
offers	VBZ
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
including	VBG
individual	JJ
,	,
family	NN
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
;	:
meal	NN
facilitation	NN
;	:
educational	JJ
presentations	NNS
and	CC
program	NN
implementation	NN
within	IN
schools	NNS
.	.
Mind	NN
,	,
Body	NNP
,	,
Spirit	NNP
Health	NNP
Organization	NNP
is	VBZ
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
highest	JJS
standards	NNS
of	IN
care	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
committed	VBN
to	TO
providing	VBG
support	NN
and	CC
assistance	NN
to	TO
those	DT
suffering	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
NEDIC	NNP
provides	VBZ
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
resources	NNS
on	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
&	CC
weight	NN
preoccupation	NN
including	VBG
a	DT
Canadian-wide	JJ
listing	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
services	NNS
.	.
Information	NN
,	,
referral	NN
and	CC
education	NN
services	NNS
are	VBP
provided	VBN
to	TO
individuals	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
families	NNS
,	,
friends	NNS
,	,
health	NN
care	NN
practitioners	NNS
and	CC
teachers	NNS
.	.
Individual	JJ
nutrition	NN
counseling	NN
sessions	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
practice	NN
office	NN
setting	VBG
.	.
Specialized	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
meal	NN
and	CC
femal	NN
,	,
adolescent	JJ
and	CC
adult	JJ
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
including	VBG
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
nervosa	NN
and	CC
binge	NN
eating	NN
disorder	NN
.	.
Provide	VB
public	JJ
speaking	NN
and	CC
nutrition	NN
education	NN
to	TO
elemenatry	JJ
and	CC
high	JJ
schools	NNS
,	,
universities	NNS
,	,
support	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
sports	NNS
teams	NNS
,	,
medical	JJ
professionals	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
Utilized	VBN
the	DT
cognitive	JJ
behavioral	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
the	DT
recovery	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
with	IN
11	CD
years	NNS
experince	NN
treating	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
I	PRP
focus	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
normalized	JJ
eating	NN
by	IN
making	VBG
tolerable	JJ
and	CC
healthy	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
one	CD
's	POS
diet	NN
.	.
I	PRP
teach	VBP
behavioral	JJ
strategies	NNS
and	CC
stress	NN
reduction	NN
techniques	NNS
for	IN
managing	VBG
difficult	JJ
emotional	JJ
moments	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
lecture	VBP
and	CC
write	VBP
on	IN
topics	NNS
of	IN
nutrition	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
relate	VBP
to	TO
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
wellness	NN
,	,
weight	NN
management	NN
and	CC
sports	NNS
nutrition	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
also	RB
a	DT
consultant	NN
to	TO
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
in-patient	JJ
and	CC
out-patient	JJ
treatment	NN
facilities	NNS
while	IN
maintaining	VBG
a	DT
private	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
Southern	NNP
Crescent	NNP
Health	NNP
Resources	NNPS
is	VBZ
an	DT
organization	NN
of	IN
experienced	JJ
treatment	NN
professionals	NNS
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
providing	VBG
treatment	NN
,	,
education	NN
,	,
and	CC
prevention	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
alcohol	NN
and	CC
drug	NN
abuse	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
other	JJ
``	``
Living	VBG
''	''
problems	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
our	PRP$
mission	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
quality	NN
,	,
cost	NN
effective	JJ
services	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
identified	VBN
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
community	NN
,	,
local	JJ
organizations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
individual	NN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
committed	VBN
to	TO
providing	VBG
these	DT
services	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
atmosphere	NN
of	IN
trust	NN
,	,
honesty	NN
,	,
responsibility	NN
and	CC
respect	NN
.	.
The	DT
Bellott	NNP
Clinic	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
501	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
3	CD
non-profit	JJ
organization	NN
that	WDT
offers	VBZ
a	DT
safe	JJ
,	,
therapeutic	JJ
,	,
residential	JJ
setting	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
recovery	NN
of	IN
individuals	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
anorexia	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
nervosa	NN
.	.
Individuals	NNS
are	VBP
provided	VBN
personalized	VBN
24-hour	JJ
residential	JJ
care	NN
and	CC
mental	JJ
health	NN
services	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
premise	NN
that	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
victim	NN
can	MD
be	VB
fully	RB
recovered	VBN
,	,
not	RB
always	RB
``	``
recovering	VBG
''	''
.	.
The	DT
Clinic	NNP
helps	VBZ
to	TO
facilitate	VB
re-integration	NN
of	IN
individuals	NNS
back	RB
into	IN
the	DT
community	NN
,	,
and	CC
encourages	VBZ
their	PRP$
potential	JJ
to	TO
become	VB
productive	JJ
members	NNS
of	IN
society	NN
.	.
The	DT
Clinic	NNP
also	RB
provides	VBZ
community	NN
education	NN
in	IN
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
create	VB
public	JJ
awareness	NN
about	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
in	IN
general	JJ
.	.
Psychothrapy	NNP
,	,
Biofeedback	NNP
treatment	NN
and	CC
Medical	JJ
Hypnosis	NN
by	IN
Pantazis	NNP
Iordanidis	NNP
,	,
Psychiatrist-Psychotherapist	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
psychological	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
headaches	NNS
,	,
sexual	JJ
disorders	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
premature	JJ
ejaculation	NN
and	CC
erectile	JJ
dysfunction	NN
for	IN
men	NNS
and	CC
anorgasmia	NN
for	IN
women	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
pathological	JJ
gambling	NN
,	,
smoking	NN
,	,
obsessive	JJ
compulsive	JJ
disoder	NN
,	,
psychosomatic	JJ
disorders	NNS
,	,
psychological	JJ
problems	NNS
of	IN
heart	NN
disease	NN
,	,
cancer	NN
and	CC
chronic	JJ
diseases	NNS
,	,
couples	NNS
relations	NNS
.	.
Certified	JJ
mental	JJ
health	NN
counselor	NN
and	CC
certified	VBD
hypnotherapist	NN
Mental	NNP
health	NN
treatment	NN
for	IN
binge	NN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
management	NN
.	.
Specializes	NNS
in	IN
treatment	NN
for	IN
binge	NN
eating	NN
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
.	.
Also	RB
see	VB
clients	NNS
with	IN
depression	NN
,	,
bipolar	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
private	JJ
practitioner	NN
with	IN
over	IN
10	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
,	,
Depression	NNP
,	,
Anxiety	NN
Spectrum	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
and	CC
PTSD	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
use	VBP
EMDR	NNP
,	,
hypnosis	NN
,	,
Reiki	NNP
energy	NN
healing	NN
and	CC
guided	VBD
imagery	NN
in	IN
treatment	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
teaching	NN
empowerment	NN
skills	NNS
ot	VBP
help	NN
maintain	VB
gains	NNS
made	VBN
in	IN
therapy	NN
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
group	NN
therapy	NN
and	CC
family\/marital	JJ
counseling	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
appropriate	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
with	IN
all	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
cases	NNS
.	.
Individual	JJ
clinical	JJ
counselling	NN
services	NNS
using	VBG
evidence	NN
based	VBN
treatment	NN
options	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
overcome	VB
ED	NNP
.	.
Initial	JJ
session	NN
is	VBZ
free	JJ
and	CC
fees	NNS
are	VBP
charged	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
sliding	VBG
scale	NN
.	.
Call	VB
today	NN
to	TO
get	VB
the	DT
help	NN
you	PRP
need	VBP
.	.
Mark	NNP
Giesbrecht	NNP
has	VBZ
worked	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
feld	NN
of	IN
problem	NN
eating	VBG
since	IN
1997	CD
.	.
He	PRP
uses	VBZ
evidence	NN
based	VBN
counselling	NN
practices	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
change	VB
your	PRP$
relationship	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
Initial	JJ
session	NN
is	VBZ
free	JJ
and	CC
fees	NNS
are	VBP
charged	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
sliding	VBG
scale	NN
.	.
Primarily	RB
work	NN
with	IN
athletes	NNS
and	CC
performing	VBG
artists	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
ages	NNS
,	,
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
,	,
who	WP
struggle	VBP
with	IN
negative	JJ
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
ritual	NN
routines	NNS
,	,
obsessive	JJ
thoughts	NNS
...	:
EMDR	NNP
level	NN
2	CD
...	:
biofeedback	NN
,	,
CBT	NNP
,	,
trauma	NN
and	CC
critical	JJ
incident	NN
trained	VBN
...	:
Individual	NN
,	,
couple	NN
and	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
...	:
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
mind	NN
-	:
body	NN
oriented	VBN
psychotherapist	NN
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
for	IN
over	IN
20	CD
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
children	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
,	,
using	VBG
a	DT
psychodynamic	JJ
approach	NN
with	IN
EMDR	NNP
and	CC
Somatic	NNP
Experiencing	NNP
.	.
Specialties	NNS
include	VBP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
,	,
Depression	NNP
,	,
Anxiety	NN
and	CC
Trauma	NNP
Recovery	NNP
.	.
Aegis	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
multi-disciplinary	JJ
,	,
therapeutic	JJ
community	NN
of	IN
psychologists	NNS
&	CC
counselors	NNS
in	IN
Victoria	NNP
,	,
BC	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
assessments	NNS
,	,
consultation	NN
,	,
therapy	NN
,	,
therapeutic	JJ
products	NNS
&	CC
training	NN
to	TO
individuals	NNS
and	CC
companies	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
specialize	VBP
in	IN
anger	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
pain	NN
,	,
performance	NN
enhancement	NN
,	,
relationship	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
stress	NN
.	.
Treatments	NNS
include	VBP
cognitive	JJ
behavioral	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
EMDR	NNP
and	CC
neurofeedback	NN
.	.
Certified	NNP
Counseling	NN
Hypnotherapist	NNP
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
Certified	NNP
Counseling	NN
Hypnotherapist	NNP
who	WP
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
depression	NN
and	CC
habit	NN
control	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
developed	VBN
a	DT
program	NN
through	IN
years	NNS
of	IN
practice	NN
that	IN
enables	VBZ
one	CD
to	TO
make	VB
personal	JJ
changes	NNS
from	IN
within	IN
,	,
beginning	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
subconscious	NN
.	.
Changes	NNS
that	WDT
come	VBP
from	IN
within	IN
are	VBP
the	DT
only	JJ
kind	NN
that	WDT
feel	VBP
natural	JJ
;	:
and	CC
the	DT
only	JJ
kind	NN
that	WDT
really	RB
last	JJ
.	.
Integrative	NNP
Massage	NNP
Therapy	NNP
combines	VBZ
bodywork	NN
,	,
hypnotherapy	NN
,	,
psychotherapy	NN
and	CC
Stress	NN
Management	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
especially	RB
efficient	JJ
with	IN
stress-related	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
eating-disorders	NNS
,	,
and	CC
working	VBG
through	IN
history	NN
of	IN
abuse	NN
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
offer	VBP
Hypnotherapy	NNP
and	CC
Stress	NN
Management	NN
.	.
Sessions	NNP
held	VBD
in	IN
London	NNP
and	CC
St.	NNP
Albans	NNP
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Gold	NNP
offers	VBZ
an	DT
innovative	JJ
and	CC
creative	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
working	VBG
with	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
struggle	VBP
with	IN
food	NN
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
and	CC
weight	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
Integrating	VBG
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
clinical	JJ
hypnosis	NN
,	,
and	CC
EMDR	NNP
,	,
she	PRP
is	VBZ
able	JJ
to	TO
customize	VB
her	PRP$
treatment	NN
approach	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
individual	NN
.	.
She	PRP
offers	VBZ
individual	JJ
,	,
group	NN
,	,
couples	NNS
,	,
and	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
private	JJ
practice	NN
conveniently	RB
located	VBN
about	IN
1	CD
mile	NN
from	IN
the	DT
St.	NNP
Davids\/Villanova	NNP
exit	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Blue	NNP
Route	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
476	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
My	PRP$
practice	NN
includes	VBZ
treatment	NN
of	IN
individuals	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
PTSD	NNP
,	,
women	NNS
's	POS
issues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
issues	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
childhood	NN
abuse	NN
.	.
Because	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
committed	VBN
to	TO
healing	VBG
the	DT
mind	NN
,	,
body	NN
,	,
and	CC
spirit	NN
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
sensitive	JJ
to	TO
spiritual	JJ
concerns	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
had	VBN
specialized	VBN
training	NN
in	IN
EMDR	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Eye	NNP
Movement	NNP
Desensitization	NNP
and	CC
Reprocessing	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
hypnotherapy	NN
.	.
Both	DT
of	IN
these	DT
techniques	NNS
are	VBP
useful	JJ
in	IN
treating	VBG
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
problems	NNS
including	VBG
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
in	IN
treating	VBG
anxiety	NN
and	CC
trauma	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
over	IN
25	CD
years	NNS
experience	NN
as	IN
a	DT
clinician	NN
in	IN
the	DT
mental	JJ
health	NN
field	NN
.	.
Individual	NNP
,	,
family	NN
,	,
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
offered	VBD
.	.
Individual	NNP
and	CC
family	NN
counseling	NN
in	IN
treatment	NN
of	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
binge	NN
eating	NN
disorder	NN
,	,
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
post	NN
operative	JJ
by-pass	NN
surgery	NN
and	CC
trauma	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
EMDR	NNP
practictioner	NN
.	.
Licensed	VBN
Psychologist	NN
I	PRP
provide	VBP
individual	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
in	IN
a	DT
supportive	JJ
and	CC
confidential	JJ
environment	NN
for	IN
adults	NNS
and	CC
adolescents	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
difficulties	NNS
with	IN
eating	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
approach	NN
combines	VBZ
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
and	CC
psychodynamic	JJ
approaches	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
have	VBP
skills	NNS
in	IN
EMDR	NNP
and	CC
hypnosis	NN
.	.
All	DT
Blue	NNP
Cross	NNP
insurances	NNS
are	VBP
accepted	VBN
.	.
Other	JJ
insurances	NNS
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
possible	JJ
.	.
Integrative	JJ
treatment	NN
approach	NN
using	VBG
bio-neuro-behavioral	JJ
programs	NNS
.	.
Incorporate	VB
all	DT
aspects	NNS
of	IN
self	NN
:	:
physical	JJ
,	,
mental	JJ
,	,
emotional	JJ
,	,
and	CC
spiritual	NN
.	.
Website	NNP
has	VBZ
downloads	NNS
of	IN
information	NN
for	IN
less	JJR
than	IN
$	$
10	CD
.	.
Individual	JJ
consulting	NN
services	NNS
also	RB
available	JJ
by	IN
licensed	JJ
therapist	NN
and	CC
personal	JJ
trainer	NN
with	IN
both	DT
personal	JJ
and	CC
professional	JJ
experience	NN
in	IN
all	DT
aspects	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Serving	VBG
individuals	NNS
and	CC
couples	NNS
...	:
12	CD
years	NNS
clinical	JJ
experience	NN
treating	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
other	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
substance	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
codependency	NN
,	,
trauma	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
childhood	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
...	:
utilizing	VBG
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
approaches	NNS
to	TO
healing	NN
including	VBG
psychodynamic	JJ
,	,
cognitive\/behavioral	JJ
,	,
12-step	JJ
philosophy	NN
and	CC
spirituality	NN
...	:
level	NN
2	CD
trained	VBN
EMDR	NNP
therapist	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
created	VBN
a	DT
personalized	VBN
hypnotic	JJ
program	NN
that	WDT
emphasises	VBZ
developing	VBG
and	CC
maintaining	VBG
a	DT
healthy	JJ
life	NN
style	NN
includeing	VBG
defining	NN
and	CC
setting	VBG
goals	NNS
,	,
healthy	JJ
eating	NN
habits	NNS
and	CC
healthy	JJ
exercise	NN
habits	NNS
.	.
Moving	VBG
from	IN
a	DT
career	NN
in	IN
the	DT
performing	VBG
arts	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
career	NN
as	IN
a	DT
psychologist	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
ISPP\/Chicago	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
I	PRP
received	VBD
training	NN
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Chicago	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Adult	NNP
Neuropsychology	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
in	IN
community	NN
mental	JJ
health	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Niles	NNP
Family	NNP
Service	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
My	PRP$
clinical	JJ
internship	NN
was	VBD
completed	VBN
at	IN
Linden	NNP
Oaks	NNP
Hospital	NNP
in	IN
Naperville	NNP
,	,
Il	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
worked	VBD
intensively	RB
there	RB
both	DT
with	IN
inpatients	NNS
and	CC
partial	JJ
hospitalization	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
treating	VBG
bipolar	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
psychosis	NN
,	,
personality	NN
disorders	NNS
,	,
and	CC
relational	JJ
issues	NNS
in	IN
children	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
adults	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
had	VBD
the	DT
privilege	NN
of	IN
working	VBG
intensively	RB
with	IN
the	DT
psychiatrists	NNS
,	,
staff	NN
,	,
and	CC
patients	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Program	NNP
.	.
The	DT
challenges	NNS
of	IN
conquering	VBG
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
are	VBP
great	JJ
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
often	RB
demands	VBZ
a	DT
team	NN
effort	NN
.	.
The	DT
most	RBS
effective	JJ
treatment	NN
requires	VBZ
the	DT
active	JJ
participation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
client	NN
with	IN
the	DT
added	JJ
support	NN
and	CC
structure	NN
that	IN
a	DT
therapist	NN
,	,
dietician	NN
,	,
and	CC
psychiatrist	NN
can	MD
contribute	VB
.	.
Eating	NNP
disorders	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
necessarily	RB
about	IN
the	DT
food	NN
so	RB
much	RB
as	IN
being	VBG
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
breakdown	NN
in	IN
communication	NN
and\/or	CC
the	DT
avoidance	NN
of	IN
problematic	JJ
feelings	NNS
.	.
For	IN
this	DT
reason	NN
,	,
I	PRP
like	VBP
to	TO
work	VB
both	DT
individually	RB
and	CC
in	IN
the	DT
family	NN
context	NN
whenever	WRB
possible	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
also	RB
an	DT
EMDR	NNP
provider	NN
,	,
and	CC
teach	VB
affect	VB
management	NN
skills	NNS
as	IN
needed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
work	NN
.	.
I	PRP
strive	VBP
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
partnership	NN
that	WDT
suits	VBZ
the	DT
unique	JJ
and	CC
always	RB
evolving	VBG
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
client	NN
.	.
Clinical	JJ
Hypnotherapist	NNP
\/	NNP
Certified	NNP
Personal	NNP
TrainerI	NNP
have	VBP
worked	VBN
with	IN
women	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
compulsive	JJ
over	IN
eating	NN
,	,
and	CC
negative	JJ
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
five	CD
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
use	VBP
a	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
guided	VBN
imagery	NN
and	CC
counseling	NN
,	,
which	WDT
has	VBZ
proven	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
gentle	JJ
and	CC
effective	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
healing	VBG
these	DT
issues	NNS
.	.
Neurofeedback	NNP
and	CC
Biofeedback	NNP
--	:
Dedicated	VBN
to	TO
improving	VBG
your	PRP$
physical	JJ
and	CC
mental	JJ
health	NN
and	CC
enhancing	VBG
your	PRP$
performance	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
training	NN
Procedures	NNS
are	VBP
drug-free	JJ
,	,
painless	JJ
and	CC
often	RB
effective	JJ
when	WRB
other	JJ
measures	NNS
fail	VBP
.	.
This	DT
exciting	JJ
new	JJ
technology	NN
uses	VBZ
the	DT
brains	NNS
own	VBP
electrical	JJ
signals	NNS
to	TO
modify	VB
the	DT
thought	NN
process	NN
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
long	RB
been	VBN
known	VBN
that	IN
under	IN
stress	NN
or	CC
anxiety	NN
,	,
or	CC
many	JJ
other	JJ
emotional	JJ
states	NNS
,	,
the	DT
character	NN
of	IN
the	DT
brainwave	NN
patterns	NNS
change	VBP
.	.
By	IN
monitoring	VBG
these	DT
changes	NNS
and	CC
giving	VBG
positive	JJ
or	CC
inhibitory	JJ
reinforcement	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
by	IN
sounds	NNS
and	CC
pictures	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
subject	NN
can	MD
learn	VB
to	TO
actually	RB
alter	VB
the	DT
way	NN
their	PRP$
brain	NN
works	VBZ
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
brain	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
electro-chemical	JJ
organ	NN
,	,
neuro	NN
feedback	NN
effects	NNS
the	DT
chemistry	NN
of	IN
the	DT
body	NN
.	.
Without	IN
drugs	NNS
.	.
Nationally	RB
Certified	NNP
Counselor	NNP
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
therapist	NN
providing	VBG
comprehensive	JJ
treatment	NN
for	IN
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
Treatment	NNP
is	VBZ
tailored	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
individual	JJ
including	VBG
EMDR	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
prode	VBP
a	DT
sliding	VBG
scale	NN
when	WRB
needed	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
a	DT
private	JJ
clinical	JJ
psychological	JJ
service	NN
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
the	DT
assessment	NN
,	,
diagnosis	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
in	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
.	.
Treatment	NNP
modalities	NNS
include	VBP
supportive	JJ
and	CC
insight-oriented	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
CBT	NNP
,	,
hypnosis	NN
,	,
and	CC
biofeedback	NN
.	.
Involvement	NN
of	IN
significant	JJ
others	NNS
and	CC
liaison	NN
with	IN
other	JJ
treating	VBG
professionals	NNS
also	RB
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
.	.
We	PRP
run	VBP
a	DT
Hypnotherapy	NNP
Clinic	NNP
and	CC
Mind	NNP
Power	NNP
Seminars	NNPS
.	.
We	PRP
specialise	VBP
in	IN
depression	NN
-	:
anxiety	NN
-	:
phobias	NNS
and	CC
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Plus	CC
many	JJ
other	JJ
disorders	NNS
as	IN
can	MD
be	VB
seen	VBN
by	IN
our	PRP$
Web	NNP
Site	NNP
.	.
Our	PRP$
unique	JJ
MindFrame	NNP
Technique	NNP
is	VBZ
very	RB
powerful	JJ
and	CC
effects	NNS
a	DT
permanent	JJ
,	,
natural	JJ
cure	NN
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
Individual	JJ
and	CC
Family	NNP
counseling	NN
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
experiencing	VBG
depression	NN
,	,
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
anorexia	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
problems	NNS
with	IN
self-esteem	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
.	.
All	DT
counseling	NN
sessions	NNS
are	VBP
held	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
home	NN
of	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
convenience	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
for	IN
the	DT
immediate	JJ
benefit	NN
of	IN
quickly	RB
establishing	VBG
rapport	NN
.	.
Counseling	NN
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
through	IN
cognitive	JJ
behavioral	JJ
,	,
experiential	JJ
,	,
and	CC
family	NN
systems	NNS
modalities	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
individuals	NNS
on	IN
developing	VBG
self-confidence	NN
,	,
improving	VBG
body	NN
image	NN
and	CC
experiencing	VBG
self-worth	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
approach	NN
is	VBZ
warm	JJ
and	CC
caring	NN
,	,
yet	RB
simple	JJ
and	CC
clear-cut	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
therapy	NN
for	IN
children	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
range	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
depression	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
mental	JJ
health	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
use	VBP
a	DT
cognitive	JJ
behavioral	JJ
approach	NN
,	,
relaxation	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
psychodynamic	JJ
therapy	NN
and	CC
christian	JJ
counseling	NN
if	IN
desired	VBN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Genie	NNP
Burnett	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
licensed	JJ
clinical	JJ
psychologist	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
speciliazed	VBN
in	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
provided	VBN
such	JJ
therapy	NN
with	IN
children	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
their	PRP$
families	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
co-leads	VBZ
a	DT
psychotherapy	NN
process	NN
group	NN
with	IN
Leslie	NNP
Cox	NNP
,	,
dietician	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Lawrenceville	NNP
area	NN
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
are	VBP
planning	VBG
on	IN
starting	VBG
another	DT
process	NN
group	NN
for	IN
adults	NNS
in	IN
January	NNP
2006	CD
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
able	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
Christian	JJ
counseling	NN
to	TO
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
seeking	VBG
such	JJ
counseling	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Tharp	NNP
is	VBZ
Board	NNP
Certified	NNP
in	IN
Psychiatry	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
received	VBD
his	PRP$
M.D.	NNP
from	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Rochester	NNP
School	NNP
of	IN
Medicine	NNP
and	CC
did	VBD
his	PRP$
internship	NN
and	CC
psychiatric	JJ
residency	NN
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Viginia	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
completed	VBD
a	DT
fellowship	NN
in	IN
child\/adolescent	JJ
psychiatry	NN
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Cincinatti	NNP
College	NNP
of	IN
Medicine	NNP
and	CC
received	VBD
his	PRP$
M.	NNP
Div	NNP
.	.
degree	NN
from	IN
Ashland	NNP
Theological	NNP
Seminary	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
has	VBZ
previously	RB
been	VBN
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
in	IN
Ohio	NNP
,	,
worked	VBD
in	IN
a	DT
large	JJ
multi-specialty	JJ
medical	JJ
group	NN
,	,
and	CC
was	VBD
staff	NN
psychiatrist	NN
for	IN
six	CD
years	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
Remuda	NNP
Ranch	NNP
Center	NNP
for	IN
Anorexia	NNP
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
in	IN
Wickenburg	NNP
,	,
Arizona	NNP
,	,
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
foremost	JJ
treatment	NN
programs	NNS
for	IN
women	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Available	JJ
services	NNS
include	VBP
psychiatric	JJ
evaluations	NNS
,	,
medication	NN
management	NN
,	,
individual\/group\/marital	JJ
and	CC
family	NN
counseling	NN
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
personal	JJ
life	NN
coaching	NN
.	.
The	DT
integration	NN
of	IN
Christian	NNP
principles	NNS
and	CC
spiritual	JJ
growth	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
for	IN
those	DT
interested	JJ
in	IN
all	DT
aspects	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
treatment	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Tharp	NNP
treats	VBZ
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
problems	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
anxiety	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
anorexia\/bulimia\/compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
,	,
obsessive-compulsive	JJ
disorders	NNS
,	,
ADHD	NNP
,	,
substance	NN
abuse	NN
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
behaviors	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
ual	JJ
addiction	NN
,	,
bipolar	JJ
disorders	NNS
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
general	JJ
relationship	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
In	IN
personal	JJ
life	NN
coaching	NN
,	,
issues	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
life	NN
transitions	NNS
,	,
personal	JJ
relationships	NNS
,	,
balancing	VBG
one	CD
's	POS
work	NN
and	CC
personal	JJ
life	NN
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
spiritual	JJ
struggles	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
addressed	VBN
.	.
Please	VB
visit	VB
our	PRP$
website	NN
for	IN
further	JJ
information	NN
regarding	VBG
our	PRP$
practice	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
philosophy	NN
.	.
We	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
individuals	NNS
,	,
couples	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
systems	NNS
based	VBN
model	NN
.	.
Much	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
work	NN
we	PRP
do	VBP
centers	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
belief	NN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
treated	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
family	NN
problem	NN
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
family	NN
system	NN
is	VBZ
stronger	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
when	WRB
it	PRP
works	VBZ
together	RB
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
idea	NN
that	IN
``	``
We	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
humans	NNS
having	VBG
a	DT
spiritual	JJ
experience	NN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
spiritual	JJ
beings	NNS
having	VBG
a	DT
human	JJ
experience	NN
.	.
''	''
,	,
Rev.	NNP
Zirin	NNP
takes	VBZ
a	DT
spiritual	JJ
approach	NN
with	IN
people	NNS
dealing	VBG
with	IN
EDs	NNS
and	CC
believes	VBZ
that	IN
self-awareness	NN
and	CC
self-forgiveness	JJ
rather	RB
then	RB
food	NN
are	VBP
at	IN
the	DT
core	NN
of	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
EDs	NNP
.	.
Through	IN
techniques	NNS
and	CC
modalities	NNS
she	PRP
has	VBZ
developed	VBN
in	IN
curing	VBG
herself	PRP
of	IN
a	DT
lifetime	NN
of	IN
struggling	VBG
with	IN
EDs	NNS
,	,
she	PRP
is	VBZ
able	JJ
to	TO
assist	VB
others	NNS
in	IN
freeing	VBG
themselves	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
self	NN
destructive	JJ
behaviors	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
EDs	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
self-destructive	JJ
obsessive-compulsive	JJ
behaviors	NNS
.	.
``	``
If	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
this	DT
,	,
anyone	NN
can	MD
because	RB
my	PRP$
history	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
childhood	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
darkest	JJS
imaginable	JJ
.	.
The	DT
story	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
childhood	NN
rivals	NNS
that	IN
of	IN
Dave	NNP
Peltzer	NNP
,	,
the	DT
author	NN
of	IN
A	DT
CHILD	NNP
CALLED	VBD
IT	PRP
''	''
There	EX
are	VBP
very	RB
few	JJ
things	NNS
that	WDT
anyone	NN
can	MD
tell	VB
me	PRP
are	VBP
reasons	NNS
for	IN
them	PRP
to	TO
continue	VB
abusing	VBG
themselves	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
not	RB
lived	VBN
--	:
very	RB
few	JJ
.	.
And	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
because	IN
of	IN
this	DT
I	PRP
say	VBP
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
to	TO
walk	VB
away	RB
from	IN
the	DT
grips	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
horrendously	RB
overpowering	JJ
disorder	NN
and	CC
all	PDT
the	DT
interrelated	JJ
disorders	NNS
associated	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
family	NN
of	IN
disorders	NNS
called	VBN
EDs	NNP
.	.
Underlying	VBG
all	DT
of	IN
these	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
problem	NN
and	CC
that	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
disconnection	NN
from	IN
the	DT
self	NN
,	,
a	DT
separation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
self	NN
and	CC
disempowerment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
self	NN
which	WDT
must	MD
be	VB
healed	VBN
through	IN
deep	JJ
inner	JJ
work	NN
,	,
that	WDT
can	MD
only	RB
be	VB
done	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
conscious	JJ
way	NN
.	.
The	DT
journey	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
going	VBG
inward	JJ
and	CC
Rev.	NNP
Zirin	NNP
not	RB
only	RB
knows	VBZ
the	DT
way	NN
,	,
she	PRP
also	RB
can	MD
show	VB
others	NNS
the	DT
way	NN
in	IN
and	CC
can	MD
guide	VB
and	CC
course	NN
correct	VBP
them	PRP
to	TO
their	PRP$
goal	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
and	CC
peace	NN
.	.
``	``
The	DT
path	NN
may	MD
be	VB
littered	VBN
with	IN
challenges	NNS
but	CC
none	NN
are	VBP
as	IN
frightening	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
option	NN
of	IN
staying	VBG
stuck	VBN
with	IN
ED	NNP
.	.
''	''
``	``
I	PRP
bring	VBP
unconditional	JJ
loving	JJ
and	CC
straight	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
hip	NN
talk	NN
to	TO
each	DT
and	CC
every	DT
client	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
know	VB
any	DT
other	JJ
way	NN
.	.
I	PRP
consider	VBP
it	PRP
a	DT
blessing	NN
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
mentor	NN
each	DT
and	CC
every	DT
person	NN
who	WP
comes	VBZ
to	TO
me	PRP
and	CC
in	IN
turn	NN
I	PRP
look	VBP
for	IN
honesty	NN
and	CC
clarity	NN
of	IN
intention	NN
from	IN
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
.	.
''	''
We	PRP
provide	VBP
experienced	JJ
,	,
comprehensive	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
children	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
,	,
families	NNS
,	,
couples	NNS
and	CC
individuals	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
specialties	NNS
include	VBP
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
post-traumatic	JJ
stress	NN
disorder	NN
,	,
trauma\/abuse	NN
,	,
grief	NN
,	,
substance	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
adolescent\/teen	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
family	NN
relationship	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
parenting	NN
support	NN
and	CC
others	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
a	DT
professional	JJ
,	,
confidential	JJ
and	CC
comfortable	JJ
counseling	NN
experience	NN
,	,
with	IN
flexible	JJ
hours	NNS
and	CC
individualized	JJ
treatment	NN
based	VBN
upon	IN
the	DT
specific	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
clients	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
insurance	NN
accepted	VBN
.	.
Fees	NNS
based	VBN
upon	IN
a	DT
sliding-fee	JJ
scale	NN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
conveniently	RB
located	VBN
in	IN
North	NNP
Scottsdale	NNP
on	IN
Frank	NNP
Lloyd	NNP
Wright	NNP
near	IN
the	DT
Loop	NNP
101	CD
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
on	IN
our	PRP$
services	NNS
,	,
our	PRP$
therapists	NNS
,	,
community	NN
events	NNS
,	,
resources	NNS
and	CC
our	PRP$
location	NN
,	,
please	VB
visit	NN
our	PRP$
website	NN
at	IN
www.mmcounseling.com	NN
.	.
Beth	NNP
Roe	NNP
provides	VBZ
outpatient	NN
psychotherapy	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
works	VBZ
with	IN
females	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
bulemia	NN
and	CC
anorexia	NN
.	.
Clients	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
17	CD
are	VBP
not	RB
seen	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
clinic	NN
.	.
Beth	NNP
also	RB
does	VBZ
family	NN
therapy	NN
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
This	DT
practice	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
Christian	JJ
Counseling	NN
service	NN
.	.
Freedom	NNP
from	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
International	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FED	NNP
Inter	NNP
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
led	VBN
by	IN
author	NN
and	CC
founder	NN
Judy	NNP
Vene	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
an	DT
organization	NN
of	IN
individuals	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
journey	NN
to	TO
allow	VB
God	NNP
to	TO
lead	VB
us	PRP
from	IN
the	DT
prison	NN
of	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
in	IN
three	CD
ways	NNS
:1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Spiritually	RB
:	:
We	PRP
feed	VBP
and	CC
nurture	VBP
our	PRP$
mind	NN
and	CC
spirit	NN
through	IN
God	NNP
,	,
His	PRP$
Word	NN
and	CC
biblical	JJ
principals	NNS
applied	VBD
specifically	RB
to	TO
our	PRP$
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Emotionally	RB
:	:
We	PRP
feed	VB
ourselves	PRP
emotionally	RB
by	IN
breaking	VBG
out	IN
of	IN
isolation	NN
and	CC
being	VBG
supported	VBN
in	IN
word	NN
and	CC
prayer	NN
by	IN
others	NNS
walking	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
path	NN
through	IN
FED	NNP
groups	NNS
.	.
Learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
start	VB
a	DT
FED	NNP
group	NN
!	.
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Physically	RB
:	:
We	PRP
feed	VB
ourselves	PRP
physically	RB
by	IN
learning	VBG
how	WRB
FED	NNP
's	POS
nutritional	JJ
program	NN
,	,
healthy	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
exercise	NN
will	MD
defend	VB
,	,
protect	VB
,	,
restore	VB
,	,
nourish	VB
and	CC
regulate	VB
cellular	JJ
health	NN
.	.
A	DT
non	JJ
profit	NN
organization	NN
for	IN
women	NNS
and	CC
adolescents	NNS
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
Christian	JJ
based	VBN
teaching	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
those	DT
suffering	VBG
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Binge\/Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
.	.
Our	PRP$
goal	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
teach	VB
clients	NNS
their	PRP$
identity	NN
in	IN
Christ	NNP
while	IN
promoting	VBG
healthy	JJ
boundries	NNS
and	CC
learning	VBG
about	IN
topics	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
;	:
Body	NNP
Image	NN
,	,
Nutrition	NNP
,	,
Control	NNP
,	,
Fear	NN
,	,
Anger	NN
,	,
Family	NNP
issues	NNS
,	,
Healthy	JJ
Coping	VBG
Skills	NNS
,	,
teaching	NN
clients	NNS
about	IN
their	PRP$
true	JJ
identity	NN
in	IN
Christ	NNP
,	,
an	DT
identity	NN
of	IN
love	NN
and	CC
acceptance	NN
,	,
while	IN
recognizing	VBG
underlying	VBG
issues	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
resulted	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
.	.
This	DT
ministry	NN
's	POS
goal	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
quality	NN
care	NN
according	VBG
to	TO
level	NN
of	IN
acuity	NN
with	IN
the	DT
professionals	NNS
trained	VBN
and	CC
experienced	VBN
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
not	RB
limited	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
clients	NNS
financial	JJ
condition	NN
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
12	CD
week	NN
session	NN
,	,
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
clients	NNS
specific	JJ
needs	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
have	VBP
a	DT
support	NN
group	NN
that	WDT
meets	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
2nd	JJ
and	CC
4th	JJ
Tuesday	NNP
evening	NN
of	IN
every	DT
month	NN
.	.
Support	NN
group	NN
meetings	NNS
for	IN
Binge	NNP
Eating\/Compulsive	NNP
overeating	NN
.	.
Support	NN
group	NN
meetings	NNS
for	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia.Six-week	NNP
Summer	NNP
Day	NNP
Program	NNP
beginning	VBG
June	NNP
14th	JJ
,	,
2004	CD
for	IN
Middle\/High	NNP
School	NNP
and	CC
College	NNP
aged	VBN
girls	NNS
.	.
Fall	NN
Day	NNP
Program	NNP
for	IN
all	DT
ages	NNS
beginning	VBG
September	NNP
2004	CD
.	.
Please	VB
call	VB
for	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
and	CC
details	NNS
of	IN
listed	JJ
groups	NNS
.	.
Kristen	NNP
Mews	NNP
,	,
LPCA	NNP
provides	VBZ
Christian	NNP
mental	JJ
health	NN
treatment\/counseling	VBG
for	IN
children	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
including	VBG
individual	JJ
,	,
family	NN
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
responding	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
clients	NNS
.	.
Individual	NNP
,	,
family	NN
and	CC
group	NN
services	NNS
provided	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Northwest	NNP
Valley	NNP
.	.
Play	NNP
therapy	NN
,	,
adolescent	JJ
counseling	NN
and	CC
biblical	JJ
counseling	NN
available	JJ
.	.
Support	NN
groups	NNS
offered	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
ED	NNP
,	,
grief	NN
and	CC
boundaries\/women	NN
's	POS
issues	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Evening	NN
and	CC
Saturday	NNP
appointments	NNS
available	JJ
.	.
A	DT
warm	JJ
cozy	JJ
safe	JJ
haven	NN
providing	VBG
unconditional	JJ
support	NN
and	CC
encouragement	NN
for	IN
all	PDT
those	DT
affected	VBN
by	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Ophelia	NNP
's	POS
Place	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
place	NN
where	WRB
you	PRP
can	MD
express	VB
yourself	PRP
...	:
a	DT
place	NN
where	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
defined	VBN
by	IN
your	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
labels	NNS
...	:
no	DT
mirrors	VBZ
,	,
no	DT
magazines	NNS
,	,
no	DT
television	NN
,	,
no	DT
outside	JJ
media	NNS
demands	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
just	RB
warm	JJ
cozy	JJ
chairs	NNS
,	,
music	NN
and	CC
art	NN
,	,
books	NNS
and	CC
journals	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
place	NN
to	TO
love	VB
yourself	PRP
and	CC
be	VB
loved	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
supported	VBN
and	CC
encouraged	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
place	NN
filled	VBN
with	IN
hope	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
licensed	JJ
mental	JJ
health	NN
therapist	NN
who	WP
treats	VBZ
eating	VBG
disorderd	NN
clients	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
treatment	NN
plan	NN
includes	VBZ
the	DT
collaberation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
nutritionist	NN
and	CC
a	DT
psychiatrist	NN
if	IN
indicated	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
use	VBP
cognitive	JJ
behavioral	JJ
therapy	NN
with	IN
an	DT
emphasis	NN
on	IN
the	DT
underlying	VBG
pain	NN
that	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
is	VBZ
numbing	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
Christian	NNP
and	CC
use	VB
biblical	JJ
principles	NNS
and	CC
prayer	NN
if	IN
the	DT
client	NN
is	VBZ
receptive	JJ
.	.
Registered	NNP
Counselor	NNP
On-line	NN
or	CC
in-person	JJ
Biblical	JJ
counseling	NN
for	IN
those	DT
struggling	VBG
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
or	CC
wanting	VBG
general	JJ
diet	NN
and	CC
nutritional	JJ
counseling	NN
.	.
Low-cost	JJ
counseling	NN
and	CC
flexible	JJ
payment	NN
arrangements	NNS
.	.
Sparrows	NNS
'	POS
Haven	NNP
Ministries	NNPS
exist	VBP
to	TO
help	VB
women	NNS
with	IN
anorexia	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
residential	JJ
treatment	NN
center	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
separate	JJ
non-profit	JJ
Foundation	NNP
that	IN
raises	VBZ
money	NN
for	IN
treatment	NN
costs	NNS
.	.
Come	VBN
to	TO
our	PRP$
site	NN
and	CC
learn	VB
about	IN
our	PRP$
non-denominational	JJ
,	,
biblical	JJ
Christian	NNP
foundation	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
our	PRP$
program	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
those	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
with	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
whether	IN
it	PRP
also	RB
dealing	VBG
with	IN
sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
,	,
other	JJ
kinds	NNS
of	IN
abuse	NN
,	,
dissociative	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
serious	JJ
additional	JJ
illnesses	NNS
you	PRP
face	VBP
.	.
Ongoing	JJ
ANAD	NNP
support	NN
group	NN
:	:
the	DT
2nd	JJ
and	CC
4th	JJ
Mondays	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
month	NN
,	,
from	IN
6:30	CD
-7:30	CD
pm	NN
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
a	DT
supportive	JJ
and	CC
warm	JJ
enviroment	NN
to	TO
those	DT
seeking	VBG
a	DT
place	NN
to	TO
help	VB
in	IN
their	PRP$
recovery	NN
from	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
and	CC
binge	NN
eating	NN
disorder	NN
.	.
We	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
provide	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
referrals	NNS
to	TO
local	JJ
resources	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
therapists	NNS
,	,
dietitians	NNS
,	,
treatment	NN
centers	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
support	NN
groups	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
aid	VB
in	IN
your	PRP$
recovery	NN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
full	JJ
service	NN
counseling	NN
center	NN
specializing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
and	CC
Compulsive	NNP
Overeating	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
individual	JJ
,	,
couple	NN
and	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
a	DT
teen	JJ
group	NN
,	,
and	CC
women	NNS
's	POS
group	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
We	PRP
can	MD
provide	VB
referrals	NNS
to	TO
other	JJ
specialists	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Bay	NNP
Area	NNP
and	CC
can	MD
also	RB
refer	VB
to	TO
programs	NNS
for	IN
inpatient	JJ
care	NN
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
two	CD
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
specialists	NNS
on	IN
staff	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
a	DT
dietitian	NN
,	,
and	CC
contact	NN
with	IN
doctors	NNS
and	CC
psychiatrists	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
put	VB
together	RP
a	DT
team	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
recovery	NN
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
offer	VBP
a	DT
Parent	NNP
's	POS
and	CC
Loved	VBD
Ones	NNS
Education	NNP
andSupport	NNP
Workshop	NNP
on	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
Provides	VBZ
information	NN
on	IN
existing	VBG
no-fee	JJ
support	NN
groups	NNS
and	CC
self-help	JJ
groups	NNS
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
hundreds	NNS
of	IN
other	JJ
addictions	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
disorders	NNS
.	.
Also	RB
has	VBZ
database	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
1,100	CD
national	JJ
and	CC
model	JJ
groups	NNS
.	.
Provides	VBZ
free	JJ
help	NN
to	TO
those	DT
interested	JJ
in	IN
starting	VBG
any	DT
type	NN
of	IN
needed	VBN
new	JJ
self-help	JJ
group	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
area	NN
.	.
Serves	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
State-funded	JJ
non-profit	JJ
service	NN
.	.
A	DT
New	NNP
York	NNP
Metro	NNP
area	NN
based	VBN
psychotherapy	NN
referral	NN
service	NN
.	.
Members	NNS
are	VBP
highly	RB
trained	VBN
professionals	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
15	CD
years	NNS
experience	NN
.	.
Offices	NNS
are	VBP
spread	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
area	NN
,	,
mostly	RB
in	IN
Manhattan	NNP
but	CC
also	RB
in	IN
Central	NNP
and	CC
Northern	NNP
New	NNP
Jersey	NNP
and	CC
in	IN
Westchester	NNP
and	CC
Nassau	NNP
Counties	NNS
,	,
New	NNP
York	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
as	IN
a	DT
specialist	NN
coach	NN
to	TO
support	VB
recovery	NN
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
over	IN
the	DT
telephone	NN
with	IN
clients	NNS
worldwide	RB
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
face	NN
to	TO
face	VB
in	IN
Tulsa	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
doing	VBG
this	DT
work	NN
for	IN
twenty	CD
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
a	DT
30-minute	JJ
phone	NN
discussion	NN
or	CC
visit	NN
free	JJ
of	IN
charge	NN
for	IN
prospective	JJ
clients	NNS
to	TO
explore	VB
my	PRP$
approach	NN
and	CC
style	NN
.	.
Full	NNP
information	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
on	IN
my	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Coach	VBP
I	PRP
am	VBP
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
coach	NN
who	WP
works	VBZ
with	IN
women	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
committed	VBN
to	TO
overcoming	VBG
bulimia	NN
,	,
anorexia	NN
and	CC
binge-eating	NN
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
take	VB
the	DT
place	NN
of	IN
a	DT
therapist	NN
;	:
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
recovered	VBN
bulimic	JJ
with	IN
many	JJ
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
in	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
field	NN
who	WP
can	MD
help	VB
someone	NN
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
set	VBN
weekly	JJ
and	CC
monthly	JJ
goals	NNS
toward	IN
overcoming	VBG
their	PRP$
eating	NN
disorder	NN
and	CC
helping	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
future	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
filled	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
activities	NNS
,	,
people	NNS
and	CC
work	NN
that	WDT
bring	VBP
them	PRP
joy	NN
.	.
As	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
coach	NN
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
completely	RB
committed	VBN
to	TO
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
in	IN
frequent	JJ
phone	NN
and	CC
email	NN
contact	NN
as	IN
I	PRP
help	VBP
them	PRP
set	VBN
and	CC
achieve	VB
their	PRP$
goals	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
newest	JJS
form	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
in	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
field	NN
,	,
and	CC
when	WRB
used	VBN
alone	RB
or	CC
in	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
therapy	NN
and	CC
support	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
can	MD
completely	RB
transform	VB
a	DT
person	NN
's	POS
life	NN
.	.
Another	DT
beauty	NN
of	IN
having	VBG
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
coach	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
place	NN
as	IN
your	PRP$
client	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
so	RB
flexible	JJ
that	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
fit	VB
into	IN
anyone	NN
's	POS
schedule	NN
.	.
I	PRP
recovered	VBD
from	IN
bulimia	NN
in	IN
the	DT
70	CD
's	POS
when	WRB
there	EX
was	VBD
No	DT
treatment	NN
,	,
so	RB
helping	VBG
others	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
contribution	NN
I	PRP
can	MD
make	VB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
social	JJ
worker	NN
with	IN
30	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
and	CC
am	VBP
also	RB
a	DT
certified	JJ
Life	NNP
Coach	VBP
.	.
My	PRP$
interest	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
normal-weight	JJ
bulimia	NN
.	.
I	PRP
see	VBP
clients	NNS
in	IN
my	PRP$
office	NN
for	IN
individual	JJ
,	,
group	NN
and	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
coach	NN
by	IN
phone	NN
and	CC
email	NN
if	IN
the	DT
person	NN
has	VBZ
medical	JJ
support	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
city	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
afraid	JJ
of	IN
difficult	JJ
issues	NNS
or	CC
chronic	JJ
bulimia	NN
.	.
Individual	NNP
,	,
family	NN
and	CC
group	NN
psychotherapist	NN
to	TO
children	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
adults	NNS
with	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
interpersonal	JJ
problems	NNS
and	CC
school\/work	NN
performance	NN
.	.
Sports	NNP
Performance	NNP
Coach	VBP
to	TO
athletes	NNS
around	IN
issues	NNS
including	VBG
focusing	VBG
,	,
confidence	NN
,	,
arousal	NN
control	NN
,	,
motivation	NN
,	,
and	CC
fears	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
clinical	JJ
social	JJ
worker	NN
and	CC
lifestyle	NN
coach	NN
that	WDT
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
whole-person	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
physical	JJ
,	,
spiritual	JJ
,	,
emotional	JJ
,	,
and	CC
relational	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
treatment	NN
approach	NN
to	TO
individuals	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
Anorexia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Compulsive\/Binge	NNP
Eating	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
individual	JJ
,	,
family	NN
,	,
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
and	CC
am	VBP
available	JJ
for	IN
speaker	NN
engagements	NNS
and	CC
consultation	NN
.	.
Regent	NNP
Health	NNP
Service	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
private	JJ
non-medical	JJ
addiction	NN
and	CC
mental	JJ
health	NN
healing	NN
resource	NN
.	.
Professional	NNP
counselling	NN
,	,
skill	NN
training	NN
,	,
consultation	NN
for	IN
substance	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
panic	NN
attacks	NNS
,	,
stress	NN
,	,
mood	NN
disturbance	NN
relationships	NNS
,	,
self-esteem	NN
,	,
anger	NN
management	NN
,	,
personal	JJ
growth	NN
.	.
Private	JJ
,	,
confidential	JJ
and	CC
respectful	JJ
therapy	NN
.	.
Fee	NN
for	IN
service	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
licensed	JJ
clinical	JJ
psychologist	NN
specializing	VBG
in	IN
psychotherapy	NN
for	IN
adults	NNS
with	IN
eating	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
related	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
,	,
anorexia	NN
,	,
and	CC
bulimia	NN
.	.
Other	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
specialization	NN
include	VBP
relationship	NN
and	CC
self	NN
esteem	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
stress	NN
management	NN
,	,
and	CC
recovery	NN
from	IN
trauma	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
I	PRP
offer	VBP
coaching	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
in	IN
person	NN
on	IN
via	IN
phone	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
weight	NN
management	NN
using	VBG
a	DT
non-diet	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
help	VB
individuals	NNS
reach	VB
a	DT
naturally	RB
healthy	JJ
weight	NN
.	.
Feel	NNP
free	JJ
to	TO
call	VB
or	CC
email	VB
with	IN
questions	NNS
about	IN
my	PRP$
practice	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
approach	NN
.	.
Licensed	NNP
Psychologist	NNP
and	CC
Professional	NNP
Coach	VBP
Susan	NNP
provides	VBZ
traditional	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
life	NN
coaching	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Her	PRP$
approach	NN
is	VBZ
holistic	JJ
,	,
incorporating	VBG
emotional	JJ
,	,
physical	JJ
and	CC
spiritual	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
life	NN
during	IN
and	CC
beyond	IN
the	DT
acute	JJ
phases	NNS
of	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
Individual	NNP
and	CC
group	NN
coaching	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
moving	VBG
on	IN
from	IN
unhealthy	JJ
patterns	NNS
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
available	JJ
in	IN
person	NN
or	CC
with	IN
telephone	NN
and	CC
internet	NN
support	NN
.	.
Tori	NNP
Rodriguez	NNP
,	,
MA	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
founder	NN
and	CC
director	NN
of	IN
The	DT
Balance	NNP
Center	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
provides	VBZ
psychotherapy\/counseling	VBG
to	TO
individuals	NNS
seeking	VBG
recovery	NN
from	IN
substance	NN
abuse	NN
and	CC
addiction	NN
,	,
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
including	VBG
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
,	,
codependency	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
trauma	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
life-controlling	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
offers	VBZ
coaching	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
individuals	NNS
with	IN
general	JJ
growth	NN
and	CC
development	NN
.	.
Please	VB
contact	VB
her	PRP$
for	IN
a	DT
free	JJ
,	,
confidential	JJ
consultation	NN
about	IN
individual	JJ
or	CC
group	NN
treatment	NN
.	.
I	PRP
specialize	VBP
in	IN
changing	VBG
your	PRP$
mental	JJ
thoughts	NNS
to	TO
change	VB
your	PRP$
health	NN
and	CC
your	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
an	DT
Expert	NN
Mind\/Body	NNP
Nutritionist	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
bachelor	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
in	IN
Human	NNP
Nutrition	NNP
and	CC
Foods	NNP
from	IN
the	DT
Virginia	NNP
Tech	NNP
.	.
13	CD
years	NNS
ago	IN
I	PRP
began	VBD
as	RB
just	RB
a	DT
typical	JJ
nutritionist	NN
educating	VBG
about	IN
foods	NNS
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
eat	VB
balanced	JJ
for	IN
well	RB
being	VBG
.	.
After	IN
struggling	VBG
with	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
eating	NN
disorder	NN
8	CD
years	NNS
ago	RB
,	,
I	PRP
took	VBD
nutrition	NN
counseling	NN
to	TO
a	DT
different	JJ
level	NN
.	.
I	PRP
read	VBP
every	DT
book	NN
on	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
emotional	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
mind-body	JJ
connections	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
found	VBD
other	JJ
experts	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
and	CC
began	VBD
emulated	VBN
them	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
taught	VBD
myself	PRP
everything	NN
I	PRP
could	MD
about	RB
food	NN
and	CC
thoughts	NNS
while	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
clients	NNS
.	.
Recently	RB
,	,
I	PRP
've	VBP
taken	VBN
my	PRP$
nutrition	NN
coaching	NN
online	NN
and	CC
on	IN
the	DT
phone	NN
.	.
I	PRP
teach	VBP
groups	NNS
sessions	NNS
and	CC
supportive	JJ
community	NN
seminars	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
others	NNS
.	.
Laurie	NNP
Daily	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
Certified	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Specialist	NNP
who	WP
does	VBZ
online	NN
and	CC
telephone	NN
coaching	NN
.	.
Laurie	NNP
is	VBZ
also	RB
the	DT
founder	NN
of	IN
Harmony	NNP
Grove	NNP
Supportive	JJ
Living	VBG
program	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
difficult	JJ
to	TO
overcome	VB
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
on	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
.	.
With	IN
a	DT
coach	NN
you	PRP
can	MD
make	VB
daily	JJ
commitments	NNS
for	IN
health	NN
and	CC
also	RB
have	VBP
someone	NN
to	TO
call	VB
when	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
struggling	VBG
.	.
Laurie	NNP
had	VBD
14	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
her	PRP$
own	JJ
recovery	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
a	DT
warm	JJ
and	CC
empathetic	JJ
heart	NN
.	.
She	PRP
understands	VBZ
what	WP
it	PRP
's	VBZ
like	IN
to	TO
walk	VB
through	IN
the	DT
pain	NN
of	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
and	CC
to	TO
find	VB
freedom	NN
in	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
Please	VB
do	VB
n't	RB
waste	VB
another	DT
day	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
CALL	NNP
TODAY	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
specialize	VBP
in	IN
binge	NN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
,	,
weight	NN
management	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
and	CC
phobias	NNS
using	VBG
primarily	RB
a	DT
cognitive	JJ
behavioral	JJ
approach	NN
.	.
I	PRP
mainly	RB
work	VBP
with	IN
women	NNS
and	CC
individuals	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
try	VBP
to	TO
give	VB
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
the	DT
tools	NNS
they	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
succeed	VB
outside	IN
of	IN
therapy	NN
.	.
Alison	NNP
Jenkins	NNP
offers	VBZ
a	DT
unique	JJ
online	NN
counselling	NN
service	NN
via	IN
a	DT
secure	JJ
encrypted	JJ
e-mail	NN
service	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
recovering	VBG
compulsive	JJ
overeater	NN
herself	PRP
,	,
Alison	NNP
is	VBZ
able	JJ
to	TO
offer	VB
both	DT
professional	JJ
and	CC
personal	JJ
experience	NN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
in	IN
your	PRP$
recovery	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
life	NN
really	RB
can	MD
change	VB
;	:
the	DT
hopelessness	NN
can	MD
fade	VB
away	RB
and	CC
be	VB
replaced	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
wonderful	JJ
recovery	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
better	JJR
than	IN
your	PRP$
wildest	JJS
dreams	NNS
.	.
Alison	NNP
is	VBZ
living	VBG
proof	NN
of	IN
what	WP
can	MD
be	VB
achieved	VBN
in	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
Annette	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
working	VBG
with	IN
individuals	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
for	IN
4	CD
years	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
committed	VBN
to	TO
helping	VBG
individuals	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
seek	VBP
solutions	NNS
to	TO
daily	JJ
challenges	NNS
.	.
Annette	NNP
will	MD
assist	VB
you	PRP
and	CC
your	PRP$
loved	VBN
ones	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
path	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
It	PRP
takes	VBZ
work	NN
,	,
but	CC
you	PRP
can	MD
lead	VB
a	DT
happier	JJR
and	CC
healthier	RBR
life.individuals-families-groupsGroups	JJ
starting	VBG
throughout	IN
the	DT
year	NN
,	,
please	VB
contact	NN
for	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
quality	NN
,	,
comprehensive	JJ
online	NN
counseling	NN
and	CC
medical	JJ
information	NN
and	CC
services	NNS
via	IN
audiovisual	JJ
,	,
chat	VB
,	,
email	NN
,	,
and	CC
telephone	NN
mediums	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
complete	JJ
online	NN
healthcare	NN
clinic	NN
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
offer	VBP
a	DT
full	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
hypnotic	JJ
audiotapes	NNS
and	CC
mental	JJ
health	NN
educational	JJ
videotapes	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
treat	VBP
children	NNS
and	CC
teens	NNS
with	IN
eating	NN
and	CC
emotional	JJ
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
worked	VBN
in	IN
special	JJ
education	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
and	CC
conducted	VBN
numerous	JJ
staff	NN
workshops	NNS
for	IN
teachers	NNS
and	CC
paraprofessionals	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
taught	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
College	NNP
of	IN
New	NNP
Rochelle	NNP
and	CC
have	VBP
written	VBN
for	IN
numerous	JJ
professional	JJ
publications	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
subject	NN
of	IN
children	NNS
and	CC
various	JJ
psychosomatic	JJ
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
offer	VB
services	NNS
on	IN
line	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
in	IN
person	NN
.	.
An	DT
informative	JJ
and	CC
interactive	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
designed	VBN
to	TO
reach	VB
professionals	NNS
and	CC
parents	NNS
who	WP
need	VBP
to	TO
learn	VB
how	WRB
best	JJS
to	TO
respond	VB
to	TO
the	DT
eating	NN
disordered	JJ
child	NN
or	CC
to	TO
the	DT
child	NN
who	WP
may	MD
display	VB
a	DT
susceptibility	NN
to	TO
eating	VBG
dysfunction	NN
.	.
The	DT
site	NN
counsels	VBZ
parents	NNS
and	CC
caregivers	NNS
to	TO
become	VB
proactive	JJ
mentors	NNS
of	IN
prevention	NN
and	CC
recovery	NN
.	.
EmpoweredKids	NNP
@	SYM
www.empoweredparents.com	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
interactive	JJ
sub-site	JJ
specifically	RB
directed	VBN
to	TO
children	NNS
ages	NNS
7	CD
-	:
teenage	JJ
,	,
educating	VBG
and	CC
responding	VBG
to	TO
viewers	NNS
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
become	VB
healthier	RBR
eaters	NNS
and	CC
problem-solvers	NNS
.	.
Holistic	NNP
Health	NNP
and	CC
Food	NNP
Addiction	NNP
Specialist	NNP
Holistic	NNP
Concepts	NNPS
offers	VBZ
a	DT
unique	JJ
Eating	NNP
Recovery	NNP
Program	NNP
Online	NNP
designed	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
those	DT
suffering	VBG
with	IN
food	NN
and	CC
sugar	NN
addiction	NN
,	,
chronic	JJ
obesity	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
weight	NN
and	CC
food	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
consists	VBZ
of	IN
4	CD
online	JJ
sessions	NNS
with	IN
Dr.	NNP
Sharon	NNP
,	,
food	NN
addiction	NN
specialist	NN
,	,
holistic	JJ
health	NN
educator	NN
and	CC
recovering	VBG
bulimic	JJ
,	,
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
manual\/workbook	NN
written	VBN
by	IN
Dr.	NNP
Sharon	NNP
and	CC
an	DT
online	JJ
email	NN
support	NN
group	NN
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
offered	VBN
online	NN
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
help	VB
as	RB
many	JJ
people	NNS
as	IN
possible	JJ
find	VB
a	DT
program	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
design	NN
just	RB
for	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Inflexxion	NNP
Inc.	NNP
has	VBZ
developed	VBN
Food	NNP
,	,
Mood	NNP
and	CC
Attitude	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
an	DT
interactive	JJ
CD-ROM	NN
program	NN
designed	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
important	JJ
health	NN
information	NN
to	TO
college	NN
women	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
utilizes	VBZ
preventive	JJ
techniques	NNS
,	,
harm	NN
reduction	NN
approaches	NNS
,	,
and	CC
multimedia	NNS
technology	NN
to	TO
communicate	VB
health	NN
and	CC
nutrition	NN
information	NN
in	IN
a	DT
confidential	JJ
and	CC
personalized	JJ
manner	NN
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
primary	JJ
and	CC
secondary	JJ
prevention	NN
of	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
and	CC
includes	VBZ
information	NN
on	IN
healthy	JJ
exercise	NN
,	,
general	JJ
nutrition	NN
,	,
self-esteem	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
.	.
Food	NNP
,	,
Mood	NNP
and	CC
Attitude	NNP
is	VBZ
self-administered	JJ
,	,
self-paced	JJ
and	CC
self-directed	JJ
,	,
allowing	VBG
the	DT
user	NN
to	TO
explore	VB
the	DT
program	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
and	CC
focus	VB
on	IN
the	DT
areas	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
of	IN
greatest	JJS
interest	NN
to	TO
them	PRP
.	.
Loving	JJ
,	,
confidential	JJ
,	,
accomplished	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
all	DT
related	VBN
emotional	JJ
issues	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
anxiety	NN
,	,
anger	NN
,	,
confusion	NN
,	,
weariness	NN
and	CC
loved	VBD
ones	NNS
misunderstanding	VBG
.	.
Philadelphia	NNP
face-to-face	RB
;	:
and	CC
instant	JJ
messaging	NN
and	CC
phone	NN
therapy	NN
from	IN
anywhere	RB
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
a	DT
qualified	VBN
counsellor	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Graduate	NNP
Diploma	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
specialising	VBG
in	IN
helping	VBG
people	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
see	VB
me	PRP
face-to-face	RB
at	IN
my	PRP$
practice	NN
in	IN
York	NNP
,	,
or	CC
have	VBP
telephone	NN
counselling	NN
anywhere	RB
in	IN
the	DT
U.K.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
pay	VBP
for	IN
the	DT
call	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Together	RB
we	PRP
can	MD
explore	VB
why	WRB
food	NN
and	CC
eating	VBG
have	VBP
become	VBN
so	RB
problematic	JJ
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
By	IN
leaving	VBG
your	PRP$
fears	NNS
behind	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
chance	NN
to	TO
change	VB
your	PRP$
life	NN
and	CC
fulfill	VB
your	PRP$
goals	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
personal	JJ
experience	NN
of	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
myself	PRP
,	,
through	IN
my	PRP$
teens	NNS
and	CC
twenties	NNS
,	,
though	IN
am	VBP
now	RB
recovered	VBN
.	.
BACP	NNP
affiliated	JJ
and	CC
full	JJ
indemnity	NN
insurance	NN
.	.
Please	VB
feel	VB
free	JJ
to	TO
E	NNP
mail	NN
or	CC
ring	NN
for	IN
more	JJR
details	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
psychotherapist	NN
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
with	IN
18	CD
years	NNS
experience	NN
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
individual	JJ
,	,
couple	NN
,	,
and	CC
group	NN
psychotherapy	NN
for	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
issues	NNS
including	VBG
body	NN
image\/food	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
experience	NN
with	IN
body	NN
image\/food	NN
issues	NNS
and	CC
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
that	WDT
arise	VBP
from	IN
trauma	NN
,	,
dysfunctional	JJ
family	NN
relationships	NNS
,	,
parents	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
body	NN
image	NN
or	CC
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
,	,
familial	JJ
pressures	NNS
,	,
societal	JJ
definitions	NNS
of	IN
beauty	NN
for	IN
both	DT
women	NNS
and	CC
men	NNS
,	,
among	IN
other	JJ
reasons	NNS
.	.
Regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
reasons	NNS
for	IN
having	VBG
trouble	NN
with	IN
food	NN
or	CC
your	PRP$
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
both	DT
process	NN
and	CC
practical	JJ
oriented	VBN
.	.
This	DT
means	VBZ
I	PRP
emphasize	VB
both	DT
the	DT
therapeutic	JJ
process	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
offer	NN
you	PRP
practical	JJ
tools	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
use	VB
in	IN
your	PRP$
daily	JJ
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
skilled	JJ
at	IN
using	VBG
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
counselling	NN
modalities	NNS
including	VBG
psychodynamic	JJ
,	,
gestalt	NN
,	,
psychosynthesis	NN
,	,
visualization	NN
,	,
body	NN
movement	NN
,	,
guided	VBN
imagery	NN
,	,
and	CC
body	NN
awareness	NN
.	.
I	PRP
use	VBP
the	DT
approach	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
best	JJS
suited	VBN
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
An	DT
on-line	JJ
counseling	NN
website	NN
hosted	VBN
by	IN
Diana	NNP
DeLaney-Finch	NNP
,	,
a	DT
licensed	JJ
clinical	JJ
psychologist	NN
,	,
over	IN
a	DT
secured	VBN
website	NN
.	.
Professional	NNP
&	CC
confidential	JJ
,	,
in-depth	JJ
response	NN
in	IN
less	JJR
than	IN
24	CD
hours	NNS
.	.
Non-profit	JJ
-	:
nominal	JJ
fee	NN
of	IN
$	$
25	CD
to	TO
maintain	VB
website	NN
.	.
Counseling	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
is	VBZ
an	DT
area	NN
of	IN
expertise	NN
.	.
Certified	NNP
Social	NNP
Worker	NNP
,	,
Nutritional	NNP
Counselor	NNP
Individual	NNP
treatment	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Online	NNP
support	NN
available	JJ
between	IN
sessions	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
online	JJ
therapy	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
graduate	NN
of	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
University	NNP
with	IN
15	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
exculsivly	RB
treating	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
offer	VBP
nutritional	JJ
counseling	NN
.	.
Fee	NN
's	POS
for	IN
treatment	NN
are	VBP
reasonable	JJ
as	IN
my	PRP$
primary	JJ
goal	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
help	VB
those	DT
in	IN
need	NN
to	TO
recover	VB
.	.
Counseling	NN
via	IN
e-mail	NN
is	VBZ
accessible	JJ
globally	RB
with	IN
Patricia	NNP
Roles	NNP
who	WP
is	VBZ
a	DT
professional	JJ
clinical	JJ
social	JJ
worker	NN
registered	VBN
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
Her	PRP$
experience	NN
includes	VBZ
over	IN
20	CD
years	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
children	NNS
's	POS
teaching	NN
hospital	NN
counseling	NN
youth	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
suffering	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Other	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
specialty	NN
include	VBP
loss	NN
,	,
adoption	NN
,	,
life	NN
transitons	NNS
,	,
parenting	NN
issues	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
communication	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
relatively	RB
young	JJ
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
very	RB
fortunate	JJ
in	IN
helping	VBG
many	JJ
people	NNS
,	,
since	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
schools	NNS
I	PRP
attended	VBD
have	VB
had	VBN
exceptional	JJ
volunteer	NN
opportunities	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
my	PRP$
work	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
with	IN
youths	NNS
,	,
and	CC
young	JJ
adults	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
or	CC
have	VBP
been	VBN
suicidal	JJ
,	,
suffer	VBP
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
,	,
physical	JJ
abuse	NN
,	,
substance	NN
absuse	NN
and	CC
depression	NN
.	.
The	DT
main	JJ
goal	NN
of	IN
any	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
programsis	NN
to	TO
raise	VB
self-awareness	NN
in	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
and	CC
,	,
especially	RB
,	,
self-esteem	NN
since	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
belief	NN
that	IN
most	JJS
,	,
if	IN
not	RB
all	DT
,	,
disorders	NNS
stem	VBP
from	IN
a	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
self-esteem	NN
.	.
In	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
E.D	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
people	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
focus	VBP
on	IN
trying	VBG
to	TO
get	VB
the	DT
family	NN
involved	VBN
,	,
since	IN
we	PRP
all	DT
need	VBP
a	DT
support	NN
group	NN
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
run	VBP
an	DT
online	JJ
site	NN
,	,
Safe	NNP
Haven	NNP
,	,
for	IN
teenagers	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
staffed	VBN
by	IN
young	JJ
volunteers	NNS
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
wisdom	NN
they	PRP
share	VBP
about	RB
painful	JJ
life	NN
circumstances	NNS
applies	VBZ
,	,
I	PRP
believe	VBP
,	,
to	TO
us	PRP
all	DT
.	.
My	PRP$
goal	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
mission	NN
in	IN
life	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
help	VB
heal	VB
hearts	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
do	VB
it	PRP
alone	RB
:	:
I	PRP
need	VBP
the	DT
patients	NNS
honest	JJ
desire	NN
to	TO
become	VB
happier	JJR
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
will	MD
work	VB
with	IN
anyone	NN
,	,
from	IN
any	DT
background	NN
,	,
to	TO
help	VB
them	PRP
reach	VB
a	DT
happier	JJR
life	NN
.	.
Outpatient	NN
treatment	NN
specializing	VBG
in	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Recovery	NNP
,	,
Body	NNP
Image	NN
Issues	NNS
,	,
Weight	NNP
and	CC
Lifestyle	NNP
Management	NNP
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
general	JJ
mental	JJ
health	NN
and	CC
relationship	NN
concerns	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
also	RB
a	DT
certified	JJ
yoga	NN
instructor	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
psychotherapist	NN
with	IN
particular	JJ
expertise	NN
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
psychoanalytic	JJ
training	NN
,	,
the	DT
dance\/movement	JJ
therapy	NN
work	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
done	VBN
has	VBZ
helped	VBN
me	PRP
see	VB
the	DT
person	NN
as	IN
an	DT
intergrated	JJ
whole	NN
.	.
In	IN
our	PRP$
work	NN
together	RB
we	PRP
can	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
reconnect	VBP
to	TO
what	WP
you	PRP
really	RB
need	VBP
on	IN
an	DT
emotional	JJ
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
body	NN
level	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
know	VB
more	JJR
about	IN
my	PRP$
work	NN
and	CC
qualifications	NNS
please	VB
visit	NN
my	PRP$
website	NN
at	IN
the	DT
address	NN
below	IN
.	.
Dance	NNP
Movement	NNP
Therapy	NNP
is	VBZ
founded	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
princple	NN
that	WDT
movement	NN
reflects	VBZ
an	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
pattern	NN
of	IN
thinking	VBG
feeling	NN
and	CC
communicating	NN
.	.
Through	IN
acknowledging	VBG
and	CC
supporting	VBG
the	DT
client	NN
's	POS
movements	NNS
the	DT
therapist	NN
encourages	VBZ
development	NN
and	CC
integration	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
adaptive	JJ
movement	NN
patterns	NNS
together	RB
with	IN
the	DT
emotional	JJ
and	CC
relational	JJ
experiences	NNS
that	WDT
accompany	VBP
such	JJ
changes	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
worked	VBN
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
thirty	CD
years	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
NHS	NNP
and	CC
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
specialising	VBG
in	IN
embodied	VBN
distress	NN
.	.
NHS	NNP
practice	NN
in	IN
Exeter	NNP
,	,
Devon	NNP
.	.
Private	JJ
practice	NN
in	IN
Exeter	NNP
and	CC
London	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
teach	VBP
and	CC
lecture	VBP
nationally	RB
and	CC
internationally	RB
.	.
Certified	NNP
Yoga	NNP
Teacher	NN
,	,
Licensed	VBN
Massage	NNP
Therapist	NNP
Group	NNP
or	CC
private	JJ
yoga	NN
classes	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
safe	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
We	PRP
enhance	VBP
being	VBG
aware	JJ
of	IN
our	PRP$
true	JJ
nature	NN
,	,
goodness	NN
and	CC
greatness	NN
.	.
Yoga	NN
helps	VBZ
to	TO
reclaim	VB
your	PRP$
power	NN
.	.
It	PRP
calms	VBZ
your	PRP$
mind	NN
,	,
enhances	VBZ
your	PRP$
spirit	NN
,	,
and	CC
nurtures	VBZ
your	PRP$
body	NN
.	.
Joyce	NNP
Savitz	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
teaching	VBG
yoga	NN
since	IN
1990	CD
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
has	VBZ
been	VBN
providing	VBG
massage	NN
therapy	NN
since	IN
1984	CD
.	.
Massage	NN
therapy	NN
or	CC
private	JJ
yoga	NN
sessions	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
by	IN
appointment	NN
.	.
Group	NNP
classes	NNS
meet	VBP
9	CD
times	NNS
weekly	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
find	VB
the	DT
schedule	NN
by	IN
calling	VBG
249-1111	CD
extension	NN
2	CD
.	.
Certified	NNP
Massage	NNP
Therapist	NNP
specializing	VBG
in	IN
addiction	NN
recovery	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
Treatments	NNS
include	VBP
stress	NN
reduction	NN
,	,
relaxation	NN
,	,
deep	JJ
tissue	NN
and	CC
energy	NN
work	NN
modalities	NNS
.	.
Experience	NN
how	WRB
touch	NN
and	CC
bodywork	NN
can	MD
help	VB
aid	NN
recovery	NN
by	IN
integrating	VBG
the	DT
mind	NN
,	,
body	NN
and	CC
physical	JJ
being	NN
,	,
thus	RB
creating	VBG
a	DT
balance	NN
within	IN
.	.
The	DT
Walker	NNP
Wellness	NNP
Clinic	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
husband	NN
and	CC
wife	NN
owned	VBN
organization	NN
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
comprehensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
treatment	NN
for	IN
children	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
with	IN
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
nervosa	NN
,	,
binge	NN
eating	NN
disorder	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
stress	NN
and	CC
related	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Goal	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Walker	NNP
Wellness	NNP
Clinic	NNP
's	POS
multi-disciplinary	JJ
service	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
treatment	NN
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
psychological	JJ
and	CC
physiological	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
clients	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
highly	RB
skilled	JJ
and	CC
caring	VBG
staff	NN
represents	VBZ
the	DT
following	VBG
disciplines	NNS
:	:
Psychology	NN
Psychotherapy	NNP
Psychiatry	NNP
Nutrition	NNP
Therapy	NNP
Exercise	NNP
Physiology	NNP
Our	PRP$
mission	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
serve	VB
your	PRP$
healthcare	NN
and	CC
wellness	JJ
needs	NNS
by	IN
offering	VBG
you	PRP
superior	JJ
and	CC
quality	NN
patient	NN
care	NN
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
developed	VBN
clinical	JJ
and	CC
professional	JJ
services	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
educational	JJ
and	CC
promote	VB
mental	JJ
and	CC
physical	JJ
health	NN
that	WDT
fosters	VBZ
a	DT
happy	JJ
and	CC
healthy	JJ
lifestyle	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Tyson	NNP
is	VBZ
board	NN
certified	VBD
in	IN
adolescent	JJ
medicine	NN
and	CC
family	NN
practice	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
been	VBN
treating	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
in	IN
females	NNS
and	CC
males	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
ages	NNS
for	IN
over	IN
17	CD
years	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
find	VB
him	PRP
and	CC
his	PRP$
staff	NN
to	TO
be	VB
compassionate	JJ
,	,
understanding	NN
,	,
knowledgeable	JJ
,	,
and	CC
highly	RB
skilled	JJ
in	IN
their	PRP$
care	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Tyson	NNP
can	MD
address	VB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
potential	JJ
medical	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
any	DT
complications	NNS
and	CC
medication	NN
,	,
and	CC
can	MD
coordinate	VB
care	NN
from	IN
all	DT
those	DT
involved	VBN
in	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
he	PRP
has	VBZ
over	IN
15	CD
years	NNS
training	NN
in	IN
psychotherapy	NN
and	CC
understands	VBZ
the	DT
psychodynamics	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
can	MD
address	VB
those	DT
issues	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
licensed	JJ
therapists	NNS
with	IN
26	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
in	IN
treating	VBG
the	DT
range	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
staff	NN
members	NNS
are	VBP
certified	VBN
as	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Specialists	NNPS
and	CC
Approved	VBN
clinical	JJ
supervisors	NNS
By	IN
IADEP	NNP
.	.
Our	PRP$
resources	NNS
for	IN
treatment	NN
include	VBP
psychiatrists	NNS
,	,
dietitians	NNS
,	,
and	CC
family	NN
physicians	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
contact	NN
Dr.	NNP
Eliot	NNP
Erlichman	NNP
or	CC
Dr.	NNP
Roy	NNP
Erlichman	NNP
.	.
Our	PRP$
clinic	NN
offers	VBZ
a	DT
physician	NN
supervised	VBN
,	,
comprehensive	JJ
,	,
individualized	JJ
treatment	NN
program	NN
for	IN
nutition	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
management	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
approach	NN
takes	VBZ
into	IN
account	NN
the	DT
complex	JJ
interactions	NNS
of	IN
genetics	NNS
,	,
behavioral	JJ
and	CC
environmental	JJ
factors	NNS
.	.
Obesity	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
multifaceted	JJ
problem	NN
,	,
and	CC
successful	JJ
,	,
long-term	JJ
results	NNS
require	VBP
an	DT
integrated	JJ
approach	NN
.	.
Specialist	NN
in	IN
ED	NNP
for	IN
26	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Individual	JJ
therapy	NN
--	:
family	NN
therapy	NN
--	:
in	IN
house	NN
nurse	NN
practitioner	NN
for	IN
meds	NNS
--	:
referrel	NN
to	TO
nutritionist	NN
specialist	NN
in	IN
ed	VBN
--	:
referrel	NN
to	TO
physicians	NNS
and	CC
psychiatrists	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
familiar	JJ
with	IN
ED	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
services	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
overweight	JJ
and	CC
obesity	NN
.	.
Services	NNPS
offered	VBD
include	VBP
:	:
traditional	JJ
weight	NN
loss	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
nutritional	JJ
counseling	NN
by	IN
registered	JJ
dietitians	NNS
,	,
psychological	JJ
counseling	NN
and	CC
groups	NNS
for	IN
those	DT
involved	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
weight	NN
loss	NN
program	NN
,	,
comprehensive	JJ
bariatric	JJ
surgery	NN
program	NN
,	,
and	CC
bariatric	JJ
surgery	NN
support	NN
groups	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
offer	VBP
diabetes	NN
education	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
physican	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
a	DT
special	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
diagnosing	VBG
and	CC
treating	VBG
medical	JJ
problems	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
a	DT
nutritionist	NN
associated	VBN
with	IN
our	PRP$
practice	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
experience	NN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
Research	NNP
Study	NNP
The	NNP
Neuroendocrine	NNP
Unit	NNP
of	IN
Massachusetts	NNP
General	NNP
Hospital	NNP
is	VBZ
conducting	VBG
research	NN
studies	NNS
on	IN
anorexia-induced	JJ
bone	NN
loss	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
screening	NN
study	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
aged	VBN
18-45	CD
who	WP
suffer	VBP
from	IN
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
investigating	VBG
the	DT
prevalence	NN
and	CC
predictors	NNS
of	IN
osteopenia	NN
in	IN
the	DT
spine	NN
,	,
hip	NN
,	,
wrist	NN
and	CC
total	JJ
body	NN
.	.
The	DT
research	NN
study	NN
includes	VBZ
a	DT
bone	NN
density	NN
test	NN
,	,
hormonal	JJ
evaluation	NN
,	,
and	CC
nutritional	JJ
assessment	NN
at	IN
no	DT
cost	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
involves	VBZ
one	CD
visit	NN
of	IN
approximately	RB
2.5	CD
hours	NNS
.	.
If	IN
interested	JJ
,	,
please	VB
call	NN
Kelly	NNP
at	IN
(617) 724-5784	CD
or	CC
email	VB
her	PRP$
at	IN
kgrieco@partners.org	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
treatment	NN
study	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
women	NNS
aged	VBN
18-50	CD
with	IN
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
and	CC
absent	JJ
or	CC
irregular	JJ
menstrual	JJ
periods	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
investigating	VBG
the	DT
combined	VBN
use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
growth	NN
factor	NN
and	CC
a	DT
medication	NN
routinely	RB
used	VBN
to	TO
treat	VB
postmenopausal	JJ
osteoporosis	NN
as	IN
a	DT
novel	NN
treatment	NN
for	IN
the	DT
bone	NN
loss	NN
seen	VBN
in	IN
women	NNS
with	IN
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
.	.
The	DT
growth	NN
factor	NN
is	VBZ
natural	JJ
,	,
nutritionally	RB
regulated	VBN
,	,
and	CC
greatly	RB
reduced	VBN
in	IN
women	NNS
with	IN
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
.	.
This	DT
growth	NN
factor	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
shown	VBN
to	TO
stimulate	VB
bone	NN
formation	NN
in	IN
previous	JJ
research	NN
studies	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
hope	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
these	DT
two	CD
medications	NNS
will	MD
help	VB
rebuild	VB
depleted	VBN
bone	NN
and	CC
prevent	VB
further	JJ
bone	NN
breakdown	NN
in	IN
women	NNS
with	IN
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
.	.
The	DT
research	NN
study	NN
involves	VBZ
twelve	CD
months	NNS
of	IN
therapy	NN
for	IN
all	DT
subjects	NNS
.	.
The	DT
study	NN
is	VBZ
primarily	RB
outpatient	NN
and	CC
a	DT
stipend	NN
of	IN
up	RB
to	TO
$	$
600	CD
is	VBZ
awarded	VBN
upon	IN
completion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
study	NN
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
comprehensive	JJ
treatment	NN
of	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
and	CC
Binge	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
by	IN
board	NN
certified	VBD
psychiatrists	NNS
,	,
registered	VBN
dieticians	NNS
and	CC
therapists	NNS
,	,
with	IN
extensive	JJ
experience	NN
in	IN
treating	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
offer	VBP
multidisiplinary	JJ
weight	NN
management	NN
treatment	NN
with	IN
emphasis	NN
on	IN
lifesyle	NN
modification	NN
and	CC
improved	VBD
body	NN
image	NN
.	.
Diets	NNS
are	VBP
discouraged	VBN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Pellerano	NNP
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
medical	JJ
management	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
works	VBZ
closely	RB
with	IN
mental	JJ
health	NN
providers	NNS
,	,
physicians	NNS
and	CC
nutritionists	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
community	NN
,	,
other	JJ
states	NNS
and	CC
foreign	JJ
countries	NNS
.	.
As	IN
an	DT
Adolecent	NNP
and	CC
Young	NNP
Adult	NNP
Specialist	NNP
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Pellerano	NNP
treats	VBZ
patients	NNS
from	IN
12	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
age	NN
to	TO
those	DT
in	IN
their	PRP$
mid	JJ
twenties	NNS
.	.
University	NNP
of	IN
Minnesota	NNP
The	NNP
STAR	NNP
Center	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Services	NNP
for	IN
Teenagers	NNPS
At	IN
Risk	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
provides	VBZ
comprehensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
young	JJ
adults	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
weight	NN
management	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
dissatisfaction	NN
,	,
binge	NN
eating	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
concommitant	JJ
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
psychological	JJ
concerns	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
interdisciplinary	JJ
treatment	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
young	JJ
adults	NNS
all	DT
at	IN
one	CD
site	NN
,	,
including	VBG
individual	JJ
,	,
group	NN
,	,
and	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
,	,
and	CC
medical	JJ
support	NN
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
comprehensive	JJ
case	NN
management	NN
for	IN
difficult	JJ
cases	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
located	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
campus	NN
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Minnesota	NNP
.	.
Does	NNP
your	PRP$
eating	VBG
feel	VB
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
?	.
Are	VBP
you	PRP
overweight	JJ
?	.
If	IN
so	RB
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
eligible	JJ
to	TO
take	VB
part	NN
in	IN
a	DT
treatment	NN
stud	NN
funded	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Institute	NNP
of	IN
Mental	NNP
Health	NNP
.	.
The	DT
study	NN
is	VBZ
investigating	VBG
three	CD
different	JJ
treatments	NNS
for	IN
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
.	.
The	DT
24-week	JJ
individual	JJ
therapy	NN
program	NN
for	IN
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
is	VBZ
being	VBG
conducted	VBN
by	IN
Washington	NNP
University	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
WU	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
St.	NNP
Louis	NNP
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
qualify	VB
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
research	NN
study	NN
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
overweight	JJ
and	CC
have	VB
a	DT
problem	NN
with	IN
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
fee	NN
for	IN
participating	VBG
,	,
and	CC
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
paid	VBN
during	IN
follow-up	JJ
assessments	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
qualify	VBP
initially	RB
you	PRP
will	MD
receive	VB
a	DT
no-cost	JJ
health	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
will	MD
take	VB
place	NN
through	IN
the	DT
Weight	NNP
Management	NNP
and	CC
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Program	NNP
at	IN
WU	NNP
.	.
Psychologist	NN
and	CC
Dance\/Movement	NNP
Therapist	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
specialize	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
My	PRP$
approach	NN
includes	VBZ
non-verbal	JJ
,	,
creative	JJ
methods	NNS
targeted	VBN
at	IN
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
provide	VBP
special	JJ
services	NNS
to	TO
parents	NNS
to	TO
support	VB
them	PRP
through	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
process	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Posner	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
board-certified	JJ
psychiatrist	NN
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
with	IN
expertise	NN
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
highly	RB
supportive	JJ
and	CC
confidential	JJ
setting	NN
,	,
she	PRP
provides	VBZ
psychotherapy	NN
and	CC
medication	NN
managment	NN
as	IN
needed	VBN
.	.
Prior	RB
to	TO
practicing	VBG
in	IN
San	NNP
Diego	NNP
,	,
she	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
senior	JJ
psychiatrist	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Renfrew	NNP
Center	NNP
in	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
City	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
works	VBZ
in	IN
collaboration	NN
with	IN
primary	JJ
care	NN
physicians	NNS
,	,
nutritionists	NNS
,	,
holistic	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
providers	NNS
and	CC
therapists	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
and	CC
binge	NN
eating	NN
disorder	NN
,	,
she	PRP
has	VBZ
extensive	JJ
experience	NN
treating	VBG
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
bipolar	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
obsessive-compulsive	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
panic	NN
disorder	NN
,	,
body	NN
dysmorphic	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
personality	NN
disorders	NNS
and	CC
trauma	NN
related	VBN
disorders	NNS
.	.
Licensed	VBN
Psychologist	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
#	#
PSY	NNP
20655	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Provides	VBZ
individual	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
to	TO
help	VB
client	NN
understand	VB
the	DT
role	NN
body	NN
image	NN
and\/or	CC
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
has	VBZ
with	IN
underlying	VBG
feelings	NNS
of	IN
anxiety	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
relationship	NN
concerns	NNS
,	,
intimacy	NN
concerns	NNS
,	,
trauma	NN
,	,
and\/or	CC
other	JJ
personal	JJ
history	NN
and	CC
identity	NN
concerns	NNS
.	.
Therapy	NN
will	MD
explore	VB
the	DT
unique	JJ
history	NN
of	IN
each	DT
client	NN
;	:
ambivalence	NN
in	IN
`	``
letting	VBG
go	VB
'	''
of	IN
the	DT
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
;	:
and	CC
developing	VBG
productive	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
express	VB
underlying	VBG
feelings	NNS
and	CC
achieve	VB
self-acceptance	NN
.	.
Treatment	NNP
includes	VBZ
collaboration	NN
with	IN
psychiatrists	NNS
,	,
dietitians	NNS
,	,
and	CC
physicians	NNS
as	IN
indicated	VBN
.	.
Experience	NN
with	IN
adults	NNS
,	,
culturally	RB
diverse	JJ
populations	NNS
,	,
college	NN
students	NNS
,	,
and	CC
LGB-identified	JJ
clients	NNS
.	.
Evening	NN
appointments	NNS
only	RB
.	.
I	PRP
specialize	VBP
in	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
individuals	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
behavioral	JJ
addictions	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
anxiety	NN
and	CC
depression	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
warm	JJ
,	,
interactive	JJ
style	NN
and	CC
recognize	VB
we	PRP
all	DT
travel	VBP
our	PRP$
own	JJ
journeys	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
where	WRB
we	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
sit	VB
in	IN
judgment	NN
and	CC
offer	VB
a	DT
warm	JJ
,	,
supportive	JJ
environment	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
recovery	NN
.	.
Please	VB
contact	NN
me	PRP
via	IN
phone	NN
or	CC
e-mail	NN
for	IN
additional	JJ
information	NN
or	CC
to	TO
set	VB
up	RP
an	DT
appointment	NN
.	.
I	PRP
look	VBP
forward	RB
to	TO
hearing	NN
from	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Stephanie	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
licensed	JJ
clinical	JJ
psychologist	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
worked	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
women	NNS
's	POS
mental	JJ
health	NN
for	IN
approximately	RB
15	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Experience	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
Dialectical	NNP
Behavior	NNP
Therapy	NNP
,	,
both	DT
individual	JJ
and	CC
skills	NNS
groups	NNS
,	,
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
,	,
Depression	NNP
,	,
Anxiety	NN
and	CC
relationship	NN
distress	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
licensed	JJ
psychotherapist	NN
that	WDT
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
people	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
use	VBP
a	DT
psychodynamic	JJ
approach	NN
and	CC
work	NN
intensely	RB
with	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
to	TO
aid	NN
in	IN
the	DT
recovery	NN
process	NN
and	CC
help	NN
minimize	VB
symptoms	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
affiliated	VBN
with	IN
The	DT
Center	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Study	NN
of	IN
Anorexia	NNP
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
in	IN
NYC	NNP
for	IN
2	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
work	NN
with	IN
patients	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
ages	NNS
and	CC
stages	NNS
of	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
I	PRP
specialize	VBP
in	IN
treating	VBG
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
,	,
binge-eating	NN
,	,
and	CC
bulimia	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
office	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
on	IN
9th	JJ
St.	NNP
between	IN
5th	JJ
and	CC
6th	JJ
Ave	NNP
in	IN
Manhattan	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
take	VBP
some	DT
insurance	NN
and	CC
offer	VB
a	DT
sliding	VBG
scale	NN
fee	NN
.	.
Please	VB
call	VB
for	IN
a	DT
free	JJ
initial	JJ
consultation	NN
.	.
Greta	NNP
Angert	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
licensed	JJ
psychotherapist	NN
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
specializing	VBG
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
healthy	JJ
living	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
worked	VBN
in	IN
several	JJ
outpatient	NN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
treatment	NN
programs	NNS
and	CC
uses	VBZ
a	DT
holistic	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
help	VB
clients	NNS
understand	VB
and	CC
overcome	VB
their	PRP$
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
specialized	VBN
in	IN
treating	VBG
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
in	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
,	,
females	NNS
and	CC
males	NNS
,	,
for	IN
over	IN
20	CD
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
individuals	NNS
and	CC
sometimes	RB
include	VBP
affected	JJ
family	NN
members	NNS
,	,
when	WRB
appropriate	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
approach	NN
is	VBZ
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
help	VBP
individuals	NNS
understand	VB
and	CC
change	VB
patterns	NNS
of	IN
thinking	NN
and	CC
behavior	NN
and	CC
find	VB
healthier	RBR
ways	NNS
of	IN
coping	VBG
with	IN
negative	JJ
feelings	NNS
about	IN
themselves	PRP
,	,
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
relationships	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
my	PRP$
experience	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
recover	VB
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
and	CC
reclaim	VB
a	DT
healthy	JJ
and	CC
normal	JJ
life	NN
.	.
Angela	NNP
R.	NNP
Wurtzel	NNP
provides	VBZ
individual	JJ
,	,
family	NN
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
for	IN
those	DT
struggling	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
self	NN
injury	NN
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
shopping	NN
.	.
Her	PRP$
expertise	NN
lies	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
emotional	JJ
development	NN
of	IN
each	DT
individual	JJ
she	PRP
works	VBZ
with	IN
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Wurtzel	NNP
approaches	VBZ
these	DT
disorders	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
psychodynamic	JJ
framework	NN
and	CC
also	RB
incorporates	VBZ
dialectical	JJ
behavior	NN
therapy	NN
to	TO
move	VB
toward	IN
change	NN
.	.
``	``
So	RB
often	RB
times	NNS
it	PRP
happens	VBZ
that	IN
we	PRP
live	VBP
our	PRP$
lives	NNS
in	IN
chains	NNS
and	CC
we	PRP
never	RB
know	VBP
we	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
key	NN
''	''
--	:
The	DT
EaglesEach	NNP
client	NN
who	WP
comes	VBZ
to	TO
treatment	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
unique	JJ
human	NN
being	VBG
with	IN
unique	JJ
life	NN
experiences	NNS
.	.
Treatment	NNP
goals	NNS
are	VBP
individualized	JJ
and	CC
achieved	VBN
by	IN
assisting	VBG
clients	NNS
to	TO
develop	VB
an	DT
awareness	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
own	JJ
dysfunctional	JJ
behaviors	NNS
and	CC
thought	VBD
patterns	NNS
.	.
The	DT
ultimate	JJ
goal	NN
with	IN
my	PRP$
practice	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
empower	VB
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
,	,
helping	VBG
them	PRP
make	VB
a	DT
leap	NN
of	IN
faith	NN
to	TO
try	VB
healthier	RBR
,	,
coping	VBG
skills	NNS
.	.
Successful	JJ
treatment	NN
means	VBZ
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
have	VBP
developed	VBN
a	DT
strong	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
self	NN
worth	NN
and	CC
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
mood	NN
and	CC
feelings	NNS
without	IN
engaging	VBG
in	IN
self	NN
destructive	JJ
manners	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
therapeutic	JJ
style	NN
is	VBZ
gentle	JJ
and	CC
compassionate	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
strong	JJ
way	NN
,	,
while	IN
tempered	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
easy	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
humor	NN
.	.
I	PRP
invite	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
call	VB
my	PRP$
office	NN
today	NN
to	TO
schedule	VB
an	DT
assessment	NN
session	NN
.	.
Bring	VB
your	PRP$
commitment	NN
to	TO
work	VB
together	RB
,	,
a	DT
willingness	NN
to	TO
learn	VB
,	,
and	CC
you	PRP
can	MD
start	VB
to	TO
heal	VB
today	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
licensed	JJ
psychologist	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
a	DT
diverse	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
clients	NNS
from	IN
children	NNS
up	IN
through	IN
adulthood	NN
.	.
In	IN
particular	JJ
I	PRP
have	VBP
experience	NN
with	IN
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
mental	JJ
health	NN
concerns	NNS
and	CC
addictions	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
are	VBP
an	DT
area	NN
of	IN
particular	JJ
special	JJ
interest	NN
.	.
In	IN
therapy	NN
I	PRP
believe	VBP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
build	VB
a	DT
trusting	JJ
environment	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
therapist	NN
and	CC
client	NN
can	MD
work	VB
collaboratively	RB
toward	IN
healing	NN
.	.
Specializing	VBG
for	IN
over	IN
35	CD
years	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
binge	NN
eating	NN
disorder	NN
,	,
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
for	IN
children	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
adults	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
approach	NN
is	VBZ
directed	VBN
towards	IN
females	NNS
and	CC
males	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
ages	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
use	VBP
unique	JJ
cognitive	NN
and	CC
transitional	JJ
strategies	NNS
to	TO
achieve	VB
the	DT
ultimate	JJ
goal	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
;	:
recovery	NN
.	.
I	PRP
incorporate	VBP
in	IN
my	PRP$
private	JJ
practive	JJ
individual	NN
,	,
couples	NNS
,	,
and	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
the	DT
co-author	NN
of	IN
the	DT
book	NN
Dying	VBG
To	TO
Be	VB
Thin	NNP
.	.
Offices	NNS
are	VBP
located	VBN
in	IN
Manhattan	NNP
and	CC
Long	NNP
Island	NNP
.	.
This	DT
office	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
historic	JJ
downtown	NN
square	NN
in	IN
McKinney	NNP
,	,
Texas	NNP
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Amy	NNP
McCortney	NNP
offers	VBZ
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
counseling	NN
in	IN
recovery	NN
from	IN
anorexia	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
,	,
for	IN
women	NNS
ages	NNS
15	CD
and	CC
older	JJR
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Amy	NNP
McCortney	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
Licensed	VBN
Professional	NNP
Counselor	NNP
Supervisor	NNP
in	IN
Texas	NNP
,	,
a	DT
Nationally	RB
Certified	VBN
Counselor	NNP
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
Lecturing	NNP
Professor	NNP
at	IN
UNT	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
national	JJ
presenter	NN
and	CC
author	NN
on	IN
eating	VBG
disorder-related	JJ
topics	NNS
and	CC
wellness	NN
.	.
She	PRP
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
recovery	NN
,	,
trauma	NN
recovery	NN
,	,
and	CC
biofeedback	NN
for	IN
stress	NN
management	NN
.	.
Therapy	NN
is	VBZ
offered	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
warm	JJ
,	,
accepting	VBG
,	,
and	CC
encouraging	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
Treatment	NNP
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
non-abstinence	JJ
model	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
,	,
meaning	VBG
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
learn	VB
and	CC
grow	VB
at	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
pace	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
looking	VBG
for	IN
an	DT
experienced	JJ
specialist	NN
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
recovery	NN
for	IN
yourself	PRP
or	CC
for	IN
a	DT
loved	VBN
one	CD
,	,
please	VB
call	NN
today	NN
.	.
I	PRP
specialize	VBP
in	IN
helping	VBG
individuals	NNS
gain	VB
a	DT
greater	JJR
sense	NN
of	IN
control	NN
over	IN
eating	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
binge	NN
eating	NN
,	,
and	CC
emotional	JJ
over-eating	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
factors	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
eating	VBG
problems	NNS
.	.
By	IN
providing	VBG
a	DT
safe	JJ
enviornment	NN
,	,
I	PRP
help	VBP
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
to	TO
look	VB
at	IN
the	DT
underlying	VBG
issues	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
thouhgts	NNS
,	,
feelings	NNS
and	CC
behaviors	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
resulted	VBN
in	IN
difficulty	NN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
food	NN
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
and	CC
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
help	VBP
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
learn	VBP
healthy	JJ
coping	VBG
strategies	NNS
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
stress	NN
and	CC
life	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
gain	VB
a	DT
healthy	JJ
self-image	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
an	DT
experienced	JJ
clinical	JJ
psychologist	NN
specializing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
related	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
approach	NN
is	VBZ
empathic	JJ
and	CC
supportive	JJ
and	CC
integrates	VBZ
psychodynamic	JJ
and	CC
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
techniques	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
identify	VB
triggers	VBZ
,	,
learn	VB
new	JJ
coping	VBG
skills	NNS
,	,
and	CC
gain	NN
insight	NN
into	IN
underlying	VBG
issues	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
worked	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
staff	NN
psychologist	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Renfrew	NNP
Center	NNP
of	IN
NY	NNP
,	,
and	CC
have	VBP
provided	VBN
treatment	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
at	IN
colleges	NNS
and	CC
universities	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
collaborate	VBP
with	IN
nutritionists	NNS
,	,
psychiatrists	NNS
,	,
and	CC
physicians	NNS
as	IN
needed	VBN
.	.
Psychiatrist	NN
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
psychiatrist	NN
who	WP
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
and	CC
insight-oriented	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
and	CC
medication	NN
management	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
worked	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
UCLA	NNP
intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
program	NN
before	IN
working	VBG
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
In	IN
psychotherapy	NN
much	JJ
depends	VBZ
upon	IN
the	DT
rapport	NN
.	.
You	PRP
must	MD
feel	VB
comfortable	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
therapist	NN
and	CC
hopeful	JJ
about	IN
the	DT
therapy	NN
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
feel	VBP
this	DT
way	NN
,	,
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
more	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
helpful	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
practicing	VBG
clinical	JJ
psychology	NN
since	IN
1977	CD
.	.
I	PRP
focus	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
interplay	NN
between	IN
our	PRP$
internal	JJ
world	NN
and	CC
our	PRP$
relations	NNS
with	IN
others	NNS
.	.
Not	RB
restricted	VBN
to	TO
one	CD
approach	NN
,	,
I	PRP
integrate	VBP
a	DT
range	NN
of	IN
useful	JJ
change	NN
strategies	NNS
including	VBG
interpersonal	JJ
and	CC
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
.	.
Psychotherapy	NNP
is	VBZ
both	DT
an	DT
educational	JJ
process	NN
and	CC
an	DT
interpersonal	JJ
process	NN
.	.
Each	DT
person	NN
's	POS
experience	NN
is	VBZ
unique	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
special	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
relationship	NN
disturbances	NNS
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
and	CC
stress	NN
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
provide	VBP
individual	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
to	TO
those	DT
seeking	VBG
help	NN
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
life	NN
struggles	VBZ
such	JJ
as	IN
depression	NN
and	CC
anxiety	NN
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
a	DT
safe	JJ
environment	NN
to	TO
help	VB
clients	NNS
to	TO
explore	VB
,	,
better	JJR
understand	VB
and	CC
set	VB
goals	NNS
for	IN
themselves	PRP
and	CC
the	DT
treatment	NN
process	NN
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
clients	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
curious	JJ
and	CC
compassionate	JJ
with	IN
themselves	PRP
and	CC
make	VB
the	DT
changes	NNS
needed	VBD
to	TO
lead	VB
to	TO
recovery	NN
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
to	TO
help	VB
create	VB
an	DT
environment	NN
that	WDT
fosters	VBZ
growth	NN
and	CC
insight	NN
for	IN
each	DT
unique	JJ
person	NN
.	.
Having	VBG
recovered	VBN
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
myself	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
key	JJ
component	NN
for	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
every	DT
person	NN
deserves	VBZ
to	TO
recover	VB
and	CC
has	VBZ
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
.	.
Lastly	RB
,	,
I	PRP
think	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
`	``
fit	NN
'	''
with	IN
a	DT
therapist	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
important	JJ
factor	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
feel	VB
comfortable	JJ
and	CC
safe	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
therapist	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
chosen	VBN
.	.
Please	VB
feel	VB
free	JJ
to	TO
call	VB
and	CC
ask	VB
questions	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
help	VB
to	TO
determine	VB
if	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
the	DT
right	JJ
therapist	NN
`	``
fit	NN
'	''
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Spomer	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
licensed	JJ
Clinical	NNP
Psychologist	NNP
who	WP
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
in	IN
older	JJR
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
works	VBZ
closely	RB
with	IN
parents	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
of	IN
those	DT
suffering	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
providing	VBG
psychoeducation	NN
and	CC
therapy	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Spomer	NNP
's	POS
treatment	NN
approach	NN
is	VBZ
integrative	JJ
with	IN
a	DT
strong	JJ
focus	NN
on	IN
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
and	CC
psychodynamic	JJ
therapy	NN
;	:
through	IN
this	DT
approach	NN
,	,
both	CC
the	DT
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
the	DT
factors	NNS
that	WDT
maintain	VBP
them	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
adequately	RB
addressed	VBN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Spomer	NNP
also	RB
has	VBZ
skills	NNS
in	IN
Dialectical	NNP
Behavior	NNP
Therapy	NNP
which	WDT
she	PRP
has	VBZ
found	VBN
quite	RB
useful	JJ
in	IN
helping	VBG
those	DT
she	PRP
works	VBZ
with	IN
to	TO
manage	VB
the	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
feelings	NNS
that	WDT
often	RB
surface	VBP
as	IN
people	NNS
make	VBP
their	PRP$
way	NN
toward	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Spomer	NNP
was	VBD
previously	RB
a	DT
psychologist	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Klarman	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Center	NNP
at	IN
McLean	NNP
Hospital\/Harvard	NNP
Medical	NNP
School	NNP
where	WRB
she	PRP
provided	VBD
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
to	TO
girls\/young	JJ
women	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
residential	JJ
and	CC
partial	JJ
hospital	NN
setting	NN
.	.
Currently	RB
,	,
she	PRP
provides	VBZ
outpatient	NN
therapy	NN
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
staff	NN
at	IN
Newton-Wellesley	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
Brookline	NNP
and	CC
Newton	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
is	VBZ
now	RB
welcoming	VBG
referrals	NNS
to	TO
her	PRP$
private	JJ
practice	NN
in	IN
Arlington	NNP
,	,
MA	NNP
.	.
Psychologist	NN
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Eerkens	NNP
treats	VBZ
a	DT
full	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
problems	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
eating	VBG
concerns	NNS
and	CC
body	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
nervosa	NN
,	,
and	CC
binge	NN
eating	NN
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
works	VBZ
with	IN
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
and	CC
relationship	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Eerkens	NNP
practices	NNS
psychotherapy	NN
with	IN
adults	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
couples	NNS
in	IN
San	NNP
Rafael	NNP
.	.
Mollie	NNP
Coughlin	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
licensed	JJ
MFT	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
Certified	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Specialist	NNP
,	,
and	CC
has	VBZ
devoted	VBN
her	PRP$
career	NN
to	TO
providing	VBG
comprehensive	JJ
supportive	JJ
care	NN
&	CC
recovery	NN
to	TO
people	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
various	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
Mollie	NNP
understands	VBZ
the	DT
stuggle	NN
of	IN
living	VBG
with	IN
unhealthy	JJ
eating	NN
patterns	NNS
and	CC
how	WRB
this	DT
affects	VBZ
all	DT
aspects	NNS
of	IN
daily	JJ
living	NN
.	.
She	PRP
feels	VBZ
passionate	JJ
about	IN
restoring	VBG
quality	NN
of	IN
life	NN
and	CC
freedom	NN
from	IN
ED	JJ
obsessions	NNS
to	TO
those	DT
that	IN
she	PRP
has	VBZ
the	DT
honor	NN
of	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
on	IN
their	PRP$
journey	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
.	.
Mollie	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
highly	RB
skilled	JJ
and	CC
compassionate	JJ
clinician	NN
who	WP
enjoys	VBZ
working	VBG
with	IN
individuals	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
male	JJ
&	CC
female	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
couples	NNS
,	,
and	CC
families	NNS
in	IN
treating	VBG
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
stress	NN
management	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
Mollie	NNP
feels	VBZ
extremely	RB
passionate	JJ
about	IN
decreasing	VBG
the	DT
high	JJ
incidence	NN
of	IN
these	DT
disorders	NNS
in	IN
our	PRP$
society	NN
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
the	DT
accompanying	VBG
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
and	CC
negative	JJ
body	NN
image	NN
,	,
through	IN
prevention	NN
,	,
early	RB
detection	NN
and	CC
quality	NN
treatments	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
her	PRP$
clinical	JJ
work	NN
in	IN
her	PRP$
private	JJ
practice	NN
she	PRP
has	VBZ
volunteered	VBN
much	RB
of	IN
her	PRP$
time	NN
to	TO
educating	VBG
students	NNS
,	,
coaches	NNS
,	,
parents	NNS
and	CC
teachers	NNS
throughout	IN
San	NNP
Diego	NNP
County	NNP
School	NNP
Districts	NNPS
on	IN
the	DT
dangers	NNS
of	IN
fad	NN
dieting	NN
&	CC
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
,	,
improving	VBG
body	NN
image	NN
and	CC
self-esteem	NN
and	CC
media	NNS
awareness	NN
.	.
Mollie	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
California	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Marriage	NNP
&	CC
Family	NNP
Therapists	NNPS
-LRB-	-LRB-
CAMFT	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
International	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Professionals	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
IAEDP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Specializing	VBG
in	IN
couples	NNS
and	CC
relationship	NN
counselling	NN
with	IN
over	IN
25	CD
years	NNS
service	NN
.	.
Pacific	NNP
Northwest	NNP
center	NN
for	IN
the	DT
wozrld	JJ
renown	NN
PAIRS	NNS
program	NN
,	,
teaching	NN
couples	NNS
the	DT
Practical	NNP
Application	NNP
of	IN
Intimate	NNP
Relationship	NNP
Skills	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
psychologist	NN
who	WP
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
treating	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
in	IN
college	NN
students	NNS
,	,
professional	JJ
women	NNS
,	,
artists	NNS
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
mothers	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
primary	JJ
focus	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
relationships	NNS
between	IN
mothers	NNS
and	CC
daughters	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
New	NNP
Jersey	NNP
licensed	VBD
clinical	JJ
social	JJ
worker	NN
,	,
specializing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eaing	VBG
disorders	NNS
including	VBG
;	:
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
binge	NN
eating	NN
and	CC
early	JJ
onset	NN
of	IN
behaviors	NNS
that	WDT
could	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
Therapy	NN
would	MD
involve	VB
treatment	NN
of	IN
underlying	VBG
psychological	JJ
and	CC
interpersonal	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
individual	JJ
and	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
clinical	JJ
approach	NN
uses	VBZ
many	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
therapeutic	JJ
techniques	NNS
including	VBG
cognitive\/behavioral	JJ
,	,
insight	NN
,	,
solution	NN
focused	VBD
and	CC
hypnosis	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
experience	NN
working	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
hospital	NN
setting	VBG
gives	VBZ
me	PRP
the	DT
knowledge	NN
to	TO
assess	VB
and	CC
guide	VB
clients	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
treatment	NN
level	NN
.	.
I	PRP
use	VBP
a	DT
collaborative	NN
,	,
multi-disciplinary	JJ
approach	NN
with	IN
other	JJ
providers	NNS
to	TO
ensure	VB
comprehensive	JJ
care	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Gunderson	NNP
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
adults	NNS
and	CC
adolescents	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
currently	RB
the	DT
director	NN
of	IN
Laurel	NNP
Hill	NNP
Inn	NNP
's	POS
Evening	NNP
Treatment	NNP
Program	NNP
in	IN
Sommerville	NNP
,	,
Massachusetts	NNP
and	CC
is	VBZ
accepting	VBG
referrals	NNS
to	TO
her	PRP$
private	JJ
practice	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
also	RB
in	IN
Sommerville	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
therapist	NN
providing	VBG
individual	JJ
and	CC
couple	NN
's	POS
counseling	NN
to	TO
men	NNS
,	,
women	NNS
and	CC
adolescents	NNS
who	WP
struggle	VBP
with	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
overeating	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
issues	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
food	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
in	IN
providing	VBG
clients	NNS
a	DT
place	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
can	MD
feel	VB
safe	JJ
to	TO
explore	VB
the	DT
issues	NNS
underlying	VBG
their	PRP$
eating	NN
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
family	NN
therapist	NN
providing	VBG
individual	NN
,	,
couple	NN
and	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
with	IN
expertise	NN
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
spent	VBD
nine	CD
years	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
Family	NNP
Therapy	NNP
Consultant	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Center	NNP
for	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
,	,
in	IN
Towson	NNP
,	,
Maryland	NNP
,	,
where	WRB
I	PRP
provided	VBD
family	NN
therapy	NN
training	NN
and	CC
supervision	NN
.	.
Family	NNP
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
often	RB
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
choice	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
care	NN
of	IN
an	DT
adolescent	JJ
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
Disorder	NN
.	.
Family	NNP
involvement	NN
and	CC
family	NN
education	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
critical	JJ
component	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
an	DT
adjunct	JJ
faculty	NN
member	NN
for	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Maryland	NNP
's	POS
School	NNP
of	IN
Social	NNP
work	NN
where	WRB
I	PRP
teach	VBP
courses	NNS
in	IN
Family	NNP
Therapy	NNP
.	.
In	IN
my	PRP$
experience	NN
treating	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
I	PRP
have	VBP
also	RB
worked	VBN
with	IN
addictions	NNS
,	,
developmental	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
trauma	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
and	CC
depression	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
specialized	VBN
in	IN
body	NN
image	NN
and	CC
women	NNS
's	POS
issues	NNS
.	.
Besides	IN
individual	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
I	PRP
also	RB
enjoy	VBP
group	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
teaching	NN
,	,
training	NN
,	,
and	CC
speaking	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
mobile	JJ
and	CC
can	MD
meet	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
in	IN
your	PRP$
home	NN
.	.
Psychotherapy	NNP
for	IN
individuals	NNS
,	,
couples	NNS
,	,
and	CC
groups	NNS
.	.
Specialties	NNS
include	VBP
eating	VBG
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
addictions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
workplace	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
Psychodynamic	NNP
and	CC
cognitive\/behavioral	JJ
approaches	NNS
used	VBN
to	TO
identify	VB
underlying	VBG
psychological	JJ
issues	NNS
and	CC
symptom	NN
reduction	NN
.	.
Collaboration	NN
and	CC
referral	NN
to	TO
nutritionists	NNS
,	,
eastern	JJ
and	CC
western	JJ
medical	JJ
doctors	NNS
,	,
and	CC
psychopharmacologists	NNS
as	IN
needed	VBN
.	.
Convenient	JJ
mid-town	JJ
Manhattan	NNP
location	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
licensed	JJ
clinical	JJ
social	JJ
worker	NN
with	IN
22	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
.	.
I	PRP
see	VBP
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
in	IN
individual	JJ
therapy	NN
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
beginning	VBG
support	NN
groups	NNS
and	CC
treatment	NN
groups	NNS
very	RB
soon	RB
.	.
My	PRP$
way	NN
of	IN
doing	VBG
therpay	NN
combines	VBZ
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
humor	NN
with	IN
a	DT
caring	NN
and	CC
compassionate	JJ
approach	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
use	VB
any	DT
treatment	NN
formula	NN
,	,
since	IN
everyone	NN
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
is	VBZ
special	JJ
and	CC
has	VBZ
their	PRP$
own	JJ
needs	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
office	NN
is	VBZ
private	JJ
,	,
comfortable	JJ
and	CC
conveniently	RB
located	VBN
near	IN
the	DT
College	NNP
of	IN
Staten	NNP
Island	NNP
.	.
La	NNP
Que	NNP
Sabe	NNP
provides	VBZ
people	NNS
suffering	VBG
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
a	DT
unique	JJ
program	NN
to	TO
alleviate	VB
problem	NN
eating	VBG
behaviors	NNS
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
obsessions	NNS
.	.
La	NNP
Que	NNP
Sabe	NNP
provides	VBZ
systemic	JJ
intervention	NN
through	IN
stabilization	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NN
behaviors	NNS
,	,
collaborative	JJ
medical	JJ
intervention	NN
,	,
and	CC
resolution	NN
of	IN
the	DT
underlying	VBG
etiology	NN
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
Intensive	NNP
Outpatient	NNP
,	,
On-going	JJ
groups	NNS
,	,
and	CC
Individual	NNP
and	CC
Family	NNP
Therapy	NNP
.	.
Private	JJ
practice	NN
specializing	VBG
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
with	IN
over	IN
15	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
.	.
Provide	VB
individual	JJ
and	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
to	TO
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
compulsive	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
and	CC
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Offer	NN
a	DT
gentle	JJ
and	CC
collaborative	JJ
approach	NN
.	.
Use	NNP
both	DT
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
techniques	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
clients	NNS
manage	VB
symptoms	NNS
and	CC
psychodynamic	JJ
approaches	NNS
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
underlying	VBG
causes	NNS
.	.
Diane	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
working	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
for	IN
over	IN
20	CD
years	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
works	VBZ
with	IN
individuals	NNS
,	,
couples	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
and	CC
encourages	VBZ
a	DT
team	NN
approach	NN
with	IN
medical	JJ
professionals	NNS
and	CC
nutritionists	NNS
as	IN
appropriate	JJ
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
works	VBZ
with	IN
adult	NN
survivors	NNS
of	IN
childhood	NN
trauma	NN
and	CC
enjoys	VBZ
helping	VBG
clients	NNS
utilize	VB
their	PRP$
survival	NN
skills	NNS
in	IN
healthy	JJ
ways	NNS
.	.
Welcome	UH
to	TO
Wasatch	NNP
Family	NNP
Therapy	NNP
!	.
I	PRP
can	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
resolve	VB
self-esteem	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
relationship	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
and	CC
self-defeating	JJ
behaviors	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
particularly	RB
passionate	JJ
about	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
young	JJ
adult	NN
women	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
mood	NN
disorders	NNS
,	,
postpartum	NN
emotional	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
relationship	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
and	CC
past	JJ
abuse	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
insurances	NNS
accepted	VBN
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
self-pay	JJ
.	.
Please	VB
call	VB
for	IN
fee	NN
information	NN
.	.
Currently	RB
accepting	VBG
new	JJ
clients	NNS
.	.
Single	JJ
session	NN
consultations	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
for	IN
professional	JJ
advice	NN
on	IN
a	DT
specific	JJ
issues	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
longer-term	JJ
counseling	NN
.	.
Please	VB
feel	VB
free	JJ
to	TO
call	VB
me	PRP
with	IN
any	DT
questions	NNS
.	.
Individual	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
with	IN
a	DT
specialty	NN
in	IN
treating	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Integrative	JJ
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
approach	NN
.	.
Unique	JJ
multidisciplinary	JJ
``	``
Comprehensive	NNP
Group	NNP
Program	NNP
''	''
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
therapeutic	JJ
groups	NNS
,	,
nutrition	NN
education	NN
,	,
and	CC
meal	NN
outings	NNS
.	.
Advanced	NNP
Recovery	NNP
Group	NNP
also	RB
offered	VBD
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
have	VBP
had	VBN
significant	JJ
treatment	NN
in	IN
the	DT
past	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
twelve-step	JJ
group	NN
patterned	VBN
after	IN
the	DT
Alchoholics	NNP
Anonymous	NNP
organization	NN
.	.
The	DT
difference	NN
however	RB
is	VBZ
that	IN
instead	RB
of	IN
focusing	VBG
on	IN
abstinence	NN
as	IN
AA	NNP
and	CC
OA	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Overeaters	NNP
Anonymous	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
do	VBP
,	,
this	DT
group	NN
and	CC
EDA	NNP
in	IN
general	JJ
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
finding	VBG
balance	NN
in	IN
life	NN
and	CC
reaching	VBG
milestones	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
journey	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
.	.
Anyone	NN
is	VBZ
welcome	JJ
to	TO
join	VB
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
or	CC
issues	NNS
with	IN
food	NN
and	CC
want	VB
to	TO
recover	VB
.	.
Parents	NNS
may	MD
bring	VB
preschool	JJ
aged	VBN
and	CC
under	IN
children	NNS
if	IN
childcare	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
found	VBN
.	.
Teenagers	NNS
16	CD
and	CC
above	RB
are	VBP
also	RB
welcome	JJ
to	TO
join	VB
as	IN
we	PRP
realize	VBP
many	JJ
teenagers	NNS
also	RB
are	VBP
in	IN
dire	JJ
need	NN
of	IN
a	DT
supportive	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
some	DT
legal	JJ
clauses	NNS
with	IN
minors	NNS
,	,
but	CC
do	VBP
n't	RB
let	VB
this	DT
stop	NN
you	PRP
from	IN
joining	VBG
our	PRP$
group	NN
and	CC
finding	VBG
a	DT
supportive	JJ
place	NN
to	TO
share	VB
and	CC
work	VB
through	IN
your	PRP$
feelings	NNS
.	.
Like	IN
other	JJ
recovery	NN
oriented	VBN
places	NNS
,	,
a	DT
focus	NN
on	IN
weight	NN
,	,
exercise	NN
,	,
and	CC
numbers	NNS
is	VBZ
not	RB
permitted	VBN
.	.
These	DT
only	JJ
cause	NN
the	DT
obsessions	NNS
and	CC
body	NN
issues	NNS
to	TO
become	VB
stronger	JJR
and	CC
can	MD
cause	VB
competitiveness	NN
between	IN
members	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
ready	JJ
to	TO
meet	VB
others	NNS
who	WP
can	MD
cheer	VB
you	PRP
on	IN
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
tired	VBN
of	IN
struggling	VBG
alone	RB
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
find	VB
your	PRP$
personal	JJ
recovery	NN
please	VB
join	VB
us	PRP
.	.
Contact	NN
information	NN
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
below	RB
.	.
Started	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
project	NN
to	TO
support	VB
the	DT
writing	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
book	NN
,	,
this	DT
group	NN
has	VBZ
grown	VBN
by	IN
leaps	NNS
to	TO
become	VB
a	DT
very	RB
powerful	JJ
recovery	NN
tool	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
members	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
name	NN
is	VBZ
Patricia	NNP
Zirin	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
57	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
and	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
MA	NNP
in	IN
Spiritual	NNP
Psychology	NNP
from	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Santa	NNP
Monica	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
an	DT
ordained	VBN
minister	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
been	VBN
since	IN
1985	CD
.	.
My	PRP$
church	NN
website	NN
is	VBZ
:	:
www.msia.org	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
working	VBG
on	IN
a	DT
book	NN
about	IN
my	PRP$
personal	JJ
experience	NN
with	IN
bulimia	NN
and	CC
this	DT
group	NN
is	VBZ
people	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
willing	JJ
to	TO
work	VB
on	IN
this	DT
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
if	IN
I	PRP
could	MD
conquer	VB
this	DT
horrible	JJ
monster	NN
of	IN
a	DT
disease	NN
,	,
anyone	NN
can	MD
and	CC
to	TO
that	DT
end	NN
,	,
I	PRP
find	VBP
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
time	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
to	TO
``	``
come	VB
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
closet	NN
''	''
with	IN
my	PRP$
story	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
healing	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
profoundly	RB
active	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
5-7	CD
times	NNS
per	IN
day	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
bulimic	JJ
for	IN
over	IN
5	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
by	IN
applying	VBG
techniques	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
learned	VBD
in	IN
my	PRP$
pastoral	NN
and	CC
psychological	JJ
studies	NNS
I	PRP
was	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
stop	VB
the	DT
behavior	NN
.	.
This	DT
group	NN
started	VBD
out	RP
with	IN
me	PRP
looking	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
people	NNS
who	WP
were	VBD
willing	JJ
to	TO
share	VB
on	IN
very	RB
deep	JJ
and	CC
intimate	JJ
levels	NNS
about	IN
their	PRP$
experience	NN
who	WP
:1	CD
.	.
are	VBP
sick	JJ
and	CC
tired	JJ
of	IN
being	VBG
sick	JJ
and	CC
tired2	JJ
.	.
are	VBP
willing	JJ
to	TO
do	VB
whatever	WDT
it	PRP
takes3	JJ
.	.
who	WP
are	VBP
courageous4	CD
.	.
who	WP
are	VBP
seriously	RB
interested	JJ
in	IN
recovery5	CD
.	.
who	WP
are	VBP
willing	JJ
to	TO
do	VB
the	DT
work	NN
,	,
whatever	WDT
it	PRP
is6	FW
.	.
who	WP
are	VBP
willing	JJ
to	TO
keep	VB
me	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
loop	NN
on	IN
how	WRB
the	DT
work	NN
is	VBZ
going7	CD
.	.
who	WP
are	VBP
connected	VBN
to	TO
Spirit	NNP
or	CC
God	NNP
or	CC
a	DT
Higher	JJR
PowerWhat	NNP
it	PRP
has	VBZ
become	VBN
is	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
interesting	JJ
,	,
loving	JJ
and	CC
moving	VBG
account	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
winning	VBG
in	IN
this	DT
challenge	NN
to	TO
overcome	VB
the	DT
demons	NNS
they	PRP
face	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
battle	NN
against	IN
EDs	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
available	JJ
for	IN
individual	JJ
pastoral	JJ
conseling	NN
by	IN
phone	NN
for	IN
fee	NN
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
ICCT	NNP
is	VBZ
offering	VBG
a	DT
weekly	JJ
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Recovery	NNP
Group	NNP
at	IN
our	PRP$
center	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
now	RB
a	DT
recovered	VBN
anorexic\/bulimic	NN
and	CC
am	VBP
using	VBG
tools	NNS
I	PRP
found	VBD
helpful	JJ
in	IN
my	PRP$
recovery	NN
to	TO
facilitate	VB
the	DT
recovery	NN
of	IN
others	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
any	DT
type	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
.	.
Feel	NNP
free	JJ
to	TO
call	VB
for	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
.	.
Aberdeen	NNP
ABC	NNP
support	NN
group	NN
offers	VBZ
help	NN
to	TO
those	DT
suffering	VBG
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
and	CC
to	TO
those	DT
who	WP
care	VBP
for	IN
them	PRP
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
group	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
mutual	JJ
support	NN
and	CC
encouragement	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
run	VBN
by	IN
fully	RB
recovered	VBN
eating	NN
disorder	NN
sufferers	NNS
.	.
Support	NN
group	NN
and	CC
information	NN
packets	NNS
mailed	VBN
out	RP
to	TO
who	WP
ever	RB
calls	VBZ
and	CC
would	MD
like	VB
more	JJR
information	NN
.	.
Several	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
packets	NNS
,	,
parents	NNS
friends	NNS
and	CC
people	NNS
who	WP
just	RB
want	VBP
to	TO
learn	VB
about	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
All	DT
group	NN
meetings	NNS
and	CC
mailings	NNS
and	CC
workbooks	NNS
are	VBP
free	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
clients	NNS
.	.
Weekly	NNP
peer	VB
support	NN
group	NN
every	DT
Wednesday	NNP
evening	NN
at	IN
7pm	CD
until	IN
9pm	CD
at	IN
the	DT
Our	PRP$
Saviours	NNP
Lutheran	NNP
Church	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
190	CD
Massey	NNP
Road	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Our	PRP$
group	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
safe	JJ
,	,
comfortable	JJ
environment	NN
for	IN
people	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
recovery	NN
process	NN
to	TO
share	VB
and	CC
express	VB
thier	JJR
feelings	NNS
where	WRB
they	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
judged	VBN
.	.
Led	VBN
by	IN
:	:
Licensed	VBN
Clinical	JJ
TherapistHelp	NNP
in	IN
overcoming	VBG
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
or	CC
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
No	DT
charge	NN
.	.
Every	DT
Monday	NNP
evening	NN
at	IN
6	CD
p.m.	RB
,	,
in	IN
main	JJ
conference	NN
room	NN
of	IN
Lake	NNP
Mead	NNP
Hospital	NNP
.	.
Led	VBN
by	IN
experienced	JJ
therapist	NN
.	.
Abigail	NNP
Natenshon	NNP
,	,
MA	NNP
,	,
LCSW	NNP
,	,
psychotherapist	NN
,	,
author	NN
,	,
nationally	RB
renowned	JJ
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
expert	NN
,	,
and	CC
Guild	NNP
Certified	NNP
Feldenkrais	NNP
Practitioner	NNP
,	,
will	MD
facilitate	VB
a	DT
unique	JJ
new	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
support	NN
group	NN
experience	NN
for	IN
adults	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
and\/or	CC
body	NN
image	NN
disturbances	NNS
.	.
Beginning	VBG
in	IN
November	NNP
,	,
group	NN
sessions	NNS
will	MD
take	VB
place	NN
in	IN
Highland	NNP
Park	NNP
,	,
Illinois	NNP
,	,
weeknights	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
12	CD
sessions	NNS
.	.
Offering	VBG
a	DT
unique	JJ
opportunity	NN
to	TO
heal	VB
through	IN
combining	VBG
traditional	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
psychodynamic	JJ
,	,
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
treatment	NN
techniques	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
novel	JJ
new	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
self-awareness	NN
and	CC
learning	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
The	DT
Feldenkrais	NNP
Method	NNP
,	,
Awareness	NNP
Thgrough	NNP
Movement	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
each	DT
psychotherapy\/support	NN
group	NN
experience	NN
will	MD
be	VB
preceded	VBN
by	IN
one	CD
half	NN
hour	NN
of	IN
Feldenkrais	NNP
body	NN
movement	NN
.	.
Eating	NNP
disorders	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
just	RB
diseases	NNS
of	IN
childhood	NN
.	.
Contrary	JJ
to	TO
popular	JJ
belief	NN
,	,
people	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
grow	VB
out	IN
of	IN
these	DT
disorders	NNS
simply	RB
because	IN
they	PRP
grow	VBP
up	RP
.	.
When	WRB
people	NNS
bring	VBP
unresolved	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
to	TO
their	PRP$
adult	NN
years	NNS
,	,
their	PRP$
functioning	NN
becomes	VBZ
compromised	VBN
in	IN
all	DT
of	IN
their	PRP$
life	NN
roles	NNS
.	.
Group	NNP
members	NNS
will	MD
experience	VB
relief	NN
,	,
optimism	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
community	NN
through	IN
sharing	VBG
life	NN
experiences	NNS
with	IN
others	NNS
like	VBP
themselves	PRP
,	,
address	NN
feelings	NNS
that	WDT
emerge	VBP
through	IN
the	DT
here-and-now	JJ
dynamics	NNS
of	IN
group	NN
process	NN
,	,
and	CC
become	VB
more	RBR
personally	RB
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
experience	NN
of	IN
living	VBG
inside	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
body	NN
.	.
This	DT
group	NN
will	MD
meet	VB
evenings	NNS
in	IN
Highland	NNP
Park	NNP
,	,
Illinois	NNP
from	IN
7:00	CD
PM	NNP
to	TO
8:30	CD
PM	NNP
.	.
Fee	NN
per	IN
session	NN
will	MD
be	VB
$	$
100	CD
.	.
``	``
A	DT
space	NN
for	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
voice	VB
thoughts	NNS
,	,
concerns	NNS
,	,
fears	NNS
and	CC
anxieties	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
to	TO
share	VB
successes	NNS
,	,
about	IN
your	PRP$
experience	NN
with	IN
eating	VBG
problems	NNS
.	.
''	''
A	DT
free	JJ
,	,
peer-facilitated	JJ
support	NN
group	NN
developed	VBD
for	IN
women	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
Bulimarexia	NNP
,	,
and\/or	CC
other	JJ
issues	NNS
with	IN
food	NN
or	CC
body	NN
image	NN
.	.
Sponsored	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
for	IN
Anorexia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
and	CC
Associated	NNP
Disorders	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
ANAD	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
Meets	VBZ
the	DT
2nd	JJ
and	CC
4th	JJ
Fridays	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
month	NN
from	IN
6-7	CD
:30	CD
p.m.	NN
on	IN
the	DT
near-west	JJ
side	NN
of	IN
Madison	NNP
.	.
Please	VB
email	VB
me	PRP
for	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
,	,
and\/or	CC
for	IN
directions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
support	NN
group	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
decided	VBN
to	TO
start	VB
a	DT
support	NN
group	NN
for	IN
people	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
any	DT
type	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
:	:
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
binge-eating	JJ
disorder	NN
because	IN
in	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
search	NN
for	IN
recovery	NN
tools	NNS
have	VBP
found	VBN
that	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
very	RB
few	JJ
resources	NNS
available	JJ
for	IN
those	DT
in	IN
this	DT
area	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
have	VB
a	DT
degree	NN
in	IN
Psychology	NNP
and	CC
Social	NNP
Work	NNP
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
support	NN
group	NN
is	VBZ
peer	VB
based	VBN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
charge	NN
for	IN
the	DT
support	NN
group	NN
.	.
When	WRB
diets	NNS
and	CC
programs	NNS
have	VBP
failed	VBN
again	RB
and	CC
again	RB
,	,
Food	NNP
Addicts	NNP
Anonymous	NNP
provides	VBZ
hope	NN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
fellowship	NN
of	IN
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
willing	JJ
to	TO
recover	VB
.	.
We	PRP
view	VBP
food	NN
addiction	NN
as	IN
a	DT
biochemical	JJ
disease	NN
and	CC
have	VB
a	DT
plan	NN
of	IN
action	NN
that	WDT
works	VBZ
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
ready	JJ
to	TO
leave	VB
despair	NN
behind	IN
.	.
Groups	NNS
meet	VBP
throughout	IN
the	DT
week	NN
in	IN
Manhattan	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Bronx	NNP
.	.
Please	VB
call	VB
the	DT
FAA	NNP
Hotline	NNP
at	IN
(212) 799-0824	CD
for	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
an	DT
undergrad	NN
psych	VBP
major	JJ
who	WP
will	MD
be	VB
leading	VBG
support	NN
groups	NNS
this	DT
summer	NN
.	.
These	DT
free	JJ
,	,
self-help	JJ
support	NN
groups	NNS
will	MD
serve	VB
as	IN
an	DT
open	JJ
,	,
nonjudgmental	JJ
setting	VBG
for	IN
exploring	VBG
issues	NNS
with	IN
food	NN
and	CC
eating	NN
.	.
The	DT
groups	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
sponsored	VBN
by	IN
ANAD	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Anorexia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
and	CC
Associated	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
supervised	VBN
by	IN
Dr.	NNP
Linda	NNP
Blakeley	NNP
,	,
Ph.	NNP
D	NNP
,	,
a	DT
clinical	JJ
psychologist	NN
who	WP
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Women	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
age	NN
who	WP
are	VBP
suffering	VBG
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
their	PRP$
families\/friends	NNS
are	VBP
welcome	JJ
to	TO
attend	VB
,	,
as	IN
is	VBZ
anyone	NN
who	WP
feels	VBZ
emotional	JJ
and\/or	CC
physical	JJ
distress	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
food	NN
and	CC
eating	NN
.	.
The	DT
groups	NNS
will	MD
run	VB
from	IN
late	JJ
June	NNP
to	TO
late	JJ
August	NNP
.	.
They	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
great	JJ
opportunity	NN
to	TO
further	VB
the	DT
healing	NN
process	NN
in	IN
a	DT
casual	JJ
and	CC
yet	RB
supportive	JJ
setting	NN
.	.
Please	VB
call	VB
or	CC
e-mail	VB
for	IN
specific	JJ
days	NNS
and	CC
times	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
voluntary	JJ
group	NN
,	,
and	CC
hold	VB
a	DT
meeting	NN
every	DT
third	JJ
Wednesday	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
month	NN
,	,
between	IN
7.00	CD
and	CC
9.00	CD
.	.
Admission	NN
is	VBZ
free	JJ
and	CC
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
need	NN
to	TO
book	VB
a	DT
place	NN
,	,
just	RB
turn	VB
up	RP
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
lots	NNS
of	IN
info	NN
and	CC
a	DT
lending	NN
library	NN
specialising	VBG
in	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
We	PRP
aim	VBP
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
safe	JJ
sanctuary	NN
for	IN
people	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
Anorexia	NNP
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
particularly	RB
encourage	VBP
carers	NNS
to	TO
attend	VB
as	IN
we	PRP
feel	VBP
they	PRP
are	VBP
extremely	RB
important	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
recovery	NN
process	NN
.	.
Everyone	NN
at	IN
the	DT
group	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
touched	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
either	CC
as	IN
a	DT
carer	NN
or	CC
as	IN
a	DT
sufferer	NN
.	.
Healing	NN
Works	NNP
treats	VBZ
children	NNS
,	,
teens	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
issues	NNS
and	CC
is	VBZ
the	DT
home	NN
of	IN
PowerKids	NNP
,	,
a	DT
group	NN
for	IN
obese	JJ
children	NNS
ages	NNS
8-13	CD
.	.
PowerKids	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
10	CD
week	NN
group	NN
with	IN
a	DT
supplemental	JJ
parent	NN
's	POS
group	NN
.	.
The	DT
group	NN
will	MD
reduce	VB
barriers	NNS
to	TO
positive	JJ
change	NN
,	,
teach	VB
healthy	JJ
new	JJ
coping	VBG
skills	NNS
and	CC
enhance	VB
self-esteem	NN
and	CC
spirituality	NN
while	IN
providing	VBG
a	DT
safe	JJ
place	NN
and	CC
a	DT
supportive	JJ
peer	VB
group	NN
.	.
Creative	JJ
phsychotherapy	NN
and	CC
support	NN
group	NN
provided	VBD
for	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
and	CC
related	VBN
issues	NNS
by	IN
a	DT
licenced	JJ
therapist	NN
with	IN
ten	CD
years	NNS
clinical	JJ
experience	NN
.	.
Two	CD
convenient	JJ
locations	NNS
near	IN
the	DT
El	NNP
.	.
Free	NNP
parking	NN
available	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
Belmont	NNP
location	NN
.	.
OMH	NNP
&	CC
JCAHO	NNP
Accredited	NNP
,	,
Licensed	NNP
Partial	NNP
Hospital	NNP
Treatment	NNP
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
affected	VBN
by	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
nervosa	NN
,	,
and	CC
binge	NN
eating	NN
disorder	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
coexisting	VBG
psychiatric	JJ
diagnosis	NN
,	,
as	IN
needed	VBN
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
treat	VB
the	DT
psychological	JJ
,	,
nutritional	JJ
and	CC
physical	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
treatment	NN
team	NN
includes	VBZ
social	JJ
workers	NNS
,	,
psychiatric	JJ
nurse	NN
,	,
psychiatrist	NN
,	,
&	CC
registered	VBD
dietician	NN
.	.
Services	NNPS
include	VBP
:	:
individual	NN
,	,
family	NN
,	,
couples	NNS
,	,
group	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
and	CC
support	NN
group	NN
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
people	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
family	NN
doctor	NN
and	CC
a	DT
trained	JJ
nutrionist	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
support	NN
group	NN
,	,
ANAD	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
meets	VBZ
2x	NN
's	POS
per	IN
month	NN
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
safe	JJ
,	,
respectful	JJ
style	NN
.	.
Out	IN
patient	JJ
consultation	NN
,	,
individual	JJ
,	,
group	NN
and	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
for	IN
those	DT
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
.	.
Therapist	NNP
led	VBD
``	``
Healthy	JJ
Lifestyles	NNP
''	''
support	NN
group	NN
.	.
Referrals	NNS
for	IN
more	JJR
intensive	JJ
treatment	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
partial	JJ
,	,
day	NN
treatment	NN
,	,
in-patient	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
to	TO
physicians	NNS
,	,
psychiatrists	NNS
,	,
nutritionists	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
professionals	NNS
.	.
Specialty	NNP
in	IN
mental	JJ
health	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
children	NNS
and	CC
adolescents	NNS
.	.
Individual	NNP
,	,
family	NN
and	CC
group	NN
offered	VBD
.	.
Eating	NNP
disorders	NNS
treatment	NN
group	NN
for	IN
adolescent	JJ
females	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
and	CC
fourth	JJ
Tuesdays	NNPS
of	IN
each	DT
month	NN
,	,
from	IN
7:30	CD
-9:00	CD
PM	NNP
.	.
Licensed	VBN
Marital	JJ
and	CC
Family	NNP
Therapist	NNP
Hello	UH
!	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
working	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
for	IN
over	IN
ten	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
have	VBP
been	VBN
recovered	VBN
from	IN
anorexia	NN
for	IN
over	IN
17	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
my	PRP$
experience	NN
both	DT
personally	RB
and	CC
professionally	RB
,	,
my	PRP$
philosophy	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
completely	RB
recovered	VBN
!	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
behaviors	NNS
provide	VBP
various	JJ
``	``
functions	NNS
''	''
that	WDT
help	VBP
a	DT
person	NN
cope	VB
with	IN
feelings	NNS
and	CC
issues	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
in	IN
other	JJ
ways	NNS
.	.
Through	IN
a	DT
safe	JJ
and	CC
empathic	JJ
therapeutic	JJ
relationship	NN
,	,
I	PRP
try	VBP
to	TO
help	VB
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
explore	VB
and	CC
understand	VB
the	DT
``	``
adaptive	JJ
''	''
function	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
their	PRP$
behaviors	NNS
so	RB
that	IN
when	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
ready	JJ
,	,
they	PRP
may	MD
begin	VB
to	TO
try	VB
healthier	RBR
coping	VBG
skills	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
them	PRP
tolerate	VB
and	CC
express	VB
their	PRP$
feelings	NNS
and\/or	CC
issues	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
currently	RB
co-facilitate	VBP
a	DT
free	JJ
ANAD	NNP
support	NN
group	NN
on	IN
Tuesday	NNP
evenings	NNS
and	CC
also	RB
offer	VBP
support	NN
groups	NNS
for	IN
parents	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
,	,
compulsive	JJ
overeaters	NNS
,	,
and	CC
anorexics\/bulimics	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
private	JJ
practice	NN
and	CC
support	NN
groups	NNS
are	VBP
located	VBN
in	IN
West	NNP
Los	NNP
Angeles	NNP
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
,	,
please	VB
contact	NN
me	PRP
.	.
A	DT
program	NN
offering	NN
survivors	NNS
of	IN
abuse	NN
and	CC
sexual	JJ
trauma	NN
who	WP
struggle	VBP
with	IN
self-injury	JJ
and\/or	CC
eating	JJ
disorders	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
both	DT
a	DT
support	NN
group	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
free	JJ
to	TO
$	$
2	CD
donation	NN
per	IN
session	NN
-	:
no	DT
one	NN
turned	VBD
away	RP
for	IN
inability	NN
to	TO
pay	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
a	DT
therapy	NN
group	NN
on	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
.	.
An	DT
assessment	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
therapy	NN
group	NN
.	.
Therapy	NN
groups	NNS
are	VBP
$	$
5	CD
to	TO
$	$
25	CD
per	IN
session	NN
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
your	PRP$
-LRB-	-LRB-
family	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
income	NN
.	.
Individual	NNP
,	,
group	NN
,	,
family	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
medication	NN
management	NN
and	CC
nutritional	JJ
therapy	NN
for	IN
women	NNS
and	CC
men	NNS
.	.
Psychodynamic	NNP
and	CC
cognitive	JJ
behavioral	JJ
therapy	NN
.	.
Specialties	NNS
include	VBP
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
compulsive	JJ
overeaters	NNS
and	CC
weight	NN
reduction	NN
surgery	NN
pre	NN
and	CC
post	NN
support	NN
.	.
Body	NNP
Balance	NNP
provides	VBZ
nutrition	NN
counselling	NN
to	TO
both	DT
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
corporate	JJ
sectors	NNS
.	.
At	IN
Body	NNP
Balance	NNP
the	DT
key	JJ
message	NN
that	WDT
permeates	VBZ
all	DT
counselling	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
allowing	VBG
food	NN
to	TO
become	VB
your	PRP$
partner	NN
in	IN
health	NN
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
Clinical	NNP
Nutritionist	NNP
and	CC
Exercise	NNP
Physiologist	NNP
who	WP
works	VBZ
with	IN
individuals	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
or	CC
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
patterns	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
also	RB
a	DT
critical	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Teams	NNP
at	IN
both	DT
Columbia	NNP
University	NNP
and	CC
Barnard	NNP
College	NNP
Health	NNP
Services	NNPS
.	.
Currently	RB
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
running	VBG
a	DT
group	NN
for	IN
binge	NN
eaters	NNS
at	IN
Barnard	NNP
College	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
group	NN
for	IN
anorexics	NNS
at	IN
Columbia	NNP
University	NNP
.	.
Bonnie	NNP
Modugno	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
nutrition	NN
consultant	NN
specializing	VBG
in	IN
weight	NN
management	NN
and	CC
sports	NNS
nutrition	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
in	IN
practice	NN
15	CD
years	NNS
,	,
working	VBG
with	IN
clients	NNS
along	IN
the	DT
spectrum	NN
of	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
I	PRP
see	VBP
myself	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
facillitator	NN
,	,
helping	VBG
clients	NNS
to	TO
allow	VB
food	NN
to	TO
take	VB
its	PRP$
rightful	JJ
place	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
Learning	NNP
how	WRB
to	TO
eat	VB
is	VBZ
an	DT
important	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
making	VBG
peace	NN
with	IN
food	NN
and	CC
giving	VBG
yourself	PRP
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
learn	VB
more	JJR
effective	JJ
strategies	NNS
to	TO
manage	VB
the	DT
challenges	NNS
in	IN
life	NN
.	.
When	WRB
it	PRP
comes	VBZ
to	TO
food	NN
and	CC
physiology	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
found	VBN
that	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
our	PRP$
body	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
necessarily	RB
easier	JJR
,	,
but	CC
alot	RB
more	RBR
effective	JJ
and	CC
joyful	JJ
than	IN
fighting	VBG
against	IN
it	PRP
.	.
Registered	NNP
Dietitian	NNP
Experienced	NNP
,	,
professional	JJ
,	,
nutrition	NN
counseling	NN
specializing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
.	.
Offering	VBG
a	DT
team	NN
approach	NN
to	TO
recovery	NN
with	IN
a	DT
supportive	JJ
nonjudgemental	JJ
approach	NN
.	.
The	DT
Center	NNP
for	IN
Family	NNP
Development	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
group	NN
practice	NN
that	WDT
consists	VBZ
of	IN
psychiatrists	NNS
,	,
psychologists	NNS
,	,
and	CC
nutrionists	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
team	NN
,	,
we	PRP
are	VBP
better	RBR
able	JJ
to	TO
support	VB
you	PRP
.	.
We	PRP
help	VBP
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
who	WP
struggle	VBP
with	IN
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
symptoms	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
psychological	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Center	NNP
provides	VBZ
a	DT
multidisciplinary	JJ
treatment	NN
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
medical	JJ
and	CC
psychological	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
disorders	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
services	NNS
include	VBP
:	:
Individual	JJ
counseling	NN
,	,
group	NN
counseling	NN
,	,
family	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
education	NN
for	IN
patients\/families	NNS
,	,
self-help	JJ
groups	NNS
,	,
psychiatric	JJ
evaluations	NNS
and	CC
nutritional	JJ
guidance	NN
.	.
Nutrition	NNP
therapy	NN
designed	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
unique	JJ
individual	NN
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
review	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
goals	NNS
,	,
lifestyle	NN
,	,
stressors	NNS
,	,
and	CC
rejuvenators	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
help	VBP
you	PRP
understand	VB
the	DT
power	NN
of	IN
food	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
yourself	PRP
rather	RB
than	IN
against	IN
yourself	PRP
.	.
Our	PRP$
registered	VBN
,	,
licensed	VBN
dietitians	NNS
,	,
Rachel	NNP
Trevethan	NNP
,	,
MS	NNP
,	,
RD	NNP
,	,
LD	NNP
and	CC
Debbie	NNP
Serenius	NNP
,	,
RD	NNP
,	,
LD	NNP
are	VBP
skilled	JJ
nutrition	NN
therapists	NNS
with	IN
diverse	JJ
experiences	NNS
,	,
interested	JJ
in	IN
helping	VBG
you	PRP
to	TO
achieve	VB
your	PRP$
potential	NN
.	.
Christie	NNP
Caggiani	NNP
,	,
owner	NN
of	IN
Nourishing	NNP
Success	NNP
,	,
provides	VBZ
nutrition	NN
therapy	NN
to	TO
individuals	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
ages	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
utilizes	VBZ
a	DT
team	NN
approach	NN
and	CC
provides	VBZ
referrals	NNS
to	TO
other	JJ
health	NN
professionals	NNS
as	IN
needed	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
individual	JJ
,	,
couple	NN
,	,
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
to	TO
adults	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
families	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
i	FW
am	VBP
a	DT
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
as	RB
well	RB
,	,
i	FW
do	VBP
nutrition	NN
assessments	NNS
,	,
coordination	NN
with	IN
physicians	NNS
,	,
meal	NN
planning	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
non-dieting	JJ
counseling	NN
.	.
I	PRP
run	VBP
a	DT
womens	NNS
'	POS
eating	JJ
disorders	NNS
group	NN
therapy	NN
on	IN
Tuesday	NNP
evenings	NNS
,	,
7PM-8	NNP
:30	CD
PM	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
going	VBG
for	IN
years	NNS
and	CC
is	VBZ
a	DT
lots	NNS
of	IN
fun	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
go	VB
figure	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
process	NN
oriented	VBN
,	,
psychodynamic	JJ
,	,
with	IN
roleplaying	VBG
,	,
art	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
and	CC
some	DT
creative	JJ
aspects	NNS
to	TO
it	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
low-fee	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
$	$
20.00	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Registered	NNP
Dietian	NNP
with	IN
15	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
treating	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Eight	CD
years	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
Renfrew	NNP
Center	NNP
and	CC
seven	CD
years	NNS
private	JJ
practice	NN
and	CC
consultant	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Belmont	NNP
Center	NNP
's	POS
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Program	NNP
.	.
Specialize	VB
in	IN
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
binge	NN
eating	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
``	``
disordered	JJ
''	''
eating	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
early	RB
stage	NN
of	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
or	CC
eating	VBG
behaviors	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
Linda	NNP
works	VBZ
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
at	IN
Consulting	NNP
&	CC
Counseling	NN
Associates	NNPS
,	,
a	DT
group	NN
practice	NN
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
seven	CD
full-time	JJ
therapists	NNS
who	WP
some	DT
also	RB
work	NN
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
Linda	NNP
specifically	RB
works	VBZ
with	IN
individuals	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
been	VBN
diagnosed	VBN
with	IN
either	DT
anorexia	NN
or	CC
bulimia	NN
.	.
We	PRP
believe	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
team	NN
concept	NN
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
:	:
a	DT
psychiatrist	NN
,	,
General	NNP
Physician	NNP
,	,
therapist	NN
and	CC
dietitian	NN
.	.
Together	RB
we	PRP
work	VBP
and	CC
rework	VBP
the	DT
treatment	NN
plan	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
the	DT
client	NN
in	IN
bringing	VBG
about	IN
success	NN
and	CC
change	NN
.	.
An	DT
Anorexia	NNP
Group	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
Bulimia	NNP
Group	NNP
will	MD
begin	VB
approximately	RB
in	IN
February	NNP
2004	CD
.	.
Call	VB
our	PRP$
office	NN
at	IN
260-486-5251	CD
for	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
about	IN
group	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
A	DT
recovered	VBD
professional	JJ
,	,
who	WP
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
nutrition	NN
and	CC
provides	VBZ
one-on-one	JJ
nutritional	JJ
counseling	NN
for	IN
those	DT
recovering	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
Works	NNP
with	IN
all	DT
age	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
males	NNS
and	CC
females	NNS
.	.
Has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
strong	JJ
advocate	NN
for	IN
the	DT
prevention	NN
and	CC
education	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
Is	VBZ
currently	RB
pursing	VBG
credentials	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
registered	VBN
dietician	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
Masters	NNS
degree	NN
in	IN
Public	NNP
Health	NNP
with	IN
a	DT
concentration	NN
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
exercise	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
Registered	NNP
Dietitian	NNP
in	IN
practice	NN
for	IN
17	CD
years	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
offer	VBP
individual	JJ
consults	NNS
and	CC
groups	NNS
to	TO
support	VB
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
to	TO
reconnect	VB
with	IN
their	PRP$
internal	JJ
cues	NNS
of	IN
physical	JJ
hunger	NN
and	CC
fullness	NN
through	IN
a	DT
non-diet	JJ
appoach	NN
.	.
I	PRP
speak	VBP
for	IN
High	NNP
School	NNP
and	CC
University	NNP
level	NN
school	NN
system	NN
,	,
Motion	NNP
Picture	NNP
Wellness	NNP
Fund	NNP
,	,
professional	JJ
athletes	NNS
,	,
local	JJ
hospitals	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
Fortune	NNP
500	CD
companies	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
approach	NN
to	TO
helaing	VBG
encompasses	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
balanced	JJ
mind	NN
,	,
body	NN
and	CC
spiritual	JJ
journey	NN
,	,
believing	VBG
it	PRP
is	VBZ
difficult	JJ
to	TO
heal	VB
without	IN
including	VBG
all	DT
of	IN
them	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
closely	RB
with	IN
a	DT
physician	NN
and	CC
therapist	NN
to	TO
help	VB
create	VB
the	DT
utmost	JJ
opportunity	NN
for	IN
healing	NN
.	.
Diane	NNP
Bubeck	NNP
&	CC
Associates	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
group	NN
practice	NN
of	IN
three	CD
registered	VBN
and	CC
licensed	VBN
dietitians	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
over	IN
55	CD
years	NNS
combined	VBN
experience	NN
in	IN
treating	VBG
clients	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
weight	NN
management	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
comfortable	JJ
atmosphere	NN
of	IN
Diane	NNP
's	POS
home	NN
in	IN
South	NNP
Naperville	NNP
,	,
sessions	NNS
are	VBP
held	VBN
privately	RB
one-on-one	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
work	VBP
very	RB
closely	RB
with	IN
a	DT
client	NN
's	POS
therapist	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
team	NN
approach	NN
and	CC
a	DT
goal	NN
orientated	VBN
treatment	NN
plan	NN
.	.
For	IN
clients	NNS
interested	VBN
in	IN
weight	NN
normalization	NN
,	,
Diane	NNP
often	RB
uses	VBZ
her	PRP
training	NN
as	IN
a	DT
therapist	NN
to	TO
help	VB
discover	VB
the	DT
underlying	VBG
issues	NNS
contributing	VBG
to	TO
using	VBG
food	NN
as	IN
a	DT
coping	VBG
strategy	NN
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
emotions	NNS
.	.
Evening	NN
and	CC
Saturday	NNP
appointments	NNS
available	JJ
.	.
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Nutrition	NNP
Consultant	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
provided	VBN
nutrition	NN
counseling	NN
for	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
since	IN
1985	CD
.	.
My	PRP$
goal	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
help	VB
clients	NNS
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
eat	VB
all	DT
foods	NNS
without	IN
fear	NN
,	,
guilt	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
or	CC
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
purge	VB
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
maintain	VB
a	DT
healthy	JJ
weight	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
Dietitian	NNP
who	WP
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
non-diet	JJ
approach	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
over	IN
17	CD
years	NNS
experience	NN
in	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
people	NNS
with	IN
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
goal	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
help	VB
people	NNS
learn	VBP
to	TO
make	VB
peace	NN
with	IN
food	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
learn	VB
from	IN
the	DT
inside	JJ
how	WRB
to	TO
ultimately	RB
live	VB
an	DT
overall	JJ
healthy	JJ
lifestyle	NN
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
10	CD
week	NN
``	``
Forget	VB
the	DT
Diets	NNPS
''	''
workshops	NNS
for	IN
women	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
been	VBN
on	IN
and	CC
off	IN
the	DT
diet	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
roller-coaster	NN
and	CC
who	WP
realize	VBP
that	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
answer	NN
,	,
but	CC
who	WP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
which	WDT
direction	NN
to	TO
turn	VB
.	.
Our	PRP$
practice	NN
provides	VBZ
outpatient	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
dissatisfaction	NN
,	,
history	NN
of	IN
abuse	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
psychological	JJ
concerns	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
individual	JJ
,	,
group	NN
,	,
couples	NNS
,	,
and	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
Nutrition	NNP
counseling	NN
with	IN
a	DT
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
available	JJ
.	.
Dr	NNP
Ackard	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Academy	NNP
for	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
treating	VBG
individuals	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
15	CD
years	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
personally	RB
recovered	VBN
from	IN
anorexia	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
.	.
I	PRP
use	VBP
the	DT
insight	NN
I	PRP
developed	VBD
through	IN
my	PRP$
recovery	NN
,	,
in	IN
combination	NN
with	IN
nutrition	NN
knowledge	NN
and	CC
genuine	JJ
empathy	NN
for	IN
those	DT
suffering	VBG
with	IN
these	DT
illnesses	NNS
,	,
to	TO
provide	VB
individuals	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
safe	JJ
supportive	JJ
environment	NN
to	TO
work	VB
on	IN
their	PRP$
recovery	NN
goals	NNS
.	.
Nutrition	NNP
counselling	NN
by	IN
a	DT
Registered	NNP
Dietitian	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
greater	JJR
Toronto	NNP
area	NN
for	IN
adults	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
children	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
weight	NN
pre-occupation	NN
.	.
Treatment	NNP
for	IN
other	JJ
nutritional	JJ
issues	NNS
available	JJ
.	.
Workshops	NNS
and	CC
seminars	NNS
available	JJ
on	IN
nutrition-related	JJ
topics	NNS
and	CC
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
prevention	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
Registered	NNP
Dietitian	NNP
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
with	IN
a	DT
specialty	NN
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
use	VBP
a	DT
non-diet	JJ
approach	NN
,	,
focusing	VBG
on	IN
helping	VBG
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
improve	VB
their	PRP$
relationship	NN
with	IN
food	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
nutrition	NN
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
individualized	VBN
in	IN
nature	NN
,	,
respecting	VBG
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
each	DT
client	NN
comes	VBZ
to	TO
treatment	NN
with	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
own	JJ
unique	JJ
circumstances	NNS
and	CC
needs	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
male	NN
and	CC
female	JJ
clients	NNS
,	,
18	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
older	JJR
.	.
Nutritionist	NNP
&	CC
Exercise	NNP
Physiologist	NNP
My	PRP$
approach	NN
to	TO
nutrition	NN
entails	VBZ
designing	VBG
individualized	JJ
programs	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
and	CC
every	DT
client	NN
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
work	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
identify	VB
and	CC
overcome	VB
personal	JJ
obstacles	NNS
to	TO
healthier	RBR
living	VBG
.	.
Being	VBG
an	DT
exercise	NN
physiologist	NN
makes	VBZ
me	PRP
uniquely	RB
qualified	VBD
to	TO
speak	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
about	IN
your	PRP$
eating	NN
and	CC
fitness	NN
behaviors	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
the	DT
Media	NNP
Representative	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
NJ	NNP
Dietetic	NNP
Assocation	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
dietitian	NN
who	WP
specialises	VBZ
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
typically	RB
work	VBP
in	IN
collaboration	NN
with	IN
psychotherapists	NNS
,	,
physicians	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
providers	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
can	MD
help	VB
your	PRP$
reach	NN
the	DT
eating	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
goals	NNS
you	PRP
have	VBP
for	IN
yourself	PRP
,	,
and	CC
help	VB
you	PRP
move	VB
through	IN
the	DT
obstacles	NNS
that	WDT
get	VBP
in	IN
your	PRP$
way	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
worked	VBN
with	IN
people	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
since	IN
1980	CD
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
as	IN
an	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Specialist	NNP
at	IN
The	DT
Healthy	JJ
Weigh	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
owned	VBN
and	CC
operated	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
dietician	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
Houston	NNP
,	,
Texas	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
recovered	VBN
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
and	CC
feel	VB
called	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
struggling	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
way	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
also	RB
currently	RB
working	VBG
on	IN
my	PRP$
license	NN
in	IN
counseling	NN
.	.
Heidi	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
compassionate	JJ
and	CC
understanding	NN
nutritionist	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
including	VBG
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Binge	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
will	MD
assist	VB
the	DT
client	NN
in	IN
identifying	VBG
food	NN
fears	NNS
and	CC
improve	VB
nutritional	JJ
health	NN
in	IN
a	DT
supportive	JJ
and	CC
encouraging	JJ
manner	NN
.	.
Heidi	NNP
has	VBZ
offices	NNS
in	IN
Wilton	NNP
,	,
CT	NNP
and	CC
White	NNP
Plains	NNP
,	,
NY	NNP
.	.
Jennifer	NNP
Hanlin	NNP
,	,
MS	NNP
,	,
RD	NNP
works	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
addictions	NNS
and	CC
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
offering	VBG
nutritional	JJ
guidance	NN
that	WDT
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
overcoming	VBG
barriers	NNS
to	TO
mindful	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
Refocusing	VBG
on	IN
healthful	JJ
eating	NN
through	IN
nutrition	NN
education	NN
and	CC
reconnecting	VBG
with	IN
appetite	NN
.	.
LPC	NNP
&	CC
Licensed	NNP
Dietitian	NNP
The	NNP
only	RB
professional	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
Oklahoma	NNP
possessing	VBG
licenses	NNS
in	IN
both	DT
psychology	NN
and	CC
nutrition	NN
,	,
I	PRP
provide	VBP
efficient	JJ
and	CC
effective	JJ
counseling	NN
and	CC
therapy	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
,	,
couples	NNS
,	,
families	NNS
and	CC
groups	NNS
dealing	VBG
with	IN
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
behaviors	NNS
.	.
With	IN
a	DT
large	JJ
network	NN
of	IN
medical	JJ
providers	NNS
to	TO
complete	VB
my	PRP$
treatment	NN
team	NN
,	,
I	PRP
can	MD
offer	VB
services	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
ages	NNS
of	IN
clients	NNS
and	CC
have	VBP
successfully	RB
treated	VBN
those	DT
from	IN
age	NN
8	CD
up	RP
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
those	DT
with	IN
chronic	JJ
disease	NN
processes	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
diabetes	NN
.	.
Nutrition	NNP
Access	NNP
,	,
a	DT
private	JJ
practice	NN
owned	VBN
by	IN
Kara	NNP
Fowler	NNP
,	,
MS	NNP
,	,
RD	NNP
,	,
LD	NNP
,	,
CDE	NNP
,	,
offers	VBZ
medical	JJ
nutrition	NN
therapy	NN
to	TO
people	NNS
dealing	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
issues	NNS
including	VBG
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
binge	NN
eating	NN
disorder	NN
,	,
obesity	NN
,	,
and	CC
chronic	JJ
dieting	NN
.	.
Kara	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
registered	VBN
and	CC
licensed	VBN
dietitian	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
a	DT
certified	JJ
diabetes	NN
educator	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
additional	JJ
training	NN
in	IN
stress	NN
management	NN
and	CC
exercise	NN
and	CC
also	RB
provides	VBZ
guidance	NN
in	IN
these	DT
areas	NNS
.	.
Kara	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
nondieting	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
nutrition	NN
,	,
and	CC
works	VBZ
with	IN
each	DT
client	NN
to	TO
achieve	VB
improved	JJ
health	NN
and	CC
a	DT
more	RBR
positive	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
food	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
.	.
Working	VBG
closely	RB
as	IN
a	DT
team	NN
with	IN
a	DT
therapist\/social	JJ
worker	NN
and	CC
physician	NN
is	VBZ
encouraged	VBN
.	.
Informational	JJ
sessions	NNS
and	CC
support	NN
are	VBP
also	RB
available	JJ
to	TO
family	NN
and	CC
friends	NNS
.	.
Evening	NN
and	CC
weekend	NN
appointments	NNS
available	JJ
.	.
Office	NNP
location	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
Round	NNP
Rock	NNP
,	,
just	RB
north	RB
of	IN
Austin	NNP
.	.
Please	VB
call	VB
for	IN
a	DT
free	JJ
15	CD
minute	NN
phone	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
knowledge	NN
and	CC
experience	NN
in	IN
treating	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
fulfilling	VBG
work	NN
,	,
both	DT
personally	RB
and	CC
professionally	RB
.	.
In	IN
connecting	VBG
with	IN
someone	NN
who	WP
suffers	VBZ
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
I	PRP
try	VBP
to	TO
offer	VB
them	PRP
suggestions	NNS
and	CC
guidelines	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
geared	VBN
to	TO
meet	VB
them	PRP
where	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
at	IN
in	IN
their	PRP$
healing	NN
process	NN
.	.
I	PRP
try	VBP
to	TO
guide	VB
them	PRP
along	IN
a	DT
path	NN
to	TO
wellness	JJ
by	IN
teaching	VBG
them	PRP
how	WRB
to	TO
nourish	VB
,	,
not	RB
punish	VB
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
.	.
Karin	NNP
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
weight	NN
management	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
medically	RB
related	VBN
nutrition	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
Her	PRP$
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
patients	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
setting	VBG
gives	VBZ
her	PRP$
a	DT
unique	JJ
perspective	NN
on	IN
the	DT
power	NN
of	IN
healthy	JJ
food	NN
patterns	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
takes	VBZ
a	DT
non-dieting	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
help	VB
her	PRP$
clients	NNS
build	VB
a	DT
positive	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
food	NN
and	CC
eating	NN
.	.
Nutrition	NNP
counseling	NN
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
``	``
individualized	JJ
''	''
nutritional	JJ
planning	NN
and	CC
processing	NN
to	TO
achieve	VB
lifestyle	NN
goals	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Karin	NNP
Kratina	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
nutrition	NN
therapy	NN
practice	NN
where	WRB
she	PRP
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
treating	VBG
women	NNS
and	CC
men	NNS
who	WP
struggle	VBP
with	IN
eating	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
uses	VBZ
a	DT
nondiet	JJ
approach	NN
focusing	VBG
on	IN
intuitive	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
Karin	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
Registered	NNP
Dietitian	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
Licensed	VBN
Dietitian	NNP
\/	NNP
Nutritionist	NNP
who	WP
holds	VBZ
advanced	JJ
degrees	NNS
in	IN
exercise	NN
physiology	NN
,	,
gender	NN
studies	NNS
and	CC
cognitive	JJ
anthropology	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
written	VBN
several	JJ
books	NNS
and	CC
lectured	VBD
internationally	RB
on	IN
eating	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
Kate	NNP
has	VBZ
provided	VBN
nutrition	NN
therapy	NN
for	IN
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
weight	NN
and	CC
shape	NN
issues	NNS
for	IN
over	IN
20	CD
years	NNS
.	.
In	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
for	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
8	CD
years	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Chicagoland	NNP
area	NN
,	,
Kate	NNP
provides	VBZ
a	DT
safe	JJ
environment	NN
for	IN
change	NN
and	CC
growth	NN
.	.
A	DT
non-diet	JJ
,	,
health	NN
at	IN
any	DT
size	NN
approach	NN
offers	VBZ
clients	NNS
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
reconnect	VB
with	IN
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
'	POS
signals	NNS
and	CC
challenge	VB
the	DT
eating	NN
disorder	NN
mindset	NN
.	.
Licensed	VBN
Nutritionist	NNP
,	,
Registered	NNP
DietitianIn	NNP
my	PRP$
private	JJ
practice	NN
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
individuals	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
compulsive	JJ
overeaters	NNS
,	,
weight	NN
preoccupation	NN
and	CC
disordered	JJ
thinking	NN
.	.
I	PRP
use	VBP
a	DT
non-diet	JJ
,	,
non-deprivation	JJ
and	CC
non-threatening	JJ
approach	NN
in	IN
a	DT
safe	JJ
and	CC
nuturing	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
Together	RB
we	PRP
work	VBP
to	TO
heal	VB
your	PRP$
relationship	NN
with	IN
food	NN
and	CC
allowing	VBG
you	PRP
a	DT
more	RBR
meaningful	JJ
and	CC
fulfilling	VBG
life	NN
.	.
I	PRP
welcome	VBP
anyone	NN
to	TO
contact	VB
me	PRP
with	IN
questions	NNS
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Nichols	NNP
has	VBZ
spent	VBN
several	JJ
years	NNS
working	VBG
with	IN
individuals	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
and	CC
trauma	NN
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
extremely	RB
committed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
health	NN
and	CC
well-being	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
patients	NNS
and	CC
has	VBZ
helped	VBN
many	JJ
to	TO
recover	VB
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
former	JJ
National	NNP
and	CC
Olympic	NNP
competitor	NN
,	,
Ms.	NNP
Nichols	NNP
also	RB
spends	VBZ
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
time	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
athletes	NNS
who	WP
struggle	VBP
with	IN
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
and	CC
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
Registered	NNP
Dietitian	NNP
with	IN
a	DT
Master	NNP
's	POS
degree	NN
in	IN
Nutrition	NNP
.	.
In	IN
my	PRP$
career	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
chosen	VBN
to	TO
focus	VB
on	IN
helping	VBG
individuals	NNS
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
expereince	VB
treating	VBG
individuals	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
setting	VBG
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
on	IN
an	DT
outpatient	NN
basis	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
committed	VBN
to	TO
helping	VBG
people	NNS
with	IN
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
and	CC
believe	VB
in	IN
full	JJ
recovery	NN
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
this	DT
is	VBZ
done	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
help	NN
of	IN
a	DT
treatment	NN
team	NN
-	:
a	DT
physician	NN
,	,
a	DT
therapist	NN
,	,
a	DT
psychiatrist	NN
if	IN
needed	VBN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
dietitian	NN
.	.
I	PRP
hope	VBP
I	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
YOUR	JJ
team	NN
.	.
MA	NNP
,	,
MFT	NNP
,	,
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Certificate	NNP
I	PRP
am	VBP
part	NN
of	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
treatment	NN
team	NN
consisting	VBG
of	IN
a	DT
Registered	NNP
Dietician	NNP
and	CC
M.D.	NNP
We	PRP
specialize	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
available	JJ
for	IN
phone	NN
consultation	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
office	NN
visits	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
bring	VBP
both	DT
personal	JJ
recovery	NN
and	CC
professional	JJ
expertise	NN
to	TO
our	PRP$
treatment	NN
perspective	NN
.	.
Plese	JJ
call	NN
me	PRP
with	IN
any	DT
questions	NNS
you	PRP
have	VBP
about	IN
my	PRP$
services	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
nutrition	NN
therapy	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and\/or	CC
eating	VBG
&	CC
weight	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
supportively	RB
assist	VBP
clients	NNS
in	IN
understanding	NN
and	CC
adopting	VBG
a	DT
healthy	JJ
,	,
non-diet	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
food	NN
and	CC
body	NN
,	,
addressing	VBG
thought	NN
patterns	NNS
and	CC
behaviors	NNS
with	IN
food	NN
,	,
and	CC
nutritional	JJ
needs	NNS
.	.
Sensitivity	NN
is	VBZ
given	VBN
to	TO
readiness	NN
to	TO
change	VB
,	,
and	CC
optimal	JJ
pace	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
Practical	NNP
Nutrition	NNP
I	PRP
specialize	VBP
in	IN
helping	VBG
people	NNS
heal	VB
their	PRP$
relationship	NN
with	IN
food	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
nutrition	NN
therapy	NN
using	VBG
a	DT
non-dieting	JJ
approach	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
one-on-one	JJ
counselling	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
teaching	NN
ED	VBD
prevention	NN
classes	NNS
for	IN
teens	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
.	.
The	DT
clinic	NN
is	VBZ
attached	VBN
to	TO
St.	NNP
Columcille	NNP
's	POS
Hospital	NN
in	IN
Loughlinstown	NNP
,	,
Co.	NNP
.	.
Dublin	NNP
and	CC
is	VBZ
run	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
multi-disciplinary	JJ
team	NN
including	VBG
a	DT
Consultant	NN
Endocrinologist	NNP
,	,
a	DT
Chartered	NNP
Physiotherapist	NNP
,	,
a	DT
Senior	JJ
Clinical	NNP
Psychologist	NNP
,	,
a	DT
Health	NNP
Psychologist	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
Dietician	NN
.	.
Referral	NN
to	TO
the	DT
clinic	NN
is	VBZ
by	IN
means	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
GP	NNP
.	.
However	RB
if	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
firstly	RB
like	VB
further	JJ
information	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
program	NN
offered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
clinic	NN
,	,
please	VB
feel	VB
free	JJ
to	TO
telephone	NN
or	CC
email	NN
.	.
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Intensive	NNP
Outpatient	NNP
Program	NNP
amounting	VBG
to	TO
15	CD
hours	NNS
,	,
Individual	NNP
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
for	IN
women	NNS
&	CC
men	NNS
with	IN
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Workshops	NNS
and	CC
training	NN
for	IN
agencies	NNS
,	,
schools	NNS
,	,
athletic	JJ
departments	NNS
,	,
parent	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
sororities	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
Treatment	NNP
approaches	NNS
include	VBP
body	NN
image	NN
work	NN
,	,
art	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
nutritional	JJ
counseling	NN
,	,
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
exercise	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
all	DT
individualized	VBN
to	TO
fit	VB
needs	NNS
.	.
Special	JJ
emphasis	NN
on	IN
coexisting	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
substance	NN
abuse	NN
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
comprehensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
medical	JJ
services	NNS
to	TO
adolescents	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
treat	VBP
many	JJ
conditions	NNS
,	,
ranging	VBG
from	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
to	TO
chronic	JJ
illness	NN
management	NN
to	TO
general	JJ
wellness	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
the	DT
services	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
pediatrician	NN
specializing	VBG
in	IN
adolescent	JJ
medicine	NN
,	,
a	DT
nurse	NN
practitioner	NN
,	,
a	DT
nutritionist	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
psychologist	NN
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
medical	JJ
,	,
nutritional	JJ
,	,
and	CC
psychological	JJ
treatment	NN
in	IN
a	DT
friendly	JJ
,	,
non-threatening	JJ
setting	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
groups	NNS
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
groups	NNS
for	IN
parents	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
.	.
Healing	NN
Your	PRP$
Relationship	NN
With	IN
Food	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
eight	CD
week	NN
program	NN
for	IN
adults	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
non-restrictive	JJ
,	,
non-diet	JJ
,	,
intuitive	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
healing	VBG
the	DT
emotional	JJ
issues	NNS
underlying	VBG
and	CC
fueling	VBG
the	DT
disorder	NN
.	.
The	DT
primary	JJ
eight	CD
week	NN
program	NN
offers	VBZ
guidelines	NNS
for	IN
relating	VBG
differently	RB
to	TO
food	NN
,	,
support	NN
,	,
and	CC
insight	NN
orientated	VBN
activities	NNS
,	,
lecture	NN
material	NN
,	,
and	CC
written	VBN
work	NN
.	.
The	DT
sessions	NNS
are	VBP
three	CD
hours	NNS
and	CC
meet	VB
once	RB
a	DT
week	NN
.	.
Aftercare	JJ
groups	NNS
meet	VBP
for	IN
half	PDT
the	DT
time	NN
once	RB
a	DT
week	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
offered	VBN
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
participants	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
attend	VB
.	.
Aftercare	NNP
offers	VBZ
on-going	JJ
support	NN
,	,
reinforcement	NN
of	IN
program	NN
principals	NNS
,	,
and	CC
new	JJ
challenges	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
intimacy	NN
level	NN
increases	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
individual	JJ
sessions	NNS
which	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
helpful	JJ
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
also	RB
works	VBZ
well	RB
as	IN
you	PRP
continue	VBP
your	PRP$
current	JJ
therapy	NN
sessions	NNS
elswhere	RB
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
about	IN
quieting	VBG
the	DT
obsession	NN
so	IN
the	DT
real	JJ
issues	NNS
surface	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
worked	VBN
through	IN
to	TO
resolution	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
appropriate	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
!	.
nyone	NN
ready	JJ
to	TO
learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
trust	VB
the	DT
body	NN
and	CC
make	VB
peace	NN
with	IN
the	DT
self	NN
.	.
Please	VB
refer	VB
to	TO
my	PRP$
website	NN
for	IN
additional	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Outpatient	NN
and	CC
intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
treatment	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
is	VBZ
offered	VBN
.	.
Adolescent	JJ
groups	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
.	.
The	DT
approach	NN
is	VBZ
primarily	RB
Dialectical	JJ
Behavior	NNP
Therapy	NNP
and	CC
Cognitive	NNP
Behavioral	NNP
Therapy	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
an	DT
Intensive	JJ
Outpatient	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Program	NNP
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
may	MD
be	VB
for	IN
you	PRP
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
struggling	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
and	CC
need	VB
more	JJR
intensive	JJ
treatment	NN
than	IN
weekly	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
but	CC
are	VBP
not	RB
in	IN
need	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
admitted	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
hospital	NN
or	CC
inpatient	JJ
recovery	NN
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
eight	CD
weeks	NNS
with	IN
monthly	JJ
individual\/group	JJ
aftercare	NN
for	IN
12	CD
months	NNS
.	.
The	DT
eight	CD
week	NN
program	NN
consists	VBZ
of	IN
three	CD
group	NN
meetings	NNS
per	IN
week	NN
.	.
During	IN
these	DT
meetings	NNS
you	PRP
will	MD
:	:
-	:
Receive	VB
education	NN
about	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
-	:
Learn	VB
to	TO
identify	VB
and	CC
change	VB
problematic	JJ
behavior	NN
patterns	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
food	NN
,	,
eating	VBG
and	CC
weight	NN
-	:
Identify	VB
and	CC
change	VB
negative	JJ
thoughts	NNS
and	CC
belief	NN
systems	NNS
-	:
Receive	VB
nutritional	JJ
assessment	NN
and	CC
education	NN
-	:
Learn	VB
about	RB
and	CC
heal	VB
the	DT
secrecy	NN
and	CC
shame	NN
surrounding	VBG
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
-	:
Deal	NNP
with	IN
body	NN
image	NN
problems	NNS
-	:
Learn	VB
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
relationships	NNS
and	CC
intimacy	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
both	DT
in	IN
patient	JJ
group	NN
sessions	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
group	NN
sessions	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
and	CC
moreOur	JJR
groups	NNS
provide	VBP
a	DT
safe	JJ
and	CC
supportive	JJ
environment	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
to	TO
work	VB
to	TO
heal	VB
these	DT
very	RB
personal	JJ
and	CC
difficult	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
Intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
program	NN
for	IN
adults	NNS
and	CC
adolescents	NNS
suffering	VBG
from	IN
bulimia	NN
,	,
anorexia	NN
,	,
and	CC
bing	NN
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
.	.
Small	JJ
groups	NNS
meet	VBP
3	CD
times	NNS
per	IN
week	NN
,	,
2.5	CD
hours	NNS
per	IN
session	NN
.	.
Groups	NNS
are	VBP
facilitated	VBN
by	IN
licensed	JJ
clinician	NN
who	WP
specialilzes	VBZ
in	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
A	DT
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
co-facilitates	NNS
groups	NNS
once	RB
per	IN
week	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
program	NN
is	VBZ
15	CD
weeks	NNS
and	CC
includes	VBZ
extensive	JJ
educational	JJ
materials	NNS
and	CC
interactive	JJ
group	NN
activities	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
hospital-based	JJ
outpatient	NN
program	NN
for	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
Anorexia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
,	,
and	CC
related	JJ
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
.	.
As	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Children	NNP
's	POS
Medical	NNP
Center	NNP
at	IN
Atlantic	NNP
Health	NNP
System	NNP
,	,
we	PRP
provide	VBP
services	NNS
to	TO
adolescents	NNS
ages	NNS
12-21	RB
.	.
We	PRP
employ	VBP
a	DT
treatment	NN
team	NN
approach	NN
,	,
providing	VBG
medical	JJ
care	NN
,	,
individual	JJ
and	CC
family	NN
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
and	CC
nutritional	JJ
counseling	NN
.	.
Pathways	NNP
Family	NNP
Counseling	NN
Center	NNP
's	POS
Intensive	NNP
Outpatient	NNP
Programs	NNP
evening	NN
schedule	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
allow	VB
those	DT
clients	NNS
with	IN
less	JJR
severe	JJ
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
the	DT
flexibility	NN
to	TO
continue	VB
living	VBG
at	IN
home	NN
with	IN
their	PRP$
days	NNS
free	JJ
to	TO
work	VB
or	CC
attend	VB
school	NN
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
serves	VBZ
as	IN
an	DT
excellent	JJ
step-down	JJ
to	TO
those	DT
clients	NNS
transitioning	VBG
from	IN
a	DT
day	NN
treatment	NN
,	,
residential	JJ
,	,
or	CC
inpatient	JJ
program	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
experienced	JJ
and	CC
caring	VBG
staff	NN
consists	VBZ
of	IN
a	DT
Registered	NNP
Dietitian	NNP
,	,
Registered	NNP
Nurse	NNP
,	,
Psychiatrist	NNP
,	,
Family	NNP
Medicine	NNP
Doctor	NNP
,	,
Therapist	NNP
,	,
Psychologist	NNP
,	,
Art	NNP
Therapist	NNP
,	,
and	CC
an	DT
Addiction	NN
Therapist	NNP
.	.
To	TO
move	VB
towards	IN
a	DT
better	JJR
life	NN
contact	NN
us	PRP
today	NN
at	IN
(805) 230-2830	CD
.	.
Assessment	NNP
Referral	NNP
Line	NNP
available	JJ
24	CD
Hours	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
.	.
The	DT
Program	NN
for	IN
Managing	VBG
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
offers	VBZ
Partial	NNP
Hospitalization	NNP
and	CC
Intensive	NNP
Outpatient	NNP
program	NN
to	TO
help	VB
people	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
normalize	VBP
their	PRP$
eating	NN
,	,
reduce	VB
symptoms	NNS
,	,
and	CC
develop	VB
emotional	JJ
coping	VBG
skills	NNS
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
includes	VBZ
group	NN
therapies	NNS
,	,
nutrition	NN
counseling	NN
,	,
case	NN
coordination	NN
,	,
and	CC
medication	NN
management	NN
.	.
Supervised	VBN
meals	NNS
and	CC
snacks	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
integral	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
treatment	NN
.	.
Other	JJ
services	NNS
include	VBP
consulations	NNS
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
concerns	NNS
,	,
weekly	JJ
recovery	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
and	CC
community	NN
outreach	NN
services	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Program	NN
for	IN
Managing	VBG
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
is	VBZ
affiliated	VBN
with	IN
Psych	NNP
Systems	NNP
at	IN
Gracie	NNP
Square	NNP
Hosptial	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
accept	VBP
Medicaid	NNP
,	,
Medicare	NNP
,	,
and	CC
most	JJS
commercial	JJ
insurance	NN
and	CC
managed	VBD
care	NN
.	.
The	DT
River	NNP
Centre	NNP
Intensive	NNP
Day	NNP
Treatment	NNP
Program	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
partial	JJ
hospitalization	NN
level	NN
of	IN
care	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
a	DT
specialized	VBN
and	CC
cost-effective	JJ
program	NN
designed	VBN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
specific	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
individuals	NNS
diagnosed	VBN
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Intensive	NNP
Day	NNP
Treatment	NNP
Program	NNP
is	VBZ
5	CD
days	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
,	,
7	CD
hours	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
and	CC
offers	VBZ
a	DT
sufficiently	RB
high	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
intensity	NN
,	,
structure	NN
and	CC
monitoring	VBG
to	TO
prevent	VB
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
more	JJR
costly	JJ
inpatient	NN
treatment	NN
in	IN
most	JJS
cases	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Intensive	NNP
Program	NN
in	IN
a	DT
safe	JJ
and	CC
comfortable	JJ
environment	NN
with	IN
treatment	NN
delivered	VBN
by	IN
highly	RB
trained	VBN
staff	NN
with	IN
extensive	JJ
experience	NN
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
provides	VBZ
complete	JJ
nutritional	JJ
rehabilitation	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
a	DT
full	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
psychological	JJ
treatments	NNS
for	IN
patients	NNS
who	WP
need	VBP
to	TO
gain	VB
or	CC
to	TO
stabilize	VB
body	NN
weight	NN
,	,
to	TO
interrupt	VB
binge	NN
eating	NN
,	,
vomiting	NN
,	,
laxative	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
diuretic	NN
abuse	NN
and	CC
to	TO
address	VB
associated	VBN
conditions	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
depression	NN
,	,
obsessive-compulsive	JJ
symptoms	NNS
,	,
substance	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
trauma	NN
and	CC
relationship	NN
problems	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
skills	NNS
groups	NNS
in	IN
our	PRP$
clinic	NN
once	IN
a	DT
week	NN
for	IN
a	DT
16	CD
week	NN
period	NN
and	CC
in	IN
our	PRP$
continuing	VBG
day	NN
treatment	NN
program	NN
.	.
We	PRP
accept	VBP
medicaid	NN
insurance	NN
and	CC
also	RB
have	VBP
a	DT
sliding	VBG
fee	NN
scale	NN
.	.
You	PRP
must	MD
have	VB
an	DT
axis	NN
1	CD
diagnosis	NN
to	TO
participate	VB
.	.
Contact	NN
person	NN
is	VBZ
John	NNP
Steiner	NNP
,	,
CSW	NNP
.	.
JCAHO	NNP
accredited	VBD
South	NNP
Coast	NNP
Medical	NNP
Center	NNP
,	,
located	VBN
in	IN
Laguna	NNP
Beach	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Orange	NNP
County	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
California	NNP
,	,
provides	VBZ
inpatient	JJ
and	CC
day	NN
treatment	NN
for	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
-	:
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
.	.
Individualized	VBN
treatment	NN
plans	NNS
are	VBP
designed	VBN
for	IN
each	DT
patient	NN
.	.
Length	NN
of	IN
stay	NN
,	,
meal	NN
plans	NNS
,	,
and	CC
treatment	NN
goals	NNS
vary	VBP
from	IN
person	NN
to	TO
person	NN
.	.
A	DT
treatment	NN
team	NN
-	:
consisting	VBG
of	IN
physicians	NNS
,	,
a	DT
psychologist	NN
,	,
a	DT
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
,	,
social	JJ
workers	NNS
,	,
therapists	NNS
,	,
and	CC
nurses	NNS
-	:
join	VB
forces	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
to	TO
create	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
effective	JJ
treatment	NN
plan	NN
.	.
Treatment	NNP
options	NNS
include	VBP
:	:
Individual	NNP
,	,
group	NN
and	CC
family	NN
psychotherapy	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
nutrition	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
exercise	NN
education	NN
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
stress	NN
and	CC
anger	NN
management	NN
education	NN
and	CC
activity	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
South	NNP
Coast	NNP
Medical	NNP
Center	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
acute	JJ
care	NN
hospital	NN
offering	VBG
a	DT
full	JJ
spectrum	NN
of	IN
medical	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
24-hour	JJ
emergency	NN
care	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
medical	JJ
facility	NN
,	,
South	NNP
Coast	NNP
is	VBZ
able	JJ
to	TO
care	VB
for	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
specialized	JJ
medical	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
patients	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
,	,
or	CC
someone	NN
you	PRP
know	VBP
has	VBZ
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
call	VB
our	PRP$
program	NN
intake	NN
coordinator	NN
at	IN
(949) 499-7504	CD
to	TO
discuss	VB
treatment	NN
alternatives	NNS
and	CC
insurance	NN
coverage	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
insurance	NN
plans	NNS
provide	VBP
coverage	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
treatment	NN
.	.
Since	IN
1983	CD
,	,
Spruce	NNP
Mountain	NNP
Inn	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
offering	VBG
comprehensive	JJ
treatment	NN
programs	NNS
for	IN
adults	NNS
and	CC
young	JJ
adults	NNS
with	IN
serious	JJ
pshchiatric	JJ
illness	NN
.	.
Clients	NNS
range	VBP
in	IN
age	NN
from	IN
17	CD
to	TO
40	CD
's	POS
and	CC
may	MD
have	VB
substance	NN
abuse	NN
problems	NNS
and	CC
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
psychiatric	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
services	NNS
are	VBP
comprehensive	JJ
,	,
flexible	JJ
,	,
individualized	JJ
and	CC
are	VBP
offered	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
highly	RB
trained	VBN
staff	NN
in	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
a	DT
supportive	JJ
community	NN
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
both	DT
long	JJ
and	CC
short	JJ
term	NN
treatment	NN
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
cost-effective	JJ
:	:
a	DT
continuum	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
with	IN
less	JJR
intensive	JJ
and	CC
less	RBR
costly	JJ
interventions	NNS
is	VBZ
available	JJ
to	TO
all	DT
clients	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
make	VBP
progress	NN
.	.
Please	VB
use	VB
the	DT
link	NN
to	TO
our	PRP$
web-site	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
complete	JJ
program	NN
description	NN
and	CC
fee	NN
information	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
5	CD
day	NN
per	IN
week	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
7	CD
hours\/day	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
program	NN
designed	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
patients	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
medically	RB
stable	JJ
,	,
and	CC
have	VBP
acute	JJ
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
Anorexia	NNP
and\/or	CC
Bulimia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
.	.
The	DT
foci	NNS
are	VBP
several	JJ
:	:
weight	NN
restoration	NN
and	CC
management	NN
;	:
normalizing	VBG
eating	VBG
behavior	NN
;	:
emotional	JJ
coping	VBG
skills	NNS
;	:
cognitive	JJ
restructuring	NN
;	:
family	NN
therapy	NN
;	:
medication	NN
management	NN
and	CC
group	NN
psychotherapy	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
insurances	NNS
cover	VBP
treatment	NN
costs	NNS
.	.
Stepping	VBG
Stones	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
Intensive	JJ
Outpatient	NNP
Program	NNP
which	WDT
includes	VBZ
group	NN
,	,
individual	JJ
,	,
and	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
,	,
nutritional	JJ
programming	NN
from	IN
a	DT
Licensed	VBN
Clinical	NNP
Dietician	NNP
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
operates	VBZ
within	IN
a	DT
Multi	NNP
Disciplinary	NNP
team	NN
which	WDT
includes	VBZ
onsite	NN
LPC	NNP
's	POS
,	,
an	DT
LD	NNP
,	,
addiction	NN
therapist	NN
and	CC
a	DT
designated	VBN
consulting	NN
psychiatrist	NN
,	,
a	DT
licensed	JJ
psychologist	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
cardiologist	NN
.	.
All	DT
treaters	NNS
have	VBP
acquired	VBN
either	CC
specialization	NN
and\/or	CC
specific	JJ
training	NN
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
heart	NN
of	IN
North	NNP
Dallas	NNP
in	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
suite	NN
at	IN
Medical	NNP
City	NNP
Dallas	NNP
.	.
Ages	NNPS
served	VBD
are	VBP
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
young	JJ
adults	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
ages	NNS
12	CD
thru	NN
25	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Two	CD
groups	NNS
exist	VBP
,	,
one	CD
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
ages	NNS
12-18	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
one	CD
for	IN
young	JJ
adults	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
ages	NNS
19	CD
thru	NN
late	RB
20	CD
's	POS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
adolescent	JJ
group	NN
meets	VBZ
3	CD
groups	NNS
weekly	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
late	JJ
afternoon\/evening	VBG
hours	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
week	NN
each	DT
client	NN
has	VBZ
one	CD
individual	NN
and	CC
also	RB
one	CD
family	NN
therapy	NN
session	NN
.	.
Weekly	NNP
nutritional	JJ
counseling	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Licensed	NNP
Dietician	NNP
are	VBP
also	RB
included	VBN
.	.
SummitRidge	NNP
,	,
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
not-for-profit	JJ
Gwinnett	NNP
Health	NNP
System	NNP
,	,
offers	VBZ
behavioral	JJ
health	NN
treatment	NN
programs	NNS
for	IN
adults	NNS
and	CC
adolescents	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
Partial	JJ
Hospitalization	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
8	CD
hours\/day	NN
,	,
Monday-Friday	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
early	JJ
intervention	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
for	IN
adolescents	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
13-18	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
age	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
this	DT
,	,
our	PRP$
programs	NNS
include	VBP
inpatient	JJ
treatment	NN
,	,
partial	JJ
hospitalization\/day	JJ
treatment	NN
,	,
women	NNS
's	POS
outpatient	NN
treatment	NN
,	,
intensive	JJ
outpatient	NN
treatment	NN
for	IN
psychiatric	JJ
and	CC
addictive	JJ
diseases	NNS
,	,
individual	JJ
therapy	NN
and	CC
aftercare	NN
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
offer	VBP
a	DT
mental	JJ
health\/substance	NN
abuse	NN
resource	NN
line	NN
,	,
770-822-2222	CD
,	,
that	DT
is	VBZ
staffed	VBN
by	IN
counselors	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
free	JJ
service	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
available	JJ
24-hours	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
,	,
seven	CD
days	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
our	PRP$
programs	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
accessed	VBN
through	IN
this	DT
number	NN
.	.
Please	VB
call	NN
,	,
help	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
.	.
Our	PRP$
primary	JJ
goal	NN
at	IN
The	DT
Bella	NNP
Vita	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
help	VB
bring	VB
a	DT
healthy	JJ
balance	NN
back	RB
to	TO
your	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
here	RB
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
discover	VBP
how	WRB
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
the	DT
inner	JJ
feelings	NNS
and	CC
emotions	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
trigger	VB
unhealthy	JJ
behavior	NN
.	.
We	PRP
address	VBP
more	JJR
than	IN
just	RB
the	DT
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
binge	NN
eating	NN
or	CC
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
.	.
We	PRP
understand	VBP
that	IN
each	DT
individual	NN
has	VBZ
different	JJ
underlying	VBG
issues	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
drive	VB
their	PRP$
behavior	NN
.	.
So	IN
we	PRP
take	VBP
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
treating	VBG
you	PRP
,	,
the	DT
individual	NN
-	:
not	RB
just	RB
your	PRP$
eating	NN
disorder	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
unique	JJ
treatment	NN
programs	NNS
have	VBP
also	RB
been	VBN
developed	VBN
to	TO
serve	VB
you	PRP
on	IN
an	DT
individualized	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
We	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
better	RB
served	VBN
living	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
current	JJ
environment	NN
,	,
integrating	VBG
what	WP
you	PRP
learn	VBP
into	IN
your	PRP$
daily	JJ
life	NN
.	.
Learning	NNP
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
issues	NNS
head-on	RB
as	IN
you	PRP
encounter	VBP
them	PRP
.	.
And	CC
,	,
begin	VB
your	PRP$
healing	NN
.	.
At	IN
The	DT
Bella	NNP
Vita	NNP
we	PRP
assist	VBP
you	PRP
in	IN
healing	NN
from	IN
the	DT
inside	NN
out	RP
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
an	DT
on-going	JJ
process	NN
of	IN
teaching	NN
you	PRP
to	TO
stay	VB
in	IN
touch	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
feelings	NNS
and	CC
needs	NNS
.	.
Throughout	IN
this	DT
process	NN
,	,
our	PRP$
highly	RB
knowledgeable	JJ
and	CC
experienced	JJ
team	NN
helps	VBZ
you	PRP
deal	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
pressures	NNS
that	WDT
pull	VBP
you	PRP
towards	IN
unhealthy	JJ
behavior	NN
.	.
We	PRP
give	VBP
you	PRP
the	DT
tools	NNS
to	TO
think	VB
differently	RB
,	,
so	IN
you	PRP
learn	VBP
to	TO
behave	VB
differently	RB
.	.
Your	PRP$
challenge	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
take	VB
personal	JJ
responsibility	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
life	NN
,	,
learning	VBG
how	WRB
to	TO
trust	VB
others	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
free	JJ
yourself	PRP
from	IN
your	PRP$
disorder	NN
.	.
This	DT
in	IN
turn	NN
will	MD
bring	VB
about	RB
inner	JJ
peace	NN
and	CC
healing	NN
.	.
The	DT
Emily	NNP
Program	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
outpatient	NN
treatment	NN
program	NN
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
comprehensive	JJ
psychological	JJ
,	,
nutritional	JJ
,	,
and	CC
medical	JJ
care	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
team	NN
of	IN
caring	VBG
professionals	NNS
develops	VBZ
an	DT
individualized	JJ
treatment	NN
plan	NN
by	IN
combining	VBG
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
of	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
services	NNS
:	:
Group	NNP
Therapy	NNP
and	CC
Support	NN
Groups	NNS
,	,
Intensive	NNP
Outpatient	NNP
Program	NNP
,	,
Individual	NNP
Psychotherapy	NNP
,	,
Nutritional	NNP
Evaluation	NNP
and	CC
Counseling	NN
,	,
and	CC
Family	NNP
Therapy	NNP
.	.
Inpatient	JJ
residential	JJ
and	CC
outpatient	NN
intensive	JJ
treatment	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
particularly	RB
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
have	VBP
failed	VBN
previously	RB
in	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
Program	NN
is	VBZ
vartied	VBN
to	TO
individual	JJ
need	NN
and	CC
can	MD
be	VB
extended	VBN
at	IN
lower	JJR
care	NN
levels	NNS
until	IN
stable	JJ
functioning	NN
is	VBZ
achieved	VBN
.	.
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNP
Services	NNPS
The	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Service	NNP
at	IN
The	DT
Priory	NNP
offers	VBZ
inpatient	NN
,	,
daycare	NN
and	CC
outpatient	NN
services	NNS
.	.
This	DT
world	NN
reknowned	JJ
hospital	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
largest	JJS
private	JJ
treatment	NN
facilities	NNS
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
in	IN
Europe	NNP
offering	VBG
an	DT
intensive	JJ
specialist	NN
individual	NN
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
program	NN
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
a	DT
full	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
primary	JJ
care	NN
,	,
secondary	JJ
care	NN
,	,
day	NN
care	NN
,	,
and	CC
aftercare	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
people	NNS
suffering	VBG
with	IN
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
addictive	JJ
behaviors	NNS
especially	RB
Anorexia	NNP
,	,
Bulimia	NNP
,	,
Overeating	NNP
and	CC
all	DT
associated	VBN
compulsive	JJ
disorders	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
accept	VBP
referals	NNS
from	IN
all	DT
sources	NNS
and	CC
have	VBP
a	DT
`	``
no	DT
waiting	VBG
list	NN
'	''
policy	NN
.	.
We	PRP
can	MD
collect	VB
people	NNS
for	IN
treatment	NN
from	IN
anywhere	RB
in	IN
England	NNP
and	CC
can	MD
admit	VB
patients	NNS
24	CD
hours	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
seven	CD
days	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
.	.
The	DT
Wilkins	NNP
Center	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
outpatient	NN
treatment	NN
center	NN
where	WRB
teams	NNS
of	IN
professionals	NNS
work	VBP
with	IN
patients	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
to	TO
tackle	VB
eating	NN
,	,
weight	NN
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
problems	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
mood	NN
and	CC
life	NN
difficulties	NNS
that	WDT
often	RB
go	VBP
along	RB
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
recognized	VBN
nationally	RB
for	IN
state-of-the-art	JJ
excellence	NN
and	CC
personalized	VBN
clinical	JJ
care	NN
,	,
treating	VBG
over	IN
3,500	CD
people	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
20	CD
years	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
outpatient	NN
and	CC
day	NN
treatment	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
children	NNS
and	CC
adolescents	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
program	NN
has	VBZ
JCAHO	VBN
accreditation	NN
,	,
and	CC
our	PRP$
services	NNS
are	VBP
covered	VBN
by	IN
many	JJ
insurance	NN
companies	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
wonderful	JJ
,	,
affordable	JJ
accomodations	NNS
for	IN
out	IN
of	IN
town	NN
families	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
call	VB
for	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
therapeutically	RB
intensive	JJ
program	NN
of	IN
care	NN
at	IN
Rosewood	NNP
,	,
our	PRP$
experienced	JJ
staff	NN
and	CC
small	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
patients	NNS
enable	VBP
us	PRP
to	TO
treat	VB
women	NNS
whose	WP$
medical	JJ
condition	NN
is	VBZ
serious	JJ
and	CC
severe	JJ
.	.
We	PRP
provide	VBP
detoxification	NN
for	IN
those	DT
struggling	VBG
with	IN
chemical	NN
dependency	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
experienced	VBN
in	IN
treating	VBG
women	NNS
with	IN
other	JJ
addictive	JJ
behaviors	NNS
,	,
mood	NN
disorders	NNS
and	CC
personal	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
Rosewood	NNP
is	VBZ
licensed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NN
of	IN
Arizona	NNP
and	CC
accredited	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Joint	NNP
Commission	NNP
on	IN
Accreditation	NNP
of	IN
Healthcare	NNP
Organizations	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
the	DT
5	CD
``	``
i	FW
's	POS
''	''
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
in	IN
your	PRP$
recovery	NN
.	.
An	DT
intimate	JJ
setting	NN
,	,
individualized	JJ
treatment	NN
,	,
integrated	VBN
team	NN
approach	NN
,	,
intensive	JJ
program	NN
and	CC
integrity	NN
.	.
Sharp	NNP
's	POS
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Program	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
12-week	JJ
intensive	JJ
partial	JJ
hospitalization	NN
program	NN
for	IN
both	DT
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
with	IN
anorexia	NN
and	CC
bulimia	NN
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
provides	VBZ
a	DT
full	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
therapeutic	JJ
and	CC
educational	JJ
programming	NN
,	,
five	CD
days	NNS
per	IN
week	NN
,	,
with	IN
two	CD
supervised	JJ
meal	NN
periods	NNS
per	IN
day	NN
.	.
School	NNP
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
on	IN
site	NN
for	IN
the	DT
adolescents	NNS
.	.
Treatment	NNP
goals	NNS
are	VBP
achieved	VBN
by	IN
addressing	VBG
dysfunctional	JJ
thought	NN
patterns	NNS
,	,
and	CC
by	IN
teaching	NN
healthy	JJ
coping	VBG
techniques	NNS
.	.
Family	NNP
support	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
is	VBZ
enlisted	VBN
to	TO
increase	VB
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
disorder	NN
and	CC
to	TO
reduce	VB
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
relapse	NN
.	.
The	DT
interdisciplinary	JJ
team	NN
includes	VBZ
psychiatry	NN
,	,
internal	JJ
medicine	NN
,	,
psychology	NN
,	,
nursing	NN
,	,
recreation	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
.	.
Overeating	VBG
and	CC
Binge	NNP
Eating	NNP
:	:
Located	VBN
on	IN
21	CD
mostly	RB
wooded	JJ
acres	NNS
in	IN
Durham	NNP
,	,
North	NNP
Carolina	NNP
,	,
Structure	NNP
House	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
School	NNP
for	IN
Change	NNP
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
beautiful	JJ
,	,
yet	RB
convenient	JJ
setting	VBG
thousands	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
from	IN
all	DT
walks	VBZ
of	IN
life	NN
have	VBP
changed	VBN
their	PRP$
minds	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
unique	JJ
approach	NN
has	VBZ
succeeded	VBN
where	WRB
diets	NNS
have	VBP
failed	VBN
.	.
Exlusive	NNP
Residential	NNP
Treatment	NNP
--	:
80	CD
classes	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
in	IN
behavior	NN
modification	NN
,	,
physical	JJ
therapy	NN
and	CC
nutrition	NN
,	,
meals	NNS
,	,
lodging	NN
,	,
group	NN
therapy.One-on-one	NNP
therapy	NN
available	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
both	DT
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
to	TO
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
in	IN
any	DT
phase	NN
of	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
insurance	NN
companies	NNS
cover	VBP
the	DT
fee	NN
's	POS
for	IN
this	DT
therapy	NN
and	CC
if	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
then	RB
a	DT
fee	NN
agreement	NN
can	MD
be	VB
negotiated	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
for	IN
10	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
prior	RB
to	TO
that	DT
worked	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
counselor	NN
for	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
psychiatric	JJ
hospital	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
in	IN
recovery	NN
from	IN
many	JJ
years	NNS
spent	VBN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
bulimia	NN
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
recovery	NN
from	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
is	VBZ
100	CD
%	NN
possible	JJ
and	CC
that	IN
a	DT
person	NN
can	MD
live	VB
a	DT
life	NN
free	JJ
of	IN
obsessions	NNS
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
eating	NN
behaviors	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Menninger	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Program	NNP
offers	VBZ
intensive	JJ
treatment	NN
for	IN
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
ages	NNS
12	CD
and	CC
older	JJR
who	WP
are	VBP
experiencing	VBG
the	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
anorexia	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
obesity	NN
,	,
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
,	,
or	CC
excessive	JJ
exercising	VBG
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
any	DT
underlying	VBG
psychiatric	JJ
disorders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
appropriate	JJ
when	WRB
the	DT
individual	NN
is	VBZ
medically	RB
stable	JJ
,	,
and	CC
prepared	VBD
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
commitment	NN
to	TO
treatment	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
patients	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
program	NN
have	VBP
had	VBN
a	DT
long-standing	JJ
disorder	NN
complicated	VBN
by	IN
depression	NN
,	,
bipolar	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
or	CC
substance	NN
abuse	NN
.	.
Others	NNS
have	VBP
n't	RB
responded	VBD
well	RB
to	TO
previous	JJ
treatment	NN
.	.
Together	RB
,	,
the	DT
treatment	NN
team	NN
and	CC
patient	NN
develop	VB
and	CC
implement	VB
a	DT
realistic	JJ
but	CC
ambitious	JJ
treatment	NN
plan	NN
.	.
Therapies	NNS
,	,
measurements	NNS
of	IN
progress	NN
,	,
and	CC
an	DT
alliance	NN
with	IN
staff	NN
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
empower	VB
the	DT
patient	NN
to	TO
take	VB
responsibility	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
health	NN
and	CC
recovery	NN
while	IN
promoting	VBG
physical	JJ
and	CC
emotional	JJ
health	NN
.	.
The	DT
Victorian	JJ
,	,
located	VBN
in	IN
Newport	NNP
Beach	NNP
,	,
CA	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
treatment	NN
facility	NN
for	IN
women	NNS
afflicted	VBN
with	IN
bulimia	NN
,	,
anorexia	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
addictions	NNS
.	.
This	DT
unique	JJ
home	NN
for	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
lends	VBZ
itself	PRP
beautifully	RB
to	TO
providing	VBG
the	DT
tranquil	JJ
refuge	NN
individuals	NNS
often	RB
require	VBP
to	TO
continue	VB
with	IN
their	PRP$
personal	JJ
healing	NN
.	.
Just	RB
a	DT
short	JJ
walk	NN
to	TO
Newport	NNP
Harbor	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Pacific	NNP
Ocean	NNP
beaches	NNS
.	.
In	IN
honor	NN
of	IN
National	NNP
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNPS
Awareness	NNP
Week	NNP
,	,
MySelfHelp.com	NNP
is	VBZ
offering	VBG
Something	NN
Fishy	JJ
visitors	NNS
a	DT
20	CD
%	NN
discount	NN
on	IN
its	PRP$
family	NN
of	IN
online	JJ
self-help	JJ
programs	NNS
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
stress	NN
,	,
insomnia	NN
,	,
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
,	,
grief	NN
,	,
compulsive	JJ
shopping	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
mental	JJ
health	NN
problems	NNS
.	.
Simply	RB
enter	VBP
NEDAW06	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
account	NN
code	NN
box	NN
when	WRB
registering	VBG
.	.
Eating	NNP
disorder	NN
screenings	NNS
will	MD
also	RB
take	VB
place	NN
from	IN
February	NNP
27	CD
-	:
March	NNP
4	CD
.	.
MySelfHelp.com	NN
programs	NNS
were	VBD
developed	VBN
in	IN
part	NN
through	IN
grants	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Institute	NNP
of	IN
Mental	NNP
Health	NNP
and	CC
recent	JJ
outcome	NN
studies	NNS
show	VBP
extremely	RB
significant	JJ
results	NNS
in	IN
reducing	VBG
binge	NN
and	CC
purge	NN
episodes	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
depression	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
research	NN
results	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
on	IN
program	NN
pages	NNS
at	IN
www.MySelfHelp.com	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
licensed	JJ
professional	JJ
counselor	NN
and	CC
a	DT
licensed\/registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
extensive	JJ
training	NN
and	CC
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
including	VBG
restrictive	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
binge	NN
eating	NN
and	CC
compulsive	JJ
overeating	NN
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
a	DT
unique	JJ
approach	NN
combining	VBG
both	DT
psychotherapy	NN
and	CC
medical	JJ
nutritional	JJ
therapy	NN
.	.
Individual	NNP
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
primary	JJ
interest	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
body-image	NN
,	,
self-esteem	NN
and	CC
depression	NN
for	IN
girls	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
ages	NNS
.	.
Having	VBG
struggled	VBN
with	IN
weight	NN
issues	NNS
all	DT
my	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
convinced	VBN
that	IN
self-acceptance	NN
and	CC
the	DT
realization	NN
of	IN
self-worth	NN
can	MD
be	VB
attained	VBN
at	IN
any	DT
weight	NN
.	.
While	IN
healthy	JJ
lifestyle	NN
changes	NNS
are	VBP
sugggested	VBN
and	CC
encouraged	VBN
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
the	DT
primary	JJ
focus	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
therapy	NN
.	.
Life	NNP
is	VBZ
meant	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
lived	VBN
TODAY	NNP
,	,
not	RB
at	IN
some	DT
point	NN
in	IN
the	DT
future	JJ
!	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
let	VB
your	PRP$
weight	NN
or	CC
poor	JJ
body-image	NN
stand	NN
in	IN
the	DT
way	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
hopes	NNS
and	CC
dreams	NNS
,	,
and	CC
do	VBP
n't	RB
put	VB
off	RP
until	IN
tomorrow	NN
what	WP
you	PRP
can	MD
start	VB
today	NN
.	.
I	PRP
focus	VBP
extensively	RB
on	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
a	DT
healthy	JJ
theraputic	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
a	DT
client	NN
which	WDT
in	IN
turn	NN
allows	VBZ
a	DT
person	NN
to	TO
fully	RB
explore	VB
the	DT
underlying	VBG
issues	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
appreciate	VBP
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
techniques	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
a	DT
person	NN
recover	VB
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
extensive	JJ
experience	NN
in	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disorder	NN
field	NN
most	RBS
recently	RB
as	IN
lead	NN
therapist	NN
at	IN
Rogers	NNP
Memorial	NNP
Hospital	NNP
's	POS
Eating	NNP
Disorder	NNP
Center	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
provide	VBP
individual	JJ
therapy	NN
using	VBG
an	DT
eclectic	JJ
,	,
individualized	JJ
treatment	NN
approach	NN
to	TO
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
psychoeducation	NN
,	,
cognitive	JJ
behavioral	JJ
,	,
and	CC
psychodynamic	JJ
therapies	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
coordinate	VBP
treatment	NN
as	IN
needed	VBN
with	IN
medical	JJ
and	CC
nutritional	JJ
experts	NNS
.	.
My	PRP$
name	NN
is	VBZ
Dr.	NNP
Roopal	NNP
Pujara	NNP
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
Licensed	VBN
Clinical	NNP
Psychologist	NNP
practicing	VBG
in	IN
Downers	NNP
Grove	NNP
,	,
Illinois	NNP
.	.
Reaching	VBG
out	RP
for	IN
psychotherapeutic	JJ
assistance	NN
can	MD
be	VB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
challenging	JJ
and	CC
helpful	JJ
connections	NNS
you	PRP
make	VBP
.	.
It	PRP
takes	VBZ
incredible	JJ
courage	NN
to	TO
recognize	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
experiencing	VBG
difficulty	NN
,	,
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
learn	VB
more	JJR
about	IN
yourself	PRP
,	,
and\/or	CC
understand	VB
what	WP
motivates	VBZ
your	PRP$
behaviors	NNS
.	.
As	IN
you	PRP
take	VBP
this	DT
step	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
extremely	RB
important	JJ
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
a	DT
psychologist	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
experience	NN
,	,
empathy	NN
,	,
and	CC
feels	VBZ
like	IN
a	DT
good	JJ
``	``
fit	NN
''	''
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
While	IN
my	PRP$
primary	JJ
theoretical	JJ
orientation	NN
is	VBZ
psychodynamic	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
utilize	VBP
an	DT
eclectic	JJ
and	CC
collaborative	JJ
approach	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
my	PRP$
clients	NNS
therapeutic	JJ
needs	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
I	PRP
also	RB
use	VBP
CBT	NNP
,	,
bibliotherapy	NN
,	,
client	NN
centered	VBN
,	,
and	CC
family	NN
oriented	VBN
interventions	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
realm	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
wealth	NN
of	IN
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
patients	NNS
struggling	VBG
with	IN
emotional	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
grazing	NN
,	,
binge	NN
eating	NN
,	,
bulimia	NN
,	,
morbid	JJ
obesity	NN
,	,
and	CC
pre\/post	JJ
weight	NN
loss	NN
surgery	NN
.	.
The	DT
process	NN
of	IN
psychotherapy	NN
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
symptom	NN
reduction	NN
,	,
improved	VBN
emotional	JJ
functioning	NN
,	,
healthier	RBR
relationships	NNS
with	IN
others	NNS
,	,
greater	JJR
self-awareness	NN
,	,
among	IN
a	DT
multitude	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
benefits	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
over	IN
eight	CD
years	NNS
experience	NN
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
;	:
I	PRP
prefer	VBP
working	VBG
with	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
who	WP
experience	VBP
complusive	JJ
eating	NN
;	:
I	PRP
use	VBP
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
techniques	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
build	VB
coping	VBG
skills	NNS
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
stress	NN
and	CC
episodes	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
licensed	JJ
Marriage	NN
and	CC
Family	NNP
Therapist	NNP
and	CC
enjoy	VB
working	VBG
with	IN
adults	NNS
,	,
adolescents	NNS
,	,
families	NNS
and	CC
couples	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
specialize	VBP
in	IN
family	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
adolescent	JJ
development	NN
and	CC
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
background	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
issues	NNS
including	VBG
:	:
depression	NN
,	,
low	JJ
self-esteem	NN
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
parenting	NN
challenges	NNS
,	,
abuse	NN
and	CC
life	NN
transitions	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
available	JJ
for	IN
consultation	NN
and	CC
look	VB
forward	RB
to	TO
supporting	VBG
you	PRP
in	IN
your	PRP$
healing	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
state	NN
licensed	VBD
psychotherapist	NN
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
healing	NN
through	IN
self-awareness	NN
,	,
acceptance	NN
,	,
and	CC
actualization	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
training	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
combines	NNS
conventional	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
with	IN
techniques	NNS
that	WDT
focus	VBP
and	CC
use	VBP
the	DT
connection	NN
between	IN
mind	NN
,	,
body	NN
and	CC
spirit	NN
.	.
Hypnotherapy	NNP
is	VBZ
also	RB
an	DT
option	NN
.	.
Experience	NN
includes	VBZ
work	NN
with	IN
compulsive	JJ
disorders	NNS
,	,
especially	RB
those	DT
related	VBN
to	TO
food	NN
issues	NNS
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
distortion	NN
.	.
Please	VB
feel	VB
free	JJ
to	TO
call	VB
for	IN
a	DT
consultation	NN
.	.
Outpatient	NN
psychotherapy	NN
facility	NN
for	IN
treatment	NN
of	IN
bulimia	NN
,	,
anorexia	NN
and	CC
binge	NN
eating	NN
disorder	NN
.	.
We	PRP
were	VBD
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
treatment	NN
program	NN
for	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Individual	NNP
,	,
family	NN
,	,
group	NN
therapies	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
work	VBP
directly	RB
with	IN
problematic	JJ
eating	NN
behaviors	NNS
.	.
Therapists	NNS
throughout	IN
manhattan	NN
.	.
Insurances	NNS
and	CC
sliding	VBG
scale	NN
fees	NNS
available	JJ
.	.
Professional	NNP
,	,
caring	NN
,	,
confidential	JJ
treatment	NN
.	.
Psychiatric	JJ
and	CC
Psychological	JJ
CareBaptist	NNP
Medical	NNP
CenterThis	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
Outpatient	NN
group	NN
practice	NN
where	WRB
I	PRP
specialize	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
dissatisfaction	NN
and	CC
women	NNS
's	POS
issues	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
offer	VBP
individual	JJ
and	CC
family	NN
therapy	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
coordinate	VB
care	NN
with	IN
other	JJ
health	NN
professionals	NNS
to	TO
offer	VB
a	DT
multidisciplinary	JJ
team	NN
approach	NN
for	IN
comprehensive	JJ
treatment	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Regina	NNP
Petterson	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
licensed	JJ
clinical	JJ
psychologist	NN
offering	NN
psychotherapy	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Brentwood	NNP
Area	NNP
of	IN
Los	NNP
Angeles	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
uses	VBZ
a	DT
psychodynamic	JJ
approach	NN
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Psychodynamic	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
experiential	JJ
,	,
in-depth	JJ
form	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
that	IN
explores	VBZ
the	DT
ways	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
past	JJ
experiences	NNS
and	CC
emotional	JJ
expectations	NNS
developed	VBN
in	IN
childhood	NN
have	VBP
contributed	VBN
to	TO
current	JJ
difficulties	NNS
in	IN
functioning	VBG
.	.
This	DT
form	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
examines	VBZ
the	DT
complexities	NNS
of	IN
interpersonal	JJ
relationships	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
developing	VBG
relationship	NN
with	IN
the	DT
therapist	NN
.	.
To	TO
set	VB
up	RP
an	DT
appointment	NN
with	IN
Dr.	NNP
Petterson	NNP
,	,
call	NN
(310) 462-3134	CD
.	.
Each	DT
session	NN
lasts	VBZ
approximately	RB
50	CD
minutes	NNS
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
have	VBP
focused	VBN
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
on	IN
equity	NN
in	IN
education	NN
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
No	DT
Child	NN
Left	VBD
Behind	IN
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
Steve	NNP
Paine	NNP
.	.
``	``
Along	IN
with	IN
that	DT
,	,
we	PRP
must	MD
focus	VB
on	IN
ensuring	VBG
that	IN
our	PRP$
children	NNS
are	VBP
prepared	VBN
for	IN
tomorrow	NN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
responsible	JJ
for	IN
producing	VBG
students	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
read	VB
and	CC
write	VB
but	CC
these	DT
students	NNS
also	RB
must	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
analyze	VB
data	NNS
,	,
solve	VB
problems	NNS
and	CC
communicate	VBP
effectively	RB
.	.
''	''
Parent	NNP
Educator	NNP
Resource	NNP
Center	NNP
:	:
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
project	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
build	VB
partnerships	NNS
between	IN
parents	NNS
and	CC
educators	NNS
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	DT
children	NNS
receive	VBP
the	DT
highest	JJS
educational	JJ
opportunities	NNS
and	CC
achievement	NN
possible	JJ
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
maintains	VBZ
this	DT
web	NN
site	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
relevant	JJ
information	NN
concerning	VBG
Department	NNP
and	CC
statewide	JJ
educational	JJ
programs	NNS
and	CC
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
's	POS
elementary	JJ
and	CC
secondary	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
invited	VBN
to	TO
browse	VB
this	DT
site	NN
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
download	VB
material	NN
displayed	VBN
on	IN
this	DT
site	NN
for	IN
non-commercial	JJ
purposes	NNS
only	RB
,	,
provided	VBD
you	PRP
also	RB
retain	VBP
all	DT
copyright	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
proprietary	JJ
notices	NNS
contained	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
materials	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
use	VB
the	DT
contents	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
site	NN
for	IN
commercial	JJ
purposes	NNS
,	,
without	IN
written	VBN
permission	NN
from	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
Neither	CC
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
nor	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
party	NN
involved	VBN
in	IN
creating	VBG
,	,
producing	VBG
,	,
or	CC
delivering	VBG
this	DT
site	NN
is	VBZ
liable	JJ
for	IN
any	DT
direct	JJ
,	,
incidental	JJ
,	,
consequential	JJ
,	,
indirect	JJ
,	,
or	CC
punitive	JJ
damages	NNS
arising	VBG
out	IN
of	IN
access	NN
to	TO
,	,
or	CC
use	NN
of	IN
,	,
this	DT
site	NN
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
also	RB
assumes	VBZ
no	DT
responsibility	NN
,	,
and	CC
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
held	VBN
liable	JJ
for	IN
any	DT
damages	NNS
to	TO
,	,
or	CC
viruses	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
infect	VB
,	,
computer	NN
equipment	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
property	NN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
using	VBG
,	,
browsing	VBG
,	,
or	CC
downloading	VBG
any	DT
materials	NNS
,	,
data	NNS
,	,
images	NNS
,	,
or	CC
text	NN
from	IN
this	DT
site	NN
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
contents	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
off-site	JJ
pages	NNS
or	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
sites	NNS
linked	VBN
from	IN
this	DT
site	NN
.	.
Linking	VBG
to	TO
off-site	JJ
pages	NNS
or	CC
sites	NNS
is	VBZ
at	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
risk	NN
.	.
Any	DT
communication	NN
or	CC
material	NN
you	PRP
transmit	VBP
to	TO
this	DT
site	NN
by	IN
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
or	CC
otherwise	RB
,	,
including	VBG
any	DT
data	NNS
,	,
questions	NNS
,	,
comments	NNS
,	,
suggestions	NNS
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
like	JJ
is	VBZ
,	,
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
treated	VBN
as	RB
,	,
non-confidential	JJ
.	.
We	PRP
welcome	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
Curriculum	NNP
Technology	NNP
Resource	NNP
Center	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
hope	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
take	VBP
advantage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
resources	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
from	IN
our	PRP$
lending	NN
library	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
over	IN
4800	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
of	IN
the	DT
many	JJ
services	NNS
we	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
offer	VB
.	.
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
staff	NN
assigned	VBN
to	TO
mentor	NN
a	DT
new	JJ
employee	NN
.	.
This	DT
sheet	NN
provides	VBZ
basic	JJ
guidelines	NNS
to	TO
new	JJ
employees	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
office	NN
specific	JJ
information	NN
not	RB
covered	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Human	NNP
Resources	NNPS
orientation	NN
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Internal	NNP
Operations	NNP
provides	VBZ
fiscal	JJ
services	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
entities	NNS
:	:
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
,	,
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Cedar	NNP
Lakes	NNPS
Conference	NNP
Center	NNP
,	,
over	IN
twenty	CD
Institutional	JJ
Education	NNP
facilities	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
state	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Department	NNP
's	POS
Office	NNP
of	IN
Educational	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
.	.
Our	PRP$
customers	NNS
also	RB
include	VBP
vendors	NNS
who	WP
conduct	VBP
business	NN
with	IN
any	DT
of	IN
these	DT
entities	NNS
.	.
Areas	NNS
of	IN
service	NN
include	VBP
:	:
cash	NN
management	NN
,	,
grants	NNS
management	NN
,	,
subrecipient	JJ
disbursements	NNS
,	,
purchasing	VBG
,	,
payment	NN
of	IN
claims	NNS
for	IN
programs	NNS
administered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Child	NNP
Nutrition	NNP
,	,
travel	NN
reimbursements	NNS
with	IN
or	CC
travel	VB
reimbursements	NNS
without	IN
stipends	NNS
paid	VBN
to	TO
consultants	NNS
,	,
accounts	NNS
payable	JJ
,	,
accounts	NNS
receivable	JJ
,	,
and	CC
payroll	NN
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
has	VBZ
provided	VBN
training	NN
for	IN
over	IN
150	CD
K-1	JJ
schools	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
phonemic	JJ
awareness	NN
program	NN
as	IN
of	IN
August	NNP
2006	CD
.	.
This	DT
year	NN
will	MD
be	VB
spent	VBN
in	IN
maintaining	VBG
fidelity	NN
to	TO
the	DT
instruction	NN
in	IN
existing	VBG
schools	NNS
.	.
A	DT
new	JJ
training	NN
manual	NN
and	CC
brochure	NN
was	VBD
made	VBN
available	JJ
at	IN
a	DT
training	NN
held	VBD
August	NNP
10	CD
for	IN
representatives	NNS
from	IN
these	DT
schools	NNS
.	.
DIBELS	NNP
assessments	NNS
will	MD
replace	VB
the	DT
PALS	NNPS
as	IN
the	DT
evaluation	NN
tool	NN
.	.
Training	VBG
in	IN
its	PRP$
administration	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
on	IN
August	NNP
11	CD
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
,	,
click	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
icon	NN
above	IN
.	.
SAS	NNP
inSchool	NNP
will	MD
respond	VB
and	CC
ask	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
submit	VB
a	DT
more	RBR
detailed	JJ
application	NN
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
include	VB
school	NN
information	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
fax	NN
and	CC
phone	NN
numbers	NNS
,	,
password	NN
requests	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
A	DT
paper-based	JJ
worksheet	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
here	RB
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
collect	VB
the	DT
necessary	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
staff	NN
includes	VBZ
the	DT
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
and	CC
Assistant	NNP
Director	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Federal	NNP
Programs	NNP
and	CC
Accountability	NNP
,	,
four	CD
Title	NN
I	PRP
coordinators	NNS
and	CC
four	CD
additional	JJ
staff	NN
members	NNS
for	IN
Even	RB
Start	NN
and	CC
Reading	VBG
First	NNP
.	.
The	DT
primary	JJ
responsibility	NN
of	IN
this	DT
staff	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
assist	VB
districts	NNS
and	CC
schools	NNS
in	IN
implementing	VBG
quality	NN
Title	NN
I	PRP
programs	NNS
.	.
A	DT
primary	JJ
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Troops	NNPS
to	TO
Teachers	NNPS
-LRB-	-LRB-
TTT	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
Program	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
help	VB
recruit	VB
highly	RB
skilled	JJ
,	,
knowledgeable	JJ
teachers	NNS
for	IN
public	JJ
schools	NNS
,	,
especially	RB
those	DT
schools	NNS
serving	VBG
low-income	JJ
families	NNS
,	,
across	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
A	DT
goal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
TTT	NNP
Program	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
help	VB
relieve	VB
teacher	NN
shortages	NNS
in	IN
specialization	NN
areas	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
math	NN
,	,
science	NN
,	,
special	JJ
education	NN
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
assist	VB
military	JJ
personnel	NNS
in	IN
making	VBG
successful	JJ
transitions	NNS
into	IN
second	JJ
careers	NNS
.	.
This	DT
support	NN
assists	VBZ
eligible	JJ
military	JJ
personnel	NNS
who	WP
hold	VBP
a	DT
Bachelor	NN
or	CC
advanced	VBN
degree	NN
from	IN
an	DT
accredited	VBN
institution	NN
or	CC
one	CD
year	NN
or	CC
more	JJR
of	IN
college	NN
with	IN
six	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
work	NN
experience	NN
in	IN
a	DT
career	NN
technical	JJ
field	NN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
registration	NN
and	CC
who	WP
are	VBP
choosing	VBG
to	TO
complete	VB
the	DT
academic	JJ
and	CC
certification	NN
requirements	NNS
to	TO
begin	VB
new	JJ
careers	NNS
as	IN
public	JJ
school	NN
teachers	NNS
.	.
Two	CD
forms	NNS
of	IN
financial	JJ
assistance	NN
are	VBP
provided	VBN
to	TO
qualified	VBN
participants	NNS
.	.
A	DT
stipend	NN
of	IN
up	RB
to	TO
$	$
5000	CD
may	MD
be	VB
awarded	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
for	IN
expenses	NNS
required	VBN
to	TO
earn	VB
a	DT
teaching	NN
certificate	NN
or	CC
license	NN
.	.
Stipend	NNP
funds	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
for	IN
items	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
,	,
tuition	NN
,	,
registration	NN
fee	NN
,	,
books	NNS
,	,
and	CC
certification	NN
testing	NN
.	.
Eligible	JJ
participants	NNS
may	MD
also	RB
receive	VB
a	DT
bonus	NN
of	IN
up	RB
to	TO
$	$
10,000	CD
once	RB
employed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
qualifying	VBG
high	JJ
need	NN
school	NN
.	.
Participants	NNS
who	WP
accept	VBP
the	DT
financial	JJ
assistance	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
stipend	NN
and\/or	CC
bonus	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
must	MD
teach	VB
for	IN
a	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
three	CD
years	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
qualifying	VBG
high	JJ
need	NN
school	NN
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
open	JJ
to	TO
those	DT
separating	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
military	JJ
as	IN
retirees	NNS
,	,
active	JJ
duty	NN
personnel	NNS
separating	VBG
with	IN
six	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
years	NNS
of	IN
service	NN
,	,
Reservist\/National	NNP
Guard	NNP
personnel	NNS
with	IN
ten	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
years	NNS
of	IN
credited	VBN
service	NN
toward	IN
retirement	NN
,	,
and	CC
those	DT
who	WP
separated	VBD
on\/after	NNP
January	NNP
8	CD
,	,
2002	CD
for	IN
physical	JJ
disability	NN
.	.
The	DT
last	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
service	NN
must	MD
be	VB
honorable	JJ
.	.
Active	JJ
duty	NN
personnel	NNS
may	MD
register	VB
for	IN
TTT	NNP
services	NNS
if	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
within	IN
one	CD
year	NN
of	IN
separation	NN
or	CC
retirement	NN
.	.
Virginia	NNP
Commission	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Teaching	NNP
Standards	NNPS
is	VBZ
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
every	DT
student	NN
is	VBZ
served	VBN
by	IN
competent	JJ
educators	NNS
who	WP
meet	VBP
rigorous	JJ
preparation	NN
and	CC
licensure	NN
standards	NNS
by	IN
recommending	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
standards	NNS
and	CC
practices	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
development	NN
and	CC
approval	NN
of	IN
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
licensure	NN
and	CC
continuing	VBG
development	NN
of	IN
educational	JJ
personnel	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
its	PRP$
establishment	NN
,	,
the	DT
Professional	NNP
Practice	NNP
Panel	NNP
has	VBZ
made	VBN
recommendations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
revocation	NN
and\/or	CC
suspension	NN
of	IN
certificates	NNS
held	VBN
by	IN
educators	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
findings	NNS
of	IN
investigations	NNS
conducted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Commission	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Teaching	NNP
Standards	NNP
addresses	NNS
issues	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
rigorous	JJ
teacher	NN
licensure	NN
and	CC
certification	NN
standards	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
challenge	NN
of	IN
providing	VBG
highly	RB
qualified	VBN
teachers	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
schools	NNS
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
recognizes	VBZ
that	IN
teachers	NNS
,	,
administrators	NNS
and	CC
higher	JJR
education	NN
faculty	NN
can	MD
and	CC
must	MD
work	VB
together	RB
to	TO
improve	VB
the	DT
education	NN
profession	NN
and	CC
to	TO
enhance	VB
educational	JJ
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
students	NNS
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
also	RB
recognizes	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
must	MD
maintain	VB
effective	JJ
communication	NN
with	IN
the	DT
education	NN
community	NN
to	TO
sustain	VB
the	DT
high	JJ
quality	NN
education	NN
that	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
deserves	VBZ
and	CC
expects	VBZ
.	.
Its	PRP$
12	CD
members	NNS
include	VBP
nine	CD
citizens	NNS
appointed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
governor	NN
and	CC
three	CD
non-voting	JJ
ex-officio	JJ
members	NNS
--	:
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Chancellor	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Higher	JJR
Education	NNP
Policy	NNP
Commission	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Chancellor	NNP
of	IN
Community	NNP
and	CC
Technical	NNP
College	NNP
Education	NNP
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
constitutional	JJ
officer	NN
who	WP
serves	VBZ
at	IN
the	DT
will	NN
and	CC
pleasure	NN
of	IN
the	DT
board	NN
.	.
Board	NNP
members	NNS
serve	VBP
overlapping	VBG
terms	NNS
of	IN
nine	CD
years	NNS
,	,
and	CC
no	DT
more	JJR
than	IN
five	CD
citizen	NN
members	NNS
may	MD
belong	VB
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
political	JJ
party	NN
.	.
The	DT
board	NN
meets	VBZ
monthly	JJ
to	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
educational	JJ
policies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
elementary	JJ
and	CC
secondary	JJ
schools	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
establish	VB
the	DT
rules	NNS
that	WDT
carry	VBP
into	IN
effect	NN
state	NN
law	NN
regarding	VBG
education	NN
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
also	RB
has	VBZ
general	JJ
control	NN
,	,
supervision	NN
and	CC
management	NN
of	IN
the	DT
business	NN
and	CC
educational	JJ
affairs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Schools	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Deaf	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Blind	NNP
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
establishes	VBZ
policies	NNS
and	CC
rules	NNS
to	TO
assure	VB
implementation	NN
of	IN
education	NN
goals	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
ensure	VB
the	DT
general	JJ
supervision	NN
,	,
oversight	NN
and	CC
monitoring	NN
of	IN
a	DT
thorough	JJ
and	CC
efficient	JJ
educational	JJ
system	NN
.	.
Quality	NNP
Counts	VBZ
2006	CD
,	,
a	DT
national	JJ
report	NN
card	NN
on	IN
public	JJ
education	NN
in	IN
the	DT
50	CD
states	NNS
,	,
ranked	VBD
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
as	IN
second	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
cumulative	JJ
average	NN
in	IN
standards	NNS
and	CC
accountability	NN
,	,
teacher	NN
quality	NN
,	,
school	NN
climate	NN
,	,
equity	NN
and	CC
spending	NN
.	.
Research	NN
shows	VBZ
that	IN
high	JJ
quality	NN
preschool	JJ
improves	VBZ
high	JJ
school	NN
graduation	NN
and	CC
college	NN
attendance	NN
rates	NNS
,	,
employment	NN
and	CC
earnings	NNS
and	CC
lessens	VBZ
future	JJ
crime	NN
and	CC
delinquency	NN
.	.
The	DT
State	NN
of	IN
Preschool	NNP
:	:
2005	CD
State	NNP
Preschool	NNP
Yearbook	NNP
compiled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Early	NNP
Education	NNP
Research	NNP
at	IN
Rutgers	NNP
University	NNP
ranks	VBZ
all	DT
50	CD
states	NNS
on	IN
access	NN
to	TO
,	,
resources	NNS
for	IN
and	CC
quality	NN
of	IN
state	NN
preschool	JJ
initiatives	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
2004-2005	CD
school	NN
year	NN
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
publication	NN
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
is	VBZ
providing	VBG
better	JJR
access	NN
to	TO
preschool	JJ
programs	NNS
and	CC
dedicating	VBG
more	JJR
dollars	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
effort	NN
than	IN
most	JJS
other	JJ
states	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
country	NN
.	.
The	DT
Yearbook	NNP
follows	VBZ
a	DT
study	NN
published	VBN
late	RB
last	JJ
year	NN
by	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Early	NNP
Education	NNP
Research	NNP
that	WDT
found	VBD
that	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
's	POS
Early	JJ
Childhood	NNP
Education	NNP
Program	NNP
for	IN
4-year-olds	NNS
showed	VBD
improvement	NN
in	IN
children	NNS
's	POS
early	JJ
language	NN
,	,
literacy	NN
and	CC
mathematical	JJ
development	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Paine	NNP
's	POS
vision	NN
for	IN
the	DT
future	NN
of	IN
education	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Mountain	NNP
State	NNP
includes	VBZ
providing	VBG
teachers	NNS
with	IN
research	NN
based	VBN
professional	JJ
development	NN
and	CC
strong	JJ
instructional	JJ
support	NN
.	.
One	CD
way	NN
to	TO
do	VB
this	DT
is	VBZ
through	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Board	NNP
Certified	NNP
Teachers	NNPS
process	NN
.	.
He	PRP
believes	VBZ
that	IN
National	NNP
Board	NNP
Certified	NNP
Teachers	NNPS
are	VBP
the	DT
foundation	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
's	POS
21st	JJ
century	NN
vision	NN
.	.
bridging	VBG
the	DT
gap	NN
between	IN
what	WP
students	NNS
learn	VBP
today	NN
and	CC
what	WP
they	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
know	VB
to	TO
be	VB
successful	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
21st	JJ
century	NN
world	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
will	MD
live	VB
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Paine	NNP
has	VBZ
challenged	VBN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
teachers	NNS
to	TO
grow	VB
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
National	NNP
Board	NNP
Certified	NNP
Teachers	NNPS
to	TO
1,000	CD
by	IN
the	DT
2008-2009	CD
school	NN
year	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Paine	NNP
earned	VBD
his	PRP$
undergraduate	JJ
degree	NN
from	IN
Fairmont	NNP
State	NNP
College	NNP
,	,
in	IN
Fairmont	NNP
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
furthered	VBD
his	PRP$
education	NN
by	IN
attending	VBG
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
University	NNP
where	WRB
he	PRP
received	VBD
his	PRP$
masters	NNS
in	IN
educational	JJ
administration	NN
and	CC
his	PRP$
doctorate	NN
in	IN
educational	JJ
leadership	NN
.	.
He	PRP
has	VBZ
completed	VBN
post-graduate	JJ
studies	NNS
at	IN
The	DT
Ohio	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
and	CC
at	IN
Marshall	NNP
University	NNP
.	.
Minimum	NNP
requirements	NNS
for	IN
Licensure	NN
of	IN
Professional\/Paraprofessional	NNP
Personnel	NNP
;	:
This	DT
legislative	JJ
rule	NN
establishes	VBZ
the	DT
minimum	NN
requirements	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
licensure	NN
of	IN
educational	JJ
personnel	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
employed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
preparation	NN
of	IN
individuals	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
ever-increasing	JJ
demands	NNS
placed	VBN
upon	IN
schools	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
children	NNS
such	JJ
that	IN
``	``
no	DT
child	NN
is	VBZ
left	VBN
behind	RP
''	''
is	VBZ
an	DT
enormous	JJ
task	NN
,	,
one	CD
that	WDT
nineteen	NN
institutions	NNS
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
located	VBN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
have	VBP
chosen	VBN
to	TO
undertake	VB
.	.
The	DT
nineteen	NN
institutions	NNS
currently	RB
offer	VBP
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
educator	NN
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
WVBE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
to	TO
a	DT
host	NN
of	IN
individuals	NNS
who	WP
desire	VBP
to	TO
work	VB
in	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
's	POS
classrooms	NNS
.	.
These	DT
programs	NNS
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
and	CC
foster	VB
the	DT
knowledge	NN
,	,
skills	NNS
and	CC
dispositions	NNS
necessary	JJ
for	IN
teachers	NNS
,	,
student	NN
support	NN
service	NN
personnel	NNS
and	CC
administrators	NNS
to	TO
deliver	VB
services	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
,	,
instructional	JJ
,	,
support	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
students	NNS
at	IN
all	DT
grade	NN
levels	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
elementary	JJ
,	,
middle	JJ
and	CC
secondary	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
WVDE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
has	VBZ
formed	VBN
a	DT
partnership	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Marcopolo	NNP
Foundation	NNP
that	WDT
will	MD
provide	VB
professional	JJ
development	NN
to	TO
teacher-trainers	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
state	NN
to	TO
help	VB
them	PRP
use	VB
Internet	NNP
resources	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
classroom	NN
with	IN
their	PRP$
students	NNS
.	.
MarcoPolo	NNP
teacher-trainers	NNS
commit	VBP
to	TO
conducting	VBG
MarcoPolo	NNP
training	NN
and\/or	CC
awareness	NN
sessions	NNS
with	IN
teachers	NNS
,	,
technology	NN
coordinators	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
educators	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
school	NN
and\/or	CC
school	NN
district	NN
.	.
If	IN
,	,
after	IN
3	CD
school	NN
days	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
call	VBP
the	DT
toll-free	JJ
Helpline	NNP
number	NN
again	RB
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
a	DT
status	NN
report	NN
of	IN
action	NN
taken	VBN
from	IN
your	PRP$
information	NN
.	.
Remember	VB
,	,
you	PRP
'll	MD
only	RB
need	VB
to	TO
report	VB
your	PRP$
number	NN
--	:
not	RB
your	PRP$
name	NN
.	.
The	DT
next	JJ
request	NN
for	IN
proposal	NN
will	MD
be	VB
in	IN
April	NNP
2006	CD
.	.
Among	IN
other	JJ
things	NNS
,	,
the	DT
program	NN
supports	VBZ
an	DT
Office	NNP
for	IN
Coordination	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
of	IN
Homeless	NNP
Children	NNP
and	CC
Youths	NNP
in	IN
each	DT
State	NN
,	,
which	WDT
gathers	VBZ
comprehensive	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
homeless	JJ
children	NNS
and	CC
youths	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
impediments	NNS
to	TO
their	PRP$
regular	JJ
attendance	NN
at	IN
school	NN
.	.
These	DT
grants	NNS
also	RB
help	VBP
State	NNP
educational	JJ
agencies	NNS
ensure	VB
that	IN
homeless	JJ
children	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
preschoolers	NNS
and	CC
youths	NNS
,	,
have	VBP
equal	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
free	JJ
and	CC
appropriate	JJ
public	JJ
education	NN
.	.
States	NNS
must	MD
review	VB
and	CC
revise	VB
laws	NNS
and	CC
practices	NNS
that	WDT
impede	VBP
such	JJ
equal	JJ
access	NN
.	.
States	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
an	DT
approved	VBN
plan	NN
for	IN
addressing	VBG
problems	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
enrollment	NN
,	,
attendance	NN
,	,
and	CC
success	NN
of	IN
homeless	JJ
children	NNS
in	IN
school	NN
.	.
States	NNS
must	MD
also	RB
make	VB
competitive	JJ
subgrants	NNS
to	TO
local	JJ
educational	JJ
agencies	NNS
to	TO
facilitate	VB
the	DT
enrollment	NN
,	,
attendance	NN
,	,
and	CC
success	NN
in	IN
school	NN
of	IN
homeless	JJ
children	NNS
and	CC
youths	NNS
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
addressing	VBG
problems	NNS
due	JJ
to	TO
transportation	NN
needs	NNS
,	,
immunization	NN
and	CC
residency	NN
requirements	NNS
,	,
lack	NN
of	IN
birth	NN
certificates	NNS
and	CC
school	NN
records	NNS
,	,
and	CC
guardianship	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
push	NN
to	TO
reinvigorate	VB
civics	NNS
,	,
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
adopted	VBD
new	JJ
graduation	NN
requirements	NNS
beginning	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
Class	NN
of	IN
2008	CD
.	.
Seniors	NNS
must	MD
take	VB
a	DT
full-year	JJ
course	NN
that	WDT
covers	VBZ
government	NN
basics	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
personal	JJ
finance	NN
.	.
Unsuspecting	JJ
educators	NNS
across	IN
America	NNP
are	VBP
being	VBG
surprised	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
news	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
$	$
25,000	CD
awards	NNS
during	IN
emotional	JJ
all-school	JJ
assemblies	NNS
attended	VBN
by	IN
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
officials	NNS
,	,
students	NNS
,	,
peers	NNS
and	CC
community	NN
leaders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
teachers	NNS
can	MD
spend	VB
the	DT
money	NN
any	DT
way	NN
they	PRP
choose	VBP
.	.
Recipients	NNS
are	VBP
presented	VBN
with	IN
their	PRP$
$	$
25,000	CD
checks	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
Milken	NNP
Family	NNP
Foundation	NNP
National	NNP
Education	NNP
Conference	NNP
,	,
an	DT
all-expenses-paid	JJ
professional	JJ
development	NN
conference	NN
being	VBG
held	VBN
in	IN
Los	NNP
Angeles	NNP
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
join	VBP
the	DT
Milken	NNP
Educator	NNP
Network	NNP
,	,
a	DT
coalition	NN
of	IN
top	JJ
educators	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
access	NN
to	TO
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
expert	JJ
resources	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
cultivate	VB
and	CC
expand	VB
innovative	JJ
programs	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
classrooms	NNS
,	,
schools	NNS
and	CC
districts	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
were	VBD
the	DT
ninth	JJ
state	NN
to	TO
have	VB
our	PRP$
No	DT
Child	NN
Left	VBD
Behind	IN
accountability	NN
plan	NN
approved	VBN
.	.
And	CC
we	PRP
recently	RB
became	VBD
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
states	NNS
to	TO
win	VB
wholesale	JJ
federal	JJ
approval	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
No	DT
Child	NN
Left	VBD
Behind	IN
assessment	NN
plan	NN
by	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
Little	JJ
or	CC
no	DT
mention	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
of	IN
bringing	VBG
all	DT
students	NNS
to	TO
above	IN
mastery	NN
and	CC
distinguished	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
performance	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
accomplishment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
quality	NN
mission	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
to	TO
prepare	VB
students	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
demands	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
21st	JJ
century	NN
.	.
Since	IN
the	DT
passage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
No	DT
Child	NN
Left	VBD
Behind	IN
Act	NNP
of	IN
2001	CD
and	CC
its	PRP$
focus	NN
on	IN
student	NN
achievement	NN
,	,
some	DT
state	NN
have	VBP
short-changed	JJ
civics	NNS
education	NN
to	TO
spend	VB
more	JJR
time	NN
on	IN
core	NN
subjects	NNS
math	NN
and	CC
science	NN
.	.
Educators	NNP
sometimes	RB
forget	VB
about	IN
other	JJ
subjects	NNS
covered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
law	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
five	CD
of	IN
the	DT
11	CD
core	NN
subjects	NNS
outlined	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
No	NNP
Child	NNP
Left	VBD
Behind	IN
Act	NNP
are	VBP
social	JJ
studies-related	JJ
:	:
civics	NNS
,	,
government	NN
,	,
economics	NNS
,	,
history	NN
and	CC
geography	NN
.	.
Also	RB
last	JJ
year	NN
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
became	VBD
the	DT
second	JJ
state	NN
in	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
to	TO
join	VB
the	DT
Partnership	NNP
for	IN
21st	CD
Century	NNP
Skills	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Partnership	NNP
's	POS
framework	NN
puts	VBZ
a	DT
special	JJ
emphasis	NN
on	IN
civic	JJ
and	CC
economic	JJ
literacy	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
critical	JJ
thinking	NN
,	,
problem	NN
solving	VBG
,	,
communication	NN
skills	NNS
,	,
global	JJ
awareness	NN
and	CC
business	NN
literacy	NN
.	.
Studies	NNS
show	VBP
children	NNS
with	IN
poor	JJ
nutrition	NN
score	NN
lower	JJR
on	IN
vocabulary	NN
,	,
reading	NN
,	,
math	NN
and	CC
general	JJ
knowledge	NN
tests	NNS
.	.
Breakfast	NN
consumption	NN
improves	VBZ
alertness	NN
and	CC
mood	NN
,	,
word	NN
recall	NN
,	,
memory	NN
and	CC
lessens	VBZ
anxiety	NN
and	CC
irritability	NN
.	.
All	DT
school	NN
districts	NNS
that	WDT
receive	VBP
federal	JJ
funds	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
meal	NN
programs	NNS
must	MD
adopt	VB
local	JJ
wellness	JJ
policies	NNS
that	WDT
address	VBP
nutrition	NN
and	CC
physical	JJ
fitness	NN
by	IN
this	DT
fall	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
policies	NNS
also	RB
must	MD
include	VB
nutrition	NN
information	NN
for	IN
all	DT
foods	NNS
available	JJ
at	IN
school	NN
each	DT
day	NN
.	.
EDGE	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
a	DT
growing	VBG
number	NN
of	IN
alternative	JJ
routes	NNS
young	JJ
people	NNS
are	VBP
taking	VBG
to	TO
earn	VB
a	DT
college	NN
degree	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
EDGE	NNP
,	,
many	JJ
career	NN
and	CC
technical	JJ
centers	NNS
have	VBP
agreements	NNS
that	WDT
allow	VBP
their	PRP$
students	NNS
to	TO
earn	VB
college	NN
credit	NN
at	IN
specific	JJ
institutions	NNS
.	.
Students	NNS
also	RB
take	VBP
Advanced	NNP
Placement	NNP
,	,
online	NN
and	CC
dual	JJ
credit	NN
courses	NNS
or	CC
enroll	VB
in	IN
local	JJ
colleges	NNS
.	.
County	NNP
teachers	NNS
,	,
county	NN
social	JJ
studies	NNS
coordinators	NNS
and	CC
higher	JJR
education	NN
members	NNS
will	MD
receive	VB
research-based	JJ
professional	JJ
development	NN
in	IN
civics	NNS
,	,
economics	NNS
,	,
entrepreneurship	NN
,	,
and	CC
geography	NN
as	RB
seen	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
21st	JJ
century	NN
lens	NN
.	.
Participants	NNS
will	MD
also	RB
learn	VB
more	JJR
about	IN
technology	NN
tools	NNS
necessary	JJ
to	TO
deliver	VB
the	DT
21st	JJ
century	NN
skills	NNS
and	CC
content	NN
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
became	VBD
the	DT
second	JJ
state	NN
in	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
to	TO
join	VB
the	DT
Partnership	NNP
for	IN
21st	CD
Century	NNP
Skills	NNS
in	IN
November	NNP
2005	CD
.	.
The	DT
Partnership	NNP
's	POS
framework	NN
puts	VBZ
a	DT
special	JJ
emphasis	NN
on	IN
information	NN
and	CC
communications	NNS
technology	NN
literacy	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
critical	JJ
thinking	NN
,	,
communication	NN
skills	NNS
,	,
global	JJ
awareness	NN
,	,
and	CC
business	NN
,	,
economic	JJ
and	CC
civic	JJ
literacy	NN
.	.
The	DT
scholars	NNS
were	VBD
chosen	VBN
for	IN
their	PRP$
academic	JJ
achievement	NN
,	,
artistic	JJ
excellence	NN
,	,
leadership	NN
,	,
citizenship	NN
,	,
service	NN
and	CC
contribution	NN
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
community	NN
.	.
They	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
honored	VBN
in	IN
Washington	NNP
,	,
D.C.	NNP
from	IN
June	NNP
24-27	CD
.	.
Up	IN
to	TO
141	CD
students	NNS
are	VBP
chosen	VBN
annually	RB
from	IN
among	IN
thousands	NNS
of	IN
outstanding	JJ
seniors	NNS
to	TO
become	VB
Presidential	NNP
Scholars	NNPS
.	.
About	IN
2,700	CD
students	NNS
were	VBD
identified	VBN
as	IN
candidates	NNS
this	DT
year	NN
from	IN
nearly	RB
2.8	CD
million	CD
graduating	NN
high	JJ
school	NN
seniors	NNS
.	.
Paine	NNP
has	VBZ
challenged	VBN
the	DT
Task	NNP
Force	NNP
to	TO
Improve	VB
Results	NNS
for	IN
High	NNP
Need	NNP
Populations	NNPS
to	TO
design	VB
a	DT
strategic	JJ
plan	NN
by	IN
July	NNP
31	CD
,	,
2006	CD
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
goal	NN
of	IN
increasing	VBG
student	NN
achievement	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
with	IN
unique	JJ
learning	NN
needs	VBZ
related	VBN
to	TO
disability	NN
,	,
economic	JJ
disadvantage	NN
and	CC
cultural	JJ
differences	NNS
.	.
As	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
award	NN
,	,
Maynus	NNP
received	VBD
$	$
10,000	CD
from	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Science	NNP
Foundation	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
administers	VBZ
the	DT
program	NN
,	,
and	CC
was	VBD
recognized	VBN
earlier	RBR
this	DT
month	NN
at	IN
an	DT
awards	NNS
ceremony	NN
during	IN
an	DT
all-expenses	RB
paid	VBN
trip	NN
to	TO
Washington	NNP
,	,
D.C.	NNP
The	NNP
week-long	JJ
celebration	NN
also	RB
included	VBD
professional	JJ
development	NN
activities	NNS
.	.
Recipients	NNS
receive	VBP
other	JJ
gifts	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
computer	NN
software	NN
and	CC
online	NN
teaching	NN
tools	NNS
.	.
The	DT
top-scoring	JJ
students	NNS
in	IN
each	DT
county	NN
receive	VB
the	DT
prestigious	JJ
award	NN
.	.
Each	DT
county	NN
has	VBZ
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
winners	NNS
.	.
The	DT
exam	NN
tests	NNS
student	NN
knowledge	NN
on	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
citizenship	NN
,	,
civics	NNS
and	CC
government	NN
,	,
economics	NNS
,	,
geography	NN
,	,
history	NN
and	CC
current	JJ
events	NNS
.	.
Research	NNP
indicates	VBZ
that	IN
remediation	NN
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
when	WRB
students	NNS
are	VBP
younger	JJR
and	CC
before	IN
patterns	NNS
of	IN
failure	NN
are	VBP
established	VBN
.	.
In	IN
1998	CD
,	,
the	DT
WV	NNP
Legislature	NNP
enacted	VBD
House	NNP
Bill	NNP
4306	CD
for	IN
the	DT
initiation	NN
of	IN
an	DT
extended	JJ
time	NN
competitive	JJ
grant	NN
program	NN
for	IN
K-4	JJ
reading	NN
.	.
WV	NNP
READS	NNP
was	VBD
established	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
an	DT
extended	JJ
instructional	JJ
time	NN
program	NN
to	TO
address	VB
achievement	NN
difficulties	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
prevent	VB
students	NNS
from	IN
performing	VBG
at	IN
grade	NN
level	NN
in	IN
kindergarten	NN
through	IN
grade	NN
four	CD
.	.
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
came	VBD
under	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
control	NN
in	IN
2005	CD
for	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
time	NN
in	IN
less	JJR
than	IN
five	CD
years	NNS
following	VBG
an	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audit	NNP
report	NN
which	WDT
cited	VBD
financial	JJ
,	,
personnel	NNS
,	,
and	CC
curriculum	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
importantly	RB
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
teachers	NNS
and	CC
principals	NNS
have	VBP
implemented	VBN
WV	NNP
Achieves	VBZ
,	,
our	PRP$
state	NN
NCLB	NNP
program	NN
,	,
exactly	RB
as	IN
intended	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
applaud	VBP
the	DT
efforts	NNS
of	IN
students	NNS
,	,
teachers	NNS
,	,
principals	NNS
and	CC
central	JJ
office	NN
administrators	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
made	VBN
progress	NN
in	IN
closing	VBG
the	DT
achievement	NN
gaps	NNS
that	WDT
exist	VBP
among	IN
student	NN
sub-groups	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
refer	VBP
to	TO
this	DT
as	IN
accomplishing	VBG
the	DT
equity	NN
mission	NN
of	IN
NCLB	NNP
or	CC
,	,
in	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
serving	VBG
the	DT
educational	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
typically	RB
under-served	JJ
student	NN
populations	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
national	JJ
educators	NNS
agree	VBP
that	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
significant	JJ
contribution	NN
of	IN
NCLB	NNP
,	,
one	CD
that	IN
we	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
build	VB
upon	IN
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
But	CC
there	EX
is	VBZ
another	DT
mission	NN
in	IN
public	JJ
education	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
being	VBG
accomplished	VBN
under	IN
NCLB	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
what	WP
I	PRP
refer	VBP
to	TO
as	IN
the	DT
quality	NN
mission	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
about	IN
bringing	VBG
all	DT
students	NNS
to	TO
high	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
performance	NN
,	,
not	RB
just	RB
aiming	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
middle	NN
as	IN
is	VBZ
the	DT
emphasis	NN
of	IN
NCLB	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
this	DT
mission	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
better	RBR
measured	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
NAEP	NNP
assessment	NN
.	.
The	DT
regulations	NNS
and	CC
guidelines	NNS
of	IN
NCLB	NNP
,	,
as	IN
feared	VBN
by	IN
numerous	JJ
national	JJ
education	NN
experts	NNS
,	,
inhibit	VBP
the	DT
accomplishment	NN
of	IN
this	DT
quality	NN
mission	NN
since	IN
emphasis	NN
is	VBZ
placed	VBN
on	IN
simply	RB
bringing	VBG
all	DT
students	NNS
to	TO
mastery	NN
levels	NNS
of	IN
performance	NN
.	.
Little	JJ
or	CC
no	DT
mention	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
of	IN
bringing	VBG
all	DT
students	NNS
to	TO
above	IN
mastery	NN
and	CC
distinguished	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
performance	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
accomplishment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
quality	NN
mission	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
prepare	VB
students	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
demands	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
21st	JJ
century	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
basic	JJ
skills	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
think	VB
,	,
to	TO
problem	NN
solve	VB
,	,
to	TO
communicate	VB
and	CC
to	TO
use	VB
digital	JJ
technology	NN
that	WDT
ensure	VB
our	PRP$
students	NNS
?	.
success	NN
in	IN
the	DT
21st	JJ
century	NN
.	.
So	RB
how	WRB
are	VBP
we	PRP
addressing	VBG
the	DT
discrepancies	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
two	CD
tests	NNS
?	.
Before	IN
NAEP	NNP
results	NNS
were	VBD
released	VBN
,	,
we	PRP
had	VBD
begun	VBN
formulating	VBG
plans	NNS
realizing	VBG
that	IN
there	EX
were	VBD
negative	JJ
unintended	JJ
consequences	NNS
of	IN
NCLB	NNP
.	.
After	IN
the	DT
NAEP	NNP
release	NN
,	,
our	PRP$
conviction	NN
was	VBD
confirmed	VBN
and	CC
our	PRP$
actions	NNS
intensified	VBD
.	.
We	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
committed	VBN
to	TO
creating	VBG
the	DT
best	JJS
educational	JJ
system	NN
in	IN
the	DT
country	NN
.	.
If	IN
we	PRP
do	VBP
so	RB
NCLB	NNP
will	MD
take	VB
care	NN
of	IN
itself	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
appreciate	VBP
the	DT
opportunity	NN
through	IN
this	DT
response	NN
to	TO
briefly	NN
share	NN
these	DT
plans	NNS
.	.
Rarely	RB
in	IN
public	JJ
education	NN
have	VBP
I	PRP
seen	VBN
such	JJ
commitment	NN
across	IN
political	JJ
and	CC
organizational	JJ
levels	NNS
as	IN
with	IN
this	DT
Partnership	NNP
.	.
This	DT
uniting	NN
of	IN
efforts	NNS
and	CC
vision	NN
gives	VBZ
me	PRP
great	JJ
optimism	NN
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
students	NNS
have	VBP
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
be	VB
prepared	VBN
to	TO
compete	VB
globally	RB
with	IN
any	DT
student	NN
,	,
any	DT
place	NN
,	,
any	DT
time	NN
.	.
Through	IN
this	DT
Partnership	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
personally	RB
committed	VBN
to	TO
seeing	VBG
that	IN
this	DT
happens	VBZ
.	.
Meaningful	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
time	NN
for	IN
collaboration	NN
,	,
professional	JJ
development	NN
,	,
instruction	NN
,	,
planning	VBG
that	DT
is	VBZ
sustained	VBN
,	,
research	NN
based	VBN
and	CC
will	MD
include	VB
pre-service	JJ
and	CC
higher	JJR
education	NN
,	,
addressing	VBG
full	JJ
integration	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
.	.
The	DT
three-day	JJ
symposium	NN
includes	VBZ
presentations	NNS
from	IN
several	JJ
national	JJ
reading	NN
experts	NNS
\*	SYM
.	.
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
Steve	NNP
Paine	NNP
and	CC
First	NNP
Lady	NNP
Gayle	NNP
Manchin	NNP
will	MD
also	RB
be	VB
on-hand	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
event	NN
.	.
Other	JJ
highlights	VBZ
include	VBP
a	DT
book	NN
swap	NN
and	CC
education	NN
marketplace	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
sponsored	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Reading	VBG
Association	NNP
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
reading	VBG
teachers	NNS
are	VBP
nationally	RB
recognized	VBN
for	IN
their	PRP$
commitment	NN
to	TO
reading	NN
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
fourth	JJ
consecutive	JJ
year	NN
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
has	VBZ
received	VBN
the	DT
Five	CD
Star	NNP
Policy	NNP
Award	NNP
given	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
International	NNP
Reading	VBG
Association	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Five	CD
Star	NNP
Policy	NNP
Award	NNP
is	VBZ
given	VBN
to	TO
states	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
demonstrated	VBN
that	IN
they	PRP
guarantee	VBP
quality	NN
education	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
by	IN
implementing	VBG
excellent	JJ
reading	NN
policies	NNS
,	,
programs	NNS
and	CC
initiatives	NNS
.	.
March	NNP
is	VBZ
celebrated	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
level	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
,	,
as	IN
a	DT
time	NN
to	TO
celebrate	VB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
four	CD
disciplines	NNS
.	.
National	NNP
Youth	NNP
Art	NNP
Month	NNP
,	,
Music	NNP
in	IN
Our	PRP$
Schools	NNS
Month	NNP
and	CC
Theatre	NNP
in	IN
our	PRP$
Schools	NNS
Month	NNP
will	MD
all	DT
be	VB
recognized	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
month	NN
of	IN
March	NNP
.	.
The	DT
event	NN
will	MD
showcase	NN
the	DT
culinary	JJ
talents	NNS
and	CC
foodservice	NN
management	NN
savvy	NN
of	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
students	NNS
from	IN
all	DT
over	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
,	,
second	JJ
,	,
and	CC
third	JJ
place	NN
teams	NNS
will	MD
receive	VB
scholarships	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
total	NN
of	IN
nine	CD
post-secondary	JJ
schools	NNS
including	VBG
Johnson	NNP
&	CC
Wales	NNP
University	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Culinary	NNP
Institute	NNP
of	IN
America	NNP
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
place	NN
team	NN
from	IN
both	DT
the	DT
management	NN
and	CC
culinary	JJ
competitions	NNS
will	MD
represent	VB
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Competition	NNP
in	IN
Charlotte	NNP
,	,
North	NNP
Carolina	NNP
in	IN
late	JJ
April	NNP
.	.
Examine	VB
curriculum	NN
and	CC
instructional	JJ
strategies	NNS
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
a	DT
higher	JJR
level	NN
of	IN
learning	NN
is	VBZ
attained	VBN
and	CC
provide	VB
authentic	JJ
assessments	NNS
for	IN
qualitative	JJ
measurements	NNS
rather	RB
than	IN
for	IN
ranking	JJ
and	CC
sorting	VBG
.	.
Time	NNP
:	:
for	IN
staff	NN
development	NN
;	:
to	TO
meet	VB
with	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
colleagues	NNS
;	:
to	TO
teach	VB
,	,
learn	VB
and	CC
coordinate	VB
new	JJ
skills	NNS
;	:
meet	VB
and	CC
plan	VB
within	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
school	NN
calendar	NN
;	:
become	VB
immersed	VBN
in	IN
tools	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
available	JJ
.	.
In	IN
November	NNP
2005	CD
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Governor	NNP
Joe	NNP
Manchin	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
announced	VBD
a	DT
joint	JJ
effort	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Partnership	NNP
for	IN
21st	CD
Century	NNP
Skills	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
powerful	JJ
statewide	JJ
vision	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
every	DT
child	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
succeeds	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
citizen	NN
,	,
worker	NN
and	CC
leader	NN
in	IN
the	DT
21st	JJ
century	NN
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
second	JJ
state	NN
to	TO
implement	VB
the	DT
Partnership	NNP
's	POS
21st	JJ
century	NN
model	NN
for	IN
teaching	NN
and	CC
learning	NN
.	.
The	DT
Partnership	NNP
's	POS
framework	NN
emphasizes	VBZ
information	NN
and	CC
communications	NNS
technology	NN
literacy	NN
,	,
critical	JJ
thinking	NN
,	,
communication	NN
skills	NNS
,	,
global	JJ
awareness	NN
,	,
and	CC
business	NN
,	,
economic	JJ
and	CC
civic	JJ
literacy	NN
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
received	VBD
an	DT
above	JJ
average	JJ
grade	NN
in	IN
teacher	NN
quality	NN
earning	VBG
a	DT
B.	NNP
One	CD
of	IN
only	RB
15	CD
states	NNS
to	TO
require	VB
and	CC
finance	VB
mentoring	VBG
for	IN
new	JJ
teachers	NNS
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
earned	VBD
full	JJ
credit	NN
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
professional	JJ
support	NN
and	CC
training	NN
of	IN
teachers	NNS
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
scored	VBD
at	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
average	NN
in	IN
school	NN
climate	NN
by	IN
earning	VBG
a	DT
C	NNP
+	NN
.	.
The	DT
state	NN
did	VBD
very	RB
well	RB
on	IN
measures	NNS
of	IN
facilities	NNS
and	CC
school	NN
and	CC
class	NN
size	NN
,	,
earning	VBG
full	JJ
credit	NN
in	IN
those	DT
areas	NNS
.	.
But	CC
according	VBG
to	TO
Quality	NNP
Counts	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
fair	JJ
as	RB
well	RB
in	IN
school	NN
choice	NN
and	CC
autonomy	NN
for	IN
having	VBG
a	DT
limited	JJ
open-enrollment	NN
program	NN
and	CC
lacking	VBG
a	DT
charter	NN
school	NN
law	NN
.	.
Daniel	NNP
Barbero	NNP
a	DT
resident	NN
of	IN
Morgantown	NNP
,	,
Monongalia	NNP
County	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
the	DT
elected	VBN
representative	NN
to	TO
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Governor	NNP
's	POS
School	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Arts	NNS
Advisory	NNP
Council	NNP
at	IN
Morgantown	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Honor	NNP
Society	NNP
,	,
a	DT
Golden	NNP
Horseshoe	NNP
Winner	NNP
,	,
a	DT
one	CD
year	NN
assistant	NN
to	TO
a	DT
delegate	NN
of	IN
the	DT
WV	NNP
House	NNP
of	IN
Delegates	NNPS
,	,
page	NN
in	IN
the	DT
WV	NNP
House	NNP
of	IN
Delegates	NNPS
and	CC
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Science	NNP
Honorary	NNP
.	.
Daniel	NNP
volunteers	NNS
extensively	RB
for	IN
Habitat	NNP
for	IN
Humanity	NNP
and	CC
served	VBD
as	IN
interpreter	NN
and	CC
general	JJ
assistant	NN
on	IN
a	DT
Guatemala	NNP
trip	NN
in	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
Engineers	NNS
Without	IN
Borders	NNS
.	.
This	DT
month	NN
,	,
100	CD
unsuspecting	JJ
educators	NNS
across	IN
America	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
surprised	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
news	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
$	$
25,000	CD
awards	NNS
?	.
which	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
any	DT
way	NN
they	PRP
choose	VBP
?	.
during	IN
emotional	JJ
all-school	JJ
assemblies	NNS
attended	VBN
by	IN
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
officials	NNS
,	,
students	NNS
,	,
peers	NNS
and	CC
community	NN
leaders	NNS
.	.
Numerous	JJ
outstanding	JJ
national	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
speakers	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
featured	VBN
at	IN
general	JJ
sessions	NNS
,	,
clinics	NNS
and	CC
practitioner	NN
breakout	NN
sessions	NNS
.	.
As	IN
in	IN
previous	JJ
conferences	NNS
,	,
``	``
team	NN
meetings	NNS
''	''
will	MD
be	VB
arranged	VBN
for	IN
team	NN
reflection	NN
,	,
assessment	NN
and	CC
planning	NN
.	.
Since	IN
special	JJ
attention	NN
will	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
to	TO
building	VBG
improvement	NN
capacity	NN
within	IN
the	DT
schools	NNS
,	,
each	DT
district	NN
is	VBZ
asked	VBN
to	TO
bring	VB
at	IN
least	JJS
one	CD
elementary	JJ
,	,
one	CD
middle	NN
and	CC
one	CD
high	JJ
school	NN
principal	NN
to	TO
the	DT
conference	NN
.	.
The	DT
Champion	NNP
Schools	NNP
Program	NNP
will	MD
validate	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
by	IN
tying	VBG
results	NNS
directly	RB
to	TO
assessment	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
first	JJ
SAS	NNP
inSchool	NNP
statewide	JJ
program	NN
in	IN
the	DT
country	NN
to	TO
associate	JJ
state	NN
standards	NNS
and	CC
assessment	NN
to	TO
Curriculum	NNP
Pathways	NNP
content	NN
.	.
Last	JJ
month	NN
,	,
nearly	RB
100	CD
students	NNS
from	IN
across	IN
the	DT
Kanawha	NNP
Valley	NNP
began	VBD
a	DT
month-long	JJ
summer	NN
educational	JJ
program	NN
.	.
Representing	VBG
nearly	RB
20	CD
different	JJ
language	NN
and	CC
cultural	JJ
backgrounds	NNS
,	,
these	DT
students	NNS
attended	VBD
the	DT
Ninth	NNP
Annual	JJ
Summer	NNP
English	NNP
as	IN
Second	NNP
Language	NNP
program	NN
designed	VBN
to	TO
improve	VB
their	PRP$
English	JJ
language	NN
and	CC
academic	JJ
skills	NNS
.	.
Students	NNS
ranged	VBD
in	IN
ages	NNS
from	IN
four	CD
to	TO
64	CD
.	.
Access	NN
to	TO
Quality	NNP
Early	NNP
Education	NNP
System	NNP
.	.
Policy	NNP
2525	CD
sets	VBZ
the	DT
standards	NNS
for	IN
implementing	VBG
high	JJ
quality	NN
universal	JJ
pre-kindergarten	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
This	DT
policy	NN
covers	VBZ
all	DT
public	JJ
school	NN
preschool	JJ
programs	NNS
and	CC
any	DT
community	NN
program	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
Head	NNP
Start	NNP
or	CC
child	NN
care	NN
that	WDT
contracts	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
county	NN
school	NN
system	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
WV	NNP
Pre-k	NNP
classroom	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
tackled	VBD
the	DT
issue	NN
following	VBG
the	DT
reauthorization	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Individuals	NNS
with	IN
Disabilities	NNP
Education	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
IDEA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
which	WDT
requires	VBZ
special	JJ
education	NN
teachers	NNS
providing	VBG
direct	JJ
instruction	NN
in	IN
core	NN
academic	JJ
subjects	NNS
to	TO
demonstrate	VB
subject	JJ
competency	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
definition	NN
of	IN
highly	RB
qualified	VBN
special	JJ
education	NN
teacher	NN
.	.
Comprised	VBN
of	IN
19	CD
members	NNS
,	,
the	DT
CPTS	NNP
was	VBD
established	VBN
in	IN
1997	CD
to	TO
form	VB
an	DT
alliance	NN
between	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
education	NN
profession	NN
.	.
It	PRP
serves	VBZ
in	IN
an	DT
advisory	JJ
capacity	NN
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
on	IN
matters	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
teacher	NN
preparation	NN
,	,
certification	NN
,	,
licensure	NN
and	CC
professional	JJ
development	NN
.	.
Policy	NN
2510	CD
was	VBD
revised	VBN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
physical	JJ
education	NN
legislation	NN
that	WDT
call	VBP
for	IN
schools	NNS
containing	VBG
grades	NNS
kindergarten	NN
through	IN
twelve	CD
to	TO
redesign	VB
school	NN
schedules	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
required	JJ
minutes	NNS
of	IN
physical	JJ
education	NN
.	.
The	DT
full	JJ
Board	NNP
,	,
acting	VBG
as	IN
the	DT
Search	NNP
Committee	NNP
,	,
began	VBD
its	PRP$
nationwide	JJ
superintendent	NN
search	NN
following	VBG
the	DT
retirement	NN
announcement	NN
in	IN
March	NNP
by	IN
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
David	NNP
Stewart	NNP
.	.
Stewart	NNP
is	VBZ
scheduled	VBN
to	TO
step	VB
down	RB
from	IN
his	PRP$
post	NN
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
June	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Search	NNP
Committee	NNP
remains	VBZ
committed	JJ
to	TO
naming	VBG
a	DT
new	JJ
superintendent	NN
by	IN
June	NNP
30	CD
,	,
2005	CD
.	.
Revisions	NNS
are	VBP
necessary	JJ
in	IN
Policy	NNP
5100	CD
to	TO
reflect	VB
changes	NNS
in	IN
both	DT
state	NN
and	CC
federal	JJ
legislation	NN
regarding	VBG
alternative	JJ
routes	NNS
to	TO
certification	NN
and	CC
highly	RB
qualified	VBN
special	JJ
education	NN
teacher	NN
.	.
Revisions	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
necessary	JJ
to	TO
help	VB
ensure	VB
that	IN
all	DT
teacher	NN
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
contain	VBP
the	DT
academic	JJ
rigor	NN
necessary	JJ
for	IN
graduates	NNS
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
approved	VBD
teacher	NN
education	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Language	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
added	VBN
which	WDT
clarifies	VBZ
that	IN
student	NN
teaching	NN
must	MD
occur	VB
in	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
The	DT
ten	CD
Interstate	NNP
Teacher	NN
Assessment	NNP
and	CC
Support	NN
Consortium	NNP
principles	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
included	VBN
as	IN
standards	NNS
which	WDT
all	DT
initial	JJ
teacher	NN
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
must	MD
meet	VB
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
the	DT
National	NNP
Education	NNP
Technology	NNP
Standards	NNP
for	IN
Teachers	NNPS
as	IN
identified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
International	NNP
Society	NNP
for	IN
Technology	NNP
in	IN
Education	NNP
have	VBP
been	VBN
included	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
technology	NN
standards	NNS
all	DT
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
must	MD
address	VB
.	.
A	DT
statewide	JJ
stakeholder	NN
committee	NN
has	VBZ
reviewed	VBN
and	CC
has	VBZ
recommended	VBN
these	DT
revisions	NNS
.	.
Revisions	NNS
are	VBP
needed	VBN
in	IN
Policy	NNP
5202	CD
to	TO
reflect	VB
changes	NNS
in	IN
both	DT
state	NN
and	CC
federal	JJ
legislation	NN
regarding	VBG
alternative	JJ
routes	NNS
to	TO
certification	NN
,	,
the	DT
out-of-state	JJ
certificate	NN
of	IN
eligibility	NN
,	,
highly	RB
qualified	VBN
special	JJ
education	NN
teacher	NN
and	CC
consultative	JJ
special	JJ
education	NN
teacher	NN
.	.
Language	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
included	VBN
in	IN
Policy	NNP
5202	CD
to	TO
allow	VB
a	DT
curriculum\/cultural	JJ
enrichment	NN
authorization	NN
certificate	NN
that	WDT
enables	VBZ
counties	NNS
to	TO
employ	VB
persons	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
courses	NNS
in	IN
areas\/topics	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
covered	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
school	NN
curriculum	NN
.	.
Language	NN
has	VBZ
also	RB
been	VBN
added	VBN
to	TO
allow	VB
teachers	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
certified	VBN
in	IN
Multi-Subjects	NNP
K-8	NNP
to	TO
obtain	VB
a	DT
renewable	JJ
temporary	JJ
authorization	NN
to	TO
teach	VB
reading	VBG
to	TO
students	NNS
in	IN
grades	NNS
seven	CD
and	CC
eight	CD
,	,
should	MD
no	DT
fully	RB
certified	VBN
reading	NN
teacher	NN
be	VB
available	JJ
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
minor	JJ
revisions	NNS
are	VBP
needed	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
make	VB
formatting	NN
and	CC
editing	NN
changes	NNS
.	.
A	DT
statewide	JJ
stakeholder	NN
committee	NN
has	VBZ
reviewed	VBN
and	CC
has	VBZ
recommended	VBN
these	DT
revisions	NNS
.	.
Its	PRP$
twelve	CD
members	NNS
include	VBP
nine	CD
citizens	NNS
appointed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
governor	NN
and	CC
three	CD
non-voting	JJ
ex-officio	JJ
members	NNS
--	:
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Chancellor	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Higher	JJR
Education	NNP
Policy	NNP
Commission	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Chancellor	NNP
of	IN
Community	NNP
and	CC
Technical	NNP
Education	NNP
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
constitutional	JJ
officer	NN
who	WP
serves	VBZ
at	IN
the	DT
will	NN
and	CC
pleasure	NN
of	IN
the	DT
board	NN
.	.
Board	NNP
members	NNS
serve	VBP
overlapping	VBG
terms	NNS
of	IN
nine	CD
years	NNS
,	,
and	CC
no	DT
more	JJR
than	IN
five	CD
citizen	NN
members	NNS
may	MD
belong	VB
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
political	JJ
party	NN
.	.
The	DT
Golden	NNP
Horseshoe	NNP
Test	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
administered	VBN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
each	DT
year	NN
since	IN
1931	CD
and	CC
is	VBZ
the	DT
longest	JJS
running	VBG
program	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
kind	NN
in	IN
any	DT
state	NN
.	.
The	DT
top-scoring	JJ
students	NNS
in	IN
each	DT
county	NN
receive	VB
the	DT
prestigious	JJ
award	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
began	VBD
his	PRP$
career	NN
in	IN
education	NN
in	IN
1972	CD
as	IN
an	DT
elementary	JJ
teacher	NN
and	CC
later	RB
served	VBD
as	IN
an	DT
elementary	JJ
school	NN
principal	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
worked	VBD
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
and	CC
Delaware	NNP
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
15	CD
years	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
purchasing	NN
,	,
finance	NN
,	,
business	NN
,	,
accounting	NN
and	CC
as	IN
treasurer	NN
.	.
In	IN
1990	CD
,	,
he	PRP
became	VBD
assistant	JJ
superintendent	NN
for	IN
a	DT
county	NN
school	NN
system	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
and	CC
was	VBD
named	VBN
a	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
in	IN
1993	CD
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Legislature	NNP
proposed	VBD
the	DT
Pension	NNP
Bond	NNP
Amendment	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
state	NN
Constitution	NNP
authorizing	VBG
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
state	NN
general	JJ
obligation	NN
bonds	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
amount	NN
not	RB
exceeding	VBG
five	CD
billion	CD
five	CD
hundred	CD
million	CD
dollars	NNS
.	.
If	IN
ratified	VBN
,	,
the	DT
amendment	NN
will	MD
save	VB
the	DT
state	NN
hundreds	NNS
of	IN
millions	NNS
of	IN
dollars	NNS
and	CC
will	MD
pave	VB
the	DT
way	NN
for	IN
economic	JJ
stability	NN
and	CC
security	NN
.	.
The	DT
Pension	NNP
Bond	NNP
Amendment	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
submitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
voters	NNS
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
at	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
election	NN
to	TO
be	VB
held	VBN
on	IN
June	NNP
25	CD
,	,
2005	CD
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
continues	VBZ
to	TO
work	VB
to	TO
close	VB
the	DT
equity	NN
gap	NN
among	IN
traditionally	RB
underserved	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
recent	JJ
report	NN
,	,
the	DT
equity	NN
gap	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
eliminated	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
small	JJ
percentage	NN
of	IN
Latino	NNP
and	CC
Native	JJ
American	JJ
students	NNS
who	WP
reside	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
3.7	CD
percent	NN
African-American	JJ
population	NN
and	CC
1.3	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
AP	NNP
examinees	NNS
were	VBD
African-American	JJ
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
ranked	VBD
fifth	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
under	IN
the	DT
equity	NN
section	NN
of	IN
the	DT
report	NN
.	.
The	DT
state	NN
has	VBZ
few	JJ
differences	NNS
in	IN
education	NN
spending	NN
per	IN
pupil	NN
across	IN
districts	NNS
.	.
The	DT
report	NN
also	RB
indicates	VBZ
that	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
spends	VBZ
$	$
8,756	CD
per	IN
pupil	NN
,	,
more	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
thousand	CD
dollars	NNS
above	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
average	NN
.	.
Force	NNP
developed	VBD
the	DT
Five	CD
Year	NN
Plan	NN
to	TO
improve	VB
mathematics	NNS
scores	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
students	NNS
,	,
K-16	NN
,	,
in	IN
our	PRP$
state	NN
.	.
The	DT
goals	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
plan	NN
are	VBP
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
provide	VB
every	DT
student	NN
at	IN
every	DT
level	NN
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
take	VB
higher-level	JJ
mathematics	NNS
,	,
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
increase	VB
teacher	NN
quality	NN
,	,
improve	VB
student	NN
achievement	NN
and	CC
impact	NN
school	NN
improvement	NN
in	IN
every	DT
county	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
``	``
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
hampered	VBN
by	IN
what	WP
we	PRP
perceive	VBP
as	IN
bickering	NN
and	CC
stall	VB
tactics	NNS
currently	RB
going	VBG
on	IN
in	IN
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
Board	NNP
President	NNP
Barbara	NNP
Fish	NN
.	.
``	``
Some	DT
stakeholders	NNS
have	VBP
forgotten	VBN
the	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
CEFP	NNP
-	:
the	DT
students	NNS
.	.
''	''
``	``
The	DT
Board	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
give	VB
me	PRP
direction	NN
to	TO
intervene	VB
in	IN
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
or	CC
file	VB
a	DT
lawsuit	NN
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
members	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
fully	RB
understand	VB
their	PRP$
responsibilities	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
CEFP	NNP
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
David	NNP
Stewart	NNP
.	.
In	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
,	,
the	DT
program	NN
was	VBD
designed	VBN
to	TO
address	VB
concrete	JJ
,	,
identifiable	JJ
challenges	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
state	NN
educational	JJ
system	NN
by	IN
utilizing	VBG
the	DT
knowledge	NN
and	CC
experience	NN
of	IN
classroom	NN
teachers	NNS
as	IN
it	PRP
engaged	VBD
them	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
curricular	JJ
materials	NNS
.	.
The	DT
material	NN
development	NN
process	NN
used	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Reinventing	NNP
Education	NNP
program	NN
requires	VBZ
that	IN
these	DT
materials	NNS
integrate	VBP
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
,	,
specifically	RB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
address	NN
state	NN
standards	NNS
,	,
provide	VBP
relevant	JJ
assessments	NNS
and	CC
take	VB
into	IN
account	NN
the	DT
degree	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
access	NN
to	TO
technology	NN
varies	VBZ
across	IN
classrooms	NNS
.	.
At	IN
its	PRP$
most	JJS
basic	JJ
level	NN
,	,
the	DT
goal	NN
of	IN
this	DT
program	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
body	NN
of	IN
technology-rich	JJ
classroom	NN
materials	NNS
that	WDT
could	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
by	IN
teachers	NNS
in	IN
diverse	JJ
classrooms	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
state	NN
to	TO
address	VB
deficiencies	NNS
in	IN
student	NN
learning	NN
as	IN
identified	VBN
through	IN
state	NN
testing	NN
.	.
On	IN
a	DT
deeper	JJR
level	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
the	DT
program	NN
recognizes	VBZ
that	IN
to	TO
meet	VB
project	NN
goals	NNS
Reinventing	VBG
teachers	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
constructing	VBG
materials	NNS
that	WDT
integrate	VBP
pedagogy	NN
,	,
practices	NNS
and	CC
tools	NNS
of	IN
inquiry	NN
that	IN
many	JJ
had	VBD
not	RB
previously	RB
considered	VBN
or	CC
experienced	VBN
.	.
Students	NNS
that	WDT
eat	VBP
school	NN
breakfast	NN
and	CC
lunch	NN
consume	VBP
twice	RB
as	RB
many	JJ
servings	NNS
of	IN
fruits	NNS
,	,
vegetables	NNS
and	CC
milk	NN
than	IN
those	DT
children	NNS
that	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
program	NN
;	:
drink	NN
one-forth	NN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
servings	NNS
of	IN
soft	JJ
drinks	NNS
;	:
and	CC
skip	VB
fewer	JJR
meals	NNS
.	.
In	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
,	,
65	CD
%	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
eat	VBP
school	NN
lunch	NN
.	.
On	IN
average	NN
,	,
that	WDT
is	VBZ
more	RBR
than	IN
196,000	CD
lunches	NNS
.	.
An	DT
A.C.	NNP
Nielsen	NNP
study	NN
of	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
3,000	CD
households	NNS
nationwide	JJ
commissioned	VBN
by	IN
Produce	VB
for	IN
Better	NNP
Health	NNP
Foundation	NNP
found	VBD
that	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
50	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
parents	NNS
are	VBP
feeding	VBG
their	PRP$
children	NNS
only	RB
two	CD
or	CC
fewer	JJR
fruit	NN
and	CC
vegetable	NN
servings	NNS
per	IN
day	NN
,	,
and	CC
only	RB
12	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
Americans	NNPS
are	VBP
eating	VBG
the	DT
recommended	VBN
daily	JJ
five	CD
to	TO
nine	CD
servings	NNS
of	IN
fruits	NNS
and	CC
vegetables	NNS
.	.
Reports	NNS
also	RB
reveal	VBP
that	DT
children	NNS
who	WP
maintain	VBP
healthy	JJ
lifestyles	NNS
by	IN
eating	VBG
nutritious	JJ
meals	NNS
including	VBG
at	IN
least	JJS
five	CD
servings	NNS
of	IN
vegetables	NNS
and	CC
fruits	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
perform	VB
better	JJR
academically	RB
.	.
A	DT
national	JJ
study	NN
revealed	VBD
that	IN
education	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
effective	JJ
of	IN
all	DT
crime	NN
prevention	NN
programs	NNS
and	CC
saves	VBZ
taxpayers	NNS
millions	NNS
of	IN
dollars	NNS
in	IN
victim-related	JJ
costs	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
costs	NNS
of	IN
re-incarceration	NN
and	CC
dependency	NN
.	.
The	DT
relation	NN
between	IN
education	NN
and	CC
recidivism	NN
clearly	RB
makes	VBZ
having	VBG
effective	JJ
correctional	JJ
education	NN
programs	NNS
a	DT
public	JJ
safety	NN
issue	NN
.	.
The	DT
event	NN
recognized	VBD
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
civics	NNS
and	CC
government	NN
curriculum	NN
,	,
promoted	VBD
an	DT
enlightened	VBN
and	CC
responsible	JJ
citizenry	NN
and	CC
recognized	VBD
that	IN
effective	JJ
education	NN
in	IN
civics	NNS
is	VBZ
enriched	VBN
by	IN
collaborative	JJ
efforts	NNS
involving	VBG
local	JJ
,	,
state	NN
and	CC
national	JJ
entities	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
first	JJ
step	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
and	CC
cultivate	VB
a	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
support	NN
network	NN
of	IN
individuals	NNS
and	CC
organizations	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
mission	NN
the	DT
promotion	NN
of	IN
civic	JJ
education	NN
.	.
Johnson	NNP
served	VBD
as	IN
president	NN
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Education	NNP
Association	NNP
for	IN
four	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
served	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Education	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
was	VBD
most	RBS
recently	RB
the	DT
Assistant	NNP
Secretary	NNP
for	IN
Ports	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Transportation	NNP
.	.
The	DT
revised	VBN
policy	NN
does	VBZ
away	RP
with	IN
audits	NN
on	IN
several	JJ
topics	NNS
including	VBG
work-based	JJ
learning	NN
,	,
health	NN
services	NNS
,	,
special	JJ
education	NN
services	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
While	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
fewer	JJR
standards	NNS
,	,
the	DT
revised	VBN
policy	NN
has	VBZ
preserved	VBN
basic	JJ
requirements	NNS
so	IN
the	DT
state	NN
can	MD
still	RB
determine	VB
what	WP
sections	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
system	NN
must	MD
improve	VB
to	TO
fulfill	VB
their	PRP$
accountability	NN
plans	NNS
and	CC
school	NN
improvement	NN
plans	NNS
and	CC
ultimately	RB
advance	NN
student	NN
performance	NN
and	CC
programs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Schools	NNS
of	IN
Excellence	NN
are	VBP
selected	VBN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
criteria	NNS
:	:
a	DT
rigorous	JJ
and	CC
challenging	JJ
curriculum	NN
,	,
a	DT
safe	JJ
and	CC
drug-free	JJ
learning	NN
environment	NN
,	,
participatory	JJ
leadership	NN
,	,
active	JJ
teaching	NN
and	CC
learning	NN
,	,
an	DT
environment	NN
that	WDT
strengthens	VBZ
teacher	NN
skills	NNS
,	,
documented	VBN
student	NN
achievement	NN
and	CC
implementing	VBG
advanced	JJ
and	CC
innovated	VBD
programs	NNS
.	.
``	``
The	DT
teachers	NNS
and	CC
students	NNS
at	IN
these	DT
distinguished	JJ
schools	NNS
truly	RB
have	VBP
something	NN
to	TO
celebrate	VB
.	.
They	PRP
have	VBP
worked	VBN
very	RB
hard	RB
to	TO
earn	VB
these	DT
awards	NNS
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
Stewart	NNP
.	.
``	``
The	DT
schools	NNS
recognized	VBN
have	VBP
continually	RB
raised	VBN
the	DT
academic	JJ
bar	NN
and	CC
they	PRP
deserve	VBP
this	DT
prestigious	JJ
award	NN
.	.
''	''
Dreamquest	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
opportunity	NN
for	IN
young	JJ
West	NNP
Virginians	NNPS
to	TO
become	VB
aware	JJ
and	CC
gain	NN
knowledge	NN
of	IN
entrepreneurship	NN
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
was	VBD
designed	VBN
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
real	JJ
life	NN
experience	NN
within	IN
the	DT
educational	JJ
setting	NN
,	,
allowing	VBG
students	NNS
to	TO
discover	VB
what	WP
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
like	IN
to	TO
generate	VB
an	DT
idea	NN
and	CC
build	VB
it	PRP
into	IN
a	DT
business	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
.	.
Any	DT
fulltime	JJ
teacher	NN
K-12	NN
may	MD
be	VB
nominated	VBN
who	WP
teaches	VBZ
American	JJ
history	NN
as	IN
their	PRP$
primary	JJ
subject	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
demonstrated	VBN
excellence	NN
according	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
criteria	NNS
governing	VBG
the	DT
awards	NNS
.	.
Nominations	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
department	NN
or	CC
division	NN
head	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
school	NN
director	NN
,	,
principal	NN
,	,
or	CC
head	NN
.	.
The	DT
Gilder	NNP
Lehrman	NNP
Institute	NNP
of	IN
American	NNP
History	NN
will	MD
grant	VB
each	DT
state	NN
winner	NN
with	IN
an	DT
award	NN
of	IN
$	$
1,000	CD
and	CC
a	DT
plaque	NN
honoring	VBG
them	PRP
as	IN
``	``
History	NN
Teacher	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Year	NN
''	''
in	IN
a	DT
ceremony	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
home	NN
state	NN
.	.
The	DT
Gilder	NNP
Lehrman	NNP
Institute	NNP
of	IN
American	NNP
History	NN
will	MD
also	RB
present	VB
their	PRP$
school	NN
with	IN
an	DT
archive	NN
of	IN
primary	JJ
historical	JJ
materials	NNS
,	,
named	VBN
in	IN
honor	NN
of	IN
that	DT
teacher	NN
,	,
for	IN
use	NN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
library	NN
or	CC
resource	NN
center	NN
.	.
Winners	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
selected	VBN
in	IN
each	DT
state	NN
by	IN
panels	NNS
of	IN
distinguished	JJ
history	NN
educators	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
supervision	NN
of	IN
Preserve	NNP
America	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Gilder	NNP
Lehrman	NNP
Institute	NNP
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
will	MD
be	VB
conducted	VBN
in	IN
cooperation	NN
with	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Council	NNP
for	IN
History	NN
Education	NNP
,	,
Organization	NNP
of	IN
American	NNP
Historians	NNPS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
history	NN
organizations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
``	``
National	NNP
History	NN
Teacher	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Year	NN
''	''
will	MD
be	VB
selected	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
50	CD
+	NN
state	NN
winners	NNS
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
including	VBG
the	DT
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
,	,
Department	NNP
of	IN
Defense	NNP
and	CC
U.S.	NNP
Territories	NNPS
-RRB-	-RRB-
by	IN
a	DT
panel	NN
of	IN
prominent	JJ
historians	NNS
.	.
The	DT
winner	NN
,	,
together	RB
with	IN
the	DT
nominating	NN
supervisor	NN
,	,
will	MD
be	VB
flown	VBN
to	TO
Washington	NNP
,	,
D.C.	NNP
for	IN
recognition	NN
in	IN
a	DT
ceremony	NN
there	RB
.	.
After	IN
graduating	VBG
from	IN
Van	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
,	,
Kingery	NNP
continued	VBD
her	PRP$
education	NN
and	CC
received	VBD
her	PRP$
Bachelor	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
in	IN
early	JJ
childhood	NN
education	NN
from	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Charleston	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
later	RB
received	VBD
a	DT
Master	NNP
's	POS
of	IN
Art	NNP
degree	NN
in	IN
reading	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
a	DT
second	JJ
Master	NNP
's	POS
of	IN
Art	NNP
degree	NN
in	IN
educational	JJ
administration	NN
,	,
both	DT
from	IN
Marshall	NNP
University	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
served	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
teacher	NN
and	CC
principal	NN
for	IN
24	CD
years	NNS
at	IN
Van	NNP
Elementary	NNP
,	,
Van	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
and	CC
Wharton	NNP
Elementary	NNP
before	IN
coming	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
WVDE	NNP
.	.
The	DT
No	NNP
Child	NNP
Left	VBD
Behind-Blue	NNP
Ribbon	NNP
Schools	NNP
Program	NNP
honors	NNS
those	DT
elementary	JJ
and	CC
secondary	JJ
schools	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
that	WDT
make	VBP
significant	JJ
progress	NN
in	IN
closing	VBG
the	DT
achievement	NN
gap	NN
or	CC
whose	WP$
students	NNS
achieve	VBP
at	IN
very	RB
high	JJ
levels	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
recognizes	VBZ
schools	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
at	IN
least	JJS
40	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
students	NNS
from	IN
disadvantaged	JJ
backgrounds	NNS
that	WDT
dramatically	RB
improve	VBP
student	NN
performance	NN
to	TO
a	DT
high	JJ
level	NN
on	IN
state	NN
assessments	NNS
or	CC
assessments	NNS
referenced	VBN
against	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
norms	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
grade	NN
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
recognizes	VBZ
schools	NNS
whose	WP$
students	NNS
achieve	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
top	JJ
10	CD
percent	NN
on	IN
state	NN
tests	NNS
or	CC
the	DT
top	JJ
10	CD
percent	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
on	IN
assessments	NNS
referenced	VBN
against	IN
national	JJ
norms	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
grade	NN
.	.
Approximately	RB
250	CD
more	JJR
students	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
took	VBD
the	DT
ACT	NNP
in	IN
2003	CD
than	IN
last	JJ
year	NN
.	.
Sixty-three	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
2003	CD
graduating	VBG
class	NN
took	VBD
the	DT
to	TO
ACT	NNP
;	:
the	DT
highest	JJS
percent	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
five	CD
years	NNS
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
males	NNS
slightly	RB
out-performed	VBD
females	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
composite	JJ
score	NN
of	IN
20.5	CD
to	TO
the	DT
score	NN
of	IN
20.2	CD
for	IN
the	DT
females	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
females	NNS
outscored	VBD
males	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
English	NNP
and	CC
reading	VBG
tests	NNS
.	.
Along	IN
with	IN
their	PRP$
assessment	NN
results	NNS
,	,
students	NNS
receive	VBP
Standards	NNP
for	IN
Transition	NN
statements	NNS
.	.
By	IN
looking	VBG
at	IN
the	DT
statement	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
corresponding	JJ
ACT	NNP
composite	NN
and	CC
subtest	NN
scores	NNS
,	,
students	NNS
learn	VBP
what	WP
they	PRP
are	VBP
most	RBS
likely	JJ
mastering	NN
in	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
.	.
Students	NNS
who	WP
took	VBD
college	NN
core	NN
and	CC
advanced	VBD
courses	NNS
typically	RB
perform	VBP
better	RBR
on	IN
the	DT
ACT	NNP
Assessment	NNP
than	IN
those	DT
who	WP
do	VBP
not	RB
,	,
as	IN
does	VBZ
taking	VBG
additional	JJ
courses	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
adding	VBG
speech	NN
to	TO
the	DT
course	NN
taken	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
student	NN
adds	VBZ
.8	CD
to	TO
their	PRP$
English	JJ
score	NN
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
is	VBZ
committed	VBN
to	TO
increasing	VBG
scores	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
ACT	NNP
Assessment	NNP
.	.
On	IN
July	NNP
1	CD
,	,
2003	CD
,	,
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Content	NNP
Standards	NNPS
,	,
Objectives	NNPS
and	CC
Performance	NNP
Descriptors	NNPS
were	VBD
implemented	VBN
to	TO
establish	VB
high	JJ
expectations	NNS
in	IN
all	DT
K-12	JJ
content	NN
areas	NNS
.	.
This	DT
curriculum	NN
framework	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
aligned	VBN
to	TO
scientifically	RB
based	VBN
national	JJ
standards	NNS
,	,
defines	VBZ
what	WP
a	DT
student	NN
should	MD
know	VB
and	CC
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
do	VB
at	IN
each	DT
grade	NN
level	NN
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
opening	NN
of	IN
the	DT
2003-2004	JJ
school	NN
year	NN
,	,
teachers	NNS
throughout	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
will	MD
receive	VB
professional	JJ
development	NN
on	IN
strategies	NNS
aimed	VBN
at	IN
promoting	VBG
these	DT
increased	VBN
expectations	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
students	NNS
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
will	MD
focus	VB
on	IN
continued	VBN
professional	JJ
development	NN
to	TO
build	VB
the	DT
skills	NNS
for	IN
teachers	NNS
.	.
A	DT
familiarity	NN
with	IN
and	CC
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
four-pronged	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
family	NN
literacy	NN
.	.
The	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
make	VB
on-site	JJ
visits	NNS
to	TO
eleven	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
11	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
local	JJ
Even	RB
Start	JJ
projects	NNS
.	.
Experience	NN
evaluating	VBG
education	NN
and\/or	CC
family	NN
support	NN
projects	NNS
.	.
The	DT
time	NN
and	CC
ability	NN
to	TO
complete	VB
evaluations	NNS
and	CC
deliver	VB
written	VBN
reports	NNS
by	IN
December	NNP
1	CD
,	,
2003	CD
.	.
At	IN
a	DT
minimum	NN
,	,
an	DT
evaluation	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Even	RB
Start	NNP
Performance	NNP
Standards	NNPS
and	CC
the	DT
local	JJ
programs	NNS
goals	NNS
for	IN
2002-2003	CD
.	.
The	DT
evaluation	NN
should	MD
be	VB
a	DT
useful	JJ
tool	NN
for	IN
local	JJ
programs	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
programming	NN
decisions	NNS
and	CC
state	NN
administration	NN
to	TO
have	VB
an	DT
accurate	JJ
reflection	NN
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
's	POS
progress	NN
toward	IN
meeting	VBG
the	DT
WV	NNP
Even	RB
Start	NNP
Performance	NNP
Standards	NNPS
.	.
In	IN
its	PRP$
second	JJ
year	NN
of	IN
operation	NN
.	.
ES	NNP
funds	NNS
Adult	NNP
Education	NNP
position	NN
.	.
Housed	VBN
in	IN
Head	NNP
Start	NNP
center	NN
.	.
Head	NNP
Start	NNP
provides	VBZ
child	NN
development	NN
.	.
New	NNP
extended	JJ
year	NN
summer	NN
session	NN
this	DT
year	NN
.	.
Serves	VBZ
families	NNS
with	IN
preschool	JJ
children	NNS
.	.
Thirty-five	JJ
teachers	NNS
from	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
content	JJ
areas	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
special	JJ
education	NN
will	MD
be	VB
trained	VBN
as	IN
Master	NNP
Trainers	NNPS
in	IN
professional	JJ
development	NN
training	NN
starting	VBG
June	NNP
17	CD
at	IN
Riverside	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Charleston	NNP
.	.
In	IN
turn	NN
,	,
Master	NNP
Trainers	NNPS
will	MD
train	VB
educators	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
schools	NNS
as	IN
to	TO
how	WRB
the	DT
content	NN
standards	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
delivered	VBN
in	IN
their	PRP$
classrooms	NNS
.	.
Master	NNP
Trainers	NNPS
will	MD
be	VB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
developing	VBG
model	NN
lessons	NNS
,	,
designing	VBG
initial	JJ
professional	JJ
development	NN
on	IN
content	NN
standards	NNS
and	CC
training	NN
teachers	NNS
who	WP
will	MD
deliver	VB
future	JJ
professional	JJ
development	NN
training	NN
.	.
Model	NNP
lessons	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
content	NN
standards	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
set	VBD
forth	RB
best	JJS
instructional	JJ
practices	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
will	MD
describe	VB
classroom	NN
assessments	NNS
and	CC
incorporate	VB
strategies	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
diverse	JJ
learners	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
integrate	VB
technology	NN
.	.
The	DT
results	NNS
were	VBD
announced	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
opening	NN
session	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Raze	NNP
On	IN
2003	CD
anti-tobacco	JJ
teen	JJ
summit	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Concord	NNP
College	NNP
campus	NN
today	NN
.	.
The	DT
event	NN
sports	NNS
the	DT
theme	NN
``	``
20	CD
For	IN
Us	NNP
''	''
to	TO
highlight	VB
both	DT
the	DT
20	CD
percent	NN
drop	NN
in	IN
the	DT
teen	JJ
smoking	NN
prevalence	NN
and	CC
to	TO
reinforce	VB
the	DT
conviction	NN
that	WDT
much	RB
more	RBR
work	NN
is	VBZ
still	RB
needed	VBN
to	TO
continue	VB
to	TO
reduce	VB
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
teens	NNS
using	VBG
tobacco	NN
.	.
The	DT
opening	NN
session	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
hosted	VBN
by	IN
three	CD
teen	JJ
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Raze	NNP
movement	NN
:	:
Jilleyn	NNP
Gore	NNP
of	IN
Chapmanville	NNP
,	,
William	NNP
Nicely	RB
of	IN
Salem	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Erica	NNP
Given	VBN
of	IN
Hurricane	NNP
.	.
Governing	VBG
is	VBZ
a	DT
monthly	JJ
magazine	NN
whose	WP$
primary	JJ
audience	NN
is	VBZ
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
government	NN
officials	NNS
.	.
The	DT
magazine	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
circulation	NN
of	IN
about	IN
85,000	CD
.	.
The	DT
most	RBS
recent	JJ
issue	NN
can	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
on	IN
http://www.governing.com	NN
.	.
The	DT
Beaumont	NNP
Foundation	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
bringing	VBG
technology	NN
to	TO
disadvantaged	JJ
areas	NNS
,	,
has	VBZ
selected	VBN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
among	IN
21	CD
states	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
first	JJ
round	NN
of	IN
grants	NNS
.	.
Low-income	JJ
schools	NNS
,	,
community	NN
centers	NNS
,	,
churches	NNS
and	CC
individuals	NNS
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
submit	VB
their	PRP$
applications	NNS
by	IN
March	NNP
31	CD
,	,
2003	CD
.	.
Senator	NNP
Rockefeller	NNP
has	VBZ
consistently	RB
fought	VBN
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
that	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
's	POS
schools	NNS
and	CC
communities	NNS
have	VBP
the	DT
same	JJ
Internet	NNP
access	NN
as	IN
the	DT
residents	NNS
in	IN
urban	JJ
areas	NNS
.	.
Rockefeller	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
co-author	NN
of	IN
the	DT
E-Rate	JJ
program	NN
,	,
which	WDT
provides	VBZ
grants	NNS
to	TO
schools	NNS
and	CC
libraries	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
pay	VB
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
services	NNS
,	,
but	CC
E-Rate	NNP
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
computers	NNS
so	RB
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
special	JJ
opportunity	NN
.	.
Since	IN
1998	CD
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
has	VBZ
received	VBN
about	IN
$	$
38	CD
million	CD
from	IN
the	DT
E-rate	JJ
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
Beaumont	NNP
Foundation	NNP
of	IN
America	NNP
,	,
headquartered	VBN
in	IN
Texas	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
principle	NN
of	IN
helping	VBG
make	VB
today	NN
's	POS
technology	NN
and	CC
all	DT
its	PRP$
educational	JJ
advantages	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
everyone	NN
,	,
particularly	RB
in	IN
rural	JJ
or	CC
fiscally-challenged	JJ
areas	NNS
.	.
``	``
The	DT
taskforce	NN
found	VBD
so	RB
many	JJ
things	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
good	JJ
.	.
Many	JJ
schools	NNS
used	VBN
parts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Project	NN
and	CC
we	PRP
want	VBP
that	IN
to	TO
continue	VB
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
Barbara	NNP
Fish	NN
.	.
``	``
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
knows	VBZ
the	DT
Board	NNP
supports	VBZ
everyone	NN
's	POS
civil	JJ
rights	NNS
and	CC
programs	NNS
that	WDT
promote	VBP
those	DT
rights	NNS
.	.
''	''
Policy	NN
4373	CD
requires	VBZ
public	JJ
schools	NNS
to	TO
design	VB
and	CC
implement	VB
proactive	JJ
,	,
preventive	JJ
approaches	NNS
to	TO
ensure	VB
a	DT
nurturing	NN
,	,
orderly	JJ
and	CC
safe	JJ
school	NN
environment	NN
free	JJ
from	IN
harassment	NN
,	,
intimidation	NN
,	,
bullying	NN
,	,
substance	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
violence	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
code	NN
of	IN
conduct	NN
violation	NN
.	.
The	DT
cadre	NN
established	VBD
three	CD
goals	NNS
it	PRP
hopes	VBZ
to	TO
achieve	VB
.	.
It	PRP
hopes	VBZ
to	TO
establish	VB
a	DT
vision	NN
that	WDT
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
curriculum	NN
,	,
best	JJS
instructional	JJ
practices	NNS
and	CC
leadership	NN
.	.
It	PRP
further	RB
wants	VBZ
to	TO
develop	VB
and	CC
deliver	VB
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
professional	JJ
development	NN
program	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
provide	VB
support	NN
to	TO
middle	JJ
grades	NNS
schools	NNS
.	.
Establishing	VBG
a	DT
network	NN
of	IN
communication	NN
for	IN
middle	JJ
grades	NNS
schools	NNS
across	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
is	VBZ
also	RB
a	DT
goal	NN
.	.
``	``
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
's	POS
school	NN
system	NN
has	VBZ
made	VBN
significant	JJ
strides	NNS
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
four	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
we	PRP
believe	VBP
it	PRP
now	RB
can	MD
operate	VB
efficiently	RB
on	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
WVBOE	NNP
President	NNP
Howard	NNP
Persinger	NNP
.	.
``	``
Since	IN
the	DT
takeover	NN
,	,
grades	NNS
have	VBP
consistently	RB
improved	VBN
and	CC
leadership	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
restored	VBN
.	.
''	''
``	``
It	PRP
so	RB
rewarding	JJ
to	TO
see	VB
hard	JJ
work	NN
pay	NN
off	RB
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
State	NNP
Schools	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
David	NNP
Stewart	NNP
.	.
``	``
The	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
always	RB
had	VBD
the	DT
best	JJS
interest	NN
of	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
in	IN
mind	NN
.	.
I	PRP
applaud	VBP
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
for	IN
working	VBG
together	RB
to	TO
make	VB
today	NN
happen	VB
.	.
''	''
Cindy	NNP
Woods	NNP
,	,
a	DT
library	NN
media	NNS
teacher	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Potomack	NNP
Intermediate	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Martinsburg	NNP
,	,
WV	NNP
,	,
was	VBD
named	VBN
the	DT
second	JJ
winner	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Educator	NNP
Award	NNP
today	NN
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
recipient	JJ
announced	VBN
yesterday	NN
was	VBD
Kim	NNP
Miller	NNP
,	,
a	DT
second	JJ
grade	NN
teacher	NN
at	IN
Elm	NNP
Grove	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Wheeling	NNP
.	.
The	DT
600-square-foot	JJ
exhibition	NN
,	,
on	IN
loan	NN
from	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
Holocaust	NNP
Memorial	NNP
Museum	NNP
,	,
tells	VBZ
the	DT
story	NN
of	IN
Oskar	NNP
Schindler	NNP
,	,
who	WP
has	VBZ
come	VBN
to	TO
personify	VB
those	DT
who	WP
risked	VBD
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
to	TO
rescue	VB
Jews	NNPS
and	CC
others	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
Nazis	NNPS
during	IN
the	DT
Holocaust	NNP
.	.
An	DT
unlikely	JJ
hero	NN
,	,
Schindler	NNP
joined	VBD
the	DT
Nazi	JJ
party	NN
in	IN
1939	CD
.	.
He	PRP
amassed	VBD
a	DT
fortune	NN
through	IN
rigged	VBN
army	NN
contracts	NNS
and	CC
exploitation	NN
of	IN
cheap	JJ
labor	NN
and	CC
lived	VBD
in	IN
high	JJ
style	NN
.	.
Nonetheless	RB
,	,
he	PRP
was	VBD
moved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
cruelties	NNS
he	PRP
witnessed	VBD
and	CC
devised	VBD
a	DT
plan	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
his	PRP$
Jewish	JJ
workers	NNS
.	.
Through	IN
negotiations	NNS
and	CC
bribes	NNS
that	WDT
depleted	VBD
his	PRP$
war	NN
profits	NNS
,	,
Schindler	NNP
was	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
transfer	VB
more	JJR
than	IN
1,000	CD
Jewish	JJ
workers	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
Nazi	JJ
labor	NN
camp	NN
,	,
ensuring	VBG
their	PRP$
humane	JJ
treatment	NN
and	CC
ultimately	RB
saving	VBG
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
subject	NN
of	IN
the	DT
1993	CD
Academy	NNP
Award-winning	JJ
film	NN
``	``
Schindler	NNP
's	POS
List	NN
.	.
''	''
A	DT
third	JJ
exhibit	NN
will	MD
feature	VB
artwork	NN
and	CC
poetry	NN
created	VBN
by	IN
local	JJ
students	NNS
and	CC
teachers	NNS
after	IN
they	PRP
studied	VBD
the	DT
Holocaust	NNP
.	.
The	DT
exhibit	NN
,	,
``	``
Reflections	NNS
:	:
Interpretations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Holocaust	NNP
,	,
''	''
is	VBZ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Jewish	JJ
Labor	NN
Committee\/FJCC	NNP
Fellowship	NNP
Program	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
sponsored	VBN
in	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
KCS	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
an	DT
interactive	JJ
exhibition	NN
,	,
``	``
Poland	NNP
1942\/Germany	NNP
1942	CD
,	,
''	''
visitors	NNS
will	MD
have	VB
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
trace	VB
the	DT
steps	NNS
of	IN
both	DT
those	DT
condemned	VBN
to	TO
concentration	NN
camps	NNS
and	CC
those	DT
who	WP
grew	VBD
up	RP
indoctrinated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
hatred	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Nazi	JJ
government	NN
.	.
The	DT
exhibit	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
people	NNS
consider	VB
the	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
choices	NNS
people	NNS
had	VBD
to	TO
make	VB
during	IN
World	NNP
War	NNP
II	NNP
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
compare	VB
and	CC
contrast	VB
those	DT
decisions	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
choices	NNS
people	NNS
have	VBP
to	TO
make	VB
today	NN
.	.
These	DT
workshops	NNS
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
review	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
policies	NNS
and	CC
related	VBN
data	NNS
collection	NN
requirements	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
latest	JJS
information	NN
about	IN
content	NN
standards	NNS
and	CC
assessment	NN
,	,
the	DT
consolidated	JJ
state	NN
application	NN
for	IN
ESEA	NNP
funds	NNS
,	,
and	CC
adequate	JJ
yearly	JJ
progress	NN
.	.
Each	DT
principal	NN
will	MD
receive	VB
a	DT
resource	NN
manual	NN
containing	VBG
valuable	JJ
and	CC
current	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
be	VB
shared	VBN
with	IN
teachers	NNS
,	,
parents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
students	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
2002-03	JJ
school	NN
year	NN
.	.
A	DT
complete	JJ
workshop	NN
agenda	NN
and	CC
presentation	NN
materials	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
website	NN
.	.
For	IN
general	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
workshop	NN
agenda	NN
,	,
contact	NN
Karen	NNP
Huffman	NNP
,	,
Assistant	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
Office	NNP
of	IN
Student	NNP
Services	NNPS
and	CC
Assessment	NNP
at	IN
(304) 558-2546	CD
.	.
or	CC
by	IN
e-mail	NN
at	IN
khuffman@access.k12.wv.us	NNS
.	.
Application	NN
information	NN
should	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
WVDE	NNP
website	NN
http://wvde.state.wv.us	NN
by	IN
early	JJ
October	NNP
2002	CD
,	,
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
mailed	VBN
to	TO
public	JJ
school	NN
superintendents	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
interested	JJ
persons	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
local	JJ
21st	JJ
CCLC	NNP
grant	NN
application	NN
must	MD
describe	VB
information	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
:	:
the	DT
before	RB
-	:
and	CC
after-school	JJ
and-summer-school	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
optional	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
activities	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
funded	VBN
;	:
how	WRB
the	DT
activities	NNS
will	MD
improve	VB
student	NN
achievement	NN
;	:
how	WRB
students	NNS
will	MD
travel	VB
safely	RB
to	TO
and	CC
from	IN
the	DT
learning	VBG
center	NN
;	:
the	DT
partnership	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
between	IN
a	DT
local	JJ
educational	JJ
agency	NN
and	CC
a	DT
community-based	JJ
organization	NN
and	CC
another	DT
public	JJ
or	CC
private	JJ
organization	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
appropriate	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
an	DT
evaluation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
community	NN
needs	VBZ
and	CC
available	JJ
resources	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
learning	VBG
center	NN
;	:
and	CC
other	JJ
provisions	NNS
requested	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
application	NN
package	NN
.	.
In	IN
comparison	NN
with	IN
other	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
transportation	NN
,	,
the	DT
report	NN
shows	VBZ
that	IN
students	NNS
are	VBP
nearly	RB
eight	CD
times	NNS
safer	JJR
riding	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
school	NN
bus	NN
than	IN
in	IN
cars	NNS
.	.
The	DT
fatality	NN
rate	NN
for	IN
school	NN
buses	NNS
is	VBZ
0.2	CD
fatalities	NNS
per	IN
100	CD
million	CD
vehicle	NN
miles	NNS
traveled	VBD
-LRB-	-LRB-
VMT	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
compared	VBN
to	TO
1.5	CD
fatalities	NNS
per	IN
100	CD
million	CD
VMT	NNP
for	IN
cars	NNS
.	.
The	DT
new	JJ
NHTSA	NNP
report	NN
concluded	VBD
that	IN
requiring	VBG
lap	NN
belts	NNS
on	IN
large	JJ
,	,
new	JJ
school	NN
buses	NNS
would	MD
appear	VB
to	TO
have	VB
little	RB
,	,
if	IN
any	DT
,	,
benefit	NN
in	IN
reducing	VBG
serious-to-fatal	JJ
injuries	NNS
in	IN
severe	JJ
frontal	JJ
crashes	NNS
.	.
In	IN
rare	JJ
circumstances	NNS
,	,
tests	NNS
indicate	VBP
that	IN
in	IN
some	DT
severe	JJ
frontal	JJ
crashes	NNS
there	RB
may	MD
be	VB
increased	VBN
risk	NN
of	IN
serious	JJ
neck	NN
injuries	NNS
and	CC
possibly	RB
abdominal	JJ
injury	NN
among	IN
young	JJ
passengers	NNS
wearing	VBG
lap	NN
belts	NNS
.	.
In	IN
small	JJ
school	NN
buses	NNS
,	,
any	DT
increased	VBN
risks	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
lap	NN
belts	NNS
are	VBP
more	RBR
than	IN
offset	VBN
by	IN
preventing	VBG
ejections	NNS
.	.
These	DT
buses	NNS
weigh	VBP
less	JJR
,	,
have	VBP
different	JJ
crash	NN
dynamics	NNS
,	,
and	CC
are	VBP
more	RBR
prone	JJ
to	TO
rollover	NN
than	IN
large	JJ
school	NN
buses	NNS
.	.
Lap\/shoulder	NN
belts	NNS
also	RB
could	MD
reduce	VB
school	NN
bus	NN
capacity	NN
by	IN
up	RB
to	TO
17	CD
percent	NN
because	IN
of	IN
seat	NN
redesign	NN
,	,
and	CC
add	VB
between	IN
$	$
40	CD
and	CC
$	$
50	CD
per	IN
seating	NN
position	NN
to	TO
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
vehicle	NN
.	.
The	DT
most	RBS
popular	JJ
buses	NNS
carry	VBP
between	IN
60	CD
and	CC
71	CD
passengers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
total	JJ
annual	JJ
cost	NN
would	MD
be	VB
over	IN
$	$
100	CD
million	CD
.	.
Some	DT
states	NNS
and	CC
local	JJ
school	NN
districts	NNS
have	VBP
voluntarily	RB
installed	VBN
lap	NN
belts	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
large	JJ
school	NN
buses	NNS
.	.
NHTSA	NNP
continues	VBZ
to	TO
recommend	VB
that	IN
,	,
if	IN
states	NNS
or	CC
local	JJ
school	NN
districts	NNS
require	VBP
seat	NN
belts	NNS
on	IN
school	NN
buses	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
should	MD
ensure	VB
that	IN
passengers	NNS
wear	VBP
them	PRP
correctly	RB
.	.
States	NNPS
and	CC
local	JJ
school	NN
districts	NNS
considering	VBG
purchasing	VBG
seat	NN
belts	NNS
for	IN
large	JJ
school	NN
buses	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
new	JJ
NHTSA	NNP
research	NN
report	NN
.	.
Summer	NNP
Food	NNP
Service	NNP
sponsors	NNS
receive	VBP
payment	NN
for	IN
serving	VBG
healthy	JJ
meals	NNS
and	CC
snacks	NNS
to	TO
children	NNS
and	CC
teenagers	NNS
,	,
18	CD
and	CC
younger	JJR
,	,
at	IN
approved	VBN
sites	NNS
in	IN
low-income	JJ
areas	NNS
.	.
Schools	NNP
,	,
public	JJ
agencies	NNS
and	CC
private	JJ
non-profit	JJ
organizations	NNS
may	MD
apply	VB
to	TO
sponsor	VB
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
Attitudinal	JJ
and	CC
behavioral	JJ
lessons	NNS
are	VBP
more	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
stick	VB
if	IN
we	PRP
go	VBP
beyond	IN
hearing	NN
or	CC
reading	NN
words	NNS
and	CC
concepts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
actually	RB
put	VBD
those	DT
lessons	NNS
to	TO
work	VB
in	IN
our	PRP$
own	JJ
lives	NNS
.	.
Exercising	VBG
compassion	NN
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
gets	VBZ
that	IN
message	NN
home	NN
a	DT
lot	NN
better	JJR
than	IN
learning	VBG
about	IN
compassion	NN
,	,
or	CC
reciting	VBG
that	IN
compassion	NN
is	VBZ
good	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Title	NN
I	PRP
program	VBP
provides	VBZ
federal	JJ
money	NN
to	TO
school	NN
systems	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
country	NN
to	TO
improve	VB
education	NN
for	IN
children	NNS
at	IN
risk	NN
of	IN
school	NN
failure	NN
who	WP
live	VBP
in	IN
low-income	JJ
communities	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
reaches	VBZ
over	IN
six	CD
million	CD
children	NNS
annually	RB
,	,
primarily	RB
in	IN
the	DT
early	JJ
elementary	JJ
grades	NNS
.	.
Typically	RB
it	PRP
supports	VBZ
supplemental	JJ
instruction	NN
in	IN
reading	NN
and	CC
math	NN
.	.
Among	IN
Cooke	NNP
's	POS
duties	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
's	POS
vice-president	NN
will	MD
be	VB
working	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
International	NNP
Reading	VBG
Association	NNP
's	POS
at	IN
its	PRP$
annual	JJ
conference	NN
,	,
scheduled	VBN
for	IN
April	NNP
2003	CD
,	,
in	IN
Orlando	NNP
,	,
Fla.	NNP
.	.
The	DT
International	NNP
Reading	VBG
Association	NNP
promotes	VBZ
high	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
literacy	NN
for	IN
all	DT
by	IN
improving	VBG
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
reading	VBG
instruction	NN
,	,
disseminating	VBG
research	NN
and	CC
information	NN
about	IN
reading	NN
,	,
and	CC
encouraging	VBG
the	DT
lifetime	NN
reading	NN
habit	NN
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
will	MD
be	VB
involved	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
rule-making	NN
process	NN
of	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
federal	JJ
education	NN
reform	NN
act	NN
,	,
No	DT
Child	NN
Left	VBD
Behind	IN
,	,
that	DT
was	VBD
recently	RB
enacted	VBN
by	IN
Congress	NNP
.	.
The	DT
act	NN
redefines	VBZ
the	DT
federal	JJ
role	NN
in	IN
K-12	NN
education	NN
and	CC
will	MD
help	VB
close	VB
the	DT
achievement	NN
gap	NN
between	IN
disadvantaged	JJ
and	CC
minority	NN
students	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
peers	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
four	CD
basic	JJ
principles	NNS
:	:
stronger	JJR
accountability	NN
for	IN
results	NNS
,	,
increased	VBD
flexibility	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
control	NN
,	,
expanded	VBN
options	NNS
for	IN
parents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
an	DT
emphasis	NN
on	IN
teaching	NN
methods	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
proven	VBN
to	TO
work	VB
.	.
The	DT
findings	NNS
revealed	VBD
that	IN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
the	DT
survey	NN
,	,
more	JJR
than	IN
80	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
high	JJ
school	NN
students	NNS
who	WP
participated	VBD
always	RB
or	CC
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
time	NN
wore	VBD
a	DT
seat	NN
belt	NN
when	WRB
riding	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
car	NN
.	.
Another	DT
indication	NN
that	WDT
shows	VBZ
students	NNS
are	VBP
practicing	VBG
healthier	RBR
behavior	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
65	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
students	NNS
had	VBD
practiced	VBN
rigorous	JJ
physical	JJ
activities	NNS
for	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
of	IN
the	DT
seven	CD
days	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
answering	VBG
the	DT
questionnaire	NN
.	.
McVicker	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
principal	NN
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
30	CD
years	NNS
,	,
most	RBS
recently	RB
at	IN
Kingwood	NNP
Elementary	NNP
in	IN
Preston	NNP
County	NNP
.	.
A	DT
Vietnam	NNP
veteran	NN
,	,
McVicker	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Reading	VBG
Principal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Year	NN
and	CC
served	VBD
as	IN
president	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Preston	NNP
County	NNP
Principals	NNPS
Association	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
worked	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
facilitator	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Principals	NNPS
?	.
Leadership	NN
Academy	NNP
with	IN
the	DT
Center	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Development	NNP
and	CC
has	VBZ
done	VBN
extensive	JJ
work	NN
with	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNPS
as	IN
a	DT
team	NN
leader	NN
for	IN
on-site	JJ
reviews	NNS
.	.
Roby	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
award-winning	JJ
principal	NN
from	IN
Harrisville	NNP
Elementary	NNP
in	IN
Ritchie	NNP
County	NNP
.	.
Under	IN
his	PRP$
leadership	NN
,	,
Harrisville	NNP
received	VBD
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
School	NNP
of	IN
Excellence	NNP
award	NN
,	,
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Blue	NNP
Ribbon	NNP
award	NN
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
1997	CD
,	,
was	VBD
recognized	VBN
nationally	RB
as	IN
a	DT
Blue	JJ
Ribbon	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
Ritchie	NNP
County	NNP
Principal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Year	NN
and	CC
led	VBD
the	DT
county	NN
in	IN
implementing	VBG
the	DT
effective	JJ
schools	NNS
program	NN
,	,
computer	NN
labs	NNS
,	,
healthy	JJ
schools	NNS
programs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
responsible	JJ
students	NNS
programs	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
an	DT
educator	NN
for	IN
30	CD
years	NNS
,	,
having	VBG
worked	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
principal	NN
for	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
18	CD
.	.
The	DT
Telecommunication	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1996	CD
telecommunication	NN
provides	VBZ
discounts	NNS
for	IN
schools	NNS
to	TO
access	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
WVDE	NNP
Office	NNP
of	IN
Technology	NNP
and	CC
Information	NNP
Systems	NNP
completed	VBD
an	DT
application	NN
for	IN
every	DT
school	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
``	``
Internet	NNP
access	NN
to	TO
our	PRP$
students	NNS
and	CC
our	PRP$
teachers	NNS
has	VBZ
truly	RB
bridged	VBN
the	DT
digital	JJ
divide	NN
and	CC
permitted	VBD
us	PRP
to	TO
bring	VB
affordable	JJ
telecommunications	NNS
to	TO
students	NNS
,	,
educators	NNS
,	,
communities	NNS
and	CC
citizens	NNS
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
Phyllis	NNP
Justice	NNP
,	,
project	NN
leader	NN
.	.
The	DT
Digital	NNP
Divide	VBP
Bridging	VBG
Block	NNP
project	NN
also	RB
has	VBZ
allowed	VBN
better	JJR
access	NN
to	TO
government	NN
services	NNS
via	IN
the	DT
Web	NNP
.	.
Because	IN
schools	NNS
also	RB
share	VBP
a	DT
statewide	JJ
electronic	JJ
administrative	JJ
information	NN
system	NN
via	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
telecommunications	NN
lines	NNS
,	,
other	JJ
agencies	NNS
also	RB
may	MD
acquire	VB
appropriate	JJ
data	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
schools\/state	NN
in	IN
a	DT
timelier	JJ
manner	NN
.	.
The	DT
project	NN
also	RB
decreases	VBZ
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
collection	NN
duplication	NN
.	.
``	``
The	DT
WVDE	NNP
continues	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
shining	VBG
example	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
state	NN
agencies	NNS
can	MD
take	VB
full	JJ
advantage	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Chief	NNP
Technology	NNP
Officer	NNP
Keith	NNP
Comstock	NNP
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
am	VBP
proud	JJ
the	DT
state	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
recognized	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
job	NN
well-done	JJ
.	.
''	''
Information	NNP
Technology	NNP
projects	NNS
from	IN
across	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
were	VBD
judged	VBN
on	IN
benefits	NNS
realized	VBN
by	IN
service	NN
,	,
tax	NN
payers	NNS
and	CC
state	NN
agencies	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
a	DT
return	NN
on	IN
investment	NN
.	.
Full	JJ
submissions	NNS
from	IN
all	DT
nominations	NNS
are	VBP
posted	VBN
on	IN
NASCIO	NNP
's	POS
website	NN
at	IN
http://www.nascio.org	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
county	NN
will	MD
benefit	VB
by	IN
having	VBG
a	DT
team	NN
of	IN
teachers	NNS
that	WDT
is	VBZ
better	RBR
prepared	JJ
to	TO
deliver	VB
a	DT
health	NN
education	NN
curriculum	NN
that	WDT
meets	VBZ
and	CC
exceeds	VBZ
the	DT
required	JJ
state	NN
instructional	JJ
goals	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
state	NN
adopted	VBD
standards	NNS
for	IN
Health	NNP
Education	NNP
.	.
Your	PRP$
team	NN
will	MD
leave	VB
with	IN
an	DT
implementation	NN
plan	NN
and	CC
list	NN
of	IN
resources	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
offer	VB
technical	JJ
assistance	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
school	NN
year	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
latest	JJS
survey	NN
results	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
behaviors	NNS
and	CC
needs	NNS
of	IN
students	NNS
.	.
All	DT
participant	NN
expenses	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
paid	VBN
;	:
lodging	VBG
,	,
meals	NNS
,	,
and	CC
travel	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
one	CD
vehicle	NN
per	IN
county	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
A	DT
stipend	NN
of	IN
$	$
125.00	CD
will	MD
be	VB
paid	VBN
to	TO
each	DT
participant	NN
.	.
Participants	NNS
will	MD
also	RB
have	VB
the	DT
option	NN
of	IN
enrolling	VBG
in	IN
3	CD
hours	NNS
of	IN
graduate	JJ
credit	NN
.	.
Too	RB
many	JJ
taxpayers	NNS
?	.
dollars	NNS
are	VBP
at	IN
stake	NN
to	TO
risk	VB
placing	VBG
them	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
hands	NNS
of	IN
school	NN
leaders	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
little	JJ
or	CC
no	DT
experience	NN
managing	VBG
budgets	NNS
totaling	VBG
tens	NNS
of	IN
thousands	NNS
,	,
hundreds	NNS
of	IN
thousands	NNS
or	CC
even	RB
millions	NNS
of	IN
dollars	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
three	CD
works	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
exhibition	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
selected	VBN
to	TO
represent	VB
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
annual	JJ
Congressional	NNP
Art	NNP
Competition	NNP
for	IN
High	NNP
School	NNP
Students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Congressional	JJ
Competition	NN
is	VBZ
sponsored	VBN
by	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
Congress	NNP
and	CC
culminates	VBZ
in	IN
a	DT
summer	NN
exhibition	NN
at	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
Capitol	NNP
Building	NNP
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Division	NNP
of	IN
Culture	NNP
and	CC
History	NN
,	,
an	DT
agency	NN
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Arts	NNS
,	,
brings	VBZ
together	RB
the	DT
state	NN
's	POS
past	NN
,	,
present	JJ
and	CC
future	JJ
through	IN
programs	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
archives	NNS
and	CC
history	NN
,	,
the	DT
arts	NNS
,	,
historic	JJ
preservation	NN
and	CC
museums	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Cultural	NNP
Center	NNP
is	VBZ
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
's	POS
official	JJ
showcase	NN
for	IN
the	DT
arts	NNS
.	.
Visit	VB
the	DT
Division	NNP
's	POS
website	NN
at	IN
http://www.wvculture.org	NN
for	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
about	IN
programs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Division	NNP
.	.
Scoring	NNP
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
right	JJ
answers	NNS
.	.
While	IN
random	JJ
marking	VBG
is	VBZ
not	RB
recommended	VBN
,	,
students	NNS
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
complete	VB
all	DT
questions	NNS
because	IN
any	DT
question	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
left	VBN
blank	NN
will	MD
be	VB
counted	VBN
wrong	JJ
.	.
Test	NNP
administration	NN
manuals	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
mailed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
county	NN
test	NN
coordinator	NN
in	IN
March	NNP
.	.
Test	NNP
administration	NN
manuals	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
sent	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
schools	NNS
no	DT
sooner	RBR
than	IN
one	CD
week	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
testing	NN
date	NN
and	CC
may	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
to	TO
teacher	NN
examiners	NNS
.	.
Answer	NN
sheets	NNS
and	CC
student	NN
test	NN
booklets	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
examiner	NN
on	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
test	NN
administration	NN
.	.
Principals	NNS
and	CC
teachers	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
reminded	VBN
to	TO
honor	VB
test	NN
security	NN
procedures	NNS
.	.
Teachers	NNPS
may	MD
discuss	VB
skills	NNS
or	CC
concept	NN
deficiencies	NNS
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
specific	JJ
test	NN
items	NNS
missed	VBD
.	.
Specific	JJ
questions	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
reread	VBN
to	TO
students	NNS
.	.
Teachers	NNPS
should	MD
not	RB
even	RB
have	VB
the	DT
Form	NN
T	NNP
test	NN
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
them	PRP
during	IN
the	DT
discussion	NN
time	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
not	RB
teach	VB
from	IN
the	DT
test	NN
.	.
The	DT
focus	NN
should	MD
be	VB
on	IN
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
knowledge	NN
or	CC
skills	NNS
indicated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
reports	NNS
.	.
Test	NN
security	NN
must	MD
be	VB
maintained	VBN
.	.
SAT-9	SYM
-	:
Form	NN
S	NNP
or	CC
Form	NN
T	NN
may	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
.	.
The	DT
counties	NNS
that	WDT
choose	VBP
Form	NN
S	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
request	VB
WVDE	NNP
to	TO
score	VB
them	PRP
.	.
Seniors	NNS
should	MD
only	RB
retest	VB
in	IN
the	DT
basic	JJ
skill	NN
area	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
meet	VB
the	DT
level	NN
of	IN
warranty	NN
proficiency	NN
they	PRP
wish	VBP
to	TO
achieve	VB
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
student	NN
had	VBD
a	DT
51st	JJ
percentile	NN
in	IN
mathematics	NNS
,	,
a	DT
48th	JJ
percentile	NN
in	IN
reading	NN
and	CC
a	DT
52nd	JJ
percentile	NN
in	IN
language	NN
,	,
a	DT
Basic	JJ
Warranty	NN
would	MD
require	VB
the	DT
student	NN
to	TO
retest	VB
only	RB
in	IN
reading	NN
and	CC
reach	VB
the	DT
50th	JJ
percentile	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
student	NN
wanted	VBD
a	DT
Proficient	NNP
Warranty	NNP
,	,
they	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
retest	VB
in	IN
all	DT
three	CD
tests	NNS
and	CC
achieve	VB
the	DT
70th	JJ
percentile	NN
.	.
If	IN
home-bound	JJ
students	NNS
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
Statewide	NNP
Assessment	NNP
Program	NNP
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
assessed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
school	NN
or	CC
alternate	JJ
test	NN
site	NN
.	.
Participating	VBG
home-bound	JJ
students	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
follow	VB
all	DT
statewide	JJ
testing	NN
guidelines	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
.	.
Home-bound	JJ
students	NNS
unable	JJ
to	TO
participate	VB
at	IN
the	DT
home	NN
school	NN
or	CC
alternate	JJ
test	NN
site	NN
are	VBP
not	RB
required	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
tested	VBN
.	.
CHOOSE	VB
to	TO
have	VB
their	PRP$
children	NNS
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
Statewide	NNP
Assessment	NNP
Program	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
reside	VBP
.	.
Home-school	JJ
students	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
assigned	VBN
a	DT
school	NN
or	CC
testing	NN
site	NN
to	TO
report	VB
for	IN
testing	NN
.	.
Participating	VBG
home-schooled	JJ
students	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
follow	VB
all	DT
statewide	JJ
testing	NN
guidelines	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
require	VB
teachers	NNS
to	TO
sign	VB
a	DT
test	NN
security	NN
agreement	NN
but	CC
does	VBZ
require	VB
the	DT
principal	NN
to	TO
review	VB
the	DT
Testing	NNP
Code	NNP
of	IN
Ethics	NNPS
and	CC
security	NN
procedures	NNS
with	IN
all	DT
teachers	NNS
.	.
County	NNP
regulations	NNS
may	MD
require	VB
teachers	NNS
to	TO
sign	VB
test	NN
security	NN
agreements	NNS
.	.
Assessment	NNP
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
assessments	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
wish	VBP
to	TO
participate	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
per	IN
memo	NN
of	IN
9/1/2001	CD
to	TO
all	DT
private	JJ
school	NN
principals	NNS
and	CC
Sister	NNP
Mary	NNP
Lou	NNP
Palas	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
Diocese	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Student	NNP
Services	NNPS
and	CC
Assessment	NNP
will	MD
send	VB
the	DT
materials	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
private	JJ
and	CC
parochial	JJ
schools	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
registered	VBN
with	IN
us	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
County	NNP
Test	NNP
Coordinator	NNP
with	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
school	NN
materials	NNS
.	.
Decisions	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
on	IN
an	DT
individual	JJ
basis	NN
documented	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
IEP	NNP
by	IN
the	DT
IEP	NNP
Team	NNP
and	CC
reviewed	VBN
annually	RB
at	IN
the	DT
IEP	NNP
review	NN
meeting	NN
.	.
Decisions	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
participation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
student	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
disabled	JJ
and	CC
has	VBZ
a	DT
Section	NN
504	CD
plan	NN
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
Section	NN
504	CD
Committee	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Stanford	NNP
Achievement	NNP
Test	NNP
was	VBD
normed	VBN
using	VBG
all	DT
special	JJ
education	NN
populations	NNS
who	WP
took	VBD
the	DT
test	NN
under	IN
standard	JJ
conditions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
special	JJ
education	NN
students	NNS
used	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
norming	JJ
sample	NN
did	VBD
NOT	NNP
include	VBP
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
moderately	RB
mentally	RB
impaired	VBN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
severe	JJ
and	CC
profound	JJ
,	,
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
students	NNS
whose	WP$
IEP	NNP
modification	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
prevented	VBD
them	PRP
from	IN
being	VBG
tested	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
prescribed	VBN
standardized	JJ
conditions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Alternate	NNP
Assessment	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
approach	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
gather	VB
performance	NN
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
progress	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
with	IN
severe	JJ
disabilities	NNS
who	WP
can	MD
not	RB
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
SAT-9	NNP
.	.
Each	DT
student	NN
will	MD
be	VB
assessed	VBN
on	IN
an	DT
individual	JJ
basis	NN
through	IN
performance	NN
demonstrations	NNS
in	IN
real	JJ
world	NN
situations	NNS
and	CC
settings	NNS
.	.
Data	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
collected	VBN
using	VBG
a	DT
skill	NN
and	CC
performance	NN
level	NN
inventory	NN
and	CC
work	NN
samples	NNS
referenced	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
Instructional	NNP
Goals	NNPS
and	CC
Objectives	NNPS
for	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Schools	NNP
.	.
All	DT
requests	NNS
for	IN
grades	NNS
3	CD
-11	CD
large	JJ
print	NN
or	CC
braille	NN
test	NN
booklets	NNS
should	MD
go	VB
through	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Student	NNP
Services	NNPS
and	CC
Assessment	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Student	NNP
Services	NNPS
and	CC
Assessment	NNP
will	MD
send	VB
the	DT
test	NN
coordinator	NN
all	DT
test	NN
booklets	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
requested	VBN
to	TO
date	NN
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
we	PRP
send	VBP
your	PRP$
other	JJ
testing	NN
materials	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
note	VB
the	DT
American	JJ
Printing	NNP
House	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Blind	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
provide	VB
the	DT
abbreviated	JJ
versions	NNS
of	IN
SAT-9	NNP
in	IN
large	JJ
print	NN
or	CC
braille	NN
for	IN
K	NNP
-	:
2	LS
.	.
Logistically	RB
,	,
the	DT
school	NN
determines	VBZ
how	WRB
staff	NN
will	MD
be	VB
assigned	VBN
to	TO
administer	VB
the	DT
test	NN
appropriately	RB
to	TO
all	DT
students	NNS
.	.
Other	JJ
staff	NN
may	MD
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
assigned	VBN
to	TO
administer	VB
the	DT
test	NN
to	TO
some	DT
special	JJ
education	NN
students	NNS
or	CC
a	DT
different	JJ
schedule	NN
may	MD
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
.	.
No	DT
,	,
the	DT
scores	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
go	VB
on	IN
the	DT
permanent	JJ
record	NN
.	.
There	EX
will	MD
be	VB
no	DT
labels	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
position	NN
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
that	IN
the	DT
results	NNS
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
instructional	JJ
and	CC
diagnostic	JJ
purposes	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
school	NN
level	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
and	CC
second	JJ
grade	NN
levels	NNS
,	,
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
breaks	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
sections	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
reading	NN
test	NN
.	.
For	IN
grades	NNS
one	CD
and	CC
two	CD
,	,
the	DT
reading	NN
tests	NNS
are	VBP
broken	VBN
into	IN
sections	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
sample	NN
before	IN
each	DT
section	NN
.	.
Breaks	NNS
could	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
at	IN
this	DT
time	NN
-	:
grades	NNS
one	CD
and	CC
two	CD
only	RB
.	.
Breaks	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
about	IN
fifteen	CD
minutes	NNS
.	.
Scholarships	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
for	IN
public	JJ
health	NN
and	CC
physical	JJ
education	NN
teachers	NNS
,	,
school	NN
nurses	NNS
and	CC
selected	VBN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
School	NNP
Food	NNP
Service	NNP
Association	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
school	NN
cooks	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Registration	NN
and	CC
information	NN
brochures	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
mailed	VBN
to	TO
schools	NNS
this	DT
month	NN
.	.
As	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
week-long	JJ
celebration	NN
known	VBN
as	IN
American	JJ
Education	NNP
Week	NN
,	,
communities	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
country	NN
recognize	VBP
their	PRP$
schools	NNS
and	CC
thank	VB
the	DT
people	NNS
who	WP
work	VBP
diligently	RB
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
students	NNS
receive	VBP
a	DT
quality	NN
education	NN
.	.
Violence	NN
,	,
in	IN
any	DT
form	NN
,	,
directed	VBD
at	IN
students	NNS
because	IN
of	IN
their	PRP$
physical	JJ
or	CC
cultural	JJ
characteristics	NNS
or	CC
beliefs	NNS
is	VBZ
intolerable	JJ
in	IN
our	PRP$
schools	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
an	DT
obligation	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
,	,
combat	NN
,	,
and	CC
heal	VB
the	DT
wounds	NNS
from	IN
hate	NN
and	CC
discrimination	NN
and	CC
provide	VB
safety	NN
for	IN
all	DT
students	NNS
through	IN
curriculum	NN
and	CC
instruction	NN
,	,
student	NN
support	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
activities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
direct	JJ
interventions	NNS
.	.
Educate	VB
the	DT
whole	JJ
student	NN
intellectually	RB
,	,
creatively	RB
,	,
artistically	RB
,	,
socially	RB
,	,
physically	RB
and	CC
emotionally	RB
;	:
help	VB
students	NNS
to	TO
recognize	VB
their	PRP$
full	JJ
potential	NN
and	CC
encourage	VB
students	NNS
to	TO
become	VB
successful	JJ
members	NNS
of	IN
society	NN
and	CC
lifelong	JJ
learners	NNS
.	.
Conduct	NNP
longitudinal	JJ
studies	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
include	VB
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
be	VB
limited	VBN
to	TO
,	,
decline	NN
in	IN
teen	JJ
parents	NNS
,	,
unemployment	NN
rates	NNS
,	,
decrease	NN
in	IN
dropout	NN
rate	NN
,	,
decrease	NN
in	IN
jail	NN
populations	NNS
,	,
college	NN
going	VBG
rates	NNS
,	,
%	NN
of	IN
positive	JJ
placements	NNS
in	IN
employment	NN
,	,
voter	NN
registration	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
literacy	NN
rate	NN
.	.
Tracking	NNP
system	NN
for	IN
graduates	NNS
to	TO
determine	VB
postsecondary	JJ
employment	NN
,	,
unemployment	NN
rate	NN
college	NN
attendance	NN
,	,
college	NN
completion	NN
,	,
including	VBG
surveys	NNS
of	IN
parents	NNS
,	,
employers	NNS
former	JJ
students	NNS
,	,
increase	NN
in	IN
the	DT
scores	NNS
on	IN
college	NN
entrance	NN
exams	NNS
.	.
Long-term	JJ
follow-up	JJ
of	IN
students	NNS
,	,
seek	VBP
opinions	NNS
from	IN
business	NN
and	CC
community	NN
,	,
percentage	NN
of	IN
employed	VBN
students	NNS
,	,
percentage	NN
of	IN
registered	VBN
to	TO
vote	VB
,	,
student	NN
satisfaction	NN
survey	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
former	JJ
students	NNS
,	,
percentage	NN
of	IN
incarcerated	JJ
,	,
educational	JJ
census	NN
form	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Student	NN
assessment	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
norm	NN
and	CC
criterion-referenced	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
National	NNP
Writing	VBG
Assessment	NNP
,	,
ACT	NNP
,	,
SAT	NNP
,	,
GRE	NNP
,	,
short-term	JJ
follow-up	JJ
with	IN
students	NNS
,	,
percentage	NN
of	IN
college	NN
attendance	NN
versus	CC
completion	NN
,	,
percentage	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
enrolled\/how	RB
well	RB
we	PRP
help	VBP
students	NNS
choose	VB
careers	NNS
,	,
percentage	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
enrolled\/completing	VBG
other	JJ
programs	NNS
,	,
employer	NN
feedback	NN
,	,
percentage	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
on	IN
public	JJ
assistance	NN
,	,
percentage	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
incarcerated	VBD
,	,
program	NN
assessment	NN
for	IN
individual	JJ
programs	NNS
.	.
Promote	VB
socialization	NN
skills	NNS
and	CC
collaboration	NN
through	IN
having	VBG
students	NNS
work	VBP
together	RB
in	IN
real	JJ
world	NN
and	CC
academic	JJ
projects	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
teach	VB
citizenship	NN
,	,
responsibility	NN
,	,
respect	NN
for	IN
diversity	NN
,	,
self	NN
discipline	NN
,	,
character	NN
education	NN
,	,
community	NN
living	NN
and	CC
life	NN
skills	NNS
.	.
Introduce	VB
students	NNS
to	TO
learning	VBG
systems	NNS
so	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
become	VB
lifelong	JJ
learners	NNS
.	.
These	DT
systems	NNS
are	VBP
different	JJ
for	IN
each	DT
individual	JJ
student	NN
and	CC
the	DT
school	NN
systems	NNS
should	MD
facilitate	VB
the	DT
students	NNS
individual	JJ
learning	VBG
styles	NNS
,	,
where	WRB
they	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
strength	NN
.	.
Lower	JJR
suspension	NN
rate	NN
,	,
lower	JJR
discipline	NN
referrals	NNS
,	,
teacher	NN
lesson	NN
plans	NNS
,	,
club	NN
membership	NN
,	,
documentation	NN
of	IN
peer	VB
mediation	NN
,	,
conflict	NN
resolution	NN
,	,
group	NN
project	NN
evaluation	NN
school	NN
level	NN
and	CC
beyond	IN
,	,
and	CC
community	NN
involvement	NN
.	.
Tracking	NNP
system	NN
by	IN
utilizing	VBG
the	DT
advances	NNS
in	IN
technology	NN
for	IN
individual	JJ
students	NNS
Pre-K	VBP
through	IN
postgrad	NN
.	.
Observation	NN
,	,
test	NN
scores	NNS
,	,
students	NNS
,	,
attendance	NN
,	,
participation	NN
in	IN
extra	JJ
curricular	JJ
activities	NNS
,	,
student	NN
achievement	NN
,	,
lower	JJR
crime	NN
rate	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
reduction	NN
in	IN
discipline	NN
referrals	NNS
.	.
Student	NN
testing	NN
,	,
evaluating	VBG
students	NNS
progression\/achievement	NN
,	,
%	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
receiving	VBG
scholarships	NNS
and	CC
attending	VBG
grad	NN
.	.
rate	NN
,	,
attendance	NN
rate	NN
,	,
existence	NN
and	CC
enrollment	NN
in	IN
pst	NN
secondary	JJ
programs	NNS
,	,
follow	VB
up	RP
study	NN
following	VBG
graduation	NN
,	,
evaluation	NN
implementation	NN
of	IN
standards	NNS
,	,
have	VBP
students	NNS
evaluate	VBP
themselves	PRP
via	IN
survey	NN
,	,
etc	FW
.	.
Number	NN
of	IN
programs\/courses	NNS
offered	VBN
for	IN
exceptional	JJ
abilities	NNS
,	,
percentage	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
participating	VBG
in	IN
Governors	NNP
School	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Arts	NNS
,	,
number	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
identified	VBN
for	IN
services	NNS
and	CC
have	VBP
individual	JJ
plans	NNS
,	,
number	NN
of	IN
charter\/magnet	NN
schools	NNS
to	TO
serve	VB
students	NNS
.	.
Utilizing	VBG
test	NN
scores	NNS
balanced	VBN
with	IN
other	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
evaluations	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
student	NN
class	NN
performance	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
teacher	NN
prepared	JJ
tests	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
similar	JJ
classroom	NN
evaluations	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
extra-curricular	JJ
activities	NNS
and	CC
student	NN
involvement	NN
.	.
Decrease	NN
number	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
in	IN
college	NN
remedial	JJ
courses	NNS
,	,
employer	NN
satisfaction	NN
in	IN
grads.	NN
,	,
increase	NN
college	NN
completion	NN
rate	NN
,	,
increase	NN
ACT\/SAT	NNP
scores	NNS
,	,
students	NNS
participate	VB
encourage	VB
,	,
extra-curricular	JJ
and	CC
civic	JJ
community	NN
work	NN
based	VBN
activities	NNS
.	.
Effective	JJ
schools	NNS
have	VBP
an	DT
increased	JJ
rate	NN
of	IN
parents	NNS
,	,
employers	NNS
,	,
students	NNS
,	,
school	NN
staff	NN
and	CC
community	NN
members	NNS
who	WP
report	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
school	NN
is	VBZ
safe	JJ
and	CC
is	VBZ
meeting	VBG
the	DT
educational	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
community	NN
.	.
Percentage	NN
of	IN
graduates	NNS
participating	VBG
in	IN
volunteer	NN
activities	NNS
;	:
percentage	NN
of	IN
graduates	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
gainfully	RB
employed	VBN
,	,
participating	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
military	JJ
or	CC
enrolled	VBN
in	IN
postsecondary	JJ
educational	JJ
programs	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
percentage	NN
of	IN
graduates	NNS
registering	VBG
to	TO
vote	VB
and	CC
for	IN
selective	JJ
service	NN
.	.
Provide	VB
the	DT
whole	JJ
child	NN
with	IN
a	DT
well-rounded	JJ
education	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
basic	JJ
skills	NNS
,	,
workplace	NN
readiness	NN
skills	NNS
,	,
social	JJ
skills	NNS
,	,
life	NN
skills	NNS
and	CC
critical	JJ
thinking	NN
skills	NNS
to	TO
enable	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
successful	JJ
life	NN
long	RB
learners	NNS
.	.
Prepare	VB
children	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
next	JJ
challenge	NN
by	IN
teaching	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
think	VB
critically	RB
and	CC
become	VB
lifelong	JJ
learners	NNS
ES	SYM
-	:
reading	NN
,	,
math	NN
,	,
writing	VBG
,	,
technology	NN
MS	NNP
-	:
basic	JJ
academics	NNS
social	JJ
skills	NNS
,	,
transitions	NNS
HS	SYM
-	:
basic	JJ
skills	NNS
and	CC
career	NN
exploration	NN
,	,
clusters	NNS
and	CC
majors	NNS
.	.
Follow-up	JJ
surveys	NNS
of	IN
employment	NN
,	,
college	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
;	:
decrease	NN
welfare	NN
rolls	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
public	JJ
assistance	NN
programs	NNS
;	:
college-going	VBG
rate	NN
and	CC
completion	NN
rate	NN
;	:
employment	NN
rate	NN
;	:
business	NN
satisfaction	NN
regarding	VBG
employees	NNS
.	.
Enrollment	NN
in	IN
alternative	JJ
education	NN
;	:
GED	NNP
,	,
dropout	NN
re-entry	NN
;	:
participation	NN
with	IN
social	JJ
service	NN
agencies	NNS
;	:
ability	NN
to	TO
be	VB
awarded	VBN
grant	NN
dollars	NNS
;	:
number	NN
of	IN
parent	NN
tutors	NNS
;	:
enrollment	NN
in	IN
after-school	JJ
programs	NNS
;	:
summer	NN
youth	NN
program	NN
participation	NN
.	.
Standardized	JJ
and\/or	CC
proficiency	NN
exams	NNS
;	:
report	NN
cards\/grades	NNS
;	:
progress	NN
reports	NNS
;	:
parent-teacher	JJ
conferences	NNS
;	:
students	NNS
'	POS
ability	NN
to	TO
successfully	RB
proceed	VB
through	IN
sequential	JJ
courses	NNS
;	:
post-graduate	JJ
follow-up	JJ
surveys	NNS
of	IN
students	NNS
.	.
Number	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
going	VBG
on	IN
to	TO
postsecondary	JJ
education	NN
;	:
number	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
successfully	RB
completing	VBG
1st	CD
year	NN
of	IN
college	NN
;	:
community	NN
service	NN
;	:
number	NN
of	IN
participants	NNS
in	IN
continuing	VBG
education	NN
courses	NNS
;	:
survey	NN
of	IN
community	NN
.	.
Parent	NNP
involvement	NN
LSICs	NNP
spot	NN
checks	NNS
in	IN
halls	NNS
satisfaction	NN
surveys	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
parents	NNS
,	,
students	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
have	VBP
structure	NN
in	IN
place	NN
to	TO
measure	VB
,	,
lockdown	JJ
procedures	NNS
and	CC
practice	NN
,	,
policies	NNS
in	IN
place	NN
and	CC
evaluated	VBD
,	,
ER	NNP
procedures	NNS
partnerships	NNS
with	IN
community	NN
number	NN
of	IN
volunteers	NNS
number	NN
of	IN
suspensions	NNS
,	,
expulsions	NNS
.	.
Use	NNP
accountability	NN
measures	VBZ
to	TO
produce	VB
higher	JJR
graduation	NN
rates	NNS
,	,
employable	JJ
graduates	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
continue	VB
their	PRP$
education	NN
,	,
high	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
community	NN
involvement	NN
,	,
and	CC
which	WDT
graduates	NNS
produce	VBP
children	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
more	RBR
prepared	JJ
for	IN
school	NN
as	IN
evidenced	VBN
by	IN
positive	JJ
employer	NN
feedback	NN
,	,
increased	VBD
business	NN
and	CC
employment	NN
opportunities	NNS
in	IN
communities	NNS
with	IN
lower	JJR
crime	NN
rates	NNS
.	.
Internal	NNP
and	CC
external	JJ
positioning	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
system	NN
,	,
reward	NN
quality	NN
performance	NN
fundamental	JJ
changes	NNS
to	TO
school	NN
personnel	NNS
law	NN
,	,
including	VBG
reduction	NN
of	IN
teacher	NN
pupil	NN
ratio	NN
,	,
and	CC
adequate	JJ
funding	NN
for	IN
education	NN
and	CC
performance	NN
incentives	NNS
.	.
Students	NNS
,	,
teachers	NNS
,	,
parents	NNS
an	DT
counselors	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
better	JJR
informed	VBN
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
opportunities	NNS
that	WDT
exist	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
workplace	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
postsecondary	JJ
education	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Including	VBG
technical	JJ
and	CC
adult	JJ
education	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
college	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Increase	VB
efforts	NNS
in	IN
teaching	NN
responsibility	NN
and	CC
requiring	VBG
students	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
higher	JJR
standards	NNS
in	IN
classrooms	NNS
to	TO
prepare	VB
them	PRP
for	IN
standards	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
workforce	NN
ie.	FW
,	,
on	IN
time	NN
,	,
work	NN
completed	VBN
,	,
appropriate	JJ
dress	NN
,	,
required	VBN
attendance	NN
,	,
discipline	NN
and	CC
hold	VB
to	TO
consequences	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
teaching	NN
,	,
tell	VBP
students	NNS
the	DT
``	``
why	WRB
''	''
of	IN
what	WP
they	PRP
are	VBP
learning	VBG
;	:
strengthen	VB
role-playing	NN
and	CC
simulated	JJ
decision-making	NN
scenarios	NNS
;	:
lengthen	VB
school	NN
day	NN
or	CC
school	NN
year	NN
;	:
provide	VB
extra	JJ
training	NN
for	IN
teachers	NNS
in	IN
what	WP
teaching	NN
is	VBZ
really	RB
about	RB
;	:
provide	VB
paid	VBN
release	NN
time	NN
for	IN
teachers	NNS
to	TO
attend	VB
professional	JJ
development	NN
;	:
return	NN
autonomy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
classrooms	NNS
to	TO
teachers	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
responsible	JJ
behavior	NN
and	CC
critical	JJ
thinking	NN
in	IN
students	NNS
.	.
Number	NN
of	IN
college	NN
teacher	NN
education	NN
programs	NNS
;	:
number	NN
of	IN
quality	NN
professional	JJ
development	NN
opportunities	NNS
;	:
success	NN
rate	NN
on	IN
Praxis	NNP
;	:
review	NN
data	NNS
for	IN
clusters\/majors	NNS
;	:
out	RP
-	:
of-field	JJ
certificates	NNS
;	:
unfilled	JJ
teacher	NN
vacancies	NNS
;	:
state	NN
ranking	NN
of	IN
teacher	NN
salaries	NNS
.	.
Follow	VB
up	RP
studies	NNS
which	WDT
include	VBP
student	NN
follow	VB
up	RP
studies	NNS
,	,
community	NN
health	NN
assessments	NNS
,	,
and	CC
participation	NN
assessment	NN
that	WDT
shows	VBZ
how	WRB
education	NN
has	VBZ
affected	VBN
society	NN
,	,
ie.	FW
,	,
voting	NN
,	,
parent	NN
involvement	NN
,	,
job	NN
performance	NN
,	,
and	CC
community	NN
involvement	NN
.	.
Attract	VB
quality	NN
teachers	NNS
by	IN
increasing	VBG
entry	NN
level	NN
pay	NN
and	CC
continue	VB
to	TO
provide	VB
pay	NN
increases	NNS
throughout	IN
work	NN
career	NN
levels	NNS
of	IN
pay	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
masters	NNS
in	IN
teachers	NNS
.	.
Also	RB
pay	NN
for	IN
National	NNP
Teacher	NN
Certification	NN
.	.
Increase	VB
salaries	NNS
for	IN
education	NN
personnel	NNS
;	:
scholarship	NN
program	NN
for	IN
prospective	JJ
teachers	NNS
;	:
revise	VB
educator	NN
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
;	:
economic	JJ
and	CC
professional	JJ
incentives	NNS
for	IN
educators	NNS
to	TO
further	VB
their	PRP$
education	NN
;	:
lengthen	VB
employment	NN
term	NN
;	:
workplace	NN
experience	NN
for	IN
teachers	NNS
.	.
Public	NNP
education	NN
and	CC
higher	JJR
education	NN
need	NN
to	TO
communicate	VB
to	TO
establish	VB
a	DT
coordinated	VBN
curriculum	NN
which	WDT
adequately	RB
prepares	VBZ
students	NNS
for	IN
living	VBG
and	CC
working	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
dynamically	RB
changing	VBG
economy	NN
in	IN
a	DT
worldwide	NN
marketplace	NN
.	.
Children	NNS
should	MD
receive	VB
a	DT
well-rounded	JJ
education	NN
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
but	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
basic	JJ
skills	NNS
,	,
life	NN
skills	NNS
,	,
fundamentals	NNS
in	IN
humanities	NNS
,	,
mathematics	NNS
,	,
sciences	NNS
,	,
language	NN
,	,
problem	NN
solving	VBG
,	,
and	CC
critical	JJ
thinking	NN
skills	NNS
.	.
Real	JJ
site-based	JJ
management	NN
run	VBN
by	IN
teachers	NNS
,	,
parents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
community	NN
.	.
Lower	JJR
class	NN
size	NN
,	,
fully	RB
equipped	VBN
labs	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
kinds	NNS
,	,
competitive	JJ
recruiting	NN
and	CC
retention	NN
of	IN
teachers	NNS
,	,
strong	JJ
evaluation	NN
and	CC
termination	NN
of	IN
poor	JJ
teachers	NNS
.	.
More	JJR
support	NN
for	IN
public	JJ
education	NN
.	.
Improve	VB
student	NN
discipline	NN
,	,
decision-making	JJ
power	NN
at	IN
local	JJ
level	NN
with	IN
teacher	NN
and	CC
principals	NNS
,	,
more	JJR
authority	NN
for	IN
teachers	NNS
.	.
Smaller	JJR
schools	NNS
with	IN
smaller	JJR
population	NN
or	CC
method	NN
for	IN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
large	JJ
populations	NNS
.	.
Provide	VB
meaningful	JJ
professional	JJ
development	NN
so	IN
that	IN
all	DT
teachers	NNS
can	MD
integrate	VB
diversity	NN
education	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
particular	JJ
.	.
Diversity	NN
education	NN
throughout	IN
curriculum	NN
areas	NNS
.	.
Provide	VB
more	JJR
resources	NNS
funding	NN
,	,
curriculum	NN
,	,
resources	NNS
.	.
Table	NNP
7	CD
:	:
Prepare	VB
students	NNS
for	IN
active	JJ
and	CC
productive	JJ
lives	NNS
boths	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
work	NN
place	NN
and	CC
at	IN
home	NN
which	WDT
includes	VBZ
the	DT
basic	JJ
ideas	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
successful	JJ
adults	NNS
and	CC
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
compete	VB
in	IN
a	DT
global	JJ
job	NN
market	NN
economy	NN
.	.
Parent	NNP
participation	NN
in	IN
school	NN
activities	NNS
,	,
PTA	NNP
,	,
school	NN
volunteers	NNS
and	CC
business	NN
partners	NNS
job	NN
shadowing	VBG
,	,
coop	NN
participation	NN
.	.
Post	NNP
graduation	NN
follow	VB
up	RB
,	,
selected	VBN
rubrics	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
arts	NNS
,	,
community	NN
service	NN
involvement	NN
,	,
reduction	NN
in	IN
incarcerated	JJ
youth	NN
,	,
number	NN
of	IN
successful	JJ
arts	NNS
programs	NNS
,	,
number	NN
of	IN
contest	NN
winners	NNS
,	,
number	NN
of	IN
arts	NNS
programs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
measurement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
participation	NN
.	.
Regarding	VBG
the	DT
productive	JJ
citizens	NNS
and	CC
life	NN
long	RB
learning	VBG
aspects	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
number	NN
one	CD
purpose	NN
,	,
we	PRP
should	MD
examine	VB
survey	NN
alumni	NNS
graduates	VBZ
to	TO
determine	VB
their	PRP$
level	NN
of	IN
community	NN
service	NN
and	CC
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
they	PRP
are	VBP
registered	VBN
voters	NNS
and	CC
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
they	PRP
have	VBP
gone	VBN
on	IN
to	TO
higher	JJR
education	NN
or	CC
the	DT
workplace	NN
.	.
Vote	NN
,	,
volunteerism	NN
increases	NNS
,	,
reduction	NN
in	IN
road	NN
rage	NN
,	,
and	CC
litering	VBG
attendance	NN
at	IN
local	JJ
government	NN
meetings	NNS
willing	JJ
to	TO
serve	VB
on	IN
local	JJ
government	NN
associations	NNS
,	,
violent	JJ
crime	NN
rate	NN
decreases	VBZ
,	,
membership	NN
in	IN
civic	JJ
groups	NNS
and	CC
volunteer	NN
organizations	NNS
,	,
job	NN
turnover	NN
rates	NNS
declined	VBD
,	,
work	NN
force	NN
more	RBR
competitive	JJ
internationally	RB
and	CC
decrease	NN
in	IN
illiterarcy	NN
rate	NN
.	.
Postsecondary	JJ
success	NN
,	,
employer	NN
satisfaction	NN
,	,
employment	NN
rates	NNS
,	,
graduate	NN
surveys	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
age	NN
20-25	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
reports	VBZ
from	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
,	,
equitable	JJ
educational	JJ
opportunities	NNS
,	,
assessment	NN
of	IN
all	DT
available	JJ
resources	NNS
and	CC
inputs	NNS
,	,
performance	NN
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
indicators	NNS
across	IN
student	NN
groups	NNS
.	.
Identify	VB
ways	NNS
that	WDT
define	VBP
student	NN
ability	NN
,	,
identify	VB
ways	NNS
that	WDT
define	VBP
student	NN
ability	NN
,	,
share	NN
teaching	NN
styles	NNS
,	,
use	NN
cross	NN
curriculum	NN
teaching	NN
,	,
and	CC
change	VB
textbooks	NNS
curriculum	NN
and	CC
allow	VB
more	JJR
involvement	NN
by	IN
local	JJ
community	NN
in	IN
selection	NN
process	NN
.	.
Cross	NNP
curriculum	NN
teaching	NN
,	,
less	JJR
multiple	JJ
choice	NN
tests	NNS
,	,
use	VBP
real	JJ
world	NN
situations	NNS
in	IN
assessments	NNS
,	,
allow	VBP
more	JJR
time	NN
for	IN
teachers	NNS
to	TO
plan	VB
,	,
develop	VB
,	,
grade	NN
assessments	NNS
.	.
Promote	VB
school	NN
in	IN
positive	JJ
light	NN
,	,
make	VBP
schools	NNS
parent	NN
friendly	JJ
,	,
have	VBP
more	JJR
community	NN
appreciation	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
for\/by	JJ
parents	NNS
teachers	NNS
held	VBN
in	IN
neutral	JJ
locations	NNS
e.g.	FW
,	,
church	NN
,	,
library	NN
.	.
Continue	VB
early	JJ
intervention	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
reading	NN
standards	NNS
,	,
for	IN
local	JJ
state	NN
and	CC
national	JJ
levels	NNS
more	RBR
intervention	NN
programs	NNS
to	TO
earlier	JJR
grades	NNS
.	.
Extended	JJ
school	NN
with	IN
increased	VBN
flexibility	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
kids	NNS
needs	NNS
.	.
Require	VB
all	DT
educators	NNS
to	TO
attend	VB
staff	NN
development	NN
on	IN
effectively	RB
working	VBG
with	IN
special	JJ
needs	NNS
students	NNS
and	CC
then	RB
implement	VB
what	WP
they	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
.	.
Require	VB
educators	NNS
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
work-based	JJ
learning	NN
experience	NN
outside	IN
the	DT
education	NN
field	NN
.	.
Provide	VB
adequate	JJ
staffing	NN
through	IN
a	DT
change	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
aid	NN
formula	NN
make	VBP
salary\/benefit	NN
package	NN
more	RBR
lucrative	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
rather	RB
than	IN
lowering	VBG
standards	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
allow	VB
for	IN
salary	NN
differentials	NNS
,	,
eliminate	VB
non-academic	JJ
interruptions	NNS
,	,
increase	NN
time	NN
on	IN
task	NN
especially	RB
in	IN
elementary	JJ
education	NN
,	,
and	CC
reduce	VB
class	NN
size	NN
.	.
Review	NNP
and	CC
revise	VB
graduation	NN
requirements	NNS
,	,
place	VBP
more	JJR
emphasis	NN
on	IN
citizenship	NN
courses	NNS
,	,
K-2	NN
stress	NN
basics	NNS
,	,
more	RBR
alternative	JJ
education	NN
,	,
balanced	JJ
curriculum	NN
,	,
develop	VB
funding	VBG
formula	NN
that	WDT
are	VBP
market	NN
driven	VBN
,	,
ie.	FW
,	,
pay	VB
teachers	NNS
more	RBR
,	,
where	WRB
there	EX
are	VBP
greater	JJR
needs	NNS
.	.
Promote	VB
smaller	JJR
high	JJ
schools	NNS
,	,
and	CC
support	NN
other	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
ie	FW
home	NN
schooling	NN
,	,
private	JJ
,	,
virtual	JJ
schools	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
funding	VBG
formula	NN
changes	NNS
that	WDT
result	VBP
in	IN
equal	JJ
educational	JJ
opportunities	NNS
,	,
greater	JJR
emphasis	NN
on	IN
happy	JJ
lifestyles	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
focus	NN
on	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
students	NNS
.	.
All	DT
students	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
prepared	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
respectful	JJ
,	,
responsible	JJ
and	CC
productive	JJ
citizens	NNS
with	IN
academic	JJ
preparedness	NN
informed	VBN
critical	JJ
thinkers	NNS
,	,
appreciation	NN
of	IN
cultural	JJ
endeavors	NNS
,	,
and	CC
focus	VB
on	IN
protecting	VBG
and	CC
conserving	VBG
the	DT
environment	NN
.	.
Thorough	JJ
high	JJ
quality	NN
education	NN
:	:
achievement	NN
testing	NN
with	IN
exceptions	NNS
,	,
retention	NN
rates	NNS
,	,
variety	NN
of	IN
assessment	NN
portfolio	NN
,	,
statewide	JJ
mastery	NN
,	,
align	VB
assessment	NN
with	IN
curriculum	NN
,	,
measure	NN
value	NN
added	VBD
growth	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
.	.
Increase	VB
initial	JJ
college	NN
going	VBG
rate	NN
,	,
increase	NN
enrollments	NNS
in	IN
post-secondary	JJ
education	NN
,	,
analyze	VBP
student	NN
follow	VB
up	RP
students	NNS
,	,
provide	VB
and	CC
participate	VB
in	IN
learning	NN
and	CC
opportunities	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
community	NN
,	,
and	CC
track	NN
non	NN
traditional	JJ
students	NNS
returning	VBG
to	TO
participate	VB
educational	JJ
opportunities	NNS
.	.
Curriculum	NN
aligned	VBN
to	TO
promote	VB
critical	JJ
thinking	NN
assessments	NNS
that	WDT
measure	VBP
critical	JJ
thinking	NN
,	,
personnel	NNS
evaluations	NNS
include	VBP
critical	JJ
thinking	NN
measures	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
make	VB
connections	NNS
to	TO
life	NN
situations	NNS
.	.
Equal	NNP
financial	JJ
resources	NNS
for	IN
districts	NNS
,	,
opportunities	NNS
obtainable	JJ
for	IN
student	NN
diversity	NN
handicapped	JJ
accessibility	NN
,	,
maximize	VB
access	NN
to	TO
vigorous	JJ
programming	NN
for	IN
all	DT
students	NNS
and	CC
appropriate	JJ
staff	NN
for	IN
program	NN
delivery	NN
.	.
Educate	VB
whole	JJ
child	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
3Rs	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
life	NN
skills	NNS
:	:
civic	JJ
index	NN
survey	NN
self-assess	JJ
community	NN
civic	JJ
life	NN
,	,
grade	NN
level	NN
testing	NN
,	,
assess	VBP
student	NN
governance	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
find	VB
way	NN
to	TO
do	VB
this	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
student	NN
outcomes	NNS
attendance	NN
rate	NN
,	,
graduation	NN
rate	NN
,	,
dropout	NN
rate	NN
,	,
follow-up	JJ
studies	NNS
,	,
post	NN
high	JJ
school	NN
activities	NNS
,	,
juvenile	JJ
crime	NN
rate	NN
,	,
and	CC
discipline	NN
data	NNS
from	IN
WVEIS	NNP
.	.
Broaden	VB
education	NN
,	,
self-assess	JJ
curriculum	NN
,	,
connections	NNS
with	IN
community	NN
-	:
community	NN
business	NN
surveys	NNS
student	NN
surveys	NNS
#	#
of	IN
community	NN
youth	NN
programs	NNS
the	DT
school	NN
uses	VBZ
or	CC
partners	NNS
with	IN
after	IN
school	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Increased	VBN
graduation	NN
rate	NN
,	,
fewer	JJR
suspensions	NNS
discipline	NN
referrals	NNS
,	,
lowered	VBD
crime	NN
rate	NN
,	,
increased	VBD
attendance	NN
,	,
increased	VBD
post	NN
secondary	JJ
going	VBG
rates	NNS
and	CC
number	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
employed	VBN
in	IN
field	NN
and	CC
trained	VBN
,	,
health	NN
needs	NNS
are	VBP
met	VBN
teen	JJ
pregnancy	NN
,	,
Presidents	NNP
physical	JJ
fitness	NN
,	,
overall	JJ
wellness	JJ
well-child	JJ
care	NN
,	,
more	JJR
students	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
community	NN
,	,
student	NN
mastery	NN
of	IN
IGOs	NNS
.	.
Adequately	RB
resources	NNS
provided	VBN
,	,
student	NN
take	VB
more	JJR
advanced	JJ
,	,
upper-level	JJ
,	,
AP	NNP
,	,
college	NN
courses	NNS
,	,
increase	NN
in	IN
entrepreneurs	NNS
an	DT
d	SYM
students	NNS
receiving	VBG
industry	NN
credentials	NNS
,	,
positive	JJ
feedback	NN
on	IN
parent	NN
and	CC
employer	NN
student	NN
surveys	NNS
.	.
Alternative	NNP
assessments	NNS
used	VBD
throughout	IN
K-12	NN
to	TO
measure	VB
individual	JJ
student	NN
success	NN
,	,
performance	NN
based	VBN
assessments	NNS
Increase	VBP
in	IN
number	NN
of	IN
hours	NNS
of	IN
staff	NN
development	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
both	DT
content	JJ
specific	NN
and	CC
builds	VBZ
connections	NNS
between\/among	VBG
all	DT
levels	NNS
and	CC
all	DT
staff	NN
.	.
Teachers	NNPS
use	VBP
research-based	JJ
practices	NNS
in	IN
classroom	NN
.	.
Test	NN
scores	NNS
improve	VBP
.	.
Thorough	JJ
high	JJ
quality	NN
education	NN
,	,
intensified	VBN
phonics	NNS
,	,
more	JJR
teachers	NNS
service	NN
personnel	NNS
,	,
reevaluate	VBP
promotion	NN
process	NN
,	,
eliminate	VB
tenure	NN
,	,
link	NN
K-12	NN
and	CC
high	JJ
education	NN
curriculum	NN
standards	NNS
,	,
provide	VBP
proper	JJ
funding	NN
back	RB
teachers	NNS
to	TO
have	VB
more	JJR
planning	NN
time	NN
,	,
make	VBP
teaching	NN
fun	NN
again	RB
,	,
and	CC
funding	NN
for	IN
outside	JJ
activities	NNS
.	.
Fund	NNP
facilities	NNS
and	CC
teacher	NN
salaries	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
serious	JJ
level	NN
take	VBP
caps	NNS
off	IN
ne	NN
enrollment	NN
and	CC
reexamine	VB
state	NN
funding	NN
formulas	NNS
and	CC
policies	NNS
.	.
Funding	NNP
for	IN
arts	NNS
and	CC
humanities	NNS
mandates	NNS
and	CC
funding	NN
for	IN
art	NN
teachers	NNS
,	,
librarians	NNS
.	.
Flexible	JJ
avenues	NNS
to	TO
certification	NN
reevaluate	VBP
the	DT
certification	NN
system	NN
.	.
Need	VBN
to	TO
build	VB
the	DT
capacity	NN
of	IN
educators	NNS
to	TO
serve	VB
the	DT
new	JJ
child	NN
diverse	JJ
learners	NNS
in	IN
dysfunctional	JJ
families	NNS
in	IN
changed	VBN
and	CC
changing	VBG
communities	NNS
.	.
Increase	VB
teacher	NN
quality	NN
across	IN
the	DT
state	NN
through	IN
staff	NN
development	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
research	NN
,	,
intensive	JJ
,	,
on-going	JJ
and	CC
monitored	VBD
.	.
Full	JJ
time	NN
counselors	NNS
in	IN
all	DT
schools	NNS
at	IN
all	DT
levels	NNS
plus	CC
provisional	JJ
of	IN
social	JJ
services	NNS
as	IN
needed	VBN
.	.
Change	NNP
assessment	NN
from	IN
norm	NN
referenced	VBN
to	TO
criterion	NN
referenced	VBD
.	.
Teacher	NN
contracts	NNS
to	TO
include	VB
more	JJR
time	NN
for	IN
staff	NN
development	NN
.	.
Increase	VB
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
school	NN
readiness	NN
programs	NNS
and	CC
after	IN
school	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Increase	VB
salary	NN
,	,
benefits	NNS
,	,
and	CC
create	VB
a	DT
career	NN
ladder	NN
for	IN
educators	NNS
,	,
change	VB
the	DT
funding	NN
formula	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
unique	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
county	NN
systems	NNS
,	,
decrease	VBP
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
paper	NN
work	NN
required	VBN
of	IN
educators	NNS
,	,
and	CC
increase	VB
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
support	NN
personnel	NNS
,	,
Increase	VB
collaboration	NN
among	IN
community	NN
service	NN
agencies	NNS
to	TO
increase	VB
school	NN
resources	NNS
.	.
Increase	VB
local	JJ
control	NN
as	IN
opposed	VBN
to	TO
state	NN
mandates	NNS
,	,
increase	NN
individual	JJ
control	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
district	NN
increase	NN
partnerships	NNS
with	IN
community	NN
resources	NNS
,	,
eliminate	VB
unfunded	JJ
mandates	NNS
,	,
reduce	VB
time	NN
students	NNS
spend	VBP
on	IN
buses	NNS
.	.
Get	VB
rid	JJ
of	IN
funding	VBG
structure	NN
by	IN
equalizing	VBG
corporate	JJ
land	NN
taxation	NN
by	IN
that	DT
of	IN
private	JJ
citizens	NNS
,	,
counselors	NNS
and	CC
nurses	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
counted	VBN
as	IN
teachers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
formula	NN
,	,
increase	VB
parental	JJ
decision	NN
making	VBG
at	IN
the	DT
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
levels	NNS
,	,
increase	NN
instruction	NN
time	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
,	,
and	CC
provide	VB
all	DT
students	NNS
with	IN
opportunities	NNS
to	TO
engage	VB
in	IN
challenging	JJ
curriculum	NN
.	.
Require	VB
librarians	NNS
and	CC
art	NN
teachers	NNS
in	IN
all	DT
schools	NNS
and	CC
change	VB
the	DT
funding	NN
formula	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
for	IN
this	DT
,	,
lower	JJR
student\/teacher	NN
ratio	NN
,	,
decrease	NN
paper	NN
work	NN
and	CC
reports	NNS
,	,
change	NN
personnel	NNS
laws	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
rid	JJ
of	IN
ineffective	JJ
personnel	NNS
,	,
and	CC
add	VB
to	TO
what	WP
we	PRP
evaluate	VBP
for	IN
teachers	NNS
.	.
Change	NNP
the	DT
funding	VBG
formula	NN
,	,
staff	NN
development	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
teaches	VBZ
with	IN
variety	NN
of	IN
teaching	NN
strategies	NNS
,	,
challenge	NN
more	RBR
advanced	JJ
students	NNS
,	,
and	CC
stop	VB
promoting	VBG
non	JJ
readers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
improve	VB
and	CC
increase	VB
support	NN
services	NNS
.	.
Obviously	RB
,	,
the	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
resources	NNS
alone	RB
is	VBZ
not	RB
an	DT
adequate	JJ
measure	NN
of	IN
whether	IN
a	DT
thorough	JJ
and	CC
efficient	JJ
system	NN
of	IN
education	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
provided	VBN
to	TO
students	NNS
,	,
said	VBD
Superintendent	NNP
Stewart	NNP
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
is	VBZ
convinced	VBN
that	IN
student	NN
achievement	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
only	JJ
accurate	JJ
measurement	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
well	RB
a	DT
system	NN
is	VBZ
meeting	VBG
its	PRP$
responsibility	NN
.	.
``	``
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
has	VBZ
many	JJ
outstanding	JJ
schools	NNS
,	,
''	''
Smedley	NNP
explained	VBD
.	.
``	``
These	DT
schools	NNS
were	VBD
selected	VBN
because	IN
they	PRP
exhibit	VBP
the	DT
attributes	NNS
found	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
's	POS
best	JJS
schools	NNS
.	.
Following	VBG
a	DT
thorough	JJ
review	NN
of	IN
applications	NNS
and	CC
intensive	JJ
on-site	JJ
reviews	NNS
,	,
committee	NN
members	NNS
selected	VBN
21	CD
schools	NNS
for	IN
these	DT
prestigious	JJ
honors	NNS
.	.
''	''
``	``
Education	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
partnership	NN
involving	VBG
students	NNS
,	,
parents	NNS
,	,
educators	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
community	NN
,	,
''	''
Nicholson	NNP
said	VBD
.	.
``	``
By	IN
working	VBG
together	RB
,	,
we	PRP
can	MD
provide	VB
all	DT
students	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
solid	JJ
foundation	NN
of	IN
learning	VBG
and	CC
achievement	NN
.	.
''	''
Educators	NNP
in	IN
year-round	JJ
schools	NNS
utilize	VBP
these	DT
breaks	NNS
,	,
called	VBN
intersessions	NNS
,	,
to	TO
help	VB
students	NNS
needing	VBG
additional	JJ
assistance	NN
catch	VB
up	RP
with	IN
their	PRP$
classmates	NNS
.	.
Instead	RB
of	IN
having	VBG
to	TO
wait	VB
until	IN
summer	NN
school	NN
to	TO
learn	VB
material	NN
they	PRP
've	VBP
missed	VBN
,	,
students	NNS
who	WP
fall	VBP
behind	IN
in	IN
year-round	JJ
schools	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
helped	VBN
during	IN
intersessions	NNS
scheduled	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
year	NN
.	.
Bring	VB
a	DT
passion	NN
for	IN
education	NN
and	CC
education	NN
reform	NN
and	CC
a	DT
record	NN
of	IN
measurable	JJ
accomplishments	NNS
in	IN
previous	JJ
organizations	NNS
or	CC
systems	NNS
.	.
S\/he	NN
shall	MD
have	VB
a	DT
personal	JJ
appreciation	NN
for	IN
excellent	JJ
teaching	NN
and	CC
a	DT
proven	JJ
track	NN
record	NN
for	IN
inspiring	JJ
such	JJ
teaching	NN
.	.
The	DT
Responsible	JJ
Students	NNS
program	NN
,	,
teaches	VBZ
responsible	JJ
behavior	NN
by	IN
clearly	RB
identifying	VBG
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
standards	NNS
,	,
expectations	NNS
and	CC
rewards	NNS
for	IN
positive	JJ
behavior	NN
and	CC
class	NN
preparedness	NN
.	.
It	PRP
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
non-threatening	JJ
atmosphere	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
teachers	NNS
can	MD
teach	VB
and	CC
students	NNS
can	MD
learn	VB
.	.
By	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
1997-98	CD
school	NN
year	NN
,	,
more	JJR
than	IN
47	CD
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
schools	NNS
were	VBD
validated	VBN
as	IN
demonstration	NN
sites	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
Responsible	JJ
Students	NNS
program	NN
.	.
In	IN
1998	CD
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Marockie	NNP
directed	VBD
a	DT
team	NN
of	IN
education	NN
professionals	NNS
to	TO
evaluate	VB
additional	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
's	POS
schools	NNS
safer	JJR
.	.
The	DT
team	NN
developed	VBD
seven	CD
recommendations	NNS
that	WDT
address	VBP
safe	JJ
security	NN
measures	NNS
for	IN
buildings	NNS
and	CC
grounds	NNS
and	CC
address	VB
the	DT
climate	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
Dr.	NNP
Henry	NNP
Marockie	NNP
,	,
an	DT
application	NN
training	NN
session	NN
will	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
for	IN
all	DT
interested	JJ
eligible	JJ
applicants	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
Charleston	NNP
Marriott	NNP
Hotel	NNP
at	IN
9:15	CD
a.m.	RB
,	,
February	NNP
11	CD
.	.
All	DT
eligible	JJ
applicants	NNS
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
attend	VB
the	DT
session	NN
to	TO
gain	VB
valuable	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
application	NN
process	NN
.	.
Applications	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
postmarked	VBN
no	RB
later	RB
than	IN
April	NNP
7	CD
,	,
1999	CD
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
follow	VBP
the	DT
link	NN
below	IN
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
all	DT
board	NN
offices	NNS
and	CC
schools	NNS
contained	VBD
within	IN
the	DT
WV	NNP
Education	NNP
Directory	NNP
.	.
After	IN
the	DT
list	NN
is	VBZ
shown	VBN
inside	IN
your	PRP$
browser	NN
you	PRP
may	MD
select	VB
File	NNP
--	:
-RRB-	-RRB-
Save	NNP
to	TO
save	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
your	PRP$
computer	NN
.	.
Make	NNP
sure	JJ
to	TO
change	VB
the	DT
Save	NNP
As	IN
option	NN
to	TO
Text	NN
or	CC
Plain	JJ
Text	NN
.	.
Microsoft	NNP
Office	NNP
Specialist	NNP
certification	NN
,	,
the	DT
premier	NN
Microsoft	NNP
desktop	NN
certification	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
globally	RB
recognized	VBN
standard	NN
for	IN
demonstrating	VBG
desktop	NN
skills	NNS
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
helps	VBZ
meet	VB
the	DT
demand	NN
for	IN
qualified	VBN
and	CC
knowledgeable	JJ
people	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
modern	JJ
workplace	NN
.	.
When	WRB
considering	VBG
who	WP
to	TO
hire	VB
from	IN
among	IN
otherwise	RB
equally	RB
qualified	VBN
candidates	NNS
,	,
a	DT
certificate	NN
verifying	VBG
competency	NN
in	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
Microsoft	NNP
Office	NNP
programs	NNS
may	MD
well	RB
be	VB
the	DT
deciding	VBG
factor	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
applicants	NNS
who	WP
attend	VBP
classes	NNS
,	,
on	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
time	NN
,	,
to	TO
develop	VB
their	PRP$
computer	NN
skills	NNS
show	VBP
initiative	NN
and	CC
a	DT
commitment	NN
to	TO
personal	JJ
excellence	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
valuable	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
employer	NN
.	.
Project	NNP
Achieve	NNP
-	:
Lesson	NN
PlansDescription	NNP
Project	NNP
Achieve	NNP
provides	VBZ
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Achieve	NNP
Resource	NNP
Center	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ARC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
suite	NN
of	IN
educational	JJ
tools	NNS
and	CC
activities	NNS
.	.
ARC	NNP
contains	VBZ
a	DT
library	NN
of	IN
tens	NNS
of	IN
thousands	NNS
of	IN
resources	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
linked	VBN
to	TO
state	NN
standards	NNS
.	.
As	IN
mandated	VBN
by	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18-2E-4	NNP
,	,
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
report	NN
card	NN
containing	VBG
school	NN
,	,
county	NN
,	,
and	CC
state	NN
data	NNS
is	VBZ
generated	VBN
and	CC
disseminated	VBN
annually	RB
.	.
This	DT
publication	NN
contains	VBZ
concise	JJ
,	,
non	JJ
technical	JJ
data	NNS
on	IN
items	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
student	NN
achievement	NN
,	,
attendance	NN
rate	NN
,	,
dropout	NN
rate	NN
,	,
average	JJ
class	NN
size	NN
,	,
and	CC
county-level	JJ
instructional	JJ
and	CC
non	JJ
instructional	JJ
expenditures	NNS
.	.
Virginia	NNP
schools	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
assure	VB
a	DT
nurturing	NN
and	CC
orderly	JJ
,	,
safe	JJ
,	,
drug-free	JJ
,	,
violence	NN
-	:
and	CC
harassment-free	JJ
learning	NN
environment	NN
that	WDT
supports	VBZ
student	NN
academic	JJ
achievement	NN
and	CC
personal-social	JJ
development	NN
.	.
Virginia	NNP
during	IN
any	DT
education-sponsored	JJ
event	NN
,	,
whether	IN
in	IN
a	DT
classroom	NN
,	,
elsewhere	RB
on	IN
school	NN
premises	NNS
,	,
on	IN
a	DT
school	NN
bus	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
vehicle	NN
used	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
school	NN
related	VBN
event	NN
,	,
or	CC
at	IN
a	DT
school-sponsored	JJ
activity	NN
or	CC
event	NN
,	,
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
held	VBN
on	IN
school	NN
premises	NNS
,	,
in	IN
a	DT
building	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
property	NN
used	VBN
or	CC
operated	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
Regional	NNP
Education	NNP
Service	NNP
Agency	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
RESA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
,	,
or	CC
in	IN
another	DT
facility	NN
being	VBG
used	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
of	IN
those	DT
agencies	NNS
.	.
Education	NNP
Policy	NNP
2422.5	CD
A	DT
,	,
Tobacco-Free	NNP
Schools	NNP
,	,
a	DT
student	NN
will	MD
not	RB
smoke	VB
,	,
use	VB
tobacco	NN
,	,
or	CC
possess	VB
any	DT
substance	NN
containing	VBG
tobacco	NN
in	IN
any	DT
building\/area	NN
under	IN
the	DT
control	NN
of	IN
a	DT
county	NN
school	NN
system	NN
,	,
including	VBG
all	DT
activities	NNS
or	CC
events	NNS
sponsored	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
school	NN
district	NN
.	.
The	DT
investigation	NN
may	MD
also	RB
consist	VB
of	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
methods	NNS
and	CC
review	NN
of	IN
circumstances	NNS
deemed	VBD
pertinent	JJ
by	IN
the	DT
investigator	NN
.	.
When	WRB
any	DT
student	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
interviewed	VBN
in	IN
connection	NN
with	IN
an	DT
investigation	NN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
Level	NNP
IV	NNP
violation	NN
,	,
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
effort	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
to	TO
contact	VB
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
parent	NN
,	,
custodian	NN
,	,
or	CC
guardian	NN
and	CC
invite	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
present	JJ
during	IN
such	JJ
interview	NN
,	,
provided	VBD
such	JJ
parental	JJ
notification	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
compromise	VB
overall	JJ
school\/student	JJ
safety	NN
.	.
Parental	JJ
notification	NN
is	VBZ
encouraged	VBN
at	IN
Levels	NNP
II	NNP
and	CC
III	NNP
and	CC
discretionary	JJ
at	IN
Level	NNP
I.	NN
The	DT
report	NN
shall	MD
include	VB
a	DT
determination	NN
of	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
allegations	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
substantiated	VBN
as	IN
factual	JJ
and	CC
whether	IN
they	PRP
appear	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
violations	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
policy	NN
.	.
County	NNP
procedures	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
developed	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
recording	NN
and	CC
filing	NN
of	IN
these	DT
reports	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
level	NN
.	.
Beginning	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
2002-2003	JJ
school	NN
year	NN
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
each	DT
subsequent	JJ
year	NN
,	,
data	NNS
indicating	VBG
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
substantiated	VBN
violations	NNS
at	IN
each	DT
school	NN
as	IN
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
section	NN
16.2	CD
of	IN
this	DT
policy	NN
will	MD
be	VB
collected	VBN
using	VBG
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Education	NNP
Information	NNP
System	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
WVEIS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
and	CC
classify	VB
a	DT
school	NN
as	IN
persistently	RB
dangerous	JJ
.	.
Education	NNP
must	MD
provide	VB
targeted	JJ
technical	JJ
assistance	NN
to	TO
any	DT
school	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
,	,
for	IN
two	CD
consecutive	JJ
years	NNS
,	,
substantiated	VBN
violations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
offenses	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
section	NN
16.2	CD
of	IN
this	DT
policy	NN
that	WDT
exceed	VBP
three	CD
and	CC
seventh-five	JJ
one	CD
hundredths	NNS
percent	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
3.75	CD
%	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
total	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
enrolled	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
second	JJ
month	NN
enrollment	NN
.	.
This	DT
resource	NN
provides	VBZ
the	DT
necessary	JJ
forms	NNS
and	CC
agreements	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
in	IN
providing	VBG
an	DT
organized	VBN
and	CC
safe	JJ
experience	NN
for	IN
all	DT
students	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
forms	NNS
and	CC
agreements	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
formatted	VBN
to	TO
conform	VB
to	TO
county\/school	JJ
policies	NNS
concerning	VBG
Work-Based	JJ
Learning	NNP
.	.
The	DT
CTRC	NNP
is	VBZ
located	VBN
at	IN
Cedar	NNP
Lakes	NNP
Conference	NNP
Center	NNP
in	IN
Ripley	NNP
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
This	DT
centralized	JJ
location	NN
allows	VBZ
for	IN
easy	JJ
access	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
convenient	JJ
location	NN
no	DT
matter	NN
what	WDT
direction	NN
you	PRP
come	VBP
from	IN
.	.
Knight	NNP
or	CC
Lady	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Golden	NNP
Horseshoe	NNP
.	.
This	DT
prestigious	JJ
program	NN
takes	VBZ
its	PRP$
name	NN
from	IN
the	DT
golden	JJ
horseshoes	NNS
given	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
early	JJ
explorers	NNS
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
In	IN
1716	CD
the	DT
Governor	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Virginia	NNP
colony	NN
,	,
Alexander	NNP
Spotswood	NNP
,	,
saw	VBD
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
exploration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
land	NN
west	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Allegheny	NNP
Mountains	NNPS
,	,
most	JJS
of	IN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
now	RB
West	JJ
Virginia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
governor	NN
organized	VBN
a	DT
party	NN
of	IN
about	IN
50	CD
men	NNS
,	,
all	DT
of	IN
whom	WP
adopted	VBD
the	DT
pledge	NN
,	,
``	``
Sic	JJ
jurat	NN
transcendere	NN
monte	NN
,	,
''	''
which	WDT
means	VBZ
``	``
Thus	RB
he	PRP
swears	VBZ
to	TO
cross	VB
the	DT
mountains	NNS
.	.
''	''
Governor	NNP
Spotswood	NNP
presented	VBD
each	DT
member	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
party	NN
with	IN
a	DT
small	JJ
golden	JJ
horseshoe	NN
to	TO
commemorate	VB
the	DT
bravery	NN
of	IN
those	DT
who	WP
crossed	VBD
the	DT
mountains	NNS
into	IN
Western	JJ
Virginia	NNP
,	,
beginning	VBG
the	DT
Golden	NNP
Horseshoe	NNP
tradition	NN
.	.
The	DT
Golden	NNP
Horseshoe	NNP
became	VBD
known	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
symbol	NN
of	IN
scholastic	JJ
achievement	NN
to	TO
honor	VB
students	NNS
who	WP
excel	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
study	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
Since	IN
that	DT
time	NN
approximately	RB
15,000	CD
eighth-grade	JJ
students	NNS
have	VBP
received	VBN
a	DT
golden	JJ
pin	NN
in	IN
the	DT
shape	NN
of	IN
a	DT
horseshoe	NN
,	,
much	RB
like	IN
those	DT
given	VBN
by	IN
Governor	NNP
Spotswood	NNP
some	DT
three	CD
hundred	CD
years	NNS
ago	RB
.	.
This	DT
pin	NN
symbolizes	VBZ
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
knowledge	NN
and	CC
understanding	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
state	NN
's	POS
proud	JJ
heritage	NN
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
of	IN
studies	NNS
in	IN
combination	NN
with	IN
state	NN
awards	NNS
is	VBZ
unique	JJ
in	IN
its	PRP$
statewide	JJ
recognition	NN
of	IN
scholastic	JJ
achievement	NN
.	.
Each	DT
year	NN
approximately	RB
22,000	CD
eighth	JJ
grade	NN
students	NNS
spend	VBP
the	DT
school	NN
year	NN
studying	VBG
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
curriculum	NN
.	.
The	DT
curriculum	NN
engages	VBZ
the	DT
students	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
intense	JJ
study	NN
of	IN
the	DT
history	NN
,	,
geography	NN
,	,
economy	NN
and	CC
government	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Mountain	NNP
State	NNP
.	.
The	DT
primary	JJ
goal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
promote	VB
pride	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
state	NN
,	,
develop	VB
intellectual	JJ
and	CC
participatory	JJ
skills	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
foster	JJ
attitudes	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
necessary	JJ
for	IN
students	NNS
to	TO
participate	VB
as	IN
effective	JJ
,	,
involved	JJ
,	,
and	CC
responsible	JJ
citizens	NNS
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
,	,
in	IN
effect	NN
,	,
uses	VBZ
the	DT
Golden	NNP
Horseshoe	NNP
award	NN
to	TO
honor	VB
``	``
all-state	JJ
''	''
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Studies	NNP
students	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
year	NN
221	CD
eighth-grade	JJ
students	NNS
are	VBP
honored	VBN
for	IN
their	PRP$
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
in	IN
a	DT
one-day	JJ
ceremony	NN
held	VBN
in	IN
Charleston	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Golden	NNP
Horseshoe	NNP
winners	NNS
have	VBP
outscored	VBN
their	PRP$
classmates	NNS
in	IN
school	NN
and	CC
county	NN
wide	JJ
testing	NN
competitions	NNS
and	CC
made	VBN
top	JJ
scores	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
test	NN
which	WDT
measures	VBZ
their	PRP$
grasp	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Studies	NNPS
.	.
Students	NNS
also	RB
write	VBP
an	DT
essay	NN
focusing	VBG
on	IN
some	DT
aspect	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
current	JJ
events	NNS
.	.
A	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
two	CD
students	NNS
from	IN
each	DT
county	NN
and	CC
one	CD
student	NN
from	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Schools	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Deaf	NNP
and	CC
Blind	NNP
at	IN
Romney	NNP
are	VBP
selected	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
award	NN
.	.
The	DT
other	JJ
110	CD
honorees	NNS
are	VBP
selected	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
55	CD
counties	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
each	DT
county	NN
's	POS
eighth-grade	JJ
population	NN
.	.
While	IN
in	IN
Charleston	NNP
to	TO
celebrate	VB
the	DT
Golden	NNP
Horseshoe	NNP
Day	NNP
,	,
the	DT
honorees	NNS
are	VBP
treated	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
tour	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Capitol	NNP
and	CC
Cultural	NNP
Center	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
luncheon	NN
held	VBN
in	IN
their	PRP$
honor	NN
.	.
The	DT
high	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Golden	NNP
Horseshoe	NNP
Ceremony	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
induction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
into	IN
the	DT
Golden	NNP
Horseshoe	NNP
Society	NNP
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
presides	VBZ
over	IN
the	DT
induction	NN
ceremony	NN
.	.
Each	DT
student	NN
kneels	VBZ
and	CC
,	,
with	IN
a	DT
tap	VB
of	IN
a	DT
sword	NN
on	IN
the	DT
shoulder	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
dubbed	VBN
either	RB
a	DT
Knight	NNP
or	CC
Lady	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Golden	NNP
Horseshoe	NNP
Society	NNP
.	.
Each	DT
student	NN
is	VBZ
presented	VBN
a	DT
Golden	NNP
Horseshoe	NNP
pin	NN
and	CC
the	DT
70-year	JJ
honor	NN
and	CC
tradition	NN
continues	VBZ
.	.
The	DT
Golden	NNP
Horseshoe	NNP
originated	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
early	JJ
1700s	CD
in	IN
colonial	JJ
Virginia	NNP
when	WRB
then-Governor	NNP
Alexander	NNP
Spotswood	NNP
saw	VBD
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
exploration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
land	NN
west	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Allegheny	NNP
Mountains	NNPS
,	,
most	JJS
of	IN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
now	RB
West	JJ
Virginia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
governor	NN
organized	VBN
a	DT
party	NN
of	IN
about	IN
50	CD
men	NNS
to	TO
explore	VB
the	DT
frontier	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
exploration	NN
,	,
he	PRP
presented	VBD
each	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
party	NN
with	IN
a	DT
golden	JJ
horseshoe	NN
.	.
Translated	VBN
from	IN
Latin	NNP
,	,
the	DT
inscription	NN
on	IN
each	DT
horseshoe	NN
read	NN
,	,
``	``
Thus	RB
it	PRP
was	VBD
decided	VBN
to	TO
cross	VB
the	DT
mountains	NNS
.	.
''	''
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
side	NN
was	VBD
written	VBN
,	,
``	``
Order	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Golden	NNP
Horseshoe	NNP
.	.
''	''
Because	IN
of	IN
this	DT
,	,
the	DT
recipients	NNS
became	VBD
known	VBN
as	IN
``	``
The	DT
Knights	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Golden	NNP
Horseshoe	NNP
.	.
''	''
Two	CD
hundred	CD
twenty-one	CD
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
eighth	JJ
graders	NNS
receive	VBP
the	DT
award	NN
each	DT
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
two	CD
top-scoring	JJ
students	NNS
from	IN
each	DT
county	NN
are	VBP
given	VBN
the	DT
award	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
total	NN
of	IN
110	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
as	RB
are	VBP
another	DT
110	CD
students	NNS
selected	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
state	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
population	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
top-scoring	JJ
student	NN
from	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
School	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Deaf	NNP
and	CC
Blind	NNP
is	VBZ
presented	VBN
the	DT
award	NN
.	.
In	IN
conversations	NNS
with	IN
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
officials	NNS
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
native	JJ
Homer	NNP
Hickam	NNP
indicated	VBD
that	IN
his	PRP$
one	CD
regret	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
winning	VBG
the	DT
Golden	NNP
Horseshoe	NNP
award	NN
as	IN
a	DT
student	NN
.	.
The	DT
author	NN
of	IN
``	``
October	NNP
Sky	NNP
''	''
was	VBD
presented	VBN
an	DT
honorary	JJ
Golden	NNP
Horseshoe	NNP
award	NN
in	IN
1999	CD
because	IN
of	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
positive	JJ
reinforcement	NN
he	PRP
has	VBZ
given	VBN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
High	NNP
Schools	NNP
That	IN
Work	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
HSTW	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
the	DT
nation	NN
's	POS
first	JJ
large-scale	JJ
effort	NN
to	TO
engage	VB
state	NN
,	,
district	NN
and	CC
school	NN
leaders	NNS
and	CC
teachers	NNS
in	IN
partnerships	NNS
with	IN
students	NNS
,	,
parents	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
community	NN
to	TO
improve	VB
the	DT
way	NN
all	DT
high	JJ
school	NN
students	NNS
are	VBP
prepared	VBN
for	IN
work	NN
and	CC
further	JJ
education	NN
.	.
HSTW	NNP
provides	VBZ
a	DT
framework	NN
of	IN
goals	NNS
,	,
key	JJ
practices	NNS
and	CC
key	JJ
conditions	NNS
for	IN
accelerating	VBG
learning	NN
and	CC
setting	VBG
higher	JJR
standards	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
recommends	VBZ
actions	NNS
that	WDT
provide	VBP
direction	NN
to	TO
schools	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
work	VBP
to	TO
improve	VB
academic	JJ
and	CC
vocational-technical	JJ
instruction	NN
at	IN
school	NN
and	CC
the	DT
work	NN
site	NN
.	.
These	DT
recommendations	NNS
meet	VBP
the	DT
criteria	NNS
for	IN
comprehensive	JJ
school	NN
reform	NN
.	.
The	DT
HSTW	NNP
effort	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
belief	NN
that	IN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
right	JJ
school	NN
environment	NN
,	,
most	JJS
students	NNS
can	MD
learn	VB
complex	JJ
academic	JJ
and	CC
technical	JJ
concepts	NNS
.	.
The	DT
initiative	NN
targets	VBZ
high	JJ
school	NN
students	NNS
who	WP
seldom	RB
are	VBP
challenged	VBN
to	TO
meet	VB
higher	JJR
academic	JJ
standards	NNS
.	.
SREB	NNP
provides	VBZ
member	NN
states	NNS
and	CC
sites	NNS
with	IN
staff	NN
development	NN
,	,
technical	JJ
assistance	NN
,	,
communications	NNS
,	,
publications	NNS
and	CC
assessment	NN
services	NNS
.	.
The	DT
annual	JJ
High	JJ
Schools	NNS
That	WDT
Work	VBP
Summer	NNP
Staff	NNP
Development	NNP
Conference	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
focal	JJ
point	NN
for	IN
year-round	JJ
professional	JJ
development	NN
.	.
Increasing	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
intellectually	RB
challenging	JJ
technical	JJ
studies	NNS
,	,
with	IN
a	DT
major	JJ
emphasis	NN
on	IN
using	VBG
high	JJ
level	NN
math	NN
,	,
science	NN
,	,
language	NN
arts	NNS
and	CC
problem	NN
solving	VBG
skills	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
modern	JJ
workplace	NN
and	CC
in	IN
preparation	NN
for	IN
continued	VBN
learning	NN
.	.
Increasing	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
academic	JJ
studies	NNS
that	WDT
teach	VBP
the	DT
essential	JJ
concepts	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
college	NN
preparatory	JJ
curriculum	NN
by	IN
encouraging	VBG
students	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
academic	JJ
content	NN
and	CC
skills	NNS
to	TO
address	VB
real-world	JJ
projects	NNS
and	CC
problems	NNS
.	.
Giving	VBG
students	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
parents	NNS
the	DT
choice	NN
of	IN
a	DT
system	NN
that	WDT
integrates	VBZ
school-based	JJ
and	CC
work-based	JJ
learning	NN
.	.
The	DT
system	NN
should	MD
span	VB
high	JJ
school	NN
and	CC
post-secondary	JJ
studies	NNS
and	CC
should	MD
be	VB
planned	VBN
by	IN
educators	NNS
,	,
employers	NNS
and	CC
employees	NNS
.	.
Providing	VBG
a	DT
structured	JJ
system	NN
of	IN
extra	JJ
help	NN
and	CC
extra	JJ
time	NN
to	TO
enable	VB
students	NNS
who	WP
may	MD
lack	VB
adequate	JJ
preparation	NN
to	TO
complete	VB
an	DT
accelerated	JJ
program	NN
of	IN
study	NN
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
high-level	JJ
academic	JJ
and	CC
technical	JJ
content	NN
.	.
Using	VBG
student	NN
assessment	NN
and	CC
program	NN
evaluation	NN
data	NNS
to	TO
improve	VB
continuously	RB
the	DT
school	NN
climate	NN
,	,
organization	NN
,	,
management	NN
,	,
curricula	NN
and	CC
instruction	NN
to	TO
advance	VB
student	NN
learning	NN
and	CC
to	TO
recognize	VB
students	NNS
who	WP
meet	VBP
both	DT
curriculum	NN
and	CC
performance	NN
goals	NNS
.	.
To	TO
blend	VB
the	DT
essential	JJ
content	NN
of	IN
traditional	JJ
college-preparatory	JJ
studies	NNS
-	:
mathematics	NNS
,	,
science	NN
and	CC
language	NN
arts	NNS
-	:
with	IN
quality	NN
vocational	JJ
and	CC
technical	JJ
studies	NNS
,	,
by	IN
creating	VBG
conditions	NNS
that	WDT
support	VBP
school	NN
leaders	NNS
and	CC
teachers	NNS
in	IN
carrying	VBG
out	RP
the	DT
key	JJ
practices	NNS
.	.
This	DT
commitment	NN
includes	VBZ
financial	JJ
support	NN
for	IN
instructional	JJ
materials	NNS
,	,
time	NN
for	IN
teachers	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
and	CC
plan	VB
together	RB
,	,
and	CC
six	CD
to	TO
eight	CD
days	NNS
per	IN
year	NN
of	IN
staff	NN
development	NN
on	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
key	JJ
practices	NNS
to	TO
improve	VB
student	NN
learning	NN
.	.
Leadership	NN
from	IN
the	DT
superintendent	NN
and	CC
school	NN
board	NN
to	TO
involve	VB
employers	NNS
and	CC
post-secondary	JJ
institutions	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
design	NN
and	CC
implementation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
school-based	JJ
and	CC
work-based	JJ
program	NN
to	TO
prepare	VB
students	NNS
for	IN
employment	NN
and	CC
post-secondary	JJ
education	NN
.	.
Within	IN
that	DT
bill	NN
lies	VBZ
a	DT
provision	NN
for	IN
K-4	NN
summer	NN
extended	VBD
day	NN
programs	NNS
to	TO
enhance	VB
reading	NN
skills	NNS
of	IN
at-risk	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
Thirty	CD
grants	NNS
of	IN
$	$
10,000	CD
each	DT
are	VBP
awarded	VBN
annually	RB
in	IN
a	DT
competitive	JJ
grant	NN
process	NN
to	TO
individual	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
schools	NNS
with	IN
any	DT
grade	NN
combination	NN
of	IN
K-4	NN
are	VBP
eligible	JJ
to	TO
apply	VB
.	.
Strategic	JJ
steps	NNS
to	TO
implement	VB
this	DT
goal	NN
for	IN
reading	VBG
include	VBP
a	DT
district	NN
literacy	NN
model	NN
,	,
professional	JJ
development	NN
guide	NN
,	,
phonemic	JJ
awareness	NN
intervention	NN
plan	NN
,	,
state	NN
reading	NN
cadre	NN
,	,
reading	VBG
research	NN
symposium	NN
,	,
state	NN
writing	NN
plan	NN
,	,
state	NN
literacy	NN
coaching	NN
training	NN
,	,
NAEP	NNP
assessment	NN
training	NN
,	,
and	CC
Reading	VBG
First	JJ
implementation	NN
.	.
July	NNP
1999	CD
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
held	VBD
its	PRP$
first	JJ
annual	JJ
Reading	VBG
Academy	NNP
.	.
The	DT
intent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Reading	VBG
Academy	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
intensive	JJ
reading	VBG
professional	JJ
development	NN
to	TO
K-3	JJ
principals	NNS
and	CC
teachers	NNS
in	IN
low-achieving	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
Approximately	RB
500	CD
educators	NNS
representing	VBG
100	CD
schools	NNS
have	VBP
attended	VBN
the	DT
first	JJ
four	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Schools	NNP
attending	VBG
must	MD
be	VB
represented	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
team	NN
of	IN
no	DT
less	JJR
than	IN
3	CD
educators	NNS
responsible	JJ
for	IN
reading	VBG
instruction	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
principal	NN
,	,
classroom	NN
teacher	NN
,	,
Title	NNP
I	PRP
,	,
special	JJ
education	NN
,	,
speech	NN
pathologist	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Research	NNP
indicates	VBZ
that	IN
professional	JJ
development	NN
must	MD
be	VB
sustained	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
effective	JJ
and	CC
produce	VBP
long-term	JJ
results	NNS
;	:
therefore	RB
,	,
fall	NN
and	CC
spring	NN
follow-up	JJ
sessions	NNS
are	VBP
held	VBN
the	DT
school	NN
year	NN
following	VBG
summer	NN
professional	JJ
development	NN
.	.
The	DT
design	NN
and	CC
follow-up	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
Reading	VBG
Academy	NNP
has	VBZ
proven	VBN
effective	JJ
with	IN
follow-up	JJ
attendance	NN
averaging	VBG
80	CD
%	NN
.	.
Participants	NNS
study	VBP
scientifically	RB
based	VBN
reading	NN
research	NN
,	,
the	DT
five	CD
essential	JJ
components	NNS
of	IN
reading	NN
,	,
assessment	NN
,	,
and	CC
classroom	NN
management	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
fall	NN
schools	NNS
write	VB
$	$
500.00	CD
instructional	JJ
materials	NNS
grants	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
reading	VBG
data	NNS
analysis	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
schools	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
provide	VBP
a	DT
display	NN
of	IN
information	NN
learned	VBD
and	CC
used	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
classroom	NN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
Reading	VBG
Academy	NNP
participation	NN
and	CC
the	DT
spring	NN
follow-up	JJ
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Jerry	NNP
Johns	NNP
,	,
author	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Basic	JJ
Reading	VBG
Inventory	NN
diagnostic	JJ
assessment	NN
,	,
provided	VBD
training	NN
to	TO
Reading	VBG
First	JJ
project	NN
directors	NNS
,	,
principals	NNS
,	,
reading	VBG
mentor	NN
teachers	NNS
and	CC
reading	VBG
cadre	NN
on	IN
October	NNP
3	CD
.	.
The	DT
Basic	JJ
Reading	VBG
Inventory	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
diagnostic	JJ
assessment	NN
for	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
's	POS
42	CD
Reading	VBG
First	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Johns	NNP
will	MD
return	VB
in	IN
February	NNP
for	IN
follow-up	JJ
training	NN
.	.
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
February	NNP
a	DT
Compass	NNP
Learning	NNP
representative	NN
will	MD
also	RB
provide	VB
information	NN
on	IN
integrating	VBG
Compass	NNP
Learning	NNP
with	IN
the	DT
core	NN
program	NN
.	.
Behind	IN
to	TO
improve	VB
reading	NN
instruction	NN
and	CC
ensure	VB
that	IN
students	NNS
are	VBP
reading	VBG
on	IN
grade	NN
level	NN
by	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
grade	NN
three	CD
.	.
US	NNP
Secretary	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Rodney	NNP
Paige	NNP
announced	VBD
on	IN
July	NNP
21	CD
,	,
2003	CD
that	WDT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
would	MD
receive	VB
approximately	RB
$	$
43.8	CD
million	CD
over	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
six	CD
years	NNS
to	TO
administer	VB
the	DT
Reading	VBG
First	JJ
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
funds	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
granted	VBN
to	TO
eligible	JJ
counties	NNS
.	.
Eligible	JJ
counties	NNS
have	VBP
designed	VBN
reading	VBG
instruction	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
scientific	JJ
research	NN
.	.
Reading	VBG
First	NNP
will	MD
include	VB
assessments	NNS
,	,
a	DT
core	JJ
reading	NN
instructional	JJ
program	NN
and	CC
materials	NNS
,	,
professional	JJ
development	NN
,	,
access	NN
to	TO
print	NN
,	,
management	NN
teams	NNS
,	,
and	CC
evaluation	NN
.	.
Awareness	NN
for	IN
Young	NNP
Children	NNP
:	:
A	NNP
Classroom	NNP
Curriculum	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Adams	NNP
et	FW
al.	FW
,	,
1998	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
-RRB-	-RRB-
was	VBD
implemented	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
year	NN
in	IN
the	DT
kindergarten	NN
classroom	NN
.	.
The	DT
kindergarten	NN
teacher	NN
implemented	VBD
the	DT
instruction	NN
with	IN
collaboration	NN
from	IN
the	DT
SLP	NNP
.	.
In	IN
early	JJ
February	NNP
,	,
six	CD
children	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
lowest	JJS
phonological	JJ
awareness	NN
skills	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
kindergarten	NN
classroom	NN
were	VBD
chosen	VBN
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
12-week	JJ
IPA	NNP
program	NN
,	,
as	IN
described	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
graders	NNS
.	.
Program	NN
evaluation	NN
compared	VBN
experimental	JJ
classrooms	NNS
to	TO
comparison	NN
classrooms	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
,	,
standard	JJ
educational	JJ
practice	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
each	DT
school	NN
,	,
six	CD
first	JJ
grade	NN
children	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
IPA	NNP
instruction	NN
were	VBD
compared	VBN
to	TO
six	CD
children	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
comparison	NN
classroom	NN
;	:
all	DT
children	NNS
were	VBD
chosen	VBN
for	IN
poor	JJ
literacy	NN
abilities	NNS
.	.
Evaluation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
kindergarten	NN
classroom	NN
component	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
by	IN
testing	VBG
all	DT
children	NNS
in	IN
experimental	JJ
and	CC
comparison	NN
classrooms	NNS
at	IN
four	CD
schools	NNS
.	.
In	IN
each	DT
school	NN
,	,
the	DT
six	CD
kindergarten	NN
children	NNS
who	WP
participated	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
IPA	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
spring	NN
were	VBD
compared	VBN
to	TO
six	CD
children	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
comparison	NN
classroom	NN
;	:
both	DT
groups	NNS
of	IN
children	NNS
were	VBD
the	DT
lowest	JJS
in	IN
their	PRP$
classes	NNS
in	IN
early	JJ
literacy	NN
.	.
WVDE	NNP
has	VBZ
now	RB
assumed	VBN
full	JJ
implementation	NN
of	IN
all	DT
facets	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
phonemic	JJ
awareness	NN
program	NN
-	:
adminsitration	NN
,	,
implementation	NN
,	,
training	NN
,	,
evaluation	NN
.	.
A	DT
technical	JJ
assistance	NN
manual	NN
was	VBD
prepared	JJ
and	CC
distributed	VBN
to	TO
all	DT
participating	VBG
schools	NNS
on	IN
August	NNP
10	CD
.	.
The	DT
manual	NN
includes	VBZ
implementation	NN
information	NN
for	IN
the	DT
whole	JJ
class	NN
and	CC
intensive	JJ
portions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
By	IN
coordinating	VBG
the	DT
Reading	VBG
Excellence	NNP
Act	NNP
and	CC
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
funds	NNS
,	,
the	DT
WVDE	NNP
reading	NN
cadre	NN
was	VBD
formed	VBN
in	IN
January	NNP
,	,
2000	CD
.	.
The	DT
37	CD
member	NN
Cadre	NNP
was	VBD
selected	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
review	NN
panel	NN
.	.
Applicants	NNS
completed	VBD
a	DT
detailed	JJ
and	CC
thorough	JJ
application	NN
.	.
Cadre	NNP
members	NNS
exhibited	VBD
expertise	NN
in	IN
reading	NN
and	CC
agreed	VBD
to	TO
36	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
intensive	JJ
reading	VBG
professional	JJ
development	NN
over	IN
a	DT
three	CD
year	NN
period	NN
.	.
June	NNP
,	,
2000	CD
,	,
the	DT
Cadre	NNP
began	VBD
delivering	VBG
reading	NN
professional	JJ
development	NN
to	TO
RESAs	NNP
,	,
counties	NNS
,	,
and	CC
schools	NNS
throughout	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
professional	JJ
development	NN
offered	VBD
was	VBD
tailored	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
reading	NN
needs	VBZ
of	IN
the	DT
particular	JJ
county	NN
or	CC
school	NN
served	VBD
.	.
Schools	NNS
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
links	NNS
to	TO
http://www.sasinschool.com	VB
on	IN
their	PRP$
webpages	NNS
but	CC
they	PRP
must	MD
refrain	VB
from	IN
placing	VBG
login	NN
information	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
public	JJ
websites	NNS
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
schools	NNS
must	MD
refrain	VB
from	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
SAS	NNP
copywrited	VBN
logos	NNS
on	IN
their	PRP$
sites	NNS
unless	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
written	VBN
permission	NN
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
responsibility	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Special	JJ
Education	NNP
Achievement	NNP
to	TO
assist	VB
local	JJ
school	NN
districts	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
public	JJ
agencies	NNS
in	IN
providing	VBG
high	JJ
quality	NN
programs	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
meet	VBP
the	DT
letter	NN
and	CC
spirit	NN
of	IN
federal	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
laws	NNS
,	,
for	IN
all	DT
students	NNS
with	IN
exceptionalities	NNS
.	.
Funds	NNS
are	VBP
targeted	VBN
to	TO
high-poverty	JJ
school	NN
districts	NNS
and	CC
used	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
supplementary	JJ
educational	JJ
services	NNS
--	:
usually	RB
in	IN
reading	NN
and	CC
mathematics	NN
--	:
to	TO
students	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
educationally	RB
disadvantaged	JJ
or	CC
at	IN
risk	NN
of	IN
failing	VBG
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
state	NN
standards	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
mainly	RB
to	TO
benefit	VB
impoverished	JJ
areas	NNS
,	,
over	IN
90	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
United	NNP
States	NNPS
school	NN
districts	NNS
and	CC
roughly	RB
half	NN
of	IN
all	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
receive	VBP
at	IN
last	JJ
some	DT
part	NN
A	DT
funding	NN
.	.
The	DT
school	NN
selects	VBZ
``	``
eligible	JJ
children	NNS
''	''
from	IN
the	DT
larger	JJR
pool	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
by	IN
identifying	VBG
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
``	``
failing	VBG
,	,
or	CC
most	JJS
at	IN
risk	NN
of	IN
failing	VBG
,	,
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
state	NN
's	POS
challenging	JJ
student	NN
academic	JJ
achievement	NN
standards	NNS
.	.
''	''
The	DT
school	NN
makes	VBZ
this	DT
determination	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
multiple	JJ
,	,
educationally	RB
related	VBN
,	,
objective	JJ
criteria	NNS
established	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
LEA	NNP
and	CC
supplemented	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
Each	DT
county	NN
within	IN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
is	VBZ
assigned	VBN
a	DT
Title	NN
I	PRP
contact	VBP
person	NN
.	.
The	DT
contact	NN
person	NN
serves	VBZ
as	IN
the	DT
Title	NN
I	PRP
state	VBP
representative	NN
to	TO
each	DT
assigned	VBN
county	NN
.	.
The	DT
primary	JJ
responsibility	NN
of	IN
the	DT
contact	NN
person	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
technical	JJ
assistance	NN
to	TO
counties	NNS
and	CC
schools	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
Title	NN
I	PRP
program	NN
.	.
Specific	JJ
responsibilities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Title	NN
I	PRP
assigned	VBD
staff	NN
include	VBP
monitoring	NN
,	,
review	NN
and	CC
feedback	NN
of	IN
Title	NNP
I	PRP
plans	VBZ
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
technical	JJ
assistance	NN
as	IN
requested	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
.	.
Two	CD
additional	JJ
staff	NN
members	NNS
coordinate	VBP
the	DT
Reading	VBG
First	JJ
Grant	NNP
and	CC
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
coordinator	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Even	JJ
Start	NN
program	NN
.	.
These	DT
individuals	NNS
work	VBP
closely	RB
with	IN
staff	NN
at	IN
both	DT
the	DT
county	NN
and	CC
school	NN
levels	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
improve	VB
their	PRP$
efforts	NNS
with	IN
these	DT
initiatives	NNS
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
be	VB
selected	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Title	NNP
I	PRP
Distinguished	VBD
School	NNP
,	,
each	DT
school	NN
must	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
a	DT
Title	NN
I	PRP
school	VBP
for	IN
three	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
must	MD
have	VB
met	VBN
all	DT
state	NN
accreditation	NN
standards	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
three	CD
years	NNS
.	.
First	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
federally	RB
funded	VBN
program	NN
under	IN
No	DT
Child	NN
Left	VBD
Behind	IN
to	TO
improve	VB
reading	NN
instruction	NN
and	CC
ensure	VB
that	IN
students	NNS
are	VBP
reading	VBG
on	IN
grade	NN
level	NN
by	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
grade	NN
three	CD
.	.
US	NNP
Secretary	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Rodney	NNP
Paige	NNP
announced	VBD
on	IN
July	NNP
21	CD
,	,
2003	CD
that	WDT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
would	MD
receive	VB
approximately	RB
$	$
43.8	CD
million	CD
over	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
six	CD
years	NNS
to	TO
administer	VB
the	DT
Reading	VBG
First	JJ
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
funds	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
granted	VBN
to	TO
eligible	JJ
counties	NNS
.	.
Reading	VBG
First	NNP
will	MD
include	VB
assessments	NNS
,	,
a	DT
core	JJ
reading	NN
instructional	JJ
program	NN
and	CC
materials	NNS
,	,
professional	JJ
development	NN
,	,
access	NN
to	TO
print	NN
,	,
management	NN
teams	NNS
,	,
and	CC
evaluation	NN
.	.
Each	DT
Reading	VBG
First	JJ
school	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
reading	NN
mentor	NN
teacher	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
coach	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
assist	VB
with	IN
implementation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
Design	NN
programs	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
migrant	JJ
children	NNS
overcome	VBP
educational	JJ
disruption	NN
,	,
cultural	JJ
and	CC
language	NN
barriers	NNS
,	,
social	JJ
isolation	NN
,	,
various	JJ
health-related	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
factors	NNS
that	WDT
inhibit	VBP
their	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
do	VB
well	RB
in	IN
school	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
prepare	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
successful	JJ
transition	NN
to	TO
postsecondary	JJ
education	NN
or	CC
employment	NN
;	:
and	CC
Ensure	VB
that	DT
migrant	JJ
children	NNS
benefit	VBP
from	IN
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
systemic	JJ
reforms	NNS
.	.
Comprehensive	NNP
School	NNP
Reform	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
federally	RB
funded	VBN
competitive	JJ
grant	NN
program	NN
for	IN
eligible	JJ
schools	NNS
and	CC
is	VBZ
authorized	VBN
as	IN
Title	NN
I	PRP
,	,
Part	NNP
F	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Elementary	NNP
and	CC
Secondary	JJ
Education	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
focus	NN
of	IN
the	DT
CSR	NNP
program	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
raise	VB
student	NN
achievement	NN
by	IN
employing	VBG
comprehensive	JJ
scientifically	RB
based	VBN
methods	NNS
and	CC
strategies	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
eleven	CD
components	NNS
of	IN
school	NN
reform	NN
.	.
A	DT
requirement	NN
of	IN
CSR	NNP
is	VBZ
that	IN
grants	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
of	IN
sufficient	JJ
size	NN
and	CC
scope	NN
to	TO
support	VB
the	DT
initial	JJ
``	``
start-up	NN
''	''
costs	NNS
of	IN
comprehensive	JJ
school	NN
reform	NN
.	.
Each	DT
participating	VBG
school	NN
receives	VBZ
at	IN
least	JJS
$	$
50k	CD
of	IN
funds	NNS
per	IN
year	NN
for	IN
a	DT
period	NN
of	IN
three	CD
years	NNS
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Education	NNP
Agency	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
SEA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
basically	RB
determines	VBZ
eligibility	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
priority	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
identified	VBN
as	IN
in	IN
need	NN
of	IN
academic	JJ
improvement	NN
or	CC
corrective	JJ
action	NN
under	IN
Section	NN
1116	CD
of	IN
the	DT
No	NNP
Child	NNP
Left	VBD
Behind	IN
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
SEA	NN
releases	VBZ
the	DT
eligibility	NN
list	NN
to	TO
each	DT
county	NN
Title	NN
I	PRP
director	NN
along	IN
with	IN
grant	NN
writing	VBG
workshop	NN
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
director	NN
then	RB
informs	VBZ
and	CC
provides	VBZ
information	NN
to	TO
each	DT
eligible	JJ
school	NN
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
apply	VB
for	IN
a	DT
grant	NN
,	,
each	DT
school	NN
must	MD
send	VB
a	DT
school	NN
team	NN
to	TO
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
mandatory	JJ
grant	NN
writing	VBG
workshops	NNS
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
workshops	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
ensure	VB
an	DT
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
CSR	NNP
process	NN
and	CC
to	TO
provide	VB
technical	JJ
assistance	NN
in	IN
writing	VBG
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
proposal	NN
.	.
Proposals	NNS
are	VBP
submitted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
due	JJ
date	NN
and	CC
competitively	RB
reviewed	VBN
by	IN
qualified	JJ
grant	NN
readers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
readers	NNS
are	VBP
selected	VBN
from	IN
principals	NNS
,	,
teachers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
external	JJ
facilitators	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
successfully	RB
implemented	VBN
a	DT
CSR	NNP
program	NN
.	.
A	DT
site	NN
visit	NN
is	VBZ
then	RB
conducted	VBN
at	IN
each	DT
school	NN
that	WDT
scores	NNS
well	RB
through	IN
the	DT
competitive	JJ
review	NN
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
site	NN
visit	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
the	DT
entire	JJ
school	NN
staff	NN
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
has	VBZ
an	DT
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
CSR	NNP
process	NN
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
components	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
specific	JJ
CSR	NNP
program	NN
;	:
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
exhibits	VBZ
readiness	NN
for	IN
reform	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
committed	VBN
to	TO
successful	JJ
implementation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
CSR	NNP
initiative	NN
.	.
Final	JJ
determinations	NNS
are	VBP
made	VBN
based	VBN
on	IN
both	DT
the	DT
competitive	JJ
process	NN
and	CC
the	DT
school	NN
site	NN
visit	NN
.	.
Behind	IN
Act	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
helping	VBG
raise	VB
student	NN
achievement	NN
by	IN
assisting	VBG
public	JJ
schools	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
country	NN
to	TO
implement	VB
effective	JJ
,	,
comprehensive	JJ
school	NN
reforms	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
based	VBN
on	IN
scientifically	RB
based	VBN
research	NN
and	CC
effective	JJ
practices	NNS
.	.
Congress	NNP
has	VBZ
supported	VBN
this	DT
initiative	NN
by	IN
appropriating	VBG
$	$
308	CD
million	CD
to	TO
the	DT
CSR	NNP
program	NN
for	IN
Fiscal	JJ
Year	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
FY	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
2003	CD
.	.
The	DT
focus	NN
of	IN
the	DT
CSR	NNP
Program	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
raise	VB
student	NN
achievement	NN
by	IN
employing	VBG
proven	VBN
methods	NNS
and	CC
strategies	NNS
to	TO
produce	VB
comprehensive	JJ
school	NN
reform	NN
.	.
CSR	NNP
builds	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
leverages	NNS
ongoing	JJ
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
efforts	NNS
to	TO
connect	VB
higher	JJR
standards	NNS
and	CC
school	NN
improvement	NN
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
helps	VBZ
to	TO
expand	VB
the	DT
quality	NN
and	CC
quantity	NN
of	IN
schoolwide	NN
reform	NN
efforts	NNS
and	CC
enable	VB
all	DT
children	NNS
,	,
particularly	RB
low-achieving	JJ
children	NNS
,	,
to	TO
meet	VB
challenging	JJ
academic	JJ
standards	NNS
.	.
The	DT
CSR	NNP
Program	NNP
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
foster	VB
coherent	JJ
schoolwide	JJ
improvements	NNS
that	WDT
cover	VBP
virtually	RB
all	DT
aspects	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
school	NN
's	POS
operations	NNS
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
,	,
fragmented	JJ
approaches	NNS
to	TO
reform	NN
.	.
States	NNPS
provide	VBP
competitive	JJ
grants	NNS
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
specific	JJ
schools	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
indicated	VBN
a	DT
readiness	NN
and	CC
commitment	NN
to	TO
adopt	VB
comprehensive	JJ
reforms	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
students	NNS
reach	VBP
high	JJ
standards	NNS
.	.
To	TO
qualify	VB
for	IN
funding	NN
,	,
schools	NNS
must	MD
thoughtfully	RB
integrate	VB
the	DT
eleven	CD
components	NNS
described	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
legislation	NN
.	.
The	DT
legislation	NN
requires	VBZ
CSR	NNP
schools	NNS
to	TO
access	NN
high-quality	JJ
technical	JJ
assistance	NN
from	IN
outside	JJ
partners	NNS
experienced	VBN
in	IN
schoolwide	NN
reform	NN
.	.
A	DT
key	JJ
feature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
provides	VBZ
incentives	NNS
for	IN
schools	NNS
to	TO
develop	VB
comprehensive	JJ
reform	NN
programs	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
scientifically	RB
based	VBN
research	NN
and	CC
effective	JJ
practices	NNS
.	.
These	DT
reforms	NNS
must	MD
help	VB
all	DT
children	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
challenging	JJ
state	NN
academic	JJ
content	NN
and	CC
achievement	NN
standards	NNS
.	.
Whether	IN
they	PRP
use	VBP
a	DT
nationally	RB
available	JJ
approach	NN
or	CC
develop	VB
their	PRP$
program	NN
locally	RB
,	,
these	DT
schools	NNS
must	MD
coherently	RB
integrate	VB
the	DT
eleven	CD
components	NNS
of	IN
school	NN
reform	NN
.	.
CSR	NNP
supports	VBZ
undertaking	VBG
comprehensive	JJ
reforms	NNS
that	WDT
show	VBP
the	DT
most	RBS
promise	VBP
for	IN
successful	JJ
implementation	NN
and	CC
help	NN
students	NNS
reach	VBP
high	JJ
standards	NNS
.	.
A	DT
SEA	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
State	NNP
Education	NNP
Agency	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
receives	VBZ
a	DT
grant	NN
utilizes	VBZ
the	DT
funds	NNS
to	TO
award	NN
subgrants	NNS
,	,
on	IN
a	DT
competitive	JJ
basis	NN
,	,
to	TO
LEAs	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
Local	JJ
Education	NNP
Agencies	NNPS
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
a	DT
consortia	NN
of	IN
small	JJ
schools	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
defined	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
consortium	NN
of	IN
small	JJ
schools	NNS
serving	VBG
a	DT
total	NN
of	IN
not	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
500	CD
students	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
support	VB
CSR	NNP
reforms	NNS
in	IN
schools	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
eligible	JJ
for	IN
funds	NNS
.	.
Subgrants	NNS
provide	VBP
``	``
start	VB
up	RP
funding	NN
''	''
for	IN
these	DT
eligible	JJ
schools	NNS
of	IN
not	RB
less	JJR
than	IN
$	$
50k	CD
per	IN
year	NN
for	IN
a	DT
three	CD
year	NN
period	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
initiate	VB
comprehensive	JJ
school	NN
reform	NN
.	.
Since	IN
the	DT
intent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Comprehensive	NNP
School	NNP
Reform	NNP
program	NN
is	VBZ
site	NN
based	VBN
decision	NN
making	VBG
,	,
submitted	VBN
budget	NN
transfer	NN
forms	NNS
must	MD
include	VB
the	DT
signature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
principal	NN
and	CC
the	DT
county	NN
Title	NN
I	PRP
director	NN
.	.
Each	DT
interested	JJ
principal	NN
must	MD
send	VB
a	DT
school	NN
team	NN
to	TO
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
mandatory	JJ
CSR	NNP
grant	NN
writing	VBG
workshops	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
submit	VB
a	DT
proposal	NN
.	.
The	DT
school	NN
team	NN
consists	VBZ
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
principal	NN
,	,
the	DT
county	NN
Title	NN
I	PRP
director	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
lead	NN
teacher	NN
.	.
The	DT
grant	NN
writing	VBG
workshops	NNS
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
technical	JJ
assistance	NN
in	IN
the	DT
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
CSR	NNP
process	NN
and	CC
to	TO
assist	VB
schools	NNS
in	IN
determining	VBG
school	NN
needs	NNS
and	CC
writing	VBG
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
school	NN
reform	NN
plan	NN
.	.
CSR	NNP
coordinator	NN
.	.
After	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
grant	NN
writing	VBG
workshop	NN
session	NN
,	,
the	DT
principal	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
share	VB
the	DT
information	NN
with	IN
the	DT
staff	NN
and	CC
an	DT
assurance	NN
must	MD
be	VB
signed	VBN
by	IN
each	DT
staff	NN
member	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
readiness	NN
and	CC
commitment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
implementation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
CSR	NNP
initiative	NN
.	.
A	DT
requirement	NN
of	IN
Title	NNP
I	PRP
,	,
Part	NNP
F	NN
legislation	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
subgrants	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
of	IN
sufficient	JJ
size	NN
and	CC
scope	NN
to	TO
support	VB
the	DT
initial	JJ
costs	NNS
of	IN
comprehensive	JJ
school	NN
reforms	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
participating	VBG
school	NN
receives	VBZ
at	IN
least	JJS
$	$
50k	CD
of	IN
CSR	NNP
funds	NNS
per	IN
year	NN
,	,
renewable	JJ
for	IN
up	RB
to	TO
a	DT
total	NN
of	IN
three	CD
years	NNS
.	.
CSR	NNP
funds	NNS
help	VBP
finance	VB
the	DT
initial	JJ
implementation	NN
of	IN
comprehensive	JJ
reforms	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
coordinated	VBN
with	IN
and	CC
sustained	VBN
by	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
resources	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
,	,
including	VBG
federal	JJ
,	,
state	NN
,	,
local	JJ
and	CC
private	JJ
.	.
These	DT
resources	NNS
support	VBP
integrated	VBN
strategies	NNS
that	WDT
enable	VBP
all	DT
children	NNS
to	TO
reach	VB
challenging	JJ
academic	JJ
standards	NNS
.	.
CSR	NNP
funds	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
intended	VBN
to	TO
support	VB
separate	JJ
projects	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
``	``
added	VBN
on	IN
''	''
to	TO
existing	VBG
programs	NNS
or	CC
projects	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
school	NN
.	.
Rather	RB
,	,
the	DT
funds	NNS
assist	VBP
schools	NNS
to	TO
improve	VB
their	PRP$
entire	JJ
educational	JJ
operation	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
curriculum	NN
changes	NNS
,	,
sustained	VBD
professional	JJ
development	NN
,	,
and	CC
enhanced	JJ
involvement	NN
of	IN
parents	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
careful	JJ
identification	NN
of	IN
local	JJ
needs	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
No.	NN
.	.
The	DT
Comprehensive	NNP
School	NNP
Reform	NNP
program	NN
operates	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
premise	NN
that	IN
three	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
funding	NN
is	VBZ
sufficient	JJ
to	TO
launch	VB
a	DT
well-prepared	JJ
school	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
reform	NN
efforts	NNS
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
school	NN
is	VBZ
clear	JJ
about	IN
its	PRP$
needs	NNS
when	WRB
it	PRP
receives	VBZ
CSR	NNP
funds	NNS
and	CC
has	VBZ
designed	VBN
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
program	NN
to	TO
address	VB
them	PRP
,	,
the	DT
three-year	JJ
funding	NN
period	NN
allows	VBZ
time	NN
for	IN
strengthening	VBG
infrastructures	NNS
and	CC
aligning	VBG
and	CC
reallocating	VBG
resources	NNS
.	.
Proven	NNP
methods	NNS
and	CC
strategies	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
scientifically	RB
based	VBN
research	NN
A	DT
comprehensive	JJ
school	NN
reform	NN
program	NN
employs	VBZ
proven	VBN
strategies	NNS
and	CC
methods	NNS
for	IN
student	NN
learning	NN
,	,
teaching	NN
,	,
and	CC
school	NN
management	NN
that	WDT
are	VBP
based	VBN
on	IN
scientifically	RB
based	VBN
research	NN
and	CC
effective	JJ
practices	NNS
and	CC
have	VBP
been	VBN
replicated	VBN
successfully	RB
in	IN
schools	NNS
.	.
This	DT
component	NN
emphasizes	VBZ
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
schools	NNS
,	,
in	IN
designing	VBG
their	PRP$
comprehensive	JJ
reform	NN
program	NN
,	,
to	TO
employ	VB
proven	JJ
strategies	NNS
and	CC
methods	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
grounded	VBN
in	IN
scientifically	RB
based	VBN
research	NN
in	IN
core	NN
academic	JJ
subjects	NNS
,	,
especially	RB
basic	JJ
skills	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
reading	NN
and	CC
math	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Staying	VBG
focused	VBN
on	IN
academic	JJ
achievement	NN
,	,
building	VBG
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
program	NN
that	WDT
supports	VBZ
it	PRP
,	,
and	CC
emphasizing	VBG
``	``
what	WDT
works	NNS
''	''
in	IN
the	DT
classroom	NN
are	VBP
important	JJ
elements	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
successful	JJ
comprehensive	JJ
design	NN
.	.
A	DT
comprehensive	JJ
design	NN
for	IN
effective	JJ
school	NN
functioning	VBG
integrates	VBZ
instruction	NN
,	,
assessment	NN
,	,
classroom	NN
management	NN
,	,
professional	JJ
development	NN
,	,
parental	JJ
involvement	NN
,	,
and	CC
school	NN
management	NN
.	.
By	IN
addressing	VBG
needs	NNS
identified	VBN
through	IN
a	DT
school	NN
needs	VBZ
assessment	NN
,	,
it	PRP
aligns	VBZ
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
curriculum	NN
,	,
technology	NN
,	,
and	CC
professional	JJ
development	NN
into	IN
a	DT
plan	NN
for	IN
schoolwide	JJ
change	NN
.	.
The	DT
ultimate	JJ
goal	NN
of	IN
this	DT
design	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
enable	VB
all	DT
students	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
challenging	JJ
state	NN
content	NN
and	CC
student	NN
academic	JJ
achievement	NN
standards	NNS
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
provides	VBZ
high-quality	JJ
and	CC
continuous	JJ
staff	NN
development	NN
and	CC
training	NN
.	.
The	DT
professional	JJ
development	NN
involves	VBZ
proven	VBN
,	,
innovative	JJ
strategies	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
both	DT
cost	NN
effective	JJ
and	CC
easily	RB
accessible	JJ
and	CC
ensures	VBZ
that	IN
teachers	NNS
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
use	VB
state	NN
assessments	NNS
and	CC
challenging	JJ
state	NN
academic	JJ
content	NN
standards	NNS
to	TO
improve	VB
instructional	JJ
practice	NN
and	CC
student	NN
academic	JJ
achievement	NN
.	.
Well	RB
designed	VBN
professional	JJ
development	NN
activities	NNS
increase	VB
all	DT
teachers	NNS
'	POS
knowledge	NN
of	IN
both	DT
the	DT
academic	JJ
subjects	NNS
they	PRP
teach	VBP
and	CC
effective	JJ
instructional	JJ
strategies	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
grounded	VBN
in	IN
scientifically	RB
based	VBN
research	NN
.	.
They	PRP
include	VBP
strategies	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
partnerships	NNS
with	IN
institutions	NNS
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
and	CC
address	NN
such	JJ
topics	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
and	CC
assessment	NN
;	:
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
;	:
and	CC
improving	VBG
the	DT
instruction	NN
of	IN
all	DT
children	NNS
.	.
This	DT
professional	JJ
development	NN
is	VBZ
intensive	JJ
,	,
sustained	VBD
over	IN
time	NN
,	,
and	CC
classroom	NN
focused	VBD
.	.
Those	DT
who	WP
participate	VBP
also	RB
help	VB
to	TO
design	VB
it	PRP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
design	NN
is	VBZ
well	RB
integrated	VBN
with	IN
school	NN
and	CC
district	NN
educational	JJ
improvement	NN
plans	NNS
.	.
The	DT
professional	JJ
development	NN
component	NN
is	VBZ
regularly	RB
evaluated	VBN
to	TO
gauge	VB
its	PRP$
impact	NN
on	IN
increased	VBN
teacher	NN
effectiveness	NN
and	CC
improved	VBD
achievement	NN
.	.
Teachers	NNPS
,	,
principals	NNS
,	,
administrators	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
staff	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
school	NN
support	NN
the	DT
CSR	NNP
program	NN
.	.
They	PRP
demonstrate	VBP
this	DT
support	NN
by	IN
,	,
amount	NN
other	JJ
activities	NNS
,	,
understanding	NN
and	CC
embracing	VBG
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
comprehensive	JJ
reform	NN
program	NN
,	,
focusing	VBG
on	IN
continuous	JJ
improvement	NN
of	IN
classroom	NN
instruction	NN
,	,
and	CC
participating	VBG
in	IN
professional	JJ
development	NN
.	.
A	DT
CSR	NNP
program	NN
provides	VBZ
support	NN
for	IN
teachers	NNS
,	,
principals	NNS
,	,
administrators	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
school	NN
staff	NN
by	IN
creating	VBG
a	DT
shared	VBN
leadership	NN
and	CC
a	DT
broad	JJ
base	NN
of	IN
responsibility	NN
for	IN
reform	NN
efforts	NNS
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
encourages	VBZ
teamwork	NN
and	CC
the	DT
celebration	NN
of	IN
accomplishments	NNS
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
provides	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
meaningful	JJ
involvement	NN
of	IN
parents	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
local	JJ
community	NN
in	IN
planning	NN
,	,
implementing	VBG
,	,
and	CC
evaluating	VBG
school	NN
improvement	NN
activities	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addressing	VBG
this	DT
component	NN
,	,
schools	NNS
create	VBP
strategies	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
parental	JJ
involvement	NN
requirements	NNS
of	IN
Title	NN
I	PRP
,	,
Part	NNP
A	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Section	NNP
1118	CD
of	IN
the	DT
ESEA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Schools	NNP
pay	NN
special	JJ
attention	NN
to	TO
building	VBG
parents	NNS
'	POS
capacity	NN
for	IN
involvement	NN
and	CC
design	NN
ways	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
parents	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
brought	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
instructional	JJ
program	NN
and	CC
contribute	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
academic	JJ
achievement	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
children	NNS
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
uses	VBZ
high-quality	JJ
external	JJ
support	NN
and	CC
assistance	NN
form	VBP
an	DT
entity	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
experience	NN
and	CC
expertise	NN
in	IN
schoolwide	NN
reform	NN
and	CC
improvement	NN
,	,
which	WDT
may	MD
include	VB
an	DT
institution	NN
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
.	.
The	DT
CSR	NNP
legislation	NN
requires	VBZ
that	IN
programs	NNS
are	VBP
supported	VBN
by	IN
qualified	JJ
technical	JJ
assistance	NN
providers	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
a	DT
successful	JJ
track	NN
record	NN
,	,
financial	JJ
stability	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
capacity	NN
to	TO
deliver	VB
high-quality	JJ
materials	NNS
,	,
professional	JJ
development	NN
,	,
and	CC
on-site	JJ
support	NN
during	IN
the	DT
full	JJ
implementation	NN
period	NN
of	IN
the	DT
reform	NN
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
ensures	VBZ
accountability	NN
by	IN
including	VBG
a	DT
plan	NN
for	IN
the	DT
annual	JJ
evaluation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
implementation	NN
of	IN
school	NN
reforms	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
student	NN
results	NNS
achieved	VBD
.	.
The	DT
evaluation	NN
helps	VBZ
ensure	VB
that	IN
the	DT
school	NN
is	VBZ
making	VBG
progress	NN
toward	IN
achieving	VBG
its	PRP$
measurable	JJ
goals	NNS
and	CC
benchmarks	NNS
and	CC
that	IN
necessary	JJ
adjustments	NNS
and	CC
improvements	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
reform	NN
strategies	NNS
.	.
Coordination	NN
of	IN
resources	NNS
The	DT
program	NN
must	MD
identify	VB
federal	JJ
,	,
state	NN
,	,
local	JJ
and	CC
private	JJ
financial	JJ
and	CC
other	JJ
resources	NNS
that	WDT
schools	NNS
can	MD
use	VB
to	TO
coordinate	VB
services	NNS
that	WDT
support	VBP
and	CC
sustain	VBP
comprehensive	JJ
school	NN
reform	NN
.	.
Have	NNP
been	VBN
found	VBN
,	,
through	IN
scientifically	RB
based	VBN
research	NN
,	,
to	TO
significantly	RB
improve	VB
the	DT
academic	JJ
achievement	NN
of	IN
participating	VBG
students	NNS
;	:
or	CC
Have	VBP
been	VBN
found	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
strong	JJ
evidence	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
significantly	RB
improve	VB
the	DT
academic	JJ
achievement	NN
of	IN
participating	VBG
children	NNS
.	.
No	DT
,	,
however	RB
a	DT
CSR	NNP
program	NN
must	MD
include	VB
all	DT
eleven	CD
components	NNS
listed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
legislation	NN
.	.
A	DT
program	NN
supported	VBN
with	IN
CSR	NNP
funds	NNS
must	MD
coherently	RB
integrate	VB
all	DT
eleven	CD
components	NNS
,	,
and	CC
its	PRP$
comprehensiveness	NN
must	MD
be	VB
reflected	VBN
in	IN
their	PRP$
interrelationship	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
in	IN
designing	VBG
its	PRP$
program	NN
,	,
a	DT
school	NN
should	MD
exercise	VB
care	NN
that	IN
the	DT
models	NNS
,	,
methods	NNS
,	,
and	CC
strategies	NNS
that	IN
it	PRP
incorporates	VBZ
create	VB
a	DT
coherent	JJ
whole	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
critical	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
program	NN
employ	VBP
strategies	NNS
and	CC
methods	NNS
for	IN
student	NN
learning	NN
,	,
teaching	NN
,	,
and	CC
school	NN
management	NN
that	WDT
are	VBP
based	VBN
on	IN
scientifically	RB
based	VBN
research	NN
and	CC
effective	JJ
practices	NNS
and	CC
that	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
successfully	RB
replicated	VBN
in	IN
schools	NNS
.	.
The	DT
eleven	CD
components	NNS
embody	VBP
the	DT
essential	JJ
elements	NNS
of	IN
successful	JJ
schoolwide	NN
reform	NN
.	.
They	PRP
encourage	VBP
analysis	NN
,	,
planning	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
implementation	NN
of	IN
reforms	NNS
that	WDT
touch	VBP
every	DT
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
school	NN
program	NN
and	CC
all	DT
students	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
Both	DT
nationally	RB
and	CC
locally	RB
developed	VBD
models	NNS
are	VBP
likely	JJ
to	TO
address	VB
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
eleven	CD
components	NNS
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
all	DT
of	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
a	DT
school	NN
adopts	VBZ
an	DT
external	JJ
model	NN
,	,
it	PRP
must	MD
incorporate	VB
that	IN
model	NN
into	IN
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
program	NN
that	WDT
addresses	VBZ
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
CSR	NNP
components	NNS
.	.
CSR	NNP
funds	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
simply	RB
to	TO
support	VB
randomly	RB
adopted	VBN
or	CC
developed	VBN
strategies	NNS
;	:
instead	RB
,	,
the	DT
strategies	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
integrated	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
design	NN
for	IN
effective	JJ
school	NN
functioning	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
program	NN
must	MD
be	VB
supported	VBN
by	IN
scientifically	RB
based	VBN
research	NN
or	CC
have	VB
strong	JJ
evidence	NN
of	IN
success	NN
.	.
Ensure	VB
that	DT
experimental	JJ
studies	NNS
are	VBP
presented	VBN
in	IN
sufficient	JJ
detail	NN
and	CC
clarity	NN
to	TO
allow	VB
for	IN
replication	NN
or	CC
,	,
at	IN
a	DT
minimum	NN
,	,
offer	VBP
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
build	VB
systematically	RB
on	IN
their	PRP$
findings	NNS
;	:
and	CC
Have	VBP
been	VBN
accepted	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
peer-reviewed	JJ
journal	NN
or	CC
approved	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
panel	NN
of	IN
independent	JJ
experts	NNS
through	IN
a	DT
comparably	RB
rigorous	JJ
,	,
objective	JJ
,	,
and	CC
scientific	JJ
review	NN
.	.
Duties	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
external	JJ
facilitator	NN
include	VBP
the	DT
collection	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
Formative	NNP
Evaluation	NNP
Process	NNP
for	IN
School	NNP
Improvement	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FEPSI	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
working	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
site	NN
researcher	NN
who	WP
also	RB
gathers	VBZ
FEPSI	NNP
data	NNS
,	,
and	CC
assisting	VBG
the	DT
school	NN
with	IN
reform	NN
efforts	NNS
as	IN
requested	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
principal	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
each	DT
school	NN
must	MD
identify	VB
,	,
provide	VB
qualifications	NNS
for	IN
,	,
and	CC
provide	VB
a	DT
letter	NN
of	IN
commitment	NN
from	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
selected	VBN
external	JJ
facilitator	NN
.	.
The	DT
letter	NN
of	IN
commitment	NN
must	MD
include	VB
an	DT
assurance	NN
to	TO
attend	VB
the	DT
Comprehensive	NNP
School	NNP
Reform	NNP
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Leadership	NNP
Academy	NNP
and	CC
other	JJ
trainings	NNS
sponsored	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
and	CC
willingness	NN
to	TO
carry	VB
out	RP
responsibilities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Formative	NNP
Evaluation	NNP
Process	NNP
for	IN
School	NNP
Improvement	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FEPSI	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
including	VBG
conducting	VBG
the	DT
School	NNP
Observation	NNP
Measures	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
SOMs	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Suggestions	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
selection	NN
of	IN
an	DT
external	JJ
facilitator	NN
include	VBP
an	DT
employee	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
RESA	NNP
,	,
a	DT
college	NN
or	CC
university	NN
,	,
or	CC
an	DT
educational	JJ
consultant	NN
.	.
Yes	UH
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
imperative	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
staff	NN
of	IN
each	DT
school	NN
have	VBP
a	DT
thorough	JJ
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
CSR	NNP
process	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
requirement	NN
that	IN
each	DT
school	NN
send	VB
a	DT
team	NN
CSR	NNP
grant	NN
writing	VBG
workshops	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
submit	VB
a	DT
proposal	NN
.	.
The	DT
grant	NN
writing	VBG
workshops	NNS
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
technical	JJ
assistance	NN
in	IN
the	DT
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
CSR	NNP
process	NN
and	CC
to	TO
assist	VB
schools	NNS
in	IN
determining	VBG
school	NN
needs	NNS
and	CC
writing	VBG
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
school	NN
reform	NN
plan	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
CSR	NNP
coordinator	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
technical	JJ
assistance	NN
on	IN
an	DT
individual	JJ
basis	NN
to	TO
eligible	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
providing	VBG
feedback	NN
to	TO
schools	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
develop	VBP
their	PRP$
plan	NN
in	IN
draft	NN
form	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
once	RB
a	DT
school	NN
is	VBZ
selected	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
CSR	NNP
school	NN
,	,
each	DT
school	NN
team	NN
will	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
attend	VB
the	DT
CSR	NNP
Leadership	NNP
Academies	NNP
which	WDT
are	VBP
held	VBN
biannually	RB
.	.
The	DT
school	NN
team	NN
consists	VBZ
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
principal	NN
,	,
lead	NN
teacher	NN
,	,
and	CC
external	JJ
facilitator	NN
who	WP
will	MD
attend	VB
sessions	NNS
to	TO
ensure	VB
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
implementation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
components	NNS
of	IN
CSR	NNP
,	,
to	TO
address	VB
reform	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
ensure	VB
appropriate	JJ
training	NN
in	IN
the	DT
FEPSI	NNP
evaluation	NN
process	NN
.	.
LEA	NNP
responsibilities	NNS
of	IN
serving	VBG
eligible	JJ
students	NNS
enrolled	VBN
in	IN
private	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
The	DT
law	NN
requires	VBZ
that	IN
LEAs	NNS
provide	VBP
eligible	JJ
private	JJ
school	NN
children	NNS
with	IN
special	JJ
educational	JJ
services	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
Title	NN
I	PRP
benefits	NNS
that	WDT
address	VBP
their	PRP$
needs	NNS
,	,
on	IN
an	DT
equitable	JJ
basis	NN
and	CC
in	IN
a	DT
timely	JJ
manner	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
services	NNS
or	CC
benefits	NNS
might	MD
include	VB
dual	JJ
enrollment	NN
,	,
educational	JJ
radio	NN
and	CC
television	NN
,	,
computer	NN
equipment	NN
and	CC
materials	NNS
,	,
other	JJ
technology	NN
,	,
and	CC
mobile	JJ
educational	JJ
services	NNS
and	CC
equipment	NN
.	.
Further	JJ
examples	NNS
of	IN
delivery	NN
might	MD
include	VB
specialized	VBN
instruction	NN
outside	IN
the	DT
regular	JJ
classroom	NN
,	,
extended	VBN
learning	NN
time	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
before\/after	JJ
school	NN
or	CC
summer	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
family	NN
literacy	NN
services	NNS
,	,
early	RB
childhood	NN
services	NNS
,	,
computer	NN
assisted	VBN
instruction	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
these	DT
services	NNS
.	.
NCLB	NNP
explicitly	RB
states	VBZ
that	IN
these	DT
benefits	NNS
also	RB
extend	VBP
to	TO
private	JJ
school	NN
parents	NNS
and	CC
teachers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
LEA	NNP
must	MD
ensure	VB
that	IN
teachers	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
eligible	JJ
private	JJ
school	NN
students	NNS
participate	VB
,	,
on	IN
an	DT
equitable	JJ
basis	NN
,	,
in	IN
services	NNS
and	CC
activities	NNS
developed	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
Title	NNP
I	PRP
requirements	NNS
on	IN
parental	JJ
involvement	NN
and	CC
professional	JJ
development	NN
.	.
The	DT
LEA	NNP
must	MD
provide	VB
educational	JJ
services	NNS
and	CC
benefits	NNS
to	TO
eligible	JJ
students	NNS
enrolled	VBN
in	IN
private	JJ
elementary	JJ
and	CC
secondary	JJ
schools	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
equitable	JJ
in	IN
comparison	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Title	NN
I	PRP
services	VBZ
provided	VBN
to	TO
public	JJ
school	NN
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
total	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
funds	NNS
expended	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
LEA	NNP
for	IN
services	NNS
to	TO
eligible	JJ
private	JJ
school	NN
children	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
equal	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
funds	NNS
generated	VBN
by	IN
private	JJ
school	NN
students	NNS
.	.
Appropriate	JJ
consultation	NN
with	IN
private	JJ
school	NN
officials	NNS
is	VBZ
often	RB
the	DT
key	NN
to	TO
ensuring	VBG
that	IN
a	DT
LEA	NNP
's	POS
program	NN
for	IN
equitable	JJ
participation	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
success	NN
.	.
``	``
Timely	NNP
''	''
consultation	NN
must	MD
occur	VB
before	IN
the	DT
LEA	NNP
makes	VBZ
any	DT
decision	NN
that	WDT
affects	VBZ
the	DT
opportunities	NNS
of	IN
eligible	JJ
private	JJ
school	NN
students	NNS
.	.
These	DT
meetings	NNS
must	MD
continue	VB
throughout	IN
implementation	NN
and	CC
assessment	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
be	VB
``	``
meaningful	JJ
,	,
''	''
the	DT
LEA	NNP
must	MD
genuinely	RB
consider	VB
the	DT
comments	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
private	JJ
school	NN
officials	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
LEA	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
bound	VBN
to	TO
accept	VB
the	DT
private	JJ
school	NN
officials	NNS
'	POS
recommendations	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
must	MD
provide	VB
genuine	JJ
consideration	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
end	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
the	DT
LEA	NNP
makes	VBZ
the	DT
final	JJ
decisions	NNS
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Title	NN
I	PRP
services	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
provided	VBN
to	TO
eligible	JJ
private	JJ
school	NN
students	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
LEA	NNP
contracts	NNS
services	NNS
,	,
the	DT
contractor	NN
must	MD
be	VB
independent	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
private	JJ
school	NN
and	CC
of	IN
any	DT
religious	JJ
organization	NN
.	.
The	DT
contract	NN
or	CC
the	DT
employment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
must	MD
be	VB
under	IN
the	DT
control	NN
and	CC
supervision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
LEA	NNP
.	.
Educational	NNP
services	NNS
,	,
materials	NNS
,	,
and	CC
equipment	NN
must	MD
be	VB
secular	JJ
,	,
neutral	JJ
,	,
and	CC
nonideological	JJ
.	.
Behind	IN
Act	NNP
requires	VBZ
that	IN
private	JJ
school	NN
students	NNS
participating	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
Title	NN
I	PRP
program	NN
must	MD
be	VB
assessed	VBN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
regulations	NNS
clarify	VBP
that	IN
nothing	NN
under	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
requires	VBZ
a	DT
private	JJ
school	NN
that	WDT
receives	VBZ
Title	NN
I	PRP
services	NNS
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
's	POS
academic	JJ
assessment	NN
system	NN
.	.
The	DT
LEA	NNP
and	CC
private	JJ
school	NN
officials	NNS
must	MD
develop	VB
alternative	JJ
standards	NNS
of	IN
student	NN
achievement	NN
if	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
curriculum	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
aligned	VBN
with	IN
state	NN
standards	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
private	JJ
school	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
utilize	VB
the	DT
state	NN
assessment	NN
,	,
the	DT
LEA	NNP
must	MD
use	VB
some	DT
assessment	NN
measure	NN
for	IN
gauging	VBG
the	DT
progress	NN
of	IN
Title	NNP
I	PRP
private	JJ
school	NN
students	NNS
.	.
Criteria	NNS
may	MD
include	VB
:	:
achievement	NN
tests	NNS
,	,
teacher	NN
referral	NN
and	CC
recommendation	NN
,	,
classroom	NN
performance	NN
,	,
grades	NNS
,	,
and	CC
interviews	NNS
with	IN
parents	NNS
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
an	DT
approved	VBN
amendment	NN
to	TO
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
's	POS
Accountability	NNP
Plan	NNP
,	,
``	``
AYP	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
determined	VBN
annually	RB
for	IN
districts	NNS
.	.
A	DT
district	NN
will	MD
be	VB
identified	VBN
for	IN
improvement	NN
states	NNS
only	RB
if	IN
all	DT
grade	NN
spans	NNS
,	,
elementary	JJ
,	,
middle	JJ
,	,
and	CC
high	JJ
school	NN
fail	VBP
to	TO
make	VB
AYP	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
year	NN
in	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
of	IN
the	DT
student	NN
groups	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
grade	NN
spans	NNS
makes	VBZ
AYP	NNP
,	,
the	DT
district	NN
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
identified	VBN
for	IN
improvement	NN
.	.
AYP	NNP
for	IN
each	DT
grade	NN
span	NN
will	MD
be	VB
calculated	VBN
by	IN
considering	VBG
the	DT
percent	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
proficient	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
grade	NN
span	NN
will	MD
be	VB
calculated	VBN
by	IN
considering	VBG
the	DT
percent	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
proficient	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
grade	NN
span	NN
compared	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
established	VBN
AMO	NNP
for	IN
that	DT
grade	NN
span	NN
.	.
Confidence	NN
interval	NN
,	,
minimum	JJ
N	NNP
size	NN
,	,
Safe	NNP
Harbor	NNP
,	,
and	CC
uniform	JJ
averaging	NN
provisions	NNS
will	MD
also	RB
apply	VB
to	TO
this	DT
calculation	NN
.	.
A	DT
district	NN
identified	VBN
for	IN
improvement	NN
status	NN
will	MD
be	VB
removed	VBN
from	IN
that	DT
status	NN
if	IN
the	DT
district	NN
makes	VBZ
AYP	NNP
for	IN
2	CD
consecutive	JJ
years	NNS
or	CC
of	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
district	NN
's	POS
grade	NN
spans	NNS
makes	VBZ
AYP	NNP
for	IN
2	CD
consecutive	JJ
years	NNS
.	.
''	''
School	NNP
improvement	NN
provisions	NNS
are	VBP
embedded	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
NCLB	NNP
legislation	NN
and	CC
Title	NN
I	PRP
regulations	NNS
.	.
Emphasis	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
placed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
performance	NN
of	IN
LEAs	NNS
in	IN
assuming	VBG
a	DT
leadership	NN
role	NN
to	TO
guide	VB
and	CC
support	VB
school	NN
improvement	NN
within	IN
the	DT
districts	NNS
.	.
Levels	NNS
of	IN
interventions	NNS
are	VBP
designed	VBN
for	IN
schools	NNS
that	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
make	VB
adequate	JJ
yearly	JJ
progress	NN
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
No	NNP
Child	NNP
Left	VBD
Behind	IN
Act	NNP
,	,
any	DT
Title	NN
I	PRP
school	VBP
that	DT
is	VBZ
in	IN
its	PRP$
first	JJ
year	NN
of	IN
school	NN
improvement	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
two	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
consecutive	JJ
years	NNS
not	RB
meeting	VBG
adequate	JJ
yearly	JJ
progress	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
must	MD
offer	VB
all	DT
students	NNS
enrolled	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
the	DT
option	NN
to	TO
transfer	VB
to	TO
another	DT
public	JJ
school	NN
within	IN
the	DT
LEA	NNP
that	WDT
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
identified	VBN
for	IN
improvement	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
NCLB	NNP
Section	NNP
1116	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
from	IN
which	WDT
students	NNS
may	MD
choose	VB
are	VBP
not	RB
required	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
schools	NNS
that	WDT
receive	VBP
Title	NN
I	PRP
funds	NNS
.	.
If	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
school	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
option	NN
for	IN
choice	NN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
LEA	NNP
must	MD
provide	VB
parents	NNS
a	DT
choice	NN
of	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
school	NN
.	.
A	DT
school	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
in	IN
its	PRP$
second	JJ
year	NN
or	CC
more	JJR
of	IN
school	NN
improvement	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
three	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
years	NNS
not	RB
meeting	VBG
adequate	JJ
yearly	JJ
progress	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
must	MD
arrange	VB
for	IN
the	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
supplemental	JJ
services	NNS
to	TO
eligible	JJ
children	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
from	IN
a	DT
provider	NN
with	IN
a	DT
demonstrated	VBN
track	NN
record	NN
of	IN
effectiveness	NN
or	CC
a	DT
high	JJ
probability	NN
of	IN
success	NN
.	.
Supplemental	NNP
educational	JJ
services	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
SES	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
consists	VBZ
of	IN
academic	JJ
instruction	NN
outside	IN
of	IN
the	DT
regular	JJ
school	NN
day	NN
designed	VBN
to	TO
increase	VB
the	DT
academic	JJ
achievement	NN
of	IN
low-income	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
These	DT
services	NNS
may	MD
include	VB
academic	JJ
services	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
tutoring	NN
,	,
remediation	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
educational	JJ
interventions	NNS
provided	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
approaches	NNS
are	VBP
constant	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
state	NN
's	POS
academic	JJ
content	NN
standards	NNS
.	.
The	DT
main	JJ
purpose	NN
of	IN
SES	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
increase	NN
student	NN
achievement	NN
in	IN
reading\/language	NN
arts	NNS
and	CC
mathematics	NNS
;	:
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
enable	VBP
children	NNS
to	TO
attain	VB
proficiency	NN
in	IN
meeting	VBG
the	DT
state	NN
academic	JJ
achievement	NN
standards	NNS
.	.
Complete	JJ
both	DT
sections	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
back	NN
,	,
giving	VBG
reasons	NNS
for	IN
surplus	NN
and	CC
explaining	VBG
what\/how	JJ
the	DT
new	JJ
line	NN
codes	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
equipment	NN
line	NN
codes	NNS
are	VBP
listed	VBN
,	,
include	VBP
description	NN
,	,
unit	NN
and	CC
extended	VBD
cost	NN
,	,
and	CC
justification	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
To	TO
create	VB
a	DT
line	NN
code	NN
that	WDT
does	VBZ
not	RB
exist	VB
in	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
year	NN
's	POS
budget	NN
;	:
or	CC
To	TO
allow	VB
for	IN
substantial	JJ
change	NN
in	IN
the	DT
project	NN
applications	NNS
--	:
either	RB
adding	VBG
or	CC
deleting	VBG
personnel	NNS
,	,
or	CC
adding	VBG
,	,
deleting	VBG
,	,
or	CC
modifying	VBG
program	NN
elements	NNS
or	CC
delivery	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
Title	NNP
I	PRP
amendments	NNS
involve	VBP
reserve	NN
funds	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
funds	NNS
not	RB
previously	RB
placed	VBN
in	IN
line	NN
codes	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
surplus	NN
funds	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
funds	NNS
originally	RB
placed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
line	NN
code	NN
,	,
either	CC
not	RB
needed	VBN
in	IN
that	DT
line	NN
code	NN
or	CC
funds	NNS
transferred	VBN
into	IN
another	DT
line	NN
code	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
better	RBR
spent	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
or	CC
both	DT
reserve	NN
and	CC
surplus	NN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
amendment	NN
.	.
The	DT
No	NNP
Child	NNP
Left	VBD
Behind	IN
Act	NNP
of	IN
2001	CD
is	VBZ
a	DT
landmark	NN
in	IN
education	NN
reform	NN
designed	VBN
to	TO
improve	VB
student	NN
achievement	NN
and	CC
change	VB
the	DT
culture	NN
of	IN
America	NNP
's	POS
schools	NNS
.	.
With	IN
passage	NN
of	IN
NCLB	NNP
,	,
Congress	NNP
reauthorized	VBD
the	DT
Elementary	NNP
and	CC
Secondary	JJ
Education	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ESEA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
--	:
the	DT
principle	NN
federal	JJ
law	NN
affecting	VBG
education	NN
from	IN
kindergarten	NN
through	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
.	.
In	IN
amending	VBG
ESCA	NNP
,	,
the	DT
new	JJ
law	NN
represents	VBZ
a	DT
sweeping	JJ
overhaul	NN
of	IN
federal	JJ
efforts	NNS
to	TO
support	VB
elementary	JJ
and	CC
secondary	JJ
education	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
No	DT
Child	NN
Left	VBD
Behind	IN
Compliance	NNP
Insider	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
practical	JJ
,	,
``	``
how-to	JJ
''	''
newsletter	NN
devoted	JJ
exclusively	RB
to	TO
telling	VBG
you	PRP
everything	NN
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
know	VB
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
sweeping	JJ
new	JJ
NCLB	NNP
rules	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
.	.
Written	VBN
and	CC
edited	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
staff	NN
of	IN
attorneys	NNS
,	,
each	DT
monthly	JJ
issue	NN
of	IN
The	DT
Insider	NNP
gives	VBZ
you	PRP
plain-english	JJ
ideas	NNS
and	CC
techniques	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
:	:
understand	VB
and	CC
comply	VB
with	IN
NCLB	NNP
and	CC
U.S.	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
regulations	NNS
and	CC
guidance	NN
;	:
get	VB
the	DT
best	JJS
use	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
federal	JJ
education	NN
dollars	NNS
;	:
and	CC
protect	VB
yourself	PRP
from	IN
adverse	JJ
findings	NNS
in	IN
education	NN
audits	NN
.	.
NCLB	NNP
fiscal	JJ
rules	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
wreak	VB
havoc	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
budgets	NNS
and	CC
leave	VB
you	PRP
vulnerable	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
host	NN
of	IN
legal	JJ
and	CC
financial	JJ
headaches	NNS
.	.
In	IN
each	DT
monthly	JJ
issue	NN
,	,
leading	VBG
school	NN
financial	JJ
experts	NNS
clearly	RB
spell	VBP
out	RP
how	WRB
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
law	NN
...	:
avoid	VB
audit	NN
problems	NNS
...	:
take	VB
full	JJ
advantage	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
funding	NN
flexibility	NN
...	:
get	VB
more	JJR
out	IN
of	IN
your	PRP$
federal	JJ
dollars	NNS
...	:
and	CC
avoid	VB
potentially	RB
devastating	JJ
errors	NNS
that	WDT
could	MD
result	VB
in	IN
costly	JJ
litigation	NN
,	,
or	CC
in	IN
your	PRP$
having	VBG
to	TO
give	VB
money	NN
back	RB
.	.
While	IN
viewing	VBG
the	DT
resource	NN
you	PRP
can	MD
press	VB
F11	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
top	JJ
row	NN
of	IN
keyboard	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
change	VB
your	PRP$
view	NN
to	TO
a	DT
full	JJ
screen	NN
view	NN
which	WDT
will	MD
remove	VB
your	PRP$
toolbars	NNS
thus	RB
allowing	VBG
you	PRP
to	TO
see	VB
as	RB
much	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
page	NN
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
Pressing	VBG
F11	CD
again	RB
will	MD
return	VB
your	PRP$
toolbars	NNS
.	.
This	DT
resource	NN
is	VBZ
best	JJS
viewed	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
screen	NN
resolution	NN
of	IN
1024	CD
x	SYM
768	CD
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
questions	NNS
about	IN
changing	VBG
your	PRP$
screen	NN
resolution	NN
please	VB
contact	NN
the	DT
Technology	NNP
Specialist	NNP
in	IN
your	PRP$
school	NN
or	CC
county	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
click	VB
here	RB
to	TO
view	VB
a	DT
web	NN
resource	NN
for	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
on	IN
screen	NN
resolution	NN
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
now	RB
completed	VBN
The	DT
Changing	VBG
World	NNP
segment	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
continue	VB
with	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
segment	NN
click	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
21st	CD
Century	NNP
Learning	NNP
button	NN
below	IN
.	.
To	TO
end	VB
the	DT
session	NN
click	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
X	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
top	JJ
right	NN
of	IN
the	DT
screen	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Lowell	NNP
Johnson	NNP
was	VBD
appointed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
in	IN
January	NNP
2004	CD
by	IN
Governor	NNP
Bob	NNP
Wise	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
most	RBS
recently	RB
served	VBD
as	IN
the	DT
assistant	NN
secretary	NN
for	IN
ports	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Transportation	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
is	VBZ
currently	RB
serving	VBG
his	PRP$
second	JJ
term	NN
as	IN
state	NN
board	NN
president	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Johnson	NNP
has	VBZ
an	DT
extensive	JJ
history	NN
with	IN
education	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
state	NN
.	.
He	PRP
earned	VBD
his	PRP$
bachelor	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
in	IN
education	NN
from	IN
Concord	NNP
College	NNP
,	,
a	DT
master	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
in	IN
guidance	NN
and	CC
counseling	NN
from	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
University	NNP
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
a	DT
doctoral	JJ
degree	NN
in	IN
reading	NN
and	CC
psychology	NN
from	IN
W.V.U.	NNP
Dr.	NNP
Johnson	NNP
has	VBZ
also	RB
dedicated	VBN
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
time	NN
to	TO
the	DT
National	NNP
Education	NNP
Association	NNP
serving	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
currently	RB
serves	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
State	NNP
Fair	NNP
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
serves	VBZ
numerous	JJ
community	NN
organizations	NNS
including	VBG
the	DT
Parkersburg	NNP
Area	NNP
Community	NNP
Foundation	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Governors	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
former	JJ
Chairman	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
the	DT
National	NNP
Society	NNP
Daughters	NNPS
of	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Revolution	NNP
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
serving	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
,	,
she	PRP
also	RB
serves	VBZ
as	IN
secretary	NN
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
School	NNP
Building	NNP
Authority	NNP
and	CC
is	VBZ
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Holocaust	NNP
Education	NNP
Commission	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Commission	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Teaching	NNP
Standards	NNPS
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
as	IN
an	DT
elementary	JJ
teacher	NN
for	IN
15	CD
years	NNS
at	IN
Gilbert	NNP
Grade	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
later	RB
served	VBD
as	IN
the	DT
Dean	NNP
of	IN
Students	NNS
at	IN
Gilbert	NNP
Junior	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
for	IN
four	CD
years	NNS
,	,
and	CC
later	RB
as	IN
its	PRP$
principal	NN
for	IN
11	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Hatfield	NNP
continued	VBD
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
principal	NN
when	WRB
Gilbert	NNP
Junior	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
became	VBD
Gilbert	NNP
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Hatfield	NNP
has	VBZ
served	VBN
in	IN
several	JJ
public	JJ
serve	VBP
positions	NNS
including	VBG
two	CD
terms	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Democratic	NNP
Executive	NNP
Committee	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
is	VBZ
a	DT
former	JJ
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Gilbert	NNP
Town	NNP
Council	NNP
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
former	JJ
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Man	NNP
Community	NNP
Health	NNP
Foundation	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
currently	RB
president	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Mingo	NNP
county	NN
Public	NNP
Library	NNP
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Women	NNP
's	POS
Commission	NNP
.	.
This	DT
rule	NN
establishes	VBZ
the	DT
minimum	NN
system	NN
of	IN
accounting	NN
practices	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
that	WDT
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
State	NN
.	.
County	NNP
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
develop	VB
local	JJ
policies	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
that	WDT
supplement	VBP
the	DT
provisions	NNS
specified	VBN
herein	RB
.	.
The	DT
accounting	NN
procedures	NNS
manual	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
developed	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
guide	NN
for	IN
school	NN
principals	NNS
,	,
secretaries	NNS
and	CC
others	NNS
involved	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
accounting	NN
of	IN
school	NN
funds	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
in	IN
the	DT
performance	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
duties	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
revised	VBN
periodically	RB
to	TO
update	VB
established	JJ
practices	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
believes	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
system	NN
of	IN
accounting	NN
practices	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
State	NN
to	TO
enable	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
account	VB
for	IN
the	DT
receipt	NN
and	CC
disbursement	NN
of	IN
all	DT
funds	NNS
received	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
schools	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
accurate	JJ
and	CC
efficient	JJ
manner	NN
.	.
Fiduciary	JJ
Responsibility	NN
:	:
Inherent	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
governing	VBG
process	NN
of	IN
this	DT
State	NN
,	,
public	JJ
officials	NNS
and	CC
employees	NNS
entrusted	VBN
with	IN
public	JJ
funds	NNS
are	VBP
expected	VBN
to	TO
safeguard	VB
those	DT
funds	NNS
and	CC
expend	VB
them	PRP
in	IN
a	DT
manner	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
efficient	JJ
,	,
economical	JJ
and	CC
effective	JJ
to	TO
achieve	VB
the	DT
purpose	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
were	VBD
provided	VBN
.	.
Officials	NNS
and	CC
employees	NNS
who	WP
handle	VBP
such	JJ
funds	NNS
must	MD
provide	VB
a	DT
full	JJ
accounting	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
activities	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
to	TO
other	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
government	NN
.	.
County	NNP
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
statute	NN
and	CC
the	DT
rules	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
,	,
have	VBP
the	DT
authority	NN
and	CC
responsibility	NN
to	TO
require	VB
that	IN
records	NNS
be	VB
kept	VBN
of	IN
all	DT
receipts	NNS
and	CC
disbursements	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
funds	NNS
collected	VBN
or	CC
received	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
principal	NN
,	,
teacher	NN
,	,
student	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
person	NN
connected	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
school	NN
,	,
and	CC
all	DT
programs	NNS
,	,
activities	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
endeavors	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
nature	NN
operated	VBD
or	CC
carried	VBD
on	IN
by	IN
or	CC
in	IN
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
,	,
or	CC
by	IN
any	DT
organization	NN
or	CC
body	NN
directly	RB
connected	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
school	NN
,	,
to	TO
audit	VB
such	JJ
funds	NNS
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
conserve	VB
such	JJ
funds	NNS
.	.
All	DT
such	JJ
funds	NNS
so	RB
collected	VBN
shall	MD
be	VB
deemed	VBN
quasi-public	JJ
moneys	NNS
,	,
and	CC
shall	MD
be	VB
expended	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
benefit	NN
of	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
The	DT
accounting	NN
practices	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
prescribed	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
manual	NN
apply	VB
to	TO
every	DT
public	JJ
school	NN
in	IN
the	DT
State	NN
,	,
including	VBG
multi-county	JJ
vocational	JJ
centers	NNS
.	.
County	NNP
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
develop	VB
local	JJ
policies	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
that	WDT
supplement	VBP
the	DT
provisions	NNS
specified	VBN
herein	RB
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
internal	JJ
accounting	NN
and	CC
administrative	JJ
controls	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
means	NN
for	IN
safeguarding	VBG
a	DT
school	NN
's	POS
assets	NNS
,	,
checking	VBG
the	DT
reliability	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
accounting	NN
records	NNS
,	,
promoting	VBG
operational	JJ
efficiency	NN
and	CC
encouraging	JJ
adherence	NN
to	TO
prescribed	VBN
accounting	NN
practices	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
school	NN
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
separate	JJ
and	CC
distinct	JJ
financial	JJ
accounting	NN
entity	NN
.	.
As	IN
such	JJ
,	,
a	DT
complete	JJ
set	NN
of	IN
accounting	NN
records	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
maintained	VBN
for	IN
each	DT
school	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
recorded	VBN
all	DT
financial	JJ
activities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
Separate	JJ
monthly	JJ
and	CC
annual	JJ
financial	JJ
statements	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
prepared	VBN
by	IN
each	DT
school	NN
,	,
including	VBG
multi-county	JJ
vocational	JJ
centers	NNS
.	.
Only	RB
financial	JJ
activities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
recorded	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
accounting	NN
records	NNS
;	:
personal	JJ
transactions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
staff	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
coffee	NN
or	CC
flower	NN
fund	NN
collections	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
not	RB
to	TO
be	VB
entered	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
accounting	NN
records	NNS
or	CC
mixed	VBN
in	IN
with	IN
the	DT
revenues	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
The	DT
school	NN
principal	NN
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
financial	JJ
management	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
The	DT
principal	NN
must	MD
ensure	VB
that	IN
all	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
manual	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
board	NN
policies	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
are	VBP
complied	VBN
with	IN
,	,
that	IN
all	DT
accounting	NN
records	NNS
are	VBP
maintained	VBN
accurately	RB
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
all	DT
financial	JJ
reports	NNS
are	VBP
prepared	JJ
and	CC
submitted	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
timely	JJ
manner	NN
.	.
Each	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
shall	MD
establish	VB
by	IN
local	JJ
policy	NN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
funds	NNS
the	DT
schools	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
county	NN
are	VBP
authorized	VBN
to	TO
maintain	VB
.	.
In	IN
establishing	VBG
such	JJ
policy	NN
,	,
the	DT
board	NN
should	MD
consider	VB
the	DT
size	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
,	,
the	DT
benefits	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
derived	VBN
from	IN
maintaining	VBG
separate	JJ
funds	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
availability	NN
of	IN
adequate	JJ
personnel	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
school	NN
to	TO
perform	VB
the	DT
accounting	NN
tasks	NNS
required	VBN
in	IN
maintaining	VBG
separate	JJ
funds	NNS
.	.
General	NNP
Fund	NNP
-	:
The	NNP
fund	NN
used	VBD
to	TO
account	VB
for	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
operations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
and	CC
all	DT
other	JJ
financial	JJ
resources	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
except	IN
those	DT
accounted	VBN
for	IN
in	IN
another	DT
fund	NN
.	.
Every	DT
school	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
maintain	VB
a	DT
General	NNP
Fund	NNP
.	.
Child	NN
Nutrition	NNP
Fund	NNP
-	:
A	NNP
fund	NN
used	VBD
to	TO
account	VB
for	IN
the	DT
operations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
child	NN
nutrition	NN
program	NN
at	IN
each	DT
school	NN
.	.
In	IN
county	NN
school	NN
districts	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
centralized	JJ
child	NN
nutrition	NN
program	NN
,	,
the	DT
maintenance	NN
of	IN
this	DT
fund	NN
is	VBZ
optional	JJ
.	.
The	DT
fund	NN
must	MD
be	VB
maintained	VBN
at	IN
each	DT
school	NN
in	IN
school	NN
districts	NNS
that	WDT
operate	VBP
a	DT
decentralized	JJ
child	NN
nutrition	NN
program	NN
.	.
All	DT
bank	NN
accounts	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
school	NN
funds	NNS
are	VBP
deposited	VBN
must	MD
contain	VB
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
and	CC
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
's	POS
Federal	NNP
Employer	NNP
Identification	NNP
Number	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FEIN	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
school	NN
principal	NN
and	CC
the	DT
chief	JJ
school	NN
business	NN
official	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
must	MD
have	VB
signature	NN
authority	NN
for	IN
every	DT
such	JJ
bank	NN
account	NN
.	.
Basis	NN
of	IN
accounting	NN
refers	VBZ
to	TO
when	WRB
revenues	NNS
and	CC
expenditures	NNS
are	VBP
recognized	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
accounting	NN
records	NNS
and	CC
reported	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
financial	JJ
statements	NNS
.	.
Specifically	RB
,	,
it	PRP
relates	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
timing	NN
of	IN
the	DT
measurements	NNS
made	VBN
.	.
A	DT
transaction	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
receipts	NNS
and	CC
disbursements	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
journal	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
maintained	VBN
for	IN
each	DT
fund	NN
established	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
school	NN
to	TO
record	VB
all	DT
receipts	NNS
and	CC
disbursements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
fund	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
recommended	VBN
that	IN
all	DT
county	NN
boards	NNS
acquire	VB
a	DT
computerized	JJ
accounting	NN
system	NN
for	IN
all	DT
schools	NNS
within	IN
a	DT
county	NN
to	TO
use	VB
.	.
Regardless	RB
of	IN
whether	IN
a	DT
computerized	JJ
or	CC
manual	JJ
system	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
,	,
the	DT
following	JJ
transactions	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
transaction	NN
journal	NN
in	IN
a	DT
timely	JJ
fashion	NN
:	:
all	DT
receipts	NNS
;	:
all	DT
disbursements	NNS
;	:
all	DT
voided	VBN
receipts	NNS
;	:
all	DT
voided	VBN
checks	NNS
;	:
all	DT
interest	NN
earned	VBN
;	:
all	DT
bank	NN
charges	NNS
;	:
all	DT
transfers	NNS
between	IN
accounts	NNS
within	IN
a	DT
fund	NN
;	:
all	DT
transfers	NNS
between	IN
different	JJ
funds	NNS
;	:
and	CC
all	DT
transfers	NNS
between	IN
depository	NN
and	CC
investment	NN
bank	NN
accounts	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
posting	VBG
must	MD
include	VB
the	DT
following	NN
:	:
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
the	DT
transaction	NN
;	:
receipt	NN
or	CC
check	VB
number	NN
listed	VBN
in	IN
numeric	JJ
order	NN
,	,
name	NN
of	IN
payor	NN
or	CC
payee	NN
;	:
and	CC
individual	JJ
account	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
collection	NN
or	CC
disbursement	NN
was	VBD
made	VBN
.	.
The	DT
transaction	NN
journal	NN
for	IN
each	DT
fund	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
footed	VBN
and	CC
cross-footed	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
added	VBD
down	RB
and	CC
across	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
each	DT
month	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
errors	NNS
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
made	VBN
.	.
If	IN
errors	NNS
are	VBP
found	VBN
to	TO
exist	VB
,	,
they	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
identified	VBN
and	CC
corrected	VBN
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
,	,
using	VBG
correcting	VBG
journal	NN
entries	NNS
.	.
Bank	NNP
signature	NN
cards	NNS
for	IN
individuals	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
signature	NN
authority	NN
on	IN
local	JJ
bank	NN
accounts	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
maintained	VBN
current	JJ
at	IN
all	DT
times	NNS
.	.
The	DT
school	NN
principal	NN
must	MD
have	VB
signature	NN
authority	NN
for	IN
every	DT
account	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
school	NN
funds	NNS
are	VBP
deposited	VBN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
chief	JJ
school	NN
business	NN
official	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
must	MD
also	RB
have	VB
signature	NN
authority	NN
on	IN
all	DT
accounts	NNS
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
ensure	VB
that	IN
the	DT
schools	NNS
have	VBP
access	NN
to	TO
school	NN
funds	NNS
in	IN
circumstances	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
principal	NN
and	CC
his\/her	NN
designee	NN
,	,
if	IN
applicable	JJ
,	,
are	VBP
absent	JJ
unexpectedly	RB
or	CC
for	IN
an	DT
extended	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
.	.
All	DT
checks	NNS
must	MD
have	VB
pre-printed	VBN
on	IN
them	PRP
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
,	,
the	DT
fund	NN
,	,
the	DT
school	NN
address	NN
,	,
the	DT
check	NN
number	NN
and	CC
two	CD
blank	JJ
spaces	NNS
for	IN
signatures	NNS
.	.
Current	JJ
stocks	NNS
of	IN
checks	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
may	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
until	IN
exhausted	VBN
.	.
All	DT
moneys	NNS
collected	VBN
from	IN
school	NN
activities	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
remitted	JJ
daily	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
principal	NN
or	CC
to	TO
the	DT
individual	JJ
designated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
principal	NN
to	TO
be	VB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
fund	NN
.	.
In	IN
situations	NNS
where	WRB
the	DT
moneys	NNS
are	VBP
collected	VBN
after	IN
normal	JJ
school	NN
hours	NNS
or	CC
on	IN
week-ends	NNS
,	,
the	DT
funds	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
remitted	VBN
the	DT
following	JJ
school	NN
day	NN
.	.
All	DT
proceeds	NNS
from	IN
concession	NN
sales	NNS
operated	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
school	NN
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
receipted	VBN
and	CC
deposited	VBN
intact	JJ
into	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
General	NNP
Fund	NNP
.	.
Merchandise	NN
purchased	VBD
for	IN
resale	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
purchased	VBN
by	IN
check	NN
issued	VBN
for	IN
that	DT
purpose	NN
.	.
The	DT
purchase	NN
invoices	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
retained	VBN
as	IN
supporting	VBG
documentation	NN
for	IN
the	DT
disbursements	NNS
.	.
If	IN
vending	VBG
machines	NNS
are	VBP
maintained	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
school	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
recommended	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
vendors	NNS
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
stock	VB
the	DT
machines	NNS
and	CC
remove	VB
all	DT
sales	NNS
proceeds	NNS
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
manner	NN
,	,
the	DT
school	NN
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
purchasing	VBG
,	,
storing	VBG
and	CC
safeguarding	VBG
the	DT
inventory	NN
,	,
removing	VBG
and	CC
accounting	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
sales	NNS
proceeds	NNS
or	CC
remitting	VBG
the	DT
corresponding	JJ
consumer	NN
sales	NNS
tax	NN
.	.
All	DT
proceeds	NNS
from	IN
vending	VBG
machine	NN
sales	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
receipted	VBN
and	CC
deposited	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
school	NN
fund	NN
and	CC
account	NN
.	.
Merchandise	NN
purchased	VBD
for	IN
resale	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
purchased	VBN
by	IN
check	NN
issued	VBN
for	IN
that	DT
purpose	NN
.	.
The	DT
purchase	NN
invoices	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
retained	VBN
as	IN
documentation	NN
for	IN
the	DT
disbursements	NNS
.	.
If	IN
fund	NN
raising	VBG
activities	NNS
are	VBP
conducted	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
school	NN
,	,
local	JJ
procedures	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
established	VBN
to	TO
regulate	VB
such	JJ
activities	NNS
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
conducted	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
proper	JJ
manner	NN
and	CC
that	IN
all	DT
proceeds	NNS
are	VBP
receipted	VBN
and	CC
deposited	VBN
correctly	RB
.	.
All	DT
proceeds	NNS
from	IN
fund	NN
raisers	NNS
conducted	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
school	NN
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
receipted	VBN
and	CC
deposited	VBN
intact	JJ
into	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
depository	NN
accounts	NNS
.	.
Merchandise	NN
purchased	VBD
for	IN
resale	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
purchased	VBN
by	IN
checks	NNS
issued	VBN
for	IN
that	DT
purpose	NN
.	.
The	DT
purchase	NN
invoices	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
retained	VBN
as	IN
supporting	VBG
documentation	NN
for	IN
the	DT
disbursements	NNS
.	.
A	DT
profit	NN
and	CC
loss	NN
statement	NN
must	MD
be	VB
prepared	VBN
and	CC
made	VBN
available	JJ
for	IN
public	JJ
inspection	NN
for	IN
each	DT
fund	NN
raising	NN
activity	NN
conducted	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
school	NN
that	WDT
shows	VBZ
gross	JJ
proceeds	NNS
,	,
cost	NN
of	IN
goods	NNS
sold	VBN
and	CC
net	JJ
proceeds	NNS
.	.
See	VB
Appendix	NNP
X	NNP
for	IN
a	DT
sample	NN
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
form	NN
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
.	.
Pre-numbered	JJ
tickets	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
at	IN
any	DT
event	NN
where	WRB
an	DT
admission	NN
fee	NN
is	VBZ
charged	VBN
or	CC
a	DT
donation	NN
accepted	VBN
for	IN
admittance	NN
.	.
Whenever	NNP
practical	JJ
,	,
separate	JJ
individuals	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
sell	VB
and	CC
collect	VB
the	DT
tickets	NNS
.	.
As	IN
tickets	NNS
are	VBP
collected	VBN
from	IN
fans	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
torn	VBN
in	IN
half	NN
;	:
one	CD
half	NN
should	MD
be	VB
returned	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
individual	NN
as	IN
a	DT
receipt	NN
and	CC
the	DT
other	JJ
half	NN
should	MD
be	VB
retained	VBN
.	.
A	DT
pre-numbered	JJ
receipt	NN
must	MD
be	VB
issued	VBN
for	IN
all	DT
collections	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
funds	NNS
are	VBP
collected	VBN
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
collections	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
cash	NN
or	CC
by	IN
check	NN
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
all	DT
revenues	NNS
collected	VBN
from	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
parents	NNS
;	:
vending	VBG
machine	NN
,	,
concession	NN
stand	NN
and	CC
cafeteria	NN
sales	NNS
;	:
gate	NN
receipts	NNS
from	IN
competitive	JJ
events	NNS
;	:
proceeds	NNS
from	IN
carnivals	NNS
,	,
book	NN
fairs	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
student	NN
activities	NNS
;	:
fund	NN
drive	NN
collections	NNS
;	:
donations	NNS
;	:
interest	NN
earned	VBN
on	IN
bank	NN
accounts	NNS
;	:
refunds	NNS
from	IN
vendors	NNS
;	:
and	CC
reimbursements	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
central	JJ
board	NN
office	NN
.	.
The	DT
total	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
receipts	NNS
issued	VBN
must	MD
equal	VB
the	DT
total	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
funds	NNS
received	VBN
.	.
Receipts	NNPS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
prepared	VBN
in	IN
duplicate	VB
:	:
the	DT
original	JJ
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
given	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
individual	NN
from	IN
whom	WP
the	DT
funds	NNS
were	VBD
received	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
moneys	NNS
were	VBD
remitted	VBN
;	:
the	DT
copy	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
retained	VBN
in	IN
numeric	JJ
order	NN
,	,
either	CC
in	IN
the	DT
receipt	NN
book	NN
or	CC
in	IN
a	DT
file	NN
established	VBN
for	IN
this	DT
purpose	NN
.	.
Every	DT
receipt	NN
issued	VBN
must	MD
show	VB
the	DT
following	VBG
information	NN
:	:
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
amount	NN
received	VBD
,	,
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
from	IN
whom	WP
received	VBD
,	,
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
collection	NN
and	CC
the	DT
fund	NN
and	CC
account	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
monies	NNS
were	VBD
received	VBN
.	.
In	IN
many	JJ
cases	NNS
the	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
remitting	VBG
the	DT
funds	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
office	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
same	JJ
party	NN
from	IN
whom	WP
the	DT
funds	NNS
were	VBD
actually	RB
received	VBN
.	.
Every	DT
receipt	NN
issued	VBN
must	MD
identify	VB
both	DT
the	DT
party	NN
from	IN
whom	WP
the	DT
funds	NNS
were	VBD
originally	RB
received	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
remitting	VBG
the	DT
funds	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
In	IN
situations	NNS
where	WRB
classroom	NN
teachers	NNS
,	,
sponsors	NNS
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
individuals	NNS
are	VBP
originally	RB
collecting	VBG
fees	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
group	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
for	IN
some	DT
student	NN
activity	NN
,	,
the	DT
collections	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
recorded	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
list	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
issuing	VBG
a	DT
receipt	NN
to	TO
each	DT
student	NN
individually	RB
.	.
The	DT
list	NN
must	MD
reflect	VB
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
name	NN
,	,
amount	NN
being	VBG
collected	VBN
,	,
date	NN
of	IN
collection	NN
,	,
whether	IN
the	DT
collection	NN
was	VBD
by	IN
check	NN
or	CC
cash	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
purpose	NN
for	IN
the	DT
collection	NN
.	.
A	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
list	NN
must	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
principal	NN
or	CC
designee	NN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
collections	NNS
are	VBP
remitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
to	TO
support	VB
the	DT
total	JJ
amount	NN
being	VBG
remitted	VBN
.	.
A	DT
sample	NN
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
form	NN
is	VBZ
illustrated	VBN
in	IN
Appendix	NNP
X.	NNP
If	IN
an	DT
error	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
while	IN
preparing	VBG
a	DT
receipt	NN
,	,
void	VB
the	DT
receipt	NN
and	CC
issue	NN
another	DT
one	CD
.	.
To	TO
void	VB
a	DT
receipt	NN
,	,
write	VB
the	DT
word	NN
``	``
VOID	NNP
''	''
across	IN
the	DT
face	NN
of	IN
the	DT
receipt	NN
and	CC
retain	VB
the	DT
original	JJ
along	IN
with	IN
the	DT
copy	NN
in	IN
the	DT
receipt	NN
file	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
not	RB
discard	VB
voided	VBN
receipts	NNS
.	.
All	DT
receipts	NNS
written	VBN
must	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
transaction	NN
journal	NN
in	IN
a	DT
timely	JJ
manner	NN
,	,
but	CC
no	DT
less	JJR
frequently	RB
than	IN
weekly	JJ
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
numeric	JJ
order	NN
,	,
including	VBG
those	DT
that	WDT
were	VBD
voided	VBN
.	.
Receipts	NNPS
should	MD
normally	RB
be	VB
posted	VBN
individually	RB
but	CC
may	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
batch	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
funds	NNS
received	VBN
are	VBP
from	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
source	NN
and	CC
receipted	VBN
on	IN
consecutively	RB
numbered	VBN
receipts	NNS
.	.
The	DT
range	NN
of	IN
receipt	NN
numbers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
batch	NN
must	MD
be	VB
shown	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
receipt	NN
journal	NN
.	.
All	DT
funds	NNS
collected	VBN
must	MD
be	VB
deposited	VBN
intact	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
bank	NN
depository	NN
account	NN
.	.
If	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
bank	NN
account	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
maintained	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
school	NN
,	,
care	NN
must	MD
be	VB
exercised	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
certain	JJ
that	IN
collections	NNS
are	VBP
deposited	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
correct	JJ
bank	NN
account	NN
.	.
No	DT
cash	NN
disbursements	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
made	VBN
from	IN
collections	NNS
and	CC
no	DT
personal	JJ
checks	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
cashed	VBN
.	.
To	TO
minimize	VB
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
loss	NN
or	CC
theft	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
recommended	VBN
that	IN
bank	NN
deposits	NNS
be	VB
made	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
daily	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
A	DT
bank	NN
deposit	NN
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
whenever	WRB
total	JJ
collections	NNS
on	IN
hand	NN
exceed	VBP
$	$
500	CD
or	CC
before	IN
any	DT
extended	JJ
school	NN
holiday	NN
.	.
Bank	NNP
deposits	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
at	IN
least	JJS
weekly	JJ
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
collections	NNS
.	.
If	IN
bank	NN
deposits	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
made	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
daily	JJ
basis	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
recommended	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
bank	NN
deposit	NN
slip	NN
be	VB
prepared	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
daily	JJ
basis	NN
with	IN
the	DT
total	JJ
collections	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
day	NN
sealed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
deposit	NN
envelope	NN
and	CC
placed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
safe	JJ
or	CC
otherwise	RB
safeguarded	VBN
until	IN
the	DT
deposit	NN
is	VBZ
actually	RB
delivered	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
bank	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
manner	NN
,	,
daily	JJ
collections	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
easily	RB
reconciled	VBN
to	TO
individual	JJ
bank	NN
deposits	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
bank	NN
statement	NN
.	.
All	DT
checks	NNS
being	VBG
deposited	VBN
must	MD
be	VB
listed	VBN
separately	RB
either	RB
on	IN
the	DT
deposit	NN
slip	NN
or	CC
on	IN
a	DT
separate	JJ
schedule	NN
attached	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
deposit	NN
slip	NN
.	.
The	DT
beginning	NN
and	CC
ending	VBG
receipt	NN
numbers	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
deposit	NN
must	MD
be	VB
listed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
deposit	NN
slip	NN
.	.
Non-sufficient	JJ
fund	NN
checks	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
being	VBG
redeposited	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
clearly	RB
identified	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
deposit	NN
slip	NN
or	CC
they	PRP
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
listed	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
separate	JJ
deposit	NN
slip	NN
.	.
On	IN
all	DT
such	JJ
redeposits	NNS
,	,
the	DT
original	JJ
receipt	NN
number	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
clearly	RB
written	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
bank	NN
deposit	NN
slip	NN
.	.
At	IN
times	NNS
,	,
checks	NNS
received	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
school	NN
for	IN
various	JJ
activities	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
returned	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
bank	NN
for	IN
insufficient	JJ
funds	NNS
.	.
Normally	RB
,	,
banks	NNS
allow	VBP
such	JJ
checks	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
redeposited	VBN
at	IN
least	JJS
once	RB
,	,
because	IN
in	IN
many	JJ
cases	NNS
,	,
sufficient	JJ
funds	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
to	TO
pay	VB
the	DT
checks	NNS
upon	IN
redeposit	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
checks	NNS
are	VBP
returned	VBN
for	IN
insufficient	JJ
funds	NNS
a	DT
second	JJ
time	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
they	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
worthless	JJ
and	CC
steps	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
to	TO
recover	VB
the	DT
funds	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
an	DT
adjusting	VBG
entry	NN
must	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
transaction	NN
journal	NN
to	TO
reduce	VB
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
funds	NNS
recorded	VBN
as	IN
having	VBG
been	VBN
received	VBN
.	.
The	DT
principal	NN
or	CC
designee	NN
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
collecting	VBG
all	DT
worthless	JJ
checks	NNS
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
not	RB
only	RB
recovering	VBG
the	DT
face	NN
value	NN
of	IN
the	DT
check	NN
but	CC
all	DT
bank	NN
fees	NNS
,	,
court	NN
costs	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
charges	NNS
incurred	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
school	NN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
check	NN
.	.
Local	JJ
procedures	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
established	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
guidance	NN
.	.
If	IN
any	DT
checks	NNS
are	VBP
determined	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
uncollectible	JJ
,	,
the	DT
school	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
file	VB
an	DT
annual	JJ
report	NN
with	IN
the	DT
chief	JJ
school	NN
business	NN
official	JJ
showing	VBG
the	DT
names	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
individuals	NNS
from	IN
whom	WP
the	DT
checks	NNS
were	VBD
received	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
total	JJ
amount	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
collected	VBN
.	.
A	DT
file	NN
should	MD
be	VB
maintained	VBN
for	IN
each	DT
individual	NN
to	TO
show	VB
the	DT
actions	NNS
taken	VBN
.	.
A	DT
purchase	NN
order	NN
system	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
maintained	VBN
at	IN
each	DT
school	NN
whereby	WRB
all	DT
purchases	NNS
of	IN
materials	NNS
,	,
equipment	NN
,	,
supplies	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
are	VBP
made	VBN
through	IN
a	DT
pre-numbered	JJ
purchase	NN
order	NN
approved	VBN
in	IN
writing	VBG
by	IN
the	DT
principal	NN
or	CC
designee	NN
before	IN
the	DT
purchase	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
.	.
Purchase	NN
orders	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
are	VBP
not	RB
required	VBN
for	IN
utilities	NNS
,	,
executed	VBN
contracts	NNS
,	,
maintenance	NN
agreements	NNS
,	,
remittances	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
central	JJ
board	NN
office	NN
,	,
refunds	NNS
,	,
reimbursement	NN
of	IN
travel	NN
expenses	NNS
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
allocation	NN
of	IN
faculty	NN
senate	NN
funds	NNS
to	TO
individual	JJ
teachers	NNS
and	CC
librarians	NNS
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
for	IN
maintaining	VBG
a	DT
purchase	NN
order	NN
system	NN
at	IN
each	DT
school	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
principal	NN
with	IN
a	DT
means	NN
of	IN
maintaining	VBG
control	NN
over	IN
purchases	NNS
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
:	:
maximum	JJ
value	NN
is	VBZ
obtained	VBN
for	IN
each	DT
dollar	NN
spent	VBD
;	:
funds	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
before	IN
the	DT
purchase	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
;	:
and	CC
unauthorized	JJ
purchases	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
made	VBN
.	.
All	DT
moneys	NNS
received	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
school	NN
are	VBP
considered	VBN
quasi-public	JJ
funds	NNS
and	CC
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
expended	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
benefit	NN
of	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
Items	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
quasi-public	JJ
funds	NNS
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
expended	VBN
include	VBP
flowers	NNS
,	,
gifts	NNS
,	,
banquets	NNS
,	,
or	CC
service	NN
awards	NNS
for	IN
school	NN
employees	NNS
.	.
See	VB
Appendix	NNP
X	NNP
for	IN
a	DT
more	RBR
inclusive	JJ
listing	NN
of	IN
unallowable	JJ
expenditures	NNS
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
exception	NN
is	VBZ
if	IN
donations	NNS
are	VBP
received	VBN
from	IN
private	JJ
sources	NNS
specifically	RB
for	IN
service	NN
awards	NNS
or	CC
recognition	NN
banquets	NNS
for	IN
employees	NNS
.	.
Such	JJ
donations	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
accounted	VBN
for	IN
in	IN
a	DT
separate	JJ
account	NN
in	IN
the	DT
General	NNP
Fund	NNP
and	CC
not	RB
co-mingled	JJ
with	IN
other	JJ
school	NN
funds	NNS
.	.
All	DT
disbursements	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
by	IN
check	NN
,	,
except	IN
for	IN
those	DT
from	IN
petty	JJ
cash	NN
.	.
The	DT
check	NN
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
payable	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
individual	JJ
or	CC
vendor	NN
to	TO
whom	WP
the	DT
payment	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
made	VBN
,	,
not	RB
to	TO
another	DT
party	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
subsequently	RB
making	VBG
payment	NN
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
Every	DT
check	NN
and	CC
check	VB
stub	NN
must	MD
be	VB
completely	RB
filled	VBN
out	RP
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
check	NN
is	VBZ
issued	VBN
.	.
To	TO
void	VB
a	DT
check	NN
,	,
write	VB
the	DT
word	NN
``	``
VOID	NNP
''	''
across	IN
the	DT
face	NN
of	IN
the	DT
check	NN
and	CC
check	VB
stub	NN
.	.
Retain	VB
the	DT
voided	VBN
check	NN
and	CC
file	NN
in	IN
numeric	JJ
order	NN
with	IN
all	DT
checks	NNS
paid	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
bank	NN
.	.
Leave	VB
the	DT
check	NN
stub	NN
for	IN
the	DT
voided	VBN
check	NN
in	IN
the	DT
checkbook	NN
.	.
Never	RB
discard	VB
voided	VBN
checks	NNS
or	CC
check	VB
stubs	NNS
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
required	JJ
signatures	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
either	RB
that	IN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
principal	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
individual	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
designated	VBN
to	TO
act	VB
in	IN
the	DT
place	NN
of	IN
the	DT
principal	NN
in	IN
his\/her	NN
absence	NN
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
signature	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
that	IN
of	IN
an	DT
individual	JJ
designated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
principal	NN
or	CC
by	IN
the	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
disbursement	NN
involves	VBZ
faculty	NN
senate	NN
funds	NNS
.	.
Blank	JJ
checks	NNS
are	VBP
never	RB
to	TO
be	VB
pre-signed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
check	NN
form	NN
must	MD
also	RB
provide	VB
spaces	NNS
for	IN
two	CD
signatures	NNS
.	.
The	DT
memorandum	NN
line	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
signature	NN
line	NN
.	.
Schools	NNP
,	,
however	RB
,	,
may	MD
continue	VB
using	VBG
their	PRP$
current	JJ
stock	NN
of	IN
checks	NNS
until	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
exhausted	VBN
even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
check	NN
forms	NNS
currently	RB
being	VBG
used	VBN
do	VBP
not	RB
contain	VB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
above	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Schools	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
permitted	VBN
to	TO
expend	VB
any	DT
funds	NNS
unless	IN
an	DT
itemized	VBN
claim	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
invoice	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
payment	NN
is	VBZ
filed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
claimant	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
claim	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
services	NNS
rendered	VBN
,	,
the	DT
invoice	NN
must	MD
identify	VB
the	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
service	NN
,	,
the	DT
date	NN
performed	VBN
,	,
the	DT
person	NN
performing	VBG
the	DT
service	NN
and	CC
the	DT
amount	NN
due	JJ
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
claim	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
materials	NNS
,	,
equipment	NN
or	CC
supplies	NNS
,	,
the	DT
invoice	NN
must	MD
identify	VB
in	IN
detail	NN
the	DT
vendor	NN
,	,
the	DT
items	NNS
provided	VBN
,	,
the	DT
quantity	NN
,	,
the	DT
date	NN
provided	VBN
,	,
to	TO
whom	WP
provided	VBD
and	CC
the	DT
amount	NN
due	JJ
.	.
All	DT
invoices	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
approved	VBN
for	IN
payment	NN
by	IN
the	DT
principal	NN
or	CC
designee	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
payment	NN
being	VBG
made	VBN
.	.
Consequently	RB
,	,
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
paying	VBG
for	IN
merchandise	NN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
delivery	NN
should	MD
be	VB
discouraged	VBN
,	,
if	IN
not	RB
completely	RB
disallowed	VBN
.	.
Schools	NNS
may	MD
reimburse	VB
employees	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
reasonable	JJ
and	CC
necessary	JJ
travel	NN
expenses	NNS
actually	RB
incurred	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
performance	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
official	JJ
duties	NNS
upon	IN
presentation	NN
of	IN
an	DT
itemized	VBN
statement	NN
signed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
employee	NN
and	CC
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
principal	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
reimbursements	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
policies	NNS
,	,
procedures	NNS
,	,
and	CC
limitations	NNS
prescribed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
.	.
Schools	NNS
may	MD
also	RB
pay	VB
all	DT
reasonable	JJ
and	CC
necessary	JJ
travel	NN
expenses	NNS
actually	RB
incurred	VBN
by	IN
students	NNS
on	IN
trips	NNS
authorized	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
principal	NN
or	CC
designee	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
payments	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
supported	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
itemized	VBN
statement	NN
which	WDT
lists	VBZ
the	DT
date	NN
and	CC
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
trip	NN
,	,
the	DT
names	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
students	NNS
and	CC
chaperones	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
trip	NN
and	CC
the	DT
amounts	NNS
paid	VBN
.	.
If	IN
funds	NNS
are	VBP
paid	VBN
to	TO
students	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
pay	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
expenses	NNS
,	,
each	DT
student	NN
's	POS
signature	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
obtained	VBN
as	IN
verification	NN
of	IN
receipt	NN
of	IN
the	DT
funds	NNS
.	.
If	IN
payment	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
directly	RB
to	TO
a	DT
vendor	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
to	TO
a	DT
motel	NN
or	CC
restaurant	NN
,	,
receipts	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
obtained	VBN
to	TO
support	VB
the	DT
disbursement	NN
.	.
Each	DT
travel	NN
statement	NN
must	MD
be	VB
signed	VBN
and	CC
dated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
staff	NN
member	NN
in	IN
charge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
trip	NN
.	.
The	DT
statement	NN
and	CC
all	DT
supporting	VBG
receipts	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
turned	VBN
in	RP
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
principal	NN
or	CC
designee	NN
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
upon	IN
return	NN
.	.
See	VB
Appendix	NNP
X	NNP
for	IN
a	DT
sample	NN
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
form	NN
.	.
If	IN
cash	NN
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
trip	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
provided	VBN
by	IN
check	NN
made	VBN
payable	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
staff	NN
member	NN
in	IN
charge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
trip	NN
.	.
Checks	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
to	TO
be	VB
made	VBN
payable	JJ
to	TO
cash	NN
and	CC
pre-signed	VBD
blank	JJ
checks	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
allowed	VBN
.	.
Upon	IN
return	NN
from	IN
the	DT
trip	NN
,	,
any	DT
remaining	VBG
cash	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
deposited	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
depository	NN
account	NN
.	.
If	IN
authorized	VBN
by	IN
local	JJ
board	NN
policy	NN
,	,
schools	NNS
may	MD
obtain	VB
credit	NN
cards	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
payment	NN
of	IN
official	JJ
travel	NN
expenses	NNS
.	.
Such	JJ
cards	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
safeguarded	VBN
against	IN
theft	NN
or	CC
unauthorized	JJ
use	NN
.	.
All	DT
payments	NNS
made	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
school	NN
to	TO
an	DT
individual	NN
for	IN
services	NNS
rendered	VBN
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
considered	VBN
wages	NNS
and	CC
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
paid	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
normal	JJ
payroll	NN
process	NN
at	IN
the	DT
central	JJ
board	NN
office	NN
,	,
unless	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
clearly	RB
shown	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
independent	JJ
contractor	NN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
criteria	NNS
established	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Internal	NNP
Revenue	NNP
Service	NNP
.	.
See	VB
Appendix	NNP
X	NNP
for	IN
a	DT
listing	NN
of	IN
the	DT
criteria	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
making	VBG
such	JJ
determination	NN
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
payment	NN
for	IN
part-time	JJ
or	CC
temporary	JJ
help	NN
for	IN
office	NN
secretaries	NNS
,	,
library	NN
assistants	NNS
,	,
cafeteria	NN
helpers	NNS
,	,
chaperones	NNS
,	,
concession	NN
stand	NN
workers	NNS
,	,
ticket	NN
takers	NNS
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
workers	NNS
at	IN
athletic	JJ
events	NNS
,	,
carnivals	NNS
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
activities	NNS
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
full-time	JJ
employee	NN
of	IN
the	DT
board	NN
or	CC
not	RB
.	.
County	NNP
boards	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
establish	VB
by	IN
local	JJ
policy	NN
the	DT
procedures	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
schools	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
county	NN
for	IN
the	DT
reporting	NN
and	CC
payment	NN
of	IN
wages	NNS
to	TO
all	DT
individuals	NNS
who	WP
perform	VBP
services	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
schools	NNS
.	.
For	IN
all	DT
payments	NNS
made	VBD
to	TO
individuals	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
determined	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
independent	JJ
contractors	NNS
,	,
schools	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
report	VB
such	JJ
payments	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
central	JJ
business	NN
office	NN
on	IN
an	DT
annual	JJ
basis	NN
so	IN
that	IN
a	DT
determination	NN
can	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
of	IN
whether	IN
an	DT
IRS	NNP
Form	NN
1099	CD
MISC	NNP
.	.
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
filed	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
.	.
If	IN
authorized	VBN
by	IN
county	NN
board	NN
policy	NN
,	,
schools	NNS
may	MD
establish	VB
a	DT
petty	JJ
cash	NN
drawer	NN
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
purchase	NN
of	IN
incidental	JJ
items	NNS
of	IN
nominal	JJ
value	NN
.	.
The	DT
maximum	NN
amount	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
authorized	VBN
is	VBZ
$	$
50	CD
.	.
The	DT
cash	NN
and	CC
receipts	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
petty	JJ
cash	NN
drawer	NN
must	MD
always	RB
equal	VB
the	DT
amount	NN
established	VBN
.	.
The	DT
petty	JJ
cash	NN
drawer	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
replenished	VBN
periodically	RB
by	IN
a	DT
check	NN
made	VBD
payable	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
principal	NN
for	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
required	VBN
.	.
The	DT
itemized	VBN
receipts	NNS
and\/or	CC
invoices	NNS
obtained	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
purchases	NNS
made	VBN
from	IN
petty	JJ
cash	NN
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
as	IN
supporting	VBG
documentation	NN
for	IN
the	DT
check	NN
.	.
If	IN
authorized	VBN
by	IN
county	NN
board	NN
policy	NN
,	,
schools	NNS
may	MD
establish	VB
a	DT
change	NN
drawer	NN
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
as	IN
starting	VBG
cash	NN
for	IN
athletic	JJ
events	NNS
,	,
concession	NN
stands	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
school	NN
activities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
maximum	NN
amount	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
authorized	VBN
is	VBZ
$	$
500	CD
.	.
The	DT
cash	NN
in	IN
the	DT
change	NN
drawer	NN
must	MD
equal	VB
the	DT
amount	NN
established	VBN
at	IN
all	DT
times	NNS
.	.
Personal	NNP
checks	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
to	TO
be	VB
cashed	VBN
from	IN
starting	VBG
cash	NN
.	.
The	DT
balance	NN
in	IN
the	DT
drawer	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
deposited	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
depository	NN
account	NN
at	IN
times	NNS
when	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
needed	VBN
or	CC
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
each	DT
school	NN
year	NN
.	.
All	DT
checks	NNS
issued	VBN
must	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
timely	JJ
manner	NN
,	,
but	CC
no	DT
less	JJR
frequently	RB
than	IN
weekly	JJ
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
general	JJ
journal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fund	NN
from	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
disbursement	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
made	VBN
.	.
The	DT
checks	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
posted	VBN
individually	RB
to	TO
the	DT
journal	NN
in	IN
numeric	JJ
order	NN
.	.
Checks	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
posted	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
batch	NN
.	.
At	IN
times	NNS
it	PRP
may	MD
become	VB
necessary	JJ
to	TO
stop	VB
payment	NN
on	IN
a	DT
check	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
issued	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
school	NN
or	CC
cancel	VB
a	DT
check	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
outstanding	JJ
for	IN
an	DT
extended	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
.	.
In	IN
either	DT
situation	NN
,	,
proper	JJ
journal	NN
entries	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
posted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
transaction	NN
journal	NN
to	TO
accurately	RB
reflect	VB
the	DT
account	NN
balances	VBZ
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
check	NN
is	VBZ
canceled	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
fiscal	JJ
year	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
was	VBD
issued	VBN
,	,
a	DT
negative	JJ
expenditure	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
posted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
proper	JJ
account	NN
in	IN
the	DT
transaction	NN
journal	NN
to	TO
reduce	VB
total	JJ
expenditures	NNS
recorded	VBN
and	CC
increase	VB
the	DT
cash	NN
balance	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
check	NN
is	VBZ
canceled	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
subsequent	JJ
year	NN
from	IN
when	WRB
it	PRP
was	VBD
issued	VBN
,	,
a	DT
receipt	NN
must	MD
be	VB
written	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
the	DT
canceled	VBN
check	NN
and	CC
posted	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
transaction	NN
journal	NN
to	TO
increase	VB
the	DT
cash	NN
balance	NN
to	TO
the	DT
correct	JJ
amount	NN
.	.
The	DT
receipt	NN
must	MD
indicate	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
written	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
prior	JJ
year	NN
check	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
canceled	VBN
.	.
The	DT
canceled	VBN
check	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
removed	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
outstanding	JJ
check	NN
list	NN
.	.
For	IN
an	DT
effective	JJ
system	NN
of	IN
internal	JJ
accounting	NN
control	NN
,	,
all	DT
bank	NN
statements	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
presented	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
principal	NN
unopened	VBD
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
received	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
mail	NN
.	.
The	DT
principal	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
open	VB
the	DT
envelopes	NNS
and	CC
review	VB
the	DT
bank	NN
statements	NNS
and	CC
canceled	VBN
checks	NNS
for	IN
any	DT
possible	JJ
irregularities	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
checks	NNS
made	VBN
payable	JJ
to	TO
cash	VB
or	CC
unauthorized	JJ
individuals	NNS
,	,
checks	NNS
presented	VBN
for	IN
payment	NN
without	IN
the	DT
proper	JJ
signatures	NNS
,	,
or	CC
bank	NN
deposits	NNS
not	RB
made	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
timely	JJ
fashion	NN
.	.
After	IN
this	DT
review	NN
,	,
the	DT
bank	NN
statements	NNS
and	CC
canceled	VBN
checks	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
forwarded	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
individuals	NNS
who	WP
will	MD
be	VB
preparing	VBG
the	DT
bank	NN
reconciliations	NNS
.	.
Every	DT
bank	NN
account	NN
must	MD
be	VB
reconciled	VBN
monthly	JJ
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
after	IN
the	DT
bank	NN
statements	NNS
are	VBP
received	VBN
.	.
See	VB
Appendix	NNP
X	NNP
for	IN
a	DT
sample	NN
bank	NN
reconciliation	NN
form	NN
.	.
Any	DT
differences	NNS
noted	VBD
between	IN
the	DT
balance	NN
reflected	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
checkbook	NN
and	CC
the	DT
bank	NN
statement	NN
must	MD
be	VB
resolved	VBN
immediately	RB
.	.
After	IN
the	DT
bank	NN
reconciliations	NNS
are	VBP
completed	VBN
,	,
the	DT
bank	NN
statements	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
signed	VBN
and	CC
dated	VBN
by	IN
both	DT
the	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
performed	VBD
the	DT
reconciliation	NN
and	CC
the	DT
principal	NN
.	.
All	DT
bank	NN
statements	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
filed	VBN
in	IN
chronological	JJ
order	NN
.	.
Canceled	VBN
checks	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
filed	VBN
either	RB
in	IN
numeric	JJ
order	NN
with	IN
the	DT
monthly	JJ
bank	NN
statements	NNS
or	CC
in	IN
a	DT
separate	JJ
canceled	VBN
check	NN
file	NN
in	IN
numeric	JJ
order	NN
by	IN
school	NN
year	NN
.	.
In	IN
situations	NNS
where	WRB
a	DT
bank	NN
is	VBZ
providing	VBG
only	RB
an	DT
image	NN
of	IN
the	DT
canceled	VBN
checks	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
with	IN
the	DT
bank	NN
statements	NNS
rather	RB
than	IN
returning	VBG
the	DT
actual	JJ
canceled	VBN
checks	NNS
,	,
the	DT
bank	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
an	DT
image	NN
of	IN
both	DT
the	DT
front	NN
and	CC
back	NN
of	IN
every	DT
check	NN
.	.
Monthly	JJ
financial	JJ
statements	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
prepared	VBN
for	IN
each	DT
fund	NN
maintained	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
school	NN
in	IN
a	DT
timely	JJ
manner	NN
.	.
All	DT
accounts	NNS
maintained	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
school	NN
within	IN
each	DT
fund	NN
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
listed	VBN
separately	RB
.	.
The	DT
financial	JJ
statements	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
signed	VBN
and	CC
dated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
preparer	NN
and	CC
the	DT
school	NN
principal	NN
.	.
The	DT
principal	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
submit	VB
at	IN
least	JJS
one	CD
signed	VBN
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
financial	JJ
statements	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
fund	NN
to	TO
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
's	POS
chief	JJ
school	NN
business	NN
official	NN
and	CC
make	VB
one	CD
copy	NN
available	JJ
for	IN
review	NN
at	IN
the	DT
school	NN
by	IN
anyone	NN
who	WP
desires	NNS
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
.	.
Multi-county	JJ
vocational	JJ
centers	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
provide	VB
one	CD
signed	VBN
copy	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
monthly	JJ
financial	JJ
statements	NNS
to	TO
their	PRP$
fiscal	JJ
agent	NN
.	.
The	DT
monthly	JJ
financial	JJ
statements	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
include	VB
all	DT
financial	JJ
activities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
for	IN
the	DT
month	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
statements	NNS
are	VBP
prepared	VBN
.	.
Annual	JJ
financial	JJ
statements	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
prepared	VBN
for	IN
each	DT
fund	NN
maintained	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
school	NN
on	IN
forms	NNS
provided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
The	DT
annual	JJ
financial	JJ
statements	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
prepared	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
fiscal	JJ
year	NN
basis	NN
of	IN
July	NNP
1	CD
through	IN
June	NNP
30	CD
each	DT
year	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
to	TO
include	VB
all	DT
financial	JJ
activities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
for	IN
the	DT
year	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
prepared	JJ
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
annual	JJ
financial	JJ
statements	NNS
,	,
a	DT
list	NN
must	MD
be	VB
prepared	VBN
of	IN
all	DT
outstanding	JJ
purchase	NN
orders	NNS
at	IN
year	NN
end	NN
,	,
all	DT
invoices	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
paid	VBN
and	CC
all	DT
revenues	NNS
,	,
if	IN
any	DT
,	,
that	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
earned	VBN
but	CC
not	RB
received	VBN
.	.
The	DT
principal	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
submit	VB
two	CD
signed	VBD
copies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
annual	JJ
financial	JJ
statements	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
fund	NN
to	TO
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
's	POS
chief	JJ
school	NN
business	NN
official	NN
in	IN
a	DT
timely	JJ
manner	NN
and	CC
make	VB
one	CD
copy	NN
available	JJ
for	IN
review	NN
at	IN
the	DT
school	NN
by	IN
anyone	NN
who	WP
desires	NNS
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
.	.
Good	JJ
fiscal	JJ
management	NN
dictates	VBZ
that	IN
all	DT
excess	JJ
funds	NNS
be	VB
invested	VBN
to	TO
maximize	VB
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
funds	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
school	NN
.	.
Each	DT
principal	NN
or	CC
designee	NN
should	MD
closely	RB
monitor	VB
the	DT
available	JJ
cash	NN
balance	NN
of	IN
each	DT
fund	NN
for	IN
investment	NN
possibilities	NNS
.	.
All	DT
invoices	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
reviewed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
receipt	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
consumer	NN
sales	NNS
tax	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
charged	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
purchase	NN
.	.
If	IN
so	RB
,	,
the	DT
vendor	NN
should	MD
be	VB
notified	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
tax	NN
subtracted	VBN
before	IN
payment	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
.	.
In	IN
applying	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
business	NN
registration	NN
certificate	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
recommended	VBN
that	IN
every	DT
school	NN
in	IN
a	DT
county	NN
use	VBP
the	DT
same	JJ
basic	JJ
Federal	NNP
Employer	NNP
Identification	NNP
Number	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FEIN	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
as	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
,	,
but	CC
request	NN
that	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Tax	NNP
and	CC
Revenue	NNP
assign	VBP
a	DT
different	JJ
three	CD
digit	NN
suffix	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
manner	NN
,	,
each	DT
school	NN
will	MD
not	RB
need	VB
to	TO
apply	VB
for	IN
a	DT
separate	JJ
FEIN	NNP
number	NN
simply	RB
to	TO
register	VB
with	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Tax	NNP
and	CC
Revenue	NN
for	IN
a	DT
business	NN
registration	NN
certificate	NN
.	.
County	NNP
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
are	VBP
responsible	JJ
for	IN
ensuring	VBG
that	IN
an	DT
annual	JJ
examination	NN
is	VBZ
conducted	VBN
of	IN
the	DT
financial	JJ
records	NNS
of	IN
every	DT
school	NN
within	IN
the	DT
county	NN
.	.
The	DT
examination	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
include	VB
all	DT
funds	NNS
maintained	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
The	DT
governing	VBG
boards	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
multi-county	JJ
vocational	JJ
centers	NNS
are	VBP
responsible	JJ
for	IN
ensuring	VBG
that	IN
an	DT
annual	JJ
examination	NN
is	VBZ
conducted	VBN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
activity	NN
accounts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
multi-county	JJ
vocational	JJ
centers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
examination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
activity	NN
accounts	NNS
of	IN
multi-county	JJ
vocational	JJ
centers	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
conducted	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
separate	JJ
examination	NN
or	CC
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
incorporated	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
audit	NN
of	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
revenue	NN
funds	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
multi-county	JJ
vocational	JJ
center	NN
conducted	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
audit	NN
jurisdiction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Tax	NNP
and	CC
Revenue	NN
.	.
A	DT
report	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
issued	VBN
for	IN
each	DT
school	NN
individually	RB
in	IN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
presented	VBN
the	DT
financial	JJ
statements	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
fund	NN
maintained	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
school	NN
and	CC
all	DT
instances	NNS
of	IN
noncompliance	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
reportable	JJ
conditions	NNS
noted	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
examination	NN
.	.
The	DT
examination	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
completed	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
report	NN
issued	VBD
within	IN
twelve	CD
months	NNS
after	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fiscal	JJ
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
examination	NN
may	MD
be	VB
conducted	VBN
by	IN
personnel	NNS
employed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
by	IN
a	DT
certified	JJ
public	JJ
accountant	NN
,	,
or	CC
by	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Tax	NNP
and	CC
Revenue	NNP
,	,
Chief	NNP
Inspector	NNP
Division	NNP
.	.
For	IN
schools	NNS
that	WDT
receive	VBP
a	DT
total	NN
of	IN
$	$
25,000	CD
in	IN
federal	JJ
financial	JJ
assistance	NN
during	IN
a	DT
year	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
schools	NNS
that	WDT
operate	VBP
a	DT
decentralized	JJ
child	NN
nutrition	NN
program	NN
or	CC
administer	VB
student	NN
financial	JJ
assistance	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
the	DT
examination	NN
must	MD
be	VB
conducted	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
generally	RB
accepted	VBN
auditing	NN
standards	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Government	NNP
Auditing	NNP
Standards	NNP
issued	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Comptroller	NNP
General	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
Office	NNP
of	IN
Management	NNP
and	CC
Budget	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
OMB	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
Circular	JJ
A-128	NN
,	,
``	``
Audits	NNS
of	IN
State	NN
and	CC
Local	JJ
Governments	NNS
.	.
''	''
For	IN
those	DT
schools	NNS
that	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
receive	VB
$	$
25,000	CD
in	IN
total	JJ
federal	JJ
financial	JJ
assistance	NN
during	IN
a	DT
fiscal	JJ
year	NN
,	,
the	DT
examination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
financial	JJ
records	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
but	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
conducted	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
audit	NN
standards	NNS
described	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
preceding	VBG
paragraph	NN
.	.
The	DT
financial	JJ
records	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
examined	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
agreed	VBN
upon	IN
review	NN
procedures	NNS
developed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
procedures	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
must	MD
include	VB
a	DT
review	NN
of	IN
compliance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
manual	NN
and	CC
policies	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
and	CC
a	DT
review	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
internal	JJ
control	NN
structure	NN
.	.
See	VB
Appendix	NNP
X	NNP
for	IN
a	DT
checklist	NN
of	IN
items	NNS
which	WDT
must	MD
be	VB
included	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
school	NN
's	POS
annual	JJ
review	NN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
this	DT
section	NN
.	.
Copies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
report	NN
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
provided	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
superintendent	NN
and	CC
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
principal	NN
.	.
A	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
each	DT
school	NN
's	POS
report	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
kept	VBN
on	IN
file	NN
at	IN
the	DT
central	JJ
board	NN
office	NN
and	CC
made	VBN
available	JJ
for	IN
public	JJ
review	NN
.	.
If	IN
any	DT
reportable	JJ
conditions	NNS
are	VBP
noted	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
report	NN
for	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
school	NN
,	,
the	DT
principal	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
board	NN
with	IN
a	DT
corrective	JJ
action	NN
plan	NN
.	.
All	DT
reportable	JJ
conditions	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
corrected	VBN
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
practical	JJ
but	CC
not	RB
later	RB
than	IN
six	CD
months	NNS
after	IN
receipt	NN
of	IN
the	DT
report	NN
.	.
Working	VBG
papers	NNS
supporting	VBG
the	DT
examination	NN
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
prepared	VBN
and	CC
retained	VBN
for	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
years	NNS
.	.
The	DT
working	VBG
papers	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
made	VBN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
auditor	NN
conducting	VBG
the	DT
subsequent	JJ
year	NN
's	POS
examination	NN
.	.
All	DT
transaction	NN
journals	NNS
,	,
bank	NN
statements	NNS
,	,
receipt	NN
books	NNS
,	,
checkbooks	NNS
,	,
canceled	VBN
checks	NNS
,	,
invoices	NNS
,	,
purchase	NN
orders	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
related	JJ
records	NNS
which	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
requested	VBN
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
auditor	NN
for	IN
examination	NN
upon	IN
request	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
an	DT
annual	JJ
examination	NN
of	IN
each	DT
school	NN
,	,
periodic	JJ
reviews	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
of	IN
each	DT
school	NN
by	IN
the	DT
chief	JJ
school	NN
business	NN
official	NN
or	CC
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
that	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
staff	NN
to	TO
review	VB
internal	JJ
control	NN
procedures	NNS
,	,
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
transactions	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
posted	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
timely	JJ
fashion	NN
and	CC
to	TO
provide	VB
assistance	NN
during	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
the	DT
year	NN
if	IN
needed	VBN
.	.
All	DT
financial	JJ
records	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
belong	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
and	CC
must	MD
be	VB
delivered	VBN
or	CC
handed	VBN
over	RP
to	TO
the	DT
superintendent	NN
or	CC
designee	NN
upon	IN
request	NN
.	.
The	DT
books	NNS
and	CC
records	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
kept	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
school	NN
and	CC
safeguarded	VBN
at	IN
all	DT
times	NNS
,	,
unless	IN
directed	VBN
to	TO
do	VB
otherwise	RB
by	IN
the	DT
superintendent	NN
or	CC
designee	NN
.	.
Copies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
annual	JJ
financial	JJ
statements	NNS
and	CC
audit	NN
reports	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
retained	VBN
permanently	RB
.	.
The	DT
transaction	NN
journals	NNS
,	,
bank	NN
statements	NNS
,	,
and	CC
canceled	VBD
checks	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
retained	VBN
for	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
five	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
years	NNS
,	,
or	CC
until	IN
all	DT
instances	NNS
of	IN
noncompliance	NN
are	VBP
resolved	VBN
.	.
All	DT
other	JJ
financial	JJ
records	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
retained	VBN
for	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
years	NNS
.	.
Child	NN
nutrition	NN
funds	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
accounted	VBN
for	IN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
manner	NN
as	IN
all	DT
other	JJ
school	NN
funds	NNS
.	.
The	DT
same	JJ
accounting	NN
practices	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
described	VBN
in	IN
Chapter	NN
1	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
pages	NNS
1	CD
through	IN
18	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
this	DT
manual	NN
for	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
activity	NN
funds	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
followed	VBN
for	IN
child	NN
nutrition	NN
funds	NNS
.	.
As	IN
discussed	VBN
in	IN
Section	NN
1-5	CD
of	IN
the	DT
General	NNP
Fund	NNP
Operations	NNP
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
manual	NN
,	,
each	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
must	MD
establish	VB
by	IN
local	JJ
policy	NN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
funds	NNS
the	DT
schools	NNS
within	IN
a	DT
county	NN
are	VBP
authorized	VBN
to	TO
maintain	VB
.	.
In	IN
school	NN
districts	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
centralized	JJ
child	NN
nutrition	NN
program	NN
,	,
the	DT
local	JJ
school	NN
board	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
option	NN
of	IN
allowing	VBG
the	DT
schools	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
county	NN
to	TO
close	VB
the	DT
child	NN
nutrition	NN
fund	NN
and	CC
related	VBN
bank	NN
account	NN
and	CC
record	NN
all	DT
child	NN
nutrition	NN
collections	NNS
and	CC
disbursements	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
separate	JJ
sub-account	NN
within	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
general	JJ
fund	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
board	NN
may	MD
require	VB
the	DT
schools	NNS
to	TO
continue	VB
maintaining	VBG
the	DT
child	NN
nutrition	NN
fund	NN
as	IN
a	DT
separate	JJ
fund	NN
with	IN
it	PRP
own	JJ
bank	NN
account	NN
.	.
The	DT
transaction	NN
journal	NN
for	IN
each	DT
fund	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
footed	VBN
and	CC
cross-footed	JJ
each	DT
month	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
errors	NNS
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
made	VBN
.	.
The	DT
entries	NNS
in	IN
each	DT
column	NN
are	VBP
added	VBN
to	TO
arrive	VB
at	IN
a	DT
total	NN
and	CC
the	DT
totals	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
column	NN
are	VBP
added	VBN
across	IN
to	TO
arrive	VB
at	IN
the	DT
grand	JJ
total	NN
for	IN
the	DT
month	NN
.	.
If	IN
errors	NNS
are	VBP
found	VBN
to	TO
exist	VB
,	,
they	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
identified	VBN
and	CC
corrected	VBN
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
,	,
using	VBG
correcting	VBG
journal	NN
entries	NNS
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
separate	JJ
fund	NN
is	VBZ
maintained	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
child	NN
nutrition	NN
fund	NN
,	,
a	DT
separate	JJ
bank	NN
account	NN
must	MD
be	VB
maintained	VBN
.	.
The	DT
bank	NN
account	NN
must	MD
contain	VB
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
,	,
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fund	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
board	NN
's	POS
Federal	NNP
Employer	NNP
Identification	NNP
Number	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FEIN	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
school	NN
principal	NN
must	MD
have	VB
signature	NN
authority	NN
for	IN
every	DT
bank	NN
account	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
school	NN
funds	NNS
are	VBP
deposited	VBN
,	,
including	VBG
child	NN
nutrition	NN
funds	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
chief	JJ
school	NN
business	NN
official	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
must	MD
also	RB
have	VB
signature	NN
authority	NN
on	IN
all	DT
accounts	NNS
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
ensure	VB
that	IN
the	DT
schools	NNS
have	VBP
access	NN
to	TO
school	NN
funds	NNS
in	IN
circumstances	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
principal	NN
and	CC
his\/her	NN
designee	NN
,	,
if	IN
applicable	JJ
,	,
are	VBP
absent	JJ
unexpectedly	RB
or	CC
for	IN
an	DT
extended	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
county\/school	NN
utilizes	VBZ
a	DT
method	NN
whereby	WRB
the	DT
collection	NN
of	IN
child	NN
nutrition	NN
funds	NNS
is	VBZ
handled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
school	NN
,	,
all	DT
moneys	NNS
collected	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
child	NN
nutrition	NN
program	NN
must	MD
be	VB
remitted	JJ
daily	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
principal	NN
or	CC
to	TO
the	DT
individual	JJ
designated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
principal	NN
to	TO
be	VB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
fund	NN
.	.
The	DT
total	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
money	NN
remitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
principal	NN
or	CC
designee	NN
must	MD
be	VB
reconciled	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
detailed	JJ
records	NNS
that	WDT
support	VBP
the	DT
collections	NNS
.	.
Certain	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
collections	NNS
from	IN
students	NNS
will	MD
require	VB
the	DT
preparation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
detailed	JJ
record	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
listed	VBN
each	DT
student	NN
's	POS
name	NN
and	CC
amount	NN
remitted	VBD
.	.
In	IN
situations	NNS
where	WRB
the	DT
classroom	NN
or	CC
homeroom	NN
teachers	NNS
are	VBP
originally	RB
collecting	VBG
the	DT
funds	NNS
from	IN
their	PRP$
students	NNS
,	,
the	DT
collections	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
recorded	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
list	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
issuing	VBG
a	DT
receipt	NN
to	TO
each	DT
student	NN
individually	RB
.	.
The	DT
list	NN
must	MD
reflect	VB
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
name	NN
,	,
amount	NN
being	VBG
collected	VBN
,	,
date	NN
of	IN
collection	NN
,	,
whether	IN
the	DT
collection	NN
was	VBD
by	IN
check	NN
or	CC
cash	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
purpose	NN
for	IN
the	DT
collection	NN
.	.
A	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
list	NN
must	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
principal	NN
or	CC
designee	NN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
collections	NNS
are	VBP
remitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
to	TO
support	VB
the	DT
total	JJ
amount	NN
being	VBG
remitted	VBN
.	.
A	DT
sample	NN
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
form	NN
is	VBZ
illustrated	VBN
in	IN
Appendix	NNP
X.	NNP
The	NNP
list	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
retained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
receipt	NN
file	NN
.	.
The	DT
school	NN
principal	NN
or	CC
designee	NN
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
ensuring	VBG
that	IN
all	DT
unpaid	JJ
child	NN
nutrition	NN
charges	NNS
are	VBP
collected	VBN
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
not	RB
only	RB
recovering	VBG
the	DT
actual	JJ
amount	NN
due	JJ
for	IN
meals	NNS
,	,
but	CC
all	DT
court	NN
costs	VBZ
or	CC
other	JJ
charges	NNS
incurred	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
school	NN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
collection	NN
effort	NN
.	.
Local	JJ
procedures	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
established	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
guidance	NN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
funds	NNS
are	VBP
recovered	VBN
,	,
a	DT
receipt	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
issued	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
total	JJ
amount	NN
recovered	VBD
and	CC
the	DT
total	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
deposited	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
depository	NN
account	NN
.	.
If	IN
accounts	NNS
receivable	NN
are	VBP
determined	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
uncollectible	JJ
,	,
the	DT
school	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
file	VB
an	DT
annual	JJ
report	NN
with	IN
the	DT
chief	JJ
school	NN
business	NN
official	JJ
showing	VBG
the	DT
names	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
individuals	NNS
from	IN
whom	WP
the	DT
bills	NNS
are	VBP
due	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
total	JJ
amount	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
collected	VBN
.	.
A	DT
file	NN
should	MD
be	VB
maintained	VBN
for	IN
each	DT
individual	NN
to	TO
show	VB
the	DT
actions	NNS
taken	VBN
.	.
At	IN
times	NNS
,	,
checks	NNS
received	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
school	NN
for	IN
the	DT
child	NN
nutrition	NN
program	NN
may	MD
be	VB
returned	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
bank	NN
for	IN
insufficient	JJ
funds	NNS
.	.
Normally	RB
,	,
banks	NNS
allow	VBP
such	JJ
checks	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
redeposited	VBN
at	IN
least	JJS
once	RB
,	,
because	IN
in	IN
many	JJ
cases	NNS
,	,
sufficient	JJ
funds	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
to	TO
pay	VB
the	DT
checks	NNS
upon	IN
redeposit	NN
.	.
All	DT
moneys	NNS
received	VBD
for	IN
the	DT
child	NN
nutrition	NN
program	NN
may	MD
be	VB
expended	VBN
only	RB
for	IN
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
funds	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
expended	VBN
for	IN
flowers	NNS
,	,
gifts	NNS
,	,
banquets	NNS
,	,
or	CC
service	NN
awards	NNS
for	IN
school	NN
employees	NNS
.	.
All	DT
disbursements	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
child	NN
nutrition	NN
program	NN
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
by	IN
check	NN
.	.
The	DT
check	NN
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
payable	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
individual	JJ
or	CC
vendor	NN
to	TO
whom	WP
the	DT
payment	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
made	VBN
,	,
not	RB
to	TO
another	DT
party	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
subsequently	RB
making	VBG
payment	NN
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
Every	DT
check	NN
and	CC
check	VB
stub	NN
must	MD
be	VB
completely	RB
filled	VBN
out	RP
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
check	NN
is	VBZ
issued	VBN
.	.
Checks	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
to	TO
be	VB
made	VBN
payable	JJ
to	TO
cash	NN
.	.
If	IN
starting	VBG
cash	NN
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
for	IN
an	DT
event	NN
from	IN
which	WDT
to	TO
make	VB
change	NN
,	,
the	DT
check	NN
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
payable	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
will	MD
be	VB
cashing	VBG
the	DT
check	NN
for	IN
the	DT
change	NN
.	.
In	IN
situations	NNS
where	WRB
a	DT
bank	NN
is	VBZ
providing	VBG
only	RB
an	DT
image	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
copy	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
canceled	VBN
checks	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
with	IN
the	DT
bank	NN
statements	NNS
rather	RB
than	IN
returning	VBG
the	DT
actual	JJ
canceled	VBN
checks	NNS
,	,
the	DT
bank	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
an	DT
image	NN
of	IN
both	DT
the	DT
front	NN
and	CC
back	NN
of	IN
every	DT
check	NN
.	.
Voided	VBN
checks	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
retained	VBN
and	CC
filed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
correct	JJ
numeric	JJ
sequence	NN
with	IN
the	DT
canceled	VBN
checks	NNS
.	.
Annual	JJ
financial	JJ
statements	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
to	TO
be	VB
prepared	VBN
for	IN
each	DT
fund	NN
maintained	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
school	NN
on	IN
forms	NNS
provided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
The	DT
annual	JJ
financial	JJ
statements	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
prepared	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
fiscal	JJ
year	NN
basis	NN
of	IN
July	NNP
1	CD
through	IN
June	NNP
30	CD
each	DT
year	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
to	TO
include	VB
all	DT
financial	JJ
activities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
for	IN
the	DT
year	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
prepared	JJ
.	.
Faculty	NN
senate	NN
funds	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
accounted	VBN
for	IN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
manner	NN
as	IN
all	DT
other	JJ
school	NN
funds	NNS
.	.
The	DT
same	JJ
accounting	NN
practices	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
described	VBN
in	IN
Chapter	NN
1	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
pages	NNS
1	CD
through	IN
18	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
this	DT
manual	NN
for	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
activity	NN
funds	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
followed	VBN
for	IN
faculty	NN
senate	NN
funds	NNS
.	.
Faculty	NN
senates	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
control	VB
the	DT
funds	NNS
allocated	VBN
to	TO
each	DT
school	NN
from	IN
the	DT
legislative	JJ
appropriations	NNS
of	IN
$	$
200	CD
per	IN
professional	JJ
instructional	JJ
personnel	NNS
or	CC
funds	NNS
donated	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
.	.
County	NNP
boards	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
distribute	VB
the	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
funds	NNS
received	VBN
from	IN
legislative	JJ
appropriations	NNS
to	TO
each	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
during	IN
the	DT
month	NN
of	IN
September	NNP
each	DT
year	NN
.	.
Of	IN
the	DT
total	JJ
allocation	NN
received	VBN
by	IN
each	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
,	,
$	$
50	CD
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
allocated	VBN
to	TO
each	DT
classroom	NN
teacher	NN
,	,
counselor	NN
and	CC
librarian	NN
for	IN
expenditure	NN
during	IN
the	DT
instructional	JJ
year	NN
for	IN
academic	JJ
materials	NNS
,	,
supplies	NNS
or	CC
equipment	NN
which	WDT
in	IN
the	DT
judgement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
will	MD
assist	VB
him	PRP
or	CC
her	PRP$
in	IN
providing	VBG
instruction	NN
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
expenditures	NNS
for	IN
programs	NNS
and	CC
materials	NNS
that	IN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
opinion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
teacher	NN
,	,
enhance	VB
student	NN
behavior	NN
,	,
increase	NN
academic	JJ
achievement	NN
,	,
improve	VB
self-esteem	NN
and	CC
address	VB
the	DT
problems	NNS
of	IN
students-at-risk	NN
.	.
Expenditures	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
made	VBN
only	RB
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
budget	NN
.	.
Revisions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
budget	NN
may	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
as	IN
frequently	RB
as	RB
necessary	JJ
.	.
Revisions	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
membership	NN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
manner	NN
as	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
budget	NN
.	.
As	IN
discussed	VBN
in	IN
Section	NN
1-5	CD
under	IN
the	DT
General	NNP
Fund	NNP
Operations	NNP
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
manual	NN
,	,
each	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
must	MD
establish	VB
by	IN
local	JJ
policy	NN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
funds	NNS
the	DT
schools	NNS
within	IN
a	DT
county	NN
are	VBP
authorized	VBN
to	TO
maintain	VB
.	.
The	DT
schools	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
authorized	VBN
to	TO
maintain	VB
a	DT
separate	JJ
fund	NN
for	IN
faculty	NN
senate	NN
funds	NNS
or	CC
they	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
maintain	VB
the	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
funds	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
separate	JJ
account	NN
within	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
general	JJ
fund	NN
.	.
The	DT
bank	NN
account	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
funds	NNS
are	VBP
deposited	VBN
must	MD
contain	VB
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
and	CC
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
's	POS
Federal	NNP
Employer	NNP
Identification	NNP
Number	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FEIN	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Faculty	NN
senates	NNS
funds	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
to	TO
be	VB
deposited	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
bank	NN
account	NN
in	IN
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
.	.
Every	DT
bank	NN
account	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
school	NN
funds	NNS
are	VBP
deposited	VBN
must	MD
be	VB
insured	VBN
or	CC
the	DT
bank	NN
must	MD
provide	VB
adequate	JJ
bond	NN
to	TO
cover	VB
the	DT
maximum	NN
amount	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
deposited	VBN
at	IN
any	DT
one	CD
time	NN
.	.
All	DT
funds	NNS
received	VBD
must	MD
be	VB
deposited	VBN
intact	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
bank	NN
depository	NN
account	NN
in	IN
a	DT
timely	JJ
manner	NN
.	.
If	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
bank	NN
account	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
maintained	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
school	NN
,	,
care	NN
must	MD
be	VB
exercised	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
certain	JJ
that	IN
collections	NNS
are	VBP
deposited	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
correct	JJ
bank	NN
account	NN
.	.
Purchase	NN
orders	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
are	VBP
not	RB
required	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
$	$
50	CD
allocation	NN
of	IN
faculty	NN
senate	NN
funds	NNS
to	TO
individual	JJ
teachers	NNS
,	,
counselors	NNS
and	CC
librarians	NNS
.	.
Purchase	NN
orders	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
for	IN
expenditure	NN
of	IN
the	DT
remaining	VBG
faculty	NN
senate	NN
funds	NNS
.	.
If	IN
this	DT
method	NN
is	VBZ
selected	VBN
,	,
recipients	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
instructed	VBN
that	IN
funds	NNS
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
refunded	VBN
:	:
if	IN
the	DT
entire	JJ
amount	NN
were	VBD
not	RB
expended	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
school	NN
year	NN
;	:
if	IN
funds	NNS
were	VBD
expended	VBN
for	IN
unauthorized	JJ
purposes	NNS
;	:
or	CC
if	IN
itemized	VBN
receipts	NNS
were	VBD
not	RB
submitted	VBN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
allotted	VBN
to	TO
each	DT
classroom	NN
teacher	NN
,	,
counselor	NN
and	CC
librarian	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
expended	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
instructional	JJ
year	NN
,	,
the	DT
unexpended	JJ
amount	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
returned	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
.	.
This	DT
also	RB
applies	VBZ
if	IN
a	DT
classroom	NN
teacher	NN
,	,
counselor	NN
or	CC
librarian	NN
resigns	NNS
or	CC
transfers	NNS
to	TO
another	DT
school	NN
during	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
year	NN
.	.
Funds	NNS
allocated	VBN
to	TO
classroom	NN
teachers	NNS
,	,
counselors	NNS
or	CC
librarians	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
remain	VB
with	IN
the	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
the	DT
individual	NN
was	VBD
originally	RB
assigned	VBN
;	:
the	DT
funds	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
to	TO
be	VB
transferred	VBN
among	IN
faculty	NN
senates	NNS
.	.
The	DT
$	$
50	CD
allocated	VBN
to	TO
each	DT
classroom	NN
teacher	NN
,	,
counselor	NN
and	CC
librarian	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
expended	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
instructional	JJ
year	NN
for	IN
academic	JJ
materials	NNS
,	,
supplies	NNS
or	CC
equipment	NN
which	WDT
in	IN
the	DT
judgement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
will	MD
assist	VB
him	PRP
or	CC
her	PRP$
in	IN
providing	VBG
instruction	NN
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
expenditures	NNS
for	IN
programs	NNS
and	CC
materials	NNS
that	IN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
opinion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
teacher	NN
,	,
enhance	VB
student	NN
behavior	NN
,	,
increase	NN
academic	JJ
achievement	NN
,	,
improve	VB
self-esteem	NN
and	CC
address	VB
the	DT
problems	NNS
of	IN
students	NNS
at	IN
risk	NN
.	.
Receipts	NNPS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
submitted	VBN
for	IN
all	DT
purchases	NNS
made	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
an	DT
accounting	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
the	DT
funds	NNS
were	VBD
expended	VBN
.	.
Any	DT
funds	NNS
not	RB
expended	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
year	NN
are	VBP
to	TO
revert	VB
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
to	TO
be	VB
expended	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
's	POS
approved	VBN
budget	NN
.	.
The	DT
remainder	NN
of	IN
the	DT
$	$
200	CD
legislative	JJ
appropriation	NN
allocated	VBN
to	TO
each	DT
school	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
expended	VBN
only	RB
for	IN
academic	JJ
materials	NNS
,	,
supplies	NNS
or	CC
equipment	NN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
a	DT
budget	NN
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
.	.
All	DT
disbursements	NNS
by	IN
the	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
by	IN
check	NN
.	.
The	DT
check	NN
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
payable	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
individual	JJ
or	CC
vendor	NN
to	TO
whom	WP
the	DT
payment	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
made	VBN
,	,
not	RB
to	TO
another	DT
party	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
subsequently	RB
making	VBG
payment	NN
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
Checks	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
to	TO
be	VB
made	VBN
payable	JJ
to	TO
cash	NN
.	.
All	DT
purchase	NN
invoices	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
reviewed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
receipt	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
the	DT
vendor	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
charged	VBN
consumer	NN
sales	NNS
taxes	NNS
.	.
If	IN
so	RB
,	,
the	DT
vendor	NN
should	MD
be	VB
notified	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
tax	NN
subtracted	VBN
before	IN
payment	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
.	.
Athletic	JJ
funds	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
accounted	VBN
for	IN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
manner	NN
as	IN
all	DT
other	JJ
school	NN
funds	NNS
.	.
The	DT
same	JJ
accounting	NN
practices	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
described	VBN
in	IN
Chapter	NN
1	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
pages	NNS
1	CD
through	IN
18	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
this	DT
manual	NN
for	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
activity	NN
funds	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
followed	VBN
for	IN
athletic	JJ
funds	NNS
.	.
The	DT
bank	NN
account	NN
must	MD
contain	VB
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
,	,
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fund	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
's	POS
Federal	NNP
Employer	NNP
Identification	NNP
Number	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FEIN	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Every	DT
bank	NN
account	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
school	NN
funds	NNS
are	VBP
deposited	VBN
must	MD
be	VB
insured	VBN
or	CC
the	DT
bank	NN
must	MD
provide	VB
adequate	JJ
bond	NN
to	TO
cover	VB
the	DT
maximum	NN
amount	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
deposited	VBN
at	IN
any	DT
one	CD
time	NN
.	.
All	DT
checks	NNS
must	MD
have	VB
pre-printed	VBN
on	IN
them	PRP
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
,	,
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fund	NN
,	,
the	DT
school	NN
address	NN
,	,
the	DT
check	NN
number	NN
,	,
and	CC
two	CD
blank	JJ
spaces	NNS
for	IN
signatures	NNS
.	.
Current	JJ
stocks	NNS
of	IN
checks	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
may	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
until	IN
exhausted	VBN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
concession	NN
stands	NNS
are	VBP
operated	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
school	NN
,	,
local	JJ
procedures	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
established	VBN
to	TO
safeguard	VB
the	DT
inventory	NN
of	IN
goods	NNS
sold	VBN
to	TO
protect	VB
against	IN
pilferage	NN
or	CC
unauthorized	JJ
use	NN
and	CC
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
the	DT
sales	NNS
proceeds	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
receipted	VBN
and	CC
deposited	VBN
correctly	RB
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
concession	NN
stands	NNS
are	VBP
operated	VBN
by	IN
booster	NN
organizations	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
clubs	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
in	IN
a	DT
timely	JJ
manner	NN
reports	NNS
which	WDT
reconcile	VBP
sales	NNS
,	,
inventories	NNS
and	CC
profits	NNS
.	.
Such	JJ
reports	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
retained	VBN
on	IN
file	NN
.	.
A	DT
ticket	NN
reconciliation	NN
report	NN
must	MD
be	VB
prepared	VBN
for	IN
each	DT
event	NN
to	TO
reconcile	VB
tickets	NNS
sold	VBN
to	TO
cash	VB
collected	VBN
.	.
The	DT
report	NN
must	MD
show	VB
the	DT
following	NN
:	:
beginning	VBG
cash	NN
balance	NN
;	:
first	JJ
and	CC
last	JJ
numbers	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
type	NN
of	IN
ticket	NN
sold	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
student	NN
,	,
adult	NN
,	,
other	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
total	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
tickets	NNS
sold	VBN
by	IN
type	NN
;	:
price	NN
of	IN
each	DT
type	NN
of	IN
ticket	NN
;	:
total	JJ
sales	NNS
;	:
ending	VBG
cash	NN
balance	NN
;	:
total	JJ
cash	NN
in	IN
cash	NN
box	NN
;	:
and	CC
differences	NNS
,	,
if	IN
any	DT
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
total	JJ
sales	NNS
from	IN
tickets	NNS
sold	VBN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
event	NN
must	MD
be	VB
shown	VBN
.	.
Non-sufficient	JJ
checks	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
being	VBG
redeposited	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
clearly	RB
identified	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
deposit	NN
slip	NN
or	CC
they	PRP
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
listed	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
separate	JJ
deposit	NN
slip	NN
.	.
On	IN
all	DT
such	JJ
redeposits	NNS
,	,
the	DT
original	JJ
receipt	NN
number	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
clearly	RB
written	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
bank	NN
deposit	NN
slip	NN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
signatures	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
that	IN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
principal	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
individual	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
designated	VBN
to	TO
act	VB
in	IN
the	DT
place	NN
of	IN
the	DT
principal	NN
in	IN
his\/her	NN
absence	NN
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
signature	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
that	IN
of	IN
an	DT
individual	JJ
designated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
principal	NN
or	CC
by	IN
the	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
disbursement	NN
involves	VBZ
faculty	NN
senate	NN
funds	NNS
.	.
Blank	JJ
checks	NNS
are	VBP
never	RB
to	TO
be	VB
pre-signed	VBN
.	.
Schools	NNS
may	MD
reimburse	VB
employees	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
reasonable	JJ
and	CC
necessary	JJ
travel	NN
expenses	NNS
actually	RB
incurred	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
performance	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
official	JJ
duties	NNS
upon	IN
presentation	NN
of	IN
an	DT
itemized	VBN
statement	NN
signed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
employee	NN
and	CC
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
principal	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
reimbursements	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
policies	NNS
,	,
procedures	NNS
,	,
and	CC
limitations	NNS
prescribed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
.	.
All	DT
schools	NNS
that	WDT
enter	VBP
into	IN
an	DT
agreement	NN
to	TO
conduct	VB
tournaments	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
sectionals	NNS
,	,
regionals	NNS
,	,
or	CC
state	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Secondary	JJ
School	NNP
Activities	NNPS
Commission	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
WVSSAC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
to	TO
deposit	VB
all	DT
proceeds	NNS
received	VBD
from	IN
the	DT
tournament	NN
intact	JJ
into	IN
a	DT
school	NN
depository	NN
account	NN
and	CC
pay	VB
all	DT
expenses	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
event	NN
by	IN
check	NN
from	IN
that	DT
account	NN
.	.
A	DT
separate	JJ
sub-account	NN
must	MD
be	VB
established	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
transaction	NN
journal	NN
to	TO
account	VB
for	IN
all	DT
collections	NNS
and	CC
expenditures	NNS
made	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
tournament	NN
.	.
All	DT
payments	NNS
made	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
school	NN
to	TO
an	DT
individual	NN
for	IN
services	NNS
rendered	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
tournament	NN
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
considered	VBN
wages	NNS
and	CC
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
paid	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
normal	JJ
payroll	NN
process	NN
at	IN
the	DT
central	JJ
board	NN
office	NN
,	,
as	IN
discussed	VBN
in	IN
Section	NN
4-13	CD
,	,
unless	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
clearly	RB
shown	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
independent	JJ
contractor	NN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
criteria	NNS
established	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Internal	NNP
Revenue	NNP
Service	NNP
.	.
All	DT
uniforms	NNS
,	,
equipment	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
team	NN
merchandise	NN
purchased	VBN
with	IN
school	NN
funds	NNS
belong	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
An	DT
inventory	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
maintained	VBN
of	IN
all	DT
such	JJ
items	NNS
.	.
Uniforms	NNS
provided	VBD
to	TO
athletes	NNS
and	CC
coaches	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
returned	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
season	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
recognized	VBN
that	IN
parent-teacher	JJ
associations	NNS
,	,
booster	NN
groups	NNS
and	CC
many	JJ
other	JJ
school	NN
support	NN
organizations	NNS
provide	VBP
an	DT
essential	JJ
function	NN
in	IN
the	DT
support	NN
and	CC
funding	NN
of	IN
various	JJ
curricular	JJ
and	CC
extra-curricular	JJ
programs	NNS
offered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
State	NN
.	.
Countless	JJ
hours	NNS
are	VBP
devoted	VBN
by	IN
teachers	NNS
,	,
parents	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
school	NN
supporters	NNS
in	IN
fund	NN
raising	VBG
activities	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
funds	NNS
and	CC
donate	VB
the	DT
uniforms	NNS
and	CC
equipment	NN
necessary	JJ
for	IN
such	JJ
programs	NNS
.	.
Without	IN
this	DT
support	NN
,	,
many	JJ
schools	NNS
would	MD
not	RB
have	VB
the	DT
financial	JJ
resources	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
programs	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
being	VBG
provided	VBN
to	TO
their	PRP$
students	NNS
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
for	IN
these	DT
outside	JJ
organizations	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
effective	JJ
in	IN
their	PRP$
efforts	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
financial	JJ
support	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
they	PRP
must	MD
maintain	VB
the	DT
trust	NN
and	CC
support	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
community	NN
.	.
To	TO
do	VB
this	DT
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
that	IN
each	DT
school	NN
and	CC
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
organizations	NNS
that	WDT
support	VBP
the	DT
school	NN
maintain	VBP
an	DT
accurate	JJ
accounting	NN
of	IN
all	DT
funds	NNS
collected	VBN
and	CC
expended	VBN
.	.
County	NNP
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
can	MD
assist	VB
the	DT
school	NN
support	NN
organizations	NNS
to	TO
develop	VB
and	CC
maintain	VB
the	DT
trust	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
communities	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
county	NN
by	IN
establishing	VBG
local	JJ
policies	NNS
by	IN
which	WDT
such	JJ
organizations	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
operate	VB
.	.
At	IN
a	DT
minimum	NN
,	,
each	DT
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
require	VB
annual	JJ
financial	JJ
statements	NNS
be	VB
provided	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
group	NN
that	WDT
collects	VBZ
money	NN
in	IN
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
;	:
require	VB
that	IN
the	DT
school	NN
principal	NN
be	VB
made	VBN
aware	JJ
of	IN
any	DT
fund	NN
raiser	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
being	VBG
made	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
and	CC
approve	VB
such	JJ
fund	NN
raisers	NNS
;	:
and	CC
require	VB
that	IN
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
all	DT
groups	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
collecting	VBG
funds	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
any	DT
school	NN
be	VB
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
board	NN
in	IN
advance	NN
.	.
Every	DT
school	NN
support	NN
organization	NN
should	MD
be	VB
officially	RB
organized	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
set	NN
of	IN
published	VBN
by-laws	NNS
and	CC
be	VB
governed	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
elected	VBN
board	NN
of	IN
directors	NNS
consisting	VBG
of	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
a	DT
president	NN
,	,
a	DT
vice	NN
president	NN
,	,
a	DT
secretary	NN
and	CC
a	DT
treasurer	NN
.	.
A	DT
transaction	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
receipts	NNS
and	CC
disbursements	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
journal	NN
should	MD
be	VB
maintained	VBN
to	TO
record	VB
all	DT
receipts	NNS
and	CC
disbursements	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
posting	VBG
should	MD
include	VB
the	DT
following	NN
:	:
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
the	DT
transaction	NN
;	:
receipt	NN
or	CC
check	VB
number	NN
listed	VBN
in	IN
numeric	JJ
order	NN
,	,
name	NN
of	IN
payor	NN
or	CC
payee	NN
;	:
and	CC
individual	JJ
account	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
collection	NN
or	CC
disbursement	NN
was	VBD
made	VBN
.	.
The	DT
transaction	NN
journal	NN
should	MD
be	VB
footed	VBN
and	CC
cross-footed	JJ
each	DT
month	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
errors	NNS
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
made	VBN
.	.
The	DT
entries	NNS
in	IN
each	DT
column	NN
are	VBP
added	VBN
to	TO
arrive	VB
at	IN
a	DT
total	NN
and	CC
the	DT
totals	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
column	NN
are	VBP
added	VBN
across	IN
to	TO
arrive	VB
at	IN
the	DT
grand	JJ
total	NN
for	IN
the	DT
month	NN
.	.
If	IN
errors	NNS
are	VBP
found	VBN
to	TO
exist	VB
,	,
they	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
identified	VBN
and	CC
corrected	VBN
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
,	,
using	VBG
correcting	VBG
journal	NN
entries	NNS
.	.
Proper	JJ
accounting	NN
procedures	NNS
dictate	VBP
that	IN
errors	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
written	VBN
over	IN
or	CC
corrected	VBN
with	IN
correcting	VBG
fluid	NN
.	.
The	DT
necessary	JJ
journal	NN
entries	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
and	CC
should	MD
include	VB
a	DT
brief	JJ
explanation	NN
of	IN
why	WRB
the	DT
adjusting	VBG
entries	NNS
were	VBD
made	VBN
.	.
Every	DT
bank	NN
account	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
organization	NN
funds	NNS
are	VBP
deposited	VBN
should	MD
be	VB
insured	VBN
or	CC
the	DT
bank	NN
should	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
adequate	JJ
bond	NN
to	TO
cover	VB
the	DT
maximum	NN
amount	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
deposited	VBN
at	IN
any	DT
one	CD
time	NN
.	.
The	DT
account	NN
should	MD
contain	VB
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
and	CC
the	DT
organization	NN
's	POS
Federal	NNP
Employer	NNP
Identification	NNP
Number	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FEIN	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
bank	NN
signature	NN
cards	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
maintained	VBN
current	JJ
at	IN
all	DT
times	NNS
.	.
Two	CD
signatures	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
on	IN
every	DT
check	NN
issued	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
signatures	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
that	IN
of	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
's	POS
president	NN
.	.
All	DT
checks	NNS
should	MD
have	VB
pre-printed	VBN
on	IN
them	PRP
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
,	,
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
,	,
the	DT
organization	NN
's	POS
address	NN
,	,
the	DT
check	NN
number	NN
and	CC
two	CD
blank	JJ
spaces	NNS
for	IN
signatures	NNS
.	.
Current	JJ
stocks	NNS
of	IN
checks	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
could	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
until	IN
exhausted	VBN
.	.
All	DT
school	NN
support	NN
organizations	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
approved	VBN
,	,
in	IN
advance	NN
,	,
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
to	TO
conduct	VB
fund	NN
raising	VBG
activities	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
a	DT
county	NN
school	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
organization	NN
must	MD
notify	VB
the	DT
school	NN
principal	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
each	DT
fund	NN
raising	NN
activity	NN
being	VBG
held	VBN
.	.
Local	JJ
procedures	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
established	VBN
to	TO
regulate	VB
all	DT
fund	NN
raising	VBG
activities	NNS
conducted	VBN
by	IN
school	NN
organizations	NNS
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
conducted	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
proper	JJ
manner	NN
.	.
All	DT
proceeds	NNS
from	IN
fund	NN
raisers	NNS
conducted	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
school	NN
organization	NN
should	MD
be	VB
receipted	VBN
and	CC
deposited	VBN
intact	JJ
into	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
's	POS
depository	NN
accounts	NNS
.	.
Merchandise	NN
purchased	VBD
for	IN
resale	NN
should	MD
be	VB
purchased	VBN
by	IN
checks	NNS
issued	VBN
for	IN
that	DT
purpose	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
all	DT
purchase	NN
invoices	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
retained	VBN
as	IN
documentation	NN
for	IN
the	DT
disbursements	NNS
.	.
A	DT
profit	NN
and	CC
loss	NN
statement	NN
should	MD
be	VB
prepared	VBN
for	IN
each	DT
fund	NN
raising	NN
activity	NN
conducted	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
school	NN
support	NN
organization	NN
that	WDT
shows	VBZ
gross	JJ
proceeds	NNS
,	,
cost	NN
of	IN
goods	NNS
sold	VBN
and	CC
net	JJ
proceeds	NNS
.	.
See	VB
Appendix	NNP
X	NNP
for	IN
a	DT
sample	NN
copy	NN
of	IN
a	DT
fund	NN
raiser	NN
profit	NN
and	CC
loss	NN
statement	NN
.	.
If	IN
activities	NNS
are	VBP
sponsored	VBN
by	IN
school	NN
support	NN
organizations	NNS
on	IN
school	NN
property	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
an	DT
admission	NN
fee	NN
is	VBZ
charged	VBN
or	CC
a	DT
donation	NN
is	VBZ
accepted	VBN
for	IN
admittance	NN
,	,
pre-numbered	JJ
tickets	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
.	.
Whenever	NNP
practical	JJ
,	,
separate	JJ
individuals	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
sell	VB
and	CC
collect	VB
the	DT
tickets	NNS
.	.
A	DT
ticket	NN
reconciliation	NN
report	NN
should	MD
be	VB
prepared	VBN
for	IN
each	DT
event	NN
to	TO
reconcile	VB
tickets	NNS
sold	VBN
to	TO
cash	VB
collected	VBN
.	.
The	DT
report	NN
should	MD
show	VB
the	DT
following	NN
:	:
beginning	VBG
cash	NN
balance	NN
;	:
first	JJ
and	CC
last	JJ
numbers	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
type	NN
of	IN
ticket	NN
sold	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
student	NN
,	,
adult	NN
,	,
other	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
total	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
tickets	NNS
sold	VBN
by	IN
type	NN
;	:
price	NN
of	IN
each	DT
type	NN
of	IN
ticket	NN
;	:
total	JJ
sales	NNS
;	:
ending	VBG
cash	NN
balance	NN
;	:
total	JJ
cash	NN
in	IN
cash	NN
box	NN
;	:
and	CC
differences	NNS
,	,
if	IN
any	DT
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
total	JJ
sales	NNS
from	IN
tickets	NNS
sold	VBN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
event	NN
should	MD
be	VB
shown	VBN
.	.
The	DT
reconciliation	NN
report	NN
should	MD
also	RB
show	VB
the	DT
activity	NN
and	CC
date	NN
,	,
and	CC
should	MD
be	VB
signed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
preparer	NN
and	CC
the	DT
individual	NN
in	IN
charge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
event	NN
.	.
See	VB
Appendix	NNP
X	NNP
for	IN
a	DT
sample	NN
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
form	NN
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
.	.
At	IN
a	DT
minimum	NN
,	,
the	DT
financial	JJ
statements	NNS
should	MD
list	VB
the	DT
organization	NN
's	POS
cash	NN
balance	NN
at	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
the	DT
year	NN
,	,
revenues	NNS
collected	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
year	NN
,	,
expenditures	VBZ
paid	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
year	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
cash	NN
balance	NN
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
year	NN
.	.
If	IN
any	DT
sub-accounts	NNS
are	VBP
maintained	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
,	,
they	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
listed	VBN
separately	RB
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
annual	JJ
financial	JJ
statements	NNS
,	,
a	DT
list	NN
should	MD
be	VB
prepared	JJ
which	WDT
lists	VBZ
all	DT
invoices	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
paid	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
year	NN
and	CC
all	DT
revenues	NNS
,	,
if	IN
any	DT
,	,
that	WDT
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
received	VBN
.	.
Private	JJ
nonprofit	JJ
organizations	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Parent	NNP
Teacher	NN
Associations	NNS
,	,
booster	NN
groups	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
school	NN
support	NN
organizations	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
not	RB
exempt	JJ
from	IN
paying	VBG
the	DT
consumer	NN
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
by	IN
reason	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
nonprofit	JJ
status	NN
alone	RB
,	,
but	CC
must	MD
meet	VB
very	RB
specific	JJ
requirements	NNS
contained	VBN
in	IN
State	NNP
tax	NN
laws	NNS
and	CC
legislative	JJ
regulations	NNS
.	.
See	VB
Appendix	NNP
X	NNP
for	IN
an	DT
explanation	NN
of	IN
these	DT
specific	JJ
requirements	NNS
.	.
Department	NNP
of	IN
Tax	NNP
and	CC
Revenue	NNP
and	CC
have	VB
a	DT
business	NN
registration	NN
certificate	NN
.	.
Each	DT
organization	NN
must	MD
have	VB
its	PRP$
own	JJ
business	NN
registration	NN
certificate	NN
;	:
private	JJ
nonprofit	JJ
organizations	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
registration	NN
number	NN
.	.
Private	JJ
nonprofit	JJ
organizations	NNS
that	WDT
meet	VBP
the	DT
requirements	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
the	DT
preceding	VBG
section	NN
for	IN
making	VBG
tax	NN
exempt	JJ
purchases	NNS
may	MD
also	RB
make	VB
casual	JJ
and	CC
occasional	JJ
sales	NNS
for	IN
fund	NN
raising	VBG
purposes	NNS
and	CC
not	RB
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
collect	VB
and	CC
remit	VB
consumer	NN
sales	NNS
tax	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
sales	NNS
.	.
These	DT
fund	NN
raising	VBG
events	NNS
are	VBP
limited	VBN
to	TO
six	CD
events	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
last	JJ
no	DT
more	JJR
than	IN
eighty-four	CD
consecutive	JJ
hours	NNS
each	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
any	DT
twelve	CD
month	NN
period	NN
.	.
Any	DT
fund	NN
raising	VBG
event	NN
which	WDT
lasts	VBZ
more	JJR
than	IN
eighty-four	CD
hours	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
as	IN
two	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
events	NNS
,	,
depending	VBG
upon	IN
the	DT
duration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
event	NN
.	.
In	IN
applying	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
business	NN
registration	NN
certificate	NN
,	,
each	DT
organization	NN
must	MD
have	VB
its	PRP$
own	JJ
business	NN
registration	NN
certificate	NN
and	CC
identification	NN
number	NN
;	:
private	JJ
nonprofit	JJ
organizations	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
registration	NN
number	NN
.	.
If	IN
any	DT
reportable	JJ
conditions	NNS
are	VBP
noted	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
report	NN
,	,
the	DT
president	NN
of	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
board	NN
with	IN
a	DT
corrective	JJ
action	NN
plan	NN
.	.
All	DT
reportable	JJ
conditions	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
corrected	VBN
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
practical	JJ
but	CC
not	RB
later	RB
than	IN
six	CD
months	NNS
after	IN
receipt	NN
of	IN
the	DT
report	NN
.	.
All	DT
financial	JJ
records	NNS
,	,
minute	JJ
books	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
documents	NNS
maintained	VBN
by	IN
or	CC
in	IN
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
a	DT
school	NN
organization	NN
belong	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
organization	NN
and	CC
must	MD
be	VB
delivered	VBN
or	CC
handed	VBN
over	RP
to	TO
the	DT
duly	RB
elected	VBN
president	NN
of	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
the	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
,	,
upon	IN
request	NN
.	.
Copies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
's	POS
annual	JJ
financial	JJ
statements	NNS
and	CC
minute	JJ
books	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
retained	VBN
permanently	RB
.	.
The	DT
transaction	NN
journal	NN
,	,
bank	NN
statements	NNS
,	,
and	CC
canceled	VBD
checks	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
retained	VBN
for	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
five	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
years	NNS
.	.
All	DT
other	JJ
financial	JJ
records	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
retained	VBN
for	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
years	NNS
.	.
Constitution	NNP
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
,	,
recognizes	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
responsibility	NN
to	TO
see	VB
that	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
State	NN
are	VBP
thoroughly	RB
,	,
efficiently	RB
and	CC
freely	RB
educated	VBN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
this	DT
responsibility	NN
takes	VBZ
many	JJ
forms	NNS
.	.
Upon	IN
receipt	NN
of	IN
the	DT
recommended	VBN
order	NN
with	IN
findings	NNS
and	CC
conclusions	NNS
from	IN
such	JJ
designee	NN
,	,
the	DT
Superintendent	NNP
shall	MD
review	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
along	IN
with	IN
the	DT
record	NN
and	CC
issue	VB
an	DT
order	NN
adopting	VBG
the	DT
findings	NNS
,	,
conclusions	NNS
,	,
and\/or	CC
recommendations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
designee	NN
;	:
rejecting	VBG
the	DT
findings	NNS
,	,
conclusions	NNS
and\/or	CC
recommendations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
designee	NN
;	:
or	CC
remanding	VBG
the	DT
matter	NN
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
designee	NN
with	IN
instructions	NNS
for	IN
further	JJ
evidence	NN
or	CC
findings	NNS
,	,
conclusions	NNS
and\/or	CC
recommendations	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
case	NN
is	VBZ
heard	VBN
directly	RB
by	IN
the	DT
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Superintendent	NNP
shall	MD
issue	VB
both	DT
a	DT
written	VBN
decision	NN
,	,
which	WDT
shall	MD
set	VB
forth	RB
findings	NNS
of	IN
fact	NN
and	CC
conclusions	NNS
of	IN
law	NN
,	,
and	CC
an	DT
appropriate	JJ
order	NN
.	.
Said	NNP
orders	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
filed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
office	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Superintendent	NNP
and	CC
copies	NNS
thereof	RB
shall	MD
be	VB
served	VBN
or	CC
mailed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
parties	NNS
of	IN
record	NN
affected	VBN
thereby	RB
or	CC
their	PRP$
attorneys	NNS
of	IN
record	NN
within	IN
thirty	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
30	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
days	NNS
following	VBG
the	DT
Superintendent	NNP
's	POS
receipt	NN
of	IN
any	DT
recommendation	NN
from	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
designee	NN
or	CC
within	IN
thirty	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
30	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
days	NNS
following	VBG
the	DT
hearing	NN
when	WRB
heard	VBN
directly	RB
by	IN
the	DT
Superintendent	NNP
.	.
LEP	NNP
students	NNS
,	,
like	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
population	NN
,	,
are	VBP
a	DT
diverse	JJ
group	NN
.	.
Their	PRP$
abilities	NNS
range	VBP
on	IN
a	DT
continuum	NN
from	IN
being	VBG
gifted	JJ
to	TO
having	VBG
special	JJ
needs	NNS
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
LEP	NNP
students	NNS
range	VBP
from	IN
having	VBG
a	DT
high	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
proficiency	NN
in	IN
all	DT
skill	NN
areas	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
native	JJ
language	NN
to	TO
being	VBG
illiterate	JJ
or	CC
minimally	RB
literate	JJ
.	.
Some	DT
LEP	NNP
students	NNS
have	VBP
had	VBN
prior	RB
formal	JJ
schooling	NN
outside	IN
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
in	IN
their	PRP$
native	JJ
language	NN
while	IN
others	NNS
have	VBP
had	VBN
limited	VBN
formal	JJ
schooling	NN
.	.
English	NNP
Language	NNP
Proficiency	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ELP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
Standards	NNPS
are	VBP
distinct	JJ
because	IN
they	PRP
explicitly	RB
focus	VB
on	IN
the	DT
learning	VBG
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
LEP	NNP
students	NNS
from	IN
pre-kindergarten	NN
through	IN
twelfth	NN
grade	NN
who	WP
come	VBP
from	IN
widely	RB
diverse	JJ
cultural	JJ
,	,
linguistic	JJ
,	,
and	CC
educational	JJ
backgrounds	NNS
and	CC
are	VBP
at	IN
different	JJ
stages	NNS
of	IN
English	JJ
language	NN
acquisition	NN
.	.
The	DT
cultural	JJ
component	NN
is	VBZ
embedded	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
standards	NNS
,	,
in	IN
that	DT
it	PRP
is	VBZ
impossible	JJ
to	TO
isolate	VB
discreet	JJ
cultural	JJ
elements	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
teaching	NN
of	IN
language	NN
.	.
Unlike	IN
other	JJ
content	JJ
standards	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
take	VBP
into	IN
account	NN
the	DT
critical	JJ
role	NN
of	IN
language	NN
learning	NN
in	IN
the	DT
achievement	NN
of	IN
content	NN
and	CC
specially	RB
focus	VB
on	IN
the	DT
learning	VBG
styles	NNS
and	CC
instructional	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
LEP	NNP
students	NNS
.	.
ELP	NNP
Standards	NNPS
represent	VBP
a	DT
bridge	NN
for	IN
LEP	NNP
students	NNS
to	TO
gain	VB
access	NN
to	TO
content	JJ
instruction	NN
in	IN
English	NNP
.	.
The	DT
ELP	NNP
Standards	NNPS
are	VBP
not	RB
content	JJ
standards	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
their	PRP$
intent	NN
to	TO
describe	VB
what	WP
students	NNS
should	MD
know	VB
and	CC
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
do	VB
.	.
Instead	RB
,	,
they	PRP
gauge	VBP
the	DT
degree	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
the	DT
content	NN
standards	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
attained	VBN
.	.
These	DT
performance	NN
standards	NNS
represent	VBP
the	DT
degrees	NNS
of	IN
proficiency	NN
in	IN
the	DT
English	NNP
language	NN
that	WDT
an	DT
LEP	NNP
student	NN
will	MD
master	VB
upon	IN
completion	NN
of	IN
each	DT
level	NN
.	.
Objectives	NNS
are	VBP
incremental	JJ
steps	NNS
toward	IN
proficiency	NN
of	IN
the	DT
standards	NNS
.	.
Objectives	NNS
are	VBP
listed	VBN
by	IN
proficiency	NN
level	NN
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
objectives	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
developed	VBN
separately	RB
for	IN
each	DT
standard	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Oral	JJ
,	,
Reading	VBG
,	,
Writing	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
they	PRP
are	VBP
integrated	VBN
in	IN
classroom	NN
instruction	NN
.	.
Some	DT
objectives	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
developmentally	RB
appropriate	JJ
for	IN
lower	JJR
grade	NN
levels	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
kindergarten	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
these	DT
instances	NNS
,	,
the	DT
objectives	NNS
are	VBP
marked	VBN
FCS	NNP
.	.
FCS	NNP
signifies	VBZ
that	IN
students	NNS
should	MD
follow	VB
the	DT
Content	NNP
Standards	NNP
for	IN
Reading	VBG
and	CC
English	JJ
Language	NN
Arts	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
guideline	NN
,	,
implementing	VBG
the	DT
ELP	NNP
standard	NN
when	WRB
appropriate	JJ
for	IN
their	PRP$
grade	NN
level	NN
.	.
The	DT
goal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
English	NNP
Language	NNP
Proficiency	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ELP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
Standards	NNPS
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
foundation	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
enable	VB
LEP	NNP
students	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
successful	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
English	NNP
Content	NNP
Standards	NNPS
and	CC
across	IN
the	DT
curriculum	NN
.	.
This	DT
foundation	NN
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
because	IN
LEP	NNP
students	NNS
are	VBP
learning	VBG
English	NNP
as	IN
another	DT
language	NN
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
guidance	NN
for	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
district	NN
ELP	NNP
curricula	NN
,	,
the	DT
selection	NN
of	IN
instructional	JJ
materials	NNS
,	,
the	DT
evaluation	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
'	POS
learning	NN
,	,
and	CC
inservice	NN
and	CC
preservice	NN
professional	JJ
development	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Teachers	NNPS
at	IN
local	JJ
schools	NNS
are	VBP
responsible	JJ
for	IN
developing	VBG
a	DT
scope	NN
and	CC
sequence	NN
and	CC
for	IN
selecting	VBG
the	DT
specific	JJ
content	NN
and	CC
learning	VBG
activities	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
lead	VB
students	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
high	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
language	NN
proficiency	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
imperative	JJ
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
material	NN
presented	VBN
at	IN
each	DT
proficiency	NN
level	NN
is	VBZ
controlled	VBN
for	IN
both	DT
age	NN
and	CC
proficiency	NN
level	NN
in	IN
English	NNP
.	.
Proficiency	NN
in	IN
listening	VBG
,	,
speaking	VBG
,	,
reading	VBG
,	,
and	CC
writing	VBG
as	IN
outlined	VBN
in	IN
these	DT
standards	NNS
will	MD
allow	VB
LEP	NNP
students	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
successful	JJ
transition	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
requirement	NN
of	IN
Policy	NNP
2520.1	CD
.	.
A	DT
concerted	JJ
effort	NN
should	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
to	TO
relate	VB
required	JJ
reading	NN
selections	NNS
to	TO
other	JJ
core	NN
subjects	NNS
including	VBG
mathematics	NNS
,	,
science	NN
,	,
and	CC
history	NN
and	CC
social	JJ
science	NN
.	.
LEP	NNP
students	NNS
enter	VBP
schools	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
skills	NNS
and	CC
abilities	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
native	JJ
language	NN
and\/or	CC
English	JJ
that	IN
determine	VB
the	DT
rate	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
acquire	VBP
proficiency	NN
in	IN
the	DT
English	NNP
language	NN
.	.
Research	NNP
indicates	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
take	VB
five	CD
to	TO
seven	CD
years	NNS
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
average	NN
,	,
for	IN
a	DT
student	NN
to	TO
become	VB
fully	RB
proficient	JJ
in	IN
English	NNP
.	.
The	DT
goal	NN
for	IN
the	DT
education	NN
of	IN
LEP	NNP
students	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
intensive	JJ
instruction	NN
so	IN
that	IN
LEP	NNP
students	NNS
can	MD
develop	VB
English	NNP
proficiency	NN
as	RB
quickly	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
reach	VB
full	JJ
educational	JJ
parity	NN
with	IN
their	PRP$
peers	NNS
.	.
ELP	NNP
.	.
S.	NNP
1	CD
.	.
Oral	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
Listening\/Speaking	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
:	:
Students	NNS
completing	VBG
proficiency	NN
level	NN
1	CD
can	MD
comprehend	VB
simple	JJ
statements	NNS
and	CC
questions	NNS
with	IN
additional	JJ
visuals	NNS
and	CC
gestures	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
limited	JJ
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
idea	NN
of	IN
basic	JJ
messages	NNS
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
students	NNS
at	IN
proficiency	NN
level	NN
1	CD
can	MD
comprehend	VB
some	DT
limited	JJ
face-to-face	JJ
conversations	NNS
.	.
ELP	NNP
.	.
S.	NNP
2	CD
.	.
Reading	VBG
:	:
Students	NNS
completing	VBG
proficiency	NN
level	NN
1	CD
are	VBP
beginning	VBG
to	TO
understand	VB
some	DT
basic	JJ
material	NN
.	.
Students	NNS
at	IN
proficiency	NN
level	NN
1	CD
rely	VBP
on	IN
visual	JJ
cues	NNS
and	CC
prior	RB
knowledge	NN
or	CC
experience	NN
with	IN
the	DT
topic	NN
.	.
Comprehension	NN
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
to	TO
simple	JJ
phrases	NNS
containing	VBG
high	JJ
frequency	NN
vocabulary	NN
.	.
ELP	NNP
.	.
S.	NNP
3	CD
.	.
Writing	VBG
:	:
Students	NNS
completing	VBG
proficiency	NN
level	NN
1	CD
are	VBP
beginning	VBG
to	TO
express	VB
basic	JJ
personal	JJ
needs	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
copy	VB
from	IN
a	DT
model	NN
simple	JJ
English	JJ
letters	NNS
and	CC
words	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
beginning	VBG
to	TO
use	VB
prewriting	JJ
strategies	NNS
and	CC
available	JJ
technology	NN
.	.
ELP	NNP
.	.
S.	NNP
1	CD
.	.
Oral	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
Listening\/Speaking	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
:	:
Students	NNS
completing	VBG
proficiency	NN
level	NN
2	CD
can	MD
comprehend	VB
simple	JJ
statements	NNS
and	CC
questions	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
understand	VB
the	DT
general	JJ
idea	NN
of	IN
basic	JJ
messages	NNS
and	CC
conversations	NNS
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
students	NNS
at	IN
proficiency	NN
level	NN
2	CD
will	MD
comprehend	VB
language	NN
consisting	VBG
of	IN
basic	JJ
vocabulary	NN
and	CC
grammatical	JJ
structures	NNS
in	IN
face-to-face	JJ
conversations	NNS
.	.
Students	NNS
at	IN
proficiency	NN
level	NN
2	CD
will	MD
initiate	VB
and	CC
respond	VB
to	TO
basic	JJ
statements	NNS
and	CC
engage	VB
in	IN
basic	JJ
face-to-face	JJ
conversations	NNS
with	IN
more	JJR
fluent	JJ
speakers	NNS
.	.
ELP	NNP
.	.
S.	NNP
2	CD
.	.
Reading	VBG
:	:
Students	NNS
completing	VBG
proficiency	NN
level	NN
2	CD
can	MD
understand	VB
basic	JJ
material	NN
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
understand	VB
the	DT
general	JJ
message	NN
of	IN
basic	JJ
reading	NN
passages	NNS
that	WDT
contain	VBP
simple	JJ
language	NN
structures	NNS
and	CC
syntax	NN
.	.
Students	NNS
at	IN
proficiency	NN
level	NN
2	CD
rely	VBP
on	IN
visual	JJ
cues	NNS
and	CC
prior	RB
knowledge	NN
or	CC
experience	NN
with	IN
the	DT
topic	NN
.	.
Comprehension	NN
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
to	TO
simple	JJ
language	NN
containing	VBG
high	JJ
frequency	NN
vocabulary	NN
and	CC
predictable	JJ
grammatical	JJ
patterns	NNS
.	.
Students	NNS
at	IN
proficiency	NN
level	NN
2	CD
are	VBP
beginning	VBG
to	TO
use	VB
reading	NN
strategies	NNS
to	TO
guess	VB
the	DT
meaning	NN
of	IN
unfamiliar	JJ
words	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
pictures	NNS
,	,
diagrams	NNS
,	,
cognates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
text	NN
context	NN
.	.
ELP	NNP
.	.
S.	NNP
3	CD
.	.
Writing	VBG
:	:
Students	NNS
completing	VBG
proficiency	NN
level	NN
2	CD
can	MD
express	VB
basic	JJ
personal	JJ
needs	NNS
and	CC
compose	VB
short	JJ
passages	NNS
on	IN
familiar	JJ
topics	NNS
.	.
Basic	JJ
vocabulary	NN
and	CC
structures	NNS
in	IN
simple	JJ
sentences	NNS
and	CC
phrases	NNS
are	VBP
characteristic	JJ
of	IN
student	NN
writing	VBG
at	IN
this	DT
level	NN
.	.
Errors	NNS
in	IN
spelling	NN
and	CC
grammar	NN
are	VBP
frequent	JJ
and	CC
characteristic	JJ
of	IN
language	NN
production	NN
at	IN
this	DT
stage	NN
.	.
ELP	NNP
.	.
S.	NNP
1	CD
.	.
Oral	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
Listening\/Speaking	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
:	:
Upon	IN
completion	NN
of	IN
proficiency	NN
level	NN
3	CD
,	,
students	NNS
can	MD
comprehend	VB
short	JJ
conversations	NNS
on	IN
simple	JJ
topics	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
understand	VB
frequently	RB
used	VBN
verb	NN
tenses	NNS
and	CC
word-order	NN
patterns	NNS
in	IN
simple	JJ
sentences	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
demonstrate	VBP
a	DT
detailed	JJ
understanding	NN
of	IN
short	JJ
conversations	NNS
and	CC
messages	NNS
but	CC
only	RB
have	VBP
a	DT
general	JJ
understanding	NN
of	IN
longer	JJR
conversations	NNS
and	CC
messages	NNS
.	.
Students	NNS
at	IN
proficiency	NN
level	NN
3	CD
can	MD
initiate	VB
and	CC
sustain	VB
a	DT
conversation	NN
although	IN
they	PRP
often	RB
speak	VBP
with	IN
hesitation	NN
and	CC
rely	VB
on	IN
known	VBN
vocabulary	NN
.	.
They	PRP
typically	RB
use	VBP
the	DT
more	JJR
common	JJ
verb	NN
tense	JJ
forms	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
present	JJ
,	,
past	JJ
,	,
and	CC
future	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
but	CC
make	VBP
numerous	JJ
errors	NNS
in	IN
tense	JJ
formation	NN
and	CC
proper	JJ
selection	NN
of	IN
verbs	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
express	VB
some	DT
details	NNS
and	CC
nuances	NNS
by	IN
using	VBG
appropriate	JJ
modifiers	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
use	VB
word	NN
order	NN
accurately	RB
in	IN
simple	JJ
sentences	NNS
,	,
but	CC
make	VBP
errors	NNS
when	WRB
using	VBG
complex	JJ
patterns	NNS
.	.
Extended	JJ
communication	NN
is	VBZ
typically	RB
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
short	JJ
,	,
familiar	JJ
structures	NNS
.	.
Students	NNS
at	IN
proficiency	NN
level	NN
3	CD
often	RB
have	VBP
to	TO
repeat	VB
themselves	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
understood	VBN
.	.
They	PRP
rely	VBP
on	IN
familiar	JJ
structures	NNS
and	CC
utterances	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
use	VBP
repetition	NN
,	,
gestures	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
nonverbal	JJ
cues	NNS
to	TO
sustain	VB
conversation	NN
.	.
ELP	NNP
.	.
S.	NNP
2	CD
.	.
Reading	VBG
:	:
Students	NNS
completing	VBG
proficiency	NN
level	NN
3	CD
can	MD
understand	VB
basic	JJ
narrative	NN
text	NN
and	CC
authentic	JJ
materials	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
use	VB
contextual	JJ
and	CC
visual	JJ
cues	NNS
to	TO
derive	VB
meaning	NN
from	IN
texts	NNS
that	WDT
contain	VBP
unfamiliar	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
expressions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
structures	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
comprehend	VB
passages	NNS
written	VBN
in	IN
basic	JJ
sentence	NN
patterns	NNS
,	,
but	CC
frequently	RB
have	VBP
to	TO
guess	VB
at	IN
the	DT
meanings	NNS
of	IN
more	JJR
complex	JJ
materials	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
begin	VBP
to	TO
make	VB
informed	JJ
guesses	NNS
about	IN
meaning	VBG
from	IN
context	NN
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
begin	VB
to	TO
identify	VB
the	DT
main	JJ
idea	NN
and	CC
supporting	VBG
details	NNS
of	IN
passages	NNS
.	.
ELP	NNP
.	.
S.	NNP
3	CD
.	.
Writing	VBG
:	:
Students	NNS
completing	VBG
proficiency	NN
level	NN
3	CD
can	MD
write	VB
simple	JJ
notes	NNS
,	,
make	VBP
brief	JJ
journal	NN
entries	NNS
,	,
and	CC
write	VB
short	JJ
reports	NNS
using	VBG
basic	JJ
vocabulary	NN
and	CC
common	JJ
language	NN
structures	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
express	VB
ideas	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
present	JJ
,	,
future	JJ
,	,
and	CC
past	JJ
tenses	NNS
.	.
Frequent	JJ
errors	NNS
are	VBP
characteristic	JJ
of	IN
this	DT
level	NN
especially	RB
when	WRB
the	DT
students	NNS
try	VBP
to	TO
express	VB
thoughts	NNS
that	WDT
require	VBP
more	JJR
complex	JJ
language	NN
structures	NNS
.	.
ELP	NNP
.	.
S.	NNP
1	CD
.	.
Oral	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
Listening\/Speaking	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
:	:
Students	NNS
completing	VBG
proficiency	NN
level	NN
4	CD
can	MD
understand	VB
standard	JJ
speech	NN
delivered	VBN
in	IN
most	JJS
settings	NNS
with	IN
some	DT
repetition	NN
and	CC
rewording	NN
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
understand	VB
the	DT
main	JJ
ideas	NNS
and	CC
relevant	JJ
details	NNS
of	IN
extended	JJ
discussions	NNS
or	CC
presentations	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
draw	VBP
on	IN
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
language	NN
forms	NNS
,	,
vocabulary	NN
,	,
idioms	NNS
,	,
and	CC
structures	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
comprehend	VB
many	JJ
subtle	JJ
nuances	NNS
with	IN
repetition	NN
and\/or	CC
rephrasing	NN
.	.
Students	NNS
at	IN
proficiency	NN
level	NN
4	CD
are	VBP
beginning	VBG
to	TO
detect	VB
affective	JJ
undertones	NNS
and	CC
they	PRP
understand	VBP
inferences	NNS
in	IN
spoken	VBN
language	NN
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
communicate	VB
orally	RB
in	IN
most	JJS
situations	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
difficulty	NN
producing	VBG
complex	JJ
sentence	NN
structure	NN
,	,
using	VBG
verb	NN
tenses	NNS
correctly	RB
,	,
and	CC
discussing	VBG
academic	JJ
topics	NNS
in-depth	JJ
without	IN
prior	RB
preparation	NN
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
engage	VB
in	IN
extended	JJ
conversations	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
broad	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
topics	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
have	VBP
mastered	VBN
basic	JJ
sentence	NN
structure	NN
and	CC
verb	NN
tenses	NNS
.	.
ELP	NNP
.	.
S.	NNP
2	CD
.	.
Reading	VBG
:	:
Students	NNS
completing	VBG
proficiency	NN
level	NN
4	CD
can	MD
comprehend	VB
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
many	JJ
texts	NNS
independently	RB
.	.
They	PRP
still	RB
require	VBP
support	NN
in	IN
understanding	VBG
texts	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
academic	JJ
content	NN
areas	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
high	JJ
degree	NN
of	IN
success	NN
with	IN
factual	JJ
information	NN
in	IN
non-technical	JJ
prose	NN
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
read	VB
many	JJ
literature	NN
selections	NNS
for	IN
pleasure	NN
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
separate	VB
main	JJ
ideas	NNS
from	IN
supporting	VBG
ones	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
begin	VB
to	TO
analyze	VB
reading	NN
passages	NNS
written	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
level	NN
appropriate	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
use	VB
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
a	DT
passage	NN
and	CC
prior	RB
knowledge	NN
to	TO
increase	VB
their	PRP$
comprehension	NN
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
detect	VB
the	DT
overall	JJ
tone	NN
and	CC
intent	NN
of	IN
text	NN
.	.
ELP	NNP
.	.
S.	NNP
3	CD
.	.
Writing	VBG
:	:
Students	NNS
completing	VBG
proficiency	NN
level	NN
4	CD
can	MD
write	VB
multi-paragraph	JJ
compositions	NNS
,	,
journal	NN
entries	NNS
,	,
personal	JJ
and	CC
business	NN
letters	NNS
,	,
and	CC
creative	JJ
passages	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
present	VB
their	PRP$
thoughts	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
organized	VBN
manner	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
easily	RB
understood	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
reader	NN
.	.
They	PRP
show	VBP
good	JJ
control	NN
of	IN
English	NNP
word	NN
structure	NN
and	CC
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
frequently	RB
used	VBN
grammatical	JJ
structures	NNS
,	,
but	CC
errors	NNS
are	VBP
still	RB
present	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
express	VB
complex	JJ
ideas	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
vocabulary	NN
,	,
idioms	NNS
,	,
and	CC
structures	NNS
including	VBG
the	DT
full	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
verb	NN
tenses	NNS
.	.
ELP	NNP
.	.
S.	NNP
1	CD
.	.
Oral	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
Listening\/Speaking	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
:	:
Students	NNS
completing	VBG
proficiency	NN
level	NN
5	CD
can	MD
understand	VB
most	RBS
standard	JJ
speech	NN
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
understand	VB
and	CC
identify	VB
the	DT
main	JJ
ideas	NNS
and	CC
relevant	JJ
details	NNS
of	IN
discussions	NNS
or	CC
presentations	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
topics	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
unfamiliar	JJ
ones	NNS
.	.
Proficiency	NN
level	NN
5	CD
students	NNS
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
understand	VB
the	DT
nuances	NNS
in	IN
meaning	VBG
represented	VBN
by	IN
variations	NNS
in	IN
stress	NN
,	,
intonation	NN
,	,
pace	NN
,	,
and	CC
rhythm	NN
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
engage	VB
in	IN
most	JJS
communicative	JJ
situations	NNS
with	IN
minimal	JJ
errors	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
high	JJ
degree	NN
of	IN
fluency	NN
and	CC
accuracy	NN
when	WRB
speaking	VBG
although	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
make	VB
errors	NNS
with	IN
some	DT
language	NN
forms	NNS
that	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
interfere	VB
with	IN
meaning	NN
and	CC
lack	VBP
the	DT
content	JJ
area	NN
vocabulary	NN
possessed	VBN
by	IN
their	PRP$
native	JJ
English-speaking	JJ
peers	NNS
.	.
ELP	NNP
.	.
S.	NNP
2	CD
.	.
Reading	VBG
:	:
Upon	IN
completion	NN
of	IN
proficiency	NN
level	NN
5	CD
,	,
students	NNS
understand	VBP
and	CC
obtain	VBP
meaning	NN
from	IN
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
texts	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
use	VBP
the	DT
same	JJ
reading	NN
strategies	NNS
as	IN
their	PRP$
native	JJ
English-speaking	JJ
peers	NNS
to	TO
derive	VB
meaning	NN
from	IN
text	NN
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
approaching	VBG
grade-level	JJ
mastery	NN
of	IN
the	DT
language	NN
structures	NNS
and	CC
vocabulary	NN
necessary	JJ
for	IN
understanding	VBG
academic	JJ
content	NN
subject	JJ
area	NN
texts	NNS
.	.
\*	SYM
All	DT
reading	VBG
objectives	NNS
at	IN
this	DT
level	NN
should	MD
FCS	NNP
.	.
ELP	NNP
.	.
S.	NNP
3	CD
.	.
Writing	VBG
:	:
Upon	IN
completion	NN
of	IN
proficiency	NN
level	NN
5	CD
,	,
students	NNS
are	VBP
approaching	VBG
fluency	NN
in	IN
writing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
content	JJ
areas	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
language	NN
structures	NNS
and	CC
content	JJ
vocabulary	NN
required	VBN
for	IN
each	DT
academic	JJ
subject	JJ
although	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
make	VB
errors	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
begin	VBP
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
subtleties	NNS
of	IN
written	VBN
language	NN
and	CC
can	MD
write	VB
for	IN
different	JJ
audiences	NNS
and	CC
purposes	NNS
.	.
\*	SYM
All	DT
writing	VBG
objectives	NNS
at	IN
this	DT
level	NN
should	MD
FCS	NNP
.	.
Assistance	NN
Team	NNP
,	,
shall	MD
develop	VB
a	DT
student	NN
's	POS
written	VBN
plan	NN
which	WDT
includes	VBZ
academic	JJ
courses	NNS
and	CC
behavioral	JJ
components	NNS
,	,
criteria	NNS
for	IN
re-entry	NN
to	TO
the	DT
regular	JJ
school	NN
program	NN
and	CC
provisions	NNS
for	IN
periodic	JJ
review	NN
of	IN
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
progress	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
on	IN
an	DT
annual	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
The	DT
team	NN
for	IN
all	DT
students	NNS
with	IN
disabilities	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
the	DT
IEP	NNP
team	NN
and	CC
the	DT
written	VBN
plan	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
the	DT
IEP	NNP
.	.
The	DT
employing	VBG
county	NN
superintendent	NN
must	MD
verify	VB
that	IN
the	DT
applicant	NN
possesses	VBZ
the	DT
competencies	NNS
identified	VBN
in	IN
Section	NN
6.1.9	CD
.	.
a.	IN
The	DT
Temporary	JJ
Authorization	NN
may	MD
be	VB
renewed	VBN
each	DT
year	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
applicant	NN
's	POS
continued	VBN
employment	NN
in	IN
an	DT
alternative	JJ
education	NN
program	NN
.	.
Public	NNP
Law	NNP
105-17	CD
,	,
herein	RB
after	IN
referred	VBN
to	TO
as	IN
IDEA	NNP
97	CD
,	,
requires	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
State	NN
set	VBN
forth	RB
policies	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
to	TO
assure	VB
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
goal	NN
of	IN
providing	VBG
full	JJ
educational	JJ
opportunity	NN
to	TO
all	DT
students	NNS
with	IN
disabilities	NNS
between	IN
birth	NN
and	CC
21	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
age	NN
.	.
The	DT
State	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
affirms	VBZ
the	DT
goal	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
full	JJ
educational	JJ
opportunities	NNS
by	IN
2010	CD
for	IN
all	DT
students	NNS
with	IN
disabilities	NNS
,	,
aged	VBN
birth	NN
through	IN
21	CD
,	,
residing	VBG
within	IN
its	PRP$
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
The	DT
state	NN
works	VBZ
toward	IN
the	DT
realization	NN
of	IN
this	DT
goal	NN
through	IN
the	DT
implementation	NN
of	IN
,	,
and	CC
compliance	NN
with	IN
,	,
IDEA	NNP
97	CD
,	,
and	CC
any	DT
subsequent	JJ
reauthorization	NN
,	,
state	NN
regulations	NNS
and	CC
policies	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
implementation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Continuous	NNP
Improvement	NNP
and	CC
Focused	NNP
Monitoring	NN
System	NNP
.	.
Rights	NNP
under	IN
these	DT
regulations	NNS
cease	VBP
to	TO
apply	VB
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
year	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
student	NN
turns	VBZ
21	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
age	NN
,	,
that	WDT
is	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
year	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
student	NN
is	VBZ
21	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
age	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
September	NNP
1	CD
unless	IN
the	DT
student	NN
has	VBZ
met	VBN
graduation	NN
requirements	NNS
as	IN
specified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Individualized	NNP
Education	NNP
Program	NNP
and	CC
within	IN
the	DT
state\/local	JJ
policy	NN
pertaining	VBG
to	TO
graduation	NN
requirements	NNS
.	.
Committee	NNP
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
referred	VBN
student	NN
meets	VBZ
the	DT
eligibility	NN
criteria	NNS
in	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
designated	VBN
exceptionalities	NNS
;	:
and	CC
2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
by	IN
reason	NN
thereof	RB
,	,
needs	VBZ
special	JJ
education	NN
and	CC
related	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
Specific	JJ
methods	NNS
for	IN
conducting	VBG
these	DT
activities	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
stated	VBN
in	IN
each	DT
public	JJ
agency	NN
's	POS
policies	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
.	.
A.	NN
Deaf-blindness	NNP
is	VBZ
concomitant	JJ
hearing	NN
and	CC
visual	JJ
impairments	NNS
the	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
which	WDT
causes	VBZ
such	JJ
severe	JJ
communication	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
developmental	JJ
and	CC
educational	JJ
needs	NNS
that	IN
these	DT
impairments	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
accommodated	VBN
by	IN
special	JJ
education	NN
services	NNS
solely	RB
for	IN
the	DT
deaf	JJ
or	CC
hard	JJ
of	IN
hearing	NN
,	,
or	CC
for	IN
the	DT
blind	JJ
or	CC
partially	RB
sighted	VBD
student	NN
.	.
A.	NN
Deafness	NNP
and	CC
other	JJ
hearing	NN
impairments	NNS
are	VBP
auditory	JJ
acuity	NN
deficits	NNS
that	WDT
delay	VBP
or	CC
inhibit	VBP
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
and\/or	CC
language	NN
skills	NNS
and	CC
adversely	RB
affect	VB
developmental	JJ
and	CC
educational	JJ
performance	NN
.	.
A.	NN
Giftedness	NNP
is	VBZ
exceptional	JJ
intellectual	JJ
abilities	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
evidence	NN
of	IN
outstanding	JJ
capability	NN
and	CC
require	VB
specially	RB
designed	VBN
instruction	NN
and\/or	CC
services	NNS
beyond	IN
those	DT
normally	RB
provided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
regular	JJ
school	NN
program	NN
.	.
A.	NN
Mental	NNP
impairments	NNS
are	VBP
substantial	JJ
limitations	NNS
in	IN
present	JJ
functioning	VBG
characterized	VBN
by	IN
significantly	RB
subaverage	JJ
intellectual	JJ
functioning	NN
existing	VBG
concurrently	RB
with	IN
related	JJ
limitations	NNS
in	IN
two	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
of	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
applicable	JJ
adaptive	JJ
skill	NN
areas	NNS
:	:
communication	NN
,	,
self-care	NN
,	,
home	NN
living	NN
,	,
social	JJ
skills	NNS
,	,
community	NN
use	NN
,	,
self-direction	NN
,	,
health	NN
and	CC
safety	NN
,	,
functional	JJ
academics	NNS
,	,
leisure	NN
,	,
and	CC
work	NN
.	.
Mental	NNP
impairments	NNS
manifest	JJ
before	IN
age	NN
18	CD
.	.
A.	NN
Orthopedic	NNP
impairments	NNS
are	VBP
severe	JJ
physical	JJ
conditions	NNS
which	WDT
adversely	RB
affect	VBP
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
educational	JJ
performance	NN
.	.
The	DT
term	NN
includes	VBZ
:	:
disabilities	NNS
caused	VBN
by	IN
congenital	JJ
anomaly	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
spina	NN
bifida	NN
,	,
congenital	JJ
amputation	NN
,	,
and	CC
osteogensis	NN
imperfecta	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
disabilities	NNS
caused	VBN
by	IN
disease	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
osyeomyelitis	NN
,	,
poliomyelitis	NN
,	,
arthritis	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
disabilities	NNS
from	IN
other	JJ
causes	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
amputation	NN
,	,
cerebral	JJ
palsy	NN
,	,
dystrophies	NNS
and	CC
atrophies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
conditions	NNS
which	WDT
cause	VBP
contracture	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
A.	NN
Other	JJ
health	NN
impairments	NNS
are	VBP
disabilities	NNS
of	IN
limited	JJ
strength	NN
,	,
vitality	NN
,	,
or	CC
alertness	NN
that	WDT
adversely	RB
affect	VBP
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
educational	JJ
performance	NN
including	VBG
a	DT
heightened	VBN
alertness	NN
to	TO
environmental	JJ
stimuli	NNS
that	WDT
results	VBZ
in	IN
limited	JJ
alertness	NN
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
the	DT
educational	JJ
environment	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	DT
is	VBZ
due	JJ
to	TO
chronic	JJ
or	CC
acute	JJ
health	NN
problems	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
asthma	NN
,	,
attention	NN
deficit	NN
disorder	NN
or	CC
attention	NN
deficit	NN
hyperactivity	NN
disorder	NN
,	,
cancer	NN
,	,
diabetes	NN
,	,
epilepsy	NN
,	,
heart	NN
condition	NN
,	,
hemophilia	NN
,	,
lead	NN
poisoning	NN
,	,
nephritis	NN
,	,
rheumatic	JJ
fever	NN
or	CC
sickle	NN
cell	NN
anemia	NN
.	.
A.	NN
Preschool	NNP
special	JJ
needs	NNS
are	VBP
developmental	JJ
delays	NNS
in	IN
two	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
more	JJR
of	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
areas	NNS
:	:
cognition	NN
,	,
fine	JJ
motor	NN
,	,
gross	JJ
motor	NN
,	,
communication	NN
,	,
social\/emotional\/affective	JJ
development	NN
,	,
self-help	NN
that	WDT
are	VBP
manifested	VBN
in	IN
children	NNS
ages	NNS
3-5	CD
.	.
A.	NN
A	NNP
speech\/language	JJ
impairment	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
communication	NN
disorder	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
stuttering	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
fluency	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
a	DT
language	NN
impairment	NN
,	,
impaired	VBN
articulation	NN
,	,
or	CC
voice	NN
impairment	NN
that	WDT
adversely	RB
affects	VBZ
a	DT
student	NN
's	POS
educational	JJ
performance	NN
.	.
A.	NN
Traumatic	NNP
brain	NN
injury	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
acquired	VBN
injury	NN
to	TO
the	DT
brain	NN
caused	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
external	JJ
physical	JJ
force	NN
,	,
resulting	VBG
in	IN
total	JJ
or	CC
partial	JJ
functional	JJ
disability	NN
or	CC
psychosocial	JJ
impairment	NN
,	,
or	CC
both	DT
,	,
that	IN
adversely	RB
affects	VBZ
a	DT
student	NN
's	POS
educational	JJ
performance	NN
.	.
The	DT
term	NN
applies	VBZ
to	TO
open	VB
or	CC
closed	VBD
head	NN
injuries	NNS
resulting	VBG
in	IN
impairments	NNS
in	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
areas	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
cognition	NN
,	,
language	NN
,	,
memory	NN
,	,
attention	NN
,	,
reasoning	NN
,	,
abstract	JJ
thinking	NN
,	,
judgment	NN
,	,
problem-solving	JJ
,	,
sensory\/perceptual\/motor	JJ
abilities	NNS
,	,
psychosocial	JJ
behavior	NN
,	,
physical	JJ
functions	NNS
,	,
information	NN
processing	NN
,	,
and	CC
speech	NN
.	.
The	DT
term	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
apply	VB
to	TO
brain	NN
injuries	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
congenital	JJ
or	CC
degenerative	JJ
,	,
or	CC
brain	NN
injuries	NNS
induced	VBN
by	IN
birth	NN
trauma	NN
.	.
B.	NNP
for	IN
each	DT
student	NN
with	IN
a	DT
disability	NN
beginning	NN
at	IN
age	NN
16	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
younger	JJR
,	,
if	IN
determined	VBN
appropriate	JJ
by	IN
the	DT
IEP	NNP
team	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
updated	VBN
annually	RB
,	,
a	DT
statement	NN
of	IN
needed	VBN
transition	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
student	NN
,	,
including	VBG
,	,
if	IN
appropriate	JJ
,	,
a	DT
statement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
interagency	NN
responsibilities	NNS
or	CC
any	DT
needed	VBN
linkages	NNS
.	.
D.	NNP
Nothing	NN
in	IN
this	DT
part	NN
relieves	VBZ
any	DT
participating	VBG
agency	NN
,	,
including	VBG
a	DT
State	NN
vocational	JJ
rehabilitation	NN
agency	NN
,	,
of	IN
the	DT
responsibility	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
or	CC
pay	VB
for	IN
any	DT
transition	NN
service	NN
that	IN
the	DT
agency	NN
would	MD
otherwise	RB
provide	VB
to	TO
students	NNS
with	IN
disabilities	NNS
who	WP
meet	VBP
the	DT
eligibility	NN
criteria	NNS
of	IN
that	DT
agency	NN
.	.
B.	NNP
Regular	JJ
Education	NN
:	:
Part-Time	JJ
-	:
wherein	IN
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
specially	RB
designed	VBN
instruction	NN
and	CC
related	JJ
services	NNS
are	VBP
delivered	VBN
outside	IN
regular	JJ
education	NN
classes	NNS
or	CC
integrated	VBN
community	NN
settings	NNS
for	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
21	CD
%	NN
but	CC
no	DT
more	JJR
than	IN
60	CD
%	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
day	NN
.	.
D.	NNP
Special	JJ
Education	NN
:	:
Special	JJ
School	NNP
-	:
wherein	IN
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
specially	RB
designed	VBN
instruction	NN
and	CC
related	JJ
services	NNS
are	VBP
delivered	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
school	NN
that	WDT
serves	VBZ
only	RB
exceptional	JJ
students	NNS
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
50	CD
%	NN
of	IN
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
school	NN
day	NN
.	.
F.	NNP
Special	JJ
Education	NN
:	:
Residential	NNP
Facility	NNP
-	:
wherein	IN
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
specially	RB
designed	VBN
instruction	NN
and	CC
related	JJ
services	NNS
are	VBP
delivered	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
facility	NN
which	WDT
provides	VBZ
twenty-four	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
24	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
hour	NN
care	NN
and	CC
supervision	NN
.	.
D.	NNP
Reverse	VB
Mainstream	NNP
Setting	NNP
-	:
wherein	NN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
special	JJ
education	NN
and	CC
related	JJ
services	NNS
are	VBP
delivered	VBN
in	IN
educational	JJ
programs	NNS
designed	VBN
primarily	RB
for	IN
children	NNS
with	IN
disabilities	NNS
but	CC
that	DT
include	VBP
50	CD
percent	NN
or	CC
more	JJR
children	NNS
without	IN
disabilities	NNS
.	.
F.	NNP
Itinerant	NNP
Service	NNP
Outside	IN
the	DT
Home	NN
-	:
wherein	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
special	JJ
education	NN
and	CC
related	JJ
services	NNS
are	VBP
delivered	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
school	NN
,	,
hospital	NN
facility	NN
on	IN
an	DT
outpatient	NN
basis	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
location	NN
for	IN
a	DT
short	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
.	.
These	DT
services	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
individually	RB
or	CC
to	TO
a	DT
small	JJ
group	NN
of	IN
children	NNS
.	.
This	DT
may	MD
include	VB
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
:	:
speech	NN
instruction	NN
up	IN
to	TO
3	CD
hours	NNS
per	IN
week	NN
in	IN
a	DT
school	NN
,	,
hospital	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
community-based	JJ
setting	NN
.	.
F.	NNP
The	NNP
public	JJ
agency	NN
shall	MD
annually	RB
inform	VB
parents	NNS
of	IN
students	NNS
with	IN
disabilities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
availability	NN
of	IN
ESY	NNP
services	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
procedures	NNS
and	CC
criteria	NNS
for	IN
determining	VBG
a	DT
student	NN
's	POS
need	NN
for	IN
ESY	NNP
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
of	IN
their	PRP$
right	NN
to	TO
refuse	VB
ESY	NNP
services	NNS
.	.
B.	NNP
for	IN
students	NNS
aged	VBN
3	CD
through	IN
5	CD
,	,
an	DT
amount	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
proportion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
education	NN
agency	NN
's	POS
total	JJ
subgrant	NN
under	IN
section	NN
619	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
g	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
as	IN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
private	JJ
school	NN
children	NNS
with	IN
disabilities	NNS
aged	VBN
3	CD
through	IN
5	CD
residing	VBG
in	IN
its	PRP$
jurisdiction	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
total	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
children	NNS
with	IN
disabilities	NNS
in	IN
its	PRP$
jurisdiction	NN
aged	VBN
3	CD
through	IN
5	CD
.	.
C.	NNP
if	IN
the	DT
student	NN
already	RB
has	VBZ
a	DT
behavior	NN
intervention	NN
plan	NN
,	,
convene	VBP
an	DT
IEP	NNP
meeting	NN
to	TO
review	VB
the	DT
plan	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
implementation	NN
,	,
and	CC
modify	VB
the	DT
plan	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
implementation	NN
as	RB
necessary	JJ
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
removal	NN
behavior	NN
.	.
B.	NNP
the	DT
removals	NNS
are	VBP
administered	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
series	NN
that	WDT
constitutes	VBZ
a	DT
pattern	NN
because	IN
they	PRP
accumulate	VBP
to	TO
more	JJR
than	IN
10	CD
school	NN
days	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
school	NN
year	NN
,	,
and	CC
because	IN
of	IN
factors	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
length	NN
of	IN
each	DT
removal	NN
,	,
the	DT
total	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
time	NN
the	DT
student	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
removed	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
proximity	NN
of	IN
removals	NNS
to	TO
one	CD
another	DT
.	.
A.	NN
if	IN
a	DT
parent	NN
challenges	VBZ
an	DT
IAES	NNP
placement	NN
decision	NN
,	,
the	DT
student	NN
remains	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
IAES	NNP
pending	VBG
the	DT
hearing	NN
decision	NN
or	CC
until	IN
the	DT
expiration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
time	NN
period	NN
for	IN
the	DT
placement	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
up	IN
to	TO
45	CD
days	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
whichever	WDT
comes	VBZ
first	RB
,	,
unless	IN
the	DT
parent	NN
and	CC
public	JJ
agency	NN
agree	VBP
otherwise	RB
.	.
B.	NNP
if	IN
the	DT
parent	NN
challenges	VBZ
a	DT
manifestation	NN
determination	NN
or	CC
change	NN
of	IN
placement	NN
decision	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
other	JJ
than	IN
an	DT
IAES	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
a	DT
case	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
student	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
removed	VBN
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
10	CD
school	NN
days	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
time	NN
,	,
the	DT
student	NN
returns	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
10	CD
school	NN
day	NN
removal	NN
to	TO
the	DT
prior	JJ
to	TO
removal	NN
placement	NN
,	,
pending	VBG
the	DT
hearing	NN
decision	NN
,	,
unless	IN
the	DT
parent	NN
and	CC
public	JJ
agency	NN
agree	VBP
otherwise	RB
.	.
C.	NNP
if	IN
a	DT
student	NN
is	VBZ
placed	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
IAES	NNP
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
section	NN
7.1.4	CD
.	.
a.	NN
or	CC
7.1.6	CD
.	.
a.	NNP
and	CC
school	NN
personnel	NNS
propose	VBP
to	TO
change	VB
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
placement	NN
after	IN
the	DT
expiration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
interim	JJ
alternative	NN
placement	NN
,	,
during	IN
the	DT
pendency	NN
of	IN
any	DT
proceeding	NN
to	TO
challenge	VB
the	DT
proposed	VBN
change	NN
in	IN
placement	NN
,	,
the	DT
student	NN
must	MD
remain	VB
in	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
placement	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
placement	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
IAES	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
except	IN
as	IN
provided	VBN
in	IN
section	NN
7.1.5	CD
.	.
H.	NNP
The	NNP
student	NN
is	VBZ
evaluated	VBN
in	IN
all	DT
areas	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
suspected	VBN
exceptionality	NN
,	,
including	VBG
,	,
if	IN
appropriate	JJ
,	,
health	NN
,	,
vision	NN
,	,
hearing	NN
,	,
social	JJ
and	CC
emotional	JJ
status	NN
,	,
adaptive	JJ
skills	NNS
,	,
general	JJ
intelligence	NN
,	,
academic	JJ
performance	NN
,	,
communicative	JJ
status	NN
,	,
and	CC
motor	NN
abilities	NNS
.	.
G.	NNP
if	IN
mediation	NN
fails	VBZ
to	TO
produce	VB
an	DT
agreement	NN
,	,
or	CC
if	IN
either	DT
party	NN
requests	NNS
termination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
mediation	NN
process	NN
,	,
the	DT
mediator	NN
shall	MD
issue	VB
a	DT
statement	NN
to	TO
the	DT
parties	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
WVDE	NNP
that	IN
the	DT
process	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
terminated	VBN
.	.
A.	NN
Except	IN
as	IN
provided	VBN
in	IN
procedures	NNS
for	IN
placement	NN
in	IN
an	DT
interim	JJ
alternative	NN
education	NN
setting	VBG
for	IN
up	RB
to	TO
45	CD
days	NNS
,	,
during	IN
the	DT
pendency	NN
of	IN
any	DT
administrative	JJ
or	CC
judicial	JJ
proceedings	NNS
,	,
unless	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
agency	NN
and	CC
the	DT
parents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
student	NN
agree	VBP
otherwise	RB
,	,
the	DT
student	NN
must	MD
remain	VB
in	IN
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
present	JJ
educational	JJ
placement	NN
.	.
B.	NNP
If	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
subject	NN
to	TO
any	DT
administrative	JJ
or	CC
judicial	JJ
proceeding	NN
involves	VBZ
an	DT
application	NN
for	IN
initial	JJ
admission	NN
to	TO
public	JJ
school	NN
,	,
the	DT
student	NN
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
consent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
parents	NNS
,	,
must	MD
be	VB
placed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
school	NN
program	NN
until	IN
the	DT
completion	NN
of	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
proceedings	NNS
.	.
C.	NNP
If	IN
the	DT
decision	NN
of	IN
a	DT
hearing	NN
officer	NN
in	IN
a	DT
due	JJ
process	NN
hearing	NN
agrees	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
parents	NNS
that	IN
a	DT
change	NN
of	IN
placement	NN
is	VBZ
appropriate	JJ
,	,
that	IN
placement	NN
must	MD
be	VB
treated	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
agreement	NN
between	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
agency	NN
and	CC
the	DT
parents	NNS
for	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
determining	VBG
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
current	JJ
placement	NN
during	IN
the	DT
pendency	NN
of	IN
subsequent	JJ
appeals	NNS
.	.
G.	NNP
administer	VB
education	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
programs	NNS
providing	VBG
special	JJ
education	NN
and	CC
related	JJ
services	NNS
for	IN
exceptional	JJ
students	NNS
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
's	POS
correctional	JJ
institutions	NNS
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
applicable	JJ
state	NN
and	CC
federal	JJ
laws	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
local	JJ
education	NN
agency	NN
or	CC
State	NN
agency	NN
may	MD
then	RB
claim	VB
reimbursement	NN
for	IN
the	DT
services	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
noneducational	JJ
public	JJ
agency	NN
that	WDT
failed	VBD
to	TO
provide	VB
or	CC
pay	VB
for	IN
these	DT
services	NNS
and	CC
that	IN
agency	NN
shall	MD
reimburse	VB
the	DT
local	JJ
education	NN
agency	NN
or	CC
State	NN
agency	NN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
interagency	NN
agreement	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
mechanism	NN
described	VBN
in	IN
paragraph	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
this	DT
section	NN
.	.
CC	NNP
.	.
provide	VB
for	IN
the	DT
participation	NN
of	IN
private	JJ
school	NN
students	NNS
with	IN
exceptionalities	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
program	NN
assisted	VBN
or	CC
carried	VBN
out	RP
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
this	DT
policy	NN
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
consistent	JJ
with	IN
their	PRP$
number	NN
and	CC
location	NN
in	IN
the	DT
State	NN
,	,
by	IN
providing	VBG
them	PRP
with	IN
special	JJ
education	NN
and	CC
related	JJ
services	NNS
and	CC
ensure	VB
that	IN
a	DT
services	NNS
plan	NN
is	VBZ
developed	VBN
and	CC
implemented	VBN
for	IN
each	DT
private	JJ
school	NN
student	NN
with	IN
an	DT
exceptionality	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
designated	VBN
to	TO
receive	VB
special	JJ
education	NN
and	CC
related	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
Part	NNP
B	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
IDEA	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
require	VB
any	DT
agency	NN
,	,
teacher	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
person	NN
be	VB
held	VBN
accountable	JJ
if	IN
a	DT
student	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
achieve	VB
the	DT
growth	NN
projected	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
annual	JJ
goals	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
.	.
These	DT
regulations	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
relieve	VB
agencies	NNS
and	CC
teachers	NNS
from	IN
making	VBG
good	JJ
faith	NN
efforts	NNS
to	TO
assist	VB
the	DT
student	NN
in	IN
achieving	VBG
the	DT
goals	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
listed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
IEP	NNP
,	,
or	CC
limit	VB
the	DT
parents	NNS
'	POS
right	NN
to	TO
complain	VB
and	CC
ask	VB
for	IN
revisions	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
program	NN
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
invoke	VB
due	JJ
process	NN
procedures	NNS
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
parent	NN
feels	VBZ
these	DT
efforts	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
being	VBG
made	VBN
.	.
B.	NNP
inform	VBP
the	DT
parents	NNS
that	IN
their	PRP$
refusal	NN
to	TO
permit	VB
the	DT
public	JJ
agency	NN
to	TO
access	VB
their	PRP$
private	JJ
insurance	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
relieve	VB
the	DT
public	JJ
agency	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
responsibility	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
all	DT
required	VBN
services	NNS
are	VBP
provided	VBN
at	IN
no	DT
cost	NN
to	TO
the	DT
parents	NNS
.	.
Z.	NNP
establish	VB
policies	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
which	WDT
include	VBP
a	DT
practical	JJ
method	NN
for	IN
determining	VBG
which	WDT
students	NNS
are	VBP
receiving	VBG
needed	VBN
special	JJ
education	NN
and	CC
related	JJ
services	NNS
and	CC
which	WDT
students	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
currently	RB
receiving	VBG
special	JJ
education	NN
and	CC
related	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
Specific	JJ
examples	NNS
include	VBP
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
comprehend	VB
and\/or	CC
receive	VB
a	DT
request	NN
,	,
an	DT
emotion	NN
,	,
a	DT
greeting	VBG
,	,
a	DT
comment	NN
,	,
a	DT
protest	NN
,	,
or	CC
rejection	NN
.	.
Higher	JJR
level	NN
skills	NNS
of	IN
communication	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
writing	VBG
a	DT
letter	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
would	MD
also	RB
relate	VB
to	TO
functional	JJ
academics	NNS
.	.
Nothing	NN
in	IN
this	DT
policy	NN
shall	MD
prevent	VB
any	DT
person	NN
from	IN
reporting	VBG
harassment	NN
or	CC
violence	NN
directly	RB
to	TO
the	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
,	,
RESA	NNP
executive	NN
director	NN
or	CC
the	DT
state	NN
superintendent	NN
,	,
as	IN
appropriate	JJ
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Human	NNP
Rights	NNP
Commission	NNP
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
a	DT
law	NN
enforcement	NN
agency	NN
.	.
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
to	TO
include	VB
:	:
reported	VBN
and	CC
substantiated	VBN
incidences	NNS
of	IN
harassment	NN
and\/or	CC
violence	NN
;	:
action	NN
taken	VBN
in	IN
response	NN
to	TO
incidents	NNS
;	:
training	NN
and	CC
staff	NN
development	NN
offered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
agencies	NNS
;	:
and	CC
agency	NN
reported	VBD
numbers	NNS
and	CC
types	NNS
of	IN
multicultural	JJ
education	NN
offerings	NNS
.	.
Effective	JJ
January	NNP
1	CD
,	,
1989	CD
each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
fifty-five	JJ
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
will	MD
include	VB
AIDS	NNP
prevention	NN
education	NN
in	IN
subject	JJ
areas	NNS
where	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
appropriate	JJ
such	JJ
as	IN
health	NN
,	,
science	NN
,	,
developmental	JJ
guidance	NN
,	,
and	CC
social	JJ
studies	NNS
.	.
The	DT
goal	NN
of	IN
this	DT
policy	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
assist	VB
in	IN
the	DT
protection	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
by	IN
providing	VBG
them	PRP
with	IN
the	DT
knowledge	NN
and	CC
skills	NNS
necessary	JJ
to	TO
avoid	VB
behaviors	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
put	VB
them	PRP
at	IN
risk	NN
of	IN
infection	NN
with	IN
the	DT
human	JJ
immunodeficiency	NN
virus	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
HIV	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
following	JJ
policy	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
written	VBN
to	TO
assist	VB
in	IN
the	DT
implementation	NN
of	IN
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
18-2-9	CD
,	,
related	VBN
to	TO
exclusion	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
from	IN
health	NN
education	NN
class	NN
instruction	NN
about	IN
AIDS	NNP
and	CC
other	JJ
sexually	RB
transmitted	JJ
diseases	NNS
.	.
The	DT
penalty	NN
for	IN
non-compliance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
law	NN
could	MD
mean	VB
removal	NN
from	IN
public	JJ
school	NN
employment	NN
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
must	MD
teach	VB
health	NN
education	NN
which	WDT
includes	VBZ
instruction	NN
in	IN
any	DT
of	IN
grades	NNS
six	CD
through	IN
twelve	CD
in	IN
the	DT
prevention	NN
,	,
transmission	NN
and	CC
spread	NN
of	IN
AIDS	NNP
and	CC
other	JJ
sexually	RB
transmitted	JJ
diseases	NNS
.	.
The	DT
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
approved	VBD
Health	NNP
Education	NNP
Program	NNP
of	IN
Study	NNP
constitutes	VBZ
the	DT
course	NN
curriculum	NN
requirements	NNS
.	.
Materials	NNPS
used	VBD
,	,
including	VBG
textbooks	NNS
,	,
should	MD
be	VB
aligned	VBN
with	IN
learning	VBG
outcomes	NNS
.	.
Counties	NNS
must	MD
develop	VB
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
curriculum	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
health	NN
learning	VBG
outcomes	NNS
.	.
Good	JJ
health	NN
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
to	TO
student	NN
learning	NN
.	.
This	DT
policy	NN
establishes	VBZ
the	DT
standards	NNS
that	WDT
must	MD
be	VB
followed	VBN
in	IN
providing	VBG
for	IN
students	NNS
with	IN
health	NN
care	NN
needs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
resulting	VBG
Basic	JJ
and	CC
Specialized	NNP
Health	NNP
Care	NNP
Procedure	NNP
Manual	NNP
for	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Public	NNP
Schools	NNP
was	VBD
designed	VBN
for	IN
use	NN
by	IN
certified	JJ
school	NN
nurses	NNS
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
to	TO
assure	VB
safe	JJ
,	,
consistent	JJ
provision	NN
of	IN
health	NN
care	NN
.	.
Contracted	VBN
Licensed	NNP
Health	NNP
Care	NNP
Provider	NNP
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
licensed	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
provider	NN
,	,
as	IN
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
Section	NN
3.9	CD
of	IN
this	DT
policy	NN
,	,
providing	VBG
health	NN
care	NN
services	NNS
under	IN
contract	NN
with	IN
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
.	.
Health	NNP
care	NN
services	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
contracted	VBN
after	IN
the	DT
ratio	NN
of	IN
one	CD
nurse	NN
for	IN
every	DT
1,500	CD
students	NNS
,	,
kindergarten	NN
through	IN
seventh	JJ
grade	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
to	TO
county	NN
schools	NNS
.	.
First	NNP
Aid	NNP
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
training	NN
course	NN
in	IN
emergency	NN
treatment	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
administered	VBN
to	TO
an	DT
injured	JJ
or	CC
sick	JJ
person	NN
before	IN
professional	JJ
medical	JJ
care	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
.	.
This	DT
training	NN
will	MD
be	VB
coordinated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
school	NN
nurse	NN
.	.
Health	NNP
Assessment	NNP
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
process	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
certified	JJ
school	NN
nurse	NN
obtains	VBZ
student	NN
health	NN
data	NNS
.	.
This	DT
assessment	NN
is	VBZ
comprehensive	JJ
,	,
systematic	JJ
and	CC
continuous	JJ
to	TO
allow	VB
the	DT
certified	JJ
school	NN
nurse	NN
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
nursing	NN
diagnosis	NN
and	CC
plan	NN
for	IN
interventions	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
student	NN
,	,
family	NN
,	,
school	NN
staff	NN
and	CC
licensed	VBD
prescriber	NN
when	WRB
necessary	JJ
.	.
Care	NNP
Plan	NNP
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
written	VBN
document	NN
developed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
certified	JJ
school	NN
nurse	NN
which	WDT
includes	VBZ
a	DT
nursing	NN
diagnosis	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
individualized	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
health	NN
needs	NNS
and	CC
consists	VBZ
of	IN
specific	JJ
goals	NNS
and	CC
interventions	NNS
delineating	VBG
the	DT
school	NN
nursing	NN
actions	NNS
,	,
delegated	JJ
procedures	NNS
and	CC
student	NN
's	POS
role	NN
in	IN
self	NN
care	NN
.	.
Health	NNP
Care	NNP
Provider	NNP
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
medical	JJ
doctor	NN
or	CC
doctor	NN
of	IN
osteopathy	NN
,	,
podiatrist	NN
,	,
registered	VBN
nurse	NN
,	,
practical	JJ
nurse	NN
,	,
registered	VBN
nurse	NN
practitioner	NN
,	,
physician	NN
assistant	NN
,	,
dentist	NN
,	,
optometrist	NN
,	,
pharmacist	NN
or	CC
respiratory	JJ
care	NN
professional	JJ
licensed	VBN
under	IN
Chapter	NN
Thirty	CD
of	IN
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
.	.
Supervision	NNP
of	IN
Designated	NNP
School	NNP
Employees	NNP
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
as	IN
periodic	JJ
on-site	JJ
review	NN
and	CC
documentation	NN
by	IN
the	DT
certified	JJ
school	NN
nurse	NN
verifying	VBG
the	DT
competency	NN
of	IN
that	DT
individual	NN
in	IN
performing	VBG
basic	JJ
and\/or	CC
specialized	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
procedures	NNS
and	CC
maintaining	VBG
appropriate	JJ
records	NNS
.	.
Effective	JJ
July	NNP
1	CD
,	,
1989	CD
each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
fifty-five	JJ
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
will	MD
adopt	VB
or	CC
amend	VB
communicable	JJ
disease	NN
policies	NNS
to	TO
reflect	VB
understanding	NN
of	IN
disease	NN
transmission	NN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
setting	NN
and	CC
to	TO
reflect	VB
understanding	NN
of	IN
students\/staff	NN
rights	NNS
to	TO
attend	VB
school	NN
or	CC
remain	VBP
employed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
goal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
protect	VB
individual	JJ
students	NNS
,	,
staff	NN
members	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
school	NN
population	NN
in	IN
general	JJ
.	.
The	DT
policy	NN
should	MD
provide	VB
consistent	JJ
means	NNS
for	IN
handling	VBG
reports	NNS
of	IN
infections\/diseases	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
AIDS	NNP
,	,
Hepatitis	NNP
B	NNP
or	CC
other	JJ
like	IN
diseases	NNS
and	CC
for	IN
decision	NN
making	VBG
related	VBN
to	TO
remaining	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
The	DT
potential	NN
for	IN
unnecessary	JJ
exclusion	NN
from	IN
the	DT
school	NN
setting	NN
is	VBZ
cause	NN
for	IN
concern	NN
.	.
This	DT
problem	NN
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
necessary	JJ
for	IN
counties	NNS
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
policy	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
protective	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
educational	JJ
process	NN
and	CC
the	DT
rights	NNS
.	.
health	NN
and	CC
safety	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
staff	NN
.	.
Diseases	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
streptococcal	JJ
sore	JJ
throat	NN
and	CC
influenza	NN
can	MD
be	VB
spread	VBN
by	IN
discharge	VBP
from	IN
nose	NN
or	CC
throat	NN
,	,
either	CC
by	IN
droplet	NN
through	IN
the	DT
air	NN
,	,
or	CC
by	IN
contact	NN
with	IN
objects	NNS
contaminated	VBN
by	IN
these	DT
discharges	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
they	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
spread	VBN
by	IN
casual	JJ
contact	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
that	IN
that	DT
occurs	VBZ
in	IN
a	DT
school	NN
setting	NN
.	.
AIDS	NNP
is	VBZ
spread	VBN
by	IN
direct	JJ
blood	NN
transmission	NN
into	IN
the	DT
blood	NN
stream	NN
of	IN
another	DT
and	CC
by	IN
semen	NNS
or	CC
vaginal	JJ
fluid	NN
contact	NN
.	.
Hepatitis	NNP
A	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
spread	VBN
by	IN
direct	JJ
or	CC
indirect	JJ
contact	NN
with	IN
feces	NNS
while	IN
Hepatitis	NNP
A	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
spread	VBN
by	IN
direct	JJ
contact	NN
with	IN
semen	NNS
and	CC
blood	NN
.	.
These	DT
diseases	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
pose	VB
a	DT
risk	NN
in	IN
school	NN
if	IN
body	NN
fluids	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
blood	NN
and	CC
feces	NNS
are	VBP
correctly	RB
handled	VBN
.	.
Immediately	RB
consult	VB
with	IN
the	DT
physician	NN
of	IN
the	DT
student\/staff	NN
member	NN
and\/or	CC
health	NN
official	NN
from	IN
the	DT
State	NN
or	CC
County	NNP
Health	NNP
Department	NNP
to	TO
obtain	VB
information	NN
as	IN
to	TO
whether	IN
the	DT
student\/staff	NN
member	NN
is	VBZ
generally	RB
well	RB
enough	JJ
to	TO
remain	VB
in	IN
school	NN
during	IN
the	DT
review	NN
panel	NN
process	NN
.	.
The	DT
superintendent	NN
will	MD
confirm	VB
whether	IN
the	DT
student\/staff	NN
member	NN
has	VBZ
evidence	NN
of	IN
an	DT
existing	VBG
condition	NN
that	WDT
could	MD
be	VB
transmitted	VBN
by	IN
casual	JJ
contact	NN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
setting	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
student\/staff	NN
member	NN
's	POS
physician	NN
or	CC
the	DT
health	NN
department	NN
physician	NN
indicates	VBZ
the	DT
student\/staff	JJ
member	NN
is	VBZ
well	RB
enough	JJ
to	TO
remain	VB
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
setting	NN
and	CC
poses	VBZ
no	DT
immediate	JJ
health	NN
threat	NN
through	IN
casual	JJ
contact	NN
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
population	NN
because	IN
of	IN
their	PRP$
illness	NN
,	,
the	DT
student\/staff	JJ
member	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
allowed	VBN
to	TO
remain	VB
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
setting	VBG
while	IN
the	DT
review	NN
panel	NN
meets	VBZ
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
student\/staff	NN
member	NN
's	POS
physician	NN
or	CC
the	DT
health	NN
department	NN
official	JJ
indicates	VBZ
the	DT
student\/staff	JJ
member	NN
is	VBZ
currently	RB
not	RB
well	RB
enough	JJ
to	TO
remain	VB
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
setting	VBG
and\/or	CC
that	IN
the	DT
affected	JJ
individual	JJ
currently	RB
has	VBZ
evidence	NN
of	IN
an	DT
illness	NN
or	CC
infection	NN
that	WDT
poses	VBZ
a	DT
potential	JJ
health	NN
threat	NN
through	IN
casual	JJ
contact	NN
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
population	NN
,	,
the	DT
student\/staff	JJ
member	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
excluded	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
school	NN
setting	VBG
while	IN
the	DT
review	NN
panel	NN
meets	VBZ
.	.
The	DT
parent\/guardian	NN
,	,
affected	VBN
person	NN
or	CC
their	PRP$
representative	NN
may	MD
make	VB
a	DT
final	JJ
written	JJ
appeal	NN
to	TO
the	DT
president	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
with	IN
five	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
school	NN
days	NNS
after	IN
the	DT
Superintendent	NNP
's	POS
Decision	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
shall	MD
meet	VB
within	IN
three	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
school	NN
days	NNS
and	CC
hear	VB
the	DT
student\/staff	NN
member	NN
's	POS
appeal	NN
along	IN
with	IN
the	DT
Proposal	NNP
for	IN
Decision	NNP
and	CC
Superintendent	NNP
's	POS
Decision	NN
.	.
Within	IN
two	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
school	NN
days	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
hearing	NN
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
shall	MD
render	VB
its	PRP$
decision	NN
in	IN
writing	VBG
with	IN
copies	NNS
sent	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
superintendent	NN
,	,
health	NN
department	NN
official	NN
,	,
and	CC
parent\/guardian	NN
or	CC
affected	VBN
person	NN
.	.
All	DT
persons	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
these	DT
procedures	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
treat	VB
all	DT
proceedings	NNS
,	,
deliberations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
documents	NNS
as	IN
confidential	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Records	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
proceedings	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
decisions	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
kept	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
superintendent	NN
in	IN
a	DT
sealed	JJ
envelope	NN
with	IN
access	NN
limited	VBN
to	TO
only	RB
those	DT
persons	NNS
receiving	VBG
the	DT
consent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
parent\/guardian	NN
or	CC
infected	VBN
person	NN
as	IN
provided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Employee	NNP
Right	NNP
to	TO
Know	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Family	NNP
Education	NNP
Rights	NNPS
and	CC
Privacy	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
This	DT
policy	NN
applies	VBZ
only	RB
to	TO
nonacademic	JJ
extracurricular	JJ
activities	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
interscholastic	JJ
athletics	NNS
,	,
cheerleading	NN
,	,
student	NN
government	NN
,	,
class	NN
officers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
clubs	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
closely	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
identifiable	JJ
programs\/areas	NNS
of	IN
study	NN
,	,
in	IN
grades	NNS
7-12	CD
.	.
Excluded	VBN
from	IN
this	DT
policy	NN
are	VBP
extracurricular	JJ
activities	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
closely	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
identifiable	JJ
academic	JJ
programs\/areas	NNS
of	IN
study	NN
and	CC
which	WDT
serve	VBP
to	TO
complement	VB
academic	JJ
curricular	JJ
activities	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
vocational	JJ
,	,
linguistic	JJ
,	,
mathematic	JJ
,	,
scientific	JJ
,	,
forensic	JJ
,	,
theatrical	JJ
,	,
musical	JJ
,	,
journalistic	JJ
and	CC
other	JJ
similar	JJ
academic	JJ
extracurricular	JJ
activities	NNS
.	.
Handicapped	NNP
students	NNS
placed	VBN
in	IN
ungraded	JJ
programs	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
eligible	JJ
for	IN
participation	NN
in	IN
extracurricular	JJ
activities	NNS
if	IN
their	PRP$
records	NNS
indicate	VBP
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
making	VBG
satisfactory	JJ
progress	NN
in	IN
meeting	VBG
the	DT
objectives	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
IEP	NNP
.	.
Diploma	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
appropriate	JJ
recognition	NN
of	IN
educational	JJ
attainment	NN
to	TO
those	DT
individuals	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
demonstrated	VBN
that	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
attained	VBN
academic	JJ
skills	NNS
equivalent	JJ
to	TO
those	DT
at	IN
the	DT
high	JJ
school	NN
completion	NN
level	NN
by	IN
satisfactorily	RB
passing	VBG
the	DT
General	NNP
Educational	NNP
Development	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
GED	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
Tests	NNS
.	.
Coordinator	NN
's	POS
final	JJ
decision	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
exemption	NN
is	VBZ
granted	VBN
,	,
the	DT
candidate	NN
must	MD
officially	RB
withdraw	VB
from	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
school\/system	NN
attended	VBD
as	IN
evidenced	VBN
by	IN
written	VBN
documentation	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
candidate	NN
must	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
home-schooled	JJ
as	IN
evidenced	VBN
by	IN
written	VBN
documentation	NN
from	IN
the	DT
county	NN
home-school	NN
monitor	NN
.	.
Documentation	NN
must	MD
include	VB
withdrawal	NN
date	NN
as	IN
indicated	VBN
in	IN
Section	NN
5.1	CD
.	.
,	,
or	CC
home-school	JJ
dates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
original	JJ
class	NN
graduation	NN
date	NN
.	.
Documentation	NN
must	MD
include	VB
the	DT
withdrawal	NN
date	NN
as	IN
indicated	VBN
in	IN
Section	NN
5.1	CD
.	.
and	CC
the	DT
original	JJ
class	NN
graduation	NN
date	NN
.	.
The	DT
candidate	NN
must	MD
also	RB
provide	VB
a	DT
statement	NN
on	IN
official	JJ
letterhead	NN
from	IN
an	DT
employer	NN
,	,
military	JJ
recruiter	NN
,	,
college	NN
admission	NN
officer	NN
,	,
or	CC
vocational-technical	JJ
director	NN
evidencing	VBG
acceptance\/promotion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
candidate	NN
once	RB
he\/she	JJ
passes	VBZ
the	DT
GED	NNP
Tests	NNPS
.	.
Examiner	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
notified	VBN
in	IN
writing	NN
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
GED	NNP
Coordinator	NNP
's	POS
final	JJ
decision	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
exemption	NN
is	VBZ
granted	VBN
,	,
the	DT
candidate	NN
must	MD
officially	RB
withdraw	VB
from	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
school\/system	NN
attended	VBD
as	IN
evidenced	VBN
by	IN
written	VBN
documentation	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
candidate	NN
must	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
home-schooled	JJ
as	IN
evidenced	VBN
by	IN
written	VBN
documentation	NN
from	IN
the	DT
county	NN
home-school	NN
monitor	NN
.	.
Documentation	NN
must	MD
include	VB
the	DT
withdrawal	NN
date	NN
as	IN
indicated	VBN
in	IN
Section	NN
5.1	CD
.	.
,	,
or	CC
home-school	JJ
dates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
original	JJ
class	NN
graduation	NN
date	NN
.	.
The	DT
sixteen	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
16	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
year	NN
old	JJ
must	MD
also	RB
provide	VB
a	DT
statement	NN
on	IN
official	JJ
letterhead	NN
from	IN
an	DT
employer	NN
,	,
military	JJ
recruiter	NN
,	,
college	NN
admission	NN
officer	NN
,	,
or	CC
vocational-technical	JJ
director	NN
evidencing	VBG
acceptance\/promotion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
candidate	NN
once	RB
he\/she	JJ
passes	VBZ
the	DT
GED	NNP
Tests	NNPS
.	.
Equivalency	NNP
Diploma	NNP
.	.
The	DT
candidate	NN
must	MD
present	VB
clear	JJ
,	,
current	JJ
,	,
state-issued	JJ
photo	NN
identification	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
driver	NN
's	POS
license	NN
,	,
state	NN
alternative	NN
identification	NN
,	,
military	JJ
identification	NN
or	CC
a	DT
valid	JJ
passport	NN
.	.
The	DT
GED	NNP
Examiner	NNP
may	MD
request	VB
further	JJ
proof	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
pertinent	JJ
documentation	NN
as	IN
evidence	NN
of	IN
identity	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
birth	NN
certificate	NN
,	,
Social	NNP
Security	NNP
card	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
Policy	NNP
2460	CD
includes	VBZ
regulations	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
safety	NN
and	CC
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
addresses	VBZ
acceptable	JJ
use	NN
,	,
privileges	NNS
,	,
accountability	NN
and	CC
responsibility	NN
,	,
web	NN
publishing	NN
,	,
network	NN
etiquette	NN
,	,
reliability	NN
,	,
security	NN
,	,
safety	NN
,	,
and	CC
vandalism	NN
.	.
The	DT
WVDE	NNP
reserves	NNS
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
access	NN
and	CC
disclose	VB
all	DT
messages	NNS
sent	VBD
over	RP
its	PRP$
information	NN
systems	NNS
for	IN
any	DT
purposes	NNS
.	.
For	IN
reasons	NNS
of	IN
privacy	NN
,	,
employees	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
attempt	VB
to	TO
gain	VB
access	NN
to	TO
another	DT
employee	NN
's	POS
personal	JJ
file	NN
of	IN
messages	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
WVDE	NNP
's	POS
information	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
WVDE	NNP
reserves	NNS
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
enter	VB
an	DT
employee	NN
's	POS
information	NN
system	NN
files	NNS
whenever	WRB
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
business	NN
need	NN
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
their	PRP$
responsibility	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
all	DT
activities	NNS
and\/or	CC
functions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
server	NN
involve	VB
appropriate	JJ
school	NN
activities	NNS
.	.
All	DT
administrative	JJ
functions	NNS
and\/or	CC
file	NN
maintenance	NN
to	TO
the	DT
server	NN
are	VBP
the	DT
responsibility	NN
of	IN
the	DT
educator\/administrator	NN
at	IN
that	DT
location	NN
.	.
At	IN
no	DT
point	NN
should	MD
a	DT
student	NN
be	VB
given	VBN
administrative	JJ
responsibilities	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
server	NN
with	IN
a	DT
wide-area	NN
network	NN
or	CC
Internet	NNP
connection	NN
.	.
``	``
access	NN
.	.
k12	FW
.	.
wv	NN
.	.
us	PRP
''	''
server	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
administered	VBN
by	IN
WVDE	NNP
and	CC
WVNET	NNP
.	.
The	DT
responsibility	NN
for	IN
any	DT
``	``
non-access	JJ
.	.
k12	FW
.	.
wv	NN
.	.
us	PRP
''	''
e-mail	NN
accounts	NNS
lies	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
administrator	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and\/or	CC
educator	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
identified	VBN
as	IN
responsible	JJ
for	IN
those	DT
students	NNS
using	VBG
alternative	JJ
e-mail	NN
accounts	NNS
or	CC
the	DT
administrator	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and\/or	CC
educator	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
identified	VBN
as	IN
responsible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
e-mail	NN
server	NN
being	VBG
used	VBN
.	.
Internet	NN
by	IN
school	NN
personnel	NNS
and	CC
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
WVDE	NNP
also	RB
recognizes	VBZ
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
guidelines	NNS
that	WDT
address	VBP
content	JJ
,	,
overall	JJ
responsibility	NN
,	,
potential	JJ
contributors	NNS
,	,
quality	NN
,	,
technical	JJ
standards	NNS
,	,
and	CC
student	NN
protection	NN
.	.
In	IN
addressing	VBG
these	DT
issues	NNS
,	,
the	DT
WVDE	NNP
recommends	VBZ
that	IN
each	DT
county	NN
and\/or	CC
school	NN
adopt	VB
local	JJ
policies	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
``	``
Web	NNP
Publishing	NNP
Guidelines	NNS
''	''
.	.
Education	NNP
Agency	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
LEA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
including	VBG
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
,	,
childcare	NN
,	,
private	JJ
preschool	JJ
,	,
Head	NNP
Start	NNP
,	,
and	CC
community-based	JJ
programs	NNS
that	WDT
meet	VBP
or	CC
exceed	VBP
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
policy	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
county	NN
's	POS
collaborative	JJ
plan	NN
.	.
Approved	VBN
WV	NNP
Pre-k	NNP
participating	VBG
programs	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
counted	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
aid	NN
funding	VBG
formula	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
eligible	JJ
to	TO
receive	VB
funds	NNS
through	IN
contractual	JJ
agreements	NNS
with	IN
or	CC
direct	JJ
administration	NN
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
school	NN
system	NN
.	.
September	NNP
1	CD
of	IN
the	DT
year	NN
he\/she	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
enroll	VB
or	CC
whose	WP$
enrollment	NN
is	VBZ
mandated	VBN
under	IN
state	NN
and\/or	CC
federal	JJ
law	NN
.	.
Three	CD
year	NN
old	JJ
children	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
included	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
collaborative	JJ
classrooms	NNS
if	IN
they	PRP
meet	VBP
the	DT
eligibility	NN
requirements	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
policy	NN
or	CC
,	,
in	IN
a	DT
collaborative	JJ
classroom	NN
,	,
the	DT
guidelines	NNS
for	IN
enrollment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
collaborative	JJ
community	NN
partner	NN
.	.
If	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
interest	NN
of	IN
the	DT
child	NN
,	,
as	IN
determined	VBN
by	IN
mutual	JJ
agreement	NN
between	IN
the	DT
teacher	NN
and	CC
parent\/guardian	NN
,	,
the	DT
child	NN
may	MD
remain	VB
in	IN
the	DT
program	NN
for	IN
longer	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
year	NN
.	.
Because	IN
WV	NNP
Pre-k	NNP
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
prepare	VB
children	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
successful	JJ
in	IN
kindergarten	NN
,	,
children	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
excluded	VBN
based	VBN
on	IN
developmental	JJ
delays	NNS
including	VBG
toilet	NN
training	NN
.	.
Children	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
five	CD
prior	JJ
to	TO
September	NNP
1	CD
shall	MD
be	VB
enrolled	VBN
in	IN
kindergarten	NN
,	,
instead	RB
of	IN
WV	NNP
Pre-k	NNP
,	,
unless	IN
the	DT
teacher	NN
and	CC
parent	NN
deem	VB
kindergarten	NN
placement	NN
for	IN
that	DT
child	NN
not	RB
in	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
interest	NN
of	IN
the	DT
child	NN
.	.
For	IN
children	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
been	VBN
enrolled	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
WV	NNP
Pre-k	NNP
classroom	NN
,	,
determination	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
child	NN
with	IN
an	DT
additional	JJ
year	NN
of	IN
pre-k	JJ
will	MD
be	VB
documented	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
county\/classroom	NN
assessments	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
child	NN
using	VBG
the	DT
county\/classroom	NN
adopted	VBN
comprehensive	JJ
assessment	NN
system	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
parent\/guardian	NN
is	VBZ
unable	JJ
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
bus	NN
,	,
there	EX
shall	MD
be	VB
a	DT
person	NN
designated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
parent\/guardian	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
the	DT
child	NN
.	.
Bus	NN
drivers	NNS
must	MD
inspect	VB
the	DT
bus	NN
at	IN
all	DT
final	JJ
drop	NN
off	IN
points	NNS
to	TO
assure	VB
that	IN
no	DT
children	NNS
are	VBP
left	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
bus	NN
and	CC
these	DT
inspections	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
charted	VBN
.	.
A	DT
log	VB
of	IN
daily	JJ
inspections	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
maintained	VBN
on	IN
file	NN
with	IN
the	DT
principal\/supervisor	NN
.	.
At	IN
each	DT
pre-k	JJ
site	NN
where	WRB
bus	NN
transportation	NN
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
,	,
a	DT
designated	VBN
person	NN
must	MD
follow-up	VB
with	IN
the	DT
family	NN
of	IN
any	DT
child	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
not	RB
present	JJ
or	CC
accounted	VBD
for	IN
each	DT
day	NN
.	.
Local	JJ
program	NN
oversight	NN
for	IN
contracted	VBN
community	NN
programs	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
defined	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
contracts	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
community	NN
program	NN
and	CC
the	DT
LEA	NNP
including	VBG
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
,	,
staff	NN
evaluation	NN
and	CC
discipline	NN
,	,
will	MD
be	VB
specified	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
resulting	VBG
collaborative	JJ
agreements	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
participating	VBG
program	NN
in	IN
the	DT
county	NN
plan	NN
.	.
Purchasing	NNP
Procedures	NNP
for	IN
Local	NNP
Education	NNP
Agencies	NNPS
.	.
Seventy-five	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
profits	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
soft	JJ
drinks	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
allocated	VBN
by	IN
majority	NN
vote	NN
of	IN
the	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
of	IN
each	DT
school	NN
and	CC
twenty-five	JJ
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
profits	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
soft	JJ
drinks	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
allocated	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
purchases	NNS
of	IN
necessary	JJ
supplies	NNS
by	IN
the	DT
principal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
No	DT
foods	NNS
containing	VBG
40	CD
%	NN
or	CC
more	JJR
sugar	NN
by	IN
weight	NN
will	MD
be	VB
sold	VBN
or	CC
served	VBN
.	.
Any	DT
juice	NN
or	CC
juice	NN
product	NN
sold	VBN
or	CC
served	VBN
must	MD
contain	VB
a	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
20	CD
%	NN
real	JJ
juice	NN
.	.
Prior	RB
USDA	NNP
approval	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
fruit\/vegetable	JJ
snack	NN
option	NN
for	IN
lunch	NN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
a.	IN
The	DT
snack	NN
is	VBZ
offered	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
separate	JJ
item	NN
at	IN
breakfast	NN
or	CC
lunch	NN
for	IN
consumption	NN
later	RB
.	.
b.	NNP
The	NNP
snack	NN
item	NN
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
single	JJ
serving	VBG
of	IN
bread\/bread	NN
alternate	JJ
,	,
fruit	NN
or	CC
vegetable	NN
.	.
c.	NN
If	IN
the	DT
snack	NN
option	NN
is	VBZ
chosen	VBN
,	,
school	NN
administrators	NNS
and	CC
teachers	NNS
should	MD
support	VB
this	DT
effort	NN
by	IN
providing	VBG
students	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
time	NN
and	CC
opportunity	NN
to	TO
eat	VB
these	DT
snacks	NNS
during	IN
the	DT
day	NN
.	.
d.	NNP
Timing	NN
of	IN
the	DT
snack	NN
should	MD
be	VB
determined	VBN
by	IN
individual	JJ
school	NN
choosing	VBG
this	DT
option	NN
.	.
e.	FW
The	DT
price	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meals	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
increased	VBN
solely	RB
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
choosing	VBG
this	DT
option	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Note	NN
:	:
No	DT
federal	JJ
reimbursements	NNS
exist	VBP
for	IN
snacks	NNS
outside	IN
the	DT
lunch	NN
or	CC
breakfast	NN
meals	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
f.	NNP
Schools	NNP
choosing	VBG
this	DT
snack	NN
option	NN
may	MD
elect	VB
to	TO
sell	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
snack	NN
foods	NNS
to	TO
students	NNS
who	WP
do	VBP
not	RB
purchase	VB
a	DT
school	NN
meal	NN
.	.
Beginning	VBG
with	IN
assignments	NNS
made	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
2002-2003	JJ
school	NN
year	NN
,	,
the	DT
school	NN
nutrition	NN
director	NN
must	MD
hold	VB
an	DT
Authorization	NN
endorsed	VBD
for	IN
School	NNP
Nutrition	NNP
Program	NNP
Director	NNP
.	.
An	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
assigned	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
school	NN
nutrition	NN
program	NN
director	NN
for	IN
the	DT
2002-2003	JJ
school	NN
year	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
issued	VBN
,	,
upon	IN
recommendation	NN
from	IN
the	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
,	,
an	DT
Authorization	NN
to	TO
continue	VB
working	VBG
in	IN
this	DT
capacity	NN
AND	CC
shall	MD
renew	VB
such	JJ
Authorization	NN
annually	RB
.	.
VII	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
McKinney-Vento	NNP
Homeless	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
2001	CD
when	WRB
addressing	VBG
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
homeless	JJ
children	NNS
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
homeless	JJ
child	NN
or	CC
youth	NN
continues	VBZ
to	TO
live	VB
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
served	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
education	NN
agency	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
hereinafter	NN
LEA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
school	NN
of	IN
origin	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
,	,
that	IN
LEA	NNP
shall	MD
provide	VB
or	CC
arrange	VB
for	IN
the	DT
child	NN
's	POS
or	CC
youth	NN
's	POS
transportation	NN
to	TO
and	CC
from	IN
the	DT
school	NN
of	IN
origin	NN
.	.
School	NNP
bus	NN
operators	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
inspection	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
bus	NN
and	CC
complete	JJ
specified	VBN
duties	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
insure	VB
the	DT
safe	JJ
transport	NN
of	IN
all	DT
passengers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
following	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
the	DT
required	JJ
inspections	NNS
and	CC
duties	NNS
.	.
The	DT
county	NN
school	NN
administrators	NNS
provide	VBP
the	DT
opportunity	NN
and	CC
encouragement	NN
for	IN
county	NN
school	NN
bus	NN
operators	NNS
who	WP
win	VBP
recognition	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
``	``
School	NNP
Bus	NNP
Safety	NNP
Roadeo	NNP
''	''
to	TO
compete	VB
in	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
event	NN
.	.
``	``
Employee	NN
''	''
shall	MD
include	VB
all	DT
school	NN
personnel	NNS
employed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
whether	IN
employed	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
full-time	JJ
basis	NN
or	CC
otherwise	RB
,	,
and	CC
shall	MD
include	VB
other	JJ
personnel	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
employees	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Schools	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Deaf	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Blind	NNP
,	,
and	CC
all	DT
employees	NNS
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Institutional	NNP
Education	NNP
Programs	NNP
.	.
Contribute	NN
,	,
cooperate	VBP
,	,
and	CC
participate	VB
in	IN
creating	VBG
an	DT
environment	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
all	DT
employees\/students	NNS
are	VBP
accepted	VBN
and	CC
are	VBP
provided	VBN
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
achieve	VB
at	IN
the	DT
highest	JJS
levels	NNS
in	IN
all	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
development	NN
.	.
C.	NNP
Disclosed	NNP
only	RB
to	TO
individuals	NNS
providing	VBG
the	DT
treatment	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
provided	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
records	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
personally	RB
reviewed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
physician	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
appropriate	JJ
professional	NN
of	IN
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
choice	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
this	DT
definition	NN
,	,
``	``
treatment	NN
''	''
does	VBZ
not	RB
include	VB
remedial	JJ
educational	JJ
activities	NNS
or	CC
activities	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
of	IN
instruction	NN
at	IN
the	DT
educational	JJ
agency	NN
or	CC
institution	NN
.	.
Policy	NN
2419	CD
a	DT
statement	NN
of	IN
any	DT
current	JJ
or	CC
previous	JJ
disciplinary	JJ
action	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
taken	VBN
against	IN
the	DT
student	NN
and	CC
transmits	VBZ
the	DT
statement	NN
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
extent	NN
that	IN
the	DT
disciplinary	JJ
information	NN
is	VBZ
included	VBN
in	IN
,	,
and	CC
transmitted	VBD
with	IN
,	,
the	DT
student	NN
records	NNS
of	IN
non-disabled	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
Policy	NNP
2419	CD
shall	MD
ensure	VB
that	IN
copies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
special	JJ
education	NN
and	CC
disciplinary	JJ
records	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
student	NN
are	VBP
transmitted	VBN
for	IN
consideration	NN
by	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
authorities	NNS
to	TO
whom	WP
it	PRP
reports	VBZ
the	DT
crime	NN
,	,
but	CC
only	RB
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
permitted	VBN
by	IN
this	DT
policy	NN
's	POS
provisions	NNS
regarding	VBG
disclosure	NN
of	IN
education	NN
records	NNS
.	.
Special	JJ
Education	NNP
,	,
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
alleged	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
confidentiality	NN
of	IN
personally	RB
identifiable	JJ
information	NN
regarding	VBG
an	DT
exceptional	JJ
student	NN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
policy	NN
and	CC
Policy	NN
2419	CD
has	VBZ
been	VBN
violated	VBN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
file	VB
a	DT
complaint	NN
with	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
,	,
as	IN
described	VBN
in	IN
Section	NN
126-94-26	CD
.	.
Year	NN
2002	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
P.L.	NNP
107-107	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
all	DT
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
military	JJ
recruiters	NNS
,	,
upon	IN
request	NN
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
names	NNS
addresses	NNS
and	CC
telephone	NN
listings	NNS
of	IN
secondary	JJ
school	NN
students	NNS
unless	IN
the	DT
parents\/guardians	NNS
have	VBP
advised	VBN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
want	VB
their	PRP$
students	NNS
'	POS
information	NN
disclosed	VBD
without	IN
prior	RB
written	VBN
consent	NN
as	IN
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
Section	NN
126-94-23	CD
.	.
Conflict	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Vietnam	NNP
Conflict	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
availability	NN
of	IN
the	DT
diploma	NN
for	IN
veterans	NNS
.	.
This	DT
notification	NN
will	MD
include	VB
the	DT
application	NN
form	NN
to	TO
receive	VB
such	JJ
diploma	NN
,	,
as	IN
designed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Veterans	NNP
Affairs	NNPS
.	.
Handbook	NNP
summary	NN
statements	NNS
to	TO
each	DT
student	NN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
These	DT
summary	NN
statements	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
handbook	NN
provided	VBN
to	TO
each	DT
student	NN
.	.
The	DT
school	NN
's	POS
handbook	NN
shall	MD
also	RB
state	NN
,	,
``	``
Students	NNS
may	MD
view	VB
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
entire	JJ
Student	NN
Handbook	NNP
-	:
Student	NNP
Rights	NNPS
and	CC
Responsibilities	NNPS
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
main	JJ
office	NN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
principal	NN
's	POS
office	NN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
counselor	NN
's	POS
office	NN
,	,
or	CC
in	IN
the	DT
library-media	JJ
center	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
is	VBZ
committed	VBN
to	TO
staffing	NN
every	DT
school	NN
and	CC
providing	VBG
every	DT
student	NN
with	IN
competent	JJ
educators	NNS
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
recognizes	VBZ
that	IN
teachers	NNS
,	,
administrators	NNS
and	CC
higher	JJR
education	NN
faculty	NN
can	MD
and	CC
must	MD
work	VB
together	RB
to	TO
improve	VB
the	DT
education	NN
profession	NN
and	CC
to	TO
enhance	VB
educational	JJ
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
students	NNS
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
also	RB
recognizes	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
must	MD
maintain	VB
effective	JJ
communication	NN
with	IN
the	DT
educational	JJ
community	NN
to	TO
sustain	VB
the	DT
high	JJ
quality	NN
education	NN
the	DT
public	JJ
deserves	VBZ
and	CC
expects	VBZ
.	.
A	DT
county	NN
on	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
may	MD
hire	VB
prospective	JJ
employable	JJ
professional	JJ
personnel	NNS
only	RB
when	WRB
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
has	VBZ
:	:
given	VBN
the	DT
superintendent	NN
general	JJ
approval	NN
to	TO
employ	VB
the	DT
personnel	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
reserve	NN
list	NN
;	:
given	VBN
general	JJ
approval	NN
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
;	:
and	CC
has	VBZ
approved	VBN
the	DT
number	NN
to	TO
be	VB
hired	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
reserve	NN
list	NN
.	.
Authorization	NN
endorsed	VBD
for	IN
athletic	JJ
trainer	NN
may	MD
be	VB
issued	VBN
to	TO
an	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
holds	VBZ
certification	NN
through	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Athletic	NNP
Trainers	NNPS
Association	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Certification	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NATABOC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
Authorization	NN
may	MD
be	VB
reissued	VBN
annually	RB
upon	IN
application	NN
to	TO
the	DT
WVDE	NNP
Office	NNP
of	IN
Professional	NNP
Preparation	NNP
with	IN
documentation	NN
of	IN
valid	JJ
NATABOC	NNP
certification	NN
and	CC
the	DT
recommendation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
superintendent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
employing	VBG
county	NN
.	.
Employment	NNP
endorsed	VBD
for	IN
athletic	JJ
trainer	NN
may	MD
be	VB
granted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
WVDE	NNP
to	TO
an	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
holds	VBZ
a	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
a	DT
bachelor	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
completed	VBN
six	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
semester	NN
hours	NNS
of	IN
credit	NN
applicable	JJ
to	TO
an	DT
approved	VBN
athletic	JJ
trainer	NN
program	NN
.	.
Certificate	NN
will	MD
be	VB
in	IN
keeping	VBG
with	IN
continuing	VBG
education	NN
guidelines	NNS
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
in	IN
conformity	NN
with	IN
the	DT
School	NNP
Laws	NNPS
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Professional	NNP
Certificate	NNP
.	.
Authorized	VBN
Athletic	JJ
Trainer	NN
.	.
The	DT
athletic	JJ
trainer	NN
possesses	VBZ
the	DT
essential	JJ
knowledge	NN
,	,
skills	NNS
,	,
attitudes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
credentials	NNS
necessary	JJ
to	TO
carry	VB
out	RP
the	DT
practices	NNS
of	IN
prevention	NN
,	,
evaluation	NN
,	,
initial	JJ
care	NN
,	,
and	CC
physical	JJ
rehabilitation	NN
of	IN
injuries	NNS
sustained	VBN
by	IN
students	NNS
engaged	VBN
in	IN
public	JJ
school	NN
athletics	NNS
.	.
The	DT
athletic	JJ
trainer	NN
has	VBZ
responsibility	NN
for	IN
the	DT
development	NN
,	,
implementation	NN
,	,
and	CC
management	NN
of	IN
the	DT
athletic	JJ
training	NN
program	NN
.	.
Authorization	NN
.	.
The	DT
duties	NNS
of	IN
individuals	NNS
with	IN
limited	JJ
football	NN
trainer	NN
authorization	NN
are	VBP
limited	VBN
to	TO
evaluation	NN
,	,
initial	JJ
care	NN
,	,
and	CC
referral	NN
of	IN
injuries	NNS
sustained	VBN
by	IN
students	NNS
engaged	VBN
in	IN
public	JJ
school	NN
athletics	NNS
.	.
Senate	NNP
Bill	NNP
300	CD
requires	VBZ
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
to	TO
approve	VB
and	CC
promulgate	VB
rules	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
minimum	NN
qualities	NNS
,	,
proficiencies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
skills	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
of	IN
all	DT
principals	NNS
.	.
The	DT
legislation	NN
creates	VBZ
the	DT
Principals	NNPS
'	POS
Standards	NNPS
Advisory	NNP
Council	NNP
to	TO
assist	VB
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
with	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
these	DT
rules	NNS
.	.
Strong	JJ
leadership	NN
by	IN
principals	NNS
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
for	IN
good	JJ
schools	NNS
and	CC
higher	JJR
levels	NNS
of	IN
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
These	DT
rules	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Center	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Development	NNP
to	TO
develop	VB
the	DT
curriculum	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Principals	NNPS
'	POS
Academy	NNP
and	CC
by	IN
other	JJ
organizations	NNS
and	CC
institutions	NNS
in	IN
preparation	NN
and	CC
professional	JJ
development	NN
programs	NNS
for	IN
principals	NNS
.	.
Virginia	NNP
Center	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Development	NNP
to	TO
maintain	VB
:	:
accurate	JJ
records	NNS
of	IN
eligibility	NN
;	:
priority	NN
status	NN
for	IN
attendance	NN
;	:
record	NN
of	IN
attendance	NN
;	:
status	NN
of	IN
waiver	NN
requests	NNS
;	:
and	CC
a	DT
system	NN
of	IN
notification	NN
of	IN
principals	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
status	NN
in	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
attendance	NN
.	.
Principals	NNS
'	POS
Academy	NNP
as	IN
required	VBN
and	CC
who	WP
fails	VBZ
to	TO
obtain	VB
a	DT
waiver	NN
,	,
shall	MD
be	VB
ineligible	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
employed	VBN
as	RB
,	,
or	CC
serve	VB
in	IN
the	DT
capacity	NN
of	IN
,	,
a	DT
principal	NN
,	,
an	DT
assistant	NN
principal	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
director	NN
or	CC
assistant	NN
director	NN
of	IN
a	DT
vocational\/technical	JJ
school	NN
.	.
Compensation	NNP
benefits	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
prohibit	VB
an	DT
employee	NN
from	IN
receiving	VBG
compensation	NN
for	IN
personal	JJ
and	CC
or	CC
annual	JJ
leave	NN
in	IN
excess	NN
of	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
required	VBN
,	,
when	WRB
added	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Workers	NNPS
=	SYM
Compensation	NNP
benefits	NNS
,	,
to	TO
equal	VB
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
compensation	NN
regularly	RB
paid	VBD
the	DT
employee	NN
.	.
Compensation	NNP
to	TO
receive	VB
Temporary	NNP
Total	NNP
Disability	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
TTD	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
benefits	NNS
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
employee	NN
is	VBZ
actually	RB
receiving	VBG
benefits	NNS
or	CC
has	VBZ
opted	VBN
to	TO
receive	VB
personal	JJ
leave	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
annual	JJ
leave	NN
,	,
if	IN
requested	VBN
after	IN
having	VBG
exhausted	VBN
personal	JJ
leave	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Option	NN
form	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
see	VB
Attachment	NNP
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
=	SYM
s	PRP
payroll	NN
office	NN
within	IN
three	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
working	VBG
days	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
the	DT
injury	NN
.	.
The	DT
Election	NNP
of	IN
Option	NN
form	NN
will	MD
designate	VB
the	DT
employee	NN
=	SYM
s	PRP
choice	NN
of	IN
receiving	VBG
either	CC
TTD	NNP
benefits	NNS
only	RB
for	IN
the	DT
period	NN
of	IN
absence	NN
from	IN
work	NN
,	,
personal	JJ
leave	NN
compensation	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
both	DT
.	.
The	DT
payroll	NN
office	NN
shall	MD
attach	VB
the	DT
original	JJ
Election	NNP
of	IN
Option	NN
form	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Employer	NN
=	SYM
s	PRP
Report	NNP
of	IN
Injury	NNP
form	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
WC-3	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
forward	RB
both	DT
to	TO
the	DT
Workers	NNPS
=	SYM
Compensation	NNP
Division	NNP
.	.
To	TO
the	DT
employee	NN
:	:
Please	VB
submit	VB
this	DT
form	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
agency	NN
payroll	NN
office	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
absent	JJ
from	IN
work	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
work-related	JJ
injury	NN
,	,
you	PRP
must	MD
complete	VB
this	DT
form	NN
within	IN
three	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
days	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
injury	NN
and	CC
choose	VB
to	TO
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
receive	VBP
only	RB
Temporary	JJ
Total	JJ
Disability	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
TTD	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
benefits	NNS
from	IN
workers	NNS
=	SYM
compensation	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
receive	VBP
only	RB
compensation	NN
for	IN
accrued	VBN
personal	JJ
leave	NN
,	,
or	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
receive	VBP
a	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
TTD	NNP
benefits	NNS
and	CC
compensation	NN
for	IN
accrued	VBN
personal	JJ
leave	NN
.	.
I	PRP
elect	VBP
to	TO
receive	VB
only	RB
personal	JJ
leave	NN
compensation	NN
instead	RB
of	IN
Workers	NNS
=	SYM
Compensation	NNP
TTD	NNP
benefits	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
period	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
absent	JJ
from	IN
work	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
work-related	JJ
compensable	JJ
injury	NN
.	.
While	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
receiving	VBG
paid	VBN
leave	NN
benefits	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
understand	VBP
that	IN
I	PRP
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
accrue	VB
personal	JJ
leave	NN
and	CC
be	VB
paid	VBN
for	IN
holidays	NNS
,	,
inclement	NN
weather	NN
days	NNS
,	,
or	CC
outside	IN
of	IN
school	NN
environment	NN
days	NNS
that	WDT
occur	VBP
during	IN
this	DT
period	NN
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
understand	VBP
that	IN
while	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
receiving	VBG
paid	VBN
benefits	NNS
I	PRP
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
accrue	VB
seniority	NN
and	CC
work-experience	NN
credit	NN
for	IN
incremental	JJ
pay	NN
purposes	NNS
.	.
After	IN
I	PRP
exhaust	VBP
all	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
personal	JJ
leave	NN
,	,
I	PRP
understand	VBP
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
eligible	JJ
to	TO
receive	VB
TTD	NNP
benefits	NNS
during	IN
any	DT
remaining	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
absence	NN
from	IN
work	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
compensable	JJ
injury	NN
,	,
if	IN
so	RB
requested	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
understand	VBP
that	IN
if	IN
I	PRP
choose	VBP
to	TO
receive	VB
TTD	NNP
benefits	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
revert	VB
to	TO
a	DT
non-paid	JJ
status	NN
.	.
I	PRP
understand	VBP
that	IN
I	PRP
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
accrue	VB
seniority	NN
while	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
absent	JJ
from	IN
work	NN
and	CC
receiving	VBG
TTD	NNP
due	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
work	NN
related	VBN
compensable	JJ
injury	NN
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
,	,
however	RB
,	,
continue	VBP
to	TO
accrue	VB
work-experience	NN
credit	NN
for	IN
incremental	JJ
pay	NN
purposes	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
compensated	VBN
for	IN
all	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
accrued	VBN
personal	JJ
leave	NN
days	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
no	RB
longer	RB
entitled	VBN
to	TO
compensation	NN
for	IN
any	DT
holidays	NNS
,	,
inclement	NN
weather	NN
days	NNS
,	,
and	CC
outside	IN
of	IN
school	NN
environment	NN
days	NNS
which	WDT
occur	VBP
during	IN
the	DT
time	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
am	VBP
absent	JJ
from	IN
work	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
work-related	JJ
injury	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
earn	VB
personal	JJ
leave	NN
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
remain	VBP
under	IN
contract	NN
with	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
.	.
I	PRP
elect	VBP
to	TO
receive	VB
a	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
TTD	NNP
benefits	NNS
from	IN
workers	NNS
=	SYM
compensation	NN
and	CC
personal	JJ
leave	NN
compensation	NN
.	.
I	PRP
understand	VBP
that	IN
I	PRP
will	MD
receive	VB
compensation	NN
for	IN
accrued	VBN
personal	JJ
leave	NN
until	IN
I	PRP
start	VBP
receiving	VBG
TTD	NNP
benefits	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
I	PRP
start	VBP
receiving	VBG
TTD	NNP
benefits	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
understand	VBP
that	IN
I	PRP
will	MD
receive	VB
personal	JJ
leave	NN
compensation	NN
only	RB
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
that	IN
the	DT
compensation	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
,	,
when	WRB
added	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
workers	NNS
=	SYM
compensation	NN
benefits	NNS
,	,
to	TO
equal	VB
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
compensation	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
regularly	RB
paid	VBN
.	.
My	PRP$
accrued	VBN
personal	JJ
leave	NN
days	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
charged	VBN
only	RB
for	IN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
days	NNS
,	,
or	CC
portion	NN
thereof	RB
,	,
that	DT
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
compensate	VB
me	PRP
at	IN
my	PRP$
regular	JJ
rate	NN
of	IN
pay	NN
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
understand	VBP
that	IN
any	DT
personal	JJ
leave	NN
compensation	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
received	VBD
during	IN
the	DT
period	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
award	NN
of	IN
TTD	NNP
benefits	NNS
,	,
when	WRB
added	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
TTD	NNP
benefits	NNS
,	,
that	DT
is	VBZ
in	IN
excess	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
regular	JJ
gross	JJ
pay	NN
will	MD
be	VB
deducted	VBN
from	IN
subsequent	JJ
pays	VBZ
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
leave	NN
will	MD
be	VB
restored	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
deductions	NNS
are	VBP
made	VBN
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
I	PRP
understand	VBP
that	IN
if	IN
I	PRP
refuse	VBP
to	TO
have	VB
the	DT
excess	JJ
payment	NN
deducted	VBN
from	IN
my	PRP$
subsequent	JJ
pay	NN
,	,
I	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
disciplinary	JJ
action	NN
.	.
I	PRP
understand	VBP
that	IN
I	PRP
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
accrue	VB
seniority	NN
while	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
absent	JJ
from	IN
work	NN
and	CC
receiving	VBG
TTD	NNP
due	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
work-related	JJ
compensable	JJ
injury	NN
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
accrue	VB
work-experience	NN
credit	NN
for	IN
incremental	JJ
pay	NN
purposes	NNS
unless	IN
I	PRP
receive	VBP
payment	NN
from	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
totaling	VBG
one	CD
hundred	CD
thirty-three	CD
full	JJ
days	NNS
of	IN
employment	NN
within	IN
an	DT
employment	NN
term	NN
.	.
As	RB
long	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
positive	JJ
personal	JJ
leave	NN
balance	NN
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
entitled	VBN
to	TO
compensation	NN
for	IN
all	DT
holidays	NNS
,	,
inclement	NN
weather	NN
days	NNS
,	,
and	CC
outside	IN
of	IN
school	NN
environment	NN
days	NNS
which	WDT
occur	VBP
during	IN
the	DT
time	NN
which	WDT
I	PRP
am	VBP
absent	JJ
from	IN
work	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
work-related	JJ
injury	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
earn	VB
personal	JJ
leave	NN
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
remain	VBP
under	IN
contract	NN
with	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
.	.
Every	DT
person	NN
to	TO
whom	WP
a	DT
professional	JJ
teaching	NN
certificate	NN
is	VBZ
awarded	VBN
after	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
January	NNP
,	,
on	IN
thousand	CD
nine	CD
hundred	CD
ninety-two	CD
,	,
shall	MD
successfully	RB
complete	VB
a	DT
beginning	NN
teacher	NN
internship	NN
program	NN
under	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
discussed	VBN
below	IN
,	,
except	IN
such	JJ
persons	NNS
who	WP
were	VBD
awarded	VBN
a	DT
professional	JJ
teaching	NN
certificate	NN
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
five	CD
years	NNS
teaching	VBG
experience	NN
in	IN
another	DT
state	NN
.	.
A	DT
professional	JJ
support	NN
team	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
comprised	VBN
of	IN
the	DT
following	NN
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
school	NN
principal	NN
,	,
who	WP
shall	MD
be	VB
the	DT
chair	NN
of	IN
the	DT
professional	JJ
support	NN
team	NN
,	,
2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
professional	JJ
staff	NN
development	NN
council	NN
,	,
and	CC
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
experienced	VBD
classroom	NN
teacher	NN
at	IN
the	DT
school	NN
who	WP
teaches	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
or	CC
similar	JJ
subject	NN
and	CC
grade	NN
level	NN
as	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
teacher	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
possible	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
who	WP
shall	MD
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
mentor	NN
for	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
teacher	NN
.	.
When	WRB
possible	JJ
,	,
the	DT
mentor	NN
shall	MD
observe	VB
the	DT
beginning	NN
teacher	NN
's	POS
classroom	NN
teaching	NN
skills	NNS
for	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
one	CD
hour	NN
per	IN
week	NN
during	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
half	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
year	NN
.	.
Observation	NN
time	NN
may	MD
be	VB
reduced	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
discretion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
mentor	NN
to	TO
one	CD
hour	NN
every	DT
two	CD
weeks	NNS
during	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
half	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
year	NN
.	.
Weekly	NNP
meetings	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
mentor	NN
and	CC
the	DT
beginning	NN
teacher	NN
shall	MD
occur	VB
at	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
mentor	NN
and	CC
the	DT
beginning	NN
teacher	NN
discuss	VB
the	DT
performance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
teacher	NN
and	CC
any	DT
needed	VBN
improvements	NNS
.	.
These	DT
meetings	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
reduced	VBN
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
discretion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
mentor	NN
,	,
to	TO
biweekly	JJ
meetings	NNS
during	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
half	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
year	NN
.	.
Monthly	JJ
meetings	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
professional	JJ
support	NN
team	NN
shall	MD
occur	VB
to	TO
discuss	VB
the	DT
performance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
teacher	NN
.	.
These	DT
meetings	NNS
may	MD
include	VB
all	DT
mentor	NN
members	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
professional	JJ
support	NN
teams	NNS
a	DT
the	DT
school	NN
if	IN
helpful	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
judgement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
participants	NNS
.	.
In-service	JJ
professional	JJ
development	NN
programs	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
professional	JJ
development	NN
project	NN
of	IN
the	DT
center	NN
for	IN
professional	JJ
development	NN
for	IN
beginning	VBG
teachers	NNS
and	CC
for	IN
mentors	NNS
,	,
both	DT
of	IN
which	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
half	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
mentor	NN
teacher	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
released	VBN
from	IN
regular	JJ
duties	NNS
,	,
as	IN
agreed	VBN
to	TO
by	IN
the	DT
principal	NN
and	CC
the	DT
mentor	NN
teacher	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
yearly	JJ
stipend	NN
of	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
six	CD
hundred	CD
dollars	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
mentor	NN
teacher	NN
for	IN
duties	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
mentor	NN
teacher	NN
.	.
Discontinue	VB
employment	NN
:	:
A	DT
recommendation	NN
to	TO
discontinue	VB
employment	NN
indicates	VBZ
that	IN
in	IN
the	DT
judgement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
principal	NN
the	DT
beginning	NN
teacher	NN
has	VBZ
completed	VBN
two	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
employment	NN
under	IN
supervision	NN
in	IN
a	DT
beginning	NN
teacher	NN
internship	NN
program	NN
,	,
has	VBZ
not	RB
demonstrated	VBN
competence	NN
as	IN
professional	JJ
educator	NN
and	CC
will	MD
not	RB
benefit	VB
from	IN
further	JJ
supervised	VBN
employment	NN
in	IN
the	DT
district	NN
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
this	DT
rule	NN
also	RB
provides	VBZ
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
each	DT
county	NN
will	MD
designate	VB
an	DT
official	NN
or	CC
officials	NNS
who	WP
will	MD
be	VB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
addressing	VBG
any	DT
indoor	JJ
air	NN
quality	NN
complaint	NN
;	:
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
set	VBN
forth	RB
a	DT
policy	NN
for	IN
any	DT
party	NN
to	TO
file	VB
a	DT
complaint	NN
with	IN
the	DT
designated	VBN
official	NN
or	CC
officials	NNS
;	:
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
any	DT
indoor	JJ
air	NN
quality	NN
complaint	NN
found	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
valid	JJ
by	IN
the	DT
designated	VBN
official	NN
or	CC
officials	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
addressed	VBN
by	IN
forming	VBG
a	DT
plan	NN
of	IN
correction	NN
;	:
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
should	MD
consider	VB
any	DT
documented	VBN
plans	NNS
of	IN
closure	NN
of	IN
a	DT
school	NN
building	NN
when	WRB
forming	VBG
any	DT
plan	NN
of	IN
correction	NN
;	:
5	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
each	DT
plan	NN
of	IN
correction	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
incorporated	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
's	POS
ten-year	JJ
county-wide	JJ
major	JJ
improvement	NN
plan	NN
.	.
The	DT
following	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
recommended	VBN
list	NN
of	IN
IAQ	NNP
committee	NN
members	NNS
:	:
the	DT
principal	NN
,	,
the	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
or	CC
designee	NN
,	,
the	DT
county	NN
facilities\/maintenance	NN
director	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
should	MD
also	RB
be	VB
the	DT
county	NN
's	POS
designated	VBN
official	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
complainant	NN
,	,
a	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
member	NN
,	,
a	DT
school	NN
custodian	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
local	JJ
school	NN
improvement	NN
council	NN
member	NN
.	.
The	DT
complainant	NN
may	MD
check	VB
on	IN
the	DT
status	NN
of	IN
the	DT
complaint	NN
any	DT
time	NN
during	IN
this	DT
process	NN
.	.
Investigation	NNP
Advisory	NNP
Committee	NNP
has	VBZ
not	RB
addressed	VBN
this	DT
specific	JJ
complaint	NN
the	DT
complainant	NN
may	MD
,	,
within	IN
five	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
working	VBG
days	NNS
,	,
ask	VB
the	DT
principal	NN
for	IN
the	DT
complaint	NN
to	TO
be	VB
reviewed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Indoor	NNP
Air	NNP
Quality	NNP
Investigation	NNP
Advisory	NNP
Committee	NNP
.	.
Quality	NNP
Investigation	NNP
Committees	NNS
in	IN
resolving	VBG
complaints	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
indoor	JJ
air	NN
quality	NN
.	.
The	DT
technicians	NNS
will	MD
provide	VB
technical	JJ
assistance	NN
and	CC
training	NN
for	IN
county	NN
maintenance	NN
personnel	NNS
as	IN
needed	VBN
and	CC
will	MD
utilize	VB
appropriate	JJ
equipment	NN
and	CC
tools	NNS
to	TO
determine	VB
necessary	JJ
action	NN
to	TO
operate	VB
and	CC
maintain	VB
HVAC	NNP
systems	NNS
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
design	NN
objectives	NNS
.	.
Arrangement	NN
,	,
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
shall	MD
determine	VB
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
professional	JJ
educator	NN
and	CC
school	NN
service	NN
personnel	NNS
positions	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
created	VBN
in	IN
any	DT
facility	NN
receiving	VBG
students	NNS
or	CC
in	IN
any	DT
facility	NN
affected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Intercounty	NNP
Transfer	NNP
Arrangement	NNP
.	.
Arrangement	NN
,	,
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
shall	MD
prepare	VB
a	DT
``	``
certified	JJ
list	NN
of	IN
employees	NNS
''	''
containing	VBG
the	DT
names	NNS
and	CC
seniority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
professional	JJ
educators	NNS
and	CC
service	NN
personnel	NNS
whose	WP$
employment	NN
in	IN
a	DT
sending	VBG
county	NN
was	VBD
terminated	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Intercounty	NNP
Transfer	NNP
Arrangement	NNP
.	.
The	DT
term	NN
``	``
appeal	NN
''	''
shall	MD
not	RB
apply	VB
to	TO
any	DT
situation	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
is	VBZ
without	IN
authority	NN
to	TO
act	VB
or	CC
where	WRB
the	DT
method	NN
of	IN
appeal	NN
is	VBZ
specifically	RB
established	VBN
by	IN
law	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
appeals	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
placement	NN
of	IN
exceptional	JJ
children	NNS
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
the	DT
term	NN
``	``
appeal	NN
''	''
shall	MD
not	RB
apply	VB
when	WRB
a	DT
citizen	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
personal	JJ
complaint	NN
about	IN
a	DT
school	NN
employee	NN
.	.
Each	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
shall	MD
establish	VB
its	PRP$
own	JJ
specific	JJ
procedures	NNS
to	TO
handle	VB
complaints	NNS
about	IN
school	NN
employees	NNS
and	CC
for	IN
other	JJ
citizens	NNS
complaints	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
governed	VBN
by	IN
this	DT
policy	NN
.	.
Forms	NNS
.	.
--	:
The	DT
state	NN
superintendent	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
shall	MD
prepare	VB
and	CC
distribute	VB
appropriate	JJ
forms	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
appeal	NN
level	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
forms	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
office	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
superintendent	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
,	,
the	DT
office	NN
of	IN
each	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
and	CC
at	IN
each	DT
public	JJ
school	NN
.	.
Limits	NNS
.	.
--	:
Since	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
that	IN
an	DT
appeal	NN
be	VB
processed	VBN
as	IN
rapidly	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
,	,
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
days	NNS
indicated	VBD
at	IN
each	DT
level	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
the	DT
maximum	NN
.	.
A	DT
time	NN
limit	NN
may	MD
,	,
however	RB
,	,
be	VB
extended	VBN
by	IN
mutual	JJ
agreement	NN
.	.
Private\/Public	NNP
.	.
--	:
All	DT
meetings	NNS
and	CC
hearings	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
conducted	VBN
in	IN
private	JJ
,	,
except	IN
that	DT
hearings	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
or	CC
the	DT
state	NN
superintendent	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
or	CC
his\/her	NN
designee	NN
may	MD
be	VB
open	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
request	NN
of	IN
either	DT
party	NN
.	.
If	IN
during	IN
an	DT
open	JJ
hearing	NN
,	,
the	DT
hearing	NN
officer	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
at	IN
the	DT
county	NN
or	CC
state	NN
level	NN
feels	VBZ
that	IN
either	DT
party	NN
is	VBZ
discussing	VBG
matters	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
personal	JJ
nature	NN
,	,
the	DT
hearing	NN
may	MD
then	RB
be	VB
closed	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
that	IN
such	JJ
personal	JJ
matters	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
discussed	VBN
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
primary	JJ
goal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
appeals	NNS
procedure	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
establish	VB
better	JJR
communications	NNS
between	IN
school	NN
officials	NNS
and	CC
citizens	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
for	IN
parents	NNS
and	CC
citizens	NNS
to	TO
discuss	VB
their	PRP$
problems	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
proper	JJ
school	NN
administrator	NN
,	,
usually	RB
the	DT
school	NN
principal	NN
or	CC
the	DT
supervisor\/director	NN
at	IN
the	DT
county	NN
office	NN
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
citizens	NNS
will	MD
first	RB
informally	RB
discuss	VB
their	PRP$
concerns	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
proper	JJ
administrator	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
filing	VBG
a	DT
formal	JJ
appeal	NN
under	IN
this	DT
procedure	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
resolved	VBN
informally	RB
,	,
the	DT
administrator	NN
shall	MD
provide	VB
the	DT
citizen	NN
with	IN
the	DT
proper	JJ
appeal	NN
form	NN
.	.
I.	NN
--	:
In	IN
the	DT
event	NN
that	IN
the	DT
concern	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
resolved	VBN
informally	RB
,	,
a	DT
formal	JJ
,	,
written	JJ
appeal	NN
may	MD
be	VB
filed	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
principal	NN
or	CC
school	NN
administrator	NN
by	IN
the	DT
citizen	NN
or	CC
by	IN
a	DT
group	NN
of	IN
citizens	NNS
in	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
themselves	PRP
and	CC
all	DT
other	JJ
so	RB
affected	JJ
.	.
The	DT
appeal	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
on	IN
the	DT
prescribed	VBN
form	NN
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
signed	VBN
by	IN
all	DT
persons	NNS
filing	VBG
the	DT
appeal	NN
.	.
Should	MD
the	DT
principal	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
administrator	NN
be	VB
without	IN
authority	NN
to	TO
act	VB
on	IN
the	DT
appeal	NN
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
filed	VBN
directly	RB
with	IN
the	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
.	.
If	IN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
the	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
feels	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
appeal	NN
can	MD
be	VB
resolved	VBN
at	IN
Level	NNP
I	PRP
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
immediately	RB
be	VB
referred	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
proper	JJ
administrator	NN
.	.
A	DT
written	VBN
decision	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Level	NNP
I	PRP
administrator	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
within	IN
ten	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
10	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
days	NNS
after	IN
receipt	NN
of	IN
the	DT
appeal	NN
.	.
Should	MD
either	RB
party	NN
request	NN
a	DT
conference	NN
at	IN
this	DT
level	NN
,	,
the	DT
Level	NNP
I	PRP
administrator	NN
will	MD
have	VB
five	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
additional	JJ
days	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
written	VBN
decision	NN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
decision	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
in	IN
favor	NN
of	IN
the	DT
citizen	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Level	NNP
II	NNP
appeal	NN
form	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
included	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
decision	NN
.	.
Level	NNP
I	PRP
administrator	NN
the	DT
aggrieved	JJ
citizen	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
may	MD
appeal	VB
the	DT
decision	NN
in	IN
writing	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
prescribed	VBN
form	NN
to	TO
the	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
.	.
The	DT
superintendent	NN
or	CC
his\/her	NN
designee	NN
shall	MD
,	,
within	IN
ten	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
10	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
days	NNS
,	,
have	VBP
a	DT
conference	NN
with	IN
the	DT
citizen	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
resolve	VB
the	DT
appeal	NN
.	.
The	DT
superintendent	NN
or	CC
his\/her	NN
designee	NN
shall	MD
issue	VB
a	DT
written	VBN
decision	NN
within	IN
ten	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
10	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
days	NNS
following	VBG
this	DT
conference	NN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
decision	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
in	IN
favor	NN
of	IN
the	DT
citizen	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Level	NNP
III	NNP
appeal	NN
form	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
included	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
decision	NN
.	.
III	NNP
.	.
--	:
Within	IN
fifteen	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
15	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
days	NNS
of	IN
receiving	VBG
the	DT
decision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
,	,
the	DT
aggrieved	JJ
citizen	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
may	MD
appeal	VB
the	DT
decision	NN
in	IN
writing	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
prescribed	VBN
form	NN
to	TO
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
.	.
The	DT
appeal	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
transmitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
who	WP
shall	MD
,	,
within	IN
three	CD
days	NNS
,	,
provide	VBP
a	DT
copy	NN
to	TO
each	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
.	.
Copies	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
prior	JJ
decisions	NNS
and	CC
all	DT
other	JJ
written	JJ
materials	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
grievance	NN
also	RB
will	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
board	NN
members	NNS
.	.
A	DT
hearing	NN
on	IN
the	DT
appeal	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
if	IN
requested	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
aggrieved	JJ
citizen	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
when	WRB
filing	VBG
the	DT
Level	NNP
III	NNP
appeal	NN
or	CC
if	IN
the	DT
board	NN
itself	PRP
determines	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
hearing	NN
should	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
.	.
For	IN
an	DT
appeals	NNS
hearing	VBG
held	VBN
before	IN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
the	DT
usual	JJ
and	CC
customary	JJ
procedures	NNS
for	IN
administrative	JJ
hearing	NN
will	MD
prevail	VB
,	,
including	VBG
proper	JJ
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
hearing	NN
,	,
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
be	VB
represented	VBN
by	IN
counsel	NN
,	,
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
present	JJ
evidence	NN
and	CC
testimony	NN
,	,
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
call	VB
witnesses	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
cross-examine	VB
adverse	JJ
witnesses	NNS
.	.
A	DT
court	NN
reporter	NN
may	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
by	IN
either	DT
party	NN
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
hearing	NN
is	VBZ
held	VBN
,	,
the	DT
decision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
will	MD
be	VB
by	IN
majority	NN
vote	NN
of	IN
those	DT
members	NNS
participating	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
hearing	NN
and	CC
shall	MD
rest	VB
solely	RB
upon	IN
the	DT
evidence	NN
properly	RB
presented	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
hearing	NN
.	.
A	DT
decision	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
rendered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
within	IN
twenty-five	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
25	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
days	NNS
following	VBG
receipt	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Level	NNP
III	NNP
appeal	NN
.	.
The	DT
board	NN
may	MD
affirm	VB
,	,
modify	VB
,	,
or	CC
reverse	VB
the	DT
Level	NNP
II	NNP
decision	NN
and	CC
require	VB
such	JJ
remedial	JJ
action	NN
as	IN
it	PRP
deems	VBZ
necessary	JJ
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
decision	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
in	IN
favor	NN
of	IN
the	DT
citizen	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Level	NNP
IV	NNP
appeal	NN
form	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
included	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
decision	NN
.	.
IV	NNP
.	.
--	:
If	IN
the	DT
aggrieved	JJ
citizen	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
not	RB
satisfied	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
decision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
the	DT
decision	NN
may	MD
be	VB
appealed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
state	NN
superintendent	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
.	.
The	DT
appeal	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
submitted	VBN
within	IN
thirty	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
30	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
days	NNS
of	IN
receiving	VBG
the	DT
decision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
.	.
A	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Level	NNP
IV	NNP
appeal	NN
and	CC
any	DT
supporting	VBG
documents	NNS
shall	MD
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
be	VB
transmitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
.	.
Both	DT
the	DT
citizen	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
representatives	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
permitted	VBN
to	TO
appear	VB
before	IN
the	DT
impartial	JJ
review	NN
officer	NN
.	.
The	DT
hearing	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
conducted	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
usual	JJ
and	CC
customary	JJ
rules	NNS
governing	VBG
administrative	JJ
hearings	NNS
and	CC
shall	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
place	NN
designated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
impartial	JJ
review	NN
officer	NN
.	.
Upon	IN
agreement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
,	,
the	DT
impartial	JJ
review	NN
officer	NN
may	MD
visit	VB
the	DT
county	NN
to	TO
secure	VB
additional	JJ
facts	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
appeal	NN
.	.
The	DT
decision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
impartial	JJ
review	NN
officer	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
issued	VBN
within	IN
thirty	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
30	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
days	NNS
of	IN
receipt	NN
of	IN
the	DT
appeal	NN
and	CC
shall	MD
be	VB
final	JJ
unless	IN
altered	VBN
or	CC
set	VBN
aside	RB
by	IN
a	DT
court	NN
of	IN
competent	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
The	DT
decision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
impartial	JJ
review	NN
officer	NN
may	MD
be	VB
appealed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
court	NN
or	CC
review	NN
may	MD
be	VB
sought	VBN
by	IN
original	JJ
proceeding	NN
.	.
The	DT
Forms	NNS
for	IN
this	DT
policy	NN
are	VBP
provided	VBN
as	IN
PDF	NNP
documents	NNS
because	IN
of	IN
their	PRP$
formatting	NN
complexities	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
need	VB
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
Adobe	NNP
Acrobat	NNP
Reader	NNP
to	TO
view\/print	VB
these	DT
forms	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
obtain	VB
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
Acrobat	NNP
Reader	NNP
from	IN
the	DT
Adobe	NNP
Website	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
http://www.adobe.com	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
available	JJ
to	TO
county	NN
school	NN
systems	NNS
on	IN
or	CC
before	IN
July	NNP
1	CD
of	IN
each	DT
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
shall	MD
transmit	VB
information	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
through	IN
WVEIS	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Education	NNP
Information	NNP
System	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
unless	IN
otherwise	RB
specified	VBN
.	.
The	DT
information	NN
must	MD
be	VB
certified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
as	IN
accurate	JJ
and	CC
complete	JJ
and	CC
sent	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
by	IN
the	DT
specified	VBN
deadlines	NNS
for	IN
inclusion	NN
in	IN
the	DT
report	NN
card	NN
.	.
Superintendent	NNP
Paine	NNP
addressed	VBD
the	DT
assembly	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
great	JJ
strides	NNS
made	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
McDowell	NNP
County	NNP
school	NN
system	NN
and	CC
recommended	VBD
that	IN
Dr.	NNP
Howard	NNP
O’Cull	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
School	NNP
Boards	NNPS
Association	NNP
,	,
be	VB
contacted	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
assistance	NN
to	TO
the	DT
McDowell	NNP
County	NNP
board	NN
and	CC
also	RB
that	IN
Dr.	NNP
Superintendent	NN
,	,
Superintendent	NNP
Manchin	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
McDowell	NNP
County	NNP
board	NN
work	NN
together	RB
to	TO
formulate	VB
a	DT
plan	NN
to	TO
return	VB
control	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
to	TO
the	DT
local	JJ
Board	NNP
.	.
President	NNP
Johnson	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
Superintendent	NNP
Paine	NNP
make	VBP
the	DT
necessary	JJ
contacts	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
bring	VB
a	DT
proposed	VBN
plan	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
time	NN
.	.
Since	IN
initial	JJ
placement	NN
on	IN
comment	NN
,	,
the	DT
CSOs	NNS
have	VBP
undergone	VBN
alignment	NN
studies	NNS
by	IN
Dr.	NNP
Norman	NNP
Webb	NNP
,	,
Wisconsin	NNP
Center	NNP
for	IN
Educational	NNP
Research	NNP
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
depth	NN
of	IN
knowledge	NN
levels	NNS
,	,
distribution	NN
and	CC
appropriateness	NN
;	:
a	DT
response	NN
report	NN
with	IN
recommendations	NNS
has	VBZ
been	VBN
received	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
21st	CD
Century	NNP
Partnership	NNP
,	,
and	CC
meetings	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
held	VBN
with	IN
business	NN
,	,
industry	NN
and	CC
government	NN
to	TO
receive	VB
guidance	NN
and	CC
input	NN
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
this	DT
information	NN
additional	JJ
revisions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
CSOs	NNS
were	VBD
necessary	JJ
making	VBG
the	DT
former	JJ
versions	NNS
obsolete	JJ
and	CC
therefore	RB
must	MD
be	VB
withdrawn	VBN
from	IN
comment	NN
and	CC
the	DT
newly	RB
revised	VBN
versions	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
.	.
Seal	NNP
distributed	VBN
and	CC
presented	VBN
schools	NNS
recommended	VBD
for	IN
exemplary	JJ
accreditation	NN
status	NN
.	.
The	DT
WVBE	NNP
annually	RB
reviews	VBZ
the	DT
performance	NN
data	NNS
for	IN
schools	NNS
and	CC
issues	NNS
an	DT
accreditation	NN
status	NN
to	TO
each	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
public	JJ
school	NN
.	.
The	DT
School	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
Summary	NNP
lists	VBZ
schools	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
Exemplary	JJ
accreditation	NN
status	NN
schools	NNS
.	.
Committee	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
,	,
in	IN
collaboration	NN
with	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
WVDE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
conducted	VBD
a	DT
study	NN
of	IN
the	DT
accountability	NN
system	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
specifically	RB
to	TO
review	VB
annual	JJ
performance	NN
measures	NNS
,	,
high	JJ
quality	NN
standards	NNS
,	,
the	DT
accreditation	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
and	CC
approval	NN
status	NN
of	IN
counties	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
processes	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
utilized	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
OEPA	NNP
.	.
Committee	NNP
and	CC
read	VB
a	DT
letter	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Holocaust	NNP
Commission	NNP
regarding	VBG
the	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
textbooks	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
middle	JJ
school	NN
level	NN
.	.
Following	VBG
discussion	NN
,	,
Superintendent	NNP
Paine	NNP
indicated	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
will	MD
follow-up	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Holocaust	NNP
Commission	NNP
regarding	VBG
the	DT
textbook	NN
matter	NN
.	.
Mineral	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
,	,
who	WP
presented	VBD
a	DT
public	JJ
relations	NNS
document	NN
prepared	VBN
by	IN
Mineral	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
.	.
Superintendent	NNP
Paine	NNP
distributed	VBD
a	DT
handout	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
State	NNP
Educational	NNP
Technology	NNP
Directors	NNS
Association	NNP
National	NNP
Leadership	NNP
Institute	NNP
and	CC
provided	VBD
a	DT
brief	JJ
update	VBP
regarding	VBG
the	DT
21st	JJ
century	NN
skills	NNS
initiative	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Copy	VB
appended	VBN
to	TO
Official	NNP
Minutes	NNPS
,	,
Attachment	NNP
K	NNP
and	CC
addenda	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Fish	NN
and	CC
Mr.	NNP
Spencer	NNP
requested	VBD
clarification	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
role	NN
,	,
function	NN
and	CC
contracted	VBD
time	NN
for	IN
psychologists	NNS
in	IN
correctional	JJ
facilities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Department	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
additional	JJ
information	NN
at	IN
the	DT
November	NNP
meeting	NN
.	.
Jack	NNP
McClanahan	NNP
,	,
Deputy	NNP
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
,	,
provided	VBD
clarification	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
Department	NNP
personnel	NNS
matter	NN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
hiring	NN
of	IN
psychologists	NNS
and	CC
presented	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
personnel	NNS
items	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
The	DT
Department	NNP
will	MD
provide	VB
a	DT
more	RBR
detailed	JJ
report	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
hiring	NN
of	IN
psychologists	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
November	NNP
meeting	NN
.	.
Schools	NNP
,	,
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
a	DT
process	NN
for	IN
the	DT
hiring	NN
of	IN
the	DT
RESA	NNP
I	PRP
executive	JJ
director	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
recommended	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
requirements	NNS
found	VBN
in	IN
Policy	NNP
3233	CD
,	,
Establishment	NN
and	CC
Operation	NN
of	IN
Regional	NNP
Education	NNP
Service	NNP
Agencies	NNPS
,	,
be	VB
waived	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
following	VBG
procedure	NN
be	VB
utilized	VBN
:	:
``	``
In	IN
filling	VBG
a	DT
vacancy	NN
in	IN
the	DT
position	NN
of	IN
executive	JJ
director	NN
for	IN
the	DT
RESA	NNP
,	,
the	DT
regional	JJ
council	NN
shall	MD
consult	VB
with	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
qualifications	NNS
and	CC
leadership	NN
qualities	NNS
important	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
position	NN
of	IN
executive	JJ
director	NN
.	.
A	DT
mMembers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
regional	JJ
council	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
county	NN
superintendent	NN
and	CC
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
member	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
will	MD
be	VB
appointed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
regional	JJ
council	NN
to	TO
serve	VB
on	IN
the	DT
committee	NN
that	WDT
interviews	NNS
the	DT
applicants	NNS
for	IN
executive	JJ
director	NN
of	IN
the	DT
RESA	NNP
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
shall	MD
recommend	VB
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
the	DT
person	NN
to	TO
fill	VB
the	DT
position	NN
of	IN
executive	JJ
director	NN
of	IN
the	DT
RESA	NNP
.	.
''	''
The	DT
language	NN
change	NN
was	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
a	DT
recent	JJ
meeting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
RESA	NNP
study	NN
group	NN
.	.
Following	VBG
discussion	NN
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
consensus	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
that	IN
the	DT
process	NN
,	,
as	IN
recommended	VBN
and	CC
amended	VBN
,	,
be	VB
accepted	VBN
and	CC
remain	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
September	NNP
14	CD
,	,
2006	CD
Consent	NNP
Agenda	NNP
for	IN
approval	NN
.	.
Childhood	NNP
Education	NNP
,	,
Middle	NNP
Childhood	NNP
Education	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Adolescent	NNP
Education	NNP
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
requested	VBD
clarification	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
selection	NN
of	IN
the	DT
advisory	JJ
committee	NN
and	CC
the	DT
committee	NN
's	POS
function	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
review	NN
of	IN
supplemental	JJ
materials	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
.	.
Education	NNP
Forum	NNP
,	,
was	VBD
a	DT
speaker	NN
at	IN
opening	NN
of	IN
Nicholas	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
,	,
met	VBD
with	IN
Regional	NNP
Education	NNP
Laboratory	NNP
representatives	NNS
,	,
and	CC
appeared	VBD
to	TO
provide	VB
testimony	NN
for	IN
an	DT
unemployment	NN
hearing	NN
for	IN
a	DT
former	JJ
WVBE	NNP
employee	NN
.	.
Upon	IN
motion	NN
by	IN
Mr.	NNP
Dunlevy	NNP
,	,
seconded	VBN
by	IN
Ms.	NNP
Phillips	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
unanimously	RB
moved	VBD
into	IN
Executive	NNP
session	NN
at	IN
11:37	CD
a.m.	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
matters	NNS
involving	VBG
attorney-client	JJ
privilege	NN
and	CC
personnel	NNS
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Cook	NNP
departed	VBD
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Division	NNP
of	IN
Student	NNP
Support	NN
Services	NNP
,	,
answered	VBN
questions	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
submission	NN
and	CC
approval	NN
process	NN
for	IN
WVBE-approved	JJ
programs	NNS
at	IN
nineteen	NN
institutions	NNS
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
.	.
The	DT
following	JJ
institutions	NNS
met	VBD
all	DT
criteria	NNS
requirements	NNS
and	CC
were	VBD
recommended	VBN
for	IN
approval	NN
for	IN
a	DT
period	NN
of	IN
five	CD
years	NNS
:	:
Bluefield	NNP
State	NNP
College	NNP
,	,
Concord	NNP
University	NNP
,	,
Glenville	NNP
State	NNP
College	NNP
,	,
Marshall	NNP
University	NNP
,	,
Ohio	NNP
Valley	NNP
University	NNP
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
University	NNP
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
University	NNP
at	IN
Parkersburg	NNP
and	CC
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Wesleyan	NNP
College	NNP
;	:
programs	NNS
at	IN
Alderson-Broaddus	NNP
College	NNP
,	,
Bethany	NNP
College	NNP
,	,
Salem	NNP
International	NNP
University	NNP
and	CC
Wheeling	NNP
Jesuit	NNP
University	NNP
,	,
not	RB
identified	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
asterisk	NN
in	IN
the	DT
attachment	NN
,	,
were	VBD
recommended	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
period	NN
of	IN
five	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
those	DT
programs	NNS
identified	VBN
with	IN
an	DT
asterisk	NN
in	IN
the	DT
attachment	NN
were	VBD
recommended	VBN
for	IN
one-year	JJ
conditional	JJ
approval	NN
in	IN
order	NN
allow	VBP
each	DT
institution	NN
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
fulfill	VB
the	DT
expectations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
2006	CD
re-filing	NN
and	CC
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
Policy	NNP
5100	CD
;	:
and	CC
,	,
all	DT
programs	NNS
at	IN
Appalachian	NNP
Bible	NNP
College	NNP
,	,
Davis	NNP
&	CC
Elkins	NNP
College	NNP
,	,
Fairmont	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
,	,
Shepherd	NNP
University	NNP
,	,
University	NNP
of	IN
Charleston	NNP
and	CC
West	NNP
Liberty	NNP
State	NNP
College	NNP
were	VBD
recommended	VBN
one	CD
year	NN
conditional	JJ
approval	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
allow	VB
each	DT
institution	NN
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
fulfill	VB
the	DT
expectations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
2006	CD
re-filing	NN
and	CC
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
Policy	NNP
5100	CD
.	.
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
,	,
presented	VBD
an	DT
update	VB
regarding	VBG
the	DT
status	NN
of	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
paperless	JJ
agenda	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Johnson	NNP
,	,
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
and	CC
Ms.	NNP
Phillps	NNP
provided	VBD
reports	NNS
regarding	VBG
activities	NNS
and	CC
events	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
have	VBP
participated	VBN
since	IN
the	DT
July	NNP
meeting	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Johnson	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
members	NNS
contact	VBP
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
executive	NN
secretary	NN
regarding	VBG
NASBE	NNP
conference	NN
attendance	NN
.	.
Following	VBG
discussion	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
NASBE	NNP
conference	NN
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
consensus	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
that	IN
President	NNP
Johnson	NNP
be	VB
designated	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
voting	NN
delegate	NN
,	,
that	IN
Vice	NNP
President	NNP
Cook	NNP
serve	VBP
as	IN
the	DT
alternate	JJ
voting	NN
delegate	NN
and	CC
that	IN
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
attend	VBP
the	DT
Healthy	JJ
Schools	NNP
Symposium	NNP
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Hamilton	NNP
provided	VBD
an	DT
update	VB
regarding	VBG
Wellness	NNP
Committee	NNP
activities	NNS
,	,
requested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Wellness	NNP
Committee	NNP
meet	VBP
prior	RB
to	TO
next	JJ
month	NN
's	POS
meeting	NN
and	CC
requested	VBD
that	IN
reports	NNS
regarding	VBG
physical	JJ
education	NN
and	CC
nutrition	NN
be	VB
provided	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
September	NNP
meeting	NN
.	.
National	NNP
Affiliates	NNP
Convention	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Student	NNP
Television	NNP
Network	NNP
and	CC
also	RB
for	IN
their	PRP$
seven-minute	JJ
documentary	NN
about	IN
children	NNS
in	IN
foster	JJ
care	NN
entitled	VBN
``	``
Not	RB
Bad	JJ
Kids	NNS
''	''
which	WDT
was	VBD
a	DT
national	JJ
winner	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Robert	NNP
F.	NNP
Kennedy	NNP
Memorial	NNP
Journalism	NNP
Award	NNP
,	,
regional	JJ
winner	NN
in	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Student	NNP
Television	NNP
Contest	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Ohio	NNP
Valley	NNP
Chapter	NNP
,	,
and	CC
third	JJ
place	NN
winner	NN
in	IN
the	DT
category	NN
of	IN
documentary	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Student	NNP
Television	NNP
Network	NNP
Spring	NNP
National	NNP
.	.
Education	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
WVDE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
staff	NN
,	,
distributed	VBN
and	CC
presented	VBN
the	DT
report	NN
of	IN
findings	NNS
and	CC
recommendations	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
The	DT
WVBE	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
WVDE	NNP
convene	VBP
a	DT
statewide	JJ
advisory	JJ
committee	NN
and	CC
four	CD
work	NN
teams	NNS
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
17	CD
tasks	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
statewide	JJ
Technology	NN
Strategic	NNP
Work	NNP
Plan	NNP
.	.
The	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
work	NN
are	VBP
detailed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
comprehensive	JJ
report	NN
of	IN
findings	NNS
and	CC
recommendations	NNS
.	.
Behind	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
NCLB	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
legislation	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
educate	VB
students	NNS
to	TO
mastery	VB
and	CC
beyond	IN
.	.
The	DT
motion	NN
was	VBD
seconded	VBN
by	IN
Mrs.	NNP
Cook	NNP
.	.
Discussion	NN
ensued	VBD
regarding	VBG
the	DT
study	NN
and	CC
upon	IN
the	DT
call	NN
for	IN
the	DT
question	NN
the	DT
motion	NN
was	VBD
carried	VBN
with	IN
eight	CD
members	NNS
voting	VBG
yes	RB
and	CC
one	CD
member	NN
voting	NN
no.	IN
President	NNP
Johnson	NNP
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
requested	VBD
items	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
considered	VBN
for	IN
placement	NN
on	IN
a	DT
future	JJ
agenda	NN
.	.
Items	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
July	NNP
agenda	NN
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
provided	VBN
to	TO
Superintendent	NNP
Paine	NNP
or	CC
President	NNP
Johnson	NNP
.	.
President	NNP
Johnson	NNP
requested	VBD
Ms.	NNP
Morgan	NNP
's	POS
preference	NN
as	IN
to	TO
how	WRB
she	PRP
wished	VBD
the	DT
discussion	NN
of	IN
possible	JJ
disciplinary	JJ
action	NN
to	TO
be	VB
conducted	VBN
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Morgan	NNP
indicated	VBD
that	IN
she	PRP
wished	VBD
the	DT
discussion	NN
to	TO
be	VB
conducted	VBN
in	IN
open	JJ
session	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Johnson	NNP
requested	VBD
Superintendent	NNP
Paine	NNP
's	POS
recommendation	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
appointment	NN
of	IN
an	DT
interim	JJ
executive	NN
director	NN
.	.
Superintendent	NNP
Paine	NNP
recommended	VBD
that	IN
Mr.	NNP
William	NNP
K.	NNP
``	``
Bill	NNP
''	''
Grizzell	NNP
serve	VBP
as	IN
interim	JJ
executive	NN
director	NN
of	IN
RESA	NNP
I	PRP
for	IN
90	CD
days	NNS
or	CC
until	IN
such	JJ
time	NN
as	IN
Ms.	NNP
Morgan	NNP
returns	VBZ
to	TO
employment	NN
,	,
retires	VBZ
,	,
or	CC
until	IN
the	DT
search	NN
process	NN
for	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
executive	NN
director	NN
is	VBZ
completed	VBN
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Hatfield	NNP
moved	VBD
and	CC
Mrs.	NNP
Cook	NNP
seconded	VBD
that	IN
Superintendent	NNP
Paine	NNP
's	POS
recommendation	NN
be	VB
accepted	VBN
.	.
The	DT
motion	NN
was	VBD
carried	VBN
unanimously	RB
.	.
Revisions	NNS
are	VBP
necessary	JJ
in	IN
Policy	NNP
5100	CD
to	TO
reflect	VB
recent	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
state	NN
legislation	NN
regarding	VBG
clinical	JJ
practice	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
student	NN
teaching	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
non-public	JJ
school	NN
settings	NNS
.	.
In	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
the	DT
revisions	NNS
regarding	VBG
clinical	JJ
practice	NN
,	,
changes	NNS
have	VBP
also	RB
been	VBN
made	VBN
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
field	NN
experiences	NNS
.	.
Revisions	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
necessary	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
option	NN
for	IN
institutions	NNS
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
to	TO
complete	VB
a	DT
joint	JJ
review	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Teacher	NN
Education	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
Council	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
State	NN
as	IN
the	DT
required	JJ
seven-year	JJ
review	NN
for	IN
continuing	VBG
program	NN
approval	NN
.	.
Language	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
added	VBN
to	TO
clarify	VB
the	DT
content	NN
to	TO
be	VB
addressed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
courses	NNS
required	VBN
in	IN
reading	VBG
for	IN
all	DT
teacher	NN
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Additional	JJ
language	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
included	VBN
to	TO
clarify	VB
the	DT
requirements	NNS
for	IN
individuals	NNS
seeking	VBG
a	DT
special	JJ
education	NN
endorsement	NN
to	TO
have	VB
or	CC
obtain	VB
an	DT
endorsement	NN
in	IN
a	DT
core	NN
content	NN
area	NN
.	.
Language	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
included	VBN
to	TO
specify	VB
the	DT
hours	NNS
required	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
subject-specific	JJ
major	JJ
and	CC
minor	JJ
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
minimum	JJ
hour	NN
requirements	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
content	NN
included	VBD
in	IN
elementary	JJ
K-6	NNP
and	CC
middle	JJ
level	NN
5-9	CD
programs	NNS
.	.
A	DT
requirement	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
included	VBN
which	WDT
includes	VBZ
that	IN
all	DT
individuals	NNS
must	MD
pass	VB
the	DT
WVBE-requirement	JJ
preprofessional	NN
skills	NNS
exam	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Praxis	NNPS
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
formal	JJ
admission	NN
to	TO
a	DT
WVBE-approved	JJ
educator	NN
preparation	NN
program	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
language	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
included	VBN
requiring	VBG
institutions	NNS
to	TO
submit	VB
information	NN
for	IN
an	DT
annual	JJ
higher	JJR
education	NN
report	NN
card	NN
.	.
Representatives	NNS
of	IN
key	JJ
stakeholder	NN
groups	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
invited	VBN
to	TO
review	VB
these	DT
recommended	VBN
revisions	NNS
before\/during	VBG
the	DT
public	JJ
comment	NN
period	NN
.	.
Revisions	NNS
are	VBP
needed	VBN
in	IN
Policy	NNP
5202	CD
to	TO
reflect	VB
recent	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
state	NN
legislation	NN
regarding	VBG
:	:
reimbursement	NN
for	IN
educators	NNS
who	WP
hold	VBP
national	JJ
certification	NN
in	IN
Speech-Language	NNP
Pathology	NNP
,	,
Audiology	NNP
or	CC
Counseling	NN
,	,
and	CC
teachers	NNS
eligible	NN
for	IN
reimbursement	NN
for	IN
National	NNP
Board	NNP
certification	NN
.	.
Language	NN
has	VBZ
also	RB
been	VBN
added	VBN
to	TO
allow	VB
persons	NNS
who	WP
hold	VBP
certification	NN
from	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Registered	NNP
Nurses	NNPS
to	TO
be	VB
granted	VBN
a	DT
Temporary	JJ
Authorization	NN
as	IN
a	DT
School	NNP
Nurse	NNP
,	,
valid	JJ
for	IN
one	CD
year	NN
,	,
in	IN
situations	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
no	DT
fully	RB
certified	VBN
school	NN
nurse	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
.	.
Language	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
added	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
credential	NN
for	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
positions	NNS
of	IN
Technology	NNP
Integration	NNP
Specialists	NNPS
,	,
Educational	NNP
Interpreter	NNP
,	,
Apprenticeship	NNP
in	IN
Child	NNP
Development	NNP
Specialist	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ACDS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
Chief	NNP
Facilities	NNP
Official	NNP
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
minor	JJ
revisions	NNS
are	VBP
needed	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
make	VB
formatting	NN
and	CC
editing	NN
changes	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
references	NNS
to	TO
21st	CD
Century	NNP
Skills	NNS
,	,
when	WRB
appropriate	JJ
.	.
Representatives	NNS
of	IN
key	JJ
stakeholder	NN
groups	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
invited	VBN
to	TO
review	VB
these	DT
recommended	VBN
revisions	NNS
before\/during	VBG
the	DT
public	JJ
comment	NN
period	NN
.	.
WVSSAC	NNP
Series	NNP
2	CD
and	CC
3	CD
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
Each	DT
year	NN
,	,
the	DT
principals	NNS
of	IN
member	NN
schools	NNS
submit	VBP
revisions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
rules	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
twelve	CD
proposals	NNS
were	VBD
voted	VBN
on	IN
at	IN
the	DT
annual	JJ
Board	NNP
of	IN
Control	NNP
meeting	NN
for	IN
presentation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
for	IN
review	NN
and	CC
approval	NN
.	.
Vice	NNP
President	NNP
Cook	NNP
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
requested	VBD
items	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
considered	VBN
for	IN
placement	NN
on	IN
a	DT
future	JJ
agenda	NN
.	.
Items	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
June	NNP
agenda	NN
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
provided	VBN
to	TO
Superintendent	NNP
Paine	NNP
or	CC
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
executive	NN
secretary	NN
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
moved	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
reconsider	VB
the	DT
action	NN
found	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
March	NNP
9	CD
,	,
2006	CD
minutes	NNS
at	IN
number	NN
seven	CD
on	IN
page	NN
two	CD
regarding	VBG
the	DT
amendment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Lincoln	NNP
County	NNP
Comprehensive	NNP
Educational	NNP
Facilities	NNP
Plan	NNP
and	CC
specifically	RB
the	DT
closure	NN
of	IN
Harts	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Hatfield	NNP
called	VBD
for	IN
a	DT
point	NN
of	IN
order	NN
in	IN
that	DT
such	JJ
a	DT
motion	NN
can	MD
only	RB
be	VB
made	VBN
by	IN
one	CD
who	WP
voted	VBD
with	IN
the	DT
prevailing	JJ
side	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Johnson	NNP
called	VBD
for	IN
a	DT
motion	NN
from	IN
the	DT
prevailing	JJ
side	NN
;	:
no	DT
motion	NN
from	IN
the	DT
prevailing	JJ
side	NN
was	VBD
offered	VBN
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
requested	VBD
an	DT
explanation	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
change	NN
in	IN
the	DT
process	NN
used	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
facility	NN
reviews	VBZ
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Bill	NNP
Elswick	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
Office	NNP
of	IN
School	NNP
Facilities	NNPS
,	,
Division	NNP
of	IN
Student	NNP
Support	NN
Services	NNP
,	,
distributed	VBN
information	NN
and	CC
provided	VBD
clarification	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
facility	NN
review	NN
process	NN
.	.
Following	VBG
discussion	NN
,	,
Superintendent	NNP
Paine	NNP
stated	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
study	NN
of	IN
the	DT
process	NN
will	MD
be	VB
undertaken	VBN
prior	RB
to	TO
future	JJ
reviews	NNS
.	.
Discussion	NN
ensued	VBN
during	IN
which	WDT
clarification	NN
was	VBD
provided	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
position	NN
statement	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
guidance	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
regulatory	JJ
in	IN
nature	NN
.	.
Upon	IN
this	DT
assurance	NN
,	,
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
and	CC
Ms.	NNP
Hatfield	NNP
withdrew	VBD
their	PRP$
motion	NN
to	TO
table	NN
and	CC
upon	IN
the	DT
call	NN
for	IN
the	DT
question	NN
the	DT
original	JJ
motion	NN
was	VBD
carried	VBN
unanimously	RB
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Erwin	NNP
Conrad	NNP
,	,
attorney	NN
for	IN
RESA	NNP
I	NNP
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
his	PRP$
opinion	NN
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
proper	JJ
procedure	NN
for	IN
disciplinary	JJ
action	NN
against	IN
a	DT
RESA	NNP
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
and	CC
reported	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
of	IN
RESA	NNP
I	PRP
has	VBZ
tendered	VBN
her	PRP$
resignation	NN
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
term	NN
and	CC
that	DT
said	VBD
resignation	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
accepted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
regional	JJ
council	NN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Conrad	NNP
requested	VBD
a	DT
continuance	NN
and	CC
that	IN
any	DT
debate	NN
regarding	VBG
disciplinary	JJ
action	NN
be	VB
held	VBN
in	IN
open	JJ
session	NN
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Deskins	NNP
stated	VBD
that	IN
no	DT
hearing	NN
was	VBD
contemplated	VBN
,	,
as	IN
evidenced	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
,	,
provided	VBD
clarification	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
rights	NNS
of	IN
at-will	NN
employees	NNS
,	,
and	CC
explained	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
motion	NN
to	TO
continue	VB
was	VBD
improper	JJ
.	.
Discussion	NN
ensued	VBD
regarding	VBG
the	DT
noticing	VBG
of	IN
meetings	NNS
,	,
agenda	NN
item	NN
language	NN
,	,
action	NN
from	IN
the	DT
previous	JJ
meeting	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
disciplinary	JJ
action	NN
against	IN
the	DT
RESA	NNP
I	NNP
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
timeline	NN
for	IN
Ms.	NNP
Morgan	NNP
's	POS
return	NN
to	TO
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
moved	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
delay	NN
action	NN
on	IN
the	DT
consideration	NN
of	IN
disciplinary	JJ
action	NN
against	IN
the	DT
RESA	NNP
I	NNP
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
for	IN
ten	CD
to	TO
12	CD
days	NNS
and	CC
that	IN
Ms.	NNP
Morgan	NNP
be	VB
directed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
in	IN
attendance	NN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
to	TO
consider	VB
this	DT
issue	NN
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
amended	VBD
her	PRP$
motion	NN
to	TO
state	NN
that	IN
any	DT
action	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
consideration	NN
of	IN
disciplinary	JJ
action	NN
against	IN
the	DT
RESA	NNP
I	NNP
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
be	VB
delayed	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
date	NN
to	TO
be	VB
determined	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
later	JJ
time	NN
and	CC
that	IN
Ms.	NNP
Morgan	NNP
be	VB
directed	VBN
to	TO
attend	VB
said	VBD
meeting	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
announced	VBD
on-site	JJ
reviews	NNS
were	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
New	NNP
Martinsville	NNP
School	NNP
and	CC
Short	NNP
Line	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Wetzel	NNP
County	NNP
February	NNP
21	CD
,	,
2006	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
reviews	NNS
which	WDT
were	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
performance	NN
and	CC
progress	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Superintendent	NNP
Paine	NNP
recommended	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
amendment	NN
be	VB
approved	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
exception	NN
of	IN
the	DT
request	NN
to	TO
allow	VB
Harts	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
to	TO
remain	VB
open	JJ
for	IN
one	CD
year	NN
and	CC
to	TO
be	VB
re-evaluated	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
close	NN
of	IN
that	DT
year	NN
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Heather	NNP
Deskins	NNP
,	,
General	NNP
Counsel	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Department	NNP
,	,
distributed	VBN
information	NN
and	CC
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
sale	NN
of	IN
Hampshire	NNP
County	NNP
property	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Hampshire	NNP
County	NNP
Development	NNP
Authority	NNP
.	.
Blind	NNP
.	.
The	DT
gift	NN
came	VBD
with	IN
a	DT
lease	NN
for	IN
four	CD
radio	NN
towers	NNS
that	WDT
sit	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
property	NN
.	.
A	DT
private	JJ
corporation	NN
wished	VBD
to	TO
purchase	VB
the	DT
property	NN
for	IN
$	$
180,000	CD
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
a	DT
recently	RB
completed	VBN
appraisal	NN
.	.
After	IN
much	JJ
thought	NN
and	CC
review	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Attorney	NNP
General	NNP
's	POS
Office	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
recommended	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
transaction	NN
be	VB
structured	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
sale	NN
to	TO
a	DT
public	JJ
development	NN
corporation	NN
,	,
Hampshire	NNP
County	NNP
Development	NNP
Authority	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
HCDA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
for	IN
$	$
180,000	CD
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
lease	NN
be	VB
assigned	VBN
to	TO
HCDA	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
further	JJ
recommended	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
should	MD
also	RB
sign	VB
the	DT
contract	NN
and	CC
the	DT
deed	NN
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
exists	VBZ
to	TO
carry	VB
out	RP
the	DT
work	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Superintendent	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Board	NNP
has	VBZ
statutory	JJ
authority	NN
to	TO
buy	VB
and	CC
sell	VB
land	NN
for	IN
the	DT
benefit	NN
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Schools	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Deaf	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Blind	NNP
.	.
Jim	NNP
Welton	NNP
,	,
retired	VBD
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
school	NN
system	NN
administrator	NN
and	CC
author	NN
of	IN
the	DT
investigative	JJ
report	NN
,	,
provided	VBD
an	DT
in-depth	JJ
overview	NN
of	IN
the	DT
process	NN
utilized	VBN
in	IN
developing	VBG
the	DT
investigative	JJ
report	NN
and	CC
discussed	VBD
the	DT
report	NN
's	POS
findings	NNS
and	CC
recommendations	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Sherman	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Boone	NNP
County	NNP
January	NNP
10	CD
,	,
2006	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
performance	NN
and	CC
progress	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
School	NNP
in	IN
Cabell	NNP
County	NNP
January	NNP
18	CD
,	,
2006	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
performance	NN
and	CC
progress	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
issued	VBD
concern	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
instructional	JJ
time	NN
for	IN
reading	NN
and	CC
English\/language	NNP
arts	NNS
waiver	NN
request	NN
and	CC
Mr.	NNP
Spencer	NNP
requested	VBD
clarification	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
physical	JJ
examination	NN
of	IN
school	NN
bus	NN
operators	NNS
waiver	NN
request	NN
.	.
Wellness	NNP
Committee	NNP
activities	NNS
.	.
President	NNP
Johnson	NNP
provided	VBD
a	DT
report	NN
of	IN
activities	NNS
he	PRP
has	VBZ
undertaken	VBN
since	IN
the	DT
January	NNP
meeting	NN
and	CC
requested	VBD
a	DT
motion	NN
to	TO
move	VB
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
from	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
State	NNP
Boards	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
's	POS
-LRB-	-LRB-
NASBE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
northeast	NN
region	NN
to	TO
the	DT
southern	JJ
region	NN
.	.
CDC	NNP
Wellness	NNP
Policy	NNP
Institute	NNP
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
provided	VBD
a	DT
report	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
policy	NN
institute	NN
and	CC
also	RB
regarding	VBG
her	PRP$
participation	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Institute	NNP
of	IN
Medicine	NNP
Committee	NNP
on	IN
Nutrition	NNP
Standards	NNP
for	IN
Foods	NNP
in	IN
Schools	NNP
.	.
Dr.	NNP
McClanahan	NNP
presented	VBD
the	DT
proposed	VBN
meeting	NN
schedule	NN
for	IN
FY	NNP
2007	CD
and	CC
suggested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
schedule	NN
a	DT
visit	NN
to	TO
McDowell	NNP
County	NNP
.	.
Discussion	NN
ensued	VBN
during	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
was	VBD
requested	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
October	NNP
dates	NNS
be	VB
changes	NNS
to	TO
October	NNP
4	CD
and	CC
5	CD
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
October	NNP
meeting	NN
take	VB
place	NN
in	IN
McDowell	NNP
County	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
and	CC
to	TO
report	VB
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
that	DT
investigation	NN
along	IN
with	IN
recommendations	NNS
for	IN
any	DT
necessary	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
such	JJ
policies	NNS
,	,
practices	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
at	IN
such	JJ
time	NN
as	IN
the	DT
investigation	NN
is	VBZ
completed	VBN
;	:
and	CC
,	,
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
appoint	VBP
a	DT
designee	NN
to	TO
manage	VB
and	CC
oversee	VB
all	DT
financial	JJ
functions	NNS
of	IN
RESA	NNP
I	PRP
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
RESA	NNP
I	NNP
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
defer	VB
all	DT
financial	JJ
responsibilities	NNS
to	TO
that	DT
designee	NN
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Phillips	NNP
seconded	VBD
the	DT
motion	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
carried	VBN
unanimously	RB
.	.
President	NNP
Johnson	NNP
requested	VBD
a	DT
motion	NN
that	IN
``	``
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
support	VBP
a	DT
salary	NN
increase	NN
for	IN
all	DT
public	JJ
school	NN
employees	NNS
.	.
''	''
Mr.	NNP
Dunlevy	NNP
moved	VBD
and	CC
Ms.	NNP
Hatfield	NNP
seconded	VBD
the	DT
motion	NN
.	.
Following	VBG
discussion	NN
and	CC
upon	IN
the	DT
call	NN
for	IN
the	DT
question	NN
the	DT
motion	NN
carried	VBD
unanimously	RB
.	.
Discussion	NN
ensured	VBD
during	IN
which	WDT
several	JJ
dates	NNS
in	IN
May	NNP
and	CC
June	NNP
were	VBD
discussed	VBN
.	.
Items	NNS
for	IN
consideration	NN
for	IN
the	DT
retreat	NN
agenda	NN
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
provided	VBN
to	TO
President	NNP
Johnson	NNP
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Jack	NNP
McClanahan	NNP
,	,
Deputy	NNP
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
executive	NN
secretary	NN
.	.
Further	JJ
discussion	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
retreat	NN
will	MD
occur	VB
at	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
March	NNP
meeting	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
recommendation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
OEPA	NNP
that	IN
the	DT
Hampshire	NNP
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
be	VB
issued	VBN
nonapproval	JJ
status	NN
and	CC
that	IN
extraordinary	JJ
circumstances	NNS
exist	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
county	NN
that	WDT
constitute	VBP
major	JJ
impediments	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
education	NN
programs	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
for	IN
students	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
specifically	RB
recommended	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
position	NN
of	IN
county	NN
superintendent	NN
be	VB
declared	VBN
vacant	JJ
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
authority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Hampshire	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
be	VB
limited	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
personnel	NNS
and	CC
finance	NN
until	IN
such	JJ
time	NN
that	IN
all	DT
deficiencies	NNS
are	VBP
resolved	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
system	NN
is	VBZ
providing	VBG
a	DT
thorough	JJ
and	CC
efficient	JJ
educational	JJ
program	NN
.	.
School	NNP
in	IN
Ritchie	NNP
County	NNP
November	NNP
30	CD
,	,
2005	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
performance	NN
and	CC
progress	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
's	POS
Future	NNP
Task	NNP
Force	NNP
Report	NNP
,	,
revision	NN
of	IN
Policy	NNP
4110	CD
is	VBZ
recommended	VBN
.	.
Proposed	VBN
revisions	NNS
include	VBP
flexibility	NN
in	IN
defining	VBG
compulsory	JJ
school	NN
attendance	NN
age	NN
limits	NNS
based	VBN
upon	IN
anticipated	VBN
code	NN
changes	NNS
;	:
adjustment	NN
in	IN
the	DT
minute	NN
requirement	NN
for	IN
half-day	JJ
attendance	NN
;	:
parental	JJ
response	NN
time	NN
;	:
definition	NN
of	IN
satisfactory	JJ
attendance	NN
to	TO
reinstate	VB
driver	NN
's	POS
license	NN
;	:
work	NN
permit	NN
provisions	NNS
;	:
and	CC
,	,
guidelines	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
excused	VBN
and	CC
unexcused	JJ
absences	NNS
,	,
provision	NN
for	IN
makeup	NN
work	NN
,	,
and	CC
attendance	NN
incentives	NNS
.	.
Policy	NN
4110	CD
will	MD
be	VB
recommended	VBN
for	IN
placement	NN
on	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
during	IN
the	DT
High	NNP
Schools	NNP
for	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
's	POS
Future	NNP
Task	NNP
Force	NNP
Report	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
January	NNP
12	CD
agenda	NN
.	.
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
Reports	NNP
.	.
President	NNP
Johnson	NNP
provided	VBD
a	DT
report	NN
of	IN
activities	NNS
undertaken	VBN
since	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
January	NNP
meeting	NN
and	CC
appointed	VBN
a	DT
Board	NNP
Employee	NNP
Evaluation	NNP
Committee	NNP
consisting	VBG
of	IN
Ms.	NNP
Phillips	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
chair	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
Mr.	NNP
Dunlevy	NNP
and	CC
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
,	,
charged	VBN
with	IN
examining	VBG
Board	NNP
employee	NN
appraisal	NN
instruments	NNS
and	CC
facilitating	VBG
the	DT
evaluation	NN
process	NN
for	IN
2006	CD
.	.
Department	NNP
personnel	NNS
attachment	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
information	NN
,	,
provided	VBD
an	DT
informational	JJ
update	VBP
regarding	VBG
Department	NNP
matters	VBZ
and	CC
events	NNS
,	,
and	CC
requested	VBD
that	IN
Dr.	NNP
McClanahan	NNP
address	NN
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
the	DT
retirement	NN
of	IN
two	CD
employees	NNS
.	.
For	IN
each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
acts	NNS
included	VBD
in	IN
this	DT
publication	NN
,	,
the	DT
format	NN
is	VBZ
as	IN
follows	VBZ
:	:
effective	JJ
dates	NNS
,	,
date	NN
signed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
governor	NN
,	,
code	NN
reference	NN
,	,
topic	NN
,	,
introduction	NN
,	,
major	JJ
new	JJ
provisions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
special	JJ
notes	NNS
and	CC
comments	NNS
.	.
As	IN
time	NN
constraints	NNS
have	VBP
not	RB
permitted	VBN
an	DT
in-depth	JJ
analysis	NN
of	IN
the	DT
1998	CD
bills	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
regular	JJ
session	NN
,	,
it	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
emphasized	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
information	NN
provided	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
document	NN
must	MD
not	RB
be	VB
considered	VBN
as	IN
official	JJ
interpretations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
superintendent	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
.	.
Formal	JJ
interpretations	NNS
to	TO
specific	JJ
questions	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
upon	IN
request	NN
.	.
Session	NN
-	:
1998	CD
will	MD
be	VB
of	IN
considerable	JJ
value	NN
during	IN
the	DT
coming	JJ
school	NN
year	NN
.	.
Suggestions	NNS
for	IN
improving	VBG
this	DT
document	NN
as	IN
a	DT
service	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Department	NNP
's	POS
clientele	NNS
are	VBP
always	RB
welcome	JJ
.	.
As	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
first	JJ
year	NN
for	IN
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
as	IN
the	DT
primary	JJ
delivery	NN
means	VBZ
,	,
your	PRP$
comments	NNS
on	IN
this	DT
delivery	NN
are	VBP
particularly	RB
welcome	JJ
.	.
The	DT
legislature	NN
recognizes	VBZ
that	IN
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
constitutional	JJ
requirement	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
thorough	JJ
and	CC
efficient	JJ
education	NN
to	TO
the	DT
children	NNS
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
and	CC
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
education	NN
to	TO
the	DT
future	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
state	NN
,	,
a	DT
broad-based	JJ
public	JJ
policy	NN
discussion	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
occur	VB
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
state	NN
leaders	NNS
in	IN
determining	VBG
appropriate	JJ
assessment	NN
and	CC
accountability	NN
models	NNS
including	VBG
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
,	,
the	DT
following	NN
:	:
ways	NNS
to	TO
communicate	VB
the	DT
goals	NNS
that	WDT
county	NN
school	NN
systems	NNS
,	,
schools	NNS
,	,
teachers	NNS
and	CC
students	NNS
are	VBP
expected	VBN
to	TO
achieve	VB
;	:
aligning	VBG
assessments	NNS
with	IN
curriculum	NN
;	:
assuring	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
degree	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
particular	JJ
uses	NNS
and	CC
interpretations	NNS
of	IN
assessment	NN
results	NNS
are	VBP
valid	JJ
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
degree	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
assessment	NN
results	NNS
are	VBP
free	JJ
of	IN
measurement	NN
error	NN
.	.
The	DT
Joint	NNP
Committee	NNP
on	IN
Government	NNP
and	CC
Finance	NNP
is	VBZ
hereby	RB
requested	VBN
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
select	JJ
committee	NN
consisting	VBG
of	IN
representatives	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
and	CC
other	JJ
interested	JJ
and	CC
affected	JJ
parties	NNS
who	WP
will	MD
undertake	VB
a	DT
study	NN
of	IN
assessment	NN
models	NNS
and	CC
accountability	NN
measures	NNS
for	IN
public	JJ
education	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
its	PRP$
effectiveness	NN
and	CC
efficiency	NN
in	IN
meeting	VBG
the	DT
objectives	NNS
and	CC
goals	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
Requesting	VBG
the	DT
Joint	NNP
Committee	NNP
on	IN
Government	NNP
and	CC
Finance	NNP
undertake	VBP
a	DT
study	NN
of	IN
assessment	NN
and	CC
accountability	NN
models	NNS
to	TO
measure	VB
the	DT
progress	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
in	IN
obtaining	VBG
a	DT
high	JJ
quality	NN
education	NN
.	.
Further	JJ
Resolved	VBN
,	,
That	IN
the	DT
Clerk	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Senate	NNP
is	VBZ
hereby	RB
directed	VBN
to	TO
forward	RB
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
this	DT
resolution	NN
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
and	CC
to	TO
the	DT
President	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
for	IN
distribution	NN
to	TO
each	DT
member	NN
thereof	RB
.	.
The	DT
Legislature	NNP
recognizes	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
of	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
interest	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
to	TO
have	VB
an	DT
effective	JJ
and	CC
comprehensive	JJ
delivery	NN
system	NN
for	IN
community	NN
and	CC
technical	JJ
college	NN
education	NN
and	CC
,	,
because	IN
of	IN
its	PRP$
importance	NN
to	TO
the	DT
economic	JJ
and	CC
cultural	JJ
well	RB
being	VBG
of	IN
state	NN
residents	NNS
,	,
a	DT
broad-based	JJ
public	JJ
policy	NN
discussion	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
occur	VB
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
in	IN
determining	VBG
appropriate	JJ
governance	NN
,	,
programmatic	JJ
and	CC
funding	NN
models	NNS
for	IN
community	NN
and	CC
technical	JJ
college	NN
education	NN
.	.
The	DT
Joint	NNP
Committee	NNP
on	IN
Government	NNP
and	CC
Finance	NNP
is	VBZ
requested	VBN
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
select	JJ
committee	NN
consisting	VBG
of	IN
representatives	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
and	CC
other	JJ
interested	JJ
and	CC
affected	JJ
parties	NNS
who	WP
will	MD
undertake	VB
a	DT
study	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
community	NN
and	CC
technical	JJ
colleges	NNS
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
to	TO
determine	VB
their	PRP$
effectiveness	NN
and	CC
efficiency	NN
in	IN
meeting	VBG
the	DT
objectives	NNS
and	CC
goals	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
Requesting	VBG
the	DT
Joint	NNP
Committee	NNP
on	IN
Government	NNP
and	CC
Finance	NNP
to	TO
undertake	VB
a	DT
study	NN
of	IN
the	DT
role	NN
,	,
responsibilities	NNS
,	,
governance	NN
structure	NN
and	CC
funding	NN
models	NNS
for	IN
public	JJ
community	NN
and	CC
technical	JJ
colleges	NNS
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
Three	CD
members	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
Senate	NNP
,	,
one	CD
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
cochair	NN
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Senate	NNP
,	,
and	CC
three	CD
members	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
House	NNP
of	IN
Delegates	NNPS
,	,
one	CD
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
cochair	NN
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
the	DT
House	NNP
,	,
to	TO
be	VB
appointed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
President	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Senate	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Speaker	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
House	NNP
respectively	RB
;	:
the	DT
Secretary	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Arts	NNS
or	CC
a	DT
designee	NN
;	:
the	DT
Chancellor	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
System	NNP
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
or	CC
a	DT
designee	NN
;	:
the	DT
Chancellor	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
College	NNP
System	NNP
or	CC
a	DT
designee	NN
;	:
the	DT
Vice	NNP
Chancellor	NNP
of	IN
Community	NNP
Colleges	NNP
;	:
one	CD
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
College	NNP
System	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
selected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Directors	NNS
;	:
one	CD
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
System	NNP
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Trustees	NNPS
to	TO
be	VB
selected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Trustees	NNPS
;	:
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
or	CC
a	DT
designee	NN
;	:
one	CD
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
State	NNP
School	NNP
Board	NNP
to	TO
be	VB
selected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
;	:
and	CC
four	CD
persons	NNS
appointed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Governor	NNP
,	,
one	CD
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
representative	NN
of	IN
business	NN
,	,
one	CD
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
representative	NN
of	IN
labor	NN
and	CC
industry	NN
,	,
one	CD
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
representative	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
and	CC
training	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
one	CD
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
representative	NN
of	IN
vocational-technical-occupational	JJ
education	NN
.	.
Of	IN
these	DT
four	CD
appointed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Governor	NNP
,	,
one	CD
shall	MD
be	VB
from	IN
each	DT
congressional	JJ
district	NN
within	IN
the	DT
state	NN
and	CC
not	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
two	CD
shall	MD
belong	VB
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
political	JJ
party	NN
.	.
This	DT
Act	NNP
adds	VBZ
a	DT
new	JJ
article	NN
5E	CD
to	TO
Chapter	NNP
21	CD
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
,	,
titled	VBN
``	``
Equal	NNP
Pay	VB
for	IN
equal	JJ
work	NN
for	IN
state	NN
employees	NNS
,	,
''	''
to	TO
provide	VB
state	NN
employees	NNS
equal	JJ
pay	NN
for	IN
work	NN
of	IN
comparable	JJ
character	NN
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
gender	NN
,	,
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
commission	NN
to	TO
study	VB
a	DT
gender	NN
discrimination	NN
prohibition	NN
and	CC
to	TO
establish	VB
a	DT
procedure	NN
to	TO
remedy	VB
complaints	NNS
of	IN
equal	JJ
pay	NN
for	IN
work	NN
of	IN
comparable	JJ
character	NN
.	.
AN	DT
ACT	NN
to	TO
amend	VB
chapter	NN
twenty-one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
code	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
,	,
one	CD
thousand	CD
nine	CD
hundred	CD
thirty-one	CD
,	,
as	IN
amended	VBN
,	,
by	IN
adding	VBG
thereto	RB
a	DT
new	JJ
article	NN
,	,
designated	VBN
article	NN
five-e	NN
,	,
relating	VBG
to	TO
requiring	VBG
equal	JJ
pay	NN
for	IN
equal	JJ
work	NN
for	IN
state	NN
employees	NNS
;	:
setting	VBG
forth	RB
legislative	JJ
findings	NNS
and	CC
purpose	NN
;	:
defining	VBG
terms	NNS
;	:
prohibiting	VBG
the	DT
state	NN
from	IN
discriminating	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
gender	NN
in	IN
payment	NN
of	IN
wages	NNS
for	IN
work	NN
of	IN
comparable	JJ
character	NN
;	:
creating	VBG
right	NN
of	IN
action	NN
;	:
establishing	VBG
the	DT
equal	JJ
pay	NN
commission	NN
;	:
providing	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
appointment	NN
of	IN
members	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
expiration	NN
of	IN
commission	NN
;	:
setting	VBG
forth	RB
duties	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
commission	NN
;	:
authorizing	VBG
commission	NN
to	TO
promulgate	VB
legislative	JJ
rules	NNS
;	:
and	CC
establishing	VBG
operative	JJ
date	NN
.	.
This	DT
bill	NN
authorizes	VBZ
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
to	TO
provide	VB
education	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
juveniles	NNS
placed	VBN
in	IN
secure	JJ
predispositional	JJ
detention	NN
centers	NNS
operated	VBN
by	IN
or	CC
under	IN
contract	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Division	NN
of	IN
Juvenile	NNP
Services	NNPS
.	.
This	DT
bill	NN
also	RB
provides	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
accrual	NN
of	IN
seniority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
professional	JJ
and	CC
service	NN
personnel	NNS
employed	VBN
in	IN
educational	JJ
facilities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Health	NNP
and	CC
Human	NNP
Resources	NNPS
,	,
Corrections	NNPS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
schools	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
deaf	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
blind	JJ
operated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
employee	NN
was	VBD
employed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
educational	JJ
facility	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
operated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
facility	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
immediately	RB
prior	RB
to	TO
its	PRP$
operation	NN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Department	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
accrues	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
length	NN
of	IN
time	NN
employed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
facility	NN
.	.
An	DT
employee	NN
may	MD
also	RB
retain	VB
seniority	NN
from	IN
employment	NN
with	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
at	IN
the	DT
facility	NN
and	CC
attain	VB
continuing	VBG
contract	NN
status	NN
with	IN
both	DT
the	DT
county	NN
and	CC
the	DT
facility	NN
if	IN
the	DT
sum	NN
of	IN
years	NNS
from	IN
both	DT
equals	VBZ
the	DT
number	NN
required	VBN
by	IN
statute	NN
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
,	,
one	CD
thousand	CD
nine	CD
hundred	CD
thirty-one	CD
,	,
as	IN
amended	VBN
;	:
and	CC
to	TO
amend	VB
article	NN
five-e	JJ
,	,
chapter	NN
forty-nine	CD
of	IN
said	VBD
code	NN
by	IN
adding	VBG
thereto	RB
a	DT
new	JJ
section	NN
,	,
designated	VBN
section	NN
six	CD
,	,
all	DT
relating	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
education	NN
opportunities	NNS
to	TO
juveniles	NNS
in	IN
secure	JJ
predispositional	JJ
detention	NN
centers	NNS
;	:
providing	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
state	NN
department	NN
of	IN
education	NN
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
providing	VBG
education	NN
opportunities	NNS
to	TO
such	JJ
juveniles	NNS
;	:
and	CC
providing	VBG
seniority	NN
rights	NNS
to	TO
certain	JJ
education	NN
employees	NNS
working	VBG
at	IN
the	DT
secure	JJ
predispositional	JJ
detention	NN
centers	NNS
.	.
Provided	VBN
further	RBR
,	,
That	DT
seniority	NN
for	IN
the	DT
professional	JJ
personnel	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
determined	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
the	DT
length	NN
of	IN
time	NN
that	IN
the	DT
employee	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
professionally	RB
employed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
facility	NN
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
which	WDT
state	NN
agency	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
actual	JJ
employer	NN
.	.
AN	DT
ACT	NN
to	TO
amend	VB
chapter	NN
eighteen	NN
of	IN
the	DT
code	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
,	,
one	CD
thousand	CD
nine	CD
hundred	CD
thirty-one	CD
,	,
as	IN
amended	VBN
,	,
by	IN
adding	VBG
thereto	RB
a	DT
new	JJ
article	NN
,	,
designated	VBN
article	NN
ten-j	NN
,	,
relating	VBG
to	TO
requiring	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
individualized	JJ
education	NN
program	NN
of	IN
each	DT
blind	JJ
or	CC
visually	RB
impaired	JJ
child	NN
include	VBP
provisions	NNS
for	IN
instruction	NN
in	IN
braille	NN
and	CC
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
braille	NN
appropriate	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
child	NN
's	POS
current	JJ
and	CC
future	JJ
literacy	NN
needs	NNS
;	:
establishing	VBG
standards	NNS
of	IN
proficiency	NN
and	CC
instruction	NN
;	:
providing	VBG
materials	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
computer-accessible	JJ
format	NN
capable	JJ
of	IN
braille	NN
reproduction	NN
;	:
and	CC
requiring	VBG
the	DT
certification	NN
of	IN
teachers	NNS
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
braille	NN
literacy	NN
standards	NNS
.	.
In	IN
developing	VBG
the	DT
individualized	JJ
education	NN
program	NN
for	IN
a	DT
child	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
blind	JJ
or	CC
visually	RB
impaired	VBN
,	,
the	DT
individualized	JJ
education	NN
program	NN
team	NN
shall	MD
provide	VB
for	IN
the	DT
child	NN
to	TO
receive	VB
instruction	NN
in	IN
braille	NN
and	CC
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
braille	NN
unless	IN
the	DT
individualized	JJ
education	NN
program	NN
team	NN
determines	VBZ
,	,
after	IN
an	DT
evaluation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
child	NN
's	POS
reading	NN
and	CC
writing	VBG
skills	NNS
,	,
needs	VBZ
,	,
and	CC
appropriate	JJ
reading	NN
and	CC
writing	VBG
media	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
including	VBG
an	DT
evaluation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
child	NN
's	POS
future	JJ
needs	NNS
for	IN
instruction	NN
in	IN
braille	NN
or	CC
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
braille	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
instruction	NN
or	CC
use	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
appropriate	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
child	NN
.	.
Nothing	NN
in	IN
this	DT
section	NN
requires	VBZ
the	DT
exclusive	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
braille	NN
if	IN
other	JJ
special	JJ
education	NN
services	NNS
are	VBP
appropriate	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
child	NN
's	POS
educational	JJ
needs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
appropriate	JJ
services	NNS
shall	MD
not	RB
preclude	VB
braille	JJ
use	NN
or	CC
instruction	NN
.	.
All	DT
publishers	NNS
of	IN
textbooks	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
instructional	JJ
materials	NNS
sold	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
state	NN
or	CC
any	DT
local	JJ
education	NN
agency	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
including	VBG
post-secondary	JJ
institutions	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
shall	MD
furnish	VB
computer	NN
diskettes	NNS
for	IN
literary	JJ
subjects	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
American	JJ
standard	JJ
code	NN
for	IN
information	NN
interchange	NN
from	IN
which	WDT
braille	NN
versions	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
produced	VBN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
the	DT
publishers	NNS
shall	MD
furnish	VB
computer	NN
diskettes	NNS
in	IN
American	JJ
standard	JJ
code	NN
for	IN
information	NN
interchange	NN
for	IN
nonliterary	JJ
subjects	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
natural	JJ
sciences	NNS
,	,
computer	NN
science	NN
,	,
mathematics	NN
and	CC
music	NN
,	,
when	WRB
braille	NN
specialty	NN
code	NN
translation	NN
software	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
.	.
As	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
professional	JJ
certification	NN
process	NN
,	,
teachers	NNS
seeking	VBG
to	TO
become	VB
certified	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
education	NN
of	IN
blind	JJ
and	CC
visually	RB
impaired	JJ
children	NNS
shall	MD
demonstrate	VB
competence	NN
in	IN
reading	NN
and	CC
writing	VBG
braille	NN
.	.
Before	IN
issuing	VBG
a	DT
professional	JJ
certificate	NN
to	TO
teach	VB
the	DT
blind	JJ
and	CC
visually	RB
impaired	VBN
,	,
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
department	NN
of	IN
education	NN
shall	MD
require	VB
that	IN
the	DT
applicant	NN
demonstrate	VB
,	,
based	VBN
upon	IN
standards	NNS
adopted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
library	NN
service	NN
for	IN
the	DT
blind	JJ
and	CC
physically	RB
handicapped	VBN
,	,
library	NN
of	IN
congress	NN
,	,
Washington	NNP
,	,
D.C.	NNP
,	,
that	IN
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
proficient	JJ
in	IN
reading	NN
and	CC
writing	VBG
braille	NN
.	.
This	DT
requirement	NN
becomes	VBZ
effective	JJ
the	DT
first	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
July	NNP
,	,
two	CD
thousand	CD
.	.
Teachers	NNPS
already	RB
certified	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
education	NN
of	IN
blind	JJ
and	CC
visually	RB
impaired	JJ
children	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
required	VBN
to	TO
demonstrate	VB
that	DT
proficiency	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
retain	VB
their	PRP$
certification	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
department	NN
of	IN
education	NN
shall	MD
,	,
on	IN
a	DT
schedule	NN
of	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
once	RB
every	DT
three	CD
years	NNS
,	,
make	VBP
available	JJ
to	TO
all	DT
teachers	NNS
of	IN
blind	JJ
and	CC
visually	RB
impaired	JJ
children	NNS
a	DT
continuing	VBG
education	NN
class	NN
in	IN
reading	NN
or	CC
writing	VBG
braille	NN
or	CC
a	DT
college	NN
credit	NN
course	NN
in	IN
reading	NN
and	CC
writing	VBG
braille	NN
,	,
or	CC
both	DT
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
achieve	VB
successful	JJ
completion	NN
of	IN
a	DT
course	NN
,	,
a	DT
teacher	NN
shall	MD
demonstrate	VB
proficiency	NN
in	IN
reading	NN
and	CC
writing	VBG
braille	NN
at	IN
a	DT
level	NN
commensurate	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
standards	NNS
adopted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
library	NN
service	NN
for	IN
the	DT
blind	JJ
and	CC
physically	RB
handicapped	VBN
,	,
library	NN
of	IN
congress	NN
.	.
This	DT
act	NN
provides	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
continued	JJ
payment	NN
of	IN
consumer	NN
sales	NNS
tax	NN
collections	NNS
into	IN
the	DT
school	NN
major	JJ
improvement	NN
and	CC
school	NN
construction	NN
funds	NNS
;	:
provides	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
continued	JJ
payment	NN
into	IN
the	DT
school	NN
construction	NN
fund	NN
the	DT
funds	NNS
currently	RB
required	VBN
for	IN
debt	NN
service	NN
;	:
requires	VBZ
any	DT
project	NN
funded	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
school	NN
building	NN
authority	NN
be	VB
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
a	DT
CEFP	NNP
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
and	CC
the	DT
school	NN
building	NN
authority	NN
;	:
and	CC
requires	VBZ
submission	NN
of	IN
all	DT
construction	NN
plans	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
building	NN
authority	NN
for	IN
approval	NN
.	.
Virginia	NNP
,	,
one	CD
thousand	CD
nine	CD
hundred	CD
thirty-one	CD
,	,
as	IN
amended	VBN
;	:
to	TO
amend	VB
and	CC
reenact	VB
section	NN
ten	CD
,	,
article	NN
nine-a	NN
,	,
chapter	NN
eighteen	CD
of	IN
said	VBD
code	NN
;	:
to	TO
amend	VB
and	CC
reenact	VB
section	NN
fifteen	NN
,	,
article	NN
nine-d	NN
of	IN
said	VBD
chapter	NN
;	:
and	CC
to	TO
amend	VB
and	CC
reenact	VB
section	NN
eighteen	NN
,	,
article	NN
twenty-two	CD
,	,
chapter	NN
twenty-nine	CD
of	IN
said	VBD
code	NN
,	,
all	DT
relating	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
funding	NN
plan	NN
for	IN
continuing	VBG
public	JJ
school	NN
construction	NN
;	:
deleting	VBG
outdated	JJ
language	NN
;	:
continuing	VBG
monthly	JJ
state	NN
sales	NNS
tax	NN
payments	NNS
into	IN
the	DT
school	NN
major	JJ
improvement	NN
fund	NN
by	IN
eliminating	VBG
the	DT
termination	NN
date	NN
for	IN
such	JJ
payments	NNS
;	:
continuing	VBG
monthly	JJ
state	NN
sales	NNS
tax	NN
payments	NNS
into	IN
the	DT
school	NN
construction	NN
fund	NN
by	IN
eliminating	VBG
the	DT
termination	NN
date	NN
for	IN
such	JJ
payments	NNS
;	:
providing	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
payment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
annual	JJ
difference	NN
between	IN
the	DT
allocation	NN
made	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
one	CD
thousand	CD
nine	CD
hundred	CD
ninety-seven	JJ
fiscal	JJ
year	NN
and	CC
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
funds	NNS
required	VBN
for	IN
debt	NN
service	NN
on	IN
school	NN
improvement	NN
bonds	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
better	JJR
school	NN
building	NN
amendment	NN
for	IN
any	DT
succeeding	VBG
current	JJ
year	NN
to	TO
be	VB
deposited	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
school	NN
construction	NN
fund	NN
;	:
authorizing	VBG
use	NN
of	IN
certain	JJ
moneys	NNS
for	IN
study	NN
and	CC
implementation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
charter	NN
school	NN
pilot	NN
program	NN
;	:
providing	VBG
that	IN
,	,
upon	IN
retirement	NN
of	IN
school	NN
construction	NN
bonds	NNS
secured	VBN
through	IN
allocations	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
school	NN
building	NN
capital	NN
improvements	NNS
fund	NN
,	,
certain	JJ
moneys	NNS
allocated	VBN
for	IN
that	DT
purpose	NN
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
deposited	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
school	NN
construction	NN
fund	NN
;	:
school	NN
building	NN
authority	NN
generally	RB
;	:
distribution	NN
of	IN
funds	NNS
;	:
submission	NN
of	IN
construction	NN
designs	NNS
for	IN
school	NN
building	NN
authority	NN
approval	NN
;	:
and	CC
providing	VBG
that	IN
,	,
upon	IN
the	DT
retirement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
improvement	NN
bonds	NNS
secured	VBN
by	IN
profits	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
lottery	NN
and	CC
deposited	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
debt	NN
service	NN
fund	NN
,	,
an	DT
annual	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
eighteen	CD
million	CD
dollars	NNS
of	IN
such	JJ
funds	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
deposited	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
school	NN
construction	NN
fund	NN
.	.
Prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
any	DT
funds	NNS
from	IN
this	DT
section	NN
for	IN
personnel	NNS
costs	NNS
,	,
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
must	MD
receive	VB
authorization	NN
from	IN
the	DT
state	NN
superintendent	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
.	.
The	DT
state	NN
superintendent	NN
shall	MD
require	VB
the	DT
district	NN
board	NN
to	TO
demonstrate	VB
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
need	NN
for	IN
the	DT
allocation	NN
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
efficiency	NN
and	CC
fiscal	JJ
responsibility	NN
in	IN
staffing	NN
;	:
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
sharing	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
with	IN
adjoining	JJ
counties	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
regional	JJ
educational	JJ
service	NN
agency	NN
for	IN
that	DT
county	NN
in	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
total	JJ
local	JJ
district	NN
board	NN
budget	NN
.	.
District	NNP
boards	NNS
shall	MD
make	VB
application	NN
for	IN
available	JJ
funds	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
fiscal	JJ
year	NN
by	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
May	NNP
of	IN
each	DT
year	NN
.	.
On	IN
or	CC
before	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
June	NNP
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
superintendent	NN
shall	MD
review	VB
all	DT
applications	NNS
and	CC
notify	VBP
applying	VBG
district	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
distribution	NN
of	IN
the	DT
allocation	NN
.	.
Provided	VBN
,	,
That	DT
for	IN
the	DT
school	NN
year	NN
beginning	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
July	NNP
,	,
one	CD
thousand	CD
nine	CD
hundred	CD
ninety-three	CD
,	,
only	RB
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
superintendent	NN
shall	MD
review	VB
all	DT
applications	NNS
and	CC
notify	VBP
applying	VBG
district	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
distribution	NN
of	IN
the	DT
allocation	NN
on	IN
or	CC
before	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
July	NNP
,	,
one	CD
thousand	CD
nine	CD
hundred	CD
ninety-three	CD
.	.
Such	JJ
The	DT
funds	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
distributed	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
fiscal	JJ
year	NN
as	IN
appropriate	JJ
.	.
The	DT
state	NN
superintendent	NN
shall	MD
require	VB
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
to	TO
demonstrate	VB
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
an	DT
allocation	NN
for	IN
personnel	NNS
based	VBN
upon	IN
the	DT
county	NN
's	POS
inability	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
state	NN
law	NN
or	CC
state	NN
board	NN
policy	NN
:	:
Provided	VBN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
That	IN
the	DT
funds	NNS
available	JJ
for	IN
personnel	NNS
under	IN
this	DT
section	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
increase	VB
the	DT
total	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
professional	JJ
noninstructional	JJ
personnel	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
central	JJ
office	NN
beyond	IN
four	CD
.	.
Such	JJ
The	DT
instructional	JJ
improvement	NN
plan	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
available	JJ
for	IN
distribution	NN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
at	IN
the	DT
office	NN
of	IN
each	DT
affected	VBN
county	NN
board	NN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
school	NN
improvement	NN
bonds	NNS
secured	VBN
by	IN
funds	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
school	NN
building	NN
capital	NN
improvements	NNS
fund	NN
mature	VBP
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
shall	MD
annually	RB
deposit	VB
an	DT
amount	NN
equal	JJ
to	TO
twenty-four	CD
million	CD
dollars	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
funds	NNS
allocated	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
section	NN
into	IN
the	DT
school	NN
construction	NN
fund	NN
created	VBN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
section	NN
six	CD
,	,
article	NN
nine-d	NN
,	,
chapter	NN
eighteen	CD
of	IN
this	DT
code	NN
to	TO
continue	VB
funding	VBG
school	NN
facility	NN
construction	NN
and	CC
improvements	NNS
.	.
Moneys	NNS
paid	VBD
into	IN
the	DT
school	NN
building	NN
capital	NN
improvements	NNS
fund	NN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
section	NN
ten	CD
,	,
article	NN
nine-a	NN
of	IN
this	DT
chapter	NN
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
issuance	NN
of	IN
revenue	NN
bonds	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
moneys	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
building	VBG
debt	NN
service	NN
fund	NN
are	VBP
pledged	VBN
as	IN
security	NN
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
moneys	NNS
paid	VBD
into	IN
the	DT
school	NN
construction	NN
fund	NN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
section	NN
six	CD
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
;	:
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
any	DT
other	JJ
moneys	NNS
received	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
authority	NN
,	,
except	IN
moneys	NNS
paid	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
school	NN
major	JJ
improvement	NN
fund	NN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
section	NN
six	CD
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
,	,
may	MD
be	VB
allocated	VBN
and	CC
may	MD
be	VB
expended	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
authority	NN
for	IN
projects	NNS
that	WDT
service	VBP
the	DT
educational	JJ
community	NN
statewide	RB
or	CC
,	,
upon	IN
application	NN
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
,	,
for	IN
educational	JJ
programs	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
under	IN
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
upon	IN
application	NN
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
or	CC
the	DT
administrative	JJ
council	NN
of	IN
an	DT
area	NN
vocational	JJ
educational	JJ
center	NN
established	VBN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
article	NN
two-b	NN
of	IN
this	DT
chapter	NN
,	,
the	DT
authority	NN
may	MD
allocate	VB
and	CC
expend	VB
under	IN
this	DT
section	NN
moneys	NNS
for	IN
school	NN
major	JJ
improvement	NN
projects	NNS
proposed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
or	CC
an	DT
administrative	JJ
council	NN
for	IN
school	NN
facilities	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
direct	JJ
supervision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
or	CC
an	DT
administrative	JJ
council	NN
,	,
respectively	RB
:	:
Provided	VBN
,	,
That	IN
the	DT
authority	NN
may	MD
not	RB
expend	VB
any	DT
moneys	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
school	NN
major	JJ
improvement	NN
project	NN
proposed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
or	CC
the	DT
administrative	JJ
council	NN
of	IN
an	DT
area	NN
vocational	JJ
educational	JJ
center	NN
unless	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
or	CC
an	DT
administrative	JJ
council	NN
has	VBZ
submitted	VBN
a	DT
ten-year	JJ
school	NN
major	JJ
improvement	NN
plan	NN
,	,
to	TO
be	VB
updated	VBN
annually	RB
,	,
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
section	NN
sixteen	CD
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
:	:
Provided	VBN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
That	IN
the	DT
authority	NN
shall	MD
,	,
before	IN
allocating	VBG
any	DT
moneys	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
or	CC
the	DT
administrative	JJ
council	NN
of	IN
an	DT
area	NN
vocational	JJ
educational	JJ
center	NN
for	IN
a	DT
school	NN
improvement	NN
project	NN
,	,
consider	VB
all	DT
other	JJ
funding	NN
sources	NNS
available	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
project	NN
.	.
Any	DT
funds	NNS
deposited	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
construction	NN
fund	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
expended	VBN
first	RB
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
an	DT
appropriation	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
.	.
To	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
that	IN
funds	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
construction	NN
fund	NN
in	IN
excess	NN
of	IN
that	DT
amount	NN
appropriated	VBN
in	IN
any	DT
fiscal	JJ
year	NN
,	,
the	DT
excess	JJ
funds	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
expended	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
.	.
Any	DT
projects	NNS
which	WDT
the	DT
authority	NN
identified	VBN
and	CC
announced	VBN
for	IN
funding	NN
on	IN
or	CC
before	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
August	NNP
,	,
one	CD
thousand	CD
nine	CD
hundred	CD
ninety-five	JJ
,	,
or	CC
identified	VBN
and	CC
announced	VBN
for	IN
funding	NN
on	IN
or	CC
before	IN
the	DT
thirty-first	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
December	NNP
,	,
one	CD
thousand	CD
nine	CD
hundred	CD
ninety-five	JJ
,	,
shall	MD
be	VB
funded	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
authority	NN
in	IN
an	DT
amount	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
less	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
specified	VBN
when	WRB
the	DT
project	NN
was	VBD
identified	VBN
and	CC
announced	VBN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
event	NN
that	IN
the	DT
percentage	NN
allotted	VBD
for	IN
operations	NNS
and	CC
administration	NN
generates	VBZ
a	DT
surplus	NN
,	,
the	DT
surplus	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
allowed	VBN
to	TO
accumulate	VB
to	TO
an	DT
amount	NN
not	RB
to	TO
exceed	VB
two	CD
hundred	CD
fifty	CD
thousand	CD
dollars	NNS
.	.
On	IN
a	DT
monthly	JJ
basis	NN
,	,
the	DT
director	NN
shall	MD
report	VB
to	TO
the	DT
joint	JJ
committee	NN
on	IN
government	NN
and	CC
finance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
any	DT
surplus	NN
in	IN
excess	NN
of	IN
two	CD
hundred	CD
fifty	CD
thousand	CD
dollars	NNS
and	CC
remit	NN
to	TO
the	DT
state	NN
treasurer	NN
the	DT
entire	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
those	DT
surplus	JJ
funds	NNS
in	IN
excess	NN
of	IN
two	CD
hundred	CD
fifty	CD
thousand	CD
dollars	NNS
which	WDT
shall	MD
be	VB
allocated	VBN
as	IN
net	JJ
profit	NN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
school	NN
improvement	NN
bonds	NNS
,	,
secured	VBN
by	IN
profits	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
lottery	NN
and	CC
deposited	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
debt	NN
service	NN
fund	NN
,	,
mature	VBP
,	,
the	DT
lottery	NN
director	NN
shall	MD
allocate	VB
monthly	JJ
,	,
from	IN
the	DT
net	JJ
profits	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
lottery	NN
for	IN
the	DT
preceding	VBG
month	NN
,	,
an	DT
amount	NN
equal	JJ
to	TO
one	CD
million	CD
five	CD
hundred	CD
thousand	CD
dollars	NNS
into	IN
the	DT
school	NN
construction	NN
fund	NN
created	VBN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
section	NN
six	CD
,	,
article	NN
nine-d	NN
,	,
chapter	NN
eighteen	CD
of	IN
this	DT
code	NN
.	.
AN	DT
ACT	NN
to	TO
amend	VB
article	NN
seven	CD
,	,
chapter	NN
fifty-five	CD
of	IN
the	DT
code	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
,	,
one	CD
thousand	CD
nine	CD
hundred	CD
thirty-one	CD
,	,
as	IN
amended	VBN
,	,
by	IN
adding	VBG
thereto	RB
a	DT
new	JJ
section	NN
,	,
designated	VBN
section	NN
nineteen	NN
,	,
relating	VBG
to	TO
limiting	VBG
the	DT
liability	NN
of	IN
physicians	NNS
who	WP
render	VBP
voluntary	JJ
services	NNS
for	IN
certain	JJ
athletic	JJ
events	NNS
.	.
This	DT
Act	NNP
adds	VBZ
two	CD
new	JJ
articles	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
administration	NN
of	IN
hearing	NN
loss	NN
testing	NN
for	IN
newborn	JJ
infants	NNS
;	:
requires	VBZ
certain	JJ
payments	NNS
for	IN
testing	NN
;	:
authorizes	VBZ
the	DT
director	NN
of	IN
health	NN
to	TO
promulgate	VB
legislative	JJ
rules	NNS
to	TO
establish	VB
testing	NN
protocols	NNS
and	CC
reasonable	JJ
fee	NN
schedules	NNS
;	:
authorizes	VBZ
an	DT
advisory	JJ
committee	NN
;	:
establishes	VBZ
the	DT
WV	NNP
birth	NN
score	NN
program	NN
;	:
establishes	VBZ
legislative	JJ
findings	NNS
and	CC
intent	NN
;	:
authorizes	VBZ
the	DT
division	NN
of	IN
health	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
and	CC
implement	VB
a	DT
birth	NN
score	NN
program	NN
which	WDT
identifies	VBZ
newborn	JJ
children	NNS
at	IN
high	JJ
risk	NN
for	IN
postneonatal	JJ
mortality	NN
,	,
debilitating	JJ
conditions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
developmental	JJ
delays	NNS
and	CC
refers	VBZ
those	DT
children	NNS
to	TO
primary	JJ
care	NN
physicians	NNS
for	IN
subsequent	JJ
follow-up	JJ
care	NN
;	:
requires	VBZ
hospitals	NNS
,	,
birthing	NN
facilities	NNS
,	,
attending	VBG
physicians	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
persons	NNS
attending	VBG
a	DT
birth	NN
to	TO
require	VB
and	CC
ensure	VB
that	IN
a	DT
birth	NN
score	NN
is	VBZ
determined	VBN
;	:
provides	VBZ
an	DT
exemption	NN
to	TO
a	DT
program	NN
participating	VBG
when	WRB
it	PRP
conflicts	NNS
with	IN
religious	JJ
beliefs	NNS
;	:
authorizes	VBZ
the	DT
division	NN
of	IN
health	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
necessary	JJ
medical	JJ
and	CC
other	JJ
needed	VBN
referrals	NNS
;	:
and	CC
authorizes	VBZ
the	DT
division	NN
of	IN
health	NN
to	TO
propose	VB
legislative	JJ
rules	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
penalties	NNS
,	,
to	TO
ensure	VB
implementation	NN
of	IN
and	CC
compliance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
birth	NN
score	NN
program	NN
.	.
AN	DT
ACT	NN
to	TO
amend	VB
chapter	NN
sixteen	NN
of	IN
the	DT
code	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
,	,
one	CD
thousand	CD
nine	CD
hundred	CD
thirty-one	CD
,	,
as	IN
amended	VBN
,	,
by	IN
adding	VBG
thereto	RB
two	CD
new	JJ
articles	NNS
,	,
designated	VBN
article	NN
twenty-two-a	NN
and	CC
article	NN
twenty-two-b	NN
,	,
relating	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
administration	NN
of	IN
hearing	NN
loss	NN
testing	NN
for	IN
newborn	JJ
infants	NNS
;	:
requiring	VBG
certain	JJ
payment	NN
for	IN
testing	NN
;	:
authorizing	VBG
the	DT
director	NN
of	IN
health	NN
to	TO
promulgate	VB
legislative	JJ
rules	NNS
to	TO
establish	VB
testing	NN
protocols	NNS
and	CC
reasonable	JJ
fee	NN
schedules	NNS
;	:
and	CC
authorizing	VBG
an	DT
advisory	JJ
committee	NN
;	:
establishing	VBG
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
birth	NN
score	NN
program	NN
;	:
establishing	VBG
legislative	JJ
findings	NNS
and	CC
intent	NN
;	:
authorizing	VBG
the	DT
division	NN
of	IN
health	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
and	CC
implement	VB
a	DT
birth	NN
score	NN
program	NN
which	WDT
identifies	VBZ
newborn	JJ
children	NNS
at	IN
high	JJ
risk	NN
for	IN
postneonatal	JJ
mortality	NN
,	,
debilitating	JJ
conditions	NNS
and	CC
developmental	JJ
delays	NNS
and	CC
refers	VBZ
those	DT
children	NNS
to	TO
primary	JJ
care	NN
physicians	NNS
for	IN
subsequent	JJ
follow-up	JJ
care	NN
;	:
requiring	VBG
hospitals	NNS
,	,
birthing	NN
facilities	NNS
,	,
attending	VBG
physicians	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
persons	NNS
attending	VBG
a	DT
birth	NN
to	TO
require	VB
and	CC
ensure	VB
that	IN
a	DT
birth	NN
score	NN
is	VBZ
determined	VBN
;	:
providing	VBG
an	DT
exemption	NN
to	TO
program	NN
participation	NN
when	WRB
it	PRP
conflicts	NNS
with	IN
religious	JJ
beliefs	NNS
;	:
authorizing	VBG
the	DT
division	NN
of	IN
health	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
necessary	JJ
medical	JJ
and	CC
other	JJ
needed	VBN
referrals	NNS
;	:
and	CC
authorizing	VBG
the	DT
division	NN
of	IN
health	NN
to	TO
propose	VB
legislative	JJ
rules	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
penalties	NNS
,	,
to	TO
ensure	VB
implementation	NN
of	IN
and	CC
compliance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
birth	NN
score	NN
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
physician	NN
or	CC
midwife	NN
in	IN
attendance	NN
at	IN
,	,
or	CC
present	JJ
immediately	RB
after	IN
a	DT
live	JJ
birth	NN
shall	MD
perform	VB
,	,
or	CC
cause	NN
to	TO
be	VB
performed	VBN
,	,
a	DT
test	NN
for	IN
hearing	NN
loss	NN
in	IN
the	DT
infant	NN
unless	IN
the	DT
infant	NN
's	POS
parents	NNS
refuse	VBP
under	IN
subsection	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
section	NN
three	CD
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
to	TO
have	VB
the	DT
testing	NN
performed	VBN
.	.
For	IN
any	DT
infant	NN
delivered	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
nonlicensed	JJ
facility	NN
,	,
including	VBG
home	NN
births	NNS
,	,
the	DT
physician	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
provider	NN
shall	MD
inform	VB
the	DT
parents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
the	DT
obtain	VB
testing	NN
within	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
month	NN
of	IN
life	NN
.	.
The	DT
director	NN
of	IN
the	DT
division	NN
of	IN
health	NN
shall	MD
prescribe	VB
the	DT
test	NN
or	CC
tests	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
administered	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
this	DT
article	NN
.	.
Establish	VB
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
fee	NN
schedule	NN
for	IN
tests	NNS
administered	VBN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
this	DT
article	NN
,	,
which	WDT
shall	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
cover	VB
program	NN
costs	NNS
not	RB
otherwise	RB
covered	VBN
by	IN
federal	JJ
grant	NN
funds	NNS
specifically	RB
secured	VBN
for	IN
this	DT
purpose	NN
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
establish	VB
a	DT
cost-effective	JJ
testing	NN
protocol	NN
based	VBN
upon	IN
available	JJ
technology	NN
and	CC
national	JJ
standards	NNS
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
establish	VB
reporting	NN
and	CC
referral	NN
requirements	NNS
;	:
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
establish	VB
a	DT
date	NN
for	IN
implementation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
testing	NN
protocol	NN
,	,
which	WDT
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
later	RB
than	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
July	NNP
,	,
one	CD
thousand	CD
nine	CD
hundred	CD
ninety-nine	CD
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
University	NNP
department	NN
of	IN
pediatrics	NNS
was	VBD
initiated	VBN
.	.
The	DT
goals	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
scoring	VBG
system	NN
were	VBD
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
To	TO
identify	VB
newborns	NNS
at	IN
greatest	JJS
risk	NN
for	IN
death	NN
between	IN
one	CD
month	NN
and	CC
one	CD
year	NN
of	IN
age	NN
;	:
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
link	VB
high	JJ
risk	NN
infants	NNS
with	IN
physicians	NNS
for	IN
close	JJ
follow-up	JJ
during	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
year	NN
of	IN
life	NN
.	.
On	IN
or	CC
before	IN
the	DT
thirtieth	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
June	NNP
,	,
one	CD
thousand	CD
nine	CD
hundred	CD
ninety-eight	NN
,	,
the	DT
division	NN
of	IN
health	NN
shall	MD
propose	VB
rules	NNS
for	IN
legislative	JJ
approval	NN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
article	NN
three	CD
,	,
chapter	NN
twenty-nine-a	NN
of	IN
this	DT
code	NN
as	IN
may	MD
be	VB
needed	VBN
to	TO
establish	VB
the	DT
program	NN
,	,
ensure	VB
compliance	NN
and	CC
assess	VB
penalties	NNS
as	IN
needed	VBN
to	TO
implement	VB
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
.	.
The	DT
two	CD
sections	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Act	NNP
require	VBP
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
to	TO
develop	VB
in	IN
consultation	NN
with	IN
public	JJ
and	CC
private	JJ
agencies	NNS
curricula	NNS
and	CC
continuing	VBG
education	NN
programs	NNS
concerning	VBG
violence	NN
prevention	NN
including	VBG
domestic	JJ
or	CC
family	NN
violence	NN
.	.
The	DT
continuing	VBG
education	NN
courses	NNS
are	VBP
for	IN
anyone	NN
required	VBN
to	TO
report	VB
child	NN
abuse	NN
and	CC
neglect	NN
.	.
AN	DT
ACT	NN
to	TO
amend	VB
and	CC
reenact	VB
sections	NNS
one	CD
,	,
two	CD
,	,
three	CD
,	,
four	CD
,	,
five	CD
,	,
six	CD
,	,
nine	CD
,	,
ten	CD
,	,
ten-a	NN
,	,
twelve	CD
and	CC
fourteen	CD
,	,
article	NN
two-a	NN
,	,
chapter	NN
forty-eight	CD
of	IN
the	DT
code	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
,	,
one	CD
thousand	CD
nine	CD
hundred	CD
thirty-one	CD
,	,
as	IN
amended	VBN
;	:
to	TO
further	JJ
amend	VB
said	VBD
article	NN
by	IN
adding	VBG
thereto	RB
a	DT
new	JJ
section	NN
,	,
designated	VBN
section	NN
seven	CD
;	:
to	TO
amend	VB
and	CC
reenact	VB
sections	NNS
two	CD
,	,
three	CD
,	,
four	CD
and	CC
ten	CD
,	,
article	NN
two-c	JJ
of	IN
said	VBD
chapter	NN
;	:
to	TO
further	JJ
amend	VB
said	VBD
article	NN
by	IN
adding	VBG
thereto	RB
eleven	JJ
new	JJ
sections	NNS
,	,
designated	VBN
sections	NNS
four-a	JJ
,	,
four-b	JJ
,	,
ten-a	JJ
,	,
thirteen-a	JJ
,	,
thirteen-b	JJ
,	,
thirteen-c	JJ
,	,
sixteen	CD
,	,
seventeen	CD
,	,
eighteen	CD
,	,
nineteen	NN
and	CC
twenty	CD
,	,
all	DT
relating	VBG
generally	RB
to	TO
domestic	JJ
or	CC
family	NN
violence	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
treatment	NN
and	CC
prevention	NN
;	:
setting	VBG
forth	RB
legislative	JJ
findings	NNS
and	CC
purposes	NNS
;	:
defining	VBG
certain	JJ
terms	NNS
;	:
establishing	VBG
the	DT
venue	NN
of	IN
proceedings	NNS
;	:
clarifying	VBG
provisions	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
full	JJ
faith	NN
and	CC
credit	NN
;	:
requiring	VBG
verified	VBN
petition	NN
;	:
authorizing	VBG
petition	NN
to	TO
be	VB
filed	VBN
by	IN
person	NN
who	WP
reported	VBD
or	CC
was	VBD
a	DT
witness	NN
to	TO
domestic	JJ
or	CC
family	NN
violence	NN
;	:
issuance	NN
of	IN
protective	JJ
order	NN
;	:
describing	VBG
terms	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
included	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
protective	JJ
order	NN
;	:
prescribing	VBG
the	DT
length	NN
of	IN
time	NN
a	DT
protective	JJ
order	NN
may	MD
remain	VB
in	IN
effect	NN
;	:
amendment	NN
of	IN
a	DT
protective	JJ
order	NN
;	:
prohibition	NN
against	IN
mutual	JJ
protective	JJ
orders	NNS
;	:
safety	NN
of	IN
the	DT
child	NN
as	IN
a	DT
factor	NN
in	IN
determining	VBG
visitation	NN
;	:
prescribing	VBG
the	DT
conditions	NNS
for	IN
visitation	NN
in	IN
cases	NNS
involving	VBG
domestic	JJ
or	CC
family	NN
violence	NN
;	:
law	NN
enforcement	NN
response	NN
to	TO
domestic	JJ
or	CC
family	NN
violence	NN
;	:
filing	NN
of	IN
orders	NNS
with	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
agency	NN
;	:
civil	JJ
contempt	NN
alleging	VBG
violation	NN
of	IN
an	DT
order	NN
;	:
registration	NN
of	IN
protective	JJ
order	NN
;	:
conditions	NNS
under	IN
which	WDT
arrest	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
;	:
defining	VBG
certain	JJ
terms	NNS
used	VBN
in	IN
domestic	JJ
violence	NN
act	NN
;	:
establishing	VBG
the	DT
family	NN
protection	NN
services	NNS
board	NN
;	:
prescribing	VBG
the	DT
duties	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
family	NN
protection	NN
services	NNS
board	NN
;	:
establishing	VBG
local	JJ
councils	NNS
on	IN
domestic	JJ
or	CC
family	NN
violence	NN
;	:
providing	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
state	NN
public	JJ
health	NN
plan	NN
for	IN
reducing	VBG
domestic	JJ
or	CC
family	NN
violence	NN
;	:
referral	NN
of	IN
victims	NNS
by	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
officers	NNS
to	TO
available	JJ
shelters	NNS
;	:
notice	NN
of	IN
victims	NNS
'	POS
rights	NNS
and	CC
remedies	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
available	JJ
;	:
publishing	NN
of	IN
model	NN
standards	NNS
,	,
procedure	NN
and	CC
curricula	NN
concerning	VBG
domestic	JJ
or	CC
family	NN
violence	NN
;	:
regulating	VBG
intervention	NN
programs	NNS
for	IN
perpetrators	NNS
of	IN
domestic	JJ
or	CC
family	NN
violence	NN
;	:
licensing	NN
providers	NNS
of	IN
intervention	NN
programs	NNS
for	IN
perpetrators	NNS
of	IN
domestic	JJ
or	CC
family	NN
violence	NN
;	:
providing	VBG
for	IN
training	NN
and	CC
continuing	VBG
education	NN
in	IN
matters	NNS
involving	VBG
domestic	JJ
or	CC
family	NN
violence	NN
for	IN
certain	JJ
state	NN
employees	NNS
,	,
law-enforcement	JJ
officers	NNS
,	,
judicial	JJ
officers	NNS
and	CC
court	NN
personnel	NNS
,	,
and	CC
school	NN
personnel	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
report	VB
child	NN
abuse	NN
and	CC
neglect	NN
;	:
development	NN
of	IN
curricula	NN
for	IN
public	JJ
education	NN
.	.
Class	NN
I	NNP
legal	JJ
advertisement	NN
published	VBN
notice	NN
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
publication	NN
area	NN
being	VBG
the	DT
county	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
respondent	NN
resides	VBZ
,	,
published	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
section	NN
two	CD
,	,
article	NN
three	CD
,	,
chapter	NN
fifty-nine	CD
of	IN
this	DT
code	NN
if	IN
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
i	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
petitioner	NN
files	VBZ
an	DT
affidavit	NN
with	IN
the	DT
court	NN
stating	VBG
that	IN
an	DT
attempt	NN
at	IN
personal	JJ
service	NN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
rule	VB
four	CD
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
rules	NNS
of	IN
civil	JJ
procedure	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
unsuccessful	JJ
or	CC
evidence	NN
is	VBZ
adduced	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
hearing	NN
for	IN
the	DT
protective	JJ
order	NN
that	IN
the	DT
respondent	NN
has	VBZ
left	VBN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
;	:
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
ii	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
order	NN
is	VBZ
mailed	VBN
by	IN
certified	JJ
or	CC
registered	JJ
mail	NN
to	TO
the	DT
respondent	NN
at	IN
the	DT
respondent	NN
's	POS
last	JJ
known	JJ
residence	NN
and	CC
returned	VBD
undelivered	JJ
.	.
Upon	IN
entry	NN
of	IN
an	DT
order	NN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
section	NN
five	CD
or	CC
six	CD
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
,	,
or	CC
an	DT
order	NN
entered	VBD
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
section	NN
thirteen	CD
,	,
article	NN
two	CD
of	IN
this	DT
chapter	NN
granting	VBG
relief	NN
provided	VBN
for	IN
by	IN
this	DT
article	NN
,	,
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
order	NN
shall	MD
,	,
no	RB
later	RB
than	IN
the	DT
close	NN
of	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
business	NN
day	NN
,	,
be	VB
transmitted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
court	NN
or	CC
the	DT
clerk	NN
of	IN
the	DT
court	NN
to	TO
a	DT
local	JJ
office	NN
of	IN
the	DT
city	NN
police	NN
,	,
the	DT
county	NN
sheriff	NN
and	CC
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
state	NN
police	NN
,	,
where	WRB
it	PRP
shall	MD
be	VB
placed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
confidential	JJ
file	NN
,	,
with	IN
access	NN
provided	VBN
only	RB
to	TO
the	DT
law-enforcement	NN
agency	NN
and	CC
the	DT
respondent	NN
named	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
order	NN
.	.
A	DT
sworn	VBN
affidavit	NN
may	MD
be	VB
executed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
party	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
awarded	VBN
exclusive	JJ
possession	NN
of	IN
the	DT
residence	NN
or	CC
household	NN
,	,
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
an	DT
order	NN
entered	VBN
under	IN
subsection	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
section	NN
six	CD
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
,	,
and	CC
shall	MD
be	VB
delivered	VBN
to	TO
such	JJ
law-enforcement	JJ
agencies	NNS
simultaneously	RB
with	IN
any	DT
order	NN
,	,
giving	VBG
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
consent	NN
for	IN
a	DT
law-enforcement	JJ
officer	NN
to	TO
enter	VB
the	DT
residence	NN
or	CC
household	NN
,	,
without	IN
a	DT
warrant	NN
,	,
to	TO
enforce	VB
the	DT
protective	JJ
order	NN
or	CC
temporary	JJ
order	NN
.	.
Orders	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
promptly	RB
served	VBN
upon	IN
the	DT
respondent	NN
.	.
Failure	NN
to	TO
serve	VB
a	DT
protective	JJ
order	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
stay	VB
the	DT
effect	NN
of	IN
a	DT
valid	JJ
order	NN
if	IN
the	DT
respondent	NN
has	VBZ
actual	JJ
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
existence	NN
and	CC
contents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
order	NN
.	.
One	CD
such	JJ
member	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
a	DT
director	NN
of	IN
a	DT
shelter	NN
.	.
One	CD
member	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
a	DT
major	JJ
trade	NN
association	NN
which	WDT
represents	VBZ
shelters	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
The	DT
final	JJ
gubernatorial	JJ
appointee	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
The	DT
other	JJ
two	CD
members	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
the	DT
secretary	NN
of	IN
the	DT
department	NN
of	IN
health	NN
and	CC
human	JJ
resources	NNS
,	,
or	CC
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
designee	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
chair	NN
of	IN
the	DT
governor	NN
's	POS
committee	NN
on	IN
crime	NN
,	,
delinquency	NN
and	CC
correction	NN
,	,
or	CC
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
designee	NN
.	.
Where	WRB
shelters	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
,	,
the	DT
law-enforcement	JJ
officer	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
public	JJ
authority	NN
investigating	VBG
an	DT
alleged	JJ
incident	NN
of	IN
domestic	JJ
or	CC
family	NN
violence	NN
shall	MD
advise	VB
the	DT
victim	NN
of	IN
the	DT
availability	NN
of	IN
the	DT
family	NN
protection	NN
shelter	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
that	WDT
person	NN
may	MD
be	VB
admitted	VBN
.	.
This	DT
bill	NN
requires	VBZ
the	DT
Director	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Division	NN
of	IN
Health	NNP
to	TO
promulgate	VB
rules	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
training	NN
and	CC
licensing	NN
of	IN
personnel	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
employed	VBN
as	IN
lead	NN
abatement	NN
workers	NNS
and	CC
establishes	VBZ
civil	JJ
penalties	NNS
and	CC
fees	NNS
for	IN
violations	NNS
of	IN
certain	JJ
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
.	.
Each	DT
owner	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
person	NN
responsible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
building	NN
,	,
facility	NN
,	,
residence	NN
or	CC
structure	NN
where	WRB
a	DT
lead	NN
abatement	NN
project	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
occur	VB
shall	MD
notify	VB
the	DT
division	NN
in	IN
the	DT
time	NN
specified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
director	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
commencement	NN
of	IN
each	DT
lead	NN
abatement	NN
project	NN
,	,
and	CC
comply	VB
with	IN
all	DT
applicable	JJ
state	NN
and	CC
federal	JJ
regulatory	JJ
requirements	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
lead	NN
abatement	NN
project	NN
.	.
Provided	VBN
,	,
that	IN
for	IN
the	DT
fiscal	JJ
year	NN
ending	VBG
the	DT
thirtieth	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
June	NNP
,	,
one	CD
thousand	CD
nine	CD
hundred	CD
ninety-nine	CD
,	,
expenditures	NNS
are	VBP
authorized	VBN
from	IN
collections	NNS
rather	RB
than	IN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
an	DT
appropriation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
.	.
AN	DT
ACT	NN
to	TO
amend	VB
article	NN
three	CD
,	,
chapter	NN
twelve	CD
of	IN
the	DT
code	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
,	,
one	CD
thousand	CD
nine	CD
hundred	CD
thirty-one	CD
,	,
as	IN
amended	VBN
,	,
by	IN
adding	VBG
thereto	RB
a	DT
new	JJ
section	NN
,	,
designated	VBN
section	NN
twenty	CD
,	,
relating	VBG
to	TO
payment	NN
of	IN
funds	NNS
of	IN
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
county	NN
commissions	NNS
,	,
municipal	JJ
corporations	NNS
by	IN
electronic	JJ
or	CC
wire	NN
transfer	NN
,	,
inclusion	NN
of	IN
appropriate	JJ
electronic	JJ
remittance	NN
voucher	NN
information	NN
;	:
and	CC
specifying	VBG
effective	JJ
date	NN
.	.
AN	DT
ACT	NN
to	TO
amend	VB
and	CC
reenact	VB
section	NN
seventeen	NN
,	,
article	NN
seven-a	NN
,	,
chapter	NN
eighteen	CD
of	IN
the	DT
code	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
,	,
one	CD
thousand	CD
nine	CD
hundred	CD
thirty-one	CD
,	,
as	IN
amended	VBN
,	,
relating	VBG
to	TO
increasing	VBG
the	DT
service	NN
credit	NN
within	IN
the	DT
teachers	NNS
retirement	NN
system	NN
for	IN
teachers	NNS
who	WP
serve	VBP
as	IN
an	DT
officer	NN
with	IN
a	DT
statewide	JJ
professional	JJ
association	NN
and	CC
providing	VBG
that	IN
members	NNS
elected	VBN
to	TO
public	JJ
office	NN
be	VB
credited	VBN
for	IN
time	NN
served	VBD
in	IN
discharging	VBG
legislative	JJ
duties	NNS
.	.
Provided	VBN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
That	IN
a	DT
transfer	NN
of	IN
out-of-state	JJ
service	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
is	VBZ
prohibited	VBN
if	IN
such	JJ
the	DT
service	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
to	TO
obtain	VB
a	DT
retirement	NN
benefit	NN
from	IN
another	DT
retirement	NN
system	NN
:	:
Provided	VBN
further	RB
,	,
That	DT
salaries	NNS
paid	VBN
to	TO
members	NNS
for	IN
service	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
entrance	NN
into	IN
the	DT
retirement	NN
system	NN
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
compute	VB
the	DT
average	JJ
final	JJ
salary	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
the	DT
member	NN
under	IN
the	DT
retirement	NN
system	NN
.	.
Provided	VBN
,	,
That	IN
the	DT
period	NN
of	IN
service	NN
credit	NN
granted	VBN
for	IN
such	JJ
that	IN
service	NN
shall	MD
not	RB
exceed	VB
six	CD
ten	CD
years	NNS
:	:
Provided	VBN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
That	IN
a	DT
member	NN
or	CC
retired	VBN
teacher	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
serving	VBG
or	CC
has	VBZ
served	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
officer	NN
of	IN
a	DT
statewide	JJ
professional	JJ
teaching	NN
association	NN
shall	MD
make	VB
deposits	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
teachers	NNS
retirement	NN
board	NN
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
any	DT
such	JJ
absence	NN
,	,
in	IN
an	DT
amount	NN
double	RB
the	DT
amount	NN
which	WDT
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
contributed	VBN
in	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
regular	JJ
assignment	NN
for	IN
a	DT
like	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
public	JJ
employees	NNS
retirement	NN
system	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
contributing	VBG
member	NN
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
three	CD
years	NNS
,	,
for	IN
service	NN
previously	RB
credited	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
employees	NNS
retirement	NN
system	NN
and	CC
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Shall	NN
require	VBP
the	DT
transfer	NN
of	IN
the	DT
member	NN
's	POS
contributions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
teachers	NNS
retirement	NN
system	NN
;	:
or	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
shall	MD
require	VB
a	DT
repayment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
withdrawn	VBN
any	DT
time	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
member	NN
's	POS
retirement	NN
:	:
Provided	VBN
,	,
That	IN
there	EX
shall	MD
be	VB
added	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
member	NN
to	TO
the	DT
amounts	NNS
transferred	VBN
or	CC
repaid	VBN
under	IN
this	DT
paragraph	NN
subsection	NN
an	DT
amount	NN
which	WDT
shall	MD
be	VB
sufficient	JJ
to	TO
equal	VB
the	DT
contributions	NNS
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
made	VBN
had	VBD
the	DT
member	NN
been	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
teachers	NNS
retirement	NN
system	NN
during	IN
the	DT
period	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
membership	NN
in	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
employees	NNS
retirement	NN
system	NN
plus	CC
interest	NN
at	IN
a	DT
rate	NN
of	IN
six	CD
percent	NN
compounded	VBN
annually	RB
from	IN
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
withdrawal	NN
to	TO
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
payment	NN
.	.
The	DT
interest	NN
paid	VBN
shall	MD
be	VB
deposited	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
reserve	NN
fund	NN
.	.
Notwithstanding	IN
any	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
to	TO
the	DT
contrary	NN
,	,
when	WRB
a	DT
member	NN
is	VBZ
or	CC
has	VBZ
been	VBN
elected	VBN
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
proper	JJ
discharge	VB
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
duties	NNS
of	IN
public	JJ
office	NN
require	VBP
that	IN
member	NN
to	TO
be	VB
absent	JJ
from	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
teaching	NN
or	CC
administrative	JJ
duties	NNS
,	,
the	DT
time	NN
served	VBD
in	IN
discharge	VB
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
duties	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
legislative	JJ
office	NN
are	VBP
credited	VBN
as	IN
time	NN
served	VBD
for	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
computing	VBG
service	NN
credit	NN
:	:
Provided	VBN
,	,
That	IN
the	DT
board	NN
may	MD
not	RB
require	VB
any	DT
additional	JJ
contributions	NNS
from	IN
that	DT
member	NN
in	IN
order	NN
for	IN
the	DT
board	NN
to	TO
credit	NN
him	PRP
or	CC
her	PRP$
with	IN
the	DT
contributing	VBG
service	NN
credit	NN
earned	VBN
while	IN
discharging	VBG
official	JJ
legislative	JJ
duties	NNS
.	.
A	DT
BILL	NNP
to	TO
amend	VB
and	CC
reenact	VB
section	NN
ten	CD
,	,
article	NN
two	CD
,	,
chapter	NN
two	CD
of	IN
the	DT
code	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
,	,
one	CD
thousand	CD
nine	CD
hundred	CD
thirty-one	CD
,	,
as	IN
amended	VBN
;	:
and	CC
to	TO
amend	VB
chapter	NN
thirty-nine	CD
of	IN
said	VBD
code	NN
by	IN
adding	VBG
thereto	RB
a	DT
new	JJ
article	NN
,	,
designated	VBN
article	NN
five	CD
,	,
all	DT
relating	VBG
generally	RB
to	TO
the	DT
authorization	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
signatures	NNS
where	WRB
written	VBN
signatures	NNS
are	VBP
currently	RB
required	VBN
;	:
establishing	VBG
legislative	JJ
findings	NNS
;	:
providing	VBG
definitions	NNS
;	:
allowing	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
acceptance	NN
of	IN
certain	JJ
electronic	JJ
signatures	NNS
where	WRB
a	DT
rule	NN
of	IN
law	NN
requires	VBZ
a	DT
signature	NN
;	:
authorizing	VBG
the	DT
secretary	NN
of	IN
state	NN
and	CC
the	DT
state	NN
auditor	NN
to	TO
propose	VB
legislative	JJ
and	CC
emergency	NN
rules	NNS
authorizing	VBG
governmental	JJ
electronic	JJ
signatures	NNS
;	:
authorizing	VBG
the	DT
secretary	NN
of	IN
state	NN
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
digital	JJ
key	JJ
depository	NN
and	CC
authority	NN
and	CC
authorizing	VBG
the	DT
secretary	NN
of	IN
state	NN
to	TO
contract	NN
with	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
entity	NN
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
the	DT
digital	JJ
key	JJ
depository	NN
and	CC
authority	NN
;	:
allowing	VBG
all	DT
governmental	JJ
entities	NNS
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
electronic	JJ
and	CC
digital	JJ
signature	NN
program	NN
with	IN
certain	JJ
conditions	NNS
and	CC
limitations	NNS
;	:
authorizing	VBG
public	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
signatures	NNS
with	IN
certain	JJ
requirements	NNS
;	:
limitation	NN
of	IN
liability	NN
for	IN
the	DT
secretary	NN
of	IN
state	NN
;	:
and	CC
providing	VBG
for	IN
admissibility	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
signatures	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
electronic	JJ
records	NNS
legal	JJ
proceeding	NN
as	IN
evidence	NN
.	.
The	DT
Legislature	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
rapid	JJ
and	CC
secure	JJ
conveyance	NN
of	IN
signed	VBN
written	VBN
transactions	NNS
,	,
messages	NNS
and	CC
official	JJ
documents	NNS
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
to	TO
effective	JJ
and	CC
economical	JJ
conduct	NN
of	IN
commercial	JJ
,	,
governmental	JJ
and	CC
personal	JJ
affairs	NNS
;	:
and	CC
that	IN
technology	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
to	TO
allow	VB
instantaneous	JJ
transmission	NN
of	IN
documents	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
provide	VB
secure	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
authorization	NN
through	IN
electronic	JJ
signatures	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
this	DT
Act	NN
to	TO
facilitate	VB
and	CC
promote	VB
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
and	CC
online	JJ
government	NN
by	IN
clarifying	VBG
the	DT
legal	JJ
status	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
records	NNS
and	CC
electronic	JJ
signatures	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
writing	VBG
and	CC
signing	VBG
requirements	NNS
imposed	VBN
by	IN
law	NN
;	:
to	TO
permit	VB
and	CC
encourage	VB
the	DT
continued	JJ
expansion	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
and	CC
online	JJ
government	NN
through	IN
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
free	JJ
market	NN
forces	NNS
rather	RB
than	IN
proscriptive	JJ
legislation	NN
;	:
to	TO
promote	VB
public	JJ
confidence	NN
in	IN
the	DT
validity	NN
,	,
integrity	NN
and	CC
reliability	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
and	CC
online	JJ
government	NN
;	:
and	CC
to	TO
promote	VB
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
and	CC
business	NN
infrastructure	NN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
support	VB
and	CC
encourage	VB
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
and	CC
online	JJ
government	NN
.	.
Any	DT
governmental	JJ
entity	NN
not	RB
required	VBN
to	TO
participate	VB
,	,
but	CC
which	WDT
elects	VBZ
to	TO
participate	VB
,	,
may	MD
withdrawal	NN
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
from	IN
the	DT
program	NN
,	,
upon	IN
notification	NN
of	IN
the	DT
secretary	NN
of	IN
state	NN
and	CC
all	DT
others	NNS
who	WP
utilize	VBP
that	IN
entity	NN
's	POS
digital	JJ
signature	NN
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
secretary	NN
of	IN
state	NN
,	,
serving	VBG
as	IN
authority	NN
and	CC
repository	NN
for	IN
governmental	JJ
entities	NNS
for	IN
signature	NN
keys	NNS
shall	MD
revoke	VB
any	DT
signature	NN
key	NN
when	WRB
the	DT
secretary	NN
has	VBZ
reason	NN
to	TO
believe	VB
that	IN
the	DT
digital	JJ
signature	NN
key	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
stolen	VBN
,	,
fraudulently	RB
used	VBN
or	CC
otherwise	RB
compromised	VBN
.	.
This	DT
article	NN
creates	VBZ
no	DT
liability	NN
upon	IN
the	DT
secretary	NN
of	IN
state	NN
for	IN
any	DT
transaction	NN
compromised	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
illegal	JJ
act	NN
or	CC
inappropriate	JJ
uses	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
electronic	JJ
signatures	NNS
.	.
In	IN
any	DT
legal	JJ
proceeding	NN
,	,
nothing	NN
in	IN
the	DT
application	NN
or	CC
the	DT
rules	NNS
of	IN
evidence	NN
shall	MD
apply	VB
so	RB
as	IN
to	TO
deny	VB
the	DT
admissibility	NN
of	IN
an	DT
electronic	JJ
record	NN
or	CC
electronic	JJ
signature	NN
into	IN
evidence	NN
solely	RB
on	IN
the	DT
ground	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
an	DT
electronic	JJ
record	NN
or	CC
electronic	JJ
signature	NN
,	,
or	CC
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
grounds	NNS
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
in	IN
its	PRP$
original	JJ
form	NN
or	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
an	DT
original	JJ
.	.
This	DT
Act	NNP
requires	VBZ
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
goals	NNS
for	IN
professional	JJ
development	NN
and	CC
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
process	NN
to	TO
coordinate	VB
program	NN
delivery	NN
through	IN
the	DT
state	NN
department	NN
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
regional	JJ
educational	JJ
service	NN
agencies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
center	NN
for	IN
professional	JJ
development	NN
;	:
to	TO
create	VB
the	DT
strategic	JJ
staff	NN
development	NN
fund	NN
with	IN
funds	NNS
that	WDT
accrue	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
revenue	NN
fund	NN
;	:
to	TO
develop	VB
an	DT
assessment	NN
program	NN
and	CC
an	DT
accountability	NN
program	NN
;	:
to	TO
establish	VB
the	DT
reading	NN
excellence	NN
accelerates	VBZ
deserving	JJ
students	NNS
program	NN
;	:
to	TO
establish	VB
a	DT
process	NN
for	IN
improving	VBG
education	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
a	DT
system	NN
of	IN
education	NN
performance	NN
audits	NN
;	:
to	TO
designate	VB
certain	JJ
schools	NNS
with	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
casual	JJ
deficit	NN
as	IN
having	VBG
nonapproval	JJ
status	NN
;	:
to	TO
appoint	VB
a	DT
team	NN
of	IN
improvement	NN
consultants	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
may	MD
intervene	VB
in	IN
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
county	NN
school	NN
system	NN
;	:
to	TO
provide	VB
for	IN
the	DT
targeting	VBG
of	IN
resources	NNS
to	TO
improve	VB
the	DT
teaching	NN
and	CC
learning	VBG
process	NN
;	:
to	TO
create	VB
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
staff	NN
development	NN
advisory	JJ
council	NN
;	:
to	TO
create	VB
regional	JJ
staff	NN
development	NN
councils	NNS
in	IN
each	DT
regional	JJ
educational	JJ
service	NN
agency	NN
;	:
to	TO
increase	VB
the	DT
allowance	NN
for	IN
transportation	NN
costs	NNS
.	.
Virginia	NNP
and	CC
create	VB
a	DT
``	``
master	NN
plan	NN
''	''
for	IN
professional	JJ
development	NN
based	VBN
in	IN
part	NN
on	IN
approved	VBN
professional	JJ
development	NN
plans	NNS
from	IN
RESAs	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Center	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Development	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
The	DT
state	NN
board	NN
shall	MD
review	VB
the	DT
proposed	VBN
plans	NNS
and	CC
shall	MD
return	VB
the	DT
proposed	VBN
plans	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
respective	JJ
agencies	NNS
on	IN
or	CC
before	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
January	NNP
,	,
each	DT
year	NN
,	,
noting	VBG
whether	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
plan	NN
is	VBZ
approved	VBN
or	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
approved	VBN
in	IN
whole	JJ
or	CC
in	IN
part	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
proposed	VBN
plan	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
approved	VBN
in	IN
whole	JJ
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
shall	MD
note	VB
its	PRP$
objections	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
proposed	VBN
plan	NN
or	CC
to	TO
the	DT
parts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
plan	NN
not	RB
approved	VBN
and	CC
may	MD
suggest	VB
improvements	NNS
or	CC
specific	JJ
modifications	NNS
,	,
additions	NNS
or	CC
deletions	NNS
to	TO
more	RBR
fully	RB
address	VB
the	DT
goals	NNS
or	CC
eliminate	VB
duplication	NN
.	.
An	DT
agency	NN
whose	WP$
proposed	VBN
plan	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
wholly	RB
approved	VBN
shall	MD
revise	VB
the	DT
plan	NN
to	TO
satisfy	VB
the	DT
objections	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
or	CC
state	NN
the	DT
reasons	NNS
why	WRB
revisions	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
made	VBN
to	TO
satisfy	VB
any	DT
or	CC
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
objections	NNS
and	CC
resubmit	VB
the	DT
proposal	NN
to	TO
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
State	NNP
board	NN
approval	NN
of	IN
the	DT
professional	JJ
development	NN
plans	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
center	NN
for	IN
professional	JJ
development	NN
and	CC
the	DT
regional	JJ
educational	JJ
service	NN
agencies	NNS
is	VBZ
required	VBN
prior	RB
to	TO
implementation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
plans	NNS
.	.
No	DT
county	NN
shall	MD
expand	VB
any	DT
system	NN
either	CC
through	IN
the	DT
purchase	NN
of	IN
additional	JJ
software	NN
or	CC
hardware	NN
that	WDT
does	VBZ
not	RB
advance	VB
the	DT
goals	NNS
and	CC
implementation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
uniform	JJ
integrated	JJ
regional	JJ
computer	NN
information	NN
system	NN
as	IN
recommended	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
:	:
Provided	VBN
,	,
That	DT
nothing	NN
contained	VBD
herein	RB
shall	MD
prevent	VB
the	DT
state	NN
superintendent	NN
from	IN
granting	VBG
a	DT
one-year	JJ
extension	NN
to	TO
those	DT
counties	NNS
projected	VBD
to	TO
have	VB
budget	NN
deficits	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
school	NN
year	NN
beginning	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
July	NNP
,	,
one	CD
thousand	CD
nine	CD
hundred	CD
ninety-four	CD
.	.
Any	DT
remaining	VBG
funds	NNS
transferred	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
strategic	JJ
staff	NN
development	NN
fund	NN
during	IN
the	DT
fiscal	JJ
year	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
carried	VBN
over	IN
for	IN
use	NN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
manner	NN
the	DT
next	JJ
fiscal	JJ
year	NN
and	CC
shall	MD
be	VB
separate	JJ
and	CC
apart	RB
from	IN
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
,	,
the	DT
transfer	NN
of	IN
funds	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
school	NN
fund	NN
for	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
fiscal	JJ
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
Legislature	NNP
further	JJ
finds	VBZ
that	IN
not	RB
all	DT
students	NNS
are	VBP
financially	RB
able	JJ
to	TO
pay	VB
for	IN
summer	NN
school	NN
,	,
nor	CC
do	VB
all	DT
county	NN
schools	NNS
hold	VBP
summer	NN
school	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
this	DT
section	NN
to	TO
help	VB
the	DT
county	NN
boards	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
,	,
either	CC
individually	RB
or	CC
cooperatively	RB
,	,
free	JJ
summer	NN
school	NN
and	CC
summer	NN
school	NN
transportation	NN
for	IN
those	DT
students	NNS
in	IN
kindergarten	NN
through	IN
grade	NN
four	CD
who	WP
did	VBD
not	RB
perform	VB
at	IN
grade	NN
level	NN
during	IN
the	DT
regular	JJ
school	NN
year	NN
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
is	VBZ
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
this	DT
section	NN
to	TO
help	VB
students	NNS
in	IN
kindergarten	NN
through	IN
grade	NN
four	CD
who	WP
are	VBP
identified	VBN
as	IN
being	VBG
in	IN
danger	NN
of	IN
failing	VBG
to	TO
read	VB
at	IN
grade	NN
level	NN
by	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
year	NN
to	TO
receive	VB
intensive	JJ
reading	VBG
instruction	NN
during	IN
their	PRP$
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
reading	NN
time	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
regular	JJ
school	NN
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
state	NN
board	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
required	VBN
to	TO
promulgate	VB
new	JJ
rules	NNS
if	IN
legislative	JJ
rules	NNS
meeting	VBG
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
article	NN
three-b	JJ
,	,
chapter	NN
twenty-nine-a	NN
of	IN
this	DT
code	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
filed	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
office	NN
of	IN
the	DT
secretary	NN
of	IN
state	NN
before	IN
the	DT
effective	JJ
date	NN
of	IN
this	DT
section	NN
.	.
The	DT
state	NN
board	NN
shall	MD
establish	VB
by	IN
rule	NN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
article	NN
three-b	JJ
,	,
chapter	NN
twenty-nine-a	NN
of	IN
this	DT
code	NN
,	,
a	DT
system	NN
of	IN
education	NN
performance	NN
audits	NN
which	WDT
measures	VBZ
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
education	NN
and	CC
the	DT
preparation	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
standards	NNS
and	CC
measures	NNS
of	IN
student	NN
,	,
school	NN
and	CC
school	NN
system	NN
performance	NN
and	CC
processes	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
,	,
the	DT
standards	NNS
and	CC
measures	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
subsections	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
this	DT
section	NN
.	.
The	DT
system	NN
of	IN
education	NN
performance	NN
audits	NN
shall	MD
assist	VB
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
in	IN
ensuring	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
standards	NNS
and	CC
measures	NNS
established	VBN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
this	DT
section	NN
are	VBP
,	,
at	IN
a	DT
minimum	NN
,	,
being	VBG
met	VBN
and	CC
that	IN
a	DT
thorough	JJ
and	CC
efficient	JJ
system	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
is	VBZ
being	VBG
provided	VBN
.	.
The	DT
system	NN
of	IN
education	NN
performance	NN
audits	NN
shall	MD
include	VB
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
assessment	NN
of	IN
student	NN
,	,
school	NN
and	CC
school	NN
system	NN
performance	NN
and	CC
the	DT
processes	NNS
in	IN
place	NN
in	IN
schools	NNS
and	CC
school	NN
systems	NNS
which	WDT
enable	VBP
student	NN
performance	NN
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
review	NN
of	IN
school	NN
and	CC
school	NN
system	NN
unified	VBN
improvement	NN
plans	NNS
;	:
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
periodic	JJ
,	,
random	JJ
unannounced	JJ
on-site	JJ
review	NN
of	IN
school	NN
and	CC
school	NN
system	NN
performance	NN
and	CC
compliance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
standards	NNS
.	.
The	DT
office	NN
of	IN
education	NN
performance	NN
audits	NN
shall	MD
report	VB
the	DT
findings	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
on-site	JJ
reviews	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
for	IN
inclusion	NN
in	IN
the	DT
evaluation	NN
and	CC
determination	NN
of	IN
a	DT
school	NN
's	POS
or	CC
county	NN
board	NN
's	POS
accreditation	NN
or	CC
approval	NN
status	NN
as	IN
applicable	JJ
.	.
Whenever	NNP
a	DT
school	NN
is	VBZ
given	VBN
probationary	JJ
temporary	JJ
accreditation	NN
status	NN
,	,
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
shall	MD
implement	VB
an	DT
improvement	NN
plan	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
ensure	VB
that	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
unified	VBN
improvement	NN
plan	NN
is	VBZ
revised	VBN
to	TO
increase	VB
the	DT
performance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
to	TO
a	DT
full	JJ
accreditation	NN
status	NN
level	NN
.	.
within	IN
one	CD
year	NN
The	DT
revised	VBN
unified	VBN
school	NN
improvement	NN
plan	NN
shall	MD
include	VB
objectives	NNS
,	,
a	DT
time	NN
line	NN
,	,
a	DT
plan	NN
for	IN
evaluation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
success	NN
of	IN
the	DT
improvements	NNS
,	,
cost	NN
estimates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
date	NN
certain	JJ
for	IN
achieving	VBG
full	JJ
accreditation	NN
.	.
The	DT
revised	VBN
plan	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
submitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
for	IN
approval	NN
.	.
These	DT
circumstances	NNS
shall	MD
include	VB
,	,
but	CC
are	VBP
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
,	,
the	DT
failure	NN
of	IN
a	DT
school	NN
on	IN
temporary	JJ
accreditation	NN
status	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
approval	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
revised	VBN
unified	VBN
school	NN
improvement	NN
plan	NN
within	IN
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
time	NN
period	NN
as	IN
defined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
and	CC
the	DT
failure	NN
of	IN
a	DT
school	NN
on	IN
conditional	JJ
accreditation	NN
status	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
objectives	NNS
and	CC
time	NN
line	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
revised	VBN
unified	VBN
school	NN
improvement	NN
plan	NN
or	CC
to	TO
achieve	VB
full	JJ
accreditation	NN
by	IN
the	DT
date	NN
specified	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
revised	VBN
plan	NN
.	.
Whenever	NNP
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
determines	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
education	NN
in	IN
a	DT
school	NN
is	VBZ
seriously	RB
impaired	VBN
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
superintendent	NN
,	,
with	IN
approval	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
,	,
shall	MD
appoint	VB
a	DT
team	NN
of	IN
three	CD
improvement	NN
consultants	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
recommendations	NNS
within	IN
sixty	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
appointment	NN
for	IN
correction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
impairment	NN
.	.
Upon	IN
approval	NN
of	IN
the	DT
recommendations	NNS
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
,	,
the	DT
recommendations	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
.	.
If	IN
progress	NN
in	IN
correcting	VBG
the	DT
impairment	NN
as	IN
determined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
made	VBN
within	IN
six	CD
months	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
receives	VBZ
of	IN
receipt	NN
of	IN
the	DT
recommendations	NNS
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
superintendent	NN
shall	MD
state	VB
board	NN
shall	MD
place	VB
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
on	IN
temporary	JJ
approval	NN
status	NN
and	CC
provide	VB
consultation	NN
and	CC
assistance	NN
to	TO
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
to	TO
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
i	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
Improve	VB
personnel	NNS
management	NN
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
ii	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
establish	VB
more	RBR
efficient	JJ
financial	JJ
management	NN
practices	NNS
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
iii	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
improve	VB
instructional	JJ
programs	NNS
and	CC
rules	NNS
;	:
or	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
iv	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
make	VBP
such	JJ
other	JJ
improvements	NNS
as	IN
may	MD
be	VB
necessary	JJ
to	TO
correct	VB
the	DT
impairment	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
impairment	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
corrected	VBN
within	IN
one	CD
year	NN
of	IN
receipt	NN
of	IN
the	DT
recommendations	NNS
by	IN
a	DT
date	NN
certain	JJ
set	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
,	,
the	DT
district	NN
county	NN
board	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
probationary	JJ
approval	NN
status	NN
or	CC
nonapproval	JJ
status	NN
.	.
Conditional	JJ
approval	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
whose	WP$
education	NN
system	NN
meets	VBZ
at	IN
least	JJS
ninety-five	JJ
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
high	JJ
quality	NN
standards	NNS
adopted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
and	CC
in	IN
which	WDT
at	IN
least	JJS
ninety	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
schools	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
given	VBN
full	JJ
accreditation	NN
status	NN
provided	VBD
no	DT
school	NN
is	VBZ
seriously	RB
impaired	VBN
.	.
Conditional	JJ
approval	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
for	IN
a	DT
period	NN
not	RB
to	TO
exceed	VB
one	CD
year	NN
:	:
Provided	VBN
,	,
That	DT
for	IN
counties	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
fewer	JJR
than	IN
ten	CD
schools	NNS
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
may	MD
grant	VB
conditional	JJ
approval	NN
without	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
ninety	CD
percent	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
total	JJ
quality	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
education	NN
program	NN
.	.
This	DT
intervention	NN
may	MD
include	VB
,	,
but	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
following	NN
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Limit	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
Limiting	VBG
the	DT
authority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
and	CC
county	NN
board	NN
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
expenditure	NN
of	IN
funds	NNS
,	,
the	DT
employment	NN
and	CC
dismissal	NN
of	IN
personnel	NNS
,	,
the	DT
establishment	NN
and	CC
operation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
calendar	NN
,	,
the	DT
establishment	NN
of	IN
instructional	JJ
programs	NNS
and	CC
rules	NNS
and	CC
such	JJ
other	JJ
areas	NNS
as	IN
may	MD
be	VB
designated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
by	IN
rule	NN
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
take	VBP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ii	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
taking	VBG
such	JJ
direct	JJ
action	NN
as	IN
may	MD
be	VB
necessary	JJ
to	TO
correct	VB
the	DT
impairment	NN
emergency	NN
;	:
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
declare	VBP
-LRB-	-LRB-
iii	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
declaring	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
office	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
is	VBZ
vacant	JJ
.	.
The	DT
teams	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
composed	VBN
of	IN
not	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
ten	CD
persons	NNS
,	,
not	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
half	NN
of	IN
whom	WP
may	MD
be	VB
members	NNS
of	IN
or	CC
currently	RB
employed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
,	,
who	WP
possess	VBP
the	DT
necessary	JJ
knowledge	NN
,	,
skills	NNS
and	CC
experience	NN
to	TO
make	VB
an	DT
accurate	JJ
assessment	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
education	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
education	NN
standards	NNS
compliance	NN
team	NN
shall	MD
report	VB
the	DT
findings	NNS
of	IN
its	PRP$
on-site	JJ
reviews	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
for	IN
inclusion	NN
in	IN
the	DT
determination	NN
of	IN
a	DT
school	NN
's	POS
or	CC
district	NN
's	POS
accreditation	NN
or	CC
approval	NN
status	NN
as	IN
applicable	JJ
.	.
The	DT
state	NN
board	NN
shall	MD
encourage	VB
the	DT
sharing	NN
of	IN
information	NN
to	TO
improve	VB
school	NN
effectiveness	NN
among	IN
the	DT
districts	NNS
.	.
Amendments	NNS
to	TO
this	DT
section	NN
adopted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
in	IN
regular	JJ
session	NN
in	IN
the	DT
year	NN
one	CD
thousand	CD
nine	CD
hundred	CD
ninety-eight	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
effective	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
July	NNP
,	,
one	CD
thousand	CD
nine	CD
hundred	CD
ninety-eight	NN
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
create	VB
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
staff	NN
development	NN
advisory	JJ
council	NN
and	CC
eight	CD
regional	JJ
staff	NN
development	NN
councils	NNS
to	TO
coordinate	VB
the	DT
delivery	NN
of	IN
staff	NN
development	NN
programs	NNS
for	IN
professional	JJ
education	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Legislature	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
presently	RB
an	DT
inadequate	JJ
and	CC
inefficient	JJ
delivery	NN
of	IN
staff	NN
development	NN
programs	NNS
for	IN
professional	JJ
education	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Legislature	NNP
further	JJ
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
staff	NN
development	NN
advisory	JJ
council	NN
and	CC
regional	JJ
staff	NN
development	NN
councils	NNS
will	MD
assure	VB
the	DT
efficient	JJ
delivery	NN
of	IN
high	JJ
quality	NN
staff	NN
training	NN
programs	NNS
and	CC
will	MD
further	RBR
assure	VB
that	DT
duplication	NN
of	IN
efforts	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
minimized	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Legislature	NNP
further	JJ
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
functions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
staff	NN
development	NN
advisory	JJ
council	NN
and	CC
regional	JJ
staff	NN
development	NN
councils	NNS
will	MD
assure	VB
that	IN
key	JJ
personnel	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
fully	RB
aware	JJ
of	IN
identified	VBN
needs	NNS
and	CC
programmatic	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
that	IN
all	DT
stakeholders	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
appropriately	RB
involved	VBN
in	IN
planning	NN
and	CC
implementing	VBG
programs	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
requisite	JJ
needs	NNS
and	CC
that	DT
high	JJ
quality	NN
staff	NN
development	NN
programs	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
to	TO
public	JJ
school	NN
educators	NNS
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
efficient	JJ
manner	NN
.	.
The	DT
state	NN
department	NN
of	IN
education	NN
shall	MD
cause	VB
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
study	NN
to	TO
be	VB
made	VBN
relating	VBG
to	TO
student	NN
transportation	NN
.	.
The	DT
study	NN
shall	MD
examine	VB
,	,
but	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
,	,
the	DT
issues	NNS
of	IN
funding	NN
,	,
timeliness	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
used	VBN
for	IN
formula	NN
distribution	NN
,	,
service	NN
personnel	NNS
needed	VBN
,	,
inter-county	JJ
service	NN
,	,
regionalization	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
,	,
bus	NN
routes	NNS
,	,
amount	NN
of	IN
time	NN
students	NNS
spend	VBP
on	IN
buses	NNS
,	,
maintenance	NN
,	,
safety	NN
training	NN
,	,
and	CC
alternative	JJ
transportation	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
The	DT
state	NN
department	NN
of	IN
education	NN
shall	MD
submit	VB
a	DT
report	NN
of	IN
the	DT
study	NN
to	TO
the	DT
legislative	JJ
oversight	NN
commission	NN
on	IN
education	NN
accountability	NN
by	IN
the	DT
fifteenth	NN
day	NN
of	IN
January	NNP
,	,
one	CD
thousand	CD
nine	CD
hundred	CD
ninety-nine	CD
.	.
In	IN
furtherance	NN
of	IN
this	DT
intent	NN
,	,
the	DT
center	NN
for	IN
professional	JJ
development	NN
is	VBZ
continued	VBN
and	CC
reestablished	VBN
.	.
The	DT
general	JJ
mission	NN
of	IN
the	DT
center	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
study	VB
matters	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
teaching	NN
and	CC
management	NN
in	IN
the	DT
schools	NNS
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
and	CC
to	TO
promote	VB
the	DT
implementation	NN
primarily	RB
of	IN
statewide	JJ
programs	NNS
and	CC
practices	NNS
as	IN
recommended	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
to	TO
assure	VB
the	DT
highest	JJS
quality	NN
in	IN
teaching	NN
and	CC
management	NN
.	.
The	DT
center	NN
also	RB
may	MD
implement	VB
local	JJ
programs	NNS
if	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
,	,
in	IN
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
set	VBN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
section	NN
twenty-three-a	NN
,	,
article	NN
two	CD
,	,
chapter	NN
eighteen	CD
of	IN
this	DT
code	NN
,	,
determines	VBZ
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
specific	JJ
local	JJ
need	NN
for	IN
the	DT
programs	NNS
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
the	DT
center	NN
shall	MD
also	RB
perform	VB
such	JJ
duties	NNS
as	IN
are	VBP
assigned	VBN
to	TO
it	PRP
by	IN
law	NN
.	.
The	DT
election	NN
and	CC
appointment	NN
of	IN
members	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
after	IN
the	DT
effective	JJ
date	NN
of	IN
this	DT
section	NN
.	.
Of	IN
the	DT
initial	JJ
members	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
one	CD
shall	MD
be	VB
elected	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
term	NN
of	IN
one	CD
year	NN
and	CC
two	CD
shall	MD
be	VB
elected	VBN
for	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
two	CD
years	NNS
.	.
All	DT
successive	JJ
elections	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
for	IN
two-year	JJ
terms	NNS
.	.
The	DT
state	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
shall	MD
elect	VB
another	DT
member	NN
to	TO
fill	VB
the	DT
unexpired	JJ
term	NN
of	IN
any	DT
person	NN
so	RB
elected	VBD
who	WP
subsequently	RB
vacates	VBZ
state	NN
board	NN
membership	NN
.	.
Of	IN
the	DT
initial	JJ
appointed	VBN
members	NNS
,	,
three	CD
shall	MD
be	VB
appointed	VBN
for	IN
one-year	JJ
terms	NNS
and	CC
three	CD
shall	MD
be	VB
appointed	VBN
for	IN
two-year	JJ
terms	NNS
.	.
All	DT
successive	JJ
appointments	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
for	IN
two-year	JJ
terms	NNS
.	.
The	DT
governor	NN
shall	MD
appoint	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
member	NN
to	TO
fill	VB
the	DT
unexpired	JJ
term	NN
of	IN
any	DT
vacancy	NN
in	IN
the	DT
appointed	VBN
membership	NN
.	.
The	DT
center	NN
for	IN
professional	JJ
development	NN
board	NN
shall	MD
meet	VB
at	IN
least	JJS
quarterly	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
appointed	VBN
members	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
reimbursed	VBN
for	IN
reasonable	JJ
and	CC
necessary	JJ
expenses	NNS
actually	RB
incurred	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
performance	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
official	JJ
duties	NNS
from	IN
funds	NNS
appropriated	VBN
or	CC
otherwise	RB
made	VBN
available	JJ
for	IN
such	JJ
purposes	NNS
upon	IN
submission	NN
of	IN
an	DT
itemized	VBN
statement	NN
therefor	RB
.	.
The	DT
secretary	NN
of	IN
education	NN
and	CC
the	DT
arts	NNS
board	NN
chair	NN
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
advice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
center	NN
board	NN
,	,
from	IN
appropriations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
center	NN
for	IN
professional	JJ
development	NN
,	,
may	MD
employ	VB
and	CC
fix	VB
the	DT
compensation	NN
of	IN
an	DT
executive	JJ
director	NN
with	IN
knowledge	NN
and	CC
experience	NN
in	IN
professional	JJ
development	NN
and	CC
management	NN
principles	NNS
and	CC
such	JJ
other	JJ
persons	NNS
as	IN
may	MD
be	VB
necessary	JJ
to	TO
carry	VB
out	RP
the	DT
mission	NN
and	CC
duties	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
center	NN
.	.
When	WRB
practical	JJ
,	,
personnel	NNS
employed	VBN
by	IN
state	NN
higher	JJR
education	NN
agencies	NNS
and	CC
state	NN
,	,
regional	JJ
and	CC
county	NN
public	JJ
education	NN
agencies	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
center	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
in	IN
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
projects	NNS
of	IN
limited	JJ
duration	NN
.	.
The	DT
center	NN
shall	MD
assist	VB
in	IN
the	DT
delivery	NN
of	IN
programs	NNS
and	CC
activities	NNS
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
this	DT
article	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
statewide	RB
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
needed	VBN
as	IN
determined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
goals	NNS
set	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
section	NN
twenty-three-a	NN
,	,
article	NN
two	CD
,	,
chapter	NN
eighteen	CD
of	IN
this	DT
code	NN
,	,
the	DT
local	JJ
professional	JJ
development	NN
needs	NNS
of	IN
teachers	NNS
,	,
principals	NNS
and	CC
administrators	NNS
and	CC
may	MD
contract	VB
with	IN
existing	VBG
agencies	NNS
or	CC
agencies	NNS
created	VBN
after	IN
the	DT
effective	JJ
date	NN
of	IN
this	DT
section	NN
or	CC
others	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
training	NN
programs	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
efficient	JJ
manner	NN
.	.
Existing	VBG
programs	NNS
currently	RB
based	VBN
in	IN
agencies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
continued	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
agency	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
origin	NN
unless	IN
the	DT
center	NN
establishes	VBZ
a	DT
compelling	JJ
need	NN
to	TO
transfer	VB
or	CC
cancel	VB
the	DT
existing	VBG
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
center	NN
shall	MD
recommend	VB
to	TO
the	DT
governor	NN
the	DT
transfer	NN
of	IN
funds	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
providing	VBG
agency	NN
,	,
if	IN
needed	VBN
,	,
to	TO
provide	VB
programs	NNS
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
center	NN
.	.
Subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
section	NN
twenty-three-a	NN
,	,
article	NN
two	CD
,	,
chapter	NN
eighteen	CD
of	IN
this	DT
code	NN
,	,
through	IN
this	DT
project	NN
the	DT
center	NN
shall	MD
develop	VB
training	NN
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
developmental	JJ
instruction	NN
with	IN
an	DT
emphasis	NN
in	IN
grades	NNS
kindergarten	NN
through	IN
grade	NN
four	CD
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
,	,
one	CD
thousand	CD
nine	CD
hundred	CD
thirty-one	CD
,	,
as	IN
amended	VBN
;	:
to	TO
amend	VB
and	CC
reenact	VB
sections	NNS
three	CD
,	,
four	CD
,	,
five	CD
,	,
six	CD
,	,
seven	CD
and	CC
ten	CD
,	,
article	NN
six-a	NN
,	,
chapter	NN
twenty-nine	CD
of	IN
said	VBD
code	NN
;	:
and	CC
to	TO
further	JJ
amend	VB
said	VBD
article	NN
by	IN
adding	VBG
thereto	RB
a	DT
new	JJ
section	NN
,	,
designated	VBN
section	NN
twelve	CD
,	,
all	DT
relating	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
education	NN
and	CC
public	JJ
employees	NNS
grievance	NN
process	NN
;	:
providing	VBG
for	IN
expedited	VBN
grievance	NN
processes	NNS
;	:
expanding	VBG
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
board	NN
;	:
changing	VBG
the	DT
default	NN
provisions	NNS
;	:
giving	VBG
board	NN
procedural	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
at	IN
levels	NNS
two	CD
and	CC
three	CD
;	:
allowing	VBG
mediation	NN
at	IN
the	DT
request	NN
of	IN
any	DT
party	NN
;	:
allowing	VBG
appeals	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
filed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
circuit	NN
court	NN
of	IN
Kanawha	NNP
County	NNP
;	:
and	CC
increasing	VBG
the	DT
cap	NN
on	IN
attorney	NN
's	POS
fees	NNS
for	IN
prevailing	VBG
grievants	NNS
.	.
A	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
board	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
removed	VBN
from	IN
office	NN
except	IN
for	IN
official	JJ
misconduct	NN
,	,
incompetence	NN
,	,
neglect	NN
of	IN
duty	NN
,	,
gross	JJ
immorality	NN
or	CC
malfeasance	NN
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
only	RB
in	IN
the	DT
manner	NN
prescribed	VBN
in	IN
article	NN
six	CD
,	,
chapter	NN
six	CD
of	IN
this	DT
code	NN
for	IN
the	DT
removal	NN
by	IN
the	DT
governor	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
elected	VBD
officers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
board	NN
shall	MD
hold	VB
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
meetings	NNS
yearly	JJ
at	IN
such	JJ
times	NNS
and	CC
places	NNS
as	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
prescribe	VB
and	CC
may	MD
meet	VB
at	IN
other	JJ
times	NNS
as	IN
may	MD
be	VB
necessary	JJ
,	,
such	JJ
the	DT
other	JJ
meetings	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
agreed	VBN
to	TO
in	IN
writing	VBG
by	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
of	IN
the	DT
members	NNS
.	.
The	DT
compensation	NN
for	IN
Mmembers	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
board	NN
shall	MD
each	DT
be	VB
paid	VBN
is	VBZ
seventy-five	JJ
dollars	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
calendar	NN
day	NN
devoted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
work	NN
of	IN
the	DT
board	NN
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
seven	CD
hundred	CD
and	CC
fifty	CD
dollars	NNS
during	IN
any	DT
one	CD
fiscal	JJ
year	NN
.	.
Each	DT
member	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
reimbursed	VBN
for	IN
all	DT
reasonable	JJ
and	CC
necessary	JJ
expenses	NNS
actually	RB
incurred	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
performance	NN
of	IN
board	NN
duties	NNS
,	,
but	CC
shall	MD
submit	VB
a	DT
request	NN
therefor	RB
for	IN
reimbursement	NN
upon	IN
a	DT
sworn	VBN
itemized	VBN
statement	NN
.	.
The	DT
board	NN
is	VBZ
hereby	RB
authorized	VBN
and	CC
required	VBN
to	TO
administer	VB
shall	MD
administer	VB
the	DT
grievance	NN
procedure	NN
at	IN
levels	NNS
two	CD
,	,
three	CD
and	CC
four	CD
,	,
as	IN
provided	VBN
in	IN
section	NN
five	CD
,	,
article	NN
six-a	NN
,	,
chapter	NN
twenty-nine	CD
of	IN
this	DT
code	NN
,	,
and	CC
as	IN
provided	VBN
for	IN
in	IN
section	NN
four	CD
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
and	CC
shall	MD
employ	VB
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
full-time	JJ
hearing	NN
examiners	NNS
on	IN
an	DT
annual	JJ
basis	NN
and	CC
clerical	JJ
help	NN
as	IN
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
to	TO
implement	VB
the	DT
legislative	JJ
intent	NN
expressed	VBN
in	IN
section	NN
one	CD
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
authorization	NN
granted	VBN
by	IN
this	DT
section	NN
over	IN
education	NN
employees	NNS
,	,
the	DT
board	NN
has	VBZ
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
the	DT
procedures	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
followed	VBN
in	IN
processing	VBG
grievances	NNS
filed	VBN
under	IN
article	NN
six-a	NN
,	,
chapter	NN
twenty-nine	CD
of	IN
this	DT
code	NN
.	.
The	DT
board	NN
shall	MD
hire	VB
hearing	NN
examiners	NNS
who	WP
reside	VBP
in	IN
different	JJ
regional	JJ
educational	JJ
service	NN
agency	NN
areas	NNS
unless	IN
and	CC
until	IN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
hearing	NN
examiners	NNS
exceeds	VBZ
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
the	DT
areas	NNS
,	,
at	IN
which	WDT
time	NN
two	CD
hearing	NN
examiners	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
from	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
such	JJ
area	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
grievant	JJ
previously	RB
before	IN
a	DT
hearing	NN
examiner	NN
again	RB
brings	VBZ
a	DT
grievance	NN
,	,
a	DT
different	JJ
hearing	NN
examiner	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
hear	VB
the	DT
grievance	NN
upon	IN
written	VBN
request	NN
therefor	RB
by	IN
any	DT
party	NN
to	TO
the	DT
grievance	NN
.	.
These	DT
hearing	VBG
examiners	NNS
shall	MD
serve	VB
at	IN
the	DT
will	NN
and	CC
pleasure	NN
of	IN
the	DT
board	NN
.	.
Legislature	NNP
regarding	VBG
receipts	NNS
and	CC
expenditures	NNS
,	,
number	NN
of	IN
level	NN
four	CD
hearings	NNS
conducted	VBN
,	,
synopses	NNS
of	IN
hearing	VBG
outcomes	NNS
and	CC
such	JJ
other	JJ
information	NN
as	IN
the	DT
board	NN
may	MD
deem	VB
determines	VBZ
appropriate	JJ
.	.
The	DT
board	NN
shall	MD
further	RB
evaluate	VB
on	IN
an	DT
annual	JJ
basis	NN
the	DT
level	NN
four	CD
grievance	NN
process	NN
and	CC
the	DT
performance	NN
of	IN
all	DT
hearing	VBG
examiners	NNS
and	CC
include	VBP
the	DT
evaluation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
annual	JJ
report	NN
to	TO
the	DT
governor	NN
and	CC
Legislature	NNP
.	.
In	IN
making	VBG
such	JJ
the	DT
evaluation	NN
,	,
the	DT
board	NN
shall	MD
notify	VB
all	DT
institutions	NNS
,	,
employee	NN
organizations	NNS
and	CC
all	DT
grievants	NNS
participating	VBG
in	IN
level	NN
four	CD
grievances	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
year	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
evaluation	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
made	VBN
and	CC
shall	MD
provide	VB
for	IN
the	DT
submission	NN
of	IN
written	VBN
comment	NN
and\/or	CC
the	DT
hearing	NN
of	IN
testimony	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
grievance	NN
process	NN
,	,
or	CC
both	DT
.	.
The	DT
board	NN
shall	MD
provide	VB
suitable	JJ
office	NN
space	NN
for	IN
all	DT
hearing	VBG
examiners	NNS
in	IN
space	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
that	DT
utilized	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
institution	NN
as	IN
defined	VBN
in	IN
section	NN
two	CD
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
and	CC
shall	MD
ensure	VB
that	IN
reference	NN
materials	NNS
are	VBP
generally	RB
available	JJ
.	.
The	DT
board	NN
is	VBZ
authorized	VBN
to	TO
promulgate	VB
rules	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
,	,
;	:
such	JJ
the	DT
rules	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
to	TO
shall	MD
be	VB
adopted	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
chapter	NN
twenty-nine-a	NN
of	IN
this	DT
code	NN
.	.
The	DT
grievant	NN
prevails	VBZ
by	IN
default	NN
if	IN
a	DT
grievance	NN
evaluator	NN
required	VBN
to	TO
respond	VB
to	TO
a	DT
grievance	NN
at	IN
any	DT
level	NN
fails	VBZ
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
required	JJ
response	NN
in	IN
the	DT
time	NN
limits	NNS
required	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
article	NN
,	,
unless	IN
prevented	VBN
from	IN
doing	VBG
so	RB
directly	RB
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
sickness	NN
,	,
injury	NN
,	,
excusable	JJ
neglect	NN
,	,
unavoidable	JJ
cause	NN
or	CC
fraud	NN
.	.
Within	IN
five	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
receipt	NN
of	IN
a	DT
written	VBN
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
default	NN
,	,
the	DT
employer	NN
may	MD
request	VB
a	DT
hearing	NN
before	IN
a	DT
level	NN
four	CD
hearing	NN
examiner	NN
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
showing	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
remedy	NN
received	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
prevailing	VBG
grievant	NN
is	VBZ
contrary	JJ
to	TO
law	NN
or	CC
clearly	RB
wrong	JJ
.	.
In	IN
making	VBG
a	DT
determination	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
remedy	NN
,	,
the	DT
hearing	NN
examiner	NN
shall	MD
presume	VB
the	DT
employee	NN
prevailed	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
merits	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
grievance	NN
and	CC
shall	MD
determine	VB
whether	IN
the	DT
remedy	NN
is	VBZ
contrary	JJ
to	TO
law	NN
or	CC
clearly	RB
wrong	JJ
in	IN
light	NN
of	IN
that	DT
presumption	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
examiner	NN
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
remedy	NN
is	VBZ
contrary	JJ
to	TO
law	NN
,	,
or	CC
clearly	RB
wrong	JJ
,	,
the	DT
examiner	NN
may	MD
modify	VB
the	DT
remedy	NN
to	TO
be	VB
granted	VBN
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
law	NN
and	CC
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
grievant	JJ
whole	NN
.	.
Within	IN
ten	CD
days	NNS
following	VBG
the	DT
occurrence	NN
of	IN
the	DT
event	NN
upon	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
grievance	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
,	,
or	CC
within	IN
ten	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
date	NN
on	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
event	NN
became	VBD
known	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
grievant	NN
,	,
or	CC
within	IN
ten	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
recent	JJ
occurrence	NN
of	IN
a	DT
continuing	VBG
practice	NN
giving	VBG
rise	NN
to	TO
a	DT
grievance	NN
,	,
the	DT
grievant	NN
or	CC
the	DT
designated	VBN
representative	NN
,	,
or	CC
both	DT
,	,
may	MD
file	VB
a	DT
written	VBN
grievance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
immediate	JJ
supervisor	NN
of	IN
the	DT
grievant	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
request	NN
of	IN
the	DT
grievant	NN
or	CC
the	DT
immediate	JJ
supervisor	NN
,	,
an	DT
informal	JJ
conference	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
to	TO
discuss	VB
the	DT
grievance	NN
within	IN
three	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
receipt	NN
of	IN
the	DT
written	VBN
grievance	NN
.	.
The	DT
immediate	JJ
supervisor	NN
shall	MD
issue	VB
a	DT
written	VBN
decision	NN
within	IN
six	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
receipt	NN
of	IN
the	DT
written	VBN
grievance	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
grievance	NN
alleges	VBZ
discrimination	NN
or	CC
retaliation	NN
by	IN
the	DT
immediate	JJ
supervisor	NN
of	IN
the	DT
grievant	NN
,	,
the	DT
level	NN
one	CD
filing	NN
may	MD
be	VB
waived	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
grievant	NN
and	CC
the	DT
grievance	NN
may	MD
be	VB
initiated	VBN
at	IN
level	NN
two	CD
with	IN
the	DT
administrator	NN
or	CC
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
designee	NN
,	,
within	IN
the	DT
time	NN
limits	VBZ
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
this	DT
subsection	NN
for	IN
filing	VBG
a	DT
grievance	NN
at	IN
level	NN
one	CD
.	.
A	DT
meeting	NN
may	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
to	TO
discuss	VB
the	DT
issues	NNS
in	IN
dispute	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
required	VBN
.	.
Within	IN
five	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
receiving	VBG
the	DT
decision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
immediate	JJ
supervisor	NN
,	,
the	DT
grievant	NN
may	MD
file	VB
a	DT
written	JJ
appeal	NN
to	TO
the	DT
administrator	NN
of	IN
the	DT
grievant	NN
's	POS
work	NN
location	NN
,	,
facility	NN
,	,
area	NN
office	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
appropriate	JJ
subdivision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
department	NN
,	,
board	NN
,	,
commission	NN
or	CC
agency	NN
.	.
The	DT
administrator	NN
or	CC
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
designee	NN
shall	MD
hold	VB
a	DT
conference	NN
within	IN
five	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
receipt	NN
of	IN
the	DT
appeal	NN
and	CC
issue	VB
a	DT
written	VBN
decision	NN
upon	IN
the	DT
appeal	NN
within	IN
five	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
conference	NN
.	.
Within	IN
five	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
receiving	VBG
the	DT
decision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
administrator	NN
of	IN
the	DT
grievant	NN
's	POS
work	NN
location	NN
,	,
facility	NN
,	,
area	NN
office	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
appropriate	JJ
subdivision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
department	NN
,	,
board	NN
,	,
commission	NN
or	CC
agency	NN
,	,
the	DT
grievant	NN
may	MD
file	VB
a	DT
written	JJ
appeal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
decision	NN
with	IN
the	DT
chief	NN
administrator	NN
of	IN
the	DT
grievant	NN
's	POS
employing	VBG
department	NN
,	,
board	NN
,	,
commission	NN
or	CC
agency	NN
.	.
A	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
appeal	NN
and	CC
the	DT
level	NN
two	CD
decision	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
served	VBN
upon	IN
the	DT
personnel	NNS
director	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
civil	JJ
service	NN
commission	NN
division	NN
of	IN
personnel	NNS
by	IN
the	DT
grievant	NN
.	.
The	DT
chief	JJ
administrator	NN
or	CC
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
designee	NN
shall	MD
hold	VB
a	DT
hearing	NN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
section	NN
six	CD
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
within	IN
seven	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
receiving	VBG
the	DT
appeal	NN
.	.
The	DT
personnel	NNS
director	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
civil	JJ
service	NN
commission	NN
division	NN
of	IN
personnel	NNS
or	CC
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
designee	NN
may	MD
appear	VB
at	IN
the	DT
hearing	NN
and	CC
submit	VB
oral	JJ
or	CC
written	JJ
evidence	NN
upon	IN
the	DT
matters	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
hearing	NN
.	.
Provided	VBN
,	,
That	DT
such	JJ
the	DT
hearing	NN
may	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
within	IN
thirty	CD
days	NNS
following	VBG
the	DT
request	NN
,	,
or	CC
within	IN
a	DT
time	NN
that	IN
as	IN
is	VBZ
mutually	RB
agreed	VBN
upon	IN
by	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
hearing	NN
examiner	NN
gives	VBZ
reasonable	JJ
cause	NN
,	,
in	IN
writing	NN
,	,
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
necessity	NN
for	IN
such	JJ
the	DT
delay	NN
.	.
A	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
appeal	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
served	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
grievant	NN
upon	IN
the	DT
director	NN
of	IN
personnel	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
civil	JJ
service	NN
commission	NN
of	IN
the	DT
division	NN
of	IN
personnel	NNS
.	.
The	DT
director	NN
of	IN
personnel	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
civil	JJ
service	NN
commission	NN
the	DT
division	NN
of	IN
personnel	NNS
,	,
or	CC
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
designee	NN
,	,
may	MD
appear	VB
at	IN
such	JJ
the	DT
hearing	NN
and	CC
submit	VB
oral	JJ
or	CC
written	JJ
evidence	NN
upon	IN
the	DT
matters	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
hearing	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
budget	NN
required	VBN
for	IN
submission	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
by	IN
virtue	NN
of	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
section	NN
five	CD
,	,
article	NN
twenty-nine	CD
,	,
chapter	NN
eighteen	CD
of	IN
this	DT
code	NN
,	,
the	DT
board	NN
shall	MD
submit	VB
a	DT
yearly	JJ
budget	NN
and	CC
shall	MD
report	VB
annually	RB
to	TO
the	DT
governor	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
regarding	VBG
proceedings	NNS
conducted	VBN
under	IN
this	DT
article	NN
,	,
including	VBG
receipts	NNS
and	CC
expenditures	NNS
,	,
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
level	NN
four	CD
hearings	NNS
conducted	VBN
,	,
synopses	NNS
of	IN
hearing	VBG
outcomes	NNS
and	CC
such	JJ
other	JJ
information	NN
as	IN
the	DT
board	NN
may	MD
deem	VB
determines	VBZ
appropriate	JJ
.	.
The	DT
board	NN
shall	MD
further	RB
evaluate	VB
on	IN
an	DT
annual	JJ
basis	NN
the	DT
level	NN
four	CD
grievance	NN
process	NN
and	CC
the	DT
performance	NN
of	IN
all	DT
hearing	VBG
examiners	NNS
and	CC
include	VBP
such	JJ
the	DT
evaluation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
annual	JJ
report	NN
to	TO
the	DT
governor	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
.	.
In	IN
making	VBG
such	JJ
the	DT
evaluation	NN
the	DT
board	NN
shall	MD
notify	VB
all	DT
employers	NNS
,	,
employee	NN
organizations	NNS
,	,
the	DT
director	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
civil	JJ
service	NN
commission	NN
division	NN
of	IN
personnel	NNS
and	CC
all	DT
grievants	NNS
participating	VBG
in	IN
level	NN
four	CD
grievances	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
year	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
evaluation	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
made	VBN
and	CC
shall	MD
provide	VB
for	IN
the	DT
submission	NN
of	IN
written	VBN
comment	NN
and\/or	CC
the	DT
hearing	NN
of	IN
testimony	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
grievance	NN
process	NN
,	,
or	CC
both	DT
.	.
The	DT
board	NN
shall	MD
provide	VB
suitable	JJ
office	NN
space	NN
for	IN
all	DT
hearing	VBG
examiners	NNS
in	IN
space	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
that	DT
utilized	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
employer	NN
as	IN
defined	VBN
in	IN
section	NN
two	CD
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
and	CC
shall	MD
ensure	VB
that	IN
reference	NN
materials	NNS
are	VBP
generally	RB
available	JJ
.	.
The	DT
board	NN
shall	MD
provide	VB
forms	NNS
for	IN
filing	VBG
grievances	NNS
,	,
giving	VBG
notice	NN
,	,
taking	VBG
appeals	NNS
,	,
making	VBG
reports	NNS
and	CC
recommendations	NNS
and	CC
such	JJ
other	JJ
documents	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
board	NN
deems	VBZ
determines	VBZ
necessary	JJ
for	IN
any	DT
stage	NN
of	IN
a	DT
grievance	NN
under	IN
this	DT
article	NN
.	.
The	DT
board	NN
is	VBZ
authorized	VBN
to	TO
promulgate	VB
propose	VB
rules	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
for	IN
promulgation	NN
consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
,	,
such	JJ
rules	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
adopted	VBN
and	CC
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
article	NN
three	CD
,	,
chapter	NN
twenty-nine-a	NN
of	IN
this	DT
code	NN
.	.
If	IN
an	DT
employee	NN
shall	MD
appeals	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
circuit	NN
court	NN
an	DT
adverse	JJ
decision	NN
of	IN
a	DT
hearing	NN
examiner	NN
rendered	VBD
in	IN
a	DT
grievance	NN
proceeding	NN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
or	CC
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
defend	VB
an	DT
appeal	NN
and	CC
such	JJ
the	DT
person	NN
substantially	RB
prevails	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
adverse	JJ
party	NN
or	CC
parties	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
is	VBZ
liable	JJ
to	TO
such	JJ
the	DT
employee	NN
,	,
upon	IN
final	JJ
judgment	NN
or	CC
order	NN
,	,
for	IN
court	NN
costs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
for	IN
reasonable	JJ
attorney	NN
's	POS
fees	NNS
,	,
to	TO
be	VB
set	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
court	NN
,	,
for	IN
representing	VBG
such	JJ
the	DT
employee	NN
in	IN
all	DT
administrative	JJ
hearings	NNS
and	CC
before	IN
the	DT
circuit	NN
court	NN
and	CC
the	DT
supreme	JJ
court	NN
of	IN
appeals	NNS
,	,
and	CC
shall	MD
be	VB
is	VBZ
further	JJ
liable	JJ
to	TO
such	JJ
the	DT
employee	NN
for	IN
any	DT
court	NN
reporter	NN
's	POS
costs	NNS
incurred	VBN
during	IN
any	DT
such	JJ
administrative	JJ
hearings	NNS
or	CC
court	NN
proceedings	NNS
:	:
Provided	VBN
,	,
That	DT
in	IN
no	DT
event	NN
shall	MD
such	JJ
attorney	NN
's	POS
fees	NNS
be	VB
awarded	VBN
in	IN
excess	NN
of	IN
a	DT
total	NN
of	IN
one	CD
thousand	CD
five	CD
hundred	CD
dollars	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
administrative	JJ
hearings	NNS
and	CC
circuit	NN
court	NN
proceedings	NNS
nor	CC
an	DT
additional	JJ
one	CD
thousand	CD
dollars	NNS
for	IN
supreme	JJ
court	NN
proceedings	NNS
:	:
Provided	VBN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
That	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
section	NN
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
construed	VBN
to	TO
limit	VB
the	DT
employee	NN
's	POS
right	NN
to	TO
recover	VB
reasonable	JJ
attorney	NN
's	POS
fees	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
mandamus	NN
proceeding	VBG
brought	VBN
under	IN
section	NN
nine	CD
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
.	.
Upon	IN
the	DT
request	NN
of	IN
either	DT
party	NN
,	,
the	DT
board	NN
may	MD
require	VB
mediation	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
alternative	JJ
dispute	NN
resolution	NN
technique	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
the	DT
parties	NNS
in	IN
identifying	VBG
,	,
clarifying	VBG
and	CC
resolving	VBG
issues	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
grievance	NN
.	.
Mediation	NNP
may	MD
be	VB
requested	VBN
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
level	NN
four	CD
hearing	NN
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
by	IN
parties	NNS
during	IN
mediation	NN
is	VBZ
and	CC
shall	MD
remain	VB
confidential	JJ
.	.
Mediators	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
called	VBN
as	RB
witnesses	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
testimony	NN
in	IN
unresolved	JJ
grievances	NNS
that	WDT
proceed	VBP
to	TO
a	DT
grievance	NN
hearing	NN
,	,
and	CC
any	DT
hearing	NN
examiner	NN
involved	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
mediation	NN
process	NN
may	MD
not	RB
hear	VB
the	DT
grievance	NN
or	CC
be	VB
consulted	VBN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
merits	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
grievance	NN
.	.
Under	IN
rules	NNS
established	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
higher	JJR
education	NN
governing	VBG
boards	NNS
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
residents	NNS
65	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
age	NN
or	CC
older	JJR
may	MD
attend	VB
classes	NNS
at	IN
state-supported	JJ
colleges	NNS
and	CC
universities	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
space-available	JJ
basis	NN
at	IN
a	DT
cost	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
other	JJ
than	IN
laboratory	NN
fees	NNS
and	CC
parking	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
not	RB
to	TO
exceed	VB
$	$
50	CD
for	IN
non-credit	JJ
courses	NNS
and	CC
50	CD
%	NN
of	IN
the	DT
normal	JJ
tuition	NN
and	CC
fees	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
credit	NN
course	NN
.	.
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
staff	NN
are	VBP
employed	VBN
upon	IN
recommendation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
and	CC
are	VBP
state	NN
employees	NNS
.	.
No	DT
representative	NN
or	CC
employee	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
is	VBZ
authorized	VBN
to	TO
enter	VB
into	IN
any	DT
employment	NN
contract	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
agreement	NN
.	.
Department	NNP
staff	NN
work	NN
under	IN
the	DT
direction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
supervision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
free	JJ
schools	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
and	CC
implementing	VBG
the	DT
policies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
other	JJ
necessary	JJ
tasks	NNS
as	IN
determined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
or	CC
his\/her	JJR
designee	NN
.	.
Each	DT
employee	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
at-will	NN
''	''
and	CC
subject	JJ
to	TO
termination	NN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
,	,
with	IN
or	CC
without	IN
notice	NN
,	,
cause	NN
,	,
or	CC
compensation	NN
.	.
The	DT
employment	NN
relationship	NN
between	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
employee	NN
may	MD
be	VB
terminated	VBN
by	IN
either	DT
party	NN
.	.
Reasons	NNS
for	IN
termination	NN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
include	VBP
,	,
but	CC
are	VBP
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
,	,
immorality	NN
,	,
incompetency	NN
,	,
cruelty	NN
,	,
insubordination	NN
,	,
intemperance	NN
,	,
willful	JJ
neglect	NN
of	IN
duty	NN
,	,
unsatisfactory	JJ
performance	NN
,	,
the	DT
conviction	NN
of	IN
a	DT
felony	NN
or	CC
a	DT
guilty	JJ
plea	NN
or	CC
a	DT
plea	NN
of	IN
nolo	JJ
contendere	NN
to	TO
a	DT
felony	NN
charge	NN
,	,
misuse	NN
of	IN
funds	NNS
or	CC
property	NN
,	,
violations	NNS
of	IN
law	NN
or	CC
policies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
,	,
lack	NN
of	IN
need	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
lack	NN
or	CC
loss	NN
of	IN
funding	NN
.	.
The	DT
information	NN
provided	VBD
herein	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
convenience	NN
of	IN
the	DT
professional	JJ
educator	NN
only	RB
.	.
It	PRP
reflects	VBZ
the	DT
best	JJS
data	NNS
available	JJ
and	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
constitute	VB
an	DT
official	JJ
certification	NN
record	NN
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
errors	NNS
or	CC
omissions	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
electronic	JJ
record	NN
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Professional	NNP
Preparation	NNP
is	VBZ
happy	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
the	DT
forms	NNS
necessary	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
application	NN
for	IN
certification	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
Below	IN
,	,
you	PRP
should	MD
find	VB
the	DT
information	NN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
request	VB
licensure	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
state	NN
.	.
Use	NNP
the	DT
Form	NN
4B	CD
to	TO
obtain	VB
a	DT
character	NN
recommendation	NN
from	IN
a	DT
person	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
a	DT
WV	NNP
County	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
employed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
educational	JJ
setting	NN
,	,
please	VB
obtain	VB
the	DT
recommendation	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
immediate	JJ
supervisor	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
employed	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
educational	JJ
setting	NN
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
obtain	VB
a	DT
recommendation	NN
from	IN
an	DT
employer	NN
or	CC
community	NN
leader	NN
.	.
Use	NN
this	DT
form	NN
to	TO
apply	VB
for	IN
an	DT
additional	JJ
endorsement	NN
gained	VBN
by	IN
completion	NN
of	IN
an	DT
approved	VBN
program	NN
or	CC
to	TO
add	VB
an	DT
endorsement	NN
listed	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
certificate	NN
issued	VBN
by	IN
another	DT
state	NN
.	.
Use	NN
to	TO
request	VB
a	DT
Duplicate	NNP
Certificate	NNP
.	.
Use	NN
this	DT
form	NN
when	WRB
applying	VBG
for	IN
recognition	NN
of	IN
hours	NNS
completed	VBN
towards	IN
an	DT
advanced	JJ
degree	NN
or	CC
salary	NN
or	CC
when	WRB
requesting	VBG
recognition	NN
of	IN
certification	NN
through	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Board	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Teaching	NNP
Standards	NNPS
.	.
Use	NN
this	DT
form	NN
when	WRB
applying	VBG
for	IN
reimbursement	NN
of	IN
fees	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
coursework	NN
taken	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
renewal	NN
of	IN
a	DT
certificate	NN
or	CC
for	IN
course	NN
taken	VBN
towards	IN
the	DT
completion	NN
of	IN
a	DT
program	NN
in	IN
a	DT
verified	VBN
shortage	NN
area	NN
.	.
Use	NN
this	DT
form	NN
when	WRB
applying	VBG
for	IN
reimbursement	NN
of	IN
fees	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
move	NN
after	IN
employment	NN
has	VBZ
ceased	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
County	NNP
due	JJ
to	TO
reduction	NN
in	IN
force	NN
and	CC
you	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
hired	VBN
in	IN
another	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
County	NNP
.	.
Use	NN
this	DT
form	NN
when	WRB
applying	VBG
for	IN
an	DT
original	JJ
career\/technical	JJ
certificate	NN
,	,
renewing	VBG
an	DT
existing	VBG
certificate	NN
,	,
requesting	VBG
permanent	JJ
career	NN
technical	JJ
certificate	NN
,	,
or	CC
adding	VBG
an	DT
endorsement	NN
to	TO
an	DT
existing	VBG
career	NN
technical	JJ
certificate	NN
.	.
A	DT
step-by-step	JJ
format	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
created	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
teachers	NNS
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
answer	NN
this	DT
question	NN
.	.
The	DT
computer	NN
will	MD
guide	VB
you	PRP
through	IN
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
yes\/no	JJ
questions	NNS
.	.
Simply	RB
answer	VB
``	``
yes	UH
''	''
or	CC
``	``
no	DT
''	''
to	TO
each	DT
question	NN
prompted	VBD
and	CC
your	PRP$
``	``
highly	RB
qualified	VBN
''	''
status	NN
will	MD
be	VB
determined	VBN
according	VBG
to	TO
guidelines	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
Individuals	NNS
with	IN
Disabilities	NNP
Education	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
IDEA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Answer	VB
the	DT
first	JJ
question	NN
below	IN
and	CC
continue	VB
through	IN
the	DT
process	NN
to	TO
find	VB
out	RP
if	IN
you	PRP
meet	VBP
the	DT
definition	NN
of	IN
highly	RB
qualified	VBN
.	.
Certificates	NNS
issued	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
WVDE	NNP
are	VBP
made	VBN
effective	JJ
the	DT
last	JJ
day	NN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
for	IN
licensure	NN
were	VBD
met	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
graduation	NN
,	,
passing	VBG
Praxis	NNP
II	NNP
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
provided	VBD
the	DT
application	NN
was	VBD
received	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
WVDE	NNP
within	IN
three	CD
months	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
date	NN
all	DT
requirements	NNS
were	VBD
met	VBN
.	.
Requests	NNS
for	IN
licensure	NN
received	VBD
more	JJR
than	IN
three	CD
months	NNS
after	IN
all	DT
requirements	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
met	VBN
will	MD
be	VB
dated	VBN
three	CD
months	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
date	NN
the	DT
application	NN
was	VBD
received	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
WVDE	NNP
.	.
Teaching	VBG
Certificates	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
renewed	VBN
using	VBG
one	CD
of	IN
three	CD
different	JJ
options	NNS
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
six	CD
semester	NN
hours	NNS
of	IN
coursework	NN
from	IN
an	DT
accredited	VBN
institution	NN
on	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
;	:
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
certificate	NN
being	VBG
renewed	VBN
reflects	VBZ
an	DT
advanced	JJ
salary	NN
classification	NN
of	IN
MA	NNP
+30	CD
of	IN
higher	JJR
;	:
or	CC
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
applicant	NN
has	VBZ
reached	VBN
age	NN
60	CD
.	.
An	DT
application	NN
for	IN
renewal	NN
can	MD
be	VB
located	VBN
online	NN
at	IN
http://wvde.state.wv.us/certification/forms/index.html	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
four	CD
basic	JJ
options	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
educators	NNS
who	WP
need	VBP
to	TO
renew	VB
a	DT
certificate	NN
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
courses	NNS
required	VBN
in	IN
program	NN
leading	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
master	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
school	NN
program	NN
;	:
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
courses	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
improvement	NN
of	IN
instruction	NN
and	CC
to	TO
the	DT
educator	NN
's	POS
assignment	NN
and\/or	CC
certification	NN
area	NN
;	:
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
courses	NNS
needed	VBN
to	TO
qualify	VB
for	IN
an	DT
additional	JJ
endorsement	NN
;	:
OR	NNP
4	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
courses	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
prescribed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
an	DT
evaluation	NN
.	.
The	DT
coursework	NN
may	MD
be	VB
either	RB
graduate	JJ
or	CC
undergraduate	JJ
,	,
but	CC
must	MD
meet	VB
the	DT
following	VBG
criteria	NNS
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
be	VB
completed	VBN
at	IN
an	DT
accredited	VBN
institution	NN
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
;	:
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
reflect	VBP
a	DT
grade	NN
point	NN
average	NN
of	IN
3.0	CD
or	CC
higher	JJR
;	:
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
be	VB
completed	VBN
after	IN
the	DT
effective	JJ
date	NN
of	IN
the	DT
certificate	NN
being	VBG
renewed	VBN
;	:
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
be	VB
completed	VBN
within	IN
a	DT
five	CD
period	NN
preceding	VBG
the	DT
date	NN
the	DT
application	NN
for	IN
renewal	NN
was	VBD
received	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
WVDE	NNP
.	.
Applicants	NNS
are	VBP
eligible	JJ
to	TO
convert	VB
to	TO
a	DT
Professional	NNP
Teaching	NNP
Certificate	NNP
valid	JJ
for	IN
five	CD
years	NNS
provided	VBN
they	PRP
meet	VBP
the	DT
following	JJ
requirements	NNS
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
holds	VBZ
an	DT
Initial	JJ
Professional	NNP
Teaching	NNP
Certificate	NNP
;	:
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
meets	VBZ
the	DT
renewal	NN
requirements	NNS
for	IN
that	DT
certificate	NN
;	:
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
successfully	RB
completes	VBZ
the	DT
beginning	NN
teacher	NN
internship	NN
,	,
4	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
completes	VBZ
two	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
educational	JJ
experience	NN
within	IN
one	CD
or	CC
a	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
endorsements	NNS
listed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
certificate	NN
being	VBG
considered	VBN
for	IN
conversion	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
one	CD
year	NN
of	IN
which	WDT
must	MD
in	IN
WV	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
5	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
receives	VBZ
the	DT
recommendation	NN
for	IN
certification	NN
;	:
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
submits	VBZ
the	DT
Form	NN
4	CD
available	JJ
at	IN
http://wvde.state.wv.us/certification/forms/index.html	NN
along	IN
with	IN
proper	JJ
fees	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
two	CD
pathways	NNS
to	TO
permanent	JJ
certification	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
applicants	NNS
eligible	JJ
to	TO
convert	VB
to	TO
a	DT
Permanent	NNP
Professional	NNP
Teaching	NNP
Certificate	NNP
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
requires	VBZ
an	DT
applicant	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
following	VBG
criteria	NNS
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
holds	VBZ
or	CC
is	VBZ
eligible	JJ
to	TO
hold	VB
a	DT
Professional	JJ
Teaching	NNP
Certificate	NNP
valid	JJ
for	IN
five	CD
years	NNS
;	:
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
holds	VBZ
a	DT
master	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
school	NN
program	NN
;	:
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
completes	VBZ
five	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
educational	JJ
experience	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
two	CD
of	IN
which	WDT
must	MD
be	VB
within	IN
the	DT
endorsements	NNS
area	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
listed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
certificate	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
receives	VBZ
the	DT
recommendation	NN
for	IN
certification	NN
;	:
5	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
submits	VBZ
the	DT
Form	NN
4	CD
available	JJ
at	IN
http://wvde.state.wv.us/certification/forms/index.html	NN
along	IN
with	IN
proper	JJ
fees	NNS
.	.
The	DT
other	JJ
option	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
educators	NNS
allows	VBZ
a	DT
permanent	JJ
certificate	NN
to	TO
be	VB
issued	VBN
to	TO
educators	NNS
who	WP
meet	VBP
the	DT
following	VBG
criteria	NNS
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
completes	VBZ
two	CD
renewals	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Professional	NNP
Certificate	NNP
valid	JJ
for	IN
five	CD
years	NNS
;	:
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
receives	VBZ
the	DT
recommendation	NN
for	IN
certification	NN
;	:
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
submits	VBZ
the	DT
Form	NN
4	CD
available	JJ
at	IN
http://wvde.state.wv.us/certification/forms/index.html	NN
along	IN
with	IN
proper	JJ
fees	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
employed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
WV	NNP
public	JJ
school	NN
system	NN
or	CC
have	VB
been	VBN
employed	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
year	NN
,	,
you	PRP
must	MD
obtain	VB
the	DT
recommendation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
superintendent	NN
of	IN
that	DT
system	NN
.	.
If	IN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
employed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
school	NN
system	NN
in	IN
WV	NNP
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
obtain	VB
the	DT
recommendation	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
most	RBS
recent	JJ
educational	JJ
supervisor	NN
provided	VBD
employment	NN
severance	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
greater	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
year	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
employed	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
educational	JJ
setting	NN
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
submit	VB
the	DT
recommendation	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
current	JJ
employer	NN
or	CC
community	NN
leader	NN
.	.
You	PRP
must	MD
contact	VB
your	PRP$
county	NN
certification	NN
office	NN
so	RB
that	IN
the	DT
county	NN
may	MD
verify	VB
your	PRP$
eligibility	NN
for	IN
tuition	NN
reimbursement	NN
.	.
If	IN
eligible	JJ
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
complete	VB
and	CC
submit	VB
a	DT
Form	NN
36	CD
application	NN
for	IN
tuition	NN
reimbursement	NN
and	CC
obtain	VB
your	PRP$
county	NN
superintendent	NN
's	POS
signature	NN
.	.
All	DT
coursework	NN
being	VBG
claimed	VBN
for	IN
reimbursement	NN
must	MD
be	VB
submitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
WVDE	NNP
within	IN
the	DT
fiscal	JJ
year	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
coursework	NN
was	VBD
completed	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
beginning	VBG
each	DT
July	NNP
1	CD
and	CC
ending	VBG
the	DT
following	VBG
June	NNP
15	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
application	NN
and	CC
required	VBN
W-9	JJ
tax	NN
form	NN
are	VBP
located	VBN
online	NN
at	IN
http://wvde.state.wv.us/certification/forms/index.html	NN
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
apply	VB
for	IN
an	DT
advanced	JJ
salary	NN
classification	NN
by	IN
completing	VBG
a	DT
Form	NN
12	CD
application	NN
and	CC
submitting	VBG
it	PRP
with	IN
your	PRP$
official	JJ
transcripts	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
required	VBN
$	$
15.00	CD
processing	NN
fee	NN
.	.
The	DT
application	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
online	NN
at	IN
http://wvde.state.wv.us/certification/forms/index.html	NN
.	.
The	DT
WVDE	NNP
is	VBZ
able	JJ
to	TO
assist	VB
teachers	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
reimbursement	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
NBPTS	NNP
program	NN
fees	NNS
.	.
Currently	RB
,	,
the	DT
first	JJ
200	CD
enrollment	NN
applicants	NNS
each	DT
year	NN
are	VBP
eligible	JJ
for	IN
reimbursement	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
fees	NNS
by	IN
applying	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
Form	NN
37	CD
application	NN
and	CC
submitting	VBG
the	DT
required	VBN
documentation	NN
.	.
The	DT
application	NN
and	CC
required	VBN
W-9	JJ
tax	NN
form	NN
are	VBP
located	VBN
online	NN
at	IN
http://wvde.state.wv.us/certification/forms/index.html	NN
.	.
Professional	NNP
Student	NNP
Support	NN
Certificates	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
renewed	VBN
using	VBG
one	CD
of	IN
three	CD
different	JJ
options	NNS
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
six	CD
semester	NN
hours	NNS
of	IN
coursework	NN
from	IN
an	DT
accredited	VBN
institution	NN
on	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
;	:
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
certificate	NN
being	VBG
renewed	VBN
reflects	VBZ
an	DT
advanced	JJ
salary	NN
classification	NN
of	IN
MA	NNP
+30	CD
of	IN
higher	JJR
;	:
or	CC
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
applicant	NN
has	VBZ
reached	VBN
age	NN
60	CD
.	.
An	DT
application	NN
for	IN
renewal	NN
can	MD
be	VB
located	VBN
online	NN
at	IN
http://wvde.state.wv.us/certification/forms/index.html	NN
.	.
Administrative	JJ
Certificates	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
renewed	VBN
using	VBG
one	CD
of	IN
three	CD
different	JJ
options	NNS
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
six	CD
semester	NN
hours	NNS
of	IN
coursework	NN
from	IN
an	DT
accredited	VBN
institution	NN
on	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
;	:
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
certificate	NN
being	VBG
renewed	VBN
reflects	VBZ
an	DT
advanced	JJ
salary	NN
classification	NN
of	IN
MA	NNP
+30	CD
of	IN
higher	JJR
;	:
or	CC
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
applicant	NN
has	VBZ
reached	VBN
age	NN
60	CD
.	.
An	DT
application	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Form	NN
19	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
renewal	NN
can	MD
be	VB
located	VBN
online	NN
at	IN
http://wvde.state.wv.us/certification/forms/index.html	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
you	PRP
must	MD
document	VB
five	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
educational	JJ
experience	NN
,	,
two	CD
of	IN
which	WDT
must	MD
be	VB
in	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
specializations	NNS
listed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Professional	NNP
Administrative	NNP
Certificate	NNP
.	.
You	PRP
must	MD
apply	VB
for	IN
permanent	JJ
certification	NN
through	IN
the	DT
WVDE	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
Form	NN
19	CD
available	JJ
at	IN
http://wvde.state.wv.us/certification/forms/index.html	NN
and	CC
receive	VB
a	DT
recommendation	NN
for	IN
certification	NN
.	.
Certificate	NN
,	,
you	PRP
must	MD
successfully	RB
complete	VB
the	DT
Beginning	VBG
Educator	NNP
Internship	NNP
and	CC
receive	VB
the	DT
recommendation	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
county	NN
superintendent	NN
.	.
The	DT
following	JJ
year	NN
you	PRP
must	MD
complete	VB
the	DT
six	CD
semester	NN
hours	NNS
of	IN
coursework	NN
and	CC
receive	VB
the	DT
recommendation	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
superintendent	NN
.	.
Alternative	NNP
Teaching	NNP
Certificates	NNPS
issued	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
WVDE	NNP
expire	VB
June	NNP
30	CD
of	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
year	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
validity	NN
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
issuance	NN
.	.
Alternative	NNP
Teaching	NNP
Certificates	NNPS
are	VBP
issued	VBN
for	IN
only	RB
one	CD
year	NN
.	.
Alternate	JJ
routes	NNS
to	TO
certification	NN
MUST	NNP
be	VB
completed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
three-year	JJ
time	NN
period	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
you	PRP
must	MD
complete	VB
ALL	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
Initial	JJ
Professional	NNP
Certificate	NNP
within	IN
three	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
issuance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Alternative	NNP
Teaching	NNP
Certificate	NNP
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
currently	RB
offers	VBZ
three	CD
types	NNS
of	IN
alternative	JJ
teaching	NN
certificate	NN
for	IN
general	JJ
and	CC
special	JJ
educators	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
type	NN
has	VBZ
different	JJ
requirements	NNS
for	IN
conversion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
alternative	JJ
teaching	NN
certificate	NN
to	TO
an	DT
initial	JJ
professional	JJ
teaching	NN
certificate	NN
or	CC
permanent	JJ
authorization	NN
.	.
Certification	NN
:	:
You	PRP
must	MD
complete	VB
the	DT
coursework	NN
required	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
alternative	NN
certification	NN
program	NN
,	,
receive	VB
a	DT
recommendation	NN
for	IN
certification	NN
from	IN
your	PRP$
college	NN
,	,
university	NN
and\/or	CC
RESA	NNP
,	,
pass	VBP
the	DT
Praxis	NNP
I	PRP
and	CC
II	NNP
exams	NNS
required	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
WVBE	NNP
,	,
receive	VBP
the	DT
recommendation	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
county	NN
superintendent	NN
and	CC
complete	VB
a	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
State	NNP
Police	NNP
and	CC
FBI	NNP
background	NN
check	NN
.	.
Content	NN
Endorsement	NNP
:	:
You	PRP
must	MD
complete	VB
coursework	NN
in	IN
the	DT
required	VBN
areas	NNS
as	IN
specified	VBN
at	IN
http://wvde.state.wv.us/certification/educator/alternative/special.html	NN
.	.
Once	RB
you	PRP
complete	VB
the	DT
required	JJ
21	CD
semester	NN
hours	NNS
of	IN
coursework	NN
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
apply	VB
for	IN
a	DT
permanent	JJ
authorization	NN
in	IN
the	DT
restricted	VBN
content	NN
endorsement	NN
which	WDT
will	MD
remain	VB
valid	JJ
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
your	PRP$
special	JJ
education	NN
certification	NN
remains	VBZ
valid	JJ
.	.
The	DT
answer	NN
to	TO
this	DT
question	NN
depends	VBZ
upon	IN
whether	IN
you	PRP
hold	VBP
any	DT
other	JJ
professional	JJ
teaching	NN
and\/or	CC
student	NN
support	NN
certificates	NNS
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
hold	VBP
a	DT
Professional	JJ
Teaching	NNP
Certificate	NNP
endorsed	VBD
in	IN
another	DT
area	NN
or	CC
specialization	NN
,	,
then	RB
your	PRP$
job	NN
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
posted	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
each	DT
employment	NN
term	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
hold	VBP
no	DT
other	JJ
Professional	NNP
Teaching	NNP
and\/or	CC
Student	NNP
Support	NN
Certificate	NNP
,	,
your	PRP$
job	NN
will	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
employment	NN
term	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
no	DT
fully	RB
certified	VBN
educator	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
position	NN
.	.
Education	NNP
Certificates	NNPS
issued	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
WVDE	NNP
are	VBP
made	VBN
effective	JJ
the	DT
last	JJ
day	NN
all	DT
licensure	NN
requirements	NNS
were	VBD
met	VBN
provided	VBN
the	DT
application	NN
was	VBD
received	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
WVDE	NNP
within	IN
three	CD
months	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
date	NN
all	DT
requirements	NNS
were	VBD
met	VBN
.	.
Requests	NNS
for	IN
licensure	NN
received	VBD
more	JJR
than	IN
three	CD
months	NNS
after	IN
all	DT
requirements	NNS
were	VBD
met	VBN
will	MD
be	VB
dated	VBN
three	CD
months	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
date	NN
the	DT
application	NN
was	VBD
received	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
WVDE	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Career\/Technical	NNP
Education	NNP
Certificate	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
renewed	VBN
using	VBG
one	CD
of	IN
three	CD
different	JJ
options	NNS
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
six	CD
semester	NN
hours	NNS
of	IN
coursework	NN
from	IN
an	DT
accredited	VBN
institution	NN
on	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
relating	VBG
to	TO
public	JJ
education	NN
;	:
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
certificate	NN
being	VBG
renewed	VBN
reflects	VBZ
an	DT
advanced	JJ
salary	NN
classification	NN
of	IN
MA	NNP
+30	CD
of	IN
higher	JJR
;	:
or	CC
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
applicant	NN
has	VBZ
reached	VBN
age	NN
60	CD
.	.
An	DT
application	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Form	NN
V7	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
renewal	NN
can	MD
be	VB
located	VBN
online	NN
at	IN
http://wvde.state.wv.us/certification/forms/index.html	NN
.	.
A	DT
Career\/Technical	JJ
educator	NN
should	MD
formally	RB
request	VB
the	DT
renewal	NN
of	IN
his\/her	NN
certificate	NN
when	WRB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
for	IN
renewal	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
met	VBN
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
before	IN
January	NNP
1	CD
of	IN
the	DT
year	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
certificate	NN
expires	VBZ
.	.
The	DT
basic	JJ
salary	NN
for	IN
the	DT
holder	NN
of	IN
a	DT
Career\/Technical	NNP
Education	NNP
First-Class\/Full-Time	NNP
Permit	NNP
or	CC
Certificate	NNP
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
bachelor	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
earned	VBN
a	DT
master	NN
's	POS
or	CC
doctoral	JJ
degree	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
salary	NN
class	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
upon	IN
that	DT
earned	VBN
degree	NN
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
renewal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Career\/Technical	NNP
Education	NNP
First-Class\/Full-Time	NNP
Permit	NNP
requires	VBZ
that	IN
you	PRP
continue	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
employed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
WV	NNP
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
in	IN
the	DT
area\/s	NNS
of	IN
endorsement	NN
and	CC
provide	VB
the	DT
following	VBG
documentation	NN
:	:
passing	VBG
scores	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
Basic	JJ
Skills	NNS
Tests	NNS
,	,
passing	VBG
scores	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
written	VBN
and	CC
performance	NN
sections	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
content	JJ
specialization	NN
sections	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
NOCTI	NNP
test	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
administered	VBN
by	IN
WVU	NNP
Institute	NNP
of	IN
Technology	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
official	JJ
college\/university	NN
transcript	NN
verifying	VBG
the	DT
completion	NN
of	IN
appropriate	JJ
six	CD
semester	NN
hours	NNS
of	IN
college\/university	NN
course	NN
work	NN
reflecting	VBG
a	DT
3.0	CD
GPA	NNP
,	,
an	DT
official	JJ
recommendation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
superintendent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
are	VBP
employed	VBN
,	,
and	CC
an	DT
official	JJ
recommendation	NN
from	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
renewal	NN
coursework	NN
is	VBZ
completed	VBN
.	.
Subsequent	JJ
renewals	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Career\/Technical	NNP
Education	NNP
First-Class\/Full-Time	NNP
Permit	NNP
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
continue	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
employed	VBN
require	VBP
an	DT
official	JJ
college\/university	NN
transcript	NN
verifying	VBG
the	DT
completion	NN
of	IN
appropriate	JJ
six	CD
semester	NN
hours	NNS
of	IN
college\/university	NN
course	NN
work	NN
reflecting	VBG
a	DT
3.0	CD
GPA	NNP
,	,
an	DT
official	JJ
recommendation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
superintendent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
are	VBP
employed	VBN
,	,
and	CC
an	DT
official	JJ
recommendation	NN
from	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
renewal	NN
coursework	NN
is	VBZ
completed	VBN
.	.
Once	RB
all	DT
requirements	NNS
are	VBP
met	VBN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
apply	VB
for	IN
an	DT
original	JJ
Career\/Technical	NNP
Education	NNP
Certificate	NNP
by	IN
submitting	VBG
an	DT
application	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Form	NN
V7	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
official	JJ
college\/university	NN
transcript	NN
verifying	VBG
the	DT
completion	NN
of	IN
appropriate	JJ
six	CD
semester	NN
hours	NNS
of	IN
college\/university	NN
course	NN
work	NN
reflecting	VBG
a	DT
3.0	CD
GPA	NNP
,	,
an	DT
official	JJ
recommendation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
superintendent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
are	VBP
employed	VBN
,	,
an	DT
official	JJ
recommendation	NN
from	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
coursework	NN
was	VBD
completed	VBN
,	,
and	CC
processing	VBG
fee	NN
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
access	VB
and	CC
download	VB
Form	NN
V7	NNP
at	IN
http://wvde.state.wv.us/certification/forms/index.html	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
always	RB
best	RB
to	TO
consult	VB
with	IN
an	DT
advisor	NN
representing	VBG
the	DT
institution	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
are	VBP
enrolled	VBN
to	TO
seek	VB
guidance	NN
on	IN
course	NN
selection	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
six	CD
semester	NN
hours	NNS
required	VBN
to	TO
renew	VB
a	DT
First-Class\/Full-Time	JJ
Permit	NN
or	CC
Out-of-Field	NNP
Authorization	NN
must	MD
reflect	VB
coursework	NN
required	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
's	POS
approved	VBN
program	NN
leading	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
endorsement	NN
you	PRP
are	VBP
seeking	VBG
.	.
All	DT
requirements	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
Professional	NNP
Teaching	NNP
or	CC
Student	NNP
Support	NN
Certificate	NN
must	MD
be	VB
completed	VBN
within	IN
five	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
issuance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
Class\/Full	NNP
Time	NNP
Permit	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Teaching	NNP
and	CC
Student	NNP
Support	NN
Personnel	NNP
.	.
The	DT
position	NN
held	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
educator	NN
issued	VBD
a	DT
First	NNP
Class\/Full-Time	NNP
Permit	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Teaching	NNP
and	CC
Student	NNP
Support	NN
Personnel	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
posting	VBG
provided	VBN
the	DT
educator	NN
meets	VBZ
the	DT
annual	JJ
renewal	NN
requirements	NNS
specified	VBN
in	IN
'	''
126-136-11	CD
.2	CD
and	CC
completes	VBZ
the	DT
state	NN
approved	VBD
program	NN
within	IN
five	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Educators	NNP
licensed	VBD
in	IN
another	DT
state	NN
can	MD
begin	VB
by	IN
downloading	VBG
and	CC
completing	VBG
the	DT
Form	NN
20-T	JJ
found	VBN
at	IN
http://wvde.state.wv.us/certification/forms/index.html	NN
.	.
Submit	VB
that	DT
application	NN
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
fees	NNS
,	,
official	JJ
seal-bearing	JJ
transcripts	NNS
from	IN
institutions	NNS
you	PRP
have	VBP
attended	VBN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
certificate	NN
you	PRP
were	VBD
issued	VBN
in	IN
another	DT
state	NN
to	TO
the	DT
WVDE	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
will	MD
also	RB
be	VB
necessary	JJ
for	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
submit	VB
a	DT
recommendation	NN
for	IN
certification	NN
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
wish	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
Form	NN
4B	CD
found	VBN
at	IN
http://wvde.state.wv.us/certification/forms/index.html	NN
.	.
Yes	UH
.	.
Any	DT
applicant	NN
for	IN
initial	JJ
licensure	NN
to	TO
work	VB
in	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
of	IN
WV	NNP
must	MD
be	VB
fingerprinted	VBN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
applicant	NN
's	POS
suitability	NN
for	IN
licensure	NN
.	.
The	DT
fingerprints	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
analyzed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
WV	NNP
State	NNP
Police	NNP
for	IN
a	DT
state	NN
criminal	JJ
history	NN
record	NN
check	NN
through	IN
the	DT
central	JJ
abuse	NN
registry	NN
and	CC
then	RB
forwarded	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Bureau	NNP
of	IN
Investigation	NNP
for	IN
a	DT
national	JJ
criminal	JJ
history	NN
check	NN
.	.
Individuals	NNS
not	RB
formally	RB
trained	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
educator	NN
but	CC
wishing	VBG
to	TO
work	VB
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
's	POS
public	JJ
schools	NNS
may	MD
do	VB
so	RB
in	IN
one	CD
of	IN
four	CD
ways	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
four	CD
ways	NNS
requires	VBZ
the	DT
individual	NN
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
bachelor	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
and	CC
two	CD
require	VBP
the	DT
individual	NN
to	TO
enroll	VB
in	IN
a	DT
teacher	NN
preparation	NN
program	NN
.	.
Alternative	NNP
Certificate	NNP
:	:
When	WRB
a	DT
superintendent	NN
posts	NNS
a	DT
secondary	JJ
teaching	NN
position	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
no	DT
fully	RB
certified	VBN
teacher	NN
applies	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
superintendent	NN
may	MD
hire	VB
an	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
a	DT
bachelor	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
or	CC
higher	JJR
in	IN
the	DT
content	JJ
area	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
position	NN
was	VBD
posted	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
The	DT
bachelor	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
must	MD
be	VB
from	IN
a	DT
regionally	RB
accredited	VBN
institution	NN
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
and	CC
the	DT
person	NN
must	MD
have	VB
the	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
a	DT
2.5	CD
GPA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
individual	JJ
must	MD
agree	VB
to	TO
enroll	VB
in	IN
and	CC
complete	VB
an	DT
alternative	JJ
route	NN
to	TO
certification	NN
program	NN
,	,
have	VBP
passed	VBN
the	DT
WVBE-required	JJ
Praxis	NNP
I	PRP
and	CC
Praxis	NNP
II	NNP
content	JJ
exams	NNS
and	CC
complete	VB
a	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
State	NNP
Police	NNP
and	CC
FBI	NNP
background	NN
check	NN
.	.
The	DT
alternative	JJ
certificate	NN
must	MD
be	VB
renewed	VBN
,	,
through	IN
the	DT
completions	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
six	CD
semester	NN
hours	NNS
,	,
each	DT
year	NN
for	IN
up	RB
to	TO
three	CD
years	NNS
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
three	CD
years	NNS
,	,
the	DT
individual	JJ
must	MD
have	VB
completed	VBN
all	DT
requirements	NNS
for	IN
conversion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
alternative	JJ
certificate	NN
to	TO
the	DT
initial	JJ
professional	JJ
teaching	NN
certificate	NN
.	.
GPA	NNP
and	CC
has	VBZ
completed	VBN
25	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
a	DT
WVBE-approved	JJ
teacher	NN
preparation	NN
program	NN
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
hired	VBN
.	.
The	DT
individual	JJ
must	MD
agree	VB
to	TO
complete	VB
the	DT
preparation	NN
program	NN
within	IN
five	CD
years	NNS
,	,
renewing	VBG
the	DT
permit	NN
each	DT
year	NN
with	IN
the	DT
completion	NN
of	IN
a	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
six	CD
semester	NN
hours	NNS
.	.
Long-Term	NNP
Sub	NNP
Permit	NNP
:	:
An	DT
individual	NN
may	MD
be	VB
hired	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
long-term	JJ
substitute	NN
provided	VBN
s\/he	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
bachelor	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
,	,
a	DT
2.0	CD
GPA	NNP
,	,
and	CC
has	VBZ
completed	VBN
a	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
12	CD
semester	NN
hours	NNS
of	IN
content	NN
in	IN
the	DT
content	JJ
area	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
s\/he	VBP
will	MD
be	VB
subbing	VBG
.	.
Post-baccalaureate	JJ
certification	NN
programs	NNS
and	CC
Master	NNP
's	POS
of	IN
Arts	NNS
in	IN
Teaching	VBG
programs	NNS
are	VBP
offered	VBN
at	IN
various	JJ
institutions	NNS
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
Such	JJ
programs	NNS
provide	VBP
an	DT
option	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
already	RB
completed	VBN
a	DT
bachelor	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
or	CC
higher	JJR
in	IN
a	DT
content	JJ
area	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
area	NN
they	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
teach	VB
to	TO
become	VB
certified	JJ
.	.
Post-baccalaureate	JJ
certification	NN
programs	NNS
are	VBP
offered	VBN
at	IN
three	CD
universities	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
Concord	NNP
,	,
Marshall	NNP
and	CC
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Master	NNP
's	POS
of	IN
Arts	NNS
in	IN
Teaching	VBG
programs	NNS
are	VBP
offered	VBN
at	IN
four	CD
universities	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
Fairmont	NNP
State	NNP
,	,
Marshall	NNP
,	,
Shepherd	NNP
and	CC
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Virginia	NNP
currently	RB
offers	VBZ
alternative	JJ
route	NN
to	TO
certification	NN
programs	NNS
which	WDT
lead	VBP
to	TO
licensure	VB
for	IN
both	DT
general	JJ
and	CC
special	JJ
educators	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
visit	VB
the	DT
following	VBG
website	NN
for	IN
the	DT
list	NN
of	IN
WVBE-approved	JJ
alternative	NN
certification	NN
programs	NNS
:	:
http://wvde.state.wv.us/certification/educator/alternative/approved.html	NN
.	.
Nineteen	NN
institutions	NNS
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
offer	NN
WVBE-approved	VBD
teacher	NN
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
While	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
are	VBP
offered	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
undergraduate	JJ
level	NN
,	,
five	CD
institutions	NNS
offer	VBP
initial	JJ
teacher	NN
certification	NN
programs	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
graduate	NN
level	NN
.	.
Eighteen	CD
of	IN
the	DT
19	CD
institutions	NNS
offer	VBP
teacher	NN
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
in	IN
elementary	JJ
education	NN
and	CC
18	CD
offer	NN
secondary	JJ
teacher	NN
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
disciplines	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
visit	VB
the	DT
following	VBG
website	NN
to	TO
see	VB
the	DT
teacher	NN
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
offered	VBN
by	IN
each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
19	CD
institutions	NNS
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
:	:
http://wvde.state.wv.us/certification/educator/approved/	NN
.	.
Depending	VBG
upon	IN
your	PRP$
interests	NNS
and	CC
needs	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
complete	VB
a	DT
teacher	NN
preparation	NN
program	NN
at	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
19	CD
institutions	NNS
,	,
receive	VBP
the	DT
recommendation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
for	IN
licensure	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
,	,
take	VB
and	CC
pass	VB
the	DT
WVBE-required	JJ
Praxis	NNP
I	PRP
and	CC
II	NNP
licensure	NN
exams	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
see	VB
http://wvde.state.wv.us/certification/praxisscores.html	NNP
for	IN
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
the	DT
required	JJ
exams	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
complete	VB
a	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
State	NNP
Police	NNP
and	CC
FBI	NNP
background	NN
check	NN
.	.
Seven	CD
institutions	NNS
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
currently	RB
offer	VBP
WVBE-approved	JJ
student	NN
support	NN
service	NN
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Depending	VBG
upon	IN
your	PRP$
interests	NNS
and	CC
needs	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
complete	VB
a	DT
student	NN
support	NN
preparation	NN
program	NN
at	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
seven	CD
institutions	NNS
,	,
receive	VBP
the	DT
recommendation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
for	IN
licensure	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
,	,
take	VB
and	CC
pass	VB
the	DT
WVBE-required	JJ
Praxis	NNP
I	PRP
and	CC
II	NNP
licensure	NN
exams	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
see	VB
http://wvde.state.wv.us/certification/praxisscores.html	NNP
for	IN
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
the	DT
required	JJ
exams	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
complete	VB
a	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
State	NNP
Police	NNP
and	CC
FBI	NNP
background	NN
check	NN
.	.
Four	CD
universities	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
Concord	NNP
,	,
Marshall	NNP
,	,
Salem	NNP
International	NNP
and	CC
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
offer	VBP
WVBE-approved	JJ
administrator-preparation	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Depending	VBG
upon	IN
your	PRP$
interests	NNS
and	CC
needs	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
complete	VB
an	DT
administrator	NN
preparation	NN
program	NN
at	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
four	CD
institutions	NNS
,	,
receive	VBP
the	DT
recommendation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
for	IN
licensure	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
,	,
have	VBP
three	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
management	NN
level	NN
experience	NN
,	,
take	VB
and	CC
pass	VB
the	DT
WVBE-required	JJ
Praxis	NNP
II	NNP
licensure	NN
exam	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
See	VB
http://wvde.state.wv.us/certification/praxisscores.html	NN
for	IN
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
the	DT
required	JJ
exams	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
complete	VB
the	DT
Evaluation	NNP
Leadership	NNP
Institute	NNP
offered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Center	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Development	NNP
and	CC
complete	VB
a	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
State	NNP
Police	NNP
and	CC
FBI	NNP
background	NN
check	NN
.	.
Substitute	NN
Permits	VBZ
can	MD
be	VB
issued	VBN
to	TO
individuals	NNS
who	WP
hold	VBP
the	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
a	DT
bachelor	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
and	CC
complete	JJ
training	NN
required	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
WVBE	NNP
.	.
Permits	VBZ
for	IN
substitute	NN
teaching	NN
are	VBP
initiated	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
county	NN
level	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
NOTE	VB
:	:
not	RB
all	DT
WV	NNP
county	NN
school	NN
systems	NNS
employ	VBP
substitutes	NNS
not	RB
licensed	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
professional	JJ
teaching	NN
certificate	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
Initial	JJ
Long-Term	NNP
Substitute	NNP
Permit	NNP
endorsed	VBD
for	IN
any	DT
specialization	NN
recognized	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Professional	NNP
Teaching	NNP
or	CC
Support	NN
Certificate	NN
may	MD
be	VB
granted	VBN
to	TO
an	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
temporarily	RB
replacing	VBG
the	DT
professional	JJ
assigned	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
specific	JJ
position	NN
and	CC
who	WP
has	VBZ
completed	VBN
the	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
a	DT
bachelor	NN
=	SYM
s	PRP
degree	NN
through	IN
an	DT
accredited	VBN
institution	NN
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
;	:
AND	CC
submits	VBZ
verification	NN
of	IN
successful	JJ
completion	NN
of	IN
eighteen	CD
clock	NN
hours	NNS
of	IN
training	NN
provided	VBN
or	CC
authorized	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
employing	VBG
county	NN
to	TO
include	VB
but	CC
not	RB
be	VB
limited	VBN
to	TO
classroom	NN
management	NN
,	,
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
policies	NNS
,	,
content	JJ
standards	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
,	,
and	CC
an	DT
overview	NN
of	IN
school	NN
law	NN
to	TO
include	VB
reporting	NN
requirements	NNS
for	IN
suspected	JJ
child	NN
abuse	NN
.	.
Completion	NN
of	IN
clinical	JJ
practice	NN
at	IN
a	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
institution	NN
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
WVBE	NNP
to	TO
offer	VB
teacher	NN
education	NN
programs	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
in	IN
lieu	NN
of	IN
the	DT
training	NN
.	.
The	DT
clinical	JJ
practice	NN
must	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
completed	VBN
no	DT
more	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
year	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
date	NN
the	DT
application	NN
is	VBZ
received	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
education	NN
agency	NN
.	.
The	DT
educator	NN
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
understanding	VBG
the	DT
renewal	NN
process	NN
,	,
for	IN
initiating	VBG
contact	NN
with	IN
the	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
for	IN
guidance	NN
purposes	NNS
,	,
for	IN
completing	VBG
appropriate	JJ
credit	NN
,	,
and	CC
for	IN
filing	VBG
all	DT
documents	NNS
required	VBN
to	TO
maintain	VB
a	DT
valid	JJ
certificate	NN
.	.
All	DT
certificates	NNS
issued	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
for	IN
serving	VBG
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
's	POS
public	JJ
schools	NNS
expire	VBP
on	IN
June	NNP
30	CD
of	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
year	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
validity	NN
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
issuance	NN
.	.
The	DT
effective	JJ
date	NN
of	IN
the	DT
certificate	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
day	NN
the	DT
last	JJ
requirement	NN
was	VBD
completed	VBN
provided	VBN
the	DT
application	NN
is	VBZ
received	VBN
by	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
within	IN
three	CD
months	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
completion	NN
date	NN
.	.
Applications	NNS
received	VBD
more	JJR
than	IN
three	CD
months	NNS
after	IN
requirements	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
met	VBN
will	MD
be	VB
dated	VBN
three	CD
months	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
date	NN
the	DT
application	NN
was	VBD
received	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
employed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
county	NN
,	,
contact	NN
the	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
or	CC
his\/her	NN
designee	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
live	VBP
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
but	CC
are	VBP
n't	RB
currently	RB
employed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
county	NN
,	,
you	PRP
should	MD
still	RB
contact	VB
the	DT
superintendent	NN
or	CC
his\/her	NN
designee	NN
from	IN
the	DT
county	NN
where	WRB
you	PRP
reside	VBP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
live	VBP
outside	JJ
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
,	,
contact	NN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
regarding	VBG
the	DT
renewal	NN
process	NN
.	.
The	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
or	CC
his\/her	NN
designee	NN
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
advising	VBG
all	DT
educators	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
employed	VBN
or	CC
reside	VB
in	IN
her\/his	NNS
county	NN
about	IN
the	DT
available	JJ
renewal	NN
options	NNS
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
all	DT
certificates	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
renewed	VBN
or	CC
upgraded	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
three-year	JJ
to	TO
five-year	JJ
or	CC
permanent	JJ
status	NN
require	VBP
the	DT
recommendation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
superintendent	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
verification	NN
of	IN
applicable	JJ
educational	JJ
experience	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
requirements	NNS
included	VBN
in	IN
statute	NN
or	CC
policy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
Alternative	NNP
routes	NNS
to	TO
certification	NN
provide	VBP
non-traditional	JJ
students	NNS
options	NNS
for	IN
obtaining	VBG
a	DT
teaching	NN
certificate	NN
without	IN
the	DT
requirement	NN
of	IN
completing	VBG
a	DT
traditional	JJ
four-year	JJ
teacher	NN
preparation	NN
program	NN
.	.
Alternative	NNP
routes	NNS
to	TO
certification	NN
exist	VBP
for	IN
both	DT
general	JJ
and	CC
special	JJ
education	NN
teachers	NNS
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
has	VBZ
WVBE-approval	JJ
to	TO
offer	VB
an	DT
alternative	JJ
certification	NN
program	NN
for	IN
special	JJ
education	NN
teachers	NNS
to	TO
gain	VB
a	DT
content	JJ
endorsement	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
biology	NN
,	,
english	JJ
,	,
general	JJ
science	NN
,	,
mathematics	NN
and\/or	CC
social	JJ
studies	NNS
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
results	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
completion	NN
of	IN
an	DT
academic	JJ
major	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
21	CD
semester	NN
hours	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
coursework	NN
in	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
content	JJ
area	NN
.	.
The	DT
21	CD
semester	NN
hours	NNS
consist	VBP
of	IN
15	CD
hours	NNS
of	IN
content-specific	JJ
coursework	NN
or	CC
equivalent	JJ
professional	JJ
development	NN
,	,
three	CD
hours	NNS
of	IN
content-specific	JJ
methods	NNS
,	,
and	CC
three	CD
hours	NNS
of	IN
reading	NN
in	IN
the	DT
specific	JJ
content	JJ
area	NN
.	.
An	DT
internship	NN
may	MD
be	VB
completed	VBN
in	IN
lieu	NN
of	IN
the	DT
three	CD
hours	NNS
of	IN
reading	NN
in	IN
the	DT
specific	JJ
content	JJ
area	NN
and	CC
content-specific	JJ
methods	NNS
.	.
The	DT
following	VBG
chart	NN
outlines	VBZ
the	DT
specific	JJ
areas	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
teachers	NNS
must	MD
take	VB
coursework	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
complete	VB
the	DT
requirements	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
content	JJ
endorsement	NN
.	.
Alternatively	RB
certified	VBN
special	JJ
educators	NNS
may	MD
complete	VB
an	DT
internship	NN
in	IN
lieu	NN
of	IN
completing	VBG
six	CD
semester	NN
hours	NNS
of	IN
reading	NN
and	CC
methods	NNS
.	.
As	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internship	NN
,	,
the	DT
special	JJ
educator	NN
is	VBZ
partnered	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
content	JJ
advisor	NN
in	IN
the	DT
core	NN
area	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
special	JJ
educator	NN
is	VBZ
seeking	VBG
certification	NN
.	.
The	DT
WVDE	NNP
has	VBZ
begun	VBN
developing	VBG
and	CC
implementing	VBG
alternative	JJ
routes	NNS
to	TO
teacher	NN
certification	NN
in	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
institutions	NNS
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
which	WDT
currently	RB
offer	VBP
WVBE-approved	JJ
traditional	JJ
teacher	NN
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
WVBE	NNP
expects	VBZ
to	TO
approve	VB
more	RBR
alternative	JJ
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
near	JJ
future	NN
,	,
those	DT
listed	VBN
below	IN
are	VBP
the	DT
only	JJ
alternative	NN
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
available	JJ
at	IN
this	DT
time	NN
.	.
Two	CD
types	NNS
of	IN
alternative	JJ
routes	NNS
to	TO
certification	NN
exist	VBP
for	IN
individuals	NNS
wishing	VBG
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
special	JJ
educators	NNS
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
type	NN
leads	VBZ
to	TO
a	DT
special	JJ
education	NN
certification	NN
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
type	NN
provides	VBZ
a	DT
route	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
who	WP
hold	VBP
or	CC
are	VBP
working	VBG
to	TO
obtain	VB
a	DT
specialization	NN
in	IN
special	JJ
education	NN
to	TO
complete	VB
the	DT
requirements	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
restricted	VBN
content	NN
endorsement	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
biology	NN
,	,
English	NNP
,	,
general	JJ
science	NN
,	,
mathematics	NN
and\/or	CC
social	JJ
studies	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
partially	RB
fulfill	VB
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
highly	RB
qualified	VBN
teacher	NN
''	''
definition	NN
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
to	TO
individuals	NNS
seeking	VBG
a	DT
multi-categorical	JJ
special	JJ
education	NN
certification	NN
who	WP
hold	VBP
a	DT
bachelor	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
certified	VBN
in	IN
elementary	JJ
education	NN
OR	NNP
qualify	VB
for	IN
a	DT
restricted	VBN
content	NN
endorsement	NN
in	IN
biology	NN
,	,
English	NNP
,	,
general	JJ
science	NN
,	,
mathematics	NN
or	CC
social	JJ
studies	NNS
issued	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
to	TO
individuals	NNS
seeking	VBG
a	DT
gifted	JJ
special	JJ
education	NN
certification	NN
who	WP
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
hold	VBP
a	DT
bachelor	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
have	VBP
passed	VBN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
required	VBD
preprofessional	JJ
skills	NNS
exams	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
Praxis	NNPS
I	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
certified	VBN
in	IN
biology	NN
,	,
chemistry	NN
,	,
early	RB
childhood	NN
,	,
elementary	JJ
education	NN
,	,
English	NNP
,	,
general	JJ
science	NN
,	,
mathematics	NN
,	,
physics	NN
,	,
reading	VBG
education	NN
,	,
reading	VBG
specialist	NN
and\/or	CC
social	JJ
studies	NNS
OR	VBP
qualify	VB
for	IN
a	DT
restricted	VBN
content	NN
endorsement	NN
in	IN
biology	NN
,	,
English	NNP
,	,
general	JJ
science	NN
,	,
mathematics	NN
or	CC
social	JJ
studies	NNS
issued	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
to	TO
individuals	NNS
seeking	VBG
a	DT
multicategorical	JJ
special	JJ
education	NN
certification	NN
who	WP
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
hold	VBP
a	DT
bachelor	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
have	VBP
passed	VBN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
required	VBD
preprofessional	JJ
skills	NNS
exams	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
Praxis	NNPS
I	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
certified	VBN
in	IN
biology	NN
,	,
chemistry	NN
,	,
early	RB
childhood	NN
,	,
elementary	JJ
education	NN
,	,
English	NNP
,	,
general	JJ
science	NN
,	,
mathematics	NN
,	,
physics	NN
,	,
reading	VBG
education	NN
,	,
reading	VBG
specialist	NN
and\/or	CC
social	JJ
studies	NNS
OR	VBP
qualify	VB
for	IN
a	DT
restricted	VBN
content	NN
endorsement	NN
in	IN
biology	NN
,	,
English	NNP
,	,
general	JJ
science	NN
,	,
mathematics	NN
or	CC
social	JJ
studies	NNS
issued	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
Please	VB
contact	NN
Dr.	NNP
Barbara	NNP
Ludlow	NNP
at	IN
bludlow@mail.wvu.eduf	NNP
or	CC
additional	JJ
information	NN
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
to	TO
individuals	NNS
seeking	VBG
a	DT
preschool	JJ
special	JJ
needs	NNS
certification	NN
who	WP
hold	VBP
a	DT
bachelor	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
passed	VBN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
required	VBD
preprofessional	JJ
skills	NNS
exams	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
Praxis	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Please	VB
contact	NN
Dr.	NNP
Barbara	NNP
Ludlow	NNP
at	IN
bludlow@mail.wvu.edu	NNP
for	IN
additional	JJ
information	NN
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
to	TO
individuals	NNS
seeking	VBG
a	DT
severe	JJ
disabilities	NNS
special	JJ
education	NN
certification	NN
who	WP
hold	VBP
a	DT
bachelor	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
passed	VBN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
required	VBD
preprofessional	JJ
skills	NNS
exams	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
Praxis	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Please	VB
contact	NN
Dr.	NNP
Barbara	NNP
Ludlow	NNP
at	IN
bludlow@mail.wvu.eduf	NNP
or	CC
additional	JJ
information	NN
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
to	TO
individuals	NNS
seeking	VBG
a	DT
visually	RB
impaired	VBN
special	JJ
education	NN
certification	NN
who	WP
hold	VBP
a	DT
bachelor	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
passed	VBN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
required	VBD
preprofessional	JJ
skills	NNS
exams	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
Praxis	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Please	VB
contact	NN
Dr.	NNP
Barbara	NNP
Ludlow	NNP
at	IN
bludlow@mail.wvu.edu	NNP
for	IN
additional	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Individuals	NNS
may	MD
complete	VB
WVDE	NNP
approved	VBD
professional	JJ
development	NN
in	IN
lieu	NN
of	IN
coursework	NN
.	.
At	IN
this	DT
time	NN
,	,
no	DT
professional	JJ
development	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
approved	VBN
for	IN
this	DT
purpose	NN
.	.
Please	VB
check	VB
this	DT
website	NN
for	IN
updates	NNS
in	IN
mid-august	NN
.	.
Nineteen	NN
institutions	NNS
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
offer	VBP
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
educator	NN
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
WVBE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
to	TO
a	DT
host	NN
of	IN
individuals	NNS
who	WP
desire	VBP
to	TO
work	VB
in	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
's	POS
classrooms	NNS
.	.
These	DT
programs	NNS
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
and	CC
foster	VB
the	DT
knowledge	NN
,	,
skills	NNS
and	CC
dispositions	NNS
necessary	JJ
for	IN
teachers	NNS
,	,
student	NN
support	NN
service	NN
personnel	NNS
and	CC
administrators	NNS
to	TO
deliver	VB
services	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
,	,
instructional	JJ
,	,
support	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
students	NNS
at	IN
all	DT
grade	NN
levels	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
elementary	JJ
,	,
middle	JJ
and	CC
secondary	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
programs	NNS
are	VBP
delivered	VBN
at	IN
undergraduate	JJ
and\/or	CC
graduate	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
depending	VBG
upon	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
and\/or	CC
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
.	.
The	DT
Educator	NNP
Preparation	NNP
Program	NNP
Review	NNP
Board	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
EPPRB	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
a	DT
seven-member	JJ
board	NN
established	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
WVBE	NNP
.	.
Among	IN
its	PRP$
many	JJ
duties	NNS
and	CC
responsibilities	NNS
,	,
the	DT
EPPRB	NNP
is	VBZ
charged	VBN
with	IN
reviewing	VBG
all	DT
initially	RB
proposed	VBN
programs	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
submit	VB
or	CC
withhold	VB
a	DT
recommendation	NN
for	IN
program	NN
approval	NN
to	TO
the	DT
WVBE	NNP
.	.
The	DT
EPPRB	NNP
is	VBZ
also	RB
charged	VBN
with	IN
reviewing	VBG
all	DT
proposed	VBN
substantive	JJ
changes	NNS
to	TO
existing	VBG
WVBE-approved	JJ
programs	NNS
and	CC
submitting	VBG
or	CC
withholding	VBG
a	DT
recommendation	NN
for	IN
acceptance	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
changes	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
WVBE	NNP
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
the	DT
EPPRB	NNP
reviews	VBZ
reports	NNS
from	IN
accreditation	NN
boards	NNS
to	TO
recommend	VB
institutions	NNS
'	POS
programs	NNS
for	IN
continuing	VBG
program	NN
approval	NN
.	.
The	DT
EPPRB	NNP
is	VBZ
also	RB
charged	VBN
with	IN
reviewing	VBG
all	DT
proposed	VBN
substantive	JJ
changes	NNS
to	TO
existing	VBG
WVBE-approved	JJ
programs	NNS
and	CC
submitting	VBG
or	CC
withholding	VBG
a	DT
recommendation	NN
for	IN
acceptance	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
changes	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
WVBE	NNP
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
the	DT
EPPRB	NNP
reviews	VBZ
reports	NNS
from	IN
accreditation	NN
boards	NNS
to	TO
recommend	VB
institutions	NNS
'	POS
programs	NNS
for	IN
continuing	VBG
program	NN
approval	NN
.	.
The	DT
WVBE	NNP
is	VBZ
committed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
rigorous	JJ
review	NN
of	IN
all	DT
educator	NN
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
has	VBZ
granted	VBN
approval	NN
.	.
For	IN
institutions	NNS
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
which	WDT
offer	VBP
WVBE-approved	JJ
educator	NN
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
and	CC
are	VBP
not	RB
accredited	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Council	NNP
for	IN
Accreditation	NNP
of	IN
Teacher	NN
Education	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NCATE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
a	DT
state	NN
review	NN
of	IN
the	DT
educator	NN
preparation	NN
program	NN
is	VBZ
conducted	VBN
.	.
The	DT
requirements	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
state	NN
review	NN
of	IN
educator	NN
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
is	VBZ
detailed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Protocol	NNP
.	.
Designed	VBN
according	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
backward	RB
design	NN
process	NN
,	,
the	DT
units	NNS
incorporate	VBP
differentiation	NN
and	CC
21st	JJ
century	NN
skills	NNS
.	.
The	DT
lessons	NNS
within	IN
these	DT
units	NNS
of	IN
study	NN
,	,
designed	VBN
for	IN
90	CD
minutes	NNS
of	IN
daily	JJ
instruction	NN
in	IN
Reading	VBG
English	JJ
Language	NN
Arts	NNS
and	CC
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
WV	NNP
Content	NNP
Standards	NNPS
and	CC
Objectives	NNPS
,	,
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
activate	VB
the	DT
students	NNS
'	POS
prior	JJ
knowledge	NN
,	,
develop	VB
vocabulary	NN
,	,
build	VB
basic	JJ
skills	NNS
,	,
and	CC
engage	VB
students	NNS
in	IN
research-based	JJ
active	JJ
and	CC
post	NN
literacy	NN
strategies	NNS
.	.
The	DT
WVDE	NNP
Office	NNP
of	IN
Middle	NNP
Level	NNP
Education	NNP
is	VBZ
currently	RB
working	VBG
with	IN
a	DT
second	JJ
group	NN
of	IN
teachers	NNS
to	TO
develop	VB
50	CD
additional	JJ
standards-based	JJ
units	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
highlight	VB
both	DT
the	DT
rigor	NN
and	CC
relevance	NN
our	PRP$
students	NNS
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
successful	JJ
learners	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
21st	CD
Century	NNP
high	JJ
school	NN
.	.
Additional	JJ
units	NNS
of	IN
study	NN
will	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
site	NN
in	IN
February	NNP
and	CC
June	NNP
,	,
2006	CD
.	.
Schools	NNP
'	POS
self-reported	JJ
digital	JJ
divide	NN
survey	NN
information	NN
was	VBD
submitted	VBN
with	IN
school	NN
strategic	JJ
plans	NNS
on	IN
November	NNP
15	CD
,	,
2005	CD
.	.
School	NNP
,	,
county	NN
,	,
and	CC
state	NN
digital	JJ
divide	NN
reports	NNS
provide	VBP
valuable	JJ
data	NNS
on	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
most	RBS
effectively	RB
plan	NN
for	IN
the	DT
integration	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
across	IN
the	DT
curriculum	NN
for	IN
improved	VBN
student	NN
achievement	NN
and	CC
for	IN
preparing	VBG
students	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
necessary	JJ
skills	NNS
to	TO
succeed	VB
in	IN
a	DT
21st	JJ
century	NN
world	NN
.	.
Connecting	VBG
families	NNS
with	IN
appropriate	JJ
community	NN
services	NNS
;	:
and	CC
Offering	VBG
information	NN
,	,
resources	NNS
,	,
and	CC
training	NN
to	TO
educators	NNS
to	TO
increase	VB
the	DT
skills	NNS
,	,
knowledge	NN
and	CC
attitudes	NNS
needed	VBN
to	TO
encourage	VB
and	CC
strengthen	VB
family	NN
involvement	NN
and	CC
positive	JJ
school-to-home	NN
partnerships	NNS
.	.
PERCs	NNS
are	VBP
housed	VBN
within	IN
various	JJ
locations	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
state	NN
,	,
usually	RB
in	IN
a	DT
centralized	JJ
,	,
accessible	JJ
location	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
school	NN
,	,
community	NN
center	NN
,	,
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
office	NN
or	CC
library	NN
.	.
Local	JJ
education	NN
agencies	NNS
provide	VBP
the	DT
financial	JJ
support	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
PERCs	NNS
by	IN
blending	VBG
fiscal	JJ
resources	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
special	JJ
education	NN
,	,
Title	NNP
I	PRP
,	,
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
funds	NNS
and	CC
grants	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
local	JJ
community-based	JJ
organizations	NNS
,	,
service	NN
agencies	NNS
,	,
businesses	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
service	NN
organizations	NNS
may	MD
provide	VB
other	JJ
supports	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
PERCs	NNS
.	.
Team	NNP
provides	VBZ
the	DT
PERCs	NNS
with	IN
parent-professional	JJ
team	NN
training	NN
,	,
information	NN
on	IN
state	NN
and	CC
national	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
technical	JJ
assistance	NN
.	.
Federal	NNP
funds	NNS
support	VBP
the	DT
coordination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
project	NN
from	IN
the	DT
state	NN
level	NN
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
,	,
Office	NNP
of	IN
Student	NNP
Services	NNPS
and	CC
Health	NNP
Promotion	NNP
is	VBZ
hosting	VBG
a	DT
school	NN
counselor	NN
workshop	NN
on	IN
Solution	NN
Focused	VBN
Therapy	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
Schools	NNP
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Linda	NNP
Metcalf	NNP
received	VBD
her	PRP$
Masters	NNP
Degree	NNP
in	IN
Guidance	NNP
Counseling	NN
and	CC
her	PRP$
PhD	NNP
in	IN
Marriage	NNP
and	CC
Family	NNP
Therapy	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
author	NN
of	IN
six	CD
books	NNS
and	CC
numerous	JJ
articles	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
Counseling	NN
Toward	IN
Solutions	NNPS
,	,
which	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
to	TO
all	DT
participants	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Metcalf	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
school	NN
counselor	NN
,	,
teacher	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
currently	RB
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
in	IN
Arlington	NNP
,	,
Texas	NNP
and	CC
an	DT
Assistant	NNP
Professor	NNP
at	IN
Texas	NNP
Woman	NNP
's	POS
University	NNP
.	.
In	IN
2004	CD
,	,
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
concerns	NNS
were	VBD
raised	VBN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
present	JJ
situation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
education	NN
of	IN
children	NNS
in	IN
out-of-home	JJ
care	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
call	NN
for	IN
attention	NN
to	TO
this	DT
issue	NN
was	VBD
based	VBN
,	,
in	IN
part	NN
,	,
on	IN
a	DT
position	NN
paper	NN
,	,
The	DT
Education	NNP
of	IN
Children	NNP
in	IN
Out-of-Home	NNP
Care	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
2004	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
written	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Alliance	NNP
for	IN
Children	NNP
.	.
Taking	VBG
the	DT
lead	NN
to	TO
bring	VB
together	RB
those	DT
most	RBS
entrusted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
welfare	NN
and	CC
education	NN
of	IN
the	DT
out-of-home	JJ
care	NN
children	NNS
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Pamela	NNP
Cain	NNP
,	,
Assistant	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
WVDE	NNP
,	,
asked	VBD
Superintendent	NNP
Frank	NNP
D.	NNP
Andrews	NNP
to	TO
chair	NN
a	DT
special	JJ
task	NN
force	NN
.	.
The	DT
Education	NNP
for	IN
Homeless	NNP
Children	NNP
and	CC
Youth	NNP
-	:
McKinney-Vento	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
may	MD
help	VB
to	TO
serve	VB
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
task	NN
force	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
meeting	VBG
ever	RB
since	IN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
issues	NNS
at	IN
hand	NN
.	.
The	DT
preliminary	JJ
report	NN
can	MD
be	VB
downloaded	VBN
here	RB
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
created	VBD
a	DT
brochure	NN
to	TO
help	VB
students	NNS
experiencing	VBG
homelessness	NN
enroll	VB
in	IN
school	NN
.	.
The	DT
brochure	NN
was	VBD
sent	VBN
to	TO
all	DT
county	NN
school	NN
systems	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
in	IN
the	DT
enrollment	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
students	NNS
and	CC
current	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
brochure	NN
outlines	VBZ
the	DT
criteria	NNS
for	IN
enrolling	VBG
a	DT
student	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
schools	NNS
.	.
The	DT
brochure	NN
can	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
link	NN
:	:
You	PRP
Can	MD
Still	RB
Enroll	VB
Brochure	NN
.	.
School	NNP
Counselors	NNPS
were	VBD
afforded	VBN
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
receive	VB
professional	JJ
development	NN
on	IN
the	DT
MEASURE	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
an	DT
accountability	NN
action	NN
plan	NN
to	TO
impact	NN
critical	JJ
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
data	NNS
from	IN
Dr.	NNP
Carol	NNP
Dahir	NNP
.	.
In	IN
addtion	NN
,	,
school	NN
counselors	NNS
could	MD
receive	VB
training	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Resource	NNP
Manual	NNP
for	IN
School	NNP
Counselors	NNPS
that	WDT
was	VBD
released	VBN
last	JJ
school	NN
year	NN
during	IN
regional	JJ
trainings	NNS
.	.
The	DT
powerpoints	NNS
from	IN
those	DT
sessions	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
links	NNS
:	:
MEASURE	VB
powerpoint	NN
and	CC
Resource	NNP
Manual	NNP
Training	NNP
.	.
The	DT
WVDE	NNP
met	VBD
with	IN
the	DT
schools	NNS
'	POS
Character	NNP
Development	NNP
Teams	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CDTs	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
were	VBD
selected	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
Integrating	NNP
Effective	NNP
Character	NNP
Education	NNP
Programs	NNP
into	IN
Rural	NNP
Schools	NNP
:	:
Measuring	VBG
a	DT
Replicable	NNP
Model	NNP
''	''
in	IN
Charleston	NNP
for	IN
two	CD
days	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
were	VBD
presented	VBN
with	IN
materials	NNS
and	CC
presentations	NNS
by	IN
Dr.	NNP
Phil	NNP
Vincent	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Character	NNP
Development	NNP
Group	NNP
and	CC
Elaine	NNP
Parke	NNP
of	IN
Caring	NNP
Habits	NNPS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
our	PRP$
two	CD
independent	JJ
evaluators	NNS
,	,
Mike	NNP
Corrigan	NNP
and	CC
Paul	NNP
Chapman	NNP
,	,
presented	VBD
about	IN
the	DT
evaluation	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
conducted	VBN
.	.
The	DT
powerpoint	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
used	VBN
to	TO
lay	VB
the	DT
ground	NN
work	NN
for	IN
the	DT
grant	NN
can	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
by	IN
clicking	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
link	NN
:	:
Grant	NNP
Powerpoint	NNP
.	.
A	DT
Roane	NNP
County	NNP
administrator	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
recognized	VBN
for	IN
his	PRP$
continuing	VBG
support	NN
of	IN
Character	NNP
Education	NNP
by	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
during	IN
its	PRP$
September	NNP
meeting	NN
in	IN
Charleston	NNP
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
view	VB
the	DT
release	NN
from	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
link	NN
:	:
State	NNP
Board	NNP
Names	NNPS
Roane	NNP
County	NNP
Administrator	NNP
Character	NNP
Educator	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Year	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
you	PRP
know	VBP
an	DT
educator	NN
who	WP
models	NNS
and	CC
teaches	VBZ
character	NN
to	TO
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
students	NNS
?	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Paul	NNP
J.	NNP
Morris	NNP
Character	NNP
Educator	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Year	NN
Award	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
recognize	VB
educators	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
state	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
exemplary	JJ
work	NN
in	IN
instilling	VBG
character	NN
in	IN
students	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
began	VBD
his	PRP$
career	NN
in	IN
1972	CD
as	IN
an	DT
elementary	JJ
teacher	NN
and	CC
later	RB
worked	VBD
as	IN
an	DT
elementary	JJ
school	NN
principal	NN
.	.
He	PRP
served	VBD
in	IN
both	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
and	CC
Delaware	NNP
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
15	CD
years	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
purchasing	NN
,	,
finance	NN
,	,
business	NN
,	,
accounting	NN
and	CC
as	IN
treasurer	NN
.	.
In	IN
1990	CD
,	,
he	PRP
became	VBD
assistant	JJ
superintendent	NN
for	IN
a	DT
county	NN
school	NN
system	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
and	CC
was	VBD
named	VBN
a	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
in	IN
1993	CD
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
received	VBD
his	PRP$
undergraduate	JJ
degree	NN
from	IN
Anderson	NNP
College	NNP
in	IN
Indiana	NNP
.	.
Brooks	NNP
Coleman	NNP
,	,
Jr.	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
Georgia	NNP
State	NNP
Representative	NNP
,	,
a	DT
motivational	JJ
speaker	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
former	JJ
educator	NN
.	.
His	PRP$
educational	JJ
experiences	NNS
include	VBP
positions	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
teacher	NN
,	,
principal	NN
,	,
and	CC
Assistant	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Gwinnett	NNP
County	NNP
Public	NNP
Schools	NNP
,	,
Georgia	NNP
.	.
As	IN
an	DT
educator	NN
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Coleman	NNP
developed	VBD
and	CC
implemented	VBD
a	DT
process	NN
for	IN
passing	VBG
bond	NN
referendums	NNS
.	.
This	DT
process	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
instrumental	JJ
in	IN
passing	VBG
five	CD
bond	NN
issues	NNS
in	IN
Gwinnett	NNP
County	NNP
since	IN
1979	CD
.	.
Coleman	NNP
earned	VBD
his	PRP$
undergraduate	JJ
degree	NN
from	IN
Mercer	NNP
University	NNP
in	IN
Georgia	NNP
,	,
his	PRP$
Master	NNP
's	POS
Degree	NN
from	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
and	CC
his	PRP$
Ph.	NNP
.	.
D.	NNP
from	IN
Georgia	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
keeps	VBZ
busy	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
speaker	NN
and	CC
media	NNS
consultant	NN
to	TO
school	NN
systems	NNS
throughout	IN
South	NNP
Carolina	NNP
and	CC
Georgia	NNP
.	.
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
Steven	NNP
L.	NNP
Paine	NNP
invites	VBZ
all	DT
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
's	POS
teachers	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
county	NN
and	CC
school	NN
administrators	NNS
with	IN
whom	WP
they	PRP
work	VBP
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
Voices	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
Field	NN
:	:
A	DT
Forum	NNP
for	IN
WV	NNP
Educators	NNP
,	,
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
eight	CD
gatherings	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
state	NN
designed	VBN
to	TO
explore	VB
the	DT
knowledge	NN
and	CC
skills	NNS
necessary	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
graduate	NN
to	TO
succeed	VB
in	IN
the	DT
21st	JJ
century	NN
.	.
At	IN
each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
locations	NNS
hosting	VBG
Voices	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
Field	NN
:	:
A	DT
Forum	NNP
for	IN
WV	NNP
Educators	NNP
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Paine	NNP
and	CC
his	PRP$
staff	NN
will	MD
ask	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
questions	NNS
of	IN
participants	NNS
and	CC
listen	VB
to	TO
their	PRP$
responses	NNS
.	.
The	DT
small	JJ
group	NN
conversations	NNS
leading	VBG
up	RP
to	TO
participants	NNS
'	POS
responses	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
resulting	VBG
reports	NNS
will	MD
help	VB
Dr.	NNP
Paine	NNP
and	CC
his	PRP$
staff	NN
to	TO
better	JJR
understand	VB
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
's	POS
teachers	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
prepare	VBP
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
students	NNS
for	IN
successful	JJ
entry	NN
into	IN
the	DT
21st	JJ
century	NN
.	.
All	DT
participants	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Voices	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
Field	NN
:	:
A	DT
Forum	NNP
for	IN
WV	NNP
Educators	NNP
are	VBP
asked	VBN
to	TO
complete	VB
advanced	JJ
readings	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
prepared	VBN
for	IN
an	DT
informed	VBN
discussion	NN
.	.
Please	VB
feel	VB
free	JJ
to	TO
read	VB
beyond	IN
the	DT
cited	VBN
readings	NNS
and	CC
then	RB
to	TO
add	VB
such	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
the	DT
discussion	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Forums	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
In	IN
depth	NN
readings	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
at	IN
http://www.21stcenturyskills.org	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Carolyn	NNP
Warner	NNP
has	VBZ
gained	VBN
national	JJ
stature	NN
as	IN
one	CD
of	IN
America	NNP
's	POS
most	JJS
articulate	VBP
educational	JJ
and	CC
public	JJ
policy	NN
leaders	NNS
.	.
Her	PRP$
commentaries	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
featured	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Public	NNP
Broadcasting	NNP
System	NNP
television	NN
network	NN
,	,
feature	VBP
stories	NNS
and	CC
articles	NNS
have	VBP
appeared	VBN
in	IN
USA	NNP
Today	NNP
,	,
Christian	NNP
Science	NNP
Monitor	NNP
,	,
U.S.	NNP
News	NNP
&	CC
World	NNP
Report	NNP
,	,
Newsweek	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Washington	NNP
Post	NNP
,	,
Phi	NNP
Delta	NNP
Kappan	NNP
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
major	JJ
publications	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
non-educator	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
elected	VBN
as	IN
Arizona	NNP
's	POS
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Public	NNP
Instruction	NNP
.	.
Warner	NNP
was	VBD
re-elected	JJ
twice	RB
to	TO
the	DT
position	NN
.	.
As	IN
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
she	PRP
was	VBD
executive	JJ
officer	NN
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
for	IN
Vocational	NNP
and	CC
Technical	NNP
Education	NNP
,	,
and	CC
served	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
for	IN
Community	NNP
Colleges	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Private	NNP
Post-Secondary	NNP
Education	NNP
.	.
During	IN
her	PRP$
tenure	NN
as	IN
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
Warner	NNP
became	VBD
nationally	RB
known	VBN
for	IN
her	PRP$
advocacy	NN
of	IN
educational	JJ
accountability	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
both	DT
academic	JJ
and	CC
fiscal	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
citizen	NN
participation	NN
in	IN
educational	JJ
decision-making	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
integration	NN
of	IN
vocational	JJ
and	CC
basic	JJ
academic	JJ
skills	NNS
.	.
Drawing	VBG
upon	IN
her	PRP$
vast	JJ
experience	NN
in	IN
government	NN
,	,
education	NN
,	,
and	CC
communications	NNS
,	,
Warner	NNP
presently	RB
heads	VBZ
her	PRP
own	JJ
firm	NN
,	,
Corporate	JJ
Education	NNP
Consulting	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
offers	VBZ
consulting	NN
,	,
seminar	NN
,	,
and	CC
lecture	VB
services	NNS
focusing	VBG
on	IN
education	NN
,	,
communications	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
future	NN
of	IN
America	NNP
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
schools	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
called	VBN
among	IN
the	DT
safest	JJS
in	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
continuing	VBG
effort	NN
,	,
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
recognize	VBP
the	DT
need	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
,	,
teachers	NNS
,	,
administrators	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
school	NN
personnel	NNS
to	TO
have	VB
an	DT
orderly	JJ
,	,
safe	JJ
and	CC
stimulating	JJ
educational	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
Promoting	VBG
a	DT
safe	JJ
learning	NN
environment	NN
requires	VBZ
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
program	NN
supported	VBN
by	IN
everyone	NN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
organization	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
parents	NNS
or	CC
guardians	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
community	NN
.	.
Conference	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
assistance	NN
to	TO
local	JJ
school	NN
districts	NNS
and	CC
schools	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
individual	JJ
plans	NNS
for	IN
responding	VBG
to	TO
school	NN
violence	NN
.	.
The	DT
conference	NN
sessions	NNS
will	MD
present	VB
multiple	JJ
interventions	NNS
that	WDT
should	MD
be	VB
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
school	NN
wide	JJ
program	NN
.	.
School	NNP
prevention	NN
and	CC
intervention	NN
programs	NNS
will	MD
address	VB
the	DT
factors	NNS
that	WDT
put	VBP
young	JJ
people	NNS
at	IN
risk	NN
of	IN
violence	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
protect	VB
the	DT
factors	NNS
that	WDT
foster	VBP
resiliency	NN
.	.
Often	RB
a	DT
slight	JJ
change	NN
in	IN
direction	NN
will	MD
create	VB
a	DT
sea	NN
of	IN
change	NN
in	IN
school	NN
safety	NN
.	.
Due	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
malfunction	NN
on	IN
the	DT
report	NN
software	NN
package	NN
,	,
Section	NN
4	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
Finance	NNP
Data	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
reports	VBZ
incomplete	JJ
data	NNS
.	.
Specifically	RB
the	DT
per	FW
pupil	NN
expenditure	NN
reports	VBZ
an	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
$	$
0	CD
dollars	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
correct	JJ
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
need	VBP
the	DT
correct	JJ
data	NNS
please	VB
contact	NN
Larry	NNP
White	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
providing	VBG
classes	NNS
for	IN
many	JJ
years	NNS
but	CC
we	PRP
still	RB
find	VBP
state	NN
workers	NNS
who	WP
do	VBP
not	RB
know	VB
about	IN
us	PRP
.	.
Please	VB
help	VB
us	PRP
contact	VB
them	PRP
.	.
Talk	NN
to	TO
the	DT
other	JJ
people	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
department	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
know	VBP
about	IN
the	DT
Employee	NNP
Development	NNP
Center	NNP
and	CC
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
getting	VBG
email	NN
announcements	NNS
.	.
A	DT
quick	JJ
announcement	NN
at	IN
your	PRP$
next	JJ
staff	NN
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
all	DT
it	PRP
takes	VBZ
to	TO
ensure	VB
the	DT
everyone	NN
knows	VBZ
about	IN
this	DT
program	NN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
very	RB
interested	JJ
in	IN
your	PRP$
comments	NNS
and	CC
suggestions	NNS
.	.
Send	VB
us	PRP
an	DT
email	NN
to	TO
suggest	VB
a	DT
class	NN
topic	NN
or	CC
to	TO
let	VB
us	PRP
know	VB
how	WRB
we	PRP
are	VBP
doing	VBG
.	.
We	PRP
can	MD
offer	VB
longer	RBR
classes	NNS
,	,
shorter	JJR
classes	NNS
,	,
one-topic	JJ
classes	NNS
,	,
more	JJR
advanced	JJ
classes	NNS
or	CC
more	JJR
basic	JJ
classes	NNS
.	.
In	IN
1983	CD
,	,
public	JJ
concern	NN
about	IN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
American	JJ
education	NN
was	VBD
sharply	RB
heightened	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
issuance	NN
of	IN
a	DT
federal	JJ
report	NN
titled	VBN
A	DT
Nation	NN
at	IN
Risk	NNP
.	.
The	DT
report	NN
provoked	VBD
a	DT
wave	NN
of	IN
reform	NN
initiatives	NNS
that	WDT
engulfed	VBD
the	DT
education	NN
community	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
these	DT
programs	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
left	VBD
out	RP
a	DT
critical	JJ
element	NN
of	IN
the	DT
education	NN
equation	NN
:	:
the	DT
classroom	NN
teacher	NN
.	.
If	IN
America	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
have	VB
world-class	JJ
schools	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
must	MD
have	VB
a	DT
world-class	JJ
teaching	NN
force	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
excellent	JJ
teachers	NNS
already	RB
work	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
schools	NNS
,	,
but	CC
their	PRP$
work	NN
often	RB
goes	VBZ
unrecognized	JJ
and	CC
unrewarded	JJ
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
consequence	NN
,	,
many	JJ
first-rate	JJ
practitioners	NNS
leave	VBP
the	DT
schools	NNS
,	,
and	CC
others	NNS
who	WP
could	MD
be	VB
exceptional	JJ
teachers	NNS
never	RB
consider	VBP
teaching	NN
.	.
Worse	JJR
still	RB
,	,
the	DT
knowledge	NN
and	CC
skills	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
fine	JJ
teachers	NNS
who	WP
remain	VBP
are	VBP
often	RB
underutilized	VBN
,	,
their	PRP$
positive	JJ
influence	NN
allowed	VBD
only	RB
modest	JJ
scope	NN
.	.
The	DT
mission	NN
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Board	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Teaching	NNP
Standards	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NBPTS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
to	TO
establish	VB
high	JJ
and	CC
rigorous	JJ
standards	NNS
for	IN
what	WP
accomplished	VBN
teachers	NNS
should	MD
know	VB
and	CC
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
do	VB
;	:
to	TO
develop	VB
and	CC
operate	VB
a	DT
national	JJ
,	,
voluntary	JJ
system	NN
to	TO
assess	VB
and	CC
certify	VB
teachers	NNS
who	WP
meet	VBP
these	DT
standards	NNS
;	:
and	CC
to	TO
advance	VB
related	JJ
education	NN
reforms	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
improving	VBG
student	NN
learning	NN
in	IN
American	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
Governed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
63-member	JJ
board	NN
of	IN
directors	NNS
,	,
the	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
whom	WP
are	VBP
classroom	NN
teachers	NNS
,	,
the	DT
National	NNP
Board	NNP
is	VBZ
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
bringing	VBG
teaching	NN
the	DT
respect	NN
and	CC
recognition	NN
this	DT
important	JJ
work	NN
deserves	VBZ
.	.
National	NNP
Board	NNP
Certification	NNP
,	,
developed	VBN
by	IN
teachers	NNS
,	,
with	IN
teachers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
for	IN
teachers	NNS
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
symbol	NN
of	IN
professional	JJ
teaching	NN
excellence	NN
.	.
Offered	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
voluntary	JJ
basis	NN
,	,
it	PRP
complements	VBZ
,	,
not	RB
replaces	VBZ
,	,
state	NN
licensing	NN
.	.
While	IN
state	NN
licensing	NN
systems	NNS
set	VBN
entry-level	JJ
standards	NNS
for	IN
beginning	VBG
teachers	NNS
,	,
National	NNP
Board	NNP
Certification	NNP
has	VBZ
established	VBN
advanced	JJ
standards	NNS
for	IN
experienced	JJ
teachers	NNS
.	.
Linked	VBN
to	TO
these	DT
standards	NNS
is	VBZ
a	DT
new	JJ
generation	NN
of	IN
fair	JJ
and	CC
trustworthy	JJ
assessment	NN
processes	VBZ
that	IN
honor	NN
the	DT
complexities	NNS
and	CC
demands	NNS
of	IN
teaching	NN
.	.
They	PRP
focus	VBP
on	IN
teacher	NN
work	NN
and	CC
the	DT
difficult	JJ
issues	NNS
that	WDT
accomplished	VBD
teachers	NNS
confront	VB
on	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
The	DT
NBPTS	NNP
assessments	NNS
for	IN
National	NNP
Board	NNP
Certification	NNP
include	VBP
having	VBG
teachers	NNS
construct	VBP
a	DT
portfolio	NN
that	WDT
represents	VBZ
an	DT
analysis	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
classroom	NN
work	NN
and	CC
participate	VB
in	IN
exercises	NNS
designed	VBN
to	TO
tap	VB
the	DT
knowledge	NN
,	,
skills	NNS
,	,
disposition	NN
and	CC
professional	JJ
judgment	NN
that	WDT
distinguish	VBP
their	PRP$
practice	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
National	NNP
Board	NNP
was	VBD
founded	VBN
in	IN
1987	CD
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
understood	VBN
that	IN
a	DT
critical	JJ
first	JJ
task	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
a	DT
policy	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
spell	VB
out	RP
the	DT
National	NNP
Board	NNP
's	POS
vision	NN
of	IN
accomplished	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
In	IN
1989	CD
,	,
it	PRP
issued	VBD
its	PRP$
policy	NN
statement	NN
,	,
What	WP
Teachers	NNPS
Should	MD
Know	NNP
And	CC
Be	VB
Able	JJ
To	TO
Do	VB
,	,
which	WDT
has	VBZ
served	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
basis	NN
for	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
standards	NNS
development	NN
work	NN
NBPTS	NNP
has	VBZ
conducted	VBN
.	.
To	TO
this	DT
day	NN
,	,
it	PRP
remains	VBZ
the	DT
cornerstone	NN
of	IN
the	DT
system	NN
of	IN
National	NNP
Board	NNP
Certification	NNP
and	CC
has	VBZ
served	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
guide	NN
to	TO
school	NN
districts	NNS
,	,
states	NNS
,	,
colleges	NNS
,	,
universities	NNS
and	CC
others	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
strong	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
strengthening	VBG
the	DT
initial	JJ
and	CC
ongoing	JJ
education	NN
of	IN
America	NNP
's	POS
teachers	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
holds	VBZ
the	DT
promise	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
a	DT
stimulus	NN
to	TO
self-reflection	NN
on	IN
the	DT
part	NN
of	IN
teachers	NNS
at	IN
all	DT
levels	NNS
of	IN
accomplishment	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
a	DT
catalyst	NN
for	IN
healthy	JJ
debate	NN
and	CC
the	DT
forging	VBG
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
professional	JJ
consensus	NN
on	IN
accomplished	JJ
practice	NN
in	IN
each	DT
field	NN
of	IN
teaching	NN
.	.
The	DT
National	NNP
Board	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Teaching	NNP
Standards	NNPS
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
identify	VB
and	CC
recognize	VB
teachers	NNS
who	WP
effectively	RB
enhance	VBP
student	NN
learning	NN
and	CC
demonstrate	VB
the	DT
high	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
knowledge	NN
,	,
skills	NNS
,	,
abilities	NNS
and	CC
commitments	NNS
reflected	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
five	CD
core	NN
propositions	NNS
.	.
Accomplished	VBN
teachers	NNS
are	VBP
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
making	VBG
knowledge	NN
accessible	JJ
to	TO
all	DT
students	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
act	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
belief	NN
that	IN
all	DT
students	NNS
can	MD
learn	VB
.	.
They	PRP
treat	VBP
students	NNS
equitably	RB
,	,
recognizing	VBG
the	DT
individual	JJ
differences	NNS
that	WDT
distinguish	VBP
one	CD
student	NN
from	IN
another	DT
and	CC
taking	VBG
account	NN
of	IN
these	DT
differences	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
practice	NN
.	.
They	PRP
adjust	VBP
their	PRP$
practice	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
observation	NN
and	CC
knowledge	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
students	NNS
'	POS
interests	NNS
,	,
abilities	NNS
,	,
skills	NNS
,	,
knowledge	NN
,	,
family	NN
circumstances	NNS
and	CC
peer	VB
relationships	NNS
.	.
Accomplished	VBN
teachers	NNS
understand	VBP
how	WRB
students	NNS
develop	VBP
and	CC
learn	VBP
.	.
They	PRP
incorporate	VBP
the	DT
prevailing	VBG
theories	NNS
of	IN
cognition	NN
and	CC
intelligence	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
practice	NN
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
influence	NN
of	IN
context	NN
and	CC
culture	NN
on	IN
behavior	NN
.	.
They	PRP
develop	VBP
students	NNS
'	POS
cognitive	JJ
capacity	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
respect	NN
for	IN
learning	VBG
.	.
Equally	RB
important	JJ
,	,
they	PRP
foster	VBP
students	NNS
'	POS
self-esteem	NN
,	,
motivation	NN
,	,
character	NN
,	,
civic	JJ
responsibility	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
respect	NN
for	IN
individual	JJ
,	,
cultural	JJ
,	,
religious	JJ
and	CC
racial	JJ
differences	NNS
.	.
Accomplished	VBN
teachers	NNS
have	VBP
a	DT
rich	JJ
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
subject	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
they	PRP
teach	VBP
and	CC
appreciate	VBP
how	WRB
knowledge	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
subject	NN
is	VBZ
created	VBN
,	,
organized	VBN
,	,
linked	VBN
to	TO
other	JJ
disciplines	NNS
and	CC
applied	VBN
to	TO
real-world	JJ
settings	NNS
.	.
While	IN
faithfully	RB
representing	VBG
the	DT
collective	JJ
wisdom	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
culture	NN
and	CC
upholding	VBG
the	DT
value	NN
of	IN
disciplinary	JJ
knowledge	NN
,	,
they	PRP
also	RB
develop	VBP
the	DT
critical	JJ
and	CC
analytical	JJ
capacities	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
students	NNS
.	.
Accomplished	VBN
teachers	NNS
command	VBP
specialized	VBN
knowledge	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
convey	VB
and	CC
reveal	VB
subject	JJ
matter	NN
to	TO
students	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
preconceptions	NNS
and	CC
background	NN
knowledge	NN
that	WDT
students	NNS
typically	RB
bring	VBP
to	TO
each	DT
subject	NN
and	CC
of	IN
strategies	NNS
and	CC
instructional	JJ
materials	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
of	IN
assistance	NN
.	.
They	PRP
understand	VBP
where	WRB
difficulties	NNS
are	VBP
likely	JJ
to	TO
arise	VB
and	CC
modify	VB
their	PRP$
practice	NN
accordingly	RB
.	.
Their	PRP$
instructional	JJ
repertoire	NN
allows	VBZ
them	PRP
to	TO
create	VB
multiple	JJ
paths	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
subjects	NNS
they	PRP
teach	VBP
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
are	VBP
adept	JJ
at	IN
teaching	NN
students	NNS
how	WRB
to	TO
pose	VB
and	CC
solve	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
Accomplished	VBN
teachers	NNS
create	VBP
,	,
enrich	VBP
,	,
maintain	VBP
and	CC
alter	VBP
instructional	JJ
settings	NNS
to	TO
capture	VB
and	CC
sustain	VB
the	DT
interest	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
students	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
effective	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
time	NN
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
are	VBP
adept	JJ
at	IN
engaging	VBG
students	NNS
and	CC
adults	NNS
to	TO
assist	VB
their	PRP$
teaching	NN
and	CC
at	IN
enlisting	VBG
their	PRP$
colleagues	NNS
'	POS
knowledge	NN
and	CC
expertise	NN
to	TO
complement	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
.	.
Accomplished	VBN
teachers	NNS
command	VBP
a	DT
range	NN
of	IN
generic	JJ
instructional	JJ
techniques	NNS
,	,
know	VBP
when	WRB
each	DT
is	VBZ
appropriate	JJ
and	CC
can	MD
implement	VB
them	PRP
as	IN
needed	VBN
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
as	IN
aware	JJ
of	IN
ineffectual	JJ
or	CC
damaging	JJ
practice	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
devoted	VBN
to	TO
elegant	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
They	PRP
know	VBP
how	WRB
to	TO
engage	VB
groups	NNS
of	IN
students	NNS
to	TO
ensure	VB
a	DT
disciplined	JJ
learning	NN
environment	NN
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
organize	VB
instruction	NN
to	TO
allow	VB
the	DT
schools	NNS
'	POS
goals	NNS
for	IN
students	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
met	VBN
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
adept	JJ
at	IN
setting	VBG
norms	NNS
for	IN
social	JJ
interaction	NN
among	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
between	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
teachers	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
understand	VBP
how	WRB
to	TO
motivate	VB
students	NNS
to	TO
learn	VB
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
maintain	VB
their	PRP$
interest	NN
even	RB
in	IN
the	DT
face	NN
of	IN
temporary	JJ
failure	NN
.	.
Accomplished	VBN
teachers	NNS
can	MD
assess	VB
the	DT
progress	NN
of	IN
individual	JJ
students	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
that	DT
of	IN
the	DT
class	NN
as	IN
a	DT
whole	NN
.	.
They	PRP
employ	VBP
multiple	JJ
methods	NNS
for	IN
measuring	VBG
student	NN
growth	NN
and	CC
understanding	NN
and	CC
can	MD
clearly	RB
explain	VB
student	NN
performance	NN
to	TO
parents	NNS
.	.
Accomplished	VBN
teachers	NNS
are	VBP
models	NNS
of	IN
educated	VBN
persons	NNS
,	,
exemplifying	VBG
the	DT
virtues	NNS
they	PRP
seek	VBP
to	TO
inspire	VB
in	IN
students	NNS
--	:
curiosity	NN
,	,
tolerance	NN
,	,
honesty	NN
,	,
fairness	NN
,	,
respect	NN
for	IN
diversity	NN
and	CC
appreciation	NN
of	IN
cultural	JJ
differences	NNS
--	:
and	CC
the	DT
capacities	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
prerequisites	NNS
for	IN
intellectual	JJ
growth	NN
:	:
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
reason	NN
and	CC
take	VB
multiple	JJ
perspectives	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
creative	JJ
and	CC
take	VB
risks	NNS
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
adopt	VB
an	DT
experimental	JJ
and	CC
problem-solving	JJ
orientation	NN
.	.
Accomplished	VBN
teachers	NNS
draw	VBP
on	IN
their	PRP$
knowledge	NN
of	IN
human	JJ
development	NN
,	,
subject	JJ
matter	NN
and	CC
instruction	NN
,	,
and	CC
their	PRP$
understanding	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
students	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
principled	JJ
judgments	NNS
about	IN
sound	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
Their	PRP$
decisions	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
only	RB
grounded	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
literature	NN
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
in	IN
their	PRP$
experience	NN
.	.
They	PRP
engage	VBP
in	IN
lifelong	JJ
learning	NN
which	WDT
they	PRP
seek	VBP
to	TO
encourage	VB
in	IN
their	PRP$
students	NNS
.	.
Striving	VBG
to	TO
strengthen	VB
their	PRP$
teaching	NN
,	,
accomplished	JJ
teachers	NNS
critically	RB
examine	VBP
their	PRP$
practice	NN
,	,
seek	VB
to	TO
expand	VB
their	PRP$
repertoire	NN
,	,
deepen	VB
their	PRP$
knowledge	NN
,	,
sharpen	VB
their	PRP$
judgment	NN
and	CC
adapt	VB
their	PRP$
teaching	NN
to	TO
new	JJ
findings	NNS
,	,
ideas	NNS
and	CC
theories	NNS
.	.
Accomplished	VBN
teachers	NNS
contribute	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
effectiveness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
by	IN
working	VBG
collaboratively	RB
with	IN
other	JJ
professionals	NNS
on	IN
instructional	JJ
policy	NN
,	,
curriculum	NN
development	NN
and	CC
staff	NN
development	NN
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
evaluate	VB
school	NN
progress	NN
and	CC
the	DT
allocation	NN
of	IN
school	NN
resources	NNS
in	IN
light	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
understanding	NN
of	IN
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
educational	JJ
objectives	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
knowledgeable	JJ
about	IN
specialized	JJ
school	NN
and	CC
community	NN
resources	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
engaged	VBN
for	IN
their	PRP$
students	NNS
'	POS
benefit	NN
,	,
and	CC
are	VBP
skilled	JJ
at	IN
employing	VBG
such	JJ
resources	NNS
as	IN
needed	VBN
.	.
Professional	NNP
Teaching	NNP
Standards	NNPS
.	.
This	DT
federal	JJ
funding	NN
is	VBZ
currently	RB
used	VBN
for	IN
retake	NN
fee	NN
waivers	NNS
for	IN
candidates	NNS
who	WP
need	VBP
to	TO
re-take	VB
portions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
certification	NN
process	NN
.	.
Each	DT
candidate	NN
will	MD
be	VB
limited	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
maximum	NN
of	IN
$	$
600	CD
in	IN
retake	NN
waivers	NNS
.	.
Candidates	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
received	VBN
previous	JJ
federal	JJ
subsidy	NN
waivers	NNS
or	CC
funding	NN
are	VBP
ineligible	JJ
for	IN
retake	NN
fee	NN
waivers	NNS
.	.
Correspondence	NN
requesting	VBG
the	DT
retake	NN
fee	NN
subsidy	NN
waivers	NNS
and	CC
evidence	NN
that	WDT
retakes	VBZ
are	VBP
needed	VBN
must	MD
be	VB
submitted	VBN
with	IN
each	DT
request	NN
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
the	DT
candidate	NN
ID	NNP
number	NN
.	.
This	DT
$	$
600	CD
for	IN
retake	NN
fee	NN
waivers	NNS
is	VBZ
in	IN
lieu	NN
of	IN
,	,
and	CC
not	RB
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
,	,
the	DT
$	$
600	CD
allowable	JJ
for	IN
extra	JJ
expenses	NNS
incurred	VBN
while	IN
obtaining	VBG
board	NN
certification	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
each	DT
teacher	NN
who	WP
completes	VBZ
ten	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
10	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
scorable	JJ
entries	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
reimbursed	VBN
up	RP
to	TO
$	$
600.00	CD
for	IN
expenses	NNS
incurred	VBN
while	IN
completing	VBG
the	DT
process	NN
.	.
This	DT
reimbursement	NN
program	NN
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
legislative	JJ
appropriation	NN
and	CC
shall	MD
be	VB
limited	VBN
to	TO
200	CD
teachers	NNS
annually	RB
.	.
To	TO
apply	VB
for	IN
fee	NN
reimbursement	NN
,	,
an	DT
applicant	NN
must	MD
complete	VB
and	CC
submit	VB
a	DT
Form	NN
37	CD
application	NN
.	.
The	DT
application	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
at	IN
:	:
http://wvde.state.wv.us/opp/forms/index.html	NN
.	.
Families	NNS
,	,
professionals	NNS
,	,
college	NN
students	NNS
,	,
and	CC
others	NNS
who	WP
want	VBP
to	TO
learn	VB
more	JJR
about	IN
assistive	JJ
technology	NN
.	.
A	DT
limited	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
``	``
focus	NN
''	''
children	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
accepted	VBN
and	CC
assigned	VBN
a	DT
team	NN
of	IN
professionals	NNS
who	WP
help	VBP
families	NNS
identify	VB
and	CC
apply	VB
new	JJ
strategies	NNS
for	IN
solving	VBG
their	PRP$
multiple	JJ
assistive	JJ
technology	NN
needs	VBZ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Preference	NN
will	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
to	TO
children	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
not	RB
previously	RB
attended	VBD
camp	NN
.	.
Professionals	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
caregivers	NNS
involved	VBN
with	IN
these	DT
children	NNS
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
attend	VB
the	DT
camp	NN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
Labs	NNPS
and	CC
workshops	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
to	TO
Camp	NNP
participants	NNS
daily	RB
.	.
Parents	NNS
attend	VBP
workshops	NNS
on	IN
subjects	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
help	VB
them	PRP
better	JJR
meet	VB
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
child	NN
.	.
Professionals	NNS
and	CC
students	NNS
attend	VBP
workshops	NNS
of	IN
interest	NN
that	WDT
meet	VBP
professional	JJ
\/	NN
educational	JJ
needs	NNS
or	CC
assist	VB
the	DT
``	``
focus	NN
''	''
family	NN
.	.
Teams	NNS
will	MD
meet	VB
daily	JJ
to	TO
observe	VB
,	,
discuss	VB
and	CC
implement	VB
strategies	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
``	``
focus	NN
''	''
child	NN
.	.
Camp	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
in	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
Camp	NNP
Gizmo	NNP
.	.
All	DT
children	NNS
attending	VBG
the	DT
camp	NN
with	IN
focus	NN
families	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
participants	NNS
will	MD
participate	VB
in	IN
Kids	NNP
Camp	NNP
educational	JJ
and	CC
recreational	JJ
activities	NNS
.	.
Kids	NNS
Camp	NNP
is	VBZ
safe	JJ
,	,
fun	NN
camp	NN
experience	NN
for	IN
children	NNS
with	IN
or	CC
without	IN
disabilities	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
websites	NNS
are	VBP
dynamic	JJ
and	CC
links	NNS
to	TO
articles	NNS
may	MD
change	VB
.	.
Please	VB
notify	VB
the	DT
Superintendent	NNP
's	POS
Center	NNP
for	IN
21st	CD
Century	NNP
Schools	NNP
at	IN
WVDE	NNP
about	IN
inacurate	NN
or	CC
broken	VBN
links	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
always	RB
use	VB
your	PRP$
favorite	JJ
search	NN
engine	NN
to	TO
locate	VB
a	DT
desired	VBN
article	NN
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
now	RB
completed	VBN
the	DT
21st	CD
Century	NNP
Learning	NNP
segment	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
continue	VB
with	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
segment	NN
click	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
Creating	VBG
21st	CD
Century	NNP
Schools	NNP
button	NN
below	IN
.	.
To	TO
end	VB
the	DT
session	NN
click	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
X	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
top	JJ
right	NN
of	IN
the	DT
screen	NN
.	.
Related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Teachers	NNPS
'	POS
Defined	VBN
Contribution	NNP
Retirement	NNP
System	NNP
be	VB
moved	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
first	JJ
order	NN
of	IN
business	NN
immediately	RB
following	VBG
the	DT
approval	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
.	.
Upon	IN
motion	NN
Ms.	NNP
Phillips	NNP
,	,
seconded	VBN
by	IN
Ms.	NNP
Hatfield	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
unanimously	RB
approved	VBD
the	DT
agenda	NN
as	IN
amended	VBN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Weir	NNP
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Hancock	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
October	NNP
18	CD
,	,
2005	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
performance	NN
and	CC
progress	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
School	NNP
in	IN
Mineral	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
October	NNP
25	CD
,	,
2005	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
performance	NN
and	CC
progress	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
School	NNP
in	IN
Berkeley	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
October	NNP
27	CD
,	,
2005	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
performance	NN
and	CC
progress	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Board	NNP
grant	NN
Hedgesville	NNP
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
the	DT
accreditation	NN
status	NN
listed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
school	NN
report	NN
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
school	NN
and	CC
county	NN
be	VB
given	VBN
until	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
accreditation	NN
cycle	NN
to	TO
correct	VB
any	DT
deficiencies	NNS
reported	VBD
.	.
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
and	CC
others	NNS
,	,
as	IN
appropriate	JJ
,	,
for	IN
President	NNP
Johnson	NNP
's	POS
signature	NN
regarding	VBG
attitudinal	JJ
problems	NNS
of	IN
staff	NN
and	CC
students	NNS
and	CC
further	JJ
directed	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
follow-up	JJ
be	VB
conducted	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
four	CD
to	TO
five	CD
months	NNS
.	.
High	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Pocahontas	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
November	NNP
3	CD
,	,
2005	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
performance	NN
and	CC
progress	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Study	NNP
Group	NNP
report	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
This	DT
report	NN
was	VBD
developed	VBN
in	IN
response	NN
to	TO
a	DT
request	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
at	IN
its	PRP$
September	NNP
meeting	NN
and	CC
addresses	NNS
the	DT
effectiveness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
teacher	NN
mentorship	NN
program	NN
.	.
Participating	VBG
in	IN
this	DT
committee	NN
were	VBD
over	IN
30	CD
individuals	NNS
representing	VBG
classroom	NN
teachers	NNS
,	,
administrators	NNS
,	,
higher	JJR
education	NN
professional	JJ
teacher	NN
organizations	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Department	NNP
,	,
Regional	NNP
Education	NNP
Service	NNP
Agencies	NNPS
-LRB-	-LRB-
RESA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Center	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Development	NNP
,	,
the	DT
National	NNP
Commission	NNP
for	IN
Teaching	NNP
and	CC
America	NNP
's	POS
Future	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Benedum	NNP
Foundation	NNP
.	.
Technology	NNP
Plan	NNP
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
first	JJ
order	NN
of	IN
New	NNP
Business	NNP
for	IN
further	JJ
discussion	NN
and	CC
action	NN
.	.
Upon	IN
the	DT
call	NN
for	IN
the	DT
question	NN
Ms.	NNP
Phillips	NNP
moved	VBD
,	,
and	CC
Mr.	NNP
Dunlevy	NNP
seconded	VBD
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
be	VB
approved	VBN
as	IN
amended	VBN
.	.
The	DT
motion	NN
carried	VBD
unanimously	RB
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Cook	NNP
moved	VBD
,	,
and	CC
Ms.	NNP
Hatfield	NNP
seconded	VBD
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
be	VB
approved	VBN
.	.
Upon	IN
the	DT
call	NN
for	IN
the	DT
question	NN
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
requested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Huntington	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
portion	NN
of	IN
Attachment	NNP
H	NNP
be	VB
removed	VBN
for	IN
further	JJ
discussion	NN
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
moved	VBD
,	,
and	CC
Mrs.	NNP
Cook	NNP
seconded	VBD
,	,
approval	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
as	IN
amended	VBN
.	.
The	DT
motion	NN
was	VBD
carried	VBN
unanimously	RB
.	.
Elementary	JJ
CEFP	NNP
from	IN
a	DT
replacement	NN
school	NN
to	TO
a	DT
renovation	NN
project	NN
.	.
This	DT
project	NN
will	MD
provide	VB
resources	NNS
to	TO
renovate	VB
and	CC
construct	VB
additions	NNS
.	.
Demolition	NN
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
structure	NN
and	CC
three	CD
portable	JJ
classrooms	NNS
will	MD
occur	VB
upon	IN
completion	NN
.	.
November	NNP
14	CD
,	,
2005	CD
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
alternative	NN
route	NN
will	MD
provide	VB
a	DT
route	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
who	WP
hold	VBP
the	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
a	DT
bachelor	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
in	IN
a	DT
specific	JJ
content	JJ
area	NN
,	,
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
school	NN
curriculum	NN
,	,
to	TO
be	VB
employed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
shortage	NN
area	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Kenna	NNP
R.	NNP
Seal	NNP
,	,
Director	NNP
,	,
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
,	,
distributed	VBN
and	CC
presented	VBN
the	DT
2005	CD
Report	NNP
of	IN
Ratings	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
annually	RB
rates	NNS
both	DT
schools	NNS
and	CC
school	NN
systems	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
information	NN
reviewed	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
system	NN
of	IN
education	NN
performance	NN
audits	NN
.	.
School	NNP
in	IN
Nicholas	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
October	NNP
12	CD
,	,
2005	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
performance	NN
and	CC
progress	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Vice	NNP
President	NNP
Cook	NNP
announced	VBD
the	DT
appointment	NN
of	IN
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Institute	NNP
of	IN
Medicine	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Academies	NNP
'	POS
Committee	NNP
on	IN
Nutrition	NNP
Standards	NNP
for	IN
Foods	NNP
in	IN
Schools	NNP
.	.
This	DT
committee	NN
will	MD
author	NN
a	DT
consensus	NN
report	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
its	PRP$
review	NN
of	IN
appropriate	JJ
nutritional	JJ
standards	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
availability	NN
,	,
sale	NN
,	,
content	NN
,	,
and	CC
consumption	NN
of	IN
foods	NNS
at	IN
school	NN
,	,
with	IN
attention	NN
given	VBN
to	TO
foods	NNS
offered	VBN
in	IN
competition	NN
with	IN
federally-reimbursed	JJ
meals	NNS
and	CC
snacks	NNS
.	.
This	DT
study	NN
is	VBZ
supported	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Centers	NNPS
for	IN
Disease	NNP
Control	NNP
and	CC
Prevention	NNP
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Karen	NNP
Larry	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Assistant	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
Superintendent	NNP
's	POS
Office	NNP
,	,
distributed	VBN
and	CC
presented	VBN
a	DT
document	NN
entitled	VBN
``	``
A	DT
Study	NN
of	IN
Professional	NNP
Development	NNP
for	IN
Public	NNP
School	NNP
Educators	NNP
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
''	''
The	DT
document	NN
,	,
a	DT
report	NN
of	IN
the	DT
status	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
's	POS
professional	JJ
development	NN
system	NN
,	,
was	VBD
prepared	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Staff	NNP
Development	NNP
Council	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
direction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Legislative	NNP
Oversight	NNP
Commission	NNP
on	IN
Education	NNP
Accountability	NNP
.	.
Upon	IN
recommendation	NN
of	IN
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
motion	NN
by	IN
Ms.	NNP
Phillips	NNP
,	,
seconded	VBN
by	IN
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
unanimously	RB
issued	VBD
Temporary	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
status	NN
,	,
Conditional	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
status	NN
,	,
and	CC
Seriously	RB
Impaired	VBN
status	NN
to	TO
the	DT
schools	NNS
as	IN
listed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
amended	VBN
School	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
Summary	NNP
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Center	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Development	NNP
,	,
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
and	CC
WVBE	NNP
policy	NN
requirements	NNS
for	IN
mentoring	VBG
programs	NNS
.	.
At	IN
its	PRP$
July	NNP
2005	CD
meeting	VBG
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Commission	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Teaching	NNP
Standards	NNPS
recommended	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
WVBE	NNP
request	NN
a	DT
study	NN
to	TO
be	VB
conducted	VBN
of	IN
the	DT
Beginning	VBG
Educator	NNP
Internship	NNP
Program	NNP
and	CC
that	IN
a	DT
statewide	JJ
stakeholder	NN
group	NN
be	VB
convened	VBN
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
effectiveness	NN
of	IN
this	DT
program	NN
.	.
Education	NNP
and	CC
Endicott	NNP
cases	NNS
by	IN
whatever	WDT
means	VBZ
necessary	JJ
,	,
including	VBG
but	CC
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
filing	VBG
any	DT
appeals	NNS
,	,
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
further	VB
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
's	POS
previously	RB
approved	VBN
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
Comprehensive	NNP
Educational	NNP
Facilities	NNP
Plan	NNP
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
seconded	VBD
the	DT
motion	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
carried	VBN
unanimously	RB
.	.
President	NNP
Johnson	NNP
,	,
in	IN
follow-up	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
September	NNP
liaison	NN
appointments	NNS
,	,
reported	VBD
that	IN
additional	JJ
research	NN
did	VBD
find	VB
that	IN
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
will	MD
complete	VB
her	PRP$
second	JJ
consecutive	JJ
term	NN
on	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Center	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Development	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CPD	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
October	NNP
and	CC
is	VBZ
ineligible	JJ
for	IN
reappointment	NN
.	.
Discussion	NN
ensued	VBD
regarding	VBG
a	DT
modification	NN
of	IN
language	NN
at	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
bullet	NN
under	IN
intentional	JJ
and	CC
unintentional	JJ
injury	NN
as	IN
follows	VBZ
:	:
``	``
promote	VB
and	CC
continue	VB
to	TO
support	VB
safe	JJ
physical	JJ
and	CC
emotional	JJ
environments	NNS
free	JJ
from	IN
harassment	NN
,	,
bullying	NN
and	CC
violence	NN
by	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
school	NN
personnel	NNS
.	.
''	''
Discussion	NN
ensued	VBN
during	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
was	VBD
requested	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
be	VB
provided	VBN
the	DT
preliminary	JJ
draft	NN
report	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
's	POS
study	NN
of	IN
professional	JJ
development	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
presented	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
August	NNP
legislative	JJ
interim	JJ
session	NN
.	.
Amendment	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
Logan	NNP
County	NNP
Comprehensive	NNP
Educational	NNP
Facilities	NNP
Plan	NNP
to	TO
include	VB
the	DT
addition	NN
of	IN
one	CD
room	NN
at	IN
Hugh	NNP
Dingess	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
for	IN
additional	JJ
storage	NN
and	CC
a	DT
walk-in	NN
cooler\/freezer	NN
.	.
The	DT
room	NN
will	MD
be	VB
1,248	CD
square	JJ
feet	NNS
and	CC
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
to	TO
upgrade	VB
the	DT
kitchen	NN
to	TO
current	JJ
standards	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Quality	NNP
of	IN
Teacher	NN
Preparation	NNP
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
-	:
this	DT
publication	NN
contains	VBZ
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
performance	NN
of	IN
teacher	NN
education	NN
program	NN
completers	NNS
from	IN
September	NNP
1	CD
,	,
2003	CD
-	:
August	NNP
31	CD
,	,
2004	CD
on	IN
state	NN
assessments	NNS
,	,
institutionally	RB
designed	VBN
performance	NN
assessments	NNS
,	,
field	NN
experiences	NNS
and	CC
student	NN
teaching	NN
.	.
Office	NNP
of	IN
Student	NNP
Assessment	NNP
,	,
Division	NNP
of	IN
School	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Services	NNPS
,	,
distributed	VBN
information	NN
and	CC
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
the	DT
statewide	JJ
assessment	NN
recommendations	NNS
which	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
expanded	VBN
to	TO
include	VB
K-2	NNP
assessment	NN
,	,
writing	VBG
assessment	NN
in	IN
grades	NNS
3-11	CD
,	,
combined	VBN
college	NN
admissions\/WESTEST	NNP
assessment	NN
in	IN
grades	NNS
9-12	CD
and	CC
a	DT
formative	JJ
assessment	NN
component	NN
in	IN
grades	NNS
K-12	NN
.	.
The	DT
assessment	NN
recommendations	NNS
are	VBP
supported	VBN
by	IN
research	NN
and	CC
best	JJS
practices	NNS
to	TO
promote	VB
enhanced	JJ
achievement	NN
performance	NN
,	,
promote	VB
school	NN
improvement	NN
and	CC
assist	VB
county	NN
school	NN
districts	NNS
in	IN
closing	VBG
the	DT
achievement	NN
gap	NN
by	IN
2014	CD
.	.
Policy	NNP
5100	CD
,	,
be	VB
modified	VBN
to	TO
show	VB
national	JJ
standards	NNS
,	,
and	CC
President	NNP
Johnson	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
members	NNS
notify	VBP
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
executive	NN
secretary	NN
of	IN
parking	NN
and	CC
hotel	NN
needs	NNS
for	IN
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
hearing	NN
and	CC
of	IN
plans	NNS
to	TO
attend	VB
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
State	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
annual	JJ
conference	NN
in	IN
October	NNP
.	.
President	NNP
Fish	NN
appointed	VBN
Ms.	NNP
Hatfield	NNP
to	TO
assist	VB
with	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
guidelines	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
accrued	VBN
instructional	JJ
time	NN
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Chapman	NNP
requested	VBD
information	NN
be	VB
provided	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
future	JJ
meeting	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
attainment	NN
of	IN
physical	JJ
education	NN
credits	NNS
.	.
Services	NNPS
,	,
provided	VBD
a	DT
progress	NN
report	NN
on	IN
the	DT
high	JJ
school	NN
student	NN
success	NN
initiative	NN
.	.
This	DT
item	NN
will	MD
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
August	NNP
agenda	NN
for	IN
in-depth	JJ
discussion	NN
and	CC
also	RB
on	IN
the	DT
September	NNP
agenda	NN
with	IN
a	DT
detailed	JJ
plan	NN
of	IN
action	NN
to	TO
include	VB
the	DT
topic	NN
of	IN
grammar	NN
and	CC
consideration	NN
will	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
ideology	NN
of	IN
the	DT
codes	NNS
of	IN
conduct	NN
and	CC
development	NN
of	IN
study	NN
skills	NNS
.	.
Upon	IN
recommendation	NN
of	IN
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
motion	NN
by	IN
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
,	,
seconded	VBN
by	IN
Ms.	NNP
Hatfield	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
unanimously	RB
continued	VBD
the	DT
Conditional	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
status	NN
of	IN
Lubeck	NNP
Elementary	NNP
and	CC
Parkersburg	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Full	NNP
Approval	NNP
status	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Wood	NNP
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
with	IN
the	DT
schools	NNS
and	CC
county	NN
given	VBN
until	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
accreditation	NN
cycle	NN
to	TO
correct	VB
any	DT
identified	VBN
deficiencies	NNS
.	.
Superintendent	NN
,	,
who	WP
provided	VBD
a	DT
report	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
professional	JJ
development	NN
facet	NN
of	IN
S.	NNP
B.	NNP
603	CD
that	WDT
impacts	VBZ
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Fish	NN
stated	VBD
that	IN
Mrs.	NNP
Cook	NNP
,	,
and	CC
possibly	RB
Ms.	NNP
Phillips	NNP
,	,
will	MD
represent	VB
the	DT
Board	NNP
on	IN
this	DT
legislative	JJ
study	NN
group	NN
.	.
Assistant	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
Office	NNP
of	IN
Professional	NNP
Preparation	NNP
,	,
Division	NNP
of	IN
Administrative	NNP
Services	NNPS
,	,
addressed	VBD
questions	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
thirty	CD
day	NN
comment	NN
period	NN
,	,
conflicts	NNS
between	IN
state	NN
and	CC
federal	JJ
certification	NN
legislation	NN
,	,
and	CC
special	JJ
education	NN
certification	NN
.	.
Superintendent	NNP
Search	NNP
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Chapman	NNP
provided	VBD
an	DT
overview	NN
of	IN
the	DT
interview	NN
process	NN
and	CC
announced	VBD
the	DT
dates	NNS
of	IN
June	NNP
13	CD
,	,
18	CD
,	,
21	CD
and	CC
27	CD
for	IN
interviews	NNS
of	IN
selected	VBN
candidates	NNS
.	.
Logistical	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
travel	NN
and	CC
teleconferencing	NN
,	,
were	VBD
addressed	VBN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
reference	NN
check	NN
protocol	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
returned	VBD
from	IN
executive	NN
session	NN
at	IN
4:50	CD
p.m.	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
time	NN
President	NNP
Fish	NN
announced	VBD
that	IN
no	DT
action	NN
was	VBD
taken	VBN
and	CC
no	DT
decisions	NNS
were	VBD
made	VBN
.	.
President	NNP
Fish	NN
reported	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Director	NNP
of	IN
OEPA	NNP
,	,
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Schools	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Deaf	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Blind	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Executive	NNP
Secretary	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
were	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
commended	VBN
for	IN
their	PRP$
performance	NN
and	CC
all	DT
received	VBN
satisfactory	JJ
evaluations	NNS
.	.
President	NNP
Fish	NN
noted	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
for	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
complete	JJ
in	IN
that	IN
the	DT
appraisal	NN
for	IN
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
remained	VBD
and	CC
,	,
as	IN
such	JJ
,	,
would	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
up	RP
at	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
to	TO
be	VB
held	VBN
June	NNP
9	CD
,	,
2005	CD
at	IN
the	DT
Cedar	NNP
Lakes	NNPS
Conference	NNP
Center	NNP
in	IN
Jackson	NNP
County	NNP
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
returned	VBD
from	IN
Executive	NNP
Session	NN
at	IN
9:12	CD
a.m.	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
time	NN
President	NNP
Fish	NN
announced	VBD
that	IN
no	DT
action	NN
was	VBD
taken	VBN
and	CC
no	DT
decisions	NNS
were	VBD
made	VBN
.	.
President	NNP
Fish	NN
reported	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
was	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
commended	VBN
for	IN
his	PRP$
performance	NN
and	CC
that	IN
he	PRP
received	VBD
a	DT
satisfactory	JJ
evaluation	NN
.	.
Discussion	NN
ensued	VBD
regarding	VBG
interview	NN
ranking	JJ
forms	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
consensus	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
that	IN
the	DT
forms	NNS
be	VB
returned	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
executive	NN
secretary	NN
by	IN
June	NNP
6	CD
.	.
Further	JJ
discussion	NN
will	MD
take	VB
place	NN
at	IN
the	DT
June	NNP
8	CD
meeting	NN
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
ranking	JJ
and	CC
selection	NN
of	IN
candidates	NNS
for	IN
interview	NN
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Cook	NNP
moved	VBD
,	,
and	CC
Dr.	NNP
Johnson	NNP
seconded	VBD
,	,
that	IN
a	DT
thorough	JJ
background	NN
check	NN
be	VB
conducted	VBN
of	IN
all	DT
candidates	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
interviewed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
motion	NN
was	VBD
carried	VBN
unanimously	RB
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
and	CC
Ms.	NNP
Chapman	NNP
departed	VBD
the	DT
meeting	NN
following	VBG
the	DT
vote	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Fish	NN
and	CC
Mr.	NNP
Doug	NNP
Kiger	NNP
,	,
Director\/Principal	NNP
,	,
Wood	NNP
County	NNP
Technical	NNP
Center	NNP
,	,
recognized	VBD
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
technical	JJ
education	NN
students	NNS
from	IN
Wood	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
who	WP
will	MD
represent	VB
the	DT
state	NN
in	IN
national	JJ
level	NN
competition	NN
.	.
School	NNP
in	IN
Grant	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
February	NNP
8	CD
,	,
2005	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
School	NNP
in	IN
Hardy	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
February	NNP
9	CD
,	,
2005	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
School	NNP
in	IN
Mineral	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
March	NNP
15	CD
,	,
2005	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Hopkins	NNP
presented	VBD
Policy	NNP
3232	CD
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
A	DT
number	NN
of	IN
procedural	JJ
and	CC
statutory	JJ
changes	NNS
dictate	VBP
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
repeal	VB
and	CC
replace	VB
the	DT
current	JJ
policy	NN
.	.
The	DT
proposed	VBN
replacement	NN
policy	NN
includes	VBZ
these	DT
changes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
updates	NNS
titles	NNS
and	CC
terminology	NN
to	TO
reflect	VB
current	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Fish	NN
distributed	VBN
information	NN
and	CC
initiated	VBN
discussion	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
process	NN
for	IN
selection	NN
of	IN
a	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
consensus	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
that	IN
the	DT
entire	JJ
Board	NNP
would	MD
constitute	VB
the	DT
search	NN
committee	NN
with	IN
Ms.	NNP
Chapman	NNP
serving	VBG
as	IN
chair	NN
.	.
A	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
April	NNP
to	TO
continue	VB
discussion	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
hiring	VBG
process	NN
.	.
The	DT
hiring\/selection	JJ
process	NN
will	MD
be	VB
completed	VBN
by	IN
June	NNP
30	CD
,	,
2005	CD
.	.
Continued	VBN
the	DT
Full	NNP
Approval	NNP
Status	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Gilmer	NNP
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
,	,
issued	VBD
the	DT
schools	NNS
the	DT
accreditation	NN
status	NN
listed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
report	NN
and	CC
gave	VBD
the	DT
school	NN
system	NN
a	DT
Date	NNP
Certain	NNP
of	IN
October	NNP
3	CD
,	,
2005	CD
to	TO
correct	VB
the	DT
identified	VBN
noncompliances	NNS
.	.
School	NNP
in	IN
Nicholas	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
January	NNP
25	CD
,	,
2005	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
McClanahan	NNP
distributed	VBN
information	NN
and	CC
presented	VBN
Policy	NN
6200	CD
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
Policy	NNP
6200	CD
is	VBZ
being	VBG
revised	VBN
to	TO
change	VB
the	DT
requirements	NNS
for	IN
constructing	VBG
school	NN
facilities	NNS
with	IN
more	JJR
emphasis	NN
on	IN
indoor	JJ
air	NN
quality	NN
,	,
determining	VBG
that	IN
current	JJ
regulatory	JJ
requirements	NNS
are	VBP
met	VBN
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Society	NNP
of	IN
Heating	NN
and	CC
Refrigeration	NNP
Engineers	NNPS
design	NN
perimeters	NNS
are	VBP
maintained	VBN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Bill	NNP
Elswick	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
Office	NNP
of	IN
School	NNP
Facilities	NNPS
,	,
Division	NNP
of	IN
Administrative	NNP
Services	NNPS
,	,
assisted	VBN
Dr.	NNP
McClanahan	NNP
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Chapman	NNP
joined	VBD
the	DT
meeting	NN
via	IN
telephone	NN
.	.
Through	IN
the	DT
revision	NN
process	NN
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
determined	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
two	CD
policies	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
combined	VBN
because	IN
the	DT
content	NN
is	VBZ
similar	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
communications	NNS
and	CC
enforcement	NN
issues	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
policy	NN
could	MD
be	VB
consistent	JJ
.	.
This	DT
proposed	VBN
combination	NN
of	IN
policies	NNS
would	MD
require	VB
that	IN
existing	VBG
Policies	NNS
2422.5	CD
,	,
Substance	NNP
Abuse	NNP
,	,
and	CC
2422.5	CD
A	DT
,	,
Tobacco	NNP
Control	NNP
,	,
be	VB
repealed	VBN
and	CC
replaced	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
revised	VBN
Policy	NN
2422.5	CD
,	,
Substance	NNP
Abuse	NNP
and	CC
Tobacco	NNP
Control	NNP
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Paine	NNP
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
requested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Schools	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Deaf	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Blind	NNP
personnel	NNS
items	NNS
dealing	VBG
with	IN
suspension	NN
be	VB
removed	VBN
as	IN
both	DT
employees	NNS
have	VBP
requested	VBN
hearings	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
Following	VBG
Dr.	NNP
Paine	NNP
's	POS
request	NN
,	,
President	NNP
Fish	NN
announced	VBD
a	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
to	TO
conduct	VB
the	DT
hearings	NNS
.	.
The	DT
meeting	NN
will	MD
take	VB
place	NN
on	IN
March	NNP
18	CD
at	IN
1:00	CD
p.m.	NN
in	IN
Charleston	NNP
.	.
President	NNP
Fish	NN
,	,
in	IN
an	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
begin	VB
working	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
financial	JJ
situation	NN
in	IN
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
and	CC
to	TO
begin	VB
action	NN
on	IN
the	DT
efficiencies	NNS
of	IN
operation	NN
,	,
entertained	VBD
a	DT
motion	NN
directing	VBG
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
to	TO
take	VB
all	DT
steps	NNS
necessary	JJ
to	TO
effectuate	VB
the	DT
current	JJ
,	,
approved	VBD
Comprehensive	NNP
Educational	NNP
Facilities	NNP
Plan	NNP
in	IN
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
.	.
Boone	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
January	NNP
11	CD
,	,
2005	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
School	NNP
in	IN
Cabell	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
December	NNP
14	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Enslow	NNP
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Cabell	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
December	NNP
14	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Milton	NNP
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Cabell	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
December	NNP
14	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Huntington	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Cabell	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
December	NNP
15	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
School	NNP
in	IN
Logan	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
January	NNP
12	CD
,	,
2005	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Hampshire	NNP
County	NNP
Central	NNP
Office	NNP
January	NNP
18	CD
-	:
21	CD
,	,
2005	CD
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
review	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
investigate	VB
the	DT
district	NN
level	NN
high-quality	JJ
standards	NNS
,	,
review	NN
grant	NN
awards	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
expenditure	NN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
appropriate	JJ
procedures	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
make	VB
recommendations	NNS
on	IN
such	JJ
measures	NNS
as	IN
considered	VBN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
improve	VB
performance	NN
and	CC
progress	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
high-quality	JJ
standards	NNS
required	VBN
by	IN
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
and	CC
Board	NNP
policy	NN
.	.
Upon	IN
recommendation	NN
of	IN
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
motion	NN
by	IN
Mr.	NNP
Spencer	NNP
,	,
seconded	VBN
by	IN
Mrs.	NNP
Hamilton	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
unanimously	RB
declared	VBD
that	IN
extraordinary	JJ
circumstances	NNS
exist	VBP
in	IN
Hampshire	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
,	,
issued	VBD
the	DT
county	NN
Nonapproval	NNP
status	NN
,	,
directed	VBD
the	DT
appointment	NN
of	IN
an	DT
improvement	NN
consultant	NN
team	NN
to	TO
make	VB
recommendations	NNS
within	IN
60	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
said	VBD
appointment	NN
for	IN
correcting	VBG
the	DT
emergency	NN
and	CC
gave	VBD
the	DT
county	NN
six	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
months	NNS
to	TO
correct	VB
the	DT
deficiencies	NNS
once	IN
the	DT
recommendations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
improvement	NN
consultant	NN
team	NN
are	VBP
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
.	.
Superintendent	NN
to	TO
cause	VB
an	DT
investigation	NN
to	TO
be	VB
conducted	VBN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
expenditure	NN
of	IN
federal	JJ
funds	NNS
in	IN
Hampshire	NNP
County	NNP
and	CC
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
full	JJ
report	NN
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
with	IN
recommendations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
motion	NN
carried	VBD
unanimously	RB
.	.
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
January	NNP
10	CD
-	:
14	CD
,	,
2005	CD
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
review	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
investigate	VB
the	DT
reasons	NNS
for	IN
performance	NN
and	CC
progress	NN
persistently	RB
below	IN
standards	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
make	VB
recommendations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
,	,
school	NN
system	NN
and	CC
State	NNP
Board	NNP
on	IN
such	JJ
measures	NNS
as	IN
considered	VBN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
improve	VB
performance	NN
and	CC
progress	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
standards	NNS
.	.
Johnson	NNP
,	,
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
issued	VBD
Nonapproval	NNP
status	NN
to	TO
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
schools	NNS
based	VBN
upon	IN
the	DT
report	NN
of	IN
the	DT
OEPA	NNP
and	CC
declared	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
state	NN
of	IN
emergency	NN
exists	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
system	NN
.	.
The	DT
motion	NN
carried	VBD
unanimously	RB
.	.
Hamilton	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
deferred	VBN
ruling	NN
on	IN
either	CC
the	DT
appointment	NN
of	IN
an	DT
improvement	NN
consultant	NN
team	NN
or	CC
intervention	NN
in	IN
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
system	NN
in	IN
order	NN
for	IN
both	DT
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
and	CC
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
to	TO
fully	RB
review	VB
the	DT
voluminous	JJ
report	NN
and	CC
adequately	RB
reflect	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
.	.
The	DT
motion	NN
carried	VBD
unanimously	RB
.	.
One	CD
removed	VBN
from	IN
Back	NNP
Creek	NNP
Valley	NNP
Elementary	NNP
and	CC
destroyed	VBN
;	:
three	CD
removed	VBN
from	IN
Hedgesville	NNP
High	NNP
with	IN
two	CD
going	VBG
to	TO
North	NNP
Middle	NNP
and	CC
one	CD
to	TO
Berkeley	NNP
Heights	NNP
Elementary	NNP
;	:
one	CD
removed	VBN
from	IN
Musselman	NNP
High	NNP
and	CC
placed	VBN
at	IN
Mill	NNP
Creek	NNP
Intermediate	NNP
;	:
and	CC
two	CD
removed	VBN
from	IN
Hedgesville	NNP
Middle	NNP
and	CC
placed	VBN
at	IN
North	NNP
Middle	NNP
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Steven	NNP
L.	NNP
Paine	NNP
,	,
Deputy	NNP
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
,	,
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
provided	VBD
a	DT
brief	JJ
history	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
work	NN
day	NN
definition	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
removed	VBN
from	IN
Policy	NN
2510	CD
at	IN
the	DT
December	NNP
meeting	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Fish	NN
distributed	VBN
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
work	NN
day	NN
definition	NN
as	IN
was	VBD
removed	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
when	WRB
initially	RB
placed	VBN
on	IN
comment	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Fish	NN
requested	VBD
a	DT
motion	NN
to	TO
insert	VB
the	DT
original	JJ
definition	NN
of	IN
``	``
Work	NNP
Day	NNP
''	''
as	IN
''	''
Time	NNP
allocated	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
instructional	JJ
day	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
activities	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
homeroom	NN
,	,
class	NN
changes	NNS
,	,
lunch	NN
,	,
planning	NN
periods	NNS
,	,
and	CC
staff	NN
development	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
not	RB
exceed	VB
eight	CD
clock	NN
hours	NNS
''	''
into	IN
Policy	NN
2510	CD
and	CC
place	NN
this	DT
new	JJ
language	NN
on	IN
comment	NN
for	IN
30	CD
days	NNS
.	.
Following	VBG
discussion	NN
Dr.	NNP
Johnson	NNP
moved	VBD
,	,
and	CC
Ms.	NNP
Hatfield	NNP
seconded	VBD
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
removal	NN
of	IN
item	NN
VIII	NNP
.	.
A.	NN
from	IN
the	DT
January	NNP
agenda	NN
be	VB
a	DT
separate	JJ
vote	NN
and	CC
the	DT
agenda	NN
,	,
as	IN
previously	RB
amended	VBN
,	,
be	VB
approved	VBN
.	.
The	DT
motion	NN
carried	VBD
unanimously	RB
.	.
Upon	IN
recommendation	NN
of	IN
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
motion	NN
by	IN
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
,	,
seconded	VBN
by	IN
Dr.	NNP
Johnson	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
unanimously	RB
continued	VBD
Temporary	JJ
Accreditation	NNP
status	NN
for	IN
Braxton	NNP
County	NNP
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Full	NNP
Approval	NNP
status	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Braxton	NNP
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
and	CC
gave	VBD
the	DT
school	NN
and	CC
county	NN
until	IN
September	NNP
1	CD
,	,
2005	CD
,	,
to	TO
correct	VB
the	DT
high-quality	JJ
standards	NNS
necessary	JJ
for	IN
improvement	NN
.	.
School	NNP
in	IN
Lewis	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
November	NNP
17	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Clay	NNP
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Clay	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
November	NNP
18	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
School	NNP
in	IN
Monroe	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
December	NNP
1	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Putnam	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
December	NNP
7	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
School	NNP
in	IN
Lincoln	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
December	NNP
8	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Johnson	NNP
moved	VBD
,	,
and	CC
Mrs.	NNP
Cook	NNP
seconded	VBD
,	,
approval	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Consent	NNP
Agenda	NNP
as	IN
previously	RB
amended	VBN
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Chapman	NNP
noted	VBD
that	IN
she	PRP
failed	VBD
to	TO
remove	VB
the	DT
personnel	NNS
item	NN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
agenda	NN
,	,
in	IN
its	PRP$
entirety	NN
,	,
was	VBD
approved	VBN
.	.
Thereupon	NNP
Dr.	NNP
Johnson	NNP
and	CC
Mrs.	NNP
Cook	NNP
agreed	VBD
to	TO
amend	VB
their	PRP$
original	JJ
motion	NN
to	TO
remove	VB
item	NN
VII	NNP
.	.
B.	NNP
2	CD
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Personnel	NNP
from	IN
the	DT
Consent	NNP
Agenda	NNP
for	IN
consideration	NN
as	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
item	NN
of	IN
business	NN
under	IN
New	NNP
Business	NNP
.	.
The	DT
motion	NN
,	,
as	IN
amended	VBN
,	,
carried	VBD
unanimously	RB
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Johnson	NNP
moved	VBD
to	TO
amend	VB
the	DT
original	JJ
motion	NN
to	TO
remove	VB
the	DT
word	NN
``	``
generally	RB
''	''
from	IN
section	NN
5.81	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
definition	NN
of	IN
``	``
Work	NNP
Day	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Cook	NNP
seconded	VBD
the	DT
motion	NN
.	.
Upon	IN
the	DT
call	NN
for	IN
the	DT
question	NN
the	DT
motion	NN
was	VBD
defeated	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
vote	NN
of	IN
two	CD
to	TO
seven	CD
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Johnson	NNP
moved	VBD
to	TO
amend	VB
the	DT
original	JJ
motion	NN
to	TO
delete	VB
the	DT
following	JJ
language	NN
found	VBN
in	IN
footnote	NN
three	CD
on	IN
Chart	NNP
V-C	NNP
:	:
``	``
or	CC
,	,
if	IN
scheduling	NN
problems	NNS
arise	VBP
,	,
may	MD
substitute	VB
a	DT
required	JJ
technical	JJ
course	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
concentration	NN
in	IN
lieu	NN
of	IN
the	DT
arts	NNS
requirement	NN
''	''
be	VB
deleted	VBN
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
seconded	VBD
the	DT
motion	NN
.	.
Chancellor	NNP
Mullen	NNP
offered	VBD
a	DT
friendly	JJ
amendment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
motion	NN
to	TO
delete	VB
the	DT
second	JJ
sentence	NN
and	CC
strike	NN
in	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
sentence	NN
,	,
first	JJ
line	NN
,	,
``	``
The	DT
professional	JJ
and	CC
skill	NN
pathways	NNS
''	''
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Cain	NNP
suggested	VBD
that	IN
footnote	NN
number	NN
three	CD
,	,
in	IN
its	PRP$
entirety	NN
,	,
be	VB
deleted	VBN
from	IN
Charts	NNPS
V-B	NNP
and	CC
V-C	NNP
.	.
Dr.	NNP
``	``
It	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
intent	NN
that	IN
all	DT
students	NNS
will	MD
take	VB
mathematics	NNS
annually	RB
,	,
but	CC
must	MD
take	VB
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
mathematics	NNS
classes	NNS
in	IN
grades	NNS
9-12	CD
.	.
If	IN
students	NNS
begin	VBP
the	DT
math	NN
sequence	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
grade	NN
9	CD
,	,
they	PRP
should	MD
take	VB
other	JJ
mathematics	NNS
courses	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
may	MD
include	VB
college	NN
courses	NNS
,	,
AP	NNP
courses	NNS
,	,
virtual	JJ
school	NN
courses	NNS
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
advanced	JJ
offerings	NNS
.	.
This	DT
principle	NN
applies	VBZ
to	TO
all	DT
required	VBN
course	NN
sequences	NNS
.	.
''	''
The	DT
Board	NNP
returned	VBD
from	IN
Executive	NNP
Session	NN
at	IN
1:58	CD
p.m.	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
time	NN
President	NNP
Fish	NN
announced	VBD
no	DT
action	NN
was	VBD
taken	VBN
and	CC
no	DT
decisions	NNS
were	VBD
made	VBN
in	IN
Executive	NNP
Session	NN
and	CC
entertained	VBD
a	DT
motion	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
that	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
direct	JJ
its	PRP$
counsel	NN
and	CC
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
to	TO
immediately	RB
take	VB
such	JJ
action	NN
as	IN
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
to	TO
effectuate	VB
the	DT
implementation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
CEFP	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
was	VBD
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
and	CC
funded	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
SBA	NNP
,	,
including	VBG
an	DT
audit	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
OEPA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
school	NN
system	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Trap	NNP
Hill	NNP
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Raleigh	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
October	NNP
19	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
School	NNP
in	IN
Summers	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
October	NNP
20	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Buffalo	NNP
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Wayne	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
November	NNP
9	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Fort	NNP
Gay	NNP
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Wayne	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
November	NNP
9	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Wayne	NNP
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Wayne	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
November	NNP
9	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Program	NN
''	''
award	NN
.	.
This	DT
award	NN
recognizes	VBZ
one	CD
school	NN
cook	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
country	NN
who	WP
exemplifies	VBZ
the	DT
best	JJS
in	IN
school	NN
nutrition	NN
programs	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
demonstrated	VBN
dedication	NN
to	TO
serving	VBG
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
children	NNS
,	,
collaboration	NN
with	IN
the	DT
school	NN
community	NN
and	CC
families	NNS
,	,
creative	JJ
delivery	NN
and	CC
promotion	NN
of	IN
school	NN
meals	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
dedication	NN
to	TO
continuous	JJ
improvement	NN
through	IN
training	NN
and	CC
professional	JJ
development	NN
activities	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Elkins	NNP
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Randolph	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
October	NNP
5	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
School	NNP
in	IN
Mercer	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
October	NNP
7	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Superintendent	NN
,	,
provided	VBD
an	DT
update	VB
regarding	VBG
county	NN
school	NN
system	NN
improvement	NN
initiatives	NNS
and	CC
activities	NNS
and	CC
introduced	VBD
Mr.	NNP
John	NNP
Curry	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
distributed	VBN
information	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
Greenbrier	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Dr.	NNP
Charlotte	NNP
Hutchens	NNP
,	,
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
Raleigh	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
,	,
who	WP
provided	VBD
additional	JJ
information	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
county	NN
school	NN
system	NN
improvement	NN
initiative	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
questioned	VBD
a	DT
personnel	NNS
action	NN
listed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
schedule	NN
and	CC
requested	VBD
a	DT
new	JJ
organization	NN
chart	NN
be	VB
provided	VBN
to	TO
members	NNS
.	.
Following	VBG
discussion	NN
it	PRP
was	VBD
decided	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
members	NNS
,	,
excluding	VBG
Ms.	NNP
Chapman	NNP
,	,
that	IN
this	DT
item	NN
would	MD
hereafter	VB
be	VB
considered	VBN
under	IN
Reports	NNS
.	.
President	NNP
Fish	NN
questioned	VBD
the	DT
hire	NN
dates	NNS
of	IN
personnel	NNS
listed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
schedule	NN
and	CC
requested	VBD
this	DT
be	VB
more	RBR
closely	RB
monitored	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
as	IN
staff	NN
members	NNS
are	VBP
reporting	VBG
to	TO
work	VB
prior	RB
to	TO
receiving	VBG
Board	NNP
approval	NN
.	.
Discussion	NN
ensued	VBD
concerning	VBG
the	DT
exigency	NN
in	IN
filling	VBG
certain	JJ
positions	NNS
.	.
Following	VBG
discussion	NN
,	,
President	NNP
Fish	NN
entertained	VBD
a	DT
motion	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
take	VB
action	NN
to	TO
waive	VB
the	DT
provisions	NNS
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Policy	NNP
2445.41	CD
requiring	VBG
bonds	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
$	$
2,000	CD
and	CC
$	$
5,000	CD
respectively	RB
for	IN
supplemental	JJ
and	CC
primary	JJ
textbooks	NNS
and	CC
delegate	VB
the	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
set	VB
the	DT
amount	NN
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
can	MD
not	RB
exceed	VB
$	$
10,000	CD
by	IN
code	NN
.	.
This	DT
action	NN
shall	MD
apply	VB
to	TO
the	DT
social	JJ
studies	NNS
materials	NNS
,	,
mathematics	NNS
materials	NNS
and	CC
future	JJ
materials	NNS
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Morris	NNP
seconded	VBD
the	DT
requested	VBN
motion	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
carried	VBD
unanimously	RB
.	.
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Policy	NNP
2445.41	CD
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
no	DT
member	NN
made	VBN
said	VBD
motion	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
its	PRP$
second	JJ
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Johnson	NNP
moved	VBD
,	,
and	CC
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
seconded	VBD
,	,
approval	NN
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
motion	NN
as	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
previously	RB
stated	VBN
.	.
The	DT
motion	NN
carried	VBD
unanimously	RB
.	.
Dr.	NNP
McClanahan	NNP
presented	VBD
two	CD
new	JJ
content	JJ
specializations	NNS
for	IN
two	CD
institutions	NNS
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Policy	NNP
5100	CD
-	:
Approval	NN
of	IN
Educational	NNP
Personnel	NNP
Preparation	NNP
Programs	NNP
requires	VBZ
the	DT
Program	NN
Review	NNP
Board	NNP
to	TO
meet	VB
each	DT
semester	NN
to	TO
review	VB
new	JJ
content	JJ
specializations	NNS
and	CC
make	VB
recommendations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
for	IN
action	NN
.	.
Superintendent	NN
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
request	NN
of	IN
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
,	,
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
provided	VBD
an	DT
update	VB
regarding	VBG
communication	NN
committee	NN
activities	NNS
including	VBG
a	DT
review	NN
of	IN
the	DT
various	JJ
listserves	NNS
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Achieves	VBZ
tour	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
annual	JJ
report	NN
.	.
Jane	NNP
McBride	NNP
,	,
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Schools	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Deaf	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Blind	NNP
,	,
welcomed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
introduced	VBD
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
Mountaineer	NNP
Melodies	NNPS
,	,
who	WP
entertained	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
with	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
musical	JJ
selections	NNS
,	,
and	CC
2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Schools	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Deaf	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Blind	NNP
staff	NN
who	WP
provided	VBD
a	DT
PowerPoint	NNP
presentation	NN
highlighting	VBG
the	DT
schools	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Kenna	NNP
R.	NNP
Seal	NNP
,	,
Director	NNP
,	,
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
,	,
reported	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Glen	NNP
Fork	NNP
Grade	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Wyoming	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
May	NNP
3	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
School	NNP
in	IN
Greenbrier	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
May	NNP
3	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
School	NNP
in	IN
Berkeley	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
May	NNP
12	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
School	NNP
in	IN
Summers	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
May	NNP
4	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Upon	IN
motion	NN
by	IN
Mrs.	NNP
Hamilton	NNP
,	,
seconded	VBN
by	IN
Dr.	NNP
Johnson	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
unanimously	RB
approved	VBD
a	DT
promotional	JJ
brochure	NN
for	IN
distribution	NN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
also	RB
authorized	VBD
the	DT
pursuance	NN
of	IN
additional	JJ
funding	NN
for	IN
the	DT
wellness	JJ
initiative	NN
.	.
RESA	NNP
Committee	NNP
Report	NNP
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
provided	VBD
a	DT
report	NN
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
the	DT
RESA	NNP
Committee	NNP
which	WDT
included	VBD
an	DT
overview	NN
of	IN
a	DT
proposed	VBN
evaluation	NN
process	NN
and	CC
salary	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
Discussion	NN
ensued	VBN
during	IN
which	WDT
a	DT
timeline	NN
for	IN
completion	NN
of	IN
activities	NNS
was	VBD
requested	VBN
.	.
Director	NNP
and\/or	CC
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Assistant	NNP
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
positions	NNS
,	,
the	DT
salary	NN
window	NN
would	MD
be	VB
adjusted	VBN
accordingly	RB
and	CC
RESA	NNP
Regional	NNP
Councils	NNPS
would	MD
recommend	VB
salary	NN
adjustments	NNS
as	IN
deemed	VBN
appropriate	JJ
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Spencer	NNP
seconded	VBD
the	DT
motion	NN
.	.
Upon	IN
the	DT
call	NN
for	IN
the	DT
question	NN
the	DT
motion	NN
failed	VBD
.	.
Discussion	NN
ensued	VBD
regarding	VBG
a	DT
timeline	NN
for	IN
salary	NN
adjustments	NNS
,	,
and	CC
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
was	VBD
requested	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
additional	JJ
information	NN
at	IN
a	DT
future	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
Following	VBG
discussion	NN
Mr.	NNP
Spencer	NNP
moved	VBD
that	IN
salary	NN
increases	NNS
for	IN
RESAexecutive	JJ
directors	NNS
be	VB
retroactive	JJ
to	TO
July	NNP
1	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
seconded	VBD
the	DT
motion	NN
with	IN
the	DT
understanding	VBG
the	DT
Board	NNP
could	MD
reject	VB
the	DT
recommendation	NN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Spencer	NNP
amended	VBD
his	PRP$
motion	NN
to	TO
include	VB
a	DT
deadline	NN
of	IN
June	NNP
30	CD
,	,
2004	CD
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
receipt	NN
of	IN
recommendations	NNS
for	IN
salary	NN
increases	NNS
.	.
Upon	IN
the	DT
call	NN
for	IN
the	DT
question	NN
the	DT
motion	NN
,	,
as	IN
amended	VBN
,	,
was	VBD
carried	VBN
with	IN
six	CD
members	NNS
voting	VBG
yes	RB
and	CC
two	CD
members	NNS
,	,
Mrs.	NNP
Cook	NNP
and	CC
Mr.	NNP
Morris	NNP
,	,
voting	VBG
no.	NN
We	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
express	VB
our	PRP$
support	NN
for	IN
and	CC
commend	VB
the	DT
outstanding	JJ
work	NN
of	IN
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
particularly	RB
during	IN
some	DT
trying	VBG
and	CC
exceptionally	RB
difficult	JJ
circumstances	NNS
and	CC
times	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
and	CC
remains	VBZ
in	IN
sync	NN
with	IN
the	DT
goals	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
thank	VBP
him	PRP
publicly	RB
for	IN
his	PRP$
remarkable	JJ
efforts	NNS
and	CC
results	NNS
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
a	DT
perceived	VBN
need	NN
for	IN
standard	JJ
operating	NN
procedures	NNS
and	CC
suggested	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
committee	NN
be	VB
formed	VBN
to	TO
develop	VB
such	JJ
procedures	NNS
or	CC
,	,
conversely	RB
,	,
that	IN
a	DT
Board	NNP
retreat	NN
be	VB
scheduled	VBN
to	TO
include	VB
discussion	NN
of	IN
standard	JJ
operating	NN
procedures	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
appropriate	JJ
topics	NNS
.	.
Other	JJ
topics	NNS
of	IN
discussion	NN
included	VBD
the	DT
election	NN
of	IN
officers	NNS
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Policy	NNP
1241	CD
-	:
Notice	NNP
and	CC
Conduct	NNP
of	IN
Meetings	NNS
,	,
and	CC
responsibilities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
under	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
.	.
Following	VBG
discussion	NN
it	PRP
was	VBD
requested	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
informal	JJ
handbook	NN
,	,
provided	VBN
to	TO
all	DT
members	NNS
upon	IN
their	PRP$
appointment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
a	DT
training	NN
handbook	NN
provided	VBN
by	IN
Howard	NNP
Seufer	NNP
,	,
Esq.	NNP
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
June	NNP
2003	CD
Board	NNP
retreat	NN
,	,
be	VB
provided	VBN
to	TO
select	VB
members	NNS
.	.
County	NNP
and	CC
provided	VBD
a	DT
brief	JJ
overview	NN
of	IN
distance	NN
learning	VBG
opportunities	NNS
,	,
summer	NN
learning	NN
camps	NNS
for	IN
science	NN
education	NN
,	,
and	CC
early	RB
learning	VBG
collaborative	JJ
programs	NNS
offered	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Nicholas	NNP
County	NNP
school	NN
system	NN
.	.
Center	NNP
in	IN
Wood	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
April	NNP
6	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Superintendent	NN
of	IN
Schools	NNP
,	,
to	TO
provide	VB
an	DT
overview	NN
of	IN
the	DT
document	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
role	NN
and	CC
responsibility	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
budgetary	JJ
process	NN
was	VBD
discussed	VBN
and	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
suggested	VBN
that	IN
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
,	,
in	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
Department	NNP
staff	NN
,	,
provide	VBP
an	DT
in-depth	JJ
presentation	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
budget	NN
with	IN
appropriate	JJ
documentation	NN
provided	VBD
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
presentation	NN
.	.
Board	NNP
members	NNS
were	VBD
requested	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
feedback	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
2004-2005	CD
strategic	JJ
plan	NN
to	TO
Dr.	NNP
Paine	NNP
no	RB
later	RB
than	IN
May	NNP
24	CD
.	.
Education	NNP
shall	MD
appoint	VB
a	DT
team	NN
of	IN
improvement	NN
consultants	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
recommendations	NNS
within	IN
sixty	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
appointment	NN
for	IN
correcting	VBG
the	DT
impairment	NN
.	.
''	''
At	IN
the	DT
March	NNP
,	,
2004	CD
meeting	NN
,	,
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
appointed	VBD
an	DT
Improvement	NNP
Consultant	NN
Team	NNP
to	TO
make	VB
recommendations	NNS
for	IN
Atenville	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
requested	VBN
that	IN
an	DT
item	NN
appear	VBP
on	IN
a	DT
future	JJ
agenda	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
an	DT
update	VB
regarding	VBG
Lincoln	NNP
County	NNP
and	CC
that	IN
an	DT
appropriate	JJ
press	NN
release	NN
be	VB
issued	VBN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
re-employment	NN
of	IN
Superintendent	NNP
Grizzell	NNP
to	TO
include	VB
background	NN
information	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
takeover	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Lincoln	NNP
County	NNP
school	NN
system	NN
.	.
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
the	DT
recent	JJ
election	NN
of	IN
board	NN
members	NNS
in	IN
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
's	POS
role	NN
and	CC
responsibility	NN
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
counties	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
has	VBZ
previously	RB
been	VBN
in	IN
control	NN
of	IN
local	JJ
operations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Hine	NNP
Award	NNP
recognizes	VBZ
individuals	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
made	VBN
a	DT
full	JJ
commitment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
well-being	NN
,	,
growth	NN
and	CC
development	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
young	JJ
people	NNS
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Andrews	NNP
was	VBD
selected	VBN
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
strong	JJ
leadership	NN
he	PRP
has	VBZ
provided	VBN
in	IN
improving	VBG
the	DT
lives	NNS
of	IN
children	NNS
,	,
youth	NN
and	CC
adults	NNS
in	IN
state	NN
institutional	JJ
education	NN
facilities	NNS
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Morris	NNP
,	,
having	VBG
accepted	VBN
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
's	POS
request	NN
that	IN
he	PRP
lead	VBP
the	DT
annual	JJ
appraisal	NN
process	NN
,	,
distributed	VBN
information	NN
and	CC
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
the	DT
appraisal	NN
process\/procedures	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Schools	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Deaf	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Blind	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Executive	NNP
Secretary	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
Upon	IN
recommendation	NN
of	IN
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
motion	NN
by	IN
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
,	,
seconded	VBN
by	IN
Mr.	NNP
Spencer	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
unanimously	RB
granted	VBD
the	DT
Gilmer	NNP
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
schools	NNS
in	IN
Gilmer	NNP
County	NNP
,	,
the	DT
accreditation	NN
status	NN
listed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
report	NN
and	CC
gave	VBD
the	DT
school	NN
system	NN
and	CC
schools	NNS
six	CD
months	NNS
to	TO
correct	VB
the	DT
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audit	NNP
findings	NNS
of	IN
noncompliance	NN
listed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
report	NN
.	.
Discussion	NN
ensued	VBD
regarding	VBG
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
county	NN
coordination	NN
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
calendar	NN
for	IN
the	DT
three	CD
counties	NNS
involved	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
instructional	JJ
days	NNS
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Spencer	NNP
moved	VBD
,	,
and	CC
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
seconded	VBD
,	,
that	IN
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
issue	NN
a	DT
letter	NN
to	TO
the	DT
affected	JJ
counties	NNS
directing	VBG
closer	JJR
coordination	NN
when	WRB
developing	VBG
the	DT
school	NN
calendar	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
announced	VBD
on-site	JJ
reviews	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
included	VBD
an	DT
evaluation	NN
of	IN
resources	NNS
,	,
were	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Roanoke	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
and	CC
Lewis	NNP
County	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Lewis	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
March	NNP
11	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
reviews	NNS
which	WDT
were	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
,	,
which	WDT
included	VBD
an	DT
evaluation	NN
of	IN
resources	NNS
,	,
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Rowlesburg	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Preston	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
March	NNP
24	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
State	NNP
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
Reports	NNP
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
thanked	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
Department	NNP
staff	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
caring	NN
and	CC
concern	NN
in	IN
the	DT
death	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
husband	NN
,	,
Charles	NNP
H.	NNP
Haden	NNP
,	,
II	NNP
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Morris	NNP
extended	VBD
his	PRP$
appreciation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
for	IN
their	PRP$
concern	NN
during	IN
this	DT
recent	JJ
illness	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Johnson	NNP
provided	VBD
reports	NNS
regarding	VBG
a	DT
governance	NN
committee	NN
on	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
is	VBZ
serving	VBG
and	CC
a	DT
visit	NN
to	TO
Regional	NNP
Education	NNP
Service	NNP
Agency	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
RESA	NNP
III	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Johnson	NNP
also	RB
issued	VBD
concern	NN
regarding	VBG
certification	NN
issues	NNS
and	CC
requested	VBD
the	DT
certification	NN
policy	NN
be	VB
reviewed	VBN
.	.
Public	NNP
Relations	NNPS
Committee	NNP
Report	NNP
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
requested	VBD
the	DT
status	NN
of	IN
the	DT
distribution	NN
of	IN
the	DT
goals	NNS
poster	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
consensus	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
that	IN
the	DT
poster	NN
requires	VBZ
no	DT
further	JJ
additions	NNS
or	CC
corrections	NNS
and	CC
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
mass	JJ
mailed	VBN
under	IN
an	DT
appropriate	JJ
letter	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
President	NNP
.	.
Liza	NNP
Cordeiro	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
Office	NNP
of	IN
Communications	NNPS
,	,
Superintendent	NNP
's	POS
Office	NNP
,	,
provided	VBD
a	DT
report	NN
regarding	VBG
public	JJ
relations	NNS
initiatives	NNS
and	CC
activities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Communications	NNPS
.	.
Karen	NNP
Larry	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Assistant	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
presented	VBD
ten	CD
waiver	NN
requests	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Johnson	NNP
expressed	VBD
concern	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
Coordinated	NNP
and	CC
Thematic	NNP
Science	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CATS	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
program	NN
and	CC
requested	VBD
student	NN
performance	NN
and	CC
certification	NN
data	NNS
be	VB
provided	VBN
the	DT
Board	NNP
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
May	NNP
meeting	NN
.	.
Some	DT
members	NNS
indicated	VBD
that	IN
adequate	JJ
information	NN
had	VBD
already	RB
been	VBN
provided	VBN
to	TO
them	PRP
.	.
Dr.	NNP
McClanahan	NNP
presented	VBD
WVSSAC	NNP
Rules	NNPS
1	CD
,	,
2	CD
and	CC
3	CD
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
The	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
and	CC
most	RBS
private	JJ
schools	NNS
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
are	VBP
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
WVSSAC	NNP
.	.
Each	DT
year	NN
,	,
the	DT
principals	NNS
of	IN
member	NN
schools	NNS
submit	VBP
proposed	VBN
revisions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
rules	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
proposed	VBN
revisions	NNS
are	VBP
presented	VBN
and	CC
voted	VBD
upon	IN
at	IN
the	DT
annual	JJ
Board	NNP
of	IN
Control	NNP
meeting	NN
.	.
Any	DT
changes	NNS
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Control	NNP
are	VBP
then	RB
submitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
for	IN
administrative	JJ
and	CC
public	JJ
review	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
McClanahan	NNP
presented	VBD
Policy	NNP
4336	CD
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
The	DT
revised	VBN
policy	NN
includes	VBZ
information	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
Student	NNP
Code	NNP
of	IN
Conduct	NNP
,	,
Employee	NNP
Code	NNP
of	IN
Conduct	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
qualifications	NNS
of	IN
professional	JJ
employees	NNS
transporting	VBG
students	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
county	NN
owned	VBN
vehicle	NN
with	IN
a	DT
seating	NN
capacity	NN
of	IN
10	CD
or	CC
less	JJR
.	.
Thirty	CD
comments	NNS
were	VBD
received	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
comment	NN
period	NN
which	WDT
ended	VBD
March	NNP
15	CD
,	,
2004	CD
,	,
fifteen	CD
of	IN
which	WDT
were	VBD
accepted	VBN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
McClanahan	NNP
presented	VBD
Policy	NNP
5112	CD
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
Policy	NNP
5112	CD
provides	VBZ
guidelines	NNS
which	WDT
require	VBP
the	DT
employment	NN
of	IN
athletic	JJ
trainers	NNS
for	IN
football	NN
games	NNS
and	CC
practices	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
high	JJ
schools	NNS
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
Last	JJ
year	NN
,	,
approximately	RB
one-half	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
high	JJ
schools	NNS
requested	VBD
a	DT
waiver	NN
of	IN
this	DT
policy	NN
because	IN
a	DT
fully	RB
certified	VBN
athletic	JJ
trainer	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
available	JJ
.	.
A	DT
committee	NN
,	,
composed	VBN
of	IN
athletic	JJ
trainers	NNS
,	,
an	DT
athletic	JJ
director	NN
,	,
a	DT
coach	NN
,	,
a	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Secondary	JJ
School	NNP
Activities	NNPS
Commission	NNP
representative	NN
,	,
a	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
member	NN
and	CC
appropriate	JJ
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
staff	NN
,	,
reviewed	VBN
the	DT
policy	NN
and	CC
recommended	VBD
that	IN
Policy	NNP
5112	CD
be	VB
amended	VBN
.	.
Thomas	NNP
E.	NNP
Johnston	NNP
,	,
United	NNP
States	NNPS
Attorney	NNP
,	,
Northern	NNP
District	NNP
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
,	,
distributed	VBN
information	NN
and	CC
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
school	NN
related	VBN
initiatives	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
Attorney	NNP
's	POS
Office	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Northern	NNP
District	NNP
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
Attorney	NNP
Johnston	NNP
indicated	VBD
he	PRP
would	MD
provide	VB
additional	JJ
information	NN
regarding	VBG
a	DT
school	NN
violence	NN
video	NN
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
April	NNP
meeting	NN
,	,
for	IN
an	DT
informational	JJ
review	NN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Johnston	NNP
stated	VBD
that	IN
he	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
to	TO
attend	VB
the	DT
April	NNP
meeting	NN
in	IN
Marshall	NNP
County	NNP
to	TO
answer	VB
any	DT
additional	JJ
questions	NNS
.	.
Vice-President	NNP
Fish	NN
recessed	VBD
the	DT
meeting	NN
at	IN
3:37	CD
p.m.	NN
and	CC
announced	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
would	MD
reconvene	VB
at	IN
the	DT
Charleston	NNP
Marriott	NNP
at	IN
4:30	CD
p.m.	NN
for	IN
a	DT
discussion	NN
with	IN
current	JJ
and	CC
past	JJ
recipients	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Milken	NNP
educator	NN
award	NN
.	.
Superintendent	NN
of	IN
Schools	NNP
,	,
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
report	NN
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Legislative	NNP
Committee	NNP
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Paine	NNP
provided	VBD
information	NN
regarding	VBG
selected	VBN
bills	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
also	RB
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
legislative	JJ
action	NN
.	.
Professional	NNP
Development	NNP
Committee	NNP
Report	NNP
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
provided	VBD
a	DT
report	NN
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Professional	NNP
Development	NNP
Committee	NNP
and	CC
reported	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Center	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Development	NNP
has	VBZ
approved	VBN
Phase	NN
I	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
professional	JJ
development	NN
plan	NN
.	.
Gail	NNP
Looney	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
Center	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Development	NNP
also	RB
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
professional	JJ
development	NN
.	.
Plan	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CEFP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
include	VB
the	DT
following	VBG
at	IN
Junior	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
addition	NN
of	IN
a	DT
classroom	NN
for	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
laboratory	NN
,	,
2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
addition	NN
of	IN
fencing	NN
for	IN
the	DT
playground	NN
used	VBN
by	IN
pre-school	JJ
students	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
new	JJ
Child	NNP
Care	NNP
Center	NNP
Licensing	NNP
Regulations	NNPS
,	,
and	CC
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
installation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
mechanically	RB
controlled	VBN
entry	NN
system	NN
to	TO
enhance	VB
safety	NN
and	CC
security	NN
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
schools	NNS
.	.
The	DT
report	NN
was	VBD
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
survey	NN
of	IN
county	NN
superintendents	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
review	NN
of	IN
selected	VBN
contracts	NNS
between	IN
soft	JJ
drink	NN
distributors	NNS
and	CC
schools	NNS
.	.
The	DT
report	NN
revealed	VBD
that	IN
31	CD
counties	NNS
have	VBP
approved	VBN
soft	JJ
drink	NN
sales	NNS
during	IN
the	DT
instructional	JJ
day	NN
,	,
while	IN
limited	JJ
oversight	NN
of	IN
procurement	NN
procedures	NNS
and	CC
compliance	NN
monitoring	NN
exist	VBP
.	.
As	IN
requested	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
,	,
the	DT
report	NN
also	RB
addressed	VBD
marketing	NN
practices	NNS
and	CC
incentives	NNS
expressed	VBN
in	IN
existing	VBG
contacts	NNS
and	CC
agreements	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
effect	NN
such	JJ
practices	NNS
may	MD
have	VB
on	IN
students	NNS
'	POS
consumption	NN
of	IN
soft	JJ
drinks	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
beverages	NNS
.	.
House	NNP
Education	NNP
Committee	NNP
,	,
and	CC
several	JJ
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
House	NNP
Education	NNP
Committee	NNP
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
H.B.	NNP
4001	CD
and	CC
requested	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
position	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
prior	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Legislative	NNP
session	NN
.	.
An	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Barboursville	NNP
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Cabell	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
December	NNP
4	CD
,	,
2003	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
,	,
process	NN
,	,
and	CC
progress	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
An	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
East	NNP
Lynn	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Wayne	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
December	NNP
5	CD
,	,
2003	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
,	,
process	NN
,	,
and	CC
progress	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
An	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Brookview	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Boone	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
January	NNP
13	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
,	,
process	NN
,	,
and	CC
progress	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Man	NNP
Central	NNP
K-8	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Logan	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
January	NNP
14	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
,	,
process	NN
,	,
and	CC
progress	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
county	NN
boards	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
any	DT
school	NN
performing	VBG
below	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
for	IN
full	JJ
accreditation	NN
status	NN
revise	VB
its	PRP$
Unified	NNP
School	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plan	NNP
to	TO
increase	VB
the	DT
performance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
to	TO
a	DT
full	JJ
accreditation	NN
status	NN
level	NN
.	.
The	DT
revised	VBN
plan	NN
must	MD
include	VB
objectives	NNS
,	,
a	DT
time	NN
line	NN
,	,
an	DT
evaluation	NN
component	NN
,	,
cost	NN
estimates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
date	NN
certain	JJ
for	IN
achieving	VBG
full	JJ
accreditation	NN
.	.
The	DT
attachment	NN
summarizes	VBZ
the	DT
elements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
revised	VBN
Unified	NNP
School	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
for	IN
34	CD
plans	NNS
.	.
Wellness	NNP
Committee	NNP
Report	NNP
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Hamilton	NNP
provided	VBD
a	DT
report	NN
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Wellness	NNP
Committee	NNP
and	CC
indicated	VBD
she	PRP
would	MD
provide	VB
members	NNS
a	DT
written	VBN
report	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
review	NN
and	CC
requested	VBD
that	IN
input	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
report	NN
be	VB
directed	VBN
to	TO
her	PRP$
attention	NN
.	.
Following	VBG
discussion	NN
Dr.	NNP
Johnson	NNP
amended	VBD
,	,
and	CC
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
accepted	VBD
an	DT
amendment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
motion	NN
whereby	WRB
Board	NNP
members	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
no	DT
way	NN
prevented	VBN
from	IN
providing	VBG
input	NN
and	CC
recommendations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
regarding	VBG
the	DT
hiring	NN
of	IN
Department	NNP
personnel	NNS
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
asked	VBD
if	IN
there	EX
were	VBD
any	DT
motions	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Executive	NNP
Session	NN
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
moved	VBD
,	,
and	CC
Mrs.	NNP
Hamilton	NNP
seconded	VBD
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
accept	VB
,	,
with	IN
regret	NN
,	,
the	DT
tendered	JJ
resignation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
.	.
The	DT
motion	NN
was	VBD
carried	VBN
unanimously	RB
.	.
Upon	IN
motion	NN
by	IN
Mr.	NNP
Morris	NNP
,	,
seconded	VBN
by	IN
Mrs.	NNP
Cook	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
unanimously	RB
approved	VBD
the	DT
agenda	NN
with	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
modification	NN
:	:
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
requested	VBD
that	IN
item	NN
6	CD
.	.
Professional	NNP
Development	NNP
Committee	NNP
Report	NNP
,	,
located	VBN
under	IN
Reports	NNS
,	,
be	VB
the	DT
first	JJ
order	NN
of	IN
business	NN
under	IN
Reports	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
remaining	VBG
reports	NNS
be	VB
renumbered	VBN
.	.
An	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Dixie	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Nicholas	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
December	NNP
2	CD
,	,
2003	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
,	,
process	NN
,	,
and	CC
progress	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
An	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Eastern	NNP
Greenbrier	NNP
Junior	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Greenbrier	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
November	NNP
18	CD
,	,
2003	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
,	,
process	NN
and	CC
progress	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
a	DT
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
stated	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
report	NN
would	MD
be	VB
brought	VBN
before	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
next	JJ
month	NN
regarding	VBG
graduation	NN
requirements	NNS
and	CC
indicated	VBD
that	IN
members	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
,	,
via	IN
e-mail	NN
,	,
a	DT
link	NN
to	TO
the	DT
legislative	JJ
events	NNS
webpage	NN
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
provided	VBD
updates	NNS
regarding	VBG
her	PRP$
work	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Medication	NNP
Administration	NNP
Policy	NNP
committee	NN
and	CC
stated	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
will	MD
be	VB
presented	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
for	IN
action	NN
in	IN
February	NNP
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
also	RB
provided	VBD
an	DT
update	VB
regarding	VBG
protocol	NN
being	VBG
developed	VBN
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Council	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Accreditation	NNP
of	IN
Teacher	NN
Education	NN
standards	NNS
and	CC
indicated	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
protocol	NN
will	MD
be	VB
presented	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
in	IN
February	NNP
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
and	CC
Mr.	NNP
Spencer	NNP
also	RB
provided	VBD
updates	NNS
regarding	VBG
their	PRP$
participation	NN
on	IN
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
State	NNP
Boards	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
committees	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
he	PRP
met	VBD
with	IN
representatives	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Speech-Language-Pathology	NNP
community	NN
and	CC
requested	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
direction	NN
regarding	VBG
policy	NN
review	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
was	VBD
directed	VBN
to	TO
continue	VB
his	PRP$
work	NN
and	CC
to	TO
provide	VB
periodic	JJ
updates	NNS
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Morris	NNP
distributed	VBN
and	CC
briefly	RB
discussed	VBD
a	DT
draft	NN
strategic	JJ
plan	NN
and	CC
introduced	VBN
Dr.	NNP
Paine	NNP
and	CC
Melanie	NNP
Purkey	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
Office	NNP
of	IN
Student	NNP
Services	NNPS
and	CC
Health	NNP
Promotion	NNP
,	,
Division	NNP
of	IN
Instructional	NNP
and	CC
Student	NNP
Services	NNPS
,	,
who	WP
facilitated	VBD
the	DT
remainder	NN
of	IN
the	DT
session	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
reviewed	VBD
the	DT
five	CD
goals	NNS
as	IN
presented	VBN
and	CC
amended	VBN
goal	NN
four	CD
to	TO
add	VB
the	DT
words	NNS
``	``
and	CC
effectively	RB
.	.
''	''
Amelia	NNP
Courts	NNPS
,	,
Coordinator	NNP
,	,
Division	NNP
of	IN
Instructional	NNP
and	CC
Student	NNP
Services	NNPS
,	,
provided	VBD
an	DT
update	VB
regarding	VBG
international	JJ
exchange	NN
student	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Courts	NNPS
outlined	VBD
challenges	NNS
encountered	VBN
by	IN
school	NN
systems	NNS
,	,
summarized	VBN
resources	NNS
and	CC
best	JJS
practices	NNS
for	IN
meeting	NN
those	DT
challenges	NNS
,	,
and	CC
made	VBD
recommendations	NNS
to	TO
support	VB
schools	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
process	NN
.	.
In	IN
keeping	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
intent	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
policies	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
safe	JJ
and	CC
orderly	JJ
environment	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
conducive	JJ
to	TO
learning	VBG
for	IN
all	DT
students	NNS
,	,
an	DT
investigation	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
into	IN
current	JJ
practices	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
for	IN
how	WRB
international	JJ
exchange	NN
students	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
served	VBN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
schools	NNS
.	.
Announced	JJ
on-site	JJ
reviews	NNS
were	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Watson	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
and	CC
Mannington	NNP
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Summers	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
October	NNP
28	CD
,	,
2003	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
reviews	NNS
which	WDT
were	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
reviews	NNS
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Announced	JJ
on-site	JJ
reviews	NNS
were	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Brookhaven	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
and	CC
Westwood	NNP
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Monongalia	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
October	NNP
29	CD
,	,
2003	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
reviews	NNS
which	WDT
were	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
reviews	NNS
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
An	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Beckley-Stratton	NNP
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Raleigh	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
November	NNP
13	CD
,	,
2003	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
An	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Princeton	NNP
Senior	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Mercer	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
November	NNP
14	CD
,	,
2003	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
RESA	NNP
Committee	NNP
Report	NNP
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
provided	VBD
a	DT
report	NN
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
the	DT
RESA	NNP
Committee	NNP
and	CC
reminded	VBD
the	DT
assembly	NN
that	IN
the	DT
RESA	NNP
policy	NN
is	VBZ
currently	RB
on	IN
comment	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
presented	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
for	IN
action	NN
at	IN
the	DT
January	NNP
meeting	NN
.	.
Upon	IN
motion	NN
by	IN
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
,	,
seconded	VBN
by	IN
Mrs.	NNP
Cook	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
unanimously	RB
approved	VBD
the	DT
recommended	VBN
number	NN
of	IN
19	CD
committee	NN
members	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
the	DT
names	NNS
as	IN
recommended	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
the	DT
reappointment	NN
of	IN
Mrs.	NNP
Hamilton	NNP
,	,
Mr.	NNP
Morris	NNP
and	CC
Mr.	NNP
Spencer	NNP
as	IN
found	VBN
in	IN
Attachment	NNP
W.	NNP
Upon	IN
motion	NN
by	IN
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
,	,
seconded	VBN
by	IN
Mrs.	NNP
Cook	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
unanimously	RB
approved	VBD
the	DT
agenda	NN
with	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
modification	NN
:	:
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
requested	VBD
item	NN
6	CD
be	VB
removed	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
Consent	NNP
Agenda	NNP
and	CC
placed	VBN
to	TO
immediately	RB
follow	VB
the	DT
Consent	NNP
Agenda	NNP
for	IN
further	JJ
discussion	NN
.	.
Announced	JJ
on-site	JJ
reviews	NNS
were	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Franklin	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
and	CC
North	NNP
Fork	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Pendleton	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
October	NNP
15	CD
,	,
2003	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
reviews	NNS
which	WDT
were	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
reviews	NNS
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
An	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Green	NNP
Bank	NNP
Elementary\/Middle	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Pocahontas	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
October	NNP
16	CD
,	,
2003	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
commented	VBD
that	IN
he	PRP
would	MD
address	VB
recommendations	NNS
one	CD
and	CC
three	CD
and	CC
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
,	,
upon	IN
agreement	NN
of	IN
all	DT
Board	NNP
members	NNS
,	,
indicated	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
would	MD
develop	VB
a	DT
memorandum	NN
in	IN
response	NN
to	TO
recommendation	NN
number	NN
two	CD
.	.
An	DT
amendment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Barbour	NNP
County	NNP
Comprehensive	NNP
Educational	NNP
Facilities	NNP
Plan	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CEFP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
include	VB
the	DT
following	VBG
renovations	NNS
at	IN
Junior	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
:	:
replacement	NN
of	IN
ceiling	NN
tiles	NNS
,	,
lighting	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
changing	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
electronic	JJ
ballast	NN
system	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
substandard	JJ
windows	NNS
and	CC
doors	NNS
.	.
An	DT
amendment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Mason	NNP
County	NNP
CEFPd	NNP
to	TO
include	VB
the	DT
consolidation	NN
of	IN
Point	NNP
Pleasant	NNP
Middle	NNP
and	CC
Point	NNP
Pleasant	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
into	IN
one	CD
7-12	CD
facility	NN
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
middle	JJ
school	NN
being	VBG
closed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
existing	VBG
Point	NNP
Pleasant	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
will	MD
require	VB
renovations	NNS
to	TO
accommodate	VB
grades	NNS
7-9	CD
and	CC
additions	NNS
to	TO
accommodate	VB
the	DT
grades10-12	NN
.	.
The	DT
existing	VBG
gymnasium	NN
will	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
auxiliary	JJ
gym	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
new	JJ
larger	JJR
gymnasium	NN
with	IN
lockers	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
constructed	VBN
for	IN
all	DT
grade	NN
levels	NNS
.	.
New	NNP
additions	NNS
will	MD
also	RB
include	VB
administration	NN
,	,
classrooms	NNS
for	IN
10-12	JJ
grades	NNS
,	,
library	NN
,	,
art	NN
,	,
band	NN
,	,
cafeteria	NN
and	CC
kitchen	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
the	DT
Central	NNP
School\/Central	NNP
Office	NNP
Headstart	NNP
restrooms	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
renovated	VBN
and	CC
restored	VBN
.	.
An	DT
amendment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Mercer	NNP
County	NNP
CEFP	NNP
to	TO
include	VB
the	DT
addition	NN
of	IN
an	DT
instructional\/performing	VBG
arts	NNS
center	NN
to	TO
Princeton	NNP
Senior	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
Presently	RB
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
auditorium	NN
and	CC
the	DT
classrooms	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
being	VBG
utilized	VBN
for	IN
band	NN
and	CC
choral	JJ
instruction	NN
are	VBP
inadequate	JJ
.	.
An	DT
amendment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Wetzel	NNP
County	NNP
CEFP	NNP
to	TO
include	VB
the	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
cafeteria	NN
,	,
the	DT
reconfiguration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
existing	VBG
kitchen	NN
area	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
reconfiguration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
existing	VBG
office	NN
suite	NN
area	NN
and	CC
instructional	JJ
areas	NNS
near	IN
the	DT
main	JJ
entrance	NN
of	IN
Short	NNP
Line	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
distributed	VBD
a	DT
corrected	VBN
copy	NN
and	CC
presented	VBD
the	DT
``	``
School	NNP
District	NNP
Approval	NNP
Status	NNP
and	CC
School	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
Status	NNP
October	NNP
2003	CD
Report	NNP
of	IN
Ratings	NNS
''	''
for	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
annually	RB
rates	NNS
both	DT
schools	NNS
and	CC
school	NN
systems	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
information	NN
reviewed	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
system	NN
of	IN
education	NN
performance	NN
audits	NN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Persinger	NNP
questioned	VBD
whether	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
Senate	NNP
Bill	NNP
227	CD
,	,
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18A-4-7a	NNP
are	VBP
being	VBG
followed	VBN
and	CC
requested	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
develop	VB
criteria	NNS
that	WDT
counties	NNS
must	MD
meet	VB
that	IN
defines	VBZ
what	WP
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
in	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
interests	NNS
of	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
further	JJ
requested	VBD
a	DT
quarterly	JJ
summary	NN
be	VB
provided	VBN
all	DT
members	NNS
.	.
Notification	NN
of	IN
transfers	NNS
were	VBD
received	VBN
from	IN
Hampshire	NNP
,	,
Hancock	NNP
and	CC
Lincoln	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
constitutional	JJ
body	NN
charged	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
supervision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Article	NNP
XII	NNP
,	,
2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
hereby	JJ
declares	VBZ
that	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
and	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
intend	VB
to	TO
become	VB
a	DT
party	NN
to	TO
the	DT
law	NN
suit	NN
being	VBG
urged	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Education	NNP
Association	NNP
against	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
regarding	VBG
funding	NN
issues	NNS
for	IN
No	DT
Child	NN
Left	VBD
Behind	IN
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	IN
any	DT
such	JJ
law	NN
suit	NN
by	IN
other	JJ
agencies	NNS
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
state	NN
government	NN
is	VBZ
ill-advised	JJ
and	CC
not	RB
in	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
interests	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Legislature	NNP
's	POS
constitutional	JJ
duty	NN
to	TO
deliver	VB
a	DT
thorough	JJ
and	CC
efficient	JJ
education	NN
to	TO
the	DT
children	NNS
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
Upon	IN
motion	NN
by	IN
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
,	,
seconded	VBN
by	IN
Mr.	NNP
Spencer	NNP
,	,
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
unanimously	RB
approved	VBD
the	DT
agenda	NN
with	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
modification	NN
:	:
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
moved	VBD
the	DT
Election	NNP
of	IN
Officers	NNPS
to	TO
follow	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
Safety	NNP
presentation	NN
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
nominated	VBD
Mrs.	NNP
Hamilton	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
office	NN
of	IN
Secretary	NNP
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Cook	NNP
moved	VBD
and	CC
Mr.	NNP
Morris	NNP
seconded	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
nominations	NNS
be	VB
closed	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
,	,
by	IN
acclamation	NN
,	,
elected	VBD
Mrs.	NNP
Hamilton	NNP
as	IN
Secretary	NNP
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
provided	VBD
information	NN
regarding	VBG
a	DT
meeting	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Governor	NNP
that	WDT
occurred	VBD
earlier	RBR
this	DT
afternoon	NN
regarding	VBG
Hurricane	NNP
Isabel	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Governor	NNP
declared	VBD
a	DT
state	NN
of	IN
emergency	NN
to	TO
exist	VB
beginning	VBG
at	IN
6	CD
a.m.	NN
on	IN
Thursday	NNP
,	,
September	NNP
18	CD
,	,
2003	CD
for	IN
the	DT
entire	JJ
state	NN
.	.
County	NNP
schools	NNS
located	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
eastern	JJ
panhandle	NN
will	MD
be	VB
instructed	VBN
to	TO
close	VB
on	IN
Friday	NNP
;	:
this	DT
closure	NN
will	MD
be	VB
not	RB
be	VB
counted	VBN
as	IN
lost	VBN
instructional	JJ
time	NN
.	.
An	DT
amendment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Nicholas	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Comprehensive	NNP
Educational	NNP
Facilities	NNP
Plan	NNP
to	TO
provide	VB
heating\/ventilating\/air	JJ
conditioning	NN
upgrades	NNS
for	IN
Summersville	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
The	DT
anticipated	JJ
completion	NN
time	NN
would	MD
be	VB
2005	CD
and	CC
the	DT
anticipated	JJ
funding	NN
source	NN
of	IN
this	DT
upgrade	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
SBA	NNP
Needs	NNS
Project	NN
.	.
Jack	NNP
McClanahan	NNP
,	,
Assistant	NNP
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
Division	NNP
of	IN
Administrative	NNP
Services	NNPS
,	,
presented	VBD
the	DT
annual	JJ
reports	NNS
of	IN
18	CD
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
institutions	NNS
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
and	CC
recommended	VBD
all	DT
institutions	NNS
be	VB
granted	VBN
``	``
Continuing	NNP
Program	NNP
Approval	NNP
Status	NNP
.	.
''	''
Policy	NNP
5100	CD
requires	VBZ
all	DT
institutions	NNS
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
with	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
approved	VBD
educational	JJ
personnel	NNS
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
to	TO
report	VB
annually	RB
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
on	IN
their	PRP$
progress	NN
to	TO
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
meet	VBP
any	DT
program	NN
component	NN
standards	NNS
not	RB
fully	RB
met	VBN
as	IN
identified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Program	NNP
Review	NNP
Board	NNP
and\/or	CC
on-site	JJ
review	NN
teams	NNS
,	,
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
implement	VB
new	JJ
legislation	NN
or	CC
State	NNP
Board	NNP
initiatives	VBZ
or	CC
policies	NNS
that	WDT
impact	VBP
their	PRP$
programs	NNS
,	,
3	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
address	NN
new	JJ
program	NN
criteria	NNS
,	,
and	CC
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
maintain	VBP
current	JJ
program	NN
descriptions	NNS
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
and	CC
Howard	NNP
O'Cull	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
School	NNP
Boards	NNPS
Association	NNP
,	,
provided	VBD
a	DT
presentation	NN
regarding	VBG
a	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
evaluation	NN
policy	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
under	IN
development	NN
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
.	.
Steve	NNP
McBride	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
School	NNP
Improvement\/Instructional	NNP
Materials	NNPS
,	,
provided	VBD
an	DT
update	VB
regarding	VBG
the	DT
school	NN
district\/school	NN
improvement	NN
strategy	NN
to	TO
address	VB
schools	NNS
not	RB
meeting	VBG
Adequate	NNP
Yearly	JJ
Progress	NNP
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Hamilton	NNP
issued	VBD
requests	NNS
for	IN
data	NNS
regarding	VBG
African-American	JJ
students	NNS
and	CC
indicated	VBD
that	IN
she	PRP
would	MD
work	VB
directly	RB
with	IN
Mr.	NNP
McBride	NNP
and	CC
Ms.	NNP
Walker	NNP
in	IN
obtaining	VBG
the	DT
information	NN
for	IN
distribution	NN
to	TO
all	DT
members	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
presented	VBD
the	DT
Training	NNP
Manual	NNP
and	CC
Handbook	NNP
for	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
The	DT
manual\/handbook	NN
was	VBD
developed	VBN
for	IN
schools	NNS
and	CC
county	NN
school	NN
systems	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
resource	NN
in	IN
preparing	VBG
for	IN
accreditation	NN
reviews	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
also	RB
designed	VBN
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
guide	NN
for	IN
Team	NNP
Leaders	NNPS
and	CC
Team	NNP
Members	NNP
as	IN
they	PRP
conduct	VBP
on-site	JJ
reviews	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
programs	NNS
in	IN
schools	NNS
and	CC
county	NN
school	NN
systems	NNS
and	CC
assess	VB
compliance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
performance	NN
measures	NNS
and	CC
high	JJ
quality	NN
standards	NNS
adopted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
,	,
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18-2-23a	JJ
,	,
which	WDT
requires	VBZ
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
to	TO
establish	VB
goals	NNS
for	IN
professional	JJ
development	NN
in	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
,	,
presented	VBN
recommendations	NNS
for	IN
professional	JJ
development	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
an	DT
analysis	NN
of	IN
annual	JJ
performance	NN
data	NNS
and	CC
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
.	.
Dr.	NNP
McClanahan	NNP
presented	VBD
,	,
and	CC
Rick	NNP
Goff	NNP
,	,
Assistant	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
Office	NNP
of	IN
Child	NNP
Nutrition	NNP
,	,
answered	VBN
questions	NNS
regarding	VBG
a	DT
resolution	NN
for	IN
the	DT
elimination	NN
of	IN
reduced	JJ
price	NN
school	NN
meal	NN
fees	NNS
for	IN
families	NNS
whose	WP$
income	NN
falls	VBZ
below	IN
185	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
official	JJ
poverty	NN
line	NN
for	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
Congress	NNP
is	VBZ
currently	RB
considering	VBG
amendments	NNS
to	TO
federal	JJ
child	NN
nutrition	NN
program	NN
statutes	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
's	POS
five-year	JJ
reauthorization	NN
process	NN
.	.
This	DT
resolution	NN
urges	VBZ
support	NN
for	IN
the	DT
elimination	NN
of	IN
reduced-priced	JJ
meal	NN
fees	NNS
,	,
thereby	RB
providing	VBG
free	JJ
school	NN
meals	NNS
to	TO
children	NNS
whose	WP$
family	NN
income	NN
falls	VBZ
below	IN
185	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
official	JJ
poverty	NN
line	NN
and	CC
allowing	VBG
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
to	TO
claim	VB
such	JJ
meals	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
free	JJ
reimbursement	NN
rate	NN
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
provided	VBD
a	DT
report	NN
regarding	VBG
her	PRP$
attendance	NN
at	IN
the	DT
following	NN
:	:
Reading	VBG
Academy	NNP
,	,
summer	NN
History	NN
Academy	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Project	NNP
Teach	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Education	NNP
Leadership	NNP
Conference	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
provided	VBD
information	NN
regarding	VBG
her	PRP$
efforts	NNS
as	IN
coordinator	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
delegation	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Congressional	JJ
Conference	NN
on	IN
Civic	NNP
Education	NNP
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Hamilton	NNP
provided	VBD
an	DT
update	VB
regarding	VBG
meeting	NN
plans	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
's	POS
visit	NN
to	TO
Jefferson	NNP
County	NNP
in	IN
October	NNP
and	CC
asked	VBD
that	IN
members	NNS
inform	VBP
her	PRP$
if	IN
they	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
interested	JJ
in	IN
visiting	VBG
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Schools	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Deaf	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Blind	NNP
the	DT
day	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Brenda	NNP
Williams	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
Office	NNP
of	IN
Instructional	NNP
Technology	NNP
,	,
Superintendent	NNP
's	POS
Office	NNP
,	,
provided	VBD
an	DT
update	VB
regarding	VBG
the	DT
current	JJ
status	NN
of	IN
state	NN
contract	NN
awards	NNS
and\/or	CC
renewals	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
affect	VB
E-rate	JJ
discounts	NNS
and	CC
Internet	NNP
access	NN
costs	NNS
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Cordeiro	NNP
provided	VBD
an	DT
update	VB
regarding	VBG
the	DT
annual	JJ
report	NN
and	CC
requested	VBD
direction	NN
regarding	VBG
printing	NN
and	CC
dissemination	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
decided	VBN
that	IN
a	DT
report	NN
for	IN
2003	CD
be	VB
completed	VBN
and	CC
placed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
's	POS
website	NN
with	IN
3,000	CD
copies	NNS
produced	VBN
for	IN
dissemination	NN
no	RB
later	RB
than	IN
October	NNP
15	CD
,	,
2003	CD
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Persinger	NNP
moved	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
delegate	NN
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
the	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
name	VB
an	DT
individual	JJ
to	TO
manage	VB
RESA	NNP
II	NNP
while	IN
an	DT
investigation	NN
is	VBZ
completed	VBN
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
seconded	VBD
the	DT
motion	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
carried	VBN
unanimously	RB
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Persinger	NNP
moved	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
,	,
once	RB
the	DT
investigation	NN
is	VBZ
complete	JJ
,	,
meet	VB
in	IN
regular	JJ
or	CC
emergency	NN
session	NN
to	TO
act	VB
upon	IN
said	VBD
findings	NNS
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Morris	NNP
seconded	VBD
the	DT
motion	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
carried	VBN
unanimously	RB
.	.
Specific	JJ
discussion	NN
regarding	VBG
Policy	NN
5050	CD
included	VBD
how	WRB
it	PRP
conforms	VBZ
with	IN
statute	NN
,	,
a	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
the	DT
addition	NN
of	IN
lay	VBD
persons	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
commission	NN
,	,
how	WRB
delaying	VBG
appointments	NNS
to	TO
vacant	JJ
positions	NNS
would	MD
affect	VB
the	DT
work	NN
of	IN
the	DT
commission	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
manner	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
vacancies	NNS
are	VBP
filled	VBN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Spencer	NNP
moved	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
monies	NNS
listed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
budget	NN
digest	VB
be	VB
released	VBN
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
moved	VBD
to	TO
amend	VB
Mr.	NNP
Spencer	NNP
's	POS
motion	NN
to	TO
hold	VB
the	DT
monies	NNS
until	IN
August	NNP
1	CD
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Spencer	NNP
refused	VBD
to	TO
accept	VB
the	DT
amendment	NN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Jackson	NNP
moved	VBD
that	IN
Mr.	NNP
Spencer	NNP
's	POS
motion	NN
be	VB
delayed	VBN
until	IN
later	JJ
today	NN
or	CC
be	VB
held	VBN
over	IN
until	IN
tomorrow	NN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Spencer	NNP
supported	VBD
the	DT
motion	NN
to	TO
delay	VB
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Hamilton	NNP
seconded	VBD
Mr.	NNP
Jackson	NNP
's	POS
motion	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
carried	VBN
unanimously	RB
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
was	VBD
asked	VBN
to	TO
clarify	VB
whether	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
and	CC
is	VBZ
appropriate	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
President	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
have	VBP
the	DT
right	NN
and	CC
authority	NN
to	TO
direct	VB
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
to	TO
hold	VB
the	DT
release	NN
of	IN
budget	NN
digest	VBP
monies	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
answered	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
affirmative	JJ
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
noted	VBN
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
's	POS
understanding	NN
that	IN
Drs.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
and	CC
Seal	NNP
have	VBP
projected	VBN
for	IN
their	PRP$
budgets	NNS
what	WP
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
to	TO
operate	VB
effectively	RB
and	CC
efficiently	RB
in	IN
the	DT
coming	JJ
year	NN
.	.
Discussion	NN
ensued	VBD
regarding	VBG
a	DT
thirty	CD
or	CC
sixty	CD
day	NN
comment	NN
period	NN
in	IN
light	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
must	MD
be	VB
in	IN
effect	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
school	NN
year	NN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Morris	NNP
and	CC
Ms.	NNP
Chapman	NNP
agreed	VBD
to	TO
amend	VB
the	DT
motion	NN
to	TO
place	VB
the	DT
policy	NN
on	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
for	IN
thirty	CD
days	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
amended	VBN
motion	NN
was	VBD
carried	VBN
unanimously	RB
.	.
Dr.	NNP
McClanahan	NNP
presented	VBD
the	DT
Step	NN
7	CD
plans	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
55	CD
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
for	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
County	NNP
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
submit	VB
a	DT
plan	NN
for	IN
the	DT
improvement	NN
of	IN
instructional	JJ
programs	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
for	IN
approval	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
expending	VBG
the	DT
funds	NNS
appropriated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
under	IN
Step	NN
7	CD
of	IN
the	DT
Public	NNP
School	NNP
Support	NN
Program	NN
.	.
All	DT
Step	NN
7	CD
Plans	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
2003-04	CD
year	NN
were	VBD
reviewed	VBN
by	IN
Department	NNP
staff	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
being	VBG
recommended	VBN
for	IN
approval	NN
.	.
Currently	RB
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
an	DT
approved	VBN
program	NN
leading	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
Deaf	NNP
and	CC
Hard	NNP
of	IN
Hearing	NNP
certification	NN
.	.
Historically	NNP
,	,
Western	NNP
Maryland	NNP
University	NNP
and	CC
Galludet	NNP
University	NNP
have	VBP
offered	VBN
programs	NNS
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
to	TO
assist	VB
in	IN
meeting	NN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
's	POS
need	NN
for	IN
Deaf	NNP
and	CC
Hard	NNP
of	IN
Hearing	NNP
teachers	NNS
.	.
Both	DT
institutions	NNS
no	RB
longer	RB
provide	VB
this	DT
service	NN
to	TO
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
Upon	IN
motion	NN
by	IN
Mrs.	NNP
Hamilton	NNP
,	,
seconded	VBN
by	IN
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
,	,
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
unanimously	RB
approved	VBD
the	DT
experimental	JJ
program	NN
submitted	VBN
by	IN
Marshall	NNP
University	NNP
for	IN
teacher	NN
certification	NN
in	IN
Deaf	NNP
and	CC
Hard	NNP
of	IN
Hearing	NNP
.	.
Upon	IN
motion	NN
by	IN
Mr.	NNP
Morris	NNP
,	,
seconded	VBN
by	IN
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
,	,
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
unanimously	RB
approved	VBD
the	DT
repeal	NN
of	IN
Policy	NNP
2520	CD
effective	JJ
midnight	NN
June	NNP
30	CD
,	,
2003	CD
and	CC
with	IN
the	DT
understanding	NN
and	CC
directive	NN
that	WDT
nothing	NN
in	IN
the	DT
repeal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
interpreted	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
school	NN
system	NN
as	IN
not	RB
having	VBG
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
its	PRP$
repeal	NN
.	.
Steve	NNP
McBride	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
Office	NNP
of	IN
School	NNP
Improvement\/Instructional	NNP
Materials	NNPS
,	,
provided	VBD
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
an	DT
update	VB
regarding	VBG
school	NN
improvement	NN
initiatives	NNS
.	.
RESA	NNP
directors	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
involved	VBN
and	CC
are	VBP
in	IN
full	JJ
agreement	NN
with	IN
the	DT
plan	NN
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
requested	VBD
that	IN
identified	VBN
schools	NNS
be	VB
shared	VBN
with	IN
members	NNS
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
the	DT
list	NN
is	VBZ
verified	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
suggested	VBN
the	DT
September	NNP
State	NNP
Board	NNP
meeting	NN
be	VB
changed	VBN
to	TO
allow	VB
members	NNS
to	TO
attend	VB
the	DT
school	NN
improvement	NN
session	NN
scheduled	VBN
for	IN
September	NNP
10	CD
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Cain	NNP
indicated	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
breakfast	NN
meeting	NN
could	MD
be	VB
arranged	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
with	IN
the	DT
keynoters	NNS
and	CC
others	NNS
if	IN
so	RB
desired	VBN
.	.
Policy	NNP
5100	CD
-	:
Approval	NN
of	IN
Educational	NNP
Personnel	NNP
Preparation	NNP
Programs	NNP
requires	VBZ
all	DT
professional	JJ
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
to	TO
provide	VB
data	NNS
about	IN
their	PRP$
programs	NNS
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
Title	NNP
II	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Higher	JJR
Education	NNP
Act	NNP
requires	VBZ
all	DT
states	NNS
to	TO
collect	VB
,	,
compile	VB
and	CC
report	VB
data	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
about	IN
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
teacher	NN
education	NN
graduates	VBZ
from	IN
the	DT
teacher	NN
preparation	NN
institutions	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Haden	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
policy	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
developed	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
Senate	NNP
Bill	NNP
522	CD
that	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
submitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Department	NNP
's	POS
Office	NNP
of	IN
Legal	NNP
Services	NNP
for	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
a	DT
future	JJ
State	NNP
Board	NNP
agenda	NN
.	.
She	PRP
requested	VBD
and	CC
Dr.	NNP
McClanahan	NNP
provide	VBP
an	DT
update	VB
regarding	VBG
the	DT
status	NN
of	IN
the	DT
transportation	NN
policy	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
McClanahan	NNP
indicated	VBD
that	IN
work	NN
is	VBZ
progressing	VBG
and	CC
that	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
ready	JJ
for	IN
placement	NN
on	IN
the	DT
August	NNP
agenda	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
distributed	VBN
and	CC
discussed	VBN
a	DT
policymaking	VBG
handout	NN
and	CC
NCLB	NNP
Action	NNP
Alert	NNP
from	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
School	NNP
Boards	NNPS
Association	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
's	POS
review	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
also	RB
indicated	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
op	NN
ed	VBD
piece	NN
currently	RB
under	IN
construction	NN
may	MD
soon	RB
be	VB
ready	JJ
for	IN
release	NN
and	CC
that	IN
due	JJ
to	TO
costs	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
he	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
see	VB
any	DT
need	NN
for	IN
an	DT
annual	JJ
report	NN
this	DT
year	NN
.	.
Following	VBG
a	DT
brief	JJ
discussion	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
annual	JJ
report	NN
,	,
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
asked	VBD
the	DT
communication	NN
committee	NN
to	TO
investigate	VB
the	DT
matter	NN
and	CC
provide	VB
a	DT
report	NN
at	IN
the	DT
August	NNP
State	NNP
Board	NNP
meeting	NN
.	.
Upon	IN
motion	NN
by	IN
Barbara	NNP
N.	NNP
Fish	NN
,	,
seconded	VBN
by	IN
Delores	NNP
W.	NNP
Cook	NNP
,	,
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
unanimously	RB
approved	VBD
the	DT
agenda	NN
with	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
modification	NN
:	:
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
withdrew	VBD
item	NN
B.	NNP
2	CD
.	.
Lincoln	NNP
County	NNP
Closure\/Consolidation	NNP
from	IN
the	DT
Consent	NNP
Agenda	NNP
and	CC
placed	VBD
it	PRP
to	TO
immediately	RB
follow	VB
the	DT
approval	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
.	.
Discussion	NN
ensued	VBD
regarding	VBG
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
's	POS
role	NN
in	IN
closures	NNS
and	CC
consolidations	NNS
when	WRB
a	DT
county	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
taken	VBN
over	RP
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
referencing	VBG
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18-5-13	CD
,	,
18-5-13	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
18-2E-5	NNP
.	.
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
questioned	VBD
Dr.	NNP
McClanahan	NNP
as	IN
to	TO
whether	IN
all	DT
applicable	JJ
laws	NNS
and	CC
policies	NNS
had	VBD
been	VBN
adhered	VBN
to	TO
in	IN
all	DT
decisions	NNS
pertaining	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
closures	NNS
and	CC
consolidations	NNS
and	CC
that	IN
any	DT
action	NN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
could	MD
not	RB
be	VB
construed	VBN
as	IN
arbitrary	JJ
or	CC
capricious	JJ
.	.
Dr.	NNP
McClanahan	NNP
and	CC
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
affirmed	VBD
that	IN
all	DT
laws	NNS
and	CC
policies	NNS
had	VBD
been	VBN
strictly	RB
followed	VBN
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
closures	NNS
and	CC
consolidations	NNS
.	.
Discussion	NN
also	RB
took	VBD
place	NN
concerning	VBG
funding	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
refurbish	VB
vs.	FW
new	JJ
construction	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
transportation	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
time	NN
on	IN
buses	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
curriculum	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
number	NN
of	IN
course	NN
offerings	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
small	JJ
school	NN
vs.	IN
a	DT
larger	JJR
school	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
An	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Elk	NNP
Garden	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Mineral	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
May	NNP
2	CD
,	,
2003	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
An	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
East	NNP
Hardy	NNP
Early\/Middle	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Hardy	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
May	NNP
1	CD
,	,
2003	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Rebecca	NNP
Tinder	NNP
,	,
General	NNP
Counsel	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Department	NNP
presented	VBD
Policy	NNP
2250	CD
,	,
as	IN
revised	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
June	NNP
11	CD
meeting	NN
and	CC
with	IN
a	DT
correction	NN
at	IN
3.7	CD
adding	VBG
a	DT
``	``
t	NN
''	''
to	TO
the	DT
word	NN
``	``
no	DT
''	''
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
Policy	NN
2250	CD
will	MD
set	VB
the	DT
requirement	NN
for	IN
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
formal	JJ
procedures	NNS
to	TO
evaluate	VB
non-school	JJ
sponsored	VBN
programs	NNS
,	,
services	NNS
,	,
activities	NNS
and	CC
partnerships	NNS
to	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
appropriateness	NN
of	IN
permitting	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
complement	VB
the	DT
education	NN
provided	VBN
to	TO
students	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
district	NN
.	.
Jack	NNP
McClanahan	NNP
presented	VBD
four	CD
new	JJ
content	JJ
specializations	NNS
for	IN
three	CD
higher	JJR
education	NN
institutions	NNS
of	IN
professional	JJ
preparation	NN
as	IN
recommended	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Program	NNP
Review	NNP
Board	NNP
on	IN
May	NNP
20	CD
,	,
2003	CD
.	.
Policy	NNP
5100	CD
-	:
Approval	NN
of	IN
Educational	NNP
Personnel	NNP
Preparation	NNP
Programs	NNP
requires	VBZ
the	DT
Program	NN
Review	NNP
Board	NNP
to	TO
meet	VB
each	DT
semester	NN
to	TO
review	VB
new	JJ
content	JJ
specializations	NNS
and	CC
make	VB
recommendations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
for	IN
action	NN
.	.
Pamela	NNP
S.	NNP
Cain	NNP
presented	VBD
and	CC
distributed	VBD
a	DT
corrected	VBN
version	NN
of	IN
Policy	NNP
2520.8	CD
for	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
Policy	NN
2520	CD
defines	VBZ
the	DT
content	NN
standards	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
CSOs	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
the	DT
program	NN
of	IN
study	NN
required	VBN
by	IN
Policy	NNP
2510	CD
and	CC
establishes	VBZ
a	DT
standardized	JJ
format	NN
.	.
A	DT
team	NN
of	IN
distinguished	JJ
driver	NN
education	NN
teachers	NNS
developed	VBD
the	DT
CSOs	NNS
found	VBN
in	IN
Policy	NNP
2520.8	CD
based	VBN
upon	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
standards	NNS
for	IN
driver	NN
education	NN
.	.
No	DT
comments	NNS
were	VBD
received	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
comment	NN
period	NN
.	.
Discussion	NN
ensued	VBD
regarding	VBG
future	JJ
testing	NN
dates	NNS
,	,
release\/availability	NN
of	IN
testing	NN
results	NNS
,	,
testing	NN
requirements	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
instruction	NN
following	VBG
testing	NN
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
questioned	VBD
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
6.5	CD
and	CC
6.5.1	CD
as	IN
the	DT
language	NN
appeared	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
as	IN
6.4	CD
and	CC
6.4.1	CD
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Barth	NNP
responded	VBD
she	PRP
would	MD
review	VB
the	DT
language	NN
and	CC
requested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
approve	VBP
the	DT
policy	NN
for	IN
adoption	NN
with	IN
a	DT
provision	NN
that	IN
the	DT
language	NN
in	IN
question	NN
be	VB
removed	VBN
if	IN
found	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
unnecessary	JJ
.	.
The	DT
statewide	JJ
testing	NN
results	NNS
for	IN
this	DT
past	JJ
year	NN
will	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
in	IN
July	NNP
.	.
Jack	NNP
McClanahan	NNP
presented	VBD
WVSSAC	NNP
Series	NNP
3	CD
for	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
Series	NNP
3	CD
was	VBD
revised	VBN
to	TO
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
bring	VBP
baseball	NN
,	,
softball	NN
and	CC
volleyball	NN
into	IN
line	NN
with	IN
all	DT
other	JJ
sports	NNS
so	IN
people	NNS
will	MD
know	VB
the	DT
exact	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
contests	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
can	MD
participate	VB
;	:
and	CC
2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
allow	VBP
a	DT
player	NN
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
a	DT
portion	NN
of	IN
a	DT
Junior	NNP
Varsity	NNP
and	CC
Varsity	NNP
game	NN
for	IN
up	RB
to	TO
five	CD
quarters	NNS
in	IN
one	CD
day	NN
.	.
The	DT
rule	NN
was	VBD
on	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
until	IN
May	NNP
21	CD
,	,
2003	CD
and	CC
two	CD
comments	NNS
were	VBD
received	VBN
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
returned	VBD
from	IN
executive	NN
session	NN
at	IN
5:40	CD
p.m.	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
time	NN
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
announced	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
appraisal	NN
process	NN
for	IN
the	DT
OEPA	NNP
Director	NNP
and	CC
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
had	VBD
been	VBN
completed	VBN
.	.
Upon	IN
motion	NN
by	IN
Priscilla	NNP
M.	NNP
Haden	NNP
,	,
seconded	VBN
by	IN
Sandra	NNP
M.	NNP
Chapman	NNP
,	,
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
released	VBD
the	DT
following	JJ
statement	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
evaluation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
.	.
An	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Spanishburg	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Mercer	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
March	NNP
26	CD
,	,
2003	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
OEPA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
a	DT
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
An	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Montcalm	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Mercer	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
March	NNP
25	CD
,	,
2003	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
a	DT
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
An	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Stratton	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Raleigh	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
March	NNP
27	CD
,	,
2003	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
a	DT
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Barbara	NNP
N.	NNP
Fish	NN
asked	VBD
clarification	NN
regarding	VBG
obsolete	JJ
language	NN
in	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
naming	VBG
the	DT
groups	NNS
that	WDT
made	VBD
the	DT
recommendations	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
McClanahan	NNP
responded	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
is	VBZ
now	RB
on	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
and	CC
the	DT
language	NN
will	MD
be	VB
corrected	VBN
.	.
Lenore	NNP
Zedosky	NNP
distributed	VBD
a	DT
print-out	NN
of	IN
suggested	VBN
changes	NNS
to	TO
Policy	NNP
2520.5	CD
and	CC
responded	VBD
to	TO
several	JJ
concerns	NNS
issued	VBN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
meeting	NN
by	IN
Sandra	NNP
M.	NNP
Chapman	NNP
.	.
Barbara	NNP
N.	NNP
Fish	NN
asked	VBD
why	WRB
safety	NN
gear	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
mentioned	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
content	NN
standards	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
grade	NN
4	CD
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Zedosky	NNP
responded	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
reference	NN
to	TO
safety	NN
gear	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
in	IN
grade	NN
1	CD
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
requested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
addition	NN
of	IN
car	NN
safety	NN
belt	NN
usage	NN
be	VB
added	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
kindergarten	NN
level	NN
.	.
Barbara	NNP
N.	NNP
Fish	NN
asked	VBD
if	IN
Policy	NNP
2520.10	CD
was	VBD
modified	VBN
in	IN
response	NN
to	TO
the	DT
large	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
comments	NNS
received	VBN
and	CC
also	RB
requested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
stringed	JJ
instrument	NN
requirements	NNS
be	VB
modified	VBN
as	RB
was	VBD
done	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
wind	NN
instrument	NN
requirements	NNS
.	.
As	IN
part	NN
of	IN
this	DT
process	NN
,	,
all	DT
18	CD
higher	JJR
education	NN
institutions	NNS
were	VBD
required	VBN
to	TO
release	VB
their	PRP$
individual	JJ
report	NN
cards	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
by	IN
March	NNP
17	CD
,	,
2003	CD
and	CC
April7	NNP
,	,
2003	CD
to	TO
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
institutions	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
publish	VB
this	DT
information	NN
in	IN
college	NN
catalogs	NNS
,	,
teacher	NN
recruitment	NN
brochures	NNS
and\/or	CC
teacher	NN
education	NN
handbooks	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Paine	NNP
addressed	VBD
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
the	DT
coordination	NN
and	CC
responsibilities	NNS
of	IN
RESAs	NNP
regarding	VBG
school	NN
improvement	NN
.	.
Following	VBG
discussion	NN
,	,
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
directed	VBD
that	IN
all	DT
RESA	NNP
Directors	NNS
be	VB
invited	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
May	NNP
14	CD
meeting	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
this	DT
issue	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
any	DT
others	NNS
requiring	VBG
clarification	NN
.	.
Upon	IN
motion	NN
by	IN
Barbara	NNP
N.	NNP
Fish	NN
,	,
second	JJ
by	IN
Paul	NNP
J.	NNP
Morris	NNP
,	,
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
unanimously	RB
approved	VBD
the	DT
agenda	NN
with	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
modification	NN
:	:
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Grammar	NNP
for	IN
All	DT
presentation	NN
be	VB
moved	VBN
to	TO
immediately	RB
follow	VB
the	DT
Approval	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Agenda	NNP
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
other	JJ
presentations	NNS
as	RB
necessary	JJ
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
allow	VB
time	NN
for	IN
a	DT
presenter	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Before\/After	NNP
Care	NNP
presentation	NN
to	TO
arrive	VB
due	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
schedule	NN
change	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
informed	VBD
the	DT
assembly	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Before\/After	NNP
Care	NNP
presentation	NN
must	MD
take	VB
place	NN
in	IN
the	DT
auditorium	NN
and	CC
relocated	VBD
the	DT
meeting	NN
to	TO
the	DT
auditorium	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
also	RB
advised	VBD
that	IN
,	,
following	VBG
the	DT
presentation	NN
,	,
the	DT
meeting	NN
would	MD
resume	VB
in	IN
the	DT
lecture	NN
room	NN
after	IN
a	DT
ten	CD
minute	NN
break	NN
.	.
Karen	NNP
Larry	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Assistant	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
,	,
addressed	VBD
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
and	CC
distributed	VBN
information	NN
regarding	VBG
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
and	CC
proposed	VBN
Policy	NN
5500	CD
,	,
Professional	NNP
Development	NNP
.	.
Policy	NN
5500	CD
has	VBZ
been	VBN
developed	VBN
to	TO
define	VB
professional	JJ
development	NN
as	IN
stated	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
No	NNP
Child	NNP
Left	VBD
Behind	IN
Act	NNP
of	IN
2001	CD
,	,
to	TO
outline	VB
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
professional	JJ
development	NN
within	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
and	CC
within	IN
county	NN
staff	NN
development	NN
councils	NNS
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
coordinate	VB
professional	JJ
development	NN
within	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
Upon	IN
motion	NN
by	IN
Sandra	NNP
M.	NNP
Chapman	NNP
,	,
second	JJ
by	IN
Delores	NNP
W.	NNP
Cook	NNP
,	,
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
unanimously	RB
approved	VBD
the	DT
agenda	NN
with	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
modifications	NNS
:	:
change	VB
the	DT
title	NN
of	IN
item	NN
VIII	NNP
to	TO
Evaluation	NNP
of	IN
State	NNP
Board	NNP
Staff	NNP
and	CC
renumber	VB
the	DT
remaining	VBG
items	NNS
.	.
This	DT
document	NN
was	VBD
promulgated	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
request	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Legislative	NNP
Oversight	NNP
Commission	NNP
on	IN
Education	NNP
Accountability	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Chairs	NNP
of	IN
House	NNP
and	CC
Senate	NNP
Education	NNP
.	.
Numerous	JJ
concerns	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
document	NN
were	VBD
addressed	VBN
.	.
Rebecca	NNP
Tinder	NNP
,	,
General	NNP
Counsel	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Department	NNP
,	,
addressed	VBD
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
the	DT
policies	NNS
submitted	VBN
by	IN
Cabell	NNP
and	CC
Fayette	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
and	CC
stated	VBD
that	IN
both	DT
policies	NNS
met	VBD
the	DT
statutory	JJ
requirements	NNS
.	.
Tony	NNP
Smedley	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
Office	NNP
of	IN
Human	NNP
Resources	NNPS
,	,
recommended	VBD
the	DT
Administrative	NNP
Procedures	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
implementation	NN
of	IN
Policy	NNP
5310	CD
from	IN
all	DT
fifty-five	JJ
counties	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
for	IN
approval	NN
.	.
The	DT
Administrative	NNP
Procedures	NNPS
were	VBD
reviewed	VBN
by	IN
Department	NNP
staff	NN
and	CC
all	DT
fifty-five	JJ
county	NN
procedures	NNS
included	VBD
orientation	NN
meetings	NNS
,	,
personnel	NNS
who	WP
will	MD
conduct	VB
observations	NNS
and	CC
evaluations	NNS
,	,
time	NN
frames	NNS
for	IN
completing	VBG
evaluations	NNS
,	,
the	DT
process	NN
for	IN
sharing	VBG
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
observations	NNS
and	CC
evaluations	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
improvement	NN
plan	NN
.	.
Jack	NNP
McClanahan	NNP
presented	VBD
Policy	NNP
5202	CD
for	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
The	DT
passage	NN
of	IN
federal	JJ
legislation	NN
titled	VBN
``	``
No	NNP
Child	NNP
Left	VBD
Behind	IN
''	''
required	VBN
the	DT
revision	NN
of	IN
Policy	NNP
5202	CD
.	.
Definitions	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
highly	RB
qualified	VBN
teacher	NN
and	CC
paraprofessional	NN
were	VBD
included	VBN
to	TO
reflect	VB
the	DT
new	JJ
law	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
language	NN
from	IN
new	JJ
state	NN
legislation	NN
regarding	VBG
teacher	NN
shortages	NNS
and	CC
moving	VBG
expenses	NNS
was	VBD
inserted	VBN
.	.
New	NNP
guidelines	NNS
were	VBD
also	RB
written	VBN
to	TO
address	VB
certification	NN
changes	NNS
in	IN
areas	NNS
of	IN
shortage	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
special	JJ
education	NN
and	CC
speech	NN
assistant	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
revised	VBN
policy	NN
reflects	VBZ
the	DT
necessary	JJ
editing	NN
to	TO
insert	VB
new	JJ
Praxis	NNP
test	NN
scores	NNS
and	CC
certification	NN
descriptions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
revised	VBN
policy	NN
also	RB
updates	NNS
terminology	NN
.	.
Jack	NNP
McClanahan	NNP
presented	VBD
Policy	NNP
5100	CD
for	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
Educators	NNP
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
have	VBP
worked	VBN
the	DT
past	JJ
three	CD
years	NNS
to	TO
develop	VB
new	JJ
standards	NNS
for	IN
teacher	NN
preparation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
State	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Impact	NNP
Project	NNP
supported	VBD
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
Professional	NNP
Preparation	NNP
standards	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
areas	NNS
:	:
Conceptual	JJ
Foundations	NNS
for	IN
Teaching	NN
and	CC
Learning	NNP
,	,
Professional	NNP
Teachers	NNPS
,	,
School	NNP
Leadership	NNP
and	CC
Support	NN
Services	NNPS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
accreditation	NN
standards	NNS
were	VBD
also	RB
identified	VBN
for	IN
colleges	NNS
and	CC
universities	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
in	IN
their	PRP$
on-site	JJ
program	NN
accreditation	NN
visits	NNS
.	.
Policy	NN
5100	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
revised	VBN
to	TO
reflect	VB
these	DT
standards	NNS
and	CC
guidelines	NNS
.	.
New	NNP
definitions	NNS
,	,
changes	NNS
in	IN
Praxis	NNP
scores	NNS
,	,
and	CC
minor	JJ
editing	NN
were	VBD
included	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
revisions	NNS
.	.
Jack	NNP
McClanahan	NNP
presented	VBD
Policy	NNP
8210	CD
for	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
This	DT
policy	NN
provides	VBZ
specific	JJ
procedures	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
followed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
,	,
the	DT
State	NNP
Department	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Schools	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Deaf	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Blind	NNP
in	IN
purchasing	VBG
the	DT
commodities	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
needed	VBN
to	TO
abate	VB
a	DT
declared	VBN
emergency	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Governor	NNP
.	.
The	DT
policy	NN
incorporates	VBZ
the	DT
emergency	NN
procedures	NNS
issued	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Administration	NNP
.	.
Lloyd	NNP
G.	NNP
Jackson	NNP
II	NNP
suggested	VBD
a	DT
county	NN
by	IN
county	NN
comparison	NN
section	NN
be	VB
added	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
document	NN
.	.
Discussion	NN
ensued	VBD
regarding	VBG
the	DT
format	NN
,	,
readability	NN
of	IN
the	DT
document	NN
,	,
need	VBP
for	IN
reporting	VBG
in	IN
adult	NN
education	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
career	NN
clusters	NNS
and	CC
job	NN
availability	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Copy	VB
appended	VBN
to	TO
Official	NNP
Minutes	NNPS
,	,
Attachment	NNP
W.	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
Special	JJ
note	NN
:	:
Chancellor	NNP
Mullen	NNP
rejoined	VBD
the	DT
meeting	NN
during	IN
the	DT
presentation	NN
.	.
Discussion	NN
ensued	VBD
following	VBG
the	DT
report	NN
during	IN
which	WDT
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
suggested	VBD
,	,
and	CC
Barbara	NNP
N.	NNP
Fish	NN
concurred	VBD
,	,
that	IN
recommendation	NN
three	CD
should	MD
be	VB
modified	VBN
in	IN
that	IN
the	DT
materials	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
school	NN
superintendent	NN
and	CC
not	RB
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
.	.
Lloyd	NNP
G.	NNP
Jackson	NNP
II	NNP
suggested	VBD
,	,
and	CC
Priscilla	NNP
M.	NNP
Haden	NNP
concurred	VBD
,	,
that	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
a	DT
statewide	JJ
policy	NN
for	IN
the	DT
introduction	NN
of	IN
outside	JJ
programs	NNS
into	IN
multiple	JJ
public	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
Discussion	NN
ensued	VBD
regarding	VBG
past	JJ
meetings	NNS
at	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
merit	NN
of	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
policy	NN
was	VBD
discussed	VBN
.	.
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
Stewart	NNP
indicated	VBD
that	IN
such	JJ
a	DT
policy	NN
could	MD
be	VB
developed	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
couple	NN
of	IN
months	NNS
for	IN
discussion	NN
,	,
action	NN
and	CC
implementation	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
school	NN
year	NN
.	.
Moving	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
science	NN
content	NN
standards	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Cain	NNP
introduced	VBD
Deborah	NNP
Brown	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
Office	NNP
of	IN
Instructional	NNP
Services	NNPS
,	,
who	WP
distributed	VBD
and	CC
provided	VBD
a	DT
historical	JJ
overview	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
from	IN
April	NNP
2001	CD
to	TO
the	DT
present	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
curriculum	NN
refinement	NN
process	NN
for	IN
science	NN
.	.
Paul	NNP
J.	NNP
Morris	NNP
asked	VBD
if	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
science	NN
assessments	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
affected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
inclusion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
intelligent	JJ
design	NN
theory	NN
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Brown	NNP
and	CC
Dr.	NNP
Barth	NNP
responded	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
affirmative	JJ
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Morris	NNP
also	RB
asked	VBD
of	IN
the	DT
science	NN
teachers	NNS
if	IN
the	DT
position	NN
they	PRP
espoused	VBD
was	VBD
personal	JJ
or	CC
as	IN
representative	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
affiliate	NN
organizations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
response	NN
was	VBD
as	IN
representatives	NNS
of	IN
affiliate	NN
organizations	NNS
.	.
Priscilla	NNP
M.	NNP
Haden	NNP
thanked	VBD
all	PDT
the	DT
science	NN
educators	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
years	NNS
of	IN
hard	JJ
work	NN
and	CC
Mr.	NNP
Calvert	NNP
for	IN
his	PRP$
time	NN
and	CC
effort	NN
and	CC
asked	VBD
the	DT
science	NN
teachers	NNS
if	IN
the	DT
additional	JJ
introductory	JJ
statement	NN
met	VBD
with	IN
their	PRP$
approval	NN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Lynch	NNP
responded	VBD
it	PRP
could	MD
remain	VB
or	CC
be	VB
withdrawn	VBN
;	:
the	DT
statement	NN
in	IN
question	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
necessary	JJ
.	.
Chancellor	NNP
J.	NNP
Michael	NNP
Mullen	NNP
agreed	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
paragraph	NN
in	IN
question	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
necessary	JJ
and	CC
suggested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
science	NN
content	NN
standards	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
be	VB
moved	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Consent	NNP
Agenda	NNP
for	IN
action	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Thursday	NNP
meeting	NN
.	.
Barbara	NNP
N.	NNP
Fish	NN
read	VBD
a	DT
proposed	VBN
objective	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
method	NN
of	IN
approaching	VBG
and	CC
preforming	VBG
research	NN
and	CC
asked	VBD
for	IN
input	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
proposed	VBN
objective	NN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Lynch	NNP
responded	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
brought	VBD
forth	RB
in	IN
the	DT
objective	NN
were	VBD
already	RB
addressed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
standards	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
objective	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
necessary	JJ
.	.
County	NNP
boards	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
any	DT
school	NN
performing	VBG
below	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
for	IN
full	JJ
accreditation	NN
status	NN
revise	VB
its	PRP$
Unified	NNP
School	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plan	NNP
to	TO
increase	VB
the	DT
performance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
to	TO
a	DT
full	JJ
accreditation	NN
status	NN
level	NN
.	.
The	DT
revised	VBN
plan	NN
must	MD
include	VB
objectives	NNS
,	,
a	DT
time	NN
line	NN
,	,
an	DT
evaluation	NN
component	NN
,	,
cost	NN
estimates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
date	NN
certain	JJ
for	IN
achieving	VBG
full	JJ
accreditation	NN
.	.
Each	DT
county	NN
board	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
develop	VB
and	CC
submit	VB
an	DT
update	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
Unified	NNP
County	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plan	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
UCIP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNPS
by	IN
December	NNP
31	CD
.	.
This	DT
plan	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
information	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Unified	NNP
School	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
,	,
locally	RB
identified	VBN
needs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
school	NN
performance	NN
data	NNS
.	.
The	DT
plan	NN
specifies	VBZ
strategies	NNS
for	IN
meeting	NN
high	JJ
quality	NN
standards	NNS
and	CC
performance	NN
measures	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
met	VBN
.	.
The	DT
updated	VBN
plan	NN
must	MD
be	VB
submitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
for	IN
approval	NN
.	.
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
'	POS
staff	NN
and	CC
State	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
staff	NN
coordinated	VBD
a	DT
review	NN
of	IN
the	DT
55	CD
Unified	NNP
County	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
.	.
The	DT
plans	NNS
were	VBD
reviewed	VBN
to	TO
determine	VB
that	IN
the	DT
required	JJ
components	NNS
were	VBD
included	VBN
and	CC
addressed	VBN
any	DT
performance	NN
or	CC
process	NN
deficiencies	NNS
.	.
Enslow	NNP
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
was	VBD
designated	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
seriously	RB
impaired	JJ
school	NN
at	IN
the	DT
December	NNP
13	CD
,	,
2001	CD
meeting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
because	IN
the	DT
school	NN
had	VBD
been	VBN
on	IN
conditional	JJ
accreditation	NN
status	NN
and	CC
failed	VBD
to	TO
achieve	VB
full	JJ
accreditation	NN
by	IN
the	DT
specified	VBN
Date	NNP
Certain	NNP
.	.
Subsequently	RB
,	,
Enslow	NNP
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
failed	VBD
to	TO
meet	VB
Standard	JJ
4.2	CD
Student	NN
Attendance	NNP
,	,
by	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
Date	NNP
Certain	NNP
of	IN
June	NNP
30	CD
,	,
2002	CD
.	.
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18-2E-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
j	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
C	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
i	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
states	VBZ
when	WRB
a	DT
seriously	RB
impaired	JJ
school	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
correct	VB
the	DT
impairment	NN
by	IN
the	DT
date	NN
certain	JJ
as	IN
set	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
,	,
``	``
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
shall	MD
appoint	VB
a	DT
monitor	NN
who	WP
shall	MD
be	VB
paid	VBN
at	IN
county	NN
expense	NN
to	TO
cause	VB
improvements	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
made	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
school	NN
to	TO
bring	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
full	JJ
accreditation	NN
status	NN
within	IN
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
time	NN
period	NN
as	IN
determined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
.	.
''	''
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
achieve	VB
scientific	JJ
literacy	NN
,	,
all	DT
students	NNS
will	MD
understand	VB
that	IN
the	DT
acquisition	NN
of	IN
knowledge	NN
and	CC
the	DT
scientific	JJ
process	NN
are	VBP
continuous	JJ
.	.
This	DT
involves	VBZ
measuring	NN
,	,
experimenting	VBG
,	,
open-ended	JJ
investigating	VBG
,	,
and	CC
hypothesis	NN
testing	NN
.	.
The	DT
development	NN
,	,
refinement	NN
and	CC
critical	JJ
analysis	NN
of	IN
scientific	JJ
theories	NNS
will	MD
provide	VB
all	DT
learners	NNS
a	DT
better	JJR
understanding	NN
of	IN
natural	JJ
phenomena	NNS
.	.
Paul	NNP
J.	NNP
Morris	NNP
moved	VBD
and	CC
Delores	NNP
W.	NNP
Cook	NNP
seconded	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
be	VB
approved	VBN
.	.
Following	VBG
a	DT
lengthy	JJ
discussion	NN
that	WDT
included	VBD
the	DT
history	NN
behind	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
this	DT
policy	NN
,	,
ongoing	JJ
concerns	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
such	JJ
a	DT
policy	NN
,	,
and	CC
specific	JJ
concerns	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
at	IN
items	NNS
3.2	CD
,	,
4.2	CD
,	,
4.3	CD
and	CC
4.4	CD
,	,
the	DT
motion	NN
was	VBD
unanimously	RB
defeated	VBN
.	.
Specific	JJ
policy	NN
concerns	NNS
were	VBD
addressed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
common	JJ
consent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
as	IN
follows	VBZ
:	:
item	NN
3.2	CD
was	VBD
approved	VBN
to	TO
remain	VB
,	,
item	NN
4.2	CD
required	VBN
modification	NN
and	CC
provisos	NNS
added	VBD
for	IN
testing	NN
and	CC
transition	NN
;	:
item	NN
4.3	CD
was	VBD
removed	VBN
;	:
item	NN
4.4	CD
was	VBD
renamed	VBN
4.3	CD
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Department	NNP
was	VBD
given	VBN
discretion	NN
to	TO
reformat	VB
the	DT
policy	NN
as	RB
necessary	JJ
and	CC
Priscilla	NNP
M.	NNP
Haden	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
news	NN
article	NN
be	VB
released	VBN
as	RB
quickly	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
regarding	VBG
the	DT
amendments	NNS
and	CC
new	JJ
comment	NN
period	NN
.	.
State	NNP
Department	NNP
staff	NN
continued	VBD
their	PRP$
presentation	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
draft	NN
state	NN
plan	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Steven	NNP
L.	NNP
Paine	NNP
,	,
Deputy	NNP
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
will	MD
be	VB
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
's	POS
liaison	NN
for	IN
concerns	NNS
or	CC
questions	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
draft	NN
plan	NN
.	.
Periodic	JJ
updates	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
plan	NN
's	POS
status	NN
will	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
to	TO
State	NNP
Board	NNP
members	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Copy	VB
appended	VBN
to	TO
Official	NNP
Minutes	NNPS
,	,
Attachment	NNP
A.	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
Special	JJ
note	NN
:	:
Chancellor	NNP
Mullen	NNP
departed	VBD
the	DT
meeting	NN
near	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
this	DT
presentation	NN
.	.
Barbara	NNP
N.	NNP
Fish	NN
presented	VBD
an	DT
organizational	JJ
sign	NN
on	IN
form	NN
for	IN
approval	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
identify	VB
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
supporter	NN
for	IN
the	DT
improvement	NN
of	IN
access	NN
to	TO
health	NN
care	NN
for	IN
America	NNP
's	POS
school-aged	JJ
children	NNS
and	CC
youth	NN
through	IN
school-based	JJ
health	NN
centers	NNS
.	.
Priscilla	NNP
M.	NNP
Haden	NNP
asked	VBD
if	IN
this	DT
initiative	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
lobbying	NN
effort	NN
and	CC
would	MD
possibly	RB
have	VB
an	DT
effect	NN
on	IN
the	DT
state	NN
budget	NN
.	.
An	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Philippi	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Barbour	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
December	NNP
17	CD
,	,
2002	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
a	DT
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
An	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Keyser	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Mineral	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
December	NNP
4	CD
,	,
2002	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
a	DT
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Announced	JJ
on-site	JJ
reviews	NNS
were	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Martin	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
and	CC
Van	NNP
Devender	NNP
Junior	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Wood	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
November	NNP
18	CD
-	:
20	CD
,	,
2002	CD
.	.
The	DT
OEPA	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
reviews	NNS
which	WDT
were	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
reviews	NNS
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
a	DT
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Announced	JJ
on-site	JJ
reviews	NNS
were	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Lizemore	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
and	CC
H.	NNP
E.	NNP
White	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Clay	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
December	NNP
10	CD
-	:
11	CD
,	,
2002	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
reviews	NNS
which	WDT
were	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
reviews	NNS
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
a	DT
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
The	DT
Marion	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
requested	VBD
approval	NN
to	TO
amend	VB
its	PRP$
CEFP	NNP
to	TO
close	VB
Barnes	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
conclusion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
2002-03	JJ
school	NN
year	NN
and	CC
the	DT
reassignment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
the	DT
2003-04	JJ
school	NN
year	NN
as	IN
follows	VBZ
:	:
Pre-K	JJ
students	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
assigned	VBN
to	TO
Rivesville	NNP
Elementary\/Middle	NNP
School	NNP
;	:
the	DT
K-4	NN
students	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
assigned	VBN
to	TO
Watson	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
and	CC
Jayenne	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
depending	VBG
upon	IN
their	PRP$
residence	NN
;	:
all	DT
students	NNS
who	WP
presently	RB
attend	VBP
Barnes	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
and	CC
do	VB
not	RB
reside	VB
in	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
Barnes	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
area	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
assigned	VBN
to	TO
schools	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
attendance	NN
area	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
reside	VBP
.	.
Any	DT
student	NN
assigned	VBN
to	TO
another	DT
school	NN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
closure	NN
of	IN
Barnes	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
shall	MD
be	VB
permitted	VBN
to	TO
make	VB
application	NN
for	IN
transfer	NN
to	TO
another	DT
school	NN
,	,
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
district	NN
's	POS
transfer	NN
procedures	NNS
.	.
Upon	IN
motion	NN
by	IN
Paul	NNP
J.	NNP
Morris	NNP
,	,
second	JJ
by	IN
Ronald	NNP
B.	NNP
Spencer	NNP
,	,
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
unanimously	RB
approved	VBD
the	DT
aforementioned	JJ
individuals	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
improvement	NN
consultant	NN
teams	NNS
for	IN
Gilbert	NNP
and	CC
Huntington	NNP
High	NNP
Schools	NNP
and	CC
Oak	NNP
Hill	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Brown	NNP
also	RB
presented	VBD
2520.13	CD
for	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
The	DT
proposed	VBN
policy	NN
change	NN
to	TO
Policy	NNP
2520.13	CD
repeals	VBZ
the	DT
version	NN
to	TO
be	VB
effective	JJ
July	NNP
1	CD
,	,
2003	CD
,	,
and	CC
replaces	VBZ
it	PRP
with	IN
a	DT
version	NN
that	WDT
contains	VBZ
content	NN
standards	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
for	IN
80	CD
additional	JJ
technical	JJ
courses	NNS
,	,
revises	VBZ
the	DT
content	NN
standards	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
for	IN
one	CD
technical	JJ
course	NN
,	,
and	CC
deletes	VBZ
the	DT
content	NN
standards	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
for	IN
19	CD
previously	RB
approved	VBN
technical	JJ
courses	NNS
.	.
Superintendent	NNP
Stewart	NNP
suggested	VBD
the	DT
goals	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
as	IN
written	VBN
,	,
without	IN
the	DT
supporting	VBG
documentation	NN
,	,
be	VB
approved	VBN
with	IN
an	DT
accompanying	VBG
statement	NN
indicating	VBG
that	IN
additional	JJ
goals	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
forthcoming	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Mark	NNP
Manchin	NNP
,	,
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
McDowell	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
,	,
addressed	VBD
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
and	CC
provided	VBD
proposed	VBN
dates	NNS
for	IN
closure	NN
hearings	NNS
and	CC
invited	VBN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
's	POS
attendance	NN
and	CC
participation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
hearings	NNS
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
request	NN
of	IN
Chancellor	NNP
Mullen	NNP
,	,
who	WP
was	VBD
unable	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
present	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
common	JJ
consent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
,	,
moved	VBD
the	DT
writing	VBG
assessment	NN
report	NN
to	TO
follow	VB
the	DT
school	NN
transportation	NN
report	NN
.	.
Superintendent	NNP
Stewart	NNP
requested	VBD
Item	NNP
XIII	NNP
be	VB
moved	VBN
to	TO
9	CD
a.m.	NN
in	IN
order	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
meet	VBP
with	IN
its	PRP$
attorney	NN
,	,
Mike	NNP
Farrell	NNP
,	,
to	TO
discuss	VB
matters	NNS
in	IN
Tomblin	NNP
v.	CC
Gainer	NNP
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
matters	NNS
appropriate	JJ
for	IN
executive	JJ
session	NN
.	.
Paul	NNP
J.	NNP
Morris	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Personnel	NNP
item	NN
located	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Consent	NNP
Agenda	NNP
be	VB
removed	VBN
for	IN
discussion	NN
.	.
Upon	IN
the	DT
common	JJ
consent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
moved	VBD
this	DT
item	NN
to	TO
immediately	RB
follow	VB
approval	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
returned	VBD
from	IN
Executive	NNP
Session	NN
at	IN
11:23	CD
a.m.	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
time	NN
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
announced	VBD
no	DT
action	NN
was	VBD
taken	VBN
or	CC
decisions	NNS
not	RB
covered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
attorney-client	JJ
privilege	NN
were	VBD
made	VBN
in	IN
Executive	NNP
Session	NN
.	.
Chancellor	NNP
Mullen	NNP
stated	VBD
continuing	VBG
concern	NN
regarding	VBG
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
findings	NNS
throughout	IN
each	DT
report	NN
regarding	VBG
student	NN
writing	VBG
assessments	NNS
.	.
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
common	JJ
consent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
directed	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
item	NN
be	VB
added	VBN
to	TO
next	JJ
month	NN
's	POS
work	NN
session	NN
agenda	NN
to	TO
continue	VB
discussion	NN
of	IN
this	DT
concern	NN
.	.
Announced	JJ
on-site	JJ
reviews	NNS
were	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Central	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
and	CC
Moundsville	NNP
Junior	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Marshall	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
November	NNP
6	CD
-	:
8	CD
,	,
2002	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
reviews	NNS
which	WDT
were	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
reviews	NNS
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Announced	JJ
on-site	JJ
reviews	NNS
were	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
John	NNP
J.	NNP
Cornwell	NNP
School	NNP
and	CC
Romney	NNP
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Hampshire	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
November	NNP
6	CD
-	:
8	CD
,	,
2002	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
reviews	NNS
which	WDT
were	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
reviews	NNS
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
The	DT
Assessment	NNP
Committee	NNP
from	IN
the	DT
Agreed	NNP
Order	NNP
in	IN
Tomblin	NNP
v.	CC
Gainer	NNP
has	VBZ
proposed	VBN
changes	NNS
in	IN
Policy	NN
2320	CD
to	TO
conform	VB
with	IN
No	DT
Chid	NNP
Left	VBD
Behind	IN
legislation	NN
.	.
The	DT
changes	NNS
primarily	RB
involve	VBP
recognizing	VBG
and	CC
including	VBG
subgroups	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
performance	NN
measures	NNS
,	,
identifying	VBG
the	DT
graduation	NN
standards	NNS
,	,
and	CC
aligning	VBG
the	DT
current	JJ
policy	NN
with	IN
the	DT
two	CD
year	NN
requirement	NN
of	IN
Title	NNP
I	PRP
in	IN
order	NN
for	IN
a	DT
school	NN
to	TO
be	VB
designated	VBN
as	IN
low-performing	JJ
.	.
Superintendent	NNP
Stewart	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
CATS	NNP
curriculum	NN
will	MD
be	VB
brought	VBN
before	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
in	IN
February	NNP
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
position	NN
announcement	NN
for	IN
science	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
posted	VBN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
interim	JJ
science	NN
questions	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
directed	VBN
to	TO
Deborah	NNP
Brown	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
Office	NNP
of	IN
Instructional	NNP
Services	NNPS
.	.
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
Rebecca	NNP
Tinder	NNP
provide	VBP
an	DT
opinion	NN
regarding	VBG
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18-3-9	CD
and	CC
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
responsibility	NN
regarding	VBG
personnel	NNS
matters	NNS
.	.
Following	VBG
discussion	NN
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
requested	VBD
members	NNS
continue	VB
to	TO
be	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
this	DT
issue	NN
.	.
Policy	NN
3233	CD
was	VBD
placed	VBN
on	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
at	IN
the	DT
August	NNP
2002	CD
meeting	NN
.	.
Revised	VBN
versions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
discussed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
October	NNP
and	CC
November	NNP
meetings	NNS
.	.
The	DT
version	NN
in	IN
the	DT
attachment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
December	NNP
11	CD
minutes	NNS
has	VBZ
been	VBN
reviewed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
RESA	NNP
Executive	NNP
Directors	NNS
and	CC
contains	VBZ
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
changes	NNS
agreed	VBD
to	TO
in	IN
earlier	JJR
meetings	NNS
.	.
In	IN
reviewing	VBG
the	DT
policy	NN
yesterday	NN
a	DT
concern	NN
was	VBD
raised	VBN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
first	JJ
two	CD
paragraphs	NNS
under	IN
qualifications	NNS
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Luff	NNP
distributed	VBD
two	CD
options	NNS
as	IN
requested	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
Discussion	NN
ensued	VBD
and	CC
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
suggested	VBD
adding	VBG
the	DT
wording	NN
``	``
preferably	RB
in	IN
education	NN
''	''
to	TO
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
sentence	NN
at	IN
option	NN
#	#
2	CD
.	.
Both	DT
Barbara	NNP
N.	NNP
Fish	NN
and	CC
Delores	NNP
W.	NNP
Cook	NNP
agreed	VBD
to	TO
compromise	VB
but	CC
that	IN
they	PRP
would	MD
prefer	VB
the	DT
person	NN
hold	VBP
a	DT
degree	NN
in	IN
education	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
read	VBD
option	NN
#	#
1	CD
as	IN
submitted	VBN
by	IN
Mr.	NNP
Luff	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
,	,
``	``
Holds	VBZ
a	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
a	DT
Master	NNP
's	POS
degree	NN
,	,
preferably	RB
in	IN
education	NN
or	CC
a	DT
field	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
position	NN
,	,
and	CC
has	VBZ
a	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
three	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
full-time	JJ
administrative	JJ
experience	NN
,	,
preferably	RB
in	IN
education	NN
.	.
''	''
Effective	JJ
July	NNP
1	CD
,	,
2003	CD
,	,
all	DT
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
must	MD
weight	VB
College	NNP
Board	NNP
Advanced	NNP
Placement	NNP
and	CC
International	NNP
Baccalaureate	NNP
courses	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
had	VBD
weighted	VBN
such	JJ
courses	NNS
previously	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Sandra	NNP
M.	NNP
Chapman	NNP
requested	VBD
a	DT
follow-up	JJ
letter	NN
go	VB
out	RB
to	TO
communicate	VB
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
interest	NN
in	IN
and	CC
seriousness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
tabloid	NN
and	CC
posters	NNS
and	CC
requested	VBD
a	DT
response	NN
be	VB
obtained	VBN
from	IN
counties	NNS
that	WDT
did	VBD
not	RB
reply	VB
to	TO
the	DT
survey	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
Student	NNP
Code	NNP
of	IN
Conduct	NNP
.	.
Liza	NNP
Corderio	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
Office	NNP
of	IN
School\/Community	NNP
Relations	NNPS
,	,
stated	VBD
that	IN
letters	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
prepared	JJ
and	CC
telephone	NN
calls	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
nine	CD
counties	NNS
that	WDT
did	VBD
not	RB
respond	VB
and	CC
also	RB
to	TO
the	DT
counties	NNS
who	WP
replied	VBD
but	CC
indicated	VBD
no	DT
action	NN
has	VBZ
occurred	VBN
.	.
Hampshire	NNP
County	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
was	VBD
designated	VBN
as	IN
``	``
Seriously	RB
Impaired	VBN
''	''
at	IN
the	DT
September	NNP
2002	CD
meeting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
Policy	NN
2320	CD
states	NNS
:	:
``	``
Whenever	NNP
a	DT
school	NN
is	VBZ
issued	VBN
seriously	RB
impaired	VBN
status	NN
,	,
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
,	,
shall	MD
appoint	VB
a	DT
team	NN
of	IN
improvement	NN
consultants	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
recommendations	NNS
within	IN
sixty	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
appointment	NN
for	IN
correcting	VBG
the	DT
impairment	NN
.	.
''	''
At	IN
the	DT
October	NNP
meeting	NN
,	,
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
appointed	VBD
an	DT
Improvement	NNP
Consultant	NN
Team	NNP
to	TO
make	VB
recommendations	NNS
for	IN
Hampshire	NNP
County	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
is	VBZ
required	VBN
under	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18A-4-8e	NNP
to	TO
make	VB
available	JJ
competency	NN
tests	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
various	JJ
school	NN
service	NN
personnel	NNS
classifications	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
establish	VB
passing	VBG
scores	NNS
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
tests	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
a	DT
uniform	JJ
means	NNS
to	TO
determine	VB
qualifications	NNS
of	IN
applicants	NNS
applying	VBG
for	IN
employment	NN
.	.
The	DT
competency	NN
tests	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
utilized	VBN
for	IN
new	JJ
employees	NNS
or	CC
existing	VBG
employees	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
applying	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
position	NN
in	IN
a	DT
different	JJ
classification	NN
.	.
Bill	NNP
Luff	NNP
presented	VBD
one	CD
new	JJ
content	JJ
specialization	NN
for	IN
two	CD
higher	JJR
education	NN
institutions	NNS
of	IN
professional	JJ
preparation	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
Policy	NNP
5100	CD
-	:
Approval	NN
of	IN
Educational	NNP
Personnel	NNP
Programs	NNP
requires	VBZ
the	DT
Program	NN
Review	NNP
Board	NNP
to	TO
meet	VB
each	DT
semester	NN
to	TO
review	VB
new	JJ
content	JJ
specializations	NNS
and	CC
make	VB
recommendations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
for	IN
action	NN
.	.
Rebecca	NNP
Tinder	NNP
,	,
general	JJ
counsel	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Department	NNP
,	,
requested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
delegate	NN
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
,	,
or	CC
his	PRP$
designee	NN
,	,
the	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
conduct	VB
public	JJ
hearings	NNS
upon	IN
proposed	VBN
school	NN
closures	NNS
of	IN
Hamlin	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
,	,
Duval	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
,	,
Guyan	NNP
Valley	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Harts	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Lincoln	NNP
County	NNP
and	CC
,	,
following	VBG
the	DT
public	JJ
hearings	NNS
,	,
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
decision	NN
upon	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
closures	NNS
.	.
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
asked	VBD
what	WP
steps	VBZ
the	DT
Department	NNP
is	VBZ
taking	VBG
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
budget	NN
deficit	NN
and	CC
also	RB
asked	VBD
if	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
budget	NN
.	.
Superintendent	NNP
Stewart	NNP
explained	VBD
the	DT
budget	NN
process	NN
,	,
actions	NNS
taken	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
in	IN
response	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Governor	NNP
's	POS
request	NN
to	TO
cut	VB
spending	NN
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
input	NN
into	IN
the	DT
budget	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
budget	NN
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
performance	NN
data	NNS
,	,
results	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Follow-up	JJ
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audit	NNP
,	,
and	CC
updated	VBN
Unified	NNP
School	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
meets	VBZ
the	DT
specified	VBN
criteria	NNS
and	CC
is	VBZ
no	RB
longer	RB
considered	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
Seriously	RB
Impaired	VBN
.	.
Following	VBG
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
's	POS
announcement	NN
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
recommended	VBD
that	IN
control	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
system	NN
be	VB
returned	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
Barbara	NNP
N.	NNP
Fish	NN
moved	VBD
,	,
and	CC
Paul	NNP
J.	NNP
Morris	NNP
seconded	VBD
,	,
that	IN
control	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
be	VB
returned	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
local	JJ
board	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
read	VBD
a	DT
statement	NN
from	IN
Sheila	NNP
Hamilton	NNP
who	WP
was	VBD
unable	JJ
to	TO
attend	VB
the	DT
meeting	NN
and	CC
was	VBD
President	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
's	POS
takeover	NN
.	.
Following	VBG
congratulatory	JJ
remarks	NNS
from	IN
both	DT
Boards	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
work	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
,	,
Legislature	NNP
,	,
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
past	JJ
and	CC
present	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
central	JJ
office	NN
staff	NN
,	,
principals	NNS
,	,
teachers	NNS
and	CC
non-teaching	JJ
personnel	NNS
,	,
the	DT
citizenry	NN
and	CC
business	NN
community	NN
of	IN
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
by	IN
unanimous	JJ
vote	NN
,	,
returned	VBD
control	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
distributed	VBD
a	DT
listing	NN
of	IN
committees\/boards	NNS
on	IN
which	WDT
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
serve	VBP
as	IN
liaisons	NNS
and	CC
asked	VBD
members	NNS
to	TO
review	VB
the	DT
list	NN
and	CC
advise	VB
him	PRP
of	IN
concerns	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
December	NNP
12	CD
meeting	NN
.	.
An	DT
announced	VBN
on-site	JJ
review	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
Arnoldsburg	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Calhoun	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
October	NNP
22	CD
,	,
2002	CD
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
conducted	VBD
a	DT
review	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
scope	NN
to	TO
the	DT
performance	NN
and	CC
process	NN
standards	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
school	NN
and	CC
student	NN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
review	NN
also	RB
consisted	VBD
of	IN
a	DT
resource	NN
evaluation	NN
.	.
Barbara	NNP
N.	NNP
Fish	NN
inquired	VBD
about	IN
the	DT
language	NN
of	IN
the	DT
McDowell	NNP
County	NNP
motions	NNS
.	.
Rebecca	NNP
Tinder	NNP
,	,
General	NNP
Counsel	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Department	NNP
,	,
responded	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
language	NN
is	VBZ
written	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
in	IN
compliance	NN
with	IN
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
.	.
In	IN
May	NNP
of	IN
1997	CD
,	,
before	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
intervened	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
Lincoln	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Lincoln	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
voted	VBD
to	TO
approve	VB
a	DT
deed	NN
transfer	NN
of	IN
property	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
old	JJ
bus	NN
garage	NN
on	IN
Lower	NNP
Mud	NNP
River	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
the	DT
Lincoln	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
the	DT
vote	NN
,	,
no	DT
deed	NN
accomplishing	VBG
this	DT
transfer	NN
was	VBD
prepared	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Lincoln	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
has	VBZ
now	RB
prepared	VBN
a	DT
deed	NN
and	CC
submitted	VBD
it	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
Lincoln	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
for	IN
signature	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
asked	VBD
whether	IN
the	DT
deed	NN
was	VBD
in	IN
proper	JJ
form	NN
and	CC
had	VBD
been	VBN
reviewed	VBN
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Tinder	NNP
provided	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
deed	NN
,	,
an	DT
overview	NN
of	IN
the	DT
review	NN
process	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
history	NN
of	IN
the	DT
deed	NN
preparation	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
made	VBD
corrections	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
deed	NN
by	IN
inserting	VBG
the	DT
correct	JJ
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
of	IN
Lincoln	NNP
and	CC
by	IN
deleting	VBG
the	DT
general	JJ
warranty	NN
.	.
The	DT
Mercer	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
requested	VBD
an	DT
amendment	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
CEFP	NNP
because	IN
the	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
Route	NN
52	CD
K-5	NN
school	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Bluewell\/Brushfork	NNP
area	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
feasible	JJ
at	IN
this	DT
time	NN
.	.
The	DT
amendment	NN
request	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
change	VB
the	DT
movement	NN
of	IN
Bramwell	NNP
students	NNS
upon	IN
closure	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
from	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
Route	NN
52	CD
K-5	NN
school	NN
to	TO
integration	NN
of	IN
Bramwell	NNP
School	NNP
students	NNS
in	IN
Bluewell	NNP
Elementary	NNP
and	CC
Montcalm	NNP
Elementary	NNP
Schools	NNP
upon	IN
closure	NN
of	IN
Bramwell	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
Barbara	NNP
N.	NNP
Fish	NN
questioned	VBD
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
a	DT
waiver	NN
for	IN
Project	NNP
Merit	NNP
.	.
Karen	NNP
Larry	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Assistant	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Pamela	NNP
Sumpter-Cain	NNP
,	,
Assistant	NNP
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
Division	NNP
of	IN
Instructional	NNP
and	CC
Student	NNP
Services	NNPS
,	,
indicated	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
consistent	JJ
need	NN
for	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
waiver	NN
can	MD
be	VB
addressed	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
textbook	NN
adoption	NN
cycle	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
two	CD
textbook	NN
adoption	NN
cycles	NNS
and	CC
textbooks	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
have	VB
existed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
the	DT
adoption	NN
thereby	RB
creating	VBG
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
a	DT
waiver	NN
.	.
Sheila	NNP
M.	NNP
Hamilton	NNP
requested	VBD
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
pursue	VB
the	DT
modification	NN
of	IN
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
dealing	VBG
with	IN
counselors	NNS
and	CC
that	IN
it	PRP
be	VB
adjusted	VBN
to	TO
allow	VB
85	CD
%	NN
to	TO
90	CD
%	NN
of	IN
a	DT
counselor	NN
's	POS
time	NN
to	TO
be	VB
spent	VBN
with	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	IN
an	DT
item	NN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
this	DT
issue	NN
be	VB
added	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
legislative	JJ
agenda	NN
.	.
Chancellor	NNP
Mullen	NNP
discussed	VBD
language	NN
at	IN
sections	NNS
5.1	CD
and	CC
7.1	CD
;	:
the	DT
current	JJ
language	NN
is	VBZ
specific	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
counselor	NN
and	CC
not	RB
the	DT
counseling	NN
program	NN
.	.
Sandra	NNP
M.	NNP
Chapman	NNP
suggested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
be	VB
referred	VBN
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
Department	NNP
for	IN
further	JJ
refinement	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Huffman	NNP
recommended	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
be	VB
approved	VBN
and	CC
revisited	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
year	NN
to	TO
ascertain	VB
its	PRP$
effectiveness	NN
.	.
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18-2-13h	JJ
authorizes	VBZ
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
to	TO
enter	VB
into	IN
agreements	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
DHHR	NNP
to	TO
provide	VB
adequate	JJ
and	CC
appropriate	JJ
educational	JJ
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
school-age	JJ
juveniles	NNS
placed	VBN
in	IN
residential	JJ
facilities	NNS
for	IN
custody	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
regard	NN
,	,
an	DT
agreement	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
developed	VBN
to	TO
permit	VB
the	DT
Department	NNP
's	POS
Office	NNP
of	IN
Institutional	NNP
Education	NNP
Programs	NNP
to	TO
provide	VB
educational	JJ
services	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Child	NNP
Care	NNP
,	,
Falling	NNP
Waters	NNP
Campus	NNP
.	.
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
asked	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Superintendent	NNP
review	NN
and	CC
identify	VB
all	DT
liaison	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
whether	IN
representation	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
by	IN
statute	NN
or	CC
law	NN
,	,
mission	NN
of	IN
the	DT
liaison	NN
,	,
number	NN
of	IN
meetings	NNS
requiring	VBG
attendance	NN
,	,
time	NN
required	VBN
for	IN
each	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
and	CC
term	NN
of	IN
service	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
or	CC
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
staff	NN
prepare	VB
a	DT
response	NN
to	TO
letters	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
excluding	VBG
form	NN
letters	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
received	VBN
from	IN
individuals	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
Civil	NNP
Rights	NNPS
Team	NNP
Project	NNP
.	.
Sandra	NNP
M.	NNP
Chapman	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
all	DT
members	NNS
be	VB
allowed	VBN
to	TO
review	VB
the	DT
response	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
its	PRP$
distribution	NN
.	.
Barbara	NNP
N.	NNP
Fish	NN
provided	VBD
a	DT
report	NN
regarding	VBG
progress	NN
in	IN
the	DT
investigation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Civil	NNP
Rights	NNPS
Team	NNP
Project	NNP
including	VBG
her	PRP$
visit	NN
to	TO
East	NNP
Fairmont	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
Barbara	NNP
N.	NNP
Fish	NN
and	CC
Ronald	NNP
B.	NNP
Spencer	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
visiting	VBG
Liberty	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
few	JJ
of	IN
weeks	NNS
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
common	JJ
consent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
deferred	VBD
the	DT
ceremonial	JJ
oath	NN
of	IN
office	NN
for	IN
Delores	NNP
W.	NNP
Cook	NNP
to	TO
Thursday	NNP
.	.
The	DT
official	JJ
oath	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
executed	VBN
and	CC
is	VBZ
on	IN
file	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Secretary	NNP
of	IN
State	NNP
.	.
Bill	NNP
Luff	NNP
provided	VBD
a	DT
PowerPoint	NNP
presentation	NN
and	CC
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
adequate	JJ
yearly	JJ
progress	NN
and	CC
accountability	NN
required	VBN
by	IN
both	DT
the	DT
No	NNP
Child	NNP
Left	VBD
Behind	IN
Act	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Agreed	NNP
Order	NNP
in	IN
Tomblin	NNP
v.	CC
Gainer	NNP
.	.
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
asked	VBD
that	IN
members	NNS
receive	VBP
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
PowerPoint	NNP
presentation	NN
and	CC
Mr.	NNP
Luff	NNP
indicated	VBD
he	PRP
would	MD
provide	VB
same	JJ
but	CC
requested	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
not	RB
be	VB
disseminated	VBN
as	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
final	JJ
product	NN
.	.
Issues	NNS
and\/or	CC
concerns	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
No	NNP
Child	NNP
Left	VBD
Behind	IN
Act	NNP
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
addressed	VBN
to	TO
Mr.	NNP
Luff	NNP
or	CC
Superintendent	NNP
Stewart	NNP
.	.
Following	VBG
a	DT
lengthy	JJ
discussion	NN
,	,
Ms.	NNP
Tinder	NNP
indicated	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
would	MD
survey	VB
all	DT
counties	NNS
to	TO
ascertain	VB
what	WP
guidelines	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
place	NN
for	IN
approval	NN
of	IN
outside	JJ
programs	NNS
.	.
Sandra	NNP
M.	NNP
Chapman	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
survey	NN
include	VBP
all	DT
non-school	JJ
related	JJ
outside	JJ
programs	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
occurring	VBG
in	IN
schools	NNS
.	.
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
announced	VBD
to	TO
those	DT
present	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
inform	VBP
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
progress	NN
of	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
investigation	NN
regarding	VBG
2001	CD
flood	NN
expenditures	NNS
in	IN
McDowell	NNP
and	CC
Wyoming	NNP
Counties	NNS
,	,
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
recent	JJ
involvement	NN
of	IN
certain	JJ
Department	NNP
staff	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audit	NNP
of	IN
Fayette	NNP
County	NNP
.	.
Ronald	NNP
B.	NNP
Spencer	NNP
moved	VBD
and	CC
Paul	NNP
J.	NNP
Morris	NNP
seconded	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
,	,
as	IN
presented	VBN
,	,
be	VB
approved	VBN
.	.
Before	IN
voting	VBG
on	IN
said	VBD
motion	NN
Mr.	NNP
Morris	NNP
questioned	VBD
whether	IN
the	DT
discussion	NN
concerning	VBG
the	DT
Fayette	NNP
County	NNP
Education	NNP
Audit	NNP
should	MD
be	VB
added	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
agenda	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
consensus	NN
of	IN
those	DT
present	JJ
that	IN
Mr.	NNP
Morris	NNP
was	VBD
correct	JJ
and	CC
Mr.	NNP
Spencer	NNP
and	CC
Mr.	NNP
Morris	NNP
agreed	VBD
and	CC
did	VBD
amend	VB
their	PRP$
motion	NN
accordingly	RB
.	.
Superintendent	NNP
Stewart	NNP
stated	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Division	NN
of	IN
Administrative	NNP
Services	NNPS
is	VBZ
now	RB
under	IN
his	PRP$
direct	JJ
supervision	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
has	VBZ
had	VBN
extensive	JJ
experience	NN
with	IN
this	DT
division	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
well-equipped	JJ
to	TO
administer	VB
all	DT
aspects	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
division	NN
.	.
The	DT
division	NN
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
follow	VB
all	DT
purchasing	VBG
guidelines	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
State	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
A	DT
timeline	NN
for	IN
posting	VBG
the	DT
vacant	JJ
position	NN
of	IN
Assistant	NNP
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Division	NN
of	IN
Administrative	NNP
Services	NNPS
caused	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
resignation	NN
of	IN
G.	NNP
A.	NNP
McClung	NNP
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
established	VBN
.	.
Rebecca	NNP
Tinder	NNP
,	,
General	NNP
Counsel	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Department	NNP
,	,
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
to	TO
relay	VB
a	DT
message	NN
from	IN
Assistant	NNP
Attorney	NNP
General	NNP
Paul	NNP
Sheridan	NNP
regarding	VBG
his	PRP$
lack	NN
of	IN
notice	NN
to	TO
appear	VB
at	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
and	CC
his	PRP$
request	NN
that	IN
the	DT
discussion	NN
be	VB
scheduled	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
future	JJ
agenda	NN
.	.
Ronald	NNP
B.	NNP
Spencer	NNP
moved	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
item	NN
be	VB
removed	VBN
from	IN
consideration	NN
and	CC
rescheduled	VBD
to	TO
allow	VB
participation	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Attorney	NNP
General	NNP
's	POS
office	NN
.	.
Upon	IN
the	DT
call	NN
for	IN
a	DT
second	JJ
and	CC
there	EX
being	VBG
none	NN
,	,
the	DT
motion	NN
died	VBD
for	IN
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
a	DT
second	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
approved	VBD
the	DT
Marion	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
's	POS
request	NN
to	TO
amend	VB
its	PRP$
CEFP	NNP
to	TO
provide	VB
handicap	NN
accessible	JJ
ramps	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
campus	NN
buildings	NNS
at	IN
Fairmont	NNP
Senior	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
replacement	NN
of	IN
sewage	NN
treatment	NN
facilities	NNS
at	IN
East	NNP
Dale	NNP
Elementary	NNP
and	CC
North	NNP
Marion	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
approved	VBD
the	DT
Ohio	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
's	POS
request	NN
to	TO
amend	VB
its	PRP$
CEFP	NNP
to	TO
provide	VB
for	IN
the	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
a	DT
Commons	NNP
Area	NNP
and	CC
Student	NNP
Lounge	NNP
,	,
renovation	NN
work	NN
to	TO
consist	VB
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
food	NN
court	NN
style	NN
service	NN
area	NN
with	IN
new	JJ
food	NN
service	NN
and	CC
kitchen	NN
equipment	NN
,	,
a	DT
new	JJ
entrance	NN
to	TO
the	DT
gymnasium	NN
and	CC
the	DT
renovation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
former	JJ
south	JJ
common	JJ
into	IN
four	CD
technology	NN
classrooms	NNS
and	CC
three	CD
storage	NN
rooms	NNS
with	IN
an	DT
extension	NN
of	IN
an	DT
existing	VBG
corridor	NN
at	IN
Wheeling	NNP
Park	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
with	IN
modifications	NNS
and	CC
expansions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
existing	VBG
sprinkler	NN
,	,
plumbing	NN
,	,
HVAC	NNP
,	,
and	CC
electrical	JJ
systems	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
to	TO
service	VB
the	DT
addition	NN
and	CC
renovated	VBN
areas	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
also	RB
approved	VBD
the	DT
removal	NN
and	CC
replacement	NN
of	IN
260	CD
windows	NNS
at	IN
Triadelphia	NNP
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
Sandra	NNP
M.	NNP
Chapman	NNP
requested	VBD
clarification	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
hiring	NN
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
superintendent	NN
in	IN
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
.	.
Superintendent	NNP
Stewart	NNP
addressed	VBD
the	DT
concern	NN
indicating	VBG
that	IN
this	DT
item	NN
is	VBZ
listed	VBN
on	IN
both	DT
the	DT
Logan	NNP
and	CC
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
agendas	NNS
and	CC
thus	RB
is	VBZ
being	VBG
addressed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
proper	JJ
fashion	NN
.	.
Sandra	NNP
M.	NNP
Chapman	NNP
asked	VBD
about	IN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
vacancies	NNS
now	RB
existing	VBG
on	IN
various	JJ
boards	NNS
and	CC
commissions	NNS
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
resignations	NNS
of	IN
James	NNP
J.	NNP
MacCallum	NNP
and	CC
J.	NNP
D.	NNP
Morris	NNP
.	.
Superintendent	NNP
Stewart	NNP
advised	VBD
that	IN
Board	NNP
that	IN
he	PRP
would	MD
look	VB
into	IN
this	DT
matter	NN
and	CC
report	VB
his	PRP$
findings	NNS
to	TO
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
so	RB
that	IN
appointments	NNS
may	MD
follow	VB
.	.
In	IN
an	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
promote	VB
entrepreneurship	NN
among	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
youth	NN
,	,
representatives	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Benedum	NNP
Foundation	NNP
,	,
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Development	NNP
Office	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Higher	JJR
Education	NN
Policy	NNP
Commission	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Small	NNP
Business	NNP
Development	NNP
Centers	NNPS
have	VBP
designed	VBN
and	CC
are	VBP
ready	JJ
to	TO
implement	VB
an	DT
Entrepreneurial	JJ
Spirit	NNP
Contest	NNP
called	VBD
DreamQuest	NNP
2002	CD
.	.
High	JJ
school	NN
students	NNS
or	CC
teams	NNS
of	IN
students	NNS
develop	VBP
and	CC
submit	VBP
their	PRP$
business	NN
ideas	NNS
.	.
Teachers	NNPS
volunteer	NN
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
advisors	NNS
.	.
Business	NNP
representatives	NNS
serve	VBP
as	IN
``	``
angels	NNS
,	,
''	''
sponsoring	VBG
students	NNS
and	CC
as	IN
judges	NNS
.	.
The	DT
contest	NN
is	VBZ
web-based	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
exception	NN
of	IN
regional	JJ
workshops	NNS
.	.
Students	NNS
,	,
teacher-advisors	NNS
and	CC
angels	NNS
compete	VBP
for	IN
prize	NN
money	NN
.	.
G.	NNP
A.	NNP
McClung	NNP
presented	VBD
Policy	NNP
5612	CD
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
re-consideration	NN
.	.
This	DT
policy	NN
was	VBD
revised	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
more	JJR
specific	JJ
guidance	NN
to	TO
county	NN
boards	NNS
for	IN
use	NN
when	WRB
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
employees	NNS
sustain	VBP
work-related	JJ
injuries	NNS
and	CC
are	VBP
awarded	VBN
workers	NNS
'	POS
compensation	NN
benefits	NNS
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
23-2-1	CD
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
and	CC
all	DT
political	JJ
subdivisions	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
workers	NNS
'	POS
compensation	NN
protection	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
employees	NNS
.	.
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18A-4-10	NNP
grants	NNS
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
employees	NNS
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
receive	VB
both	DT
workers	NNS
'	POS
compensation	NN
benefits	NNS
and	CC
compensation	NN
for	IN
personal	JJ
leave	NN
during	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
,	,
but	CC
restricts	VBZ
the	DT
total	JJ
amount	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
received	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
compensation	NN
regularly	RB
received	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
employee	NN
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
this	DT
policy	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
do	VBP
not	RB
pay	VB
compensation	NN
for	IN
personal	JJ
leave	NN
in	IN
excess	NN
of	IN
the	DT
amounts	NNS
permitted	VBD
.	.
Bill	NNP
Luff	NNP
,	,
Deputy	NNP
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
,	,
presented	VBD
Policy	NN
4350	CD
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
Policy	NN
4350	CD
was	VBD
placed	VBN
on	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
at	IN
the	DT
July	NNP
meeting	NN
.	.
No	DT
comments	NNS
were	VBD
received	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
comment	NN
period	NN
and	CC
no	DT
changes	NNS
were	VBD
made	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
policy	NN
.	.
Superintendent	NNP
Stewart	NNP
provided	VBD
additional	JJ
information	NN
regarding	VBG
``	``
Amendment	NNP
One	CD
''	''
and	CC
recommended	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
support	NN
the	DT
amendment	NN
.	.
Dana	NNP
Waldo	NNP
who	WP
presented	VBD
information	NN
about	IN
this	DT
proposed	VBN
Constitutional	NNP
Amendment	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
September	NNP
meeting	NN
requested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
support	NN
``	``
Amendment	NNP
One	CD
''	''
.	.
Rebecca	NNP
Tinder	NNP
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
a	DT
purported	JJ
assault	NN
on	IN
a	DT
principal	NN
by	IN
a	DT
student	NN
at	IN
Bridgeport	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
The	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
will	MD
be	VB
contacted	VBN
for	IN
confirmation\/factual	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Steve	NNP
McBride	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
Office	NNP
of	IN
Instructional	NNP
Materials	NNPS
,	,
presented	VBD
the	DT
following	JJ
individuals	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
for	IN
approval	NN
as	IN
the	DT
improvement	NN
consultant	NN
team	NN
for	IN
Hampshire	NNP
County	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
Upon	IN
motion	NN
by	IN
Howard	NNP
M.	NNP
Persinger	NNP
,	,
Jr.	NNP
,	,
second	JJ
by	IN
Barbara	NNP
N.	NNP
Fish	NN
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
clarified\/amended	VBD
the	DT
intervention	NN
terms	NNS
in	IN
McDowell	NNP
County	NNP
to	TO
include	VB
limiting	VBG
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
and	CC
county	NN
superintendent	NN
's	POS
authority	NN
to	TO
transfer	VB
real	JJ
estate	NN
and	CC
to	TO
conduct	VB
school	NN
closure\/consolidation	NN
hearings	NNS
.	.
Bill	NNP
Luff	NNP
presented	VBD
proposed	VBN
Policy	NN
2515	CD
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
Questions	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
raised	VBN
concerning	VBG
eligibility	NN
for	IN
Promise	NNP
Scholarships	NNS
due	JJ
to	TO
perceived	VBN
inequities	NNS
in	IN
grading	NN
practices	NNS
among	IN
the	DT
55	CD
county	NN
school	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
Policy	NN
2515	CD
establishes	VBZ
a	DT
uniform	JJ
grading	NN
policy	NN
designed	VBN
to	TO
eliminate	VB
any	DT
such	JJ
inequities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
policy	NN
was	VBD
developed	VBN
with	IN
input	NN
from	IN
representatives	NNS
of	IN
40	CD
county	NN
school	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
The	DT
policy	NN
establishes	VBZ
a	DT
grading	NN
scale	NN
that	WDT
must	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
all	DT
high	JJ
school	NN
courses	NNS
offered	VBN
for	IN
credit	NN
.	.
It	PRP
allows	VBZ
county	NN
school	NN
systems	NNS
to	TO
weight	VB
grades	NNS
,	,
but	CC
provides	VBZ
that	IN
weighted	JJ
grades	NNS
received	VBN
after	IN
July	NNP
1	CD
,	,
2003	CD
must	MD
be	VB
converted	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
4.0	CD
scale	NN
for	IN
determining	VBG
eligibility	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Promise	NNP
Scholarship	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
announced	VBD
the	DT
appointment	NN
of	IN
Delores	NNP
W.	NNP
Cook	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
Rebecca	NNP
Tinder	NNP
,	,
General	NNP
Counsel	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
Department	NNP
,	,
research	NN
the	DT
participation	NN
,	,
including	VBG
voting	NN
privileges	NNS
,	,
allowed	VBD
a	DT
Board	NNP
member	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
confirmed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Senate	NNP
.	.
G.	NNP
A.	NNP
McClung	NNP
continued	VBD
his	PRP$
presentation	NN
which	WDT
included	VBD
a	DT
comparison	NN
of	IN
the	DT
plan	NN
to	TO
be	VB
presented	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
for	IN
approval	NN
and	CC
the	DT
plan	NN
proposed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
McDowell	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
President	NNP
Persinger	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
information	NN
prepared	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
for	IN
this	DT
presentation	NN
be	VB
shared	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
McDowell	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
as	RB
quickly	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
Superintendent	NNP
Manchin	NNP
provided	VBD
a	DT
PowerPoint	NNP
presentation	NN
detailing	VBG
McDowell	NNP
County	NNP
's	POS
progress	NN
and	CC
master	NN
plan	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
standards	NNS
set	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
.	.
Assistant	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
Suzette	NNP
Cook	NNP
,	,
provided	VBD
an	DT
overview	NN
of	IN
elementary	JJ
education	NN
.	.
County	NNP
staff	NN
and	CC
school	NN
principals	NNS
were	VBD
introduced	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Training	NNP
Manual	NNP
and	CC
Handbook	NNP
was	VBD
developed	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
resource	NN
for	IN
accreditation	NN
training	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
designed	VBN
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
guide	NN
for	IN
team	NN
members	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
conduct	VBP
on-site	JJ
reviews	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
programs	NNS
in	IN
schools	NNS
and	CC
county	NN
school	NN
systems	NNS
and	CC
assess	VB
compliances	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
performance	NN
measures	NNS
and	CC
high	JJ
quality	NN
standards	NNS
adopted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
Bill	NNP
Luff	NNP
,	,
Deputy	NNP
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
,	,
distributed	VBN
information	NN
and	CC
provided	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
an	DT
update	VB
regarding	VBG
a	DT
uniform	JJ
grading	NN
policy	NN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Luff	NNP
indicated	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
will	MD
take	VB
place	NN
on	IN
September	NNP
17	CD
at	IN
11	CD
a.m.	NN
at	IN
the	DT
John	NNP
XXIII	NNP
Pastoral	NNP
Center	NNP
in	IN
Charleston	NNP
.	.
All	DT
local	JJ
superintendents	NNS
or	CC
their	PRP$
designees	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
invited	VBN
to	TO
this	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Morris	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
draft	NN
of	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
be	VB
provided	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
it	PRP
becomes	VBZ
available	JJ
.	.
Sandra	NNP
M.	NNP
Chapman	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
be	VB
advised	VBN
of	IN
the	DT
outcome\/comments\/concerns	NNS
issued	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
September	NNP
17	CD
meeting	NN
.	.
Paul	NNP
J.	NNP
Morris	NNP
issued	VBD
his	PRP$
support	NN
for	IN
the	DT
pursuance	NN
of	IN
an	DT
answer	NN
to	TO
this	DT
problem	NN
.	.
Barbara	NNP
N.	NNP
Fish	NN
indicated	VBD
there	EX
are	VBP
counties	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
appreciate	VB
a	DT
conclusion	NN
to	TO
this	DT
issue	NN
.	.
In	IN
compliance	NN
with	IN
Policy	NNP
5100	CD
-	:
Approval	NN
of	IN
Educational	NNP
Personnel	NNP
Programs	NNP
,	,
G.	NNP
A.	NNP
McClung	NNP
presented	VBD
the	DT
programs	NNS
recommended	VBD
for	IN
approval	NN
.	.
All	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
higher	JJR
education	NN
institutions	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
complete	VB
an	DT
annual	JJ
report	NN
on	IN
July	NNP
1	CD
of	IN
each	DT
year	NN
.	.
Policy	NNP
5100	CD
also	RB
contains	VBZ
the	DT
four	CD
major	JJ
areas	NNS
that	IN
all	DT
annual	JJ
reports	NNS
must	MD
address	VB
.	.
All	DT
18	CD
institutions	NNS
met	VBD
these	DT
criteria	NNS
and	CC
qualify	VB
for	IN
``	``
Continuing	NNP
Program	NNP
Approval	NNP
Status	NNP
.	.
''	''
From	IN
these	DT
reports	NNS
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Professional	NNP
Preparation	NNP
compiles	VBZ
a	DT
document	NN
entitled	VBN
Approval	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Preparation	NNP
Programs	NNP
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Universities	NNS
2002-2003	CD
and	CC
distributes	VBZ
this	DT
document	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
This	DT
year	NN
's	POS
document	NN
reflects	VBZ
all	PDT
the	DT
changes	NNS
the	DT
higher	JJR
education	NN
institutions	NNS
made	VBD
to	TO
align	VB
their	PRP$
professional	JJ
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
revisions	NNS
contained	VBN
in	IN
Policy	NNP
5100	CD
as	IN
revised	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
in	IN
January	NNP
,	,
2000	CD
.	.
Superintendent	NNP
Stewart	NNP
requested	VBD
members	NNS
submit	VB
proposals	NNS
to	TO
G.	NNP
A.	NNP
McClung	NNP
.	.
Barbara	NNP
N.	NNP
Fish	NN
issued	VBD
a	DT
concern	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
change	NN
in	IN
statute	NN
regarding	VBG
yearly	JJ
evaluations	NNS
by	IN
principals	NNS
.	.
President	NNP
Morris	NNP
,	,
Ron	NNP
Spencer	NNP
and	CC
Barbara	NNP
Fish	NN
accepted	VBD
the	DT
responsibility	NN
for	IN
formulating	VBG
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
legislative	JJ
proposal	NN
for	IN
2003	CD
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Pamela	NNP
Sumpter-Cain	NNP
,	,
Assistant	NNP
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
Division	NNP
of	IN
Instructional	NNP
and	CC
Student	NNP
Services	NNPS
,	,
provided	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
an	DT
update	VB
regarding	VBG
the	DT
grammar	NN
initiative	NN
.	.
Sandra	NNP
M.	NNP
Chapman	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
grammar	NN
brochure	NN
be	VB
sent	VBN
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
a	DT
letter	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
President	NNP
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
reporter	NN
with	IN
US	NNP
News	NNP
and	CC
World	NNP
Reports	NNS
who	WP
is	VBZ
working	VBG
on	IN
a	DT
story	NN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
grammar	NN
.	.
Sandra	NNP
M.	NNP
Chapman	NNP
requested	VBD
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
receive	VB
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
letter	NN
that	WDT
accompanied	VBD
the	DT
Student	NN
and	CC
Employee	NNP
Codes	NNP
of	IN
Conduct	NNP
;	:
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
contacts	NNS
be	VB
made	VBN
to	TO
ascertain	VB
that	DT
distribution	NN
has	VBZ
occurred	VBN
;	:
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	IN
all	DT
Board	NNP
members	NNS
be	VB
provided	VBN
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
tabloid	JJ
distributed	VBN
to	TO
students	NNS
;	:
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	IN
a	DT
follow-up	JJ
work	NN
session	NN
be	VB
scheduled	VBN
regarding	VBG
comments	NNS
received	VBN
;	:
5	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
various	JJ
groups	NNS
be	VB
targeted	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
,	,
transportation	NN
directors	NNS
,	,
coaches	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
phase	NN
of	IN
promotion	NN
and	CC
implementation	NN
;	:
and	CC
,	,
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
Mike	NNP
Hayden	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Secondary	JJ
School	NNP
Activities	NNPS
Commission	NNP
,	,
be	VB
invited	VBN
to	TO
appear	VB
before	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
provide	VB
a	DT
report	NN
regarding	VBG
his	PRP$
implementation	NN
strategy	NN
.	.
Barbara	NNP
N.	NNP
Fish	NN
requested	VBD
that	IN
next	JJ
month	NN
's	POS
agenda	NN
contain	VBP
an	DT
item	NN
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
legislative	JJ
agenda	NN
for	IN
the	DT
coming	JJ
year	NN
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
issued	VBD
a	DT
concern	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
RESA	NNP
policy	NN
and	CC
information	NN
Board	NNP
members	NNS
have	VBP
received	VBN
regarding	VBG
same	JJ
.	.
Superintendent	NNP
Mark	NNP
Manchin	NNP
announced	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
reception	NN
,	,
program	NN
and	CC
dinner	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
would	MD
take	VB
place	NN
in	IN
the	DT
cafeteria	NN
at	IN
6:30	CD
p.m.	RB
Superintendents	NNP
Stewart	NNP
and	CC
Manchin	NNP
issued	VBD
an	DT
invitation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
to	TO
tour	VB
the	DT
host	NN
facility	NN
to	TO
review	VB
improvements	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
occurred	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
2002	CD
Annual	JJ
Report	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
fourth	JJ
report	NN
compiling	VBG
accountability	NN
activities	NNS
.	.
This	DT
report	NN
synthesizes	VBZ
the	DT
activities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNPS
as	IN
established	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Legislature	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
Sandra	NNP
M.	NNP
Chapman	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
continue	VBP
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
emphasize	VB
initiatives	NNS
;	:
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
maintain	VB
an	DT
ongoing	JJ
effort	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
annual	JJ
reports	NNS
which	WDT
include	VBP
having	VBG
a	DT
camera	NN
at	IN
every	DT
meeting	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
especially	RB
outside	IN
of	IN
Charleston	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
clean	VB
up	RP
the	DT
website	NN
and	CC
standardization	NN
of	IN
Board	NNP
member	NN
biographies	NNS
;	:
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
request	VB
invitations	NNS
to	TO
events	NNS
be	VB
sent	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
timely	JJ
manner	NN
and	CC
that	IN
staff	NN
be	VB
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
issue	VB
invitations	NNS
to	TO
Board	NNP
members	NNS
;	:
5	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
when	WRB
planning	VBG
the	DT
travel	NN
schedule	NN
for	IN
the	DT
coming	JJ
year	NN
,	,
to	TO
evaluate	VB
whether	IN
various	JJ
traditions	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
visits	NNS
to	TO
Governor	NNP
's	POS
School	NNP
programs	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
be	VB
continued	VBN
and	CC
to	TO
encourage	VB
local	JJ
persons	NNS
to	TO
lead	VB
the	DT
promotional	JJ
efforts	NNS
for	IN
county	NN
visits	NNS
;	:
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
develop	VB
and	CC
make	VB
known	VBN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
objectives	NNS
and	CC
agenda	NN
;	:
7	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
issue	VB
meaningful	JJ
press	NN
releases	NNS
before	IN
and	CC
after	IN
each	DT
meeting	NN
through	IN
appropriate	JJ
media	NNS
;	:
and	CC
8	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
request	VB
the	DT
assignment	NN
of	IN
a	DT
staff	NN
member	NN
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
on	IN
articles	NNS
for	IN
release	NN
to	TO
the	DT
press	NN
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Chapman	NNP
also	RB
reported	VBD
that	IN
she	PRP
and	CC
Mr.	NNP
Persinger	NNP
are	VBP
continuing	VBG
their	PRP$
work	NN
on	IN
the	DT
annual	JJ
report	NN
and	CC
will	MD
provide	VB
updates	NNS
as	IN
appropriate	JJ
.	.
Programs	NNS
,	,
to	TO
assist	VB
counties	NNS
in	IN
complying	VBG
with	IN
United	NNP
States	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Agriculture	NNP
regulations	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
pertinent	JJ
policies	NNS
and	CC
rules	NNS
.	.
The	DT
comment	NN
period	NN
ended	VBN
on	IN
June	NNP
11	CD
,	,
2002	CD
and	CC
no	DT
comments	NNS
were	VBD
received	VBN
.	.
Paul	NNP
J.	NNP
Morris	NNP
reported	VBD
that	DT
at	IN
the	DT
June	NNP
meeting	NN
Drs.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
and	CC
Seal	NNP
were	VBD
requested	VBN
to	TO
bring	VB
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
objectives	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
August	NNP
meeting	NN
for	IN
review	NN
and	CC
discussion	NN
.	.
These	DT
objectives	NNS
will	MD
form	VB
the	DT
basis	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
evaluations	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
July	NNP
2003	CD
meeting	NN
.	.
Improvement	NNP
of	IN
Educational	NNP
Assessment	NNP
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Hill	NNP
provided	VBD
a	DT
PowerPoint	NNP
presentation	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
an	DT
accountability	NN
system	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
meet	VB
federal	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
expectations	NNS
including	VBG
the	DT
No	NNP
Child	NNP
Left	VBD
Behind	IN
Act	NNP
.	.
Following	VBG
Mr.	NNP
McClung	NNP
's	POS
presentation	NN
,	,
Bill	NNP
Luff	NNP
distributed	VBD
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
a	DT
tabloid	NN
,	,
relating	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
Student	NNP
Code	NNP
of	IN
Conduct	NNP
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
review	NN
and	CC
requested	VBD
any	DT
comments	NNS
or	CC
concerns	NNS
by	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
tomorrow	NN
's	POS
business	NN
meeting	NN
.	.
This	DT
tabloid	NN
will	MD
be	VB
distributed	VBN
to	TO
all	DT
students	NNS
upon	IN
their	PRP$
return	NN
to	TO
school	NN
later	RB
this	DT
month	NN
.	.
Performance	NNP
Measure	NN
4.1	CD
,	,
Student	NNP
Achievement	NNP
.	.
The	DT
report	NN
reflects	VBZ
those	DT
schools	NNS
that	WDT
did	VBD
not	RB
meet	VB
the	DT
standard	NN
of	IN
50	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
achieving	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
top	JJ
two	CD
quartiles	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
those	DT
schools	NNS
not	RB
meeting	VBG
the	DT
standard	NN
of	IN
15	CD
percent	NN
or	CC
fewer	JJR
students	NNS
performing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
bottom	JJ
quartile	NN
or	CC
a	DT
decreasing	VBG
trend	NN
.	.
The	DT
schools	NNS
denoted	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
asterisk	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
\*	SYM
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
seriously	RB
impaired	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
recommended	VBN
that	IN
these	DT
schools	NNS
be	VB
issued	VBN
seriously	RB
impaired	VBN
status	NN
and	CC
a	DT
team	NN
of	IN
improvement	NN
consultants	NNS
be	VB
appointed	VBN
to	TO
each	DT
school	NN
.	.
The	DT
school	NN
denoted	VBN
by	IN
two	CD
asterisks	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
\*\*	SYM
-RRB-	-RRB-
was	VBD
a	DT
previous	JJ
seriously	RB
impaired	JJ
school	NN
that	WDT
failed	VBD
to	TO
achieve	VB
the	DT
Date	NNP
Certain	NNP
and	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
recommend	VB
that	IN
a	DT
monitor	NN
be	VB
appointed	VBN
to	TO
cause	VB
improvements	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
made	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
school	NN
to	TO
bring	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
full	JJ
accreditation	NN
status	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
asked	VBD
what	WP
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
responsibility	NN
is	VBZ
once	RB
a	DT
county	NN
problem	NN
is	VBZ
identified	VBN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
his	PRP$
office	NN
reviews	VBZ
county	NN
policies	NNS
and	CC
institutes	NN
an	DT
investigation	NN
of	IN
specific	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
Rebecca	NNP
Tinder	NNP
,	,
General	NNP
Counsel	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Department	NNP
,	,
also	RB
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
described	VBD
the	DT
procedure	NN
followed	VBN
by	IN
Legal	NNP
Services	NNP
to	TO
investigate	VB
complaints	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
provided	VBD
brief	JJ
reports	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
grammar	NN
and	CC
writing	VBG
initiatives	NNS
and	CC
indicated	VBD
the	DT
Governor	NNP
has	VBZ
requested	VBN
that	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
Honors	NNP
Academy	NNP
dealing	VBG
with	IN
writing	VBG
be	VB
established	VBN
.	.
This	DT
initiative	NN
is	VBZ
pending	VBG
funding	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
approved	VBD
the	DT
Ritchie	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
's	POS
request	NN
to	TO
amend	VB
its	PRP$
CEFP	NNP
to	TO
install	VB
a	DT
two-classroom	JJ
modular	JJ
building	NN
at	IN
Creed	NNP
Collins	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
which	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
handicapped	VBN
accessible	JJ
with	IN
in-house	JJ
restrooms	NNS
and	CC
will	MD
meet	VB
all	DT
codes	NNS
and	CC
standards	NNS
.	.
Paul	NNP
J.	NNP
Morris	NNP
indicated	VBD
that	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
discrepancy	NN
in	IN
the	DT
number	NN
reported	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
and	CC
the	DT
number	NN
found	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
attachment	NN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Luff	NNP
indicated	VBD
that	IN
this	DT
item	NN
would	MD
be	VB
corrected	VBN
prior	RB
to	TO
its	PRP$
distribution	NN
with	IN
the	DT
August	NNP
agenda	NN
.	.
Content	NN
Standards	NNPS
and	CC
Objectives	NNPS
and	CC
did	VBD
not	RB
appear	VB
in	IN
the	DT
printed	VBN
copies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
revision	NN
but	CC
did	VBD
appear	VB
on	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
's	POS
web	NN
site	NN
for	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
.	.
Those	DT
courses	NNS
are	VBP
now	RB
in	IN
their	PRP$
proper	JJ
place	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Technology	NNP
Education	NNP
curriculum	NN
.	.
In	IN
both	DT
the	DT
printed	VBN
copies	NNS
and	CC
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
several	JJ
courses	NNS
designated	VBN
as	IN
``	``
under	IN
development	NN
''	''
have	VBP
been	VBN
removed	VBN
.	.
Additional	JJ
comments	NNS
were	VBD
received	VBN
and	CC
a	DT
comment	NN
log	VB
was	VBD
distributed	VBN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
comments	NNS
submitted	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Examiners	NNS
for	IN
Registered	NNP
Professional	NNP
Nurses	NNPS
.	.
A	DT
minor	JJ
change	NN
was	VBD
made	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
language	NN
at	IN
section	NN
6.1	CD
.	.
and	CC
an	DT
amended	VBN
copy	NN
was	VBD
distributed	VBN
.	.
Rebecca	NNP
Tinder	NNP
,	,
Legal	NNP
Counsel	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Department	NNP
,	,
presented	VBD
Policy	NN
4374	CD
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
proposed	VBN
new	JJ
policy	NN
which	WDT
implements	VBZ
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
Senate	NNP
Bill	NNP
177	CD
passed	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
2002	CD
legislative	JJ
session	NN
.	.
The	DT
new	JJ
code	NN
section	NN
requires	VBZ
the	DT
Board	NNP
to	TO
promulgate	VB
a	DT
rule	NN
providing	VBG
a	DT
procedure	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
can	MD
implement	VB
a	DT
school	NN
dress	NN
code	NN
requiring	VBG
student	NN
uniforms	NNS
.	.
G.	NNP
A.	NNP
McClung	NNP
presented	VBD
Policy	NNP
5612	CD
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
This	DT
policy	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
revised	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
more	JJR
specific	JJ
procedures	NNS
for	IN
use	NN
when	WRB
employees	NNS
sustain	VBP
work-related	JJ
injuries	NNS
and	CC
are	VBP
awarded	VBN
workers	NNS
'	POS
compensation	NN
benefits	NNS
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
employees	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
receive	VB
compensation	NN
for	IN
personal	JJ
and\/or	CC
annual	JJ
leave	NN
in	IN
excess	NN
of	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
required	VBN
,	,
when	WRB
added	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
workers	NNS
'	POS
compensation	NN
benefits	NNS
,	,
to	TO
equal	VB
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
compensation	NN
regularly	RB
paid	VBD
the	DT
injured	VBN
employee	NN
.	.
Bill	NNP
Luff	NNP
presented	VBD
Policy	NNP
4350	CD
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
revision	NN
to	TO
Policy	NNP
4350	CD
is	VBZ
to	TO
add	VB
two	CD
new	JJ
sections	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
repeal	VB
Policy	NN
4350.1	CD
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
addition	NN
is	VBZ
necessitated	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
change	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
requiring	VBG
school	NN
personnel	NNS
to	TO
request	VB
a	DT
social	JJ
security	NN
number	NN
for	IN
each	DT
student	NN
currently	RB
enrolled	VBD
or	CC
to	TO
be	VB
enrolled	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
addition	NN
incorporates	VBZ
Policy	NNP
4350.1	CD
into	IN
Policy	NN
4350	CD
and	CC
thereby	RB
repeals	VBZ
Policy	NN
4350.1	CD
.	.
This	DT
section	NN
requires	VBZ
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
policy	NN
requiring	VBG
school	NN
principals	NNS
to	TO
release	VB
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
the	DT
names	NNS
and	CC
addresses	NNS
of	IN
students	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
junior	NN
year	NN
to	TO
armed	JJ
services	NNS
recruiters	NNS
.	.
J.	NNP
D.	NNP
Morris	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
investigate	VB
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
moving	VBG
the	DT
October	NNP
meeting	NN
to	TO
accommodate	VB
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
's	POS
participation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
State	NNP
Boards	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
annual	JJ
conference	NN
.	.
Upon	IN
motion	NN
by	IN
James	NNP
J.	NNP
MacCallum	NNP
,	,
second	JJ
by	IN
Paul	NNP
J.	NNP
Morris	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
approved	VBD
the	DT
agenda	NN
with	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
modifications	NNS
:	:
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Personnel	NNP
Item	NNP
located	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Consent	NNP
Agenda	NNP
be	VB
moved	VBN
to	TO
follow	VB
New	NNP
Business	NNP
;	:
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
update	VB
on	IN
the	DT
No	NNP
Child	NNP
Left	VBD
Behind	IN
Consolidated	NNP
State	NNP
Application	NNP
be	VB
added	VBN
to	TO
immediately	RB
precede	VB
the	DT
approval	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
approved	VBD
an	DT
amendment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Morgan	NNP
County	NNP
CEFP	NNP
to	TO
provide	VB
for	IN
the	DT
purchase	NN
and	CC
installation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
24	CD
'	''
X	NNP
70	CD
'	''
portable	JJ
facility	NN
housing	NN
two	CD
classrooms	NNS
at	IN
Widmyer	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
The	DT
portable	JJ
facility	NN
is	VBZ
equipped	VBN
with	IN
restrooms	NNS
and	CC
meets	VBZ
ADA	NNP
requirements	NNS
.	.
Bill	NNP
Luff	NNP
,	,
Deputy	NNP
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
,	,
provided	VBD
a	DT
report	NN
regarding	VBG
a	DT
meeting	NN
with	IN
experts	NNS
on	IN
state	NN
testing	NN
programs	NNS
and	CC
how	WRB
those	DT
programs	NNS
line	NN
up	RP
with	IN
the	DT
``	``
No	NNP
Child	NNP
Left	VBD
Behind	IN
Act	NNP
''	''
and	CC
presented	VBD
an	DT
amended	VBN
program	NN
proposal	NN
for	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Comprehensive	NNP
Assessment	NNP
program	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Karen	NNP
Huffman	NNP
presented	VBD
Policy	NNP
4373	CD
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
Extensive	JJ
revisions	NNS
have	VBP
required	VBN
a	DT
repeal	NN
and	CC
replacement	NN
of	IN
Policy	NNP
4373	CD
.	.
The	DT
new	JJ
policy	NN
sets	VBZ
the	DT
requirements	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
conduct	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
schools	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
assure	VB
a	DT
nurturing	NN
and	CC
orderly	JJ
,	,
safe	JJ
,	,
drug-free	JJ
,	,
violence	NN
-	:
and	CC
harassment-free	JJ
learning	NN
environment	NN
that	WDT
supports	VBZ
students	NNS
academic	JJ
achievement	NN
and	CC
personal-social	JJ
development	NN
.	.
Lenore	NNP
Zedosky	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
Office	NNP
of	IN
Healthy	JJ
Schools	NNS
,	,
presented	VBN
Policy	NNP
5902	CD
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
This	DT
policy	NN
sets	VBZ
the	DT
requirements	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
conduct	NN
of	IN
all	DT
employees	NNS
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
schools	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
assure	VB
a	DT
nurturing	NN
,	,
safe	JJ
and	CC
orderly	JJ
environment	NN
that	WDT
promotes	VBZ
respect	NN
and	CC
appropriate	JJ
conduct	NN
and	CC
protects	VBZ
students	NNS
and	CC
employees	NNS
from	IN
conditions	NNS
harmful	JJ
to	TO
learning	VBG
or	CC
to	TO
health	NN
and	CC
safety	NN
.	.
Bill	NNP
Luff	NNP
presented	VBD
Policy	NNP
2510	CD
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
Policy	NN
2510	CD
has	VBZ
been	VBN
on	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
twice	RB
during	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
six	CD
months	NNS
.	.
Major	JJ
changes	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
policy	NN
were	VBD
summarized	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Executive	NNP
Summary	NNP
attached	VBD
to	TO
each	DT
version	NN
of	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
.	.
Paul	NNP
J.	NNP
Morris	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Professional	NNP
Teaching	NNP
Standards	NNPS
Committee	NNP
be	VB
advised	VBN
of	IN
anticipated	VBN
changes	NNS
and	CC
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
requested	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
be	VB
provided	VBN
an	DT
update	VBP
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
appearance	NN
of	IN
Policy	NNP
5050	CD
on	IN
a	DT
future	JJ
agenda	NN
.	.
G.	NNP
A.	NNP
McClung	NNP
presented	VBD
three	CD
new	JJ
content	JJ
specializations	NNS
from	IN
three	CD
institutions	NNS
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
Policy	NNP
5100	CD
-	:
Approval	NN
of	IN
Educational	NNP
Personnel	NNP
Programs	NNP
requires	VBZ
the	DT
Program	NN
Review	NNP
Board	NNP
to	TO
meet	VB
each	DT
semester	NN
to	TO
review	VB
new	JJ
content	JJ
specializations	NNS
and	CC
make	VB
recommendations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
for	IN
action	NN
.	.
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
School	NNP
Boards	NNPS
Association	NNP
requested	VBD
State	NNP
Board	NNP
approval	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
proposed	VBN
orientation	NN
session	NN
for	IN
newly	RB
elected	VBN
members	NNS
of	IN
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
.	.
The	DT
session	NN
is	VBZ
scheduled	VBN
for	IN
June	NNP
19-21	CD
in	IN
Flatwoods	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
agenda	NN
for	IN
the	DT
session	NN
may	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
attachment	NN
.	.
Mathias	NNP
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Mathias	NNP
introduced	VBD
county	NN
staff	NN
members	NNS
and	CC
teachers	NNS
in	IN
attendance	NN
.	.
Following	VBG
introductions	NNS
,	,
Romney	NNP
Elementary	NNP
school	NN
teachers	NNS
and	CC
students	NNS
demonstrated	VBD
phonics	NNS
lessons	NNS
and	CC
Hampshire	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
's	POS
show	NN
choir	NN
,	,
``	``
Harmony	NN
,	,
''	''
entertained	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
with	IN
selections	NNS
from	IN
``	``
West	NNP
Side	NN
Story	NNP
.	.
''	''
Students	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
School	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Blind	NNP
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
their	PRP$
accomplishments	NNS
and	CC
demonstrated	VBD
technological	JJ
advancements	NNS
in	IN
printed	VBN
matter	NN
.	.
Following	VBG
the	DT
demonstration	NN
,	,
the	DT
``	``
Mountain	NNP
Melodies	NNPS
''	''
and	CC
``	``
Tapestry	NNP
''	''
entertained	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
with	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
musical	JJ
selections	NNS
.	.
Bill	NNP
Luff	NNP
,	,
Deputy	NNP
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
,	,
provided	VBD
an	DT
update	VB
regarding	VBG
promotional	JJ
initiatives	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
annual	JJ
report	NN
.	.
Assistance	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
sought	VBN
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
secured	VBN
to	TO
promote	VB
Board	NNP
initiatives	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
draft	NN
of	IN
the	DT
annual	JJ
report	NN
will	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
July	NNP
meeting	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
shared	VBD
a	DT
videotape	NN
of	IN
a	DT
visit	NN
he	PRP
enjoyed	VBD
at	IN
his	PRP$
office	NN
with	IN
kindergarten	NN
students	NNS
from	IN
Greenbrier	NNP
County	NNP
.	.
Following	VBG
this	DT
presentation	NN
Dr.	NNP
Cathy	NNP
Jones	NNP
,	,
Coordinator	NNP
,	,
Office	NNP
of	IN
Instructional	NNP
Services	NNPS
,	,
distributed	VBN
a	DT
summary	NN
of	IN
S.B.	NNP
247	CD
and	CC
provided	VBD
an	DT
update	VB
regarding	VBG
early	JJ
childhood	NN
activities	NNS
and	CC
Project	NN
Even	RB
Start	VB
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
Mr.	NNP
Hayden	NNP
continue	VBP
to	TO
assist	VB
the	DT
Board	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
implementation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
wrongful	JJ
conduct	NN
policies	NNS
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
shared	VBD
a	DT
comment	NN
she	PRP
recently	RB
received	VBD
from	IN
a	DT
teacher	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
Employee	NNP
Code	NNP
of	IN
Conduct	NNP
that	WDT
bullying	NN
by	IN
coaches	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
addressed	VBN
.	.
Bill	NNP
Luff	NNP
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
Policy	NN
2510	CD
and	CC
reviewed	VBN
changes	NNS
made	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
policy	NN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
comments	NNS
received	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
comment	NN
period	NN
.	.
The	DT
need	NN
for	IN
a	DT
uniform	JJ
grading	NN
system	NN
was	VBD
also	RB
discussed	VBN
and	CC
an	DT
item	NN
regarding	VBG
this	DT
issue	NN
will	MD
be	VB
brought	VBN
before	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
for	IN
further	JJ
discussion	NN
at	IN
its	PRP$
August	NNP
meeting	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
be	VB
listed	VBN
first	RB
and	CC
not	RB
second	JJ
to	TO
any	DT
other	JJ
entity	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
document	NN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Luff	NNP
indicated	VBD
that	IN
requested	VBN
changes	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
document	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
its	PRP$
submission	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Secretary	NNP
of	IN
State	NNP
's	POS
office	NN
and	CC
after	IN
action	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
on	IN
June	NNP
6	CD
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
called	VBD
the	DT
meeting	NN
back	RB
to	TO
order	NN
at	IN
7:29	CD
p.m.	NN
and	CC
discussion	NN
continued	VBD
regarding	VBG
the	DT
Student	NNP
Code	NNP
of	IN
Conduct	NNP
.	.
Upon	IN
conclusion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
discussion	NN
staff	NN
asked	VBD
if	IN
corrected	VBN
copies	NNS
were	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
provided	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
on	IN
June	NNP
6	CD
;	:
the	DT
answer	NN
was	VBD
no	DT
,	,
corrections	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
filing	NN
of	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Secretary	NNP
of	IN
State	NNP
's	POS
office	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Martha	NNP
Dean	NNP
,	,
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Wetzel	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
,	,
welcomed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
introduced	VBD
Wetzel	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
members	NNS
,	,
county	NN
personnel	NNS
and	CC
principals	NNS
in	IN
attendance	NN
,	,
and	CC
provided	VBD
a	DT
brief	JJ
overview	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
's	POS
accomplishments	NNS
.	.
Tinder	NNP
and	CC
Bill	NNP
Luff	NNP
provided	VBD
the	DT
following	JJ
clarification	NN
:	:
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
motion	NN
was	VBD
being	VBG
reconsidered	VBN
,	,
the	DT
original	JJ
motion	NN
was	VBD
voided	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
new	JJ
motion	NN
had	VBD
to	TO
reflect	VB
all	DT
actions	NNS
.	.
Barbara	NNP
N.	NNP
Fish	NN
reported	VBD
that	IN
she	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
keynote	NN
speaker	NN
at	IN
the	DT
annual	JJ
State	NN
Conference	NN
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Parent	NNP
Teacher	NN
Association	NNP
held	VBD
on	IN
April	NNP
20	CD
,	,
2002	CD
,	,
in	IN
Huntington	NNP
.	.
Her	PRP$
address	NN
explained	VBD
the	DT
Seven	NNP
Refined	NNP
Goals	NNP
for	IN
Education	NNP
and	CC
emphasized	VBD
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
parental	JJ
involvement	NN
in	IN
order	NN
for	IN
these	DT
goals	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
achieved	VBN
.	.
In	IN
October	NNP
and	CC
November	NNP
2001	CD
,	,
the	DT
WV	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
sponsored	VBD
six	CD
community	NN
forums	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
state	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
feasibility	NN
of	IN
developing	VBG
a	DT
statewide	JJ
arts	NNS
assessment	NN
.	.
These	DT
forums	NNS
,	,
funded	VBN
in	IN
part	NN
by	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Endowment	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Arts	NNS
,	,
focused	VBD
on	IN
two	CD
questions	NNS
:	:
What	WP
currently	RB
used	VBN
assessment	NN
tools	NNS
in	IN
WV	NNP
arts	NNS
classes	NNS
are	VBP
successful	JJ
?	.
What	WP
ideas	NNS
,	,
questions	NNS
and	CC
concerns	NNS
are	VBP
facing	VBG
the	DT
implementation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
statewide	JJ
arts	NNS
assessment	NN
?	.
At	IN
each	DT
forum	NN
,	,
answers	NNS
to	TO
these	DT
discussed	VBN
questions	NNS
were	VBD
recorded	VBN
and	CC
survey	NN
forms	NNS
were	VBD
completed	VBN
.	.
Bill	NNP
Luff	NNP
,	,
Deputy	NNP
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
a	DT
uniform	JJ
grading	NN
policy	NN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Luff	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
South	NNP
Carolina	NNP
and	CC
Arkansas	NNP
have	VBP
uniform	JJ
grading	NN
policies	NNS
.	.
The	DT
promulgation	NN
of	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
policy	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
implementation	NN
would	MD
be	VB
for	IN
a	DT
future	JJ
graduating	NN
class	NN
.	.
A	DT
number	NN
of	IN
issues	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
weighted	JJ
grades	NNS
,	,
must	MD
be	VB
addressed	VBN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
promulgation	NN
of	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
rule	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
asked	VBD
Superintendent	NNP
Stewart	NNP
and	CC
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
if	IN
they	PRP
wished	VBD
this	DT
portion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
be	VB
in	IN
open	JJ
or	CC
closed	JJ
session	NN
.	.
Upon	IN
Superintendent	NNP
Stewart	NNP
's	POS
and	CC
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
's	POS
response	NN
that	IN
the	DT
session	NN
be	VB
closed	VBN
,	,
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
called	VBD
for	IN
a	DT
motion	NN
to	TO
move	VB
into	IN
executive	JJ
session	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
the	DT
evaluations	NNS
and	CC
legal\/personnel	NN
matters	NNS
.	.
Upon	IN
motion	NN
by	IN
Howard	NNP
M.	NNP
Persinger	NNP
,	,
Jr.	NNP
,	,
seconded	VBN
by	IN
Sheila	NNP
M.	NNP
Hamilton	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
approved	VBD
the	DT
agenda	NN
with	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
modifications	NNS
:	:
remove	VB
from	IN
Old	NNP
Business	NNP
,	,
item	NN
E.	NNP
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
Manual	NNP
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
added	VBD
a	DT
recognition	NN
to	TO
follow	VB
the	DT
approval	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
and	CC
moved	VBD
Item	NNP
F.	NNP
under	IN
Old	NNP
Business	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
first	JJ
order	NN
of	IN
business	NN
under	IN
Old	NNP
Business	NNP
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
provided	VBD
an	DT
update	VB
regarding	VBG
contacts	NNS
with	IN
NASBE	NNP
and	CC
activities	NNS
planned	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
during	IN
the	DT
July	NNP
work	NN
session	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
indicated	VBD
that	IN
this	DT
activity	NN
may	MD
take	VB
the	DT
entire	JJ
day	NN
on	IN
Wednesday	NNP
and	CC
may	MD
require	VB
members	NNS
to	TO
travel	VB
to	TO
the	DT
site	NN
on	IN
Tuesday	NNP
.	.
Conduct	NNP
is	VBZ
unwieldy	JJ
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Huffman	NNP
indicated	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
two	CD
comments	NNS
she	PRP
has	VBZ
received	VBN
have	VBP
been	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
vein	NN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Persinger	NNP
praised	VBD
the	DT
policy	NN
and	CC
the	DT
staff	NN
who	WP
so	RB
diligently	RB
crafted	VBD
it	PRP
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
questioned	VBD
Dr.	NNP
Huffman	NNP
about	IN
the	DT
conceptual	JJ
concerns	NNS
she	PRP
had	VBD
issued	VBN
earlier	RBR
including	VBG
a	DT
concern	NN
that	IN
a	DT
section	NN
regarding	VBG
berating	NN
is	VBZ
missing	VBG
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
requested	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
receive	VBP
the	DT
version	NN
currently	RB
on	IN
comment	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
a	DT
narrative	NN
that	WDT
responds	VBZ
to	TO
her	PRP$
comments	NNS
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
asked	VBD
the	DT
staff	NN
to	TO
consider	VB
including	VBG
a	DT
verification	NN
,	,
signed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
student	NN
and	CC
parent	NN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
school	NN
material	NN
that	WDT
must	MD
be	VB
returned	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
school\/county	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
reiterated	VBD
that	IN
these	DT
policies	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
appropriately	RB
,	,
accurately	RB
promoted	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
press	NN
and	CC
otherwise	RB
and	CC
that	DT
detailed	JJ
,	,
accurate	JJ
training	NN
must	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
accomplish	VB
the	DT
intent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
policies	NNS
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
schedule	NN
for	IN
implementation	NN
be	VB
provided	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
June	NNP
meeting	NN
.	.
Policy	NNP
5902	CD
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
The	DT
existing	VBG
Teacher	NN
Code	NNP
of	IN
Conduct	NNP
Policy	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
5902	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
has	VBZ
been	VBN
revised	VBN
to	TO
include	VB
all	DT
employees	NNS
.	.
The	DT
new	JJ
policy	NN
sets	VBZ
the	DT
requirements	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
conduct	NN
of	IN
all	DT
employees	NNS
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
schools	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
assure	VB
a	DT
nurturing	NN
,	,
safe	JJ
and	CC
orderly	JJ
environment	NN
that	WDT
promotes	VBZ
respect	NN
and	CC
protects	VBZ
students	NNS
and	CC
employees	NNS
from	IN
conditions	NNS
harmful	JJ
to	TO
learning	VBG
or	CC
to	TO
health	NN
and	CC
safety	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
language	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Executive	NNP
Summary	NNP
be	VB
refined	VBN
as	IN
follows	VBZ
:	:
on	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
line	NN
,	,
add	VB
the	DT
words	NNS
``	``
healthy	JJ
and	CC
''	''
prior	RB
to	TO
``	``
productive	JJ
adulthood	NN
''	''
;	:
under	IN
Purpose	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
paragraph	NN
,	,
change	VB
the	DT
word	NN
``	``
administrations	NNS
''	''
to	TO
``	``
administrators	NNS
''	''
;	:
under	IN
Purpose	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
paragraph	NN
add	VB
the	DT
words	NNS
``	``
or	CC
among	IN
''	''
after	IN
the	DT
word	NN
``	``
between	IN
''	''
.	.
WVSSAC	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
The	DT
rules	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
amended	VBN
to	TO
keep	VB
abreast	RB
of	IN
changes	NNS
,	,
trends	NNS
and	CC
issues	NNS
in	IN
band	NN
and	CC
athletic	JJ
programs	NNS
.	.
Discussion	NN
ensued	VBD
regarding	VBG
potential	JJ
hot	JJ
topics	NNS
addressed	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
revised	VBN
rules	NNS
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Luff	NNP
stated	VBD
that	IN
Mike	NNP
Hayden	NNP
would	MD
be	VB
present	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
May	NNP
and	CC
June	NNP
meetings	NNS
to	TO
address	VB
questions	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
SSAC	NNP
rules	NNS
.	.
The	DT
CEFP	NNP
not	RB
contain	VBP
a	DT
provision	NN
for	IN
the	DT
relocation	NN
of	IN
Cabell	NNP
Alternative	NNP
School	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
former	JJ
site	NN
of	IN
Tyler	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
transfer	NN
of	IN
the	DT
pupils	NNS
and	CC
staff	NN
at	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
the	DT
2002-2003	JJ
school	NN
term	NN
and	CC
to	TO
relocate	VB
the	DT
Cabell	NNP
Alternative	NNP
School	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
former	JJ
Tyler	NNP
Elementary	NNP
site	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
approved	VBD
the	DT
following	JJ
seven	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
7	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
waiver	NN
requests	NNS
:	:
a	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
two	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
requests	NNS
for	IN
continuation	NN
of	IN
waivers	NNS
of	IN
State	NNP
Board	NNP
Policy	NN
;	:
b	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
three	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
requests	NNS
for	IN
continuation	NN
of	IN
instructional	JJ
material	NN
adoption	NN
;	:
and	CC
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
two	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
requests	NNS
for	IN
waivers	NNS
of	IN
instructional	JJ
material	NN
adoption	NN
.	.
G.	NNP
A.	NNP
McClung	NNP
provided	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
additional	JJ
information	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
criteria	NNS
utilized	VBD
to	TO
select	VB
the	DT
projects	NNS
for	IN
funding	NN
.	.
Three	CD
percent	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	CD
%	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
monies	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
School	NNP
Building	NNP
Authority	NNP
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
may	MD
be	VB
expended	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
for	IN
projects	NNS
upon	IN
application	NN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
for	IN
programs	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
under	IN
its	PRP$
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
Paul	NNP
J.	NNP
Morris	NNP
provided	VBD
a	DT
report	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
evaluation	NN
forms	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
and	CC
Director	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
.	.
Additional	JJ
information	NN
was	VBD
received	VBN
from	IN
Howard	NNP
Persinger	NNP
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
shared	VBN
with	IN
all	DT
members	NNS
for	IN
possible	JJ
incorporation	NN
into	IN
next	JJ
year	NN
's	POS
forms	NNS
.	.
All	DT
members	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
forms	NNS
for	IN
completion	NN
and	CC
return	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
secretary	NN
by	IN
May	NNP
3	CD
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
nominations	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
2003	CD
NASBE	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
are	VBP
fast	JJ
approaching	VBG
and	CC
any	DT
member	NN
interested	JJ
in	IN
making	VBG
a	DT
nomination	NN
must	MD
notify	VB
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
secretary	NN
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
so	IN
that	IN
an	DT
item	NN
can	MD
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
May	NNP
agenda	NN
.	.
Working	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
coordinated	VBN
unit	NN
,	,
representatives	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
of	IN
these	DT
ten	CD
agencies	NNS
met	VBD
and	CC
developed	VBD
one	CD
professional	JJ
development	NN
plan	NN
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Staff	NNP
Development	NNP
Advisory	NNP
Council	NNP
approved	VBD
the	DT
plan	NN
for	IN
submission	NN
to	TO
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
Policy	NNP
5100	CD
-	:
Approval	NN
of	IN
Educational	NNP
Personnel	NNP
Programs	NNP
requires	VBZ
the	DT
Program	NN
Review	NNP
Board	NNP
to	TO
meet	VB
each	DT
semester	NN
to	TO
review	VB
new	JJ
content	JJ
specializations	NNS
and	CC
make	VB
recommendations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
for	IN
action	NN
.	.
February	NNP
11	CD
,	,
2002	CD
.	.
Subsequent	JJ
to	TO
that	DT
comment	NN
period	NN
,	,
additional	JJ
revisions	NNS
,	,
as	IN
reflected	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
executive	NN
summary	NN
,	,
have	VBP
been	VBN
made	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
policy	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
sentence	NN
under	IN
rationale	NN
be	VB
modified	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
comment	NN
period	NN
to	TO
reflect	VB
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
state	NN
law	NN
,	,
requires	VBZ
school	NN
administrators	NNS
to	TO
enforce	VB
compulsory	JJ
school	NN
attendance	NN
and	CC
to	TO
provide	VB
an	DT
environment	NN
conducive	JJ
to	TO
and	CC
encouraging	VBG
of	IN
attendance	NN
.	.
Comprehensive	NNP
Educational	NNP
Facilities	NNP
Plans	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CEFPs	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
required	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
ten	CD
year	NN
cycle	NN
and	CC
decisions	NNS
are	VBP
made	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
level	NN
.	.
CEFPs	NNS
are	VBP
reviewed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
and	CC
,	,
if	IN
proper	JJ
procedures	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
followed	VBN
,	,
CEFPs	NNP
and	CC
amendments	NNS
thereto	RB
are	VBP
presented	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
for	IN
approval	NN
.	.
Discussion	NN
ensued	VBD
regarding	VBG
the	DT
closure	NN
process	NN
and	CC
procedures	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
undertaken	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
levels	NNS
.	.
Counsel	NNP
advised	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
that	WDT
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
both	DT
law	NN
and	CC
policy	NN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
function	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
to	TO
approve	VB
or	CC
disapprove	VB
CEFPs	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
amendments	NNS
to	TO
same	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
based	VBN
on	IN
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
proper	JJ
procedures	NNS
were	VBD
followed	VBN
and	CC
due	JJ
process	NN
allowed	VBN
.	.
John	NNP
Hough	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Assistant	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
distributed	VBN
information	NN
regarding	VBG
action	NN
taken	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
2002	CD
legislative	JJ
session	NN
that	WDT
impacted	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Department	NNP
.	.
A	DT
meeting	NN
will	MD
take	VB
place	NN
Tuesday	NNP
,	,
April	NNP
23	CD
,	,
with	IN
all	DT
county	NN
superintendents	NNS
and	CC
RESA	NNP
executive	JJ
directors	NNS
to	TO
inform	VB
them	PRP
of	IN
legislative	JJ
action	NN
.	.
A	DT
number	NN
of	IN
policies	NNS
,	,
both	DT
old	JJ
and	CC
new	JJ
,	,
will	MD
be	VB
coming	VBG
before	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
for	IN
action	NN
in	IN
the	DT
coming	JJ
months	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Johnston	NNP
contact	NN
the	DT
Department	NNP
for	IN
an	DT
introduction	NN
to	TO
the	DT
safe	JJ
and	CC
drug	NN
free	JJ
contacts	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
state	NN
and	CC
for	IN
an	DT
exchange	NN
of	IN
information	NN
and	CC
ideas	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
indicated	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
would	MD
be	VB
pleased	VBN
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
in	IN
protecting	VBG
the	DT
health	NN
and	CC
welfare	NN
of	IN
children	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
,	,
locally	RB
identified	VBN
needs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
school	NN
performance	NN
data	NNS
.	.
The	DT
plan	NN
specifies	VBZ
strategies	NNS
for	IN
meeting	NN
high	JJ
quality	NN
standards	NNS
and	CC
performance	NN
measures	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
met	VBN
.	.
The	DT
updated	VBN
plan	NN
must	MD
be	VB
submitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
for	IN
approval	NN
.	.
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
'	POS
staff	NN
and	CC
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
staff	NN
coordinated	VBD
a	DT
review	NN
of	IN
the	DT
55	CD
Unified	NNP
County	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
.	.
The	DT
plans	NNS
were	VBD
reviewed	VBN
to	TO
determine	VB
that	IN
the	DT
required	JJ
components	NNS
were	VBD
included	VBN
and	CC
addressed	VBN
any	DT
performance	NN
or	CC
process	NN
deficiencies	NNS
.	.
School	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
closure	NN
of	IN
Northfork	NNP
Middle	NNP
and	CC
Welch	NNP
Middle	NNP
Schools	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
transfer	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
to	TO
Mt.	NNP
View	NNP
Middle\/High	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
Mr.	NNP
McClung	NNP
indicated	VBD
that	IN
McDowell	NNP
County	NNP
has	VBZ
met	VBN
all	DT
statutes	NNS
,	,
policies	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
pertaining	VBG
to	TO
school	NN
closures	NNS
and	CC
re-configuration	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
decided	VBN
that	IN
action	NN
regarding	VBG
Policy	NN
2510	CD
would	MD
be	VB
delayed	VBN
pending	VBG
legislative	JJ
action	NN
and	CC
further	JJ
action	NN
pertaining	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
promotional	JJ
efforts	NNS
regarding	VBG
this	DT
policy	NN
would	MD
be	VB
at	IN
the	DT
discretion	NN
of	IN
Ronald	NNP
B.	NNP
Spencer	NNP
and	CC
Dr.	NNP
Hough	NNP
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
also	RB
requested	VBD
that	IN
any	DT
member	NN
interested	JJ
in	IN
attending	VBG
a	DT
NASBE	NNP
roundtable	NN
entitled	VBN
``	``
Helmets	NNPS
,	,
Homicide	NNP
and	CC
Heartache	NNP
:	:
Preventing	VBG
Injury	NNP
and	CC
Fatalities	NNS
in	IN
Adolescence	NNP
``	``
to	TO
please	VB
notify	VB
her	PRP
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
writing	VBG
,	,
grammar	NN
and	CC
wrongful	JJ
conduct	NN
policies	NNS
be	VB
included	VBN
as	IN
agenda	NN
items	NNS
for	IN
April	NNP
and	CC
requested	VBD
members	NNS
to	TO
contact	VB
her	PRP
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
with	IN
other	JJ
suggested	JJ
items	NNS
.	.
Barbara	NNP
Fish	NN
requested	VBD
clarification	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
requested	VBN
amendment	NN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
McClung	NNP
indicated	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
met	VBD
all	DT
statutes	NNS
,	,
policies	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
pertaining	VBG
to	TO
school	NN
closure	NN
,	,
consolidation	NN
and	CC
re-configuration	NN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Luff	NNP
indicated	VBD
that	IN
staff	NN
responsible	JJ
for	IN
administering	VBG
the	DT
Promise	NNP
Scholarship	NN
program	NN
has	VBZ
encountered	VBN
no	DT
problems	NNS
in	IN
determining	VBG
eligibility	NN
and	CC
he	PRP
recommended	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
uniform	JJ
statewide	JJ
grading	NN
scale	NN
not	RB
be	VB
developed	VBN
.	.
Bill	NNP
Luff	NNP
presented	VBD
Policy	NNP
3233	CD
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
Policy	NNP
3233	CD
governs	VBZ
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
regional	JJ
education	NN
service	NN
agencies	NNS
and	CC
was	VBD
last	JJ
amended	VBN
in	IN
2000	CD
.	.
The	DT
revised	VBN
policy	NN
would	MD
eliminate	VB
the	DT
requirement	NN
that	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
RESA	NNP
directors\/chairs	VBZ
automatically	RB
meet	VB
twice	RB
per	IN
year	NN
in	IN
favor	NN
of	IN
a	DT
requirement	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
meet	VBP
whenever	WRB
an	DT
agenda	NN
would	MD
be	VB
mutually	RB
beneficial	JJ
.	.
The	DT
policy	NN
was	VBD
placed	VBN
on	IN
comment	NN
until	IN
December	NNP
28	CD
,	,
2001	CD
and	CC
no	DT
comments	NNS
were	VBD
received	VBN
.	.
Bill	NNP
Luff	NNP
presented	VBD
the	DT
Standards	NNP
for	IN
return	NN
of	IN
control	NN
to	TO
McDowell	NNP
County	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
.	.
For	IN
each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
three	CD
previous	JJ
interventions	NNS
by	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
into	IN
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
county	NN
school	NN
system	NN
,	,
the	DT
Department	NNP
has	VBZ
prepared	VBN
and	CC
recommended	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
``	``
Standards	NNP
''	''
that	IN
the	DT
county	NN
system	NN
must	MD
meet	VB
prior	RB
to	TO
return	VB
of	IN
local	JJ
control	NN
to	TO
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
.	.
The	DT
attachment	NN
contains	VBZ
the	DT
recommended	VBN
Standards	NNP
that	WDT
must	MD
be	VB
met	VBN
in	IN
order	NN
for	IN
control	NN
of	IN
McDowell	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
to	TO
be	VB
returned	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
McDowell	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Standards	NNPS
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
remedy	VB
the	DT
deficiencies	NNS
identified	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
November	NNP
2001	CD
on-site	JJ
review	NN
report	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
.	.
Howard	NNP
M.	NNP
Persinger	NNP
,	,
Jr.	NNP
,	,
via	IN
teleconference	NN
,	,
and	CC
Sandra	NNP
M.	NNP
Chapman	NNP
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
distributed	VBN
a	DT
proposed	VBN
policy	NN
statement	NN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
wrongful	JJ
conduct	NN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Persinger	NNP
discussed	VBD
the	DT
difference	NN
between	IN
policy	NN
and	CC
rules	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
.	.
Discussion	NN
ensued	VBD
regarding	VBG
what	WP
constitutes	VBZ
a	DT
policy	NN
vis-a-vis	JJ
rules	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
requested	VBD
volunteers	NNS
to	TO
assist	VB
with	IN
the	DT
planning	NN
and	CC
contact	NN
with	IN
counties	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
upcoming	JJ
visits	NNS
.	.
Mr.	NNP
MacCallum	NNP
volunteered	VBD
his	PRP$
assistance	NN
to	TO
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
.	.
Additional	JJ
discussion	NN
of	IN
travel	NN
and	CC
of	IN
communications	NNS
generally	RB
was	VBD
deferred	VBN
.	.
Language	NNP
Department	NNP
at	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
University	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Mary	NNP
Ann	NNP
Ferris	NNP
,	,
a	DT
retired	JJ
French	JJ
teacher	NN
,	,
who	WP
appeared	VBD
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Foreign	NNP
Language	NNP
Teachers	NNPS
Association	NNP
.	.
Professor	NNP
Schlunk	NNP
and	CC
Ms.	NNP
Ferris	NNP
distributed	VBN
information	NN
and	CC
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
the	DT
intent	NN
and	CC
implementation	NN
of	IN
Policy	NNP
2510	CD
and	CC
the	DT
recruitment	NN
and	CC
retention	NN
of	IN
foreign	JJ
language	NN
teachers	NNS
.	.
Bill	NNP
Luff	NNP
,	,
Deputy	NNP
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
,	,
provided	VBD
an	DT
update	VB
on	IN
legislative	JJ
action	NN
and	CC
policy	NN
considerations	NNS
regarding	VBG
instructional	JJ
time	NN
and	CC
instructional	JJ
days	NNS
.	.
Following	VBG
a	DT
lengthy	JJ
discussion	NN
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
agreed	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
March	NNP
work	NN
session	NN
would	MD
be	VB
devoted	VBN
to	TO
Policy	NNP
2510	CD
.	.
Rebecca	NNP
Tinder	NNP
,	,
General	NNP
Counsel	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
Department	NNP
,	,
was	VBD
requested	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
report	NN
including	VBG
an	DT
updated	VBN
instructional	JJ
time	NN
chart	NN
for	IN
the	DT
March	NNP
work	NN
session	NN
.	.
Superintendent	NNP
Grizzell	NNP
provided	VBD
a	DT
presentation	NN
detailing	VBG
Lincoln	NNP
County	NNP
's	POS
progress	NN
in	IN
meeting	VBG
the	DT
standards	NNS
as	IN
set	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
areas	NNS
:	:
curriculum	NN
and	CC
instruction	NN
,	,
finance	NN
,	,
facilities	NNS
,	,
administrative	JJ
,	,
staff	NN
development	NN
,	,
personnel	NNS
,	,
student	NN
and	CC
school	NN
performance	NN
,	,
and	CC
safe	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
County	NNP
boards	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
any	DT
school	NN
issued	VBD
seriously	RB
impaired	VBN
accreditation	NN
status	NN
revise	VB
its	PRP$
Unified	NNP
School	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plan	NNP
to	TO
increase	VB
the	DT
performance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
to	TO
a	DT
full	JJ
accreditation	NN
status	NN
level	NN
.	.
The	DT
revised	VBN
plan	NN
must	MD
include	VB
objectives	NNS
,	,
a	DT
time	NN
line	NN
,	,
an	DT
evaluation	NN
component	NN
,	,
cost	NN
estimates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
date	NN
certain	JJ
for	IN
achieving	VBG
full	JJ
accreditation	NN
.	.
This	DT
plan	NN
must	MD
be	VB
submitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
for	IN
approval	NN
.	.
Two	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
schools	NNS
performing	VBG
within	IN
the	DT
seriously	RB
impaired	JJ
accreditation	NN
status	NN
submitted	VBD
revised	VBN
Unified	NNP
School	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
.	.
Staff	NNP
reviewed	VBD
the	DT
plans	NNS
to	TO
determine	VB
that	IN
the	DT
required	JJ
elements	NNS
were	VBD
included	VBN
,	,
addressed	VBD
the	DT
performance	NN
deficiencies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
date	NN
certain	JJ
was	VBD
realistic	JJ
for	IN
achieving	VBG
full	JJ
accreditation	NN
status	NN
.	.
Policy	NN
5500.03	CD
,	,
Qualities	NNS
,	,
Proficiencies	NNP
and	CC
Leadership	NNP
Skills	NNS
for	IN
Principals	NNS
,	,
require	VBP
that	IN
every	DT
principal	NN
complete	VB
a	DT
training	NN
program	NN
through	IN
the	DT
Principal	NN
Leadership	NNP
Academy	NNP
at	IN
least	JJS
once	RB
every	DT
four	CD
years	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Code	NNP
and	CC
policy	NN
specify	VB
guidelines	NNS
for	IN
admission	NN
to	TO
the	DT
academy	NN
.	.
Danny	NNP
Kaser	NNP
,	,
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
Hancock	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
,	,
also	RB
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
indicated	VBD
that	IN
both	DT
closures	NNS
are	VBP
contained	VBN
in	IN
Hancock	NNP
County	NNP
's	POS
Comprehensive	NNP
Educational	NNP
Facilities	NNP
Plan	NNP
and	CC
are	VBP
necessary	JJ
due	JJ
to	TO
decreased	VBN
student	NN
enrollment	NN
.	.
Upon	IN
conclusion	NN
of	IN
remarks	NNS
concerning	VBG
McDowell	NNP
County	NNP
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
indicated	VBD
that	IN
curriculum	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
first	JJ
order	NN
of	IN
business	NN
and	CC
while	IN
assessment	NN
of	IN
school	NN
facilities	NNS
is	VBZ
taking	VBG
place	NN
,	,
school	NN
closures\/consolidations	NNS
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
decided	VBN
and	CC
will	MD
only	RB
occur	VB
upon	IN
the	DT
proper	JJ
amendment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
McDowell	NNP
County	NNP
CEFP	NNP
.	.
Mezzatesta	NNP
,	,
Chair	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
House	NNP
Education	NNP
Committee	NNP
,	,
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
Policy	NN
2510	CD
and	CC
the	DT
proposed	VBN
elimination	NN
of	IN
banked	VBN
time	NN
.	.
He	PRP
also	RB
discussed	VBD
several	JJ
bills	NNS
likely	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
introduced	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
upcoming	JJ
legislative	JJ
session	NN
,	,
including	VBG
one	CD
dealing	VBG
with	IN
RESAs	NNS
and	CC
another	DT
dealing	VBG
with	IN
staff	NN
development	NN
.	.
Rebecca	NNP
Tinder	NNP
,	,
General	NNP
Counsel	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Department	NNP
,	,
summarized	VBN
a	DT
request	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Hampshire	NNP
County	NNP
Development	NNP
Authority	NNP
to	TO
lease	VB
certain	JJ
real	JJ
estate	NN
situate	VB
in	IN
Hampshire	NNP
County	NNP
and	CC
owned	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
.	.
Rebecca	NNP
Tinder	NNP
presented	VBD
Policy	NNP
1241	CD
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
approval	NN
.	.
This	DT
procedural	JJ
rule	NN
implements	VBZ
the	DT
required	JJ
format	NN
,	,
adds	VBZ
appropriate	JJ
citations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
allows	VBZ
flexibility	NN
for	IN
the	DT
starting	JJ
time	NN
of	IN
meetings	NNS
.	.
The	DT
comment	NN
period	NN
ended	VBN
on	IN
December	NNP
11	CD
,	,
2001	CD
and	CC
no	DT
comments	NNS
were	VBD
received	VBN
.	.
Rebecca	NNP
Tinder	NNP
presented	VBD
Policy	NNP
1242	CD
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
approval	NN
.	.
This	DT
procedural	JJ
rule	NN
updates	NNS
the	DT
legal	JJ
citations	NNS
and	CC
provides	VBZ
greater	JJR
flexibility	NN
in	IN
the	DT
length	NN
of	IN
time	NN
policies	NNS
are	VBP
placed	VBN
on	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
.	.
The	DT
comment	NN
period	NN
ended	VBN
on	IN
December	NNP
11	CD
,	,
2001	CD
and	CC
no	DT
comments	NNS
were	VBD
received	VBN
.	.
County	NNP
boards	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
any	DT
school	NN
issued	VBN
temporary	JJ
accreditation	NN
status	NN
revise	VB
its	PRP$
Unified	NNP
School	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plan	NNP
to	TO
increase	VB
the	DT
performance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
to	TO
a	DT
full	JJ
accreditation	NN
status	NN
level	NN
.	.
The	DT
revised	VBN
plan	NN
must	MD
include	VB
objectives	NNS
,	,
a	DT
time	NN
line	NN
,	,
an	DT
evaluation	NN
component	NN
,	,
cost	NN
estimates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
date	NN
certain	JJ
for	IN
achieving	VBG
full	JJ
accreditation	NN
.	.
This	DT
plan	NN
must	MD
be	VB
submitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
for	IN
approval	NN
.	.
Seventy-one	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
71	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
schools	NNS
performing	VBG
within	IN
the	DT
temporary	JJ
accreditation	NN
status	NN
and	CC
seriously	RB
impaired	JJ
status	NN
submitted	VBD
revised	VBN
Unified	NNP
School	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
.	.
Staff	NNP
reviewed	VBD
the	DT
plans	NNS
to	TO
determine	VB
that	IN
the	DT
required	JJ
elements	NNS
were	VBD
included	VBN
,	,
addressed	VBD
the	DT
performance	NN
deficiencies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
date	NN
certain	JJ
was	VBD
realistic	JJ
for	IN
achieving	VBG
full	JJ
accreditation	NN
status	NN
.	.
Attachment	NN
I	PRP
summarizes	VBZ
the	DT
elements	NNS
of	IN
individual	JJ
Unified	NNP
School	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
reviewed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
annually	RB
rates	NNS
both	DT
schools	NNS
and	CC
school	NN
systems	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
information	NN
reviewed	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
system	NN
of	IN
education	NN
performance	NN
audits	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Donna	NNP
Davis	NNP
distributed	VBD
a	DT
corrected	VBN
copy	NN
and	CC
provided	VBD
an	DT
overview	NN
of	IN
the	DT
report	NN
.	.
Barbara	NNP
N.	NNP
Fish	NN
indicated	VBD
that	IN
she	PRP
wanted	VBD
the	DT
minutes	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
amended	VBN
to	TO
reflect	VB
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
abstained	VBD
from	IN
voting	VBG
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
NASBE	NNP
ballot	NN
as	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
no	DT
consensus	NN
by	IN
the	DT
members	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Public	NNP
Policy	NNP
Positions	NNPS
and	CC
as	IN
such	JJ
the	DT
ballot	NN
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
submitted	VBN
to	TO
NASBE	NNP
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Persinger	NNP
questioned	VBD
the	DT
minutes	NNS
generally	RB
as	IN
the	DT
November	NNP
minutes	NNS
were	VBD
presented	VBN
as	IN
one	CD
meeting	NN
covering	VBG
two	CD
days	NNS
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Persinger	NNP
asked	VBD
whether	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
quorum	NN
were	VBD
being	VBG
met	VBN
and	CC
whether	IN
there	EX
should	MD
be	VB
two	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
sets	NNS
of	IN
minutes	NNS
;	:
one	CD
for	IN
day	NN
one	CD
and	CC
one	CD
for	IN
day	NN
two	CD
.	.
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
received	VBD
a	DT
five-year	JJ
,	,
10.4	CD
million	CD
dollar	NN
grant	NN
to	TO
improve	VB
the	DT
college-going	JJ
rate	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
GEAR	NNP
UP	RP
initiative	NN
has	VBZ
focused	VBN
on	IN
35	CD
middle	JJ
and	CC
high	JJ
schools	NNS
in	IN
eight	CD
rural	JJ
counties	NNS
,	,
connecting	VBG
those	DT
schools	NNS
with	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
institutions	NNS
and	CC
local	JJ
,	,
regional	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
partners	NNS
to	TO
bring	VB
about	RB
substantive	JJ
improvement	NN
in	IN
student	NN
preparedness	NN
and	CC
participation	NN
in	IN
college	NN
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
annually	RB
establishes	VBZ
goals	NNS
for	IN
professional	JJ
development	NN
in	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
period	NN
from	IN
June	NNP
1	CD
,	,
2002	CD
-	:
May	NNP
31	CD
,	,
2003	CD
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
establishes	VBZ
the	DT
eight	CD
goals	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
accompanying	VBG
objectives	NNS
cited	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
attachment	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
anticipates	VBZ
an	DT
evaluation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
plans	NNS
submitted	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
,	,
the	DT
eight	CD
Regional	NNP
Education	NNP
Service	NNP
Agencies	NNPS
and	CC
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Center	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Development	NNP
no	RB
later	RB
than	IN
August	NNP
31	CD
,	,
2003	CD
.	.
This	DT
evaluation	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
reflect	VB
whether	IN
the	DT
``	``
anticipated	JJ
result	NN
''	''
of	IN
each	DT
objective	NN
was	VBD
accomplished	VBN
.	.
Bill	NNP
Luff	NNP
,	,
Deputy	NNP
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
presented	VBD
Policy	NN
5203	CD
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
approval	NN
for	IN
placement	NN
on	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
approved	VBD
placing	VBG
this	DT
policy	NN
on	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
at	IN
the	DT
October	NNP
meeting	NN
.	.
Inadvertently	RB
,	,
the	DT
wrong	JJ
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
was	VBD
filed	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
Secretary	NNP
of	IN
State	NNP
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
policy	NN
must	MD
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
comment	NN
again	RB
in	IN
order	NN
for	IN
the	DT
public	NN
to	TO
have	VB
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
comment	VB
on	IN
the	DT
correct	JJ
version	NN
.	.
Steve	NNP
McBride	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
Instructional	NNP
Materials	NNPS
,	,
provided	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
with	IN
the	DT
recommendations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
improvement	NN
consultant	NN
teams	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
five	CD
schools	NNS
identified	VBN
as	IN
Seriously	RB
Impaired	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
August	NNP
2001	CD
meeting	NN
.	.
Policy	NN
2320	CD
states	NNS
:	:
``	``
Whenever	NNP
a	DT
school	NN
is	VBZ
Seriously	RB
Impaired	VBN
,	,
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
,	,
shall	MD
appoint	VB
a	DT
team	NN
of	IN
improvement	NN
consultants	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
recommendations	NNS
within	IN
sixty	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
appointment	NN
for	IN
correcting	VBG
the	DT
impairment	NN
.	.
''	''
During	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
's	POS
October	NNP
2001	CD
meeting	NN
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
appointed	VBN
improvement	NN
consultant	NN
teams	NNS
to	TO
write	VB
recommendations	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
five	CD
schools	NNS
that	WDT
had	VBD
been	VBN
designated	VBN
as	IN
Seriously	RB
Impaired	VBN
.	.
Deborah	NNP
Brown	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
Office	NNP
of	IN
Instructional	NNP
Services	NNPS
,	,
presented	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
with	IN
the	DT
objectives	NNS
and	CC
performance	NN
descriptors	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
10th	JJ
grade	NN
mathematics	NNS
assessment	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
satisfy	VB
federal	JJ
Title	NN
I	PRP
requirements	NNS
.	.
This	DT
information	NN
will	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
successful	JJ
bidder	NN
on	IN
the	DT
assessment	NN
request	NN
for	IN
proposals	NNS
so	IN
that	IN
work	NN
can	MD
begin	VB
on	IN
developing	VBG
the	DT
10th	JJ
grade	NN
assessment	NN
in	IN
January	NNP
2002	CD
.	.
Bill	NNP
Luff	NNP
,	,
Deputy	NNP
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
,	,
presented	VBD
Policy	NN
2510	CD
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
for	IN
action	NN
.	.
Policy	NN
2510	CD
is	VBZ
the	DT
major	JJ
State	NNP
Board	NNP
policy	NN
that	WDT
determines	VBZ
how	WRB
schools	NNS
are	VBP
organized	VBN
for	IN
instruction	NN
,	,
what	WP
curriculum	NN
must	MD
be	VB
offered	VBN
to	TO
students	NNS
,	,
and	CC
instructional	JJ
and	CC
administrative	JJ
practices	NNS
needed	VBN
to	TO
effectively	RB
deliver	VB
that	DT
curriculum	NN
.	.
This	DT
policy	NN
was	VBD
discussed	VBN
at	IN
length	NN
during	IN
the	DT
work	NN
session	NN
that	WDT
occurred	VBD
on	IN
December	NNP
12	CD
,	,
2001	CD
.	.
Jackson	NNP
.	.
The	DT
author	NN
or	CC
editor	NN
of	IN
over	IN
twenty	CD
books	NNS
,	,
he	PRP
has	VBZ
received	VBN
every	DT
major	JJ
honor	NN
given	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
Civil	NNP
War	NNP
history	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Robertson	NNP
is	VBZ
Alumni	NNP
Distinguished	NNP
Professor	NNP
at	IN
Virginia	NNP
Polytechnic	NNP
Institute	NNP
.	.
War	NNP
.	.
''	''
The	DT
forty-minute	JJ
program	NN
tells	VBZ
the	DT
story	NN
of	IN
the	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Mountain	NNP
State	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
midst	NN
of	IN
America	NNP
's	POS
bloodiest	JJS
war	NN
.	.
The	DT
support	NN
and	CC
generosity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Hugh	NNP
I.	NNP
Shott	NNP
,	,
Jr.	NNP
.	.
Foundation	NNP
in	IN
Bluefield	NNP
made	VBD
the	DT
video	NN
project	NN
possible	JJ
.	.
December	NNP
12	CD
meeting	NN
,	,
several	JJ
technical	JJ
changes	NNS
had	VBD
been	VBN
suggested	VBN
to	TO
Policy	NNP
2510	CD
;	:
however	RB
,	,
when	WRB
the	DT
motion	NN
was	VBD
stated	VBN
to	TO
place	VB
the	DT
policy	NN
on	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
,	,
it	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
include	VB
the	DT
changes	NNS
,	,
as	IN
amended	VBN
.	.
Following	VBG
brief	JJ
discussion	NN
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
consensus	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
that	IN
Policy	NNP
2510	CD
would	MD
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
comment	NN
as	IN
presented	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
during	IN
at	IN
the	DT
December	NNP
12	CD
work	NN
session	NN
.	.
Following	VBG
the	DT
vote	NN
,	,
discussion	NN
ensued	VBD
regarding	VBG
the	DT
consolidation	NN
of	IN
all	DT
policies	NNS
dealing	VBG
with	IN
harassment	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
consensus	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
that	WDT
work	VBP
should	MD
continue	VB
on	IN
policy	NN
consolidation	NN
and	CC
Ms.	NNP
Tinder	NNP
was	VBD
directed	VBN
to	TO
prepare	VB
forthwith	JJ
revisions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
latest	JJS
version	NN
of	IN
the	DT
consolidated	JJ
policy	NN
.	.
G.	NNP
A.	NNP
McClung	NNP
,	,
Assistant	NNP
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
Division	NNP
of	IN
Administrative	NNP
Services	NNPS
,	,
presented	VBD
the	DT
three	CD
proposed	VBN
content	JJ
specializations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
for	IN
action	NN
.	.
The	DT
policy	NN
requires	VBZ
the	DT
Program	NN
Review	NNP
Board	NNP
to	TO
meet	VB
each	DT
semester	NN
to	TO
review	VB
new	JJ
content	JJ
specializations	NNS
and	CC
make	VB
recommendations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
for	IN
action	NN
.	.
The	DT
Program	NNP
Review	NNP
Board	NNP
met	VBD
on	IN
December	NNP
3	CD
,	,
2001	CD
and	CC
requested	VBD
Board	NNP
approval	NN
for	IN
three	CD
new	JJ
proposed	VBN
programs	NNS
.	.
Department	NNP
of	IN
Military	NNP
Affairs	NNPS
and	CC
Public	NNP
Safety	NNP
,	,
spoke	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
the	DT
anti-terrorism	JJ
bill	NN
that	WDT
became	VBD
effective	JJ
at	IN
passage	NN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Coleman	NNP
indicated	VBD
that	IN
Military	NNP
Affairs	NNP
is	VBZ
interested	JJ
in	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
information	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
bill	NN
available	JJ
throughout	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
Bill	NNP
Luff	NNP
,	,
Deputy	NNP
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
,	,
provided	VBD
a	DT
video	NN
presentation	NN
report	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Tomblin	NNP
v.	CC
Gainer	NNP
Testing	NNP
Committee	NNP
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
accountability	NN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Luff	NNP
also	RB
distributed	VBD
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
video	NN
presentation	NN
which	WDT
dealt	VBD
with	IN
early	JJ
decisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
committee	NN
;	:
performance	NN
goals	NNS
;	:
accountability	NN
for	IN
grades	NNS
K	NNP
through	IN
10	CD
;	:
accountability	NN
for	IN
results	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
alternate	JJ
assessment	NN
;	:
other	JJ
accountability	NN
areas	NNS
;	:
unacceptable	JJ
performance	NN
level	NN
;	:
time	NN
line	NN
for	IN
implementing	VBG
new	JJ
accountability	NN
system	NN
;	:
technical	JJ
assistance	NN
for	IN
low	JJ
performing	VBG
schools	NNS
;	:
and	CC
issues	NNS
yet	RB
to	TO
be	VB
decided	VBN
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
questioned	VBD
whether	IN
grammar	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
proper	JJ
speech	NN
had	VBD
been	VBN
adequately	RB
addressed	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
document	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
also	RB
indicated	VBD
there	EX
were	VBD
several	JJ
stylistics	NNS
changes	NNS
she	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
considered	VBN
and	CC
submitted	VBN
same	JJ
to	TO
Mr.	NNP
Luff	NNP
for	IN
revision	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
discussed	VBD
an	DT
issue	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
Title	NN
I	PRP
and	CC
indicated	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
letter	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
crafted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
USDE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
indicating	VBG
that	IN
we	PRP
are	VBP
ready	JJ
to	TO
enter	VB
into	IN
a	DT
compliance	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
Legal	JJ
notice	NN
will	MD
be	VB
placed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
newspapers	NNS
regarding	VBG
a	DT
public	JJ
hearing	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
take	VB
place	NN
with	IN
USDE	NNP
and	CC
state	NN
staff	NN
in	IN
attendance	NN
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
open	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
Kenna	NNP
R.	NNP
Seal	NNP
,	,
Director	NNP
,	,
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
,	,
reviewed	VBD
the	DT
intent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
legislation	NN
in	IN
HB	NNP
2934	CD
and	CC
recommendations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
committee	NN
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
Policy	NNP
2320	CD
.	.
The	DT
recommendations	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
under	IN
Attachment	NNP
J	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
December	NNP
13	CD
agenda	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
proceeded	VBD
with	IN
a	DT
page	NN
by	IN
page	NN
review	NN
of	IN
changes	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
policy	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
indicated	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
concern	NN
had	VBD
been	VBN
addressed	VBN
to	TO
her	PRP$
that	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
,	,
as	IN
currently	RB
written	VBN
,	,
causes	VBZ
counties	NNS
to	TO
fabricate	VB
the	DT
truth	NN
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
attendance	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
indicated	VBD
that	IN
he	PRP
felt	VBD
this	DT
was	VBD
a	DT
non-issue	JJ
and	CC
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
very	RB
serious	JJ
infraction	NN
but	CC
agreed	VBD
previously	RB
to	TO
investigate	VB
.	.
Tomorrow	NN
's	POS
action	NN
regarding	VBG
Policy	NN
2320	CD
is	VBZ
to	TO
receive	VB
the	DT
report	NN
of	IN
the	DT
committee	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
anticipate	VB
any	DT
action	NN
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
revising	VBG
Policy	NN
2320	CD
until	IN
Policy	NN
2510	CD
is	VBZ
adopted	VBN
.	.
Comments	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
the	DT
policy	NN
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
submitted	VBN
to	TO
Dr.	NNP
Seal	NNP
.	.
Rebecca	NNP
Tinder	NNP
,	,
General	NNP
Counsel	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
Department	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
discussed	VBD
Policy	NN
2430	CD
and	CC
in-house	JJ
comments	NNS
received	VBN
.	.
Following	VBG
a	DT
lengthy	JJ
discussion	NN
,	,
Ms.	NNP
Tinder	NNP
was	VBD
directed	VBN
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
technical	JJ
changes	NNS
,	,
suggested	VBN
by	IN
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
,	,
Mr.	NNP
Persinger	NNP
and	CC
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
,	,
and	CC
bring	VB
the	DT
revised	VBN
policy	NN
before	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
on	IN
December	NNP
13	CD
for	IN
action	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
also	RB
indicated	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
press	NN
release	NN
was	VBD
needed	VBN
regarding	VBG
this	DT
policy	NN
.	.
Following	VBG
discussion	NN
of	IN
marketing	NN
techniques	NNS
,	,
Ms.	NNP
Emswiler	NNP
was	VBD
asked	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
Board	NNP
members	NNS
several	JJ
past	JJ
issues	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Ed	NNP
publication	NN
so	IN
that	IN
its	PRP$
content	NN
,	,
distribution	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
,	,
can	MD
be	VB
evaluated	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
recommendation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
OEPA	NNP
that	IN
the	DT
McDowell	NNP
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
be	VB
issued	VBN
nonapproval	JJ
status	NN
and	CC
that	IN
extraordinary	JJ
circumstances	NNS
exist	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
county	NN
that	WDT
constitute	VBP
major	JJ
impediments	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
education	NN
programs	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
for	IN
students	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
further	JJ
recommended	VBD
that	IN
since	IN
these	DT
extraordinary	JJ
circumstances	NNS
had	VBD
been	VBN
documented	VBN
and	CC
currently	RB
exist	VBP
,	,
delaying	VBG
intervention	NN
by	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
into	IN
the	DT
McDowell	NNP
County	NNP
schools	NNS
for	IN
any	DT
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
in	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
interests	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
in	IN
McDowell	NNP
County	NNP
.	.
The	DT
terrorist	JJ
attacks	NNS
of	IN
September	NNP
11	CD
,	,
2001	CD
,	,
have	VBP
left	VBN
an	DT
indelible	JJ
mark	NN
on	IN
this	DT
great	JJ
country	NN
,	,
and	CC
most	JJS
certainly	RB
,	,
on	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
None	NN
of	IN
us	PRP
will	MD
every	DT
forget	VB
where	WRB
we	PRP
were	VBD
when	WRB
the	DT
senseless	JJ
,	,
cowardly	JJ
crimes	NNS
were	VBD
committed	VBN
against	IN
our	PRP$
nation	NN
.	.
Since	IN
then	RB
,	,
the	DT
grief	NN
process	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
both	DT
personal	JJ
and	CC
national	JJ
.	.
We	PRP
grieve	VBP
for	IN
the	DT
many	JJ
brave	VBP
Americans	NNPS
who	WP
lost	VBD
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
and	CC
we	PRP
grieve	VBP
for	IN
the	DT
families	NNS
and	CC
friends	NNS
who	WP
lost	VBD
their	PRP$
loved	VBN
ones	NNS
.	.
But	CC
in	IN
addition	NN
,	,
we	PRP
mourn	VBP
a	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
innocence	NN
.	.
We	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
nation	NN
recognize	VBP
that	IN
our	PRP$
way	NN
of	IN
life	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
forever	RB
changed	VBN
.	.
And	CC
we	PRP
must	MD
now	RB
live	VB
in	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
world	NN
,	,
with	IN
a	DT
different	JJ
stage	NN
and	CC
an	DT
unfamiliar	JJ
script	NN
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
is	VBZ
committed	VBN
to	TO
reinforcing	VBG
and	CC
maintaining	VBG
a	DT
foundation	NN
of	IN
respect	NN
and	CC
responsibility	NN
for	IN
our	PRP$
young	JJ
people	NNS
.	.
And	CC
out	IN
of	IN
this	DT
tragic	JJ
loss	NN
,	,
we	PRP
will	MD
work	VB
to	TO
capture	VB
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
improve	VB
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
We	PRP
must	MD
do	VB
so	RB
for	IN
our	PRP$
children	NNS
...	:
and	CC
our	PRP$
children	NNS
's	POS
children	NNS
.	.
Superintendent	NNP
Stewart	NNP
issued	VBD
a	DT
statement	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
quality	NN
technical	JJ
assistance	NN
being	VBG
provided	VBN
to	TO
low-performing	JJ
schools	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
goal	NN
of	IN
preventing	VBG
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
future	JJ
Board	NNP
interventions	NNS
.	.
James	NNP
J.	NNP
MacCallum	NNP
reflected	VBD
on	IN
to	TO
the	DT
historical	JJ
,	,
statutory	JJ
,	,
and	CC
constitutional	JJ
authority	NN
that	WDT
allows	VBZ
the	DT
Board	NNP
to	TO
take	VB
these	DT
actions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Lincoln	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
requested	VBD
approval	NN
of	IN
an	DT
amendment	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
CEFP	NNP
to	TO
reflect	VB
the	DT
following	VBG
needed	VBN
renovations	NNS
and	CC
equipment	NN
replacements	NNS
at	IN
schools	NNS
scheduled	VBN
to	TO
remain	VB
open	JJ
after	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
high	JJ
school	NN
is	VBZ
completed	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
anticipated	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
projects	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
funded	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Renovations	NNP
Grant	NNP
submitted	VBD
September	NNP
21	CD
,	,
2001	CD
.	.
Policy	NNP
3233	CD
governs	VBZ
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
regional	JJ
education	NN
service	NN
agencies	NNS
and	CC
was	VBD
last	JJ
amended	VBN
in	IN
September	NNP
2000	CD
.	.
The	DT
proposed	VBN
revision	NN
would	MD
eliminate	VB
the	DT
requirement	NN
that	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
RESA	NNP
directors\/chairs	VBZ
automatically	RB
meet	VB
twice	RB
per	IN
year	NN
in	IN
favor	NN
of	IN
a	DT
requirement	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
meet	VBP
when	WRB
an	DT
agenda	NN
would	MD
be	VB
mutually	RB
beneficial	JJ
or	CC
agreed	VBD
upon	IN
.	.
Rebecca	NNP
Tinder	NNP
,	,
General	NNP
Counsel	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
Department	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
addressed	VBD
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
comments	NNS
received	VBN
from	IN
various	JJ
Board	NNP
and	CC
staff	NN
members	NNS
.	.
Following	VBG
extensive	JJ
discussion	NN
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
decided	VBN
that	IN
Policy	NNP
2421	CD
-	:
Racial	JJ
,	,
Sexual	NNP
,	,
Religious\/Ethnic	NNP
Harassment	NNP
and	CC
Violence	NNP
and	CC
Policy	NNP
2425	CD
-	:
Anti-Hazing	NNP
would	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
exist	VB
in	IN
their	PRP$
current	JJ
form	NN
until	IN
comprehensive	JJ
revision	NN
can	MD
be	VB
completed	VBN
and	CC
that	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
policy	NN
would	MD
be	VB
developed	VBN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
recent	JJ
legislation	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
will	MD
meet	VB
the	DT
afternoon	NN
of	IN
September	NNP
12	CD
for	IN
another	DT
work	NN
session	NN
to	TO
continue	VB
work	NN
on	IN
the	DT
legislative	JJ
agenda	NN
.	.
Prior	RB
to	TO
this	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
and	CC
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
will	MD
develop	VB
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
stakeholders	NNS
who	WP
will	MD
be	VB
invited	VBN
to	TO
submit	VB
input	NN
for	IN
this	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Board	NNP
members	NNS
were	VBD
requested	VBN
to	TO
submit	VB
topics	NNS
which	WDT
they	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
discussed	VBN
as	RB
quickly	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
and	CC
no	RB
later	RB
than	IN
September	NNP
11	CD
.	.
In	IN
preparation	NN
for	IN
the	DT
September	NNP
work	NN
session	NN
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Hough	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
have	VB
available	JJ
last	JJ
year	NN
's	POS
legislative	JJ
submission	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
interest	NN
groups	NNS
.	.
House	NNP
Bill	NNP
2934	CD
requires	VBZ
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
to	TO
conduct	VB
a	DT
review	NN
of	IN
the	DT
system	NN
of	IN
education	NN
performance	NN
audits	NN
with	IN
the	DT
objective	NN
of	IN
achieving	VBG
the	DT
goals	NNS
that	WDT
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
measures	NNS
used	VBN
to	TO
evaluate	VB
performance	NN
are	VBP
clearly	RB
aligned	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
education	NN
goals	NNS
and	CC
expectations	NNS
established	VBN
for	IN
student	NN
,	,
school	NN
,	,
and	CC
school	NN
system	NN
performance	NN
including	VBG
student	NN
success	NN
in	IN
post-secondary	JJ
education	NN
and	CC
work	NN
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
measures	NNS
used	VBN
reflect	VBP
a	DT
priority	NN
for	IN
student	NN
progress	NN
and	CC
safety	NN
;	:
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
measures	NNS
used	VBN
are	VBP
limited	VBN
in	IN
number	NN
and	CC
easily	RB
comparable	JJ
to	TO
national	JJ
performance	NN
indicators	NNS
.	.
The	DT
schools	NNS
denoted	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
asterisk	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
\*	SYM
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
Attachment	NNP
E	NNP
are	VBP
seriously	RB
impaired	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
recommended	VBN
that	IN
these	DT
schools	NNS
be	VB
issued	VBN
seriously	RB
impaired	VBN
status	NN
and	CC
a	DT
team	NN
of	IN
improvement	NN
consultants	NNS
be	VB
appointed	VBN
to	TO
each	DT
school	NN
.	.
The	DT
school	NN
denoted	VBN
by	IN
two	CD
asterisks	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
\*\*	SYM
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
Attachment	NNP
E	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
previous	JJ
seriously	RB
impaired	JJ
school	NN
that	WDT
failed	VBD
to	TO
achieve	VB
the	DT
Date	NNP
Certain	NNP
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
recommended	VBN
that	IN
a	DT
monitor	NN
be	VB
appointed	VBN
to	TO
cause	VB
improvements	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
made	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
school	NN
to	TO
bring	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
full	JJ
accreditation	NN
status	NN
by	IN
June	NNP
30	CD
,	,
2003	CD
.	.
Bill	NNP
Luff	NNP
provided	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
an	DT
historical	JJ
overview	NN
of	IN
trainer	NN
waivers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
waiver	NN
procedure	NN
was	VBD
implemented	VBN
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
possible	JJ
for	IN
every	DT
county	NN
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
certified	JJ
athletic	JJ
trainer	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
requested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
revisit	VB
Policy	NN
5112	CD
.	.
This	DT
policy	NN
establishes	VBZ
standards	NNS
for	IN
foods	NNS
served	VBD
and\/or	CC
sold	VBD
to	TO
students	NNS
in	IN
schools	NNS
during	IN
the	DT
school	NN
day	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
the	DT
policy	NN
requires	VBZ
management	NN
and	CC
meal	NN
service	NN
practices	NNS
that	WDT
support	VBP
an	DT
integrated	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
school-wide	JJ
nutrition	NN
integrity	NN
,	,
including	VBG
recommended	VBN
qualifications	NNS
for	IN
county	NN
nutrition	NN
directors	NNS
.	.
The	DT
proposed	VBN
revision	NN
requires	VBZ
that	IN
,	,
beginning	VBG
school	NN
year	NN
2002-2003	CD
,	,
school	NN
nutrition	NN
program	NN
directors	NNS
be	VB
authorized	VBN
.	.
The	DT
revision	NN
also	RB
sets	VBZ
forth	RB
the	DT
initial	JJ
qualifications	NNS
and	CC
renewal	NN
requirements	NNS
for	IN
this	DT
authorization	NN
.	.
The	DT
comment	NN
period	NN
,	,
ending	VBG
July	NNP
16	CD
,	,
2001	CD
,	,
resulted	VBD
in	IN
15	CD
comments	NNS
being	VBG
received	VBN
.	.
Policy	NNP
6200	CD
has	VBZ
been	VBN
revised	VBN
to	TO
facilitate	VB
the	DT
Agreed	NNP
Order	NNP
in	IN
Tomblin	NNP
v.	CC
Gainer	NNP
.	.
This	DT
revision	NN
omits	VBZ
chapter	NN
15	CD
of	IN
the	DT
previous	JJ
policy	NN
which	WDT
addressed	VBD
existing	VBG
facilities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
has	VBZ
the	DT
responsibility	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
assistance	NN
to	TO
county	NN
school	NN
districts	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
School	NNP
Facilities	NNPS
.	.
This	DT
handbook	NN
offers	VBZ
additional	JJ
assistance	NN
with	IN
renovations	NNS
,	,
construction	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
school	NN
facilities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
developing	VBG
or	CC
amending	VBG
the	DT
county	NN
's	POS
Comprehensive	NNP
Educational	NNP
Facilities	NNP
Plan	NNP
.	.
This	DT
handbook	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
working	VBG
document	NN
and	CC
should	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
as	IN
such	JJ
during	IN
all	DT
planning	VBG
stages	NNS
of	IN
evaluation	NN
and	CC
construction	NN
.	.
The	DT
30	CD
day	NN
comment	NN
period	NN
ended	VBD
June	NNP
11	CD
,	,
2001	CD
with	IN
a	DT
total	NN
of	IN
five	CD
individuals	NNS
or	CC
organizations	NNS
suggesting	VBG
changes	NNS
.	.
A	DT
number	NN
of	IN
the	DT
recommendations	NNS
which	WDT
have	VBP
a	DT
positive	JJ
impact	NN
on	IN
the	DT
learning	VBG
environment	NN
were	VBD
incorporated	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
.	.
Facilities	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
made	VBD
recommendations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
In	IN
May	NNP
2001	CD
,	,
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
provided	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
with	IN
its	PRP$
recommendations	NNS
as	IN
to	TO
any	DT
action	NN
the	DT
Board	NNP
should	MD
take	VB
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
the	DT
committees	NNS
'	POS
recommendations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Testing	NNP
Committee	NNP
and	CC
Department	NNP
recommendations	NNS
regarding	VBG
assessment	NN
are	VBP
identical	JJ
except	IN
that	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
has	VBZ
recommended	VBN
testing	NN
science	NN
and	CC
social	JJ
studies	NNS
in	IN
grade	NN
3	CD
whereas	IN
the	DT
committee	NN
recommended	VBD
that	IN
they	PRP
not	RB
be	VB
tested	VBN
until	IN
grade	NN
4	CD
so	RB
greater	JJR
concentration	NN
could	MD
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
reading	NN
and	CC
mathematics	NN
.	.
The	DT
recommendations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Testing	NNP
Committee	NNP
involving	VBG
accountability	NN
will	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
after	IN
the	DT
Testing	NNP
Committee	NNP
completes	VBZ
its	PRP$
work	NN
.	.
Policy	NNP
5100	CD
requires	VBZ
all	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
higher	JJR
education	NN
institutions	NNS
to	TO
complete	VB
an	DT
annual	JJ
report	NN
on	IN
July	NNP
1	CD
of	IN
each	DT
year	NN
.	.
Policy	NNP
5100	CD
also	RB
contains	VBZ
the	DT
four	CD
major	JJ
areas	NNS
that	IN
all	DT
annual	JJ
reports	NNS
must	MD
address	VB
.	.
All	DT
18	CD
institutions	NNS
met	VBD
these	DT
criteria	NNS
and	CC
qualify	VB
for	IN
``	``
Continuing	NNP
Program	NNP
Approval	NNP
Status	NNP
.	.
''	''
From	IN
these	DT
reports	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Professional	NNP
Preparation	NNP
compiles	VBZ
a	DT
document	NN
entitled	VBN
,	,
``	``
Approval	NN
of	IN
Educational	NNP
Preparation	NNP
Programs	NNP
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Universities	NNS
2001-2002	CD
''	''
and	CC
distributes	VBZ
this	DT
document	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
This	DT
year	NN
's	POS
document	NN
reflects	VBZ
all	PDT
the	DT
changes	NNS
the	DT
higher	JJR
education	NN
institutions	NNS
made	VBD
to	TO
continue	VB
aligning	VBG
their	PRP$
professional	JJ
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
revisions	NNS
contained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Policy	NN
5100	CD
,	,
passed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
in	IN
January	NNP
2000	CD
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
distributed	VBD
a	DT
historical	JJ
overview	NN
of	IN
travel	NN
and	CC
Wednesday	NNP
work	NN
sessions	NNS
from	IN
1986	CD
to	TO
2000	CD
.	.
Discourse	NN
took	VBD
place	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
traveling	VBG
to	TO
counties	NNS
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
to	TO
have	VB
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
look	VB
at	IN
facilities	NNS
,	,
visit	NN
schools	NNS
,	,
and	CC
establish	VB
a	DT
relationship	NN
with	IN
the	DT
communities	NNS
to	TO
allow	VB
communication	NN
of	IN
issues	NNS
and	CC
concerns	NNS
.	.
Paul	NNP
J.	NNP
Morris	NNP
stated	VBD
that	IN
he	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
the	DT
schedule	NN
revised	VBN
so	RB
that	IN
visits	NNS
to	TO
counties	NNS
occur	VBP
while	IN
school	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
session	NN
that	IN
he	PRP
supported	VBD
the	DT
continuation	NN
of	IN
meeting	NN
in	IN
counties	NNS
.	.
J.	NNP
D.	NNP
Morris	NNP
indicated	VBD
his	PRP$
support	NN
for	IN
the	DT
continuation	NN
of	IN
visits	NNS
to	TO
counties	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
continuation	NN
of	IN
Wednesday	NNP
work	NN
sessions	NNS
with	IN
interested	JJ
groups	NNS
.	.
Bill	NNP
Luff	NNP
suggested	VBD
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
open	JJ
forums	NNS
on	IN
Wednesday	NNP
evenings	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
community	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
issued	VBD
a	DT
concern	NN
about	IN
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
interest\/attendance	NN
at	IN
evening	NN
public	JJ
forums	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
method	NN
of	IN
notifying	VBG
counties	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
is	VBZ
interested	JJ
in	IN
visiting	VBG
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
also	RB
issued	VBD
a	DT
concern	NN
about	IN
an	DT
ongoing	JJ
established	VBN
quarterly	JJ
meeting	NN
schedule	NN
with	IN
groups	NNS
as	IN
opposed	VBN
to	TO
when	WRB
such	JJ
meetings	NNS
are	VBP
requested	VBN
or	CC
otherwise	RB
deemed	VBD
necessary	JJ
.	.
J.	NNP
D.	NNP
Morris	NNP
indicated	VBD
that	IN
Board	NNP
is	VBZ
required	VBN
by	IN
policy	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
with	IN
RESA	NNP
Directors	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
semi-annual	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
The	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
additional	JJ
meeting	NN
days	NNS
was	VBD
discussed	VBN
.	.
Howard	NNP
M.	NNP
Persinger	NNP
,	,
Jr.	NNP
,	,
moved	VBD
,	,
with	IN
Paul	NNP
J.	NNP
Morris	NNP
seconding	VBG
,	,
and	CC
by	IN
unanimous	JJ
vote	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
that	IN
Counsel	NNP
refer	VBP
the	DT
employee	NN
complaint	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Attorney	NNP
General	NNP
's	POS
office	NN
and	CC
that	IN
two	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
attorneys	NNS
be	VB
appointed	VBN
,	,
one	CD
to	TO
represent	VB
Board	NNP
and	CC
one	CD
to	TO
represent	VB
the	DT
employee	NN
.	.
Discussion	NN
ensured	VBD
regarding	VBG
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
RESA	NNP
Directors	NNS
meetings	NNS
must	MD
take	VB
place	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
suggested	VBN
that	IN
an	DT
agenda	NN
be	VB
formulated	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
further	JJ
decided	VBD
that	IN
all	DT
currently	RB
scheduled	VBN
meetings	NNS
be	VB
canceled	VBN
and	CC
scheduled	VBN
on	IN
an	DT
as	IN
needed	VBN
basis	NN
and	CC
that	IN
groups	NNS
currently	RB
scheduled	VBN
be	VB
notified	VBN
of	IN
this	DT
decision	NN
.	.
Groups	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
request	VB
meetings	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
as	IN
desired	VBN
.	.
Next	JJ
month	NN
the	DT
Board	NNP
will	MD
meet	VB
on	IN
Wednesday	NNP
,	,
September	NNP
12	CD
at	IN
1	CD
p.m.	NN
with	IN
the	DT
RESA	NNP
directors	NNS
and	CC
at	IN
2	CD
p.m.	NN
to	TO
continue	VB
work	NN
on	IN
its	PRP$
legislative	JJ
agenda	NN
.	.
Howard	NNP
M.	NNP
Persinger	NNP
,	,
Jr.	NNP
requested	VBD
a	DT
more	RBR
thorough	JJ
agenda	NN
for	IN
Wednesday	NNP
events	NNS
and	CC
expressed	VBD
a	DT
need	NN
for	IN
portable	JJ
audio	JJ
equipment	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
also	RB
requested	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
not	RB
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
auditorium	NN
stages	NNS
if	IN
at	IN
all	DT
possible	JJ
.	.
Howard	NNP
M.	NNP
Persinger	NNP
,	,
Jr.	NNP
,	,
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
his	PRP$
feeling	NN
that	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
Board	NNP
room	NN
facility	NN
in	IN
Charleston	NNP
is	VBZ
inadequate	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
to	TO
conduct	VB
its	PRP$
business	NN
.	.
J.	NNP
D.	NNP
Morris	NNP
suggested	VBD
moving	VBG
regular	JJ
meetings	NNS
to	TO
Building	NNP
7	CD
,	,
conference	NN
rooms	NNS
A-B	NNP
.	.
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
requested	VBD
Superintendent	NNP
Stewart	NNP
research	NN
this	DT
matter	NN
.	.
Howard	NNP
M.	NNP
Persinger	NNP
,	,
Jr.	NNP
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
training	NN
sessions	NNS
on	IN
various	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
law	NN
governing	VBG
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Persinger	NNP
felt	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
training	NN
session	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Law	NN
was	VBD
critical	JJ
.	.
Paul	NNP
J.	NNP
Morris	NNP
and	CC
President	NNP
Chapman	NNP
provided	VBD
an	DT
historical	JJ
overview	NN
of	IN
trainings	NNS
provided	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
general	JJ
consensus	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
other	JJ
than	IN
Mr.	NNP
Persinger	NNP
,	,
that	IN
matters	NNS
of	IN
concern	NN
will	MD
be	VB
dealt	VBN
with	IN
as	RB
necessary	JJ
and	CC
on	IN
the	DT
advice	NN
of	IN
counsel	NN
.	.
Barbara	NNP
N.	NNP
Fish	NN
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
her	PRP$
experience	NN
at	IN
the	DT
August	NNP
NASBE	NNP
new	JJ
member	NN
training	NN
seminar	NN
and	CC
distributed	VBN
and	CC
discussed	VBN
a	DT
draft	NN
``	``
Table	NNP
of	IN
Contents	NNP
''	''
to	TO
assist	VB
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
a	DT
loose	JJ
leaf	NN
Board	NNP
manual	NN
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
requested	VBD
feedback	RB
from	IN
members	NNS
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
Fish	NN
asked	VBD
if	IN
foreign	JJ
exchange	NN
students	NNS
are	VBP
allowed	VBN
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
extra-curricular	JJ
activities	NNS
.	.
Rebecca	NNP
Tinder	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
Office	NNP
of	IN
Legal	NNP
Services	NNP
,	,
responded	VBD
that	IN
eligibility	NN
is	VBZ
determined	VBN
based	VBN
a	DT
student	NN
's	POS
visa	NN
status	NN
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
's	POS
determination	NN
procedure	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
nationally	RB
accepted	VBN
norm	NN
.	.
Personnel	NNP
items	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
including	VBG
an	DT
addendum	NN
naming	VBG
Dr.	NNP
Stan	NNP
Hopkins	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
position	NN
of	IN
Assistant	NNP
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
Division	NNP
of	IN
Technical	NNP
and	CC
Adult	NNP
Education	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Schools	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Deaf	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Blind	NNP
were	VBD
submitted	VBN
for	IN
approval	NN
.	.
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
to	TO
demonstrate	VB
that	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
meets	VBZ
all	DT
eligibility	NN
requirements	NNS
of	IN
section	NN
612	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
IDEA	NNP
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
changes	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
made	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
an	DT
agreement	NN
required	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
for	IN
Civil	NNP
Rights	NNP
specific	NN
to	TO
the	DT
definition	NN
and	CC
eligibility	NN
for	IN
gifted	JJ
.	.
The	DT
proposed	VBN
revisions	NNS
incorporate	VBP
new	JJ
language	NN
and	CC
additions	NNS
to	TO
existing	VBG
sections	NNS
of	IN
Policy	NN
2419	CD
and	CC
maintain	VB
the	DT
federal	JJ
language	NN
whenever	WRB
possible	JJ
.	.
The	DT
proposed	VBN
revisions	NNS
in	IN
Policy	NN
2419	CD
will	MD
provide	VB
current	JJ
and	CC
accurate	JJ
guidance	NN
to	TO
schools	NNS
and	CC
districts	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
implementation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
IDEA	NNP
97	CD
.	.
Services	NNPS
,	,
presented	VBD
the	DT
calendars	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
2001-2002	JJ
school	NN
year	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
's	POS
education	NN
programs	NNS
in	IN
state	NN
correctional	JJ
institutions	NNS
,	,
regional	JJ
jails	NNS
,	,
health	NN
and	CC
human	JJ
service	NN
institutions	NNS
and	CC
juvenile	JJ
detention	NN
centers	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
approval	NN
.	.
The	DT
school	NN
calendars	NNS
define	VBP
the	DT
employment	NN
term	NN
for	IN
staff	NN
and	CC
the	DT
instructional	JJ
term	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
.	.
Employment	NNP
of	IN
staff	NN
for	IN
the	DT
extended	JJ
school	NN
term	NN
beyond	IN
June	NNP
30	CD
,	,
2002	CD
,	,
is	VBZ
designated	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
calendars	NNS
as	IN
contingent	JJ
upon	IN
funding	VBG
for	IN
FY-2003	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
.	.
The	DT
proposed	VBN
revision	NN
requires	VBZ
that	IN
,	,
beginning	VBG
school	NN
year	NN
2002-2003	CD
,	,
school	NN
nutrition	NN
directors	NNS
be	VB
authorized	VBN
.	.
The	DT
revision	NN
also	RB
sets	VBZ
forth	RB
the	DT
initial	JJ
qualifications	NNS
and	CC
renewal	NN
requirements	NNS
for	IN
this	DT
authorization	NN
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
statute	NN
,	,
Boone	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
may	MD
fill	VB
positions	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
certified	JJ
list	NN
of	IN
positions	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
remainder	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
year	NN
immediately	RB
following	VBG
the	DT
effective	JJ
date	NN
of	IN
the	DT
inter-county	JJ
agreement	NN
only	RB
by	IN
selecting	VBG
employees	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
certified	JJ
list	NN
of	IN
employees	NNS
.	.
Donna	NNP
Wertz	NNP
Reams	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
kindergarten\/first	NN
grade	NN
teacher	NN
in	IN
Greenbrier	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
current	JJ
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
State	NNP
Teacher	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Year	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
requested	VBN
that	IN
she	PRP
replace	VB
Kaye	NNP
McCrory	NNP
as	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
school	NN
early	RB
childhood	NN
representative	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Program	NNP
Review	NNP
Board	NNP
.	.
Rebecca	NNP
Tinder	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
Office	NNP
of	IN
Legal	NNP
Services	NNP
,	,
reported	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
status	NN
of	IN
this	DT
issue	NN
.	.
Additional	JJ
information	NN
will	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
upon	IN
receipt	NN
of	IN
requested	VBN
documentation	NN
and	CC
conclusion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
hearing	NN
.	.
Determine	VB
whether	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
shortage	NN
of	IN
personnel	NNS
qualified	VBN
to	TO
teach	VB
vocational\/technical	JJ
programs	NNS
of	IN
study	NN
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
,	,
recommend	VB
methods	NNS
of	IN
increasing	VBG
the	DT
availability	NN
of	IN
personnel	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
such	JJ
instruction	NN
.	.
Determine	VB
whether	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
appropriate	JJ
alignment	NN
between	IN
secondary	JJ
programs	NNS
of	IN
study	NN
and	CC
those	DT
offered	VBN
in	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
,	,
particularly	RB
community	NN
and	CC
technical	JJ
colleges	NNS
;	:
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
not	RB
such	JJ
an	DT
alignment	NN
,	,
provide	VBP
recommendations	NNS
on	IN
how	WRB
such	JJ
an	DT
alignment	NN
can	MD
be	VB
achieved	VBN
.	.
Commissioner	NNP
Leslie	NNP
J.	NNP
Shoemaker	NNP
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
the	DT
Commission	NNP
's	POS
unanimous	JJ
request	NN
for	IN
a	DT
release	NN
of	IN
the	DT
restrictions	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
title	NN
to	TO
the	DT
property	NN
on	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
Hampshire	NNP
Memorial	NNP
Hospital	NNP
is	VBZ
located	VBN
.	.
Facilities	NNP
to	TO
provide	VB
comprehensive	JJ
guidelines	NNS
which	WDT
address	VBP
the	DT
details	NNS
of	IN
evaluating	VBG
and	CC
renovating	VBG
existing	VBG
public	JJ
education	NN
facilities	NNS
,	,
the	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
school	NN
facilities	NNS
and	CC
developing	VBG
or	CC
amending	VBG
county	NN
's	POS
Comprehensive	NNP
Educational	NNP
Facilities	NNP
Plan	NNP
.	.
This	DT
handbook	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
working	VBG
document	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
used	VBN
as	IN
such	JJ
during	IN
all	DT
planning	VBG
stages	NNS
of	IN
evaluation	NN
and	CC
construction	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Morris	NNP
recognized	VBD
Michael	NNP
Mullins	NNP
and	CC
Philip	NNP
Dobbins	NNP
,	,
teachers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
student	NN
team	NN
from	IN
Clay	NNP
County	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
that	WDT
will	MD
represent	VB
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
``	``
We	PRP
the	DT
People	NNS
''	''
finals	NNS
next	JJ
week	NN
.	.
Clay	NNP
County	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
has	VBZ
won	VBN
the	DT
state	NN
competition	NN
seven	CD
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
nine	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Lee	NNP
Ann	NNP
Gore	NNP
,	,
assisted	VBN
by	IN
Karen	NNP
Jackson	NNP
,	,
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
distributed	VBN
information	NN
regarding	VBG
Fayette	NNP
County	NNP
school	NN
closures	NNS
.	.
Larry	NNP
Coleman	NNP
,	,
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Fayette	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
,	,
spoke	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
addressed	VBD
the	DT
issues	NNS
and	CC
concerns	NNS
brought	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
by	IN
the	DT
Ms.	NNP
Specialists	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
MOUS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
twenty-six	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
26	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
high	JJ
school	NN
and	CC
technical	JJ
centers	NNS
are	VBP
currently	RB
designated	VBN
as	IN
authorized	VBN
testing	NN
centers	NNS
;	:
and	CC
,	,
seven	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
7	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
high	JJ
school	NN
and	CC
technical	JJ
centers	NNS
will	MD
serve	VB
as	IN
pilot	NN
sites	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
Oracle	NNP
Internet	NNP
Academies	NNP
starting	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
fall	NN
.	.
Policy	NNP
5100	CD
-	:
Approval	NN
of	IN
Educational	NNP
Personnel	NNP
Programs	NNP
requires	VBZ
all	DT
professional	JJ
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
to	TO
provide	VB
data	NNS
about	IN
their	PRP$
programs	NNS
.	.
Title	NNP
II	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Higher	JJR
Education	NNP
Act	NNP
requires	VBZ
all	DT
states	NNS
to	TO
collect	VB
,	,
compile	VB
and	CC
report	VB
data	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
about	IN
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
teacher	NN
education	NN
graduates	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
institutions	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
Virginia	NNP
meets	VBZ
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
eligibility	NN
requirements	NNS
of	IN
section	NN
612	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
IDEA	NNP
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
changes	NNS
have	VBP
also	RB
been	VBN
made	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
an	DT
agreement	NN
required	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
for	IN
Civil	NNP
Rights	NNP
specific	NN
to	TO
the	DT
definition	NN
and	CC
eligibility	NN
for	IN
gifted	JJ
.	.
The	DT
proposed	VBN
revisions	NNS
incorporate	VBP
new	JJ
language	NN
and	CC
additions	NNS
to	TO
existing	VBG
sections	NNS
of	IN
Policy	NN
2419	CD
and	CC
maintains	VBZ
the	DT
federal	JJ
language	NN
whenever	WRB
possible	JJ
.	.
The	DT
proposed	VBN
revisions	NNS
in	IN
Policy	NN
2419	CD
will	MD
provide	VB
current	JJ
and	CC
accurate	JJ
guidance	NN
to	TO
schools	NNS
and	CC
districts	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
implementation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
IDEA	NNP
97	CD
.	.
The	DT
membership	NN
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Secondary	JJ
School	NNP
Activities	NNPS
Commission	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
WVSSAC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
proposed	VBN
changes	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
rules	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
that	WDT
govern	VBP
interscholastic	JJ
activities	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
member	NN
schools	NNS
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
Patrick	NNP
Gruber	NNP
and	CC
Tony	NNP
Antonini	NNP
with	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Youth	NNP
Action	NNP
Council	NNP
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
the	DT
addition	NN
of	IN
a	DT
student	NN
voice	NN
on	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
extended	VBD
an	DT
invitation	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
semi-annually	RB
with	IN
a	DT
group	NN
of	IN
statewide	JJ
representatives	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
time	NN
when	WRB
school	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
in	IN
session	NN
.	.
Persinger	NNP
,	,
Jr.	NNP
,	,
requested	VBD
that	IN
Mr.	NNP
MacCallum	NNP
amend	VB
his	PRP$
motion	NN
to	TO
remove	VB
approval	NN
of	IN
the	DT
minutes	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
consent	NN
agenda	NN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Persinger	NNP
indicated	VBD
he	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
,	,
particularly	RB
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Recht	NNP
decision	NN
in	IN
Tomblin	NNP
v.	CC
Gainer	NNP
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
minutes	NNS
properly	RB
reflect	VBP
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
action	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
Mr.	NNP
Persinger	NNP
's	POS
request	NN
,	,
Ms.	NNP
Chapman	NNP
withdrew	VBD
her	PRP$
second	NN
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
motion	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Morris	NNP
called	VBD
for	IN
a	DT
second	JJ
to	TO
Mr.	NNP
MacCallum	NNP
's	POS
amended	VBN
motion	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
to	TO
approve	VB
the	DT
motion	NN
and	CC
the	DT
amendment	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Persinger	NNP
seconded	VBD
the	DT
motion	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Board	NNP
unanimously	RB
approved	VBD
the	DT
motion	NN
and	CC
the	DT
amendment	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Morris	NNP
called	VBD
for	IN
a	DT
motion	NN
to	TO
approve	VB
the	DT
Consent	NNP
Agenda	NNP
,	,
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
foregoing	NN
amendments	NNS
.	.
Upon	IN
motion	NN
by	IN
James	NNP
J.	NNP
MacCallum	NNP
,	,
second	JJ
by	IN
Paul	NNP
J.	NNP
State	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
cooperation	NN
with	IN
an	DT
external	JJ
panel	NN
,	,
conducted	VBD
a	DT
general	JJ
review	NN
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
testing	NN
and	CC
accountability	NN
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
current	JJ
status	NN
of	IN
key	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
those	DT
programs	NNS
,	,
report	NN
on	IN
general	JJ
findings	NNS
and	CC
make	VB
focused	JJ
recommendations	NNS
regarding	VBG
testing	NN
and	CC
school	NN
accountability	NN
procedures	NNS
.	.
Policy	NN
3234	CD
provides	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
year-round	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
The	DT
policy	NN
was	VBD
first	JJ
effective	JJ
in	IN
June	NNP
1992	CD
.	.
The	DT
revisions	NNS
will	MD
allow	VB
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
to	TO
approve	VB
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
year-round	JJ
school	NN
for	IN
a	DT
period	NN
of	IN
up	RB
to	TO
three	CD
years	NNS
.	.
The	DT
policy	NN
previously	RB
provided	VBN
for	IN
approval	NN
for	IN
a	DT
period	NN
of	IN
only	RB
one	CD
year	NN
.	.
Several	JJ
comments	NNS
were	VBD
received	VBN
,	,
most	JJS
arguing	VBG
against	IN
requiring	VBG
all	DT
schools	NNS
to	TO
operate	VB
year-round	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
the	DT
policy	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
do	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
No	DT
changes	NNS
were	VBD
made	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
comments	NNS
.	.
President	NNP
Morris	NNP
questioned	VBD
Mrs.	NNP
McBride	NNP
as	IN
to	TO
whether	IN
a	DT
referendum	NN
had	VBD
been	VBN
taken	VBN
up	RP
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Hampshire	NNP
County	NNP
Hospital	NNP
.	.
Mrs.	NNP
McBride	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
no	DT
such	JJ
referendum	NN
has	VBZ
occurred	VBN
and	CC
voiced	VBN
her	PRP$
concern	NN
that	WDT
should	MD
the	DT
hospital	NN
be	VB
closed	VBN
the	DT
next	JJ
closest	JJS
medical	JJ
facility	NN
would	MD
require	VB
travel	NN
time	NN
by	IN
car	NN
of	IN
approximately	RB
45	CD
to	TO
50	CD
minutes	NNS
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
time	NN
lines	NNS
for	IN
implementing	VBG
a	DT
new	JJ
series	NN
of	IN
assessments	NNS
for	IN
measuring	VBG
student	NN
achievement	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
and	CC
to	TO
come	VB
into	IN
compliance	NN
with	IN
certain	JJ
federal	JJ
requirements	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
requested	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
authorize	VBP
the	DT
preparation	NN
and	CC
issuance	NN
of	IN
a	DT
RFP	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
series	NN
of	IN
assessments	NNS
as	IN
listed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
attachment	NN
.	.
The	DT
RFP	NNP
would	MD
be	VB
clear	JJ
that	IN
awarding	VBG
of	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
is	VBZ
contingent	JJ
on	IN
State	NNP
Board	NNP
approval	NN
of	IN
the	DT
assessment	NN
and	CC
funding	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
.	.
Rebecca	NNP
Tinder	NNP
,	,
General	NNP
Counsel	NNP
,	,
Legal	NNP
Services	NNP
,	,
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
an	DT
incident	NN
that	WDT
occurred	VBD
during	IN
an	DT
out-of-state	JJ
athletic	JJ
event	NN
involving	VBG
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Schools	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Deaf	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Blind	NNP
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
next	JJ
meeting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
will	MD
take	VB
place	NN
next	IN
week	NN
via	IN
teleconference	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
and	CC
take	VB
action	NN
on	IN
Policy	NN
2320	CD
.	.
The	DT
next	JJ
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
will	MD
take	VB
place	NN
March	NNP
8	CD
in	IN
Charleston	NNP
.	.
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
and	CC
all	DT
schools	NNS
were	VBD
evaluated	VBN
by	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
on-site	JJ
review	NN
team	NN
.	.
The	DT
county	NN
submitted	VBD
revised	VBN
county	NN
and	CC
school	NN
Unified	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
for	IN
noncompliances	NNS
identified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
education	NN
performance	NN
audit	NN
team	NN
.	.
The	DT
Follow-up	JJ
Team	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
several	JJ
schools	NNS
did	VBD
not	RB
respond	VB
to	TO
all	PDT
the	DT
recommendations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audit	NNP
Team	NNP
.	.
Fayette	NNP
County	NNP
central	JJ
office	NN
staff	NN
requested	VBD
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
additional	JJ
technical	JJ
assistance	NN
to	TO
schools	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
better	JJR
address	NN
recommendations	NNS
.	.
On	IN
December	NNP
20	CD
,	,
2000	CD
,	,
a	DT
review	NN
of	IN
documentation	NN
showed	VBD
that	IN
Fayette	NNP
County	NNP
schools	NNS
had	VBD
better	JJR
addressed	VBD
recommendations	NNS
and	CC
requested	VBD
revisions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Follow-up	JJ
report	NN
.	.
County	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
.	.
The	DT
plans	NNS
were	VBD
reviewed	VBN
to	TO
determine	VB
that	IN
the	DT
required	JJ
components	NNS
were	VBD
included	VBN
and	CC
addressed	VBN
any	DT
performance	NN
or	CC
process	NN
deficiencies	NNS
.	.
The	DT
attachment	NN
summarizes	VBZ
the	DT
components	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
Unified	NNP
County	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
.	.
John	NNP
Hough	NNP
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
a	DT
proposed	VBN
Legislative	NNP
bill	NN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
recapture	VB
of	IN
seat	NN
time	NN
.	.
Highlights	NNS
include	VBP
:	:
eliminating	VBG
the	DT
beginning	NN
and	CC
ending	VBG
dates	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
school	NN
year	NN
;	:
reducing	VBG
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
faculty	NN
senate	NN
days	NNS
and	CC
outside	JJ
environment	NN
days	NNS
;	:
requiring	VBG
county	NN
boards	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
four	CD
noninstructional	JJ
days	NNS
for	IN
staff	NN
development	NN
.	.
Board	NNP
,	,
public	JJ
relations	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Sunshine	NNP
Law	NNP
,	,
expectations	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
's	POS
legal	JJ
staff	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
scheduling	NN
of	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
meeting	NN
for	IN
February	NNP
14	CD
to	TO
discuss	VB
pending	VBG
litigation	NN
and	CC
such	JJ
other	JJ
matters	NNS
as	IN
may	MD
be	VB
necessary	JJ
.	.
Elementary	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
intercounty	JJ
transfer	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
to	TO
Boone	NNP
County	NNP
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Stratton	NNP
delivered	VBD
a	DT
citizens	NNS
appeal	VBP
to	TO
Superintendent	NNP
Stewart	NNP
and	CC
requested	VBD
that	IN
action	NN
on	IN
the	DT
amendment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Logan	NNP
County	NNP
Comprehensive	NNP
Education	NNP
Facilities	NNP
Plan	NNP
and	CC
agreement	NN
between	IN
the	DT
Boone	NNP
and	CC
Logan	NNP
County	NNP
Boards	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
be	VB
postponed	VBN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
required	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Bill	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
review	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
's	POS
accountability	NN
system	NN
.	.
The	DT
legislation	NN
stated	VBD
that	IN
in	IN
order	NN
for	IN
the	DT
state	NN
to	TO
make	VB
improvements	NNS
in	IN
its	PRP$
standards	NNS
based	VBN
accountability	NN
system	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
to	TO
review	VB
the	DT
system	NN
currently	RB
in	IN
place	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
areas	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
need	VB
improvement	NN
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
this	DT
report	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
present	VB
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
review	NN
of	IN
the	DT
accountability	NN
system	NN
and	CC
report	VB
the	DT
findings	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Legislative	NNP
Oversight	NNP
Commission	NNP
on	IN
Education	NNP
Accountability	NNP
in	IN
order	NN
that	IN
the	DT
accountability	NN
system	NN
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
improve	VB
.	.
CEFP	NNP
:	:
Goal	NN
2	CD
,	,
Objective	NNP
2.3	CD
to	TO
read	VB
-	:
``	``
given	VBN
adequate	JJ
elementary	JJ
facilities	NNS
,	,
Upshur	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
will	MD
change	VB
the	DT
K-5	NN
configuration	NN
to	TO
PreK-5	NNP
;	:
Delete	VB
from	IN
Goal	NNP
3	CD
,	,
Objective	NNP
3.1	CD
``	``
Given	VBN
adequate	JJ
financial	JJ
resources	NNS
,	,
Upshur	NNP
County	NNP
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
operate	VB
the	DT
nine	CD
currently-existing	JJ
elementary	JJ
schools	NNS
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
decreased	VBN
student	NN
population	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
minimum	NN
of	IN
twenty	CD
students\/grade	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
does	VBZ
not	RB
result	VB
in	IN
significant	JJ
decrease	NN
in	IN
State	NNP
Aid	NNP
Formula	NNP
dollars	NNS
,	,
''	''
the	DT
consensus	NN
of	IN
the	DT
CEFP	NNP
Committee	NNP
is	VBZ
that	IN
Upshur	NNP
County	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
presently	RB
have	VB
adequate	JJ
financial	JJ
resources	NNS
to	TO
operate	VB
nine	CD
elementary	JJ
schools	NNS
and	CC
therefore	RB
,	,
this	DT
objective	NN
is	VBZ
no	RB
longer	RB
needed	VBN
;	:
add	VB
to	TO
the	DT
present	JJ
plan	NN
the	DT
option	NN
for	IN
new	JJ
school	NN
construction	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
additions\/renovations	NNS
recommended	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
present	JJ
plan	NN
.	.
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Cabell	NNP
County	NNP
requested	VBD
approval	NN
to	TO
operate	VB
school	NN
calendars	NNS
of	IN
180	CD
days	NNS
spread	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
year-round	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
All	DT
four	CD
schools	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
operating	VBG
year-round	JJ
calendars	NNS
for	IN
several	JJ
years	NNS
.	.
Steve	NNP
Knighton	NNP
and	CC
Debra	NNP
Shelton	NNP
,	,
Principals	NNPS
,	,
appeared	VBD
and	CC
distributed	VBN
data	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
in	IN
support	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
requests	NNS
.	.
Upon	IN
the	DT
request	NN
of	IN
Mr.	NNP
Knighton	NNP
,	,
the	DT
motion	NN
was	VBD
amended	VBN
by	IN
Mr.	NNP
Spencer	NNP
and	CC
seconded	VBN
by	IN
James	NNP
J.	NNP
MacCallum	NNP
,	,
to	TO
approve	VB
these	DT
calendars	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
three	CD
year	NN
period	NN
,	,
if	IN
such	JJ
action	NN
is	VBZ
allowed	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
policy	NN
.	.
December	NNP
1	CD
to	TO
review	VB
existing	VBG
data	NNS
and	CC
research	NN
;	:
discuss	VB
issues	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
equitable	JJ
delivery	NN
of	IN
secondary	JJ
vocational-technical	JJ
education	NN
;	:
and	CC
,	,
formulate	VBP
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
and	CC
defensible	JJ
response	NN
to	TO
the	DT
following	JJ
charges	NNS
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
recommend	VB
which	WDT
programs	NNS
of	IN
study	NN
,	,
if	IN
any	DT
,	,
in	IN
vocational\/technical	JJ
education	NN
should	MD
be	VB
added\/modified\/deleted	VBN
from	IN
Policy	NN
2510	CD
;	:
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
determine	VB
whether	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
shortage	NN
of	IN
personnel	NNS
qualified	VBN
to	TO
teach	VB
vocational\/technical	JJ
programs	NNS
of	IN
study	NN
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
,	,
recommend	VB
methods	NNS
of	IN
increasing	VBG
the	DT
availability	NN
of	IN
personnel	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
such	JJ
instruction	NN
;	:
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
determine	VB
whether	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
need	NN
for	IN
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
,	,
recommend	VB
alternative	JJ
methods	NNS
of	IN
delivery	NN
for	IN
vocational\/technical	JJ
programs	NNS
of	IN
study	NN
,	,
and	CC
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
determine	VB
whether	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
appropriate	JJ
alignment	NN
between	IN
secondary	JJ
programs	NNS
of	IN
study	NN
and	CC
those	DT
offered	VBN
in	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
,	,
particularly	RB
community	NN
and	CC
technical	JJ
colleges	NNS
;	:
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
not	RB
such	JJ
an	DT
alignment	NN
,	,
provide	VBP
recommendations	NNS
on	IN
how	WRB
such	JJ
an	DT
alignment	NN
can	MD
be	VB
achieved	VBN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Robert	NNP
Walker	NNP
provided	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
committee	NN
report	NN
and	CC
brief	JJ
overview	NN
of	IN
committee	NN
activities	NNS
.	.
Two	CD
Science	NN
Facilities	NNPS
and	CC
Equipment	NNP
Assessment	NNP
surveys	NNS
were	VBD
developed	VBN
and	CC
forwarded	VBN
to	TO
building	VBG
principals	NNS
.	.
One	CD
Science	NNP
Department	NNP
Chairperson	NNP
Questionnaire	NNP
and	CC
multiple	JJ
Science	NN
Teacher	NN
Questionnaires	NNS
were	VBD
sent	VBN
to	TO
every	DT
public	JJ
middle\/junior	NN
high	JJ
and	CC
senior	JJ
high	JJ
school	NN
.	.
In	IN
response	NN
to	TO
concerns	NNS
expressed	VBN
by	IN
county	NN
school	NN
systems	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
substitute	NN
shortage	NN
,	,
changes	NNS
to	TO
Policy	NNP
5202	CD
-	:
Minimum	NNP
Requirements	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Licensure	NN
of	IN
Professional\/Paraprofessional	NNP
and	CC
Advanced	NNP
Salary	NNP
Classifications	NNPS
will	MD
be	VB
proposed	VBN
when	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
next	JJ
revised	VBN
.	.
Approval	NN
of	IN
a	DT
stop-gap	JJ
measure	NN
,	,
as	IN
found	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
attachment	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Memorandum	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
was	VBD
requested	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
meet	VB
immediate	JJ
substitute	NN
needs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
Milken	NNP
and	CC
Teacher	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Year	NN
award	NN
winners	NNS
serving	VBG
as	IN
education	NN
resources	NNS
was	VBD
raised	VBN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
will	MD
address	VB
this	DT
request	NN
and	CC
provide	VB
recommendations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
at	IN
a	DT
future	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
Jim	NNP
Mc	NNP
Knight	NNP
brought	VBD
a	DT
concern	NN
before	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
a	DT
possible	JJ
need	NN
for	IN
additional	JJ
inspectors	NNS
.	.
Wayne	NNP
Clutter	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
Office	NNP
of	IN
School	NNP
Transportation	NNP
,	,
requested	VBD
time	NN
to	TO
look	VB
into	IN
this	DT
matter	NN
before	IN
any	DT
action	NN
is	VBZ
taken	VBN
.	.
Performance	NNP
Based	VBD
Accreditation	NNP
System	NNP
,	,
indicate	VBP
that	IN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
having	VBG
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
casual	JJ
deficit	NN
shall	MD
submit	VB
a	DT
plan	NN
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
specifying	VBG
strategies	NNS
for	IN
eliminating	VBG
the	DT
casual	JJ
deficit	NN
.	.
The	DT
Hancock	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
requested	VBD
approval	NN
to	TO
amend	VB
its	PRP$
CEFP	NNP
as	IN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
contain	VB
a	DT
provision	NN
for	IN
the	DT
change	NN
of	IN
status	NN
of	IN
Jefferson	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
from	IN
Transitional	JJ
to	TO
Closure	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
change	NN
in	IN
grade	NN
structure	NN
from	IN
grade	NN
6-8	CD
to	TO
grade	NN
5-8	CD
for	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
Oak	NNP
Glen	NNP
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
A	DT
survey	NN
was	VBD
sent	VBN
to	TO
all	DT
high	JJ
school	NN
principals	NNS
,	,
middle\/junior	JJ
high	JJ
principals	NNS
,	,
and	CC
vocational	JJ
directors	NNS
regarding	VBG
their	PRP$
schools	NNS
'	POS
ability	NN
to	TO
implement	VB
Policy	NN
2510	CD
as	IN
it	PRP
relates	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
8100	CD
minute	NN
requirement	NN
.	.
A	DT
report	NN
was	VBD
given	VBN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
that	WDT
meet	VBP
the	DT
requirement	NN
,	,
reasons	NNS
for	IN
lack	NN
of	IN
implementation	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
recommended	VBN
solution	NN
was	VBD
provided	VBN
based	VBN
upon	IN
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
survey	NN
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
has	VBZ
received	VBN
a	DT
five-year	JJ
,	,
$	$
10.4	CD
million	CD
grant	NN
to	TO
improve	VB
the	DT
college-going	JJ
rate	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
The	DT
grant	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
seven	CD
state-level	JJ
GEAR	NNP
UP	RP
grants	NNS
recently	RB
announced	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
GEAR	NNP
UP	RP
initiative	NN
will	MD
focus	VB
on	IN
32	CD
middle	JJ
and	CC
high	JJ
schools	NNS
in	IN
eight	CD
rural	JJ
counties	NNS
,	,
connecting	VBG
those	DT
schools	NNS
with	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
institutions	NNS
and	CC
local	JJ
,	,
regional	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
partners	NNS
to	TO
bring	VB
about	RB
substantive	JJ
improvement	NN
in	IN
student	NN
preparedness	NN
and	CC
participation	NN
in	IN
college	NN
.	.
``	``
prospective	JJ
employable	JJ
professional	JJ
personnel	NNS
.	.
''	''
Unless	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
year	NN
enrollment	NN
is	VBZ
100	CD
students	NNS
more	RBR
than	IN
the	DT
enrollment	NN
four	CD
years	NNS
earlier	RBR
,	,
a	DT
county	NN
may	MD
only	RB
hire	VB
prospective	JJ
employable	JJ
professional	JJ
personnel	NNS
under	IN
a	DT
waiver	NN
granted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
.	.
The	DT
proposed	VBN
rules	NNS
mirror	VBP
the	DT
language	NN
of	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
prior	JJ
net	JJ
enrollment	NN
figures	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
six	CD
counties	NNS
would	MD
quality	NN
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
increased	VBN
enrollment	NN
.	.
Other	JJ
counties	NNS
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
waiver	NN
process	NN
.	.
The	DT
policy	NN
was	VBD
on	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
through	IN
October	NNP
20	CD
,	,
2000	CD
.	.
Only	RB
one	CD
comment	NN
was	VBD
received	VBN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
comment	NN
had	VBD
no	DT
bearing	NN
on	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
policy	NN
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
summer	NN
of	IN
2000	CD
,	,
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Professional	NNP
Preparation	NNP
conducted	VBD
eight	CD
regional	JJ
supply	NN
and	CC
demand	NN
fact-finding	JJ
forums	NNS
.	.
The	DT
meetings	NNS
were	VBD
well-attended	JJ
by	IN
both	DT
representatives	NNS
of	IN
institutions	NNS
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
and	CC
county	NN
school	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
these	DT
dialogues	NNS
,	,
changes	NNS
were	VBD
proposed	VBN
to	TO
Policy	NNP
5100	CD
.	.
The	DT
changes	NNS
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
alleviate	VB
shortages	NNS
in	IN
special	JJ
education	NN
,	,
to	TO
accommodate	VB
the	DT
augmentation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
preschool	JJ
curriculum	NN
with	IN
services	NNS
provided	VBN
by	IN
music	NN
,	,
art	NN
and	CC
physical	JJ
education	NN
specialists	NNS
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
better	JJR
reflect	VBP
national	JJ
trends	NNS
and	CC
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
programs	NNS
in	IN
administrative	JJ
specializations	NNS
.	.
Improvement	NNP
consultant	NN
teams	NNS
were	VBD
approved	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
September	NNP
board	NN
meeting	NN
for	IN
six	CD
schools	NNS
that	WDT
had	VBD
been	VBN
issued	VBN
Seriously	RB
Impaired	VBN
status	NN
.	.
Those	DT
teams	NNS
have	VBP
met	VBN
with	IN
principals	NNS
and	CC
faculty	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
provided	VBN
recommendations	NNS
for	IN
State	NNP
Board	NNP
approval	NN
as	IN
required	VBN
by	IN
code	NN
and	CC
policy	NN
provisions	NNS
.	.
Department	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Center	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Development	NNP
to	TO
submit	VB
their	PRP$
plans	NNS
to	TO
implement	VB
the	DT
professional	JJ
development	NN
goals	NNS
established	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
in	IN
September	NNP
.	.
Concomitantly	RB
,	,
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
's	POS
date	NN
for	IN
response	NN
to	TO
those	DT
plans	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
moved	VBN
from	IN
January	NNP
1	CD
to	TO
January	NNP
15	CD
.	.
Based	VBN
upon	IN
the	DT
performance	NN
data	NNS
and	CC
results	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Follow-up	JJ
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audit	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
recommended	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
Morgan	NNP
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
be	VB
granted	VBN
Full	NNP
Approval	NNP
status	NN
and	CC
all	DT
Morgan	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
be	VB
granted	VBN
Full	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
status	NN
.	.
School	NNP
Building	NNP
Authority	NNP
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
for	IN
approval	NN
.	.
The	DT
facilities	NNS
plan	VBP
for	IN
Wyoming	NNP
County	NNP
was	VBD
reviewed	VBN
and	CC
recommended	VBN
for	IN
approval	NN
by	IN
the	DT
staff	NN
of	IN
the	DT
School	NNP
Building	NNP
Authority	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
School	NNP
Facilities	NNPS
for	IN
compliance	NN
with	IN
Policy	NNP
6200	CD
and	CC
the	DT
SBA	NNP
Guidelines	NNS
and	CC
Procedures	NNS
handbook	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
responsibility	NN
for	IN
school	NN
facility	NN
inspection	NN
and	CC
report	NN
of	IN
findings	NNS
is	VBZ
of	IN
supreme	JJ
importance	NN
to	TO
all	DT
concerned	VBN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
problem	NN
is	VBZ
identified	VBN
it	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
reflected	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
report	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
assure	VB
correction	NN
.	.
Schools	NNP
That	DT
Work	NN
in	IN
cooperation	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Southern	NNP
Regional	NNP
Education	NNP
Board	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
SREB	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
major	JJ
goal	NN
for	IN
this	DT
initiative	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
increase	VB
the	DT
achievement	NN
levels	NNS
in	IN
math	NN
,	,
science	NN
and	CC
reading	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
in	IN
general	JJ
and	CC
vocational	JJ
studies	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
high	JJ
school	NN
level	NN
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
,	,
requires	VBZ
local	JJ
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
to	TO
employ	VB
an	DT
athletic	JJ
trainer	NN
to	TO
be	VB
in	IN
attendance	NN
at	IN
all	DT
high	JJ
school	NN
football	NN
practices	NNS
and	CC
games	NNS
.	.
Athletic	JJ
trainers	NNS
are	VBP
recommended	VBN
for	IN
middle\/junior	JJ
high	JJ
school	NN
football	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Policy	NNP
5112	CD
provides	VBZ
for	IN
an	DT
Athletic	JJ
Trainer	NNP
Review	NNP
Board	NNP
to	TO
advise	VB
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
granting	VBG
of	IN
waivers	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
policy	NN
when	WRB
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
a	DT
fully	RB
certified	VBN
trainer	NN
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Secondary	JJ
School	NNP
Activities	NNPS
Commission	NNP
will	MD
work	VB
with	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
to	TO
develop	VB
and	CC
administer	VB
mandated	VBN
coursework	NN
for	IN
those	DT
making	VBG
application	NN
for	IN
athletic	JJ
trainer	NN
positions	NNS
and	CC
lacking	VBG
professional	JJ
certification	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
anticipated	VBN
that	IN
each	DT
section	NN
of	IN
the	DT
coursework	NN
will	MD
cost	VB
the	DT
student	NN
no	RB
more	RBR
than	IN
$	$
100.00	CD
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
approves	VBZ
the	DT
persons	NNS
who	WP
will	MD
serve	VB
on	IN
the	DT
committee	NN
.	.
The	DT
committee	NN
is	VBZ
charged	VBN
with	IN
approving	VBG
those	DT
programs	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
members	NNS
receive	VBP
credit	NN
for	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
meeting	VBG
the	DT
statutory	JJ
requirements	NNS
for	IN
training	NN
.	.
Board	NNP
members	NNS
J.	NNP
D.	NNP
Morris	NNP
,	,
Jim	NNP
Mc	NNP
Knight	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Paul	NNP
J.	NNP
Morris	NNP
currently	RB
serve	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
committee	NN
.	.
Pre-registration	NN
ranges	NNS
from	IN
40	CD
to	TO
80	CD
at	IN
each	DT
site	NN
with	IN
attendance	NN
expected	VBN
to	TO
reach	VB
or	CC
exceed	VB
100	CD
individuals	NNS
per	IN
site	NN
.	.
Meetings	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
will	MD
take	VB
place	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
forums	NNS
with	IN
student	NN
attendance	NN
at	IN
the	DT
forums	NNS
welcome	VBP
.	.
Real-time	JJ
online	JJ
information	NN
from	IN
the	DT
forums	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
.	.
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
.	.
All	DT
schools	NNS
in	IN
Logan	NNP
County	NNP
were	VBD
evaluated	VBN
by	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
on-site	JJ
review	NN
team	NN
.	.
The	DT
county	NN
submitted	VBD
revised	VBN
County	NNP
and	CC
School	NNP
Unified	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
for	IN
noncompliances	NNS
identified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
education	NN
performance	NN
audit	NN
team	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
was	VBD
provided	VBN
the	DT
2000	CD
Annual	JJ
Report	NNP
which	WDT
is	VBZ
the	DT
second	JJ
report	NN
compiling	VBG
accountability	NN
activities	NNS
.	.
This	DT
report	NN
synthesizes	VBZ
the	DT
activities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNPS
as	IN
established	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Legislature	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Jackson	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
requested	VBD
approval	NN
of	IN
an	DT
amendment	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
CEFP	NNP
as	IN
it	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
contain	VB
a	DT
provision	NN
for	IN
construction	NN
of	IN
an	DT
auxiliary	JJ
gymnasium	NN
at	IN
Ripley	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
,	,
addition	NN
of	IN
two	CD
bathrooms	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
Ravenswood	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
Gymnasium	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
expansion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
kitchen	NN
at	IN
Ripley	NNP
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
Local	JJ
revenues	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
in	IN
completing	VBG
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
listed	VBN
projects	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Marion	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
requested	VBD
approval	NN
of	IN
an	DT
amendment	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
CEFP	NNP
as	IN
it	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
contain	VB
provisions	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
following	NN
:	:
closing	VBG
Dunbar	NNP
and	CC
Miller	NNP
Schools	NNP
and	CC
consolidating	VBG
these	DT
two	CD
schools	NNS
into	IN
a	DT
newly	RB
constructed	VBN
middle\/junior	RB
high	JJ
school	NN
;	:
renovation	NN
of	IN
Fairmont	NNP
Senior	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
and	CC
construction	NN
of	IN
additional	JJ
classrooms	NNS
.	.
School	NNP
Building	NNP
Authority	NNP
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
for	IN
approval	NN
.	.
The	DT
facilities	NNS
plans	NNS
for	IN
14	CD
counties	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
reviewed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
staff	NN
of	IN
the	DT
School	NNP
Building	NNP
Authority	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
School	NNP
Facilities	NNPS
for	IN
compliance	NN
with	IN
Policy	NNP
6200	CD
and	CC
the	DT
SBA	NNP
Guidelines	NNS
and	CC
Procedures	NNS
Handbook	NNP
and	CC
were	VBD
recommended	VBN
for	IN
approval	NN
.	.
The	DT
Agreed	NNP
Order	NNP
in	IN
Tomblin	NNP
v.	CC
Gainer	NNP
requires	VBZ
the	DT
convening	VBG
of	IN
six	CD
committees	NNS
to	TO
work	VB
on	IN
issues	NNS
involving	VBG
testing	NN
,	,
vocational	JJ
curriculum	NN
offerings	NNS
,	,
science	NN
facilities	NNS
,	,
foreign	JJ
language	NN
teacher	NN
shortages	NNS
,	,
limitations	NNS
on	IN
art	NN
and	CC
music	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
teacher	NN
shortages	NNS
generally	RB
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
has	VBZ
one	CD
designee	NN
on	IN
five	CD
of	IN
the	DT
committees	NNS
and	CC
four	CD
designees	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
committee	NN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
testing	NN
.	.
Recommended	VBN
designees	NNS
were	VBD
presented	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
for	IN
approval	NN
.	.
The	DT
comment	NN
period	NN
ended	VBN
on	IN
August	NNP
25	CD
,	,
2000	CD
,	,
and	CC
comments	NNS
were	VBD
received	VBN
from	IN
four	CD
people	NNS
.	.
The	DT
comments	NNS
did	VBD
result	NN
in	IN
changes	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
word	NN
``	``
virtual	JJ
''	''
and	CC
2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
clarification	NN
of	IN
instructional	JJ
materials	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
textbook	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
adoption	NN
utilization	NN
.	.
Improvement	NNP
consultant	NN
teams	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
appointed	VBN
to	TO
assist	VB
schools	NNS
in	IN
improving	VBG
their	PRP$
status	NN
.	.
A	DT
chart	NN
showing	VBG
improvement	NN
consultant	NN
teams	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
seven	CD
schools	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
attachment	NN
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
previously	RB
approved	VBD
a	DT
team	NN
for	IN
Powellton	NNP
Elementary	NNP
.	.
Six	CD
additional	JJ
schools	NNS
were	VBD
issued	VBN
SI	NNP
status	NN
at	IN
either	CC
the	DT
July	NNP
or	CC
August	NNP
Board	NNP
meetings	NNS
.	.
Center	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
developing	VBG
a	DT
Forest	NN
Stewardship	NN
plan	NN
for	IN
the	DT
229	CD
forested	VBN
acres	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
currently	RB
underutilized	VBN
.	.
The	DT
forested	VBN
areas	NNS
have	VBP
great	JJ
potential	JJ
to	TO
increase	VB
utilization	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Cedar	NNP
Lakes	NNPS
Conference	NNP
Center	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
areas	NNS
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
recreational	JJ
development	NN
would	MD
be	VB
increased	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
examples	NNS
:	:
cross-country	JJ
trails	VBZ
,	,
horseback	NN
riding	VBG
trails	VBZ
,	,
ADA	NNP
accessible	JJ
trails	VBZ
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
educational	JJ
opportunities	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
examples	NNS
:	:
outdoor	JJ
classrooms	NNS
,	,
research	NN
possibilities	NNS
,	,
wildlife	NN
areas	NNS
,	,
examples	NNS
of	IN
successful	JJ
forest	NN
stewardship	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
fire	NN
protection	NN
would	MD
be	VB
greatly	RB
increased	VBN
;	:
and	CC
,	,
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
forest	NN
stewardship	NN
plan	NN
would	MD
be	VB
in	IN
effect	NN
.	.
The	DT
proposed	VBN
plan	NN
will	MD
increase	VB
the	DT
utilization	NN
of	IN
Cedar	NNP
Lakes	NNPS
which	WDT
will	MD
result	VB
in	IN
additional	JJ
revenues	NNS
.	.
Kim	NNP
Lawrence	NNP
announced	VBD
that	IN
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
forum	NN
posters	NNS
and	CC
fliers	NNS
have	VBP
gone	VBN
out	RP
to	TO
the	DT
schools	NNS
;	:
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
an	DT
insert	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
forums	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
distributed	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
September	NNP
issue	NN
of	IN
State	NNP
Ed	NNP
;	:
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
online	JJ
information	NN
,	,
registration	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
community	NN
poll	NN
are	VBP
all	DT
available	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
's	POS
home	NN
page	NN
.	.
Karen	NNP
Larry	NNP
announced	VBD
that	IN
approximately	RB
40	CD
Department	NNP
staff	NN
members	NNS
will	MD
assist	VB
with	IN
the	DT
forums	NNS
and	CC
met	VBD
last	JJ
week	NN
for	IN
training	NN
.	.
Two	CD
sessions	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
conduct	NN
with	IN
Department	NNP
staff	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
going	VBG
out	RP
into	IN
the	DT
field	NN
.	.
Members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
indicated	VBD
they	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
see	VB
results	NNS
,	,
by	IN
region	NN
,	,
of	IN
the	DT
community	NN
poll	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Mark	NNP
A.	NN
Manchin	NNP
,	,
Webster	NNP
County	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
,	,
welcomed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
to	TO
Webster	NNP
County	NNP
and	CC
thanked	VBD
everyone	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
efforts	NNS
in	IN
assuring	VBG
a	DT
quality	NN
education	NN
for	IN
each	DT
and	CC
every	DT
child	NN
.	.
He	PRP
also	RB
commended	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
for	IN
selecting	VBG
Dr.	NNP
Stewart	NNP
as	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
.	.
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
.	.
All	DT
schools	NNS
in	IN
Preston	NNP
County	NNP
were	VBD
evaluated	VBN
by	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
on-site	JJ
review	NN
team	NN
.	.
The	DT
county	NN
submitted	VBD
revised	VBN
County	NNP
and	CC
School	NNP
Unified	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
for	IN
noncompliances	NNS
identified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
education	NN
performance	NN
audit	NN
team	NN
.	.
The	DT
impact	NN
of	IN
the	DT
education	NN
performance	NN
audit	NN
results	NNS
,	,
performance	NN
measures	NNS
,	,
and	CC
revised	VBN
county	NN
and	CC
school	NN
Unified	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
led	VBD
to	TO
a	DT
recommendation	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Preston	NNP
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
be	VB
issued	VBN
Conditional	NNP
Approval	NNP
status	NN
,	,
three	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
schools	NNS
be	VB
granted	VBN
Full	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
status	NN
,	,
and	CC
nine	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
9	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
schools	NNS
be	VB
issued	VBN
Conditional	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
status	NN
.	.
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18-2-23a	JJ
requires	VBZ
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
to	TO
establish	VB
goals	NNS
for	IN
professional	JJ
development	NN
in	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
An	DT
analysis	NN
of	IN
annual	JJ
performance	NN
data	NNS
and	CC
education	NN
performance	NN
audits	NN
was	VBD
presented	VBN
to	TO
assist	VB
the	DT
Board	NNP
in	IN
establishing	VBG
staff	NN
development	NN
goals	NNS
.	.
Performance	NNP
Measure	NN
4.1	CD
,	,
Student	NNP
Achievement	NNP
.	.
The	DT
report	NN
reflects	VBZ
those	DT
schools	NNS
that	WDT
did	VBD
not	RB
have	VB
the	DT
50	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
achieving	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
top	JJ
two	CD
quartiles	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
those	DT
schools	NNS
not	RB
meeting	VBG
the	DT
standard	NN
that	WDT
15	CD
percent	NN
or	CC
fewer	JJR
students	NNS
performing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
bottom	JJ
quartile	NN
or	CC
have	VB
a	DT
decreasing	VBG
trend	NN
.	.
Comprehensive	NNP
Educational	NNP
Facilities	NNP
Plan	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CEFP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
as	IN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
contain	VB
a	DT
provision	NN
for	IN
the	DT
placement	NN
of	IN
two	CD
portable	JJ
classrooms	NNS
at	IN
Wayne	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Wayne	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
requested	VBD
approval	NN
to	TO
amend	VB
its	PRP$
CEFP	NNP
to	TO
include	VB
the	DT
placement	NN
of	IN
two	CD
portable	JJ
classrooms	NNS
at	IN
Wayne	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
for	IN
a	DT
kindergarten	NN
and	CC
second	JJ
grade	NN
class	NN
.	.
The	DT
portables	NNS
are	VBP
equipped	VBN
with	IN
restrooms	NNS
and	CC
will	MD
not	RB
house	VB
students	NNS
with	IN
special	JJ
needs	NNS
.	.
School-Day	NNP
Plus	NNP
programs	NNS
for	IN
elementary	JJ
school	NN
children	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
preschool	JJ
through	IN
grade	NN
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
County	NNP
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
Head	NNP
Start	NNP
programs	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
private	JJ
child	NN
care	NN
providers	NNS
who	WP
establish	VBP
interagency	NN
agreements	NNS
with	IN
local	JJ
school	NN
systems	NNS
may	MD
apply	VB
for	IN
funding	NN
.	.
School-Day	NNP
Plus	NNP
grants	NNS
provide	VBP
program	NN
supervision	NN
to	TO
children	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
preschool	JJ
through	IN
grade	NN
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
before	RB
and	CC
after	IN
the	DT
school	NN
day	NN
or	CC
during	IN
summers	NNS
.	.
School-Day	NNP
Plus	NNP
programs	NNS
are	VBP
located	VBN
in	IN
schools	NNS
,	,
Head	NNP
Start	NNP
Centers	NNPS
,	,
or	CC
community	NN
facilities	NNS
that	WDT
meet	VBP
health	NN
and	CC
safety	NN
requirements	NNS
.	.
Within	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
three	CD
years	NNS
,	,
the	DT
funding	NN
has	VBZ
increased	VBN
from	IN
approximately	RB
$	$
500,000	CD
per	IN
year	NN
to	TO
this	DT
year	NN
's	POS
$	$
2,000,000	CD
.	.
Proposed	VBN
policy	NN
changes	NNS
are	VBP
:	:
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
state	NN
superintendent	NN
's	POS
designee	NN
to	TO
the	DT
board	NN
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
nonvoting	JJ
member	NN
;	:
b	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
each	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
and	CC
each	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
member	NN
or	CC
designee	NN
to	TO
the	DT
board	NN
will	MD
be	VB
voting	VBG
members	NNS
when	WRB
selecting	VBG
an	DT
executive	NN
;	:
c	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
adds	VBZ
one	CD
year	NN
experience	NN
in	IN
educational	JJ
administration	NN
to	TO
the	DT
qualification	NN
for	IN
the	DT
RESA	NNP
director	NN
;	:
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
deletes	VBZ
the	DT
provision	NN
that	IN
the	DT
state	NN
superintendent	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
'	POS
designee	NN
could	MD
meet	VB
in	IN
place	NN
of	IN
the	DT
superintendent	NN
at	IN
the	DT
semi-annual	JJ
meetings	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
and	CC
chair	NN
and\/or	CC
co-chair	NN
of	IN
each	DT
Regional	NNP
Education	NNP
Service	NNP
Agency	NNP
;	:
and	CC
e	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
will	MD
designate	VB
their	PRP$
representative	NN
to	TO
the	DT
RESA	NNP
board	NN
at	IN
their	PRP$
first	JJ
meeting	NN
in	IN
July	NNP
.	.
Policy	NN
2520	CD
defines	VBZ
the	DT
instructional	JJ
goals	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
for	IN
programs	NNS
of	IN
study	NN
required	VBN
by	IN
Policy	NNP
2510	CD
.	.
Two	CD
sets	NNS
of	IN
instructional	JJ
goals	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
presented	VBN
:	:
Speech	NN
I	PRP
and	CC
Journalism	NNP
and	CC
Foreign	NNP
Languages	NNP
.	.
Speech	NN
I	NN
and	CC
Journalism	NN
are	VBP
two	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
commonly	RB
offered	VBN
electives	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
English	JJ
Language	NN
Arts	NNS
;	:
state-level	JJ
instructional	JJ
goals	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
will	MD
promote	VB
consistent	JJ
quality	NN
in	IN
these	DT
course	NN
offerings	NNS
.	.
New	NNP
instructional	JJ
goals	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
are	VBP
proposed	VBN
for	IN
Foreign	NNP
Language	NNP
Exploratory	NNP
,	,
a	DT
common	JJ
election	NN
at	IN
the	DT
middle	JJ
school	NN
level	NN
.	.
Revisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Foreign	NNP
Language	NNP
Program	NNP
of	IN
Study	NNP
,	,
Levels	NNP
I-IV	NNP
are	VBP
also	RB
included	VBN
and	CC
were	VBD
made	VBN
to	TO
clarify	VB
specific	JJ
objectives	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
add	VB
terminology	NN
unique	JJ
to	TO
second	JJ
language	NN
acquisition	NN
.	.
Approved	VBN
instructional	JJ
goals	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
will	MD
provide	VB
the	DT
basis	NN
for	IN
designing	VBG
instructional	JJ
materials	NNS
selection	NN
criteria	NNS
.	.
Facilities	NNP
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
conduct	VB
annual	JJ
facilities	NNS
reviews	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
schools	NNS
constructed	VBN
or	CC
renovated	VBN
with	IN
funds	NNS
provided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
School	NNP
Building	NNP
Authority	NNP
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
findings	NNS
of	IN
those	DT
facilities	NNS
inspections	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
schools	NNS
are	VBP
provided	VBN
.	.
Policy	NNP
5112	CD
provides	VBZ
for	IN
an	DT
Athletic	JJ
Trainer	NNP
Review	NNP
Board	NNP
to	TO
advise	VB
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
granting	VBG
of	IN
waivers	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
policy	NN
when	WRB
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
a	DT
fully	RB
certified	VBN
trainer	NN
.	.
Waiver	NN
requests	NNS
were	VBD
received	VBN
from	IN
thirty-nine	CD
schools	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
listing	NN
attached	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
All	DT
waived	VBN
persons	NNS
will	MD
serve	VB
in	IN
lieu	NN
of	IN
fully	RB
certified	VBN
athletic	JJ
trainers	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
2000-01	JJ
school	NN
term	NN
.	.
Kim	NNP
Lawrence	NNP
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
plans	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
forums	NNS
.	.
All	DT
sites	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
visited	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
couple	NN
of	IN
weeks	NNS
.	.
An	DT
announcement	NN
will	MD
appear	VB
in	IN
State	NNP
Ed	NNP
,	,
will	MD
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
's	POS
website	NN
and	CC
a	DT
poster	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
being	VBG
designed	VBN
.	.
Fernando	NNP
Ibanez	NNP
is	VBZ
working	VBG
to	TO
make	VB
registration	NN
for	IN
the	DT
forums	NNS
available	JJ
on-line	JJ
and	CC
on-line	JJ
text	NN
versions	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
forum	NN
event	NN
as	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
occurring	VBG
.	.
Jim	NNP
Mc	NNP
Knight	NNP
will	MD
serve	VB
as	IN
moderator	NN
at	IN
each	DT
forum	NN
.	.
Karen	NNP
Larry	NNP
addressed	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
regarding	VBG
the	DT
ultimate	JJ
goal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
forums	NNS
.	.
General	NNP
consensus	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
obtain	VB
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
items	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
would	MD
reduce	VB
to	TO
approximately	RB
ten	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
10	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
goals	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
shared	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNPS
and	CC
the	DT
Department	NNP
for	IN
use	NN
as	IN
a	DT
strategic	JJ
plan	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Mathews	NNP
requested	VBD
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Lincoln	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
to	TO
issue	VB
questions	NNS
and	CC
concerns	NNS
.	.
President	NNP
Billie	NNP
Frye	NNP
in	IN
response	NN
indicated	VBD
a	DT
need	NN
to	TO
increase	VB
curriculum	NN
offerings	NNS
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
elective	JJ
classes	NNS
in	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
and	CC
stated	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Lincoln	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
is	VBZ
willing	JJ
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
betterment	NN
of	IN
Lincoln	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
.	.
Superintendent	NNP
William	NNP
K.	NNP
President	NNP
Frye	NNP
called	VBD
for	IN
a	DT
motion	NN
to	TO
adjourn	VB
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Upon	IN
motion	NN
by	IN
Fred	NNP
Curry	NNP
,	,
second	JJ
by	IN
Bill	NNP
Workman	NNP
the	DT
meeting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Lincoln	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
meeting	NN
was	VBD
adjourned	VBN
at	IN
8:58	CD
a.m.	NN
and	CC
President	NNP
Mathews	NNP
recessed	VBD
the	DT
meeting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
.	.
County	NNP
school	NN
System	NNP
.	.
All	DT
schools	NNS
in	IN
Pendleton	NNP
County	NNP
were	VBD
evaluated	VBN
by	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
on-site	JJ
review	NN
team	NN
.	.
The	DT
county	NN
submitted	VBD
revised	VBN
County	NNP
and	CC
School	NNP
Unified	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
for	IN
noncompliances	NNS
identified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
education	NN
performance	NN
audit	NN
team	NN
.	.
Only	RB
one	CD
plan	NN
of	IN
compliance	NN
was	VBD
accepted	VBN
and	CC
that	IN
school	NN
is	VBZ
eligible	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
higher	JJR
accreditation	NN
status	NN
.	.
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
.	.
All	DT
schools	NNS
in	IN
Wayne	NNP
County	NNP
were	VBD
evaluated	VBN
by	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
on-site	JJ
review	NN
team	NN
.	.
The	DT
county	NN
submitted	VBD
revised	VBN
County	NNP
and	CC
School	NNP
Unified	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
for	IN
noncompliances	NNS
identified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
education	NN
performance	NN
audit	NN
team	NN
.	.
The	DT
Ritchie	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
requests	NNS
approval	NN
of	IN
an	DT
amendment	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
CEFP	NNP
to	TO
include	VB
the	DT
placement	NN
of	IN
two	CD
portable	JJ
classrooms	NNS
at	IN
Harrisville	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
The	DT
classrooms	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
house	VB
special	JJ
education	NN
students	NNS
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
equipped	VBN
with	IN
restrooms	NNS
.	.
The	DT
anticipated	JJ
removal	NN
date	NN
for	IN
these	DT
portable	JJ
classrooms	NNS
is	VBZ
June	NNP
2005	CD
.	.
Attachment	NN
T.	NNP
Mary	NNP
Kay	NNP
Harrison	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
revision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
bring	VB
it	PRP
into	IN
compliance	NN
with	IN
regulatory	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
nutrition	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Approval	NN
will	MD
allow	VB
the	DT
Department	NNP
to	TO
assist	VB
counties	NNS
in	IN
complying	VBG
with	IN
United	NNP
States	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Agriculture	NNP
regulations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
comment	NN
period	NN
ended	VBD
June	NNP
12	CD
,	,
2000	CD
,	,
with	IN
one	CD
comment	NN
being	VBG
received	VBN
.	.
Policy	NNP
5100	CD
-	:
Approval	NN
of	IN
Educational	NNP
Personnel	NNP
Programs	NNP
,	,
requires	VBZ
all	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
higher	JJR
education	NN
institutions	NNS
to	TO
complete	VB
an	DT
annual	JJ
report	NN
on	IN
July	NNP
1	CD
of	IN
each	DT
year	NN
.	.
John	NNP
Hough	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Professional	NNP
Preparation	NNP
compiles	VBZ
a	DT
document	NN
entitled	VBN
Approved	NNP
Educational	NNP
Preparation	NNP
Programs	NNP
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Universities	NNS
2000-2001	CD
and	CC
distributes	VBZ
this	DT
document	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
This	DT
year	NN
's	POS
document	NN
reflects	VBZ
all	PDT
the	DT
changes	NNS
the	DT
higher	JJR
education	NN
institutions	NNS
made	VBD
to	TO
align	VB
their	PRP$
professional	JJ
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
changes	NNS
contained	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
revised	VBN
Policy	NN
5100	NN
passed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
in	IN
January	NNP
2000	CD
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
is	VBZ
required	VBN
under	IN
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18A-4-8e	NNP
to	TO
make	VB
available	JJ
competency	NN
tests	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
various	JJ
school	NN
service	NN
personnel	NNS
classifications	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
establish	VB
passing	VBG
scores	NNS
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
tests	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
a	DT
uniform	JJ
means	NNS
to	TO
determine	VB
qualifications	NNS
of	IN
applicants	NNS
applying	VBG
for	IN
employment	NN
.	.
The	DT
competency	NN
tests	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
utilized	VBN
for	IN
new	JJ
employees	NNS
or	CC
existing	VBG
employees	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
applying	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
position	NN
in	IN
a	DT
different	JJ
classification	NN
.	.
Adam	NNP
Sponaugle	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
implementation	NN
committee	NN
that	WDT
included	VBD
representatives	NNS
from	IN
school	NN
service	NN
personnel	NNS
,	,
county	NN
personnel	NNS
directors	NNS
and	CC
vocational	JJ
administrators	NNS
assisted	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
process	NN
.	.
The	DT
revised	VBN
tests	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
validated	VBN
and	CC
cutoff	NN
scores	NNS
recommended	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
classification	NN
areas	NNS
of	IN
Carpenter	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
,	,
II	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
Heating	NN
and	CC
Air	NNP
Conditioning	NNP
Mechanic	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
,	,
II	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
A	DT
new	JJ
test	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
developed	VBN
for	IN
Inventory	NNP
Supervisor	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
also	RB
been	VBN
validated	VBN
and	CC
has	VBZ
recommended	VBN
cutoff	NN
scores	NNS
.	.
Adam	NNP
Sponaugle	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
top	JJ
priorities	NNS
for	IN
Technical	NNP
and	CC
Adult	NNP
Education	NNP
programs	NNS
is	VBZ
for	IN
students	NNS
to	TO
have	VB
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
earn	VB
industry-recognized	JJ
credentials	NNS
upon	IN
completion	NN
of	IN
a	DT
technical	JJ
and	CC
adult	JJ
education	NN
program	NN
.	.
Certain	JJ
credentials	NNS
are	VBP
prerequisites	NNS
for	IN
employment	NN
in	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
field	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
state	NN
license	NN
for	IN
Licensed	NNP
Practical	NNP
Nurses	NNPS
and	CC
the	DT
state	NN
license	NN
for	IN
Cosmetologists	NNS
.	.
Other	JJ
credentials	NNS
allow	VBP
students	NNS
to	TO
gain	VB
an	DT
advantage	NN
in	IN
the	DT
competitive	JJ
workplace	NN
,	,
e.g.	FW
,	,
Automotive	NNP
Service	NNP
Excellence	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ASE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
Certificate	NNP
,	,
Certified	NNP
Electronic	NNP
Technicians	NNPS
,	,
Pro-Start	NNP
-	:
National	NNP
Restaurant	NNP
Association	NNP
,	,
Microsoft	NNP
Office	NNP
User	NNP
Specialists	NNPS
-LRB-	-LRB-
MOUS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
CISCO	NNP
Networking	NNP
Academies	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
training	NN
standards	NNS
review	VB
committee	NN
approves	VBZ
programs	NNS
through	IN
which	WDT
county	NN
school	NN
board	NN
members	NNS
may	MD
obtain	VB
training	NN
hours	NNS
as	IN
required	VBN
by	IN
law	NN
.	.
The	DT
procedures	NNS
of	IN
operation	NN
are	VBP
reviewed	VBN
every	DT
other	JJ
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
procedures	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
revised	VBN
slightly	RB
and	CC
are	VBP
recommended	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
committee	NN
itself	PRP
.	.
Howard	NNP
O'Cull	NNP
provided	VBD
a	DT
brief	JJ
overview	NN
of	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
revisions	NNS
and	CC
indicated	VBD
that	IN
on	IN
page	NN
6	CD
,	,
lines	NNS
104	CD
and	CC
106	CD
,	,
the	DT
month	NN
should	MD
be	VB
July	NNP
not	RB
June	NNP
.	.
This	DT
document	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
U.	NNP
S.	NNP
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
in	IN
order	NN
for	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
to	TO
be	VB
eligible	JJ
for	IN
special	JJ
education	NN
funds	NNS
.	.
Dee	NNP
Bodkins	NNP
indicated	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
document	NN
contains	VBZ
revisions	NNS
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
's	POS
regulations	NNS
,	,
procedures	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
documents	NNS
that	WDT
show	VBP
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
is	VBZ
meeting	VBG
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
section	NN
612	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
Individuals	NNS
with	IN
Disabilities	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
President	NNP
Mathews	NNP
addressed	VBD
the	DT
group	NN
regarding	VBG
her	PRP$
tenure	NN
as	IN
President	NNP
thanking	VBG
all	DT
involved	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
very	RB
profitable	JJ
year	NN
filled	VBN
with	IN
major	JJ
accomplishments	NNS
.	.
President	NNP
Mathews	NNP
was	VBD
commended	VBN
for	IN
her	PRP$
exemplary	JJ
leadership	NN
.	.
McBride	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Mountaineer	NNP
Melodies	NNPS
,	,
a	DT
musical	JJ
troupe	NN
comprised	VBD
of	IN
elementary	JJ
age	NN
students	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
School	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Deaf	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
School	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Blind	NNP
,	,
provided	VBD
a	DT
musical	JJ
welcome	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
and	CC
staff	NN
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Schools	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Deaf	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Blind	NNP
.	.
MacCallum	NNP
,	,
second	JJ
by	IN
J.	NNP
D.	NNP
Morris	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
by	IN
unanimous	JJ
vote	NN
,	,
found	VBD
that	IN
major	JJ
deficiencies	NNS
remain	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
Lincoln	NNP
County	NNP
school	NN
system	NN
that	WDT
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
adequately	RB
addressed	VBN
and	CC
that	IN
adequate	JJ
progress	NN
had	VBD
not	RB
been	VBN
made	VBN
in	IN
correcting	VBG
the	DT
emergency	NN
declared	VBD
in	IN
October	NNP
1999	CD
.	.
Upon	IN
the	DT
recommendation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
and	CC
by	IN
motion	NN
of	IN
J.	NNP
D.	NNP
Morris	NNP
,	,
second	JJ
by	IN
Jim	NNP
L.	NNP
McKnight	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
by	IN
unanimous	JJ
vote	NN
,	,
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
its	PRP$
constitutional	JJ
and	CC
statutory	JJ
authority	NN
under	IN
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18-2E-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
k	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
intervened	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Lincoln	NNP
County	NNP
school	NN
system	NN
to	TO
cause	VB
improvements	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
made	VBN
that	DT
will	MD
provide	VB
assurances	NNS
that	IN
a	DT
thorough	JJ
and	CC
efficient	JJ
system	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
students	NNS
in	IN
Lincoln	NNP
County	NNP
.	.
MacCallum	NNP
,	,
second	JJ
by	IN
Jim	NNP
L.	NNP
McKnight	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
by	IN
unanimous	JJ
vote	NN
,	,
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
its	PRP$
constitutional	JJ
and	CC
statutory	JJ
authority	NN
under	IN
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18-2E-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
k	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
limited	VBD
the	DT
authority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Lincoln	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
expenditure	NN
of	IN
funds	NNS
,	,
the	DT
employment	NN
and	CC
dismissal	NN
of	IN
personnel	NNS
,	,
the	DT
establishment	NN
and	CC
operation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
calendar	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
establishment	NN
of	IN
instructional	JJ
programs	NNS
and	CC
rules	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Lincoln	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
may	MD
take	VB
no	DT
action	NN
in	IN
any	DT
of	IN
these	DT
areas	NNS
without	IN
the	DT
approval	NN
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
.	.
Chapman	NNP
,	,
second	JJ
by	IN
Jim	NNP
L.	NNP
McKnight	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
by	IN
unanimous	JJ
vote	NN
,	,
requested	VBD
monthly	JJ
status	NN
reports	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
or	CC
his	PRP$
designee	NN
regarding	VBG
progress	NN
toward	IN
correcting	VBG
the	DT
non-approval	JJ
status	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Lincoln	NNP
County	NNP
school	NN
system	NN
.	.
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audit	NNP
Team	NNP
returned	VBD
to	TO
Webster	NNP
County	NNP
May	NNP
24	CD
,	,
2000	CD
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
return	NN
team	NN
visit	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
verify	VB
correction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
noncompliances	NNS
identified	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
on-site	JJ
review	NN
.	.
Seven	CD
comments	NNS
were	VBD
received	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
comment	NN
period	NN
.	.
All	DT
seven	CD
respondents	NNS
recommended	VBD
deletion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
phrase	NN
''	''
...	:
in	IN
an	DT
area	NN
relevant	JJ
to	TO
current	JJ
or	CC
anticipated	JJ
employment	NN
with	IN
a	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
.	.
''	''
Consequently	RB
,	,
this	DT
phrase	NN
was	VBD
deleted	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
policy	NN
.	.
This	DT
was	VBD
the	DT
only	JJ
change	NN
made	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
policy	NN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
comment	NN
period	NN
.	.
Two	CD
changes	NNS
were	VBD
needed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
policy	NN
as	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
presented	VBN
in	IN
May	NNP
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
would	MD
change	VB
``	``
7200	CD
minutes	NNS
''	''
to	TO
``	``
8100	CD
minutes	NNS
in	IN
Section	NN
7.2.12	CD
of	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
.	.
This	DT
change	NN
would	MD
require	VB
a	DT
county	NN
proposing	VBG
to	TO
schedule	VB
a	DT
high	JJ
school	NN
credit	NN
course	NN
for	IN
fewer	JJR
than	IN
8100	CD
minutes	NNS
to	TO
obtain	VB
a	DT
waiver	NN
from	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
would	MD
change	VB
the	DT
definition	NN
of	IN
a	DT
more	RBR
rigorous	JJ
course	NN
in	IN
Section	NN
8.2.10	CD
.	.
b.B.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
B	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
so	RB
that	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
limited	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
content	JJ
area	NN
of	IN
the	DT
course	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
is	VBZ
being	VBG
substituted	VBN
.	.
The	DT
calendars	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
2000-2001	CD
school	NN
year	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
's	POS
education	NN
programs	NNS
in	IN
state	NN
correctional	JJ
institutions	NNS
,	,
regional	JJ
jails	NNS
,	,
health	NN
and	CC
human	JJ
service	NN
institutions	NNS
and	CC
juvenile	JJ
detention	NN
centers	NNS
were	VBD
submitted	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
approval	NN
.	.
The	DT
school	NN
calendars	NNS
define	VBP
the	DT
employment	NN
term	NN
for	IN
staff	NN
and	CC
the	DT
instructional	JJ
term	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
.	.
Employment	NNP
of	IN
staff	NN
for	IN
the	DT
extended	JJ
school	NN
term	NN
beyond	IN
June	NNP
30	CD
,	,
2001	CD
,	,
is	VBZ
designated	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
calendars	NNS
as	IN
contingent	JJ
upon	IN
funding	VBG
for	IN
FY-2002	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
.	.
S.	NNP
B.	NNP
653	CD
,	,
the	DT
higher	JJR
education	NN
bill	NN
,	,
passed	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
2000	CD
legislative	JJ
session	NN
,	,
requires	VBZ
the	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
two	CD
task	NN
forces	NNS
,	,
one	CD
on	IN
teacher	NN
quality	NN
and	CC
one	CD
on	IN
student	NN
financial	JJ
aid	NN
.	.
Both	DT
task	NN
forces	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
chaired	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
chancellor	NN
for	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
must	MD
select	VB
five	CD
members	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
teacher	NN
quality	NN
task	NN
force	NN
and	CC
four	CD
members	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
student	NN
financial	JJ
aid	NN
task	NN
force	NN
.	.
Due	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
minor	JJ
technicality	NN
,	,
Superintendent	NNP
Stewart	NNP
recommended	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
rescind	VBP
the	DT
action	NN
previously	RB
taken	VBN
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
proposed	VBN
changes	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Secondary	JJ
School	NNP
Activities	NNPS
Commission	NNP
rules	NNS
.	.
Upon	IN
motion	NN
by	IN
J.	NNP
D.	NNP
Morris	NNP
,	,
second	JJ
by	IN
Jim	NNP
L.	NNP
McKnight	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
rescinded	VBD
its	PRP$
previous	JJ
action	NN
in	IN
this	DT
matter	NN
with	IN
the	DT
understanding	NN
that	IN
this	DT
item	NN
will	MD
be	VB
brought	VBN
back	RP
before	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
at	IN
its	PRP$
July	NNP
meeting	NN
for	IN
consideration	NN
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
reaffirmed	VBD
today	NN
that	IN
David	NNP
Stewart	NNP
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
for	IN
an	DT
indeterminate	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
time	NN
while	IN
the	DT
superintendent	NN
search	NN
process	NN
continues	VBZ
.	.
A	DT
team	NN
is	VBZ
visiting	VBG
Lincoln	NNP
County	NNP
this	DT
week	NN
and	CC
may	MD
need	VB
to	TO
return	VB
next	JJ
week	NN
with	IN
a	DT
report	NN
to	TO
be	VB
available	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
June	NNP
meeting	NN
.	.
Wyoming	NNP
County	NNP
has	VBZ
recently	RB
undergone	VBN
review	NN
and	CC
the	DT
report	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
compiled	VBN
.	.
The	DT
remaining	VBG
six	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
plans	VBZ
Returned	NNP
for	IN
Revisions	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
resubmitted	VBN
for	IN
State	NNP
Board	NNP
approval	NN
.	.
Attachment	NN
C	NNP
summarizes	VBZ
the	DT
revised	VBN
components	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
Unified	NNP
County	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
.	.
The	DT
six	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
revised	VBN
plans	NNS
are	VBP
recommended	VBN
for	IN
approval	NN
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
performance	NN
data	NNS
and	CC
results	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
education	NN
performance	NN
audit	NN
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
recommended	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
Lewis	NNP
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
be	VB
issued	VBN
Temporary	NNP
Approval	NNP
status	NN
,	,
one	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
school	NN
be	VB
granted	VBN
Full	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
status	NN
,	,
five	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
schools	NNS
be	VB
issued	VBN
Temporary	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
status	NN
,	,
and	CC
one	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
school	NN
remain	VBP
Seriously	RB
Impaired	VBN
.	.
Comments	NNS
received	VBD
totaled	VBN
374	CD
.	.
Of	IN
those	DT
comments	NNS
,	,
156	CD
voiced	VBD
total	JJ
approval	NN
of	IN
the	DT
recommended	VBN
revisions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
revisions	NNS
recommended	VBD
involved	VBN
rewording	VBG
the	DT
existing	VBG
objectives	NNS
for	IN
further	JJ
clarity	NN
.	.
Other	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
concern	NN
,	,
including	VBG
Title	NN
I	PRP
and	CC
use	NN
of	IN
bold	JJ
type	NN
for	IN
specific	JJ
instructional	JJ
goals	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
,	,
were	VBD
addressed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
following	VBG
major	JJ
changes	NNS
were	VBD
made	VBN
to	TO
Policy	NNP
2510	CD
:	:
all	DT
references	NNS
to	TO
8100	CD
minutes	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
high	JJ
school	NN
credit	NN
course	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
eliminated	VBN
.	.
A	DT
new	JJ
section	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
7.2.12	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
has	VBZ
been	VBN
added	VBN
that	IN
requires	VBZ
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
a	DT
waiver	NN
from	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
if	IN
it	PRP
proposes	VBZ
to	TO
schedule	VB
fewer	JJR
than	IN
7200	CD
minutes	NNS
for	IN
credit	NN
courses	NNS
;	:
the	DT
definitions	NNS
and	CC
examples	NNS
of	IN
``	``
higher	JJR
level	NN
course	NN
''	''
and	CC
``	``
more	RBR
rigorous	JJ
course	NN
''	''
have	VBP
been	VBN
changed	VBN
so	RB
that	IN
a	DT
more	RBR
rigorous	JJ
course	NN
may	MD
be	VB
in	IN
any	DT
content	JJ
area	NN
;	:
the	DT
Robert	NNP
C.	NNP
Beach	NNP
Vocational	NNP
Agriculture	NNP
Credit	NNP
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
;	:
and	CC
,	,
provisions	NNS
of	IN
Policy	NN
2510	CD
have	VBP
been	VBN
aligned	VBN
with	IN
Policy	NNP
2419	CD
.	.
Policy	NN
4320	CD
is	VBZ
being	VBG
revised	VBN
to	TO
bring	VB
the	DT
policy	NN
in	IN
line	NN
with	IN
regulatory	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
nutrition	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Approval	NN
will	MD
allow	VB
the	DT
Department	NNP
to	TO
assist	VB
counties	NNS
in	IN
complying	VBG
with	IN
United	NNP
States	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Agriculture	NNP
regulations	NNS
.	.
Policy	NNP
4355	CD
is	VBZ
the	DT
result	NN
of	IN
House	NNP
Bill	NNP
4078	CD
that	WDT
requires	VBZ
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
to	TO
promulgate	VB
rules	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
identification	NN
of	IN
eligible	JJ
veterans	NNS
and	CC
for	IN
the	DT
awarding	NN
of	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
diplomas	NNS
to	TO
those	DT
veterans	NNS
who	WP
served	VBD
in	IN
World	NNP
War	NNP
I	PRP
,	,
World	NNP
War	NNP
II	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Korean	JJ
Conflict	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Vietnam	NNP
Conflict	NNP
but	CC
who	WP
did	VBD
not	RB
graduate	NN
from	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
.	.
Personnel	NNP
and	CC
Advanced	NNP
Salary	NNP
Classifications	NNPS
,	,
was	VBD
recently	RB
revised	VBN
.	.
The	DT
revisions	NNS
included	VBD
changing	VBG
the	DT
grade	NN
level	NN
configurations	NNS
of	IN
endorsements	NNS
for	IN
student	NN
support	NN
and	CC
administrative	JJ
specializations	NNS
from	IN
K-12	NN
to	TO
``	``
not	RB
specified	VBN
.	.
''	''
These	DT
changes	NNS
were	VBD
made	VBN
to	TO
accommodate	VB
the	DT
growing	VBG
number	NN
of	IN
preschool	JJ
programs	NNS
in	IN
our	PRP$
public	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Department	NNP
proposed	VBD
advising	VBG
county	NN
superintendents	NNS
that	WDT
individuals	NNS
who	WP
hold	VBP
licensure	NN
reflecting	VBG
the	DT
following	VBG
endorsements	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
kindergarten	NN
or	CC
first-grade	JJ
level	NN
may	MD
work	VB
with	IN
kindergarten	NN
and\/or	CC
preschool	JJ
students	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
licensure	NN
:	:
counselor	NN
,	,
education	NN
audiologist	NN
,	,
principal	NN
,	,
superintendent	NN
,	,
supervisor	NN
of	IN
instruction	NN
,	,
hearing	VBG
impaired	VBN
,	,
vision	NN
impaired	VBN
,	,
art	NN
,	,
music	NN
and	CC
physical	JJ
education	NN
.	.
These	DT
individuals	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
replace	VB
the	DT
regular	JJ
preschool	JJ
teacher	NN
of	IN
deliver	VB
the	DT
preschool	JJ
curriculum	NN
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
supply	VB
services	NNS
,	,
provide	VBP
administrative	JJ
support	NN
,	,
or	CC
augment	VB
the	DT
curriculum	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
the	DT
Pre-Professional	NNP
Skills	NNS
Tests	NNS
passage	NN
rates	NNS
for	IN
candidates	NNS
with	IN
master	NN
's	POS
degrees	NNS
were	VBD
recently	RB
reviewed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Department	NNP
also	RB
proposed	VBD
,	,
effective	JJ
immediately	RB
,	,
that	IN
a	DT
candidate	NN
for	IN
licensure	NN
who	WP
holds	VBZ
a	DT
master	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
or	CC
higher	JJR
from	IN
an	DT
accredited	VBN
institution	NN
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
exempt	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
Pre-Professional	NNP
Skills	NNS
Tests	NNS
in	IN
reading	NN
,	,
writing	VBG
and	CC
math	NN
.	.
State	NNP
Board	NNP
reviewed	VBD
the	DT
UCIPs	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
March	NNP
meeting	NN
and	CC
returned	VBD
25	CD
of	IN
the	DT
plans	NNS
for	IN
further	JJ
revisions	NNS
.	.
Nineteen	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
25	CD
plans	NNS
Returned	VBN
for	IN
Revisions	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
resubmitted	VBN
for	IN
State	NNP
Board	NNP
approval	NN
.	.
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
.	.
All	DT
schools	NNS
in	IN
Brooke	NNP
County	NNP
were	VBD
evaluated	VBN
by	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
on-site	JJ
review	NN
team	NN
.	.
The	DT
county	NN
submitted	VBD
revised	VBN
County	NNP
and	CC
School	NNP
Unified	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
for	IN
noncompliances	NNS
identified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
education	NN
performance	NN
audit	NN
team	NN
.	.
All	DT
plans	NNS
contained	VBD
the	DT
required	VBN
components	NNS
and	CC
those	DT
schools	NNS
are	VBP
eligible	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
higher	JJR
accreditation	NN
status	NN
.	.
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
.	.
All	DT
schools	NNS
in	IN
Raleigh	NNP
County	NNP
were	VBD
evaluated	VBN
by	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
on-site	JJ
review	NN
team	NN
.	.
The	DT
county	NN
submitted	VBD
revised	VBN
County	NNP
and	CC
School	NNP
Unified	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
for	IN
noncompliances	NNS
identified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
education	NN
performance	NN
audit	NN
team	NN
.	.
All	DT
plans	NNS
contained	VBD
the	DT
required	VBN
components	NNS
and	CC
those	DT
schools	NNS
are	VBP
eligible	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
higher	JJR
accreditation	NN
status	NN
.	.
Audit	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
recommended	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
Summers	NNP
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
be	VB
granted	VBN
Full	NNP
Approval	NNP
status	NN
and	CC
that	IN
three	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Summers	NNP
County	NNP
schools	NNS
be	VB
granted	VBN
Full	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
status	NN
and	CC
two	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
schools	NNS
be	VB
issued	VBN
Conditional	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
status	NN
.	.
Dale	NNP
Lee	NNP
provided	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
an	DT
update	VB
of	IN
Commission	NNP
activities	NNS
.	.
President	NNP
Mathews	NNP
advised	VBD
Mr.	NNP
Lee	NNP
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
meet	VB
with	IN
Commission	NNP
representative	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
on	IN
a	DT
quarterly	JJ
basis	NN
to	TO
keep	VB
abreast	RB
of	IN
initiatives\/activities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
at	IN
its	PRP$
March	NNP
9	CD
meeting	NN
appointed	VBN
improvement	NN
consultant	NN
teams	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
of	IN
eight	CD
schools	NNS
given	VBN
Seriously	RB
Impaired	VBN
status	NN
.	.
Each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
eight	CD
teams	NNS
has	VBZ
visited	VBN
their	PRP$
respective	JJ
school	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
made	VBN
recommendations	NNS
for	IN
improvement	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
eliminate	VB
the	DT
Seriously	RB
Impaired	VBN
status	NN
.	.
Based	VBN
in	IN
part	NN
on	IN
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
comments	NNS
received	VBD
,	,
we	PRP
recommend	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
placed	VBN
on	IN
comment	NN
be	VB
revised	VBN
to	TO
include	VB
orientation	NN
and	CC
continuing	VBG
education	NN
requirements	NNS
that	WDT
holders	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
administrative	JJ
credential	NN
must	MD
meet	VB
after	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
obtained	VBN
a	DT
position	NN
as	IN
a	DT
principal	NN
,	,
vocational	JJ
administrator	NN
,	,
superintendent	NN
or	CC
central	JJ
office	NN
staff	NN
member	NN
.	.
The	DT
membership	NN
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Secondary	JJ
School	NNP
Activities	NNPS
Commission	NNP
proposed	VBD
changes	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
rules	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
that	WDT
govern	VBP
interscholastic	JJ
activities	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
member	NN
schools	NNS
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
and	CC
requested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
revisions	NNS
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
until	IN
May	NNP
17	CD
,	,
2000	CD
.	.
``	``
A	DT
bend	VB
in	IN
the	DT
road	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
road	NN
unless	IN
you	PRP
fail	VBP
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
turn	NN
.	.
''	''
After	IN
a	DT
lifetime	NN
in	IN
education	NN
as	IN
a	DT
teacher	NN
,	,
a	DT
local	JJ
superintendent	NN
and	CC
almost	RB
eleven	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
service	NN
as	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
,	,
the	DT
time	NN
has	VBZ
come	VBN
for	IN
me	PRP
to	TO
make	VB
that	DT
turn	NN
and	CC
step	VB
aside	RB
as	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
hope	NN
that	IN
this	DT
decision	NN
will	MD
end	VB
the	DT
relentless	JJ
acrimony	NN
directed	VBD
at	IN
the	DT
state	NN
education	NN
establishment	NN
and	CC
the	DT
focus	NN
will	MD
once	RB
more	RBR
be	VB
upon	IN
providing	VBG
a	DT
high	JJ
quality	NN
education	NN
to	TO
the	DT
students	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
devoted	VBN
my	PRP$
life	NN
to	TO
public	JJ
service	NN
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
my	PRP$
personal	JJ
privilege	NN
to	TO
serve	VB
the	DT
State	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
,	,
its	PRP$
citizens	NNS
and	CC
students	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
confident	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
education	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
is	VBZ
better	JJR
than	IN
when	WRB
I	PRP
began	VBD
11	CD
years	NNS
ago	RB
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
blessed	VBN
throughout	IN
my	PRP$
professional	JJ
life	NN
by	IN
having	VBG
enormously	RB
bright	JJ
and	CC
capable	JJ
people	NNS
surround	VBP
me	PRP
-	:
my	PRP$
family	NN
,	,
especially	RB
my	PRP$
wife	NN
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Mary	NNP
Marockie	NNP
,	,
my	PRP$
staff	NN
,	,
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
which	WDT
have	VBP
employed	VBN
me	PRP
in	IN
Wood	NNP
and	CC
Ohio	NNP
counties	NNS
and	CC
in	IN
state	NN
government	NN
,	,
outstanding	JJ
leadership	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Gubernatorial	NNP
and	CC
legislative	JJ
levels	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
great	JJ
education	NN
community	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
asked	VBN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
to	TO
approve	VB
my	PRP$
request	NN
to	TO
step	VB
aside	RB
as	IN
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
and	CC
be	VB
placed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
position	NN
of	IN
assisting	VBG
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
preparation	NN
of	IN
and	CC
testimony	NN
in	IN
the	DT
ongoing	JJ
hearing	NN
in	IN
Tomblin	NNP
v.	CC
Gainer	NNP
,	,
the	DT
school	NN
finance	NN
case	NN
which	WDT
will	MD
continue	VB
on	IN
April	NNP
3	CD
,	,
2000	CD
in	IN
Kanawha	NNP
County	NNP
Circuit	NNP
Court	NNP
before	IN
Special	JJ
Judge	NNP
Arthur	NNP
Recht	NNP
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Staff	NNP
Development	NNP
Advisory	NNP
Council	NNP
worked	VBD
for	IN
months	NNS
to	TO
determine	VB
needs	NNS
and	CC
craft	NN
a	DT
coordinated	VBN
professional	JJ
development	NN
plan	NN
for	IN
professional	JJ
educators	NNS
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
Both	DT
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Legislative	NNP
Oversight	NNP
Commission	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
LOCEA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
gave	VBD
the	DT
Council	NNP
additional	JJ
time	NN
to	TO
complete	VB
its	PRP$
work	NN
and	CC
allowed	VBD
it	PRP
to	TO
present	VB
the	DT
Master	NNP
Plan	NNP
for	IN
approval	NN
without	IN
having	VBG
issued	VBN
a	DT
proposed	VBN
plan	NN
.	.
Council	NNP
's	POS
February	NNP
7	CD
letter	NN
to	TO
President	NNP
Mathews	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Council	NNP
strongly	RB
believes	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
quality	NN
and	CC
coordination	NN
of	IN
professional	JJ
development	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
greatly	RB
improved	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
21	CD
months	NNS
since	IN
its	PRP$
work	NN
began	VBD
.	.
Graduates	NNS
,	,
Inc.	NNP
.	.
Until	IN
recently	RB
,	,
the	DT
program	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
make	VB
certification	NN
a	DT
prerequisite	NN
for	IN
employment	NN
and	CC
two	CD
individuals	NNS
hired	VBD
within	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
two	CD
years	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
qualify	VB
for	IN
certification	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
their	PRP$
grade	NN
point	NN
average	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
G.P.A.	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Unified	NNP
School	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
,	,
locally	RB
identified	VBN
needs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
school	NN
performance	NN
data	NNS
.	.
The	DT
plan	NN
specifies	VBZ
strategies	NNS
for	IN
meeting	NN
high	JJ
quality	NN
standards	NNS
and	CC
performance	NN
measures	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
met	VBN
.	.
President	NNP
Mathews	NNP
requested	VBD
Board	NNP
members	NNS
to	TO
advise	VB
her	PRP$
of	IN
their	PRP$
availability	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
on	IN
March	NNP
8	CD
,	,
2000	CD
,	,
with	IN
RESA	NNP
Directors	NNS
and	CC
also	RB
to	TO
discuss	VB
issues	NNS
regarding	VBG
coordinated	VBN
staff	NN
development	NN
,	,
the	DT
testing	NN
program	NN
and	CC
a	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
education	NN
summit	NN
.	.
All	DT
present	JJ
members	NNS
advised	VBD
that	IN
they	PRP
could	MD
accommodate	VB
the	DT
March	NNP
8th	JJ
date	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
returned	VBD
from	IN
Executive	NNP
Session	NN
at	IN
5:19	CD
p.m.	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
time	NN
President	NNP
Mathews	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
no	DT
decisions	NNS
were	VBD
made	VBN
and	CC
no	DT
business	NN
was	VBD
transacted	VBN
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
behalf	NN
,	,
President	NNP
Mathews	NNP
released	VBD
the	DT
following	JJ
statement	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
had	VBD
a	DT
frank	JJ
discussion	NN
with	IN
Dr.	NNP
Marockie	NNP
concerning	VBG
the	DT
situation	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
continued	JJ
employment	NN
and	CC
received	VBD
an	DT
update	VB
on	IN
the	DT
investigation	NN
.	.
We	PRP
discussed	VBD
the	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
relationship	NN
with	IN
the	DT
legislature	NN
,	,
the	DT
Governor	NNP
's	POS
office	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
productivity	NN
and	CC
morale	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
as	IN
it	PRP
relates	VBZ
to	TO
his	PRP$
duties	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
impact	NN
on	IN
the	DT
children	NNS
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Mason	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
requests	NNS
approval	NN
of	IN
an	DT
amendment	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
CEFP	NNP
to	TO
include	VB
the	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
a	DT
multi-purpose	JJ
room\/cafeteria	NN
and	CC
classroom	NN
renovations	NNS
at	IN
New	NNP
Haven	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
Rand	NNP
effective	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
1999-00	CD
school	NN
term	NN
.	.
Approval	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
requested	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
closure	NN
of	IN
Midway	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
2000-01	JJ
school	NN
term	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
Kanawha	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
receives	VBZ
funding	NN
for	IN
the	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
elementary	JJ
center	NN
to	TO
serve	VB
the	DT
Midway	NNP
attendance	NN
area	NN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
closure	NN
of	IN
Midway	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
delayed	VBN
until	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
elementary	JJ
center	NN
is	VBZ
constructed	VBN
.	.
Chancellor	NNP
Charles	NNP
W.	NNP
Manning	NNP
provided	VBD
a	DT
presentation	NN
regarding	VBG
a	DT
study	NN
conducted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Center	NNP
for	IN
Higher	JJR
Education	NNP
Management	NNP
Systems	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NCHEMS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
regarding	VBG
higher	JJR
education	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Manning	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
legislative	JJ
bill	NN
,	,
incorporating	VBG
findings	NNS
from	IN
this	DT
study	NN
,	,
will	MD
be	VB
introduced	VBN
next	JJ
week	NN
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
this	DT
Board	NNP
item	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
seek	VB
approval	NN
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
to	TO
place	VB
Policy	NN
2510	CD
out	RP
on	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
for	IN
an	DT
additional	JJ
period	NN
because	IN
of	IN
changes	NNS
made	VBN
in	IN
response	NN
to	TO
comments	NNS
already	RB
received	VBN
and	CC
further	JJ
revisions	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
brought	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
attention	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
staff	NN
,	,
especially	RB
the	DT
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
policy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Robert	NNP
C.	NNP
Beach	NNP
Vocational	NNP
Agricultural	NNP
Credit	NNP
.	.
Major	JJ
proposed	VBN
revisions	NNS
will	MD
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
guarantee	VBP
uniformity	NN
of	IN
time	NN
requirements	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
high	JJ
school	NN
credit	NN
;	:
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
provide	VBP
consistency	NN
in	IN
testing	VBG
out	RP
procedures	NNS
developed	VBD
at	IN
the	DT
county	NN
level	NN
;	:
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
formalize	VBP
guidelines	NNS
for	IN
substitution	NN
of	IN
more	JJR
rigorous	JJ
courses	NNS
for	IN
career	NN
major	JJ
courses	NNS
and	CC
recommended	VBD
elective	JJ
courses	NNS
;	:
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
provide	VBP
guidelines	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
Robert	NNP
C.	NNP
Beach	NNP
Vocational	NNP
Agriculture	NNP
Credit	NNP
;	:
and	CC
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
align	VBP
Policy	NN
2510	CD
with	IN
Policy	NN
2419	CD
.	.
RESAs	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
Department	NNP
.	.
Staff	NN
from	IN
both	DT
agencies	NNS
have	VBP
met	VBN
several	JJ
times	NNS
and	CC
shared	VBN
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
resulting	VBG
plan	NN
defines	VBZ
terms	NNS
and	CC
reporting	NN
requirements	NNS
for	IN
standardized	JJ
reporting	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
repairs	NNS
for	IN
state-funded	JJ
programs	NNS
.	.
Education	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1998	CD
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
submit	VB
a	DT
Plan	NN
covering	VBG
four	CD
fiscal	JJ
years	NNS
2001-2004	CD
.	.
The	DT
Plan	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
developed	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
legislation	NN
and	CC
needs	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
submitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
by	IN
April	NNP
1	CD
,	,
2000	CD
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
projected	VBN
that	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
will	MD
receive	VB
approximately	RB
$	$
9	CD
million	CD
per	IN
year	NN
for	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
four	CD
years	NNS
.	.
The	DT
federal	JJ
funds	NNS
are	VBP
divided	VBN
between	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
for	IN
Community	NNP
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
based	VBN
on	IN
enrollment	NN
computed	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
full-time	JJ
equivalency	NN
.	.
Approximately	RB
77	CD
%	NN
of	IN
the	DT
funds	NNS
will	MD
come	VB
to	TO
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
for	IN
operation	NN
of	IN
vocational	JJ
education	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Higher	JJR
education	NN
will	MD
receive	VB
approximately	RB
23	CD
%	NN
of	IN
the	DT
funds	NNS
.	.
Education	NNP
was	VBD
designated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
legislature	NN
in	IN
1990	CD
as	IN
the	DT
sole	JJ
state	NN
agency	NN
for	IN
receiving	VBG
vocational	JJ
education	NN
funds	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
Carl	NNP
D.	NNP
Perkins	NNP
Vocational-Technical	NNP
Education	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Plan	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
submitted	VBN
by	IN
that	DT
agency	NN
to	TO
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
this	DT
Board	NNP
item	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
seek	VB
the	DT
approval	NN
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
to	TO
place	VB
the	DT
revised	VBN
Instructional	NNP
Goals	NNP
and	CC
Objectives	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
K-3	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
English	JJ
Language	NN
Arts	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Policy	NN
2520	CD
,	,
out	RB
on	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
.	.
The	DT
proposed	VBN
revisions	NNS
address	VBP
current	JJ
national	JJ
reading	NN
research	NN
,	,
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Reading	VBG
Plan	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Reading	VBG
For	IN
All	PDT
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
focus	VB
the	DT
Instructional	NNP
Goals	NNPS
and	CC
Objectives	NNPS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
high	JJ
quality	NN
reading	NN
standards	NNS
,	,
a	DT
rigorous	JJ
and	CC
challenging	JJ
reading	NN
curriculum	NN
,	,
and	CC
efficient	JJ
instructional	JJ
delivery	NN
in	IN
the	DT
K-3	JJ
reading	NN
environment	NN
.	.
The	DT
revision	NN
having	VBG
the	DT
most	JJS
impact	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
clarification	NN
and	CC
inclusion	NN
of	IN
phonemic	JJ
awareness	NN
at	IN
the	DT
kindergarten	NN
and	CC
first	JJ
grade	NN
levels	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
also	RB
recommended	VBN
that	IN
instructional	JJ
goals	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
high	JJ
school	NN
mathematics	NNS
course	NN
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
.	.
Mathematics	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Community	NNP
,	,
a	DT
higher	JJR
level	NN
mathematics	NN
alternative	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
successfully	RB
completed	VBN
Algebra	NNP
I	PRP
and	CC
Geometry	NNP
,	,
would	MD
allow	VB
students	NNS
who	WP
do	VBP
not	RB
pursue	VB
an	DT
advanced	JJ
mathematics	NN
sequence	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
Algebra	NNP
,	,
II	NNP
,	,
Trigonometry\/pre-Calculus	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
enhance	VB
mathematics	NNS
skills	NNS
for	IN
ACT	NNP
and	CC
SAT	NNP
assessments	NNS
,	,
to	TO
understand	VB
real-world	JJ
application	NN
of	IN
algebraic	JJ
concepts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
study	VB
probability	NN
and	CC
statistics	NNS
.	.
J.	NNP
D.	NNP
Morris	NNP
provided	VBD
the	DT
study	NN
committee	NN
's	POS
finding	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
that	IN
this	DT
issue	NN
is	VBZ
adequately	RB
dealt	VBN
with	IN
by	IN
statute	NN
and	CC
policy	NN
.	.
No	DT
new	JJ
policy	NN
or	CC
procedure	NN
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Copy	VB
appended	VBN
to	TO
Official	NNP
Minutes	NNPS
,	,
Attachment	NNP
AA	NNP
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
and	CC
3	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Substitution	NN
for	IN
Work	NN
Keys	NNS
-	:
Barbara	NNP
Jones	NNP
distributed	VBD
a	DT
handout	NN
requesting	VBG
approval	NN
to	TO
substitute	VB
for	IN
the	DT
ACT	NNP
Work	NNP
Keys	NNP
a	DT
NAEP-like	JJ
assessments	NNS
for	IN
use	NN
with	IN
twelfth-grade	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
No	DT
action	NN
was	VBD
taken	VBN
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
this	DT
item	NN
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
has	VBZ
achieved	VBN
the	DT
highest	JJS
score	NN
in	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
for	IN
the	DT
fourth	JJ
consecutive	JJ
year	NN
.	.
This	DT
year	NN
,	,
the	DT
final	JJ
ranking	NN
shows	VBZ
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
tied	VBD
with	IN
Indiana	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Copy	VB
appended	VBN
to	TO
Official	NNP
Minutes	NNPS
,	,
Attachment	NNP
B	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Council	NNP
is	VBZ
still	RB
working	VBG
on	IN
draft	NN
plans	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Council	NNP
plans	VBZ
to	TO
meet	VB
on	IN
January	NNP
18	CD
.	.
Discussions	NNS
have	VBP
taken	VBN
place	NN
with	IN
SREB	NNP
to	TO
provide	VB
assistance	NN
in	IN
determining	VBG
how	WRB
we	PRP
might	MD
do	VB
a	DT
better	JJR
job	NN
in	IN
coordinating	VBG
professional	JJ
development	NN
.	.
Policy	NNP
5100	CD
,	,
Approval	NNP
of	IN
Educational	NNP
Personnel	NNP
Programs	NNP
requires	VBZ
that	IN
all	DT
proposed	VBN
educational	JJ
personnel	NNS
preparation	NN
programs	NNS
be	VB
reviewed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Program	NNP
Review	NNP
Board	NNP
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
findings	NNS
resulting	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
review	NN
,	,
the	DT
Program	NNP
Review	NNP
Board	NNP
may	MD
recommend	VB
implementation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
or	CC
withhold	VB
its	PRP$
recommendation	NN
for	IN
implementation	NN
.	.
At	IN
its	PRP$
December	NNP
1-2	CD
meeting	NN
,	,
the	DT
Program	NNP
Review	NNP
Board	NNP
recommended	VBD
that	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
University	NNP
's	POS
proposed	VBN
specialization	NN
for	IN
Preschool	NNP
Education	NNP
,	,
Birth-PreK	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
offered	VBN
in	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
an	DT
Elementary	NNP
Education	NNP
specialization	NN
,	,
be	VB
approved	VBN
for	IN
implementation	NN
.	.
A	DT
curriculum	NN
summary	NN
sheet	NN
identifying	VBG
courses	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
specialization	NN
was	VBD
provided	VBN
.	.
President	NNP
Mathews	NNP
recognized	VBD
Eric	NNP
Eyre	NNP
,	,
a	DT
reporter	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Charleston	NNP
Gazette	NNP
,	,
who	WP
:	:
stated	VBD
his	PRP$
appreciation	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
cited	VBD
a	DT
Code	NNP
section	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
move	NN
to	TO
an	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
;	:
indicated	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
``	``
may	MD
''	''
but	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
required	VBN
to	TO
enter	VB
into	IN
an	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
;	:
stated	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
person	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
the	DT
subject	NN
of	IN
the	DT
discussion	NN
may	MD
choose	VB
to	TO
have	VB
the	DT
discussion	NN
in	IN
an	DT
open	JJ
meeting	NN
;	:
and	CC
requested	VBD
a	DT
roll	NN
call	NN
vote	NN
on	IN
the	DT
motion	NN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Paul	NNP
Morris	NNP
inquired	VBD
as	IN
to	TO
whether	IN
Dr.	NNP
Marockie	NNP
would	MD
prefer	VB
the	DT
discussion	NN
to	TO
be	VB
in	IN
executive	JJ
session	NN
or	CC
in	IN
an	DT
open	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Marockie	NNP
responded	VBD
that	IN
he	PRP
would	MD
prefer	VB
that	IN
the	DT
discussion	NN
be	VB
in	IN
executive	JJ
session	NN
.	.
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
.	.
All	DT
schools	NNS
in	IN
Wirt	NNP
County	NNP
were	VBD
evaluated	VBN
by	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
on-site	JJ
review	NN
team	NN
.	.
The	DT
county	NN
submitted	VBD
revised	VBN
County	NNP
and	CC
School	NNP
Unified	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
for	IN
noncompliances	NNS
identified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
education	NN
performance	NN
audit	NN
team	NN
.	.
All	DT
plans	NNS
contained	VBD
the	DT
required	VBN
components	NNS
and	CC
those	DT
schools	NNS
are	VBP
eligible	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
higher	JJR
accreditation	NN
status	NN
.	.
Board	NNP
members	NNS
discussed	VBD
intervention	NN
into	IN
a	DT
county	NN
system	NN
and	CC
what	WP
degree	NN
would	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
as	IN
extraordinary	JJ
circumstances	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
suggested	VBN
that	IN
maybe	RB
the	DT
State	NNP
Department	NNP
attorney	NN
should	MD
look	VB
at	IN
the	DT
law	NN
and	CC
see	VB
if	IN
anything	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
revised	VBN
.	.
Board	NNP
members	NNS
discussed	VBD
the	DT
progress	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
since	IN
intervention	NN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
.	.
Concerns	NNS
were	VBD
noted	VBN
that	IN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
intervention	NN
,	,
no	DT
schools	NNS
were	VBD
fully	RB
accredited	VBN
.	.
One	CD
year	NN
later	RB
,	,
only	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
one	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
fully	RB
accredited	VBN
.	.
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
will	MD
prepare	VB
data	NNS
showing	VBG
the	DT
timelines	NNS
for	IN
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
on	IN
improvement	NN
of	IN
achievement	NN
and	CC
where	WRB
they	PRP
currently	RB
stand	VBP
.	.
Based	VBN
upon	IN
the	DT
education	NN
performance	NN
audit	NN
follow-up	JJ
review	NN
findings	NNS
,	,
a	DT
review	NN
of	IN
the	DT
annual	JJ
performance	NN
measures	NNS
,	,
and	CC
updated	VBN
Unified	NNP
School	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
recommended	VBN
that	IN
twenty-nine	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
29	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
schools	NNS
be	VB
granted	VBN
Full	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
status	NN
,	,
two	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
schools	NNS
issued	VBN
Conditional	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
status	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Wood	NNP
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
be	VB
granted	VBN
Full	NNP
Approval	NNP
.	.
Education	NNP
:	:
Performance	NNP
Based	VBD
Accreditation	NNP
System	NNP
,	,
indicate	VBP
that	IN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
having	VBG
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
casual	JJ
deficit	NN
shall	MD
submit	VB
a	DT
plan	NN
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
specifying	VBG
strategies	NNS
for	IN
eliminating	VBG
the	DT
casual	JJ
deficit	NN
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
Code	NNP
and	CC
Policy	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
shall	MD
either	RB
approve	VB
or	CC
reject	VB
the	DT
plan	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Michael	NNP
Valentine	NNP
,	,
Assistant	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
Division	NNP
of	IN
Instructional	NNP
and	CC
Student	NNP
services	NNS
was	VBD
presented	VBN
the	DT
Elwood	NNP
Pace	NNP
Humanitarian	NNP
Award	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
62nd	JJ
Annual	JJ
Conference	NN
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
State	NNP
Directors	NNS
of	IN
Special	JJ
Education	NN
.	.
The	DT
award	NN
is	VBZ
presented	VBN
each	DT
year	NN
to	TO
an	DT
individual	JJ
``	``
who	WP
engages	VBZ
in	IN
service	NN
or	CC
actions	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
humanitarian	JJ
nature	NN
that	WDT
exceed	VBP
what	WP
one	CD
normally	RB
expects	VBZ
of	IN
a	DT
person	NN
in	IN
the	DT
discharge	VB
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
professional	JJ
duties	NNS
.	.
Attachment	NN
Mc	NNP
contains	VBZ
the	DT
comments	NNS
received	VBD
from	IN
public	JJ
and	CC
higher	JJR
education	NN
personnel	NNS
.	.
The	DT
attachment	NN
also	RB
contains	VBZ
the	DT
amended	VBN
policy	NN
.	.
The	DT
Executive	NNP
Summary	NNP
outlines	VBZ
the	DT
proposed	VBN
modifications	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
amended	VBN
policy	NN
.	.
County	NNP
and	CC
Spring	NNP
Hill	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Cabell	NNP
County	NNP
appeared	VBD
before	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
to	TO
request	VB
approval	NN
to	TO
operate	VB
school	NN
calendars	NNS
of	IN
180	CD
days	NNS
spread	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
year-round	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
All	DT
four	CD
schools	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
operating	VBG
year-round	JJ
calendars	NNS
for	IN
several	JJ
years	NNS
.	.
Upon	IN
motion	NN
by	IN
James	NNP
J.	NNP
MacCallum	NNP
,	,
second	JJ
by	IN
Sheila	NNP
M.	NNP
Hamilton	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
moved	VBD
into	IN
Executive	NNP
Session	NN
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
discussing	VBG
personnel	NNS
issues	NNS
.	.
Upon	IN
return	NN
from	IN
Executive	NNP
Session	NN
,	,
President	NNP
Mathews	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
no	DT
action	NN
was	VBD
taken	VBN
.	.
Policy	NN
7212	CD
provides	VBZ
a	DT
process	NN
for	IN
the	DT
appeal	NN
of	IN
a	DT
denial	NN
by	IN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
of	IN
a	DT
transfer	NN
of	IN
a	DT
student	NN
who	WP
resides	VBZ
in	IN
one	CD
county	NN
and	CC
proposes	VBZ
to	TO
attend	VB
school	NN
in	IN
a	DT
different	JJ
county	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
past	NN
,	,
the	DT
policy	NN
has	VBZ
provided	VBN
that	DT
parents	NNS
requesting	VBG
such	JJ
a	DT
transfer	NN
shall	MD
bear	VB
all	DT
transportation	NN
costs	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
transfer	NN
.	.
Section	NN
3.8	CD
of	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
was	VBD
rewritten	VBN
and	CC
placed	VBN
on	IN
comment	NN
in	IN
September	NNP
.	.
The	DT
proposed	JJ
change	NN
provides	VBZ
that	IN
transportation	NN
costs	NNS
for	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
transfer	NN
remain	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
parents	NNS
requesting	VBG
the	DT
transfer	NN
unless	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
have	VBP
initiated	VBN
the	DT
transfer	NN
and	CC
both	DT
the	DT
sending	VBG
and	CC
receiving	VBG
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
have	VBP
approved	VBN
the	DT
plan	NN
transferring	VBG
the	DT
student	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
that	DT
case	NN
,	,
the	DT
revised	VBN
policy	NN
requires	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
county	NN
boards	NNS
must	MD
determine	VB
the	DT
method	NN
of	IN
transportation	NN
and	CC
provide	VB
coverage	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
costs	NNS
.	.
A	DT
concern	NN
was	VBD
raised	VBN
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
meetings	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
suggested	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
separate	JJ
meetings	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNPS
and	CC
the	DT
Department	NNP
be	VB
combined	VBN
.	.
This	DT
issue	NN
will	MD
be	VB
revisited	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
January	NNP
2000	CD
meeting	NN
.	.
Virginia	NNP
public	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
The	DT
policy	NN
allows	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
issuance	NN
of	IN
an	DT
administrative	JJ
credential	NN
to	TO
candidates	NNS
who	WP
meet	VBP
the	DT
minimum	NN
requirements	NNS
.	.
The	DT
policy	NN
will	MD
allow	VB
qualified	JJ
persons	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
not	RB
completed	VBN
traditional	JJ
master	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
programs	NNS
in	IN
educational	JJ
administration	NN
to	TO
hold	VB
positions	NNS
of	IN
leadership	NN
in	IN
public	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
Session	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
personnel	NNS
issues	NNS
.	.
Upon	IN
return	NN
from	IN
Executive	NNP
Session	NN
President	NNP
Mathews	NNP
reported	VBD
that	IN
no	DT
decisions	NNS
were	VBD
made	VBN
.	.
Following	VBG
the	DT
Executive	NNP
Session	NN
the	DT
Board	NNP
was	VBD
provided	VBN
a	DT
presentation	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Appalachia	NNP
Educational	NNP
Laboratory	NNP
.	.
The	DT
comment	NN
period	NN
for	IN
Policy	NNP
5202	CD
ended	VBD
September	NNP
17	CD
,	,
1999	CD
.	.
Several	JJ
changes	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
made	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
comments	NNS
received	VBN
.	.
The	DT
most	RBS
substantive	JJ
change	NN
addresses	NNS
the	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
Substitute	NNP
Permits	VBZ
available	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
requirements	NNS
for	IN
issuance	NN
and	CC
renewal	NN
of	IN
these	DT
licenses	NNS
.	.
Policy	NN
2510	CD
provides	VBZ
direction	NN
and	CC
structure	NN
for	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
,	,
and	CC
delivery	NN
of	IN
education	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
Policy	NN
2510	CD
was	VBD
originally	RB
adopted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
in	IN
1984	CD
and	CC
was	VBD
revised	VBN
in	IN
1996	CD
in	IN
response	NN
to	TO
changes	NNS
mandated	VBN
in	IN
Senate	NNP
Bill	NNP
300	CD
,	,
the	DT
Jobs	NNP
Through	IN
Education	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
Proposed	VBN
revisions	NNS
will	MD
align	VB
policy	NN
with	IN
1999	CD
state	NN
legislation	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
electronic	JJ
portfolio	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
guarantee	NN
uniformity	NN
of	IN
time	NN
requirements	NNS
for	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
credit	NN
courses	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
8100	CD
minutes	NNS
of	IN
instructional	JJ
time	NN
per	IN
credit	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
ensure	VB
that	IN
schools	NNS
are	VBP
addressing	VBG
reteaching	VBG
at	IN
all	DT
grade	NN
levels	NNS
;	:
provide	VB
consistency	NN
in	IN
``	``
testing	VBG
out	RP
''	''
procedures	NNS
developed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
county	NN
level	NN
;	:
formalize	VB
guidelines	NNS
for	IN
substitution	NN
of	IN
more	JJR
rigorous	JJ
courses	NNS
for	IN
career	NN
major	JJ
and	CC
recommended	VBD
elective	JJ
courses	NNS
;	:
and	CC
refine	VB
the	DT
process	NN
for	IN
development	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Unified	NNP
County	NNP
and	CC
School	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
.	.
J.	NNP
D.	NNP
Morris	NNP
provided	VBD
an	DT
update	VB
regarding	VBG
superintendent	NN
search	NN
activities	NNS
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Morris	NNP
advised	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
position	NN
announcement	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
released	VBN
for	IN
publication	NN
and	CC
the	DT
November	NNP
11	CD
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
canceled	VBN
.	.
The	DT
next	JJ
meeting	NN
with	IN
Isaacson	NNP
Miller	NNP
will	MD
take	VB
place	NN
on	IN
December	NNP
8	CD
.	.
Upon	IN
motion	NN
by	IN
Gary	NNP
G.	NNP
White	NNP
,	,
second	JJ
by	IN
J.	NNP
D.	NNP
Morris	NNP
the	DT
Board	NNP
approved	VBD
the	DT
appointment	NN
of	IN
a	DT
committee	NN
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
legislative	JJ
appointee	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
proceed	VB
on	IN
assessment	NN
and	CC
accountability	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
President	NNP
Mathews	NNP
appointed	VBD
the	DT
following	VBG
Board	NNP
members	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
committee	NN
:	:
Gary	NNP
G.	NNP
White	NNP
,	,
J.	NNP
D.	NNP
Morris	NNP
,	,
Paul	NNP
J.	NNP
Morris	NNP
,	,
Cleo	NNP
P.	NNP
Mathews	NNP
.	.
President	NNP
Mathews	NNP
invited	VBD
and	CC
encouraged	VBD
all	DT
Board	NNP
members	NNS
to	TO
attend	VB
and	CC
participate	VB
in	IN
meetings	NNS
and	CC
will	MD
inform	VB
members	NNS
as	IN
meetings	NNS
are	VBP
scheduled	VBN
.	.
President	NNP
Mathews	NNP
and	CC
J.	NNP
D.	NNP
Morris	NNP
contacted	VBD
the	DT
House	NNP
Education	NNP
Chair	NNP
regarding	VBG
the	DT
controversy	NN
surrounding	VBG
the	DT
awarding	NN
of	IN
credit	NN
for	IN
ag-science	JJ
courses	NNS
.	.
Negotiations	NNS
with	IN
involved	JJ
parties	NNS
are	VBP
once	RB
again	RB
underway	JJ
in	IN
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
resolve	VB
this	DT
issue	NN
.	.
Henry	NNP
Marockie	NNP
for	IN
ten	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
excellence	NN
as	IN
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
presented	VBD
a	DT
plaque	NN
of	IN
appreciation	NN
to	TO
Tommy	NNP
Bodkins	NNP
,	,
Randolph	NNP
County	NNP
bus	NN
operator	NN
,	,
for	IN
his	PRP$
heroic	JJ
actions	NNS
in	IN
averting	VBG
a	DT
dangerous	JJ
situation	NN
involving	VBG
students	NNS
under	IN
his	PRP$
care	NN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Bodkins	NNP
'	POS
bus	NN
was	VBD
threatened	VBN
by	IN
gunmen	NNS
who	WP
were	VBD
quickly	RB
apprehended	VBN
due	JJ
to	TO
Mr.	NNP
Bodkins	NNP
handling	NN
of	IN
the	DT
situation	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
also	RB
presented	VBD
a	DT
plaque	NN
to	TO
James	NNP
J.	NNP
MacCallum	NNP
in	IN
appreciation	NN
for	IN
his	PRP$
leadership	NN
as	IN
President	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
,	,
1998-1999	CD
.	.
Education	NNP
has	VBZ
asked	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
's	POS
recommendation	NN
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
assessment	NN
and	CC
accountability	NN
system	NN
used	VBN
for	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
schools	NNS
.	.
The	DT
attachment	NN
contains	VBZ
a	DT
summary	NN
of	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
system	NN
along	IN
with	IN
recommendations	NNS
as	IN
to	TO
suggested	VBN
modifications	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
assessment	NN
system	NN
.	.
Paul	NNP
J.	NNP
Morris	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
met	VBD
with	IN
representatives	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Isaacson	NNP
,	,
Miller	NNP
consulting	VBG
firm	NN
to	TO
begin	VB
development	NN
of	IN
a	DT
plan	NN
of	IN
action	NN
in	IN
the	DT
search	NN
for	IN
a	DT
state	NN
superintendent	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
.	.
No	DT
business	NN
was	VBD
transacted	VBN
.	.
Upon	IN
motion	NN
by	IN
Paul	NNP
J.	NNP
Morris	NNP
,	,
second	JJ
by	IN
J.	NNP
D.	NNP
Morris	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
accepted	VBD
the	DT
recommendation	NN
that	IN
the	DT
passing	VBG
score	NN
for	IN
the	DT
CBT	NNP
Reading	VBG
test	NN
be	VB
changed	VBN
to	TO
321	CD
to	TO
be	VB
consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
passing	VBG
score	NN
of	IN
174	CD
on	IN
the	DT
PPST	NNP
Reading	VBG
test	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
assure	VB
prospective	JJ
educators	NNS
of	IN
consistency	NN
between	IN
the	DT
paper	NN
and	CC
computer	NN
versions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
reading	NN
test	NN
.	.
Senate	NNP
Bill	NNP
391	CD
required	VBD
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Schools	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Deaf	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Blind	NNP
to	TO
establish	VB
a	DT
salary	NN
schedule	NN
that	WDT
phases	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
necessary	JJ
salary	NN
increases	NNS
for	IN
professional	JJ
and	CC
service	NN
personnel	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
July	NNP
2002	CD
.	.
The	DT
attached	VBN
schedule	NN
was	VBD
established	VBN
in	IN
compliance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
Senate	NNP
Bill	NNP
391	CD
.	.
Policy	NNP
5112	CD
requires	VBZ
that	IN
an	DT
athletic	JJ
trainer	NN
be	VB
in	IN
attendance	NN
at	IN
all	DT
high	JJ
school	NN
football	NN
practices	NNS
and	CC
games	NNS
.	.
Athletic	JJ
trainers	NNS
are	VBP
recommended	VBN
for	IN
middle\/junior	JJ
high	JJ
school	NN
football	NN
practices	NNS
and	CC
games	NNS
.	.
The	DT
policy	NN
further	RBR
provides	VBZ
for	IN
an	DT
Athletic	JJ
Trainer	NNP
Review	NNP
Board	NNP
to	TO
advise	VB
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
granting	VBG
of	IN
waivers	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
policy	NN
where	WRB
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
fully-certified	JJ
trainer	NN
available	JJ
.	.
Under	IN
Miscellaneous	NNP
add	VBP
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
discussion	NN
of	IN
consultant	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
assessment	NN
plan	NN
,	,
2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
update	VBP
on	IN
Superintendent	NNP
Search	NNP
activities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
discussion	NN
of	IN
consultant	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
statewide	JJ
coordinated	VBN
staff	NN
development	NN
plan	NN
.	.
Policy	NNP
4350	CD
governs	VBZ
the	DT
protection	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
and	CC
access	NN
of	IN
parents	NNS
and	CC
students	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
collection	NN
,	,
maintenance	NN
,	,
disclosure	NN
,	,
and	CC
destruction	NN
of	IN
education	NN
records	NNS
by	IN
agencies	NNS
and	CC
institutions	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
supervision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
The	DT
revised	VBN
policy	NN
incorporates	VBZ
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Educational	NNP
Rights	NNPS
and	CC
Privacy	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FERPA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
the	DT
Individuals	NNS
with	IN
Disabilities	NNP
Education	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
IDEA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
as	IN
amended	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Anti-Hazing	NNP
Policy	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
2425	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
was	VBD
developed	VBN
as	IN
required	VBN
by	IN
legislation	NN
passed	VBN
in	IN
1999	CD
.	.
The	DT
policy	NN
provides	VBZ
a	DT
definition	NN
and	CC
examples	NNS
of	IN
hazing	NN
and	CC
penalties	NNS
for	IN
students	NNS
who	WP
engage	VBP
in	IN
such	JJ
activities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
policy	NN
also	RB
requires	VBZ
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
procedures	NNS
to	TO
investigate	VB
alleged	JJ
hazing	NN
activities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
policy	NN
was	VBD
placed	VBN
on	IN
comment	NN
from	IN
May	NNP
17	CD
,	,
1999	CD
through	IN
June	NNP
18	CD
,	,
1999	CD
,	,
during	IN
which	WDT
time	NN
five	CD
responses	NNS
were	VBD
received	VBN
.	.
The	DT
requirement	NN
that	IN
the	DT
training	NN
be	VB
related	VBN
to	TO
current	JJ
or	CC
anticipated	JJ
employment	NN
was	VBD
reinstated	VBN
.	.
Several	JJ
other	JJ
minor	JJ
changes	NNS
were	VBD
made	VBN
.	.
In	IN
both	DT
sections	NNS
8.1.1	CD
and	CC
8.1.2	CD
the	DT
word	NN
``	``
and	CC
''	''
was	VBD
incorrectly	RB
typed	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
final	JJ
version	NN
as	IN
``	``
and\/or	CC
''	''
.	.
The	DT
policy	NN
included	VBD
only	RB
the	DT
word	NN
``	``
and	CC
''	''
when	WRB
it	PRP
was	VBD
placed	VBN
on	IN
comment	NN
and	CC
as	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
.	.
Preparation	NNP
,	,
presented	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
proposed	VBN
changes	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
licensure	NN
policy	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
5202	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
proposed	VBN
changes	NNS
were	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
a	DT
matrix	NN
that	WDT
identified	VBD
the	DT
change	NN
and	CC
the	DT
stance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Commission	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Teaching	NNP
Standards	NNPS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
endorsed	VBD
the	DT
Department	NNP
's	POS
position	NN
on	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
listed	VBN
issues	NNS
.	.
Revisions	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
bring	VB
the	DT
policy	NN
in	IN
line	NN
with	IN
regulatory	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
nutrition	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Approval	NN
will	MD
allow	VB
the	DT
Department	NNP
to	TO
assist	VB
counties	NNS
in	IN
compliance	NN
with	IN
United	NNP
States	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Agriculture	NNP
guidelines	NNS
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
School	NNP
Transportation	NNP
Regulations	NNPS
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
revised	VBN
and	CC
updated	VBN
for	IN
several	JJ
years	NNS
and	CC
are	VBP
out-of-date	JJ
.	.
A	DT
committee	NN
was	VBD
formed	VBN
to	TO
carefully	RB
review	VB
and	CC
revise	VB
Policy	NN
4336	CD
to	TO
make	VB
it	PRP
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Safe	NNP
Schools	NNP
Act	NNP
and	CC
other	JJ
practices	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
changed	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
's	POS
role	NN
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
the	DT
assessment	NN
plan	NN
must	MD
be	VB
clarified	VBN
prior	RB
to	TO
making	VBG
any	DT
decisions	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
release	NN
of	IN
an	DT
RFP	NNP
for	IN
a	DT
consultant	NN
.	.
Gary	NNP
G.	NNP
White	NNP
proposed	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
official	JJ
inquiry	NN
be	VB
made	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Legislative	NNP
Sub-Committee	NNP
requesting	VBG
clarification	NN
.	.
Upon	IN
receipt	NN
of	IN
the	DT
requested	VBN
clarification	NN
the	DT
Board	NNP
will	MD
proceed	VB
as	RB
necessary	JJ
.	.
This	DT
plan	NN
of	IN
action	NN
was	VBD
agreed	VBN
upon	IN
by	IN
all	DT
Board	NNP
members	NNS
.	.
Gary	NNP
G.	NNP
White	NNP
moved	VBD
that	IN
Policy	NNP
7212	CD
be	VB
revised	VBN
to	TO
reflect	VB
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
current	JJ
intent	NN
regarding	VBG
multi-county	JJ
cooperation	NN
and	CC
be	VB
brought	VBN
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
The	DT
motion	NN
was	VBD
seconded	VBN
by	IN
Sandra	NNP
M.	NNP
Chapman	NNP
.	.
Motion	NNP
carried	VBD
.	.
The	DT
Code	NNP
and	CC
policy	NN
provide	VBP
that	IN
any	DT
person	NN
desiring	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
relieved	VBN
of	IN
the	DT
academy	NN
attendance	NN
requirement	NN
may	MD
apply	VB
in	IN
writing	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
for	IN
a	DT
waiver	NN
.	.
Twelve	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
12	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
principals	NNS
submitted	VBD
written	VBN
waiver	NN
requests	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
Summer	NNP
1999	CD
Principals	NNPS
'	POS
Leadership	NN
Academy	NNP
.	.
State	NNP
Code	NNP
and	CC
State	NNP
Board	NNP
policy	NN
require	VBP
that	IN
upon	IN
showing	VBG
reasonable	JJ
cause	NN
why	WRB
relief	NN
should	MD
be	VB
granted	VBN
,	,
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
may	MD
grant	VB
a	DT
waiver	NN
to	TO
postpone	VB
attendance	NN
from	IN
the	DT
academy	NN
for	IN
one	CD
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Legislature	NNP
in	IN
S.B.	NNP
588	CD
found	VBD
that	IN
hazing	NN
has	VBZ
become	VBN
a	DT
problem	NN
in	IN
a	DT
limited	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
school-sponsored	JJ
student	NN
organizations	NNS
and	CC
required	VBD
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
to	TO
promulgate	VB
rules	NNS
to	TO
address	VB
hazing	NN
in	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
H.B.	NNP
2401	CD
,	,
approved	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
recently	RB
completed	VBN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
legislative	JJ
session	NN
,	,
directed	VBD
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
to	TO
develop	VB
rules	NNS
to	TO
minimize	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
carpet	NN
in	IN
schools	NNS
.	.
These	DT
rules	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
presented	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Legislative	NNP
Oversight	NNP
Commission	NNP
for	IN
Educational	NNP
Accountability	NNP
in	IN
July	NNP
1999	CD
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
half	NN
of	IN
the	DT
pay	NN
raise	NN
for	IN
professional	JJ
personnel	NNS
,	,
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
last	JJ
year	NN
,	,
goes	VBZ
into	IN
effect	NN
in	IN
July	NNP
1999	CD
.	.
The	DT
proposed	VBN
pay	NN
schedule	NN
includes	VBZ
the	DT
second	JJ
half	NN
of	IN
the	DT
raise	NN
plus	CC
,	,
for	IN
most	JJS
professionals	NNS
,	,
the	DT
salary	NN
increase	NN
granted	VBN
to	TO
teachers	NNS
by	IN
the	DT
1999	CD
Legislature	NNP
.	.
Committee	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
TEAC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Commission	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Teaching	NNP
Standards	NNPS
on	IN
the	DT
preparation	NN
of	IN
needed	VBN
revisions	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
's	POS
teacher	NN
education	NN
policy	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
5100	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Several	JJ
substantive	JJ
issues	NNS
have	VBP
emerged	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
these	DT
discussions	NNS
.	.
Attachment	NN
V	NN
describes	VBZ
the	DT
position	NN
of	IN
each	DT
organization	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Department	NNP
in	IN
relation	NN
to	TO
each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
seven	CD
issues	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Department	NNP
and	CC
TEAC	NNP
differ	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
's	POS
recommendations	NNS
on	IN
issues	NNS
two	CD
and	CC
three	CD
.	.
Work	NN
Consortium	NNP
.	.
The	DT
major	JJ
goal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
consortium	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
improve	VB
the	DT
achievement	NN
levels	NNS
of	IN
students	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
middle	JJ
grades	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
reading	NN
,	,
mathematics	NN
and	CC
science	NN
.	.
States	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
interested	JJ
in	IN
joining	VBG
the	DT
consortium	NN
have	VBP
until	IN
June	NNP
30	CD
,	,
1999	CD
to	TO
indicate	VB
their	PRP$
intent	NN
to	TO
SREB	NNP
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
consortium	NN
,	,
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
must	MD
give	VB
its	PRP$
approval	NN
and	CC
the	DT
state	NN
must	MD
sign	VB
a	DT
Memorandum	NN
of	IN
Understanding	NN
that	IN
outlines	VBZ
the	DT
commitment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
,	,
the	DT
local	JJ
school	NN
district	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
SREB	NNP
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
year	NN
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
must	MD
identify	VB
two	CD
or	CC
three	CD
middle	JJ
schools	NNS
as	IN
pilot	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Middle	NNP
Schools	NNP
That	IN
Work	NNP
Consortium	NNP
will	MD
enhance	VB
the	DT
High	NNP
Schools	NNP
That	IN
Work	NNP
initiative	NN
that	WDT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
involved	VBN
in	IN
with	IN
SREB	NNP
for	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
years	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
will	MD
meet	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
on	IN
June	NNP
10	CD
at	IN
9:15	CD
a.m.	NN
in	IN
Boone	NNP
County	NNP
.	.
This	DT
meeting	NN
will	MD
be	VB
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
discussing	VBG
progress	NN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
system	NN
since	IN
the	DT
Intervention	NN
Agreement	NN
was	VBD
completed	VBN
.	.
Policy	NN
2510	CD
requires	VBZ
that	IN
county	NN
school	NN
systems	NNS
provide	VBP
students	NNS
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
test	VB
out	IN
of	IN
courses	NNS
.	.
The	DT
proposed	VBN
revision	NN
would	MD
eliminate	VB
the	DT
requirement	NN
while	IN
allowing	VBG
systems	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
testing	NN
out	IN
opportunities	NNS
if	IN
they	PRP
so	RB
desire	NN
.	.
A	DT
number	NN
of	IN
comments	NNS
were	VBD
received	VBN
with	IN
fewer	JJR
favoring	VBG
elimination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
requirement	NN
than	IN
those	DT
who	WP
desire	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
mandatory	JJ
requirement	NN
be	VB
maintained	VBN
.	.
No	DT
changes	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
made	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
comments	NNS
received	VBD
.	.
H.B.	NNP
2855	CD
requires	VBZ
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
to	TO
review	VB
the	DT
organization	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
able	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
technical	JJ
assistance	NN
and	CC
support	NN
for	IN
schools	NNS
and	CC
school	NN
systems	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
areas	NNS
including	VBG
''	''
...	:
establishing	VBG
policies	NNS
which	WDT
allow	VBP
advanced	JJ
students	NNS
to	TO
test	VB
out	IN
of	IN
required	VBN
courses	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
already	RB
posses	VBZ
the	DT
required	JJ
academic	JJ
skills	NNS
.	.
''	''
Elimination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
mandatory	JJ
requirement	NN
for	IN
testing	VBG
out	RP
does	VBZ
not	RB
appear	VB
to	TO
conflict	VB
with	IN
that	DT
statutory	JJ
requirement	NN
as	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
can	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
provide	VB
assistance	NN
to	TO
those	DT
county	NN
school	NN
systems	NNS
that	WDT
wish	VBP
to	TO
retain	VB
the	DT
policy	NN
option	NN
of	IN
allowing	VBG
students	NNS
to	TO
test	VB
out	IN
of	IN
courses	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Department	NNP
is	VBZ
proposing	VBG
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
changes	NNS
to	TO
Policy	NNP
5202	CD
dealing	VBG
with	IN
certification	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Teaching	NNP
Standards	NNPS
disagrees	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
's	POS
position	NN
on	IN
several	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
recommendations	NNS
.	.
Prior	RB
to	TO
rewriting	VBG
Policy	NN
5202	CD
,	,
the	DT
Department	NNP
desires	NNS
to	TO
discuss	VB
the	DT
proposed	VBN
changes	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
Jefferson	NNP
County	NNP
has	VBZ
submitted	VBN
a	DT
waiver	NN
request	NN
to	TO
the	DT
normal	JJ
certification	NN
rules	NNS
contained	VBN
in	IN
Policy	NNP
5202	CD
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
difficulty	NN
encountered	VBN
in	IN
finding	VBG
personnel	NNS
who	WP
meet	VBP
current	JJ
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
certification	NN
rules	NNS
.	.
Data	NNP
governs	VBZ
the	DT
protection	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
and	CC
access	NN
of	IN
parents	NNS
and	CC
students	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
collection	NN
,	,
maintenance	NN
,	,
disclosure	NN
,	,
and	CC
destruction	NN
of	IN
education	NN
records	NNS
by	IN
agencies	NNS
and	CC
institutions	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
supervision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
The	DT
proposed	VBN
revisions	NNS
incorporate	VBP
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Educational	NNP
Rights	NNPS
and	CC
Privacy	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FERPA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
the	DT
Individuals	NNS
with	IN
Disabilities	NNP
Education	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
IDEA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
as	IN
amended	VBN
.	.
Upon	IN
motion	NN
by	IN
Michael	NNP
D.	NNP
Greer	NNP
,	,
second	JJ
by	IN
Jim	NNP
L.	NNP
McKnight	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
approved	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
working	VBG
group	NN
,	,
inclusive	JJ
of	IN
Department	NNP
and	CC
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
staff	NN
,	,
be	VB
appointed	VBN
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
with	IN
the	DT
Mountaineer	NNP
Challenge	NNP
Academy	NNP
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
issue	NN
.	.
Kim	NNP
Nuzum-Lawrence	NNP
and	CC
Fernando	NNP
Ibanez	NNP
demonstrated	VBD
the	DT
Department	NNP
's	POS
``	``
new	JJ
and	CC
improved	VBN
''	''
web	NN
page	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
redesigned	VBN
and	CC
upgraded	VBN
to	TO
better	JJR
provide	VBP
information	NN
and	CC
data	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
education	NN
community	NN
.	.
Upon	IN
motion	NN
by	IN
Jim	NNP
L.	NNP
McKnight	NNP
,	,
second	JJ
by	IN
J.	NNP
D.	NNP
Morris	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
tabled	VBD
action	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
transportation	NN
of	IN
Pendleton	NNP
County	NNP
students	NNS
to	TO
Grant	NNP
County	NNP
,	,
directed	VBD
that	IN
Policy	NNP
7212	CD
be	VB
studied	VBN
for	IN
possible	JJ
modification	NN
,	,
and	CC
cautioned	VBD
that	IN
no	DT
action	NN
be	VB
approved	VBN
on	IN
this	DT
issue	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
take	VB
effect	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
the	DT
99-00	CD
school	NN
year	NN
.	.
As	IN
of	IN
Fall	NN
1996	CD
,	,
all	DT
tests	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
professional	JJ
licensure	NN
requirements	NNS
are	VBP
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Praxis	NNP
Testing	NNP
Series	NNP
which	WDT
is	VBZ
published	VBN
and	CC
administered	VBN
by	IN
Educational	NNP
Testing	NNP
Service	NNP
.	.
The	DT
testing	NN
program	NN
consists	VBZ
of	IN
three	CD
types	NNS
of	IN
tests	NNS
:	:
Pre-Professional	NNP
Skills	NNS
Tests	NNS
in	IN
reading	NN
,	,
writing	VBG
and	CC
mathematics	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
either	CC
in	IN
paper-and-pencil	NN
or	CC
computer	NN
based	VBN
format	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
content	JJ
specialization	NN
tests	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
of	IN
Learning	NNP
and	CC
Teaching	NNP
tests	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
comments	NNS
from	IN
teachers	NNS
expressed	VBN
displeasure	NN
with	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
rating	NN
categories	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
elimination	NN
of	IN
Phase	NN
II	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
self	NN
assessment	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
However	RB
,	,
several	JJ
teachers	NNS
and	CC
administrators	NNS
support	VBP
the	DT
proposed	VBN
changes	NNS
and	CC
welcome	VB
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
recognize	VB
quality	NN
teaching	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
comments	NNS
received	VBN
,	,
additional	JJ
amendments	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
proposed	VBN
that	IN
warrant	NN
placing	VBG
the	DT
policy	NN
on	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
for	IN
an	DT
additional	JJ
30	CD
days	NNS
.	.
These	DT
substantive	JJ
changes	NNS
include	VBP
:	:
elimination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
below	IN
standards	NNS
''	''
rating	NN
category	NN
resulting	VBG
in	IN
four	CD
rather	RB
than	IN
five	CD
rating	NN
categories	NNS
;	:
identification	NN
of	IN
indicators	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
``	``
exemplary	JJ
''	''
and	CC
``	``
exceeds	VBZ
standards	NNS
''	''
rating	NN
categories	NNS
;	:
and	CC
language	NN
that	WDT
phases	NNS
the	DT
policy	NN
in	IN
over	IN
a	DT
two-year	JJ
period	NN
.	.
Minor	NNP
editorial	NN
changes	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
made	VBN
to	TO
reflect	VB
consistent	JJ
language	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
.	.
The	DT
major	JJ
change	NN
to	TO
the	DT
procedure	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
creation	NN
within	IN
the	DT
committee	NN
of	IN
a	DT
``	``
subcommittee	NN
a	DT
''	''
charged	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
responsibility	NN
of	IN
reviewing	VBG
all	DT
requests	NNS
for	IN
approval	NN
of	IN
training	NN
.	.
The	DT
subcommittee	NN
's	POS
decision	NN
on	IN
approval\/non-approval	NN
will	MD
be	VB
final	JJ
unless	IN
reversed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
full	JJ
committee	NN
.	.
The	DT
membership	NN
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Secondary	JJ
School	NNP
Activities	NNPS
Commission	NNP
is	VBZ
proposing	VBG
changes	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
rules	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
that	WDT
govern	VBP
interscholastic	JJ
activities	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
member	NN
schools	NNS
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
Virginia	NNP
schools	NNS
.	.
The	DT
proposed	VBN
revision	NN
to	TO
Section	NNP
8.2.3	CD
would	MD
eliminate	VB
the	DT
requirement	NN
that	IN
county	NN
school	NN
systems	NNS
allow	VBP
students	NNS
to	TO
test	VB
out	IN
of	IN
courses	NNS
.	.
The	DT
school	NN
systems	NNS
may	MD
,	,
should	MD
they	PRP
choose	VB
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
,	,
provide	VB
testing	NN
out	IN
opportunities	NNS
.	.
Upon	IN
motion	NN
by	IN
Mr.	NNP
J.D.	NNP
Morris	NNP
,	,
second	JJ
by	IN
Mr.	NNP
McKnight	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
referred	VBD
the	DT
transportation	NN
issue	NN
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
local	JJ
boards	NNS
to	TO
work	VB
out	RP
under	IN
present	JJ
state	NN
law	NN
and	CC
State	NNP
Board	NNP
policy	NN
and	CC
report	NN
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
their	PRP$
resolution	NN
of	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
by	IN
February	NNP
11	CD
,	,
1999	CD
.	.
Brenda	NNP
Williams	NNP
provided	VBD
an	DT
overview	NN
of	IN
a	DT
report	NN
showing	VBG
the	DT
status	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
's	POS
integration	NN
and	CC
use	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
prepared	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Milken	NNP
Exchange	NNP
on	IN
Education	NNP
Technology	NNP
from	IN
information	NN
provided	VBN
by	IN
county	NN
technology	NN
contacts	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Copy	VB
appended	VBN
to	TO
Official	NNP
Minutes	NNPS
.	.
A	DT
replacement	NN
Policy	NN
5310	CD
has	VBZ
been	VBN
developed	VBN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
all	DT
teachers	NNS
and	CC
administrators	NNS
are	VBP
evaluated	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
fair	JJ
and	CC
equitable	JJ
manner	NN
and	CC
within	IN
a	DT
uniformly	RB
applied	VBN
system	NN
.	.
The	DT
revised	VBN
Policy	NN
5310	CD
identifies	VBZ
a	DT
new	JJ
rating	NN
structure	NN
,	,
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
improving	VBG
instruction	NN
and	CC
increasing	VBG
student	NN
achievement	NN
,	,
eliminates	VBZ
the	DT
self-assessment	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Phase	NN
II	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
adds	VBZ
new	JJ
evaluation	NN
processes	NNS
for	IN
professional	JJ
support	NN
personnel	NNS
and	CC
athletic	JJ
coaches	NNS
.	.
H.	NNP
B.	NNP
4306	CD
passed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
1998	CD
legislative	JJ
session	NN
requires	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
make	VBP
recommendations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Legislative	NNP
Oversight	NNP
Commission	NNP
on	IN
Education	NNP
Accountability	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
LOCEA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
regarding	VBG
both	DT
an	DT
accountability	NN
and	CC
an	DT
assessment	NN
process	NN
.	.
S.C.R.	NNP
22	CD
passed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
1998	CD
legislative	JJ
session	NN
created	VBD
a	DT
committee	NN
to	TO
study	VB
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
assessment	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
students	NNS
.	.
That	DT
committee	NN
has	VBZ
meet	VB
monthly	JJ
during	IN
the	DT
interim	JJ
meetings	NNS
and	CC
made	VBN
.	.
Department	NNP
staff	NN
provided	VBD
a	DT
draft	NN
document	NN
with	IN
recommendations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
Education	NNP
Instructional	NNP
Goals	NNP
and	CC
Objectives	NNS
must	MD
have	VB
written	VBN
goals	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
regard	NN
,	,
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Institutional	NNP
Education	NNP
Programs	NNP
provides	VBZ
a	DT
social	JJ
skills	NNS
program	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
uniquely	RB
designed	VBN
to	TO
promote	VB
positive	JJ
change	NN
and	CC
enhance	VB
personal	JJ
growth	NN
and	CC
development	NN
for	IN
youth	NN
in	IN
institutions	NNS
.	.
Projects	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Early	NNP
Detection	NNP
and	CC
Intervention	NN
Projects	NNPS
is	VBZ
to	TO
assist	VB
underachieving	JJ
schools	NNS
and	CC
school	NN
systems	NNS
in	IN
improving	VBG
performance	NN
before	IN
conditions	NNS
become	VBP
so	RB
grave	JJ
as	IN
to	TO
warrant	VB
more	JJR
substantive	JJ
state	NN
intervention	NN
.	.
Schools	NNP
participating	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
pilot	NN
programs	NNS
are	VBP
Barnes	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Marion	NNP
County	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
Mount	NNP
View	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
McDowell	NNP
County	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
annually	RB
review	VB
the	DT
performance	NN
of	IN
each	DT
school	NN
and	CC
issue	VB
an	DT
accreditation	NN
status	NN
to	TO
each	DT
school	NN
and	CC
an	DT
approval	NN
level	NN
to	TO
each	DT
school	NN
district	NN
.	.
Education	NNP
performance	NN
audit	NN
teams	NNS
conduct	VBP
unannounced	JJ
on-site	JJ
reviews	NNS
of	IN
school	NN
districts	NNS
and	CC
schools	NNS
to	TO
assist	VB
in	IN
the	DT
determination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
approval	NN
status	NN
of	IN
school	NN
districts	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
accreditation	NN
status	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audit	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
visible	JJ
element	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
's	POS
accountability	NN
system	NN
.	.
The	DT
organizational	JJ
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
held	VBN
before	IN
a	DT
team	NN
conducts	VBZ
a	DT
school	NN
system	NN
education	NN
performance	NN
audit	NN
.	.
During	IN
this	DT
meeting	NN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNPS
team	NN
chair	NN
holds	VBZ
a	DT
training	NN
session	NN
on	IN
the	DT
on-site	JJ
review	NN
process	NN
.	.
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
.	.
All	DT
schools	NNS
in	IN
Boone	NNP
County	NNP
were	VBD
evaluated	VBN
by	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
on-site	JJ
review	NN
team	NN
.	.
The	DT
county	NN
submitted	VBD
revised	VBN
County	NNP
and	CC
School	NNP
Unified	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
for	IN
noncompliances	NNS
identified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
education	NN
performance	NN
audit	NN
team	NN
.	.
Some	DT
plans	NNS
contained	VBD
the	DT
required	VBN
components	NNS
and	CC
those	DT
schools	NNS
are	VBP
eligible	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
higher	JJR
accreditation	NN
status	NN
.	.
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
.	.
All	DT
schools	NNS
in	IN
Marion	NNP
County	NNP
were	VBD
evaluated	VBN
by	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
on-site	JJ
review	NN
team	NN
.	.
The	DT
county	NN
submitted	VBD
revised	VBN
County	NNP
and	CC
School	NNP
Unified	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
for	IN
noncompliances	NNS
identified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
education	NN
performance	NN
audit	NN
team	NN
.	.
Some	DT
plans	NNS
contained	VBD
the	DT
required	VBN
components	NNS
and	CC
those	DT
schools	NNS
are	VBP
eligible	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
higher	JJR
accreditation	NN
status	NN
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
performance	NN
data	NNS
and	CC
results	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Follow-up	JJ
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audit	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
recommended	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
Ritchie	NNP
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
be	VB
granted	VBN
Full	NNP
Approval	NNP
status	NN
and	CC
all	DT
Ritchie	NNP
County	NNP
schools	NNS
granted	VBD
Full	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
status	NN
.	.
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
first	JJ
report	NN
compiling	VBG
accountability	NN
activities	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
report	NN
synthesized	VBD
the	DT
activities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNPS
as	IN
established	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Legislature	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
.	.
All	DT
schools	NNS
in	IN
Fayette	NNP
County	NNP
were	VBD
evaluated	VBN
by	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
on-site	JJ
review	NN
team	NN
.	.
The	DT
county	NN
submitted	VBD
revised	VBN
County	NNP
and	CC
School	NNP
Unified	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
for	IN
noncompliances	NNS
identified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
education	NN
performance	NN
audit	NN
team	NN
.	.
Some	DT
plans	NNS
contained	VBD
the	DT
required	VBN
components	NNS
and	CC
those	DT
schools	NNS
are	VBP
eligible	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
higher	JJR
accreditation	NN
status	NN
.	.
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
.	.
All	DT
schools	NNS
in	IN
Morgan	NNP
County	NNP
were	VBD
evaluated	VBN
by	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
on-site	JJ
review	NN
team	NN
.	.
The	DT
county	NN
submitted	VBD
revised	VBN
county	NN
and	CC
school	NN
Unified	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
for	IN
noncompliances	NNS
identified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
education	NN
performance	NN
audit	NN
team	NN
.	.
These	DT
plans	NNS
contained	VBD
the	DT
required	VBN
components	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
county	NN
and	CC
schools	NNS
are	VBP
eligible	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
higher	JJR
approval	NN
and	CC
accreditation	NN
status	NN
.	.
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
.	.
All	DT
schools	NNS
in	IN
Nicholas	NNP
County	NNP
were	VBD
evaluated	VBN
by	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
on-site	JJ
review	NN
team	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
education	NN
performance	NN
audit	NN
findings	NNS
of	IN
noncompliance	NN
,	,
the	DT
county	NN
and	CC
school	NN
Unified	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
revised	VBN
,	,
submitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNP
,	,
and	CC
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
Two	CD
schools	NNS
participated	VBD
in	IN
Pilot	NN
Early	RB
Detection	NNP
and	CC
Intervention	NN
Projects	NNS
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Early	NNP
Detection	NNP
and	CC
Intervention	NN
pilots	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
assist	VB
underachieving	JJ
schools	NNS
and	CC
school	NN
systems	NNS
in	IN
improving	VBG
performance	NN
before	IN
conditions	NNS
become	VBP
so	RB
grave	JJ
as	IN
to	TO
warrant	VB
more	JJR
substantive	JJ
state	NN
intervention	NN
.	.
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
.	.
All	DT
schools	NNS
in	IN
Webster	NNP
County	NNP
were	VBD
evaluated	VBN
by	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
on-site	JJ
review	NN
team	NN
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
performance	NN
data	NNS
and	CC
results	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
education	NN
performance	NN
audit	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
recommended	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
Webster	NNP
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
be	VB
issued	VBN
Temporary	NNP
Approval	NNP
status	NN
and	CC
all	DT
five	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Webster	NNP
County	NNP
schools	NNS
issued	VBD
Temporary	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
status	NN
.	.
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
.	.
All	DT
schools	NNS
in	IN
Ritchie	NNP
County	NNP
were	VBD
evaluated	VBN
by	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
on-site	JJ
review	NN
team	NN
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
performance	NN
data	NNS
and	CC
results	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
education	NN
performance	NN
audit	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
recommended	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
Ritchie	NNP
County	NNP
School	NNP
District	NNP
be	VB
issued	VBN
Conditional	NNP
Approval	NNP
status	NN
,	,
five	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Ritchie	NNP
County	NNP
schools	NNS
granted	VBD
Full	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
status	NN
,	,
and	CC
two	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
schools	NNS
issued	VBN
Conditional	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
status	NN
.	.
School	NNP
System	NNP
.	.
The	DT
South	NNP
Branch	NNP
Vocational	NNP
Technical	NNP
Center	NNP
was	VBD
also	RB
reviewed	VBN
during	IN
this	DT
time	NN
by	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
on-site	JJ
review	NN
team	NN
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
education	NN
performance	NN
audit	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
recommended	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
South	NNP
Branch	NNP
Vocational	NNP
Technical	NNP
Center	NNP
be	VB
issued	VBN
Full	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
status	NN
.	.
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
.	.
All	DT
schools	NNS
in	IN
Summers	NNP
County	NNP
were	VBD
evaluated	VBN
by	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
on-site	JJ
review	NN
team	NN
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
performance	NN
data	NNS
and	CC
results	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
education	NN
performance	NN
audit	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
recommended	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
Summers	NNP
County	NNP
School	NNP
District	NNP
be	VB
issued	VBN
Conditional	NNP
Approval	NNP
status	NN
,	,
two	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Summers	NNP
County	NNP
schools	NNS
granted	VBD
Full	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
status	NN
,	,
and	CC
three	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
schools	NNS
issued	VBN
Conditional	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
status	NN
.	.
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
.	.
All	DT
schools	NNS
in	IN
Taylor	NNP
County	NNP
were	VBD
evaluated	VBN
by	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
on-site	JJ
review	NN
team	NN
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
performance	NN
data	NNS
and	CC
results	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
education	NN
performance	NN
audit	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
recommended	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
Taylor	NNP
County	NNP
School	NNP
District	NNP
be	VB
issued	VBN
Full	NNP
Approval	NNP
status	NN
,	,
two	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Taylor	NNP
County	NNP
schools	NNS
granted	VBD
Full	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
status	NN
,	,
and	CC
five	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
schools	NNS
issued	VBN
Conditional	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
status	NN
.	.
Seventeen	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
17	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Unified	NNP
School	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNS
are	VBP
recommended	VBN
for	IN
approval	NN
and	CC
the	DT
schools	NNS
be	VB
upgraded	VBN
to	TO
conditional	JJ
accreditation	NN
status	NN
.	.
The	DT
remaining	VBG
two	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
plans	NNS
are	VBP
requested	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
approved	VBN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
the	DT
schools	NNS
remain	VBP
on	IN
seriously	RB
impaired	VBN
status	NN
until	IN
the	DT
1998-99	CD
performance	NN
data	NNS
indicate	VBP
improvement	NN
and	CC
eligibility	NN
to	TO
be	VB
upgraded	VBN
.	.
A	DT
request	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
made	VBN
from	IN
John	NNP
F.	NNP
Elcesser	NNP
,	,
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Diocese	NNP
of	IN
Wheeling-Charleston	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
to	TO
consider	VB
a	DT
review	NN
of	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
and	CC
procedures	NNS
which	WDT
formerly	RB
governed	VBD
the	DT
process	NN
for	IN
nonpublic	JJ
school	NN
accreditation	NN
.	.
School	NNP
Improvement	NNP
plans	VBZ
for	IN
all	DT
school	NN
issued	VBN
Temporary	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
Status	NNP
.	.
A	DT
review	NN
of	IN
the	DT
revised	VBN
county	NN
plan	NN
and	CC
school	NN
plans	NNS
revealed	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
plans	NNS
were	VBD
comprehensive	JJ
and	CC
included	VBD
all	PDT
the	DT
required	VBN
components	NNS
.	.
Based	VBN
upon	IN
the	DT
revised	VBN
County	NNP
and	CC
School	NNP
Unified	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
,	,
Wood	NNP
County	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
schools	NNS
have	VBP
complied	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
statutory	JJ
and	CC
policy	NN
requirements	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
recommended	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
approval	NN
status	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Wood	NNP
County	NNP
School	NNP
System	NNP
be	VB
upgraded	VBN
from	IN
Temporary	NNP
Approval	NNP
to	TO
Conditional	NNP
Approval	NNP
status	NN
and	CC
the	DT
twenty-one	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
21	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Temporary	JJ
Accreditation	NNP
status	NN
schools	NNS
also	RB
be	VB
upgraded	VBN
to	TO
Conditional	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
status	NN
.	.
Education	NNP
:	:
Performance	NNP
Based	VBD
Accreditation	NNP
System	NNP
,	,
require	VBP
that	IN
whenever	WRB
a	DT
school	NN
is	VBZ
determined	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
seriously	RB
impaired	VBN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
shall	MD
appoint	VB
a	DT
team	NN
of	IN
improvement	NN
consultants	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
recommendations	NNS
for	IN
correcting	VBG
the	DT
impairment	NN
.	.
At	IN
its	PRP$
December	NNP
1998	CD
meeting	NN
,	,
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
appointed	VBD
a	DT
team	NN
of	IN
improvement	NN
consultants	NNS
to	TO
Magnolia	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Matewan	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
High	NNP
School	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
team	NN
to	TO
Tug	NNP
Valley	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Mingo	NNP
County	NNP
.	.
The	DT
attached	VBN
reports	NNS
provide	VBP
each	DT
Team	NNP
's	POS
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
commendations	NNS
,	,
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
findings	NNS
,	,
and	CC
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
recommendations	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
schools	NNS
.	.
Improving	NN
Education	NN
:	:
Performance	NNP
Based	VBD
Accreditation	NNP
System	NNP
,	,
indicate	VBP
that	IN
``	``
The	NNP
State	NNP
Board	NNP
shall	MD
establish	VB
early	JJ
detection	NN
and	CC
intervention	NN
programs	NNS
to	TO
assist	VB
underachieving	JJ
schools	NNS
and	CC
school	NN
systems	NNS
in	IN
improving	VBG
performance	NN
...	:
''	''
Education	NNP
:	:
Performance-Based	JJ
Accreditation	NNP
System	NNP
,	,
indicate	VBP
that	IN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
having	VBG
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
casual	JJ
deficit	NN
shall	MD
submit	VB
a	DT
plan	NN
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
specifying	VBG
strategies	NNS
for	IN
eliminating	VBG
the	DT
casual	JJ
deficit	NN
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
Code	NNP
and	CC
Policy	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
shall	MD
either	RB
approve	VB
or	CC
reject	VB
the	DT
plan	NN
.	.
Three	CD
of	IN
the	DT
five	CD
counties	NNS
experiencing	VBG
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
casual	JJ
deficit	NN
submitted	VBD
their	PRP$
required	VBN
plans	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Educational	NNP
Performance	NNP
Audits	NNPS
and	CC
were	VBD
approved	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
November	NNP
State	NNP
Board	NNP
meeting	NN
.	.
Sixty-eight	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
68	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
plans	NNS
were	VBD
reviewed	VBN
and	CC
acted	VBN
upon	IN
previously	RB
by	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
One	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
plan	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
received	VBN
and	CC
reviewed	VBN
.	.
Two	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
plans	VBZ
previously	RB
returned	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
schools	NNS
and	CC
counties	NNS
for	IN
further	JJ
development	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
resubmitted	VBN
and	CC
reviewed	VBN
.	.
Staff	NNP
reviewed	VBD
the	DT
plans	NNS
to	TO
determine	VB
that	IN
the	DT
required	JJ
elements	NNS
were	VBD
included	VBN
,	,
addressed	VBD
the	DT
performance	NN
deficiencies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
date	NN
certain	JJ
was	VBD
realistic	JJ
for	IN
achieving	VBG
full	JJ
accreditation	NN
status	NN
.	.
The	DT
attachment	NN
summarizes	VBZ
the	DT
elements	NNS
of	IN
individual	JJ
Unified	NNP
School	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNP
.	.
All	DT
three	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Unified	NNP
School	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Plans	NNS
were	VBD
recommended	VBN
for	IN
approval	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
presented	VBD
a	DT
plaque	NN
to	TO
Kathy	NNP
Boone	NNP
,	,
Project	NNP
Leader	NNP
,	,
as	IN
one	CD
of	IN
nine	CD
state	NN
information	NN
technology	NN
employees	NNS
from	IN
all	DT
state	NN
government	NN
agencies	NNS
to	TO
receive	VB
the	DT
Governor	NNP
's	POS
Technology	NNP
Award	NNP
,	,
a	DT
plaque	NN
and	CC
$	$
1000	CD
,	,
for	IN
innovative	JJ
information	NN
technology	NN
among	IN
state	NN
employees	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
presented	VBD
a	DT
plaque	NN
to	TO
Brenda	NNP
Williams	NNP
recognizing	VBG
and	CC
saluting	VBG
her	PRP$
exemplary	JJ
work	NN
in	IN
promoting	VBG
educational	JJ
technology	NN
in	IN
schools	NNS
across	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
and	CC
for	IN
her	PRP$
national	JJ
leadership	NN
in	IN
learning	VBG
technologies	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
the	DT
complaints	NNS
are	VBP
against	IN
you	PRP
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
difficult	JJ
for	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
have	VB
sufficient	JJ
objectivity	NN
in	IN
determining	VBG
whether	IN
disclosure	NN
would	MD
result	VB
in	IN
a	DT
substantial	JJ
invasion	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
privacy	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
object	VB
to	TO
disclosure	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
concern	NN
about	IN
objectivity	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
registered	VBN
professional	JJ
nurse	NN
holds	VBZ
a	DT
BSN	NNP
but	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
hold	VB
the	DT
school	NN
nurse	NN
certification	NN
,	,
can	MD
the	DT
nurse	NN
be	VB
given	VBN
credit	NN
for	IN
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
for	IN
pay	NN
purposes	NNS
for	IN
work	NN
experience	NN
as	IN
a	DT
charge	NN
nurse	NN
or	CC
a	DT
ward	NN
nurse	NN
in	IN
a	DT
hospital	NN
setting	VBG
?	.
An	DT
``	``
appeal	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
a	DT
claim	NN
by	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
citizens	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
state	NN
law	NN
or	CC
the	DT
policies	NNS
,	,
rules	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
The	DT
written	JJ
appeal	NN
will	MD
identify	VB
the	DT
specific	JJ
state	NN
law	NN
or	CC
state	NN
board	NN
policy	NN
,	,
rule	NN
or	CC
regulation	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
claimed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
violated	VBN
,	,
and	CC
shall	MD
include	VB
as	RB
much	JJ
information	NN
as	IN
possible	JJ
to	TO
describe	VB
the	DT
alleged	JJ
violation	NN
.	.
Copies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
policies	NNS
,	,
rules	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
available	JJ
for	IN
public	JJ
review	NN
at	IN
each	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
office	NN
.	.
Rather	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
appellant	NN
alleges	VBZ
events	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
contrary	JJ
to	TO
state	NN
law	NN
or	CC
policy	NN
,	,
counties	NNS
will	MD
process	VB
the	DT
appeal	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
alleged	JJ
events	NNS
clearly	RB
do	VBP
not	RB
involve	VB
the	DT
application	NN
of	IN
state	NN
law	NN
or	CC
policy	NN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
Citizens	NNPS
Appeal	NNP
process	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
proper	JJ
venue	NN
for	IN
resolving	VBG
the	DT
complaint	NN
and	CC
the	DT
county	NN
will	MD
not	RB
proceed	VB
with	IN
the	DT
steps	NNS
outlined	VBN
in	IN
Policy	NNP
7211	CD
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
this	DT
approach	NN
to	TO
be	VB
both	DT
reasonable	JJ
and	CC
effective	JJ
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
counties	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
process	VB
appeals	NNS
under	IN
Policy	NN
7211	CD
where	WRB
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
is	VBZ
without	IN
authority	NN
to	TO
act	VB
or	CC
where	WRB
the	DT
method	NN
of	IN
appeal	NN
is	VBZ
specifically	RB
established	VBN
by	IN
law	NN
,	,
as	IN
with	IN
appeals	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
placement	NN
of	IN
exceptional	JJ
children	NNS
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
the	DT
term	NN
``	``
appeal	NN
''	''
shall	MD
not	RB
apply	VB
when	WRB
a	DT
citizen	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
personal	JJ
complaint	NN
about	IN
a	DT
school	NN
employee	NN
.	.
Each	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
must	MD
establish	VB
its	PRP$
own	JJ
specific	JJ
procedures	NNS
to	TO
handle	VB
complaints	NNS
about	IN
school	NN
employees	NNS
and	CC
for	IN
other	JJ
citizen	NN
complaints	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
governed	VBN
by	IN
this	DT
policy	NN
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
county	NN
receives	VBZ
a	DT
Citizens	NNPS
Appeal	NNP
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
Policy	NNP
7211	CD
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
proper	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
county	NN
to	TO
examine	VB
the	DT
appeal	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
the	DT
appeal	NN
can	MD
be	VB
processed	VBN
under	IN
Policy	NN
7211	CD
or	CC
whether	IN
the	DT
complaint	NN
should	MD
be	VB
resolved	VBN
by	IN
other	JJ
means	NNS
.	.
In	IN
any	DT
event	NN
,	,
the	DT
county	NN
should	MD
communicate	VB
its	PRP$
decision	NN
to	TO
the	DT
appellant	NN
.	.
Regarding	VBG
attendance	NN
incentives	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
have	VBP
asked	VBN
that	IN
I	PRP
consider	VBP
permitting	VBG
counties	NNS
to	TO
develop	VB
incentives	NNS
wherein	JJ
students	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
not	RB
missed	VBN
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
set	VBN
number	NN
of	IN
days	NNS
per	IN
semester	NN
are	VBP
exempted	VBN
from	IN
taking	VBG
semester	NN
exams	NNS
.	.
The	DT
rationale	NN
for	IN
allowing	VBG
this	DT
type	NN
of	IN
incentive	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
shown	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
only	JJ
effective	JJ
means	NNS
by	IN
which	WDT
a	DT
county	NN
can	MD
actually	RB
improve	VB
its	PRP$
rate	NN
of	IN
student	NN
attendance	NN
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
opinion	NN
that	IN
county	NN
attendance	NN
incentives	NNS
wherein	JJ
students	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
not	RB
accumulated	VBN
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
set	VBN
number	NN
of	IN
excused	VBN
absences	NNS
per	IN
semester	NN
are	VBP
exempted	VBN
from	IN
taking	VBG
semester	NN
exams	NNS
are	VBP
permissible	JJ
under	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
law	NN
and	CC
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
policy	NN
.	.
Under	IN
such	JJ
policies	NNS
an	DT
award	NN
of	IN
credit	NN
is	VBZ
still	RB
based	VBN
upon	IN
demonstrated	VBN
mastery	NN
of	IN
the	DT
instructional	JJ
objectives	NNS
.	.
No	DT
grades	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
awarded	VBN
or	CC
reduced	VBN
based	VBN
upon	IN
attendance	NN
alone	RB
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
all	DT
such	JJ
policies	NNS
must	MD
clearly	RB
define	VB
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
absences	NNS
after	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
semester	NN
exams	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
,	,
must	MD
clearly	RB
define	VB
excused	VBN
and	CC
unexcused	JJ
absences	NNS
,	,
must	MD
not	RB
base	VB
an	DT
unduly	RB
large	JJ
percentage	NN
of	IN
a	DT
final	JJ
grade	NN
on	IN
the	DT
semester	NN
exam	NN
,	,
and	CC
must	MD
be	VB
applied	VBN
uniformly	RB
to	TO
all	DT
students	NNS
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
recommendation	NN
that	IN
all	DT
students	NNS
be	VB
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
take	VB
semester	NN
exams	NNS
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
student	NN
opts	VBZ
not	RB
to	TO
have	VB
the	DT
exam	NN
grade	NN
factored	JJ
into	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
final	JJ
grade	NN
for	IN
a	DT
course	NN
.	.
During	IN
a	DT
recent	JJ
multi-disciplinary	JJ
team	NN
meeting	NN
involving	VBG
the	DT
county	NN
court	NN
,	,
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Human	NNP
Services	NNPS
,	,
school	NN
officials	NNS
,	,
and	CC
attorneys	NNS
,	,
the	DT
question	NN
was	VBD
raised	VBN
as	IN
to	TO
whether	IN
a	DT
school	NN
system	NN
could	MD
consider	VB
a	DT
student	NN
truant	JJ
if	IN
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
she	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
attending	VBG
the	DT
alternative	JJ
school	NN
and	CC
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
county	NN
had	VBD
provided	VBN
reimbursement	NN
for	IN
travel	NN
to	TO
the	DT
alternative	JJ
school	NN
,	,
which	WDT
was	VBD
held	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
evening	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
clear	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
Legislative	NNP
intent	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
all	DT
students	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
ages	NNS
of	IN
six	CD
and	CC
sixteen	CD
be	VB
enrolled	VBN
in	IN
and	CC
attend	VB
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
unless	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
conditions	NNS
set	VBP
forth	RB
later	RB
in	IN
the	DT
code	NN
section	NN
is	VBZ
met	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
the	DT
child	NN
is	VBZ
properly	RB
registered	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
county	NN
as	IN
receiving	VBG
home	NN
instruction	NN
,	,
the	DT
child	NN
has	VBZ
graduated	VBN
from	IN
a	DT
standard	JJ
high	JJ
school	NN
,	,
the	DT
child	NN
attends	VBZ
a	DT
recognized	VBN
private	JJ
school	NN
,	,
etc	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
``	``
in	IN
all	DT
but	CC
the	DT
most	RBS
extreme	JJ
cases	NNS
,	,
the	DT
State	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
reasonable	JJ
state-funded	JJ
educational	JJ
opportunities	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
to	TO
children	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
been	VBN
removed	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
classroom	NN
by	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Safe	NNP
Schools	NNP
Act	NNP
in	IN
a	DT
safe	JJ
and	CC
reasonable	JJ
fashion	NN
.	.
Under	IN
such	JJ
circumstances	NNS
,	,
providing	VBG
educational	JJ
opportunities	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
to	TO
such	JJ
children	NNS
is	VBZ
constitutionally	RB
mandated	VBN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
State	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
an	DT
alternate	JJ
education	NN
to	TO
those	DT
students	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
been	VBN
expelled	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
regular	JJ
classroom	NN
setting	NN
.	.
Likewise	RB
,	,
the	DT
expelled	VBN
student	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
attend	VB
the	DT
alternate	JJ
educational	JJ
program	NN
offered	VBN
by	IN
his\/her	NN
county	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
true	JJ
whether	IN
the	DT
alternate	JJ
program	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
day	NN
program	NN
,	,
an	DT
evening	NN
program	NN
,	,
or	CC
consists	VBZ
of	IN
homebound	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
similar	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
student	NN
and	CC
his\/her	NN
parents	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
present	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
educational	JJ
program	NN
provided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
,	,
the	DT
student	NN
will	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
truant	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
county	NN
will	MD
be	VB
obligated	VBN
to	TO
pursue	VB
those	DT
remedies	NNS
prescribed	VBN
by	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
'	POS
18-8-2	CD
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
anticipated	VBN
that	IN
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
school	NN
year	NN
we	PRP
will	MD
have	VB
an	DT
excess	NN
of	IN
one	CD
elementary	JJ
school	NN
principal	NN
.	.
The	DT
district	NN
is	VBZ
currently	RB
in	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
filling	VBG
a	DT
vocational\/technical	JJ
school	NN
principalship	NN
.	.
A	DT
question	NN
has	VBZ
arisen	VBN
concerning	VBG
the	DT
ability	NN
of	IN
an	DT
elementary	JJ
school	NN
principal	NN
who	WP
loses	VBZ
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
position	NN
and	CC
who	WP
has	VBZ
appropriate	JJ
certification	NN
,	,
to	TO
displace	VB
the	DT
vocational\/technical	JJ
school	NN
principal	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
should	MD
the	DT
vocational\/technical	JJ
school	NN
principal	NN
be	VB
the	DT
least	JJS
senior	JJ
principal	NN
in	IN
the	DT
system	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
opinion	NN
that	IN
an	DT
elementary	JJ
school	NN
principal	NN
who	WP
loses	VBZ
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
position	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
displace	VB
the	DT
vocational\/technical	JJ
school	NN
principal	NN
even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
displaced	VBN
elementary	JJ
principal	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
certification	NN
and	CC
the	DT
vocational\/technical	JJ
school	NN
principal	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
least	JJS
senior	JJ
principal	NN
in	IN
the	DT
system	NN
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
asked	VBN
about	IN
the	DT
legality	NN
of	IN
entering	VBG
into	IN
memoranda	NNS
of	IN
understanding	VBG
between	IN
the	DT
Jefferson	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Jefferson	NNP
County	NNP
Parks	NNPS
and	CC
Recreation	NNP
Department	NNP
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
collaborative	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
sharing	VBG
facilities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
role	NN
of	IN
the	DT
bus	NN
driver	NN
is	VBZ
critical	JJ
:	:
large	JJ
numbers	NNS
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
children	NNS
are	VBP
safely	RB
transported	VBN
throughout	IN
this	DT
state	NN
daily	RB
in	IN
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
climates	NNS
during	IN
the	DT
school	NN
year	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
school	NN
bus	NN
drivers	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
constantly	RB
on	IN
alert	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
safety	NN
of	IN
each	DT
individual	JJ
student	NN
,	,
the	DT
group	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
whole	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
public	NN
at	IN
large	JJ
.	.
In	IN
recognizing	VBG
this	DT
level	NN
of	IN
importance	NN
,	,
Policy	NNP
4336	CD
sets	NNS
forth	RB
the	DT
requirements	NNS
and	CC
expectations	NNS
of	IN
not	RB
only	RB
bus	NN
operators	NNS
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
parents	NNS
and	CC
children	NNS
in	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
utilizing	VBG
buses	NNS
in	IN
our	PRP$
school	NN
system	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
transportation	NN
schedules	NNS
often	RB
abruptly	RB
change	VB
to	TO
reflect	VB
responses	NNS
to	TO
weather	VB
,	,
curriculum	NN
needs	NNS
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
unexpected	JJ
occurrences	NNS
.	.
Snow	NNP
delays	NNS
,	,
early	RB
dismissals	NNS
,	,
and	CC
actual	JJ
bus	NN
equipment	NN
failures	NNS
can	MD
lengthen	VB
or	CC
alter	VB
a	DT
regular	JJ
schedule	NN
for	IN
a	DT
bus	NN
driver	NN
.	.
To	TO
fulfill	VB
the	DT
requirements	NNS
for	IN
employment	NN
,	,
the	DT
driver	NN
=	SYM
s	PRP
schedule	NN
must	MD
be	VB
flexible	JJ
to	TO
meet	VB
those	DT
challenges	NNS
.	.
To	TO
maintain	VB
the	DT
expectations	NNS
and	CC
meet	VB
the	DT
challenges	NNS
facing	VBG
a	DT
full-time	JJ
bus	NN
driver	NN
,	,
including	VBG
a	DT
required	VBN
six	CD
hours	NNS
of	IN
uninterrupted	JJ
rest	NN
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
'	''
14.2	CD
of	IN
Policy	NN
4336	CD
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
possible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
bus	NN
operator	NN
you	PRP
described	VBD
to	TO
simultaneously	RB
serve	VB
in	IN
the	DT
position	NN
of	IN
a	DT
full	JJ
-	:
time	NN
bus	NN
operator	NN
and	CC
in	IN
a	DT
full-time	JJ
position	NN
with	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
manufacturing	NN
firm	NN
.	.
Though	IN
a	DT
county	NN
is	VBZ
generally	RB
only	RB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
ensuring	VBG
that	IN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
impose	VB
a	DT
work	NN
schedule	NN
on	IN
an	DT
employee	NN
that	WDT
precludes	VBZ
six	CD
hours	NNS
of	IN
uninterrupted	JJ
rest	NN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
present	JJ
scenario	NN
there	EX
is	VBZ
un-controverted	JJ
evidence	NN
that	IN
the	DT
employee	NN
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
obtain	VB
six	CD
hours	NNS
of	IN
uninterrupted	JJ
rest	NN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
at	IN
an	DT
alternate	JJ
location	NN
.	.
The	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
can	MD
not	RB
overlook	VB
the	DT
detrimental	JJ
result	NN
this	DT
may	MD
have	VB
on	IN
the	DT
driver	NN
in	IN
question	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
opinion	NN
that	IN
someone	NN
employed	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
full-time	JJ
bus	NN
driver	NN
by	IN
a	DT
county	NN
school	NN
system	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
by	IN
Section	NN
14.1	CD
to	TO
understand	VB
that	DT
transporting	VBG
the	DT
school	NN
children	NNS
is	VBZ
paramount	JJ
in	IN
importance	NN
and	CC
safety	NN
.	.
No	DT
other	JJ
employment	NN
position	NN
can	MD
limit	VB
or	CC
interfere	VB
with	IN
those	DT
duties	NNS
as	IN
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
Policy	NN
4336	CD
.	.
All	DT
children	NNS
entering	VBG
school	NN
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
in	IN
this	DT
state	NN
shall	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
immunized	VBN
against	IN
diphtheria	NN
,	,
polio	NN
,	,
rubeola	NN
,	,
rubella	NN
,	,
tetanus	NN
and	CC
whooping	JJ
cough	NN
.	.
Any	DT
person	NN
who	WP
can	MD
not	RB
give	VB
satisfactory	JJ
proof	NN
of	IN
having	VBG
been	VBN
immunized	VBN
previously	RB
or	CC
a	DT
certificate	NN
from	IN
a	DT
reputable	JJ
physician	NN
showing	VBG
that	IN
an	DT
immunization	NN
for	IN
any	DT
or	CC
all	DT
diphtheria	NN
,	,
polio	NN
,	,
rubeola	NN
,	,
rubella	NN
,	,
tetanus	NN
and	CC
whooping	JJ
cough	NN
is	VBZ
impossible	JJ
or	CC
improper	JJ
or	CC
sufficient	JJ
reason	NN
why	WRB
any	DT
or	CC
all	DT
immunizations	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
done	VBN
,	,
shall	MD
be	VB
immunized	VBN
for	IN
diphtheria	NN
,	,
polio	NN
,	,
rubeola	NN
,	,
rubella	NN
,	,
tetanus	NN
and	CC
whooping	JJ
cough	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
being	VBG
admitted	VBN
in	IN
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
schools	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
No	DT
child	NN
or	CC
person	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
admitted	VBN
or	CC
received	VBN
in	IN
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
schools	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
until	IN
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
immunized	VBN
as	IN
hereinafter	NN
provided	VBN
or	CC
produces	VBZ
a	DT
certificate	NN
from	IN
a	DT
reputable	JJ
physician	NN
showing	VBG
that	IN
an	DT
immunization	NN
for	IN
diphtheria	NN
,	,
polio	NN
,	,
rubeola	NN
,	,
rubella	NN
,	,
tetanus	NN
and	CC
whooping	JJ
cough	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
done	VBN
or	CC
is	VBZ
impossible	JJ
or	CC
improper	JJ
or	CC
other	JJ
sufficient	JJ
reason	NN
why	WRB
such	JJ
immunizations	NNS
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
done	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
emphasis	NN
added	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
sum	NN
,	,
it	PRP
remains	VBZ
my	PRP$
opinion	NN
that	IN
a	DT
student	NN
in	IN
foster	JJ
care	NN
may	MD
be	VB
enrolled	VBN
and	CC
enter	VBP
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
without	IN
immunization	NN
records	NNS
in	IN
hand	NN
,	,
excepting	VBG
those	DT
entering	VBG
school	NN
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
.	.
For	IN
students	NNS
enrolling	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
in	IN
a	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
School	NNP
system	NN
,	,
each	DT
must	MD
receive	VB
one	CD
dose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
required	VBN
immunization	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
entering	VBG
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
schools	NNS
.	.
After	IN
receiving	VBG
the	DT
first	JJ
dose	NN
,	,
the	DT
student	NN
shall	MD
have	VB
ninety	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
90	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
days	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
to	TO
complete	VB
receiving	VBG
the	DT
final	JJ
required	JJ
doses	NNS
of	IN
those	DT
vaccines	NNS
to	TO
physically	RB
remain	VB
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
environment	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
unusual	JJ
event	NN
that	IN
a	DT
parent	NN
and\/or	CC
guardian	NN
refuses	VBZ
to	TO
obtain	VB
the	DT
required	VBN
first	RB
dose	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
child	NN
entering	VBG
the	DT
school	NN
facility	NN
,	,
the	DT
county	NN
school	NN
board	NN
should	MD
not	RB
simply	RB
refuse	VB
enrollment	NN
.	.
Rather	RB
,	,
the	DT
county	NN
should	MD
enroll	VB
the	DT
child	NN
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
determine	VB
how	WRB
educational	JJ
services	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
rendered	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
least	JJS
restrictive	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
way	NN
the	DT
student	NN
is	VBZ
enrolled	VBN
and	CC
receiving	VBG
educational	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
but	CC
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
permitted	VBN
to	TO
enter	VB
the	DT
school	NN
environment	NN
.	.
Each	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
shall	MD
promulgate	VB
rules	NNS
by	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
and	CC
agenda	NN
of	IN
all	DT
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meetings	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
and	CC
purpose	NN
of	IN
all	DT
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
are	VBP
made	VBN
available	JJ
,	,
in	IN
advance	NN
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
news	NN
media	NNS
,	,
except	IN
in	IN
the	DT
event	NN
of	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
requiring	VBG
immediate	JJ
official	JJ
action	NN
.	.
Each	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
of	IN
the	DT
executive	JJ
branch	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
shall	MD
file	VB
a	DT
notice	NN
of	IN
any	DT
meeting	NN
with	IN
the	DT
secretary	NN
of	IN
state	NN
for	IN
publication	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
register	NN
.	.
Each	DT
notice	NN
shall	MD
state	VB
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
and	CC
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Each	DT
notice	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
filed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
manner	NN
to	TO
allow	VB
each	DT
notice	NN
to	TO
appear	VB
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
register	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
five	CD
days	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
generally	RB
requires	VBZ
governing	VBG
bodies	NNS
of	IN
public	JJ
agencies	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
certain	JJ
information	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
news	NN
media	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
including	VBG
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
and	CC
agenda	NN
of	IN
all	DT
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meetings	NNS
;	:
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
and	CC
purpose	NN
of	IN
all	DT
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
specifically	RB
requires	VBZ
State	NNP
executive	JJ
branch	NN
agencies	NNS
to	TO
publish	VB
notice	NN
of	IN
any	DT
special	JJ
or	CC
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
in	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Register	NNP
at	IN
least	JJS
five	CD
days	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Otherwise	RB
,	,
the	DT
Act	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
comprehensively	RB
describe	VBP
when	WRB
and	CC
how	WRB
this	DT
information	NN
should	MD
be	VB
disseminated	VBN
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
this	DT
Committee	NNP
,	,
consistent	JJ
with	IN
its	PRP$
limited	JJ
authority	NN
to	TO
review	VB
additional	JJ
provisions	NNS
as	IN
discussed	VBN
above	IN
,	,
finds	VBZ
that	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
additional	JJ
provisions	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
bylaws	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
inconsistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
asks	VBZ
when	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
appropriate	JJ
to	TO
add	VB
additional	JJ
items	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
in	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
including	VBG
items	NNS
which	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
authorized	VBN
for	IN
discussion	NN
in	IN
an	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
.	.
He	PRP
further	RB
asks	VBZ
how	WRB
specific	JJ
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
must	MD
be	VB
in	IN
stating	VBG
the	DT
reason	NN
for	IN
going	VBG
into	IN
executive	JJ
session	NN
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
also	RB
seeks	VBZ
guidance	NN
on	IN
when	WRB
a	DT
personnel	NNS
policy	NN
may	MD
be	VB
discussed	VBN
in	IN
executive	NN
session	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
his	PRP$
understanding	NN
that	IN
personnel	NNS
matters	NNS
regarding	VBG
particular	JJ
employees	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
discussed	VBN
in	IN
executive	NN
session	NN
but	CC
general	JJ
personnel	NNS
policies	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
discussed	VBN
in	IN
public	NN
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
has	VBZ
provided	VBN
an	DT
example	NN
:	:
an	DT
employee	NN
is	VBZ
challenging	VBG
a	DT
personnel	NNS
policy	NN
regarding	VBG
hiring	VBG
practices	NNS
for	IN
certain	JJ
positions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
may	MD
wish	VB
to	TO
discuss	VB
revising	VBG
or	CC
rescinding	VBG
the	DT
policy	NN
,	,
thereby	RB
resolving	VBG
the	DT
dispute	NN
.	.
May	NNP
the	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
meet	VBP
in	IN
executive	JJ
session	NN
to	TO
consider	VB
the	DT
challenged	VBN
policy	NN
?	.
This	DT
Committee	NNP
recognizes	VBZ
that	IN
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
circumstances	NNS
where	WRB
a	DT
general	JJ
personnel	NNS
policy	NN
may	MD
properly	RB
be	VB
discussed	VBN
in	IN
executive	NN
session	NN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
exceptions	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
set	NN
of	IN
facts	NNS
and	CC
circumstances	NNS
presented	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
requester	NN
,	,
this	DT
Committee	NNP
is	VBZ
unable	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
definitive	JJ
guidance	NN
on	IN
the	DT
applicability	NN
of	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
exceptions	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
security	NN
or	CC
the	DT
attorney-client	JJ
privilege	NN
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
is	VBZ
currently	RB
serving	VBG
on	IN
a	DT
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
Her	PRP$
spouse	NN
is	VBZ
employed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
corporation	NN
that	WDT
conducts	VBZ
student	NN
testing	NN
under	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
with	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
These	DT
tests	NNS
are	VBP
conducted	VBN
in	IN
elementary	JJ
and	CC
secondary	JJ
schools	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
country	NN
using	VBG
federal	JJ
funds	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
select	JJ
or	CC
control	VB
the	DT
services	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
testing	NN
contractor	NN
nor	CC
contribute	VBP
any	DT
funding	NN
to	TO
support	VB
this	DT
federal	JJ
contract	NN
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
is	VBZ
contemplating	VBG
accepting	VBG
employment	NN
with	IN
this	DT
same	JJ
company	NN
in	IN
the	DT
coming	JJ
year	NN
.	.
She	PRP
notes	VBZ
that	IN
she	PRP
and	CC
her	PRP$
spouse	NN
can	MD
be	VB
scheduled	VBN
so	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
work	VB
in	IN
the	DT
county	NN
where	WRB
she	PRP
serves	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
.	.
The	DT
limitation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
prohibiting	VBG
elected	VBN
officials	NNS
from	IN
having	VBG
an	DT
interest	NN
in	IN
public	JJ
contracts	NNS
under	IN
their	PRP$
authority	NN
or	CC
control	NN
includes	VBZ
a	DT
specific	JJ
proviso	NN
that	WDT
allows	VBZ
an	DT
official	NN
to	TO
be	VB
employed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
governmental	JJ
body	NN
where	WRB
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
serves	VBZ
.	.
This	DT
proviso	NN
would	MD
allow	VB
the	DT
requester	NN
to	TO
be	VB
employed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
on	IN
which	WDT
she	PRP
serves	VBZ
without	IN
offending	VBG
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
Inasmuch	NNP
as	IN
student	NN
assessments	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
those	DT
conducted	VBN
by	IN
this	DT
private	JJ
employer	NN
,	,
may	MD
potentially	RB
generate	VB
significant	JJ
consequences	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
status	NN
and	CC
finances	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
,	,
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
avoid	VB
any	DT
appearance	NN
of	IN
impropriety	NN
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
recommends	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
requester	NN
obtain	VB
an	DT
accommodation	NN
whereby	WRB
neither	CC
she	PRP
nor	CC
her	PRP$
husband	NN
will	MD
conduct	VB
testing	NN
in	IN
the	DT
county	NN
where	WRB
she	PRP
serves	VBZ
.	.
The	DT
Fountain	NNP
Public	NNP
Service	NNP
District	NNP
proposes	VBZ
to	TO
post	VB
notice	NN
of	IN
each	DT
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
and	CC
the	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
72	CD
hours	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Inasmuch	NNP
as	IN
the	DT
District	NNP
ordinarily	RB
meets	VBZ
on	IN
Monday	NNP
,	,
the	DT
proposed	VBN
rule	NN
allows	VBZ
the	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
to	TO
comply	VB
by	IN
posting	VBG
a	DT
meeting	NN
notice	NN
and	CC
agenda	NN
for	IN
a	DT
7:00	CD
PM	NNP
Monday	NNP
meeting	NN
not	RB
later	RB
than	IN
7:00	CD
PM	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
preceding	VBG
Friday	NNP
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
rule	NN
allows	VBZ
the	DT
agenda	NN
to	TO
be	VB
amended	VBN
up	RP
to	TO
48	CD
hours	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
,	,
an	DT
amended	VBN
agenda	NN
could	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
as	IN
late	JJ
as	IN
7:00	CD
PM	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
preceding	VBG
Saturday	NNP
.	.
In	IN
these	DT
hypothetical	JJ
examples	NNS
,	,
the	DT
public	JJ
and	CC
media	NNS
would	MD
have	VB
only	RB
one	CD
working	VBG
day	NN
to	TO
make	VB
plans	NNS
to	TO
attend	VB
or	CC
cover	VB
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
This	DT
Committee	NNP
concludes	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
notice	NN
provided	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
rule	NN
is	VBZ
insufficient	JJ
to	TO
fulfill	VB
the	DT
Legislative	JJ
intent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
,	,
and	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
provide	VB
reasonable	JJ
notice	NN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
media	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
event	NN
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
finds	VBZ
it	PRP
necessary	JJ
to	TO
amend	VB
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
to	TO
include	VB
a	DT
matter	NN
requiring	VBG
immediate	JJ
official	JJ
action	NN
,	,
such	JJ
amended	VBN
agenda	NN
should	MD
explain	VB
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
emergency	NN
which	WDT
warrants	VBZ
dispensing	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
normal	JJ
notice	NN
period	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
this	DT
same	JJ
explanation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
emergency	NN
should	MD
be	VB
included	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
minutes	NNS
for	IN
that	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
In	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
,	,
the	DT
District	NNP
may	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
by	IN
posting	VBG
notice	NN
of	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
business	NN
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
This	DT
notice	NN
must	MD
include	VB
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
and	CC
place	NN
of	IN
the	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
It	PRP
must	MD
also	RB
describe	VB
the	DT
purpose	NN
or	CC
purposes	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
,	,
either	CC
in	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
notice	NN
,	,
or	CC
on	IN
a	DT
separate	JJ
agenda	NN
for	IN
the	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
made	VBN
available	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
and	CC
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
manner	NN
as	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
notice	NN
.	.
The	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
generally	RB
prohibits	VBZ
public	JJ
servants	NNS
from	IN
using	VBG
their	PRP$
public	JJ
positions	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
personal	JJ
private	JJ
gain	NN
or	CC
the	DT
private	JJ
gain	NN
of	IN
another	DT
.	.
This	DT
conflict	NN
of	IN
interest	NN
rule	NN
generally	RB
prohibits	VBZ
elected	VBN
,	,
appointed	VBN
or	CC
employed	VBN
persons	NNS
in	IN
public	JJ
service	NN
from	IN
using	VBG
government	NN
resources	NNS
for	IN
personal	JJ
projects	NNS
that	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
benefit	VB
the	DT
public	JJ
generally	RB
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
operating	VBG
a	DT
public	JJ
park	NN
and	CC
picnic	NN
area	NN
using	VBG
government	NN
personnel	NNS
and	CC
funds	NNS
represents	VBZ
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
activity	NN
that	IN
a	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
may	MD
properly	RB
sustain	VB
,	,
because	IN
a	DT
recreational	JJ
facility	NN
of	IN
this	DT
nature	NN
benefits	VBZ
the	DT
public	JJ
generally	RB
.	.
Although	IN
every	DT
citizen	NN
in	IN
the	DT
community	NN
may	MD
not	RB
take	VB
advantage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
facilities	NNS
offered	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
park	NN
,	,
this	DT
public	JJ
facility	NN
remains	VBZ
available	JJ
to	TO
everyone	NN
under	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
requester	NN
,	,
providing	VBG
county	NN
resources	NNS
to	TO
operate	VB
a	DT
shuttle	NN
service	NN
for	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
family	NN
picnic	NN
being	VBG
held	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
park	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
amenities	NNS
which	WDT
the	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
has	VBZ
routinely	RB
made	VBN
available	JJ
to	TO
all	DT
large	JJ
groups	NNS
attending	VBG
private	JJ
events	NNS
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
notes	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
has	VBZ
previously	RB
followed	VBN
appropriate	JJ
guidance	NN
from	IN
the	DT
judiciary	NN
that	WDT
alternative	JJ
sentencing	NN
personnel	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
projects	NNS
on	IN
private	JJ
property	NN
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
this	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
use	NN
of	IN
county	NN
resources	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
shuttle	NN
service	NN
for	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
picnic	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
permissible	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
circumstances	NNS
presented	VBN
.	.
The	DT
rule	NN
provides	VBZ
for	IN
convening	VBG
an	DT
emergency	NN
meeting	NN
when	WRB
the	DT
Board	NNP
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
take	VB
immediate	JJ
official	JJ
action	NN
on	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
.	.
The	DT
rule	NN
provides	VBZ
for	IN
written	VBN
notice	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Secretary	NNP
of	IN
State	NNP
stating	VBG
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
and	CC
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
circumstances	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
emergency	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
historic	JJ
application	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
by	IN
the	DT
Secretary	NNP
of	IN
State	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Committee	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
this	DT
publication	NN
in	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Register	NNP
must	MD
take	VB
place	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
five	CD
calendar	NN
days	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
For	IN
these	DT
purposes	NNS
,	,
the	DT
day	NN
of	IN
publication	NN
counts	NNS
as	IN
one	CD
day	NN
.	.
All	DT
intervening	VBG
days	NNS
are	VBP
likewise	RB
counted	VBN
,	,
including	VBG
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
and	CC
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
the	DT
day	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
without	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
day	NN
when	WRB
the	DT
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
scheduled	VBN
to	TO
begin	VB
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
specify	VB
how	WRB
far	RB
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	VBG
an	DT
agenda	NN
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
available	JJ
.	.
This	DT
Committee	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
intended	VBD
each	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
of	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
agency	NN
to	TO
make	VB
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
available	JJ
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
time	NN
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
or	CC
special	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
proposed	VBN
rule	NN
properly	RB
requires	VBZ
publication	NN
of	IN
a	DT
notice	NN
for	IN
each	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
in	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Register	NNP
at	IN
least	JJS
five	CD
calendar	NN
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
While	IN
this	DT
five	CD
calendar	NN
day	NN
time	NN
frame	NN
governs	VBZ
the	DT
meeting	NN
notice	NN
period	NN
for	IN
both	DT
special	JJ
and	CC
regular	JJ
meetings	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
executive	JJ
branch	NN
agency	NN
of	IN
state	NN
government	NN
,	,
a	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
for	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
only	RB
needs	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
made	VBN
available	JJ
two	CD
business	NN
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Based	VBN
upon	IN
the	DT
information	NN
provided	VBN
,	,
the	DT
-LRB-	-LRB-
OSE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
does	VBZ
not	RB
take	VB
issue	NN
with	IN
team-teaching	JJ
as	IN
an	DT
instructional	JJ
method	NN
.	.
Regulations	NNPS
do	VBP
stipulate	VB
that	DT
teachers	NNS
providing	VBG
content	JJ
courses	NNS
have	VBP
certification	NN
in	IN
the	DT
areas	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
are	VBP
delivering	VBG
content	NN
.	.
County	NNP
school	NN
systems	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
use	VB
team-teaching	JJ
to	TO
avoid	VB
providing	VBG
classrooms	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
teacher	NN
that	WDT
are	VBP
adequate	JJ
and	CC
comparable	JJ
to	TO
classrooms	NNS
for	IN
non-disabled	JJ
peers	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
Putnam	NNP
County	NNP
schools	NNS
must	MD
also	RB
meet	VB
the	DT
caseload	NN
requirements	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
special	JJ
education	NN
teacher	NN
.	.
These	DT
requirements	NNS
are	VBP
addressed	VBN
in	IN
Policy	NNP
2419	CD
:	:
Regulations	NNPS
for	IN
the	DT
Education	NN
of	IN
Exceptional	JJ
Students	NNS
.	.
Any	DT
license	NN
which	WDT
expired	VBD
more	JJR
than	IN
ten	CD
years	NNS
ago	RB
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
reflected	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
web-based	JJ
inquiry	NN
system	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
questions	NNS
about	IN
this	DT
information	NN
,	,
please	VB
direct	JJ
your	PRP$
inquiries	NNS
to	TO
mfmiller@access.k12.wv.us	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
mission	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
leadership	NN
,	,
training	NN
and	CC
support	NN
for	IN
schools	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
communities	NNS
designed	VBN
to	TO
improve	VB
collaboration	NN
and	CC
ensure	VB
the	DT
health	NN
and	CC
educational	JJ
achievement	NN
of	IN
children	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
safe	JJ
,	,
nurturing	VBG
and	CC
disciplined	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
The	DT
ADA	NNP
Foundation	NNP
is	VBZ
proud	JJ
to	TO
announce	VB
that	DT
grant	NN
applications	NNS
are	VBP
now	RB
being	VBG
accepted	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
Champions	NNS
for	IN
Healthy	JJ
Kids	NNS
Grants	NNPS
,	,
a	DT
partnership	NN
of	IN
the	DT
General	NNP
Mills	NNP
Foundation	NNP
,	,
the	DT
American	JJ
Dietetic	NNP
Association	NNP
Foundation	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
President	NNP
's	POS
Challenge	NNP
.	.
This	DT
grant	NN
program	NN
supports	VBZ
community-based	JJ
groups	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
desire	NN
to	TO
refurbish	VB
fun	NN
and	CC
healthy	JJ
community	NN
youth	NN
playing	VBG
fields	NNS
.	.
Grant	NNP
funds	NNS
valued	VBN
at	IN
$	$
5,000	CD
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
toward	IN
the	DT
purchase	NN
of	IN
materials	NNS
,	,
equipment	NN
and	CC
supplies	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
ensure	VB
the	DT
effective	JJ
use	NN
and	CC
longevity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
field	NN
.	.
The	DT
Legislature	NNP
finds	VBZ
and	CC
declares	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
rise	NN
in	IN
obesity	NN
and	CC
related	VBN
weight	NN
problems	NNS
accompanied	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
resulting	VBG
incidence	NN
of	IN
chronic	JJ
disease	NN
has	VBZ
created	VBN
a	DT
health	NN
care	NN
crisis	NN
that	WDT
burdens	VBZ
the	DT
health	NN
care	NN
infrastructure	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
PDC	NNP
coordinates	VBZ
the	DT
selection	NN
of	IN
experienced	JJ
presenters	NNS
and	CC
develops	VBZ
training	NN
activities	NNS
,	,
materials	NNS
and	CC
programs	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
determines	VBZ
workshop	NN
topics	NNS
and	CC
formulates	VBZ
training	NN
schedules	NNS
and	CC
agendas	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
collaborative	JJ
planning	NN
decisions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
PDC	NNP
takes	VBZ
a	DT
customer	NN
service	NN
approach	NN
to	TO
running	VBG
the	DT
training	NN
center	NN
and	CC
strives	VBZ
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
logistical	JJ
process	NN
of	IN
participating	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
PDC	NNP
event	NN
as	IN
pleasant	JJ
as	IN
possible	JJ
so	IN
that	IN
participants	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
distracted	VBN
from	IN
achieving	VBG
the	DT
training	NN
objectives	NNS
being	VBG
addressed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
event	NN
agenda	NN
.	.
The	DT
document	NN
's	POS
two	CD
year	NN
development	NN
process	NN
included	VBD
the	DT
input	NN
of	IN
a	DT
thirteen	JJ
member	NN
writing	VBG
team	NN
,	,
fourteen	CD
pilot	NN
test	NN
sites	NNS
and	CC
more	JJR
than	IN
100	CD
project	NN
staff	NN
that	WDT
participated	VBD
in	IN
events	NNS
to	TO
review	VB
,	,
use	VB
and	CC
comment	VB
on	IN
the	DT
document	NN
.	.
The	DT
document	NN
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
identify	VB
competency	NN
needs	NNS
as	IN
stand-alone	JJ
topics	NNS
or	CC
within	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
risk	NN
behavior	NN
topics	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
Spring	NN
of	IN
2006	CD
a	DT
committee	NN
of	IN
school	NN
nurses	NNS
came	VBD
together	RB
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
much	JJ
needed	VBN
mentorship	NN
manual	NN
for	IN
school	NN
nurses	NNS
.	.
currently	RB
no	DT
law	NN
exist	VBP
to	TO
ensure	VB
school	NN
nurse	NN
have	VBP
a	DT
mentor	NN
but	CC
some	DT
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
may	MD
choose	VB
to	TO
incorporate	VB
a	DT
mentor	NN
for	IN
all	DT
new	JJ
hires	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
click	VB
on	IN
the	DT
above	JJ
link	NN
to	TO
download	VB
the	DT
manual	NN
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
school	NN
nurses	NNS
go	VBP
above	RB
and	CC
beyond	IN
the	DT
call	NN
of	IN
duty	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
spend	VBP
countless	JJ
hours	NNS
developing	VBG
prevention	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
ensuring	VBG
coverage	NN
for	IN
student	NN
health	NN
needs	NNS
,	,
training	NN
school	NN
personnel	NNS
to	TO
do	VB
basic	JJ
and	CC
specialized	JJ
procedures	NNS
,	,
developing	VBG
504	CD
Plans	NNS
,	,
attending	VBG
IEP	NNP
meetings	NNS
,	,
traveling	VBG
from	IN
one	CD
school	NN
to	TO
the	DT
next	JJ
,	,
managing	VBG
and	CC
monitoring	VBG
student	NN
health	NN
,	,
implementing	VBG
wellness	JJ
programs	NNS
for	IN
school	NN
staff	NN
and	CC
providing	VBG
children	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
positive	JJ
and	CC
caring	VBG
learning	VBG
environment	NN
.	.
A	DT
BIG	NNP
thank	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
all	DT
school	NN
nurses	NNS
for	IN
ensuring	VBG
students	NNS
receive	VBP
quality	NN
health	NN
and	CC
education	NN
in	IN
WV	NNP
public	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
SB	NNP
53	CD
was	VBD
passed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
spring	NN
of	IN
2006	CD
allowing	VBG
a	DT
1	CD
million	CD
dollar	NN
appropriation	NN
for	IN
counties	NNS
caring	VBG
for	IN
children	NNS
with	IN
specialized	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
needs	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
school	NN
setting	VBG
under	IN
a	DT
physician	NN
's	POS
order	NN
and	CC
parent	NN
permission	NN
with	IN
care	NN
from	IN
the	DT
certified	JJ
school	NN
nurse	NN
.	.
The	DT
ten	CD
procedures	NNS
elected	VBN
for	IN
are	VBP
insulin	NN
by	IN
injection	NN
,	,
insulin	NN
by	IN
pump	NN
,	,
metered	JJ
dose	NN
inhaler	NN
,	,
rectal	JJ
diazepam	NN
,	,
vagal	JJ
nerve	NN
stimulator	NN
,	,
sterile	JJ
catheterization	NN
,	,
sterile	JJ
suctioning	VBG
,	,
emergency	NN
care	NN
and	CC
cleaning	NN
of	IN
trach	NN
tube	NN
and	CC
stoma	NN
,	,
emergency	NN
replacement	NN
of	IN
tracheostomy	NN
tube	NN
and	CC
mechanical	JJ
ventilator	NN
.	.
A	DT
one-page	JJ
School	NNP
Nurse	NNP
Needs	NNS
Assessment	NNP
Brief	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
created	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
quick	JJ
review	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
distribution	NN
of	IN
certified	JJ
school	NN
nurses	NNS
,	,
student	NN
screenings	NNS
and	CC
students	NNS
with	IN
medical\/health	NN
conditions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
complete	JJ
School	NNP
Nurse	NNP
Needs	NNS
Assessment	NNP
is	VBZ
posted	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Healthy	JJ
Schools	NNS
home	NN
page	NN
and	CC
above	IN
.	.
A	DT
big	JJ
thank	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
187	CD
school	NN
nurses	NNS
participating	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
survey	NN
.	.
Please	VB
click	VB
on	IN
the	DT
above	JJ
link	NN
to	TO
view	VB
the	DT
brief	NN
.	.
The	DT
next	JJ
meeting	NN
will	MD
be	VB
February	NNP
22	CD
and	CC
23	CD
,	,
2007	CD
at	IN
the	DT
Days	NNS
Inn	NNP
of	IN
Flatwoods	NNP
,	,
WV	NNP
.	.
Certified	JJ
school	NN
nurses	NNS
can	MD
submit	VB
any	DT
information	NN
,	,
updates	NNS
,	,
recommendations	NNS
and	CC
clarification	NN
needs	NNS
regarding	VBG
basic	JJ
and	CC
specialized	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
procedures	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
council	NN
member	NN
representing	VBG
your	PRP$
RESA	NNP
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
periodically	RB
receive	VB
emails	NNS
concerning	VBG
updates	NNS
or	CC
information	NN
about	IN
character	NN
education	NN
resources	NNS
or	CC
professional	JJ
development	NN
opportunities	NNS
,	,
please	VB
send	VB
an	DT
email	NN
to	TO
Lisa	NNP
Burton	NNP
at	IN
lgburton@access.k12.wv.us	CD
.	.
A	DT
:	:
Schools	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
provide	VB
nursing\/health	NN
services	NNS
only	RB
if	IN
the	DT
field	NN
trip	NN
is	VBZ
curricular	JJ
or	CC
co-curricular	JJ
and	CC
related	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Content	NNP
Standards	NNPS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
.	.
Schools	NNS
will	MD
make	VB
every	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
school	NN
health	NN
services	NNS
to	TO
children	NNS
with	IN
specialized	JJ
procedures	NNS
but	CC
must	MD
check	VB
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
delegate	VB
certain	JJ
procedures	NNS
in	IN
other	JJ
states	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
time	NN
frame	NN
for	IN
delegating	VBG
or	CC
practicing	VBG
nursing	NN
in	IN
another	DT
state	NN
.	.
.	.
Arranging	VBG
a	DT
field	NN
trip	NN
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
lengthy	JJ
process	NN
and	CC
requires	VBZ
ample	JJ
notification	NN
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
nurse	NN
and	CC
parent	NN
.	.
The	DT
school	NN
will	MD
do	VB
everything	NN
in	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
power	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
health	NN
services	NNS
to	TO
any	DT
student	NN
but	CC
state	NN
limitation	NN
in	IN
practice	NN
of	IN
school	NN
nursing	NN
may	MD
inhibit	VB
schools	NNS
from	IN
providing	VBG
services	NNS
and	CC
require	VB
parent\/guardian	JJ
involvement	NN
,	,
please	VB
work	NN
closely	RB
with	IN
the	DT
school	NN
system	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
a	DT
collaborative	NN
,	,
coordinated	VBN
effort	NN
in	IN
meeting	VBG
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
child	NN
.	.
Sometimes	RB
school	NN
are	VBP
forced	VBN
to	TO
make	VB
decisions	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
best	RB
for	IN
the	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
situation	NN
,	,
again	RB
please	VB
work	NN
with	IN
the	DT
schools	NNS
in	IN
all	DT
arrangements	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
medication	NN
administration	NN
policy	NN
utilizing	VBG
the	DT
guidelines	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
Policy	NN
2422.8	CD
.	.
Please	VB
review	VB
your	PRP$
county	NN
's	POS
medication	NN
administration	NN
policy	NN
for	IN
county	NN
specific	JJ
question	NN
.	.
Code	NNP
18-5-22	CD
,	,
requires	VBZ
each	DT
county	NN
board	NN
to	TO
employ	VB
1	CD
school	NN
nurse	NN
per	IN
every	DT
1500	CD
children	NNS
in	IN
grades	NNS
kindergarten	NN
through	IN
seven	CD
;	:
provided	VBD
that	DT
each	DT
county	NN
shall	MD
employee	NN
full	JJ
time	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
one	CD
school	NN
nurse	NN
.	.
Clinics	NNS
located	VBN
in	IN
schools	NNS
that	WDT
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
sponsored	VBN
and	CC
operated	VBN
by	IN
community	NN
based	VBN
health	NN
organizations	NNS
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
provide	VBP
primary	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
services	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
including	VBG
but	CC
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
diagnosis	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
of	IN
acute	JJ
illness	NN
,	,
management	NN
of	IN
chronic	JJ
illness	NN
,	,
physical	JJ
exams	NNS
,	,
immunizations	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
preventive	JJ
services	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
students	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
enrolled	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
health	NN
center	NN
;	:
and	CC
3	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
follow	VBP
state	NN
and	CC
federal	JJ
laws	NNS
,	,
policies	NNS
,	,
procedures	NNS
and	CC
professional	JJ
standards	NNS
for	IN
provision	NN
of	IN
medical	JJ
care	NN
.	.
Development	NNP
and	CC
implementation	NN
of	IN
individualized	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
plans	NNS
for	IN
students	NNS
with	IN
special	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
needs	NNS
or	CC
those	DT
with	IN
chronic	JJ
health	NN
conditions	NNS
Health	NNP
counseling	NN
Mandated	VBN
screenings	NNS
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
vision	NN
,	,
hearing	NN
,	,
immunization	NN
status	NN
,	,
evaluation	NN
of	IN
TB	NN
testing	NN
for	IN
out-of-state	JJ
transfers	NNS
and	CC
new	JJ
school	NN
employees	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
Both	DT
the	DT
school	NN
nurse	NN
and	CC
the	DT
SBHC	NNP
have	VBP
distinct	JJ
roles	NNS
and	CC
each	DT
contributes	VBZ
to	TO
students	NNS
'	POS
health	NN
,	,
academic	JJ
outcomes	NNS
,	,
life-long	JJ
achievement	NN
,	,
and	CC
over-all	JJ
student	NN
and	CC
staff	NN
well-being	NN
.	.
One	CD
does	VBZ
not	RB
replace	VB
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Health	NNP
and	CC
Human	NNP
Resources	NNPS
,	,
Bureau	NNP
for	IN
Child	NNP
Support	NN
Enforcement	NN
has	VBZ
produced	VBN
a	DT
new	JJ
video	NN
and	CC
curriculum	NN
.	.
The	DT
new	JJ
program	NN
is	VBZ
entitled	VBN
``	``
Get	VB
More	JJR
''	''
and	CC
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
conducted	VBN
primarily	RB
with	IN
grades	NNS
7	CD
-	:
12	CD
.	.
The	DT
major	JJ
goal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
project	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
help	VB
frame	VB
young	JJ
peoples	NNS
attitudes	NNS
about	IN
child-bearing	NN
through	IN
education	NN
and	CC
goal	NN
setting	VBG
to	TO
ensure	VB
they	PRP
``	``
Get	VB
More	JJR
Out	IN
of	IN
Life	NNP
''	''
.	.
A	DT
shared	VBN
vision	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
students	NNS
appropriate	JJ
and	CC
quality	JJ
counseling	NN
guided	VBD
an	DT
initiative	NN
to	TO
redefine	VB
the	DT
existing	VBG
school	NN
counseling	NN
program	NN
.	.
Collaborative	NNP
work	NN
among	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
,	,
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
School	NNP
Counselor	NNP
Association	NNP
,	,
the	DT
education	NN
leadership	NN
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Legislature	NNP
,	,
and	CC
school	NN
counselors	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
state	NN
resulted	VBD
in	IN
sweeping	JJ
legislation	NN
that	WDT
redefined	VBD
school	NN
counseling	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
in	IN
2002	CD
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
core	NN
of	IN
this	DT
national	JJ
model	NN
are	VBP
student	NN
centered	VBN
standards	NNS
and	CC
competencies	NNS
in	IN
three	CD
domains	NNS
:	:
academic	JJ
,	,
career	NN
,	,
and	CC
personal\/social	JJ
development	NN
.	.
The	DT
ASCA	NNP
National	NNP
Model	NNP
reflects	VBZ
a	DT
major	JJ
change	NN
in	IN
the	DT
way	NN
school	NN
counselors	NNS
approach	VBP
their	PRP$
work	NN
.	.
Programs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
mission	NN
for	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
school	NN
counseling	NN
programs	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
focus	VB
on	IN
academic	JJ
,	,
career	NN
and	CC
personal\/social	JJ
development	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
every	DT
student	NN
benefits	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
program	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
comprehensive	JJ
in	IN
scope	NN
,	,
preventative	JJ
in	IN
design	NN
and	CC
developmental	JJ
in	IN
nature	NN
.	.
The	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
counselor	NN
's	POS
time	NN
is	VBZ
spent	VBN
in	IN
direct	JJ
services	NNS
to	TO
students	NNS
,	,
imparting	VBG
specific	JJ
skills	NNS
and	CC
learning	VBG
opportunities	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
proactive	JJ
manner	NN
.	.
School	NNP
counselors	NNS
will	MD
collaborate	VB
with	IN
the	DT
full	JJ
education	NN
team	NN
,	,
advocate	NN
to	TO
improve	VB
student	NN
learning	NN
,	,
and	CC
lead	NN
efforts	NNS
for	IN
systemic	JJ
change	NN
.	.
The	DT
vision	NN
for	IN
counselors	NNS
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
is	VBZ
that	IN
all	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
students	NNS
will	MD
acquire	VB
the	DT
knowledge	NN
,	,
skills	NNS
,	,
and	CC
attitudes	NNS
to	TO
reach	VB
their	PRP$
fullest	JJS
potential	NN
and	CC
successfully	RB
manage	VB
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
as	IN
healthy	JJ
,	,
responsible	JJ
,	,
competent	JJ
and	CC
productive	JJ
citizens	NNS
who	WP
respect	VBP
themselves	PRP
and	CC
others	NNS
.	.
Children	NNP
's	POS
Health	NNP
Insurance	NNP
Program	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
WV	NNP
CHIP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
from	IN
your	PRP$
county	NN
school	NN
board	NN
office	NN
.	.
Each	DT
packet	NN
includes	VBZ
interesting	JJ
and	CC
timely	JJ
health	NN
material	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
teaching	NN
tool	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
importantly	RB
,	,
each	DT
packet	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
go	VB
home	NN
to	TO
every	DT
child	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
school	NN
.	.
Parents	NNS
must	MD
receive	VB
the	DT
packet	NN
and	CC
complete	VB
the	DT
application	NN
to	TO
become	VB
eligible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
WV	NNP
CHIP	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
new	JJ
program	NN
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
health	NN
insurance	NN
for	IN
uninsured	JJ
children	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
provides	VBZ
health	NN
insurance	NN
coverage	NN
for	IN
working	VBG
West	NNP
Virginians	NNPS
who	WP
may	MD
make	VB
too	RB
much	JJ
for	IN
WV	NNP
Medicaid	NNP
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
enough	JJ
to	TO
afford	VB
private	JJ
insurance	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
children	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
classrooms	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
eligible	JJ
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
teacher	NN
,	,
you	PRP
play	VBP
a	DT
crucial	JJ
role	NN
in	IN
the	DT
success	NN
of	IN
this	DT
program	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
help	VB
in	IN
three	CD
ways	NNS
.	.
First	RB
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
use	VB
the	DT
insert	NN
to	TO
teach	VB
students	NNS
about	IN
health	NN
.	.
By	IN
using	VBG
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
articles	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
packet	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
promote	VB
good	JJ
health	NN
habits	NNS
and	CC
awareness	NN
.	.
See	VB
our	PRP$
related	JJ
article	NN
on	IN
``	``
Teaching	VBG
Tips	NNP
From	IN
CHIP	NNP
.	.
''	''
Every	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
child	NN
deserves	VBZ
health	NN
insurance	NN
.	.
And	CC
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
help	VB
them	PRP
get	VB
it	PRP
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
week	NN
of	IN
September	NNP
20	CD
,	,
each	DT
school	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
will	MD
receive	VB
information	NN
packets	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
WV	NNP
Children	NNP
's	POS
Health	NNP
Insurance	NNP
Program	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
WV	NNP
CHIP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
from	IN
your	PRP$
county	NN
school	NN
board	NN
office	NN
.	.
Each	DT
packet	NN
includes	VBZ
interesting	JJ
and	CC
timely	JJ
health	NN
material	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
teaching	NN
tool	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
importantly	RB
,	,
each	DT
packet	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
go	VB
home	NN
to	TO
every	DT
child	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
school	NN
.	.
Parents	NNS
must	MD
receive	VB
the	DT
packet	NN
and	CC
complete	VB
the	DT
registration	NN
to	TO
become	VB
eligible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
school	NN
staff	NN
member	NN
or	CC
concerned	JJ
citizen	NN
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
help	VB
support	VB
this	DT
effort	NN
.	.
Please	VB
make	VB
an	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
talk	VB
with	IN
parents	NNS
who	WP
may	MD
qualify	VB
for	IN
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
Let	VB
them	PRP
know	VB
WV	NNP
CHIP	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
welfare	NN
program	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
health	NN
insurance	NN
program	NN
for	IN
working	VBG
families	NNS
.	.
See	VB
the	DT
article	NN
``	``
WV	NNP
CHIP	NNP
Guidelines	NNS
''	''
for	IN
eligibility	NN
information	NN
.	.
Notice	NNP
:	:
Under	IN
the	DT
WV	NNP
Freedom	NNP
of	IN
Information	NNP
Act	NNP
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
necessary	JJ
to	TO
disclose	VB
the	DT
identities	NNS
of	IN
applicants	NNS
for	IN
positions	NNS
with	IN
Kanawha	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
upon	IN
request	NN
.	.
If	IN
Kanawha	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
receives	VBZ
such	JJ
a	DT
request	NN
,	,
documents	NNS
that	WDT
reflect	VBP
the	DT
identity	NN
and	CC
qualifications	NNS
of	IN
applicants	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
disclosed	VBN
.	.
Notice	NNP
:	:
WV	NNP
18A-4-7a	NNP
After	IN
the	DT
fifth	JJ
day	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
the	DT
instructional	JJ
term	NN
,	,
no	DT
person	NN
employed	VBN
and	CC
assigned	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
professional	JJ
position	NN
may	MD
transfer	VB
to	TO
another	DT
professional	JJ
position	NN
in	IN
the	DT
county	NN
,	,
unless	IN
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Superintendent	NNP
.	.
Notice	NNP
:	:
If	IN
two	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
applicants	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
teaching	NN
position	NN
achieve	VB
equal	JJ
ranking	NN
,	,
the	DT
principal	NN
will	MD
conduct	VB
a	DT
personal	JJ
interview	NN
and	CC
determine	VB
which	WDT
applicants	NNS
is	VBZ
best	JJS
qualified	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
criteria	NNS
established	VBN
in	IN
WVA	NNP
Code	NNP
18A-4-7a	NNP
.	.
Either	NNP
Mason	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
spelled	VBN
correctly	RB
or	CC
the	DT
county	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
participating	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
``	``
School	NNP
Closings	NNPS
Website	NNP
''	''
.	.
Following	VBG
is	VBZ
the	DT
list	NN
of	IN
participating	VBG
counties	NNS
.	.
If	IN
Mason	NNP
County	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
in	IN
the	DT
list	NN
please	VB
contact	NN
Mason	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
Office	NNP
to	TO
ask	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
participate	VB
.	.
Either	CC
Wvsdb	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
spelled	VBN
correctly	RB
or	CC
the	DT
county	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
participating	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
``	``
School	NNP
Closings	NNPS
Website	NNP
''	''
.	.
Following	VBG
is	VBZ
the	DT
list	NN
of	IN
participating	VBG
counties	NNS
.	.
If	IN
Wvsdb	NNP
County	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
in	IN
the	DT
list	NN
please	VB
contact	NN
Wvsdb	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
Office	NNP
to	TO
ask	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
participate	VB
.	.
Add	VB
yourself	PRP
to	TO
your	PRP$
contact	NN
list	NN
and	CC
make	VB
this	DT
your	PRP$
business	NN
card	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
click	VBP
menu	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Now	RB
when	WRB
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
give	VB
someone	NN
your	PRP$
contact	NN
information	NN
,	,
simply	RB
hold	VB
down	RP
the	DT
Contact	NN
button	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
will	MD
beam	NN
your	PRP$
contact	NN
information	NN
to	TO
another	DT
PDA	NNP
.	.
JAVITS	SYM
-	:
The	DT
annual	JJ
funding	NN
process	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Javits	NNP
Act	NNP
is	VBZ
underway	JJ
.	.
Advocacy	NN
efforts	NNS
have	VBP
already	RB
resulted	VBN
in	IN
69	CD
members	NNS
of	IN
Congress	NNP
co-signing	NN
letters	NNS
in	IN
support	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
.	.
Visit	VB
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
for	IN
Gifted	NNP
Children	NNP
's	POS
legislative	JJ
update	VBP
page	NN
to	TO
find	VB
out	RP
more	RBR
.	.
Illinois	NNP
legislators	NNS
restored	VBD
gifted	JJ
language	NN
to	TO
the	DT
state	NN
's	POS
education	NN
code	NN
in	IN
2005	CD
,	,
advocates	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
working	VBG
to	TO
restore	VB
funding	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
not	RB
only	RB
help	VB
schools	NNS
provide	VB
much-needed	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
mandate	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
.	.
Despite	IN
attempts	NNS
to	TO
win	VB
the	DT
hearts	NNS
and	CC
minds	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Appropriations	NNP
Committee	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
see	VB
Cathy	NNP
Greene	NNP
's	POS
Budget	NNP
Hearing	NNP
Report	NNP
\*	SYM
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
unlikely	JJ
that	IN
funding	NN
will	MD
be	VB
included	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
2006	CD
budget	NN
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
,	,
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
key	JJ
legislative	JJ
contacts	NNS
and	CC
what	WP
you	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
,	,
visit	VB
the	DT
Illinois	NNP
Association	NNP
for	IN
Gifted	NNP
Children	NNP
's	POS
-LRB-	-LRB-
IAGC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
website	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Sally	NNP
Walker	NNP
,	,
executive	JJ
director	NN
of	IN
the	DT
IAGC	NNP
,	,
was	VBD
recently	RB
named	VBN
chair	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Advisory	NNP
Council	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Education	NNP
of	IN
Gifted	NNP
and	CC
Talented	NNP
Children	NNP
.	.
This	DT
council	NN
,	,
required	VBN
by	IN
P.A.	NNP
094-0151	CD
,	,
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
advising	VBG
the	DT
Illinois	NNP
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
on	IN
all	DT
rules	NNS
and	CC
policies	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
gifted	JJ
and	CC
talented	JJ
education	NN
.	.
For	IN
details	NNS
see	VBP
Illinois	NNP
State	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
's	POS
website	NN
.	.
Guidebooks	NNS
is	VBZ
now	RB
available	JJ
!	.
Mentorships	NNP
:	:
A	NNP
Guidebook	NNP
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
parents	NNS
and	CC
students	NNS
in	IN
developing	VBG
a	DT
mentorship	NN
.	.
It	PRP
will	MD
help	VB
answer	VB
questions	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
:	:
Is	VBZ
a	DT
mentoring	NN
partnership	NN
appropriate	JJ
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
so	RB
,	,
how	WRB
do	VBP
I	PRP
locate	VBP
a	DT
mentor	NN
?	.
What	WP
kind	NN
of	IN
relationship	NN
is	VBZ
most	RBS
beneficial	JJ
?	.
And	CC
what	WP
will	MD
the	DT
connection	NN
entail	VB
?	.
Office	NNP
of	IN
Assessment	NNP
and	CC
Accountability	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
OAA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
administers	VBZ
the	DT
due	JJ
process	NN
complaint	NN
system	NN
to	TO
resolve	VB
parent	NN
and	CC
district	NN
disputes	NNS
regarding	VBG
identification	NN
,	,
evaluation	NN
,	,
placement	NN
and\/or	CC
provision	NN
of	IN
a	DT
free	JJ
appropriate	JJ
public	JJ
education	NN
for	IN
exceptional	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
A	DT
decision	NN
is	VBZ
final	JJ
and	CC
binding	JJ
unless	IN
either	DT
party	NN
appeals	NNS
in	IN
any	DT
state	NN
court	NN
of	IN
competent	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
or	CC
in	IN
a	DT
district	NN
court	NN
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
with	IN
120	CD
days	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
the	DT
decision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
hearing	NN
officer	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
in	IN
receipt	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
request	NN
to	TO
permit	VB
the	DT
students	NNS
at	IN
Student	NNP
Aspect	NNP
Preparatory	NNP
School	NNP
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
annual	JJ
assessment	NN
requirement	NN
of	IN
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
18-28-3	CD
by	IN
taking	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
test	NN
as	IN
the	DT
one	CD
currently	RB
utilized	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
school	NN
system	NN
.	.
Student	NN
Aspect	NN
Preparatory	NNP
School	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
nonpublic	JJ
school	NN
operating	VBG
under	IN
the	DT
regulations	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
18-28-1	CD
et	FW
al	FW
.	.
Such	JJ
schools	NNS
are	VBP
commonly	RB
referred	VBN
to	TO
as	IN
Exemption	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
k	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
schools	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
new	JJ
content	NN
standards	NNS
for	IN
physical	JJ
education	NN
go	VB
into	IN
effect	NN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Policy	NNP
2520.6	CD
at	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
2003-04	JJ
school	NN
year	NN
,	,
the	DT
secondary	JJ
physical	JJ
education	NN
class	NN
required	VBN
for	IN
graduation	NN
must	MD
include	VB
at	IN
least	JJS
one	CD
activity	NN
from	IN
each	DT
of	IN
five	CD
movement	NN
forms	NNS
:	:
team	NN
sports	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
basketball	NN
,	,
volleyball	NN
,	,
softball	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
individual	JJ
and	CC
dual	JJ
competitive	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
golf	NN
,	,
tennis	NN
,	,
fencing	NN
,	,
archery	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
individual	JJ
non-competitive	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
bicycling	NN
,	,
weight	NN
training	NN
,	,
self-defense	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
dance	NN
and\/or	CC
rhythms	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
aerobics	NNS
,	,
line	NN
dancing	NN
,	,
tai	FW
chi	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
adventure\/outdoor	JJ
activities	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
climbing	VBG
,	,
backpacking	NN
,	,
orienteering	NN
,	,
fly	VBP
fishing	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
As	IN
I	PRP
stated	VBD
above	RB
,	,
the	DT
focus	NN
of	IN
the	DT
course	NN
and	CC
provision	NN
for	IN
credit	NN
should	MD
be	VB
on	IN
mastery	NN
,	,
not	RB
attendance	NN
.	.
The	DT
classroom	NN
teacher	NN
may	MD
provide	VB
points	NNS
for	IN
participation	NN
linked	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
curriculum	NN
,	,
content	NN
standards	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
.	.
This	DT
keeps	VBZ
the	DT
focus	NN
where	WRB
it	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
,	,
on	IN
mastery	NN
.	.
Although	IN
poor	JJ
attendance	NN
will	MD
generally	RB
have	VB
a	DT
negative	JJ
impact	NN
on	IN
mastery	NN
,	,
that	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
always	RB
the	DT
case	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
grades	NNS
and	CC
attendance	NN
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
linked	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
county	NN
attendance	NN
policy	NN
.	.
I	PRP
trust	VBP
you	PRP
will	MD
utilize	VB
other	JJ
incentives	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
certificates	NNS
,	,
awards	NNS
,	,
extra	JJ
time	NN
for	IN
lunch	NN
or	CC
breaks	NNS
,	,
and\/or	CC
partnering	VBG
with	IN
businesses	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
awards	NNS
,	,
in	IN
your	PRP$
revised	VBN
policy	NN
on	IN
attendance	NN
.	.
Chart	NNP
IV	NNP
...	:
Credit	NNP
for	IN
each	DT
course	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
awarded	VBN
based	VBN
upon	IN
either	DT
demonstrated	VBN
mastery	NN
of	IN
the	DT
instructional	JJ
objectives	NNS
by	IN
successful	JJ
completion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
course	NN
or	CC
tested	VBN
mastery	NN
of	IN
approved	VBN
instructional	JJ
goals	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
...	:
You	PRP
have	VBP
asked	VBN
whether	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
still	RB
my	PRP$
position	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
matter	NN
for	IN
each	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
's	POS
discretion	NN
whether	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
contract	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Whittle	NNP
Corporation	NNP
for	IN
Channel	NNP
I	PRP
programming	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
answer	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
we	PRP
have	VBP
not	RB
changed	VBN
our	PRP$
position	NN
;	:
it	PRP
is	VBZ
still	RB
for	IN
each	DT
county	NN
board	NN
to	TO
decide	VB
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
plan	NN
of	IN
instruction	NN
is	VBZ
deemed	VBN
inadequate	JJ
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
remedy	NN
is	VBZ
advice	NN
and	CC
perhaps	RB
,	,
also	RB
,	,
technical	JJ
assistance	NN
from	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
county	NN
schools	NNS
-	:
ultimately	RB
,	,
the	DT
remedy	NN
could	MD
be	VB
an	DT
order	NN
from	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
denying	VBG
the	DT
home	NN
instruction	NN
and	CC
subjecting	VBG
the	DT
child	NN
and	CC
his\/her	NN
parents	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
compulsory	JJ
attendance	NN
statute	NN
.	.
Exemption	NN
B	NN
,	,
the	DT
person	NN
or	CC
persons	NNS
providing	VBG
home	NN
instruction	NN
meet	VBP
the	DT
requirements	NNS
for	IN
Exemption	NNP
B	NNP
when	WRB
the	DT
conditions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
subsection	NN
are	VBP
met	VBN
:	:
Provided	VBN
,	,
That	IN
the	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
shall	MD
have	VB
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
seek	VB
from	IN
the	DT
circuit	NN
court	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
an	DT
order	NN
denying	VBG
the	DT
home	NN
instruction	NN
,	,
which	WDT
order	NN
may	MD
be	VB
granted	VBN
upon	IN
a	DT
showing	NN
of	IN
clear	JJ
and	CC
convincing	JJ
evidence	NN
that	IN
the	DT
child	NN
will	MD
suffer	VB
educational	JJ
neglect	NN
or	CC
that	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
other	JJ
compelling	JJ
reasons	NNS
to	TO
deny	VB
home	NN
instruction	NN
.	.
''	''
My	PRP$
position	NN
seems	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
clear	JJ
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
plan	NN
of	IN
instruction	NN
is	VBZ
deemed	VBN
inadequate	JJ
and	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
able	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
amended	VBN
and	CC
agreed	VBN
upon	IN
by	IN
the	DT
parents	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
county	NN
,	,
then	RB
Exemption	NNP
B	NNP
status	NN
could	MD
be	VB
denied	VBN
by	IN
my	PRP$
office	NN
or	CC
the	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
could	MD
seek	VB
the	DT
remedies	NNS
available	JJ
in	IN
circuit	NN
court	NN
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
Monday	NNP
of	IN
July	NNP
,	,
following	VBG
each	DT
biennial	JJ
primary	JJ
election	NN
,	,
each	DT
respective	JJ
county	NN
board	NN
shall	MD
organize	VB
and	CC
shall	MD
elect	VB
a	DT
president	NN
from	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
membership	NN
for	IN
a	DT
two-year	JJ
term	NN
.	.
The	DT
county	NN
board	NN
shall	MD
report	VB
promptly	RB
to	TO
the	DT
state	NN
superintendent	NN
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
member	NN
elected	VBN
as	IN
county	NN
board	NN
president	NN
.	.
Costs	NNS
of	IN
entertainment	NN
,	,
including	VBG
amusement	NN
,	,
diversion	NN
,	,
and	CC
social	JJ
activities	NNS
and	CC
any	DT
costs	NNS
directly	RB
associated	VBN
with	IN
such	JJ
costs	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
tickets	NNS
to	TO
shows	NNS
or	CC
sports	NNS
events	NNS
,	,
meals	NNS
,	,
lodging	NN
,	,
rentals	NNS
,	,
transportation	NN
,	,
and	CC
gratuities	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
unallowable	JJ
.	.
Costs	NNS
of	IN
meetings	NNS
and	CC
conferences	NNS
,	,
the	DT
primary	JJ
purpose	NN
of	IN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
the	DT
dissemination	NN
of	IN
technical	JJ
information	NN
,	,
are	VBP
allowable	JJ
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
costs	NNS
of	IN
meals	NNS
,	,
transportation	NN
,	,
rental	NN
of	IN
facilities	NNS
,	,
speakers	NNS
'	POS
fees	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
items	NNS
incidental	JJ
to	TO
such	JJ
meetings	NNS
or	CC
conferences	NNS
.	.
The	DT
costs	NNS
for	IN
staff	NN
travel	NN
and	CC
conferences	NNS
are	VBP
allowable	JJ
if	IN
the	DT
travel	NN
and	CC
conferences	NNS
are	VBP
specifically	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Part	NN
A	DT
program	NN
and	CC
not	RB
to	TO
the	DT
general	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
LEA	NNP
or	CC
school	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
reasonably	RB
necessary	JJ
.	.
However	RB
,	,
in	IN
making	VBG
a	DT
final	JJ
determination	NN
as	IN
to	TO
these	DT
issues	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
must	MD
look	VB
to	TO
state	NN
legal	JJ
requirements	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
expenditure	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
funds	NNS
.	.
Pursuant	JJ
to	TO
advice	NN
received	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Attorney	NNP
General	NNP
in	IN
1987	CD
,	,
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
has	VBZ
consistently	RB
advised	VBN
that	IN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
authorized	VBN
to	TO
expend	VB
public	JJ
or	CC
quasi-public	JJ
funds	NNS
for	IN
meals	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
solely	RB
for	IN
school	NN
officials	NNS
,	,
administrators	NNS
,	,
faculty	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
personnel	NNS
.	.
Nonetheless	RB
,	,
it	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
deemed	VBN
permissible	JJ
and	CC
appropriate	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
to	TO
reasonably	RB
expend	VB
Title	NN
I	PRP
funds	NNS
for	IN
food	NN
to	TO
be	VB
provided	VBN
during	IN
parental	JJ
involvement	NN
functions	NNS
,	,
particularly	RB
when	WRB
such	JJ
sessions	NNS
extend	VBP
through	IN
mealtime	NN
.	.
May	NNP
a	DT
state	NN
Delegate	NNP
who	WP
also	RB
works	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
school	NN
board	NN
administrator	NN
receive	VBP
legislative	JJ
pay	NN
and	CC
his	PRP$
school	NN
board	NN
pay	NN
simultaneously	RB
?	.
Also	RB
,	,
can	MD
a	DT
county	NN
school	NN
employee	NN
take	VB
professional	JJ
leave	NN
while	IN
attending	VBG
a	DT
legislative	JJ
session	NN
?	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
statute	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
address	VB
whether	IN
a	DT
school	NN
employee	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
also	RB
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
may	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
work	VB
as	IN
a	DT
school	NN
employee	NN
on	IN
a	DT
full	JJ
time	NN
basis	NN
while	IN
also	RB
performing	VBG
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
duties	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
.	.
If	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
for	IN
an	DT
individual	JJ
to	TO
accomplish	VB
both	DT
,	,
then	RB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
opinion	NN
that	IN
the	DT
school	NN
law	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
prohibit	VB
an	DT
individual	NN
from	IN
receiving	VBG
payment	NN
for	IN
both	DT
.	.
Although	IN
county	NN
boards	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
adopt	VB
policies	NNS
addressing	VBG
these	DT
events	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
appear	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
permissible	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
to	TO
approve	VB
an	DT
employee	NN
to	TO
take	VB
paid	VBN
leave	NN
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
under	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
statute	NN
.	.
Again	RB
,	,
please	VB
note	NN
that	IN
this	DT
interpretation	NN
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
only	RB
to	TO
those	DT
statutes	NNS
found	VBD
within	IN
the	DT
school	NN
law	NN
portions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Chapters	NNS
18	CD
and	CC
18A	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
the	DT
policies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
Further	JJ
guidance	NN
may	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
from	IN
other	JJ
agencies	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Commission	NNP
.	.
Subsection	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
plainly	RB
states	VBZ
that	IN
if	IN
a	DT
reservist	NN
called	VBN
to	TO
active	JJ
duty	NN
by	IN
the	DT
properly	RB
designated	VBN
federal	JJ
authority	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
used	VBN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
thirty	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
paid	VBN
leave	NN
authorized	VBN
by	IN
subsection	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
a	DT
calendar	NN
year	NN
,	,
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
shall	MD
be	VB
entitled	VBN
to	TO
add	VB
those	DT
unused	JJ
days	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
thirty	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
paid	VBN
leave	NN
granted	VBN
under	IN
subsection	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
allows	VBZ
a	DT
reservist	NN
called	VBN
to	TO
active	JJ
duty	NN
by	IN
the	DT
properly	RB
designated	VBN
federal	JJ
authority	NN
to	TO
use	VB
up	RP
to	TO
sixty	CD
paid	VBN
days	NNS
of	IN
military	JJ
leave	NN
for	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
call	NN
to	TO
active	JJ
duty	NN
.	.
The	DT
enrollment	NN
definition	NN
stated	VBN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Policy	NNP
4110	CD
strictly	RB
defines	VBZ
what	WP
constitutes	VBZ
an	DT
officially	RB
enrolled	VBN
student	NN
in	IN
a	DT
school	NN
.	.
Once	RB
a	DT
student	NN
is	VBZ
enrolled	VBN
,	,
they	PRP
remain	VBP
enrolled	VBN
unless	IN
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
they	PRP
matriculate	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
next	JJ
school	NN
,	,
transfer	NN
,	,
drop	VB
out	RP
,	,
or	CC
graduate	NN
.	.
The	DT
term	NN
transfer	NN
refers	VBZ
to	TO
an	DT
enrolled	VBN
student	NN
moving	VBG
from	IN
one	CD
location	NN
to	TO
another	DT
.	.
The	DT
definition	NN
of	IN
enrollment	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
Policy	NNP
4110	CD
does	VBZ
not	RB
obviate	VB
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
a	DT
transfer	NN
policy	NN
and	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
conflict	NN
with	IN
either	DT
transfer	NN
policies	NNS
or	CC
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
State	NNP
Code	NNP
18-5-16	CD
as	IN
enrollment	NN
and	CC
transfer	NN
are	VBP
two	CD
separate	JJ
and	CC
distinct	JJ
activities	NNS
.	.
As	IN
such	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
interpretation	NN
that	IN
those	DT
students	NNS
who	WP
reside	VBP
in	IN
Preston	NNP
County	NNP
but	CC
who	WP
currently	RB
attend	VBP
Tucker	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
do	VBP
so	RB
with	IN
the	DT
express	JJ
agreement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Preston	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
as	IN
provided	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Memorandum	NNP
of	IN
Agreement	NNP
signed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Preston	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
on	IN
April	NNP
9	CD
,	,
1990	CD
.	.
These	DT
students	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
counted	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
enrollment	NN
figures	NNS
of	IN
Tucker	NNP
County	NNP
,	,
not	RB
Preston	NNP
County	NNP
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Memorandum	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
proper	JJ
for	IN
Tucker	NNP
County	NNP
to	TO
continue	VB
providing	VBG
bus	NN
transportation	NN
to	TO
those	DT
students	NNS
living	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
Aurora	NNP
area	NN
,	,
as	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
done	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
years	NNS
.	.
This	DT
issue	NN
was	VBD
specifically	RB
addressed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
letter	NN
from	IN
Dr.	NNP
Marockie	NNP
to	TO
Mary	NNP
Alice	NNP
Klein	NNP
,	,
former	JJ
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Tucker	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
,	,
dated	VBN
July	NNP
17	CD
,	,
1991	CD
.	.
No	DT
person	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
eligible	JJ
for	IN
membership	NN
on	IN
any	DT
county	NN
board	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
citizen	NN
,	,
resident	NN
in	IN
such	JJ
county	NN
,	,
or	CC
who	WP
accepts	VBZ
a	DT
position	NN
as	IN
teacher	NN
or	CC
service	NN
personnel	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
district	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
resident	NN
or	CC
who	WP
is	VBZ
an	DT
elected	VBN
or	CC
an	DT
appointed	VBN
member	NN
of	IN
any	DT
political	JJ
party	NN
executive	NN
committee	NN
,	,
or	CC
who	WP
becomes	VBZ
a	DT
candidate	NN
for	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
office	NN
than	IN
to	TO
succeed	VB
oneself	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
emphasis	NN
added	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
No	DT
member	NN
or	CC
member-elect	NN
of	IN
any	DT
board	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
eligible	JJ
for	IN
nomination	NN
,	,
election	NN
or	CC
appointment	NN
to	TO
any	DT
public	JJ
office	NN
,	,
other	JJ
than	IN
to	TO
succeed	VB
oneself	NN
,	,
or	CC
for	IN
election	NN
or	CC
appointment	NN
as	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
any	DT
political	JJ
party	NN
executive	NN
committee	NN
,	,
unless	IN
and	CC
until	IN
after	IN
that	DT
membership	NN
on	IN
the	DT
board	NN
,	,
or	CC
his	PRP$
status	NN
as	IN
member-elect	NN
to	TO
the	DT
board	NN
,	,
has	VBZ
been	VBN
terminated	VBN
at	IN
or	CC
before	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
filing	NN
for	IN
such	JJ
nomination	NN
for	IN
,	,
or	CC
appointment	NN
to	TO
,	,
such	JJ
public	JJ
office	NN
or	CC
committee	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
clear	JJ
that	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
can	MD
not	RB
hold	VB
any	DT
other	JJ
public	JJ
office	NN
while	IN
serving	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
determination	NN
as	IN
to	TO
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
a	DT
certain	JJ
position	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
Public	NNP
Service	NNP
District	NNP
member	NN
or	CC
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Health	NNP
member	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
public	JJ
office	NN
involves	VBZ
an	DT
analysis	NN
of	IN
the	DT
statutory	JJ
authority	NN
for	IN
that	DT
specific	JJ
position	NN
,	,
which	WDT
necessarily	RB
lies	VBZ
outside	IN
of	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
school	NN
law	NN
.	.
As	IN
such	JJ
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
clear	JJ
guidance	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
or	CC
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
of	IN
Appeals	NNPS
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
unable	JJ
to	TO
fully	RB
answer	VB
your	PRP$
question	NN
.	.
Among	IN
the	DT
criteria	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
considered	VBN
in	IN
determining	VBG
whether	IN
a	DT
position	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
office	NN
or	CC
a	DT
mere	JJ
employment	NN
are	VBP
whether	IN
the	DT
position	NN
is	VBZ
created	VBN
by	IN
law	NN
;	:
whether	CC
the	DT
position	NN
was	VBD
designated	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
an	DT
office	NN
;	:
whether	CC
the	DT
qualifications	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
appointee	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
prescribed	VBN
;	:
whether	IN
the	DT
duties	NNS
,	,
tenure	NN
,	,
salary	NN
,	,
bond	NN
and	CC
oath	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
prescribed	VBN
or	CC
required	VBN
;	:
and	CC
whether	IN
the	DT
one	CD
occupying	VBG
the	DT
position	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
constituted	VBN
a	DT
representative	NN
of	IN
the	DT
sovereign	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
in	IN
receipt	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
correspondence	NN
to	TO
me	PRP
dated	VBD
March	NNP
29	CD
,	,
2002	CD
,	,
wherein	IN
you	PRP
request	VBP
a	DT
legal	JJ
interpretation	NN
of	IN
eligibility	NN
for	IN
membership	NN
on	IN
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
.	.
Specifically	RB
,	,
you	PRP
have	VBP
asked	VBN
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
you	PRP
,	,
as	IN
a	DT
Field	NN
Deputy	NNP
working	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Assessor	NNP
,	,
are	VBP
eligible	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Pocahontas	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
You	PRP
explain	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
part-time	JJ
hourly	JJ
worker	NN
hired	VBD
in	IN
1996	CD
by	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Assessor	NNP
.	.
The	DT
job	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
an	DT
elected	VBN
office	NN
and	CC
you	PRP
took	VBD
no	DT
oath	NN
for	IN
the	DT
position	NN
.	.
You	PRP
receive	VBP
no	DT
paid	VBN
vacation	NN
,	,
no	DT
paid	VBN
holidays	NNS
,	,
and	CC
no	DT
benefits	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
paid	VBN
mileage	NN
when	WRB
you	PRP
work	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
Field	NN
Deputy	NNP
,	,
you	PRP
collect	VBP
data	NNS
from	IN
individuals	NNS
that	WDT
live	VBP
in	IN
Pocahontas	NNP
County	NNP
for	IN
taxation	NN
purposes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
data	NNS
you	PRP
collect	VBP
consists	VBZ
of	IN
the	DT
year	NN
,	,
make	VB
,	,
and	CC
model	NN
of	IN
vehicles	NNS
,	,
motorcycles	NNS
,	,
boats	NNS
and	CC
trailers	NNS
owned	VBN
by	IN
county	NN
residents	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
also	RB
take	VBP
care	NN
of	IN
completing	VBG
farm	NN
forms	NNS
and	CC
recording	VBG
improvements	NNS
made	VBN
to	TO
residences	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
the	DT
data	NN
is	VBZ
collected	VBN
,	,
you	PRP
turn	VBP
it	PRP
over	IN
to	TO
other	JJ
individuals	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Assessors	NNPS
office	NN
who	WP
enter	VBP
it	PRP
into	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
system	NN
to	TO
produce	VB
tax	NN
tickets	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
member	NN
would	MD
not	RB
meet	VB
the	DT
eligibility	NN
requirements	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
listed	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
candidate	NN
for	IN
a	DT
political	JJ
party	NN
executive	NN
committee	NN
unless	IN
or	CC
until	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
membership	NN
on	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
is	VBZ
terminated	VBN
.	.
Both	DT
the	DT
board	NN
member	NN
and	CC
the	DT
clerk	NN
accepting	VBG
the	DT
paperwork	NN
should	MD
be	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
this	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
law	NN
.	.
The	DT
term	NN
of	IN
office	NN
of	IN
any	DT
member	NN
of	IN
any	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
shall	MD
immediately	RB
cease	VB
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
vacancy	NN
shall	MD
exist	VB
,	,
upon	IN
occurrence	NN
of	IN
ineligibility	NN
as	IN
prescribed	VBN
in	IN
section	NN
one-a	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
18-5-1a	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
member	NN
in	IN
question	NN
became	VBD
a	DT
candidate	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Democratic	NNP
Executive	NNP
Committee	NNP
,	,
he	PRP
became	VBD
ineligible	JJ
for	IN
membership	NN
on	IN
the	DT
board	NN
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
his	PRP$
term	NN
of	IN
office	NN
immediately	RB
ceased	VBD
as	IN
an	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
law	NN
.	.
On	IN
September	NNP
7	CD
,	,
2001	CD
,	,
the	DT
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Taylor	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
advised	VBD
that	IN
you	PRP
were	VBD
to	TO
cease	VB
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
making	VBG
bus	NN
stops	NNS
in	IN
Taylor	NNP
County	NNP
and	CC
permitting	VBG
transfer	NN
students	NNS
to	TO
ride	VB
the	DT
bus	NN
to	TO
Marion	NNP
County	NNP
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
Taylor	NNP
County	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
approval	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
to	TO
attend	VB
school	NN
in	IN
other	JJ
counties	NNS
is	VBZ
contingent	JJ
upon	IN
transportation	NN
being	VBG
provided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
parents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
.	.
Marion	NNP
County	NNP
has	VBZ
not	RB
violated	VBN
any	DT
statutes	NNS
or	CC
policies	NNS
by	IN
allowing	VBG
Taylor	NNP
County	NNP
students	NNS
,	,
who	WP
have	VBP
been	VBN
granted	VBN
board	NN
permission	NN
to	TO
attend	VB
Marion	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
,	,
to	TO
ride	VB
the	DT
bus	NN
on	IN
an	DT
existing	VBG
Marion	NNP
County	NNP
bus	NN
route	NN
from	IN
Taylor	NNP
County	NNP
into	IN
Marion	NNP
County	NNP
to	TO
attend	VB
school	NN
.	.
Voluntary	JJ
transfers	NNS
of	IN
students	NNS
from	IN
one	CD
county	NN
to	TO
another	DT
within	IN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
are	VBP
controlled	VBN
by	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18-5-16	CD
.	.
The	DT
statute	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
require	VB
that	IN
counties	NNS
provide	VBP
transportation	NN
to	TO
students	NNS
voluntarily	RB
transferring	VBG
into	IN
or	CC
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
.	.
Any	DT
student	NN
whose	WP$
application	NN
for	IN
transfer	NN
from	IN
one	CD
county	NN
to	TO
another	DT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
denied	VBN
by	IN
either	CC
the	DT
sending	VBG
or	CC
receiving	VBG
county	NN
may	MD
file	VB
an	DT
appeal	NN
with	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
,	,
who	WP
shall	MD
have	VB
the	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
require	VB
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
to	TO
approve	VB
the	DT
transfer	NN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Policy	NNP
7212	CD
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
applicable	JJ
law	NN
and	CC
policy	NN
,	,
Marion	NNP
County	NNP
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
prohibited	VBN
from	IN
choosing	VBG
to	TO
allow	VB
Taylor	NNP
County	NNP
students	NNS
,	,
who	WP
have	VBP
been	VBN
granted	VBN
board	NN
permission	NN
to	TO
attend	VB
Marion	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18-5-16	CD
,	,
to	TO
ride	VB
a	DT
bus	NN
on	IN
an	DT
existing	VBG
Marion	NNP
County	NNP
bus	NN
route	NN
from	IN
Taylor	NNP
County	NNP
into	IN
Marion	NNP
County	NNP
to	TO
attend	VB
school	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
opinion	NN
that	IN
an	DT
attendance	NN
director	NN
,	,
who	WP
is	VBZ
employed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
a	DT
certified	JJ
professional	JJ
educator	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
considered	VBN
a	DT
central	JJ
office	NN
administrator	NN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
definitions	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
18A-1-1	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
began	VBD
its	PRP$
discussion	NN
with	IN
the	DT
principle	NN
that	IN
all	DT
personnel	NNS
employed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
are	VBP
school	NN
personnel	NNS
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18A-1-1	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
statute	NN
further	RBR
divides	VBZ
school	NN
personnel	NNS
into	IN
two	CD
categories	NNS
:	:
professional	JJ
personnel	NNS
and	CC
service	NN
personnel	NNS
.	.
In	IN
your	PRP$
letter	NN
you	PRP
describe	VBP
a	DT
previously	RB
approved	VBN
arrangement	NN
whereby	WRB
the	DT
students	NNS
from	IN
Sharples	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Logan	NNP
County	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
closed	VBN
,	,
will	MD
attend	VB
Ramage	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Boone	NNP
County	NNP
next	JJ
year	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
request	NN
specifically	RB
addressed	VBD
a	DT
proposal	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
Boone	NNP
County	NNP
has	VBZ
asked	VBN
that	IN
Logan	NNP
County	NNP
give	VBP
it	PRP
the	DT
funds	NNS
necessary	JJ
to	TO
construct	VB
two	CD
additional	JJ
classrooms	NNS
to	TO
accommodate	VB
the	DT
transferred	VBN
students	NNS
at	IN
Ramage	NNP
Elementary	NNP
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
understanding	NN
that	IN
the	DT
funds	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
repaid	VBN
to	TO
Logan	NNP
County	NNP
when	WRB
they	PRP
become	VBP
available	JJ
through	IN
the	DT
School	NNP
Building	NNP
Authority	NNP
.	.
That	DT
study	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
have	VB
been	VBN
completed	VBN
on	IN
or	CC
before	IN
December	NNP
1	CD
,	,
2000	CD
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
study	NN
,	,
the	DT
legislature	NN
may	MD
further	RB
change	VB
this	DT
requirement	NN
during	IN
their	PRP$
upcoming	JJ
session	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
attached	VBN
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18-8-1	CD
for	IN
your	PRP$
further	JJ
consideration	NN
.	.
With	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
second	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
question	NN
,	,
whether	IN
a	DT
vote	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
school	NN
board	NN
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
to	TO
change	VB
school	NN
class	NN
scheduling	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
nothing	NN
statutorily	RB
which	WDT
requires	VBZ
such	JJ
approval	NN
.	.
There	EX
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
local	JJ
policy	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
which	WDT
governs	VBZ
this	DT
situation	NN
.	.
Specifically	RB
,	,
you	PRP
ask	VBP
whether	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
any	DT
policies	NNS
,	,
opinions	NNS
,	,
or	CC
rulings	NNS
which	WDT
mandate	VBP
that	IN
multi-county	JJ
centers	NNS
only	RB
utilize	VBP
the	DT
fiscal	JJ
agent	NN
county	NN
buses	NNS
.	.
The	DT
answer	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
question	NN
is	VBZ
no.	RB
.	.
A	DT
multi-county	JJ
vocational	JJ
center	NN
may	MD
use	VB
buses	NNS
from	IN
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
counties	NNS
participating	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
vocational	JJ
center	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
in	IN
your	PRP$
particular	JJ
situation	NN
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
use	VB
either	CC
Gilmer	NNP
or	CC
Calhoun	NNP
County	NNP
buses	NNS
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
present	JJ
time	NN
county	NN
boards	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
educate	VB
children	NNS
past	IN
the	DT
mandatory	JJ
attendance	NN
age	NN
for	IN
as	RB
long	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
student	NN
wishes	VBZ
to	TO
remain	VB
enrolled	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
system	NN
up	IN
to	TO
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
twenty-one	CD
.	.
County	NNP
boards	NNS
are	VBP
permitted	VBN
discretion	NN
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
structure	NN
and	CC
location	NN
of	IN
the	DT
alternative	JJ
education	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Currently	RB
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
requirement	NN
that	IN
the	DT
county	NN
pay	NN
for	IN
the	DT
transportation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
attending	VBG
alternative	JJ
education	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Last	JJ
year	NN
,	,
we	PRP
received	VBD
several	JJ
inquiries	NNS
as	IN
to	TO
whether	IN
boards	NNS
were	VBD
in	IN
fact	NN
required	VBN
by	IN
law	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
on	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
holiday	NN
.	.
In	IN
some	DT
counties	NNS
,	,
a	DT
quorum	NN
of	IN
board	NN
members	NNS
could	MD
not	RB
be	VB
obtained	VBN
in	IN
any	DT
event	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
members	NNS
?	.
absences	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
holiday	NN
weekend	NN
.	.
Yes	UH
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
permission	NN
of	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
change	NN
results	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
school	NN
calendar	NN
change	NN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
must	MD
also	RB
get	VB
permission	NN
from	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
calendar	NN
change	NN
.	.
Permission	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Local	NNP
School	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Council	NNP
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
permission	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
matter	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
's	POS
discretion	NN
.	.
Due	JJ
regard	NN
should	MD
also	RB
be	VB
given	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Principal	NN
's	POS
opinion	NN
when	WRB
the	DT
Local	NNP
School	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Council	NNP
is	VBZ
involved	VBN
.	.
If	IN
banked	JJ
time	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
calendar	NN
change	NN
is	VBZ
approved	VBN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
day	NN
will	MD
be	VB
counted	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
instructional	JJ
day	NN
.	.
Otherwise	RB
,	,
the	DT
school	NN
is	VBZ
out	IN
of	IN
compliance	NN
with	IN
Code	NNP
18-5-15	CD
if	IN
it	PRP
falls	VBZ
below	IN
the	DT
minimum	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
instructional	JJ
days	NNS
required	VBN
by	IN
that	DT
section	NN
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
asked	VBN
to	TO
take	VB
training	NN
for	IN
membership	NN
on	IN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
now	RB
and	CC
run	VB
for	IN
election	NN
to	TO
the	DT
board	NN
later	RB
.	.
Alternatively	RB
,	,
you	PRP
ask	VBP
whether	IN
you	PRP
could	MD
audit	VB
board	NN
training	NN
as	IN
an	DT
observer	NN
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
asked	VBN
whether	IN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
can	MD
revise	VB
the	DT
minutes	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
as	IN
written	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
superintendent	NN
's	POS
own	JJ
notes	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
tape	NN
recording	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Yes	UH
,	,
within	IN
reason	NN
.	.
The	DT
board	NN
can	MD
not	RB
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
repudiate	VB
a	DT
contract	NN
made	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
earlier	JJR
meeting	NN
simply	RB
by	IN
revising	VBG
its	PRP$
minutes	NNS
as	IN
written	VBN
in	IN
draft	NN
form	NN
by	IN
the	DT
superintendent	NN
.	.
The	DT
board	NN
can	MD
,	,
though	RB
,	,
revise	VB
its	PRP$
draft	NN
minutes	NNS
to	TO
clarify	VB
what	WP
it	PRP
did	VBD
as	RB
long	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
revisions	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
change	VB
the	DT
substance	NN
of	IN
what	WP
transpired	VBD
at	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Hearings	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
necessary	JJ
if	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
are	VBP
moved	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
school	NN
which	WDT
they	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
normally	RB
have	VBP
been	VBN
promoted	VBN
to	TO
.	.
Hearings	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
necessary	JJ
if	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
are	VBP
moved	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
school	NN
which	WDT
they	PRP
normally	RB
would	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
promoted	VBN
to	TO
.	.
Please	VB
refer	VB
to	TO
the	DT
enclosed	VBN
Op	NNP
.	.
Att	NNP
'	POS
y	JJ
Gen.	NNP
,	,
February	NNP
24	CD
,	,
1986	CD
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
a	DT
hearing	NN
probably	RB
will	MD
be	VB
necessary	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
seventh	JJ
and	CC
eighth	JJ
grade	NN
students	NNS
of	IN
Franklin	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
hearing	NN
probably	RB
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
necessary	JJ
for	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
K-8	JJ
students	NNS
of	IN
Circleville	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
To	TO
close	VB
any	DT
elementary	JJ
school	NN
whose	WP$
average	JJ
daily	JJ
attendance	NN
falls	VBZ
below	IN
twenty	CD
pupils	NNS
for	IN
two	CD
months	NNS
in	IN
succession	NN
and	CC
send	VB
the	DT
pupils	NNS
to	TO
other	JJ
schools	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
district	NN
or	CC
to	TO
schools	NNS
in	IN
adjoining	JJ
districts	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
teachers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
so	RB
closed	VBD
are	VBP
not	RB
transferred	VBN
or	CC
reassigned	VBN
to	TO
other	JJ
schools	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
receive	VBP
one	CD
month	NN
's	POS
salary	NN
...	:
''	''
Provided	VBN
,	,
That	DT
nothing	NN
in	IN
this	DT
section	NN
prohibits	VBZ
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
from	IN
assigning	VBG
a	DT
full-time	JJ
supervising	VBG
principal	NN
to	TO
a	DT
school	NN
with	IN
a	DT
net	JJ
enrollment	NN
of	IN
less	JJR
that	IN
one	CD
hundred	CD
seventy	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
''	''
Is	VBZ
there	EX
a	DT
procedure	NN
for	IN
concerned	JJ
citizens	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
parents	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
appear	VB
before	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
School	NNP
Building	NNP
Authority	NNP
and	CC
allow	VB
their	PRP$
comments	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
heard	VBN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
approval	NN
of	IN
a	DT
plan	NN
of	IN
consolidation	NN
?	.
No	DT
hearing	NN
will	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
for	IN
those	DT
students	NNS
who	WP
would	MD
have	VB
previously	RB
advanced	VBN
from	IN
their	PRP$
elementary	JJ
school	NN
to	TO
the	DT
present	JJ
Elkins	NNP
Junior	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
because	IN
this	DT
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
vertical	JJ
move	NN
in	IN
the	DT
expected	VBN
direction	NN
of	IN
those	DT
students	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
county	NN
's	POS
public	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
both	DT
of	IN
these	DT
moves	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
consolidations	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
9-12	CD
move	NN
being	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
new	JJ
school	NN
,	,
the	DT
6-8	JJ
move	NN
being	VBG
horizontal	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
a	DT
hearing	NN
for	IN
the	DT
affected	JJ
grades	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
necessary	JJ
.	.
Both	DT
hearings	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
separate	JJ
but	CC
can	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
.	.
Ask	VB
the	DT
board	NN
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
decision	NN
.	.
If	IN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
do	VB
so	RB
within	IN
some	DT
reasonable	JJ
time	NN
,	,
then	RB
consider	VB
appealing	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
hearing	NN
examiner	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Education	NNP
and	CC
State	NNP
Employees	NNP
'	POS
Grievance	NNP
Board	NNP
or	CC
to	TO
the	DT
Circuit	NNP
Court	NNP
of	IN
Logan	NNP
County	NNP
.	.
County	NNP
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
shall	MD
adopt	VB
policies	NNS
that	WDT
allow	VBP
students	NNS
to	TO
earn	VB
credit	NN
for	IN
completion	NN
of	IN
college	NN
work	NN
.	.
If	IN
these	DT
credits	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
meet	VB
graduation	NN
requirements	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
must	MD
meet	VB
the	DT
requirements	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
dual	JJ
credit	NN
course	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
It	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
opinion	NN
that	IN
a	DT
county	NN
school	NN
system	NN
may	MD
accept	VB
correspondence	NN
courses	NNS
offered	VBN
by	IN
accredited	JJ
colleges	NNS
or	CC
universities	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
required	VBN
course	NN
for	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
graduation	NN
credit	NN
,	,
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
the	DT
courses	NNS
are	VBP
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
specified	VBN
content	NN
standards	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
or	CC
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
county	NN
board	NN
content	NN
standards	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
a	DT
waiver	NN
must	MD
be	VB
granted	VBN
by	IN
WVBE	NNP
for	IN
courses	NNS
offered	VBN
in	IN
lieu	NN
of	IN
required	JJ
graduation	NN
courses	NNS
.	.
Students	NNS
may	MD
also	RB
take	VB
a	DT
college	NN
course	NN
in	IN
place	NN
of	IN
a	DT
required	JJ
career	NN
major	JJ
course	NN
or	CC
recommended	VBN
elective	JJ
course	NN
as	IN
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
the	DT
applicable	JJ
high	JJ
school	NN
programs	NNS
of	IN
study	NN
document	NN
.	.
Rules	NNS
for	IN
this	DT
type	NN
of	IN
substitution	NN
are	VBP
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
Policy	NN
2510	CD
at	IN
section	NN
8.2.6	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
B	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
These	DT
rules	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
apply	VB
to	TO
the	DT
required	VBN
academic	JJ
units	NNS
for	IN
English	NNP
Language	NNP
Arts	NNP
,	,
Mathematics	NNP
,	,
Science	NNP
,	,
Social	NNP
Studies	NNPS
,	,
Physical	NNP
Education	NNP
,	,
Health	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Arts	NNS
specified	VBN
in	IN
Policy	NNP
2510	CD
as	IN
the	DT
minimum	JJ
state	NN
requirements	NNS
for	IN
graduation	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
opinion	NN
that	IN
a	DT
county	NN
school	NN
system	NN
may	MD
accept	VB
correspondence	NN
courses	NNS
offered	VBN
by	IN
accredited	JJ
colleges	NNS
or	CC
universities	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
required	VBN
course	NN
for	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
graduation	NN
credit	NN
,	,
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
the	DT
courses	NNS
are	VBP
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
specified	VBN
content	NN
standards	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
or	CC
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
county	NN
board	NN
content	NN
standards	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
a	DT
waiver	NN
must	MD
be	VB
granted	VBN
by	IN
WVBE	NNP
for	IN
courses	NNS
offered	VBN
in	IN
lieu	NN
of	IN
required	JJ
graduation	NN
courses	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
to	TO
acknowledge	VB
the	DT
receipt	NN
of	IN
letters	NNS
from	IN
you	PRP
or	CC
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
county	NN
requesting	VBG
interpretations	NNS
of	IN
school	NN
laws	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
relate	VBP
to	TO
student	NN
transfers	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
requests	NNS
overlap	VBP
,	,
they	PRP
will	MD
all	RB
be	VB
addressed	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
one	CD
interpretation	NN
.	.
To	TO
act	VB
otherwise	RB
would	MD
cause	VB
the	DT
student	NN
to	TO
litigate	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
facts	NNS
,	,
year	NN
after	IN
year	NN
,	,
causing	VBG
uncertainty	NN
and	CC
emotional	JJ
distress	NN
for	IN
the	DT
student	NN
and	CC
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
family	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
increased	VBN
costs	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
parties	NNS
.	.
Neither	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18-5-16	CD
nor	CC
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Policy	NNP
7212	CD
grant	NN
authority	NN
to	TO
county	NN
boards	NNS
to	TO
place	VB
restrictions	NNS
on	IN
out	IN
of	IN
county	NN
transfers	NNS
,	,
by	IN
order	NN
or	CC
otherwise	RB
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
the	DT
decision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
should	MD
be	VB
final	JJ
and	CC
should	MD
not	RB
require	VB
students	NNS
to	TO
reapply	VB
year	NN
after	IN
year	NN
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18-5-13	CD
does	VBZ
not	RB
grant	VB
to	TO
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
the	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
the	DT
activities	NNS
of	IN
students	NNS
attending	VBG
schools	NNS
in	IN
other	JJ
districts	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
approval	NN
of	IN
student	NN
transfer	NN
requests	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
conditioned	VBN
upon	IN
a	DT
requirement	NN
or	CC
agreement	NN
for	IN
a	DT
guardian	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
transportation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
new	JJ
district	NN
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
language	NN
outlined	VBN
above	IN
does	VBZ
not	RB
specifically	RB
reference	NN
the	DT
display	NN
of	IN
the	DT
confederate	JJ
flag	NN
by	IN
students	NNS
in	IN
public	JJ
schools	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
believe	VB
that	IN
such	JJ
action	NN
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
redress	VB
should	MD
a	DT
racial	JJ
harassment	NN
complaint	NN
be	VB
received	VBN
or	CC
should	MD
the	DT
activity	NN
cause	NN
a	DT
disruption	NN
.	.
No	DT
,	,
home-schooled	JJ
students	NNS
have	VBP
no	DT
reason	NN
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
any	DT
field	NN
test	NN
of	IN
state	NN
tests	NNS
.	.
Field	NN
tests	NNS
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
test	NN
and	CC
evaluate	VB
the	DT
questions	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
makeup	NN
the	DT
operational	JJ
test	NN
.	.
The	DT
core	NN
group	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
who	WP
will	MD
eventually	RB
take	VB
the	DT
assessment	NN
are	VBP
the	DT
core	NN
group	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
that	WDT
should	MD
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
test	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
the	DT
test	NN
results	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
hold	VB
public	JJ
schools	NNS
and	CC
counties	NNS
accountable	JJ
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
child	NN
has	VBZ
reached	VBN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
sixteen	CD
years	NNS
,	,
the	DT
child	NN
may	MD
simply	RB
withdraw	VB
from	IN
public	JJ
education	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
,	,
as	IN
compulsory	JJ
attendance	NN
begins	VBZ
at	IN
age	NN
six	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
continues	VBZ
only	RB
until	IN
age	NN
sixteen	CD
,	,
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18-8-1	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
the	DT
fifteen	CD
year	NN
old	JJ
student	NN
is	VBZ
married	VBN
,	,
and	CC
thus	RB
emancipated	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
still	RB
the	DT
opinion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
undersigned	VBN
that	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
eligible	JJ
to	TO
withdraw	VB
from	IN
school	NN
until	IN
she	PRP
attains	VBZ
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
sixteen	CD
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
well-settled	JJ
principle	NN
that	IN
a	DT
student	NN
coming	VBG
from	IN
an	DT
elementary	JJ
school	NN
and	CC
entering	VBG
the	DT
sixth	JJ
grade	NN
of	IN
a	DT
middle	JJ
school	NN
or	CC
the	DT
seventh	JJ
grade	NN
of	IN
a	DT
junior	JJ
high\/high	JJ
school	NN
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
will	MD
be	VB
eligible	JJ
even	RB
though	IN
a	DT
GPA	NNP
has	VBZ
yet	RB
to	TO
be	VB
established	VBN
.	.
This	DT
student	NN
must	MD
have	VB
a	DT
``	``
C	NNP
''	''
average	NN
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
semester	NN
to	TO
remain	VB
eligible	JJ
.	.
The	DT
same	JJ
rule	NN
and	CC
reasoning	NN
should	MD
be	VB
applied	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
home-schooled	JJ
student	NN
entering	VBG
public	JJ
school	NN
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
.	.
The	DT
home-schooled	JJ
student	NN
will	MD
be	VB
eligible	JJ
and	CC
must	MD
have	VB
a	DT
2.0	CD
GPA	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
semester	NN
to	TO
remain	VB
eligible	JJ
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
to	TO
acknowledge	VB
the	DT
receipt	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
letter	NN
dated	VBN
November	NNP
30	CD
,	,
2002	CD
relative	JJ
to	TO
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18-8-11	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
the	DT
procedure	NN
for	IN
a	DT
student	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
documentation	NN
of	IN
enrollment	NN
status	NN
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
obtaining	VBG
a	DT
license	NN
or	CC
instruction	NN
permit	VBP
to	TO
operate	VB
a	DT
motor	NN
vehicle	NN
.	.
Any	DT
parent	NN
or	CC
guardian	NN
who	WP
refuses	VBZ
to	TO
permit	VB
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
child	NN
to	TO
be	VB
immunized	VBN
against	IN
diphtheria	NN
,	,
polio	NN
,	,
rubeola	NN
,	,
rubella	NN
,	,
tetanus	NN
and	CC
whooping	JJ
cough	NN
,	,
who	WP
can	MD
not	RB
give	VB
satisfactory	JJ
proof	NN
that	IN
the	DT
child	NN
or	CC
person	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
immunized	VBN
against	IN
diphtheria	NN
,	,
polio	NN
,	,
rubeola	NN
,	,
rubella	NN
,	,
tetanus	NN
and	CC
whooping	JJ
cough	NN
previously	RB
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
certificate	NN
from	IN
a	DT
reputable	JJ
physician	NN
showing	VBG
that	IN
immunization	NN
for	IN
any	DT
or	CC
all	DT
is	VBZ
impossible	JJ
or	CC
improper	JJ
,	,
or	CC
sufficient	JJ
reason	NN
why	WRB
any	DT
or	CC
all	DT
immunizations	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
done	VBN
,	,
shall	MD
be	VB
guilty	JJ
of	IN
a	DT
misdemeanor	NN
,	,
and	CC
except	IN
as	IN
herein	NN
otherwise	RB
provided	VBN
,	,
shall	MD
,	,
upon	IN
conviction	NN
,	,
be	VB
punished	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
fine	NN
of	IN
not	RB
less	JJR
than	IN
ten	CD
nor	CC
more	JJR
than	IN
fifty	CD
dollars	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
offense	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
opinion	NN
that	IN
a	DT
student	NN
,	,
who	WP
has	VBZ
received	VBN
one	CD
dose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
required	JJ
immunizations	NNS
listed	VBN
above	RB
,	,
may	MD
attend	VB
school	NN
before	IN
receiving	VBG
the	DT
final	JJ
doses	NNS
and	CC
shall	MD
have	VB
ninety	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
90	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
days	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
admission	NN
to	TO
complete	VB
the	DT
required	JJ
doses	NNS
.	.
This	DT
interpretation	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
the	DT
student	NN
is	VBZ
enrolling	VBG
from	IN
outside	IN
the	DT
State	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
situation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
child	NN
entering	VBG
school	NN
for	IN
the	DT
fist	NN
time	NN
,	,
as	IN
opposed	VBN
to	TO
that	DT
of	IN
an	DT
in-state	JJ
transfer	NN
,	,
the	DT
student	NN
should	MD
be	VB
enrolled	VBN
and	CC
placed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
least	JJS
restrictive	JJ
appropriate	JJ
environment	NN
to	TO
deliver	VB
their	PRP$
education	NN
.	.
This	DT
could	MD
mean	VB
instructing	VBG
them	PRP
in	IN
their	PRP$
home	NN
until	IN
the	DT
immunization	NN
requirements	NNS
are	VBP
met	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
this	DT
addresses	NNS
both	CC
the	DT
intent	NN
and	CC
the	DT
letter	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
16-3-4	CD
.	.
Persons	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
twenty-one	CD
may	MD
enter	VB
only	RB
those	DT
programs	NNS
or	CC
classes	NNS
authorized	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
and	CC
deemed	VBD
appropriate	JJ
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
conducting	VBG
any	DT
such	JJ
program	NN
or	CC
class	NN
:	:
Provided	VBN
,	,
That	DT
authorization	NN
for	IN
such	JJ
programs	NNS
or	CC
classes	NNS
shall	MD
in	IN
no	DT
way	NN
serve	VBP
to	TO
affect	VB
or	CC
eliminate	VB
programs	NNS
or	CC
classes	NNS
offered	VBN
by	IN
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
at	IN
the	DT
adult	NN
level	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
fees	NNS
are	VBP
charged	VBN
to	TO
support	VB
such	JJ
programs	NNS
or	CC
classes	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
students	NNS
ages	NNS
twenty-one	CD
and	CC
younger	JJR
should	MD
automatically	RB
be	VB
re-enrolled	JJ
and	CC
subject	JJ
to	TO
compulsory	JJ
school	NN
attendance	NN
.	.
This	DT
result	NN
is	VBZ
warranted	VBN
as	IN
these	DT
students	NNS
are	VBP
entitled	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
public	JJ
education	NN
leading	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
high	JJ
school	NN
diploma	NN
which	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
viewed	VBN
as	RB
different	JJ
than	IN
a	DT
GED	NNP
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
is	VBZ
in	IN
receipt	NN
of	IN
correspondence	NN
from	IN
you	PRP
requesting	VBG
interpretations	NNS
of	IN
numerous	JJ
applications	NNS
of	IN
school	NN
law	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
responses	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
cited	VBN
several	JJ
provisions	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
version	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Policy	NNP
4110	CD
,	,
Attendance	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
placed	VBN
on	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
until	IN
May	NNP
21	CD
,	,
2002	CD
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
Policy	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
formally	RB
adopted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
hope	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Policy	NN
will	MD
be	VB
adopted	VBN
in	IN
its	PRP$
entirety	NN
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
comment	NN
period	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
child	NN
be	VB
suspended	VBN
from	IN
school	NN
because	IN
of	IN
improper	JJ
conduct	NN
or	CC
refusal	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
child	NN
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
,	,
the	DT
school	NN
shall	MD
immediately	RB
notify	VB
the	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
suspension	NN
,	,
and	CC
specify	VB
the	DT
time	NN
or	CC
conditions	NNS
of	IN
such	JJ
suspension	NN
.	.
Policy	NN
4373	CD
,	,
Student	NNP
Code	NNP
of	IN
Conduct	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
effective	JJ
June	NNP
13	CD
,	,
1991	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
gives	VBZ
principals	NNS
the	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
temporarily	RB
suspend	VB
from	IN
school	NN
any	DT
student	NN
who	WP
consistently	RB
fails	VBZ
to	TO
abide	VB
by	IN
or	CC
commits	VBZ
a	DT
serious	JJ
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Student	NNP
Code	NNP
of	IN
Conduct	NNP
.	.
Local	JJ
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
maintain	VBP
appropriate	JJ
policies	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
to	TO
implement	VB
Policy	NN
4373	CD
and	CC
must	MD
make	VB
reasonable	JJ
provision	NN
of	IN
appropriate	JJ
educational	JJ
services	NNS
to	TO
students	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
been	VBN
excluded	VBN
from	IN
school	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
a	DT
child	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
denied	VBN
the	DT
constitutional	JJ
right	NN
to	TO
a	DT
free	JJ
appropriate	JJ
public	JJ
education	NN
.	.
Content	NN
standards	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
taught	VBN
whether	IN
the	DT
child	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
a	DT
classroom	NN
or	CC
in	IN
an	DT
in-school-suspension	JJ
setting	NN
.	.
Exceptional	JJ
Students	NNS
,	,
particularly	RB
focusing	VBG
on	IN
section	NN
7.1.1	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
in	IN
making	VBG
these	DT
determinations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
answer	NN
to	TO
this	DT
question	NN
will	MD
vary	VB
depending	VBG
on	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
IEP	NNP
is	VBZ
being	VBG
fully	RB
implemented	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
Policy	NN
2419	CD
.	.
Would	MD
you	PRP
please	VB
send	VB
me	PRP
a	DT
complete	JJ
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Safe	NNP
Schools	NNP
Act	NNP
and	CC
copies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Circuit	NNP
Court	NNP
Decision	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
sic	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
Greenbrier	NNP
and	CC
Dodderage	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
sic	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
Counties	NNS
where	WRB
an	DT
expelled	VBN
student	NN
was	VBD
determined	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
still	RB
entitled	VBN
to	TO
an	DT
alternative	JJ
education	NN
at	IN
county	NN
expense	NN
.	.
A	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
statutes	NNS
comprising	VBG
the	DT
Safe	NNP
Schools	NNP
Act	NNP
is	VBZ
enclosed	VBN
.	.
As	IN
to	TO
your	PRP$
request	NN
for	IN
circuit	NN
court	NN
decisions	NNS
,	,
please	VB
be	VB
advised	VBN
that	IN
this	DT
agency	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
maintain	VB
copies	NNS
of	IN
decisions	NNS
rendered	VBN
by	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
circuit	NN
judges	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
contact	VB
the	DT
Circuit	NNP
Clerks	NNPS
of	IN
Greenbrier	NNP
and	CC
Doddridge	NNP
Counties	NNS
for	IN
copies	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
decisions	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
further	JJ
note	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
that	IN
this	DT
Policy	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
revised	VBN
since	IN
the	DT
adoption	NN
of	IN
weighted	JJ
grades	NNS
and	CC
should	MD
more	RBR
clearly	RB
address	VB
the	DT
issue	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
instruct	VB
the	DT
staff	NN
here	RB
at	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
to	TO
review	VB
Policy	NN
2436.10	CD
and	CC
make	VB
a	DT
proposal	NN
to	TO
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
regarding	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
.	.
No	DT
child	NN
or	CC
person	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
admitted	VBN
or	CC
received	VBN
in	IN
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
schools	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
until	IN
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
immunized	VBN
as	IN
hereinafter	NN
provided	VBN
or	CC
produces	VBZ
a	DT
certificate	NN
from	IN
a	DT
reputable	JJ
physician	NN
showing	VBG
that	IN
an	DT
immunization	NN
for	IN
diphtheria	NN
,	,
polio	NN
,	,
rubeola	NN
,	,
rubella	NN
,	,
tetanus	NN
and	CC
whooping	JJ
cough	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
done	VBN
or	CC
is	VBZ
impossible	JJ
or	CC
improper	JJ
or	CC
other	JJ
sufficient	JJ
reason	NN
why	WRB
such	JJ
immunizations	NNS
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
done	VBN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
five	CD
consecutive	JJ
or	CC
ten	CD
total	JJ
unexcused	JJ
absences	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
child	NN
during	IN
a	DT
school	NN
year	NN
,	,
the	DT
attendance	NN
director	NN
or	CC
assistant	NN
shall	MD
serve	VB
written	VBN
notice	NN
to	TO
the	DT
parent	NN
,	,
guardian	NN
or	CC
custodian	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
child	NN
that	IN
the	DT
attendance	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
child	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
and	CC
that	IN
within	IN
ten	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
receipt	NN
of	IN
the	DT
notice	NN
the	DT
parent	NN
,	,
guardian	NN
or	CC
custodian	NN
,	,
accompanied	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
child	NN
,	,
shall	MD
report	VB
in	IN
person	NN
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
the	DT
child	NN
attends	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
conference	NN
with	IN
the	DT
principal	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
designated	VBN
representative	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
and	CC
correct	VB
the	DT
circumstances	NNS
causing	VBG
the	DT
inexcusable	JJ
absence	NN
of	IN
the	DT
child	NN
...	:
Virginia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
mother	NN
has	VBZ
agreed	VBN
to	TO
rent	VB
an	DT
apartment	NN
in	IN
Monongalia	NNP
County	NNP
where	WRB
she	PRP
will	MD
stay	VB
with	IN
her	PRP$
daughter	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
school	NN
week	NN
to	TO
enable	VB
her	PRP$
daughter	NN
to	TO
attend	VB
her	PRP$
senior	JJ
year	NN
of	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
at	IN
Morgantown	NNP
High	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
weekends	NNS
and	CC
throughout	IN
the	DT
summer	NN
the	DT
mother	NN
and	CC
her	PRP$
daughter	NN
will	MD
return	VB
to	TO
Pennsylvania	NNP
to	TO
reside	VB
with	IN
the	DT
rest	NN
of	IN
the	DT
family	NN
.	.
As	IN
this	DT
issue	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
specifically	RB
addressed	VBN
in	IN
Grand	NNP
Lodge	NNP
,	,
supra	NN
,	,
we	PRP
must	MD
look	VB
to	TO
other	JJ
indicia	NN
of	IN
residency	NN
sufficient	JJ
to	TO
require	VB
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
to	TO
continue	VB
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
free	JJ
public	JJ
education	NN
to	TO
this	DT
child	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
generally	RB
held	VBN
that	IN
school	NN
laws	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
liberally	RB
construed	VBN
,	,
with	IN
reference	NN
to	TO
residence	NN
for	IN
school	NN
purposes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
governed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
technical	JJ
rules	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
we	PRP
determine	VBP
residence	NN
for	IN
voting	NN
,	,
holding	VBG
public	JJ
office	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
similar	JJ
purposes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Courts	NNPS
generally	RB
observe	VBP
the	DT
principal	NN
that	IN
all	DT
school	NN
children	NNS
residing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
district	NN
are	VBP
entitled	VBN
to	TO
free	JJ
school	NN
privileges	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
district	NN
where	WRB
they	PRP
reside	VBP
;	:
however	RB
,	,
a	DT
superficial	JJ
residence	NN
within	IN
a	DT
county	NN
primarily	RB
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
obtaining	VBG
free	JJ
public	JJ
school	NN
privileges	NNS
is	VBZ
insufficient	JJ
to	TO
entitle	VB
a	DT
child	NN
to	TO
attend	VB
public	JJ
schools	NNS
without	IN
payment	NN
of	IN
tuition	NN
fees	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
child	NN
resides	VBZ
in	IN
a	DT
school	NN
district	NN
,	,
in	IN
good	JJ
faith	NN
,	,
with	IN
relatives	NNS
or	CC
friends	NNS
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
understanding	NN
that	IN
he	PRP
is	VBZ
under	IN
the	DT
charge	NN
and	CC
legal	JJ
control	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
relative	JJ
or	CC
friend	NN
,	,
with	IN
no	DT
present	JJ
intent	NN
of	IN
removal	NN
and	CC
not	RB
for	IN
the	DT
primary	JJ
purpose	NN
of	IN
obtaining	VBG
the	DT
school	NN
privileges	NNS
of	IN
that	DT
school	NN
district	NN
,	,
such	JJ
child	NN
is	VBZ
entitled	VBN
to	TO
attend	VB
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
without	IN
payment	NN
of	IN
tuition	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
I	PRP
recognize	VBP
that	IN
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
valid	JJ
reasons	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
student	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
completed	VBN
all	DT
graduation	NN
requirements	NNS
to	TO
request	VB
the	DT
issuance	NN
of	IN
a	DT
diploma	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
academic	JJ
year	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
early	JJ
entrance	NN
to	TO
college	NN
or	CC
to	TO
the	DT
military	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
my	PRP$
considered	VBN
opinion	NN
that	IN
if	IN
a	DT
student	NN
completes	VBZ
all	DT
graduation	NN
requirements	NNS
by	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
semester	NN
of	IN
the	DT
senior	JJ
year	NN
and	CC
then	RB
requests	NNS
his\/her	VBP
diploma	NN
,	,
that	IN
request	NN
should	MD
be	VB
granted	VBN
.	.
In	IN
rendering	VBG
this	DT
interpretation	NN
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
wish	VB
to	TO
minimize	VB
the	DT
value	NN
of	IN
school	NN
attendance	NN
.	.
Students	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
completed	VBN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
for	IN
graduation	NN
early	RB
should	MD
be	VB
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
fill	VB
the	DT
second	JJ
semester	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
senior	JJ
year	NN
with	IN
elective	JJ
credits	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
can	MD
only	RB
serve	VB
to	TO
enhance	VB
the	DT
overall	JJ
educational	JJ
experience	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
it	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
noted	VBN
that	IN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18-2E-8d	NNP
,	,
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
are	VBP
not	RB
prohibited	VBN
from	IN
establishing	VBG
high	JJ
school	NN
graduation	NN
requirements	NNS
which	WDT
exceed	VBP
the	DT
minimum	NN
high	JJ
school	NN
gradation	NN
requirements	NNS
established	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
to	TO
acknowledge	VB
the	DT
receipt	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
letter	NN
dated	VBN
December	NNP
15	CD
,	,
2000	CD
relative	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
involvement	NN
of	IN
parents	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
decisions	NNS
of	IN
curriculum	NN
and	CC
testing	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
children	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
advised	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Accelerated	NNP
Reading	VBG
Program	NN
utilized	VBN
in	IN
your	PRP$
system	NN
constitutes	VBZ
approximately	RB
30	CD
%	NN
of	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
?	.
reading	VBG
grade	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
strongly	RB
recommended	VBN
that	IN
every	DT
attempt	NN
be	VB
made	VBN
to	TO
convince	VB
parents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
testing	NN
as	IN
it	PRP
relates	VBZ
to	TO
sound	VB
instructional	JJ
decisions	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
child	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
case	NN
that	IN
the	DT
parent	NN
would	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
be	VB
opposed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
assessment	NN
program	NN
,	,
the	DT
county	NN
should	MD
request	VB
that	IN
the	DT
parent	NN
submit	VB
a	DT
written	VBN
request	NN
to	TO
have	VB
the	DT
student	NN
dismissed	VBD
from	IN
the	DT
testing	NN
process	NN
.	.
An	DT
original	JJ
of	IN
this	DT
written	VBN
request	NN
would	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
principal	NN
with	IN
a	DT
copy	NN
to	TO
the	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
.	.
Upon	IN
such	JJ
recommendation	NN
,	,
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
shall	MD
conduct	VB
a	DT
hearing	NN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
subsections	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
f	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
this	DT
section	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
if	IN
the	DT
student	NN
committed	VBD
the	DT
alleged	JJ
violation	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
student	NN
did	VBD
commit	VB
the	DT
alleged	JJ
violation	NN
,	,
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
shall	MD
expel	VB
the	DT
student	NN
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
appear	VB
that	IN
your	PRP$
county	NN
policy	NN
would	MD
control	VB
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
issue	NN
you	PRP
raise	VBP
.	.
In	IN
reviewing	VBG
the	DT
policy	NN
provided	VBN
,	,
I	PRP
find	VBP
no	DT
reference	NN
to	TO
the	DT
amount	NN
,	,
if	IN
any	DT
,	,
of	IN
deference	NN
that	WDT
must	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
criminal	JJ
prosecutions	NNS
,	,
plea	NN
agreements	NNS
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
proceedings	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
matter	NN
that	WDT
must	MD
be	VB
interpreted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Monongalia	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
this	DT
memorandum	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
Superintendent	NNP
Interpretation	NNP
for	IN
State	NNP
Code	NNP
18-2-5c	JJ
.	.
This	DT
section	NN
deals	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
birth	NN
certificate	NN
requirements	NNS
upon	IN
admission	NN
to	TO
public	JJ
school	NN
and	CC
the	DT
required	JJ
notice	NN
to	TO
the	DT
local	JJ
law	NN
enforcement	NN
agency	NN
of	IN
missing	VBG
children	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
ensure	VB
that	IN
this	DT
notice	NN
is	VBZ
forwarded	VBN
to	TO
all	DT
county	NN
principals	NNS
for	IN
immediate	JJ
action	NN
.	.
Since	IN
a	DT
certified	JJ
birth	NN
certificate	NN
must	MD
be	VB
submitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
,	,
the	DT
affidavit	NN
should	MD
include	VB
a	DT
date	NN
for	IN
the	DT
receipt	NN
of	IN
the	DT
certified	JJ
birth	NN
certificate	NN
from	IN
the	DT
parent	NN
or	CC
the	DT
guardian	NN
.	.
Please	VB
note	NN
that	IN
principals	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
designees	NNS
are	VBP
immune	JJ
from	IN
civil	JJ
or	CC
criminal	JJ
liability	NN
in	IN
connection	NN
with	IN
any	DT
notice	NN
to	TO
a	DT
local	JJ
law	NN
enforcement	NN
agency	NN
of	IN
a	DT
student	NN
lacking	VBG
a	DT
birth	NN
certificate	NN
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Governor	NNP
forwarded	VBD
to	TO
me	PRP
your	PRP$
request	NN
concerning	VBG
whether	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
legal	JJ
to	TO
say	VB
the	DT
Pledge	NNP
of	IN
Allegiance	NNP
in	IN
school	NN
.	.
We	PRP
appreciate	VBP
your	PRP$
inquiry	NN
and	CC
wish	NN
to	TO
inform	VB
you	PRP
that	IN
not	RB
only	RB
is	VBZ
it	PRP
legal	JJ
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
codified	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18-5-15b	JJ
which	WDT
provides	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
Pledge	NNP
of	IN
Allegiance	NNP
be	VB
said	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
day	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
providing	VBG
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
statutory	JJ
provision	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
information	NN
.	.
Despite	IN
these	DT
struggles	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
ruled	VBN
that	IN
school	NN
sponsored	VBN
prayer	NN
is	VBZ
unconstitutional	JJ
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
providing	VBG
Bibles	NNP
to	TO
students	NNS
in	IN
public	JJ
schools	NNS
would	MD
also	RB
constitute	VB
a	DT
constitutional	JJ
violation	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
in	IN
response	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
letter	NN
of	IN
July	NNP
2	CD
,	,
1997	CD
,	,
in	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
request	VBP
an	DT
interpretation	NN
from	IN
our	PRP$
office	NN
regarding	VBG
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
a	DT
school	NN
system	NN
is	VBZ
obligated	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
transportation	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
required	VBN
to	TO
stay	VB
for	IN
after-school	JJ
detention	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
law	NN
or	CC
court	NN
decision	NN
which	WDT
has	VBZ
held	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
county	NN
must	MD
provide	VB
transportation	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
stay	VB
for	IN
after-school	JJ
detention	NN
.	.
Even	RB
in	IN
Cathe	NNP
A.	NN
,	,
Guardian	NNP
of	IN
C.E.A.	NNP
vs.	CC
Doddridge	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
,	,
et	FW
al.	FW
,	,
the	DT
most	RBS
recent	JJ
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
decision	NN
involving	VBG
the	DT
obligation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
system	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
alternative	JJ
education	NN
programs	NNS
in	IN
cases	NNS
where	WRB
the	DT
student	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
threat	NN
to	TO
teachers	NNS
,	,
school	NN
personnel	NNS
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
students	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
speak	VB
to	TO
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
transportation	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
our	PRP$
office	NN
strongly	RB
recommends	VBZ
using	VBG
alternatives	NNS
other	JJ
than	IN
after-school	JJ
detention	NN
.	.
After-school	JJ
detention	NN
could	MD
cause	VB
great	JJ
hardships	NNS
on	IN
parents	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
no	DT
means	NNS
of	IN
transporting	VBG
their	PRP$
children	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
school	NN
to	TO
home	NN
if	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
unable	JJ
to	TO
take	VB
the	DT
bus	NN
.	.
The	DT
children	NNS
may	MD
in	IN
turn	NN
be	VB
placed	VBN
in	IN
danger	NN
if	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
unable	JJ
to	TO
obtain	VB
a	DT
ride	NN
home	NN
after	IN
detention	NN
.	.
In	IN
some	DT
counties	NNS
there	EX
are	VBP
children	NNS
who	WP
live	VBP
more	JJR
than	IN
an	DT
hour	NN
from	IN
their	PRP$
school	NN
.	.
It	PRP
seems	VBZ
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
some	DT
other	JJ
equally	RB
effective	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
discipline	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
after-school	JJ
detention	NN
for	IN
these	DT
students	NNS
.	.
Again	RB
,	,
let	VB
us	PRP
reiterate	VB
,	,
the	DT
county	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
mandated	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
transportation	NN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
we	PRP
urge	VBP
the	DT
county	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
it	PRP
if	IN
at	IN
all	DT
possible	JJ
or	CC
to	TO
eliminate	VB
after	IN
-	:
school	NN
detentions	NNS
in	IN
cases	NNS
where	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
impossible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
parents	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
transportation	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
child	NN
.	.
We	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
remind	VB
DHHR	NNP
that	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
more	JJR
than	IN
cooperative	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
effort	NN
to	TO
pay	VB
the	DT
costs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
children	NNS
with	IN
disabilities	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
been	VBN
placed	VBN
in	IN
out-of-state	JJ
education	NN
facilities	NNS
and	CC
has	VBZ
not	RB
attempted	VBN
to	TO
collect	VB
any	DT
payment	NN
for	IN
these	DT
services	NNS
from	IN
DHHR	NNP
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
in	IN
meetings	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Interagency	NNP
Agreement	NN
between	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
and	CC
DHHR	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
agreed	VBN
that	IN
there	EX
would	MD
be	VB
an	DT
attempt	NN
on	IN
the	DT
part	NN
of	IN
DHHR	NNP
to	TO
reduce	VB
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
out-of-state	JJ
placements	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
with	IN
disabilities	NNS
placed	VBN
out-of-state	JJ
has	VBZ
significantly	RB
increased	VBN
instead	RB
of	IN
decreased	VBN
.	.
Agreement	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
apply	VB
to	TO
your	PRP$
request	NN
for	IN
payment	NN
of	IN
education	NN
costs	NNS
to	TO
children	NNS
placed	VBN
out-of-state	JJ
who	WP
are	VBP
not	RB
disabled	JJ
.	.
The	DT
legal	JJ
custody	NN
of	IN
those	DT
children	NNS
falls	VBZ
with	IN
DHHR	NNP
and	CC
therefore	RB
,	,
DHHR	NNP
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
children	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
placed	VBN
out-of-state	JJ
.	.
When	WRB
DHHR	NNP
places	VBZ
the	DT
custody	NN
of	IN
those	DT
children	NNS
in	IN
foster	JJ
homes	NNS
out-of-state	JJ
those	DT
children	NNS
should	MD
then	RB
become	VB
residents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
state	NN
and	CC
the	DT
receiving	VBG
state	NN
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
educating	VBG
those	DT
children	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
by	IN
no	DT
stretch	NN
of	IN
the	DT
imagination	NN
can	MD
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
be	VB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
children	NNS
without	IN
disabilities	NNS
who	WP
legally	RB
reside	VBP
in	IN
another	DT
state	NN
.	.
That	DT
responsibility	NN
falls	VBZ
upon	IN
the	DT
receiving	VBG
state	NN
once	RB
those	DT
students	NNS
actually	RB
reside	VBP
there	RB
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
receiving	VBG
state	NN
refuses	VBZ
to	TO
pay	VB
for	IN
those	DT
children	NNS
then	RB
action	NN
should	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
against	IN
that	DT
state	NN
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
conceivable	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
receiving	VBG
state	NN
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
costs	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
education	NN
of	IN
the	DT
children	NNS
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
second	JJ
place	NN
to	TO
look	VB
for	IN
payment	NN
would	MD
be	VB
upon	IN
DHHR	NNP
because	IN
legal	JJ
custody	NN
is	VBZ
with	IN
DHHR	NNP
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
asked	VBN
:	:
Where	WRB
Mingo	NNP
Christian	NNP
School	NNP
allowed	VBD
a	DT
child	NN
who	WP
was	VBD
not	RB
five	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
until	IN
September	NNP
24	CD
,	,
1992	CD
to	TO
enroll	VB
in	IN
kindergarten	NN
,	,
and	CC
now	RB
the	DT
parents	NNS
want	VBP
the	DT
pupil	NN
transferred	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
school	NN
system	NN
,	,
should	MD
you	PRP
allow	VB
the	DT
principal	NN
to	TO
enroll	VB
the	DT
child	NN
at	IN
Dingess	NNP
School	NNP
?	.
Another	DT
factor	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
important	JJ
in	IN
consideration	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
questions	NNS
is	VBZ
whether	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
enough	RB
interested	JJ
girls	NNS
to	TO
justify	VB
the	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
separate	JJ
girls	NNS
'	POS
teams	NNS
in	IN
these	DT
sports	NNS
.	.
These	DT
are	VBP
facts	NNS
which	WDT
,	,
of	IN
course	NN
,	,
are	VBP
not	RB
available	JJ
to	TO
us	PRP
and	CC
can	MD
only	RB
be	VB
supplied	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
school	NN
officials	NNS
.	.
Not	RB
necessarily	RB
,	,
because	IN
detention	NN
is	VBZ
disciplinary	JJ
rather	RB
than	IN
regulatory	JJ
.	.
Please	VB
read	VB
my	PRP$
letter	NN
of	IN
January	NNP
18	CD
,	,
1991	CD
,	,
where	WRB
it	PRP
answers	VBZ
your	PRP$
first	JJ
question	NN
plus	CC
the	DT
last	JJ
two	CD
paragraphs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
letter	NN
.	.
Please	VB
also	RB
read	VBN
Policies	NNS
4110-4	CD
.4	CD
and	CC
4373-6	CD
.1	CD
enclosed	VBN
with	IN
that	DT
letter	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
county	NN
board	NN
's	POS
``	``
Z	NN
''	''
grade	NN
policy	NN
requires	VBZ
after-school	JJ
make	VB
up	RP
work	NN
;	:
state	NN
board	NN
policy	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
.	.
Neither	DT
state	NN
nor	CC
county	NN
policy	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
require	VB
detention	NN
to	TO
make	VB
up	RP
work	NN
missed	VBD
.	.
Although	IN
a	DT
teacher	NN
has	VBZ
some	DT
discretion	NN
in	IN
grading	NN
,	,
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
must	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
county	NN
policy	NN
or	CC
else	RB
risk	VB
a	DT
charge	NN
of	IN
insubordination	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
answer	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
yes	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
teacher	NN
's	POS
due	JJ
process	NN
right	NN
to	TO
rebut	VB
the	DT
charge	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
particular	JJ
situation	NN
,	,
the	DT
teacher	NN
might	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
show	VB
that	IN
the	DT
student	NN
had	VBD
actually	RB
made	VBN
up	RP
the	DT
missed	VBN
work	NN
or	CC
its	PRP$
equivalent	JJ
even	RB
though	IN
not	RB
when	WRB
classes	NNS
were	VBD
finished	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
day	NN
.	.
The	DT
expression	NN
,	,
``	``
after	IN
school	NN
,	,
''	''
in	IN
your	PRP$
county	NN
board	NN
's	POS
``	``
Z	NN
''	''
grade	NN
policy	NN
could	MD
be	VB
interpreted	VBN
to	TO
mean	VB
``	``
outside	JJ
of	IN
class	NN
time	NN
''	''
rather	RB
than	IN
after	IN
classes	NNS
had	VBD
finished	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
day	NN
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
this	DT
make	VB
up	RP
work	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
could	MD
be	VB
done	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
library	NN
or	CC
at	IN
home	NN
.	.
See	VB
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
item	NN
``	``
d	SYM
''	''
on	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
page	NN
or	CC
your	PRP$
county	NN
board	NN
's	POS
``	``
Z	NN
''	''
grade	NN
policy	NN
and	CC
the	DT
last	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
parenthetical	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
statement	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
January	NNP
18	CD
,	,
1991	CD
,	,
answer	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
sixth	JJ
question	NN
.	.
State	NNP
Board	NNP
Policy	NNP
4110-4	CD
.4	CD
and	CC
4373-6	CD
.1	CD
encourage	VBP
flexibility	NN
in	IN
making	VBG
up	RP
missed	VBN
work	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
student	NN
was	VBD
absent	JJ
for	IN
medical	JJ
reasons	NNS
verified	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
medical	JJ
doctor	NN
,	,
yet	CC
the	DT
student	NN
has	VBZ
completed	VBN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
school	NN
work	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
passing	VBG
the	DT
course	NN
,	,
can	MD
the	DT
student	NN
be	VB
placed	VBN
into	IN
detention	NN
or	CC
given	VBN
a	DT
``	``
Z	NN
''	''
grade	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
has	VBZ
no	DT
credit	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
if	IN
the	DT
teacher	NN
prefers	VBZ
that	IN
this	DT
not	RB
be	VB
done	VBN
?	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
asked	VBN
whether	IN
out-of-state	JJ
school	NN
age	NN
children	NNS
are	VBP
entitled	VBN
to	TO
enroll	VB
in	IN
public	JJ
school	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
if	IN
they	PRP
come	VBP
to	TO
our	PRP$
state	NN
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
attending	VBG
its	PRP$
schools	NNS
after	IN
having	VBG
quit	VBN
school	NN
or	CC
having	VBG
been	VBN
excluded\/suspended\/expelled	VBN
from	IN
school	NN
out	IN
of	IN
state	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
these	DT
children	NNS
move	VBP
into	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
from	IN
out	IN
of	IN
state	NN
for	IN
some	DT
other	JJ
reason	NN
than	IN
simply	RB
to	TO
attend	VB
school	NN
and	CC
live	VBP
here	RB
,	,
then	RB
they	PRP
become	VBP
bona	NN
fide	JJ
residents	NNS
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
and	CC
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
where	WRB
they	PRP
live	VBP
for	IN
school	NN
purposes	NNS
;	:
and	CC
therefore	RB
,	,
they	PRP
become	VBP
entitled	VBN
to	TO
attend	VB
public	JJ
school	NN
here	RB
.	.
No	DT
federal	JJ
case	NN
authorizing	VBG
a	DT
child	NN
to	TO
attend	VB
public	JJ
school	NN
in	IN
another	DT
state	NN
by	IN
moving	VBG
into	IN
it	PRP
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
attending	VBG
its	PRP$
schools	NNS
--	:
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
the	DT
child	NN
has	VBZ
lost	VBN
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
attend	VB
school	NN
in	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
state	NN
--	:
has	VBZ
been	VBN
found	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
recommend	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
ask	VBP
a	DT
person	NN
who	WP
claims	VBZ
such	PDT
an	DT
interest	NN
to	TO
give	VB
you	PRP
proof	NN
.	.
A	DT
teacher	NN
has	VBZ
authority	NN
under	IN
this	DT
rule	NN
of	IN
the	DT
StudentCodeofConduct	NNP
,	,
and	CC
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18A-5-1	NNP
,	,
to	TO
remove1	VB
a	DT
pupil	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
student	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
from	IN
the	DT
teacher	NN
's	POS
class	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
class	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
day	NN
long	RB
,	,
then	RB
this	DT
could	MD
result	VB
in	IN
removal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
child	NN
from	IN
class	NN
for	IN
the	DT
entire	JJ
day	NN
if	IN
the	DT
teacher	NN
is	VBZ
convinced	VBN
that	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
.	.
A	DT
teacher	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
authority	NN
to	TO
remove	VB
a	DT
child	NN
from	IN
some	DT
other	JJ
teacher	NN
's	POS
class	NN
;	:
only	RB
the	DT
principal	NN
can	MD
do	VB
this	DT
.	.
The	DT
student	NN
is	VBZ
still	RB
obligated	VBN
to	TO
attend	VB
school	NN
because	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
exemption	NN
from	IN
compulsory	JJ
school	NN
attendance	NN
granted	VBN
for	IN
marriage	NN
,	,
and	CC
compulsory	JJ
school	NN
attendance	NN
continues	VBZ
after	IN
one	CD
's	POS
sixteenth	NN
birthday	NN
for	IN
as	RB
long	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
student	NN
continues	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
enrolled	VBN
in	IN
public	JJ
school	NN
.	.
See	VB
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18-8-1	CD
and	CC
1a	CD
.1	CD
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
marriage	NN
emancipates	VBZ
a	DT
person	NN
from	IN
her	PRP$
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
his	PRP$
-RRB-	-RRB-
parents	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
she	PRP
appears	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
legally	RB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
herself	PRP
as	RB
far	RB
as	IN
the	DT
school	NN
law	NN
is	VBZ
concerned	VBN
;	:
so	RB
serve	VB
papers	NNS
upon	IN
her	PRP
,	,
and	CC
act	NN
toward	IN
her	PRP$
as	IN
though	IN
she	PRP
were	VBD
an	DT
adult	NN
.2	CD
If	IN
she	PRP
refuses	VBZ
to	TO
accept	VB
service	NN
or	CC
if	IN
you	PRP
wish	VBP
to	TO
pursue	VB
this	DT
question	NN
further	RB
,	,
then	RB
I	PRP
recommend	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
seek	VBP
help	NN
from	IN
your	PRP$
county	NN
prosecuting	VBG
attorney	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
a	DT
coach	NN
can	MD
not	RB
unilaterally	RB
decide	VB
to	TO
hold	VB
a	DT
practice	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
event	NN
in	IN
lieu	NN
of	IN
attending	VBG
a	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
meeting	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
principal	JJ
assigns	VBZ
the	DT
coach	NN
to	TO
perform	VB
a	DT
specific	JJ
task	NN
during	IN
the	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
meeting	NN
,	,
attendance	NN
may	MD
be	VB
excused	VBN
.	.
In	IN
following	VBG
5	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
is	VBZ
granted	VBN
the	DT
permissive	JJ
ability	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
how	WRB
the	DT
time	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
utilized	VBN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
required	VBN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
senate	NN
could	MD
leave	VB
such	PDT
a	DT
determination	NN
to	TO
school	NN
administration	NN
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
the	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
president	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
opinion	NN
that	IN
the	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
does	VBZ
have	VB
the	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
time	NN
allotted	JJ
.	.
Expenditures	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
made	VBN
only	RB
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
budget	NN
.	.
Revisions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
budget	NN
may	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
as	IN
frequently	RB
as	RB
necessary	JJ
.	.
Revisions	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
membership	NN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
manner	NN
as	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
budget	NN
.	.
As	IN
stated	VBN
above	IN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
state	NN
requirement	NN
regarding	VBG
budgets	NNS
for	IN
individual	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
county	NN
elects	VBZ
to	TO
require	VB
individual	JJ
schools	NNS
to	TO
create	VB
and	CC
submit	VB
budgets	NNS
,	,
the	DT
county	NN
may	MD
determine	VB
what	WP
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
included	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
budgets	NNS
.	.
Seventy-five	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
profits	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
healthy	JJ
beverages	NNS
and	CC
soft	JJ
drinks	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
allocated	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
majority	NN
vote	NN
of	IN
the	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
of	IN
each	DT
school	NN
and	CC
twenty-five	JJ
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
profits	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
healthy	JJ
beverages	NNS
and	CC
soft	JJ
drinks	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
allocated	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
purchase	NN
of	IN
necessary	JJ
supplies	NNS
by	IN
the	DT
principal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
For	IN
all	DT
purposes	NNS
including	VBG
the	DT
filling	NN
of	IN
vacancies	NNS
and	CC
reduction	NN
in	IN
force	NN
,	,
seniority	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
accumulated	VBN
within	IN
particular	JJ
classification	NN
categories	NNS
of	IN
employment	NN
as	IN
those	DT
classification	NN
categories	NNS
are	VBP
referred	VBN
to	TO
in	IN
section	NN
eight-e	NN
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
:	:
Provided	VBN
,	,
That	DT
when	WRB
implementing	VBG
a	DT
reduction	NN
in	IN
force	NN
,	,
an	DT
employee	NN
with	IN
the	DT
least	JJS
seniority	NN
within	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
classification	NN
category	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
properly	RB
released	VBN
and	CC
placed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
preferred	JJ
recall	NN
list	NN
.	.
The	DT
particular	JJ
classification	NN
title	NN
held	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
employee	NN
within	IN
the	DT
classification	NN
category	NN
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
taken	VBN
into	IN
consideration	NN
when	WRB
implementing	VBG
a	DT
reduction	NN
in	IN
force	NN
.	.
While	IN
this	DT
code	NN
section	NN
does	VBZ
provide	VB
certain	JJ
job	NN
protections	NNS
for	IN
employees	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
off	IN
work	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
compensable	JJ
injuries	NNS
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
language	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
prohibit	VB
the	DT
county	NN
from	IN
properly	RB
terminating	VBG
an	DT
employee	NN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
legitimate	JJ
reduction	NN
in	IN
force	NN
if	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
least	JJS
senior	JJ
employee	NN
in	IN
the	DT
classification	NN
to	TO
be	VB
reduced	VBN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
true	JJ
even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
employee	NN
previously	RB
has	VBZ
been	VBN
off	RP
work	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
compensable	JJ
injury	NN
.	.
See	VB
Rule	NNP
v.	CC
Department	NNP
of	IN
Health	NNP
an	DT
Human	NNP
Resources	NNPS
,	,
Docket	NNP
No.	NNP
00-HHR-080	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
May	NNP
24	CD
,	,
2000	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Records	NNP
indicate	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
had	VBD
a	DT
long	JJ
employment	NN
history	NN
at	IN
the	DT
WVSDB	NNP
.	.
On	IN
or	CC
about	IN
September	NNP
16	CD
,	,
1996	CD
,	,
you	PRP
applied	VBD
for	IN
and	CC
received	VBD
the	DT
position	NN
of	IN
general	JJ
maintenance\/groundsman	NN
after	IN
having	VBG
passed	VBN
the	DT
applicable	JJ
competency	NN
exam	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Due	JJ
to	TO
various	JJ
conflicts	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
were	VBD
assigned	VBN
to	TO
several	JJ
different	JJ
supervisors	NNS
and	CC
work	NN
locations	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
.	.
On	IN
or	CC
about	IN
April	NNP
2	CD
,	,
2001	CD
,	,
you	PRP
were	VBD
assigned	VBN
to	TO
perform	VB
general	JJ
maintenance\/groundsman	NN
duties	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
Blind	NNP
School	NNP
complex	NN
under	IN
the	DT
supervision	NN
of	IN
Principal	NN
Connie	NNP
Newhouse	NNP
.	.
After	IN
Ms.	NNP
Newhouse	NNP
evaluated	VBD
you	PRP
on	IN
or	CC
about	IN
April	NNP
22	CD
,	,
2002	CD
,	,
she	PRP
determined	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
duties	NNS
you	PRP
had	VBD
actually	RB
performed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
Blind	NNP
School	NNP
complex	NN
more	RBR
closely	RB
matched	VBN
the	DT
code	NN
description	NN
for	IN
the	DT
classification	NN
of	IN
custodian	NN
.	.
On	IN
April	NNP
23	CD
,	,
2002	CD
,	,
you	PRP
signed	VBD
an	DT
agreement	NN
acknowledging	VBG
your	PRP$
assent	NN
to	TO
the	DT
change	NN
in	IN
classification	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
you	PRP
have	VBP
performed	VBN
the	DT
duties	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
custodian	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Blind	NNP
School	NNP
complex	JJ
since	IN
April	NNP
2002	CD
.	.
Recently	RB
,	,
the	DT
WVSDB	NNP
hired	VBD
a	DT
custodian	NN
to	TO
work	VB
at	IN
the	DT
Blind	NNP
School	NNP
cafeteria	NN
.	.
The	DT
position	NN
will	MD
expire	VB
by	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
terms	NNS
on	IN
July	NNP
1	CD
,	,
2005	CD
.	.
The	DT
WVSDB	NNP
has	VBZ
determined	VBN
that	IN
this	DT
position	NN
will	MD
be	VB
permanently	RB
eliminated	VBN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
custodians	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
blind	JJ
students	NNS
?	.
dormitory	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Blind	NNP
School	NNP
building	NN
will	MD
divide	VB
and	CC
assume	VB
the	DT
custodial	JJ
duties	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
Blind	NNP
School	NNP
cafeteria	NN
.	.
This	DT
means	VBZ
that	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
assume	VB
some	DT
of	IN
these	DT
duties	NNS
,	,
primarily	RB
cleaning	VBG
the	DT
cafeteria	NN
on	IN
a	DT
rotating	VBG
basis	NN
.	.
After	IN
learning	VBG
that	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
asked	VBN
to	TO
assume	VB
additional	JJ
responsibilities	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
Blind	NNP
School	NNP
cafeteria	NN
,	,
you	PRP
formally	RB
asked	VBD
Superintendent	NNP
Jane	NNP
McBride	NNP
to	TO
reclassify	VB
you	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
general	JJ
maintenance\/groundsman	NN
once	RB
again	RB
.	.
Superintendent	NNP
McBride	NNP
has	VBZ
denied	VBN
your	PRP$
request	NN
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
stated	VBN
,	,
in	IN
your	PRP$
correspondence	NN
to	TO
me	PRP
,	,
that	IN
you	PRP
believe	VBP
you	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
illegally	RB
classified	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
custodian	NN
.	.
You	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
feel	VB
that	IN
the	DT
WVSDB	NNP
had	VBD
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
reclassify	VB
you	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
custodian	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Blind	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
Rather	RB
,	,
you	PRP
allege	VBP
that	IN
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
WVSDB	NNP
created	VBD
a	DT
new	JJ
custodial	JJ
position	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Blind	NNP
School	NNP
which	WDT
should	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
posted	VBN
and	CC
2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
improper	JJ
to	TO
reclassify	VB
you	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
custodian	NN
because	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
never	RB
taken	VBN
the	DT
custodian	NN
competency	NN
exam	NN
.	.
You	PRP
also	RB
express	VBP
concern	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
lost	VBN
your	PRP$
seniority	NN
as	IN
a	DT
general	JJ
maintenance\/groundsman	NN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
reclassification	NN
as	IN
a	DT
custodian	NN
.	.
The	DT
county	NN
boards	NNS
shall	MD
review	VB
each	DT
service	NN
personnel	NNS
employee	NN
job	NN
classification	NN
annually	RB
and	CC
shall	MD
reclassify	VB
all	DT
service	NN
employees	NNS
as	IN
required	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
job	NN
classifications	NNS
.	.
The	DT
state	NN
superintendent	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
may	MD
withhold	VB
state	NN
funds	NNS
appropriated	VBN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
this	DT
article	NN
for	IN
salaries	NNS
for	IN
service	NN
personnel	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
improperly	RB
classified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
boards	NNS
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
superintendent	NN
shall	MD
order	VB
county	NN
boards	NNS
to	TO
correct	VB
immediately	RB
any	DT
improper	JJ
classification	NN
matter	NN
and	CC
with	IN
the	DT
assistance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
attorney	NN
general	NN
shall	MD
take	VB
any	DT
legal	JJ
action	NN
necessary	JJ
against	IN
any	DT
county	NN
board	NN
to	TO
enforce	VB
the	DT
order	NN
.	.
The	DT
county	NN
board	NN
shall	MD
establish	VB
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
calendar	NN
days	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
date	NN
the	DT
employee	NN
left	VBD
the	DT
class	NN
title	NN
or	CC
category	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
in	IN
question	NN
and	CC
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
return	NN
to	TO
the	DT
class	NN
title	NN
or	CC
classification	NN
category	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
.	.
This	DT
number	NN
of	IN
days	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
added	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
employee	NN
's	POS
initial	JJ
seniority	NN
date	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
beginning	NN
seniority	NN
date	NN
within	IN
the	DT
class	NN
title	NN
or	CC
classification	NN
category	NN
.	.
The	DT
employee	NN
shall	MD
then	RB
be	VB
considered	VBN
as	IN
having	VBG
held	VBN
uninterrupted	JJ
service	NN
within	IN
the	DT
class	NN
title	NN
or	CC
classification	NN
category	NN
from	IN
the	DT
newly	RB
established	VBN
seniority	NN
date	NN
.	.
The	DT
seniority	NN
of	IN
an	DT
employee	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
had	VBN
a	DT
break	NN
in	IN
the	DT
accumulation	NN
of	IN
seniority	NN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
willfully	RB
absent	JJ
from	IN
employment	NN
duties	NNS
because	IN
of	IN
a	DT
concerted	JJ
work	NN
stoppage	NN
or	CC
strike	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
calculated	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
manner	NN
.	.
When	WRB
conducting	VBG
a	DT
RIF	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
reduction	NN
in	IN
force	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
within	IN
the	DT
aide	NN
classification	NN
,	,
how	WRB
must	MD
a	DT
school	NN
district	NN
treat	VB
a	DT
multi-classified	JJ
aide\/autism	NN
mentor	NN
who	WP
,	,
by	IN
virtue	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
seniority	NN
,	,
would	MD
be	VB
RIFed	VBN
based	VBN
upon	IN
her	PRP$
relative	JJ
seniority	NN
as	IN
an	DT
aide	NN
?	.
If	IN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
reduce	VB
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
employees	NNS
within	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
job	NN
classification	NN
,	,
the	DT
employee	NN
with	IN
the	DT
least	JJS
amount	NN
of	IN
seniority	NN
within	IN
that	DT
classification	NN
or	CC
grades	NNS
of	IN
classification	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
properly	RB
released	VBN
and	CC
employed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
different	JJ
grade	NN
of	IN
that	DT
classification	NN
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
job	NN
vacancy	NN
:	:
Provided	VBN
,	,
That	IN
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
job	NN
vacancy	NN
for	IN
employment	NN
within	IN
the	DT
classification	NN
or	CC
grades	NNS
of	IN
classification	NN
,	,
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
shall	MD
be	VB
employed	VBN
in	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
job	NN
classification	NN
which	WDT
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
previously	RB
held	VBD
with	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
vacancy	NN
and	CC
shall	MD
retain	VB
any	DT
seniority	NN
accrued	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
job	NN
classification	NN
or	CC
grade	NN
of	IN
classification	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
scenario	NN
you	PRP
set	VBD
forth	RB
,	,
the	DT
Pocahontas	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
must	MD
reduce	VB
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
aides	NNS
it	PRP
employs	VBZ
.	.
The	DT
least	JJS
senior	JJ
aide	NN
subject	NN
to	TO
release	NN
has	VBZ
more	JJR
overall	JJ
seniority	NN
than	IN
another	DT
employee	NN
currently	RB
working	VBG
as	IN
an	DT
aide\/autism	NN
mentor	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
note	VB
that	IN
though	IN
the	DT
more	JJR
senior	JJ
aide	NN
in	IN
question	NN
has	VBZ
met	VBN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
to	TO
become	VB
an	DT
aide\/autism	NN
mentor	NN
,	,
she	PRP
has	VBZ
never	RB
been	VBN
employed	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
autism	NN
mentor	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
she	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
hold	VB
the	DT
multiclassification	NN
status	NN
of	IN
autism	NN
mentor	NN
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
reduce	VB
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
employees	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
job	NN
classification	NN
,	,
it	PRP
must	MD
look	VB
to	TO
the	DT
employee	NN
with	IN
the	DT
least	JJS
amount	NN
of	IN
seniority	NN
in	IN
the	DT
classification	NN
and	CC
release	NN
that	WDT
employee	NN
.	.
Here	RB
,	,
the	DT
least	JJS
senior	JJ
aide	NN
happens	VBZ
to	TO
have	VB
more	JJR
seniority	NN
than	IN
a	DT
multiclassified	JJ
aide\/autism	NN
mentor	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
least	JJS
senior	JJ
aide	NN
is	VBZ
still	RB
the	DT
proper	JJ
employee	NN
to	TO
release	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
aide\/autism	NN
mentor	NN
were	VBD
released	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
aide	NN
placed	VBN
into	IN
her	PRP$
position	NN
,	,
she	PRP
would	MD
,	,
in	IN
essence	NN
,	,
be	VB
receiving	VBG
a	DT
promotion	NN
via	IN
the	DT
reduction	NN
in	IN
force	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
an	DT
aide	NN
IV	NNP
is	VBZ
paid	VBN
at	IN
paygrade	NN
D	NNP
and	CC
an	DT
aide\/autism	NN
mentor	NN
is	VBZ
paid	VBN
at	IN
paygrade	NN
E	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
inappropriate	JJ
to	TO
award	NN
an	DT
employee	NN
with	IN
a	DT
promotion	NN
simply	RB
because	IN
the	DT
classification	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
currently	RB
works	VBZ
has	VBZ
been	VBN
reduced	VBN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
throughout	IN
this	DT
analysis	NN
,	,
we	PRP
must	MD
not	RB
lose	VB
sight	NN
of	IN
the	DT
undeniable	JJ
fact	NN
that	IN
autistic	JJ
children	NNS
respond	VBP
poorly	RB
to	TO
change	VB
in	IN
routine	JJ
and	CC
have	VBP
inherit	VB
difficulty	NN
in	IN
forming	VBG
relationships	NNS
with	IN
strangers	NNS
.	.
If	IN
we	PRP
were	VBD
to	TO
construe	VB
the	DT
personnel	NNS
laws	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
to	TO
negatively	RB
impact	VB
the	DT
educational	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
autistic	JJ
children	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
would	MD
truly	RB
do	VB
a	DT
disservice	NN
to	TO
these	DT
uniquely	RB
situated	VBN
students	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
in	IN
consideration	NN
of	IN
all	PDT
these	DT
factors	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
opinion	NN
that	IN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
situation	NN
you	PRP
describe	VBP
,	,
the	DT
multiclassified	JJ
aide\/autism	NN
mentor	NN
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
displaced	VBN
in	IN
conducting	VBG
a	DT
reduction	NN
in	IN
force	NN
in	IN
the	DT
aide	NN
classification	NN
.	.
I	PRP
presume	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
referring	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
process	NN
whereby	WRB
a	DT
county	NN
determines	VBZ
which	WDT
employee	NN
in	IN
a	DT
school	NN
building	NN
will	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
notice	NN
of	IN
a	DT
transfer	NN
when	WRB
the	DT
overall	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
positions	NNS
within	IN
a	DT
classification	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
reduced	VBN
.	.
This	DT
policy	NN
of	IN
categorizing	VBG
its	PRP$
aides	NNS
into	IN
program	NN
areas	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
making	VBG
transfer	NN
decisions	NNS
was	VBD
upheld	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Grievance	NNP
Board	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
measure	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
need	NN
to	TO
reduce	VB
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
service	NN
employees	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
building	NN
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
permissible	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
county	NN
to	TO
look	VB
to	TO
the	DT
least	JJS
senior	JJ
similarly	RB
classified	VBN
employee	NN
in	IN
a	DT
building	NN
.	.
Service	NNP
Association	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
unable	JJ
to	TO
specifically	RB
determine	VB
whether	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
permissible	JJ
exercise	NN
of	IN
county	NN
discretion	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
scenarios	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
above	IN
,	,
the	DT
displacement	NN
of	IN
one	CD
service	NN
employee	NN
by	IN
another	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
contrary	JJ
to	TO
law	NN
.	.
The	DT
individual	JJ
holding	VBG
the	DT
aide\/autism	NN
mentor	NN
position	NN
is	VBZ
currently	RB
providing	VBG
services	NNS
to	TO
an	DT
autistic	JJ
child	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
fully	RB
utilizing	VBG
her	PRP$
knowledge	NN
,	,
skill	NN
and	CC
experience	NN
as	IN
an	DT
autism	NN
mentor	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
unlikely	JJ
that	IN
a	DT
significant	JJ
lapse	NN
in	IN
competent	JJ
services	NNS
from	IN
an	DT
autism	NN
mentor	NN
would	MD
occur	VB
should	MD
the	DT
current	JJ
aide\/autism	NN
mentor	NN
be	VB
RIFed	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
position	NN
filled	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
more	RBR
senior	JJ
aide	NN
with	IN
little	JJ
or	CC
no	DT
autism	NN
mentor	NN
training	NN
or	CC
experience	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
event	NN
a	DT
multiclassified	VBN
employee	NN
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
reduction	NN
in	IN
force	NN
in	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
,	,
but	CC
less	JJR
than	IN
all	DT
,	,
of	IN
the	DT
categories	NNS
composing	VBG
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
multiclassification	NN
title	NN
,	,
such	JJ
employee	NN
remains	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
employ	VBP
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
with	IN
those	DT
categories	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
reduction	NN
in	IN
force	NN
being	VBG
deleted	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
employee	NN
's	POS
multiclassification	NN
title	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
as	IN
noted	VBN
above	IN
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18A-4-8	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
i	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
14	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
requires	VBZ
that	IN
any	DT
service	NN
employee	NN
working	VBG
as	IN
an	DT
autism	NN
mentor	NN
hold	VBP
a	DT
multiclassification	NN
status	NN
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
the	DT
titles	NNS
of	IN
both	DT
aide	NN
and	CC
autism	NN
mentor	NN
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
this	DT
,	,
the	DT
aide	NN
classification	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
deleted	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
aide\/autism	NN
mentor	NN
title	NN
.	.
While	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
different	JJ
standard	NN
than	IN
that	DT
applied	VBN
to	TO
other	JJ
multiclassified	JJ
titles	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
difference	NN
is	VBZ
justified	JJ
considering	VBG
both	CC
the	DT
wording	NN
of	IN
Code	NNP
18A-4-8	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
i	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
14	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
the	DT
reality	NN
that	WDT
autistic	JJ
children	NNS
often	RB
experience	VBP
severe	JJ
negative	JJ
reactions	NNS
to	TO
any	DT
change	NN
in	IN
structure	NN
or	CC
routine	JJ
,	,
including	VBG
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
delivery	NN
of	IN
educational	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
In	IN
consideration	NN
of	IN
all	PDT
these	DT
factors	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
opinion	NN
that	IN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
situation	NN
you	PRP
describe	VBP
,	,
the	DT
multiclassified	JJ
aide\/autism	NN
mentor	NN
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
displaced	VBN
in	IN
conducting	VBG
a	DT
reduction	NN
in	IN
force	NN
in	IN
the	DT
aide	NN
classification	NN
.	.
Legislature	NNP
during	IN
its	PRP$
2003	CD
session	NN
,	,
and	CC
became	VBD
effective	JJ
on	IN
June	NNP
6	CD
,	,
2003	CD
.	.
The	DT
department	NN
of	IN
education	NN
recommends	VBZ
that	IN
school	NN
principals	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
aides	NNS
assigned	VBN
to	TO
their	PRP$
schools	NNS
work	VBP
together	RB
to	TO
reach	VB
a	DT
mutually	RB
satisfactory	JJ
arrangement	NN
that	WDT
effectively	RB
meets	VBZ
student	NN
needs	NNS
and	CC
complies	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
code	NN
section	NN
.	.
In	IN
researching	VBG
the	DT
law	NN
on	IN
this	DT
issue	NN
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
unable	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
any	DT
statute	NN
,	,
policy	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
law	NN
requiring	VBG
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
to	TO
deduct	VB
association	NN
dues	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
net	JJ
wages	NNS
of	IN
its	PRP$
employees	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
your	PRP$
organization	NN
must	MD
resolve	VB
this	DT
matter	NN
at	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
level	NN
.	.
In	IN
each	DT
scenario	NN
you	PRP
present	VBP
,	,
the	DT
driver	NN
reports	VBZ
to	TO
work	VB
on	IN
a	DT
given	VBN
day	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
shift	NN
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
works	VBZ
continues	VBZ
into	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
calendar	NN
day	NN
.	.
The	DT
driver	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
report	VB
to	TO
work	VB
on	IN
two	CD
separate	JJ
days	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
,	,
in	IN
both	DT
scenarios	NNS
you	PRP
present	RB
,	,
the	DT
driver	NN
is	VBZ
entitled	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
paid	VBN
only	RB
for	IN
the	DT
actual	JJ
hours	NNS
worked	VBD
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
scenario	NN
,	,
the	DT
driver	NN
is	VBZ
entitled	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
paid	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
total	NN
of	IN
six	CD
and	CC
one-half	JJ
hours	NNS
of	IN
work	NN
-	:
six	CD
hours	NNS
of	IN
work	NN
on	IN
Friday	NNP
and	CC
one-half	JJ
hour	NN
of	IN
work	NN
on	IN
Saturday	NNP
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
ensure	VB
that	IN
the	DT
driver	NN
receives	VBZ
at	IN
least	JJS
one	CD
full	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
pay	NN
for	IN
the	DT
shift	NN
beginning	VBG
on	IN
Friday	NNP
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
scenario	NN
,	,
the	DT
driver	NN
would	MD
be	VB
entitled	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
paid	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
total	NN
of	IN
eight	CD
hours	NNS
of	IN
work	NN
-	:
four	CD
hours	NNS
of	IN
work	NN
on	IN
Saturday	NNP
and	CC
four	CD
hours	NNS
of	IN
work	NN
on	IN
Sunday	NNP
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
ensure	VB
that	IN
the	DT
driver	NN
receives	VBZ
at	IN
least	JJS
a	DT
full	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
pay	NN
for	IN
the	DT
shift	NN
beginning	VBG
on	IN
Saturday	NNP
.	.
School	NNP
instructors	NNS
.	.
Specifically	RB
,	,
you	PRP
ask	VBP
whether	IN
Mason	NNP
County	NNP
teachers	NNS
who	WP
obtain	VB
positions	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
Adult	NNP
Night	NNP
School	NNP
Program	NNP
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
paid	VBN
their	PRP$
regular	JJ
daily	JJ
rate	NN
,	,
or	CC
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
permissible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
county	NN
to	TO
set	VB
an	DT
alternate	JJ
hourly	JJ
rate	NN
of	IN
pay	NN
for	IN
the	DT
positions	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
clear	JJ
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
requirement	NN
that	IN
a	DT
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
pay	NN
teachers	NNS
their	PRP$
regular	JJ
hourly	JJ
rate	NN
for	IN
services	NNS
performed	VBN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
an	DT
extracurricular	JJ
contract	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
permissible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
county	NN
to	TO
set	VB
an	DT
alternate	JJ
hourly	JJ
rate	NN
of	IN
pay	NN
.	.
The	DT
rate	NN
of	IN
pay	NN
for	IN
an	DT
extracurricular	JJ
contract	NN
must	MD
,	,
however	RB
,	,
be	VB
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
a	DT
written	VBN
agreement	NN
signed	VBN
by	IN
both	DT
parties	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
agreement	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
school	NN
based	VBN
extracurricular	JJ
position	NN
can	MD
truly	RB
only	RB
be	VB
performed	VBN
by	IN
personnel	NNS
already	RB
assigned	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
Lead	JJ
Teacher	NN
or	CC
Lunchroom	NNP
Supervisor	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
permissible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
position	NN
to	TO
be	VB
posted	VBN
only	RB
at	IN
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
Posting	VBG
the	DT
positions	NNS
elsewhere	RB
in	IN
the	DT
county	NN
would	MD
be	VB
an	DT
exercise	NN
in	IN
futility	NN
if	IN
only	RB
those	DT
employees	NNS
already	RB
assigned	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
can	MD
perform	VB
the	DT
job	NN
duties	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
provision	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
law	NN
which	WDT
requires	VBZ
extracurricular	JJ
positions	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
these	DT
to	TO
be	VB
re-posted	JJ
annually	RB
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
position	NN
continues	VBZ
from	IN
one	CD
year	NN
to	TO
the	DT
next	JJ
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
successful	JJ
applicant	NN
may	MD
continue	VB
in	IN
the	DT
position	NN
from	IN
year	NN
to	TO
year	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
beneficial	JJ
for	IN
counties	NNS
to	TO
post	VB
these	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
vacancies	NNS
on	IN
an	DT
annual	JJ
basis	NN
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
anticipated	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
job	NN
duties	NNS
will	MD
change	VB
from	IN
year	NN
to	TO
year	NN
,	,
or	CC
if	IN
the	DT
county	NN
anticipates	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
job	NN
might	MD
not	RB
be	VB
indefinitely	RB
sustainable	JJ
due	JJ
to	TO
financial	JJ
constraints	NNS
,	,
lack	NN
of	IN
need	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
reasons	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
the	DT
clear	JJ
intent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
to	TO
deduct	VB
the	DT
amount	NN
the	DT
employee	NN
receives	VBZ
from	IN
a	DT
court	NN
for	IN
service	NN
on	IN
a	DT
jury	NN
from	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
salary	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
employee	NN
by	IN
the	DT
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
thus	RB
paying	VBG
the	DT
employee	NN
the	DT
difference	NN
.	.
You	PRP
explain	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
employed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
under	IN
two	CD
separate	JJ
contracts	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
employed	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
Electronic	JJ
Technician\/Custodian	JJ
III	NNP
for	IN
a	DT
210	CD
day	NN
contract	NN
during	IN
the	DT
regular	JJ
school	NN
term	NN
and	CC
as	IN
a	DT
Custodian	NNP
III	NNP
under	IN
a	DT
30	CD
day	NN
summer	NN
contract	NN
.	.
You	PRP
further	RB
explain	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
frequently	RB
work	VBP
several	JJ
extra	JJ
days	NNS
during	IN
both	DT
your	PRP$
regular	JJ
and	CC
summer	NN
contract	NN
terms	NNS
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
30	CD
day	NN
contract	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
summer	NN
contract	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
separate	JJ
and	CC
distinct	JJ
from	IN
your	PRP$
regular	JJ
employment	NN
contract	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
regular	JJ
employment	NN
activities	NNS
have	VBP
no	DT
bearing	NN
on	IN
your	PRP$
summer	NN
classification	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
summer	NN
employment	NN
activities	NNS
must	MD
match	VB
those	DT
of	IN
another	DT
classification	NN
in	IN
order	NN
for	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
multiclassified	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
summer	NN
.	.
See	VB
Gunnoe	NNP
v.	CC
Raleigh	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
,	,
Docket	NNP
No.	NN
97-41-302	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
October	NNP
30	CD
,	,
1997	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
reaching	VBG
the	DT
decision	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Bright	NNP
case	NN
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
further	JJ
provided	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
the	DT
factual	JJ
analysis	NN
conducted	VBN
by	IN
school	NN
administrators	NNS
should	MD
seek	VB
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
the	DT
previous	JJ
nonpublic	JJ
school	NN
employment	NN
substantially	RB
corresponds	VBZ
to	TO
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
categories	NNS
of	IN
``	``
professional	JJ
educator	NN
''	''
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18A-1-1	NNP
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
Bright	NNP
case	NN
,	,
this	DT
analysis	NN
included	VBD
a	DT
consideration	NN
of	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
teacher	NN
in	IN
question	NN
had	VBD
been	VBN
assigned	VBN
and	CC
performed	VBN
the	DT
full	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
responsibilities	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
degreed	JJ
teacher	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
days	NNS
worked	VBD
,	,
preparation	NN
of	IN
lesson	NN
plans	NNS
,	,
supervision	NN
of	IN
teachers	NNS
aides	NNS
and	CC
parent	NN
volunteers	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
You	PRP
go	VBP
on	IN
to	TO
explain	VB
that	DT
permitting	VBG
this	DT
practice	NN
would	MD
save	VB
thousands	NNS
of	IN
pages	NNS
of	IN
paper	NN
annually	RB
as	IN
each	DT
job	NN
vacancy	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
posted	VBN
has	VBZ
a	DT
multi-page	JJ
description	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
physically	RB
attached	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
posting	VBG
in	IN
every	DT
work	NN
location	NN
in	IN
Kanawha	NNP
County	NNP
.	.
Significantly	RB
,	,
both	DT
of	IN
these	DT
code	NN
sections	NNS
provide	VBP
that	IN
job	NN
vacancies	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
in	IN
conspicuous	JJ
working	VBG
places	NNS
for	IN
school	NN
personnel	NNS
to	TO
observe	VB
,	,
neither	DT
specifically	RB
mandates	VBZ
how	WRB
the	DT
vacancies	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
posted	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
wish	VB
to	TO
encourage	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
to	TO
enhance	VB
services	NNS
and	CC
reduce	VB
administrative	JJ
costs	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
county	NN
level	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
counties	NNS
must	MD
also	RB
ensure	VB
that	IN
employees	NNS
without	IN
access	NN
to	TO
technology	NN
are	VBP
not	RB
hindered	VBN
from	IN
accessing	VBG
information	NN
about	IN
job	NN
vacancies	NNS
and	CC
job	NN
descriptions	NNS
.	.
Specifically	RB
,	,
you	PRP
explain	VBP
that	IN
,	,
in	IN
your	PRP$
county	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
multi-classified	JJ
aides	NNS
and\/or	CC
secretaries	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
received	VBN
specialized	VBN
health	NN
care	NN
procedures	NNS
training	NN
and	CC
who	WP
are	VBP
currently	RB
providing	VBG
specialized	VBN
health	NN
care	NN
services	NNS
to	TO
approved	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
ask	VBP
whether	IN
these	DT
employees	NNS
are	VBP
entitled	VBN
to	TO
additional	JJ
pay	NN
for	IN
performing	VBG
the	DT
specialized	VBN
health	NN
care	NN
procedures	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
interpretation	NN
that	IN
any	DT
aide	NN
or	CC
secretary	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
properly	RB
trained	VBN
and	CC
approved	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
specialized	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
procedures	NNS
,	,
and	CC
who	WP
does	VBZ
provide	VB
the	DT
procedures	NNS
,	,
is	VBZ
entitled	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
paid	VBN
one	CD
pay	NN
grade	NN
higher	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
highest	JJS
pay	NN
grade	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
employee	NN
is	VBZ
otherwise	RB
paid	VBN
.	.
This	DT
rule	NN
applies	VBZ
to	TO
both	DT
multi-classified	JJ
service	NN
employees	NNS
and	CC
those	DT
service	NN
employees	NNS
working	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
classification	NN
area	NN
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
employee	NN
in	IN
question	NN
is	VBZ
multi-classified	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
Secretary	NNP
III\/Accountant	NNP
II	NNP
,	,
and	CC
dispenses	VBZ
medications	NNS
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
his\/her	NN
duties	NNS
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
employee	NN
will	MD
be	VB
paid	VBN
at	IN
paygrade	NN
G.	NNP
If	IN
the	DT
employee	NN
in	IN
question	NN
is	VBZ
multi-classified	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
Supervisory	NNP
Aide	NNP
III\/Autism	NNP
Mentor	NNP
,	,
and	CC
dispenses	VBZ
medications	NNS
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
his\/her	NN
duties	NNS
,	,
then	RB
he\/she	RB
will	MD
be	VB
paid	VBN
at	IN
paygrade	NN
G.	NNP
As	IN
I	PRP
understand	VBP
the	DT
scenario	NN
you	PRP
set	VBD
forth	RB
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
entitled	VBN
to	TO
any	DT
additional	JJ
compensation	NN
for	IN
working	VBG
on	IN
a	DT
make-up	NN
day	NN
.	.
A	DT
day	NN
lost	VBD
due	JJ
to	TO
snow	NN
will	MD
necessarily	RB
be	VB
scheduled	VBN
to	TO
made	VBN
up	RP
on	IN
a	DT
day	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
already	RB
included	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
paid	VBN
day	NN
within	IN
your	PRP$
employment	NN
term	NN
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
teachers	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
required	VBN
to	TO
report	VB
to	TO
work	VB
on	IN
a	DT
snow	NN
day	NN
,	,
that	DT
day	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
vacation	NN
day	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
included	VBN
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
employment	NN
contract	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
are	VBP
paid	VBN
.	.
Working	VBG
on	IN
both	DT
the	DT
make-up	NN
day	NN
and	CC
the	DT
snow	NN
day	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
add	VB
any	DT
days	NNS
to	TO
your	PRP$
employment	NN
term	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
no	DT
additional	JJ
compensation	NN
will	MD
be	VB
owed	VBN
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
Services	NNPS
,	,
Maintenance	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Transportation	NNP
was	VBD
not	RB
an	DT
Executive	NNP
Secretary	NNP
because	IN
the	DT
assistant	NN
superintendent	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
an	DT
administrator	NN
who	WP
was	VBD
assigned	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
position	NN
characterized	VBN
by	IN
significant	JJ
administrative	JJ
duties	NNS
.	.
As	IN
such	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
unlikely	JJ
that	IN
a	DT
school	NN
principal	NN
would	MD
be	VB
deemed	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
significant	JJ
administrative	JJ
duties	NNS
by	IN
the	DT
Grievance	NNP
Board	NNP
.	.
No.	NN
.	.
A	DT
county	NN
should	MD
post	VB
positions	NNS
according	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
specific	JJ
staffing	NN
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
.	.
As	IN
set	VBN
forth	RB
above	IN
,	,
any	DT
person	NN
employed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
public	JJ
schools	NNS
as	IN
an	DT
Aide	NN
I	PRP
,	,
II	NNP
,	,
III	NNP
,	,
or	CC
IV	NNP
who	WP
assists	VBZ
teachers	NNS
in	IN
instructing	VBG
students	NNS
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
paraprofessional	NN
as	IN
that	DT
term	NN
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
in	IN
NCLB	NNP
.	.
NCLB	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
require	VB
that	IN
counties	NNS
hire	VBP
only	RB
those	DT
individuals	NNS
who	WP
meet	VBP
the	DT
qualifications	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
subgroup	NN
of	IN
paraprofessionals	NNS
defined	VBN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Policy	NNP
5202	CD
at	IN
section	NN
25	CD
.	.
Past	JJ
county	NN
practice	NN
may	MD
be	VB
significant	JJ
in	IN
this	DT
area	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
county	NN
has	VBZ
provided	VBN
more	RBR
generous	JJ
upgrade	NN
privileges	NNS
than	IN
those	DT
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
question	NN
number	NN
2	CD
,	,
above	RB
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
county	NN
likely	RB
will	MD
be	VB
bound	VBN
to	TO
follow	VB
those	DT
same	JJ
procedures	NNS
when	WRB
dealing	VBG
with	IN
all	DT
similarly	RB
situated	VBN
employees	NNS
.	.
Yes	UH
.	.
The	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
NCLB	NNP
apply	VB
to	TO
all	DT
school	NN
staff	NN
members	NNS
with	IN
instructional	JJ
duties	NNS
in	IN
any	DT
program	NN
supported	VBN
by	IN
Title	NNP
I	PRP
funds	NNS
.	.
For	IN
a	DT
schoolwide	JJ
Title	NN
I	PRP
school	VBP
,	,
this	DT
means	VBZ
all	DT
such	JJ
employees	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
with	IN
instructional	JJ
duties	NNS
without	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
source	NN
of	IN
funding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
positions	NNS
.	.
Does	VBZ
the	DT
aide	NN
with	IN
the	DT
most	JJS
seniority	NN
fill	VB
the	DT
position	NN
?	.
In	IN
a	DT
second	JJ
scenario	NN
,	,
a	DT
kindergarten	NN
aide	NN
position	NN
is	VBZ
posted	VBN
,	,
an	DT
aide	NN
with	IN
10	CD
years	NNS
seniority	NN
applies	VBZ
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
a	DT
paraprofessional	JJ
with	IN
one	CD
year	NN
or	CC
less	JJR
seniority	NN
,	,
who	WP
gets	VBZ
the	DT
position	NN
?	.
Yes	UH
,	,
coaching	NN
positions	NNS
held	VBN
by	IN
individuals	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
not	RB
currently	RB
employed	VBN
certified	VBN
professional	JJ
educators	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
every	DT
year	NN
.	.
In	IN
implementing	VBG
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18A-3-2a	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Policy	NNP
5202	CD
,	,
Minimum	NNP
Requirements	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Licensure	NN
of	IN
Professional\/Paraprofessional	NNP
Personnel	NNP
and	CC
Advanced	NNP
Salary	NNP
Classifications	NNPS
,	,
in	IN
section	NN
23.1.3	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
B	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
provides	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
coaching	NN
authorization	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
renewed	VBN
unless	IN
the	DT
applicant	NN
for	IN
the	DT
authorization	NN
receives	VBZ
the	DT
recommendation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
verifying	VBG
that	IN
no	DT
currently	RB
employed	VBN
certified	VBN
professional	JJ
educator	NN
has	VBZ
applied	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
position	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
position	NN
were	VBD
not	RB
posted	VBN
on	IN
an	DT
annual	JJ
basis	NN
,	,
the	DT
coaching	NN
authorizations	NNS
of	IN
individuals	NNS
who	WP
do	VBP
not	RB
hold	VB
teacher	NN
licensure	NN
could	MD
not	RB
be	VB
renewed	VBN
because	IN
these	DT
renewal	NN
requirements	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
Policy	NN
5202	CD
could	MD
not	RB
be	VB
met	VBN
.	.
If	IN
applicant	NN
B	NNP
holds	VBZ
a	DT
professional	JJ
teaching	NN
certificate	NN
,	,
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
will	MD
have	VB
priority	NN
status	NN
as	IN
a	DT
currently	RB
employed	VBN
professional	JJ
educator	NN
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18A-4-16	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
applies	VBZ
only	RB
to	TO
service	NN
personnel	NNS
extracurricular	JJ
assignments	NNS
.	.
Coaching	NN
positions	NNS
,	,
though	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
extracurricular	JJ
positions	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
not	RB
service	NN
personnel	NNS
positions	NNS
.	.
Again	RB
,	,
these	DT
individuals	NNS
are	VBP
granted	VBN
coaching	NN
authorizations	NNS
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18A-3-2a	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
provides	VBZ
that	IN
such	JJ
certificates	NNS
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
given	VBN
permanent	JJ
status	NN
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
persons	NNS
holding	VBG
them	PRP
must	MD
meet	VB
renewal	NN
requirements	NNS
provided	VBN
by	IN
law	NN
and	CC
regulation	NN
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18A-4-8b	NNP
applies	VBZ
solely	RB
to	TO
service	NN
personnel	NNS
positions	NNS
.	.
Coaching	NN
positions	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
filled	VBN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
criteria	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
therein	RB
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
logical	JJ
conclusion	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
service	NN
personnel	NNS
extracurricular	JJ
assignments	NNS
are	VBP
only	RB
those	DT
extracurricular	JJ
assignments	NNS
that	WDT
relate	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
employment	NN
classifications	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18A-4-8	NNP
.	.
Question	NN
3	CD
.	.
Does	VBZ
an	DT
out-of-county	JJ
licensed	JJ
teacher	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
not	RB
an	DT
employee	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
school	NN
district	NN
have	VBP
priority	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
their	PRP$
professional	JJ
licensure	NN
over	IN
an	DT
employee	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
district	NN
holding	VBG
WVSSAC	NNP
certification	NN
and	CC
currently	RB
serving	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
coaching	NN
position	NN
?	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18A-4-16	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
applies	VBZ
only	RB
to	TO
service	NN
personnel	NNS
extracurricular	JJ
assignments	NNS
.	.
Coaching	NN
positions	NNS
,	,
though	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
extracurricular	JJ
positions	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
not	RB
service	NN
personnel	NNS
positions	NNS
.	.
Service	NNP
personnel	NNS
extracurricular	JJ
assignments	NNS
are	VBP
only	RB
those	DT
extracurricular	JJ
assignments	NNS
that	WDT
relate	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
employment	NN
classifications	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18A-4-8	NNP
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
clear	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
planning	NN
period	NN
is	VBZ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
instructional	JJ
day	NN
during	IN
which	WDT
a	DT
teacher	NN
is	VBZ
compensated	VBN
for	IN
being	VBG
actively	RB
engaged	VBN
in	IN
preparation	NN
activities	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
necessary	JJ
to	TO
effectively	RB
teach	VB
the	DT
prescribed	VBN
content	NN
standards	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
to	TO
students	NNS
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
specific	JJ
methods	NNS
by	IN
which	WDT
this	DT
preparation	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
completed	VBN
are	VBP
not	RB
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
law	NN
or	CC
policy	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
certain	JJ
that	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
include	VB
coaching	NN
at	IN
other	JJ
schools	NNS
,	,
running	VBG
personal	JJ
errands	NNS
,	,
going	VBG
home	NN
to	TO
feed	VB
animals	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
members	NNS
,	,
or	CC
taking	VBG
college	NN
classes	NNS
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
construing	VBG
these	DT
two	CD
provisions	NNS
together	RB
,	,
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
may	MD
not	RB
release	VB
students	NNS
more	JJR
than	IN
two	CD
hours	NNS
early	RB
on	IN
instructional	JJ
days	NNS
.	.
Releasing	VBG
the	DT
students	NNS
earlier	JJR
than	IN
two	CD
hours	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
instructional	JJ
day	NN
would	MD
require	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
bank	NN
time	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
now	RB
expressly	RB
prohibited	VBN
by	IN
law	NN
.	.
Over	IN
the	DT
counter	NN
medications	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
administered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
school	NN
nurse	NN
with	IN
parent	NN
permission	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
county	NN
policy	NN
specifies	VBZ
this	DT
.	.
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
specialized	VBN
skill	NN
and	CC
judgment	NN
are	VBP
needed	VBN
in	IN
determining	VBG
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
to	TO
administer	VB
an	DT
over	IN
the	DT
counter	NN
medication	NN
,	,
this	DT
procedure	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
safely	RB
delegated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
school	NN
nurse	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
commercial	JJ
driver	NN
's	POS
license	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
condition	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
for	IN
any	DT
school	NN
employee	NN
or	CC
qualified	VBN
applicant	NN
who	WP
becomes	VBZ
an	DT
employee	NN
by	IN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
the	DT
cost	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
paid	VBN
in	IN
full	JJ
by	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
unlawful	JJ
for	IN
any	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
to	TO
require	VB
any	DT
employee	NN
or	CC
applicant	NN
who	WP
becomes	VBZ
an	DT
employee	NN
of	IN
the	DT
board	NN
to	TO
pay	VB
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
acquiring	VBG
a	DT
commercial	JJ
driver	NN
's	POS
license	NN
as	IN
a	DT
condition	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
once	IN
the	DT
qualified	VBN
applicant	NN
is	VBZ
employed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
that	IN
board	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
the	DT
fee	NN
for	IN
the	DT
CDL	NNP
,	,
or	CC
,	,
in	IN
essence	NN
,	,
reimburse	VBP
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
the	DT
CDL	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
new	JJ
employee	NN
and	CC
continue	VB
to	TO
pay	VB
the	DT
cost	NN
for	IN
the	DT
renewal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
for	IN
all	DT
such	JJ
employees	NNS
,	,
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18A-2-4	NNP
.	.
Delegates	NNPS
and	CC
a	DT
teacher	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Wetzel	NNP
County	NNP
school	NN
system	NN
.	.
Since	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
in	IN
special	JJ
session	NN
on	IN
several	JJ
occasions	NNS
this	DT
year	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
very	RB
likely	JJ
that	IN
you	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
acquire	VB
one	CD
hundred	CD
thirty-three	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
paid	VBN
employment	NN
as	IN
a	DT
teacher	NN
for	IN
the	DT
2001-2002	JJ
school	NN
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
Legislature	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
less	JJR
clear	JJ
in	IN
addressing	VBG
the	DT
answer	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
question	NN
regarding	VBG
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
and	CC
no	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
Cases	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
found	VBN
that	IN
illuminate	VBP
the	DT
relationship	NN
between	IN
years	NNS
of	IN
service	NN
and	CC
released	VBN
time	NN
for	IN
government	NN
assignments	NNS
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
substitute	NN
teacher	NN
substitutes	NNS
thirty	CD
consecutive	JJ
days	NNS
,	,
not	RB
for	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
teacher	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
he\/she	JJ
entitled	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
thirty-first	JJ
day	NN
to	TO
the	DT
highest	JJS
rate	NN
of	IN
pay	NN
which	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
100	CD
%	NN
of	IN
degree	NN
and	CC
experience	NN
?	.
Provided	VBN
,	,
That	DT
effective	JJ
the	DT
first	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
July	NNP
,	,
two	CD
thousand	CD
one	CD
,	,
an	DT
additional	JJ
twelve	CD
dollars	NNS
per	IN
month	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
added	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
minimum	NN
monthly	JJ
pay	NN
of	IN
each	DT
service	NN
employee	NN
who	WP
holds	VBZ
a	DT
high	JJ
school	NN
diploma	NN
or	CC
its	PRP$
equivalent	NN
.	.
Are	VBP
we	PRP
within	IN
the	DT
law	NN
to	TO
pay	VB
a	DT
driver	NN
$	$
14.00	CD
a	DT
day	NN
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
supplemental	JJ
run	NN
while	IN
other	JJ
drivers	NNS
making	VBG
similar	JJ
runs	NNS
are	VBP
paid	VBN
only	RB
$	$
7.00	CD
per	IN
day	NN
realizing	VBG
they	PRP
bid	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
jobs	NNS
and	CC
accepted	VBD
them	PRP
for	IN
$	$
7.00	CD
per	IN
day	NN
supplemental	JJ
run	NN
?	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
all	DT
drivers	NNS
making	VBG
similar	JJ
supplemental	JJ
runs	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
compensated	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
uniform	JJ
manner	NN
.	.
Unless	IN
the	DT
run	NN
which	WDT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
posted	VBN
at	IN
fourteen	CD
dollars	NNS
per	IN
day	NN
is	VBZ
substantially	RB
longer	JJR
or	CC
more	RBR
difficult	JJ
than	IN
other	JJ
supplemental	JJ
runs	NNS
,	,
then	RB
it	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
proper	JJ
to	TO
pay	VB
the	DT
individual	JJ
making	NN
this	DT
run	NN
at	IN
a	DT
higher	JJR
rate	NN
than	IN
other	JJ
drivers	NNS
making	VBG
similar	JJ
runs	NNS
within	IN
Lincoln	NNP
County	NNP
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
student	NN
populations	NNS
of	IN
elementary	JJ
and	CC
middle	JJ
schools	NNS
are	VBP
significantly	RB
different	JJ
,	,
as	IN
are	VBP
the	DT
required	JJ
curricula	NN
and	CC
teacher	NN
certifications	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
reasonable	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
county	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
that	IN
a	DT
successful	JJ
administrator	NN
must	MD
have	VB
teaching	NN
experience	NN
at	IN
the	DT
grade	NN
level	NN
which	WDT
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
will	MD
supervise	VB
as	IN
an	DT
administrator	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
legal	JJ
authority	NN
either	CC
mandating	VBG
or	CC
prohibiting	VBG
this	DT
requirement	NN
.	.
April	NNP
26	CD
,	,
2001	CD
.	.
You	PRP
stated	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
autistic	JJ
male	JJ
child	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
county	NN
is	VBZ
currently	RB
receiving	VBG
services	NNS
with	IN
one-on-one	JJ
supervision	NN
and	CC
with	IN
guidance	NN
from	IN
the	DT
autism	NN
center	NN
in	IN
Huntington	NNP
.	.
The	DT
child	NN
is	VBZ
now	RB
approaching	VBG
middle	JJ
school	NN
age	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
grown	VBN
substantially	RB
in	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
mother	NN
of	IN
the	DT
child	NN
is	VBZ
now	RB
requesting	VBG
the	DT
services	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
male	JJ
aide	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
personal	JJ
care	NN
services	NNS
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
if	IN
gender	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
bona	NN
fide	NN
occupational	JJ
qualification	NN
for	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
job	NN
,	,
the	DT
job	NN
posting	VBG
can	MD
permissibly	RB
reflect	VB
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
an	DT
applicant	NN
with	IN
that	DT
qualification	NN
.	.
The	DT
posting	VBG
should	MD
describe	VB
the	DT
required	JJ
job	NN
duties	NNS
as	IN
specifically	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
,	,
without	IN
disclosing	VBG
any	DT
confidential	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
students	NNS
,	,
so	RB
that	IN
the	DT
qualification	NN
is	VBZ
adequately	RB
justified	JJ
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
half	NN
time	NN
principal	NN
at	IN
Valley	NNP
Head	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
must	MD
also	RB
be	VB
a	DT
certified	JJ
music	NN
teacher	NN
,	,
Mr.	NNP
Nelson	NNP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
entitled	VBN
to	TO
bump	VB
the	DT
current	JJ
less	JJR
senior	JJ
Valley	NNP
Head	NNP
principal	NN
.	.
A	DT
displaced	VBN
employee	NN
can	MD
only	RB
be	VB
transferred	VBN
into	IN
a	DT
position	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
he\/she	NN
is	VBZ
certified	VBN
or	CC
licensed	VBN
.	.
Interpretation	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
reduction	NN
of	IN
a	DT
full-time	JJ
elementary	JJ
principalship	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
county	NN
to	TO
a	DT
half-time	NN
position	NN
.	.
You	PRP
stated	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
enrollment	NN
at	IN
Homestead	NNP
Elementary	NNP
had	VBD
dropped	VBN
to	TO
below	IN
one	CD
hundred	CD
seventy	NN
for	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
two	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
was	VBD
projected	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
at	IN
about	IN
one	CD
hundred	CD
forty	CD
next	JJ
year	NN
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
your	PRP$
county	NN
has	VBZ
decided	VBN
to	TO
reduce	VB
the	DT
full	JJ
time	NN
principal	JJ
position	NN
at	IN
the	DT
school	NN
to	TO
a	DT
half	NN
time	NN
position	NN
commencing	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
2001-2002	JJ
school	NN
year	NN
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18A-4-7a	NNP
provides	VBZ
that	IN
where	WRB
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
reduce	VB
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
professional	JJ
personnel	NNS
in	IN
its	PRP$
employment	NN
,	,
the	DT
employer	NN
with	IN
the	DT
least	JJS
amount	NN
of	IN
seniority	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
properly	RB
notified	VBN
and	CC
released	VBN
from	IN
employment	NN
.	.
Head	NNP
position	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
position	NN
at	IN
Homestead	NNP
is	VBZ
newly	RB
created	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
and	CC
filled	VBN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18A-4-7a	NNP
.	.
Assuming	VBG
you	PRP
meet	VBP
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
certification	NN
requirements	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
apply	VB
for	IN
that	DT
job	NN
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18A-2-9	NNP
and	CC
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
policy	NN
allow	VBP
for	IN
a	DT
principal	NN
to	TO
be	VB
assigned	VBN
to	TO
two	CD
schools	NNS
,	,
but	CC
prohibit	VBP
a	DT
principal	NN
from	IN
being	VBG
assigned	VBN
to	TO
more	JJR
than	IN
two	CD
schools	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
mandatory	JJ
for	IN
county	NN
boards	NNS
to	TO
assign	VB
half	DT
time	NN
principals	NNS
to	TO
schools	NNS
with	IN
net	JJ
enrollments	NNS
of	IN
less	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
hundred	CD
seventy	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
only	RB
mandatory	JJ
that	IN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
employ	VBP
a	DT
full	JJ
time	NN
supervising	VBG
principal	NN
at	IN
each	DT
school	NN
whose	WP$
net	JJ
enrollment	NN
equals	VBZ
or	CC
exceeds	VBZ
one	CD
hundred	CD
seventy	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
See	VB
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18A-2-9	NNP
.	.
In	IN
reading	VBG
this	DT
interpretation	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
note	VB
that	IN
other	JJ
factors	NNS
not	RB
mentioned	VBN
in	IN
your	PRP$
correspondence	NN
could	MD
affect	VB
the	DT
analysis	NN
herein	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
interpretation	NN
should	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
a	DT
response	NN
only	RB
to	TO
those	DT
questions	NNS
and	CC
fact	NN
patterns	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
your	PRP$
request	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
in	IN
legal	JJ
terms	NNS
,	,
a	DT
librarian	NN
is	VBZ
viewed	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
teacher	NN
,	,
and	CC
would	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
basic	JJ
employment	NN
terms	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
teacher	NN
.	.
Again	RB
,	,
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
18A-2-9	NNP
the	DT
principal	NN
is	VBZ
granted	VBN
administrative	JJ
and	CC
instructional	JJ
supervision	NN
and	CC
responsibility	NN
for	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
school	NN
.	.
Number	NN
93-20-500	CD
,	,
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Education	NNP
and	CC
State	NNP
Employees	NNP
Grievance	NNP
Board	NNP
held	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
librarian	NN
could	MD
rightfully	RB
be	VB
assigned	VBN
the	DT
duties	NNS
of	IN
lunchroom	NN
supervisor	NN
during	IN
the	DT
normal	JJ
school	NN
day	NN
.	.
The	DT
grievant	NN
was	VBD
given	VBN
no	DT
additional	JJ
compensation	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
she	PRP
maintained	VBD
a	DT
duty	NN
free	JJ
lunch	NN
period	NN
.	.
A	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
that	DT
decision	NN
is	VBZ
enclosed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
state	NN
superintendent	NN
may	MD
,	,
after	IN
ten	CD
days	NNS
'	POS
notice	NN
and	CC
upon	IN
proper	JJ
evidence	NN
,	,
revoke	VB
the	DT
certificates	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
teacher	NN
for	IN
drunkenness	NN
,	,
untruthfulness	NN
,	,
immorality	NN
,	,
or	CC
for	IN
any	DT
physical	JJ
,	,
mental	JJ
or	CC
moral	JJ
defect	NN
which	WDT
would	MD
render	VB
him	PRP
unfit	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
proper	JJ
performance	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
duties	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
teacher	NN
,	,
or	CC
for	IN
any	DT
neglect	NN
of	IN
duty	NN
or	CC
refusal	NN
to	TO
perform	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
,	,
or	CC
for	IN
using	VBG
fraudulent	JJ
,	,
unapproved	JJ
,	,
or	CC
insufficient	JJ
credit	NN
,	,
or	CC
for	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
cause	NN
which	WDT
would	MD
have	VB
justified	VBN
the	DT
withholding	NN
of	IN
a	DT
certificate	NN
when	WRB
the	DT
same	JJ
was	VBD
issued	VBN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
certificate	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
granted	VBN
through	IN
an	DT
error	NN
,	,
oversight	NN
,	,
or	CC
misinformation	NN
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
superintendent	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
shall	MD
have	VB
authority	NN
to	TO
recall	VB
the	DT
certificate	NN
and	CC
make	VB
such	JJ
corrections	NNS
as	RB
will	MD
conform	VB
to	TO
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
law	NN
and	CC
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
.	.
Subject	JJ
to	TO
and	CC
in	IN
conformity	NN
with	IN
the	DT
constitution	NN
and	CC
laws	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
state	NN
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
shall	MD
exercise	VB
general	JJ
supervision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
,	,
and	CC
shall	MD
make	VB
rules	NNS
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
article	NN
three-b	JJ
,	,
chapter	NN
twenty-nine-a	NN
of	IN
this	DT
code	NN
for	IN
carrying	VBG
into	IN
effect	NN
the	DT
laws	NNS
and	CC
policies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
relating	VBG
to	TO
education	NN
,	,
including	VBG
rules	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
standards	NNS
for	IN
performance	NN
and	CC
measures	NNS
of	IN
accountability	NN
,	,
the	DT
physical	JJ
welfare	NN
of	IN
pupils	NNS
,	,
the	DT
education	NN
of	IN
all	DT
children	NNS
of	IN
school	NN
age	NN
,	,
school	NN
attendance	NN
,	,
evening	NN
and	CC
continuation	NN
or	CC
part-time	JJ
day	NN
schools	NNS
,	,
school	NN
extension	NN
work	NN
,	,
the	DT
classification	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
,	,
the	DT
issuing	VBG
of	IN
certificates	NNS
upon	IN
credentials	NNS
,	,
the	DT
distribution	NN
and	CC
care	NN
of	IN
free	JJ
textbooks	NNS
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
the	DT
general	JJ
powers	NNS
and	CC
duties	NNS
of	IN
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
and	CC
of	IN
teachers	NNS
,	,
principals	NNS
,	,
supervisors	NNS
and	CC
superintendents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
such	JJ
other	JJ
matters	NNS
pertaining	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
as	IN
may	MD
seem	VB
to	TO
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
to	TO
be	VB
necessary	JJ
and	CC
expedient	JJ
.	.
A	DT
teacher	NN
works	VBZ
in	IN
a	DT
sensitive	JJ
area	NN
in	IN
a	DT
schoolroom	NN
.	.
There	EX
he	PRP
shapes	VBZ
the	DT
attitude	NN
of	IN
young	JJ
minds	NNS
towards	IN
the	DT
society	NN
which	WDT
they	PRP
live	VBP
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
vital	JJ
concern	NN
.	.
It	PRP
must	MD
preserve	VB
the	DT
integrity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
schools	NNS
.	.
That	IN
the	DT
school	NN
authorities	NNS
have	VBP
the	DT
right	NN
and	CC
the	DT
duty	NN
to	TO
screen	NN
officials	NNS
,	,
teachers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
employees	NNS
as	IN
to	TO
their	PRP$
fitness	NN
to	TO
maintain	VB
the	DT
integrity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
schools	NNS
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
ordered	VBN
society	NN
,	,
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
doubted	VBN
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
note	VB
that	IN
the	DT
highlighted	VBN
language	NN
of	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
indicates	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
person	NN
applying	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
vacant	JJ
position	NN
will	MD
assume	VB
the	DT
position	NN
at	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
half	NN
of	IN
the	DT
instructional	JJ
term	NN
.	.
To	TO
construe	VB
the	DT
statute	NN
otherwise	RB
and	CC
allow	VB
this	DT
teacher	NN
to	TO
delay	VB
her	PRP$
transfer	NN
could	MD
have	VB
a	DT
trickle	VB
down	RP
effect	NN
,	,
disrupting	VBG
the	DT
continuity	NN
and	CC
stability	NN
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
positions	NNS
affected	VBN
by	IN
this	DT
transfer	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
in	IN
receipt	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
request	NN
regarding	VBG
applications	NNS
for	IN
extracurricular	JJ
positions	NNS
and	CC
seniority	NN
for	IN
employees	NNS
of	IN
multi-county	JJ
technical	JJ
centers	NNS
.	.
Specifically	RB
,	,
your	PRP$
questions	NNS
concern	NN
a	DT
teacher	NN
who	WP
worked	VBD
in	IN
Harrison	NNP
County	NNP
for	IN
eight	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
then	RB
transferred	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
multi-county	JJ
center	NN
where	WRB
she	PRP
has	VBZ
worked	VBN
for	IN
sixteen	CD
years	NNS
without	IN
a	DT
break	NN
in	IN
service	NN
.	.
This	DT
teacher	NN
was	VBD
incorrectly	RB
told	VBN
that	IN
she	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
allowed	VBN
to	TO
interview	VB
for	IN
an	DT
extracurricular	JJ
position	NN
in	IN
Harrison	NNP
County	NNP
because	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
Harrison	NNP
County	NNP
employee	NN
.	.
Any	DT
individual	NN
may	MD
apply	VB
for	IN
posted	VBN
extracurricular	JJ
positions	NNS
.	.
Pursuant	JJ
to	TO
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18A-3-2a	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
superintendent	NN
,	,
subject	JJ
to	TO
approval	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
board	NN
,	,
may	MD
issue	VB
certificates	NNS
or	CC
permits	VBZ
to	TO
persons	NNS
who	WP
do	VBP
not	RB
qualify	VB
for	IN
professional	JJ
or	CC
paraprofessional	JJ
certificates	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
that	IN
those	DT
individuals	NNS
serve	VBP
as	IN
athletic	JJ
coaches	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
extracurricular	JJ
activities	NNS
coaches	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
that	DT
same	JJ
statute	NN
,	,
currently	RB
employed	VBN
certified	VBN
professional	JJ
educators	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
given	VBN
first	JJ
preference	NN
over	IN
other	JJ
applicants	NNS
.	.
Candidate	NNP
B	NNP
,	,
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
facts	NNS
provided	VBN
,	,
does	VBZ
not	RB
appear	VB
to	TO
have	VB
been	VBN
a	DT
regular	JJ
full-time	JJ
professional	JJ
educator	NN
as	IN
required	VBN
to	TO
accumulate	VB
regular	JJ
seniority	NN
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
seniority	NN
.	.
He	PRP
is	VBZ
entitled	VBN
to	TO
accumulate	VB
seniority	NN
for	IN
the	DT
time	NN
served	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
substitute	NN
teacher	NN
because	IN
he	PRP
completed	VBD
more	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
hundred	CD
thirty-three	CD
days	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
substitute	NN
during	IN
the	DT
1998-99	CD
school	NN
year	NN
,	,
but	CC
only	RB
for	IN
the	DT
limited	JJ
purpose	NN
of	IN
applying	VBG
for	IN
employment	NN
.	.
The	DT
two	CD
single	JJ
years	NNS
of	IN
employment	NN
of	IN
Candidate	NNP
B	NNP
do	VBP
not	RB
appear	VB
to	TO
accrue	VB
to	TO
his	PRP$
benefit	NN
for	IN
seniority	NN
purposes	NNS
because	IN
this	DT
candidate	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
have	VB
continuing	VBG
full-time	JJ
employment	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
there	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
break	NN
in	IN
service	NN
after	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
each	DT
contract	NN
term	NN
.	.
Consequently	RB
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
applying	VBG
for	IN
permanent	JJ
employment	NN
,	,
this	DT
individual	NN
would	MD
have	VB
seniority	NN
for	IN
the	DT
time	NN
served	VBD
or	CC
.8	CD
of	IN
a	DT
year	NN
.	.
His	PRP$
teaching	NN
experience	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
total	JJ
2.8	CD
years	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
appear	VB
to	TO
me	PRP
that	IN
if	IN
the	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
indeed	RB
set	VBN
in	IN
place	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
opinion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Harrison	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
and	CC
you	PRP
that	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
and	CC
in	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
interest	NN
of	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
district	NN
,	,
there	EX
would	MD
be	VB
no	DT
legal	JJ
prohibition	NN
to	TO
such	PDT
a	DT
program	NN
.	.
Please	VB
be	VB
advised	VBN
that	IN
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
specific	JJ
content	NN
offered	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
program	NN
,	,
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
specific	JJ
questions	NNS
or	CC
reservations	NNS
raised	VBN
by	IN
new	JJ
teachers	NNS
or	CC
existing	VBG
teachers	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
county	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
without	IN
any	DT
specific	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
be	VB
offered	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
training	NN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
way	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
formal	JJ
comment	NN
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
subject	JJ
matter	NN
to	TO
be	VB
offered	VBN
during	IN
your	PRP$
program	NN
of	IN
indoctrination	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
for	IN
those	DT
teachers	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
concerned	VBN
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
losing	VBG
their	PRP$
planning	NN
period	NN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
faculty	NN
senate	NN
meetings	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
afternoon	NN
,	,
they	PRP
may	MD
begin	VB
the	DT
work	NN
day	NN
one	CD
half	NN
hour	NN
earlier	RBR
in	IN
order	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
a	DT
planning	NN
period	NN
.	.
For	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
section	NN
only	RB
,	,
a	DT
consolidation	NN
shall	MD
mean	VB
when	WRB
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
schools	NNS
are	VBP
closed	VBN
,	,
or	CC
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
grade	NN
levels	NNS
are	VBP
removed	VBN
from	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
schools	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
students	NNS
who	WP
previously	RB
attended	VBD
the	DT
closed	JJ
schools	NNS
or	CC
grade	NN
levels	NNS
are	VBP
assigned	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
new	JJ
school	NN
...	:
a	DT
merger	NN
shall	MD
mean	VB
when	WRB
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
schools	NNS
are	VBP
closed	VBN
or	CC
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
grade	NN
levels	NNS
are	VBP
removed	VBN
from	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
schools	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
students	NNS
who	WP
previously	RB
attended	VBD
the	DT
closed	JJ
schools	NNS
or	CC
grade	NN
levels	NNS
are	VBP
assigned	VBN
to	TO
another	DT
existing	VBG
school	NN
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
difference	NN
between	IN
a	DT
consolidation	NN
and	CC
a	DT
merger	NN
under	IN
18A-4-8f	NNP
is	VBZ
whether	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
closed	JJ
school	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
removed	VBN
grade	NN
level	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
being	VBG
assigned	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
new	JJ
school	NN
or	CC
to	TO
another	DT
existing	VBG
school	NN
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
information	NN
presented	VBN
as	IN
stated	VBN
above	IN
,	,
it	PRP
appears	VBZ
clear	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
intention	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Pendleton	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
both	DT
the	DT
high	JJ
school	NN
and	CC
the	DT
elementary	JJ
school	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
resulting	VBG
school	NN
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
school	NN
and	CC
a	DT
consolidation	NN
and	CC
not	RB
a	DT
merger	NN
.	.
You	PRP
further	RB
ask	VB
,	,
if	IN
we	PRP
must	MD
post	VB
some	DT
teaching	NN
positions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
the	DT
county	NN
's	POS
faculty	NN
senates	VBZ
vote	NN
under	IN
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18A-4-8f	NNP
to	TO
give	VB
teachers	NNS
affected	VBN
by	IN
school	NN
closings	NNS
priority	NN
status	NN
in	IN
filing	NN
positions	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
resulting	VBG
school	NN
,	,
which	WDT
of	IN
the	DT
teachers	NNS
currently	RB
assigned	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
schools	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
closed	VBN
will	MD
enjoy	VB
the	DT
priority	NN
status	NN
in	IN
applying	VBG
for	IN
posted	VBN
teaching	NN
positions	NNS
?	.
Likewise	RB
,	,
the	DT
K-6	NNP
teachers	NNS
from	IN
both	DT
Circleville	NNP
School	NNP
and	CC
Seneca	NNP
Rocks	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
will	MD
have	VB
priority	NN
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
seniority	NN
within	IN
the	DT
county	NN
,	,
in	IN
filling	VBG
positions	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
elementary	JJ
school	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
are	VBP
certified	VBN
and	CC
meet	VB
the	DT
standards	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
job	NN
postings	NNS
,	,
over	IN
teachers	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
not	RB
currently	RB
on	IN
the	DT
faculty	NN
of	IN
either	DT
of	IN
the	DT
existing	VBG
schools	NNS
.	.
Question	NN
2	CD
.	.
You	PRP
ask	VBP
,	,
in	IN
each	DT
instance	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
high	JJ
school	NN
and	CC
elementary	JJ
school	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
must	MD
we	PRP
post	VB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
non-teaching	JJ
professional	JJ
positions	NNS
and	CC
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
service	NN
personnel	NNS
positions	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
resulting\/new	NN
schools	NNS
?	.
Question	NN
3	CD
.	.
You	PRP
ask	VBP
,	,
if	IN
positions	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
for	IN
service	NN
personnel	NNS
positions	NNS
,	,
whether	IN
service	NN
personnel	NNS
currently	RB
employed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
two	CD
schools	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
closed	VBN
would	MD
have	VB
preference	NN
in	IN
filling	VBG
the	DT
new	JJ
positions	NNS
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
votes	NNS
under	IN
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18A-4-8f	NNP
?	.
Question	NN
4	CD
.	.
You	PRP
ask	VBP
,	,
can	MD
the	DT
faculty	NN
senates	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
county	NN
vote	NN
on	IN
whether	IN
to	TO
give	VB
priority	NN
to	TO
teachers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
closing	NN
schools	NNS
in	IN
one	CD
election	NN
or	CC
must	MD
such	PDT
an	DT
election	NN
be	VB
held	VBN
separately	RB
for	IN
each	DT
consolidation	NN
?	.
Question	NN
5	CD
.	.
You	PRP
ask	VBP
,	,
if	IN
teachers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
closing	NN
schools	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
voted	VBN
priority	NN
status	NN
by	IN
the	DT
faculty	NN
senates	NNS
,	,
does	VBZ
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
a	DT
teacher	NN
may	MD
spend	VB
only	RB
1\/7	CD
of	IN
his\/her	JJR
time	NN
currently	RB
in	IN
a	DT
specific	JJ
subject	JJ
area	NN
assignment	NN
play	VB
any	DT
role	NN
in	IN
determining	VBG
whether	IN
that	DT
teacher	NN
would	MD
be	VB
entitled	VBN
to	TO
priority	NN
for	IN
a	DT
full	JJ
time	NN
position	NN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
subject	JJ
area	NN
?	.
The	DT
answer	NN
is	VBZ
no.	RB
.	.
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18A-4-8f	NNP
provides	VBZ
that	IN
if	IN
a	DT
teacher	NN
is	VBZ
properly	RB
certified	VBN
and	CC
meets	VBZ
the	DT
standards	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
the	DT
job	NN
posting	VBG
the	DT
position	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
filled	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
seniority	NN
.	.
Seniority	NN
for	IN
classroom	NN
teachers	NNS
,	,
as	IN
defined	VBN
under	IN
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18A-4-7a	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
determined	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
the	DT
length	NN
of	IN
time	NN
the	DT
employee	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
employed	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
full-time	JJ
certified	VBN
educator	NN
by	IN
the	DT
board	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
granted	VBN
in	IN
all	DT
areas	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
employee	NN
is	VBZ
certified	VBN
.	.
The	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
a	DT
full-time	JJ
employee	NN
may	MD
teach	VB
several	JJ
subjects	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
he\/she	NN
is	VBZ
certified	VBN
does	VBZ
not	RB
operate	VB
to	TO
prevent	VB
seniority	NN
from	IN
accruing	VBG
in	IN
each	DT
area	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
employee	NN
is	VBZ
certified	VBN
.	.
The	DT
answer	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
first	JJ
question	NN
is	VBZ
yes	RB
.	.
There	EX
may	MD
be	VB
employees	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
multi-county	JJ
vocational	JJ
school	NN
who	WP
are	VBP
also	RB
accumulating	VBG
seniority	NN
in	IN
the	DT
county	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
vacancy	NN
has	VBZ
occurred	VBN
,	,
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18A-4-8c	NNP
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
other	JJ
currently	RB
employed	VBN
certified	VBN
professional	JJ
educators	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
interested	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
position	NN
.	.
In	IN
that	DT
case	NN
,	,
the	DT
qualifications	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
applicants	NNS
would	MD
determine	VB
who	WP
is	VBZ
awarded	VBN
the	DT
position	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
in	IN
response	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
letter	NN
requesting	VBG
an	DT
interpretation	NN
as	IN
to	TO
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
school	NN
service	NN
personnel	NNS
may	MD
transfer	VB
seniority	NN
to	TO
a	DT
professional	JJ
personnel	NNS
status	NN
once	IN
they	PRP
receive	VBP
a	DT
teaching	NN
certificate	NN
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
asked	VBN
whether	IN
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
certified	JJ
list	NN
may	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
to	TO
anyone	NN
upon	IN
request	NN
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
especially	RB
concerned	VBN
about	IN
revelation	NN
of	IN
salaries	NNS
and	CC
social	JJ
security	NN
numbers	NNS
;	:
however	RB
,	,
you	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
know	VB
how	WRB
much	JJ
information	NN
can	MD
be	VB
deleted	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
copy	NN
given	VBN
out	RP
as	IN
public	JJ
information	NN
upon	IN
request	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
more	RBR
than	IN
the	DT
usual	JJ
planning	NN
period	NN
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18A-4-14	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Whatever	WDT
planning	NN
time	NN
arrangement	NN
you	PRP
make	VBP
with	IN
your	PRP$
principal	NN
must	MD
be	VB
uniform	JJ
in	IN
comparison	NN
with	IN
opportunities	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
other	JJ
teachers	NNS
assigned	VBN
to	TO
your	PRP$
school	NN
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
subdivision	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
this	DT
statute	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
enclosed	VBN
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
asked	VBN
:	:
If	IN
a	DT
supervisor	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
professional	JJ
employee	NN
fails	VBZ
to	TO
renew	VB
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
administrative	JJ
certificate	NN
yet	RB
is	VBZ
receiving	VBG
extra	JJ
pay	NN
for	IN
supervision	NN
,	,
may	MD
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
reduce	VB
the	DT
employee	NN
's	POS
administrative	JJ
salary	NN
supplement	NN
?	.
If	IN
so	RB
,	,
by	IN
what	WP
procedure	NN
?	.
If	IN
a	DT
supervisor	NN
loses	VBZ
administrative	JJ
certification	NN
,	,
then	RB
his\/her	JJR
salary	NN
is	VBZ
automatically	RB
reduced	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
employee	NN
becomes	VBZ
automatically	RB
listed	VBN
for	IN
transfer	NN
to	TO
a	DT
non-administrative	JJ
position	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
superintendent	NN
still	RB
should	MD
list	VB
the	DT
employee	NN
for	IN
transfer	NN
and	CC
propose	VB
another	DT
assignment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
board	NN
.	.
The	DT
transfer	NN
notice	NN
to	TO
the	DT
employee	NN
should	MD
give	VB
loss	NN
of	IN
administrative	JJ
certification	NN
as	IN
the	DT
reason	NN
.	.
``	``
That	DT
an	DT
employee	NN
subject	NN
to	TO
release	VB
shall	MD
be	VB
employed	VBN
in	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
professional	JJ
position	NN
where	WRB
such	JJ
employee	NN
is	VBZ
certified	VBN
and	CC
was	VBD
previously	RB
employed	VBN
or	CC
to	TO
any	DT
lateral	JJ
area	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
such	JJ
employee	NN
is	VBZ
certified	VBN
and\/or	CC
licensed	VBN
,	,
if	IN
such	JJ
employee	NN
's	POS
seniority	NN
is	VBZ
greater	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
seniority	NN
of	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
employee	NN
in	IN
that	DT
area	NN
of	IN
certification	NN
and\/or	CC
licensure	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
A	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
must	MD
make	VB
a	DT
showing	VBG
that	IN
its	PRP$
assignment	NN
of	IN
a	DT
displaced	VBN
teacher	NN
is	VBZ
sound	JJ
when	WRB
the	DT
teacher	NN
is	VBZ
assigned	VBN
to	TO
instruct	VB
in	IN
an	DT
area	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
she	PRP
is	VBZ
certified	VBN
but	CC
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
employed	VBN
to	TO
teach	VB
,	,
where	WRB
an	DT
alternative	JJ
assignment	NN
in	IN
an	DT
area	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
teacher	NN
has	VBZ
previously	RB
been	VBN
employed	VBN
to	TO
teach	VB
was	VBD
available	JJ
under	IN
the	DT
seniority	NN
framework	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
Court	NNP
,	,
also	RB
,	,
recognizes	VBZ
that	IN
its	PRP$
decision	NN
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
could	MD
cause	VB
a	DT
domino	NN
effect	NN
further	JJ
complicating	VBG
personnel	NNS
actions	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
RIF	NNP
because	IN
the	DT
teacher	NN
displaced	VBD
due	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
more	RBR
experienced	JJ
teacher	NN
's	POS
seniority	NN
probably	RB
herself	PRP
or	CC
himself	PRP
will	MD
,	,
also	RB
,	,
be	VB
entitled	VBN
to	TO
displace	VB
a	DT
teacher	NN
.	.
Of	IN
course	NN
,	,
if	IN
this	DT
teacher	NN
would	MD
begin	VB
her\/his	NNS
permanent	JJ
employment	NN
as	IN
a	DT
teacher	NN
during	IN
the	DT
1990-91	CD
school	NN
year	NN
and	CC
later	RB
on	RB
would	MD
become	VB
a	DT
substitute	NN
,	,
then	RB
she\/he	VB
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
work	VB
133	CD
days	NNS
either	CC
as	IN
a	DT
permanently	RB
employed	VBN
teacher	NN
or	CC
as	IN
a	DT
substitute	NN
teacher	NN
before	IN
getting	VBG
seniority	NN
credit	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
while	IN
a	DT
substitute	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
which	WDT
could	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
regain	VB
permanent	JJ
employment	NN
.	.
As	IN
for	IN
your	PRP$
second	JJ
question	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
office	NN
has	VBZ
for	IN
years	NNS
interpreted	VBN
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18A-4-10	NNP
to	TO
entitle	VB
a	DT
sick	JJ
employee	NN
payment	NN
of	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
one	CD
and	CC
one-half	JJ
days	NNS
of	IN
personal	JJ
leave	NN
at	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
each	DT
employment	NN
term	NN
even	RB
though	IN
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
present	JJ
at	IN
work	NN
.	.
Yes	UH
,	,
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18A-4-7a	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18A-2-2a	NNP
provides	VBZ
certain	JJ
guarantees	NNS
to	TO
teachers	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
taken	VBN
a	DT
leave	NN
of	IN
absence	NN
lasting	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
year	NN
or	CC
less	JJR
;	:
however	RB
,	,
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
forbid	JJ
teachers	NNS
from	IN
bidding	NN
on	IN
other	JJ
assignments	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
leave	NN
of	IN
absence	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
lasted	VBN
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
year	NN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
teacher	NN
retains	VBZ
the	DT
usual	JJ
professional	JJ
rights	NNS
and	CC
privileges	NNS
among	IN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
compete	VB
for	IN
assignments	NNS
.	.
Her	PRP$
former	JJ
assignment	NN
,	,
though	RB
,	,
is	VBZ
guaranteed	VBN
to	TO
her	PRP$
upon	IN
returning	VBG
within	IN
a	DT
year	NN
's	POS
time	NN
.	.
Personal	JJ
leave	NN
authorized	VBN
by	IN
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18A-4-10	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
method	NN
recommended	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Attorney	NNP
General	NNP
although	IN
he	PRP
recognizes	VBZ
that	IN
there	EX
could	MD
be	VB
other	JJ
methods	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
read	VB
the	DT
enclosed	VBN
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
's	POS
memorandum	NN
on	IN
this	DT
subject	NN
,	,
written	VBN
February	NNP
8	CD
,	,
1990	CD
,	,
and	CC
its	PRP$
referenced	JJ
opinion	NN
letters	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Attorney	NNP
General	NNP
.1	CD
The	DT
reason	NN
for	IN
these	DT
opinions	NNS
is	VBZ
that	IN
teachers	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
school	NN
employees	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
representing	VBG
themselves	PRP
rather	RB
than	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
school	NN
system	NN
.	.
This	DT
woman	NN
had	VBD
a	DT
bachelor	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
in	IN
counseling	NN
;	:
she	PRP
worked	VBD
at	IN
established	JJ
institutions	NNS
which	WDT
offered	VBD
counseling	NN
;	:
and	CC
her	PRP$
work	NN
was	VBD
,	,
in	IN
fact	NN
,	,
counseling	NN
from	IN
January	NNP
21	CD
,	,
1985	CD
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
I	PRP
agree	VBP
with	IN
you	PRP
that	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
entitled	VBN
to	TO
incremental	JJ
pay	NN
credit	NN
for	IN
this	DT
counseling	NN
experience	NN
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
asked	VBN
whether	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
''	''
...	:
recognizes	VBZ
teaching	NN
experience	NN
in	IN
private	JJ
schools	NNS
for	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
salary	NN
increment	NN
purposes	NNS
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
teacher	NN
certification	NN
requirements	NNS
;	:
or	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
teacher	NN
retirement	NN
benefits	NNS
.	.
''	''
You	PRP
have	VBP
also	RB
asked	VBN
for	IN
our	PRP$
school	NN
directory	NN
.	.
With	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
teacher	NN
certification	NN
,	,
if	IN
an	DT
individual	NN
has	VBZ
taught	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
school	NN
while	IN
holding	VBG
a	DT
teaching	NN
certificate	NN
issued	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NN
of	IN
Texas	NNP
,	,
then	RB
that	IN
teaching	NN
experience	NN
would	MD
count	VB
toward	IN
satisfaction	NN
of	IN
certification	NN
requirements	NNS
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
\/	NN
18A-4-7a	NN
,	,
the	DT
sixth	JJ
grade	NN
teacher	NN
would	MD
be	VB
transferred	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
school	NN
because	IN
she	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
he	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
the	DT
least	JJS
senior	JJ
grade	NN
level	NN
classroom	NN
teacher	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
second	JJ
grade	NN
teacher	NN
could	MD
be	VB
transferred	VBN
and	CC
reassigned	VBN
without	IN
job	NN
posting	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
sixth	JJ
grade	NN
classroom	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
writing	VBG
in	IN
response	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
question	NN
regarding	VBG
whether	IN
your	PRP$
principal	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
assign	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
teach	VB
one	CD
class	NN
period	NN
of	IN
physical	JJ
education	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
second	JJ
teaching	NN
field	NN
,	,
despite	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
a	DT
full	JJ
time	NN
librarian	NN
for	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
twelve	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
library	NN
will	MD
be	VB
staffed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
non-certified	JJ
person	NN
while	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
teaching	VBG
the	DT
physical	JJ
education	NN
class	NN
.	.
That	DT
particular	JJ
code	NN
section	NN
goes	VBZ
on	IN
to	TO
discuss	VB
the	DT
full	JJ
due	JJ
process	NN
rights	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
transferred	VBN
and	CC
of	IN
course	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
satisfied	VBN
with	IN
that	DT
hearing	NN
process	NN
,	,
a	DT
grievance	NN
may	MD
be	VB
filed	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18-29-1	CD
et	FW
seq	FW
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
related	VBN
to	TO
this	DT
office	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
wish	VBP
to	TO
hire	VB
one	CD
principal	NN
and	CC
one	CD
assistant	NN
principal	NN
for	IN
the	DT
facility	NN
instead	RB
of	IN
having	VBG
two	CD
principals	NNS
.	.
Essentially	RB
,	,
the	DT
high	JJ
school	NN
principal	NN
position	NN
and	CC
the	DT
middle	JJ
school	NN
principal	NN
position	NN
will	MD
both	DT
be	VB
eliminated	VBN
.	.
Two	CD
new	JJ
positions	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
created	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
school	NN
,	,
which	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
principal	JJ
and	CC
assistant	JJ
principal	NN
.	.
These	DT
new	JJ
positions	NNS
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
posted	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18A-4-7a	NNP
.	.
Principals	NNS
are	VBP
hired	VBN
according	VBG
to	TO
qualifications	NNS
.	.
Seniority	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
dominant	JJ
qualification	NN
unless	IN
the	DT
county	NN
chooses	VBZ
it	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
positions	NNS
are	VBP
posted	VBN
,	,
the	DT
county	NN
can	MD
decide	VB
what	WP
qualifications	NNS
are	VBP
important	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
positions	NNS
.	.
Obviously	RB
,	,
there	EX
would	MD
be	VB
no	DT
other	JJ
persons	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
qualifications	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
two	CD
people	NNS
who	WP
currently	RB
hold	VBP
the	DT
positions	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
school	NN
;	:
such	JJ
as	IN
experience	NN
working	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
principal	NN
in	IN
a	DT
consolidated	JJ
middle\/high	JJ
school	NN
situation	NN
,	,
experience	NN
working	NN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
facility	NN
with	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
The	DT
county	NN
can	MD
decide	VB
which	WDT
qualifications	NNS
are	VBP
important	JJ
when	WRB
hiring	VBG
the	DT
principal	NN
.	.
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
l8-8-4	JJ
prescribes	VBZ
:	:
''	''
...	:
and	CC
if	IN
the	DT
parent	NN
,	,
guardian	NN
or	CC
custodian	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
attendance	NN
director	NN
or	CC
assistant	NN
shall	MD
make	VB
complaint	NN
against	IN
such	JJ
parent	NN
,	,
guardian	NN
or	CC
custodian	NN
before	IN
a	DT
magistrate	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
.	.
If	IN
it	PRP
appears	VBZ
from	IN
the	DT
complaint	NN
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
probable	JJ
cause	NN
to	TO
believe	VB
that	IN
an	DT
offense	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
committed	VBN
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
accused	VBN
has	VBZ
committed	VBN
it	PRP
,	,
a	DT
warrant	NN
for	IN
the	DT
arrest	NN
of	IN
the	DT
accused	VBN
shall	MD
issue	VB
to	TO
any	DT
officer	NN
authorized	VBN
by	IN
law	NN
to	TO
arrest	VB
persons	NNS
charged	VBN
with	IN
offenses	NNS
against	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Harman\/Frye	NNP
case	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
restrict	VB
the	DT
private	JJ
citizens	NNS
'	POS
opportunity	NN
to	TO
file	VB
complaints	NNS
against	IN
one	CD
another	DT
through	IN
a	DT
magistrate	NN
without	IN
first	JJ
having	VBG
the	DT
complaint	NN
either	CC
evaluated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
prosecuting	VBG
attorney	NN
or	CC
investigated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
law	NN
enforcement	NN
agency	NN
--	:
except	IN
where	WRB
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
specific	JJ
statutory	JJ
exception	NN
--	:
to	TO
see	VB
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
``	``
probable	JJ
cause	NN
.	.
''	''
If	IN
by	IN
``	``
more	JJR
than	IN
ten	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
county	NN
seniority	NN
''	''
you	PRP
mean	VBP
time	NN
employed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
board	NN
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
administration	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
defined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
fourth	JJ
paragraph	NN
of	IN
\/	CD
18A-4-7a	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
answer	NN
is	VBZ
yes	RB
-	:
if	IN
that	DT
principal	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
least	JJS
senior	JJ
among	IN
the	DT
board	NN
's	POS
principals	NNS
,	,
supervisors	NNS
,	,
and	CC
central	JJ
office	NN
administrators	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
\/	CD
18A-4-7a	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
mention	VB
assistant	JJ
principals	NNS
,	,
assistant	JJ
supervisors	NNS
or	CC
assistant	JJ
central	JJ
office	NN
administrators	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
construe	VBP
this	DT
statute	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
\/	SYM
18A-2-9	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
as	IN
placing	VBG
these	DT
assistants	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
lower	JJR
rung	VBN
of	IN
the	DT
educational	JJ
career	NN
ladder	NN
.	.
Consequently	RB
,	,
they	PRP
could	MD
not	RB
get	VB
a	DT
promotion	NN
by	IN
RIF	NNP
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
an	DT
employee	NN
from	IN
the	DT
higher	JJR
rung	VBN
could	MD
not	RB
replace	VB
an	DT
employee	NN
on	IN
the	DT
lower	JJR
rung	VBN
who	WP
had	VBD
equal	JJ
or	CC
more	RBR
seniority	NN
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
administration4	NN
because	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
seniority	NN
is	VBZ
administration	NN
,	,
which	WDT
they	PRP
hold	VBP
in	IN
common	JJ
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
principalship	NN
is	VBZ
abolished	VBN
,	,
the	DT
displaced	VBN
principal	NN
will	MD
replace	VB
the	DT
principal	NN
,	,
supervisor	NN
,	,
or	CC
central	JJ
office	NN
administrator	NN
with	IN
the	DT
least	JJS
amount	NN
of	IN
seniority	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
based	VBN
upon	IN
time	NN
employed	VBN
in	IN
administration	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
person	NN
may	MD
or	CC
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
the	DT
least	JJS
senior	JJ
principal	NN
.	.
He\/she	NNP
may	MD
,	,
instead	RB
,	,
be	VB
the	DT
least	JJS
senior	JJ
supervisor	NN
or	CC
central	JJ
office	NN
administrator	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
based	VBN
upon	IN
time	NN
employed	VBN
in	IN
administration	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
competition	NN
for	IN
classroom	NN
teaching	NN
positions	NNS
,	,
seniority	NN
is	VBZ
-	:
in	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
-	:
the	DT
time	NN
one	CD
has	VBZ
been	VBN
professionally	RB
employed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
board	NN
.	.
Seniority	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
for	IN
all	DT
certified	VBN
or	CC
licensed	VBN
teaching	NN
areas	NNS
regardless	RB
of	IN
when	WRB
the	DT
certificate	NN
or	CC
license	NN
was	VBD
issued	VBN
.	.
Since	IN
the	DT
substitute	NN
was	VBD
working	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
General	NNP
Maintenance	NNP
employee	NN
for	IN
an	DT
extended	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
and	CC
during	IN
the	DT
posting	VBG
period	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
he	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
considered	VBN
next	JJ
in	IN
line	NN
for	IN
the	DT
full	JJ
time	NN
position	NN
or	CC
is	VBZ
the	DT
next	JJ
in	IN
line	NN
the	DT
full	JJ
time	NN
employee	NN
out	IN
of	IN
classification	NN
with	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
seniority	NN
?	.
Consequently	RB
,	,
your	PRP$
posting	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
General	NNP
Maintenance	NNP
position	NN
should	MD
be	VB
awarded	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
full	JJ
time	NN
applicant	NN
with	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
seniority	NN
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
he\/she	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
currently	RB
employed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
classification	NN
of	IN
the	DT
posted	VBN
position	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
you	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
advised	VBN
that	IN
whenever	WRB
you	PRP
bid	VBD
on	IN
and	CC
accept	VB
a	DT
position	NN
outside	IN
of	IN
the	DT
classification	NN
wherein	IN
you	PRP
hold	VBP
the	DT
greatest	JJS
seniority	NN
you	PRP
are	VBP
at	IN
risk	NN
of	IN
losing	VBG
that	IN
position	NN
in	IN
the	DT
event	NN
of	IN
a	DT
reduction	NN
in	IN
force	NN
in	IN
that	DT
classification	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
in	IN
receipt	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
request	NN
for	IN
information	NN
regarding	VBG
whether	IN
school	NN
bus	NN
operators	NNS
are	VBP
guaranteed	VBN
one	CD
seventh	JJ
of	IN
their	PRP$
total	JJ
daily	JJ
wage	NN
when	WRB
operating	VBG
school	NN
buses	NNS
during	IN
the	DT
summer	NN
when	WRB
a	DT
bus	NN
is	VBZ
leased	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
private	JJ
entity	NN
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
regarding	VBG
your	PRP$
question	NN
.	.
He	PRP
indicated	VBD
that	IN
many	JJ
school	NN
districts	NNS
are	VBP
using	VBG
mechanics	NNS
as	IN
substitutes	NNS
.	.
Consequently	RB
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
prohibition	NN
to	TO
using	VBG
your	PRP$
mechanics	NNS
as	IN
substitute	JJ
bus	NN
drivers	NNS
.	.
For	IN
due	JJ
notification	NN
to	TO
the	DT
mechanics	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
insure	VB
the	DT
agreement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
mechanics	NNS
to	TO
your	PRP$
proposal	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
suggested	VBN
that	IN
you	PRP
include	VBP
the	DT
duties	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
substitute	NN
bus	NN
driver	NN
in	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
of	IN
the	DT
mechanics	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
in	IN
response	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
letter	NN
of	IN
August	NNP
1	CD
,	,
1997	CD
,	,
in	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
request	VBP
an	DT
interpretation	NN
from	IN
our	PRP$
office	NN
regarding	VBG
individuals	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
previously	RB
been	VBN
employed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NN
and	CC
who	WP
later	RB
become	VBP
employed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
as	IN
service	NN
personnel	NNS
.	.
Nothing	NN
in	IN
State	NNP
law	NN
or	CC
policy	NN
permits	NNS
or	CC
prohibits	VBZ
past	JJ
experience	NN
with	IN
the	DT
State	NN
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
pay	NN
purposes	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
counties	NNS
have	VBP
policies	NNS
in	IN
place	NN
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
such	JJ
experience	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
county	NN
chooses	VBZ
to	TO
count	VB
this	DT
experience	NN
for	IN
pay	NN
purposes	NNS
for	IN
one	CD
employee	NN
,	,
it	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
consistent	JJ
throughout	IN
the	DT
county	NN
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
all	DT
other	JJ
employees	NNS
in	IN
like	IN
circumstances	NNS
.	.
Upon	IN
the	DT
effective	JJ
date	NN
of	IN
this	DT
section	NN
,	,
no	DT
school	NN
service	NN
personnel	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
permitted	VBN
to	TO
become	VB
employed	VBN
in	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
regular	JJ
full-day	JJ
position	NN
,	,
nor	CC
more	JJR
than	IN
two	CD
one-half	JJ
day	NN
positions	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
:	:
Provided	VBN
,	,
That	DT
nothing	NN
herein	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
construed	VBN
to	TO
prohibit	VB
a	DT
school	NN
service	NN
personnel	NNS
from	IN
holding	VBG
an	DT
extracurricular	JJ
assignment	NN
or	CC
assignments	NNS
,	,
as	IN
provided	VBN
in	IN
section	NN
sixteen	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
18A-4-16	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
,	,
or	CC
summer	NN
positions	NNS
,	,
as	IN
provided	VBN
in	IN
section	NN
thirty-nine	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
18-5-39	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
article	NN
five	CD
,	,
chapter	NN
eighteen	CD
of	IN
this	DT
code	NN
,	,
nor	CC
from	IN
performing	VBG
extra-duty	JJ
assignments	NNS
,	,
as	IN
provided	VBN
in	IN
section	NN
eight-b	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
18A-4-8b	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
,	,
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
regular	JJ
position	NN
.	.
Employees	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
been	VBN
employed	VBN
in	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
full-day	JJ
position	NN
or	CC
two	CD
one-half	JJ
day	NN
positions	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
effective	JJ
date	NN
of	IN
this	DT
Code	NNP
section	NN
are	VBP
grandfathered	VBN
in	IN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
full-time	JJ
PAC	NNP
Home	NNP
School	NNP
Coordinator	NNP
has	VBZ
not	RB
maintained	VBN
her	PRP$
employment	NN
as	IN
a	DT
one-half	JJ
day	NN
Substitute	NNP
Secretary	NNP
since	IN
before	IN
the	DT
effective	JJ
date	NN
of	IN
the	DT
section	NN
then	RB
she	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
qualify	VB
to	TO
be	VB
grandfathered	VBN
in	IN
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
asked	VBN
several	JJ
questions	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
substitute	VB
and	CC
regular	JJ
bus	NN
operators	NNS
.	.
Your	PRP$
first	JJ
question	NN
relates	VBZ
to	TO
Code	NNP
18A-4-15	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
,	,
you	PRP
say	VBP
,	,
provides	VBZ
regular	JJ
employee	NN
status	NN
to	TO
substitutes	NNS
after	IN
thirty	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
employment	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
under	IN
certain	JJ
circumstances	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
You	PRP
ask	VBP
whether	IN
,	,
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
achieve	VB
this	DT
regular	JJ
employee	NN
status	NN
,	,
the	DT
service	NN
must	MD
be	VB
for	IN
thirty	CD
consecutive	JJ
days	NNS
without	IN
interruption	NN
and	CC
also	RB
must	MD
be	VB
in	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
substituting	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
one	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
employee	NN
.	.
``	``
To	TO
fill	VB
the	DT
position	NN
of	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
service	NN
employee	NN
on	IN
leave	NN
of	IN
absence	NN
:	:
Provided	VBN
,	,
that	IN
if	IN
such	JJ
leave	NN
of	IN
absence	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
extend	VB
beyond	IN
thirty	CD
days	NNS
,	,
the	DT
board	NN
,	,
within	IN
twenty	CD
working	VBG
days	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
commencement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
leave	NN
of	IN
absence	NN
,	,
shall	MD
give	VB
regular	JJ
employee	NN
status	NN
to	TO
a	DT
person	NN
hired	VBD
to	TO
fill	VB
such	JJ
position	NN
...	:
The	DT
substitute	NN
shall	MD
hold	VB
such	JJ
position	NN
and	CC
regular	JJ
employee	NN
status	NN
only	RB
until	IN
the	DT
regular	JJ
employee	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
returned	VBN
to	TO
such	JJ
position	NN
...	:
''	''
``	``
To	TO
fill	VB
the	DT
vacancy	NN
created	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
employee	NN
's	POS
suspension	NN
:	:
Provided	VBN
,	,
that	IN
if	IN
the	DT
suspension	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
thirty	CD
working	VBG
days	NNS
,	,
the	DT
substitute	NN
...	:
shall	MD
be	VB
assigned	VBN
to	TO
fill	VB
the	DT
vacancy	NN
on	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
basis	NN
...	:
until	IN
such	JJ
termination	NN
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
becomes	VBZ
final	JJ
.	.
''	''
This	DT
language	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
seem	VB
to	TO
require	VB
that	IN
the	DT
substitute	NN
work	NN
thirty	CD
consecutive	JJ
days	NNS
to	TO
obtain	VB
the	DT
regular	JJ
status	NN
;	:
rather	RB
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
leave	NN
of	IN
absence	NN
or	CC
suspension	NN
extend	VBP
beyond	IN
thirty	CD
working	VBG
days	NNS
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
case	NN
may	MD
be	VB
.	.
This	DT
language	NN
also	RB
necessarily	RB
implies	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
substitute	NN
is	VBZ
replacing	VBG
a	DT
single	JJ
employee	NN
,	,
who	WP
is	VBZ
either	RB
on	IN
leave	NN
of	IN
absence	NN
or	CC
suspension	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
second	JJ
question	NN
is	VBZ
:	:
Some	DT
bus	NN
operators	NNS
after	IN
working	VBG
their	PRP$
regular	JJ
bus	NN
runs	NNS
must	MD
transport	VB
students	NNS
from	IN
their	PRP$
regular	JJ
schools	NNS
to	TO
vocational	JJ
school	NN
,	,
then	RB
wait	VB
until	IN
after	IN
their	PRP$
classes	NNS
to	TO
return	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
their	PRP$
regular	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
Should	MD
these	DT
drivers	NNS
be	VB
paid	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
curricular	JJ
run	NN
since	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
beyond	IN
their	PRP$
regular	JJ
run	NN
?	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Professional	NNP
personnel	NNS
who	WP
held	VBD
temporary	JJ
service	NN
personnel	NNS
jobs	NNS
or	CC
positions	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
ninth	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
June	NNP
,	,
one	CD
thousand	CD
nine	CD
hundred	CD
eighty-two	CD
,	,
and	CC
who	WP
apply	VBP
only	RB
for	IN
such	JJ
temporary	JJ
jobs	NNS
or	CC
positions	NNS
;	:
...	:
''	''
We	PRP
agree	VBP
with	IN
you	PRP
that	IN
substitute	NN
work	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
necessarily	RB
the	DT
equivalent	NN
of	IN
temporary	JJ
employment	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
recognized	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
rank	NN
order	NN
hiring	VBG
provisions	NNS
of	IN
Code	NNP
18A-4-8b	NNP
in	IN
that	IN
the	DT
category	NN
``	``
substitute	JJ
service	NN
personnel	NNS
''	''
is	VBZ
expressly	RB
designated	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
different	JJ
category	NN
than	IN
``	``
professional	JJ
personnel	NNS
who	WP
held	VBD
temporary	JJ
service	NN
personnel	NNS
jobs	NNS
...	:
''	''
Further	RB
,	,
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
overlaps	NNS
and	CC
conflicts	NNS
mentioned	VBN
above	IN
,	,
we	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
think	VB
it	PRP
likely	JJ
that	IN
an	DT
employee	NN
could	MD
receive	VB
two	CD
full	JJ
days	NNS
of	IN
pay	NN
for	IN
one	CD
school	NN
day	NN
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
likely	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
appropriate	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
to	TO
pay	VB
a	DT
teacher-substitute	JJ
bus	NN
operator	NN
for	IN
time	NN
not	RB
worked	VBD
.	.
Please	VB
refer	VB
to	TO
my	PRP$
enclosed	VBN
November	NNP
30	CD
,	,
1992	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
32	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
letter	NN
written	VBN
to	TO
William	NNP
K.	NNP
Grizzell	NNP
.	.
A	DT
regular	JJ
service	NN
employee	NN
assigned	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
building	NN
or	CC
working	VBG
station	NN
as	IN
an	DT
absent	JJ
service	NN
employee	NN
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
classification	NN
category	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
is	VBZ
entitled	VBN
to	TO
substitute	VB
for	IN
the	DT
absent	JJ
employee	NN
,	,
and	CC
this	DT
substituting	VBG
regular	JJ
employee	NN
's	POS
place	NN
is	VBZ
filled	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
substitute	JJ
service	NN
employee	NN
.	.
See	VB
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18A-4-15	NNP
.	.
Yes	UH
.	.
A	DT
substitute	NN
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
called	VBN
before	RB
a	DT
regular	JJ
driver	NN
assigned	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
building	NN
or	CC
working	VBG
station	NN
is	VBZ
called	VBN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
bus	NN
operators	NNS
,	,
the	DT
expression	NN
``	``
employed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
building	NN
or	CC
working	VBG
station	NN
as	IN
the	DT
absent	JJ
employee	NN
''	''
means	VBZ
bus	NN
depot	NN
or	CC
garage	NN
.	.
\*	SYM
A	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
Code	NNP
18A-4-15	NNP
is	VBZ
enclosed	VBN
.	.
``	``
If	IN
an	DT
employee	NN
,	,
hired	VBD
to	TO
transport	VB
special	JJ
education	NN
students	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
mid-day	JJ
run	NN
,	,
fails	VBZ
to	TO
notify	VB
his	PRP$
immediate	JJ
supervisor	NN
that	IN
the	DT
need	NN
no	RB
longer	RB
exists	VBZ
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
no	DT
students	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
but	CC
continues	VBZ
to	TO
report	VB
the	DT
daily	JJ
time	NN
,	,
does	VBZ
the	DT
county	NN
have	VBP
any	DT
legal	JJ
recourse	NN
to	TO
recoup	VB
the	DT
wages	NNS
paid	VBN
for	IN
no	DT
service	NN
?	.
''	''
The	DT
employee	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
contract	NN
to	TO
work	VB
and	CC
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
is	VBZ
entitled	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
assigned	VBN
work	NN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
the	DT
employee	NN
should	MD
have	VB
told	VBN
the	DT
board	NN
that	WDT
another	DT
assignment	NN
was	VBD
needed	VBN
when	WRB
no	DT
more	JJR
special	JJ
education	NN
students	NNS
were	VBD
available	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
mid-day	JJ
run	NN
.	.
This	DT
could	MD
be	VB
a	DT
case	NN
of	IN
wilful	JJ
neglect	NN
of	IN
duty	NN
or	CC
,	,
perhaps	RB
,	,
insubordination	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
a	DT
disciplinary	JJ
proceeding	NN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18A-4-8	NNP
appears	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
way	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
this	DT
bus	NN
operator	NN
owes	VBZ
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
any	DT
money	NN
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18A-4-5b	NNP
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
get	VB
work	VB
experience	NN
pay	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
college	NN
secretarial	JJ
work	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
personnel	NNS
policy	NN
matter	NN
for	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
it	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
uniform	JJ
in	IN
granting	VBG
supplementary	JJ
salary	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
classification	NN
categories	NNS
of	IN
service	NN
employees	NNS
.	.
No.	NN
.	.
The	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
of	IN
school	NN
's	POS
secretary	NN
must	MD
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
class	NN
title	NN
definition	NN
of	IN
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18A-4-8	NNP
,	,
be	VB
an	DT
executive	NN
secretary	NN
,	,
and	CC
so	RB
must	MD
any	DT
other	JJ
''	''
...	:
secretary	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
assigned	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
position	NN
characterized	VBN
by	IN
significant	JJ
administrative	JJ
duties	NNS
,	,
...	:
''	''
according	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
definition	NN
.	.
Yes	UH
,	,
by	IN
either	DT
process	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
RIF	NNP
process	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
,	,
then	RB
these	DT
cafeteria	NN
managers	NNS
simply	RB
would	MD
fill	VB
actual	JJ
vacancies	NNS
in	IN
Cook	NNP
III	NNP
positions	NNS
or	CC
actual	JJ
vacancies	NNS
in	IN
other	JJ
positions	NNS
which	WDT
they	PRP
previously	RB
held	VBD
.	.
They	PRP
could	MD
,	,
though	RB
,	,
refuse	VBP
them	PRP
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
transfer	NN
and	CC
reassignment	NN
law1	CD
is	VBZ
used	VBN
,	,
then	RB
these	DT
cafeteria	NN
managers	NNS
will	MD
bid	VB
on	IN
actual	JJ
vacancies	NNS
and	CC
on	IN
jobs	NNS
made	VBN
vacant	JJ
by	IN
listing	VBG
service	NN
personnel	NNS
for	IN
transfer	NN
which	WDT
they	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
have	VB
.	.
Yes	UH
,	,
because	IN
service	NN
personnel	NNS
are	VBP
entitled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
law	NN
cited	VBD
in	IN
your	PRP$
question	NN
to	TO
special	JJ
compensation	NN
for	IN
``	``
the	DT
removal	NN
of	IN
asbestos	NN
material	NN
or	CC
related	VBN
duties	NNS
required	VBN
for	IN
asbestos	NN
removal	NN
.	.
''	''
Although	IN
``	``
related	JJ
duties	NNS
''	''
and	CC
``	``
the	DT
removal	NN
of	IN
asbestos	NN
material	NN
''	''
are	VBP
distinguished	VBN
by	IN
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
l8A-4-8a	NN
from	IN
the	DT
U.	NNP
S.	NNP
Environmental	NNP
Protection	NNP
Act	NNP
training	NN
required	VBN
for	IN
licensure	NN
to	TO
remove	VB
asbestos	NN
,	,
this	DT
training	NN
necessarily	RB
involves	VBZ
the	DT
trainee	NN
in	IN
removal	NN
of	IN
asbestos	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
duties	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
that	DT
.	.
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
18-5-13a	JJ
and	CC
Policy	NN
6204	CD
when	WRB
eliminating	VBG
an	DT
alternative	JJ
school	NN
program	NN
provided	VBN
on	IN
an	DT
alternate	JJ
site	NN
.	.
More	RBR
specifically	RB
,	,
is	VBZ
it	PRP
contemplated	VBD
that	IN
school	NN
closing	NN
hearings	NNS
be	VB
required	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
change	NN
in	IN
program	NN
options	NNS
available	JJ
under	IN
Policy	NNP
2418	CD
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
separate	JJ
building	NN
,	,
known	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
Alternate	NNP
Education	NNP
Center	NNP
,	,
7-12	CD
students	NNS
remain	VBP
affiliated	VBN
with	IN
their	PRP$
home	NN
schools	NNS
during	IN
their	PRP$
temporary	JJ
stays	NNS
in	IN
all	DT
respects	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
WVEIS	NNP
reporting	NN
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
administered	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
principal	NN
.	.
The	DT
statute	NN
goes	VBZ
on	IN
to	TO
set	VB
forth	RB
very	RB
detailed	JJ
actions	NNS
that	IN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
must	MD
take	VB
in	RP
order	NN
to	TO
accomplish	VB
a	DT
school	NN
closing	NN
or	CC
consolidation	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
clear	JJ
language	NN
of	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
carves	VBZ
out	RP
an	DT
exception	NN
for	IN
those	DT
instances	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
a	DT
construction	NN
bond	NN
that	WDT
specifically	RB
included	VBD
the	DT
schools	NNS
the	DT
county	NN
proposed	VBN
to	TO
close	VB
or	CC
consolidate	VB
was	VBD
passed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
voters	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
citizens	NNS
of	IN
Taylor	NNP
County	NNP
already	RB
have	VBP
passed	VBN
a	DT
construction	NN
bond	NN
which	WDT
explicitly	RB
provided	VBD
for	IN
the	DT
building	NN
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
elementary	JJ
school	NN
to	TO
replace	VB
Pruntytown	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
and	CC
Hepzibah	NNP
Elementary	NNP
School	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Taylor	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
will	MD
not	RB
have	VB
to	TO
take	VB
the	DT
actions	NNS
otherwise	RB
required	VBN
by	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18-5-13a	JJ
.	.
Policy	NN
6204	CD
,	,
School	NNP
Closings	NNPS
or	CC
Consolidations	NNPS
,	,
requires	VBZ
in	IN
2.1.1	CD
that	IN
the	DT
supporting	VBG
data	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
be	VB
available	JJ
for	IN
public	JJ
inspection	NN
during	IN
the	DT
thirty	CD
days	NNS
preceding	VBG
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
hearing	NN
.	.
The	DT
policy	NN
in	IN
2.3	CD
further	JJ
states	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
notice	NN
for	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
hearing	NN
be	VB
provided	VBN
at	IN
least	JJS
thirty	CD
days	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
hearing	NN
.	.
Is	VBZ
the	DT
thirty	CD
days	NNS
requirement	NN
thirty	CD
calendar	NN
days	NNS
or	CC
thirty	CD
school	NN
days	NNS
?	.
In	IN
computing	VBG
any	DT
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
prescribed	VBN
or	CC
allowed	VBN
by	IN
these	DT
rules	NNS
,	,
by	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
rules	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
court	NN
,	,
by	IN
order	NN
of	IN
court	NN
,	,
or	CC
by	IN
an	DT
applicable	JJ
statute	NN
,	,
the	DT
day	NN
of	IN
the	DT
act	NN
,	,
event	NN
,	,
or	CC
default	NN
from	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
designated	VBN
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
begins	VBZ
to	TO
run	VB
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
included	VBN
.	.
The	DT
last	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
the	DT
period	NN
so	RB
computed	JJ
shall	MD
be	VB
included	VBN
unless	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
Saturday	NNP
,	,
a	DT
Sunday	NNP
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
legal	JJ
holiday	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
event	NN
the	DT
period	NN
runs	VBZ
until	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
day	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
Saturday	NNP
,	,
a	DT
Sunday	NNP
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
legal	JJ
holiday	NN
.	.
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
was	VBD
considering	VBG
altering	VBG
the	DT
grade	NN
configurations	NNS
in	IN
two	CD
schools	NNS
.	.
To	TO
that	DT
end	NN
,	,
you	PRP
asked	VBD
whether	IN
the	DT
action	NN
of	IN
reconfigurating	VBG
the	DT
grades	NNS
at	IN
Cool	NNP
Springs	NNP
from	IN
head	NN
start	NN
to	TO
second	JJ
grade	NN
and	CC
Summers	NNP
Elementary	NNP
from	IN
third	JJ
grade	NN
to	TO
fifth	JJ
grade	NN
would	MD
constitute	VB
school	NN
closings	NNS
.	.
If	IN
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
the	DT
board	NN
shall	MD
ascertain	VB
that	IN
any	DT
building	NN
or	CC
any	DT
land	NN
no	RB
longer	RB
shall	MD
be	VB
needed	VBN
for	IN
school	NN
purposes	NNS
,	,
the	DT
board	NN
may	MD
sell	VB
,	,
dismantle	VB
,	,
remove	VB
or	CC
relocate	VB
any	DT
such	JJ
buildings	NNS
and	CC
sell	VB
the	DT
land	NN
on	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
are	VBP
located	VBN
at	IN
public	JJ
auction	NN
,	,
after	IN
proper	JJ
notice	NN
,	,
and	CC
on	IN
such	JJ
terms	NNS
as	IN
it	PRP
orders	NNS
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
highest	JJS
responsible	JJ
bidder	NN
...	:
The	DT
board	NN
by	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
method	NN
prescribed	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
school	NN
buildings	NNS
and	CC
lands	NNS
,	,
may	MD
also	RB
lease	VB
for	IN
oil	NN
or	CC
gas	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
minerals	NNS
any	DT
lands	NNS
or	CC
school	NN
sites	NNS
owned	VBN
in	IN
fee	NN
by	IN
it	PRP
...	:
Provided	VBN
further	RB
,	,
That	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
section	NN
concerning	VBG
sale	NN
at	IN
public	JJ
auction	NN
shall	MD
not	RB
apply	VB
to	TO
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
selling	NN
or	CC
disposing	VBG
of	IN
its	PRP$
property	NN
for	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
use	NN
to	TO
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
,	,
or	CC
its	PRP$
political	JJ
subdivisions	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
county	NN
commissions	NNS
or	CC
divisions	NNS
thereof	RB
,	,
for	IN
an	DT
adequate	JJ
consideration	NN
without	IN
considering	VBG
alone	RB
the	DT
present	JJ
commercial	JJ
or	CC
market	NN
value	NN
of	IN
the	DT
property	NN
...	:
It	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
this	DT
section	NN
provides	VBZ
the	DT
exclusive	JJ
method	NN
for	IN
disposing	VBG
of	IN
property	NN
no	RB
longer	RB
needed	VBN
for	IN
school	NN
purposes	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
further	RB
appears	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
provide	VB
for	IN
the	DT
lease	NN
of	IN
school	NN
property	NN
except	IN
where	WRB
the	DT
lease	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
extracting	VBG
oil	NN
or	CC
gas	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
minerals	NNS
on	IN
property	NN
owned	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
.	.
It	PRP
further	RB
appears	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
contemplate	VB
sale	NN
of	IN
board	NN
-	:
owned	VBN
property	NN
to	TO
private	JJ
entities	NNS
,	,
whether	IN
for-profit	JJ
or	CC
not	RB
.	.
Enclosed	VBN
is	VBZ
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
a	DT
1974	CD
interpretation	NN
relating	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
issues	NNS
you	PRP
raise	VBP
.	.
``	``
How	WRB
can	MD
the	DT
county	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
egally	RB
close	RB
three	CD
schools	NNS
in	IN
favor	NN
of	IN
a	DT
consolidated	JJ
high	JJ
school	NN
where	WRB
new	JJ
buildings	NNS
were	VBD
built	VBN
with	IN
bond	NN
levy	NN
money	NN
and	CC
that	IN
particular	JJ
bond	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
retired	VBN
?	.
''	''
Decisions	NNS
about	IN
closing	NN
,	,
consolidation	NN
and	CC
merger	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
are	VBP
within	IN
the	DT
authority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
to	TO
make	VB
--	:
subject	JJ
to	TO
approval	NN
by	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
Please	VB
refer	VB
to	TO
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18-5-13	CD
and	CC
13a	CD
.	.
A	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
letter	NN
will	MD
be	VB
put	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
file	NN
so	IN
that	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
as	IN
this	DT
matter	NN
is	VBZ
reviewed	VBN
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
asked	VBN
:	:
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Whereas	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
Pendleton	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
is	VBZ
planning	VBG
to	TO
sell	VB
a	DT
building	NN
which	WDT
serves	VBZ
as	IN
an	DT
annex	NN
to	TO
the	DT
central	JJ
office	NN
,	,
...	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
may	MD
it	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
sell	VB
this	DT
facility	NN
through	IN
a	DT
sealed	VBN
bid	NN
process	NN
after	IN
due	JJ
notice	NN
or	CC
must	MD
the	DT
sale	NN
be	VB
made	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
courthouse	NN
steps	NNS
through	IN
public	JJ
auction	NN
?	.
''	''
I	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
is	VBZ
only	RB
required	VBN
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
experience	NN
increment	NN
effective	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
purchase	NN
provided	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
employee	NN
notifies	VBZ
the	DT
board	NN
that	IN
the	DT
purchase	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
made	VBN
.	.
To	TO
do	VB
otherwise	RB
would	MD
unfairly	RB
disadvantage	NN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
which	WDT
must	MD
operate	VB
on	IN
a	DT
projected	VBN
yearly	JJ
budget	NN
that	WDT
does	VBZ
not	RB
contemplate	VB
providing	VBG
back	JJ
pay	NN
for	IN
the	DT
purchase	NN
of	IN
experience	NN
increments	NNS
by	IN
employees	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
act	VBP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
predicated	VBN
on	IN
any	DT
wrongdoing	NN
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
the	DT
employment	NN
term	NN
,	,
any	DT
full-time	JJ
employee	NN
of	IN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
entitled	VBN
annually	RB
to	TO
at	IN
least	JJS
one	CD
and	CC
one-half	JJ
days	NNS
personal	JJ
leave	NN
for	IN
each	DT
employment	NN
month	NN
or	CC
major	JJ
fraction	NN
thereof	RB
in	IN
the	DT
employee	NN
's	POS
employment	NN
term	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Emphasis	NN
added	VBD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
while	IN
participation	NN
in	IN
a	DT
sabbatical	JJ
leave	NN
program	NN
is	VBZ
optional	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
county	NN
does	VBZ
adopt	VB
a	DT
sabbatical	NN
leave	VBP
policy	NN
,	,
any	DT
teacher	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
approved	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
sabbatical	NN
leave	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
deemed	VBN
a	DT
full-time	JJ
employee	NN
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
accruing	VBG
a	DT
year	NN
of	IN
regular	JJ
seniority	NN
within	IN
the	DT
county	NN
,	,
a	DT
year	NN
of	IN
experience	NN
for	IN
salary	NN
purposes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
year	NN
of	IN
credit	NN
toward	IN
participation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
teachers	NNS
retirement	NN
system	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
county	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
adopted	VBN
a	DT
sabbatical	NN
leave	VBP
policy	NN
and	CC
a	DT
teacher	NN
merely	RB
requests	NNS
a	DT
leave	NN
of	IN
absence	NN
to	TO
complete	VB
an	DT
advanced	JJ
degree	NN
,	,
the	DT
county	NN
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
bound	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
18-2-11	CD
and	CC
Policy	NNP
5530	CD
.	.
Rather	RB
,	,
the	DT
rights	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
teacher	NN
will	MD
be	VB
governed	VBN
by	IN
other	JJ
applicable	JJ
sections	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
charge	VB
parents	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
children	NNS
's	POS
participation	NN
in	IN
public	JJ
education	NN
,	,
the	DT
board	NN
bears	VBZ
a	DT
heavy	JJ
burden	NN
in	IN
rebutting	VBG
this	DT
constitutionally	RB
based	VBN
presumption	NN
.	.
Syl	NNP
.	.
Pt	NNP
.	.
3	LS
.	.
Whatever	WDT
items	NNS
are	VBP
deemed	VBN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
accomplish	VB
the	DT
goals	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
school	NN
system	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
in	IN
fact	NN
an	DT
integral	JJ
fundamental	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
elementary	JJ
and	CC
secondary	JJ
education	NN
must	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
free	JJ
of	IN
charge	NN
to	TO
all	DT
students	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
constitutional	JJ
mandate	NN
of	IN
a	DT
free	JJ
school	NN
system	NN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
Section	NNP
1	CD
of	IN
Article	NNP
XII	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Constitution	NNP
.	.
Syl	NNP
.	.
Pt	NNP
.	.
7	CD
.	.
The	DT
critical	JJ
inquiry	NN
is	VBZ
whether	IN
the	DT
specialized	VBN
instructional	JJ
supplies	NNS
,	,
field	NN
trips	NNS
,	,
clubs	NNS
or	CC
band	NN
instruments	NNS
are	VBP
necessary	JJ
for	IN
use	NN
in	IN
the	DT
required	JJ
curriculum	NN
.	.
The	DT
required	JJ
curriculum	NN
includes	VBZ
both	DT
required	JJ
courses	NNS
and	CC
electives	NNS
required	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
particular	JJ
career	NN
cluster	NN
.	.
Each	DT
item	NN
should	MD
be	VB
examined	VBN
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
the	DT
it	PRP
amounts	VBZ
to	TO
a	DT
portion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
required	JJ
curriculum	NN
,	,
that	WDT
is	VBZ
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
meeting	VBG
some	DT
content	JJ
standard	NN
or	CC
objective	NN
for	IN
example	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
item	NN
or	CC
activity	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
portion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
required	JJ
curriculum	NN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
students	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
charged	VBN
a	DT
fee	NN
for	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
.	.
Each	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
shall	MD
control	VB
funds	NNS
allotted	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
from	IN
legislative	JJ
appropriations	NNS
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
section	NN
nine	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
18-9A-9	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
article	NN
nine-a	NN
of	IN
this	DT
chapter	NN
.	.
From	IN
such	JJ
funds	NNS
,	,
each	DT
classroom	NN
teacher	NN
and	CC
librarian	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
allotted	JJ
fifty	JJ
dollars	NNS
for	IN
expenditure	NN
during	IN
the	DT
instructional	JJ
year	NN
for	IN
academic	JJ
materials	NNS
,	,
supplies	NNS
or	CC
equipment	NN
which	WDT
in	IN
the	DT
judgment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
teacher	NN
or	CC
librarian	NN
will	MD
assist	VB
him	PRP
or	CC
her	PRP$
in	IN
providing	VBG
instruction	NN
in	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
assigned	VBN
academic	JJ
subjects	NNS
,	,
or	CC
shall	MD
be	VB
returned	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
:	:
Provided	VBN
,	,
That	DT
nothing	NN
contained	VBD
herein	RB
shall	MD
prohibit	VB
such	JJ
funds	NNS
from	IN
being	VBG
used	VBN
for	IN
programs	NNS
and	CC
materials	NNS
that	IN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
opinion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
teacher	NN
,	,
enhance	VB
student	NN
behavior	NN
,	,
increase	NN
academic	JJ
achievement	NN
,	,
improve	VB
self-esteem	NN
and	CC
address	VB
the	DT
problems	NNS
of	IN
students	NNS
at-risk	JJ
.	.
The	DT
remainder	NN
of	IN
funds	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
expended	VBN
for	IN
academic	JJ
materials	NNS
,	,
supplies	NNS
or	CC
equipment	NN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
a	DT
budget	NN
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
correct	JJ
in	IN
your	PRP$
assumption	NN
that	IN
the	DT
limitations	NNS
placed	VBN
upon	IN
faculty	NN
senate	NN
funds	NNS
in	IN
subsection	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
part	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
do	VBP
not	RB
relate	VB
to	TO
those	DT
funds	NNS
mentioned	VBN
in	IN
subsection	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
10	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Subsection	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
relates	VBZ
to	TO
funds	NNS
which	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
appropriated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
.	.
Subsection	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
10	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
relates	VBZ
to	TO
other	JJ
funds	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
in	IN
response	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
request	NN
for	IN
an	DT
interpretation	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
payment	NN
of	IN
Workers	NNS
?	.
Compensation	NNP
benefits	NNS
.	.
Specifically	RB
,	,
you	PRP
ask	VBP
if	IN
the	DT
county	NN
should	MD
adjust	VB
the	DT
salary	NN
of	IN
an	DT
employee	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
receiving	VBG
benefits	NNS
from	IN
Workers	NNS
?	.
The	DT
answer	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
question	NN
is	VBZ
yes	RB
.	.
The	DT
employee	NN
should	MD
not	RB
receive	VB
benefits	NNS
for	IN
weekends	NNS
if	IN
those	DT
days	NNS
were	VBD
not	RB
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
work	NN
week	NN
or	CC
a	DT
holiday	NN
.	.
Please	VB
refer	VB
to	TO
the	DT
enclosed	VBN
interpretation	NN
from	IN
our	PRP$
office	NN
dated	VBN
April	NNP
12	CD
,	,
1990	CD
,	,
for	IN
further	JJ
guidance	NN
on	IN
the	DT
payment	NN
of	IN
Workers	NNS
?	.
Compensation	NNP
benefits	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
asked	VBN
whether	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
can	MD
compensate	VB
its	PRP$
president	NN
for	IN
wages	NNS
lost	VBD
due	JJ
to	TO
her	PRP$
attendance	NN
at	IN
a	DT
trial	NN
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
request	NN
of	IN
an	DT
insurance	NN
carrier	NN
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
board	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
party	NN
defendant	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18-5-4	CD
does	VBZ
authorize	VB
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
to	TO
pay	VB
its	PRP$
president	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
member	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
traveling	VBG
expenses	NNS
incurred	VBN
on	IN
official	JJ
board	NN
business	NN
;	:
so	RB
,	,
the	DT
board	NN
could	MD
pay	VB
Mrs.	NNP
Sherensky	NNP
's	POS
traveling	VBG
expenses	NNS
resulting	VBG
from	IN
her	PRP$
participation	NN
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
the	DT
board	NN
in	IN
the	DT
trial	NN
.	.
``	``
Members	NNS
shall	MD
also	RB
be	VB
paid	VBN
,	,
upon	IN
the	DT
presentation	NN
of	IN
an	DT
itemized	VBN
sworn	VBN
statement	NN
,	,
for	IN
all	DT
necessary	JJ
traveling	VBG
expenses	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
all	DT
authorized	VBN
meetings	NNS
,	,
incurred	VBN
on	IN
official	JJ
business	NN
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
order	NN
of	IN
the	DT
board	NN
.	.
''	''
It	PRP
can	MD
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
the	DT
underpayment	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
the	DT
employee	NN
's	POS
fault	NN
,	,
then	RB
it	PRP
should	MD
.	.
For	IN
further	JJ
information	NN
,	,
please	VB
find	VB
enclosed	VBN
my	PRP$
letter	NN
of	IN
December	NNP
12	CD
,	,
1990	CD
,	,
on	IN
this	DT
subject	NN
.	.
An	DT
underpaid	JJ
employee	NN
is	VBZ
entitled	VBN
to	TO
recover	VB
an	DT
underpayment	NN
ordinarily	RB
.	.
You	PRP
should	MD
receive	VB
some	DT
money	NN
from	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
either	CC
directly	RB
from	IN
its	PRP$
treasury	NN
or	CC
indirectly	RB
out	IN
of	IN
quasi-public	JJ
funds	NNS
conserved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
principal	NN
at	IN
the	DT
school	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
reasonable	JJ
administrative	JJ
needs	NNS
because	IN
a	DT
faculty	NN
senate	NN
is	VBZ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
board	NN
's	POS
administrative	JJ
apparatus	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Cf	NN
.	.
Second	JJ
from	IN
last	JJ
paragraph	NN
on	IN
page	NN
4	CD
of	IN
the	DT
referenced	VBN
memo	NN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
Therefore	RB
,	,
I	PRP
recommend	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
request	VBP
reimbursement	NN
from	IN
the	DT
board	NN
,	,
upon	IN
itemized	VBN
,	,
sworn	VBN
statements	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
necessary	JJ
expenses	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
school	NN
policy	NN
or	CC
policy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
.	.
Changes	NNS
in	IN
such	JJ
policy	NN
should	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
by	IN
your	PRP$
local	JJ
school	NN
improvement	NN
council	NN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18-5A-2	NNP
and	CC
3	CD
,	,
or	CC
else	RB
by	IN
request	NN
to	TO
the	DT
board	NN
or	CC
principal	JJ
directly	RB
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
while	IN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
seem	VB
clear	JJ
that	IN
your	PRP$
school	NN
funds	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
purchase	VB
meal	NN
tickets	NNS
for	IN
any	DT
of	IN
your	PRP$
employees	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
clear	JJ
whether	IN
your	PRP$
school	NN
funds	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
purchase	VB
individual	JJ
Chamber	NNP
memberships	NNS
for	IN
your	PRP$
employees	NNS
.	.
The	DT
July	NNP
12	CD
,	,
2001	CD
,	,
Advisory	NNP
Opinion	NNP
addresses	VBZ
only	RB
memberships	NNS
for	IN
Boards	NNS
of	IN
Education	NNP
and	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
discuss	VB
individual	JJ
memberships	NNS
for	IN
employees	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
asked	VBN
,	,
''	''
...	:
why	WRB
the	DT
voice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
ca	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
heard	VBN
...	:
''	''
as	IN
help	NN
from	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Government	NNP
with	IN
your	PRP$
social	JJ
studies	NNS
project	NN
whose	WP$
title	NN
is	VBZ
:	:
``	``
Why	WRB
ca	MD
n't	RB
the	DT
voice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
be	VB
heard	VBN
on	IN
prayers	NNS
in	IN
schools	NNS
?	.
''	''
There	EX
are	VBP
several	JJ
avenues	NNS
for	IN
``	``
the	DT
voice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
heard	VBN
.	.
''	''
One	CD
is	VBZ
by	IN
amendment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
initiated	VBN
by	IN
Congress	NNP
;	:
another	DT
is	VBZ
by	IN
constitutional	JJ
amendment	NN
initiated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
States	NNPS
.	.
In	IN
these	DT
cases	NNS
you	PRP
could	MD
ask	VB
a	DT
Member	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Congress	NNP
or	CC
a	DT
State	NN
Legislator	NN
to	TO
introduce	VB
a	DT
resolution	NN
proposing	VBG
the	DT
constitutional	JJ
amendment	NN
.	.
A	DT
fourth	JJ
avenue	NN
,	,
somewhat	RB
different	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
rest	NN
,	,
yet	RB
a	DT
remote	JJ
possibility	NN
,	,
would	MD
be	VB
to	TO
ask	VB
the	DT
Congress	NNP
through	IN
one	CD
of	IN
your	PRP$
Congressmen	NNS
to	TO
remove	VB
religion	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
's	POS
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
Jurisprudence1	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
support	VB
this	DT
,	,
however	RB
,	,
because	IN
our	PRP$
third	JJ
Chief	NNP
Justice	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
John	NNP
Marshall	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
convinced	JJ
us	PRP
that	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
had	VBD
inherent2	JJ
authority	NN
to	TO
decide	VB
upon	IN
the	DT
constitutionality	NN
of	IN
Federal	NNP
laws	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Fourteenth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
has	VBZ
extended	VBN
this	DT
assumed	JJ
authority	NN
to	TO
State	NNP
laws	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
Some	DT
body	NN
should	MD
settle	VB
constitutional	JJ
questions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
our	PRP$
country	NN
we	PRP
normally3	VBP
have	VB
accepted	VBN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
as	IN
that	DT
body	NN
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
am	VBP
requesting	VBG
a	DT
legal	JJ
interpretation	NN
for	IN
the	DT
following	NN
.	.
Is	VBZ
it	PRP
legal	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
to	TO
permit	VB
parent	NN
volunteers	NNS
to	TO
ride	VB
a	DT
school	NN
bus	NN
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
where	WRB
they	PRP
perform	VBP
volunteer	NN
services	NNS
?	.
If	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
permissible	JJ
,	,
is	VBZ
this	DT
a	DT
practice	NN
you	PRP
would	MD
favor	VB
?	.
''	''
If	IN
our	PRP$
senate	NN
needs	VBZ
information	NN
or	CC
wishes	VBZ
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
recommendation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
local	JJ
superintendent	NN
,	,
local	JJ
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
someone	NN
at	IN
the	DT
state	NN
level	NN
,	,
may	MD
we	PRP
choose	VB
someone	NN
from	IN
the	DT
group	NN
to	TO
represent	VB
us	PRP
in	IN
writing	VBG
letters	NNS
or	CC
making	VBG
phone	NN
calls	NNS
or	CC
must	MD
we	PRP
go	VB
through	IN
the	DT
principal	NN
?	.
Statutory	JJ
law	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
answer	VB
any	DT
of	IN
these	DT
questions	NNS
although	IN
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18-20-2	CD
is	VBZ
helpful	JJ
.	.
Nevertheless	RB
,	,
since	IN
a	DT
student	NN
can	MD
be	VB
transported	VBN
by	IN
public	JJ
school	NN
bus	NN
to	TO
and	CC
from	IN
school	NN
,1	CD
and	CC
since	IN
parents	NNS
can	MD
volunteer	VB
their	PRP$
services2	NN
,	,
statutory	JJ
law	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
appear	VB
to	TO
forbid	VB
any	DT
of	IN
these	DT
proposals	NNS
either	CC
.	.
The	DT
Marshall	NNP
County	NNP
E-911	NNP
Board	NNP
is	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
updating	VBG
their	PRP$
by-laws	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
considering	VBG
a	DT
quorum	NN
provision	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
allow	VB
business	NN
to	TO
be	VB
conducted	VBN
by	IN
less	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
voting	NN
members	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Jefferson	NNP
County	NNP
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
wants	VBZ
to	TO
determine	VB
if	IN
individual	JJ
Commissioners	NNS
may	MD
send	VB
proposals	NNS
to	TO
staff	NN
via	IN
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
to	TO
be	VB
forwarded	VBN
to	TO
all	DT
Commission	NNP
Members	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Examples	NNS
of	IN
draft	NN
documents	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
included	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
process	NN
are	VBP
by-laws	NNS
,	,
budgets	NNS
,	,
policies	NNS
,	,
correspondence	NN
,	,
and	CC
corrections	NNS
to	TO
minutes	NNS
.	.
Commissioners	NNS
would	MD
not	RB
respond	VB
to	TO
these	DT
documents	NNS
until	IN
a	DT
properly	RB
noticed	VBN
meeting	NN
and	CC
copies	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
such	JJ
material	NN
would	MD
be	VB
on	IN
file	NN
and	CC
available	JJ
for	IN
public	JJ
inspection	NN
.	.
Members	NNS
may	MD
send	VB
information	NN
to	TO
the	DT
office	NN
,	,
for	IN
immediate	JJ
forwarding	NN
to	TO
all	DT
Planning	NNP
Commissioners	NNPS
,	,
electronically	RB
or	CC
otherwise	RB
,	,
between	IN
meetings	NNS
,	,
but	CC
may	MD
not	RB
reply	VB
about	IN
anything	NN
that	WDT
could	MD
result	VB
in	IN
an	DT
official	JJ
action	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
materials	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
filed	VBN
and	CC
made	VBN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
immediately	RB
.	.
The	DT
Legislature	NNP
hereby	NN
finds	VBZ
and	CC
declares	VBZ
that	IN
public	JJ
agencies	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
state	NN
exist	VBP
for	IN
the	DT
singular	JJ
purpose	NN
of	IN
representing	VBG
citizens	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
state	NN
in	IN
governmental	JJ
affairs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
interests	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
state	NN
for	IN
the	DT
proceedings	NNS
of	IN
public	JJ
agencies	NNS
be	VB
conducted	VBN
openly	RB
,	,
with	IN
only	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
clearly	RB
defined	VBN
exceptions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Legislature	NNP
hereby	NN
further	RB
finds	VBZ
and	CC
declares	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
citizens	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
state	NN
do	VBP
not	RB
yield	VB
their	PRP$
sovereignty	NN
to	TO
the	DT
governmental	JJ
agencies	NNS
that	WDT
serve	VBP
them	PRP
.	.
The	DT
people	NNS
in	IN
delegating	VBG
authority	NN
do	VBP
not	RB
give	VB
their	PRP$
public	JJ
servants	NNS
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
decide	VB
what	WP
is	VBZ
good	JJ
for	IN
them	PRP
to	TO
know	VB
and	CC
what	WP
is	VBZ
not	RB
good	JJ
for	IN
them	PRP
to	TO
know	VB
.	.
The	DT
people	NNS
insist	VBP
on	IN
remaining	VBG
informed	VBN
so	RB
that	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
retain	VB
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
instruments	NNS
of	IN
government	NN
created	VBN
by	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Open	NNP
government	NN
allows	VBZ
the	DT
public	NN
to	TO
educate	VB
itself	PRP
about	IN
government	NN
decisionmaking	VBG
through	IN
individuals	NNS
?	.
attendance	NN
and	CC
participation	NN
at	IN
government	NN
functions	NNS
,	,
distribution	NN
of	IN
government	NN
information	NN
by	IN
the	DT
press	NN
or	CC
interested	JJ
citizens	NNS
,	,
and	CC
public	JJ
debate	NN
on	IN
issues	NNS
deliberated	VBD
within	IN
the	DT
government	NN
.	.
Public	NNP
access	NN
to	TO
information	NN
promotes	VBZ
attendance	NN
at	IN
meetings	NNS
,	,
improves	VBZ
planning	NN
of	IN
meetings	NNS
,	,
and	CC
encourages	VBZ
more	RBR
thorough	JJ
preparation	NN
and	CC
complete	JJ
discussion	NN
of	IN
issues	NNS
by	IN
participating	VBG
officials	NNS
.	.
The	DT
government	NN
also	RB
benefits	VBZ
from	IN
openness	NN
because	IN
better	JJR
preparation	NN
and	CC
public	JJ
input	NN
allow	VB
government	NN
agencies	NNS
to	TO
gauge	VB
public	JJ
preferences	NNS
accurately	RB
and	CC
thereby	RB
tailor	VB
their	PRP$
actions	NNS
and	CC
policies	NNS
more	RBR
closely	RB
to	TO
public	JJ
needs	NNS
.	.
Public	NNP
confidence	NN
and	CC
understanding	NN
ease	NN
potential	JJ
resistance	NN
to	TO
government	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
the	DT
benefits	NNS
of	IN
openness	NN
inure	NN
to	TO
both	DT
the	DT
public	JJ
affected	VBN
by	IN
governmental	JJ
decisionmaking	NN
and	CC
the	DT
decision	NN
makers	NNS
themselves	PRP
.	.
The	DT
Legislature	NNP
finds	VBZ
,	,
however	RB
,	,
that	IN
openness	NN
,	,
public	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
information	NN
and	CC
a	DT
desire	NN
to	TO
improve	VB
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
government	NN
do	VBP
not	RB
require	VB
nor	CC
permit	VB
every	DT
meeting	NN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
public	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
Legislature	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
unrealistic	JJ
,	,
if	IN
not	RB
impossible	JJ
,	,
to	TO
carry	VB
on	IN
the	DT
business	NN
of	IN
government	NN
should	MD
every	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
every	DT
contact	NN
and	CC
every	DT
discussion	NN
seeking	VBG
advice	NN
and	CC
counsel	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
acquire	VB
the	DT
necessary	JJ
information	NN
,	,
data	NNS
or	CC
intelligence	NN
needed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
were	VBD
required	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
public	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
intent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
to	TO
balance	VB
these	DT
interests	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
allow	VB
government	NN
to	TO
function	VB
and	CC
the	DT
public	NN
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
a	DT
meaningful	JJ
manner	NN
in	IN
public	JJ
agency	NN
decisionmaking	VBG
.	.
Nonetheless	RB
,	,
this	DT
Committee	NNP
recognizes	VBZ
that	IN
not	RB
all	DT
communication	NN
between	IN
or	CC
among	IN
the	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
of	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
agency	NN
will	MD
take	VB
place	NN
in	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
a	DT
scheduled	VBN
meeting	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
open	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
the	DT
media	NNS
.	.
In	IN
an	DT
earlier	JJR
,	,
non-precedential	JJ
opinion	NN
,	,
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Advisory	NNP
Opinion	NNP
2000-07	CD
,	,
this	DT
Committee	NNP
authorized	VBD
members	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
City	NNP
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
to	TO
receive	VB
copies	NNS
of	IN
proposed	VBN
plans	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
a	DT
scheduled	VBN
meeting	NN
,	,
so	RB
each	DT
member	NN
would	MD
have	VB
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
review	VB
the	DT
plans	NNS
in	IN
preparation	NN
for	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Except	IN
as	IN
expressly	RB
and	CC
specifically	RB
otherwise	RB
provided	VBN
by	IN
law	NN
,	,
whether	IN
heretofore	NN
or	CC
hereinafter	NN
enacted	VBN
,	,
and	CC
except	IN
as	IN
provided	VBN
in	IN
section	NN
four	CD
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
,	,
all	DT
meetings	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
open	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
Any	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
may	MD
make	VB
and	CC
enforce	VB
reasonable	JJ
rules	NNS
for	IN
attendance	NN
and	CC
presentation	NN
at	IN
any	DT
meeting	NN
where	WRB
there	EX
is	VBZ
not	RB
room	NN
enough	RB
for	IN
all	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
public	NN
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
attend	VB
.	.
This	DT
article	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
prohibit	VB
the	DT
removal	NN
from	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
of	IN
any	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
public	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
disrupting	VBG
the	DT
meeting	NN
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
that	IN
orderly	JJ
conduct	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
compromised	VBN
:	:
Provided	VBN
,	,
that	IN
persons	NNS
who	WP
desire	VBP
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
register	VB
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
body	NN
more	RBR
than	IN
fifteen	CD
minutes	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
time	NN
the	DT
scheduled	VBN
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
commence	VB
.	.
This	DT
Committee	NNP
has	VBZ
previously	RB
concluded	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
establishes	VBZ
only	RB
one	CD
specific	JJ
limitation	NN
on	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
periods	NNS
-	:
the	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
permitted	VBN
to	TO
require	VB
participants	NNS
to	TO
sign	VB
up	RP
more	JJR
than	IN
fifteen	CD
minutes	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
start	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
as	IN
a	DT
condition	NN
for	IN
participating	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
comment	NN
period	NN
.	.
This	DT
Committee	NNP
may	MD
approve	VB
other	JJ
specific	JJ
limitations	NNS
on	IN
public	JJ
comments	NNS
,	,
if	IN
such	JJ
restrictions	NNS
are	VBP
reasonable	JJ
.	.
In	IN
any	DT
event	NN
,	,
this	DT
Committee	NNP
concludes	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
three-minute	JJ
time	NN
limit	NN
on	IN
public	JJ
presentations	NNS
during	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
or	CC
special	JJ
meeting	NN
of	IN
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
is	VBZ
reasonable	JJ
.	.
However	RB
,	,
this	DT
Committee	NNP
recommends	VBZ
that	IN
any	DT
agency	NN
adopting	VBG
procedural	JJ
rules	NNS
for	IN
conducting	VBG
its	PRP$
meetings	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
rules	NNS
include	VBP
time	NN
limits	NNS
on	IN
presentations	NNS
,	,
should	MD
further	RB
provide	VB
a	DT
mechanism	NN
for	IN
extending	VBG
those	DT
time	NN
limits	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
concurrence	NN
of	IN
the	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
by	IN
unanimous	JJ
consent	NN
or	CC
majority	NN
rule	NN
.	.
Any	DT
meeting	NN
of	IN
any	DT
political	JJ
party	NN
executive	NN
committee	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
only	RB
after	IN
public	JJ
notice	NN
and	CC
notice	NN
to	TO
each	DT
member	NN
is	VBZ
given	VBN
according	VBG
to	TO
party	NN
rules	NNS
and	CC
shall	MD
be	VB
open	JJ
to	TO
all	DT
members	NNS
affiliated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
party	NN
.	.
Meetings	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
conducted	VBN
according	VBG
to	TO
party	NN
rules	NNS
,	,
all	DT
official	JJ
actions	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
by	IN
voice	NN
vote	NN
and	CC
minutes	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
maintained	VBN
and	CC
shall	MD
be	VB
open	JJ
to	TO
inspection	NN
by	IN
members	NNS
affiliated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
party	NN
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
resident	NN
of	IN
Berkeley	NNP
County	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
holds	VBZ
an	DT
appointment	NN
as	IN
a	DT
Notary	NNP
Public	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
is	VBZ
seeking	VBG
a	DT
formal	JJ
advisory	JJ
opinion	NN
whether	IN
the	DT
Berkeley	NNP
County	NNP
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
is	VBZ
conducting	VBG
its	PRP$
meetings	NNS
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
in	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
certain	JJ
policies	NNS
and	CC
practices	NNS
which	WDT
he	PRP
describes	VBZ
in	IN
his	PRP$
request	NN
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Berkeley	NNP
County	NNP
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
nor	CC
has	VBZ
he	PRP
been	VBN
authorized	VBN
to	TO
act	VB
as	IN
their	PRP$
agent	NN
.	.
Each	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
shall	MD
provide	VB
for	IN
the	DT
preparation	NN
of	IN
written	VBN
minutes	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
its	PRP$
meetings	NNS
.	.
Subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
exceptions	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
section	NN
four	CD
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
,	,
minutes	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
meetings	NNS
except	IN
executive	JJ
sessions	NNS
,	,
if	IN
any	DT
are	VBP
taken	VBN
,	,
shall	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
within	IN
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
time	NN
after	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
...	:
The	DT
Braxton	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
posts	NNS
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
for	IN
each	DT
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
on	IN
the	DT
front	JJ
door	NN
of	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Courthouse	NN
.	.
A	DT
local	JJ
radio	NN
station	NN
has	VBZ
complained	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
issue	VB
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
via	IN
telephone	NN
facsimile	NN
.	.
Governing	VBG
bodies	NNS
of	IN
public	JJ
agencies	NNS
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
agendas	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
meetings	NNS
to	TO
news	NN
media	NNS
who	WP
regularly	RB
cover	VBP
or	CC
report	VBP
those	DT
meetings	NNS
.	.
Agendas	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
distributed	VBN
by	IN
mail	NN
,	,
telephone	NN
facsimile	NN
or	CC
E-mail	NN
,	,
or	CC
they	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
on	IN
an	DT
Internet	NNP
website	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
has	VBZ
established	VBN
a	DT
presence	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
failure	NN
to	TO
send	VB
a	DT
notice	NN
to	TO
a	DT
particular	JJ
newspaper	NN
,	,
radio	NN
or	CC
television	NN
station	NN
should	MD
not	RB
invalidate	VB
an	DT
otherwise	RB
proper	JJ
public	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
the	DT
Braxton	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
,	,
while	IN
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
routinely	RB
send	VB
its	PRP$
meeting	NN
agendas	NNS
to	TO
local	JJ
news	NN
media	NNS
,	,
may	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
by	IN
posting	VBG
the	DT
agenda	NN
in	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
location	NN
in	IN
the	DT
county	NN
courthouse	NN
during	IN
normal	JJ
business	NN
hours	NNS
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
business	NN
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
each	DT
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Pocahontas	NNP
County	NNP
Schools	NNP
asks	VBZ
if	IN
his	PRP$
service	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
organization	NN
requires	VBZ
that	IN
organization	NN
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
.	.
Pocahontas	NNP
Woods	NNP
,	,
established	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
,	,
non-profit	JJ
corporation	NN
,	,
has	VBZ
adopted	VBN
by-laws	NNS
which	WDT
specify	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
School	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
or	CC
his	PRP$
alternate	JJ
representing	VBG
the	DT
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
,	,
will	MD
serve	VB
as	IN
one	CD
of	IN
its	PRP$
voting	NN
members	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Superintendent	NNP
is	VBZ
concerned	JJ
whether	IN
his	PRP$
status	NN
as	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
official	NN
prohibits	VBZ
him	PRP
from	IN
attending	VBG
private	JJ
meetings	NNS
,	,
or	CC
converts	VBZ
the	DT
corporation	NN
into	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
agency	NN
subject	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
.	.
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Council	NNP
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
verify	VB
whether	IN
a	DT
subordinate	JJ
board	NN
can	MD
meet	VB
to	TO
discuss	VB
the	DT
qualifications	NNS
of	IN
applicants	NNS
for	IN
employment	NN
without	IN
giving	VBG
notice	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
meeting	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
the	DT
Council	NNP
wants	VBZ
to	TO
know	VB
what	WP
steps	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
rectify	VB
a	DT
situation	NN
where	WRB
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
conducts	VBZ
a	DT
meeting	NN
that	WDT
does	VBZ
not	RB
conform	VB
to	TO
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
but	CC
,	,
nonetheless	RB
,	,
official	JJ
action	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
taken	VBN
on	IN
matters	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
previously	RB
addressed	VBN
during	IN
such	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
Council	NNP
request	NN
explains	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
of	IN
a	DT
subordinate	JJ
municipal	JJ
agency	NN
went	VBD
into	IN
executive	JJ
session	NN
at	IN
a	DT
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meeting	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
the	DT
hiring	NN
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
employee	NN
.	.
The	DT
meeting	NN
adjourned	VBN
after	IN
the	DT
conclusion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
without	IN
a	DT
vote	NN
being	VBG
taken	VBN
or	CC
a	DT
decision	NN
made	VBN
.	.
The	DT
board	NN
members	NNS
subsequently	RB
gathered	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
office	NN
at	IN
another	DT
location	NN
where	WRB
they	PRP
continued	VBD
to	TO
discuss	VB
the	DT
qualifications	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
applicants	NNS
for	IN
an	DT
available	JJ
position	NN
.	.
During	IN
this	DT
subsequent	JJ
gathering	NN
,	,
the	DT
participants	NNS
reached	VBD
a	DT
consensus	NN
on	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
applicant	NN
and	CC
submitted	VBD
their	PRP$
recommendation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Mayor	NNP
and	CC
Council	NNP
without	IN
conducting	VBG
a	DT
properly	RB
noticed	VBN
open	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
,	,
the	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
met	VBD
again	RB
in	IN
a	DT
properly	RB
noticed	VBN
meeting	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
employment	NN
question	NN
was	VBD
discussed	VBN
.	.
Following	VBG
public	JJ
discussion	NN
on	IN
this	DT
matter	NN
,	,
the	DT
board	NN
voted	VBD
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
personnel	NNS
recommendation	NN
.	.
The	DT
circuit	NN
court	NN
in	IN
the	DT
county	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
public	JJ
agency	NN
regularly	RB
meets	VBZ
has	VBZ
jurisdiction	NN
to	TO
enforce	VB
this	DT
article	NN
...	:
The	DT
court	NN
is	VBZ
empowered	VBN
to	TO
compel	VB
compliance	NN
or	CC
enjoin	VB
noncompliance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
and	CC
to	TO
annul	VB
a	DT
decision	NN
made	VBN
in	IN
violation	NN
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
.	.
An	DT
injunction	NN
may	MD
also	RB
order	VB
that	DT
subsequent	JJ
actions	NNS
be	VB
taken	VBN
or	CC
decisions	NNS
be	VB
made	VBN
in	IN
conformity	NN
with	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
...	:
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
or	CC
in	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
acts	NNS
or	CC
omissions	NNS
which	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
determined	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
in	IN
violation	NN
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
for	IN
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
to	TO
hold	VB
a	DT
private	JJ
meeting	NN
with	IN
the	DT
intention	NN
of	IN
transacting	VBG
public	JJ
business	NN
,	,
thwarting	VBG
public	JJ
scrutiny	NN
and	CC
making	VBG
decisions	NNS
that	WDT
eventually	RB
become	VBP
official	JJ
action	NN
.	.
The	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
generally	RB
requires	VBZ
that	IN
governing	VBG
bodies	NNS
of	IN
public	JJ
agencies	NNS
provide	VBP
reasonable	JJ
advance	NN
notice	NN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
media	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
meeting	NN
where	WRB
a	DT
quorum	NN
of	IN
the	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
will	MD
be	VB
present	JJ
and	CC
where	WRB
matters	NNS
requiring	VBG
official	JJ
action	NN
will	MD
be	VB
decided	VBN
or	CC
discussed	VBN
.	.
Personnel	NNP
matters	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
determining	VBG
the	DT
best	JJS
applicant	NN
to	TO
fill	VB
a	DT
vacant	JJ
position	NN
,	,
may	MD
be	VB
discussed	VBN
in	IN
executive	NN
session	NN
,	,
but	CC
each	DT
such	JJ
session	NN
must	MD
be	VB
initiated	VBN
and	CC
concluded	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
a	DT
properly	RB
noticed	VBN
open	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
Members	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
who	WP
knowingly	RB
and	CC
intentionally	RB
conduct	VB
a	DT
meeting	NN
in	IN
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
criminal	JJ
prosecution	NN
.	.
Any	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
,	,
even	RB
an	DT
inadvertent	JJ
failure	NN
to	TO
issue	VB
an	DT
agenda	NN
for	IN
a	DT
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meeting	NN
,	,
may	MD
generate	VB
a	DT
legal	JJ
action	NN
requiring	VBG
rescission	NN
of	IN
official	JJ
action	NN
taken	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
.	.
The	DT
Tygarts	NNP
Valley	NNP
Conservation	NNP
District	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
TVCD	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
asks	VBZ
if	IN
its	PRP$
standing	NN
committees	NNS
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
and	CC
,	,
if	IN
so	RB
,	,
what	WP
meeting	NN
notice	NN
requirements	NNS
should	MD
these	DT
committees	NNS
follow	VBP
.	.
This	DT
Committee	NNP
has	VBZ
previously	RB
determined	VBN
that	IN
a	DT
standing	NN
committee	NN
or	CC
subcommittee	NN
of	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
agency	NN
,	,
consisting	VBG
of	IN
two	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
members	NNS
,	,
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
to	TO
formulate	VB
recommendations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
agency	NN
as	IN
a	DT
whole	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
of	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
agency	NN
,	,
and	CC
each	DT
committee	NN
or	CC
subcommittee	NN
must	MD
conduct	VB
its	PRP$
meetings	NNS
in	IN
compliance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
standing	VBG
committees	NNS
established	VBN
by	IN
TVCD	NNP
must	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
.	.
Meeting	VBG
Notice	NNP
-	:
Regular	JJ
Meetings	NNS
A	DT
TVCD	JJ
committee	NN
which	WDT
meets	VBZ
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
a	DT
fixed	VBN
schedule	NN
may	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
notice	NN
requirement	NN
by	IN
posting	VBG
notice	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
meeting	NN
schedule	NN
annually	RB
,	,
and	CC
keeping	VBG
this	DT
notice	NN
posted	VBD
throughout	IN
the	DT
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
schedule	NN
should	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
place	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
accessible	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
during	IN
normal	JJ
business	NN
hours	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
TVCD	NNP
office	NN
.	.
Meeting	VBG
Notice	NNP
-	:
Special	JJ
Meetings	NNS
Meetings	NNS
of	IN
TVCD	NNP
committees	NNS
which	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
follow	VB
a	DT
regular	JJ
schedule	NN
are	VBP
considered	VBN
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
.	.
Such	JJ
TVCD	NNP
committees	NNS
will	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
if	IN
they	PRP
post	VBP
notice	NN
of	IN
each	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
date	NN
.	.
Notices	NNS
of	IN
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
must	MD
include	VB
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
and	CC
place	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
and	CC
,	,
unlike	IN
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
notices	NNS
,	,
must	MD
explain	VB
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
At	IN
a	DT
minimum	NN
,	,
this	DT
notice	NN
should	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
place	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
accessible	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
during	IN
normal	JJ
business	NN
hours	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
TVCD	NNP
office	NN
.	.
In	IN
counting	VBG
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
days	NNS
in	IN
any	DT
two	CD
or	CC
three-day	JJ
notice	NN
period	NN
described	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
opinion	NN
,	,
the	DT
day	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
,	,
and	CC
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
excluded	VBN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
an	DT
intervening	VBG
legal	JJ
holiday	NN
,	,
a	DT
TVCD	NNP
committee	NN
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
by	IN
issuing	VBG
notice	NN
of	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
to	TO
be	VB
held	VBN
on	IN
Thursday	NNP
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
before	IN
the	DT
close	NN
of	IN
business	NN
on	IN
the	DT
preceding	VBG
Tuesday	NNP
.	.
Meeting	VBG
Agenda	NNP
-	:
Special	JJ
Meetings	NNS
In	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
,	,
where	WRB
only	RB
one	CD
or	CC
two	CD
matters	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
addressed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
,	,
these	DT
matters	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
described	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
statement	NN
within	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
notice	NN
,	,
and	CC
no	DT
separate	JJ
agenda	NN
will	MD
be	VB
necessary	JJ
.	.
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
will	MD
deal	VB
with	IN
several	JJ
matters	NNS
,	,
a	DT
separate	JJ
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
should	MD
be	VB
prepared	VBN
and	CC
made	VBN
available	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
manner	NN
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
notice	NN
.	.
Meeting	VBG
Agenda	NNP
-	:
Regular	JJ
Meetings	NNS
A	DT
TVCD	JJ
committee	NN
which	WDT
meets	VBZ
no	RB
more	RBR
frequently	RB
than	IN
every	DT
two	CD
weeks	NNS
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
if	IN
it	PRP
makes	VBZ
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
available	JJ
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
days	NNS
before	IN
each	DT
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meeting	NN
,	,
by	IN
posting	VBG
the	DT
agenda	NN
in	IN
an	DT
appropriate	JJ
public	JJ
space	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
TVCD	NNP
office	NN
,	,
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
having	VBG
copies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
picked	VBN
up	RP
in	IN
that	DT
same	JJ
building	NN
during	IN
normal	JJ
business	NN
hours	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
TVCD	NNP
committee	NN
has	VBZ
made	VBN
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
available	JJ
three	CD
days	NNS
or	CC
more	JJR
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
,	,
at	IN
its	PRP$
option	NN
,	,
amend	VB
the	DT
agenda	NN
to	TO
add	VB
additional	JJ
items	NNS
of	IN
business	NN
-	:
items	NNS
not	RB
known	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
original	JJ
agenda	NN
was	VBD
prepared	VBN
and	CC
made	VBN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
Amendments	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
as	IN
late	JJ
as	IN
two	CD
days	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
and	CC
made	VBD
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
manner	NN
as	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
agenda	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
no	DT
amendment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
may	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
less	JJR
than	IN
two	CD
days	NNS
before	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
unless	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
matter	NN
.	.
Routine	JJ
matters	NNS
that	WDT
come	VBP
up	RP
after	IN
the	DT
deadline	NN
for	IN
issuing	VBG
an	DT
amendment	NN
has	VBZ
passed	VBN
must	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
over	IN
to	TO
the	DT
next	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
If	IN
an	DT
agenda	NN
is	VBZ
amended	VBN
to	TO
accommodate	VB
action	NN
on	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
matter	NN
,	,
both	CC
the	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
and	CC
the	DT
meeting	NN
minutes	NNS
must	MD
explain	VB
the	DT
facts	NNS
and	CC
circumstances	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
emergency	NN
.	.
If	IN
committee	NN
meetings	NNS
are	VBP
routinely	RB
covered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
news	NN
media	NNS
,	,
providing	VBG
such	JJ
media	NNS
organizations	NNS
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
or	CC
a	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
notice	NN
and	CC
agenda	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
when	WRB
applicable	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
notice	NN
or	CC
agenda	NN
is	VBZ
posted	VBN
,	,
by	IN
telephone	NN
facsimile	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
encouraged	VBN
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
required	VBN
.	.
Any	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
may	MD
,	,
in	IN
its	PRP$
discretion	NN
,	,
publicize	VB
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
and	CC
place	NN
of	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
or	CC
a	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
through	IN
a	DT
newspaper	NN
advertisement	NN
or	CC
broadcast	NN
media	NNS
announcement	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
mandate	VB
any	DT
such	JJ
publication	NN
or	CC
announcement	NN
to	TO
supplement	VB
the	DT
notice	NN
provisions	NNS
previously	RB
explained	VBD
in	IN
this	DT
opinion	NN
.	.
HCWVCC	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
corporation	NN
created	VBN
by	IN
state	NN
or	CC
local	JJ
authority	NN
to	TO
carry	VB
out	RP
a	DT
governmental	JJ
function	NN
.	.
It	PRP
exists	VBZ
independent	JJ
of	IN
state	NN
authorization	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Committee	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
public	JJ
corporation	NN
and	CC
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
is	VBZ
not	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Act	NNP
.	.
A	DT
Preston	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Member	NNP
seeks	VBZ
clarification	NN
regarding	VBG
executive	JJ
sessions	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
asks	VBZ
if	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
requires	VBZ
that	IN
specific	JJ
individuals	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
being	VBG
discussed	VBN
in	IN
executive	NN
session	NN
,	,
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
personnel	NNS
exemption	NN
,	,
be	VB
provided	VBN
advance	NN
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
discussion	NN
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
requires	VBZ
that	IN
,	,
before	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
individual	NN
may	MD
be	VB
discussed	VBN
in	IN
executive	NN
session	NN
under	IN
the	DT
personnel	NNS
exemption	NN
,	,
that	IN
person	NN
be	VB
given	VBN
advance	NN
notice	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
may	MD
go	VB
into	IN
executive	JJ
session	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
a	DT
matter	NN
involving	VBG
them	PRP
which	WDT
is	VBZ
included	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
.	.
Provided	VBN
,	,
That	IN
if	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
agency	NN
,	,
in	IN
good	JJ
faith	NN
,	,
determines	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
size	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
room	NN
is	VBZ
such	JJ
that	IN
all	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
present	NN
and	CC
the	DT
equipment	NN
and	CC
personnel	NNS
necessary	JJ
for	IN
broadcasting	NN
,	,
photographing	VBG
,	,
filming	VBG
and	CC
tape-recording	VBG
the	DT
meeting	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
accommodated	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
room	NN
without	IN
unduly	RB
interfering	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
and	CC
an	DT
adequate	JJ
alternative	NN
meeting	NN
room	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
readily	RB
available	JJ
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
public	JJ
agency	NN
,	,
acting	VBG
in	IN
good	JJ
faith	NN
and	CC
consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
purposes	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
,	,
may	MD
require	VB
the	DT
pooling	VBG
of	IN
the	DT
equipment	NN
and	CC
the	DT
personnel	NNS
operating	VBG
it	PRP
.	.
A	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
is	VBZ
only	RB
permitted	VBN
to	TO
regulate	VB
the	DT
placement	NN
and	CC
use	NN
of	IN
recording	VBG
equipment	NN
in	IN
an	DT
open	JJ
meeting	NN
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
prevent	VB
undue	JJ
interference	NN
with	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
grants	NNS
governing	VBG
bodies	NNS
discretion	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
minutes	NNS
of	IN
executive	JJ
sessions	NNS
are	VBP
kept	VBN
,	,
governing	VBG
bodies	NNS
have	VBP
similar	JJ
discretion	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
who	WP
,	,
if	IN
anyone	NN
,	,
may	MD
be	VB
permitted	VBN
to	TO
record	VB
any	DT
portion	NN
of	IN
an	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
.	.
The	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
requires	VBZ
governing	VBG
bodies	NNS
of	IN
public	JJ
agencies	NNS
to	TO
give	VB
advance	NN
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
and	CC
place	NN
where	WRB
a	DT
meeting	NN
will	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
provision	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
regarding	VBG
cancellation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
scheduled	VBN
meeting	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
the	DT
question	NN
of	IN
who	WP
has	VBZ
authority	NN
to	TO
call	VB
,	,
postpone	VB
or	CC
cancel	VB
a	DT
meeting	NN
of	IN
a	DT
municipal	JJ
governing	VBG
body	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
addressed	VBN
anywhere	RB
in	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
.	.
That	DT
issue	NN
is	VBZ
governed	VBN
by	IN
general	JJ
municipal	JJ
law	NN
.	.
The	DT
EQB	NNP
appointed	VBD
a	DT
committee	NN
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
technical	JJ
review	NN
team	NN
for	IN
this	DT
project	NN
.	.
The	DT
committee	NN
will	MD
consist	VB
of	IN
one	CD
representative	NN
from	IN
each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
following	NN
:	:
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
Environmental	NNP
Protection	NNP
Agency	NNP
,	,
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Environmental	NNP
Protection	NNP
,	,
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Division	NNP
of	IN
Natural	NNP
Resources	NNPS
,	,
the	DT
aluminum	NN
industry	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
environmental	JJ
community	NN
.	.
An	DT
EQB	NN
member	NN
will	MD
chair	NN
this	DT
committee	NN
.	.
Initially	RB
,	,
the	DT
committee	NN
will	MD
review	VB
and	CC
approve	VB
a	DT
request	NN
for	IN
proposal	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
RFP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
which	WDT
defines	VBZ
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
the	DT
aluminum	NN
study	NN
.	.
The	DT
approved	VBN
RFP	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
sent	VBN
to	TO
vendors	NNS
whose	WP$
proposals	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
submitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
committee	NN
for	IN
evaluation	NN
.	.
The	DT
committee	NN
will	MD
then	RB
review	VB
vendors	NNS
?	.
proposals	NNS
and	CC
recommend	VB
four	CD
finalists	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
selected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
industry	NN
group	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
funding	VBG
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
study	NN
.	.
Once	RB
a	DT
vendor	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
selected	VBN
to	TO
conduct	VB
the	DT
study	NN
,	,
the	DT
committee	NN
will	MD
be	VB
expanded	VBN
to	TO
review	VB
and	CC
monitor	VB
the	DT
data	NNS
collection	NN
and	CC
analysis	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
to	TO
provide	VB
guidance	NN
and	CC
direction	NN
to	TO
the	DT
vendor	NN
.	.
Because	IN
student	NN
disciplinary	JJ
issues	NNS
may	MD
arise	VB
between	IN
regular	JJ
meetings	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
board	NN
,	,
a	DT
meeting	NN
called	VBN
specially	RB
to	TO
address	VB
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
student	NN
disciplinary	JJ
issues	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
This	DT
Committee	NNP
has	VBZ
previously	RB
determined	VBN
that	IN
two	CD
business	NN
days	NNS
?	.
notice	NN
of	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
,	,
not	RB
counting	VBG
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
,	,
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
or	CC
the	DT
day	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
provides	VBZ
reasonable	JJ
notice	NN
of	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
by	IN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
agenda	NN
for	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
may	MD
be	VB
amended	VBN
up	RP
to	TO
two	CD
business	NN
days	NNS
before	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
to	TO
add	VB
a	DT
student	NN
disciplinary	JJ
matter	NN
for	IN
consideration	NN
.	.
This	DT
portion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
would	MD
provide	VB
an	DT
opportunity	NN
for	IN
any	DT
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
to	TO
ask	VB
questions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Superintendent	NNP
concerning	VBG
any	DT
matter	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
system	NN
.	.
No	DT
action	NN
will	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
on	IN
these	DT
items	NNS
.	.
Discussion	NN
will	MD
be	VB
limited	VBN
to	TO
gathering	VBG
information	NN
regarding	VBG
items	NNS
of	IN
interest	NN
.	.
The	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
requires	VBZ
governing	VBG
bodies	NNS
of	IN
public	JJ
agencies	NNS
to	TO
notify	VB
the	DT
public	NN
when	WRB
and	CC
where	WRB
a	DT
meeting	NN
will	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
an	DT
agenda	NN
listing	VBG
the	DT
matters	NNS
which	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
dealt	VBN
with	IN
at	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
the	DT
media	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Should	MD
a	DT
dialogue	NN
between	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
Superintendent	NNP
develop	VBP
an	DT
issue	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
require	VB
official	JJ
action	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	DT
matter	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
listed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
limited	VBN
to	TO
discussing	VBG
whether	IN
official	JJ
action	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
determines	VBZ
that	IN
official	JJ
action	NN
will	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
,	,
the	DT
matter	NN
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
for	IN
a	DT
subsequent	JJ
meeting	NN
where	WRB
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
discussed	VBN
and	CC
decided	VBN
,	,
unless	IN
it	PRP
involves	VBZ
an	DT
emergency	NN
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
permits	VBZ
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
to	TO
act	VB
on	IN
emergencies	NNS
requiring	VBG
immediate	JJ
official	JJ
action	NN
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
during	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
less	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
quorum	NN
of	IN
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
may	MD
discuss	VB
issues	NNS
of	IN
interest	NN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
to	TO
examine	VB
the	DT
language	NN
and	CC
history	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
decisions	NNS
directly	RB
addressing	VBG
the	DT
issue	NN
presented	VBN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
McComas	NNP
v.	CC
Board	NNP
of	IN
Educ.	NNP
,	,
197	CD
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
188	CD
,	,
475	CD
S.E.	NNP
2d	CD
280	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1996	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
Court	NNP
held	VBD
in	IN
relevant	JJ
part	NN
that	IN
if	IN
a	DT
quorum	NN
of	IN
school	NN
board	NN
members	NNS
meet	VBP
with	IN
school	NN
administrators	NNS
to	TO
discuss	VB
matters	NNS
pending	VBG
before	IN
the	DT
board	NN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
gathering	NN
constitutes	VBZ
a	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
answer	VB
the	DT
question	NN
posed	VBD
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
subsequent	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
McComas	NNPS
opinion	NN
,	,
the	DT
definition	NN
of	IN
meeting	NN
was	VBD
amended	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Legislature	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
unrealistic	JJ
,	,
if	IN
not	RB
impossible	JJ
,	,
to	TO
carry	VB
on	IN
the	DT
business	NN
of	IN
government	NN
should	MD
every	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
every	DT
contact	NN
and	CC
every	DT
discussion	NN
seeking	VBG
advice	NN
and	CC
counsel	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
acquire	VB
the	DT
necessary	JJ
information	NN
,	,
data	NNS
or	CC
intelligence	NN
needed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
were	VBD
required	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
public	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
intent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
to	TO
balance	VB
these	DT
interests	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
allow	VB
government	NN
to	TO
function	VB
and	CC
the	DT
public	NN
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
a	DT
meaningful	JJ
manner	NN
in	IN
public	JJ
agency	NN
decision	NN
making	VBG
.	.
However	RB
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
instances	NNS
when	WRB
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
communications	NNS
by	IN
less	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
quorum	NN
would	MD
violate	VB
the	DT
Act	NNP
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
public	JJ
officials	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
in	IN
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
is	VBZ
they	PRP
use	VBP
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
communications	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
intended	JJ
purpose	NN
of	IN
a	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
collectively	RB
predetermining	VBG
the	DT
outcome	NN
on	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
pending	VBG
before	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
body	NN
.	.
The	DT
Committee	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
this	DT
action	NN
would	MD
constitute	VB
a	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Further	RB
such	PDT
a	DT
practice	NN
would	MD
violate	VB
the	DT
spirit	NN
and	CC
intent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
requires	VBZ
each	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
to	TO
promulgate	VB
certain	JJ
procedural	JJ
rules	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
minimum	NN
,	,
these	DT
rules	NNS
must	MD
state	VB
how	WRB
and	CC
when	WRB
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
and	CC
agenda	NN
of	IN
all	DT
regular	JJ
meetings	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
and	CC
purpose	NN
of	IN
all	DT
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
news	NN
media	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
affords	VBZ
broad	JJ
discretion	NN
to	TO
governing	VBG
bodies	NNS
in	IN
determining	VBG
what	WP
matters	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
may	MD
adopt	VB
reasonable	JJ
procedures	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
time	NN
standards	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
requirements	NNS
,	,
to	TO
be	VB
followed	VBN
by	IN
persons	NNS
seeking	VBG
to	TO
have	VB
an	DT
item	NN
included	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
for	IN
an	DT
upcoming	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
addendum	NN
also	RB
clarifies	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
addressed	VBD
in	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
comment	NN
period	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
discussed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
,	,
unless	IN
such	JJ
matter	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
matter	NN
involves	VBZ
an	DT
emergency	NN
requiring	VBG
immediate	JJ
official	JJ
action	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
,	,
as	IN
determined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
.	.
This	DT
provision	NN
is	VBZ
consistent	JJ
with	IN
previous	JJ
opinions	NNS
by	IN
this	DT
Committee	NNP
which	WDT
recognize	VBP
that	IN
citizens	NNS
participating	VBG
in	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
periods	NNS
,	,
where	WRB
permitted	VBN
,	,
may	MD
raise	VB
matters	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
listed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
.	.
In	IN
such	JJ
circumstances	NNS
,	,
unless	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
involves	VBZ
an	DT
emergency	NN
,	,
the	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
must	MD
defer	VB
any	DT
discussion	NN
or	CC
decision	NN
to	TO
a	DT
subsequent	JJ
meeting	NN
where	WRB
that	DT
particular	JJ
matter	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
included	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
.	.
None	NN
of	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
addendum	NN
are	VBP
inconsistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
.	.
As	IN
noted	VBN
in	IN
our	PRP$
previous	JJ
opinion	NN
,	,
Committee	NNP
approval	NN
of	IN
this	DT
language	NN
governing	VBG
emergency	NN
situations	NNS
does	VBZ
not	RB
release	VB
the	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
from	IN
the	DT
requirement	NN
to	TO
exercise	VB
appropriate	JJ
discretion	NN
when	WRB
determining	VBG
whether	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
situation	NN
involves	VBZ
an	DT
emergency	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
on	IN
each	DT
occasion	NN
when	WRB
the	DT
Greenbrier	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
determines	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
matter	NN
involves	VBZ
an	DT
emergency	NN
that	WDT
needs	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
added	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
agenda	NN
,	,
if	IN
this	DT
determination	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
but	CC
less	JJR
than	IN
two	CD
working	VBG
days	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
not	RB
including	VBG
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
,	,
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
day	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
emergency	NN
should	MD
be	VB
explained	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
amended	VBN
agenda	NN
,	,
or	CC
emergency	NN
meeting	NN
notice	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
in	IN
the	DT
minutes	NNS
for	IN
that	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
Greenbrier	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
will	MD
hold	VB
its	PRP$
regular	JJ
meetings	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
and	CC
fourth	JJ
Tuesday	NNP
of	IN
each	DT
month	NN
,	,
beginning	VBG
in	IN
September	NNP
of	IN
2002	CD
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
meeting	NN
room	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Greenbrier	NNP
County	NNP
Courthouse	NN
in	IN
Lewisburg	NNP
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
agenda	NN
for	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
shall	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
front	JJ
door	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Courthouse	NN
no	RB
later	RB
than	IN
three	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
days	NNS
before	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
excluding	VBG
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
,	,
and	CC
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
,	,
by	IN
4:30	CD
p.m.	NN
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
day	NN
,	,
except	IN
for	IN
emergency	NN
situations	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
determined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
.	.
Should	MD
a	DT
legal	JJ
holiday	NN
fall	NN
on	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
three	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
days	NNS
as	IN
outlined	VBN
above	IN
,	,
prior	RB
to	TO
a	DT
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
agenda	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
front	JJ
door	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Courthouse	NN
one	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
day	NN
earlier	RB
by	IN
4:30	CD
p.m.	NN
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
day	NN
to	TO
account	VB
for	IN
the	DT
holiday	NN
,	,
except	IN
for	IN
emergency	NN
situations	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
determined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
.	.
No	DT
action	NN
will	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
on	IN
any	DT
agenda	NN
item	NN
added	VBD
after	IN
the	DT
4:30	CD
p.m.	NN
deadline	NN
on	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
day	NN
,	,
except	IN
for	IN
emergency	NN
situations	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
determined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
.	.
Reasonable	JJ
effort	NN
will	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
notice	NN
of	IN
meetings	NNS
via	IN
fax	NN
to	TO
the	DT
local	JJ
media	NNS
by	IN
4:30	CD
p.m.	NN
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
day	NN
.	.
Special	JJ
meetings	NNS
scheduled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
will	MD
also	RB
be	VB
governed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
three	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
day	NN
guidelines	NNS
outlined	VBN
above	IN
,	,
and	CC
shall	MD
contain	VB
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
and	CC
purpose	NN
of	IN
same	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Town	NNP
Council	NNP
ordinarily	RB
meets	VBZ
monthly	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
Thursday	NNP
of	IN
each	DT
month	NN
.	.
The	DT
Council	NNP
makes	VBZ
audio	JJ
recording	NN
of	IN
all	DT
meetings	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
executive	JJ
sessions	NNS
.	.
On	IN
occasion	NN
,	,
meetings	NNS
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
recorded	VBN
on	IN
video	NN
.	.
Meeting	VBG
notices	NNS
and	CC
meeting	NN
agendas	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
separate	JJ
documents	NNS
or	CC
may	MD
be	VB
combined	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
document	NN
.	.
For	IN
most	JJS
regular	JJ
meetings	NNS
,	,
agencies	NNS
will	MD
generate	VB
separate	JJ
documents	NNS
,	,
posting	VBG
or	CC
publishing	VBG
the	DT
meeting	NN
notice	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
making	VBG
the	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
Meeting	VBG
Notice	NNP
-	:
Regular	JJ
Meetings	NNS
A	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
which	WDT
meets	VBZ
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
a	DT
fixed	VBN
schedule	NN
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
Town	NNP
Council	NNP
does	VBZ
,	,
may	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
notice	NN
requirement	NN
by	IN
posting	VBG
notice	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
meeting	NN
schedule	NN
annually	RB
,	,
and	CC
keeping	VBG
this	DT
notice	NN
posted	VBD
throughout	IN
the	DT
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
schedule	NN
should	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
place	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
accessible	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
during	IN
normal	JJ
business	NN
hours	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
Town	NNP
Hall	NNP
.	.
Meeting	VBG
Notice	NNP
-	:
Special	JJ
Meetings	NNS
A	DT
Town	NNP
Council	NNP
will	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
if	IN
it	PRP
posts	VBZ
notice	NN
of	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
date	NN
.	.
Notices	NNS
of	IN
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
must	MD
include	VB
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
and	CC
place	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
and	CC
,	,
unlike	IN
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
notices	NNS
,	,
must	MD
explain	VB
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
At	IN
a	DT
minimum	NN
,	,
this	DT
notice	NN
should	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
place	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
accessible	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
during	IN
normal	JJ
business	NN
hours	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
Town	NNP
Hall	NNP
.	.
Governing	VBG
bodies	NNS
whose	WP$
meetings	NNS
are	VBP
regularly	RB
covered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
media	NNS
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
required	VBN
,	,
to	TO
send	VB
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
notice	NN
by	IN
telephone	NN
facsimile	NN
to	TO
news	NN
organizations	NNS
that	WDT
express	VBP
an	DT
interest	NN
in	IN
receiving	VBG
such	JJ
notice	NN
.	.
Meeting	VBG
Agenda	NNP
-	:
Regular	JJ
Meetings	NNS
The	DT
Town	NNP
Council	NNP
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
if	IN
it	PRP
makes	VBZ
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
available	JJ
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
days	NNS
before	IN
each	DT
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meeting	NN
,	,
by	IN
posting	VBG
the	DT
agenda	NN
in	IN
an	DT
appropriate	JJ
public	JJ
space	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
Town	NNP
Hall	NNP
,	,
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
having	VBG
copies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
picked	VBN
up	RP
in	IN
that	DT
same	JJ
building	NN
during	IN
normal	JJ
business	NN
hours	NNS
.	.
If	IN
Council	NNP
meetings	NNS
are	VBP
routinely	RB
covered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
news	NN
media	NNS
,	,
providing	VBG
a	DT
copy	NN
to	TO
those	DT
media	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
agenda	NN
is	VBZ
posted	VBN
is	VBZ
encouraged	VBN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
Town	NNP
Council	NNP
has	VBZ
made	VBN
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
available	JJ
three	CD
days	NNS
or	CC
more	JJR
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
,	,
at	IN
its	PRP$
option	NN
,	,
amend	VB
the	DT
agenda	NN
to	TO
add	VB
additional	JJ
items	NNS
of	IN
business	NN
-	:
items	NNS
not	RB
known	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
original	JJ
agenda	NN
was	VBD
prepared	VBN
and	CC
made	VBN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
Amendments	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
as	IN
late	JJ
as	IN
two	CD
days	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
and	CC
made	VBD
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
manner	NN
as	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
agenda	NN
.	.
Citizens	NNPS
or	CC
guests	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
recognized	VBN
to	TO
speak	VB
during	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
individuals	NNS
may	MD
address	VB
topics	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
new	JJ
matters	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
included	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
requiring	VBG
immediate	JJ
official	JJ
action	NN
,	,
the	DT
Council	NNP
may	MD
not	RB
take	VB
official	JJ
action	NN
on	IN
matters	NNS
raised	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
public	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
on	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
.	.
The	DT
Council	NNP
may	MD
consider	VB
whether	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
requires	VBZ
official	JJ
action	NN
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
,	,
place	VBP
the	DT
matter	NN
on	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
of	IN
a	DT
subsequent	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
Emergency	NNP
Meetings	NNS
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meetings	NNS
and	CC
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
,	,
public	JJ
agencies	NNS
may	MD
hold	VB
emergency	NN
meetings	NNS
,	,
but	CC
only	RB
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
matters	NNS
requiring	VBG
immediate	JJ
official	JJ
action	NN
.	.
Emergency	NNP
meetings	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
with	IN
little	JJ
or	CC
no	DT
advance	NN
notice	NN
.	.
Any	DT
meeting	NN
notice	NN
issued	VBN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
meeting	NN
minutes	NNS
,	,
must	MD
fully	RB
explain	VB
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
and	CC
the	DT
facts	NNS
and	CC
circumstances	NNS
justifying	VBG
an	DT
emergency	NN
meeting	NN
.	.
Meeting	VBG
Minutes	NNPS
-	:
Executive	NNP
Sessions	NNP
The	NNP
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
requires	VBZ
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
to	TO
prepare	VB
minutes	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
meeting	NN
and	CC
include	VBP
certain	JJ
specified	VBN
information	NN
.	.
Meeting	VBG
minutes	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
within	IN
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
time	NN
after	IN
each	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
This	DT
Committee	NNP
previously	RB
determined	VBD
in	IN
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Advisory	NNP
Opinion	NNP
2000-15	CD
that	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
gives	VBZ
discretion	NN
to	TO
governing	VBG
bodies	NNS
of	IN
public	JJ
agencies	NNS
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
minutes	NNS
of	IN
executive	JJ
sessions	NNS
are	VBP
taken	VBN
.	.
Governing	VBG
bodies	NNS
have	VBP
similar	JJ
discretion	NN
to	TO
decide	VB
whether	IN
their	PRP$
executive	JJ
sessions	NNS
are	VBP
recorded	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
neither	CC
requires	VBZ
that	IN
minutes	NNS
of	IN
executive	JJ
sessions	NNS
be	VB
prepared	VBN
nor	CC
that	IN
executive	JJ
sessions	NNS
be	VB
recorded	VBN
.	.
Consistent	JJ
with	IN
this	DT
statutory	JJ
guidance	NN
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Supervisors	NNPS
may	MD
meet	VB
privately	RB
with	IN
their	PRP$
attorney	NN
for	IN
limited	JJ
educational	JJ
and	CC
training	NN
purposes	NNS
to	TO
discuss	VB
matters	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
lessons	NNS
learned	VBN
from	IN
completed	VBN
litigation	NN
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
obtain	VB
general	JJ
legal	JJ
guidance	NN
on	IN
avoiding	VBG
future	JJ
litigation	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
any	DT
official	JJ
action	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
is	VBZ
required	VBN
,	,
any	DT
discussion	NN
among	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
Members	NNS
should	MD
take	VB
place	NN
during	IN
a	DT
properly	RB
noticed	VBN
regular	JJ
,	,
special	JJ
or	CC
emergency	NN
meeting	NN
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
public	JJ
meeting	NN
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
may	MD
elect	VB
to	TO
convene	VB
in	IN
executive	JJ
session	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
litigation	NN
matters	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
protected	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
attorney-client	JJ
privilege	NN
.	.
The	DT
Council	NNP
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
determine	VB
what	WP
matters	NNS
regarding	VBG
a	DT
proposal	NN
to	TO
permit	VB
collective	JJ
bargaining	NN
by	IN
city	NN
employees	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
discussed	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
City	NNP
Solicitor	NNP
in	IN
an	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
closed	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
the	DT
media	NNS
.	.
Before	IN
taking	VBG
official	JJ
action	NN
,	,
the	DT
Council	NNP
may	MD
wish	VB
to	TO
seek	VB
legal	JJ
advice	NN
from	IN
the	DT
City	NNP
Solicitor	NNP
regarding	VBG
various	JJ
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
raised	VBN
by	IN
this	DT
initiative	NN
,	,
including	VBG
applicable	JJ
city	NN
charter	NN
provisions	NNS
,	,
state	NN
statutes	NNS
and	CC
court	NN
decisions	NNS
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
if	IN
an	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
is	VBZ
convened	VBN
to	TO
consider	VB
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
with	IN
legal	JJ
counsel	NN
representing	VBG
the	DT
City	NNP
,	,
Council	NNP
Members	NNP
might	MD
wish	VB
to	TO
discuss	VB
general	JJ
issues	NNS
regarding	VBG
this	DT
same	JJ
subject	NN
.	.
Opinion	NN
2000-10	CD
that	IN
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
may	MD
meet	VB
with	IN
its	PRP$
attorney	NN
in	IN
executive	NN
session	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
matters	NNS
protected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
attorney-client	JJ
privilege	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
Wheeling	NNP
City	NNP
Council	NNP
may	MD
elect	VB
to	TO
convene	VB
in	IN
executive	JJ
session	NN
,	,
following	VBG
the	DT
procedures	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
,	,
and	CC
obtain	VB
advice	NN
from	IN
the	DT
City	NNP
Solicitor	NNP
on	IN
various	JJ
legal	JJ
questions	NNS
surrounding	VBG
the	DT
proposal	NN
to	TO
authorize	VB
collective	JJ
bargaining	NN
by	IN
municipal	JJ
employees	NNS
.	.
Council	NNP
must	MD
reconvene	VB
in	IN
an	DT
open	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
Any	DT
discussion	NN
,	,
including	VBG
discussion	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
general	JJ
questions	NNS
as	IN
whether	IN
authorizing	VBG
collective	JJ
bargaining	NN
by	IN
municipal	JJ
employees	NNS
represents	VBZ
sound	JJ
public	JJ
policy	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
any	DT
vote	NN
on	IN
official	JJ
action	NN
to	TO
be	VB
taken	VBN
,	,
must	MD
take	VB
place	NN
in	IN
public	NN
.	.
This	DT
Committee	NNP
has	VBZ
previously	RB
concluded	VBN
that	IN
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
providing	VBG
reasonable	JJ
notice	NN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
of	IN
when	WRB
and	CC
where	WRB
a	DT
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
held	VBN
,	,
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
requires	VBZ
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
of	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
agency	NN
to	TO
make	VB
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
media	NNS
an	DT
agenda	NN
showing	VBG
what	WP
matters	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
addressed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
contain	VB
a	DT
specific	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
time	NN
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
that	IN
this	DT
agenda	NN
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
available	JJ
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
this	DT
Committee	NNP
has	VBZ
determined	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
should	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
media	NNS
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
time	NN
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
This	DT
Committee	NNP
recognizes	VBZ
that	IN
some	DT
items	NNS
requiring	VBG
official	JJ
action	NN
by	IN
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
may	MD
arise	VB
after	IN
an	DT
agenda	NN
is	VBZ
issued	VBN
,	,
particularly	RB
when	WRB
the	DT
agenda	NN
is	VBZ
prepared	JJ
three	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
may	MD
issue	VB
an	DT
amendment	NN
or	CC
addendum	NN
,	,
adding	VBG
additional	JJ
agenda	NN
items	NNS
,	,
up	RB
to	TO
two	CD
business	NN
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
provided	VBN
this	DT
addendum	NN
is	VBZ
disseminated	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
manner	NN
as	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
agenda	NN
.	.
If	IN
an	DT
additional	JJ
matter	NN
requiring	VBG
official	JJ
action	NN
arises	VBZ
before	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
but	CC
after	IN
the	DT
time	NN
limit	NN
for	IN
issuing	VBG
an	DT
amendment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
agenda	NN
has	VBZ
passed	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
over	RP
for	IN
action	NN
at	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
meeting	NN
,	,
unless	IN
it	PRP
involves	VBZ
an	DT
emergency	NN
requiring	VBG
immediate	JJ
official	JJ
action	NN
.	.
In	IN
such	JJ
event	NN
,	,
the	DT
emergency	NN
item	NN
may	MD
be	VB
included	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
amended	VBN
agenda	NN
,	,
provided	VBD
the	DT
facts	NNS
and	CC
circumstances	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
emergency	NN
situation	NN
overriding	VBG
reasonable	JJ
advance	NN
notice	NN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
is	VBZ
explained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
amended	VBN
agenda	NN
.	.
Meeting	VBG
Notice	NNP
-	:
Special	JJ
Meetings	NNS
The	DT
Glenville	NNP
City	NNP
Council	NNP
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
if	IN
it	PRP
posted	VBD
notice	NN
of	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
date	NN
.	.
Notices	NNS
of	IN
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
must	MD
include	VB
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
and	CC
place	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
and	CC
,	,
unlike	IN
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
notices	NNS
,	,
must	MD
explain	VB
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
,	,
and	CC
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
an	DT
intervening	VBG
legal	JJ
holiday	NN
,	,
the	DT
Glenville	NNP
City	NNP
Council	NNP
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
by	IN
issuing	VBG
notice	NN
of	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
to	TO
be	VB
held	VBN
on	IN
Friday	NNP
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
before	IN
the	DT
close	NN
of	IN
business	NN
on	IN
the	DT
preceding	VBG
Wednesday	NNP
.	.
How	WRB
The	DT
Glenville	NNP
City	NNP
Council	NNP
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
,	,
if	IN
it	PRP
posts	VBZ
the	DT
agenda	NN
in	IN
an	DT
appropriate	JJ
public	JJ
space	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
City	NNP
Hall	NNP
,	,
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
having	VBG
copies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
picked	VBN
up	RP
at	IN
its	PRP$
office	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
meetings	NNS
are	VBP
routinely	RB
covered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
news	NN
media	NNS
,	,
providing	VBG
a	DT
copy	NN
to	TO
those	DT
media	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
agenda	NN
is	VBZ
posted	VBN
by	IN
telephone	NN
facsimile	NN
or	CC
first	JJ
class	NN
mail	NN
is	VBZ
encouraged	VBN
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
required	VBN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
Glenville	NNP
City	NNP
Council	NNP
has	VBZ
made	VBN
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
available	JJ
three	CD
days	NNS
or	CC
more	JJR
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
,	,
at	IN
its	PRP$
option	NN
,	,
amend	VB
the	DT
agenda	NN
to	TO
add	VB
additional	JJ
items	NNS
of	IN
business	NN
-	:
items	NNS
not	RB
known	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
original	JJ
agenda	NN
was	VBD
prepared	VBN
and	CC
made	VBN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
Amendments	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
as	IN
late	JJ
as	IN
two	CD
days	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
and	CC
made	VBD
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
media	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
manner	NN
as	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
agenda	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meetings	NNS
and	CC
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
,	,
public	JJ
agencies	NNS
may	MD
hold	VB
emergency	NN
meetings	NNS
.	.
Emergency	NNP
meetings	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
with	IN
little	JJ
or	CC
no	DT
advance	NN
notice	NN
.	.
Any	DT
meeting	NN
notice	NN
issued	VBN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
meeting	NN
minutes	NNS
,	,
must	MD
fully	RB
explain	VB
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
and	CC
the	DT
facts	NNS
and	CC
circumstances	NNS
justifying	VBG
an	DT
emergency	NN
meeting	NN
.	.
Any	DT
administrative	JJ
or	CC
legislative	JJ
unit	NN
of	IN
state	NN
,	,
county	NN
or	CC
municipal	JJ
government	NN
,	,
including	VBG
any	DT
department	NN
,	,
division	NN
,	,
bureau	NN
,	,
office	NN
,	,
commission	NN
,	,
authority	NN
,	,
board	NN
,	,
public	JJ
corporation	NN
,	,
section	NN
,	,
committee	NN
,	,
subcommittee	NN
or	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
agency	NN
or	CC
subunit	NN
of	IN
the	DT
foregoing	NN
authorized	VBN
by	IN
law	NN
to	TO
exercise	VB
some	DT
portion	NN
of	IN
executive	NN
or	CC
legislative	JJ
power	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
,	,
where	WRB
only	RB
one	CD
or	CC
two	CD
matters	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
addressed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
,	,
these	DT
matters	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
described	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
statement	NN
within	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
notice	NN
,	,
and	CC
no	DT
separate	JJ
agenda	NN
will	MD
be	VB
necessary	JJ
.	.
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
will	MD
deal	VB
with	IN
several	JJ
matters	NNS
,	,
a	DT
separate	JJ
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
should	MD
be	VB
prepared	VBN
and	CC
made	VBN
available	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
as	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
notice	NN
.	.
A	DT
Town	NNP
Council	NNP
will	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
if	IN
it	PRP
posts	VBZ
notice	NN
of	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
date	NN
.	.
At	IN
a	DT
minimum	NN
,	,
this	DT
notice	NN
should	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
place	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
accessible	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
during	IN
normal	JJ
business	NN
hours	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
Town	NNP
Hall	NNP
.	.
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
,	,
and	CC
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
excluded	VBN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
an	DT
intervening	VBG
legal	JJ
holiday	NN
,	,
the	DT
Town	NNP
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
by	IN
issuing	VBG
notice	NN
of	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
to	TO
be	VB
held	VBN
on	IN
Friday	NNP
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
before	IN
the	DT
close	NN
of	IN
business	NN
on	IN
the	DT
preceding	VBG
Wednesday	NNP
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
instance	NN
of	IN
any	DT
votes	NNS
by	IN
ballot	NN
,	,
the	DT
same	JJ
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
secret	JJ
but	CC
each	DT
member	NN
shall	MD
sign	VB
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
ballot	NN
and	CC
the	DT
City	NNP
Clerk	NNP
shall	MD
immediately	RB
thereafter	RB
publicly	RB
announce	VB
the	DT
vote	NN
of	IN
each	DT
member	NN
,	,
by	IN
name	NN
,	,
which	WDT
shall	MD
be	VB
recorded	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
minutes	NNS
.	.
City	NNP
Building	NNP
not	RB
less	JJR
than	IN
three	CD
days	NNS
before	IN
a	DT
specially	RB
scheduled	VBN
council	NN
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
held	VBN
,	,
stating	VBG
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
,	,
and	CC
purpose	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
such	JJ
special	JJ
meeting	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
canceled	VBN
or	CC
postponed	VBN
,	,
a	DT
notice	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
cancellation	NN
or	CC
postponement	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
location	NN
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
feasible	JJ
after	IN
such	JJ
cancellation	NN
or	CC
postponement	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
determined	VBN
.	.
Each	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
shall	MD
promulgate	VB
rules	NNS
by	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
and	CC
agenda	NN
of	IN
all	DT
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meetings	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
,	,
and	CC
purpose	NN
of	IN
all	DT
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
are	VBP
made	VBN
available	JJ
,	,
in	IN
advance	NN
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
news	NN
media	NNS
,	,
except	IN
in	IN
the	DT
event	NN
of	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
requiring	VBG
immediate	JJ
official	JJ
attention	NN
.	.
City	NNP
Council	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
bulletin	NN
board	NN
at	IN
City	NNP
Hall	NNP
.	.
Regular	JJ
council	NN
meetings	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
Monday	NNP
of	IN
each	DT
month	NN
except	IN
for	IN
December	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
Monday	NNP
.	.
Regular	JJ
meetings	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
at	IN
City	NNP
Hall	NNP
Council	NNP
Chambers	NNP
at	IN
7:00	CD
PM	NNP
.	.
The	DT
agenda	NN
of	IN
each	DT
meeting	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
bulletin	NN
board	NN
at	IN
City	NNP
Hall	NNP
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
days	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Meeting	VBG
notices	NNS
and	CC
agendas	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
delivered	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
local	JJ
public	JJ
news	NN
media	NNS
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
days	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
three-day	JJ
period	NN
will	MD
exclude	VB
the	DT
day	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
,	,
and	CC
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
canceled	VBN
or	CC
postponed	VBN
,	,
a	DT
notice	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
cancellation	NN
or	CC
postponement	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
at	IN
said	VBD
City	NNP
Hall	NNP
location	NN
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
feasible	JJ
after	IN
such	JJ
cancellation	NN
or	CC
postponement	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
determined	VBN
.	.
Council	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
bulletin	NN
board	NN
at	IN
City	NNP
Hall	NNP
not	RB
less	JJR
than	IN
three	CD
days	NNS
before	IN
a	DT
specially	RB
scheduled	VBN
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
held	VBN
,	,
stating	VBG
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
,	,
and	CC
purpose	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
such	JJ
special	JJ
meeting	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
.	.
Meeting	VBG
notices	NNS
and	CC
agendas	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
delivered	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
news	NN
media	NNS
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
days	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
three-day	JJ
period	NN
will	MD
exclude	VB
the	DT
day	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
,	,
and	CC
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
canceled	VBN
or	CC
postponed	VBN
,	,
a	DT
notice	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
cancellation	NN
or	CC
postponement	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
at	IN
said	VBD
City	NNP
Hall	NNP
location	NN
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
feasible	JJ
after	IN
such	JJ
cancellation	NN
or	CC
postponement	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
determined	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
requires	VBZ
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
to	TO
prepare	VB
minutes	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
meeting	NN
and	CC
include	VBP
certain	JJ
specified	VBN
information	NN
.	.
Meeting	VBG
minutes	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
within	IN
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
time	NN
after	IN
each	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
,	,
governing	VBG
bodies	NNS
of	IN
public	JJ
agencies	NNS
have	VBP
discretion	NN
to	TO
decide	VB
whether	IN
minutes	NNS
of	IN
executive	JJ
sessions	NNS
are	VBP
taken	VBN
.	.
Governing	VBG
bodies	NNS
have	VBP
similar	JJ
discretion	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
their	PRP$
executive	JJ
sessions	NNS
are	VBP
recorded	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
neither	CC
requires	VBZ
that	IN
minutes	NNS
of	IN
executive	JJ
sessions	NNS
be	VB
prepared	VBN
nor	CC
that	IN
executive	JJ
sessions	NNS
be	VB
recorded	VBN
.	.
Should	MD
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
elect	VB
to	TO
record	VB
an	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
,	,
no	DT
provision	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
either	CC
compels	VBZ
or	CC
prohibits	VBZ
release	NN
of	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
recording	NN
.	.
Recordings	NNS
of	IN
executive	NN
session	NN
discussions	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
exempt	JJ
from	IN
release	NN
under	IN
the	DT
WV	NNP
FOI	NNP
,	,
but	CC
this	DT
Committee	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
authority	NN
to	TO
make	VB
that	DT
determination	NN
.	.
The	DT
Committee	NNP
further	JJ
notes	NNS
that	WDT
releasing	VBG
information	NN
considered	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
required	VBN
by	IN
law	NN
to	TO
remain	VB
confidential	JJ
could	MD
violate	VB
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Parkersburg	NNP
City	NNP
Charter	NNP
provides	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
Special	JJ
Investigation	NNP
Committee	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
SIC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
investigate	VB
governmental	JJ
operations	NNS
.	.
An	DT
SIC	NNP
is	VBZ
authorized	VBN
to	TO
administer	VB
oaths	NNS
,	,
subpoena	NN
witnesses	NNS
and	CC
compel	VB
production	NN
of	IN
documents	NNS
.	.
An	DT
SIC	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
appointed	VBN
to	TO
investigate	VB
certain	JJ
alleged	JJ
irregularities	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
issuance	NN
of	IN
business	NN
permits	NNS
and	CC
licenses	NNS
.	.
The	DT
SIC	NNP
plans	VBZ
to	TO
engage	VB
the	DT
services	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
outside	JJ
attorney	NN
to	TO
lead	VB
the	DT
investigation	NN
.	.
The	DT
SIC	NNP
wants	VBZ
to	TO
meet	VB
with	IN
their	PRP$
counsel	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
various	JJ
procedural	JJ
and	CC
logistical	JJ
arrangements	NNS
for	IN
conducting	VBG
the	DT
investigation	NN
.	.
When	WRB
meeting	VBG
to	TO
initiate	VB
,	,
conduct	VB
or	CC
review	VB
an	DT
investigation	NN
performed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
members	NNS
themselves	PRP
,	,
or	CC
someone	NN
designated	VBN
to	TO
act	VB
in	IN
their	PRP$
behalf	NN
,	,
the	DT
SIC	NNP
is	VBZ
engaged	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
quasi-judicial	JJ
administrative	JJ
proceeding	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
open	JJ
meetings	NNS
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
the	DT
SIC	NNP
may	MD
meet	VB
to	TO
discuss	VB
purely	RB
logistical	JJ
matters	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
and	CC
place	NN
for	IN
a	DT
future	JJ
meeting	NN
,	,
what	WP
persons	NNS
or	CC
parties	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
present	JJ
or	CC
invited	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
in	IN
what	WP
order	NN
they	PRP
should	MD
appear	VB
,	,
and	CC
what	WP
data	NNS
or	CC
documentation	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
provided	VBN
by	IN
various	JJ
participants	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
without	IN
holding	VBG
a	DT
meeting	NN
subject	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Act	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
when	WRB
exercising	VBG
any	DT
delegated	JJ
executive	NN
or	CC
legislative	JJ
authority	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
employing	VBG
staff	NN
,	,
contracting	VBG
for	IN
professional	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
or	CC
establishing	VBG
general	JJ
rules	NNS
of	IN
procedure	NN
to	TO
follow	VB
when	WRB
conducting	VBG
an	DT
investigation	NN
,	,
the	DT
SIC	NNP
should	MD
follow	VB
normal	JJ
open	JJ
meeting	NN
requirements	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
providing	VBG
advance	NN
notice	NN
of	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
and	CC
excluding	VBG
the	DT
public	NN
only	RB
to	TO
conduct	VB
an	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
authorized	VBN
under	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
exceptions	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
.	.
Register	NNP
,	,
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
and	CC
on	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
's	POS
website	NN
,	,
and	CC
shall	MD
include	VB
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
and	CC
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Any	DT
notice	NN
of	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
meeting	NN
shall	MD
state	VB
the	DT
facts	NNS
and	CC
circumstances	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
emergency	NN
.	.
The	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
and	CC
place	NN
of	IN
each	DT
work	NN
session	NN
would	MD
be	VB
included	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
,	,
discussions	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
limited	VBN
to	TO
items	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
meeting	NN
minutes	NNS
would	MD
reflect	VB
that	IN
a	DT
working	VBG
session	NN
was	VBD
held	VBN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
regular	JJ
session	NN
.	.
Although	IN
work	NN
sessions	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
open	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
media	NNS
,	,
no	DT
opportunity	NN
for	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
would	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
require	VB
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
to	TO
set	VB
aside	RP
time	NN
for	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
during	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
simply	RB
provides	VBZ
that	IN
if	IN
such	JJ
comment	NN
is	VBZ
allowed	VBN
,	,
those	DT
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
participate	VB
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
sign	VB
up	RP
more	JJR
than	IN
fifteen	CD
minutes	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
starts	VBZ
.	.
Pocahontas	NNP
Woods	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
non-profit	JJ
corporation	NN
established	VBN
to	TO
promote	VB
the	DT
beneficial	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
forest	NN
resources	NNS
in	IN
and	CC
around	IN
Pocahontas	NNP
County	NNP
.	.
The	DT
organization	NN
is	VBZ
substantially	RB
funded	VBN
with	IN
State	NNP
Forest	NNP
Service	NNP
funds	NNS
,	,
allocated	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
Pocahontas	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
.	.
Provided	VBN
,	,
That	DT
information	NN
relied	VBN
on	IN
during	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
deliberations	NNS
on	IN
matters	NNS
involving	VBG
commercial	JJ
competition	NN
are	VBP
exempt	JJ
from	IN
disclosure	NN
under	IN
the	DT
open	JJ
meetings	NNS
requirements	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
only	RB
until	IN
the	DT
commercial	JJ
competition	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
finalized	VBN
and	CC
completed	VBN
:	:
Provided	VBN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
That	DT
information	NN
not	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
release	VB
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
freedom	NN
of	IN
information	NN
act	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
become	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
disclosure	NN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
executive	NN
session	NN
...	:
Virginia	NNP
development	NN
office	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
public	JJ
body	NN
,	,
whose	WP$
primary	JJ
responsibility	NN
is	VBZ
economic	JJ
development	NN
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
furnishing	VBG
assistance	NN
to	TO
a	DT
new	JJ
or	CC
existing	JJ
business	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
exempt	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
article	NN
one	CD
,	,
chapter	NN
twenty-nine-b	NN
of	IN
this	DT
code	NN
:	:
Provided	VBN
,	,
That	DT
any	DT
agreement	NN
entered	VBD
into	IN
or	CC
signed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
development	NN
office	NN
or	CC
public	JJ
body	NN
which	WDT
obligates	VBZ
public	JJ
funds	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
inspection	NN
and	CC
copying	NN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
said	VBD
article	NN
as	IN
of	IN
the	DT
date	NN
the	DT
agreement	NN
is	VBZ
entered	VBN
into	IN
,	,
signed	VBD
or	CC
otherwise	RB
made	VBD
public	JJ
.	.
The	DT
purposes	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
authority	NN
is	VBZ
created	VBN
are	VBP
to	TO
promote	VB
,	,
develop	VB
and	CC
advance	VB
the	DT
business	NN
prosperity	NN
and	CC
economic	JJ
welfare	NN
of	IN
the	DT
municipality	NN
or	CC
county	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
is	VBZ
created	VBN
,	,
its	PRP$
citizens	NNS
and	CC
its	PRP$
industrial	JJ
complex	NN
;	:
to	TO
encourage	VB
and	CC
assist	VB
through	IN
loans	NNS
,	,
investments	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
business	NN
transactions	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
locating	VBG
of	IN
new	JJ
business	NN
and	CC
industry	NN
within	IN
the	DT
municipality	NN
or	CC
county	NN
and	CC
to	TO
rehabilitate	VB
and	CC
assist	VB
existing	VBG
businesses	NNS
and	CC
industries	NNS
therein	RB
;	:
to	TO
stimulate	VB
and	CC
promote	VB
the	DT
expansion	NN
of	IN
all	DT
kinds	NNS
of	IN
business	NN
and	CC
industrial	JJ
activity	NN
which	WDT
will	MD
tend	VB
to	TO
advance	VB
business	NN
and	CC
industrial	JJ
development	NN
and	CC
maintain	VB
the	DT
economic	JJ
stability	NN
of	IN
the	DT
municipality	NN
or	CC
county	NN
,	,
provide	VBP
maximum	JJ
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
employment	NN
,	,
encourage	VBP
thrift	NN
,	,
and	CC
improve	VB
the	DT
standard	NN
of	IN
living	NN
of	IN
the	DT
citizens	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
;	:
to	TO
cooperate	VB
and	CC
act	VB
in	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
other	JJ
organizations	NNS
,	,
federal	JJ
,	,
state	NN
,	,
or	CC
local	JJ
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
promotion	NN
and	CC
advancement	NN
of	IN
industrial	JJ
,	,
commercial	JJ
,	,
agricultural	JJ
and	CC
recreational	JJ
developments	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
municipality	NN
or	CC
county	NN
;	:
and	CC
to	TO
furnish	VB
money	NN
and	CC
credit	NN
,	,
land	NN
and	CC
industrial	JJ
sites	NNS
,	,
technical	JJ
assistance	NN
and	CC
such	JJ
other	JJ
aid	NN
as	IN
may	MD
be	VB
deemed	VBN
requisite	JJ
to	TO
approved	VBN
and	CC
deserving	JJ
applicants	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
promotion	NN
,	,
development	NN
and	CC
conduct	NN
of	IN
all	DT
kinds	NNS
of	IN
business	NN
activity	NN
within	IN
the	DT
municipality	NN
or	CC
county	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
,	,
City	NNP
and	CC
Authority	NNP
may	MD
each	DT
meet	VB
in	IN
executive	JJ
session	NN
to	TO
entertain	VB
and	CC
discuss	VB
proposals	NNS
concerning	VBG
various	JJ
forms	NNS
and	CC
amounts	NNS
of	IN
financial	JJ
or	CC
related	JJ
assistance	NN
which	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
committed	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
initiate	VB
or	CC
sustain	VB
commercial	JJ
economic	JJ
development	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
particular	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
Request	NN
for	IN
Financial	NNP
Assistance	NNP
or	CC
an	DT
Economic	NNP
Development	NNP
Agreement	NNP
may	MD
be	VB
voted	VBN
upon	IN
in	IN
generic	JJ
terms	NNS
,	,
so	RB
that	IN
the	DT
identity	NN
or	CC
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
business	NN
and	CC
the	DT
specific	JJ
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
agreement	NN
are	VBP
not	RB
then	RB
revealed	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
Once	RB
the	DT
Economic	NNP
Development	NNP
Agreement	NNP
is	VBZ
approved	VBN
by	IN
all	DT
required	VBN
parties	NNS
,	,
this	DT
document	NN
,	,
the	DT
Request	NNP
for	IN
Financial	NNP
Assistance	NNP
and	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
preliminary	JJ
documents	NNS
not	RB
exempt	JJ
from	IN
release	NN
under	IN
the	DT
Freedom	NNP
of	IN
Information	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
previously	RB
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
but	CC
not	RB
released	VBN
,	,
must	MD
immediately	RB
be	VB
incorporated	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
minutes	NNS
and	CC
made	VBN
available	JJ
for	IN
inspection	NN
by	IN
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
The	DT
Council	NNP
meets	VBZ
twice	RB
monthly	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
and	CC
fourth	JJ
Monday	NNP
of	IN
each	DT
month	NN
.	.
The	DT
Council	NNP
has	VBZ
adopted	VBN
procedural	JJ
rules	NNS
which	WDT
require	VBP
posting	VBG
an	DT
agenda	NN
for	IN
each	DT
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
and	CC
issuing	VBG
notice	NN
of	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
.	.
Dale	NNP
,	,
all	DT
questions	NNS
of	IN
order	NN
,	,
the	DT
methods	NNS
of	IN
organization	NN
and	CC
the	DT
conduct	NN
of	IN
business	NN
of	IN
the	DT
municipal	JJ
council	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
governed	VBN
by	IN
Roberts	NNP
Rules	NNP
of	IN
Order	NNP
in	IN
all	DT
cases	NNS
to	TO
which	WDT
they	PRP
are	VBP
applicable	JJ
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
inconsistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
governing	VBG
rules	NNS
of	IN
council	NN
.	.
Council	NNP
,	,
with	IN
a	DT
quorum	NN
of	IN
the	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
can	MD
only	RB
meet	VB
to	TO
discuss	VB
purely	RB
logistical	JJ
matters	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
when	WRB
and	CC
where	WRB
to	TO
hold	VB
a	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
and	CC
what	WP
items	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
included	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
,	,
and	CC
what	WP
staff	NN
members	NNS
or	CC
documents	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
available	JJ
during	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
to	TO
support	VB
the	DT
matters	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
.	.
The	DT
Council	NNP
shall	MD
hold	VB
regular	JJ
meetings	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
and	CC
fourth	JJ
Mondays	NNP
of	IN
each	DT
month	NN
at	IN
7:30	CD
p.m.	NN
;	:
provided	VBN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
date	NN
and	CC
time	NN
may	MD
be	VB
changed	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
different	JJ
date	NN
and	CC
time	NN
upon	IN
being	VBG
duly	RB
passed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
members	NNS
present	JJ
.	.
Provided	VBN
further	JJ
that	IN
in	IN
the	DT
event	NN
that	IN
the	DT
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
date	NN
and	CC
time	NN
are	VBP
so	RB
changed	VBN
,	,
notice	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
change	NN
by	IN
Class	NNP
I	NNP
Legal	NNP
Publication	NNP
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
day	NN
fixed	VBN
for	IN
any	DT
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
falls	VBZ
upon	IN
a	DT
day	NN
designated	VBN
by	IN
law	NN
as	IN
a	DT
legal	JJ
,	,
national	JJ
or	CC
religious	JJ
holiday	NN
,	,
such	JJ
meeting	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
hour	NN
on	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
succeeding	VBG
day	NN
not	RB
a	DT
holiday	NN
.	.
All	DT
regular	JJ
and	CC
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
shall	MD
be	VB
open	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
provided	VBN
however	RB
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
may	MD
recess	NN
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
conducting	VBG
an	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
,	,
limited	VBN
to	TO
its	PRP$
membership	NN
plus	IN
any	DT
person	NN
or	CC
persons	NNS
requested	VBD
to	TO
attend	VB
such	JJ
executive	NN
session	NN
by	IN
a	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
.	.
Such	JJ
executive	NN
session	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
conducted	VBN
and	CC
held	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
manner	NN
specified	VBN
in	IN
Chapter	NN
6	CD
,	,
Article	NNP
9A	CD
,	,
Section	NNP
4	CD
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
,	,
as	IN
amended	VBN
,	,
and	CC
only	RB
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
therein	RB
stated	VBD
.	.
Clerk	NN
at	IN
the	DT
front	JJ
door	NN
or	CC
bulletin	NN
board	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Glen	NNP
Dale	NNP
City	NNP
Building	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
and	CC
place	NN
fixed	VBN
and	CC
entered	VBN
of	IN
record	NN
by	IN
Council	NNP
for	IN
holding	VBG
of	IN
regular	JJ
scheduled	VBN
meetings	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
for	IN
each	DT
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meeting	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
location	NN
by	IN
the	DT
City	NNP
Clerk	NNP
not	RB
less	JJR
than	IN
three	CD
days	NNS
before	IN
each	DT
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
held	VBN
.	.
In	IN
computing	VBG
this	DT
three	CD
-	:
day	NN
period	NN
,	,
the	DT
day	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
,	,
and	CC
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
counted	VBN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
canceled	VBN
or	CC
postponed	VBN
,	,
a	DT
notice	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
cancellation	NN
or	CC
postponement	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
location	NN
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
feasible	JJ
after	IN
such	JJ
cancellation	NN
or	CC
postponement	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
determined	VBN
.	.
All	DT
matters	NNS
requiring	VBG
official	JJ
action	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
,	,
including	VBG
all	DT
reports	NNS
,	,
communications	NNS
,	,
ordinances	NNS
,	,
resolutions	NNS
,	,
claims	NNS
,	,
license	NN
reports	NNS
,	,
contracts	NNS
,	,
documents	NNS
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
matters	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
submitted	VBN
for	IN
consideration	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
,	,
shall	MD
be	VB
delivered	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
City	NNP
Clerk	NNP
not	RB
later	RB
than	IN
4:30	CD
P.M.	NNP
Tuesday	NNP
,	,
one	CD
week	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
regular	JJ
Council	NNP
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
Clerk	NNP
will	MD
prepare	VB
an	DT
agenda	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
matters	NNS
and	CC
any	DT
additional	JJ
matters	NNS
which	WDT
she	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
to	TO
present	VB
,	,
following	VBG
the	DT
prescribed	VBN
order	NN
of	IN
business	NN
as	IN
hereinafter	NN
provided	VBN
in	IN
Rule	NNP
XI	NNP
,	,
stating	VBG
each	DT
item	NN
requiring	VBG
official	JJ
action	NN
so	RB
as	IN
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
public	JJ
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
matters	NNS
which	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
dealt	VBN
with	IN
at	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
A	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
completed	VBN
agenda	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
furnished	VBN
to	TO
each	DT
member	NN
of	IN
Council	NNP
.	.
.	.
Items	NNS
received	VBD
after	IN
the	DT
deadline	NN
for	IN
submitting	VBG
agenda	NN
items	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
regular	JJ
council	NN
agenda	NN
,	,
unless	IN
the	DT
item	NN
involves	VBZ
a	DT
matter	NN
requiring	VBG
immediate	JJ
official	JJ
action	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Council	NNP
determines	VBZ
to	TO
include	VB
it	PRP
as	IN
provided	VBN
in	IN
Rule	NNP
IV	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
B	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Upon	IN
request	NN
,	,
the	DT
Clerk	NN
shall	MD
also	RB
furnish	VB
the	DT
Mayor	NNP
,	,
City	NNP
Attorney	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Department	NNP
Heads	VBZ
with	IN
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
,	,
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
Council	NNP
meeting	NN
,	,
and	CC
as	RB
far	RB
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
as	IN
the	DT
time	NN
for	IN
preparation	NN
will	MD
permit	VB
.	.
Once	RB
the	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
for	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
meeting	NN
notice	NN
for	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
,	,
has	VBZ
been	VBN
posted	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
Rule	NNP
III	NNP
,	,
copies	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
news	NN
media	NNS
or	CC
any	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
upon	IN
request	NN
.	.
The	DT
presiding	VBG
officer	NN
shall	MD
preserve	VB
strict	JJ
order	NN
and	CC
decorum	NN
at	IN
all	DT
regular	JJ
and	CC
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
shall	MD
state	VB
every	DT
question	NN
coming	VBG
before	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
and	CC
announce	VB
the	DT
decision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
on	IN
all	DT
matters	NNS
coming	VBG
before	IN
it	PRP
.	.
A	DT
majority	NN
vote	NN
of	IN
Council	NNP
shall	MD
govern	VB
and	CC
conclusively	RB
determine	VB
all	DT
questions	NNS
of	IN
order	NN
not	RB
otherwise	RB
herein	RB
covered	VBN
or	CC
as	IN
otherwise	RB
provided	VBN
by	IN
law	NN
.	.
The	DT
City	NNP
Attorney	NNP
,	,
or	CC
his	PRP$
designee	NN
,	,
shall	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Council	NNP
at	IN
all	DT
regular	JJ
and	CC
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
.	.
The	DT
City	NNP
Attorney	NNP
or	CC
his	PRP$
designee	NN
,	,
shall	MD
draft	VB
ordinances	NNS
,	,
resolutions	NNS
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
legal	JJ
documents	NNS
when	WRB
requested	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
Council	NNP
Member	NNP
.	.
A	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
total	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
shall	MD
constitute	VB
a	DT
quorum	NN
.	.
Should	MD
no	DT
quorum	NN
attend	VB
within	IN
thirty	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
30	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
minutes	NNS
after	IN
the	DT
hour	NN
appointed	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Mayor	NNP
,	,
or	CC
in	IN
his	PRP$
absence	NN
the	DT
presiding	VBG
,	,
may	MD
thereupon	RB
adjourn	VB
the	DT
meeting	NN
until	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
day	NN
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
hour	NN
and	CC
place	NN
.	.
At	IN
each	DT
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
,	,
a	DT
journal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
proceedings	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
meeting	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
read	VBN
,	,
and	CC
corrected	VBN
if	IN
erroneous	JJ
,	,
and	CC
signed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
presiding	VBG
officer	NN
for	IN
the	DT
time	NN
being	VBG
;	:
provided	VBN
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
reading	NN
of	IN
the	DT
journal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
proceeding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
meeting	NN
may	MD
be	VB
dispensed	VBN
with	IN
by	IN
a	DT
majority	NN
vote	NN
by	IN
the	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
if	IN
the	DT
members	NNS
thereof	RB
have	VBP
received	VBN
and	CC
examined	VBD
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
journal	NN
or	CC
a	DT
synopsis	NN
thereof	RB
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
meeting	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
this	DT
journal	NN
is	VBZ
signed	VBN
.	.
Upon	IN
the	DT
call	NN
of	IN
any	DT
member	NN
the	DT
yeas	NNS
and	CC
nays	NNS
on	IN
any	DT
question	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
and	CC
recorded	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
journal	NN
.	.
Questions	NNS
under	IN
consideration	NN
-	:
A	DT
motion	NN
presented	VBN
and	CC
seconded	VBN
is	VBZ
under	IN
consideration	NN
and	CC
no	DT
motion	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
received	VBN
thereafter	RB
,	,
except	IN
to	TO
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
To	TO
adjourn	VB
;	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
To	TO
lay	VB
on	IN
the	DT
table	NN
,	,
to	TO
postpone	VB
or	CC
to	TO
amend	VB
,	,
until	IN
the	DT
question	NN
is	VBZ
decided	VBN
;	:
or	CC
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
To	TO
refer	VB
to	TO
a	DT
committee	NN
.	.
These	DT
motions	NNS
shall	MD
have	VB
preference	NN
in	IN
order	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
are	VBP
mentioned	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
first	JJ
two	CD
shall	MD
be	VB
decided	VBN
without	IN
debate	NN
.	.
Each	DT
person	NN
desiring	VBG
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
Council	NNP
shall	MD
stand	VB
and	CC
give	VB
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
name	NN
and	CC
address	NN
in	IN
an	DT
audible	JJ
tone	NN
of	IN
voice	NN
for	IN
the	DT
record	NN
,	,
and	CC
unless	IN
further	JJ
time	NN
is	VBZ
granted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
,	,
shall	MD
limit	VB
his	PRP$
address	NN
to	TO
5	CD
minutes	NNS
All	DT
remarks	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
addressed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
presiding	VBG
officer	NN
and	CC
Council	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
body	NN
and	CC
not	RB
to	TO
any	DT
individual	JJ
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
.	.
No	DT
person	NN
,	,
other	JJ
than	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
person	NN
having	VBG
the	DT
floor	NN
,	,
shall	MD
be	VB
permitted	VBN
to	TO
enter	VB
into	IN
any	DT
discussion	NN
,	,
either	CC
directly	RB
or	CC
through	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
,	,
without	IN
the	DT
permission	NN
of	IN
the	DT
presiding	VBG
officer	NN
.	.
No	DT
question	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
asked	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
Council	NNP
except	IN
through	IN
the	DT
presiding	VBG
officer	NN
.	.
Any	DT
person	NN
making	VBG
personal	JJ
,	,
impertinent	JJ
or	CC
slanderous	JJ
remarks	NNS
or	CC
who	WP
shall	MD
become	VB
boisterous	JJ
while	IN
addressing	VBG
the	DT
Council	NNP
shall	MD
forthwith	RB
be	VB
barred	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
presiding	VBG
officer	NN
from	IN
further	JJ
audience	NN
before	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
,	,
unless	IN
permission	NN
to	TO
continue	VB
or	CC
again	RB
address	VB
the	DT
Council	NNP
be	VB
granted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
majority	NN
vote	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Chief	NNP
of	IN
Police	NNP
,	,
or	CC
such	JJ
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Police	NNP
Department	NNP
as	IN
he	PRP
may	MD
designate	VB
,	,
shall	MD
be	VB
the	DT
sergeant-at-arms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
meetings	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
,	,
or	CC
they	PRP
,	,
shall	MD
carry	VB
out	RP
all	DT
orders	NNS
and	CC
instructions	NNS
given	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
presiding	VBG
officer	NN
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
maintaining	VBG
order	NN
and	CC
decorum	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
meeting	NN
.	.
All	DT
standing	NN
and	CC
special	JJ
committees	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
chairman	NN
thereof	RB
,	,
shall	MD
be	VB
appointed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
presiding	VBG
officer	NN
at	IN
regular	JJ
or	CC
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
.	.
All	DT
committees	NNS
shall	MD
consist	VB
of	IN
five	CD
members	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
chairman	NN
.	.
The	DT
City	NNP
Attorney	NNP
or	CC
his	PRP$
designee	NN
,	,
when	WRB
requested	VBN
,	,
shall	MD
prepare	VB
ordinances	NNS
,	,
resolutions	NNS
,	,
motions	NNS
,	,
contracts	NNS
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
documents	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
shall	MD
be	VB
delivered	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Clerk	NNP
in	IN
conformity	NN
with	IN
Rule	NNP
IV	NNP
and	CC
Rule	NNP
VIII	NNP
.	.
A	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
shall	MD
be	VB
forthwith	JJ
furnished	VBN
to	TO
each	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
by	IN
the	DT
Clerk	NNP
.	.
All	DT
prepared	JJ
ordinances	NNS
,	,
resolutions	NNS
and	CC
legal	JJ
documents	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
City	NNP
Attorney	NNP
or	CC
his	PRP$
designee	NN
and	CC
bear	VB
his	PRP$
notation	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
correct	JJ
in	IN
form	NN
.	.
Before	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
shall	MD
make	VB
any	DT
agreement	NN
to	TO
buy	VB
,	,
purchase	NN
,	,
or	CC
contract	NN
services	NNS
,	,
or	CC
in	IN
any	DT
way	NN
commit	VBP
monies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
in	IN
excess	NN
of	IN
$	$
100.00	CD
,	,
or	CC
request	NN
any	DT
monies	NNS
for	IN
services	NNS
,	,
expenses	NNS
or	CC
fees	NNS
in	IN
excess	NN
of	IN
$	$
100.00	CD
,	,
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
will	MD
first	RB
have	VB
prior	RB
approval	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Finance	NNP
Committee	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
Council	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Berkeley	NNP
County	NNP
Farmland	NNP
Protection	NNP
Board	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
BCFPB	NNP
or	CC
Board	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
asks	VBZ
if	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
meet	VB
in	IN
an	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
to	TO
review	VB
and	CC
discuss	VB
applications	NNS
from	IN
landowners	NNS
seeking	VBG
to	TO
have	VB
their	PRP$
property	NN
included	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
Berkeley	NNP
County	NNP
Farmland	NNP
Protection	NNP
Program	NNP
.	.
The	DT
BCFPB	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
meeting	VBG
to	TO
consider	VB
requests	NNS
from	IN
eligible	JJ
landowners	NNS
to	TO
have	VB
real	JJ
property	NN
included	VBD
in	IN
an	DT
established	VBN
Farmland	NNP
Protection	NNP
Program	NNP
.	.
Applications	NNS
offering	VBG
to	TO
enter	VB
into	IN
easements	NNS
excluding	VBG
such	JJ
property	NN
from	IN
being	VBG
used	VBN
for	IN
non-agricultural	JJ
purposes	NNS
are	VBP
expected	VBN
to	TO
exceed	VB
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
funds	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
purchase	VB
the	DT
required	JJ
easements	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
must	MD
consider	VB
several	JJ
factors	NNS
in	IN
determining	VBG
which	WDT
easements	NNS
will	MD
provide	VB
the	DT
best	JJS
public	JJ
value	NN
from	IN
available	JJ
funds	NNS
.	.
Meeting	VBG
Notice	NNP
-	:
Special	JJ
Meetings	NNS
The	DT
Authority	NNP
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
if	IN
it	PRP
posted	VBD
notice	NN
of	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
date	NN
.	.
Notices	NNS
of	IN
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
must	MD
include	VB
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
and	CC
place	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
and	CC
,	,
unlike	IN
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
notices	NNS
,	,
must	MD
explain	VB
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
number	NN
of	IN
days	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
referred	VBD
to	TO
above	IN
excludes	VBZ
the	DT
day	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
,	,
and	CC
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
an	DT
intervening	VBG
legal	JJ
holiday	NN
,	,
the	DT
Authority	NNP
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
by	IN
issuing	VBG
notice	NN
of	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
to	TO
be	VB
held	VBN
on	IN
Friday	NNP
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
before	IN
the	DT
close	NN
of	IN
business	NN
on	IN
the	DT
preceding	VBG
Wednesday	NNP
.	.
How	WRB
The	DT
Authority	NNP
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
,	,
if	IN
it	PRP
posts	VBZ
the	DT
agenda	NN
in	IN
an	DT
appropriate	JJ
public	JJ
space	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
office	NN
,	,
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
having	VBG
copies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
picked	VBN
up	RP
at	IN
its	PRP$
office	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
meetings	NNS
are	VBP
routinely	RB
covered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
news	NN
media	NNS
,	,
providing	VBG
a	DT
copy	NN
to	TO
those	DT
media	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
agenda	NN
is	VBZ
posted	VBN
is	VBZ
encouraged	VBN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
Authority	NNP
has	VBZ
made	VBN
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
available	JJ
three	CD
days	NNS
or	CC
more	JJR
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
,	,
at	IN
its	PRP$
option	NN
,	,
amend	VB
the	DT
agenda	NN
to	TO
add	VB
additional	JJ
items	NNS
of	IN
business	NN
-	:
items	NNS
not	RB
known	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
original	JJ
agenda	NN
was	VBD
prepared	VBN
and	CC
made	VBN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
Amendments	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
as	IN
late	JJ
as	IN
two	CD
days	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
and	CC
made	VBD
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
manner	NN
as	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
agenda	NN
.	.
The	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
permits	VBZ
the	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
of	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
agency	NN
to	TO
convene	VB
an	DT
emergency	NN
meeting	NN
and	CC
take	VB
official	JJ
action	NN
on	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
requiring	VBG
immediate	JJ
official	JJ
action	NN
without	IN
the	DT
normal	JJ
advance	NN
notice	NN
required	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
or	CC
special	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
this	DT
Committee	NNP
has	VBZ
determined	VBN
that	IN
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
conducting	VBG
an	DT
emergency	NN
meeting	NN
must	MD
nonetheless	RB
issue	VB
a	DT
meeting	NN
notice	NN
stating	VBG
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
and	CC
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
and	CC
explaining	VBG
the	DT
facts	NNS
and	CC
circumstances	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
emergency	NN
which	WDT
justify	VBP
taking	VBG
immediate	JJ
action	NN
.	.
This	DT
meeting	NN
notice	NN
should	MD
be	VB
publicly	RB
posted	VBN
and	CC
distributed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
manner	NN
as	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
notice	NN
for	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
or	CC
special	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
is	VBZ
proposing	VBG
to	TO
adopt	VB
procedural	JJ
rules	NNS
which	WDT
will	MD
require	VB
that	IN
notice	NN
of	IN
all	DT
regular	JJ
meetings	NNS
be	VB
posted	VBN
at	IN
least	JJS
five	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
and	CC
that	IN
agendas	NNS
for	IN
such	JJ
meetings	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
and	CC
available	JJ
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
not	RB
including	VBG
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
and	CC
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
.	.
Notice	NNP
of	IN
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
including	VBG
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
and	CC
purpose	NN
will	MD
similarly	RB
be	VB
posted	VBN
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
.	.
A	DT
complete	JJ
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
procedural	JJ
rules	NNS
are	VBP
attached	VBN
to	TO
this	DT
advisory	JJ
opinion	NN
as	IN
Appendix	NNP
A.	NN
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
notices	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
'	POS
s	PRP
website	NN
.	.
Meeting	VBG
notices	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
at	IN
least	JJS
five	CD
days	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Said	NNP
notices	NNS
shall	MD
contain	VB
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
date	NN
,	,
and	CC
location	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
agenda	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
's	POS
website	NN
and	CC
made	VBN
available	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Planning	NNP
Office	NNP
,	,
located	VBN
at	IN
1000	CD
Elmer	NNP
Prince	NNP
Drive	NNP
,	,
Room	NNP
215	CD
,	,
Morgantown	NNP
,	,
WV	NNP
26505,304-598-5103	CD
,	,
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
days	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Meeting	VBG
notices	NNS
and	CC
agendas	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
delivered	VBN
to	TO
various	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
public	JJ
news	NN
media	NNS
including	VBG
local	JJ
newspaper	NN
,	,
radio	NN
,	,
and	CC
public	JJ
access	NN
television	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
days	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
three-day	JJ
period	NN
will	MD
exclude	VB
the	DT
day	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
,	,
and	CC
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
canceled	VBN
or	CC
postponed	VBN
,	,
a	DT
notice	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
cancellation	NN
or	CC
postponement	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
at	IN
said	VBD
Courthouse	NN
location	NN
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
feasible	JJ
after	IN
such	JJ
cancellation	NN
or	CC
postponement	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
determined	VBN
.	.
Office	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
front	JJ
door	NN
of	IN
the	DT
main	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Monongalia	NNP
County	NNP
Courthouse	NN
not	RB
less	JJR
than	IN
three	CD
days	NNS
before	IN
a	DT
specially	RB
scheduled	VBN
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
held	VBN
,	,
stating	VBG
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
,	,
and	CC
purpose	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
such	JJ
special	JJ
meeting	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
.	.
Notices	NNS
and	CC
agendas	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
'	POS
s	PRP
website	NN
not	RB
less	JJR
than	IN
three	CD
days	NNS
before	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
Meeting	VBG
notices	NNS
and	CC
agendas	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
delivered	VBN
to	TO
various	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
public	JJ
news	NN
media	NNS
including	VBG
local	JJ
newspaper	NN
,	,
radio	NN
,	,
and	CC
public	JJ
access	NN
television	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
days	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
three-day	JJ
period	NN
will	MD
exclude	VB
the	DT
day	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
,	,
and	CC
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
canceled	VBN
or	CC
postponed	VBN
,	,
a	DT
notice	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
cancellation	NN
or	CC
postponement	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
at	IN
said	VBD
Courthouse	NN
location	NN
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
feasible	JJ
after	IN
such	JJ
cancellation	NN
or	CC
postponement	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
determined	VBN
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
open	JJ
portion	NN
of	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
prior	RB
to	TO
convening	VBG
an	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
,	,
the	DT
President	NNP
shall	MD
identify	VB
the	DT
authorization	NN
for	IN
conducting	VBG
an	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
and	CC
shall	MD
present	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
present	NN
at	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
An	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
shall	MD
only	RB
be	VB
held	VBN
upon	IN
a	DT
majority	NN
affirmative	JJ
vote	NN
of	IN
the	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
present	JJ
and	CC
no	DT
decision	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
in	IN
executive	NN
session	NN
.	.
Commissioners	NNS
are	VBP
sometimes	RB
invited	VBN
to	TO
social	JJ
events	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
banquets	NNS
and	CC
receptions	NNS
where	WRB
two	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
Commissioners	NNS
are	VBP
present	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Commissioners	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
discuss	VB
official	JJ
Commission	NN
business	NN
during	IN
these	DT
gatherings	NNS
.	.
Commissioners	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
out	IN
of	IN
bounds	NNS
.	.
Elected	VBN
officials	NNS
remain	VBP
free	JJ
to	TO
meet	VB
with	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
,	,
their	PRP$
constituents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
public	JJ
office	NN
holders	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
any	DT
conversation	NN
among	IN
a	DT
quorum	NN
of	IN
the	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
which	WDT
involves	VBZ
deliberating	VBG
toward	IN
a	DT
decision	NN
on	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
requiring	VBG
official	JJ
action	NN
must	MD
be	VB
deferred	VBN
until	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
can	MD
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
and	CC
discussed	VBN
during	IN
an	DT
open	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
consists	VBZ
of	IN
11	CD
members	NNS
,	,
one	CD
of	IN
whom	WP
is	VBZ
a	DT
sitting	VBG
County	NNP
Commissioner	NNP
.	.
Several	JJ
days	NNS
before	IN
each	DT
monthly	JJ
meeting	NN
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
President	NNP
and	CC
County	NNP
Planner	NNP
will	MD
discuss	VB
what	WP
items	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
on	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
,	,
and	CC
what	WP
information	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
provided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
staff	NN
,	,
county	NN
engineer	NN
,	,
applicants	NNS
,	,
or	CC
others	NNS
,	,
so	RB
that	IN
proper	JJ
action	NN
can	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
at	IN
an	DT
upcoming	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
even	RB
a	DT
quorum	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Commissioners	NNS
may	MD
meet	VB
to	TO
discuss	VB
purely	RB
logistical	JJ
matters	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
which	WDT
items	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
included	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
,	,
and	CC
what	WP
data	NNS
or	CC
documentation	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
provided	VBN
by	IN
various	JJ
participants	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
without	IN
violating	VBG
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
any	DT
conversation	NN
among	IN
a	DT
quorum	NN
of	IN
the	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
which	WDT
involves	VBZ
deliberating	VBG
toward	IN
a	DT
decision	NN
on	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
requiring	VBG
official	JJ
action	NN
must	MD
be	VB
deferred	VBN
until	IN
such	JJ
matter	NN
can	MD
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
of	IN
a	DT
properly	RB
noticed	VBN
meeting	NN
.	.
In	IN
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Advisory	NNP
Opinion	NNP
2002-04	CD
issued	VBN
on	IN
March	NNP
7	CD
,	,
2002	CD
,	,
this	DT
Committee	NNP
generally	RB
approved	VBD
procedural	JJ
rules	NNS
adopted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Berkeley	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
,	,
noting	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
rules	NNS
needed	VBN
to	TO
more	RBR
specifically	RB
provide	VB
for	IN
intervening	VBG
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
notice	NN
period	NN
,	,
a	DT
two-day	JJ
notice	NN
period	NN
for	IN
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
,	,
and	CC
where	WRB
meeting	NN
agendas	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
Monday	NNP
of	IN
each	DT
month	NN
at	IN
10:00	CD
a.	NNP
m.	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
first	JJ
Thursday	NNP
of	IN
each	DT
month	NN
at	IN
9:30	CD
a.m.	NN
and	CC
7:00	CD
p.m.	NN
Any	DT
additional	JJ
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
called	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
noticed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
scheduled	VBN
two	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
For	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
counting	VBG
any	DT
time	NN
period	NN
in	IN
these	DT
Rules	NNS
,	,
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
,	,
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
day	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
counted	VBN
.	.
Commission	NNP
meetings	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
canceled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
or	CC
on	IN
days	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
holidays	NNS
fall	VBP
will	MD
be	VB
so	RB
noticed	VBN
.	.
Notice	NNP
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
by	IN
posting	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
's	POS
web	NN
site	NN
and	CC
on	IN
the	DT
main	JJ
Courthouse	NN
door	NN
at	IN
100	CD
West	NNP
King	NNP
Street	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Berkeley	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
shall	MD
accept	VB
items	NNS
for	IN
inclusion	NN
on	IN
the	DT
weekly	JJ
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
unti112	JJ
:00	CD
noon	NN
on	IN
each	DT
Friday	NNP
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
event	NN
that	IN
a	DT
given	VBN
Friday	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
scheduled	VBN
holiday	NN
,	,
the	DT
deadline	NN
for	IN
submittal	NN
will	MD
be	VB
5:00	CD
p.m.	RB
on	IN
the	DT
Thursday	NNP
before	IN
the	DT
holiday	NN
.	.
Agendas	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
weekly	JJ
meetings	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
the	DT
media	NNS
after	IN
9:00	CD
a.m.	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Tuesday	NNP
before	IN
the	DT
Thursday	NNP
Commission	NNP
meeting	NN
in	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
office	NN
located	VBN
at	IN
126	CD
West	NNP
King	NNP
Street	NNP
and	CC
on	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
's	POS
website	NN
.	.
Agenda	NNP
's	POS
for	IN
the	DT
monthly	JJ
Monday	NNP
a.m.	NN
meeting	NN
will	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
preceding	VBG
Thursday	NNP
after	IN
10:00	CD
a.m.	NN
in	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
offices	NNS
located	VBN
at	IN
126	CD
West	NNP
King	NNP
Street	NNP
and	CC
on	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
'	POS
s	PRP
website	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
event	NN
of	IN
an	DT
intervening	VBG
legal	JJ
holiday	NN
,	,
the	DT
agenda	NN
will	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
available	JJ
one	CD
working	VBG
day	NN
earlier	RB
.	.
The	DT
Berkeley	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
establishes	VBZ
times	NNS
on	IN
each	DT
agenda	NN
devoted	VBN
to	TO
items	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
Any	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
public	NN
is	VBZ
invited	VBN
to	TO
speak	VB
on	IN
a	DT
given	VBN
topic	NN
during	IN
those	DT
designed	VBN
times	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
item	NN
requires	VBZ
action	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
and	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
scheduled	VBN
agenda	NN
item	NN
,	,
the	DT
issue	NN
will	MD
be	VB
scheduled	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
Commission	NNP
meeting	NN
so	IN
that	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
noticed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
manner	NN
specified	VBN
,	,
prior	RB
to	TO
Commission	NNP
action	NN
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
permits	VBZ
governing	VBG
bodies	NNS
of	IN
public	JJ
agencies	NNS
to	TO
conduct	VB
meetings	NNS
via	IN
telephone	NN
conference	NN
,	,
provided	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
persons	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
participating	VBG
by	IN
telephone	NN
are	VBP
audible	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
attending	VBG
the	DT
meeting	NN
in	IN
person	NN
.	.
This	DT
option	NN
may	MD
enable	VB
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
a	DT
quorum	NN
when	WRB
not	RB
enough	RB
voting	VBG
members	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
physically	RB
present	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
address	VB
whether	IN
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
may	MD
conduct	VB
a	DT
roll	NN
call	NN
vote	NN
.	.
It	PRP
simply	RB
provides	VBZ
that	IN
if	IN
a	DT
roll	NN
call	NN
vote	NN
is	VBZ
conducted	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
procedures	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
,	,
the	DT
vote	NN
of	IN
each	DT
member	NN
by	IN
name	NN
must	MD
be	VB
recorded	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
minutes	NNS
.	.
Commission	NNP
Office	NNP
,	,
Wyoming	NNP
Street	NNP
,	,
Welch	NNP
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
agenda	NN
for	IN
each	DT
meeting	NN
will	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
door	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
Office	NNP
before	IN
the	DT
close	NN
of	IN
business	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
For	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
counting	VBG
this	DT
three-day	JJ
period	NN
,	,
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
,	,
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
day	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
included	VBN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
business	NN
Wednesday	NNP
meeting	NN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
an	DT
intervening	VBG
legal	JJ
holiday	NN
,	,
the	DT
agenda	NN
will	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
the	DT
close	NN
of	IN
business	NN
on	IN
the	DT
preceding	VBG
Friday	NNP
.	.
Whenever	NNP
a	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
scheduled	VBN
,	,
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
containing	VBG
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
,	,
and	CC
purpose	NN
will	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
manner	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
In	IN
counting	VBG
this	DT
two-day	JJ
period	NN
,	,
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
,	,
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
day	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
shall	MD
likewise	RB
be	VB
excluded	VBN
.	.
Except	IN
for	IN
emergency	NN
matters	NNS
requiring	VBG
immediate	JJ
official	JJ
action	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
,	,
no	DT
action	NN
will	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
included	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
for	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
or	CC
included	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
as	IN
previously	RB
provided	VBN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
event	NN
of	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
requiring	VBG
immediate	JJ
official	JJ
action	NN
,	,
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
,	,
and	CC
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
statement	NN
explaining	VBG
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
emergency	NN
requiring	VBG
a	DT
meeting	NN
with	IN
less	JJR
notice	NN
than	IN
usual	JJ
,	,
will	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
manner	NN
as	IN
far	RB
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
event	NN
of	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
meeting	NN
,	,
the	DT
meeting	NN
minutes	NNS
will	MD
also	RB
reflect	VB
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
emergency	NN
requiring	VBG
the	DT
Commission	NNP
to	TO
meet	VB
without	IN
affording	VBG
the	DT
usual	JJ
public	JJ
notice	NN
.	.
Should	MD
an	DT
item	NN
be	VB
added	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
agenda	NN
of	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
or	CC
special	JJ
meeting	NN
on	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
basis	NN
,	,
the	DT
minutes	NNS
of	IN
that	DT
meeting	NN
will	MD
similarly	RB
reflect	VB
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
emergency	NN
.	.
Any	DT
person	NN
wishing	VBG
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
commission	NN
may	MD
register	VB
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
no	RB
later	RB
than	IN
15	CD
minutes	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
unless	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
was	VBD
properly	RB
placed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
days	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
no	DT
action	NN
will	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
that	WDT
does	VBZ
not	RB
involve	VB
an	DT
emergency	NN
requiring	VBG
immediate	JJ
official	JJ
action	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	DT
matter	NN
will	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
over	IN
to	TO
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
for	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
News	NNP
media	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
local	JJ
radio	NN
and	CC
newspapers	NNS
,	,
will	MD
be	VB
notified	VBN
forty	CD
eight	CD
hours	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
any	DT
regular	JJ
or	CC
special	JJ
meeting	NN
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
understanding	NN
this	DT
is	VBZ
only	RB
a	DT
notification	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
required	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
published	VBN
or	CC
broadcast	VBN
.	.
The	DT
administrative	JJ
hearing	NN
afforded	VBD
deputy	NN
sheriffs	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
civil	JJ
service	NN
system	NN
established	VBN
for	IN
deputies	NNS
is	VBZ
a	DT
quasi-judicial	JJ
meeting	NN
that	WDT
falls	VBZ
within	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
stated	VBN
exemptions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
although	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
must	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
when	WRB
meeting	VBG
to	TO
exercise	VB
any	DT
general	JJ
legislative	JJ
or	CC
executive	JJ
authority	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
required	VBN
to	TO
follow	VB
the	DT
open	JJ
meeting	NN
requirements	NNS
when	WRB
conducting	VBG
hearings	NNS
on	IN
deputy	NN
sheriff	NN
disciplinary	JJ
matters	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Consolidated	NNP
Public	NNP
Retirement	NNP
Board	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Board	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
asks	VBZ
whether	IN
its	PRP$
administrative	JJ
decisions	NNS
on	IN
benefit	NN
determination	NN
appeals	NNS
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
requires	VBZ
the	DT
Board	NNP
to	TO
allow	VB
oral	JJ
argument	NN
before	IN
deciding	VBG
an	DT
appeal	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
renders	VBZ
final	JJ
administrative	JJ
decisions	NNS
on	IN
appeals	NNS
from	IN
participants	NNS
during	IN
its	PRP$
regular	JJ
meetings	NNS
by	IN
reviewing	VBG
the	DT
findings	NNS
and	CC
recommendations	NNS
submitted	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
hearing	NN
officer	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
conducted	VBN
an	DT
administrative	JJ
hearing	NN
on	IN
the	DT
appeal	NN
.	.
Plan	NN
participants	NNS
whose	WP$
appeals	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
considered	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
are	VBP
provided	VBN
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
attend	VB
,	,
but	CC
may	MD
only	RB
address	VB
the	DT
Board	NNP
through	IN
written	VBN
pleadings	NNS
.	.
Act	NNP
contains	VBZ
no	DT
provision	NN
requiring	VBG
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
to	TO
allow	VB
public	JJ
participation	NN
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
simply	RB
provides	VBZ
that	IN
if	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
is	VBZ
allowed	VBN
,	,
those	DT
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
comment	VB
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
sign	VB
up	RP
more	JJR
than	IN
fifteen	CD
minutes	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
may	MD
or	CC
may	MD
not	RB
permit	VB
oral	JJ
argument	NN
on	IN
appeals	NNS
in	IN
its	PRP$
discretion	NN
,	,
without	IN
violating	VBG
any	DT
provision	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
.	.
Employees	NNS
Grievance	NNP
Board	NNP
``	``
shall	MD
hold	VB
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
meetings	NNS
yearly	JJ
at	IN
times	NNS
and	CC
places	NNS
as	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
prescribe	VB
and	CC
may	MD
meet	VB
at	IN
other	JJ
times	NNS
as	IN
may	MD
be	VB
necessary	JJ
...	:
''	''
;	:
and	CC
2.4	CD
.	.
Section	NN
5	CD
,	,
Article	NNP
6A	NNP
,	,
Chapter	NNP
29	CD
of	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
provides	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
shall	MD
evaluate	VB
the	DT
level	NN
four	CD
grievance	NN
process	NN
on	IN
an	DT
annual	JJ
basis	NN
,	,
notifying	VBG
all	DT
employers	NNS
,	,
employees	NNS
organizations	NNS
,	,
the	DT
director	NN
of	IN
the	DT
division	NN
of	IN
personnel	NNS
and	CC
all	DT
grievants	NNS
participating	VBG
in	IN
level	NN
four	CD
grievances	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
year	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
evaluation	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
made	VBN
and	CC
shall	MD
provide	VB
for	IN
the	DT
submission	NN
of	IN
written	VBN
comment	NN
or	CC
the	DT
hearing	NN
of	IN
testimony	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
grievance	NN
process	NN
,	,
or	CC
both	DT
.	.
However	RB
,	,
advance	NN
arrangements	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
necessary	JJ
as	IN
such	JJ
person	NN
may	MD
sign	VB
in	IN
prior	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
scheduled	VBN
commencement	NN
of	IN
any	DT
regular	JJ
or	CC
special	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
Any	DT
speaker	NN
shall	MD
provide	VB
his\/her	NN
name	NN
,	,
mailing	VBG
address	NN
,	,
telephone	NN
number	NN
and	CC
the	DT
subject	NN
to	TO
be	VB
addressed	VBN
.	.
Presentations	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
limited	VBN
to	TO
five	CD
minutes	NNS
,	,
unless	IN
otherwise	RB
designated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
On	IN
such	JJ
occasions	NNS
,	,
members	NNS
may	MD
attend	VB
and	CC
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
by	IN
telephone	NN
or	CC
video	NN
teleconference	NN
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
extent	NN
as	IN
if	IN
physically	RB
present	JJ
.	.
A	DT
speakerphone	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
audio\/video	JJ
device	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
site	NN
to	TO
enable	VB
those	DT
present	JJ
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
public	NN
,	,
to	TO
hear\/see	VB
the	DT
members	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
attending	VBG
and	CC
participating	VBG
by	IN
telephone	NN
or	CC
video	NN
teleconference	NN
.	.
New	NNP
Martinsville	NNP
City	NNP
Council	NNP
has	VBZ
certain	JJ
permanent	JJ
,	,
or	CC
standing	NN
,	,
committees	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
certain	JJ
special	JJ
committees	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
appointed	VBN
on	IN
an	DT
ad	NN
hoc	FW
basis	NN
.	.
From	IN
time	NN
to	TO
time	NN
,	,
some	DT
of	IN
these	DT
committees	NNS
may	MD
interview	VB
applicants	NNS
for	IN
employment	NN
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
sometimes	RB
attends	VBZ
public	JJ
meetings	NNS
of	IN
committees	NNS
on	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
serve	VB
,	,
and	CC
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
remain	VB
in	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
during	IN
executive	JJ
sessions	NNS
.	.
A	DT
City	NNP
Council	NNP
Member	NNP
may	MD
attend	VB
a	DT
properly	RB
noticed	VBN
open	JJ
meeting	NN
of	IN
a	DT
City	NNP
Council	NNP
Committee	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
basis	NN
as	IN
any	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
or	CC
media	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
defeat	VB
the	DT
purposes	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
for	IN
a	DT
quorum	NN
of	IN
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
privately	RB
and	CC
discuss	VB
the	DT
merits	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
they	PRP
will	MD
later	RB
be	VB
deciding	VBG
in	IN
an	DT
open	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
should	MD
any	DT
committee	NN
include	VBP
a	DT
quorum	NN
of	IN
the	DT
City	NNP
Council	NNP
in	IN
its	PRP$
membership	NN
,	,
its	PRP$
meetings	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
specify	VB
whether	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
a	DT
parent	NN
governing	VBG
body	NN
can	MD
attend	VB
an	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
of	IN
a	DT
committee	NN
or	CC
subcommittee	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
appointed	VBN
,	,
or	CC
who	WP
may	MD
participate	VB
in	IN
a	DT
committee	NN
meeting	NN
in	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
a	DT
designated	VBN
member	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
governing	VBG
body	NN
should	MD
determine	VB
these	DT
questions	NNS
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
other	JJ
applicable	JJ
laws	NNS
or	CC
ordinances	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Greenbrier	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
has	VBZ
adopted	VBN
procedures	NNS
governing	VBG
the	DT
issuance	NN
of	IN
meeting	NN
notice	NN
and	CC
meeting	NN
agendas	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
regular	JJ
and	CC
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
meets	VBZ
twice	RB
monthly	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
and	CC
fourth	JJ
Tuesday	NNP
of	IN
each	DT
month	NN
.	.
Meeting	VBG
agendas	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
front	JJ
door	NN
of	IN
the	DT
courthourse	NN
no	RB
later	RB
than	IN
three	CD
days	NNS
before	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
Special	JJ
meeting	NN
notices	NNS
must	MD
also	RB
be	VB
posted	VBN
three	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
.	.
A	DT
complete	JJ
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
procedural	JJ
rules	NNS
are	VBP
attached	VBN
to	TO
this	DT
advisory	JJ
opinion	NN
as	IN
Appendix	NNP
A.	NN
In	IN
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Advisory	NNP
Opinion	NNP
2002-07	CD
,	,
this	DT
Committee	NNP
advised	VBD
the	DT
Clarksburg	NNP
Water	NNP
Board	NNP
that	IN
it	PRP
could	MD
meet	VB
in	IN
executive	JJ
session	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
the	DT
elimination	NN
of	IN
a	DT
position	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
currently	RB
filled	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
employee	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
permits	VBZ
the	DT
affected	JJ
employee	NN
to	TO
request	NN
that	IN
this	DT
discussion	NN
be	VB
conducted	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
open	JJ
session	NN
.	.
The	DT
Clarksburg	NNP
Water	NNP
Board	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Board	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
asks	VBZ
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
if	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
go	VB
into	IN
executive	JJ
session	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
a	DT
matter	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
not	RB
listed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
what	WP
needs	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
on	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
when	WRB
an	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
is	VBZ
contemplated	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
seeks	VBZ
guidance	NN
on	IN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
item	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
not	RB
on	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
,	,
but	CC
which	WDT
is	VBZ
appropriate	JJ
for	IN
discussion	NN
in	IN
executive	NN
session	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
discussed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
where	WRB
it	PRP
comes	VBZ
up	RP
,	,
how	WRB
should	MD
the	DT
matter	NN
be	VB
described	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
for	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
Nevertheless	RB
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
may	MD
conduct	VB
this	DT
limited	JJ
discussion	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
if	IN
official	JJ
action	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
,	,
provided	VBD
two	CD
conditions	NNS
are	VBP
met	VBN
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
issue	NN
must	MD
be	VB
one	CD
which	WDT
the	DT
Open	NNP
Governmental	NNP
Proceedings	NNP
Act	NNP
permits	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
discussed	VBN
during	IN
a	DT
session	NN
closed	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
;	:
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
Board	NNP
votes	NNS
to	TO
go	VB
into	IN
executive	JJ
session	NN
.	.
In	IN
calculating	VBG
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
days	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
notice	NN
period	NN
,	,
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
,	,
and	CC
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
counted	VBN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
an	DT
intervening	VBG
legal	JJ
holiday	NN
,	,
the	DT
Westover	NNP
City	NNP
Council	NNP
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
by	IN
making	VBG
the	DT
agenda	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
regular	JJ
Monday	NNP
meetings	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
media	NNS
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
before	IN
the	DT
close	NN
of	IN
business	NN
on	IN
the	DT
preceding	VBG
Wednesday	NNP
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
City	NNP
Council	NNP
has	VBZ
made	VBN
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
available	JJ
three	CD
days	NNS
or	CC
more	JJR
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
,	,
at	IN
its	PRP$
option	NN
,	,
amend	VB
the	DT
agenda	NN
to	TO
add	VB
additional	JJ
items	NNS
of	IN
business	NN
-	:
items	NNS
not	RB
known	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
original	JJ
agenda	NN
was	VBD
prepared	VBN
and	CC
made	VBN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
Amendments	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
as	IN
late	JJ
as	IN
two	CD
days	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
and	CC
made	VBD
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
manner	NN
as	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
agenda	NN
.	.
Notice	NNP
of	IN
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
and	CC
,	,
like	IN
notice	NN
of	IN
regular	JJ
meetings	NNS
,	,
must	MD
include	VB
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
and	CC
place	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Unlike	IN
regular	JJ
meetings	NNS
,	,
special	JJ
meeting	NN
notices	NNS
must	MD
also	RB
explain	VB
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
If	IN
only	RB
one	CD
or	CC
two	CD
matters	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
dealt	VBN
with	IN
at	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
,	,
these	DT
matters	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
described	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
statement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
purpose	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
notice	NN
,	,
and	CC
no	DT
separate	JJ
agenda	NN
will	MD
be	VB
necessary	JJ
.	.
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
will	MD
deal	VB
with	IN
several	JJ
matters	NNS
,	,
a	DT
separate	JJ
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
should	MD
be	VB
prepared	VBN
and	CC
included	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
notice	NN
.	.
This	DT
Committee	NNP
has	VBZ
previously	RB
determined	VBN
that	IN
a	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
that	IN
meets	VBZ
weekly	RB
,	,
or	CC
more	JJR
frequently	RB
,	,
should	MD
make	VB
its	PRP$
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
two	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
each	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
this	DT
Committee	NNP
has	VBZ
decided	VBN
that	IN
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
,	,
and	CC
purpose	NN
of	IN
any	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
should	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
available	JJ
two	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
.	.
In	IN
calculating	VBG
this	DT
two-day	JJ
period	NN
,	,
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
,	,
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
day	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
are	VBP
not	RB
counted	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Berkeley	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
meets	VBZ
each	DT
Thursday	NNP
at	IN
9:30	CD
a.m.	NN
The	DT
Commission	NNP
meets	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
Monday	NNP
of	IN
each	DT
month	NN
at	IN
10:00	CD
a.m.	NN
and	CC
the	DT
first	JJ
Thursday	NNP
of	IN
each	DT
month	NN
at	IN
9:30	CD
a.m.	NN
and	CC
7:00	CD
p.m.	NN
Any	DT
additional	JJ
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
called	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
noticed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
scheduled	VBN
.	.
Commission	NNP
meetings	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
canceled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
or	CC
on	IN
days	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
holidays	NNS
falls	VBZ
will	MD
be	VB
so	RB
noticed	VBN
.	.
Agendas	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
weekly	JJ
meetings	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
the	DT
media	NNS
after	IN
9:00	CD
a.m.	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Tuesday	NNP
before	IN
the	DT
Thursday	NNP
Commission	NNP
meeting	NN
.	.
Agendas	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
monthly	JJ
Monday	NNP
a.m.	NN
meeting	NN
will	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
preceding	VBG
Thursday	NNP
after	IN
10:00	CD
a.m.	NN
The	DT
Hampshire	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
asks	VBZ
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
when	WRB
they	PRP
must	MD
make	VB
agendas	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
regular	JJ
meetings	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
how	WRB
specific	JJ
must	MD
their	PRP$
agendas	NNS
be	VB
and	CC
in	IN
what	WP
manner	NN
must	MD
the	DT
agenda	NN
be	VB
made	VBN
available	JJ
;	:
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
may	MD
they	PRP
take	VB
official	JJ
action	NN
on	IN
matters	NNS
raised	VBN
during	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
comment	NN
period	NN
,	,
if	IN
those	DT
matters	NNS
were	VBD
not	RB
on	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
Commission	NNP
has	VBZ
made	VBN
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
available	JJ
three	CD
days	NNS
or	CC
more	JJR
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
it	PRP
could	MD
,	,
at	IN
its	PRP$
option	NN
,	,
amend	VB
the	DT
agenda	NN
to	TO
include	VB
additional	JJ
items	NNS
of	IN
business	NN
-	:
items	NNS
not	RB
known	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
original	JJ
agenda	NN
was	VBD
prepared	VBN
and	CC
made	VBN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
Consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
forgoing	VBG
guidance	NN
on	IN
calculating	VBG
the	DT
notice	NN
period	NN
,	,
amendments	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
as	IN
late	JJ
as	IN
two	CD
days	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
and	CC
made	VBD
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
manner	NN
as	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
agenda	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
this	DT
discussion	NN
involves	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
those	DT
matters	NNS
which	WDT
the	DT
Board	NNP
may	MD
vote	VB
to	TO
discuss	VB
in	IN
executive	JJ
session	NN
,	,
unless	IN
the	DT
affected	JJ
employee	NN
requests	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
be	VB
discussed	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
open	JJ
session	NN
.	.
Any	DT
vote	NN
to	TO
eliminate	VB
the	DT
position	NN
would	MD
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
taken	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
open	JJ
session	NN
.	.
The	DT
Berkeley	NNP
County	NNP
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
meeting	NN
and	CC
submittal	JJ
dates	NNS
are	VBP
set	VBN
in	IN
December	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
previous	JJ
year	NN
and	CC
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
.	.
All	DT
items	NNS
for	IN
inclusion	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
agendas	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
submitted	VBN
by	IN
5:00	CD
p.m.	NN
on	IN
the	DT
dates	NNS
noted	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
Meeting	VBG
and	CC
Submittal	NNP
Dates	VBZ
.	.
Agendas	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
will	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
,	,
the	DT
media	NNS
,	,
and	CC
posted	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
office	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Monday	NNP
before	IN
the	DT
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
meeting	NN
.	.
Commission	NNP
meeting	NN
for	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
to	TO
sign	VB
up	RP
under	IN
the	DT
Sunshine	NNP
Law	NNP
.	.
This	DT
time	NN
is	VBZ
devoted	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
public	NN
to	TO
speak	VB
on	IN
any	DT
topic	NN
.	.
The	DT
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
will	MD
take	VB
no	DT
official	JJ
action	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
issue	NN
.	.
If	IN
action	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
then	RB
the	DT
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
shall	MD
place	VB
the	DT
item	NN
on	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
available	JJ
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
agenda	NN
for	IN
discussion	NN
and	CC
action	NN
.	.
The	DT
Raleigh	NNP
County	NNP
Emergency	NNP
Services	NNP
Authority	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
RCESA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
asks	VBZ
whether	IN
governing	VBG
bodies	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
prepare	VB
minutes	NNS
for	IN
executive	JJ
sessions	NNS
,	,
whether	IN
executive	NN
sessions	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
recorded	VBN
,	,
and	CC
whether	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
any	DT
circumstances	NNS
where	WRB
a	DT
discussion	NN
that	WDT
takes	VBZ
place	NN
in	IN
an	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
would	MD
become	VB
public	JJ
.	.
RCESA	NNP
conducts	VBZ
executive	JJ
sessions	NNS
from	IN
time	NN
to	TO
time	NN
under	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
of	IN
the	DT
exceptions	NNS
provided	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
.	.
Votes	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
taken	VBN
during	IN
an	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
.	.
RCESA	NNP
seeks	VBZ
guidance	NN
concerning	VBG
making	VBG
a	DT
formal	JJ
record	NN
of	IN
the	DT
discussion	NN
that	WDT
occurs	VBZ
in	IN
those	DT
sessions	NNS
.	.
NHLAC	NNP
was	VBD
created	VBN
under	IN
an	DT
administrative	JJ
rule	NN
issued	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Health	NNP
Facility	NNP
Licensure	NNP
and	CC
Certification	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
Bureau	NNP
of	IN
Public	NNP
Health	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Council	NNP
advises	VBZ
the	DT
agency	NN
regarding	VBG
regulatory	JJ
issues	NNS
and	CC
improvement	NN
of	IN
nursing	NN
home	NN
services	NNS
.	.
These	DT
recommendations	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
binding	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
agency	NN
.	.
NHLAC	NNP
includes	VBZ
nursing	NN
home	NN
operators	NNS
,	,
private	JJ
citizens	NNS
and	CC
state	NN
employees	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
hold	VB
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
meetings	NNS
per	IN
year	NN
,	,
one	CD
of	IN
which	WDT
must	MD
be	VB
open	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
EWVRAA	NNP
has	VBZ
adopted	VBN
procedural	JJ
rules	NNS
governing	VBG
the	DT
issuance	NN
of	IN
meeting	NN
notices	NNS
and	CC
meeting	NN
agendas	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
regular	JJ
and	CC
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
.	.
EWVRAA	NNP
meets	VBZ
monthly	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
Wednesday	NNP
of	IN
each	DT
month	NN
.	.
The	DT
rules	NNS
provide	VBP
for	IN
issuing	VBG
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
agendas	NNS
three	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
,	,
and	CC
special	JJ
meeting	NN
notices	NNS
two	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
,	,
excluding	VBG
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
,	,
and	CC
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
.	.
A	DT
complete	JJ
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
procedural	JJ
rules	NNS
are	VBP
attached	VBN
to	TO
this	DT
advisory	JJ
opinion	NN
as	IN
Appendix	NNP
A.	NN
The	DT
Eastern	NNP
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Regional	NNP
Airport	NNP
Authority	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
``	``
Authority	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
meets	VBZ
the	DT
first	JJ
Wednesday	NNP
of	IN
each	DT
month	NN
at	IN
an	DT
Airport	NNP
location	NN
at	IN
8:00	CD
a.m.	RB
Any	DT
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
called	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
noticed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
no	DT
less	JJR
than	IN
two	CD
days	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
excluding	VBG
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
,	,
Saturdays	NNP
and	CC
Sundays	NNPS
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
advance	NN
thereof	RB
.	.
Authority	NNP
meetings	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
canceled	VBN
or	CC
fall	VB
on	IN
holidays	NNS
usually	RB
are	VBP
re-scheduled	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
following	JJ
Wednesday	NNP
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
so	RB
noticed	VBN
.	.
Notices	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
meetings	NNS
,	,
both	DT
regular	JJ
and	CC
special	JJ
,	,
are	VBP
faxed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Berkeley	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
,	,
City	NNP
of	IN
Martinsburg	NNP
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Air	NNP
National	NNP
Guard	NNP
and	CC
local	JJ
news	NN
media	NNS
and	CC
posted	VBD
at	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
Terminal	NNP
no	RB
less	JJR
than	IN
three	CD
days	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
excluding	VBG
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
,	,
Saturdays	NNP
and	CC
Sundays	NNPS
-RRB-	-RRB-
prior	RB
to	TO
regular	JJ
meetings	NNS
and	CC
no	DT
less	JJR
than	IN
two	CD
days	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
excluding	VBG
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
,	,
Saturdays	NNP
and	CC
Sundays	NNPS
-RRB-	-RRB-
before	IN
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
,	,
except	IN
in	IN
the	DT
event	NN
of	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
requiring	VBG
immediate	JJ
official	JJ
action	NN
.	.
Notices	NNS
shall	MD
contain	VB
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
and	CC
place	NN
of	IN
all	DT
meetings	NNS
,	,
the	DT
agenda	NN
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
regular	JJ
meetings	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
invites	VBZ
the	DT
public	NN
to	TO
speak	VB
briefly	NN
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
each	DT
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
If	IN
an	DT
item	NN
requires	VBZ
official	JJ
action	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
and	CC
was	VBD
not	RB
a	DT
scheduled	VBN
agenda	NN
item	NN
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
scheduled	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
regular	JJ
Authority	NNP
meeting	NN
so	IN
that	IN
notice	NN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
prior	RB
to	TO
Authority	NNP
action	NN
.	.
In	IN
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Advisory	NNP
Opinion	NNP
2001-35	CD
issued	VBN
on	IN
December	NNP
6	CD
,	,
2001	CD
,	,
this	DT
Committee	NNP
generally	RB
approved	VBD
procedural	JJ
rules	NNS
adopted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Pocahontas	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
,	,
noting	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
rules	NNS
should	MD
provide	VB
more	JJR
specifically	RB
for	IN
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
and	CC
place	NN
of	IN
each	DT
regular	JJ
and	CC
special	JJ
meeting	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
for	IN
each	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
requestor	NN
has	VBZ
adopted	VBN
revised	VBN
procedural	JJ
rules	NNS
containing	VBG
the	DT
provisions	NNS
recommended	VBD
.	.
These	DT
rules	NNS
are	VBP
attached	VBN
as	IN
Appendix	NNP
A.	NN
The	DT
Commission	NNP
will	MD
hold	VB
its	PRP$
regular	JJ
meetings	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
1st	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
third	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
3rd	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Tuesdays	NNPS
of	IN
each	DT
month	NN
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
located	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Pocahontas	NNP
County	NNP
Courthouse	NN
,	,
Marlinton	NNP
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
agenda	NN
for	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
shall	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
front	JJ
door	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Courthouse	NN
no	RB
later	RB
than	IN
three	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
days	NNS
before	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
excluding	VBG
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
,	,
and	CC
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
,	,
by	IN
4:30	CD
p.m.	NN
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
day	NN
,	,
except	IN
for	IN
emergency	NN
situations	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
determined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
.	.
Should	MD
a	DT
legal	JJ
holiday	NN
fall	NN
on	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
three	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
days	NNS
as	IN
outlined	VBN
above	IN
,	,
prior	RB
to	TO
a	DT
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
agenda	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
front	JJ
door	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Courthouse	NN
one	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
day	NN
earlier	RB
by	IN
4:30	CD
p.m.	NN
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
day	NN
to	TO
account	VB
for	IN
the	DT
holiday	NN
,	,
except	IN
for	IN
emergency	NN
situations	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
determined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
.	.
No	DT
action	NN
will	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
on	IN
any	DT
agenda	NN
item	NN
added	VBD
after	IN
the	DT
4:30	CD
p.m.	NN
deadline	NN
on	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
day	NN
,	,
except	IN
for	IN
emergency	NN
situations	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
determined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
.	.
Reasonable	JJ
effort	NN
will	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
notice	NN
of	IN
meetings	NNS
via	IN
fax	NN
to	TO
the	DT
local	JJ
media	NNS
by	IN
4:30	CD
p.m.	NN
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
day	NN
.	.
Special	JJ
meetings	NNS
scheduled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
will	MD
also	RB
be	VB
governed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
three	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
day	NN
guidelines	NNS
outlined	VBN
above	IN
,	,
and	CC
shall	MD
contain	VB
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
and	CC
purpose	NN
of	IN
same	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Preston	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
seeks	VBZ
guidance	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
deadline	NN
for	IN
issuing	VBG
meeting	NN
agendas	NNS
,	,
agenda	NN
specificity	NN
,	,
addressing	VBG
items	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
on	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
,	,
and	CC
discussions	NNS
among	IN
Commissioners	NNS
outside	IN
an	DT
open	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
Preston	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
meets	VBZ
weekly	JJ
on	IN
Monday	NNP
at	IN
9:30	CD
A.M.	NNP
The	DT
three	CD
Commissioners	NNS
share	VBP
a	DT
single	JJ
office	NN
.	.
From	IN
time	NN
to	TO
time	NN
,	,
two	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
Commissioners	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
present	JJ
when	WRB
no	DT
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
scheduled	VBN
.	.
On	IN
occasion	NN
,	,
an	DT
elected	VBN
official	NN
or	CC
constituent	NN
may	MD
come	VB
in	IN
to	TO
discuss	VB
matters	NNS
with	IN
two	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
Commissioners	NNS
which	WDT
will	MD
require	VB
official	JJ
action	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
a	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
meeting	NN
weekly	RB
,	,
the	DT
Committee	NNP
has	VBZ
previously	RB
ruled	VBN
that	IN
making	VBG
an	DT
agenda	NN
available	JJ
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meeting	NN
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
.	.
Similarly	RB
,	,
the	DT
Committee	NNP
has	VBZ
determined	VBN
that	IN
notice	NN
of	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
,	,
and	CC
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
should	MD
be	VB
issued	VBN
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
.	.
The	DT
Committee	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
these	DT
same	JJ
two-day	JJ
notice	NN
periods	NNS
are	VBP
appropriate	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
Preston	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Committee	NNP
has	VBZ
also	RB
determined	VBN
an	DT
agenda	NN
may	MD
be	VB
amended	VBN
to	TO
add	VB
additional	JJ
items	NNS
of	IN
business	NN
-	:
items	NNS
not	RB
known	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
original	JJ
agenda	NN
was	VBD
prepared	VBN
and	CC
made	VBN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
-	:
no	RB
later	RB
than	IN
two	CD
days	NNS
before	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
unless	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
matter	NN
.	.
Routine	JJ
matters	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
approval	NN
of	IN
purchases	NNS
and	CC
contracts	NNS
that	WDT
come	VBP
up	RP
after	IN
the	DT
deadline	NN
for	IN
issuing	VBG
an	DT
amendment	NN
has	VBZ
passed	VBN
,	,
must	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
over	IN
to	TO
the	DT
next	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
If	IN
an	DT
agenda	NN
is	VBZ
amended	VBN
to	TO
accommodate	VB
action	NN
on	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
matter	NN
,	,
both	CC
the	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
and	CC
the	DT
meeting	NN
minutes	NNS
must	MD
explain	VB
the	DT
facts	NNS
and	CC
circumstances	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
emergency	NN
.	.
Although	IN
office	NN
holders	NNS
may	MD
make	VB
presentations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Commission	NNP
regarding	VBG
matters	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
specified	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
may	MD
not	RB
take	VB
official	JJ
action	NN
on	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
fairly	RB
described	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
,	,
unless	IN
it	PRP
involves	VBZ
an	DT
emergency	NN
situation	NN
requiring	VBG
immediate	JJ
official	JJ
action	NN
.	.
Otherwise	RB
,	,
when	WRB
a	DT
matter	NN
requiring	VBG
official	JJ
action	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
is	VBZ
brought	VBN
up	RP
in	IN
a	DT
presentation	NN
,	,
the	DT
item	NN
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
and	CC
addressed	VBD
at	IN
a	DT
subsequent	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
Commissioners	NNS
in	IN
Preston	NNP
County	NNP
,	,
are	VBP
out	IN
of	IN
bounds	NNS
.	.
Elected	VBN
officials	NNS
remain	VBP
free	JJ
to	TO
meet	VB
with	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
,	,
their	PRP$
constituents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
public	JJ
office	NN
holders	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
any	DT
conversation	NN
among	IN
a	DT
quorum	NN
of	IN
the	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
which	WDT
involves	VBZ
deliberating	VBG
toward	IN
a	DT
decision	NN
on	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
requiring	VBG
official	JJ
action	NN
must	MD
be	VB
deferred	VBN
until	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
can	MD
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
and	CC
discussed	VBN
during	IN
an	DT
open	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
Pocahontas	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
has	VBZ
adopted	VBN
procedures	NNS
governing	VBG
the	DT
issuance	NN
of	IN
meeting	NN
notice	NN
and	CC
meeting	NN
agendas	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
regular	JJ
and	CC
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
meets	VBZ
twice	RB
monthly	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
and	CC
third	JJ
Tuesday	NNP
of	IN
each	DT
month	NN
.	.
Meeting	VBG
agendas	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
front	JJ
door	NN
of	IN
the	DT
courthourse	NN
no	RB
later	RB
than	IN
three	CD
days	NNS
before	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
Special	JJ
meetings	NNS
must	MD
also	RB
be	VB
posted	VBN
three	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
.	.
A	DT
complete	JJ
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
procedural	JJ
rules	NNS
are	VBP
attached	VBN
to	TO
this	DT
advisory	JJ
opinion	NN
as	IN
Appendix	NNP
A.	NN
From	IN
time	NN
to	TO
time	NN
between	IN
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meetings	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Library	NNP
Board	NNP
,	,
an	DT
item	NN
of	IN
business	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
purchase	NN
of	IN
a	DT
piece	NN
of	IN
equipment	NN
,	,
may	MD
arise	VB
.	.
These	DT
purchases	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
involve	VB
emergency	NN
situations	NNS
.	.
On	IN
these	DT
occasions	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
President	NNP
may	MD
elect	VB
to	TO
call	VB
each	DT
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
individually	RB
and	CC
obtain	VB
their	PRP$
vote	NN
on	IN
approving	VBG
or	CC
disapproving	VBG
the	DT
purchase	NN
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
call	VB
a	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Library	NNP
Board	NNP
with	IN
appropriate	JJ
notice	NN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
media	NNS
.	.
Meeting	VBG
means	VBZ
the	DT
convening	VBG
of	IN
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
of	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
agency	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
a	DT
quorum	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
decision	NN
or	CC
to	TO
deliberate	JJ
toward	IN
a	DT
decision	NN
on	IN
any	DT
matter	NN
which	WDT
results	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
official	JJ
action	NN
.	.
Meetings	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
by	IN
telephone	NN
conference	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
electronic	JJ
means	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Committee	NNP
notes	VBZ
that	IN
while	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
permits	VBZ
meetings	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
held	VBN
by	IN
telephone	NN
,	,
such	JJ
meetings	NNS
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
other	JJ
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
giving	VBG
appropriate	JJ
public	JJ
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
making	VBG
an	DT
agenda	NN
available	JJ
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
and	CC
keeping	VBG
proper	JJ
minutes	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
when	WRB
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
members	NNS
participate	VB
in	IN
a	DT
telephone	NN
or	CC
video	NN
conference	NN
,	,
a	DT
public	JJ
place	NN
must	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
attend	VB
,	,
and	CC
those	DT
members	NNS
participating	VBG
by	IN
telephone	NN
must	MD
be	VB
audible	JJ
to	TO
all	DT
those	DT
personally	RB
present	JJ
.	.
BCDA	NNP
proposes	VBZ
adopting	VBG
procedural	JJ
rules	NNS
governing	VBG
the	DT
issuance	NN
of	IN
meeting	NN
notice	NN
and	CC
meeting	NN
agendas	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
regular	JJ
and	CC
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
.	.
BCDA	NNP
meets	VBZ
monthly	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
Wednesday	NNP
of	IN
each	DT
month	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
posting	VBG
a	DT
notice	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meetings	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
front	JJ
door	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
office	NN
,	,
BCDA	NNP
will	MD
similarly	RB
post	VB
notice	NN
of	IN
any	DT
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
,	,
excluding	VBG
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
and	CC
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
.	.
Agendas	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
the	DT
media	NNS
on	IN
Friday	NNP
preceding	VBG
each	DT
regular	JJ
Wednesday	NNP
meeting	NN
.	.
A	DT
complete	JJ
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
procedural	JJ
rules	NNS
are	VBP
attached	VBN
to	TO
this	DT
advisory	JJ
opinion	NN
as	IN
Appendix	NNP
A.	NN
A	DT
schedule	NN
of	IN
the	DT
regular	JJ
meetings	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Berkeley	NNP
County	NNP
Development	NNP
Authority	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
front	JJ
door	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
's	POS
office	NN
at	IN
110	CD
West	NNP
Burke	NNP
Street	NNP
,	,
Martinsburg	NNP
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
and	CC
notice	NN
of	IN
any	DT
change	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
location	NN
will	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
at	IN
said	VBD
location	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
days	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
excluding	VBG
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
,	,
Saturdays	NNP
and	CC
Sundays	NNPS
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
Agendas	NNS
for	IN
monthly	JJ
meetings	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
the	DT
media	NNS
after	IN
9:00	CD
a.m.	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Friday	NNP
before	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
Berkeley	NNP
County	NNP
Development	NNP
Authority	NNP
establishes	VBZ
time	NN
on	IN
each	DT
agenda	NN
devoted	VBN
to	TO
items	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
Any	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
public	NN
is	VBZ
invited	VBN
to	TO
speak	VB
on	IN
a	DT
given	VBN
topic	NN
during	IN
that	DT
designated	VBN
time	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
item	NN
requires	VBZ
official	JJ
action	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
scheduled	VBN
agenda	NN
item	NN
,	,
the	DT
issue	NN
will	MD
be	VB
scheduled	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
Authority	NNP
meeting	NN
so	IN
that	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
noticed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
prior	JJ
to	TO
Authority	NNP
action	NN
.	.
MCEASA	NNP
has	VBZ
drafted	VBN
proposed	VBN
procedural	JJ
rules	NNS
governing	VBG
the	DT
issuance	NN
of	IN
meeting	NN
notice	NN
and	CC
meeting	NN
agendas	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
regular	JJ
and	CC
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
posting	VBG
a	DT
notice	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meetings	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Courthouse	NN
,	,
MCEASA	NNP
will	MD
similarly	RB
post	VB
notice	NN
of	IN
any	DT
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
,	,
excluding	VBG
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
and	CC
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
.	.
Agendas	NNS
for	IN
regular	JJ
meetings	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
three	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
A	DT
complete	JJ
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
procedural	JJ
rules	NNS
are	VBP
attached	VBN
to	TO
this	DT
advisory	JJ
opinion	NN
as	IN
Appendix	NNP
A.	NN
If	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
canceled	VBN
or	CC
postponed	VBN
,	,
a	DT
notice	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
cancellation	NN
or	CC
postponement	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
location	NN
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
feasible	JJ
after	IN
such	JJ
cancellation	NN
or	CC
postponement	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
determined	VBN
.	.
Meeting	VBG
Room	NNP
door	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Floor	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Mason	NNP
County	NNP
Courthouse	NN
not	RB
less	JJR
than	IN
3	CD
days	NNS
before	IN
a	DT
specially	RB
scheduled	VBN
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
held	VBN
,	,
stating	VBG
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
,	,
and	CC
purpose	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
such	JJ
special	JJ
meeting	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
special	JJ
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
canceled	VBN
or	CC
postponed	VBN
,	,
a	DT
notice	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
cancellation	NN
or	CC
postponement	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
location	NN
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
feasible	JJ
after	IN
such	JJ
cancellation	NN
or	CC
postponement	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
determined	VBN
.	.
Service	NNP
Authority	NNP
regarding	VBG
an	DT
agenda	NN
item	NN
must	MD
state	VB
their	PRP$
name	NN
for	IN
the	DT
official	NN
record	NN
.	.
All	DT
persons	NNS
that	WDT
desire	VBP
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
Mason	NNP
County	NNP
Emergency	NNP
Ambulance	NNP
Service	NNP
Authority	NNP
on	IN
items	NNS
not	RB
on	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
``	``
walk-ins	NNS
''	''
.	.
``	``
Walk-ins	NNS
''	''
will	MD
be	VB
allowed	VBN
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
Authority	NNP
under	IN
the	DT
Public	NNP
Forum	NNP
Section	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
,	,
but	CC
no	DT
official	JJ
action	NN
may	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
on	IN
Public	NNP
Forum	NNP
subject	JJ
matter	NN
until	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
presented	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
agenda	NN
item	NN
at	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
subsequent	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
No	DT
person	NN
shall	MD
address	VB
the	DT
Mason	NNP
County	NNP
Emergency	NNP
Ambulance	NNP
Service	NNP
Authority	NNP
unless	IN
recognized	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
President	NNP
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
.	.
Virginia	NNP
Open	NNP
Meeting	VBG
Act	NNP
,	,
The	NNP
Mason	NNP
County	NNP
Emergency	NNP
Ambulance	NNP
Service	NNP
Authority	NNP
may	MD
hold	VB
an	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
during	IN
any	DT
regular	JJ
,	,
special	JJ
,	,
or	CC
emergency	NN
meeting	NN
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
open	JJ
portion	NN
of	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
prior	RB
to	TO
convening	VBG
an	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
,	,
the	DT
President	NNP
shall	MD
identify	VB
the	DT
authorization	NN
for	IN
conducting	VBG
an	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
and	CC
shall	MD
present	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
present	NN
at	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
An	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
shall	MD
only	RB
be	VB
held	VBN
upon	IN
a	DT
majority	NN
affirmative	JJ
vote	NN
of	IN
the	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Mason	NNP
County	NNP
Emergency	NNP
Ambulance	NNP
Service	NNP
Authority	NNP
and	CC
no	DT
decision	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
in	IN
executive	NN
session	NN
.	.
These	DT
rules	NNS
implementing	VBG
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Governmental	NNP
Proceedings	NNP
Act	NNP
shall	MD
replace	VB
any	DT
and	CC
all	DT
previous	JJ
rules	NNS
heretofore	RB
adopted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Mason	NNP
County	NNP
Emergency	NNP
Ambulance	NNP
Service	NNP
Authority	NNP
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Consolidated	NNP
Public	NNP
Retirement	NNP
Board	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CPRB	NNP
or	CC
Board	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
asks	VBZ
if	IN
certain	JJ
committees	NNS
appointed	VBN
to	TO
study	VB
and	CC
make	VB
recommendations	NNS
regarding	VBG
various	JJ
matters	NNS
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
proposes	VBZ
holding	VBG
uncompensated	JJ
work	NN
sessions	NNS
to	TO
discuss	VB
future	JJ
matters	NNS
,	,
plans	NNS
,	,
policies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
priorities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
review	VB
prior	RB
decisions	NNS
,	,
directives	NNS
,	,
and	CC
policies	NNS
.	.
No	DT
votes	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
,	,
no	DT
minutes	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
kept	VBN
,	,
and	CC
any	DT
action	NN
on	IN
the	DT
matters	NNS
discussed	VBN
would	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
only	RB
at	IN
future	JJ
regular	JJ
and	CC
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
.	.
The	DT
public	NN
would	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
advance	NN
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
work	NN
sessions	NNS
and	CC
permitted	VBN
to	TO
attend	VB
them	PRP
.	.
The	DT
Town	NNP
Council	NNP
meets	VBZ
twice	RB
a	DT
month	NN
on	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
and	CC
third	JJ
Wednesday	NNP
at	IN
8:00	CD
P.M.	NNP
An	DT
agenda	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
listing	VBG
the	DT
items	NNS
of	IN
old	JJ
business	NN
and	CC
new	JJ
business	NN
to	TO
be	VB
dealt	VBN
with	IN
by	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
a	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
meeting	NN
twice	RB
a	DT
month	NN
,	,
the	DT
Committee	NNP
has	VBZ
previously	RB
ruled	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
may	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
by	IN
making	VBG
an	DT
agenda	NN
available	JJ
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
Committee	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
three-day	JJ
notice	NN
period	NN
is	VBZ
appropriate	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
Triadelphia	NNP
Town	NNP
Council	NNP
meeting	NN
twice	RB
a	DT
month	NN
.	.
The	DT
City	NNP
of	IN
St.	NNP
Albans	NNP
asks	VBZ
for	IN
guidance	NN
concerning	VBG
the	DT
deadline	NN
for	IN
making	VBG
its	PRP$
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
media	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
asks	VBZ
if	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
requirements	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
apply	VB
to	TO
City	NNP
Council	NNP
Committees	NNS
.	.
The	DT
City	NNP
Council	NNP
meets	VBZ
twice	RB
a	DT
month	NN
on	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
and	CC
third	JJ
Monday	NNP
.	.
An	DT
agenda	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Friday	NNP
preceding	VBG
each	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
City	NNP
Council	NNP
has	VBZ
approximately	RB
seven	CD
standing	NN
committees	NNS
consisting	VBG
of	IN
two	CD
to	TO
five	CD
Council	NNP
Members	NNP
.	.
Some	DT
Council	NNP
Committees	NNS
meet	VBP
on	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
basis	NN
while	IN
others	NNS
meet	VBP
only	RB
intermittently	RB
as	IN
required	VBN
.	.
This	DT
Committee	NNP
has	VBZ
previously	RB
determined	VBN
that	IN
a	DT
City	NNP
Council	NNP
Committee	NNP
,	,
consisting	VBG
of	IN
two	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
members	NNS
,	,
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
to	TO
formulate	VB
recommendations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Council	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
whole	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
of	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
agency	NN
,	,
and	CC
must	MD
conduct	VB
its	PRP$
meetings	NNS
in	IN
compliance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
standing	VBG
committees	NNS
appointed	VBN
by	IN
St.	NNP
Albans	NNP
City	NNP
Council	NNP
must	MD
provide	VB
advance	NN
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
and	CC
place	NN
of	IN
each	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
and	CC
make	VB
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
media	NNS
an	DT
agenda	NN
listing	VBG
all	DT
items	NNS
requiring	VBG
official	JJ
action	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Committee	NNP
at	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
A	DT
municipal	JJ
committee	NN
that	WDT
meets	VBZ
regularly	RB
may	MD
provide	VB
notice	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
meetings	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
manner	NN
as	IN
the	DT
city	NN
council	NN
.	.
When	WRB
such	JJ
regular	JJ
meetings	NNS
occur	VBP
no	RB
more	RBR
frequently	RB
than	IN
every	DT
two	CD
weeks	NNS
,	,
the	DT
committee	NN
should	MD
make	VB
a	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
media	NNS
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
.	.
If	IN
more	JJR
frequently	RB
,	,
it	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
two	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
.	.
The	DT
meetings	NNS
of	IN
committees	NNS
that	WDT
meet	VBP
irregularly	RB
are	VBP
considered	VBN
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
.	.
Notice	NNP
of	IN
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
and	CC
,	,
like	IN
notice	NN
of	IN
regular	JJ
meetings	NNS
,	,
must	MD
include	VB
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
and	CC
place	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Unlike	IN
regular	JJ
meetings	NNS
,	,
special	JJ
meeting	NN
notices	NNS
must	MD
also	RB
explain	VB
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Multi-CAP	NNP
was	VBD
not	RB
created	VBN
by	IN
state	NN
or	CC
local	JJ
authority	NN
to	TO
carry	VB
out	RP
a	DT
governmental	JJ
function	NN
.	.
It	PRP
exists	VBZ
independent	JJ
of	IN
state	NN
authorization	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Committee	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
public	JJ
corporation	NN
and	CC
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
is	VBZ
not	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Act	NNP
.	.
Lewisburg	NNP
City	NNP
Council	NNP
provides	VBZ
an	DT
opportunity	NN
for	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
during	IN
both	DT
its	PRP$
special	JJ
and	CC
regular	JJ
meetings	NNS
.	.
Members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
public	NN
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
address	VB
Council	NNP
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
sign	VB
up	RP
to	TO
speak	VB
before	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
begins	VBZ
.	.
Special	JJ
meetings	NNS
are	VBP
held	VBN
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
matters	NNS
which	WDT
must	MD
be	VB
acted	VBN
upon	IN
before	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
more	RBR
narrowly	RB
focused	VBN
than	IN
regular	JJ
meetings	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
it	PRP
meets	VBZ
in	IN
special	JJ
session	NN
,	,
Council	NNP
normally	RB
limits	VBZ
public	JJ
comment	NN
to	TO
those	DT
items	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
,	,
unlike	IN
its	PRP$
practice	NN
during	IN
regular	JJ
meetings	NNS
when	WRB
public	JJ
comment	NN
may	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
on	IN
any	DT
subject	NN
.	.
The	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
contains	VBZ
no	DT
specific	JJ
provision	NN
requiring	VBG
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
to	TO
allow	VB
public	JJ
participation	NN
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
simply	RB
provides	VBZ
that	IN
if	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
is	VBZ
allowed	VBN
,	,
those	DT
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
comment	VB
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
sign	VB
up	RP
more	JJR
than	IN
fifteen	CD
minutes	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
enforcement	NN
of	IN
a	DT
rule	NN
limiting	VBG
public	JJ
comment	NN
to	TO
agenda	NN
items	NNS
and	CC
limiting	VBG
public	JJ
comment	NN
to	TO
those	DT
who	WP
have	VBP
signed	VBN
up	RP
to	TO
speak	VB
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
meeting	NN
would	MD
not	RB
violate	VB
any	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meeting	VBG
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Committee	NNP
reminds	VBZ
Council	NNP
that	IN
,	,
except	IN
for	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
discuss	VB
or	CC
vote	VB
on	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
on	IN
its	PRP$
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
allowed	VBN
public	JJ
comment	NN
on	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
.	.
Commission	NNP
meeting	NN
weekly	NN
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
by	IN
making	VBG
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
available	JJ
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meetings	NNS
.	.
In	IN
that	DT
same	JJ
opinion	NN
,	,
the	DT
Committee	NNP
explained	VBD
that	IN
,	,
for	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
calculating	VBG
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
days	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
notice	NN
period	NN
,	,
the	DT
day	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
counted	VBN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
,	,
and	CC
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
excluded	VBN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
an	DT
intervening	VBG
legal	JJ
holiday	NN
,	,
the	DT
Putnam	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
by	IN
issuing	VBG
an	DT
agenda	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
Tuesday	NNP
meeting	NN
on	IN
the	DT
preceding	VBG
Friday	NNP
.	.
Any	DT
matters	NNS
that	WDT
come	VBP
up	RP
after	IN
the	DT
deadline	NN
for	IN
issuing	VBG
the	DT
agenda	NN
has	VBZ
passed	VBN
must	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
over	IN
to	TO
the	DT
next	JJ
meeting	NN
,	,
unless	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
constitutes	VBZ
an	DT
emergency	NN
.	.
Emergency	NN
matters	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
added	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
agenda	NN
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
,	,
provided	VBD
both	CC
the	DT
agenda	NN
and	CC
meeting	NN
minutes	NNS
explain	VBP
the	DT
facts	NNS
and	CC
circumstances	NNS
giving	VBG
rise	NN
to	TO
an	DT
emergency	NN
requiring	VBG
immediate	JJ
action	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
without	IN
reasonable	JJ
notice	NN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
media	NNS
.	.
The	DT
WVWC	NNP
will	MD
conduct	VB
a	DT
performance	NN
review	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
employees	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
employee	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
issued	VBN
advance	NN
written	VBN
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
and	CC
informed	VBD
that	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
request	VB
the	DT
review	NN
take	VB
place	NN
in	IN
an	DT
open	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
Commission	NNP
meeting	NN
twice	RB
a	DT
week	NN
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
by	IN
making	VBG
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
available	JJ
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meetings	NNS
.	.
In	IN
that	DT
same	JJ
opinion	NN
,	,
the	DT
Committee	NNP
explained	VBD
that	IN
,	,
for	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
calculating	VBG
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
days	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
notice	NN
period	NN
,	,
the	DT
day	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
counted	VBN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
and	CC
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
excluded	VBN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
an	DT
intervening	VBG
legal	JJ
holiday	NN
,	,
the	DT
Wood	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
by	IN
issuing	VBG
an	DT
agenda	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
Monday	NNP
meeting	NN
on	IN
the	DT
preceding	VBG
Thursday	NNP
,	,
and	CC
by	IN
issuing	VBG
an	DT
agenda	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
Thursday	NNP
meeting	NN
on	IN
the	DT
preceding	VBG
Tuesday	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Committee	NNP
notes	VBZ
that	IN
no	DT
amendment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
may	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
less	JJR
than	IN
two	CD
days	NNS
before	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
unless	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
matter	NN
.	.
Routine	JJ
matters	NNS
that	WDT
come	VBP
up	RP
after	IN
the	DT
deadline	NN
for	IN
issuing	VBG
an	DT
amendment	NN
has	VBZ
passed	VBN
must	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
over	IN
to	TO
the	DT
next	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
If	IN
an	DT
agenda	NN
is	VBZ
amended	VBN
to	TO
accommodate	VB
action	NN
on	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
matter	NN
,	,
both	CC
the	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
and	CC
the	DT
meeting	NN
minutes	NNS
must	MD
explain	VB
the	DT
facts	NNS
and	CC
circumstances	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
emergency	NN
.	.
Commission	NNP
meeting	NN
twice	RB
a	DT
month	NN
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
by	IN
making	VBG
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
available	JJ
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meetings	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Nicholas	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
meets	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
and	CC
third	JJ
Wednesday	NNP
of	IN
each	DT
month	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
currently	RB
issuing	VBG
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
three	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
each	DT
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
hiring	VBG
a	DT
consultant	NN
to	TO
study	VB
the	DT
proposed	VBN
development	NN
of	IN
a	DT
regional	JJ
airport	NN
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
appointed	VBD
a	DT
committee	NN
to	TO
interview	VB
prospective	JJ
consultants	NNS
and	CC
evaluate	VB
the	DT
proposals	NNS
they	PRP
have	VBP
submitted	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
requires	VBZ
public	JJ
agencies	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
meeting	NN
agendas	NNS
available	JJ
in	IN
advance	NN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
news	NN
media	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
specify	VB
how	WRB
much	JJ
in	IN
advance	NN
.	.
The	DT
Committee	NNP
must	MD
establish	VB
what	WP
is	VBZ
reasonable	JJ
on	IN
a	DT
case-by-case	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
The	DT
Committee	NNP
also	RB
ruled	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
day	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
and	CC
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
counted	VBN
as	IN
notice	NN
days	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
an	DT
intervening	VBG
legal	JJ
holiday	NN
,	,
the	DT
Mason	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
by	IN
making	VBG
the	DT
agenda	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
regular	JJ
Thursday	NNP
meetings	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
media	NNS
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
before	IN
the	DT
close	NN
of	IN
business	NN
on	IN
the	DT
preceding	VBG
Tuesday	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Roane	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
asks	VBZ
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
when	WRB
they	PRP
must	MD
issue	VB
the	DT
agendas	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
regular	JJ
meetings	NNS
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
how	WRB
specific	JJ
their	PRP$
agendas	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
;	:
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
may	MD
they	PRP
take	VB
official	JJ
action	NN
on	IN
matters	NNS
raised	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
comment	NN
period	NN
,	,
if	IN
those	DT
matters	NNS
were	VBD
not	RB
on	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
.	.
The	DT
Roane	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
,	,
meeting	NN
twice	RB
a	DT
month	NN
,	,
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
by	IN
making	VBG
its	PRP$
meeting	NN
agendas	NNS
available	JJ
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
days	NNS
before	IN
those	DT
meetings	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
an	DT
intervening	VBG
legal	JJ
holiday	NN
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
by	IN
making	VBG
the	DT
agenda	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
Tuesday	NNP
meetings	NNS
available	JJ
any	DT
time	NN
before	IN
the	DT
close	NN
of	IN
business	NN
on	IN
the	DT
preceding	VBG
Thursday	NNP
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
Commission	NNP
has	VBZ
made	VBN
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
available	JJ
three	CD
days	NNS
or	CC
more	JJR
before	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
,	,
at	IN
its	PRP$
option	NN
,	,
amend	VB
the	DT
agenda	NN
to	TO
add	VB
additional	JJ
items	NNS
of	IN
business	NN
-	:
items	NNS
not	RB
known	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
original	JJ
agenda	NN
was	VBD
prepared	VBN
and	CC
made	VBN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
Amendments	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
as	IN
late	JJ
as	IN
two	CD
days	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
and	CC
made	VBD
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
media	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
manner	NN
as	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
agenda	NN
.	.
Springs	NNP
to	TO
develop	VB
and	CC
operate	VB
public	JJ
works	NNS
gas-generated	JJ
and	CC
hydroelectric	JJ
power	NN
facilities	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
the	DT
facilities	NNS
are	VBP
operational	JJ
,	,
the	DT
Authority	NNP
will	MD
sell	VB
the	DT
power	NN
and	CC
split	VBD
the	DT
proceeds	NNS
among	IN
the	DT
member	NN
cities	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
private	JJ
firm	NN
selected	VBN
to	TO
assist	VB
in	IN
developing	VBG
and	CC
operating	VBG
the	DT
facilities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
TCPA	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
administrative	JJ
unit	NN
of	IN
the	DT
three	CD
municipal	JJ
governments	NNS
and	CC
is	VBZ
authorized	VBN
by	IN
law	NN
to	TO
exercise	VB
executive	NN
and	CC
legislative	JJ
power	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
behalf	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
public	JJ
agency	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Cabell	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
presently	RB
meets	VBZ
at	IN
10:00	CD
A.M.	NN
every	DT
other	JJ
Tuesday	NNP
.	.
Ordinarily	RB
,	,
the	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
is	VBZ
posted	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
Courthouse	NN
and	CC
distributed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
media	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
close	NN
of	IN
business	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Thursday	NNP
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
event	NN
of	IN
an	DT
intervening	VBG
legal	JJ
holiday	NN
,	,
the	DT
agenda	NN
is	VBZ
similarly	RB
posted	VBN
and	CC
distributed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Wednesday	NNP
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
In	IN
that	DT
case	NN
,	,
absent	JJ
an	DT
intervening	VBG
legal	JJ
holiday	NN
,	,
the	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
would	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
and	CC
distributed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Monday	NNP
preceding	VBG
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
event	NN
of	IN
an	DT
intervening	VBG
legal	JJ
holiday	NN
,	,
the	DT
agenda	NN
would	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
available	JJ
before	IN
the	DT
close	NN
of	IN
business	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Friday	NNP
preceding	VBG
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
notes	VBZ
that	IN
,	,
in	IN
either	DT
situation	NN
,	,
it	PRP
might	MD
add	VB
items	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
agenda	NN
,	,
provided	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
revised	VBN
agenda	NN
could	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
and	CC
distributed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
manner	NN
as	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
agenda	NN
,	,
two	CD
days	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
Faculty	NNP
Senate	NNP
duties	NNS
are	VBP
advisory	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
Committee	NNP
has	VBZ
previously	RB
ruled	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
consult	VB
and	CC
advise	VB
involves	VBZ
neither	CC
executive	JJ
nor	CC
legislative	JJ
power	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
Senate	NNP
is	VBZ
given	VBN
the	DT
authority	NN
and	CC
responsibility	NN
to	TO
budget	NN
certain	JJ
public	JJ
funds	NNS
,	,
accept	VB
and	CC
allocate	VB
grants	NNS
and	CC
develop	VB
plans	NNS
for	IN
integrating	VBG
special	JJ
needs	NNS
students	NNS
into	IN
regular	JJ
classrooms	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
executive	JJ
power	NN
which	WDT
the	DT
Faculty	NNP
Senate	NNP
was	VBD
given	VBN
to	TO
carry	VB
out	RP
official	JJ
public	JJ
action	NN
.	.
The	DT
Committee	NNP
finds	VBZ
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
these	DT
statutory	JJ
duties	NNS
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
Faculty	NNP
Senate	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
public	JJ
agency	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
also	RB
finds	VBZ
that	IN
not	RB
all	DT
its	PRP$
meetings	NNS
will	MD
necessarily	RB
be	VB
open	JJ
public	JJ
meetings	NNS
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
.	.
A	DT
Faculty	NNP
Senate	NNP
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Act	NNP
,	,
and	CC
need	MD
not	RB
be	VB
open	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
,	,
if	IN
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
includes	VBZ
no	DT
matter	NN
on	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
Senate	NNP
exercises	VBZ
executive	JJ
power	NN
to	TO
take	VB
official	JJ
action	NN
.	.
A	DT
Faculty	NNP
Senate	NNP
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Act	NNP
when	WRB
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
includes	VBZ
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
matters	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
must	MD
take	VB
official	JJ
action	NN
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
budgeting	NN
the	DT
expenditure	NN
of	IN
funds	NNS
on	IN
academic	JJ
supplies	NNS
,	,
materials	NNS
and	CC
equipment	NN
.	.
The	DT
public	NN
must	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
,	,
location	NN
and	CC
agenda	NN
of	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
meeting	NN
and	CC
the	DT
meeting	NN
must	MD
be	VB
open	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
,	,
while	IN
the	DT
Senate	NNP
is	VBZ
dealing	VBG
with	IN
those	DT
public	JJ
matters	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Kanawha	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
usually	RB
meets	VBZ
every	DT
other	JJ
week	NN
on	IN
Thursday	NNP
at	IN
5:00	CD
P.M.	NNP
During	IN
certain	JJ
times	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
year	NN
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
meets	VBZ
weekly	RB
,	,
and	CC
for	IN
one	CD
month	NN
,	,
when	WRB
acting	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Equalization	NNP
and	CC
Review	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
meets	VBZ
twice	RB
weekly	JJ
,	,
on	IN
Tuesday	NNP
mornings	NNS
and	CC
Thursday	NNP
evenings	NNS
.	.
Commission	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
meets	VBZ
twice	RB
a	DT
month	NN
,	,
the	DT
first	JJ
and	CC
third	JJ
Thursday	NNP
of	IN
each	DT
month	NN
at	IN
9:00	CD
A.M.	NNP
,	,
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
,	,
if	IN
it	PRP
made	VBD
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
news	NN
media	NNS
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
days	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
its	PRP$
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meeting	NN
.	.
Thursday	NNP
evening	NN
,	,
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
,	,
if	IN
it	PRP
made	VBD
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
news	NN
media	NNS
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
days	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
Commission	NNP
meets	VBZ
weekly	JJ
on	IN
Thursday	NNP
evening	NN
,	,
or	CC
twice	RB
a	DT
week	NN
on	IN
Tuesday	NNP
morning	NN
and	CC
Thursday	NNP
evening	NN
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
,	,
if	IN
it	PRP
made	VBD
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
news	NN
media	NNS
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
days	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
For	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
calculating	VBG
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
days	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
notice	NN
period	NN
,	,
the	DT
day	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
counted	VBN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
and	CC
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
excluded	VBN
,	,
as	IN
government	NN
offices	NNS
are	VBP
generally	RB
not	RB
open	VB
for	IN
business	NN
on	IN
such	JJ
days	NNS
,	,
and	CC
there	EX
would	MD
be	VB
no	DT
one	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
respond	VB
to	TO
questions	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
or	CC
news	NN
media	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
agenda	NN
.	.
No	DT
amendment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
may	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
less	JJR
than	IN
two	CD
days	NNS
before	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
unless	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
matter	NN
.	.
Routine	JJ
matters	NNS
that	WDT
come	VBP
up	RP
after	IN
the	DT
deadline	NN
for	IN
issuing	VBG
an	DT
amendment	NN
has	VBZ
passed	VBN
must	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
over	IN
to	TO
the	DT
next	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
If	IN
an	DT
agenda	NN
is	VBZ
amended	VBN
to	TO
accommodate	VB
action	NN
on	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
matter	NN
,	,
both	CC
the	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
and	CC
the	DT
meeting	NN
minutes	NNS
must	MD
explain	VB
the	DT
facts	NNS
and	CC
circumstances	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
emergency	NN
.	.
Kanawha	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
regarding	VBG
how	WRB
this	DT
notice	NN
period	NN
is	VBZ
counted	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Committee	NNP
explained	VBD
in	IN
that	DT
opinion	NN
that	IN
,	,
for	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
calculating	VBG
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
days	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
notice	NN
period	NN
,	,
the	DT
day	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
counted	VBN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
and	CC
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
excluded	VBN
,	,
as	IN
government	NN
offices	NNS
are	VBP
generally	RB
not	RB
open	VB
for	IN
business	NN
on	IN
such	JJ
days	NNS
,	,
and	CC
there	EX
would	MD
be	VB
no	DT
one	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
respond	VB
to	TO
questions	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
or	CC
news	NN
media	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
agenda	NN
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
the	DT
Clay	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
,	,
when	WRB
meeting	NN
on	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
and	CC
fourth	JJ
Tuesday	NNP
of	IN
each	DT
month	NN
,	,
absent	JJ
an	DT
intervening	VBG
legal	JJ
holiday	NN
,	,
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
by	IN
issuing	VBG
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
during	IN
normal	JJ
business	NN
hours	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
preceding	VBG
Thursday	NNP
.	.
Monday	NNP
,	,
the	DT
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
held	VBN
on	IN
Tuesday	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
approves	VBZ
this	DT
meeting	NN
schedule	NN
at	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
meeting	NN
of	IN
each	DT
calendar	NN
year	NN
.	.
Copies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
schedule	NN
are	VBP
posted	VBN
on	IN
separate	JJ
bulletin	NN
boards	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
front	NN
and	CC
back	RB
entrances	NNS
inside	IN
the	DT
Lewis	NNP
County	NNP
Courthouse	NN
,	,
and	CC
these	DT
copies	NNS
remain	VBP
posted	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
similarly	RB
posts	VBZ
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
for	IN
each	DT
meeting	NN
on	IN
the	DT
courthouse	NN
bulletin	NN
boards	NNS
not	RB
later	RB
than	IN
12:00	CD
P.M.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
noon	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
Friday	NNP
.	.
The	DT
courthouse	NN
is	VBZ
ordinarily	RB
open	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
from	IN
8:30	CD
A.M.	NN
to	TO
4:30	CD
P.M.	NNP
Monday	NNP
through	IN
Friday	NNP
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
Committee	NNP
explained	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
Kanawha	NNP
County	NNP
opinion	NN
,	,
for	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
calculating	VBG
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
days	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
notice	NN
period	NN
,	,
the	DT
day	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
counted	VBN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
and	CC
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
excluded	VBN
,	,
as	IN
government	NN
offices	NNS
are	VBP
generally	RB
not	RB
open	VB
for	IN
business	NN
on	IN
such	JJ
days	NNS
,	,
and	CC
there	EX
would	MD
be	VB
no	DT
one	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
respond	VB
to	TO
questions	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
or	CC
news	NN
media	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
agenda	NN
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
the	DT
Lewis	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
,	,
when	WRB
holding	VBG
its	PRP$
regular	JJ
weekly	JJ
meeting	NN
on	IN
Monday	NNP
,	,
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
by	IN
issuing	VBG
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
during	IN
normal	JJ
business	NN
hours	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
preceding	VBG
Thursday	NNP
.	.
In	IN
most	JJS
cases	NNS
,	,
posting	VBG
the	DT
agenda	NN
in	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
place	NN
and	CC
providing	VBG
a	DT
copy	NN
,	,
upon	IN
request	NN
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
news	NN
media	NNS
and	CC
public	JJ
by	IN
mail	NN
or	CC
telephone	NN
facsimile	NN
will	MD
satisfy	VB
this	DT
requirement	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
Act	NNP
does	VBZ
require	VB
each	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
to	TO
adopt	VB
rules	NNS
governing	VBG
these	DT
matters	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
is	VBZ
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
adopt	VB
specific	JJ
rules	NNS
addressing	VBG
these	DT
issues	NNS
,	,
if	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
not	RB
already	RB
done	VBN
so	RB
.	.
The	DT
Upshur	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
inquires	VBZ
on	IN
several	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
deadline	NN
for	IN
issuing	VBG
a	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
,	,
the	DT
specificity	NN
required	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
agenda	NN
,	,
and	CC
taking	VBG
official	JJ
action	NN
on	IN
matters	NNS
raised	VBN
by	IN
individuals	NNS
who	WP
appear	VBP
and	CC
address	VBP
the	DT
Commission	NNP
during	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
comment	NN
period	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
determine	VB
if	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
make	VB
a	DT
decision	NN
or	CC
take	VB
action	NN
on	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
raised	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
citizen	NN
during	IN
this	DT
comment	NN
period	NN
,	,
when	WRB
that	DT
particular	JJ
matter	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
appear	VB
in	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
the	DT
Upshur	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
,	,
when	WRB
meeting	VBG
weekly	JJ
on	IN
Thursday	NNP
,	,
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
by	IN
issuing	VBG
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
during	IN
normal	JJ
business	NN
hours	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
preceding	VBG
Tuesday	NNP
,	,
absent	JJ
an	DT
intervening	VBG
holiday	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
notes	VBZ
that	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
public	NN
,	,
during	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
comment	NN
portion	NN
of	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
may	MD
raise	VB
a	DT
significant	JJ
issue	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
included	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
asks	VBZ
if	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
proceed	VB
to	TO
take	VB
official	JJ
action	NN
on	IN
this	DT
matter	NN
during	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
Except	IN
in	IN
emergency	NN
situations	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
may	MD
not	RB
take	VB
official	JJ
action	NN
on	IN
an	DT
issue	NN
raised	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
comment	NN
period	NN
.	.
If	IN
official	JJ
action	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
is	VBZ
required	VBN
,	,
the	DT
item	NN
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
and	CC
addressed	VBD
at	IN
a	DT
subsequent	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
election	NN
ordinance	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Town	NNP
of	IN
Marlinton	NNP
,	,
adopted	VBN
in	IN
1989	CD
,	,
contains	VBZ
a	DT
procedure	NN
for	IN
filling	VBG
vacant	JJ
seats	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Town	NNP
Council	NNP
.	.
The	DT
ordinance	NN
provides	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
Special	JJ
Election	NNP
Committee	NNP
,	,
consisting	VBG
of	IN
the	DT
remaining	VBG
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Town	NNP
Council	NNP
and	CC
three	CD
citizens	NNS
previously	RB
elected	VBN
to	TO
serve	VB
on	IN
a	DT
Select	NNP
Committee	NNP
,	,
select	VBP
the	DT
replacement	NN
for	IN
a	DT
vacant	JJ
position	NN
by	IN
simple	JJ
majority	NN
vote	NN
.	.
The	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
permit	VB
a	DT
public	JJ
agency	NN
to	TO
vote	VB
by	IN
secret	JJ
or	CC
written	VBN
ballot	NN
.	.
This	DT
statute	NN
supersedes	VBZ
any	DT
local	JJ
ordinance	NN
which	WDT
may	MD
provide	VB
otherwise	RB
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
the	DT
Special	JJ
Elections	NNPS
Committee	NNP
should	MD
publicly	RB
vote	VB
on	IN
the	DT
nominees	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
vacated	VBN
seat	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Town	NNP
Council	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Town	NNP
Recorder	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
elected	VBN
public	JJ
official	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
primarily	RB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
preparing	VBG
the	DT
minutes	NNS
of	IN
Town	NNP
Council	NNP
meetings	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
prefers	VBZ
to	TO
use	VB
a	DT
tape	NN
recorder	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
in	IN
making	VBG
an	DT
accurate	JJ
record	NN
of	IN
the	DT
proceedings	NNS
,	,
but	CC
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
citizens	NNS
and	CC
elected	VBN
officials	NNS
have	VBP
objected	VBN
to	TO
this	DT
process	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
questions	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
raised	VBN
as	IN
to	TO
whether	IN
individual	JJ
citizens	NNS
attending	VBG
Town	NNP
Council	NNP
meetings	NNS
can	MD
openly	RB
record	VB
the	DT
meetings	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
requires	VBZ
that	DT
fairly	RB
detailed	JJ
minutes	NNS
of	IN
Town	NNP
Council	NNP
meetings	NNS
be	VB
prepared	VBN
and	CC
made	VBN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
within	IN
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
time	NN
after	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
elected	VBN
official	NN
with	IN
primary	JJ
responsibility	NN
for	IN
preparing	VBG
these	DT
minutes	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Town	NNP
Recorder	NNP
has	VBZ
substantial	JJ
discretion	NN
as	IN
to	TO
how	WRB
the	DT
required	VBN
information	NN
is	VBZ
obtained	VBN
and	CC
preserved	VBN
.	.
No	DT
provision	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
restricts	VBZ
her	PRP$
from	IN
using	VBG
a	DT
tape	NN
recorder	NN
or	CC
similar	JJ
device	NN
to	TO
record	VB
the	DT
public	JJ
portion	NN
of	IN
an	DT
open	JJ
meeting	NN
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
comments	NNS
of	IN
citizens	NNS
who	WP
appear	VBP
before	IN
the	DT
Town	NNP
Council	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
gives	VBZ
the	DT
media	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
public	JJ
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
record	VB
the	DT
open	JJ
sessions	NNS
of	IN
public	JJ
meetings	NNS
.	.
A	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
may	MD
not	RB
prohibit	VB
recording	NN
,	,
and	CC
may	MD
regulate	VB
the	DT
placement	NN
and	CC
use	NN
of	IN
recording	VBG
equipment	NN
only	RB
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
necessary	JJ
``	``
to	TO
prevent	VB
undue	JJ
interference	NN
with	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Mayor	NNP
,	,
members	NNS
of	IN
Council	NNP
or	CC
citizens	NNS
object	VBP
to	TO
having	VBG
their	PRP$
public	JJ
comments	NNS
recorded	VBN
does	VBZ
not	RB
deprive	VB
the	DT
media	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
public	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
right	NN
to	TO
record	VB
the	DT
proceedings	NNS
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
factor	NN
to	TO
be	VB
considered	VBN
in	IN
determining	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
recording	VBG
equipment	NN
is	VBZ
causing	VBG
undue	JJ
interference	NN
with	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Commissioners	NNS
getting	VBG
together	RB
with	IN
municipal	JJ
officials	NNS
to	TO
encourage	VB
participation	NN
in	IN
a	DT
project	NN
,	,
or	CC
giving	VBG
a	DT
presentation	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
state	NN
support	NN
for	IN
a	DT
project	NN
,	,
would	MD
involve	VB
meetings	NNS
which	WDT
must	MD
be	VB
convened	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
.	.
After	IN
deciding	VBG
at	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
meeting	NN
to	TO
encourage	VB
municipal	JJ
participation	NN
in	IN
a	DT
sewer	NN
project	NN
,	,
and	CC
sending	VBG
correspondence	NN
to	TO
the	DT
municipality	NN
communicating	VBG
their	PRP$
position	NN
,	,
the	DT
County	NNP
Commissioners	NNPS
have	VBP
been	VBN
invited	VBN
to	TO
meet	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Mayor	NNP
and	CC
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
City	NNP
Council	NNP
Members	NNP
to	TO
discuss	VB
the	DT
project	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commissioners	NNPS
,	,
consistent	JJ
with	IN
their	PRP$
previous	JJ
public	JJ
actions	NNS
,	,
intend	VBP
to	TO
provide	VB
information	NN
to	TO
the	DT
municipal	JJ
officials	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
project	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commissioners	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
plan	VB
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
meeting	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
any	DT
further	JJ
official	NN
action	NN
they	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
taking	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
project	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
two	CD
Commissioners	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
making	VBG
a	DT
presentation	NN
in	IN
Charleston	NNP
seeking	VBG
support	NN
for	IN
the	DT
sewer	NN
project	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commissioners	NNPS
likewise	RB
want	VBP
to	TO
know	VB
if	IN
participation	NN
in	IN
such	JJ
a	DT
gathering	NN
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
requirements	NNS
for	IN
conducting	VBG
an	DT
open	JJ
public	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
a	DT
gathering	NN
of	IN
Commissioners	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
presenting	VBG
their	PRP$
position	NN
to	TO
officials	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
municipality	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
county	NN
,	,
or	CC
advocating	VBG
their	PRP$
position	NN
before	IN
a	DT
state	NN
or	CC
regional	JJ
agency	NN
,	,
regarding	VBG
a	DT
matter	NN
which	WDT
they	PRP
have	VBP
already	RB
considered	VBN
and	CC
acted	VBN
upon	IN
,	,
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
a	DT
meeting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
subject	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Commissioners	NNS
are	VBP
cautioned	VBN
that	IN
whenever	WRB
a	DT
presentation	NN
unexpectedly	RB
leads	VBZ
to	TO
new	JJ
issues	NNS
on	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
take	VB
official	JJ
action	NN
,	,
they	PRP
must	MD
defer	VB
any	DT
discussion	NN
on	IN
the	DT
merits	NNS
of	IN
such	JJ
matter	NN
until	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
of	IN
a	DT
scheduled	VBN
meeting	NN
.	.
It	PRP
should	MD
also	RB
be	VB
noted	VBN
that	IN
this	DT
opinion	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
intended	VBN
to	TO
indicate	VB
whether	IN
the	DT
municipality	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
agency	NN
has	VBZ
an	DT
obligation	NN
to	TO
notify	VB
the	DT
public	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
meeting	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Commissioners	NNS
,	,
as	IN
such	JJ
issues	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
raised	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
affected	JJ
governing	VBG
body	NN
,	,
or	CC
one	CD
of	IN
its	PRP$
members	NNS
.	.
Betty	NNP
Waggoner	NNP
,	,
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Pleasant	NNP
Valley	NNP
City	NNP
Council	NNP
,	,
asks	VBZ
if	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
can	MD
go	VB
into	IN
executive	JJ
session	NN
to	TO
draft	VB
a	DT
job	NN
description	NN
for	IN
a	DT
city	NN
employee	NN
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
asks	VBZ
if	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
can	MD
go	VB
into	IN
executive	JJ
session	NN
without	IN
identifying	VBG
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
exemption	NN
relied	VBD
upon	IN
to	TO
convene	VB
the	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
.	.
The	DT
City	NNP
has	VBZ
an	DT
employee	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
job	NN
for	IN
six	CD
months	NNS
.	.
City	NNP
Council	NNP
wants	VBZ
to	TO
go	VB
into	IN
executive	JJ
session	NN
to	TO
draft	VB
a	DT
formal	JJ
job	NN
description	NN
for	IN
the	DT
position	NN
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
be	VB
the	DT
first	JJ
job	NN
description	NN
prepared	VBN
for	IN
this	DT
position	NN
.	.
This	DT
discussion	NN
will	MD
not	RB
involve	VB
the	DT
employee	NN
holding	VBG
the	DT
position	NN
or	CC
her	PRP$
job	NN
performance	NN
.	.
The	DT
Committee	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
creation	NN
or	CC
modification	NN
of	IN
a	DT
job	NN
description	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
general	JJ
personnel	NNS
policy	NN
matter	NN
and	CC
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
considered	VBN
or	CC
discussed	VBN
in	IN
executive	NN
session	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
true	JJ
even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
job	NN
description	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
position	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
an	DT
incumbent	JJ
has	VBZ
worked	VBN
for	IN
several	JJ
months	NNS
.	.
Donna	NNP
Davis	NNP
,	,
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Pleasants	NNP
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
,	,
asks	VBZ
if	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
for	IN
two	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
school	NN
board	NN
members	NNS
to	TO
visit	VB
a	DT
school	NN
and	CC
observe	VB
a	DT
particular	JJ
activity	NN
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
explains	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
common	JJ
practice	NN
for	IN
school	NN
board	NN
members	NNS
to	TO
visit	VB
county	NN
schools	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
a	DT
first	JJ
hand	NN
view	NN
of	IN
the	DT
condition	NN
of	IN
the	DT
buildings	NNS
,	,
and	CC
observe	VB
educational	JJ
programs	NNS
,	,
teaching	NN
strategies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
school	NN
activities	NNS
.	.
On	IN
such	JJ
occasions	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
usually	RB
observe	VBP
a	DT
particular	JJ
activity	NN
,	,
and	CC
will	MD
frequently	RB
visit	VB
with	IN
faculty	NN
,	,
students	NNS
and	CC
administrators	NNS
to	TO
obtain	VB
their	PRP$
perspective	NN
.	.
On	IN
some	DT
occasions	NNS
,	,
without	IN
prior	JJ
coordination	NN
,	,
two	CD
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
five-member	JJ
board	NN
may	MD
appear	VB
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
school	NN
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
.	.
On	IN
rare	JJ
occasions	NNS
,	,
as	IN
many	JJ
as	IN
three	CD
members	NNS
may	MD
appear	VB
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
location	NN
,	,
and	CC
engage	VB
in	IN
similar	JJ
activities	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
members	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
discuss	VB
business	NN
among	IN
themselves	PRP
,	,
and	CC
no	DT
official	JJ
business	NN
is	VBZ
conducted	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
to	TO
guarantee	VB
that	IN
the	DT
public	NN
has	VBZ
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
attend	VB
meetings	NNS
at	IN
which	WDT
government	NN
agencies	NNS
conduct	VBP
their	PRP$
business	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
given	VBN
reasonable	JJ
advance	NN
notice	NN
of	IN
where	WRB
and	CC
when	WRB
business	NN
meetings	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
matters	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
considered	VBN
.	.
The	DT
school	NN
visits	NNS
described	VBN
here	RB
are	VBP
not	RB
Board	NNP
business	NN
meetings	NNS
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
Board	NNP
members	NNS
present	JJ
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
a	DT
quorum	NN
chanced	VBD
to	TO
meet	VB
during	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
school	NN
visit	NN
and	CC
discussed	VBN
school	NN
business	NN
,	,
they	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
violate	VB
the	DT
Act	NNP
,	,
so	RB
long	RB
as	IN
the	DT
discussion	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
intended	VBN
to	TO
lead	VB
to	TO
,	,
and	CC
did	VBD
not	RB
result	VB
in	IN
,	,
official	JJ
action	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
public	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
benefit	VB
fully	RB
from	IN
open	JJ
meetings	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
must	MD
know	VB
both	DT
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
when	WRB
and	CC
where	WRB
the	DT
meetings	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
held	VBN
,	,
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
what	WP
the	DT
meetings	NNS
will	MD
deal	VB
with	IN
.	.
To	TO
this	DT
end	NN
,	,
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
specifies	VBZ
that	IN
all	DT
public	JJ
agencies	NNS
must	MD
make	VB
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
and	CC
agendas	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meetings	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
and	CC
purpose	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
special	JJ
meetings	NNS
,	,
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
news	NN
media	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
agenda	NN
could	MD
be	VB
incorporated	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Register	NNP
notice	NN
by	IN
expanding	VBG
the	DT
statement	NN
of	IN
purpose	NN
to	TO
include	VB
reference	NN
to	TO
all	PDT
the	DT
matters	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
acted	VBN
upon	IN
at	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
in	IN
many	JJ
cases	NNS
this	DT
is	VBZ
impractical	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
agenda	NN
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
available	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
separate	JJ
document	NN
.	.
Here	RB
the	DT
Braxton	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
asks	VBZ
whether	IN
its	PRP$
practice	NN
of	IN
making	VBG
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
21	CD
hours	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
complies	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
not	RB
,	,
the	DT
minimum	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
days	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
establishes	VBZ
no	DT
specific	JJ
time	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Committee	NNP
has	VBZ
previously	RB
ruled	VBN
that	IN
notice	NN
must	MD
be	VB
reasonable	JJ
under	IN
the	DT
circumstances	NNS
peculiar	JJ
to	TO
each	DT
agency	NN
.	.
A	DT
county	NN
commission	NN
which	WDT
met	VBD
weekly	JJ
would	MD
require	VB
a	DT
different	JJ
standard	NN
than	IN
one	CD
which	WDT
met	VBD
less	JJR
frequently	RB
.	.
There	EX
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
big	JJ
difference	NN
between	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
reasonable	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
standing	NN
legislative	JJ
committee	NN
which	WDT
met	VBD
daily	JJ
during	IN
the	DT
legislative	JJ
session	NN
and	CC
the	DT
council	NN
of	IN
a	DT
small	JJ
municipality	NN
which	WDT
met	VBD
monthly	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Committee	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
Braxton	NNP
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
meets	VBZ
twice	RB
a	DT
month	NN
,	,
would	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
by	IN
making	VBG
its	PRP$
agenda	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
news	NN
media	NNS
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
days	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
its	PRP$
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meetings	NNS
.	.
Items	NNS
of	IN
business	NN
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
added	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
agenda	NN
less	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
days	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
unless	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
nature	NN
requiring	VBG
immediate	JJ
official	JJ
action	NN
.	.
In	IN
such	PDT
an	DT
event	NN
,	,
the	DT
amended	VBN
agenda	NN
and	CC
the	DT
minutes	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
must	MD
state	VB
the	DT
facts	NNS
and	CC
circumstances	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
emergency	NN
which	WDT
justify	VBP
depriving	VBG
the	DT
public	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
right	NN
to	TO
reasonable	JJ
advance	NN
notice	NN
.	.
MCHS	NNP
,	,
a	DT
nonprofit	JJ
organization	NN
,	,
has	VBZ
established	VBN
an	DT
animal	NN
shelter	NN
in	IN
Mercer	NNP
County	NNP
.	.
MCHS	NNP
is	VBZ
primarily	RB
funded	VBN
by	IN
private	JJ
donations	NNS
,	,
animal	NN
adoptions	NNS
and	CC
fund-raising	JJ
activities	NNS
conducted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
.	.
These	DT
funds	NNS
are	VBP
spent	VBN
to	TO
employ	VB
individuals	NNS
who	WP
care	VBP
for	IN
the	DT
animals	NNS
,	,
clean	JJ
and	CC
maintain	VB
the	DT
shelter	NN
building	NN
and	CC
grounds	NNS
,	,
and	CC
otherwise	RB
operate	VBP
the	DT
facility	NN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Antonik	NNP
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
proper	JJ
procedure	NN
to	TO
be	VB
followed	VBN
in	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
conducting	VBG
proceedings	NNS
in	IN
executive	NN
session	NN
during	IN
future	JJ
meetings	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
City	NNP
Council	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
asks	VBZ
several	JJ
questions	NNS
requiring	VBG
interpretation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Act	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
permits	VBZ
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
certain	JJ
personnel	NNS
matters	NNS
in	IN
executive	NN
session	NN
,	,
unless	IN
the	DT
affected	JJ
employee	NN
requests	NNS
an	DT
open	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
should	MD
initially	RB
determine	VB
if	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
involving	VBG
the	DT
two	CD
employees	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
dealt	VBN
with	IN
in	IN
separate	JJ
sessions	NNS
.	.
If	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
impractical	JJ
to	TO
discuss	VB
the	DT
matter	NN
separately	RB
,	,
the	DT
Act	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
permit	VB
discussion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
in	IN
executive	NN
session	NN
over	IN
the	DT
objection	NN
of	IN
either	DT
of	IN
the	DT
affected	JJ
employees	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
grants	NNS
governing	VBG
bodies	NNS
of	IN
public	JJ
agencies	NNS
discretion	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
minutes	NNS
of	IN
executive	JJ
sessions	NNS
are	VBP
taken	VBN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
decides	VBZ
to	TO
take	VB
minutes	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
,	,
the	DT
minutes	NNS
should	MD
contain	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
information	NN
as	IN
required	VBN
for	IN
portions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
that	WDT
are	VBP
open	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
Act	NNP
permits	VBZ
the	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
city	NN
planning	NN
commission	NN
to	TO
receive	VB
and	CC
independently	RB
review	NN
plans	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
a	DT
scheduled	VBN
open	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
Here	RB
the	DT
Committee	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
procedure	NN
used	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
for	IN
independent	JJ
review	NN
of	IN
applications	NNS
by	IN
Technical	NNP
Review	NNP
Committee	NNP
members	NNS
is	VBZ
consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
.	.
LSIC	NNP
functions	NNS
as	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
merely	RB
advisory	JJ
body	NN
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
authority	NN
of	IN
an	DT
LSIC	NNP
to	TO
exercise	VB
executive	NN
or	CC
legislative	JJ
powers	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
limited	VBN
,	,
policy	NN
proposals	NNS
and	CC
guidelines	NNS
properly	RB
adopted	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
LSIC	NNP
nonetheless	RB
involve	VBP
exercise	NN
of	IN
governmental	JJ
authority	NN
within	IN
a	DT
given	VBN
school	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
except	IN
as	IN
otherwise	RB
specified	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
statutes	NNS
establishing	VBG
LSICs	NNP
,	,
these	DT
organizations	NNS
must	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Governmental	NNP
Proceedings	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
votes	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
in	IN
the	DT
examples	NNS
by	IN
reference	NN
to	TO
the	DT
numbered	VBN
agenda	NN
item	NN
without	IN
reference	NN
to	TO
Mr.	NNP
Smith	NNP
as	IN
the	DT
person	NN
involved	VBN
.	.
The	DT
names	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
persons	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
such	JJ
decisions	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
revealed	VBN
until	IN
after	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
has	VBZ
concluded	VBN
.	.
Except	IN
as	IN
otherwise	RB
expressly	RB
provided	VBN
by	IN
law	NN
,	,
the	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
agency	NN
may	MD
not	RB
deliberate	VB
,	,
vote	VB
,	,
or	CC
otherwise	RB
take	VB
official	JJ
action	NN
upon	IN
any	DT
matter	NN
by	IN
reference	NN
to	TO
a	DT
letter	NN
,	,
number	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
designated	VBN
or	CC
other	JJ
secret	JJ
devise	VBP
or	CC
method	NN
,	,
which	WDT
may	MD
render	VB
it	PRP
difficult	JJ
for	IN
persons	NNS
attending	VBG
a	DT
meeting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
agency	NN
to	TO
understand	VB
what	WP
is	VBZ
being	VBG
deliberated	VBD
,	,
voted	VBD
or	CC
acted	VBD
upon	IN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
this	DT
subsection	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
prohibit	VB
a	DT
public	JJ
agency	NN
from	IN
deliberating	VBG
,	,
voting	VBG
or	CC
otherwise	RB
taking	VBG
action	NN
by	IN
reference	NN
to	TO
an	DT
agenda	NN
,	,
if	IN
copies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
,	,
sufficiently	RB
worded	VBN
to	TO
enable	VB
the	DT
public	NN
to	TO
understand	VB
what	WP
is	VBZ
being	VBG
deliberated	VBD
,	,
voted	VBD
or	CC
acted	VBD
upon	IN
,	,
are	VBP
available	JJ
for	IN
public	JJ
inspection	NN
at	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
personnel	NNS
matters	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Committee	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
aware	JJ
of	IN
any	DT
statutory	JJ
provision	NN
which	WDT
would	MD
preclude	VB
the	DT
public	NN
from	IN
knowing	VBG
the	DT
identity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
person	NN
the	DT
Superintendent	NNP
is	VBZ
recommending	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
for	IN
hire	NN
,	,
transfer	NN
,	,
grant	NN
of	IN
a	DT
leave	NN
of	IN
absence	NN
,	,
or	CC
acceptance	NN
of	IN
a	DT
resignation	NN
or	CC
application	NN
to	TO
retire	VB
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Meetings	NNS
Act	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
should	MD
either	RB
publish	VB
an	DT
agenda	NN
which	WDT
substantially	RB
follows	VBZ
the	DT
format	NN
in	IN
Example	NNP
B	NNP
,	,
or	CC
continue	VB
to	TO
publish	VB
an	DT
agenda	NN
in	IN
the	DT
format	NN
of	IN
Example	NNP
A	NNP
,	,
while	IN
announcing	VBG
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
person	NN
or	CC
persons	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
each	DT
personnel	NNS
action	NN
,	,
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
reference	NN
number	NN
or	CC
letter	NN
in	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
matter	NN
is	VBZ
presented	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
board	NN
for	IN
action	NN
.	.
Wetzel	NNP
B.	NNP
Walker	NNP
,	,
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Town	NNP
Council	NNP
in	IN
Rainelle	NNP
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
,	,
asks	VBZ
if	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
exclude	VB
a	DT
citizen	NN
from	IN
speaking	VBG
at	IN
a	DT
scheduled	VBN
meeting	NN
when	WRB
the	DT
topic	NN
the	DT
citizen	NN
wishes	VBZ
to	TO
address	VB
is	VBZ
not	RB
on	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
.	.
The	DT
Town	NNP
Council	NNP
meets	VBZ
periodically	RB
and	CC
issues	VBZ
an	DT
agenda	NN
of	IN
matters	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
discussed	VBN
with	IN
its	PRP$
meeting	NN
notices	NNS
.	.
The	DT
members	NNS
are	VBP
uncertain	JJ
whether	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
permit	VB
a	DT
citizen	NN
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
Council	NNP
on	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
listed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
.	.
This	DT
issue	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
covered	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
meeting	NN
rules	NNS
previously	RB
adopted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Town	NNP
Council	NNP
.	.
Open	NNP
government	NN
allows	VBZ
the	DT
public	NN
to	TO
educate	VB
itself	PRP
about	IN
government	NN
decision	NN
-	:
making	VBG
through	IN
individuals	NNS
?	.
attendance	NN
and	CC
participation	NN
at	IN
government	NN
functions	NNS
,	,
distribution	NN
of	IN
government	NN
information	NN
by	IN
the	DT
press	NN
or	CC
interested	JJ
citizens	NNS
,	,
and	CC
public	JJ
debate	NN
on	IN
issues	NNS
deliberated	VBD
within	IN
the	DT
government	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
situation	NN
,	,
the	DT
Council	NNP
may	MD
discuss	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
issue	NN
raised	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
citizen	NN
in	IN
attendance	NN
only	RB
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
official	JJ
action	NN
will	MD
be	VB
needed	VBN
.	.
If	IN
some	DT
official	JJ
action	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
,	,
the	DT
item	NN
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
rescheduled	VBN
for	IN
another	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
third	JJ
and	CC
final	JJ
issue	NN
concerns	NNS
whether	IN
two	CD
board	NN
members	NNS
who	WP
appear	VBP
for	IN
a	DT
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meeting	NN
,	,
and	CC
find	VB
that	IN
a	DT
quorum	NN
is	VBZ
lacking	VBG
,	,
may	MD
nonetheless	RB
publicly	RB
discuss	VB
matters	NNS
included	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
for	IN
that	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
recognizes	VBZ
that	IN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
a	DT
quorum	NN
,	,
attending	VBG
members	NNS
have	VBP
no	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
take	VB
official	JJ
action	NN
on	IN
any	DT
matter	NN
on	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
.	.
The	DT
Open	NNP
Governmental	NNP
Proceedings	NNP
Act	NNP
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
promote	VB
open	JJ
government	NN
and	CC
public	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
information	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
scenario	NN
presented	VBN
by	IN
this	DT
inquiry	NN
,	,
the	DT
notice	NN
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
were	VBD
met	VBN
when	WRB
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
and	CC
place	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
and	CC
an	DT
agenda	NN
of	IN
items	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
discussed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
were	VBD
appropriately	RB
disseminated	VBN
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
Committee	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
subsequent	JJ
public	JJ
discussion	NN
of	IN
matters	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
agenda	NN
by	IN
less	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
quorum	NN
of	IN
the	DT
members	NNS
who	WP
appear	VBP
for	IN
a	DT
properly	RB
scheduled	VBN
meeting	NN
would	MD
not	RB
violate	VB
the	DT
Open	NNP
Governmental	NNP
Proceedings	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
City	NNP
Attorney	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
City	NNP
of	IN
Morgantown	NNP
,	,
asks	VBZ
if	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Governmental	NNP
Proceedings	NNP
Act	NNP
permits	VBZ
a	DT
City	NNP
Council	NNP
to	TO
meet	VB
in	IN
executive	JJ
session	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
pending	VBG
or	CC
proposed	VBN
litigation	NN
with	IN
its	PRP$
attorney	NN
.	.
The	DT
Open	NNP
Governmental	NNP
Proceedings	NNP
Act	NNP
permits	VBZ
governing	VBG
bodies	NNS
to	TO
hold	VB
an	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
and	CC
exclude	VB
the	DT
public	NN
only	RB
when	WRB
a	DT
closed	JJ
session	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
for	IN
one	CD
of	IN
several	JJ
actions	NNS
specified	VBN
in	IN
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
6-9A-4	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
contains	VBZ
no	DT
specific	JJ
reference	NN
to	TO
discussions	NNS
of	IN
present	JJ
and	CC
pending	JJ
litigation	NN
between	IN
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
legal	JJ
counsel	NN
.	.
The	DT
City	NNP
asks	VBZ
whether	IN
such	JJ
discussions	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
conducted	VBN
in	IN
executive	NN
session	NN
.	.
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
6-9A-4	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
11	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
Peters	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
observed	VBD
that	IN
in	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
provision	NN
,	,
the	DT
intent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
could	MD
be	VB
circumvented	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
body	NN
meeting	NN
with	IN
its	PRP$
attorney	NN
for	IN
the	DT
sole	JJ
purpose	NN
of	IN
keeping	VBG
the	DT
meeting	NN
closed	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
,	,
under	IN
the	DT
guise	NN
of	IN
the	DT
attorney	NN
-	:
client	NN
privilege	NN
exception	NN
.	.
The	DT
ordinance	NN
may	MD
designate	VB
the	DT
official	NN
or	CC
employee	NN
of	IN
the	DT
municipality	NN
...	:
who	WP
shall	MD
have	VB
authority	NN
to	TO
issue	VB
and	CC
control	VB
improvement	NN
location	NN
permits	VBZ
within	IN
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
commission	NN
and	CC
in	IN
conformity	NN
with	IN
the	DT
comprehensive	JJ
plan	NN
and	CC
ordinance	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
new	JJ
panel	NN
will	MD
have	VB
three	CD
members	NNS
from	IN
an	DT
appointed	VBN
governing	VBG
body	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
those	DT
members	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
take	VB
official	JJ
action	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
approve	VB
a	DT
permit	NN
.	.
Since	IN
a	DT
delegation	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
will	MD
now	RB
have	VB
oversight	NN
of	IN
the	DT
process	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
now	RB
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
which	WDT
will	MD
take	VB
official	JJ
action	NN
,	,
within	IN
the	DT
meaning	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
.	.
Having	VBG
the	DT
three	CD
panel	NN
members	NNS
individually	RB
review	VB
a	DT
permit	NN
application	NN
and	CC
make	VB
a	DT
recommended	VBN
decision	NN
in	IN
isolation	NN
from	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
,	,
in	IN
effect	NN
,	,
defeats	VBZ
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
any	DT
decisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
panel	NN
on	IN
permits	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
subject	NN
to	TO
the	DT
open	JJ
meetings	NNS
requirements	NNS
.	.
United	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
public	JJ
agency	NN
.	.
Although	IN
public	JJ
officials	NNS
and	CC
employees	NNS
may	MD
belong	VB
,	,
the	DT
association	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
authorized	VBN
by	IN
law	NN
to	TO
exercise	VB
any	DT
executive	NN
or	CC
legislative	JJ
power	NN
.	.
It	PRP
functions	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
grass	NN
roots	NNS
,	,
single-issue	JJ
organization	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
association	NN
need	MD
not	RB
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Open	NNP
Governmental	NNP
Proceedings	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
times	NNS
when	WRB
a	DT
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
wants	VBZ
to	TO
go	VB
into	IN
executive	JJ
session	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
a	DT
matter	NN
which	WDT
has	VBZ
not	RB
specifically	RB
been	VBN
listed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
.	.
This	DT
may	MD
occur	VB
because	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
wishes	NNS
to	TO
address	VB
a	DT
topic	NN
required	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
presented	VBN
in	IN
executive	NN
session	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
misconduct	NN
of	IN
an	DT
employee	NN
.	.
The	DT
superintendent	NN
,	,
while	IN
giving	VBG
a	DT
routine	JJ
update	VBP
,	,
may	MD
touch	VB
on	IN
a	DT
confidential	JJ
matter	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
results	NNS
or	CC
aftermath	NN
of	IN
a	DT
student	NN
disciplinary	JJ
proceeding	NN
.	.
The	DT
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
may	MD
go	VB
into	IN
executive	JJ
session	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
a	DT
matter	NN
that	WDT
does	VBZ
not	RB
appear	VB
on	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
if	IN
two	CD
conditions	NNS
are	VBP
met	VBN
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
topic	NN
must	MD
be	VB
one	CD
which	WDT
the	DT
Open	NNP
Governmental	NNP
Proceedings	NNP
Act	NNP
permits	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
discussed	VBN
during	IN
a	DT
session	NN
closed	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
;	:
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
board	NN
votes	VBZ
to	TO
go	VB
into	IN
executive	JJ
session	NN
.	.
The	DT
Open	NNP
Governmental	NNP
Proceedings	NNP
Act	NNP
permits	VBZ
certain	JJ
enumerated	VBD
subjects	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
discussed	VBN
and	CC
deliberated	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
closed	JJ
session	NN
.	.
An	DT
executive	NN
session	NN
is	VBZ
merely	RB
a	DT
procedural	JJ
device	NN
afforded	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
maintain	VB
confidentiality	NN
when	WRB
necessary	JJ
.	.
Members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
public	NN
,	,
during	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
comment	NN
portion	NN
of	IN
a	DT
school	NN
board	NN
meeting	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
superintendent	NN
,	,
during	IN
his	PRP$
report	NN
to	TO
the	DT
board	NN
,	,
may	MD
raise	VB
a	DT
significant	JJ
issue	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
specifically	RB
listed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
.	.
Except	IN
in	IN
emergency	NN
situations	NNS
,	,
the	DT
board	NN
may	MD
not	RB
take	VB
official	JJ
action	NN
on	IN
this	DT
issue	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
decision	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
type	NN
which	WDT
requires	VBZ
a	DT
quorum	NN
of	IN
the	DT
members	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
present	JJ
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
true	JJ
whether	IN
the	DT
topic	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
which	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
discussed	VBN
in	IN
executive	NN
session	NN
or	CC
must	MD
be	VB
presented	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
open	JJ
portion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
board	NN
may	MD
discuss	VB
the	DT
matter	NN
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
official	JJ
action	NN
will	MD
be	VB
needed	VBN
.	.
If	IN
so	RB
,	,
the	DT
item	NN
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
rescheduled	VBN
for	IN
another	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
These	DT
limited	JJ
discussions	NNS
may	MD
occur	VB
in	IN
executive	JJ
session	NN
if	IN
warranted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
exceptions	NNS
listed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
upon	IN
proper	JJ
motion	NN
.	.
The	DT
Consolidated	NNP
Public	NNP
Retirement	NNP
Board	NNP
rules	NNS
on	IN
applications	NNS
for	IN
Disability	NNP
Retirement	NNP
Benefits	NNPS
by	IN
the	DT
following	JJ
process	NN
:	:
The	DT
Executive	NNP
Secretary	NNP
and	CC
two	CD
staff	NN
members	NNS
review	VBP
the	DT
individual	JJ
applications	NNS
and	CC
make	VB
an	DT
initial	JJ
recommendation	NN
on	IN
whether	IN
to	TO
approve	VB
or	CC
deny	VB
them	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
then	RB
mails	VBZ
the	DT
applications	NNS
,	,
supporting	VBG
documentation	NN
and	CC
the	DT
initial	JJ
recommendations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
Review	NNP
Committee	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
composed	VBN
of	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
Retirement	NNP
Board	NNP
members	NNS
.	.
The	DT
day	NN
before	IN
the	DT
Retirement	NNP
Board	NNP
meetings	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
Review	NNP
Committee	NNP
meets	VBZ
telephonically	RB
with	IN
the	DT
staff	NN
,	,
discusses	VBZ
each	DT
application	NN
and	CC
makes	VBZ
its	PRP$
own	JJ
recommendations	NNS
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
Retirement	NNP
Board	NNP
meeting	NN
,	,
the	DT
Review	NNP
Committee	NNP
Chairman	NNP
presents	VBZ
those	DT
recommendations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
which	WDT
votes	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
body	NN
on	IN
each	DT
application	NN
.	.
Notice	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
meeting	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
any	DT
``	``
special	JJ
meeting	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
an	DT
Agenda	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
procedure	NN
to	TO
be	VB
followed	VBN
for	IN
public	JJ
submission	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
outlined	VBN
below	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
will	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Berkeley	NNP
Senior	NNP
Center	NNP
,	,
and	CC
copies	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
will	MD
also	RB
be	VB
made	VBN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
media	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
Senior	NNP
Center	NNP
Lobby	NNP
desk	NN
,	,
not	RB
later	RB
than	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
business	NN
day	NN
on	IN
the	DT
third	JJ
day	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
each	DT
scheduled	VBN
meeting	NN
,	,
excluding	VBG
Saturdays	NNP
,	,
Sundays	NNP
and	CC
legal	JJ
holidays	NNS
.	.
Persons	NNS
subject	JJ
to	TO
section	NN
.	.
--	:
The	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
section	NN
apply	VB
to	TO
all	DT
elected	VBN
and	CC
appointed	VBN
public	JJ
officials	NNS
and	CC
public	JJ
employees	NNS
,	,
whether	CC
full	JJ
or	CC
part	NN
time	NN
,	,
in	IN
state	NN
,	,
county	NN
,	,
municipal	JJ
governments	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
respective	JJ
boards	NNS
,	,
agencies	NNS
,	,
departments	NNS
and	CC
commissions	NNS
and	CC
in	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
regional	JJ
or	CC
local	JJ
governmental	JJ
agency	NN
,	,
including	VBG
county	NN
school	NN
boards	NNS
.	.
In	IN
Advisory	NNP
Opinion	NNP
2003-11	CD
,	,
this	DT
Commission	NNP
determined	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
non-profit	JJ
corporation	NN
on	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
requester	NN
serves	VBZ
was	VBD
not	RB
a	DT
governmental	JJ
agency	NN
subject	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
corporation	NN
receives	VBZ
substantially	RB
all	DT
of	IN
its	PRP$
funding	NN
from	IN
or	CC
through	IN
government	NN
sources	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
nonetheless	RB
retains	VBZ
its	PRP$
status	NN
as	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
organization	NN
.	.
Directors	NNS
does	VBZ
not	RB
change	VB
the	DT
legal	JJ
status	NN
of	IN
that	DT
private	JJ
corporation	NN
.	.
Although	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
appear	VB
incongruous	JJ
that	IN
an	DT
entity	NN
which	WDT
operates	VBZ
largely	RB
on	IN
government	NN
funding	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
conflict	NN
of	IN
interest	NN
provisions	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
expanding	VBG
the	DT
Act	NNP
to	TO
include	VB
private	JJ
organizations	NNS
receiving	VBG
public	JJ
funds	NNS
is	VBZ
a	DT
matter	NN
to	TO
be	VB
determined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Non-profit	JJ
Corporation	NNP
is	VBZ
incorporated	VBN
under	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
laws	NNS
to	TO
promote	VB
the	DT
beneficial	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
forest	NN
resources	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
certain	JJ
area	NN
.	.
The	DT
Corporation	NNP
receives	VBZ
State	NNP
funding	VBG
to	TO
conduct	VB
its	PRP$
activities	NNS
.	.
Even	RB
though	IN
the	DT
Corporation	NNP
receives	VBZ
most	JJS
of	IN
its	PRP$
funds	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
State	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
still	RB
a	DT
private	JJ
organization	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
a	DT
governmental	JJ
agency	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
its	PRP$
personnel	NNS
and	CC
board	NN
members	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Non-profit	JJ
Corporation	NNP
is	VBZ
incorporated	VBN
under	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
laws	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
services	NNS
to	TO
benefit	VB
the	DT
poor	JJ
and	CC
disadvantaged	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Corporation	NNP
receives	VBZ
federal	JJ
funding	NN
to	TO
operate	VB
a	DT
Senior	JJ
Citizens	NNPS
Center	NNP
and	CC
is	VBZ
reimbursed	VBN
for	IN
certain	JJ
services	NNS
provided	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
Medicaid	NNP
program	NN
.	.
Even	RB
though	IN
the	DT
Corporation	NNP
receives	VBZ
funds	NNS
through	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
federal	JJ
programs	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
still	RB
a	DT
private	JJ
organization	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
a	DT
governmental	JJ
agency	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
its	PRP$
personnel	NNS
and	CC
board	NN
members	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Non-profit	JJ
Corporation	NNP
is	VBZ
incorporated	VBN
under	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
laws	NNS
to	TO
advocate	VB
for	IN
the	DT
rights	NNS
of	IN
persons	NNS
with	IN
disabilities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Corporation	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
designated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Governor	NNP
as	IN
the	DT
agency	NN
responsible	JJ
for	IN
administering	VBG
a	DT
particular	JJ
federal	JJ
program	NN
for	IN
the	DT
State	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
current	JJ
activities	NNS
are	VBP
funded	VBN
by	IN
federal	JJ
grants	NNS
.	.
Even	RB
though	IN
the	DT
Corporation	NNP
is	VBZ
administering	VBG
a	DT
federal	JJ
program	NN
by	IN
virtue	NN
of	IN
a	DT
gubernatorial	JJ
designation	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
activities	NNS
are	VBP
currently	RB
underwritten	VBN
by	IN
federal	JJ
grants	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
still	RB
a	DT
private	JJ
non	NN
-	:
profit	NN
corporation	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
personnel	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
its	PRP$
board	NN
members	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
not	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
prohibits	VBZ
elected	VBN
and	CC
appointed	VBN
public	JJ
officials	NNS
from	IN
appearing	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
representative	JJ
capacity	NN
before	IN
their	PRP$
agency	NN
in	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
certain	JJ
matters	NNS
.	.
The	DT
prohibition	NN
applies	VBZ
during	IN
their	PRP$
public	JJ
service	NN
and	CC
for	IN
a	DT
period	NN
of	IN
six	CD
months	NNS
after	IN
terminating	VBG
their	PRP$
public	JJ
service	NN
.	.
The	DT
Employee	NNP
asks	VBZ
whether	IN
he	PRP
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
this	DT
prohibition	NN
.	.
The	DT
answer	NN
turns	VBZ
on	IN
whether	IN
he	PRP
is	VBZ
an	DT
appointed	VBN
public	JJ
official	NN
.	.
The	DT
Prosecuting	NNP
Attorney	NNP
is	VBZ
statutory	JJ
counsel	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Commission	NNP
.	.
Further	RB
in	IN
her	PRP$
position	NN
as	IN
Prosecuting	VBG
Attorney	NNP
,	,
the	DT
requester	NN
sits	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
911	CD
Advisory	NNP
Board	NNP
,	,
as	IN
does	VBZ
the	DT
911	CD
Coordinator	NNP
who	WP
is	VBZ
employed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
commission	NN
.	.
Code	NNP
,	,
61-10-15	CD
,	,
implements	VBZ
the	DT
public	JJ
policy	NN
of	IN
this	DT
State	NN
,	,
and	CC
its	PRP$
provisions	NNS
are	VBP
clear	JJ
and	CC
unambiguous	JJ
.	.
Although	IN
harsh	JJ
,	,
its	PRP$
objects	NNS
and	CC
purposes	NNS
are	VBP
salutary	JJ
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
protect	VB
public	JJ
funds	NNS
,	,
and	CC
give	VB
official	JJ
recognition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
a	DT
person	NN
can	MD
not	RB
properly	RB
represent	VB
the	DT
public	NN
in	IN
transacting	VBG
business	NN
with	IN
himself	PRP
.	.
To	TO
permit	VB
such	JJ
conduct	NN
would	MD
open	VB
the	DT
door	NN
to	TO
fraud	NN
.	.
The	DT
statute	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
remove	VB
from	IN
public	JJ
officers	NNS
any	DT
and	CC
all	DT
temptation	NN
for	IN
personal	JJ
advantage	NN
.	.
While	IN
we	PRP
mean	VBP
to	TO
cast	VB
no	DT
aspersions	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
motives	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
prosecutor	NN
or	CC
the	DT
county	NN
commission	NN
,	,
we	PRP
note	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
simply	RB
prohibits	VBZ
the	DT
contract	NN
;	:
the	DT
conduct	NN
itself	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
inherently	RB
wrong	JJ
or	CC
evil	JJ
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
,	,
a	DT
Retired	NNP
State	NNP
Employee	NNP
,	,
seeks	VBZ
a	DT
waiver	NN
from	IN
the	DT
prohibition	NN
against	IN
appearing	VBG
before	IN
his	PRP$
former	JJ
agency	NN
in	IN
a	DT
representative	JJ
capacity	NN
for	IN
one	CD
year	NN
following	VBG
his	PRP$
departure	NN
from	IN
public	JJ
service	NN
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
retired	VBN
from	IN
employment	NN
with	IN
a	DT
State	NNP
Agency	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
2005	CD
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
year	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
employment	NN
he	PRP
held	VBD
the	DT
position	NN
of	IN
Utilities	NNP
Analyst	NNP
Manager	NNP
,	,
supervising	VBG
four	CD
to	TO
five	CD
Utilities	NNS
Analysts	NNS
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
Certified	NNP
Public	NNP
Accountant	NNP
.	.
Although	IN
he	PRP
reviewed	VBD
the	DT
prepared	JJ
testimony	NN
of	IN
subordinate	JJ
Utilities	NNS
Analysts	NNS
who	WP
appeared	VBD
as	IN
witnesses	NNS
in	IN
contested	VBN
cases	NNS
,	,
he	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
personally	RB
participate	VB
in	IN
any	DT
meetings	NNS
or	CC
hearings	NNS
regarding	VBG
contested	VBN
matters	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
is	VBZ
seeking	VBG
the	DT
waiver	NN
so	IN
that	IN
he	PRP
may	MD
testify	VB
before	IN
an	DT
Administrative	JJ
Law	NN
Judge	NNP
,	,
should	MD
that	WDT
become	VBP
necessary	JJ
,	,
regarding	VBG
a	DT
natural	JJ
gas	NN
utility	NN
which	WDT
he	PRP
is	VBZ
assisting	VBG
in	IN
filing	NN
and	CC
processing	VBG
a	DT
rate	NN
change	NN
request	NN
.	.
He	PRP
had	VBD
no	DT
personal	JJ
involvement	NN
with	IN
this	DT
particular	JJ
utility	NN
at	IN
anytime	RB
during	IN
his	PRP$
previous	JJ
State	NN
employment	NN
.	.
The	DT
Legislature	NNP
authorized	VBD
this	DT
Commission	NN
to	TO
waive	VB
the	DT
one	CD
year	NN
limitation	NN
on	IN
returning	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
former	JJ
agency	NN
to	TO
appear	VB
in	IN
a	DT
representative	JJ
capacity	NN
in	IN
circumstances	NNS
where	WRB
the	DT
requester	NN
would	MD
,	,
for	IN
all	DT
practical	JJ
purposes	NNS
,	,
be	VB
deprived	VBN
of	IN
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
earn	VB
a	DT
livelihood	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
outside	IN
of	IN
his	PRP$
governmental	JJ
agency	NN
.	.
This	DT
statutory	JJ
standard	JJ
requires	VBZ
a	DT
requester	NN
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
substantial	JJ
showing	NN
of	IN
hardship	NN
on	IN
obtaining	VBG
gainful	JJ
employment	NN
.	.
The	DT
Legislature	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
state	NN
government	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
many	JJ
public	JJ
bodies	NNS
and	CC
local	JJ
governments	NNS
have	VBP
many	JJ
part-time	JJ
public	NN
officials	NNS
and	CC
public	JJ
employees	NNS
serving	VBG
in	IN
elected	VBN
and	CC
appointed	VBN
capacities	NNS
;	:
and	CC
that	IN
certain	JJ
conflicts	NNS
of	IN
interest	NN
are	VBP
inherent	JJ
in	IN
part-time	JJ
service	NN
and	CC
do	VB
not	RB
,	,
in	IN
every	DT
instance	NN
,	,
disqualify	VBP
a	DT
public	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
public	JJ
employee	NN
from	IN
the	DT
responsibility	NN
of	IN
voting	NN
or	CC
deciding	VBG
a	DT
matter	NN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
when	WRB
such	JJ
conflict	NN
becomes	VBZ
personal	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
particular	JJ
public	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
public	JJ
employee	NN
,	,
such	JJ
person	NN
should	MD
seek	VB
to	TO
be	VB
excused	VBN
from	IN
voting	NN
,	,
recused	VBN
from	IN
deciding	VBG
,	,
or	CC
otherwise	RB
relieved	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
obligation	NN
of	IN
acting	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
representative	NN
charged	VBN
with	IN
deciding	VBG
or	CC
acting	VBG
on	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
voting	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
final	JJ
approval	NN
for	IN
subdivisions	NNS
where	WRB
he	PRP
is	VBZ
doing	VBG
business	NN
with	IN
the	DT
developer	NN
directly	RB
or	CC
a	DT
contractor	NN
working	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
developer	NN
.	.
He	PRP
has	VBZ
requested	VBN
guidance	NN
on	IN
whether	IN
he	PRP
may	MD
vote	VB
in	IN
other	JJ
circumstances	NNS
involving	VBG
a	DT
previous	JJ
,	,
current	JJ
or	CC
potential	JJ
customer	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
requester	NN
to	TO
be	VB
recused	VBN
from	IN
those	DT
decisions	NNS
where	WRB
he	PRP
is	VBZ
currently	RB
supplying	VBG
the	DT
developer	NN
or	CC
a	DT
contractor	NN
for	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
subdivision	NN
,	,
or	CC
is	VBZ
currently	RB
bidding	VBG
on	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
mater	NN
,	,
as	IN
he	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
at	IN
least	JJS
an	DT
indirect	JJ
financial	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
outcome	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
matters	NNS
.	.
Otherwise	RB
,	,
the	DT
requester	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
prohibited	VBN
from	IN
voting	VBG
on	IN
matters	NNS
when	WRB
approval	NN
may	MD
or	CC
may	MD
not	RB
lead	VB
to	TO
business	NN
with	IN
the	DT
developer	NN
,	,
a	DT
contractor	NN
working	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
developer	NN
,	,
an	DT
individual	JJ
home	NN
builder	NN
,	,
or	CC
contractor	NN
working	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
home	NN
builder	NN
.	.
A	DT
newly-elected	JJ
State	NN
Official	NNP
was	VBD
previously	RB
appointed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
President	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
to	TO
serve	VB
on	IN
a	DT
federal	JJ
commission	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
compensated	VBN
federal	JJ
appointment	NN
.	.
The	DT
federal	JJ
commission	NN
primarily	RB
deals	VBZ
with	IN
pensions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Official	NNP
is	VBZ
primarily	RB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
election	NN
matters	NNS
but	CC
also	RB
deals	VBZ
with	IN
registration	NN
of	IN
corporations	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
business	NN
organizations	NNS
.	.
Business	NNP
A	NNP
is	VBZ
actively	RB
engaged	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
residential	JJ
building	NN
lots	NNS
.	.
Business	NNP
B	NNP
is	VBZ
engaged	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
residential	JJ
and	CC
commercial	JJ
buildings	NNS
.	.
Both	DT
businesses	NNS
necessarily	RB
have	VBP
significant	JJ
interaction	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
and	CC
its	PRP$
staff	NN
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
recognizes	VBZ
if	IN
he	PRP
accepts	VBZ
an	DT
appointment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
,	,
he	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
permitted	VBN
to	TO
personally	RB
contact	VB
the	DT
staff	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
or	CC
appear	VB
before	IN
the	DT
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
in	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
any	DT
matter	NN
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
either	DT
Business	NN
A	DT
or	CC
B.	NNP
He	PRP
further	RB
recognizes	VBZ
that	IN
he	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
permitted	VBN
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
vote	NN
or	CC
discussion	NN
on	IN
any	DT
permit	NN
,	,
license	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
matter	NN
involving	VBG
either	CC
Business	NNP
A	NNP
or	CC
B.	NNP
The	DT
requester	NN
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
determine	VB
if	IN
he	PRP
may	MD
nonetheless	RB
continue	VB
to	TO
pursue	VB
his	PRP$
business	NN
interests	NNS
by	IN
limiting	VBG
any	DT
contact	NN
between	IN
those	DT
businesses	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
and	CC
its	PRP$
staff	NN
to	TO
his	PRP$
employees	NNS
,	,
agents	NNS
and	CC
company	NN
officers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
facts	NNS
here	RB
involve	VBP
substantially	RB
the	DT
same	JJ
conflict	NN
of	IN
interest	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
previously	RB
determined	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
prohibited	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
limitations	NNS
in	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
g	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
requester	NN
elects	VBZ
to	TO
accept	VB
an	DT
appointment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
,	,
he	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
precluded	VBN
from	IN
appearing	VBG
before	IN
the	DT
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
regarding	VBG
matters	NNS
concerning	VBG
his	PRP$
business	NN
activities	NNS
,	,
either	CC
personally	RB
and	CC
directly	RB
or	CC
indirectly	RB
through	IN
employees	NNS
,	,
company	NN
officers	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
agents	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
this	DT
limitation	NN
continues	VBZ
to	TO
apply	VB
for	IN
six	CD
months	NNS
after	IN
his	PRP$
departure	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
.	.
After	IN
July	NNP
1	CD
,	,
2005	CD
,	,
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
recent	JJ
amendments	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
this	DT
post	NN
-	:
separation	NN
limitation	NN
will	MD
apply	VB
for	IN
one	CD
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
was	VBD
established	VBN
to	TO
regulate	VB
a	DT
particular	JJ
profession	NN
.	.
Persons	NNS
appointed	VBN
to	TO
this	DT
Board	NNP
must	MD
have	VB
engaged	VBN
in	IN
their	PRP$
profession	NN
for	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
ten	CD
years	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
has	VBZ
authority	NN
to	TO
investigate	VB
complaints	NNS
filed	VBN
against	IN
licensees	NNS
by	IN
any	DT
person	NN
and	CC
to	TO
take	VB
appropriate	JJ
disciplinary	JJ
action	NN
against	IN
a	DT
licensee	NN
for	IN
violating	VBG
certain	JJ
statutory	JJ
standards	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
also	RB
has	VBZ
specific	JJ
authority	NN
to	TO
investigate	VB
a	DT
licensee	NN
on	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
motion	NN
or	CC
upon	IN
a	DT
complaint	NN
filed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
.	.
After	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
received	VBD
Complaint	NNP
No.	NNP
1	CD
against	IN
a	DT
licensee	NN
,	,
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
A	NNP
personally	RB
participated	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
investigation	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
that	DT
investigation	NN
,	,
he	PRP
visited	VBD
a	DT
particular	JJ
location	NN
where	WRB
he	PRP
observed	VBD
matters	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
relevant	JJ
to	TO
adjudicating	VBG
Complaint	NNP
No.	NN
1	CD
.	.
Legislative	JJ
Rules	NNS
-	:
158-9-2	CD
.1	CD
A	DT
public	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
public	JJ
employee	NN
may	MD
not	RB
vote	VB
on	IN
or	CC
decide	VB
a	DT
matter	NN
...	:
when	WRB
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
has	VBZ
any	DT
pecuniary	JJ
interest	NN
either	CC
directly	RB
or	CC
indirectly	RB
in	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
...	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
but	CC
may	MD
,	,
if	IN
their	PRP$
interest	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
...	:
in	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
is	VBZ
affected	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
no	DT
greater	JJR
extent	NN
than	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
member	NN
of	IN
,	,
a	DT
profession	NN
,	,
occupation	NN
or	CC
class	NN
.	.
Board	NNP
to	TO
file	VB
written	VBN
complaints	NNS
against	IN
a	DT
licensee	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
matters	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
personal	JJ
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
,	,
matters	NNS
of	IN
public	JJ
record	NN
that	WDT
constitute	VBP
grounds	NNS
for	IN
disciplinary	JJ
action	NN
,	,
or	CC
upon	IN
information	NN
received	VBN
through	IN
investigative	JJ
activities	NNS
undertaken	VBN
in	IN
response	NN
to	TO
written	VBN
or	CC
verbal	JJ
complaints	NNS
.	.
The	DT
rules	NNS
specifically	RB
provide	VBP
that	IN
a	DT
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
who	WP
files	VBZ
a	DT
written	VBN
complaint	NN
may	MD
not	RB
participate	VB
in	IN
final	JJ
deliberations	NNS
,	,
or	CC
vote	NN
on	IN
the	DT
final	JJ
disposition	NN
of	IN
a	DT
complaint	NN
,	,
unless	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
clear	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
complaint	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
filed	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
form	NN
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
has	VBZ
not	RB
prejudged	VBN
the	DT
case	NN
,	,
that	IN
only	RB
unproven	JJ
allegations	NNS
are	VBP
intended	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
complaint	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Board	NNP
member	NN
filing	VBG
the	DT
complaint	NN
has	VBZ
reached	VBN
no	DT
conclusion	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
mere	JJ
assertion	NN
of	IN
a	DT
charge	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
B	NNP
,	,
who	WP
initiated	VBD
Complaint	NNP
No.	NNP
2	CD
against	IN
a	DT
licensee	NN
based	VBN
upon	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
incidents	NNS
involving	VBG
one	CD
of	IN
his	PRP$
professional	JJ
clients	NNS
,	,
is	VBZ
personally	RB
involved	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
manner	NN
which	WDT
precludes	VBZ
him	PRP
from	IN
voting	VBG
on	IN
whether	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
probable	JJ
cause	NN
to	TO
pursue	VB
either	DT
complaint	NN
against	IN
this	DT
licensee	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
from	IN
participating	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
ultimate	JJ
adjudication	NN
of	IN
these	DT
matters	NNS
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
event	NN
probable	JJ
cause	NN
is	VBZ
found	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
remaining	VBG
Board	NNP
Members	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
is	VBZ
considering	VBG
leasing	VBG
space	NN
in	IN
a	DT
school	NN
building	NN
to	TO
a	DT
credit	NN
union	NN
.	.
The	DT
credit	NN
union	NN
will	MD
provide	VB
similar	JJ
financial	JJ
services	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
bank	NN
which	WDT
currently	RB
leases	VBZ
the	DT
space	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
continue	VB
participation	NN
in	IN
a	DT
finance	NN
curriculum	NN
for	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
County	NNP
School	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
18,000	CD
members	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
credit	NN
union	NN
,	,
which	WDT
operates	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
,	,
non-profit	JJ
corporation	NN
.	.
Each	DT
member	NN
has	VBZ
equal	JJ
ownership	NN
and	CC
voice	NN
in	IN
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
corporation	NN
,	,
without	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
loans	NNS
or	CC
deposits	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Superintendent	NNP
also	RB
serves	VBZ
,	,
without	IN
compensation	NN
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
supervisory	JJ
committee	NN
,	,
which	WDT
essentially	RB
functions	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
auditing	NN
committee	NN
for	IN
the	DT
business	NN
.	.
Supervisory	JJ
committee	NN
members	NNS
have	VBP
no	DT
voting	NN
rights	NNS
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
credit	NN
union	NN
management	NN
or	CC
decisions	NNS
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
6B-2-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
provides	VBZ
in	IN
pertinent	JJ
part	NN
that	WDT
...	:
no	DT
elected	VBN
or	CC
appointed	VBN
public	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
public	JJ
employee	NN
or	CC
member	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
immediate	JJ
family	NN
or	CC
business	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
associated	VBN
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
party	NN
to	TO
or	CC
have	VBP
an	DT
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
profits	NNS
or	CC
benefits	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
which	WDT
such	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
employee	NN
may	MD
have	VB
direct	JJ
authority	NN
to	TO
enter	VB
into	IN
,	,
or	CC
over	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
control	NN
...	:
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
Section	NNP
61-10-15	CD
states	NNS
in	IN
pertinent	JJ
part	NN
that	WDT
...	:
It	PRP
shall	MD
be	VB
unlawful	JJ
for	IN
any	DT
member	NN
of	IN
any	DT
county	NN
board	NN
...	:
to	TO
be	VB
or	CC
become	VB
pecuniarily	RB
interested	JJ
,	,
directly	RB
or	CC
indirectly	RB
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
proceeds	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
contract	NN
or	CC
service	NN
or	CC
in	IN
furnishing	VBG
any	DT
supplies	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
for	IN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
awarding	NN
or	CC
letting	VBG
of	IN
,	,
which	WDT
as	IN
such	JJ
member	NN
he	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
any	DT
voice	NN
,	,
influence	NN
or	CC
control	NN
.	.
Both	DT
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
and	CC
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
prohibit	VBP
public	JJ
servants	NNS
from	IN
having	VBG
a	DT
personal	JJ
financial	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
contract	NN
,	,
purchase	NN
or	CC
sale	NN
over	IN
which	WDT
their	PRP$
public	JJ
position	NN
gives	VBZ
them	PRP
control	NN
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
,	,
the	DT
requester	NN
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
control	NN
over	IN
his	PRP$
school	NN
systems	NNS
'	POS
financial	JJ
transactions	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
he	PRP
is	VBZ
precluded	VBN
from	IN
having	VBG
a	DT
personal	JJ
financial	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
such	JJ
transactions	NNS
.	.
This	DT
decision	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
particular	JJ
facts	NNS
and	CC
circumstances	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
request	NN
and	CC
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
relied	VBN
upon	IN
by	IN
others	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
decide	VB
whether	IN
a	DT
pecuniary	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
matter	NN
is	VBZ
de	IN
minimis	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
case-by-case	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
is	VBZ
considering	VBG
a	DT
proposal	NN
to	TO
restructure	VB
the	DT
television	NN
studio	NN
and	CC
associated	VBN
curriculum	NN
at	IN
a	DT
county	NN
high	JJ
school	NN
.	.
The	DT
proposal	NN
involves	VBZ
a	DT
collaborative	JJ
venture	NN
with	IN
several	JJ
private	JJ
sector	NN
businesses	NNS
,	,
WV	NNP
Public	NNP
Broadcasting	NNP
,	,
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
University	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
private	JJ
university	NN
.	.
Those	DT
entities	NNS
joined	VBD
with	IN
the	DT
school	NN
system	NN
in	IN
the	DT
venture	NN
will	MD
provide	VB
increased	VBN
educational	JJ
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
students	NNS
,	,
but	CC
will	MD
themselves	PRP
receive	VB
no	DT
financial	JJ
benefit	NN
from	IN
their	PRP$
involvement	NN
.	.
No	DT
county	NN
funds	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
property	NN
would	MD
be	VB
transferred	VBN
to	TO
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
participating	VBG
entities	NNS
and	CC
none	NN
of	IN
them	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
schools	NNS
facilities	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
activities	NNS
.	.
These	DT
findings	NNS
make	VBP
it	PRP
clear	JJ
that	IN
no	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
or	CC
its	PRP$
legislative	JJ
rules	NNS
on	IN
voting	NN
require	VBP
the	DT
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
to	TO
be	VB
recused	VBN
from	IN
consideration	NN
of	IN
and	CC
vote	VB
on	IN
this	DT
proposal	NN
,	,
simply	RB
because	IN
the	DT
trust	NN
owns	VBZ
stock	NN
in	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
private	JJ
businesses	NNS
involved	VBN
.	.
Her	PRP$
participation	NN
is	VBZ
proper	JJ
and	CC
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Council	NNP
Member	NNP
serves	VBZ
as	IN
chair	NN
of	IN
the	DT
City	NNP
Council	NNP
of	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
member	NN
.	.
He	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
tenured	JJ
professor	NN
employed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
State	NN
university	NN
.	.
He	PRP
asks	VBZ
whether	IN
he	PRP
may	MD
discuss	VB
and	CC
vote	VB
on	IN
matters	NNS
before	IN
Council	NNP
which	WDT
affect	VBP
the	DT
university	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
is	VBZ
employed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
notes	VBZ
that	IN
its	PRP$
rules	NNS
do	VBP
permit	VB
the	DT
Member	NNP
to	TO
vote	VB
on	IN
matters	NNS
which	WDT
affect	VBP
his	PRP$
employer	NN
,	,
only	RB
as	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
no	DT
greater	JJR
extent	NN
than	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
member	NN
of	IN
,	,
a	DT
profession	NN
,	,
occupation	NN
or	CC
class	NN
.	.
He	PRP
could	MD
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
vote	NN
on	IN
matters	NNS
which	WDT
would	MD
affect	VB
the	DT
general	JJ
business	NN
community	NN
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
university	NN
.	.
He	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
,	,
however	RB
,	,
preside	VB
over	RP
,	,
take	VB
part	NN
in	IN
the	DT
discussion	NN
of	IN
,	,
or	CC
vote	NN
on	IN
a	DT
proposal	NN
that	IN
the	DT
City	NNP
grant	NN
financial	JJ
assistance	NN
to	TO
a	DT
University	NNP
program	NN
or	CC
project	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
matters	NNS
that	WDT
uniquely	RB
affect	VB
his	PRP$
employer	NN
.	.
While	IN
this	DT
Opinion	NN
deals	NNS
with	IN
filling	VBG
a	DT
vacant	JJ
public	JJ
office	NN
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
hiring	VBG
someone	NN
as	IN
an	DT
agency	NN
employee	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
matter	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
Council	NNP
Member	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
personal	JJ
financial	JJ
interest	NN
,	,
since	IN
the	DT
office	NN
of	IN
Mayor	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
full-time	JJ
paid	VBN
position	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
and	CC
rules	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
Member	NNP
should	MD
not	RB
vote	VB
as	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
Council	NNP
on	IN
his	PRP$
own	JJ
candidacy	NN
for	IN
the	DT
office	NN
of	IN
Mayor	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
seeking	VBG
reelection	NN
and	CC
her	PRP$
term	NN
will	MD
expire	VB
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
June	NNP
,	,
2002	CD
.	.
She	PRP
and	CC
her	PRP$
spouse	NN
own	JJ
and	CC
operate	VB
a	DT
construction	NN
company	NN
and	CC
they	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
bid	VB
on	IN
and	CC
perform	VB
school	NN
building	NN
construction	NN
work	NN
,	,
once	RB
her	PRP$
term	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
has	VBZ
expired	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Requester	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
asked	VBN
to	TO
serve	VB
on	IN
the	DT
Citizens	NNPS
Legislative	NNP
Compensation	NNP
Commission	NNP
,	,
whose	WP$
seven	CD
members	NNS
establish	VB
legislative	JJ
compensation	NN
and	CC
expense	NN
allowances	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
asks	VBZ
if	IN
his	PRP$
role	NN
as	IN
a	DT
registered	VBN
lobbyist	NN
disqualifies	VBZ
him	PRP
from	IN
serving	VBG
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
establishing	VBG
legislative	JJ
compensation	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
matter	NN
which	WDT
affects	VBZ
registered	VBN
lobbyists	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
manner	NN
which	WDT
would	MD
influence	VB
their	PRP$
vote	NN
and	CC
would	MD
give	VB
the	DT
appearance	NN
of	IN
impropriety	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
actions	NNS
on	IN
such	JJ
matters	NNS
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
their	PRP$
well	NN
intentioned	JJ
and	CC
determined	JJ
efforts	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
objective	JJ
.	.
The	DT
University	NNP
has	VBZ
advertised	VBN
for	IN
applicants	NNS
to	TO
fill	VB
the	DT
position	NN
of	IN
Director	NNP
for	IN
an	DT
Institute	NNP
created	VBN
and	CC
funded	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
US	NNP
Congress	NNP
.	.
The	DT
University	NNP
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
setting	VBG
up	RP
and	CC
overseeing	VBG
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Institute	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Director	NNP
will	MD
report	VB
to	TO
the	DT
University	NNP
President	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Legislator	NNP
serves	VBZ
as	IN
Vice	NNP
Chairman	NNP
of	IN
a	DT
Legislative	NNP
Education	NNP
Committee	NNP
.	.
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
6B-2-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
provides	VBZ
in	IN
pertinent	JJ
part	NN
that	WDT
...	:
A	DT
public	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
public	JJ
employee	NN
may	MD
not	RB
knowingly	RB
and	CC
intentionally	RB
use	VB
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
office	NN
or	CC
the	DT
prestige	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
office	NN
for	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
own	JJ
private	JJ
gain	NN
or	CC
that	IN
of	IN
another	DT
person	NN
...	:
Under	IN
existing	VBG
State	NNP
Forestry	NNP
policies	NNS
,	,
State	NNP
Foresters	NNPS
may	MD
provide	VB
landowners	NNS
with	IN
free	JJ
or	CC
heavily	RB
subsidized	JJ
forest	NN
management	NN
services	NNS
comparable	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
work	NN
the	DT
Forester	NNP
proposes	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
on	IN
his	PRP$
own	JJ
time	NN
as	IN
a	DT
paid	VBN
consultant	NN
.	.
While	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
limits	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
size	NN
of	IN
the	DT
tract	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
qualify	VB
for	IN
these	DT
services	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
1,000	CD
acre	NN
tract	NN
may	MD
fall	VB
within	IN
the	DT
upper	JJ
limits	NNS
of	IN
those	DT
which	WDT
qualify	VBP
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
Foresters	NNS
regulate	VB
those	DT
in	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
whom	WP
they	PRP
,	,
or	CC
their	PRP$
subordinates	NNS
,	,
have	VBP
taken	VBN
official	JJ
action	NN
on	IN
matters	NNS
involving	VBG
enforcement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Logging	NNP
Sediment	NNP
Control	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
forest	NN
fire	NN
laws	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
ginseng	NN
program	NN
.	.
They	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
regulate	VB
forest	NN
landowners	NNS
generally	RB
,	,
or	CC
those	DT
to	TO
whom	WP
they	PRP
provide	VBP
forestry	NN
management	NN
services	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
this	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Forester	NNP
to	TO
be	VB
employed	VBN
part-time	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
paid	VBN
consultant	NN
by	IN
the	DT
landowner	NN
,	,
assuming	VBG
neither	RB
he	PRP
nor	CC
any	DT
of	IN
his	PRP$
subordinates	NNS
have	VBP
taken	VBN
regulatory	JJ
action	NN
in	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
landowner	NN
within	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
year	NN
.	.
State	NNP
Forester	NNP
,	,
or	CC
his	PRP$
subordinates	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Forester	NNP
to	TO
accept	VB
private	JJ
pay	NN
from	IN
the	DT
landowner	NN
for	IN
performing	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
services	NNS
on	IN
his	PRP$
own	JJ
time	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
landowner	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
entitled	VBN
to	TO
receive	VB
free	JJ
or	CC
subsidized	JJ
management	NN
services	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
State	NN
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Forester	NNP
to	TO
accept	VB
private	JJ
pay	NN
for	IN
doing	VBG
the	DT
work	NN
on	IN
his	PRP$
own	JJ
time	NN
.	.
The	DT
proposal	NN
calls	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
station	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
approximately	RB
half	PDT
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
producing	VBG
and	CC
airing	VBG
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
thirty	CD
second	JJ
promotional	JJ
spots	NNS
.	.
The	DT
balance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
cost	NN
would	MD
be	VB
shared	VBN
by	IN
Board	NNP
vendors	NNS
whose	WP$
support	NN
would	MD
be	VB
acknowledged	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
final	JJ
ten	CD
seconds	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
spots	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
or	CC
its	PRP$
personnel	NNS
to	TO
acknowledge	VB
their	PRP$
support	NN
of	IN
the	DT
campaign	NN
or	CC
their	PRP$
belief	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
benefit	VB
public	JJ
education	NN
goals	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
improper	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
or	CC
its	PRP$
personnel	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
influence	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
public	JJ
positions	NNS
to	TO
persuade	VB
or	CC
influence	VB
Board	NNP
vendors	NNS
to	TO
support	VB
the	DT
campaign	NN
and	CC
they	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
sensitive	JJ
to	TO
avoid	VB
conduct	NN
which	WDT
suggests	VBZ
a	DT
link	NN
between	IN
support	NN
for	IN
the	DT
campaign	NN
and	CC
continued	VBD
business	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
6B-2-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Interests	NNS
in	IN
public	JJ
contracts	NNS
,	,
provides	VBZ
in	IN
part	NN
that	IN
...	:
no	DT
elected	VBN
or	CC
appointed	VBN
official	JJ
or	CC
employee	NN
or	CC
member	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
immediate	JJ
family	NN
or	CC
business	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
associated	VBN
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
party	NN
to	TO
or	CC
have	VBP
an	DT
interest	NN
in	IN
...	:
a	DT
contract	NN
which	WDT
such	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
employee	NN
may	MD
have	VB
direct	JJ
authority	NN
to	TO
enter	VB
into	IN
,	,
or	CC
over	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
control	NN
...	:
Both	DT
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
and	CC
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
,	,
a	DT
criminal	JJ
misdemeanor	NN
statute	NN
,	,
prohibit	VBP
public	JJ
servants	NNS
from	IN
being	VBG
a	DT
party	NN
to	TO
,	,
or	CC
having	VBG
a	DT
financial	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
,	,
a	DT
public	JJ
contract	NN
,	,
purchase	NN
or	CC
sale	NN
over	IN
which	WDT
their	PRP$
public	JJ
position	NN
gives	VBZ
them	PRP
control	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
,	,
does	VBZ
apply	VB
to	TO
businesses	NNS
by	IN
which	WDT
public	JJ
servants	NNS
are	VBP
employed	VBN
and	CC
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
to	TO
lease	VB
or	CC
sell	VB
property	NN
to	TO
a	DT
business	NN
which	WDT
employs	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
its	PRP$
Board	NNP
Members	NNP
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
Member	NNP
were	VBD
recused	VBN
from	IN
official	JJ
action	NN
on	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
.	.
He	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
appear	VB
before	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
work	NN
with	IN
the	DT
engineering	NN
company	NN
and	CC
asks	VBZ
if	IN
his	PRP$
position	NN
on	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Zoning	NNP
Appeals	NNP
prevents	VBZ
him	PRP
from	IN
doing	VBG
so	RB
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
recognizes	VBZ
that	IN
he	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
appear	VB
before	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Zoning	NNP
Appeals	NNP
in	IN
a	DT
representative	JJ
capacity	NN
,	,
and	CC
refrains	VBZ
from	IN
such	JJ
activity	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
the	DT
requester	NN
recuses	VBZ
himself	PRP
from	IN
matters	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Zoning	NNP
Appeals	NNP
which	WDT
involve	VBP
the	DT
engineering	NN
company	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
is	VBZ
employed	VBN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
separate	JJ
governmental	JJ
entity	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
prohibit	VB
the	DT
requester	NN
from	IN
appearing	VBG
before	IN
that	DT
agency	NN
in	IN
a	DT
representative	JJ
capacity	NN
.	.
Board	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Member	NNP
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
personnel	NNS
matters	NNS
regarding	VBG
all	DT
Board	NNP
employees	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
asks	VBZ
if	IN
he	PRP
may	MD
take	VB
part	NN
in	IN
the	DT
discussion	NN
and	CC
vote	NN
on	IN
personnel	NNS
matters	NNS
affecting	VBG
the	DT
principal	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
his	PRP$
tenant	NN
.	.
The	DT
rules	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
House	NNP
and	CC
Senate	NNP
achieve	VBP
the	DT
same	JJ
result	NN
,	,
e.g.	FW
public	JJ
school	NN
teachers	NNS
who	WP
serve	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
are	VBP
permitted	VBN
to	TO
vote	VB
on	IN
a	DT
pay	NN
raise	NN
for	IN
public	JJ
school	NN
teachers	NNS
generally	RB
.	.
Being	VBG
affected	VBN
only	RB
as	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
teaching	NN
profession	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
no	DT
greater	JJR
extent	NN
than	IN
other	JJ
teachers	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
permitted	VBN
to	TO
vote	VB
on	IN
the	DT
legislation	NN
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
benefit	VB
them	PRP
financially	RB
.	.
The	DT
Ethics	NNP
Commission	NNP
can	MD
neither	RB
anticipate	VB
all	PDT
the	DT
matters	NNS
with	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
Member	NNP
may	MD
be	VB
confronted	VBN
nor	CC
whether	IN
he	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
financial	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Those	DT
matters	NNS
which	WDT
appear	VBP
to	TO
fall	VB
outside	IN
the	DT
limits	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Advisory	NNP
Opinion	NNP
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
dealt	VBN
with	IN
on	IN
a	DT
case	NN
by	IN
case	NN
basis	NN
,	,
as	IN
they	PRP
arise	VBP
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
is	VBZ
governed	VBN
by	IN
nine	CD
voting	NN
members	NNS
,	,
two	CD
of	IN
whom	WP
serve	VBP
ex	FW
officio	FW
,	,
three	CD
are	VBP
appointed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Governor	NNP
to	TO
represent	VB
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
and	CC
four	CD
are	VBP
appointed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Governor	NNP
from	IN
among	IN
those	DT
who	WP
currently	RB
hold	VBP
licenses	NNS
issued	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
.	.
The	DT
number	NN
of	IN
those	DT
licensed	VBN
is	VBZ
presently	RB
restricted	VBN
to	TO
forty	CD
.	.
The	DT
licenses	NNS
issued	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
may	MD
be	VB
transferred	VBN
,	,
sold	VBN
,	,
offered	VBN
as	IN
security	NN
to	TO
financial	JJ
institutions	NNS
or	CC
otherwise	RB
encumbered	VBD
.	.
The	DT
significant	JJ
financial	JJ
value	NN
of	IN
the	DT
licenses	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
affected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
issuance	NN
of	IN
more	JJR
licenses	NNS
or	CC
the	DT
termination	NN
or	CC
non-renewal	NN
of	IN
licenses	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Chairman	NNP
asks	VBZ
whether	IN
Commission	NNP
members	NNS
who	WP
hold	VBP
licenses	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
recused	VBN
from	IN
considering	VBG
and	CC
voting	VBG
on	IN
license	NN
applications	NNS
,	,
since	IN
their	PRP$
actions	NNS
can	MD
significantly	RB
alter	VB
the	DT
value	NN
of	IN
the	DT
licenses	NNS
they	PRP
hold	VBP
.	.
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
6B-2-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
j	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
Limitations	NNPS
on	IN
participation	NN
in	IN
licensing	NN
and	CC
rate-making	JJ
proceedings	NNS
.	.
--	:
No	DT
public	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
employee	NN
may	MD
participate	VB
within	IN
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
duties	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
employee	NN
...	:
in	IN
any	DT
license	NN
or	CC
rate-making	JJ
proceeding	NN
that	WDT
directly	RB
affects	VBZ
the	DT
license	NN
or	CC
rates	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
person	NN
,	,
partnership	NN
,	,
trust	NN
,	,
business	NN
trust	NN
,	,
corporation	NN
or	CC
association	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
public	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
employee	NN
or	CC
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
immediate	JJ
family	NN
owns	VBZ
or	CC
controls	VBZ
more	RBR
than	IN
ten	CD
percent	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
took	VBD
a	DT
different	JJ
approach	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
when	WRB
dealing	VBG
with	IN
voting	NN
by	IN
public	JJ
servants	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
involved	VBN
in	IN
license	NN
and	CC
rate-making	JJ
proceedings	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
prohibits	VBZ
public	JJ
servants	NNS
from	IN
taking	VBG
official	JJ
action	NN
on	IN
license	NN
and	CC
rate	NN
making	VBG
matters	NNS
which	WDT
directly	RB
affect	VBP
their	PRP$
own	JJ
licenses	NNS
,	,
or	CC
those	DT
of	IN
a	DT
business	NN
which	WDT
they	PRP
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
immediate	JJ
family	NN
,	,
own	JJ
or	CC
control	VB
an	DT
interest	NN
of	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
ten	CD
per	IN
cent	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
proviso	NN
allowing	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
vote	VB
if	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
affected	VBN
only	RB
as	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
a	DT
group	NN
.	.
The	DT
State	NN
has	VBZ
more	JJR
than	IN
forty	CD
professional	JJ
and	CC
occupational	JJ
licensing	NN
boards	NNS
and	CC
commissions	NNS
responsible	JJ
for	IN
activities	NNS
spanning	VBG
from	IN
accountancy	NN
and	CC
acupuncture	NN
to	TO
veterinary	JJ
medicine	NN
.	.
Each	DT
issues	NNS
licenses	NNS
and	CC
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
to	TO
insure	VB
the	DT
competence	NN
of	IN
those	DT
who	WP
hold	VBP
and	CC
exercise	VBP
the	DT
licenses	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Ethics	NNP
Commission	NNP
can	MD
neither	RB
anticipate	VB
all	PDT
the	DT
matters	NNS
with	IN
which	WDT
this	DT
State	NNP
Commission	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
confronted	VBN
nor	CC
provide	VBP
an	DT
answer	NN
to	TO
whether	IN
each	DT
would	MD
directly	RB
affect	VB
the	DT
licenses	NNS
of	IN
Commission	NNP
members	NNS
who	WP
hold	VBP
licenses	NNS
.	.
Those	DT
which	WDT
appear	VBP
to	TO
fall	VB
outside	IN
the	DT
limits	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Advisory	NNP
Opinion	NNP
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
dealt	VBN
with	IN
on	IN
a	DT
case	NN
by	IN
case	NN
basis	NN
,	,
as	IN
they	PRP
arise	VBP
.	.
The	DT
Requester	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
registered	VBN
lobbyist	NN
with	IN
a	DT
business	NN
entity	NN
that	WDT
represents	VBZ
several	JJ
clients	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
and	CC
another	DT
employee	NN
of	IN
the	DT
business	NN
ordinarily	RB
represent	VBP
8	CD
to	TO
10	CD
clients	NNS
during	IN
a	DT
registration	NN
cycle	NN
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
asks	VBZ
whether	IN
multiple	JJ
employees	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
lobbying	NN
firm	NN
are	VBP
each	DT
required	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
an	DT
additional	JJ
$	$
100	CD
for	IN
every	DT
client	NN
they	PRP
jointly	RB
represent	VBP
.	.
Whenever	NNP
a	DT
lobbyist	NN
modifies	VBZ
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
registration	NN
to	TO
add	VB
additional	JJ
employers	NNS
an	DT
additional	JJ
registration	NN
fee	NN
of	IN
one	CD
hundred	CD
dollars	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
additional	JJ
employer	NN
represented	VBD
shall	MD
be	VB
paid	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Commission	NNP
.	.
The	DT
rules	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
House	NNP
and	CC
Senate	NNP
achieve	VBP
the	DT
same	JJ
result	NN
,	,
e.g.	FW
,	,
public	JJ
school	NN
teachers	NNS
who	WP
serve	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
are	VBP
permitted	VBN
to	TO
vote	VB
on	IN
a	DT
pay	NN
raise	NN
for	IN
public	JJ
school	NN
teachers	NNS
generally	RB
.	.
Being	VBG
affected	VBN
only	RB
as	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
teaching	NN
profession	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
no	DT
greater	JJR
extent	NN
than	IN
other	JJ
teachers	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
permitted	VBN
to	TO
vote	VB
on	IN
the	DT
legislation	NN
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
benefit	VB
them	PRP
financially	RB
.	.
The	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
requires	VBZ
all	DT
elected	VBN
officials	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
state	NN
and	CC
county	NN
level	NN
to	TO
file	VB
an	DT
annual	JJ
financial	JJ
disclosure	NN
statement	NN
.	.
Supervisors	NNPS
of	IN
Soil	NNP
Conservation	NNP
Districts	NNPS
are	VBP
public	JJ
servants	NNS
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
standards	NNS
of	IN
conduct	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
Supervisors	NNPS
have	VBP
not	RB
previously	RB
been	VBN
recognized	VBN
as	IN
elected	VBN
officials	NNS
required	VBD
to	TO
submit	VB
financial	JJ
disclosure	NN
statements	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Commission	NNP
.	.
During	IN
a	DT
recent	JJ
Special	JJ
Session	NN
of	IN
the	DT
WV	NNP
Legislature	NNP
,	,
a	DT
coalition	NN
of	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
dozen	NN
associations	NNS
sponsored	VBD
a	DT
newspaper	NN
ad	NN
that	WDT
ran	VBD
in	IN
10	CD
newspapers	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
State	NN
.	.
The	DT
total	JJ
cost	NN
of	IN
running	VBG
the	DT
ads	NNS
,	,
approximately	RB
$	$
15,500	CD
,	,
was	VBD
paid	VBN
for	IN
by	IN
the	DT
association	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
Requester	NNP
is	VBZ
associated	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
believes	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
ads	NNS
were	VBD
aimed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
and	CC
were	VBD
designed	VBN
to	TO
influence	VB
the	DT
legislative	JJ
agenda	NN
of	IN
the	DT
sponsoring	VBG
coalition	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
the	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
ads	NNS
constitute	VBP
a	DT
grass	NN
roots	NNS
lobbying	VBG
campaign	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
sponsor	NN
or	CC
sponsors	NNS
must	MD
register	VB
it	PRP
as	IN
such	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
is	VBZ
considering	VBG
a	DT
proposed	VBN
settlement	NN
of	IN
a	DT
grievance	NN
filed	VBN
by	IN
15	CD
current	JJ
and	CC
former	JJ
teachers	NNS
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
those	DT
teachers	NNS
,	,
who	WP
would	MD
be	VB
paid	VBN
damages	NNS
if	IN
the	DT
settlement	NN
were	VBD
approved	VBN
,	,
is	VBZ
the	DT
President	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
three	CD
member	NN
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
.	.
Sheriff	NNP
,	,
one	CD
serves	VBZ
as	IN
municipal	JJ
judge	NN
for	IN
a	DT
small	JJ
town	NN
which	WDT
occasionally	RB
receives	VBZ
grants	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
third	JJ
is	VBZ
the	DT
full-time	JJ
director	NN
of	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
authority	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
governed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
board	NN
on	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
Commission	NNP
President	NNP
serves	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
member	NN
.	.
Two	CD
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Members	NNP
ask	VB
whether	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
for	IN
them	PRP
to	TO
remain	VB
in	IN
a	DT
Board	NNP
meeting	NN
,	,
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
secure	VB
a	DT
quorum	NN
,	,
during	IN
a	DT
vote	NN
to	TO
pay	VB
a	DT
utility	NN
bill	NN
from	IN
a	DT
company	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
their	PRP$
husbands	NNS
are	VBP
employed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
recently	RB
lost	VBD
one	CD
of	IN
its	PRP$
five	CD
members	NNS
.	.
Two	CD
of	IN
the	DT
remaining	VBG
Board	NNP
members	NNS
have	VBP
recused	VBN
themselves	PRP
from	IN
acting	VBG
on	IN
utility	NN
bills	NNS
from	IN
their	PRP$
spouses	NNS
?	.
employer	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Board	NNP
is	VBZ
unable	JJ
to	TO
secure	VB
a	DT
three	CD
member	NN
quorum	NN
needed	VBN
to	TO
act	VB
on	IN
the	DT
bills	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Members	NNP
ask	VB
if	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
remain	VB
in	IN
the	DT
room	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
sustain	VB
a	DT
quorum	NN
,	,
if	IN
they	PRP
take	VBP
no	DT
part	NN
in	IN
the	DT
discussion	NN
or	CC
vote	NN
on	IN
whether	IN
to	TO
pay	VB
these	DT
bills	NNS
.	.
Municipality	NN
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
associated	VBN
by	IN
contract	NN
with	IN
a	DT
group	NN
of	IN
physicians	NNS
who	WP
deliver	VBP
at	IN
a	DT
competing	VBG
hospital	NN
in	IN
a	DT
neighboring	VBG
community	NN
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
exception	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
deliveries	NN
,	,
all	DT
of	IN
which	WDT
are	VBP
performed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hospital	NN
,	,
her	PRP$
practice	NN
is	VBZ
confined	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Municipality	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
no	DT
financial	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hospital	NN
and	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
sit	VB
on	IN
its	PRP$
Board	NNP
or	CC
any	DT
of	IN
its	PRP$
committees	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Trustee	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
native	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Municipality	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
postgraduate	JJ
training	NN
in	IN
medical	JJ
management	NN
and	CC
finance	NN
,	,
has	VBZ
a	DT
certificate	NN
in	IN
Medical	NNP
Management	NNP
and	CC
is	VBZ
Board	NNP
Certified	NNP
in	IN
Quality	NNP
Assurance	NNP
and	CC
Utilization	NN
Review	NNP
.	.
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
6B-2-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
e	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Confidential	NNP
information	NN
.	.
No	DT
present	JJ
or	CC
former	JJ
public	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
public	JJ
employee	NN
may	MD
knowingly	RB
and	CC
improperly	RB
disclose	VB
any	DT
confidential	JJ
information	NN
acquired	VBN
by	IN
him	PRP
or	CC
her	PRP$
in	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
official	JJ
duties	NNS
nor	CC
use	VB
such	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
further	VB
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
personal	JJ
interests	NNS
or	CC
the	DT
interests	NNS
of	IN
another	DT
person	NN
.	.
``	``
personal	JJ
''	''
to	TO
a	DT
public	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
public	JJ
employee	NN
when	WRB
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
has	VBZ
any	DT
pecuniary	JJ
interest	NN
either	CC
directly	RB
or	CC
indirectly	RB
in	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
or	CC
is	VBZ
affected	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
manner	NN
which	WDT
may	MD
influence	VB
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
vote	NN
or	CC
would	MD
clearly	RB
give	VB
the	DT
appearance	NN
of	IN
impropriety	NN
.	.
WV	NNP
Legislative	NNP
Rule	NNP
158-9-2	CD
.3	CD
For	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
official	NN
's	POS
or	CC
public	JJ
employee	NN
's	POS
recusal	NN
to	TO
be	VB
effective	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
official	NN
or	CC
employee	NN
to	TO
excuse	VB
himself	PRP
from	IN
participating	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
discussion	NN
and	CC
decision-making	JJ
process	NN
by	IN
physically	RB
removing	VBG
himself	PRP
from	IN
the	DT
room	NN
during	IN
that	DT
period	NN
,	,
fully	RB
disclose	VB
his	PRP$
interest	NN
,	,
and	CC
recuse	VB
himself	PRP
from	IN
voting	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
.	.
Think	VB
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
helpful	JJ
to	TO
see	VB
which	WDT
of	IN
the	DT
several	JJ
questions	NNS
would	MD
,	,
of	IN
necessity	NN
,	,
be	VB
discussed	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
open	JJ
meeting	NN
during	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
Dr.	NNP
would	MD
be	VB
entitled	VBN
to	TO
express	VB
her	PRP$
opinion	NN
as	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
If	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
some	DT
among	IN
the	DT
several	JJ
where	WRB
there	EX
appears	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
collision	NN
between	IN
the	DT
Dr.	NNP
and	CC
her	PRP$
competition	NN
,	,
then	RB
I	PRP
believe	VBP
we	PRP
might	MD
want	VB
to	TO
secure	VB
her	PRP$
right	NN
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
discussion	NN
,	,
but	CC
bar	NN
her	PRP$
vote	NN
on	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
.	.
Ordinarily	RB
,	,
public	JJ
servants	NNS
are	VBP
prohibited	VBN
from	IN
accepting	VBG
gifts	NNS
from	IN
vendors	NNS
who	WP
do	VBP
business	NN
,	,
or	CC
seek	VB
to	TO
do	VB
business	NN
,	,
with	IN
their	PRP$
agency	NN
.	.
That	IN
the	DT
requester	NN
was	VBD
one	CD
of	IN
over	RB
200	CD
people	NNS
attending	VBG
the	DT
conference	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
door	NN
prize	NN
was	VBD
won	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
bona	NN
fide	JJ
random	JJ
drawing	NN
,	,
and	CC
her	PRP$
influence	NN
over	IN
contracting	NN
decisions	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
limited	VBN
,	,
does	VBZ
not	RB
create	VB
an	DT
exception	NN
to	TO
the	DT
prohibition	NN
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
violate	VB
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
requester	NN
to	TO
accept	VB
this	DT
door	NN
prize	NN
from	IN
a	DT
vendor	NN
to	TO
her	PRP$
agency	NN
.	.
The	DT
requestor	NN
may	MD
either	RB
turn	VB
the	DT
gift	NN
certificates	NNS
over	IN
to	TO
her	PRP$
agency	NN
for	IN
official	JJ
use	NN
or	CC
return	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
vendor	NN
.	.
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
6B-2-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
provides	VBZ
in	IN
pertinent	JJ
part	NN
that	WDT
...	:
A	DT
public	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
public	JJ
employee	NN
may	MD
not	RB
knowingly	RB
and	CC
intentionally	RB
use	VB
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
office	NN
or	CC
the	DT
prestige	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
office	NN
for	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
own	JJ
private	JJ
gain	NN
or	CC
that	IN
of	IN
another	DT
person	NN
.	.
The	DT
performance	NN
of	IN
usual	JJ
and	CC
customary	JJ
duties	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
office	NN
or	CC
position	NN
or	CC
the	DT
advancement	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
policy	NN
goals	NNS
or	CC
constituent	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
without	IN
compensation	NN
,	,
does	VBZ
not	RB
constitute	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
prestige	NN
of	IN
office	NN
for	IN
private	JJ
gain	NN
.	.
The	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
prohibits	VBZ
public	JJ
servants	NNS
from	IN
soliciting	VBG
gifts	NNS
unless	IN
the	DT
solicitation	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
charitable	JJ
purpose	NN
.	.
A	DT
gift	NN
is	VBZ
something	NN
given	VBN
voluntarily	RB
and	CC
without	IN
something	NN
given	VBN
in	IN
return	NN
.	.
Monetary	NNP
contributions	NNS
from	IN
local	JJ
businesses	NNS
,	,
groups	NNS
or	CC
individuals	NNS
fall	VBP
within	IN
the	DT
definition	NN
of	IN
gifts	NNS
.	.
The	DT
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Health	NNP
may	MD
solicit	VB
monetary	JJ
contributions	NNS
if	IN
the	DT
proceeds	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
charitable	JJ
purpose	NN
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
solicitation	NN
is	VBZ
permissible	JJ
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Health	NNP
must	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
other	JJ
rules	NNS
governing	VBG
solicitations	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
actions	NNS
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
In	IN
soliciting	VBG
businesses	NNS
or	CC
companies	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Health	NNP
should	MD
not	RB
endorse	VB
a	DT
particular	JJ
product	NN
or	CC
business	NN
.	.
This	DT
action	NN
would	MD
constitute	VB
the	DT
prohibited	VBN
use	NN
of	IN
office	NN
for	IN
private	JJ
gain	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Health	NNP
also	RB
regulates	VBZ
individuals	NNS
and	CC
businesses	NNS
.	.
To	TO
avoid	VB
an	DT
appearance	NN
of	IN
conflict	NN
,	,
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Health	NNP
and	CC
its	PRP$
employees	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
orally	RB
solicit	VB
donations	NNS
from	IN
individuals	NNS
or	CC
businesses	NNS
which	WDT
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Health	NNP
regulates	VBZ
.	.
A	DT
written	VBN
solicitation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
or	CC
business	NN
community	NN
at	IN
large	JJ
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
targeted	JJ
group	NN
may	MD
encompass	VB
regulated	JJ
individuals	NNS
or	CC
entities	NNS
,	,
would	MD
be	VB
permissible	JJ
.	.
The	DT
written	VBN
solicitation	NN
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
a	DT
newspaper	NN
advertisement	NN
.	.
In	IN
conclusion	NN
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Health	NNP
to	TO
solicit	VB
funds	NNS
for	IN
public	JJ
health	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
provided	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
solicitations	NNS
are	VBP
conducted	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
manner	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
guidelines	NNS
summarized	VBN
herein	RB
.	.
A	DT
State	NNP
Agency	NNP
is	VBZ
developing	VBG
a	DT
quarterly	JJ
newsletter	NN
for	IN
distribution	NN
to	TO
vendors	NNS
and	CC
regulated	JJ
businesses	NNS
.	.
The	DT
agency	NN
is	VBZ
proposing	VBG
to	TO
offset	VB
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
publication	NN
by	IN
selling	VBG
advertising	NN
in	IN
the	DT
newsletter	NN
to	TO
these	DT
same	JJ
entities	NNS
.	.
Advertising	NN
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
accepted	VBN
from	IN
vendors	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
barred	VBN
or	CC
suspended	VBN
from	IN
doing	VBG
business	NN
with	IN
the	DT
agency	NN
,	,
or	CC
from	IN
employers	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
delinquent	JJ
status	NN
.	.
The	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
prohibits	VBZ
public	JJ
servants	NNS
from	IN
soliciting	VBG
gifts	NNS
,	,
unless	IN
the	DT
gift	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
charitable	JJ
purpose	NN
.	.
The	DT
Agency	NNP
wants	VBZ
to	TO
insure	VB
that	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
sale	NN
of	IN
advertising	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
prohibited	VBN
gift	NN
solicitation	NN
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
sale	NN
of	IN
advertising	NN
in	IN
a	DT
periodic	JJ
newsletter	NN
,	,
which	WDT
offers	VBZ
reasonable	JJ
value	NN
for	IN
the	DT
expense	NN
,	,
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
a	DT
prohibited	VBN
gift	NN
solicitation	NN
in	IN
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Agency	NNP
may	MD
properly	RB
exclude	VB
barred	VBN
or	CC
suspended	VBN
vendors	NNS
and	CC
delinquent	JJ
businesses	NNS
from	IN
advertising	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
newsletter	NN
.	.
The	DT
Agency	NNP
should	MD
consider	VB
including	VBG
a	DT
disclaimer	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
newsletter	NN
which	WDT
states	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
appearance	NN
of	IN
advertising	NN
in	IN
the	DT
publication	NN
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
construed	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
endorsement	NN
of	IN
any	DT
particular	JJ
vendor	NN
or	CC
product	NN
.	.
The	DT
YMCA	NNP
asks	VBZ
that	IN
an	DT
employee	NN
of	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
serve	VBP
as	IN
coordinator	NN
,	,
responsible	JJ
for	IN
publicizing	VBG
the	DT
discount	NN
program	NN
in	IN
an	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
the	DT
necessary	JJ
50	CD
memberships	NNS
.	.
The	DT
YMCA	NNP
offers	VBZ
a	DT
free	JJ
annual	JJ
membership	NN
,	,
valued	VBN
at	IN
over	IN
$	$
400	CD
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
coordinator	NN
.	.
An	DT
employee	NN
selected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Classified	NNP
Staff	NNP
Council	NNP
has	VBZ
agreed	VBN
to	TO
act	VB
as	IN
coordinator	NN
,	,
and	CC
inquires	VBZ
if	IN
he	PRP
may	MD
accept	VB
the	DT
free	JJ
membership	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
further	JJ
determined	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
prohibition	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
against	IN
accepting	VBG
gifts	NNS
does	VBZ
not	RB
apply	VB
in	IN
a	DT
situation	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
financial	JJ
benefit	NN
to	TO
public	JJ
servants	NNS
involves	VBZ
an	DT
inducement	NN
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
a	DT
program	NN
which	WDT
ultimately	RB
benefits	VBZ
their	PRP$
agency	NN
.	.
A	DT
group	NN
of	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
officers	NNS
have	VBP
formed	VBN
two	CD
separate	JJ
,	,
although	IN
related	JJ
,	,
organizations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
is	VBZ
a	DT
non-profit	JJ
membership	NN
Association	NNP
.	.
The	DT
voting	NN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Association	NNP
are	VBP
employed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NN
as	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
professionals	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Association	NNP
has	VBZ
established	VBN
a	DT
separate	JJ
Fund	NN
as	IN
a	DT
charitable	JJ
organization	NN
under	IN
Section	NN
501	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
Federal	NNP
internal	JJ
revenue	NN
code	NN
.	.
The	DT
Association	NNP
uses	VBZ
funds	NNS
generated	VBD
from	IN
membership	NN
dues	NNS
to	TO
persuade	VB
the	DT
public	NN
of	IN
a	DT
need	NN
for	IN
more	JJR
law	NN
enforcement	NN
officers	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
agency	NN
and	CC
to	TO
seek	VB
improved	VBN
benefits	NNS
for	IN
current	JJ
and	CC
future	JJ
officers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Fund	NNP
receives	VBZ
voluntary	JJ
donations	NNS
but	CC
also	RB
raises	VBZ
money	NN
by	IN
selling	VBG
shirts	NNS
and	CC
caps	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
Association	NNP
logo	NN
.	.
The	DT
Association	NNP
has	VBZ
purchased	VBN
a	DT
trailer	NN
and	CC
display	NN
depicting	VBG
the	DT
work	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agency	NN
which	WDT
it	PRP
makes	VBZ
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
agency	NN
for	IN
use	NN
at	IN
various	JJ
public	JJ
events	NNS
.	.
Law	NNP
enforcement	NN
officers	NNS
are	VBP
assigned	VBN
to	TO
work	VB
at	IN
this	DT
display	NN
providing	VBG
information	NN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
on	IN
various	JJ
laws	NNS
enforced	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
agency	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
public	JJ
safety	NN
issues	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
their	PRP$
category	NN
of	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
.	.
The	DT
Association	NNP
would	MD
like	VB
its	PRP$
members	NNS
to	TO
sell	VB
shirts	NNS
and	CC
caps	NNS
to	TO
raise	VB
money	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Fund	NN
while	IN
working	VBG
at	IN
this	DT
display	NN
on	IN
duty	NN
and	CC
in	IN
uniform	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
alternative	NN
,	,
the	DT
Association	NNP
proposes	VBZ
to	TO
have	VB
an	DT
officer	NN
on	IN
duty	NN
but	CC
out	IN
of	IN
uniform	JJ
conducting	VBG
the	DT
sales	NNS
.	.
If	IN
that	DT
is	VBZ
prohibited	VBN
,	,
the	DT
Association	NNP
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
have	VB
its	PRP$
members	NNS
conduct	VB
these	DT
sales	NNS
while	IN
off	RB
duty	NN
and	CC
out	IN
of	IN
uniform	NN
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
location	NN
where	WRB
uniformed	JJ
officers	NNS
are	VBP
on	IN
duty	NN
performing	VBG
their	PRP$
public	JJ
education	NN
duties	NNS
.	.
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
6B-2-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
Use	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
office	NN
for	IN
private	JJ
gain.	NN
,	,
provides	VBZ
in	IN
part	NN
that	IN
...	:
A	DT
public	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
public	JJ
employee	NN
may	MD
not	RB
knowingly	RB
and	CC
intentionally	RB
use	VB
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
office	NN
or	CC
the	DT
prestige	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
office	NN
for	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
own	JJ
private	JJ
gain	NN
or	CC
that	IN
of	IN
another	DT
person	NN
.	.
In	IN
Advisory	NNP
Opinion	NNP
95-40	CD
,	,
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Commission	NNP
ruled	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
association	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
servants	NNS
is	VBZ
bound	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
ethical	JJ
standards	NNS
that	WDT
apply	VBP
to	TO
its	PRP$
constituent	JJ
members	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
also	RB
ruled	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
association	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
servants	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
perform	VB
an	DT
act	NN
which	WDT
its	PRP$
members	NNS
are	VBP
prohibited	VBN
from	IN
performing	VBG
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
public	JJ
servants	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
use	VB
surrogates	NNS
to	TO
perform	VB
activities	NNS
which	WDT
they	PRP
are	VBP
personally	RB
precluded	VBN
from	IN
doing	VBG
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
instance	NN
,	,
both	DT
organizations	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
individual	JJ
members	NNS
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
contains	VBZ
a	DT
prohibition	NN
against	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
office	NN
for	IN
private	JJ
financial	JJ
gain	NN
.	.
It	PRP
says	VBZ
that	IN
public	JJ
servants	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
use	VB
the	DT
prestige	NN
or	CC
influence	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
public	JJ
positions	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
private	JJ
financial	JJ
gain	NN
or	CC
that	IN
of	IN
their	PRP$
friends	NNS
,	,
relatives	NNS
,	,
business	NN
associates	NNS
or	CC
political	JJ
allies	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
public	JJ
servants	NNS
may	MD
use	VB
the	DT
influence	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
public	JJ
positions	NNS
for	IN
charitable	JJ
purposes	NNS
or	CC
those	DT
which	WDT
provide	VBP
significant	JJ
public	JJ
benefit	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
sales	NNS
solicitations	NNS
by	IN
or	CC
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
officers	NNS
are	VBP
an	DT
entirely	RB
appropriate	JJ
and	CC
commendable	JJ
way	NN
for	IN
those	DT
officers	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
contribution	NN
to	TO
the	DT
charitable	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
communities	NNS
.	.
Generally	RB
,	,
lending	VBG
the	DT
influence	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
positions	NNS
to	TO
sales	NNS
which	WDT
benefit	VBP
the	DT
poor	JJ
and	CC
disadvantaged	JJ
is	VBZ
the	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
conduct	NN
the	DT
public	NN
has	VBZ
come	VBN
to	TO
associate	VB
with	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
officers	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
officers	NNS
?	.
prestige	NN
in	IN
sales	NNS
solicitations	NNS
is	VBZ
a	DT
use	NN
of	IN
office	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
improper	JJ
for	IN
money	NN
raised	VBN
in	IN
such	JJ
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
officers	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
private	JJ
gain	NN
.	.
Funds	NNS
raised	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Association	NNP
or	CC
Fund	NNP
through	IN
activities	NNS
which	WDT
rely	VBP
heavily	RB
on	IN
the	DT
prestige	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
members	NNS
may	MD
only	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
charitable	JJ
purposes	NNS
or	CC
those	DT
which	WDT
result	VBP
in	IN
significant	JJ
public	JJ
benefit	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
this	DT
particular	JJ
inquiry	NN
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
sales	NNS
of	IN
shirts	NNS
and	CC
caps	NNS
bearing	VBG
the	DT
Association	NNP
logo	NN
necessarily	RB
involves	VBZ
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
prestige	NN
or	CC
influence	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
public	JJ
law	NN
enforcement	NN
positions	NNS
.	.
Solicitation	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
sales	NNS
,	,
whether	IN
in	IN
or	CC
out	IN
of	IN
uniform	NN
,	,
on	IN
or	CC
off	IN
duty	NN
,	,
may	MD
result	VB
in	IN
use	NN
of	IN
office	NN
for	IN
private	JJ
gain	NN
,	,
unless	IN
the	DT
sales	NNS
proceeds	NNS
are	VBP
used	VBN
exclusively	RB
for	IN
charitable	JJ
purposes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
purposes	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
donations	NNS
from	IN
private	JJ
individuals	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
depend	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
the	DT
donation	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
source	NN
.	.
Donations	NNS
of	IN
$	$
25	CD
or	CC
less	JJR
may	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Fund	NNP
for	IN
any	DT
lawful	JJ
purpose	NN
,	,
assuming	VBG
the	DT
donor	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
directed	VBN
such	JJ
gifts	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
charitable	JJ
purposes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
should	MD
note	VB
that	IN
the	DT
Association	NNP
and	CC
Fund	NNP
must	MD
segregate	VB
the	DT
proceeds	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
fund	NN
-	:
raising	VBG
activities	NNS
,	,
if	IN
they	PRP
come	VBP
from	IN
different	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
fund-raisers	NNS
-	:
based	VBN
on	IN
whether	IN
use	NN
of	IN
office	NN
was	VBD
involved	VBN
.	.
Funds	NNS
generated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
office	NN
must	MD
be	VB
spent	VBN
only	RB
for	IN
charitable	JJ
purposes	NNS
or	CC
those	DT
with	IN
significant	JJ
public	JJ
benefit	NN
.	.
Funds	NNS
generated	VBD
without	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
office	NN
may	MD
be	VB
spent	VBN
on	IN
any	DT
lawful	JJ
purpose	NN
.	.
First	RB
,	,
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
authority	NN
and	CC
the	DT
duties	NNS
they	PRP
perform	VBP
,	,
law	NN
enforcement	NN
officials	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
particularly	RB
careful	JJ
in	IN
avoiding	VBG
any	DT
appearance	NN
of	IN
offering	VBG
special	JJ
treatment	NN
in	IN
exchange	NN
for	IN
purchases	NNS
or	CC
donations	NNS
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
the	DT
State	NNP
agency	NN
which	WDT
employs	VBZ
these	DT
officers	NNS
is	VBZ
free	JJ
to	TO
adopt	VB
rules	NNS
and	CC
policies	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
more	RBR
restrictive	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
limitations	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
Nothing	NN
in	IN
this	DT
Advisory	NNP
Opinion	NNP
should	MD
be	VB
construed	VBN
as	IN
directing	VBG
the	DT
agency	NN
to	TO
permit	VB
its	PRP$
officers	NNS
to	TO
conduct	VB
charitable	JJ
solicitations	NNS
or	CC
sales	NNS
for	IN
charitable	JJ
purposes	NNS
while	IN
on	IN
duty	NN
and	CC
in	IN
uniform	NN
.	.
The	DT
corporation	NN
uses	VBZ
public	JJ
education	NN
campaigns	NNS
and	CC
political	JJ
lobbying	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
choose	VB
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
Roe	NNP
v.	CC
Wade	NNP
,	,
ensure	VB
and	CC
increase	VB
accessibility	NN
to	TO
birth	NN
control	NN
and	CC
pre-natal	JJ
care	NN
,	,
and	CC
improve	VB
education	NN
on	IN
reproductive	JJ
choices	NNS
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
step	NN
in	IN
deciding	VBG
whether	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
servant	NN
may	MD
accept	VB
the	DT
offer	NN
of	IN
a	DT
gift	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
it	PRP
comes	VBZ
from	IN
an	DT
interested	JJ
person	NN
.	.
The	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
places	VBZ
no	DT
restrictions	NNS
on	IN
accepting	VBG
gifts	NNS
,	,
unless	IN
the	DT
gift	NN
comes	VBZ
from	IN
an	DT
interested	JJ
person	NN
.	.
A	DT
gift	NN
which	WDT
does	VBZ
not	RB
come	VB
,	,
directly	RB
or	CC
indirectly	RB
,	,
from	IN
an	DT
interested	JJ
person	NN
may	MD
be	VB
accepted	VBN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
a	DT
gift	NN
from	IN
an	DT
interested	JJ
person	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
accepted	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
servant	NN
,	,
unless	IN
the	DT
gift	NN
fits	VBZ
into	IN
one	CD
of	IN
several	JJ
specific	JJ
exemptions	NNS
provided	VBN
for	IN
by	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Employee	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
invited	VBN
to	TO
join	VB
a	DT
group	NN
traveling	VBG
to	TO
China	NNP
under	IN
the	DT
auspices	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
sector	NN
,	,
nonpolitical	JJ
organization	NN
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
fostering	VBG
international	JJ
understanding	NN
.	.
The	DT
trip	NN
will	MD
take	VB
ten	CD
days	NNS
and	CC
will	MD
focus	VB
on	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
.	.
Delegation	NN
members	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
travel	NN
expenses	NNS
.	.
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
6B-2-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
Gifts	NNS
.	.
--	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
A	DT
public	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
public	JJ
employee	NN
may	MD
not	RB
solicit	VB
any	DT
gift	NN
unless	IN
the	DT
solicitation	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
charitable	JJ
purpose	NN
with	IN
no	DT
resulting	VBG
direct	JJ
pecuniary	JJ
benefit	NN
conferred	VBD
upon	IN
the	DT
official	NN
or	CC
employee	NN
or	CC
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
immediate	JJ
family	NN
...	:
The	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
prohibits	VBZ
public	JJ
servants	NNS
from	IN
soliciting	VBG
a	DT
gift	NN
,	,
unless	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
charitable	JJ
purpose	NN
.	.
The	DT
China	NNP
trip	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
charitable	JJ
purpose	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Employee	NNP
may	MD
not	RB
solicit	VB
financial	JJ
support	NN
for	IN
the	DT
project	NN
from	IN
public	JJ
or	CC
private	JJ
sources	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Agency	NNP
to	TO
secure	VB
,	,
or	CC
its	PRP$
members	NNS
to	TO
accept	VB
,	,
discounts	NNS
on	IN
health	NN
related	VBN
services	NNS
and	CC
products	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
workplace	NN
preventive	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
Agency	NNP
asks	VBZ
whether	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
solicit	VB
financial	JJ
support	NN
for	IN
the	DT
project	NN
from	IN
vendors	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
interested	JJ
persons	NNS
,	,
or	CC
may	MD
apply	VB
for	IN
grants	NNS
from	IN
established	VBN
grant	NN
programs	NNS
underwritten	VBN
by	IN
interested	JJ
persons	NNS
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
consideration	NN
must	MD
be	VB
whether	IN
the	DT
trip	NN
will	MD
significantly	RB
enhance	VB
the	DT
traveler	NN
's	POS
occupational	JJ
skill	NN
or	CC
knowledge	NN
or	CC
provide	VB
important	JJ
information	NN
needed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
agency	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
its	PRP$
official	JJ
mandate	NN
.	.
Public	NNP
employees	NNS
and	CC
officials	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
been	VBN
offered	VBN
trips	NNS
should	MD
consult	VB
with	IN
their	PRP$
supervisor	NN
or	CC
agency	NN
head	NN
for	IN
guidance	NN
in	IN
making	VBG
this	DT
judgment	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
trip	NN
was	VBD
conceived	VBN
and	CC
scheduled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
agency	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
and	CC
independent	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
offer	NN
of	IN
payment	NN
from	IN
a	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
,	,
then	RB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
trip	NN
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
agency	NN
's	POS
official	JJ
activities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
skill	NN
,	,
knowledge	NN
or	CC
information	NN
to	TO
be	VB
gained	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
trip	NN
should	MD
meet	VB
a	DT
clear	JJ
immediate	JJ
need	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agency	NN
.	.
The	DT
information	NN
should	MD
be	VB
of	IN
immediate	JJ
value	NN
to	TO
current	JJ
or	CC
planned	JJ
activities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
agency	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
theoretically	RB
valuable	JJ
to	TO
activities	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
neither	DT
current	JJ
nor	CC
planned	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
foreseeable	JJ
future	NN
.	.
A	DT
trip	NN
is	VBZ
appropriate	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
traveler	NN
who	WP
needs	VBZ
and	CC
will	MD
use	VB
the	DT
information	NN
or	CC
job	NN
skill	NN
enhancement	NN
or	CC
who	WP
is	VBZ
the	DT
agency	NN
employee	NN
most	RBS
suitable	JJ
to	TO
acquire	VB
and	CC
transfer	VB
the	DT
information	NN
or	CC
skill	NN
to	TO
other	JJ
appropriate	JJ
agency	NN
personnel	NNS
.	.
Central	NNP
to	TO
this	DT
inquiry	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
consideration	NN
of	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
trip	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
meeting	VBG
the	DT
agency	NN
's	POS
needs	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
reasonable	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
agency	NN
to	TO
send	VB
its	PRP$
personnel	NNS
to	TO
an	DT
out	IN
of	IN
state	NN
resort	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
information	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
readily	RB
available	JJ
locally	RB
.	.
This	DT
consideration	NN
also	RB
applies	VBZ
to	TO
part-time	JJ
officials	NNS
and	CC
employees	NNS
who	WP
might	MD
travel	VB
outside	JJ
official	NN
work	NN
hours	NNS
.	.
If	IN
they	PRP
accept	VBP
inappropriate	JJ
free	JJ
trips	NNS
offered	VBD
because	IN
of	IN
their	PRP$
public	JJ
positions	NNS
they	PRP
may	MD
violate	VB
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
's	POS
prohibition	NN
against	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
prestige	NN
of	IN
office	NN
for	IN
private	JJ
gain	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
incidental	JJ
personal	JJ
benefit	NN
to	TO
the	DT
traveler	NN
outweighs	VBZ
the	DT
benefit	NN
to	TO
the	DT
agency	NN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
trip	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
reality	NN
a	DT
gift	NN
to	TO
the	DT
traveler	NN
and	CC
not	RB
the	DT
agency	NN
.	.
In	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
case	NN
the	DT
trip	NN
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
accepted	VBN
because	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
gift	NN
to	TO
the	DT
individual	NN
of	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
nominal	JJ
value	NN
.	.
A	DT
safe	JJ
rule	NN
would	MD
be	VB
to	TO
limit	VB
acceptance	NN
to	TO
only	RB
expenses	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
agency	NN
itself	PRP
would	MD
accept	VB
for	IN
reimbursement	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
reasonable	JJ
food	NN
,	,
travel	NN
,	,
lodging	NN
,	,
and	CC
attendance	NN
fees	NNS
.	.
First	JJ
class	NN
airfares	VBZ
,	,
deluxe	JJ
accommodations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
perks	NNS
not	RB
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
basic	JJ
travel	NN
,	,
meals	NNS
,	,
and	CC
lodging	VBG
required	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
trip	NN
would	MD
increase	VB
the	DT
incidental	JJ
benefit	NN
to	TO
the	DT
traveler	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
reached	VBD
the	DT
same	JJ
result	NN
in	IN
Advisory	NNP
Opinion	NNP
2001-04	CD
,	,
an	DT
opinion	NN
decided	VBD
today	NN
,	,
which	WDT
told	VBD
a	DT
County	NNP
Commissioner	NNP
that	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
and	CC
its	PRP$
subordinate	JJ
agencies	NNS
could	MD
not	RB
use	VB
public	JJ
funds	NNS
to	TO
pay	VB
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
commemorative	JJ
parties	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
cocktails	NNS
and	CC
formal	JJ
dinners	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
clear	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
Legislative	NNP
mandate	NN
that	WDT
service	NN
on	IN
an	DT
Institutional	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Advisers	NNP
will	MD
require	VB
considerable	JJ
personal	JJ
sacrifice	NN
.	.
In	IN
spite	NN
of	IN
this	DT
demanding	VBG
commitment	NN
,	,
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
specifically	RB
provided	VBD
that	DT
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
were	VBD
to	TO
serve	VB
without	IN
compensation	NN
,	,
allowing	VBG
them	PRP
only	RB
reimbursement	NN
for	IN
reasonable	JJ
expenses	NNS
incurred	VBN
in	IN
carrying	VBG
out	RP
their	PRP$
Board	NNP
duties	NNS
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Agency	NNP
has	VBZ
received	VBN
funding	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
which	WDT
will	MD
cover	VB
two-thirds	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
renovating	VBG
a	DT
state	NN
museum	NN
.	.
The	DT
museum	NN
was	VBD
established	VBN
to	TO
collect	VB
,	,
document	NN
,	,
present	JJ
,	,
preserve	VB
,	,
and	CC
promote	VB
the	DT
State	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
in	IN
every	DT
aspect	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
archaeology	NN
,	,
art	NN
,	,
culture	NN
,	,
geology	NN
,	,
history	NN
,	,
paleontology	NN
,	,
and	CC
socio-economic	JJ
background	NN
representing	VBG
the	DT
industries	NNS
,	,
land	NN
and	CC
people	NNS
.	.
The	DT
museum	NN
exhibits	VBZ
will	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
to	TO
all	DT
without	IN
charge	NN
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Agency	NNP
proposes	VBZ
to	TO
employ	VB
an	DT
individual	JJ
whose	WP$
duties	NNS
will	MD
include	VB
working	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
Museum	NNP
Foundation	NNP
,	,
a	DT
private	JJ
non-profit	JJ
corporation	NN
,	,
to	TO
raise	VB
funds	NNS
to	TO
complete	VB
a	DT
major	JJ
renovation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
museum	NN
.	.
Association	NNP
is	VBZ
planning	VBG
a	DT
conference	NN
to	TO
celebrate	VB
its	PRP$
25th	JJ
anniversary	NN
.	.
The	DT
Association	NNP
has	VBZ
previously	RB
held	VBN
annual	JJ
conferences	NNS
at	IN
which	WDT
vendors	NNS
set	VBP
up	RP
displays	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
information	NN
to	TO
Association	NNP
members	NNS
concerning	VBG
available	JJ
products	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
has	VBZ
previously	RB
determined	VBN
that	IN
associations	NNS
primarily	RB
comprised	VBD
of	IN
public	JJ
servants	NNS
must	MD
adhere	VB
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
standards	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
as	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
servants	NNS
themselves	PRP
.	.
The	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
prohibits	VBZ
public	JJ
servants	NNS
from	IN
soliciting	VBG
gifts	NNS
,	,
unless	IN
the	DT
solicitation	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
charitable	JJ
purpose	NN
from	IN
which	WDT
neither	CC
the	DT
solicitor	NN
nor	CC
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
immediate	JJ
family	NN
members	NNS
benefit	VBP
directly	RB
.	.
The	DT
Agency	NNP
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
advancing	VBG
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
in	IN
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
government	NN
and	CC
in	IN
the	DT
delivery	NN
of	IN
government	NN
services	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
authorized	VBN
to	TO
convene	VB
conferences	NNS
which	WDT
will	MD
encourage	VB
utilization	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
plans	VBZ
a	DT
two	CD
day	NN
conference	NN
which	WDT
revolves	VBZ
around	IN
an	DT
exposition	NN
or	CC
trade	NN
show	NN
affording	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
products	NNS
of	IN
over	IN
one	CD
hundred	CD
vendors	NNS
.	.
A	DT
similar	JJ
conference	NN
held	VBN
last	JJ
year	NN
attracted	VBD
an	DT
audience	NN
in	IN
excess	NN
of	IN
800	CD
drawn	VBN
from	IN
government	NN
agencies	NNS
,	,
the	DT
education	NN
system	NN
,	,
private	JJ
business	NN
community	NN
and	CC
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
That	DT
conference	NN
was	VBD
paid	VBN
for	IN
with	IN
vendor	NN
registration	NN
fees	NNS
,	,
registration	NN
fees	NNS
from	IN
those	DT
attending	VBG
and	CC
Agency	NNP
operational	JJ
funds	NNS
.	.
Budget	NNP
constraints	NNS
have	VBP
reduced	VBN
funds	NNS
available	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
Agency	NNP
and	CC
it	PRP
wants	VBZ
to	TO
increase	VB
private	JJ
financial	JJ
support	NN
from	IN
the	DT
vendors	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
expo	NN
.	.
The	DT
Agency	NNP
proposes	VBZ
that	IN
vendor	NN
registration	NN
fees	NNS
be	VB
established	VBN
at	IN
several	JJ
increasingly	RB
more	RBR
costly	JJ
levels	NNS
commensurate	JJ
with	IN
increasing	VBG
levels	NNS
of	IN
service	NN
and	CC
presence	NN
at	IN
the	DT
conference	NN
.	.
The	DT
basic	JJ
registration	NN
fee	NN
would	MD
provide	VB
a	DT
display	NN
area	NN
for	IN
products	NNS
and	CC
promotional	JJ
materials	NNS
and	CC
minimal	JJ
advertising	NN
space	NN
in	IN
conference	NN
literature	NN
and	CC
materials	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
successively	RB
higher	JJR
level	NN
would	MD
provide	VB
more	JJR
space	NN
,	,
additional	JJ
benefits	NNS
and	CC
increased	VBD
advertising	NN
prominence	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
recognizes	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
sales	NNS
solicitation	NN
which	WDT
offers	VBZ
value	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
solicitation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
gift	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
dealt	VBD
with	IN
that	DT
issue	NN
in	IN
AO	NNP
95-18	CD
when	WRB
another	DT
State	NN
agency	NN
asked	VBD
whether	IN
its	PRP$
personnel	NNS
could	MD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
solicit	VB
private	JJ
entities	NNS
to	TO
co-sponsor	NN
social	JJ
events	NNS
or	CC
donate	VB
gifts	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
regional	JJ
conference	NN
of	IN
governmental	JJ
agencies	NNS
or	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
solicit	VB
advertising	NN
space	NN
or	CC
exhibit	NN
space	NN
at	IN
the	DT
conference	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
participation	NN
in	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
essentially	RB
a	DT
trade	NN
show	NN
affords	VBZ
private	JJ
sector	NN
vendors	NNS
a	DT
genuine	JJ
opportunity	NN
to	TO
market	VB
their	PRP$
products	NNS
.	.
The	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
graduated	VBN
registrations	NNS
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
solicitation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
gift	NN
,	,
but	CC
a	DT
straight	JJ
forward	JJ
sale	NN
of	IN
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
sales	NNS
promotion	NN
of	IN
private	JJ
sector	NN
products	NNS
and	CC
participating	VBG
vendors	NNS
receive	VBP
value	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
fees	NNS
.	.
An	DT
Association	NNP
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
river	NN
system	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
area	NN
reclassified	VBD
to	TO
a	DT
less	RBR
restrictive	JJ
water	NN
quality	NN
level	NN
in	IN
the	DT
belief	NN
that	IN
this	DT
will	MD
enhance	VB
economic	JJ
development	NN
.	.
The	DT
Association	NNP
submitted	VBD
a	DT
complete	JJ
and	CC
appropriately	RB
documented	VBD
application	NN
for	IN
a	DT
review	NN
and	CC
reclassification	NN
of	IN
the	DT
river	NN
system	NN
and	CC
made	VBD
an	DT
oral	JJ
presentation	NN
before	IN
the	DT
Regulatory	NNP
Board	NNP
.	.
An	DT
agency	NN
of	IN
State	NNP
government	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
established	VBN
to	TO
initiate	VB
and	CC
help	VB
present	JJ
year	NN
2000	CD
activities	NNS
,	,
events	NNS
and	CC
gatherings	NNS
which	WDT
will	MD
promote	VB
and	CC
create	VB
a	DT
positive	JJ
image	NN
of	IN
the	DT
State	NN
,	,
its	PRP$
people	NNS
and	CC
its	PRP$
business	NN
prospects	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
activities	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
exclusive	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
celebration	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
majority	NN
will	MD
be	VB
associated	VBN
with	IN
existing	VBG
fairs	NNS
,	,
festivals	NNS
,	,
and	CC
celebrations	NNS
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
State	NN
is	VBZ
providing	VBG
substantial	JJ
public	JJ
funding	NN
for	IN
the	DT
project	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
private	JJ
sector	NN
will	MD
supply	VB
significant	JJ
support	NN
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
The	DT
private	JJ
sector	NN
volunteers	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
soliciting	VBG
financial	JJ
support	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
,	,
for	IN
profit	NN
,	,
fund	NN
raiser	NN
.	.
The	DT
Governor	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Senate	NNP
President	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Speaker	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
House	NNP
are	VBP
honorary	JJ
co-chairs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
project	NN
and	CC
each	DT
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
encourage	VB
private	JJ
sector	NN
support	NN
of	IN
the	DT
project	NN
.	.
Recognizing	VBG
that	IN
they	PRP
,	,
as	IN
public	JJ
servants	NNS
,	,
may	MD
not	RB
solicit	VB
financial	JJ
support	NN
,	,
they	PRP
never	RB
the	DT
less	JJR
ask	VB
whether	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
send	VB
a	DT
letter	NN
to	TO
private	JJ
companies	NNS
and	CC
individuals	NNS
to	TO
facilitate	VB
the	DT
solicitations	NNS
being	VBG
made	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
private	JJ
volunteers	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
paid	VBN
fund	NN
raiser	NN
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
is	VBZ
employed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
State	NNP
University	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
a	DT
voting	VBG
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
City	NNP
Council	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
municipality	NN
where	WRB
his	PRP$
employer	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
and	CC
has	VBZ
been	VBN
elected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
Mayor	NNP
.	.
The	DT
City	NNP
Council	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
asked	VBN
to	TO
authorize	VB
a	DT
tax-free	JJ
bond	NN
to	TO
finance	VB
an	DT
apartment	NN
building	NN
which	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
built	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
non-profit	JJ
corporation	NN
.	.
The	DT
non-profit	JJ
corporation	NN
plans	NNS
to	TO
lease	VB
these	DT
apartments	NNS
to	TO
students	NNS
and	CC
faculty	NN
from	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
University	NNP
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
any	DT
profits	NNS
generated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
building	NN
will	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
University	NNP
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
when	WRB
the	DT
bonds	NNS
which	WDT
financed	VBN
construction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
building	NN
are	VBP
fully	RB
paid	VBN
off	RP
,	,
the	DT
State	NNP
University	NNP
may	MD
purchase	VB
the	DT
building	NN
for	IN
$	$
1	CD
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Agency	NNP
promotes	VBZ
growth	NN
,	,
attraction	NN
and	CC
retention	NN
of	IN
private	JJ
businesses	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
statewide	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
One	CD
division	NN
within	IN
the	DT
agency	NN
is	VBZ
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
facilitating	VBG
small	JJ
business	NN
development	NN
.	.
As	IN
part	NN
of	IN
this	DT
effort	NN
,	,
the	DT
agency	NN
provides	VBZ
various	JJ
specialized	VBN
training	NN
courses	NNS
to	TO
business	NN
people	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
The	DT
agency	NN
charges	VBZ
fees	NNS
for	IN
these	DT
classes	NNS
.	.
In	IN
Advisory	NNP
Opinions	NNS
95-05	CD
and	CC
95-28	CD
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
authorized	VBD
a	DT
public	JJ
servant	NN
or	CC
agency	NN
to	TO
enter	VB
into	IN
arrangements	NNS
that	WDT
provided	VBD
certain	JJ
benefits	NNS
to	TO
private	JJ
businesses	NNS
.	.
In	IN
each	DT
case	NN
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
concluded	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
agreements	NNS
involved	VBD
an	DT
overriding	JJ
public	JJ
benefit	NN
sufficient	JJ
to	TO
legitimize	VB
any	DT
resulting	VBG
private	JJ
gain	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
even	RB
where	WRB
some	DT
element	NN
of	IN
private	JJ
gain	NN
is	VBZ
involved	VBN
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
has	VBZ
discretion	NN
to	TO
conclude	VB
that	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
benefit	NN
outweighs	NNS
any	DT
potential	NN
for	IN
improper	JJ
private	JJ
gain	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
further	JJ
finds	VBZ
that	IN
decisions	NNS
on	IN
whether	IN
an	DT
overriding	VBG
public	JJ
benefit	NN
exists	VBZ
in	IN
situations	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
this	DT
must	MD
be	VB
decided	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
case-by-case	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
this	DT
opinion	NN
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
particular	JJ
facts	NNS
and	CC
circumstances	NNS
presented	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
requester	NN
,	,
and	CC
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
relied	VBN
upon	IN
as	IN
a	DT
precedent	NN
by	IN
other	JJ
persons	NNS
.	.
A	DT
City	NNP
Council	NNP
Member	NNP
asks	VBZ
whether	IN
the	DT
presiding	VBG
officer	NN
of	IN
a	DT
City	NNP
Council	NNP
may	MD
require	VB
him	PRP
to	TO
vote	VB
when	WRB
he	PRP
has	VBZ
moved	VBN
to	TO
abstain	VB
from	IN
voting	VBG
on	IN
matters	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
good	JJ
faith	NN
basis	NN
to	TO
believe	VB
that	IN
in	IN
casting	VBG
a	DT
vote	NN
he	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
violating	VBG
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
City	NNP
Council	NNP
Member	NNP
further	JJ
inquires	NNS
whether	IN
he	PRP
has	VBZ
immunity	NN
from	IN
an	DT
administrative	JJ
enforcement	NN
action	NN
under	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
if	IN
he	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
directed	VBN
to	TO
vote	VB
by	IN
the	DT
presiding	VBG
officer	NN
.	.
The	DT
City	NNP
has	VBZ
implemented	VBN
rules	NNS
which	WDT
govern	VBP
parliamentary	JJ
procedure	NN
for	IN
meetings	NNS
.	.
An	DT
elected	VBN
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
City	NNP
Council	NNP
may	MD
move	VB
to	TO
abstain	VB
from	IN
voting	VBG
on	IN
matters	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
personal	JJ
pecuniary	JJ
interest	NN
.	.
Pursuant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
procedural	JJ
rules	NNS
adopted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
City	NNP
,	,
the	DT
presiding	VBG
officer	NN
rules	NNS
on	IN
whether	IN
to	TO
grant	VB
or	CC
deny	VB
a	DT
motion	NN
to	TO
abstain	VB
.	.
The	DT
City	NNP
interprets	VBZ
its	PRP$
rules	NNS
to	TO
require	VB
the	DT
member	NN
to	TO
vote	VB
if	IN
the	DT
presiding	VBG
officer	NN
so	RB
directs	VBZ
.	.
The	DT
City	NNP
further	JJ
interprets	VBZ
its	PRP$
rules	NNS
as	IN
requiring	VBG
the	DT
vote	NN
to	TO
be	VB
cast	VBN
even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
elected	VBN
City	NNP
Council	NNP
Member	NNP
believes	VBZ
that	IN
in	IN
so	RB
casting	VBG
the	DT
vote	NN
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
violating	VBG
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
prohibits	VBZ
a	DT
public	JJ
servant	NN
from	IN
using	VBG
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
office	NN
for	IN
private	JJ
gain	NN
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
further	JJ
prohibits	VBZ
,	,
with	IN
limited	JJ
exceptions	NNS
,	,
a	DT
public	JJ
servant	NN
from	IN
having	VBG
an	DT
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
profits	NNS
or	CC
benefits	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
contract	NN
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
of	IN
this	DT
opinion	NN
also	RB
inquires	VBZ
whether	IN
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
has	VBZ
immunity	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
when	WRB
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
has	VBZ
requested	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
excused	VBN
from	IN
voting	NN
,	,
but	CC
proceeds	NNS
to	TO
vote	VB
at	IN
the	DT
direction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
presiding	VBG
officer	NN
.	.
In	IN
these	DT
circumstances	NNS
,	,
although	IN
the	DT
elected	VBN
official	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
directed	VBN
to	TO
vote	VB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
opinion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
that	IN
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
immune	JJ
from	IN
an	DT
administrative	JJ
enforcement	NN
action	NN
under	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
From	IN
a	DT
common	JJ
sense	NN
standpoint	NN
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
recognizes	VBZ
that	IN
where	WRB
a	DT
member	NN
makes	VBZ
a	DT
good	JJ
faith	NN
effort	NN
to	TO
recuse	VB
themselves	PRP
from	IN
voting	NN
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
then	RB
required	VBN
to	TO
vote	VB
,	,
these	DT
facts	NNS
may	MD
constitute	VB
a	DT
defense	NN
to	TO
an	DT
Ethics	NNP
complaint	NN
.	.
Still	RB
,	,
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
instances	NNS
when	WRB
the	DT
casting	NN
of	IN
a	DT
vote	NN
arises	VBZ
to	TO
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
Any	DT
conflict	NN
between	IN
local	JJ
rules	NNS
or	CC
ordinances	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
may	MD
be	VB
cured	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
official	NN
being	VBG
permitted	VBN
to	TO
excuse	VB
himself	PRP
from	IN
voting	VBG
when	WRB
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
good	JJ
faith	NN
basis	NN
to	TO
believe	VB
that	IN
by	IN
casting	VBG
the	DT
vote	NN
,	,
he	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
violating	VBG
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
Division	NNP
Director	NNP
in	IN
a	DT
State	NNP
Agency	NNP
which	WDT
regulates	VBZ
motor	NN
vehicles	NNS
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
has	VBZ
purchased	VBN
a	DT
vehicle	NN
from	IN
a	DT
local	JJ
automobile	NN
dealer	NN
.	.
The	DT
dealer	NN
has	VBZ
asked	VBN
if	IN
the	DT
requester	NN
will	MD
provide	VB
a	DT
testimonial	NN
concerning	VBG
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
the	DT
vehicle	NN
.	.
The	DT
testimonial	NN
would	MD
be	VB
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
an	DT
audio-taped	JJ
message	NN
which	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
radio	NN
advertisement	NN
.	.
A	DT
photograph	NN
of	IN
the	DT
requester	NN
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
print	NN
advertisement	NN
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
compensated	VBN
for	IN
providing	VBG
the	DT
testimonial	JJ
nor	CC
would	MD
he	PRP
use	VB
his	PRP$
title	NN
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
,	,
through	IN
his	PRP$
position	NN
as	IN
a	DT
division	NN
director	NN
,	,
has	VBZ
significant	JJ
responsibilities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
directly	RB
regulate	VB
automobile	NN
dealers	NNS
but	CC
is	VBZ
a	DT
high	JJ
ranking	JJ
official	NN
within	IN
the	DT
agency	NN
.	.
Director	NNP
in	IN
his	PRP$
personal	JJ
capacity	NN
amounts	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
endorsement	NN
of	IN
a	DT
product	NN
by	IN
a	DT
State	NNP
Agency	NNP
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
requester	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
intend	VB
to	TO
use	VB
his	PRP$
title	NN
,	,
he	PRP
has	VBZ
significant	JJ
management	NN
responsibilities	NNS
within	IN
a	DT
State	NNP
Agency	NNP
which	WDT
regulates	VBZ
motor	NN
vehicles	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
although	IN
his	PRP$
title	NN
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
,	,
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
prestige	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
position	NN
,	,
providing	VBG
the	DT
testimonial	NN
would	MD
be	VB
construed	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
endorsement	NN
of	IN
a	DT
product	NN
by	IN
a	DT
State	NNP
Agency	NNP
.	.
Since	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
course	NN
of	IN
action	NN
constitutes	VBZ
the	DT
endorsement	NN
of	IN
a	DT
product	NN
by	IN
a	DT
State	NNP
Agency	NNP
of	IN
a	DT
commercial	JJ
product	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
only	RB
permissible	JJ
if	IN
it	PRP
results	VBZ
in	IN
an	DT
overriding	VBG
public	JJ
benefit	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
endorsement	NN
of	IN
a	DT
motor	NN
vehicle	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
provide	VB
an	DT
overriding	JJ
benefit	NN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
benefit	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
automobile	NN
dealer	NN
who	WP
would	MD
generate	VB
goodwill	NN
through	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
testimonial	NN
of	IN
a	DT
respected	JJ
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
community	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
requester	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
private	JJ
citizen	NN
,	,
that	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
acceptable	JJ
.	.
However	RB
,	,
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
prestige	NN
and	CC
responsibilities	NNS
of	IN
his	PRP$
position	NN
,	,
he	PRP
should	MD
not	RB
allow	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
name	NN
or	CC
image	NN
for	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
advertisements	NNS
.	.
A	DT
City	NNP
is	VBZ
upgrading	VBG
its	PRP$
water	NN
treatment	NN
plant	NN
and	CC
distribution	NN
system	NN
.	.
As	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
upgrade	NN
,	,
an	DT
existing	VBG
water	NN
storage	NN
tank	NN
will	MD
undergo	VB
extensive	JJ
restoration	NN
.	.
Heavy	NNP
machinery	NN
must	MD
be	VB
transported	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
site	NN
for	IN
the	DT
restoration	NN
project	NN
.	.
The	DT
City	NNP
has	VBZ
determined	VBN
through	IN
engineering	NN
studies	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
effective	JJ
route	NN
of	IN
ingress	NN
and	CC
egress	NN
to	TO
the	DT
water	NN
storage	NN
tank	NN
is	VBZ
over	IN
a	DT
parcel	NN
of	IN
property	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
owned	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
elected	VBN
City	NNP
Council	NNP
Member	NNP
.	.
The	DT
City	NNP
Council	NNP
Member	NNP
owns	VBZ
two	CD
parcels	NNS
of	IN
property	NN
.	.
The	DT
parcels	NNS
are	VBP
separated	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
portion	NN
of	IN
property	NN
owned	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
City	NNP
.	.
The	DT
strip	NN
of	IN
land	NN
owned	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
City	NNP
is	VBZ
approximately	RB
one	CD
hundred	CD
fifty	CD
feet	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
150	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
length	NN
and	CC
twenty	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
20	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
feet	NNS
in	IN
width	NN
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
strip	NN
owned	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
City	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
potential	JJ
route	NN
of	IN
ingress	NN
to	TO
the	DT
water	NN
storage	NN
tank	NN
,	,
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
steep	JJ
grade	NN
and	CC
rocky	JJ
terrain	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
conducive	JJ
to	TO
being	VBG
used	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
roadway	NN
.	.
The	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
a	DT
road	NN
over	IN
this	DT
land	NN
would	MD
result	VB
in	IN
significant	JJ
costs	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
City	NNP
.	.
Over	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
,	,
to	TO
gain	VB
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
water	NN
storage	NN
tank	NN
,	,
the	DT
public	JJ
work	NN
crews	NNS
have	VBP
used	VBN
a	DT
route	NN
of	IN
travel	NN
which	WDT
passes	VBZ
over	IN
the	DT
property	NN
owned	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
City	NNP
Council	NNP
Member	NNP
.	.
The	DT
City	NNP
Council	NNP
Member	NNP
has	VBZ
permitted	VBN
the	DT
City	NN
to	TO
utilize	VB
this	DT
route	NN
without	IN
charge	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
City	NNP
acquires	VBZ
this	DT
property	NN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
route	NN
will	MD
be	VB
further	JJ
improved	VBN
to	TO
support	VB
the	DT
transportation	NN
of	IN
heavy	JJ
construction	NN
equipment	NN
.	.
The	DT
City	NNP
wants	VBZ
to	TO
legally	RB
acquire	VB
the	DT
property	NN
before	IN
expending	VBG
public	JJ
monies	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
improvements	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
prohibits	VBZ
public	JJ
servants	NNS
from	IN
being	VBG
a	DT
party	NN
to	TO
or	CC
having	VBG
a	DT
financial	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
contract	NN
which	WDT
they	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
power	NN
to	TO
award	NN
or	CC
control	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Commission	NNP
has	VBZ
the	DT
power	NN
to	TO
grant	VB
a	DT
municipality	NN
an	DT
exemption	NN
from	IN
this	DT
prohibition	NN
where	WRB
it	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
prohibition	NN
would	MD
result	VB
in	IN
excessive	JJ
cost	NN
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
body	NN
or	CC
undue	JJ
hardship	NN
.	.
The	DT
employees	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
State	NNP
Agency	NNP
have	VBP
formed	VBN
an	DT
employee	NN
association	NN
.	.
The	DT
association	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
booster	NN
account	NN
.	.
The	DT
proceeds	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
booster	NN
account	NN
are	VBP
used	VBN
for	IN
employee	NN
picnics	NNS
,	,
parties	NNS
,	,
scholarships	NNS
and	CC
donations	NNS
to	TO
employees	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
exhausted	VBN
their	PRP$
sick	JJ
leave	NN
.	.
Proceeds	NNS
from	IN
vending	VBG
machines	NNS
fund	VB
the	DT
booster	NN
account	NN
.	.
The	DT
machines	NNS
are	VBP
located	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
area	NN
of	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
building	NN
which	WDT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
designated	VBN
for	IN
employee	NN
use	NN
.	.
Due	JJ
to	TO
security	NN
concerns	NNS
,	,
the	DT
public	NN
has	VBZ
limited	VBN
access	NN
to	TO
both	DT
the	DT
facility	NN
and	CC
area	NN
in	IN
question	NN
.	.
The	DT
employee	NN
association	NN
arranges	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
machines	NNS
and	CC
receives	VBZ
any	DT
profits	NNS
derived	VBN
from	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
location	NN
of	IN
the	DT
machines	NNS
,	,
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
profits	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
vending	VBG
machines	NNS
result	VBP
from	IN
purchases	NNS
made	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
employees	NNS
,	,
not	RB
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
.	.
The	DT
vending	VBG
machines	NNS
are	VBP
located	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
area	NN
of	IN
the	DT
facility	NN
designated	VBN
for	IN
employee	NN
use	NN
.	.
Revenues	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
machine	NN
are	VBP
generated	VBN
largely	RB
from	IN
voluntary	JJ
purchases	NNS
made	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
employees	NNS
.	.
As	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
public	NN
have	VBP
restricted	VBN
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
facility	NN
,	,
likewise	RB
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
purchases	NNS
they	PRP
make	VBP
are	VBP
de	IN
minimis	NNS
.	.
Based	VBN
upon	IN
these	DT
facts	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
employee	NN
association	NN
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
discretion	NN
of	IN
management	NN
,	,
to	TO
operate	VB
the	DT
machines	NNS
and	CC
retain	VB
the	DT
profits	NNS
;	:
provided	VBN
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
association	NN
reimburses	VBZ
the	DT
State	NNP
Agency	NNP
for	IN
any	DT
expenses	NNS
incurred	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Agency	NNP
through	IN
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
machines	NNS
.	.
The	DT
vending	VBG
machines	NNS
require	VBP
electricity	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
operation	NN
.	.
Public	NNP
monies	NNS
are	VBP
used	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
for	IN
the	DT
electricity	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
employee	NN
association	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
reimburse	VB
the	DT
State	NNP
Agency	NNP
for	IN
this	DT
expense	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
notes	VBZ
that	IN
this	DT
opinion	NN
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
specific	JJ
facts	NNS
and	CC
circumstances	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
particular	JJ
case	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
decision	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
relied	VBN
upon	IN
by	IN
others	NNS
without	IN
having	VBG
first	JJ
consulted	VBN
with	IN
and	CC
received	VBD
written	VBN
confirmation	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Commission	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
further	JJ
notes	NNS
that	WDT
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
18-10G-1	NNP
et	FW
.	.
seq	NN
.	.
governs	VBZ
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
food	NN
service	NN
in	IN
public	JJ
buildings	NNS
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Agency	NNP
must	MD
independently	RB
determine	VB
whether	IN
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
vending	VBG
machines	NNS
complies	NNS
with	IN
that	DT
code	NN
provision	NN
as	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
is	VBZ
without	IN
authority	NN
to	TO
interpret	VB
this	DT
particular	JJ
statute	NN
.	.
The	DT
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
is	VBZ
building	VBG
a	DT
new	JJ
high	JJ
school	NN
.	.
The	DT
new	JJ
high	JJ
school	NN
will	MD
contain	VB
a	DT
state-of-the-art	JJ
printing	NN
facility	NN
.	.
The	DT
facility	NN
will	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
instruction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
printing	NN
trade	NN
and	CC
will	MD
also	RB
provide	VB
printing	NN
services	NNS
to	TO
schools	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
The	DT
facility	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
funded	VBN
in	IN
part	NN
via	IN
grant	NN
from	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Economic	NNP
Development	NNP
Authority	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
believed	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
teaching	NN
of	IN
the	DT
printing	NN
trade	NN
will	MD
help	VB
bolster	VB
economic	JJ
growth	NN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
by	IN
establishing	VBG
a	DT
trained	VBN
labor	NN
force	NN
for	IN
this	DT
growing	VBG
industry	NN
.	.
In	IN
evaluating	VBG
which	WDT
operating	VBG
system	NN
to	TO
acquire	VB
,	,
the	DT
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
has	VBZ
made	VBN
the	DT
preliminary	JJ
determination	NN
that	WDT
technology	NN
developed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
German	JJ
a	DT
company	NN
would	MD
best	RB
serve	VB
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
The	DT
German	JJ
company	NN
holds	VBZ
a	DT
patent	NN
for	IN
the	DT
process	NN
which	WDT
it	PRP
has	VBZ
developed	VBN
.	.
At	IN
present	JJ
,	,
no	DT
other	JJ
company	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
has	VBZ
this	DT
technology	NN
,	,
nor	CC
is	VBZ
this	DT
system	NN
operating	NN
in	IN
the	DT
states	NNS
.	.
The	DT
German	JJ
Company	NN
is	VBZ
holding	VBG
an	DT
open	JJ
house	NN
in	IN
Germany	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
offered	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
attending	VBG
the	DT
open	JJ
house	NN
for	IN
the	DT
School	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
the	DT
President	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
the	DT
County	NNP
Supervisor	NNP
of	IN
Vocational	NNP
Education	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Director	NNP
of	IN
Operations	NNP
.	.
The	DT
open	JJ
house	NN
is	VBZ
more	RBR
comparable	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
trade	NN
show	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
event	NN
,	,
the	DT
company	NN
will	MD
unveil	VB
new	JJ
products	NNS
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
the	DT
trip	NN
,	,
the	DT
company	NN
will	MD
provide	VB
on	IN
site	NN
demonstrations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
equipment	NN
for	IN
the	DT
county	NN
school	NN
board	NN
representatives	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
will	MD
also	RB
take	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
a	DT
local	JJ
company	NN
that	WDT
uses	VBZ
the	DT
system	NN
and	CC
provide	VB
training	NN
.	.
As	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
similar	JJ
system	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
possible	JJ
to	TO
inspect	VB
the	DT
equipment	NN
without	IN
traveling	VBG
.	.
In	IN
previous	JJ
Advisory	NNP
Opinions	NNS
the	DT
Ethics	NNPS
Commission	NNP
has	VBZ
approved	VBN
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
government	NN
agencies	NNS
permitting	VBG
vendors	NNS
to	TO
pay	VB
the	DT
expenses	NNS
of	IN
agency	NN
personnel	NNS
when	WRB
they	PRP
attend	VBP
events	NNS
designed	VBN
to	TO
enhance	VB
their	PRP$
job	NN
related	VBN
skills	NNS
or	CC
knowledge	NN
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
in	IN
A.O.	NNP
98-18	CD
the	DT
Commission	NNP
found	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
permissible	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
Public	NNP
Service	NNP
District	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
PSD	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
be	VB
reimbursed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
potential	JJ
vendor	NN
for	IN
the	DT
expense	NN
of	IN
key	JJ
personnel	NNS
attending	VBG
a	DT
one	CD
day	NN
seminar	NN
on	IN
wastewater	NN
treatment	NN
equipment	NN
.	.
In	IN
certain	JJ
instances	NNS
,	,
this	DT
practice	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
violate	VB
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
's	POS
prohibition	NN
against	IN
the	DT
acceptance	NN
of	IN
gifts	NNS
because	IN
the	DT
employing	VBG
agency	NN
and	CC
the	DT
public	JJ
benefit	NN
significantly	RB
from	IN
the	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
the	DT
traveler	NN
's	POS
job	NN
related	VBN
skills	NNS
or	CC
knowledge	NN
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
traveler	NN
benefits	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
benefit	NN
which	WDT
violates	VBZ
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
improper	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
office	NN
for	IN
private	JJ
gain	NN
where	WRB
there	EX
is	VBZ
an	DT
overriding	VBG
public	JJ
benefit	NN
to	TO
such	JJ
travel	NN
and	CC
the	DT
true	JJ
recipient	JJ
is	VBZ
the	DT
governmental	JJ
agency	NN
,	,
not	RB
the	DT
individual	JJ
agency	NN
traveler	NN
.	.
The	DT
incidental	JJ
benefit	NN
to	TO
the	DT
individual	NN
is	VBZ
legitimized	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
overriding	VBG
public	JJ
benefit	NN
.	.
The	DT
trip	NN
should	MD
represent	VB
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
investment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
traveler	NN
's	POS
time	NN
when	WRB
weighed	VBN
against	IN
the	DT
information	NN
acquired	VBD
or	CC
the	DT
degree	NN
of	IN
improvement	NN
in	IN
job	NN
skills	NNS
.	.
A	DT
five	CD
day	NN
trip	NN
comprised	VBD
of	IN
two	CD
travel	NN
days	NNS
and	CC
three	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
light	JJ
class	NN
work	NN
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
acquire	VB
information	NN
or	CC
skills	NNS
which	WDT
could	MD
be	VB
adequately	RB
presented	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
one	CD
day	NN
seminar	NN
.	.
The	DT
foregoing	NN
guidelines	NNS
provide	VBP
the	DT
requestor	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
public	JJ
servants	NNS
a	DT
means	NN
of	IN
judging	VBG
whether	IN
a	DT
specific	JJ
offer	NN
of	IN
a	DT
trip	NN
is	VBZ
acceptable	JJ
under	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
Care	NNP
should	MD
always	RB
be	VB
taken	VBN
that	IN
no	DT
gift	NN
is	VBZ
tendered	VBN
or	CC
accepted	VBN
under	IN
facts	NNS
or	CC
circumstances	NNS
which	WDT
could	MD
impair	VB
the	DT
impartiality	NN
and	CC
independent	JJ
judgment	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
servants	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
governmental	JJ
agency	NN
or	CC
give	VB
the	DT
appearance	NN
of	IN
impropriety	NN
or	CC
the	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
quid	JJ
pro	JJ
quo	NN
.	.
The	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
leasing	VBG
or	CC
purchasing	VBG
the	DT
printing	NN
system	NN
technology	NN
will	MD
involve	VB
a	DT
significant	JJ
expenditure	NN
of	IN
money	NN
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
the	DT
operating	NN
systems	NNS
will	MD
serve	VB
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
and	CC
the	DT
state	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
potential	JJ
purchase	NN
be	VB
carefully	RB
evaluated	VBN
and	CC
scrutinized	VBN
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
Agency	NNP
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
providing	VBG
health	NN
care	NN
services	NNS
to	TO
public	JJ
servants	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
most	RBS
public	JJ
school	NN
employees	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Agency	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
State	NNP
University	NNP
are	VBP
jointly	RB
conducting	VBG
a	DT
pilot	NN
study	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
electronic	JJ
game	NN
engaging	VBG
participants	NNS
in	IN
aerobic	JJ
dance	NN
activity	NN
can	MD
serve	VB
as	IN
an	DT
effective	JJ
tool	NN
in	IN
reducing	VBG
childhood	NN
obesity	NN
.	.
The	DT
University	NNP
has	VBZ
negotiated	VBN
a	DT
40	CD
%	NN
price	NN
reduction	NN
with	IN
the	DT
manufacturer	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
the	DT
game	NN
systems	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
being	VBG
provided	VBN
for	IN
use	NN
by	IN
the	DT
85	CD
students	NNS
and	CC
two	CD
public	JJ
school	NN
physical	JJ
education	NN
programs	NNS
participating	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
test	NN
program	NN
.	.
Parents	NNS
of	IN
students	NNS
not	RB
selected	VBN
for	IN
participation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
program	NN
and	CC
school	NN
staff	NN
members	NNS
have	VBP
asked	VBN
to	TO
purchase	VB
these	DT
games	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
Agency	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
price	NN
obtained	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
pilot	NN
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
has	VBZ
further	JJ
recognized	VBN
that	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
certain	JJ
situations	NNS
where	WRB
discounts	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
pursued	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
State	NNP
Agency	NNP
,	,
and	CC
exercised	VBN
by	IN
eligible	JJ
public	JJ
employees	NNS
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
government	NN
expects	VBZ
to	TO
obtain	VB
a	DT
significant	JJ
benefit	NN
through	IN
employee	NN
participation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
discounted	JJ
activities	NNS
.	.
This	DT
particular	JJ
proposal	NN
involves	VBZ
a	DT
game	NN
system	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
being	VBG
evaluated	VBN
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
cost-effective	JJ
tool	NN
for	IN
promoting	VBG
beneficial	JJ
aerobic	JJ
activity	NN
in	IN
overweight	JJ
children	NNS
.	.
Absent	JJ
a	DT
reasoned	VBN
medical	JJ
determination	NN
that	IN
this	DT
system	NN
promotes	VBZ
wellness	JJ
and	CC
reduces	VBZ
health	NN
costs	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
State	NN
,	,
authorizing	VBG
discounted	JJ
purchases	NNS
by	IN
employees	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Agency	NNP
,	,
State	NNP
University	NNP
or	CC
participating	VBG
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
would	MD
violate	VB
the	DT
prohibition	NN
against	IN
use	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
office	NN
for	IN
private	JJ
gain	NN
.	.
Superintendent	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
recommendation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
concerning	VBG
which	WDT
applicant	NN
should	MD
be	VB
selected	VBN
to	TO
fill	VB
a	DT
vacant	JJ
position	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
create	VB
the	DT
appearance	NN
of	IN
using	VBG
public	JJ
office	NN
for	IN
private	JJ
gain	NN
for	IN
a	DT
County	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
,	,
or	CC
one	CD
of	IN
her	PRP$
subordinates	NNS
,	,
to	TO
nominate	VB
herself	PRP
for	IN
a	DT
vacant	JJ
position	NN
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
well	RB
qualified	VBN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
Superintendent	NNP
were	VBD
to	TO
resign	VB
,	,
her	PRP$
successor	NN
could	MD
nominate	VB
her	PRP$
for	IN
a	DT
vacant	JJ
position	NN
and	CC
she	PRP
could	MD
then	RB
be	VB
hired	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
Principal	NN
because	IN
she	PRP
would	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
have	VB
any	DT
voice	NN
,	,
influence	NN
or	CC
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
selection	NN
process	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
investment	NN
of	IN
certain	JJ
State	NN
funds	NNS
.	.
On	IN
occasion	NN
the	DT
Board	NNP
must	MD
consider	VB
possible	JJ
shareholder	NN
litigation	NN
against	IN
publicly	RB
traded	VBN
corporations	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
Board	NNP
has	VBZ
equity	NN
or	CC
debt	NN
investments	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
previously	RB
obtained	VBD
guidance	NN
concerning	VBG
whether	IN
Trustees	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
recuse	VB
themselves	PRP
from	IN
voting	VBG
on	IN
matters	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
hold	VBP
an	DT
indirect	JJ
financial	JJ
interest	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
their	PRP$
investment	NN
in	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
mutual	JJ
funds	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
now	RB
asks	VBZ
for	IN
guidance	NN
on	IN
voting	NN
where	WRB
a	DT
Trustee	NN
holds	VBZ
stock	NN
in	IN
a	DT
publicly-traded	JJ
company	NN
.	.
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
6B-2-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
Use	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
office	NN
for	IN
private	JJ
gain	NN
,	,
provides	VBZ
in	IN
part	NN
that	IN
...	:
A	DT
public	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
public	JJ
employee	NN
may	MD
not	RB
knowingly	RB
and	CC
intentionally	RB
use	VB
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
office	NN
or	CC
the	DT
prestige	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
office	NN
for	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
own	JJ
private	JJ
gain	NN
or	CC
that	IN
of	IN
another	DT
person	NN
.	.
This	DT
decision	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
particular	JJ
circumstances	NNS
presented	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
request	NN
and	CC
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
relied	VBN
upon	IN
to	TO
establish	VB
whether	IN
a	DT
financial	JJ
interest	NN
is	VBZ
de	IN
minimis	NNS
in	IN
some	DT
other	JJ
context	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
address	VB
such	JJ
questions	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
case-by-case	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
A	DT
Volunteer	NNP
Fire	NNP
Department	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
VFD	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
a	DT
program	NN
offered	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
advertising	NN
company	NN
which	WDT
provides	VBZ
vehicles	NNS
for	IN
use	NN
by	IN
government	NN
agencies	NNS
that	WDT
agree	VBP
to	TO
operate	VB
these	DT
advertisement-bearing	JJ
vehicles	NNS
within	IN
their	PRP$
communities	NNS
.	.
Unlike	IN
the	DT
government	NN
agencies	NNS
addressed	VBD
in	IN
these	DT
earlier	JJR
opinions	NNS
,	,
a	DT
VFD	NNP
operates	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
voluntary	JJ
,	,
community-based	JJ
organization	NN
without	IN
significant	JJ
governmental	JJ
authority	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
unlikely	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
public	NN
would	MD
perceive	VB
advertising	NN
on	IN
a	DT
VFD-operated	JJ
vehicle	NN
as	IN
an	DT
official	JJ
government	NN
endorsement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
products	NNS
advertised	VBD
,	,
anymore	RB
than	IN
billboards	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
stadium	NN
would	MD
be	VB
viewed	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
official	JJ
endorsement	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
is	VBZ
also	RB
aware	JJ
that	IN
VFDs	NNP
generally	RB
have	VBP
no	DT
independent	JJ
authority	NN
to	TO
impose	VB
mandatory	JJ
fees	NNS
or	CC
taxes	NNS
to	TO
fund	VB
their	PRP$
operations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
of	IN
a	DT
county	NN
represented	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Legislator	NNP
has	VBZ
initiated	VBN
a	DT
program	NN
to	TO
petition	VB
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
to	TO
pass	VB
a	DT
law	NN
giving	VBG
county	NN
residents	NNS
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
decide	VB
by	IN
local	JJ
referendum	NN
whether	IN
table	NN
games	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
permitted	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
gaming	NN
site	NN
located	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
county	NN
.	.
The	DT
Legislator	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
full-time	JJ
employee	NN
of	IN
the	DT
business	NN
which	WDT
operates	VBZ
the	DT
gaming	NN
site	NN
,	,
but	CC
his	PRP$
responsibilities	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
directly	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
its	PRP$
gaming	NN
activities	NNS
and	CC
do	VB
not	RB
encompass	VB
public	JJ
or	CC
governmental	JJ
relations	NNS
.	.
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
6B-2-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
Use	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
office	NN
for	IN
private	JJ
gain	NN
provides	VBZ
in	IN
pertinent	JJ
part	NN
that	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
official	NN
...	:
may	MD
not	RB
knowingly	RB
and	CC
intentionally	RB
use	VB
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
office	NN
or	CC
the	DT
prestige	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
office	NN
for	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
own	JJ
private	JJ
gain	NN
or	CC
that	IN
of	IN
another	DT
person	NN
.	.
The	DT
performance	NN
of	IN
usual	JJ
and	CC
customary	JJ
duties	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
office	NN
...	:
or	CC
the	DT
advancement	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
policy	NN
goals	NNS
or	CC
constituent	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
without	IN
compensation	NN
,	,
does	VBZ
not	RB
constitute	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
prestige	NN
of	IN
office	NN
for	IN
private	JJ
gain	NN
.	.
The	DT
usual	JJ
and	CC
customary	JJ
duties	NNS
of	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
include	VBP
sponsoring	VBG
legislation	NN
,	,
particularly	RB
legislation	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
sought	VBN
by	IN
constituents	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
in	IN
this	DT
situation	NN
the	DT
Legislator	NNP
is	VBZ
employed	VBN
full-time	JJ
by	IN
a	DT
business	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
among	IN
the	DT
principal	JJ
beneficiaries	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
legislation	NN
proposed	VBD
.	.
The	DT
Legislator	NNP
shares	NNS
a	DT
common	JJ
financial	JJ
interest	NN
with	IN
his	PRP$
employer	NN
in	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
legislation	NN
and	CC
he	PRP
should	MD
not	RB
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
sponsor	VBP
the	DT
legislation	NN
.	.
The	DT
advisory	JJ
opinion	NN
process	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
way	NN
for	IN
public	JJ
servants	NNS
to	TO
determine	VB
,	,
in	IN
advance	NN
,	,
whether	IN
specific	JJ
conduct	NN
they	PRP
plan	VBP
is	VBZ
consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
process	NN
provides	VBZ
guidance	NN
and	CC
protection	NN
to	TO
public	JJ
servants	NNS
-	:
its	PRP$
purpose	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
immunize	VB
those	DT
who	WP
act	VBP
in	IN
good	JJ
faith	NN
reliance	NN
upon	IN
an	DT
advisory	JJ
opinion	NN
.	.
Amendment	NNP
One	CD
to	TO
the	DT
WV	NNP
Constitution	NNP
,	,
passed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
voters	NNS
in	IN
November	NNP
2003	CD
,	,
authorized	VBD
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
tax	NN
increment	NN
financing	NN
secured	VBN
by	IN
property	NN
taxes	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
economic	JJ
development	NN
mechanism	NN
.	.
The	DT
2002	CD
Legislature	NNP
created	VBD
a	DT
legislative	JJ
framework	NN
for	IN
establishing	VBG
TIF	NNP
districts	NNS
and	CC
approving	VBG
specific	JJ
TIF	NNP
projects	NNS
within	IN
an	DT
established	VBN
district	NN
.	.
TIF	NNP
district	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
Commissioner	NNP
B	NNP
should	MD
likewise	RB
not	RB
vote	VB
on	IN
a	DT
proposal	NN
to	TO
include	VB
property	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
financial	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
TIF	NNP
district	NN
or	CC
on	IN
any	DT
specific	JJ
proposal	NN
involving	VBG
that	IN
property	NN
.	.
A	DT
State	NNP
Board	NNP
asks	VBZ
whether	IN
its	PRP$
Trustees	NNPS
and	CC
senior	JJ
executive	JJ
staff	NN
are	VBP
disqualified	VBN
from	IN
taking	VBG
official	JJ
action	NN
in	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
publicly	RB
traded	VBN
corporations	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
have	VBP
personal	JJ
financial	JJ
interests	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
wants	VBZ
to	TO
establish	VB
those	DT
circumstances	NNS
which	WDT
will	MD
require	VB
its	PRP$
Trustees	NNPS
and	CC
senior	JJ
staff	NN
to	TO
recuse	VB
themselves	PRP
from	IN
consideration	NN
of	IN
official	JJ
action	NN
against	IN
a	DT
publicly	RB
traded	VBN
corporation	NN
,	,
because	IN
of	IN
personal	JJ
financial	JJ
investments	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
corporation	NN
.	.
The	DT
actual	JJ
portfolio	NN
composition	NN
of	IN
mutual	JJ
funds	NNS
is	VBZ
a	DT
matter	NN
which	WDT
most	RBS
investors	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
only	RB
on	IN
a	DT
periodic	JJ
or	CC
occasional	JJ
basis	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
unreasonable	JJ
to	TO
impute	VB
knowledge	NN
of	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
investments	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
mutual	JJ
fund	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
stockholders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Ethics	NNP
Acts	NNS
?	.
prohibition	NN
against	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
office	NN
for	IN
private	JJ
gain	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
prevent	VB
public	JJ
servants	NNS
from	IN
misusing	VBG
the	DT
influence	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
public	JJ
positions	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
private	JJ
financial	JJ
gain	NN
or	CC
that	IN
of	IN
their	PRP$
friends	NNS
,	,
relatives	NNS
,	,
business	NN
associates	NNS
or	CC
cronies	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
any	DT
overriding	VBG
public	JJ
benefit	NN
,	,
endorsement	NN
of	IN
commercial	JJ
products	NNS
through	IN
advertising	NN
on	IN
police	NN
and	CC
emergency	NN
county	NN
vehicles	NNS
,	,
could	MD
constitute	VB
a	DT
use	NN
of	IN
office	NN
for	IN
private	JJ
gain	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
should	MD
not	RB
adopt	VB
this	DT
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
Agency	NNP
uses	VBZ
two	CD
bloodhounds	NNS
to	TO
assist	VB
it	PRP
in	IN
wildland	NN
fire	NN
investigations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Agency	NNP
has	VBZ
used	VBN
the	DT
dogs	NNS
for	IN
almost	RB
five	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
during	IN
that	DT
time	NN
a	DT
business	NN
which	WDT
sells	VBZ
dog	NN
food	NN
has	VBZ
supplied	VBN
dog	NN
food	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Agency	NNP
at	IN
no	DT
cost	NN
.	.
The	DT
business	NN
recently	RB
asked	VBD
to	TO
use	VB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
dogs	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
dog	NN
food	NN
commercial	NN
.	.
The	DT
Agency	NNP
is	VBZ
willing	JJ
to	TO
cooperate	VB
with	IN
the	DT
business	NN
as	IN
a	DT
way	NN
of	IN
thanking	VBG
it	PRP
for	IN
its	PRP$
past	JJ
financial	JJ
support	NN
and	CC
because	IN
it	PRP
feels	VBZ
it	PRP
will	MD
promote	VB
public	JJ
awareness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
bloodhound	NN
program	NN
and	CC
reduce	VB
the	DT
likelihood	NN
of	IN
arson	NN
related	VBN
wildfires	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
has	VBZ
previously	RB
held	VBN
that	IN
commercial	JJ
endorsement	NN
of	IN
private	JJ
sector	NN
products	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
by	IN
governmental	JJ
agencies	NNS
is	VBZ
acceptable	JJ
only	RB
when	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
program	NN
which	WDT
results	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
overriding	VBG
public	JJ
benefit	NN
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
case	NN
here	RB
.	.
The	DT
Agency	NNP
should	MD
not	RB
permit	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
dog	NN
in	IN
the	DT
production	NN
of	IN
a	DT
dog	NN
food	NN
commercial	NN
.	.
The	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
established	VBD
a	DT
wellness	JJ
program	NN
for	IN
county	NN
personnel	NNS
which	WDT
gives	VBZ
them	PRP
free	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
health	NN
facilities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
YMCA	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
buy	VB
membership	NN
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
participate	VBP
,	,
but	CC
pays	VBZ
the	DT
YMCA	NNP
a	DT
pro-rated	JJ
fee	NN
for	IN
each	DT
day	NN
an	DT
employee	NN
uses	VBZ
the	DT
facility	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
explains	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
conceived	VBD
the	DT
program	NN
to	TO
further	JJ
mental	JJ
and	CC
physical	JJ
health	NN
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
chose	VBD
to	TO
participate	VB
.	.
The	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
asks	VBZ
whether	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
for	IN
its	PRP$
members	NNS
to	TO
approve	VB
the	DT
final	JJ
settlement	NN
of	IN
estates	NNS
reflecting	VBG
payments	NNS
of	IN
estate	NN
funds	NNS
to	TO
personally	RB
compensate	VB
the	DT
Sheriff	NNP
or	CC
his	PRP$
deputies	NNS
for	IN
performing	VBG
their	PRP$
public	JJ
duties	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
administration	NN
of	IN
estates	NNS
which	WDT
the	DT
Sheriff	NNP
was	VBD
appointed	VBN
,	,
in	IN
his	PRP$
official	JJ
capacity	NN
,	,
to	TO
administer	VB
.	.
In	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
administrative	JJ
rules	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Division	NNP
of	IN
Personnel	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Employee	NNP
was	VBD
given	VBN
time	NN
off	RP
from	IN
work	NN
,	,
without	IN
loss	NN
of	IN
pay	NN
or	CC
charge	NN
to	TO
annual	JJ
leave	NN
,	,
to	TO
respond	VB
to	TO
a	DT
summons	NN
for	IN
jury	NN
duty	NN
.	.
The	DT
Employee	NNP
has	VBZ
served	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
juror	NN
and	CC
he	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
paid	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
court	NN
for	IN
his	PRP$
mileage	NN
and	CC
a	DT
per	IN
diem	NN
reimbursement	NN
for	IN
his	PRP$
required	JJ
attendance	NN
at	IN
sessions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
court	NN
.	.
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
6B-2-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
k	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
Certain	JJ
expenses	NNS
prohibited	VBN
.	.
--	:
No	DT
public	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
public	JJ
employee	NN
shall	MD
knowingly	RB
request	VB
or	CC
accept	VB
from	IN
any	DT
governmental	JJ
entity	NN
compensation	NN
or	CC
reimbursement	NN
for	IN
any	DT
expenses	NNS
actually	RB
paid	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
lobbyist	NN
and	CC
required	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
chapter	NN
to	TO
be	VB
reported	VBN
,	,
or	CC
actually	RB
paid	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
person	NN
.	.
The	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
prohibits	VBZ
public	JJ
servants	NNS
from	IN
being	VBG
paid	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
governmental	JJ
entity	NN
for	IN
work	NN
which	WDT
has	VBZ
actually	RB
been	VBN
paid	VBN
for	IN
by	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
person	NN
.	.
The	DT
prohibition	NN
is	VBZ
aimed	VBN
at	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
generally	RB
referred	VBN
to	TO
as	IN
double	JJ
dipping	VBG
,	,
being	VBG
paid	VBN
twice	RB
for	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
work	NN
.	.
State	NNP
Personnel	NNP
rules	NNS
give	VBP
State	NNP
employees	NNS
time	NN
off	RP
from	IN
their	PRP$
governmental	JJ
job	NN
to	TO
perform	VB
jury	NN
service	NN
,	,
without	IN
reducing	VBG
their	PRP$
pay	NN
or	CC
charging	VBG
their	PRP$
annual	JJ
leave	NN
account	NN
.	.
The	DT
rules	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
require	VB
employees	NNS
to	TO
relinquish	VB
their	PRP$
jury	NN
service	NN
pay	NN
.	.
The	DT
county	NN
is	VBZ
preparing	VBG
to	TO
implement	VB
new	JJ
mapping	NN
requirements	NNS
mandated	VBN
by	IN
recently	RB
enacted	VBN
law	NN
.	.
The	DT
County	NNP
Surveyor	NNP
agreed	VBD
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
orientation	NN
meetings	NNS
for	IN
county	NN
officials	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
expectation	NN
of	IN
helping	VBG
to	TO
implement	VB
the	DT
new	JJ
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
has	VBZ
reimbursed	VBN
the	DT
County	NNP
Surveyor	NNP
for	IN
his	PRP$
food	NN
,	,
travel	NN
and	CC
registration	NN
expenses	NNS
incurred	VBN
in	IN
attending	VBG
meetings	NNS
,	,
conferences	NNS
and	CC
workshops	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
mapping	NN
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
and	CC
Surveyor	NNP
ask	VB
if	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
may	MD
pay	VB
him	PRP
for	IN
the	DT
time	NN
he	PRP
spends	VBZ
attending	VBG
such	JJ
meetings	NNS
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
.	.
No	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
disqualifies	VBZ
the	DT
County	NNP
Surveyor	NNP
from	IN
consideration	NN
for	IN
employment	NN
by	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
to	TO
work	VB
on	IN
county	NN
projects	NNS
.	.
So	RB
long	RB
as	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Surveyor	NNP
is	VBZ
qualified	VBN
to	TO
perform	VB
the	DT
activities	NNS
he	PRP
is	VBZ
paid	VBN
to	TO
perform	VB
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Commissioners	NNPS
to	TO
pay	VB
him	PRP
or	CC
for	IN
him	PRP
to	TO
accept	VB
payment	NN
.	.
This	DT
opinion	NN
deals	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
grant	NN
made	VBD
to	TO
a	DT
public	JJ
entity	NN
,	,
a	DT
public	JJ
school	NN
or	CC
school	NN
system	NN
.	.
The	DT
opinion	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
deal	VB
with	IN
those	DT
situations	NNS
where	WRB
individuals	NNS
seek	VBP
and	CC
obtain	VBP
grants	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
name	NN
-	:
grants	NNS
to	TO
further	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
work	NN
or	CC
perform	VB
a	DT
specific	JJ
task	NN
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
does	VBZ
contain	VB
a	DT
general	JJ
prohibition	NN
against	IN
public	JJ
servants	NNS
using	VBG
the	DT
influence	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
public	JJ
positions	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
private	JJ
financial	JJ
gain	NN
.	.
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
6B-2-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
It	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
this	DT
provision	NN
for	IN
the	DT
teacher	NN
to	TO
misuse	NN
the	DT
influence	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
teaching	NN
position	NN
to	TO
secure	VB
employment	NN
in	IN
a	DT
project	NN
financed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
proceeds	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
grant	NN
which	WDT
she	PRP
had	VBD
helped	VBN
obtain	VB
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
for	IN
the	DT
teacher	NN
to	TO
accept	VB
responsibility	NN
for	IN
hiring	VBG
the	DT
summer	NN
teacher	NN
and	CC
then	RB
pervert	VB
the	DT
process	NN
by	IN
arbitrarily	RB
hiring	VBG
herself	PRP
.	.
This	DT
could	MD
also	RB
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
,	,
a	DT
criminal	JJ
misdemeanor	NN
statute	NN
which	WDT
prohibits	VBZ
public	JJ
servants	NNS
from	IN
having	VBG
a	DT
personal	JJ
financial	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
contract	NN
over	IN
which	WDT
their	PRP$
public	JJ
position	NN
gives	VBZ
them	PRP
control	NN
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
hire	VB
comes	VBZ
a	DT
duty	NN
to	TO
act	VB
responsibly	RB
and	CC
use	VB
a	DT
selection	NN
process	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
fair	JJ
and	CC
evenhanded	JJ
,	,
a	DT
process	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
reasonable	JJ
and	CC
objective	JJ
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
teacher	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
considered	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
position	NN
,	,
she	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
excluded	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
selection	NN
process	NN
-	:
a	DT
candidate	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
selection	NN
process	NN
.	.
While	IN
in	IN
office	NN
,	,
the	DT
former	JJ
Mayor	NNP
arranged	VBD
for	IN
Town	NNP
personnel	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
rough	JJ
cut	NN
boards	NNS
from	IN
his	PRP$
lumber	NN
mill	NN
to	TO
brace	VB
the	DT
roof	NN
of	IN
an	DT
existing	VBG
building	NN
the	DT
Town	NNP
bought	VBD
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
Town	NNP
Hall	NNP
.	.
Thereafter	RB
,	,
the	DT
Mayor	NNP
ordered	VBD
$	$
1,100	CD
worth	NN
of	IN
finished	VBN
lumber	NN
from	IN
a	DT
local	JJ
lumber	NN
yard	NN
to	TO
replace	VB
the	DT
lumber	NN
from	IN
his	PRP$
mill	NN
.	.
He	PRP
asks	VBZ
the	DT
Town	NNP
to	TO
pay	VB
for	IN
the	DT
replacement	NN
lumber	NN
ordered	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
prohibits	VBZ
public	JJ
servants	NNS
from	IN
having	VBG
a	DT
personal	JJ
financial	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
contract	NN
,	,
purchase	NN
or	CC
sale	NN
which	WDT
their	PRP$
public	JJ
positions	NNS
give	VBP
them	PRP
the	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
award	NN
or	CC
control	NN
.	.
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
6B-2-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
prohibition	NN
means	VBZ
that	IN
neither	CC
the	DT
Mayor	NNP
nor	CC
Council	NNP
members	NNS
may	MD
sell	VB
goods	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Town	NNP
.	.
Except	IN
for	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
situation	NN
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
this	DT
prohibition	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Mayor	NNP
to	TO
sell	VB
lumber	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Town	NNP
for	IN
use	NN
in	IN
rehabilitating	VBG
Town	NNP
property	NN
.	.
This	DT
Opinion	NN
is	VBZ
confined	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
facts	NNS
and	CC
circumstances	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
particular	JJ
request	NN
and	CC
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
relied	VBN
upon	IN
by	IN
others	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
cautions	VBZ
others	NNS
to	TO
avoid	VB
,	,
except	IN
where	WRB
compelling	JJ
circumstances	NNS
require	VBP
it	PRP
,	,
borrowing	VBG
goods	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
from	IN
those	DT
who	WP
control	VBP
the	DT
return	NN
or	CC
replacement	NN
of	IN
those	DT
goods	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
.	.
The	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
appearing	VBG
to	TO
try	VB
to	TO
skirt	NN
the	DT
law	NN
,	,
the	DT
difficulty	NN
in	IN
distinguishing	VBG
loans	NNS
from	IN
sales	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
potential	NN
for	IN
the	DT
appearance	NN
of	IN
impropriety	NN
are	VBP
so	RB
great	JJ
that	IN
other	JJ
arrangements	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
is	VBZ
interested	JJ
in	IN
membership	NN
in	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
Chamber	NNP
of	IN
Commerce	NNP
and	CC
asks	VBZ
whether	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
become	VB
a	DT
dues	NNS
paying	VBG
member	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
believes	VBZ
that	IN
membership	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Chamber	NNP
will	MD
help	VB
it	PRP
promote	VB
educational	JJ
and	CC
employment	NN
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
its	PRP$
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Ethics	NNP
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
school	NN
funds	NNS
to	TO
buy	VB
meal	NN
tickets	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
or	CC
other	JJ
school	NN
personnel	NNS
to	TO
attend	VB
Chamber	NNP
luncheons	NNS
and	CC
dinners	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
prohibited	VBN
use	NN
of	IN
office	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
private	JJ
gain	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
asks	VBZ
if	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
require	VB
county	NN
personnel	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
and	CC
distribute	VB
promotional	JJ
materials	NNS
prepared	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
organization	NN
which	WDT
supports	VBZ
,	,
and	CC
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
advance	VB
,	,
the	DT
position	NN
taken	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
.	.
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
6B-2-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
provides	VBZ
in	IN
part	NN
that	IN
...	:
a	DT
public	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
public	JJ
employee	NN
may	MD
not	RB
knowingly	RB
and	CC
intentionally	RB
use	VB
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
office	NN
or	CC
the	DT
prestige	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
office	NN
for	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
own	JJ
private	JJ
gain	NN
or	CC
that	IN
of	IN
another	DT
person	NN
.	.
The	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
prohibits	VBZ
public	JJ
servants	NNS
from	IN
using	VBG
their	PRP$
public	JJ
positions	NNS
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
influence	NN
of	IN
those	DT
positions	NNS
,	,
for	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
private	JJ
financial	JJ
gain	NN
or	CC
the	DT
private	JJ
financial	JJ
gain	NN
of	IN
others	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Commissioners	NNPS
?	.
action	NN
in	IN
requiring	VBG
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
promotional	JJ
materials	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
at	IN
odds	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
only	RB
if	IN
it	PRP
constitutes	VBZ
a	DT
prohibited	VBN
use	NN
of	IN
office	NN
for	IN
private	JJ
financial	JJ
gain	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
to	TO
order	VB
,	,
require	VB
,	,
encourage	VB
or	CC
approve	VB
the	DT
wearing	VBG
of	IN
promotional	JJ
buttons	NNS
by	IN
county	NN
personnel	NNS
,	,
the	DT
display	NN
or	CC
distribution	NN
of	IN
promotional	JJ
materials	NNS
in	IN
county	NN
offices	NNS
,	,
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
bumper	NN
stickers	NNS
on	IN
county	NN
vehicles	NNS
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
posting	VBG
of	IN
yard	NN
signs	NNS
on	IN
county	NN
property	NN
,	,
which	WDT
advance	VBP
the	DT
position	NN
taken	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
,	,
however	RB
,	,
be	VB
proper	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
to	TO
secure	VB
discounted	JJ
prices	NNS
for	IN
purchases	NNS
made	VBN
by	IN
faculty	NN
and	CC
staff	NN
alone	RB
.	.
Since	IN
the	DT
concessionaire	NN
must	MD
make	VB
a	DT
profit	NN
on	IN
its	PRP$
operation	NN
,	,
reduced	VBD
prices	NNS
to	TO
one	CD
group	NN
of	IN
customers	NNS
will	MD
result	VB
in	IN
increased	VBN
prices	NNS
to	TO
its	PRP$
other	JJ
customers	NNS
.	.
Authority	NNP
.	.
A	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
Members	NNP
hold	VBP
full-time	JJ
employment	NN
elsewhere	RB
and	CC
the	DT
lunch	NN
hour	NN
provides	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
convenient	JJ
meeting	NN
time	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
a	DT
quorum	NN
is	VBZ
present	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Authorities	NNP
wish	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
light	JJ
meals	NNS
or	CC
snacks	NNS
to	TO
meeting	VBG
attendees	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
pizza	NN
,	,
potato	NN
chips	NNS
and	CC
soft	JJ
drinks	NNS
.	.
Employees	NNS
and	CC
staff	NN
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
maintain	VB
current	JJ
certification	NN
as	IN
emergency	NN
medical	JJ
service	NN
personnel	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
Authorities	NNP
seek	VB
to	TO
ensure	VB
their	PRP$
employees	NNS
and	CC
staff	NN
maintain	VBP
a	DT
high	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
preparedness	NN
for	IN
emergency	NN
response	NN
by	IN
receiving	VBG
training	NN
on	IN
current	JJ
medical	JJ
techniques	NNS
and	CC
recent	JJ
advances	NNS
in	IN
emergency	NN
medicine	NN
and	CC
related	VBN
areas	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Authorities	NNP
provide	VB
this	DT
training	NN
in-house	NN
without	IN
charge	NN
.	.
Only	RB
employees	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
on	IN
duty	NN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
a	DT
small	JJ
minority	NN
of	IN
those	DT
in	IN
attendance	NN
,	,
are	VBP
paid	VBN
while	IN
attending	VBG
training	NN
.	.
Even	RB
those	DT
on	IN
duty	NN
are	VBP
not	RB
required	VBN
to	TO
attend	VB
the	DT
training	NN
,	,
and	CC
must	MD
respond	VB
to	TO
routine	JJ
business	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agency	NN
at	IN
all	DT
times	NNS
.	.
The	DT
vast	JJ
majority	NN
of	IN
those	DT
attending	VBG
are	VBP
not	RB
compensated	VBN
for	IN
their	PRP$
time	NN
in	IN
training	NN
.	.
The	DT
employer	NN
wants	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
light	JJ
meals	NNS
and	CC
snacks	NNS
,	,
similar	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
board	NN
meetings	NNS
,	,
for	IN
participating	VBG
instructors	NNS
,	,
employees	NNS
and	CC
staff	NN
.	.
Free	NNP
lunches	NNS
for	IN
Authority	NNP
members	NNS
.	.
The	DT
compensation	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
Board	NNP
members	NNS
are	VBP
entitled	VBN
is	VBZ
set	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
at	IN
$	$
20	CD
for	IN
each	DT
meeting	NN
actually	RB
attended	VBD
.	.
Members	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
entitled	VBN
to	TO
reimbursement	NN
for	IN
reasonable	JJ
and	CC
necessary	JJ
expenses	NNS
incurred	VBN
in	IN
carrying	VBG
out	RP
their	PRP$
duties	NNS
.	.
While	IN
noon	NN
meetings	NNS
are	VBP
clearly	RB
convenient	JJ
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
free	JJ
lunch	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
necessary	JJ
for	IN
Authority	NNP
meetings	NNS
and	CC
exceeds	VBZ
limits	NNS
established	VBN
for	IN
expense	NN
reimbursement	NN
.	.
Free	NNP
lunches	NNS
are	VBP
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
not	RB
among	IN
the	DT
benefits	NNS
included	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
members	NNS
?	.
lawful	JJ
emoluments	NNS
and	CC
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
provided	VBN
them	PRP
.	.
Free	NNP
lunches	NNS
for	IN
Authority	NNP
employees	NNS
.	.
The	DT
compensation	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
Authority	NNP
employees	NNS
are	VBP
entitled	VBN
is	VBZ
not	RB
set	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
,	,
but	CC
is	VBZ
a	DT
matter	NN
to	TO
be	VB
decided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
Boards	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
Boards	NNS
have	VBP
the	DT
authority	NN
and	CC
responsibility	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
the	DT
lawful	JJ
emoluments	NNS
of	IN
Authority	NNP
employees	NNS
.	.
Authority	NNP
from	IN
paying	VBG
employees	NNS
to	TO
attend	VB
training	NN
sessions	NNS
which	WDT
were	VBD
reasonably	RB
necessary	JJ
to	TO
maintain	VB
or	CC
advance	VB
their	PRP$
professional	JJ
competence	NN
.	.
Alternatively	RB
,	,
the	DT
Act	NNP
would	MD
not	RB
prevent	VB
the	DT
Authority	NNP
from	IN
offering	VBG
meals	NNS
and	CC
refreshments	NNS
as	IN
an	DT
inducement	NN
to	TO
encourage	VB
employees	NNS
to	TO
voluntarily	RB
attend	VB
such	JJ
training	NN
sessions	NNS
on	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
time	NN
,	,
without	IN
pay	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commissioner	NNP
asks	VBZ
whether	IN
public	JJ
funds	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
commemorative	JJ
parties	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
cocktails	NNS
and	CC
formal	JJ
dinners	NNS
,	,
held	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
or	CC
one	CD
of	IN
its	PRP$
subordinate	JJ
agencies	NNS
for	IN
its	PRP$
personnel	NNS
,	,
their	PRP$
families	NNS
,	,
dignitaries	NNS
,	,
contractors	NNS
and	CC
vendors	NNS
.	.
This	DT
would	MD
include	VB
annual	JJ
dinners	NNS
or	CC
Christmas	NNP
parties	NNS
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
case	NN
the	DT
Ethics	NNPS
Commission	NNP
rules	NNS
that	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
for	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
,	,
or	CC
its	PRP$
subordinate	JJ
agencies	NNS
,	,
to	TO
use	VB
public	JJ
funds	NNS
to	TO
pay	VB
for	IN
commemorative	JJ
social	JJ
events	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Christmas	NNP
parties	NNS
or	CC
annual	JJ
dinners	NNS
.	.
The	DT
addition	NN
of	IN
dignitaries	NNS
,	,
contractors	NNS
,	,
vendors	NNS
or	CC
select	JJ
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
public	NN
to	TO
the	DT
guest	NN
list	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
legitimize	VB
the	DT
expenditure	NN
.	.
A	DT
State	NNP
Health	NNP
Care	NNP
Agency	NNP
asks	VBZ
if	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
free	JJ
meals	NNS
to	TO
agency	NN
personnel	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
work	VB
unscheduled	JJ
emergency	NN
overtime	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
were	VBD
authorized	VBN
by	IN
appropriate	JJ
legislation	NN
.	.
The	DT
Agency	NNP
is	VBZ
considering	VBG
seeking	VBG
legislation	NN
which	WDT
would	MD
authorize	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
provide	VB
staff	NN
free	JJ
meals	NNS
in	IN
cases	NNS
where	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
work	VB
overtime	RB
without	IN
prior	JJ
notice	NN
.	.
The	DT
Agency	NNP
asks	VBZ
whether	IN
such	JJ
a	DT
practice	NN
would	MD
,	,
if	IN
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
,	,
be	VB
consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Agency	NNP
,	,
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
appropriate	JJ
legislative	JJ
authority	NN
,	,
to	TO
provide	VB
or	CC
pay	VB
for	IN
employee	NN
meals	NNS
when	WRB
those	DT
employees	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
work	VB
unscheduled	JJ
emergency	NN
overtime	NN
.	.
This	DT
request	NN
deals	NNS
with	IN
another	DT
facet	NN
of	IN
the	DT
situation	NN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
dealt	VBD
with	IN
in	IN
A.O.	NNP
2000-27	CD
at	IN
its	PRP$
last	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
In	IN
that	DT
opinion	NN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
ruled	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
for	IN
a	DT
Member	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
City	NNP
Council	NNP
to	TO
vote	VB
in	IN
support	NN
of	IN
the	DT
interests	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
Foundation	NNP
which	WDT
was	VBD
a	DT
client	NN
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
firm	NN
of	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
member	NN
.	.
Here	RB
the	DT
requester	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
Council	NNP
Member	NNP
whose	WP$
spouse	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
that	DT
same	JJ
law	NN
firm	NN
.	.
She	PRP
asks	VBZ
if	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
for	IN
her	PRP$
to	TO
vote	VB
in	IN
support	NN
of	IN
the	DT
interests	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
Foundation	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
re-zoning	JJ
matter	NN
.	.
A	DT
privately-owned	JJ
public	JJ
utility	NN
has	VBZ
made	VBN
an	DT
offer	NN
to	TO
purchase	VB
a	DT
city	NN
's	POS
water	NN
system	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
sale	NN
must	MD
be	VB
approved	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
election	NN
of	IN
the	DT
city	NN
's	POS
voters	NNS
.	.
The	DT
utility	NN
has	VBZ
further	RBR
made	VBD
an	DT
unsolicited	JJ
offer	NN
to	TO
pay	VB
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
the	DT
election	NN
,	,
without	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
outcome	NN
of	IN
the	DT
vote	NN
.	.
The	DT
utility	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
seeking	VBG
any	DT
concession	NN
or	CC
quid	JJ
pro	JJ
quo	NN
from	IN
the	DT
city	NN
,	,
other	JJ
than	IN
holding	VBG
the	DT
election	NN
.	.
Member	NNP
individually	RB
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
no	DT
provision	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
prohibits	VBZ
the	DT
City	NNP
Council	NNP
from	IN
accepting	VBG
reimbursement	NN
,	,
should	MD
a	DT
majority	NN
determine	VB
that	DT
accepting	VBG
the	DT
offer	NN
to	TO
pay	VB
the	DT
costs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
special	JJ
election	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
interest	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
Agency	NNP
agrees	VBZ
to	TO
become	VB
a	DT
reference	NN
account	NN
,	,
the	DT
Vendor	NNP
will	MD
provide	VB
the	DT
Agency	NNP
an	DT
enhanced	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
support	NN
for	IN
the	DT
software	NN
,	,
provide	VB
more	JJR
direct	JJ
and	CC
influential	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
development	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
products	NNS
and	CC
give	VB
several	JJ
Agency	NNP
employees	NNS
advanced	VBD
training	NN
in	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
software	NN
,	,
which	WDT
would	MD
increase	VB
its	PRP$
value	NN
and	CC
utility	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Agency	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Licensing	NNP
Board	NNP
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
licensing	NN
and	CC
regulating	VBG
a	DT
professional	JJ
activity	NN
and	CC
for	IN
conducting	VBG
any	DT
necessary	JJ
disciplinary	JJ
proceedings	NNS
.	.
The	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
are	VBP
paid	VBN
the	DT
same	JJ
compensation	NN
and	CC
expense	NN
reimbursement	NN
as	IN
is	VBZ
paid	VBN
to	TO
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
for	IN
their	PRP$
interim	JJ
duties	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
day	NN
or	CC
portion	NN
thereof	RB
engaged	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
discharge	VB
of	IN
official	JJ
duties	NNS
.	.
Similar	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
reference	NN
proposed	VBN
in	IN
A.O.	NNP
2000-19	CD
,	,
the	DT
proposed	VBN
indorsement	NN
presented	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
request	NN
involves	VBZ
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
simple	JJ
reference	NN
;	:
it	PRP
includes	VBZ
a	DT
subjective	JJ
evaluation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
product	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
training	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
affirmative	JJ
,	,
if	IN
not	RB
laudatory	JJ
,	,
terms	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
notes	VBZ
that	IN
,	,
consistent	JJ
with	IN
A.O.	NNP
98-22	CD
,	,
this	DT
opinion	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
intended	VBN
to	TO
prohibit	VB
the	DT
employee	NN
from	IN
giving	VBG
permission	NN
to	TO
list	VB
the	DT
employee	NN
and	CC
her	PRP$
State	NN
Agency	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
previous	JJ
customer	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Trainer	NN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
vocational	JJ
programs	NNS
operated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
charges	VBZ
a	DT
shop	NN
fee	NN
to	TO
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
who	WP
bring	VBP
in	RP
their	PRP$
vehicles	NNS
for	IN
students	NNS
to	TO
repair	VB
.	.
The	DT
money	NN
from	IN
those	DT
fees	NNS
is	VBZ
placed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
fund	NN
upon	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
vocational	JJ
teacher	NN
draws	VBZ
to	TO
purchase	VB
parts	NNS
and	CC
supplies	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
shop	NN
.	.
No	DT
state	NN
or	CC
local	JJ
tax	NN
money	NN
is	VBZ
included	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
fund	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
past	NN
,	,
the	DT
teacher	NN
has	VBZ
purchased	VBN
certain	JJ
parts	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
auto	NN
shop	NN
program	NN
from	IN
a	DT
local	JJ
automobile	NN
dealer	NN
.	.
An	DT
employee	NN
of	IN
the	DT
dealer	NN
was	VBD
recently	RB
elected	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
The	DT
situation	NN
presented	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
request	NN
is	VBZ
analogous	JJ
to	TO
these	DT
previous	JJ
opinions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
who	WP
has	VBZ
a	DT
financial	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
contracts	NNS
of	IN
his	PRP$
employer	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
involved	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
purchase	NN
decision	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
employee	NN
making	VBG
the	DT
purchases	NNS
is	VBZ
not	RB
spending	VBG
public	JJ
funds	NNS
controlled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
A	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
asks	VBZ
whether	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
spend	VB
County	NNP
funds	NNS
to	TO
pay	VB
Chamber	NNP
of	IN
Commerce	NNP
dues	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
purchase	VB
tickets	NNS
for	IN
Chamber	NNP
luncheons	NNS
and	CC
annual	JJ
dinners	NNS
for	IN
Commissioners	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
County	NNP
Administrator	NNP
?	.
The	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
is	VBZ
interested	JJ
in	IN
membership	NN
in	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
Chamber	NNP
of	IN
Commerce	NNP
and	CC
asks	VBZ
whether	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
become	VB
a	DT
dues	NNS
paying	VBG
member	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
feels	VBZ
membership	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Chamber	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
promotes	VBZ
community	NN
business	NN
interests	NNS
,	,
would	MD
benefit	VB
both	DT
the	DT
Commission	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Chamber	NNP
.	.
A	DT
newly-elected	JJ
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
has	VBZ
advised	VBN
the	DT
Board	NNP
that	IN
she	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
severe	JJ
hearing	NN
impairment	NN
and	CC
asked	VBD
the	DT
Board	NNP
to	TO
purchase	VB
certain	JJ
amplification	NN
equipment	NN
which	WDT
she	PRP
believes	VBZ
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
to	TO
her	PRP$
effective	JJ
participation	NN
in	IN
Board	NNP
meetings	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
has	VBZ
offered	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
for	IN
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
the	DT
hearing	NN
aids	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
designed	VBN
for	IN
her	PRP$
individual	JJ
use	NN
and	CC
will	MD
become	VB
her	PRP$
personal	JJ
property	NN
.	.
She	PRP
will	MD
wear	VB
the	DT
hearing	NN
aids	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
daily	JJ
basis	NN
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
time	NN
she	PRP
spends	VBZ
attending	VBG
Board	NNP
meetings	NNS
.	.
An	DT
Assistant	NNP
Commissioner	NNP
of	IN
a	DT
State	NNP
Agency	NNP
asks	VBZ
if	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
for	IN
agency	NN
personnel	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
paid	VBN
to	TO
assist	VB
in	IN
preparing	VBG
for	IN
and	CC
presenting	VBG
the	DT
social	JJ
elements	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
regional	JJ
conference	NN
of	IN
an	DT
Association	NNP
to	TO
which	WDT
the	DT
Agency	NNP
belongs	VBZ
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
conference	NN
is	VBZ
primarily	RB
a	DT
business	NN
event	NN
,	,
the	DT
agenda	NN
includes	VBZ
social	JJ
events	NNS
geared	VBN
to	TO
spouses	NNS
and	CC
children	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
delegates	NNS
.	.
All	DT
conference	NN
events	NNS
are	VBP
funded	VBN
through	IN
registration	NN
and	CC
membership	NN
fees	NNS
and	CC
public	JJ
funds	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
used	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
for	IN
either	DT
business	NN
or	CC
social	JJ
events	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
prohibits	VBZ
public	JJ
servants	NNS
from	IN
using	VBG
their	PRP$
public	JJ
positions	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
private	JJ
financial	JJ
gain	NN
or	CC
the	DT
private	JJ
financial	JJ
gain	NN
of	IN
others	NNS
.	.
This	DT
opinion	NN
turns	VBZ
on	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
paid	VBN
State	NNP
employees	NNS
to	TO
perform	VB
work	NN
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
upcoming	JJ
conference	NN
constitutes	VBZ
a	DT
prohibited	VBN
use	NN
of	IN
office	NN
for	IN
the	DT
private	JJ
gain	NN
of	IN
the	DT
delegates	NNS
,	,
their	PRP$
spouses	NNS
or	CC
children	NNS
.	.
In	IN
AO	NNP
95-18	CD
the	DT
Ethics	NNPS
Commission	NNP
recognized	VBD
the	DT
public	JJ
benefit	NN
from	IN
the	DT
business	NN
portion	NN
of	IN
a	DT
similar	JJ
conference	NN
and	CC
ruled	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
agency	NN
personnel	NNS
to	TO
sell	VB
advertising	NN
to	TO
reduce	VB
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
presenting	VBG
the	DT
core	NN
elements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
conference	NN
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
case	NN
the	DT
conference	NN
workshops	NNS
and	CC
business	NN
meetings	NNS
are	VBP
calculated	VBN
to	TO
enhance	VB
the	DT
skill	NN
and	CC
professional	JJ
competence	NN
of	IN
Agency	NNP
personnel	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
provide	VBP
an	DT
overriding	VBG
public	JJ
benefit	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
sufficient	JJ
to	TO
justify	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
Agency	NNP
personnel	NNS
to	TO
schedule	VB
and	CC
coordinate	VB
conference	NN
events	NNS
-	:
both	DT
business	NN
events	NNS
and	CC
those	DT
social	JJ
events	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
an	DT
integral	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
conference	NN
.	.
The	DT
candidate	NN
information	NN
which	WDT
appears	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
Site	NN
comes	VBZ
from	IN
a	DT
candidate	NN
information	NN
guide	NN
compiled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
League	NNP
of	IN
Women	NNP
Voters	NNPS
from	IN
information	NN
supplied	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
standard	JJ
format	NN
by	IN
the	DT
candidates	NNS
themselves	PRP
.	.
Among	IN
the	DT
four	CD
current	JJ
candidates	NNS
,	,
only	RB
the	DT
Member	NNP
has	VBZ
his	PRP$
own	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
The	DT
Member	NNP
believes	VBZ
that	IN
other	JJ
candidates	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
afforded	VBN
a	DT
direct	JJ
link	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
Site	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
campaign	NN
sites	NNS
,	,
if	IN
and	CC
when	WRB
they	PRP
develop	VBP
such	JJ
sites	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Town	NNP
is	VBZ
located	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
rural	JJ
area	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
An	DT
elected	VBN
Town	NNP
Council	NNP
Member	NNP
owns	VBZ
the	DT
only	JJ
hardware	NN
store	NN
in	IN
Town	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Town	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
making	VBG
purchases	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
hardware	NN
store	NN
for	IN
approximately	RB
thirty	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
30	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
years	NNS
.	.
Due	JJ
to	TO
ongoing	JJ
maintenance	NN
projects	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Town	NNP
,	,
frequent	JJ
trips	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
hardware	NN
store	NN
are	VBP
required	VBN
.	.
A	DT
plumbing	NN
store	NN
has	VBZ
also	RB
recently	RB
opened	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Town	NNP
.	.
The	DT
travel	NN
distance	NN
to	TO
the	DT
next	JJ
closest	JJS
hardware	NN
store	NN
is	VBZ
approximately	RB
thirteen	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
13	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
miles	NNS
.	.
The	DT
approximate	JJ
round	NN
trip	NN
travel	NN
time	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
hour	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
Town	NNP
is	VBZ
prohibited	VBN
from	IN
making	VBG
purchases	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
locally	RB
owned	VBN
hardware	NN
store	NN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
Town	NNP
employees	NNS
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
twenty-six	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
26	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
mile	NN
round	NN
trip	NN
for	IN
the	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
hardware	NN
needs	VBZ
.	.
While	IN
some	DT
purchases	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
plumbing	NN
store	NN
,	,
this	DT
store	NN
carries	VBZ
a	DT
limited	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
basic	JJ
hardware	NN
supplies	NNS
.	.
Due	JJ
in	IN
part	NN
to	TO
rising	VBG
fuel	NN
costs	NNS
,	,
the	DT
IRS	NNP
has	VBZ
increased	VBN
the	DT
allowable	JJ
mileage	NN
expense	NN
reimbursement	NN
rate	NN
to	TO
forty	CD
cents	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
.40	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Applying	VBG
this	DT
rate	NN
,	,
the	DT
expense	NN
of	IN
making	VBG
a	DT
round	NN
trip	NN
to	TO
the	DT
next	JJ
closest	JJS
hardware	NN
store	NN
is	VBZ
ten	CD
dollars	NNS
and	CC
forty	CD
cents	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
$	$
10.40	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Maintenance	NN
projects	NNS
may	MD
require	VB
numerous	JJ
trips	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
hardware	NN
store	NN
for	IN
small	JJ
ticket	NN
items	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
screws	NNS
and	CC
nails	NNS
.	.
Oftentimes	RB
when	WRB
planning	VBG
a	DT
project	NN
or	CC
addressing	VBG
daily	JJ
maintenance	NN
needs	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
difficult	JJ
to	TO
predict	VB
with	IN
certainty	NN
which	WDT
hardware	NN
supplies	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
unreasonable	JJ
to	TO
require	VB
the	DT
Town	NNP
employees	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
twenty-six	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
26	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
mile	NN
round	NN
trip	NN
for	IN
every	DT
purchase	NN
.	.
Not	RB
only	RB
would	MD
such	JJ
daily	JJ
trips	NNS
be	VB
burdensome	JJ
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
also	RB
associated	VBN
vehicle	NN
and	CC
labor	NN
costs	NNS
.	.
Small	JJ
towns	NNS
have	VBP
a	DT
limited	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
employees	NNS
and	CC
financial	JJ
resources	NNS
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
facts	NNS
presented	VBN
,	,
requiring	VBG
the	DT
Town	NNP
to	TO
make	VB
purchases	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
hardware	NN
store	NN
located	VBN
thirteen	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
13	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
miles	NNS
away	RB
would	MD
result	VB
in	IN
excessive	JJ
costs	NNS
and	CC
would	MD
create	VB
an	DT
undue	JJ
hardship	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
notes	VBZ
that	IN
exemptions	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
granted	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
case-by-case	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
this	DT
opinion	NN
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
facts	NNS
and	CC
circumstances	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
particular	JJ
case	NN
,	,
and	CC
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
relied	VBN
upon	IN
as	IN
a	DT
precedent	NN
by	IN
other	JJ
persons	NNS
.	.
A	DT
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Member	NNP
is	VBZ
serving	VBG
without	IN
compensation	NN
as	IN
a	DT
middle	JJ
school	NN
assistant	NN
coach	NN
.	.
The	DT
WV	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Risk	NNP
and	CC
Insurance	NNP
Management	NNP
has	VBZ
determined	VBN
that	IN
volunteer	NN
coaches	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
paid	VBN
a	DT
nominal	JJ
salary	NN
of	IN
$	$
1.00	CD
per	IN
year	NN
.	.
This	DT
policy	NN
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
to	TO
maintain	VB
existing	VBG
liability	NN
insurance	NN
coverage	NN
for	IN
the	DT
actions	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
coaches	NNS
.	.
A	DT
newly	RB
elected	VBN
County	NNP
Commissioner	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
minority	NN
shareholder	NN
in	IN
a	DT
holding	VBG
company	NN
which	WDT
owns	VBZ
the	DT
radio	NN
station	NN
.	.
The	DT
radio	NN
station	NN
charges	VBZ
the	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
one	CD
hundred	CD
dollars	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
$	$
100.00	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
per	IN
month	NN
for	IN
this	DT
service	NN
.	.
The	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
makes	VBZ
a	DT
lump	NN
sum	NN
payment	NN
once	RB
a	DT
year	NN
.	.
It	PRP
paid	VBD
the	DT
yearly	JJ
usage	NN
fee	NN
for	IN
2005	CD
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
newly	RB
elected	VBN
County	NNP
Commissioner	NNP
taking	VBG
office	NN
.	.
The	DT
County	NNP
Commissioner	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
receive	VB
any	DT
direct	JJ
remuneration	NN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agreement	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
notes	VBZ
that	IN
this	DT
decision	NN
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
facts	NNS
and	CC
circumstances	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
particular	JJ
case	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
decision	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
relied	VBN
upon	IN
by	IN
others	NNS
without	IN
having	VBG
first	JJ
consulted	VBN
with	IN
and	CC
received	VBD
written	VBN
confirmation	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Commission	NNP
.	.
Provided	VBN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
That	DT
nothing	NN
herein	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
construed	VBN
to	TO
prohibit	VB
...	:
a	DT
part-time	JJ
appointed	VBN
public	JJ
official	NN
from	IN
entering	VBG
into	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
which	WDT
such	JJ
part-time	JJ
appointed	VBN
public	JJ
official	NN
may	MD
have	VB
direct	JJ
authority	NN
to	TO
enter	VB
into	IN
or	CC
over	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
control	NN
when	WRB
such	JJ
official	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
recused	VBN
from	IN
deciding	VBG
or	CC
evaluating	VBG
and	CC
excused	VBN
from	IN
voting	VBG
on	IN
such	JJ
contract	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
fully	RB
disclosed	VBN
the	DT
extent	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
.	.
In	IN
Advisory	NNP
Opinion	NNP
98-26	CD
the	DT
Commission	NNP
found	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
had	VBD
carved	VBN
out	RP
an	DT
exemption	NN
from	IN
this	DT
prohibition	NN
for	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
County	NNP
Economic	NNP
Development	NNP
Authority	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
no	DT
similar	JJ
exemption	NN
is	VBZ
contained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
statutes	NNS
governing	VBG
PSDs	NNP
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
other	JJ
excavating	VBG
contractors	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
town	NN
.	.
The	DT
Town	NNP
Council	NNP
has	VBZ
contacted	VBN
4	CD
excavating	VBG
contractors	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
but	CC
they	PRP
are	VBP
either	RB
too	RB
busy	JJ
or	CC
not	RB
interested	JJ
in	IN
this	DT
particular	JJ
work	NN
.	.
The	DT
town	NN
pays	VBZ
$	$
45	CD
per	IN
hour	NN
for	IN
these	DT
excavation	NN
services	NNS
.	.
These	DT
services	NNS
are	VBP
often	RB
needed	VBN
on	IN
short	JJ
notice	NN
when	WRB
a	DT
leak	NN
or	CC
break	NN
is	VBZ
discovered	VBN
.	.
Based	VBN
upon	IN
over	IN
20	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
,	,
this	DT
particular	JJ
contractor	NN
is	VBZ
extremely	RB
familiar	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
location	NN
of	IN
the	DT
water	NN
lines	NNS
and	CC
shut-off	NN
valves	NNS
,	,
making	VBG
it	PRP
more	RBR
cost-efficient	JJ
to	TO
employ	VB
his	PRP$
business	NN
.	.
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
6B-2-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Interests	NNS
in	IN
public	JJ
contracts	NNS
,	,
provides	VBZ
in	IN
part	NN
that	IN
...	:
no	DT
elected	VBN
or	CC
appointed	VBN
official	JJ
or	CC
employee	NN
or	CC
member	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
immediate	JJ
family	NN
or	CC
business	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
associated	VBN
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
party	NN
to	TO
or	CC
have	VBP
an	DT
interest	NN
in	IN
...	:
a	DT
contract	NN
which	WDT
such	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
employee	NN
may	MD
have	VB
direct	JJ
authority	NN
to	TO
enter	VB
into	IN
,	,
or	CC
over	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
control	NN
...	:
Should	MD
it	PRP
become	VB
necessary	JJ
to	TO
change	VB
the	DT
rates	NNS
paid	VBN
for	IN
these	DT
excavating	VBG
services	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Town	NNP
Council	NNP
would	MD
need	VB
to	TO
request	VB
another	DT
waiver	NN
,	,
providing	VBG
specific	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
that	IN
,	,
absent	JJ
such	JJ
waiver	NN
,	,
the	DT
town	NN
would	MD
incur	VB
an	DT
undue	JJ
hardship	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
for	IN
an	DT
employee	NN
of	IN
a	DT
911	CD
system	NN
to	TO
serve	VB
on	IN
the	DT
governing	VBG
board	NN
which	WDT
provides	VBZ
recommendations	NNS
on	IN
operating	NN
and	CC
staffing	NN
the	DT
system	NN
to	TO
the	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
.	.
``	``
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
protect	VB
public	JJ
funds	NNS
,	,
and	CC
give	VB
official	JJ
recognition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
a	DT
person	NN
can	MD
not	RB
properly	RB
represent	VB
the	DT
public	NN
in	IN
transacting	VBG
business	NN
with	IN
himself	PRP
.	.
To	TO
permit	VB
such	JJ
conduct	NN
would	MD
open	VB
the	DT
door	NN
to	TO
fraud	NN
.	.
The	DT
statute	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
remove	VB
from	IN
public	JJ
officers	NNS
any	DT
and	CC
all	DT
temptation	NN
for	IN
personal	JJ
advantage	NN
...	:
''	''
A	DT
School	NNP
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
is	VBZ
employed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
company	NN
which	WDT
provides	VBZ
nursing	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
diabetic	JJ
children	NNS
under	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
salaried	JJ
employee	NN
of	IN
the	DT
contractor	NN
without	IN
an	DT
ownership	NN
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
business	NN
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
she	PRP
receives	VBZ
no	DT
commission	NN
under	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
.	.
The	DT
school	NN
system	NN
governed	VBN
by	IN
this	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
is	VBZ
presently	RB
under	IN
the	DT
control	NN
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
Consequently	RB
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
Members	NNP
presently	RB
have	VBP
no	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
approve	VB
contracts	NNS
or	CC
payments	NNS
for	IN
services	NNS
rendered	VBN
under	IN
existing	VBG
contracts	NNS
.	.
The	DT
spouse	NN
and	CC
brother-in-law	NN
have	VBP
owned	VBN
the	DT
company	NN
for	IN
two	CD
years	NNS
.	.
During	IN
that	DT
time	NN
period	NN
,	,
and	CC
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
election	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
,	,
the	DT
company	NN
sold	VBD
approximately	RB
$	$
1,350.00	CD
worth	NN
of	IN
stone	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
That	DT
amount	NN
represents	VBZ
a	DT
limited	JJ
percentage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
total	JJ
annual	JJ
revenue	NN
of	IN
the	DT
company	NN
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
Section	NNP
6B-2-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
states	NNS
in	IN
pertinent	JJ
part	NN
that	WDT
...	:
no	DT
elected	VBN
public	JJ
official	NN
...	:
or	CC
business	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
associated	VBN
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
party	NN
to	TO
or	CC
have	VBP
an	DT
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
profits	NNS
or	CC
benefits	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
which	WDT
such	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
employee	NN
may	MD
have	VB
direct	JJ
authority	NN
to	TO
enter	VB
into	IN
,	,
or	CC
over	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
control	NN
...	:
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
Section	NNP
6B-2-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
states	NNS
in	IN
pertinent	JJ
part	NN
that	WDT
...	:
Where	WRB
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
subdivisions	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
this	DT
subsection	NN
would	MD
result	VB
in	IN
the	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
quorum	NN
in	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
body	NN
or	CC
agency	NN
,	,
in	IN
excessive	JJ
cost	NN
,	,
undue	JJ
hardship	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
substantial	JJ
interference	NN
with	IN
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
state	NN
,	,
county	NN
,	,
municipality	NN
,	,
county	NN
school	NN
board	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
governmental	JJ
agency	NN
,	,
the	DT
affected	JJ
governmental	JJ
body	NN
or	CC
agency	NN
may	MD
make	VB
written	VBN
application	NN
for	IN
an	DT
exemption	NN
...	:
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Code	NNP
Section	NNP
61-10-15	CD
states	NNS
in	IN
pertinent	JJ
part	NN
that	WDT
...	:
It	PRP
shall	MD
be	VB
unlawful	JJ
for	IN
any	DT
member	NN
of	IN
any	DT
county	NN
board	NN
...	:
to	TO
be	VB
or	CC
become	VB
pecuniarily	RB
interested	JJ
,	,
directly	RB
or	CC
indirectly	RB
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
proceeds	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
contract	NN
or	CC
service	NN
or	CC
in	IN
furnishing	VBG
any	DT
supplies	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
for	IN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
awarding	NN
or	CC
letting	VBG
of	IN
,	,
which	WDT
as	IN
such	JJ
member	NN
he	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
any	DT
voice	NN
,	,
influence	NN
or	CC
control	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
case	NN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
considers	VBZ
the	DT
interest	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
's	POS
spouse	NN
in	IN
the	DT
potential	JJ
profits	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
to	TO
be	VB
more	JJR
than	IN
de	FW
minimis	FW
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
revenues	NNS
from	IN
potential	JJ
sales	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
board	NN
only	RB
represent	VBP
a	DT
limited	JJ
percentage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
total	JJ
revenues	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
company	NN
,	,
the	DT
actual	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
monies	NNS
which	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
paid	VBN
are	VBP
,	,
under	IN
the	DT
facts	NNS
presented	VBN
,	,
more	JJR
than	IN
de	FW
minimis	FW
.	.
A	DT
building	NN
owned	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Prosecutor	NNP
is	VBZ
located	VBN
next	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
courthouse	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
other	JJ
building	NN
next	IN
to	TO
the	DT
courthouse	NN
or	CC
within	IN
close	JJ
proximity	NN
to	TO
the	DT
courthouse	NN
which	WDT
meets	VBZ
the	DT
space	NN
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
.	.
Commission	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
elects	VBZ
to	TO
expand	VB
its	PRP$
facilities	NNS
on	IN
adjacent	JJ
property	NN
,	,
the	DT
County	NNP
Prosecutor	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
only	JJ
real	JJ
estate	NN
owner	NN
whose	WP$
property	NN
and	CC
building	NN
meets	VBZ
their	PRP$
requirements	NNS
.	.
Commission	NNP
notes	VBZ
that	IN
this	DT
decision	NN
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
facts	NNS
and	CC
circumstances	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
particular	JJ
case	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
decision	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
relied	VBN
upon	IN
by	IN
others	NNS
without	IN
having	VBG
first	JJ
consulted	VBN
with	IN
and	CC
received	VBD
written	VBN
confirmation	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Commission	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
has	VBZ
limited	VBN
office	NN
space	NN
and	CC
a	DT
limited	JJ
budget	NN
.	.
The	DT
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
only	JJ
full-time	JJ
employee	NN
.	.
Due	JJ
to	TO
budget	NN
restraints	NNS
,	,
she	PRP
is	VBZ
only	RB
paid	VBN
to	TO
work	VB
thirty	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
30	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
hours	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
permanent	JJ
part-time	JJ
employees	NNS
.	.
A	DT
temporary	JJ
part-time	JJ
employee	NN
was	VBD
recently	RB
hired	VBN
to	TO
work	VB
on	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
basis	NN
.	.
Director	NNP
traveled	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
unit	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
once	RB
a	DT
week	NN
.	.
While	IN
more	JJR
frequent	JJ
trips	NNS
would	MD
have	VB
resulted	VBN
in	IN
better	JJR
service	NN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
,	,
time	NN
restraints	NNS
prevented	VBD
the	DT
Director	NNP
from	IN
getting	VBG
there	RB
more	RBR
frequently	RB
.	.
The	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
the	DT
storage	NN
unit	NN
is	VBZ
five	CD
dollars	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
$	$
5.00	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
less	JJR
per	IN
month	NN
than	IN
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
unit	NN
.	.
The	DT
greatest	JJS
benefit	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
Director	NNP
will	MD
incur	VB
less	JJR
travel	NN
time	NN
,	,
which	WDT
in	IN
turn	NN
allows	VBZ
her	PRP$
to	TO
devote	VB
more	JJR
time	NN
to	TO
her	PRP$
responsibilities	NNS
.	.
While	IN
in	IN
all	DT
likelihood	NN
the	DT
Director	NNP
would	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
allow	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
space	NN
without	IN
charge	NN
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
believes	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
both	DT
fair	JJ
and	CC
reasonable	JJ
to	TO
compensate	VB
her	PRP$
for	IN
the	DT
space	NN
.	.
It	PRP
therefore	RB
seeks	VBZ
this	DT
waiver	NN
.	.
The	DT
Development	NNP
Authority	NNP
was	VBD
established	VBN
to	TO
promote	VB
economic	JJ
development	NN
in	IN
four	CD
counties	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
participating	VBG
municipalities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
governed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
13-member	JJ
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
who	WP
may	MD
be	VB
nominated	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
County	NNP
Commissioner	NNP
or	CC
Mayor	NNP
from	IN
a	DT
participating	VBG
county	NN
or	CC
municipality	NN
.	.
Any	DT
County	NNP
Commissioner	NNP
,	,
Mayor	NNP
,	,
or	CC
current	JJ
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
may	MD
veto	VB
any	DT
person	NN
so	RB
nominated	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
operates	VBZ
a	DT
Revolving	NNP
Loan	NNP
Program	NNP
financed	VBN
with	IN
grant	NN
money	NN
from	IN
a	DT
federal	JJ
commission	NN
.	.
A	DT
County	NNP
Commissioner	NNP
from	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
four	CD
participating	VBG
counties	NNS
owns	VBZ
a	DT
small	JJ
business	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
expressed	VBN
an	DT
interest	NN
in	IN
applying	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
loan	NN
through	IN
the	DT
program	NN
,	,
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
permissible	JJ
.	.
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
6B-2-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Interests	NNS
in	IN
public	JJ
contracts	NNS
,	,
provides	VBZ
in	IN
part	NN
that	IN
...	:
no	DT
elected	VBN
or	CC
appointed	VBN
official	JJ
or	CC
employee	NN
or	CC
member	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
immediate	JJ
family	NN
or	CC
business	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
associated	VBN
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
party	NN
to	TO
or	CC
have	VBP
an	DT
interest	NN
in	IN
...	:
a	DT
contract	NN
which	WDT
such	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
employee	NN
may	MD
have	VB
direct	JJ
authority	NN
to	TO
enter	VB
into	IN
,	,
or	CC
over	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
control	NN
...	:
The	DT
vocational	JJ
school	NN
considered	VBN
in	IN
Advisory	NNP
Opinion	NNP
96-29	CD
was	VBD
managed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
five-member	JJ
administrative	JJ
board	NN
.	.
Each	DT
participating	VBG
county	NN
designated	VBN
a	DT
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
and	CC
their	PRP$
County	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
of	IN
Schools	NNP
to	TO
serve	VB
on	IN
that	DT
board	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
matter	NN
,	,
three	CD
counties	NNS
jointly	RB
operate	VBP
a	DT
vocational	JJ
school	NN
through	IN
a	DT
seven-member	JJ
board	NN
which	WDT
includes	VBZ
a	DT
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
and	CC
School	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
from	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Board	NNP
where	WRB
the	DT
vocational	JJ
school	NN
employee	NN
will	MD
be	VB
serving	VBG
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
plans	VBZ
to	TO
post	VB
an	DT
extra-curricular	JJ
position	NN
for	IN
an	DT
appropriately	RB
certified	VBN
teacher	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
remedial	JJ
instruction	NN
to	TO
selected	VBN
students	NNS
in	IN
Language	NN
Arts	NNS
and	CC
Mathematics	NNS
.	.
The	DT
spouse	NN
of	IN
a	DT
current	JJ
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
is	VBZ
qualified	VBN
to	TO
fill	VB
this	DT
position	NN
.	.
Board	NNP
members	NNS
,	,
members	NNS
elect	VBP
,	,
and	CC
those	DT
desiring	VBG
to	TO
become	VB
members	NNS
may	MD
make	VB
a	DT
written	VBN
request	NN
for	IN
such	JJ
an	DT
opinion	NN
.	.
Good	JJ
faith	NN
reliance	NN
upon	IN
a	DT
Commission	NNP
opinion	NN
that	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
position	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
bar	NN
to	TO
board	NN
membership	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
defense	NN
to	TO
civil	JJ
suits	NNS
or	CC
criminal	JJ
prosecution	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
holding	VBG
such	JJ
position	NN
.	.
Effective	JJ
July	NNP
1	CD
,	,
2003	CD
,	,
members	NNS
of	IN
county	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
are	VBP
not	RB
permitted	VBN
to	TO
hold	VB
another	DT
public	JJ
office	NN
,	,
unless	IN
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
receive	VB
compensation	NN
for	IN
serving	VBG
in	IN
that	DT
office	NN
;	:
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
primary	JJ
scope	NN
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
office	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
relate	VB
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
requester	NN
is	VBZ
barred	VBN
from	IN
serving	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
unless	IN
he	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
compensated	VBN
for	IN
his	PRP$
service	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
primary	JJ
scope	NN
of	IN
this	DT
office	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
relate	VB
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
District	NNP
constitutes	VBZ
compensation	NN
which	WDT
renders	VBZ
the	DT
requester	NN
ineligible	JJ
to	TO
simultaneously	RB
serve	VB
on	IN
a	DT
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
Soil	NNP
Conservation	NNP
District	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Supervisors	NNPS
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
the	DT
requester	NN
may	MD
not	RB
avoid	VB
the	DT
prohibition	NN
by	IN
declining	VBG
to	TO
accept	VB
such	JJ
compensation	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
or	CC
61-10-15	CD
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
to	TO
contract	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Land	NNP
Trust	NNP
,	,
so	RB
long	RB
as	IN
his	PRP$
spouse	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
directly	RB
involved	VBN
in	IN
or	CC
paid	VBN
for	IN
providing	VBG
services	NNS
contracted	VBD
for	IN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
member	NN
may	MD
be	VB
involved	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
discussion	NN
and	CC
vote	NN
on	IN
matters	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
Land	NNP
Trust	NNP
,	,
so	RB
long	RB
as	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
deal	VB
with	IN
those	DT
involving	VBG
his	PRP$
spouse	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
Board	NNP
may	MD
contract	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Land	NNP
Trust	NNP
,	,
so	RB
long	RB
as	IN
his	PRP$
spouse	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
directly	RB
involved	VBN
in	IN
and	CC
compensated	VBN
for	IN
providing	VBG
services	NNS
contracted	VBD
for	IN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
member	NN
may	MD
be	VB
involved	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
discussion	NN
and	CC
vote	NN
on	IN
matters	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
Land	NNP
Trust	NNP
,	,
so	RB
long	RB
as	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
deal	VB
with	IN
those	DT
involving	VBG
his	PRP$
spouse	NN
.	.
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
is	VBZ
a	DT
criminal	JJ
statute	NN
governing	VBG
the	DT
activities	NNS
of	IN
certain	JJ
county	NN
personnel	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
school	NN
board	NN
members	NNS
,	,
superintendents	NNS
and	CC
treasurers	NNS
.	.
Like	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
applies	VBZ
to	TO
public	JJ
servants	NNS
,	,
their	PRP$
spouses	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
businesses	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
have	VBP
an	DT
ownership	NN
interest	NN
.	.
Unlike	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
applies	VBZ
to	TO
businesses	NNS
which	WDT
employ	VBP
public	JJ
servants	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
spouses	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Requester	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
newly	RB
elected	VBN
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
is	VBZ
employed	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
sales	NNS
representative	NN
by	IN
a	DT
building	NN
products	NNS
distributor	NN
and	CC
he	PRP
sells	VBZ
to	TO
retail	JJ
building	NN
supply	NN
companies	NNS
in	IN
several	JJ
counties	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
his	PRP$
county	NN
of	IN
residence	NN
.	.
He	PRP
has	VBZ
no	DT
ownership	NN
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
company	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
is	VBZ
employed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
product	NN
lines	NNS
handled	VBN
by	IN
his	PRP$
employer	NN
include	VBP
siding	NN
,	,
interior	JJ
finishing	VBG
products	NNS
,	,
doors	NNS
,	,
windows	NNS
,	,
skylights	NNS
,	,
flooring	NN
and	CC
deck	NN
components	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
receives	VBZ
commissions	NNS
on	IN
all	DT
sales	NNS
to	TO
his	PRP$
designated	VBN
customers	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
orders	NNS
called	VBN
into	IN
his	PRP$
employer	NN
without	IN
his	PRP$
involvement	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
knows	VBZ
to	TO
whom	WP
he	PRP
sells	VBZ
his	PRP$
products	NNS
,	,
but	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
know	VB
to	TO
whom	WP
his	PRP$
customers	NNS
sell	VBP
the	DT
products	NNS
he	PRP
has	VBZ
supplied	VBN
them	PRP
.	.
He	PRP
asks	VBZ
if	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
problem	NN
if	IN
materials	NNS
he	PRP
has	VBZ
sold	VBN
local	JJ
retailers	NNS
are	VBP
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
resold	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
or	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
resold	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
contractor	NN
for	IN
use	NN
in	IN
a	DT
Board	NNP
construction	NN
project	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
represents	VBZ
that	IN
while	IN
he	PRP
serves	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
his	PRP$
employer	NN
will	MD
not	RB
engage	VB
in	IN
any	DT
special	JJ
order	NN
sales	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
or	CC
for	IN
Board	NNP
projects	NNS
,	,
unless	IN
he	PRP
is	VBZ
entirely	RB
excluded	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
process	NN
-	:
that	WDT
is	VBZ
to	TO
say	VB
he	PRP
would	MD
receive	VB
no	DT
commission	NN
on	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
and	CC
would	MD
take	VB
no	DT
official	JJ
action	NN
as	IN
a	DT
Board	NNP
member	NN
in	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
approving	VBG
the	DT
purchase	NN
or	CC
paying	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
materials	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
both	DT
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
and	CC
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
for	IN
him	PRP
to	TO
sell	VB
building	NN
products	NNS
directly	RB
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
or	CC
to	TO
special	JJ
order	NN
materials	NNS
for	IN
one	CD
of	IN
his	PRP$
customers	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
Board	NNP
job	NN
and	CC
receive	VB
a	DT
commission	NN
from	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
.	.
During	IN
its	PRP$
Regular	JJ
2002	CD
Session	NN
,	,
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
amended	VBD
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
to	TO
allow	VB
agencies	NNS
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
businesses	NNS
which	WDT
employ	VBP
agency	NN
personnel	NNS
or	CC
their	PRP$
spouses	NNS
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
conditions	NNS
of	IN
subsection	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
met	VBN
.	.
Stated	VBN
simply	RB
,	,
those	DT
conditions	NNS
exclude	VBP
public	JJ
servants	NNS
from	IN
involvement	NN
in	IN
awarding	VBG
or	CC
paying	VBG
for	IN
agency	NN
contracts	NNS
and	CC
require	VBP
that	IN
neither	DT
they	PRP
nor	CC
their	PRP$
spouses	NNS
benefit	VBP
directly	RB
from	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Both	DT
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
and	CC
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
prohibit	VBP
public	JJ
servants	NNS
from	IN
being	VBG
a	DT
party	NN
to	TO
,	,
or	CC
having	VBG
a	DT
financial	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
,	,
a	DT
public	JJ
contract	NN
,	,
purchase	NN
or	CC
sale	NN
which	WDT
their	PRP$
public	JJ
position	NN
gives	VBZ
them	PRP
authority	NN
to	TO
award	NN
or	CC
control	NN
.	.
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
is	VBZ
a	DT
criminal	JJ
misdemeanor	NN
statute	NN
which	WDT
applies	VBZ
only	RB
to	TO
certain	JJ
county	NN
personnel	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
county	NN
solid	JJ
waste	NN
authority	NN
boards	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Commission	NNP
has	VBZ
recognized	VBN
instances	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
agencies	NNS
may	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
do	VB
business	NN
under	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
an	DT
agency	NN
member	NN
has	VBZ
an	DT
otherwise	RB
prohibited	VBN
personal	JJ
financial	JJ
interest	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
was	VBD
OK	JJ
when	WRB
entered	VBN
into	IN
-	:
where	WRB
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
the	DT
public	JJ
servant	NN
had	VBD
no	DT
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
execution	NN
.	.
The	DT
Member	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
physician	NN
who	WP
maintains	VBZ
a	DT
private	JJ
medical	JJ
practice	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
employed	VBN
part-time	JJ
by	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
hospital	NN
,	,
the	DT
only	RB
one	CD
in	IN
the	DT
county	NN
.	.
He	PRP
asks	VBZ
whether	IN
certain	JJ
associations	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Board	NNP
may	MD
pose	VB
a	DT
problem	NN
with	IN
his	PRP$
continued	JJ
service	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
Unlike	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
does	VBZ
apply	VB
to	TO
businesses	NNS
by	IN
which	WDT
public	JJ
servants	NNS
or	CC
members	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
immediate	JJ
families	NNS
are	VBP
employed	VBN
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
ownership	NN
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
business	NN
which	WDT
employs	VBZ
them	PRP
.	.
In	IN
most	JJS
situations	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
for	IN
a	DT
school	NN
board	NN
to	TO
contract	NN
with	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
of	IN
one	CD
of	IN
its	PRP$
members	NNS
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
case	NN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
clear	JJ
whether	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
can	MD
locate	VB
a	DT
suitable	JJ
alternative	NN
source	NN
of	IN
drug	NN
testing	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
notes	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
tests	NNS
themselves	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
done	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
,	,
but	CC
by	IN
an	DT
outside	JJ
lab	NN
.	.
Nor	CC
is	VBZ
it	PRP
clear	JJ
whether	IN
blood	NN
alcohol	NN
tests	NNS
could	MD
be	VB
performed	VBN
by	IN
others	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
community	NN
,	,
or	CC
in	IN
reasonable	JJ
proximity	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
in	IN
this	DT
situation	NN
the	DT
Ethics	NNPS
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
non-profit	JJ
hospital	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
public	JJ
agency	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
employment	NN
contracts	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
public	JJ
contracts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
subject	NN
to	TO
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Candidate	NNP
to	TO
serve	VB
on	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
,	,
while	IN
a	DT
hospital	NN
employee	NN
.	.
No	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
would	MD
prevent	VB
the	DT
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
from	IN
serving	VBG
,	,
without	IN
compensation	NN
,	,
as	IN
a	DT
volunteer	NN
judge	NN
of	IN
school	NN
speech	NN
competitions	NNS
,	,
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
her	PRP$
child	NN
participated	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
competition	NN
.	.
The	DT
private	JJ
school	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
Principal	NN
is	VBZ
employed	VBN
receives	VBZ
Federally	RB
funded	VBN
services	NNS
and	CC
benefits	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Principal	NN
asks	VBZ
whether	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
either	CC
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
or	CC
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
for	IN
him	PRP
to	TO
serve	VB
on	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
while	IN
employed	VBN
as	IN
Principal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
private	JJ
school	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
either	CC
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
or	CC
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
for	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
school	NN
principal	NN
to	TO
serve	VB
on	IN
a	DT
county	NN
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
,	,
simply	RB
because	IN
the	DT
school	NN
received	VBD
Federally	RB
mandated	VBN
benefits	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
6B-2-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
provides	VBZ
in	IN
pertinent	JJ
part	NN
:	:
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
section	NN
fifteen	CD
,	,
article	NN
ten	CD
,	,
chapter	NN
sixty-one	CD
of	IN
this	DT
code	NN
,	,
no	DT
elected	VBN
or	CC
appointed	VBN
public	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
public	JJ
employee	NN
or	CC
member	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
immediate	JJ
family	NN
or	CC
business	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
associated	VBN
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
party	NN
to	TO
or	CC
have	VBP
an	DT
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
profits	NNS
or	CC
benefits	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
which	WDT
such	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
employee	NN
may	MD
have	VB
direct	JJ
authority	NN
to	TO
enter	VB
into	IN
,	,
or	CC
over	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
control	NN
...	:
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
states	NNS
in	IN
pertinent	JJ
part	NN
:	:
It	PRP
shall	MD
be	VB
unlawful	JJ
for	IN
any	DT
member	NN
...	:
of	IN
any	DT
...	:
county	NN
or	CC
district	NN
board	NN
...	:
to	TO
be	VB
or	CC
become	VB
pecuniarily	RB
interested	JJ
,	,
directly	RB
or	CC
indirectly	RB
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
proceeds	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
contract	NN
or	CC
service	NN
,	,
or	CC
in	IN
furnishing	VBG
any	DT
supplies	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
for	IN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
awarding	NN
or	CC
letting	VBG
of	IN
,	,
which	WDT
as	IN
such	JJ
member	NN
...	:
he	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
any	DT
voice	NN
,	,
influence	NN
or	CC
control	NN
...	:
The	DT
County	NNP
Housing	NNP
Authority	NNP
administers	VBZ
several	JJ
housing	NN
related	VBN
programs	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
one	CD
which	WDT
subsidizes	VBZ
the	DT
rent	NN
for	IN
low	JJ
income	NN
families	NNS
.	.
Qualifying	VBG
families	NNS
select	VBP
their	PRP$
place	NN
of	IN
residence	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Authority	NNP
enters	VBZ
into	IN
a	DT
lease	NN
with	IN
the	DT
property	NN
owner	NN
and	CC
pays	VBZ
a	DT
rent	NN
subsidy	NN
directly	RB
to	TO
the	DT
property	NN
owner	NN
from	IN
funds	NNS
provided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
housing	NN
program	NN
.	.
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
6B-2-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
provides	VBZ
in	IN
part	NN
that	IN
...	:
a	DT
public	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
public	JJ
employee	NN
may	MD
not	RB
knowingly	RB
and	CC
intentionally	RB
use	VB
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
office	NN
or	CC
the	DT
prestige	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
office	NN
for	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
own	JJ
private	JJ
gain	NN
or	CC
that	IN
of	IN
another	DT
person	NN
.	.
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
is	VBZ
a	DT
criminal	JJ
misdemeanor	NN
statute	NN
which	WDT
applies	VBZ
to	TO
county	NN
personnel	NNS
.	.
Both	DT
it	PRP
and	CC
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
prohibit	VBP
public	JJ
servants	NNS
from	IN
being	VBG
a	DT
party	NN
to	TO
,	,
or	CC
having	VBG
a	DT
financial	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
,	,
a	DT
public	JJ
contract	NN
,	,
purchase	NN
or	CC
sale	NN
over	IN
which	WDT
their	PRP$
public	JJ
position	NN
gives	VBZ
them	PRP
control	NN
.	.
These	DT
provisions	NNS
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
prevent	VB
both	DT
actual	JJ
misconduct	NN
in	IN
awarding	VBG
public	JJ
contracts	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
appearance	NN
of	IN
impropriety	NN
inherent	JJ
in	IN
public	JJ
servants	NNS
awarding	VBG
public	JJ
contracts	NNS
to	TO
themselves	PRP
or	CC
those	DT
with	IN
whom	WP
they	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
financial	JJ
association	NN
.	.
The	DT
provisions	NNS
steer	VBP
public	JJ
servants	NNS
away	RB
from	IN
situations	NNS
where	WRB
they	PRP
might	MD
need	VB
to	TO
consider	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
financial	JJ
interests	NNS
in	IN
awarding	VBG
agency	NN
contracts	NNS
.	.
Requester	NNP
assumed	VBD
her	PRP$
role	NN
as	IN
Interim	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
rules	NNS
that	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
or	CC
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
to	TO
continue	VB
buying	VBG
dairy	NN
products	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
existing	VBG
contract	NN
,	,
so	RB
long	RB
as	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
modification	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
terms	NNS
.	.
In	IN
July	NNP
2000	CD
,	,
prior	RB
to	TO
her	PRP$
employment	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
a	DT
business	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
Requester	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
substantial	JJ
ownership	NN
interest	NN
bid	NN
and	CC
received	VBD
the	DT
contract	NN
to	TO
supply	VB
diesel	NN
fuel	NN
and	CC
gasoline	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
The	DT
contract	NN
was	VBD
for	IN
one	CD
year	NN
beginning	VBG
in	IN
August	NNP
2000	CD
and	CC
ending	VBG
in	IN
August	NNP
2001	CD
.	.
The	DT
Requester	NNP
asks	VBZ
if	IN
her	PRP$
employment	NN
as	IN
Assistant	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
or	CC
as	IN
Superintendent	NNP
will	MD
prevent	VB
the	DT
Board	NNP
from	IN
continuing	VBG
to	TO
purchase	VB
fuel	NN
under	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
existing	VBG
contract	NN
.	.
She	PRP
understands	VBZ
that	IN
her	PRP$
association	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
prevents	VBZ
the	DT
Board	NNP
from	IN
contracting	VBG
with	IN
her	PRP$
company	NN
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
and	CC
a	DT
new	JJ
contract	NN
with	IN
another	DT
vendor	NN
will	MD
be	VB
entered	VBN
into	IN
.	.
Students	NNS
with	IN
speech	NN
and	CC
language	NN
deficiencies	NNS
are	VBP
eligible	JJ
for	IN
therapy	NN
provided	VBN
by	IN
public	JJ
school	NN
speech	NN
therapists	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Pathologist	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
speech	NN
therapist	NN
whose	WP$
regular	JJ
duties	NNS
include	VBP
testing	NN
students	NNS
,	,
from	IN
the	DT
schools	NNS
to	TO
which	WDT
he	PRP
is	VBZ
assigned	VBN
,	,
for	IN
speech	NN
and	CC
language	NN
deficiencies	NNS
and	CC
providing	VBG
appropriate	JJ
therapy	NN
to	TO
the	DT
students	NNS
from	IN
those	DT
schools	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Pathologist	NNP
asks	VBZ
if	IN
he	PRP
may	MD
,	,
when	WRB
his	PRP$
case	NN
load	NN
reaches	VBZ
50	CD
,	,
contract	NN
with	IN
the	DT
county	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
therapy	NN
on	IN
his	PRP$
own	JJ
time	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
entitled	VBN
to	TO
therapy	NN
but	CC
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
handled	VBN
by	IN
him	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
regular	JJ
job	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
Pathologist	NNP
has	VBZ
neither	CC
the	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
award	NN
speech	NN
therapy	NN
contracts	NNS
,	,
nor	CC
voice	NN
,	,
influence	NN
or	CC
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
award	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
contracts	NNS
-	:
even	RB
those	DT
for	IN
students	NNS
the	DT
Pathologist	NNP
may	MD
have	VB
tested	VBN
and	CC
certified	VBN
as	IN
eligible	NN
for	IN
therapy	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
either	CC
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
or	CC
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
for	IN
him	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
employed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
to	TO
provide	VB
therapy	NN
to	TO
students	NNS
after	IN
his	PRP$
normal	JJ
work	NN
day	NN
.	.
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
states	NNS
in	IN
part	NN
that	IN
...	:
It	PRP
shall	MD
be	VB
unlawful	JJ
for	IN
any	DT
member	NN
of	IN
a	DT
county	NN
commission	NN
...	:
to	TO
be	VB
or	CC
become	VB
pecuniarily	RB
interested	JJ
,	,
directly	RB
or	CC
indirectly	RB
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
proceeds	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
contract	NN
...	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
over	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
which	WDT
as	IN
such	JJ
member	NN
he	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
any	DT
voice	NN
,	,
influence	NN
or	CC
control	NN
...	:
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
prohibits	VBZ
certain	JJ
county	NN
personnel	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
county	NN
commissioners	NNS
,	,
from	IN
having	VBG
a	DT
direct	JJ
or	CC
indirect	JJ
financial	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
contract	NN
over	IN
which	WDT
their	PRP$
public	JJ
position	NN
gives	VBZ
them	PRP
control	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
that	IN
provision	NN
contains	VBZ
an	DT
express	JJ
exemption	NN
for	IN
legally	RB
required	VBN
newspaper	NN
publications	NNS
.	.
Like	IN
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
,	,
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
prohibits	VBZ
public	JJ
servants	NNS
from	IN
being	VBG
a	DT
party	NN
to	TO
or	CC
having	VBG
a	DT
financial	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
contract	NN
which	WDT
they	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
power	NN
to	TO
award	NN
or	CC
control	NN
.	.
This	DT
prohibition	NN
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
unlawful	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
to	TO
contract	NN
for	IN
services	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
business	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
one	CD
of	IN
its	PRP$
members	NNS
has	VBZ
a	DT
substantial	JJ
ownership	NN
interest	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Health	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
considering	VBG
whether	IN
to	TO
transfer	VB
or	CC
sell	VB
certain	JJ
of	IN
its	PRP$
health	NN
care	NN
delivery	NN
activities	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Health	NNP
chose	VBD
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
,	,
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
service	NN
providers	NNS
which	WDT
might	MD
be	VB
interested	JJ
in	IN
assuming	VBG
or	CC
acquiring	VBG
those	DT
activities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
their	PRP$
assets	NNS
,	,
is	VBZ
partially	RB
owned	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
not	RB
for	IN
profit	NN
health	NN
care	NN
corporation	NN
on	IN
whose	WP$
board	NN
the	DT
Health	NNP
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
also	RB
serves	VBZ
.	.
The	DT
Member	NNP
asks	VBZ
if	IN
he	PRP
may	MD
take	VB
part	NN
in	IN
the	DT
discussion	NN
and	CC
vote	NN
on	IN
these	DT
issues	NNS
and	CC
whether	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
or	CC
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
if	IN
the	DT
Health	NNP
Department	NNP
sold	VBD
or	CC
transferred	VBD
its	PRP$
public	JJ
assets	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
service	NN
provider	NN
partially	RB
owned	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
health	NN
care	NN
corporation	NN
.	.
Legislative	JJ
Rules	NNS
158-9-2	CD
.1	CD
provides	VBZ
in	IN
part	NN
that	IN
...	:
A	DT
public	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
public	JJ
employee	NN
may	MD
not	RB
vote	VB
on	IN
or	CC
decide	VB
a	DT
matter	NN
...	:
when	WRB
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
has	VBZ
any	DT
pecuniary	JJ
interest	NN
either	CC
directly	RB
or	CC
indirectly	RB
in	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
or	CC
is	VBZ
affected	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
manner	NN
which	WDT
may	MD
influence	VB
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
vote	NN
or	CC
would	MD
clearly	RB
give	VB
the	DT
appearance	NN
of	IN
impropriety	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
is	VBZ
considering	VBG
establishing	VBG
a	DT
high	JJ
school	NN
swim	VBP
team	NN
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
indoor	JJ
pool	NN
within	IN
25	CD
miles	NNS
,	,
the	DT
only	JJ
pool	NN
which	WDT
could	MD
reasonably	RB
be	VB
utilized	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
team	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
owned	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
college	NN
which	WDT
employs	VBZ
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
The	DT
college	NN
would	MD
charge	VB
the	DT
Board	NNP
a	DT
daily	JJ
fee	NN
of	IN
from	IN
$	$
10	CD
to	TO
$	$
25	CD
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
using	VBG
the	DT
pool	NN
.	.
Membership	NN
of	IN
a	DT
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
high	JJ
public	JJ
trust	NN
charged	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
sacred	JJ
governmental	JJ
duty	NN
known	VBN
to	TO
us	PRP
.	.
The	DT
office	NN
should	MD
be	VB
filled	VBN
by	IN
persons	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
highest	JJS
character	NN
procurable	JJ
and	CC
our	PRP$
Legislature	NNP
has	VBZ
undertaken	VBN
to	TO
throw	VB
safeguards	NNS
around	IN
that	DT
office	NN
in	IN
order	NN
that	IN
the	DT
discharge	VB
of	IN
its	PRP$
high	JJ
responsibilities	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
jeopardized	VBN
as	RB
little	JJ
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
Code	NNP
,	,
61-10-15	CD
,	,
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
these	DT
safeguards	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
forbids	VBZ
a	DT
pecuniary	JJ
interest	NN
by	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
in	IN
any	DT
contract	NN
with	IN
the	DT
board	NN
.	.
As	IN
we	PRP
have	VBP
already	RB
pointed	VBN
out	RP
,	,
it	PRP
goes	VBZ
far	RB
beyond	IN
imposing	VBG
a	DT
penalty	NN
upon	IN
actual	JJ
corruption	NN
.	.
It	PRP
recognizes	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
policy	NN
that	IN
a	DT
pecuniary	JJ
interest	NN
might	MD
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
many	JJ
instances	NNS
would	MD
,	,
subject	JJ
members	NNS
of	IN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
to	TO
harmful	JJ
suspicion	NN
of	IN
corruption	NN
and	CC
that	IN
in	IN
some	DT
instances	NNS
there	RB
would	MD
be	VB
created	VBN
a	DT
borderland	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
distinction	NN
between	IN
honesty	NN
and	CC
corruption	NN
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
pronounced	VBN
.	.
Wishing	VBG
to	TO
avoid	VB
discriminations	NNS
that	WDT
might	MD
result	VB
from	IN
considering	VBG
the	DT
question	NN
of	IN
degree	NN
,	,
our	PRP$
Legislature	NNP
very	RB
wisely	RB
forbade	VBD
members	NNS
of	IN
boards	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
from	IN
having	VBG
a	DT
pecuniary	JJ
interest	NN
directly	RB
or	CC
indirectly	RB
in	IN
any	DT
sort	NN
of	IN
contract	NN
with	IN
a	DT
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
of	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
were	VBD
a	DT
member	NN
,	,
providing	VBG
that	IN
it	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
a	DT
criminal	JJ
offense	NN
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
.	.
City	NNP
Council	NNP
Member	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
attorney	NN
engaged	VBN
in	IN
private	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
The	DT
Member	NNP
's	POS
law	NN
firm	NN
represents	VBZ
the	DT
Foundation	NNP
generally	RB
,	,
but	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
represent	VB
the	DT
Foundation	NNP
in	IN
this	DT
matter	NN
.	.
The	DT
Member	NNP
's	POS
law	NN
firm	NN
also	RB
represents	VBZ
another	DT
corporation	NN
which	WDT
has	VBZ
an	DT
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
before	IN
Council	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
that	IN
corporation	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
party	NN
to	TO
the	DT
matter	NN
pending	VBG
before	IN
City	NNP
Council	NNP
.	.
In	IN
Advisory	NNP
Opinion	NNP
98-02	CD
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
addressed	VBD
a	DT
similar	JJ
situation	NN
involving	VBG
a	DT
pending	VBG
vote	NN
by	IN
a	DT
lawyer	NN
serving	VBG
on	IN
a	DT
City	NNP
Council	NNP
.	.
In	IN
that	DT
instance	NN
,	,
the	DT
individual	JJ
and	CC
his	PRP$
law	NN
firm	NN
had	VBD
represented	VBN
companies	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
President	NNP
of	IN
a	DT
foundation	NN
with	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
pending	VBG
before	IN
City	NNP
Council	NNP
was	VBD
an	DT
officer	NN
.	.
Applying	VBG
an	DT
earlier	JJR
Advisory	NNP
Opinion	NNP
governing	VBG
voting	NN
,	,
A.O.	NNP
91-38	CD
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
concluded	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
requester	NN
to	TO
vote	VB
.	.
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
6B-2-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Interests	NNS
in	IN
public	JJ
contracts	NNS
,	,
provides	VBZ
in	IN
part	NN
that	IN
...	:
no	DT
elected	VBN
or	CC
appointed	VBN
official	JJ
or	CC
employee	NN
...	:
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
party	NN
to	TO
or	CC
have	VBP
an	DT
interest	NN
in	IN
...	:
a	DT
contract	NN
which	WDT
such	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
employee	NN
may	MD
have	VB
direct	JJ
authority	NN
to	TO
enter	VB
into	IN
,	,
or	CC
over	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
control	NN
:	:
Provided	VBN
,	,
That	DT
nothing	NN
herein	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
construed	VBN
to	TO
prevent	VB
or	CC
make	VB
unlawful	JJ
the	DT
employment	NN
of	IN
any	DT
person	NN
with	IN
any	DT
governmental	JJ
body	NN
.	.
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
is	VBZ
a	DT
criminal	JJ
misdemeanor	NN
statute	NN
which	WDT
prohibits	VBZ
public	JJ
servants	NNS
from	IN
having	VBG
a	DT
direct	JJ
or	CC
indirect	JJ
pecuniary	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
public	JJ
contracts	NNS
which	WDT
their	PRP$
public	JJ
positions	NNS
give	VBP
them	PRP
the	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
award	NN
.	.
The	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
have	VBP
the	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
award	NN
Board	NNP
contracts	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
those	DT
for	IN
the	DT
employment	NN
of	IN
coaches	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
compensated	VBN
for	IN
his	PRP$
work	NN
as	IN
coach	NN
,	,
he	PRP
will	MD
have	VB
no	DT
pecuniary	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
coaching	NN
contract	NN
and	CC
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
do	VBP
not	RB
apply	VB
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
for	IN
him	PRP
to	TO
coach	NN
without	IN
compensation	NN
.	.
These	DT
provisions	NNS
steer	VBP
public	JJ
servants	NNS
away	RB
from	IN
situations	NNS
where	WRB
they	PRP
might	MD
need	VB
to	TO
consider	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
financial	JJ
interests	NNS
in	IN
awarding	VBG
agency	NN
contracts	NNS
.	.
Both	DT
would	MD
prevent	VB
the	DT
Board	NNP
from	IN
entering	VBG
into	IN
a	DT
service	NN
contract	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Member	NNP
,	,
now	RB
that	IN
he	PRP
is	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
ruled	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
to	TO
continue	VB
to	TO
purchase	VB
books	NNS
during	IN
the	DT
balance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
term	NN
of	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
,	,
since	IN
neither	CC
the	DT
superintendent	NN
nor	CC
his	PRP$
spouse	NN
had	VBD
an	DT
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
it	PRP
was	VBD
entered	VBN
into	IN
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
law	NN
provides	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
both	DT
county	NN
airport	NN
authorities	NNS
and	CC
regional	JJ
airport	NN
authorities	NNS
.	.
County	NNP
authorities	NNS
are	VBP
established	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
commission	NN
.	.
Regional	NNP
authorities	NNS
,	,
comprised	VBN
of	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
counties	NNS
joined	VBD
with	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
municipalities	NNS
are	VBP
public	JJ
corporations	NNS
governed	VBN
by	IN
representatives	NNS
appointed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
entities	NNS
they	PRP
represent	VBP
.	.
The	DT
local	JJ
planning	NN
districts	NNS
are	VBP
operated	VBN
by	IN
planning	VBG
committees	NNS
members	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
appointed	VBN
by	IN
and	CC
report	VB
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
Commission	NNP
.	.
The	DT
authority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
planning	NN
districts	NNS
is	VBZ
confined	VBN
to	TO
implementing	VBG
the	DT
federal	JJ
statutes	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
level	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
financial	JJ
support	NN
comes	VBZ
from	IN
federal	JJ
grant	NN
proceeds	NNS
awarded	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Commission	NNP
;	:
they	PRP
receive	VBP
no	DT
county	NN
tax	NN
revenues	NNS
.	.
The	DT
planning	NN
districts	NNS
are	VBP
responsible	JJ
for	IN
collecting	VBG
information	NN
,	,
preparing	VBG
studies	NNS
and	CC
developing	VBG
plans	NNS
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
emergency	NN
situations	NNS
arising	VBG
in	IN
their	PRP$
respective	JJ
geographic	JJ
areas	NNS
.	.
Five	CD
of	IN
the	DT
districts	NNS
are	VBP
composed	VBN
of	IN
two	CD
counties	NNS
;	:
the	DT
other	JJ
districts	NNS
are	VBP
single	JJ
county	NN
entities	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
districts	NNS
have	VBP
experienced	VBN
some	DT
difficulty	NN
in	IN
finding	VBG
qualified	VBN
local	JJ
people	NNS
to	TO
do	VB
this	DT
work	NN
,	,
and	CC
have	VB
had	VBN
to	TO
contract	NN
with	IN
those	DT
from	IN
another	DT
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
State	NN
,	,
because	IN
many	JJ
of	IN
those	DT
with	IN
the	DT
necessary	JJ
qualifications	NNS
are	VBP
serving	VBG
as	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
district	NN
committees	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
asks	VBZ
if	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
district	NN
committees	NNS
are	VBP
permitted	VBN
to	TO
hire	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
committee	NN
members	NNS
to	TO
do	VB
this	DT
work	NN
.	.
The	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
prohibits	VBZ
public	JJ
servants	NNS
from	IN
being	VBG
a	DT
party	NN
to	TO
,	,
or	CC
having	VBG
a	DT
financial	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
,	,
a	DT
public	JJ
contract	NN
,	,
purchase	NN
or	CC
sale	NN
which	WDT
their	PRP$
public	JJ
position	NN
gives	VBZ
them	PRP
the	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
award	NN
or	CC
control	NN
.	.
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
,	,
a	DT
criminal	JJ
misdemeanor	NN
statute	NN
,	,
contains	VBZ
a	DT
similar	JJ
prohibition	NN
against	IN
certain	JJ
county	NN
personnel	NNS
having	VBG
a	DT
direct	JJ
or	CC
indirect	JJ
financial	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
county	NN
contracts	NNS
,	,
purchases	NNS
or	CC
sales	NNS
over	IN
which	WDT
their	PRP$
public	JJ
position	NN
gives	VBZ
them	PRP
voice	NN
,	,
influence	NN
or	CC
control	NN
.	.
This	DT
prohibition	NN
applies	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
county	NN
or	CC
district	NN
boards	NNS
and	CC
county	NN
or	CC
district	NN
officers	NNS
.	.
Commission	NNP
which	WDT
appoints	VBZ
the	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
governing	VBG
committees	NNS
.	.
The	DT
mission	NN
of	IN
a	DT
planning	NN
district	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
carry	VB
out	RP
the	DT
mandate	NN
of	IN
a	DT
federal	JJ
law	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
activities	NNS
are	VBP
financed	VBN
by	IN
federal	JJ
funds	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
prohibits	VBZ
public	JJ
servants	NNS
from	IN
being	VBG
a	DT
party	NN
to	TO
or	CC
having	VBG
an	DT
interest	NN
in	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
they	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
award	NN
or	CC
control	NN
.	.
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
6B-2-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
prohibition	NN
applies	VBZ
to	TO
State	NNP
,	,
county	NN
and	CC
municipal	JJ
personnel	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
exempted	VBD
part-time	JJ
appointed	VBN
officials	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
prohibition	NN
,	,
if	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
disclosed	VBN
their	PRP$
interest	NN
in	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
and	CC
been	VBN
recused	VBN
from	IN
considering	VBG
and	CC
voting	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
transaction	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
another	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
which	WDT
bears	VBZ
on	IN
this	DT
question	NN
.	.
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
6B-2-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
prohibits	VBZ
public	JJ
servants	NNS
from	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
influence	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
position	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
private	JJ
financial	JJ
gain	NN
or	CC
the	DT
private	JJ
financial	JJ
gain	NN
of	IN
another	DT
.	.
Special	JJ
care	NN
must	MD
be	VB
exercised	VBN
in	IN
proceedings	NNS
which	WDT
result	VBP
in	IN
contracts	NNS
between	IN
a	DT
planning	NN
district	NN
and	CC
one	CD
of	IN
its	PRP$
members	NNS
,	,
so	RB
as	IN
to	TO
prevent	VB
any	DT
suggestion	NN
of	IN
favoritism	NN
between	IN
the	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
governing	VBG
body	NN
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
this	DT
provision	NN
for	IN
planning	VBG
committee	NN
members	NNS
to	TO
give	VB
a	DT
fellow	JJ
committee	NN
member	NN
preferential	JJ
treatment	NN
or	CC
unwarranted	JJ
consideration	NN
in	IN
awarding	VBG
contracts	NNS
.	.
While	IN
an	DT
agency	NN
may	MD
not	RB
lessen	VB
the	DT
standards	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
add	VB
rules	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
it	PRP
deems	VBZ
necessary	JJ
to	TO
accommodate	VB
potential	JJ
problems	NNS
or	CC
situations	NNS
unique	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
agency	NN
and	CC
to	TO
preserve	VB
the	DT
appearance	NN
of	IN
propriety	NN
in	IN
the	DT
conduct	NN
of	IN
agency	NN
business	NN
.	.
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
6B-2-5	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
provides	VBZ
in	IN
pertinent	JJ
part	NN
that	WDT
...	:
no	DT
elected	VBN
or	CC
appointed	VBN
official	JJ
or	CC
public	JJ
employee	NN
or	CC
member	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
immediate	JJ
family	NN
or	CC
business	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
associated	VBN
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
party	NN
to	TO
or	CC
have	VBP
an	DT
interest	NN
in	IN
...	:
a	DT
contract	NN
which	WDT
such	JJ
official	NN
or	CC
employee	NN
may	MD
have	VB
direct	JJ
authority	NN
to	TO
enter	VB
into	IN
,	,
or	CC
over	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
control	NN
...	:
Even	RB
where	WRB
their	PRP$
financial	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
Board	NNP
business	NN
with	IN
their	PRP$
employer	NN
is	VBZ
negligible	JJ
,	,
their	PRP$
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
financial	JJ
health	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
employer	NN
is	VBZ
substantial	JJ
and	CC
confronts	VBZ
Board	NNP
members	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
divided	VBN
loyalty	NN
that	IN
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
was	VBD
created	VBN
to	TO
avoid	VB
.	.
Those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
responsible	JJ
for	IN
spending	VBG
public	JJ
funds	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
have	VB
to	TO
take	VB
into	IN
account	VBP
their	PRP$
own	JJ
financial	JJ
interests	NNS
,	,
or	CC
those	DT
of	IN
their	PRP$
employers	NNS
,	,
when	WRB
deciding	VBG
where	WRB
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
spend	VB
public	JJ
funds	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
to	TO
buy	VB
books	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
business	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
one	CD
of	IN
its	PRP$
members	NNS
is	VBZ
employed	VBN
part-time	JJ
.	.
This	DT
ruling	NN
applies	VBZ
to	TO
purchases	NNS
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
paid	VBN
for	IN
with	IN
public	JJ
funds	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
WV	NNP
Code	NNP
61-10-15	CD
does	VBZ
not	RB
apply	VB
to	TO
purchases	NNS
made	VBN
by	IN
teachers	NNS
with	IN
proceeds	NNS
from	IN
fund-raising	JJ
activities	NNS
and	CC
school	NN
vending	VBG
machine	NN
sales	NNS
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
control	VB
the	DT
expenditure	NN
of	IN
those	DT
funds	NNS
.	.
Such	JJ
purchases	NNS
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
.	.
An	DT
attorney	NN
for	IN
a	DT
newly	RB
elected	VBN
member	NN
of	IN
a	DT
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
asks	VBZ
if	IN
the	DT
member-elect	NN
may	MD
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
Board	NNP
Member	NNP
while	IN
employed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
teacher	NN
at	IN
a	DT
State	NN
correctional	JJ
facility	NN
in	IN
the	DT
county	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
member-elect	JJ
lives	NNS
.	.
The	DT
foundation	NN
board	NN
has	VBZ
appointed	VBN
him	PRP
as	IN
their	PRP$
representative	NN
on	IN
a	DT
City	NNP
Council	NNP
Committee	NNP
which	WDT
meets	VBZ
quarterly	JJ
to	TO
consider	VB
requests	NNS
for	IN
distribution	NN
of	IN
funds	NNS
administered	VBN
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
bequeathed	VBN
endowment	NN
.	.
He	PRP
receives	VBZ
no	DT
compensation	NN
for	IN
serving	VBG
in	IN
this	DT
appointed	VBN
position	NN
.	.
Economic	NNP
Development	NNP
Authority	NNP
members	NNS
are	VBP
appointed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
to	TO
serve	VB
three	CD
year	NN
terms	NNS
.	.
The	DT
other	JJ
positions	NNS
in	IN
question	NN
are	VBP
filled	VBN
by	IN
volunteers	NNS
.	.
No	DT
compensation	NN
is	VBZ
authorized	VBN
for	IN
serving	VBG
in	IN
any	DT
of	IN
these	DT
positions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
regional	JJ
highway	NN
safety	NN
coalition	NN
recruits	NNS
volunteers	NNS
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
liaison	NN
with	IN
various	JJ
local	JJ
groups	NNS
and	CC
organizations	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
,	,
to	TO
facilitate	VB
an	DT
exchange	NN
of	IN
information	NN
,	,
concerns	NNS
and	CC
initiatives	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
various	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
community	NN
safety	NN
,	,
including	VBG
highway	NN
safety	NN
.	.
These	DT
volunteers	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
compensated	VBN
and	CC
exercise	NN
no	DT
executive	NN
or	CC
legislative	JJ
authority	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
serving	VBG
on	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
coalition	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
comprise	VB
holding	VBG
a	DT
public	JJ
office	NN
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
elected	VBN
to	TO
serve	VB
on	IN
a	DT
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
previously	RB
appointed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Governor	NNP
to	TO
serve	VB
on	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Community	NNP
and	CC
Technical	NNP
Education	NNP
Council	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Workforce	NNP
Investment	NNP
Council	NNP
.	.
Persons	NNS
who	WP
serve	VBP
on	IN
these	DT
Councils	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
compensated	VBN
beyond	IN
receiving	VBG
reimbursement	NN
for	IN
travel	NN
expenses	NNS
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Workforce	NNP
Investment	NNP
Council	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
these	DT
positions	NNS
are	VBP
public	JJ
offices	NNS
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
primary	JJ
scope	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Workforce	NNP
Investment	NNP
Council	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
was	VBD
recently	RB
elected	VBN
to	TO
serve	VB
on	IN
a	DT
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
currently	RB
serves	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
board	NN
of	IN
directors	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
non-profit	JJ
corporation	NN
which	WDT
promotes	VBZ
the	DT
beneficial	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
forest	NN
resources	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
region	NN
.	.
The	DT
Ethics	NNP
Commission	NNP
previously	RB
determined	VBD
that	IN
this	DT
corporation	NN
,	,
which	WDT
receives	VBZ
State	NN
funding	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
private	JJ
organization	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
Action	NNP
Organization	NNP
,	,
established	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
,	,
non-profit	JJ
corporation	NN
,	,
finding	VBG
that	IN
serving	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
director	NN
of	IN
that	DT
organization	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
involve	VB
holding	VBG
a	DT
public	JJ
office	NN
.	.
The	DT
same	JJ
analysis	NN
applies	VBZ
here	RB
.	.
The	DT
position	NN
currently	RB
held	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
requester	NN
as	IN
director	NN
of	IN
a	DT
non-profit	JJ
corporation	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
public	JJ
office	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
requester	NN
may	MD
continue	VB
in	IN
this	DT
position	NN
after	IN
taking	VBG
office	NN
on	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
has	VBZ
filed	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
candidate	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
county	NN
where	WRB
he	PRP
resides	VBZ
.	.
He	PRP
is	VBZ
employed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
WVDOE	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
teacher	NN
in	IN
a	DT
state-operated	JJ
detention	NN
facility	NN
.	.
That	DT
facility	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
different	JJ
county	NN
.	.
By	IN
statute	NN
,	,
the	DT
compensation	NN
received	VBN
by	IN
WVDOE	NNP
teachers	NNS
serving	VBG
in	IN
these	DT
facilities	NNS
is	VBZ
linked	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
pay	NN
scales	NNS
adopted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
county	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
institution	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
.	.
Applying	VBG
these	DT
criteria	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
teacher	NN
employed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
state	NN
agency	NN
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
this	DT
position	NN
involves	VBZ
mere	JJ
employment	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
holding	VBG
a	DT
public	JJ
office	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
requester	NN
,	,
if	IN
elected	VBN
,	,
may	MD
retain	VB
his	PRP$
teaching	NN
position	NN
while	IN
serving	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
.	.
Any	DT
person	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
eligible	JJ
and	CC
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
hold	VB
an	DT
office	NN
or	CC
political	JJ
party	NN
position	NN
to	TO
be	VB
filled	VBN
by	IN
election	NN
in	IN
any	DT
primary	JJ
or	CC
general	JJ
election	NN
...	:
shall	MD
file	VB
a	DT
certificate	NN
of	IN
announcement	NN
declaring	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
candidate	NN
for	IN
the	DT
nomination	NN
or	CC
election	NN
to	TO
the	DT
office	NN
.	.
A	DT
person	NN
being	VBG
considered	VBN
for	IN
appointment	NN
to	TO
a	DT
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
vacancy	NN
asks	VBZ
if	IN
he	PRP
may	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
serve	VB
on	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
non-profit	JJ
organization	NN
which	WDT
operates	VBZ
a	DT
sheltered	JJ
workshop	NN
for	IN
physically	RB
and	CC
mentally	RB
challenged	VBD
people	NNS
.	.
Camp	NNP
and	CC
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
include	VB
a	DT
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Member	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
membership	NN
.	.
The	DT
members	NNS
are	VBP
appointed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
to	TO
advise	VB
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
University	NNP
Extension	NNP
Office	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
4-H	NNP
Camp	NNP
.	.
They	PRP
receive	VBP
no	DT
pay	NN
or	CC
reimbursement	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
services	NNS
.	.
Applying	VBG
these	DT
criteria	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
County	NNP
4-H	NNP
Camp	NNP
Advisory	NNP
Council	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
such	JJ
position	NN
,	,
involving	VBG
only	RB
advisory	JJ
duties	NNS
,	,
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
public	JJ
office	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
this	DT
position	NN
were	VBD
deemed	VBN
a	DT
public	JJ
office	NN
,	,
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
bar	VB
the	DT
requester	NN
from	IN
remaining	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
because	IN
the	DT
members	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
compensated	VBN
for	IN
their	PRP$
service	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
primary	JJ
scope	NN
of	IN
the	DT
position	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
Committee	NNP
employs	VBZ
cooperative	JJ
extension	NN
workers	NNS
in	IN
partnership	NN
with	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
University	NNP
,	,
coordinates	VBZ
financial	JJ
support	NN
for	IN
these	DT
activities	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
and	CC
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
,	,
and	CC
provides	VBZ
guidance	NN
on	IN
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
cooperative	JJ
extension	NN
service	NN
program	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
compensation	NN
currently	RB
provided	VBN
for	IN
this	DT
position	NN
.	.
The	DT
county	NN
extension	NN
service	NN
committee	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
composed	VBN
of	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
president	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
farm	NN
bureau	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
president	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
extension	NN
homemakers	NNS
council	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
president	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
Four-H	JJ
leaders	NNS
'	POS
association	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
a	DT
county	NN
commissioner	NN
designated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
president	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
commission	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
e	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
designated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
president	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
f	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
a	DT
county	NN
representative	NN
of	IN
the	DT
grange	NN
,	,
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
g	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
two	CD
members	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
residents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
to	TO
be	VB
appointed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
board	NN
of	IN
advisors	NNS
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
University	NNP
...	:
The	DT
requester	NN
is	VBZ
currently	RB
serving	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Member	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
asked	VBN
to	TO
serve	VB
on	IN
the	DT
board	NN
of	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Economic	NNP
Development	NNP
Authority	NNP
.	.
Authority	NNP
members	NNS
are	VBP
ordinarily	RB
appointed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
County	NNP
Commission	NNP
to	TO
serve	VB
three	CD
year	NN
terms	NNS
.	.
Persons	NNS
serving	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
Development	NNP
Authority	NNP
Board	NNP
are	VBP
not	RB
compensated	VBN
beyond	IN
being	VBG
reimbursed	VBN
for	IN
reasonable	JJ
and	CC
necessary	JJ
expenses	NNS
.	.
No	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
authority	NN
shall	MD
receive	VB
any	DT
compensation	NN
,	,
whether	IN
in	IN
formal	JJ
salary	NN
,	,
per	IN
diem	NN
allowance	NN
or	CC
otherwise	RB
,	,
in	IN
connection	NN
with	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
services	NNS
as	IN
such	JJ
member	NN
.	.
Each	DT
member	NN
shall	MD
,	,
however	RB
,	,
be	VB
entitled	VBN
to	TO
reimbursement	NN
by	IN
the	DT
authority	NN
for	IN
any	DT
necessary	JJ
expenditures	NNS
in	IN
connection	NN
with	IN
the	DT
performance	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
general	JJ
duties	NNS
as	IN
such	JJ
member	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
Director	NNP
of	IN
a	DT
County	NNP
Economic	NNP
Development	NNP
Authority	NNP
holds	VBZ
a	DT
public	JJ
office	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
primary	JJ
scope	NN
of	IN
this	DT
office	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
The	DT
requester	NN
is	VBZ
currently	RB
serving	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
Member	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
be	VB
considered	VBN
for	IN
appointment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Emergency	NN
Ambulance	NNP
Authority	NNP
in	IN
his	PRP$
county	NN
.	.
He	PRP
explains	VBZ
that	IN
he	PRP
previously	RB
served	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
Board	NNP
and	CC
did	VBD
not	RB
receive	VB
any	DT
salary	NN
or	CC
expenses	NNS
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
primary	JJ
scope	NN
of	IN
Emergency	NNP
Ambulance	NNP
Service	NNP
Authorities	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
only	JJ
remaining	VBG
issue	NN
involves	VBZ
the	DT
compensation	NN
associated	VBN
with	IN
this	DT
position	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
clear	JJ
whether	IN
the	DT
proviso	NN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
added	VBD
to	TO
18-5-1a	JJ
was	VBD
intended	VBN
to	TO
permit	VB
a	DT
school	NN
board	NN
member	NN
to	TO
escape	VB
the	DT
prohibition	NN
against	IN
serving	VBG
in	IN
another	DT
public	JJ
office	NN
by	IN
simply	RB
declining	VBG
to	TO
accept	VB
compensation	NN
for	IN
service	NN
in	IN
the	DT
office	NN
.	.
Had	VBD
that	IN
been	VBN
its	PRP$
intent	NN
,	,
the	DT
proviso	NN
would	MD
have	VB
said	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
prohibition	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
apply	VB
to	TO
service	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
member	NN
accepts	VBZ
no	DT
compensation	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
Ethics	NNP
Commission	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
believe	VB
that	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
intended	VBD
to	TO
say	VB
,	,
in	IN
effect	NN
,	,
school	NN
board	NN
members	NNS
may	MD
serve	VB
in	IN
any	DT
position	NN
,	,
unrelated	JJ
to	TO
public	JJ
schools	NNS
-	:
so	RB
long	RB
as	IN
they	PRP
decline	VBP
to	TO
accept	VB
pay	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
service	NN
.	.
Rather	RB
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
believes	VBZ
the	DT
proviso	NN
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
to	TO
apply	VB
only	RB
to	TO
public	JJ
offices	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
law	NN
provides	VBZ
no	DT
compensation	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
believes	VBZ
the	DT
proviso	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
exempt	JJ
service	NN
in	IN
any	DT
office	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
law	NN
prescribes	VBZ
or	CC
requires	VBZ
compensation	NN
.	.
Where	WRB
compensation	NN
is	VBZ
prescribed	VBN
or	CC
required	VBN
,	,
the	DT
proviso	NN
offers	VBZ
no	DT
relief	NN
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
office	NN
holder	NN
declines	VBZ
to	TO
accept	VB
compensation	NN
.	.
A	DT
pandemic	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
global	JJ
disease	NN
outbreak	NN
.	.
A	DT
flu	NN
pandemic	NN
occurs	VBZ
when	WRB
a	DT
new	JJ
influenza	NN
virus	NN
emerges	VBZ
for	IN
which	WDT
people	NNS
have	VBP
little	JJ
or	CC
no	DT
immunity	NN
,	,
and	CC
for	IN
which	WDT
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
vaccine	NN
.	.
The	DT
disease	NN
spreads	VBZ
easily	RB
person-to-person	JJ
,	,
causes	VBZ
serious	JJ
illness	NN
,	,
and	CC
can	MD
sweep	NN
across	IN
the	DT
country	NN
and	CC
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
in	IN
very	RB
short	JJ
time	NN
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
recognizes	VBZ
that	IN
schools	NNS
play	VBP
an	DT
integral	JJ
role	NN
in	IN
protecting	VBG
the	DT
health	NN
and	CC
safety	NN
of	IN
staff	NN
,	,
students	NNS
,	,
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
.	.
The	DT
department	NN
is	VBZ
working	VBG
with	IN
other	JJ
state	NN
agencies	NNS
in	IN
planning	VBG
for	IN
potential	JJ
pandemic	NN
flu	NN
outbreaks	NNS
.	.
Fifty	CD
grants	NNS
of	IN
$	$
10,000	CD
each	DT
will	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
to	TO
schools	NNS
,	,
community	NN
groups	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
non-profit	JJ
organizations	NNS
with	IN
innovative	JJ
programs	NNS
aimed	VBN
at	IN
improving	VBG
the	DT
nutrition	NN
and	CC
activity	NN
habits	NNS
of	IN
young	JJ
people	NNS
.	.
The	DT
involvement	NN
of	IN
a	DT
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
or	CC
dietetics	NNS
technician	NN
,	,
registered	VBN
is	VBZ
a	DT
requirement	NN
for	IN
each	DT
program	NN
.	.
Fifty-four	CD
million	CD
kids	NNS
attend	VBP
nearly	RB
123,000	CD
schools	NNS
nationwide	JJ
.	.
Six	CD
million	CD
adults	NNS
work	VBP
in	IN
schools	NNS
as	IN
teachers	NNS
,	,
nurses	NNS
,	,
administrators	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
staff	NN
.	.
Collectively	RB
,	,
over	IN
20	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
population	NN
can	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
community	NN
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
size	NN
and	CC
accessibility	NN
of	IN
this	DT
population	NN
,	,
school	NN
health	NN
programs	NNS
are	VBP
one	CD
the	DT
most	RBS
efficient	JJ
ways	NNS
of	IN
shaping	VBG
our	PRP$
nation	NN
's	POS
health	NN
,	,
education	NN
,	,
and	CC
social	JJ
well-being	NN
.	.
The	DT
Healthy	JJ
Schools	NNP
Program	NNP
is	VBZ
being	VBG
launched	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
American	JJ
Heart	NNP
Association	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
William	NNP
J.	NNP
Clinton	NNP
Foundation	NNP
,	,
with	IN
funding	NN
from	IN
The	DT
Robert	NNP
Wood	NNP
Johnson	NNP
Foundation	NNP
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
collaboration	NN
with	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Alliance	NNP
for	IN
a	DT
Healthier	NNP
Generation	NNP
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
network	NN
of	IN
organizations	NNS
and	CC
individuals	NNS
concerned	VBN
with	IN
childhood	NN
obesity	NN
and	CC
physical	JJ
inactivity	NN
among	IN
America	NNP
's	POS
youth	NN
.	.
To	TO
provide	VB
leadership	NN
,	,
training	NN
and	CC
support	NN
for	IN
schools	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
communities	NNS
designed	VBN
to	TO
improve	VB
collaboration	NN
and	CC
ensure	VB
the	DT
health	NN
and	CC
educational	JJ
achievement	NN
of	IN
children	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
safe	JJ
,	,
nurturing	VBG
and	CC
disciplined	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
Coordinators	NNS
provide	VBP
a	DT
wealth	NN
of	IN
information	NN
,	,
offer	VBP
asset	NN
presentations	NNS
,	,
facilitate	VBP
community-building	JJ
asset	NN
initiatives	NNS
and	CC
coordinate	VB
with	IN
schools	NNS
to	TO
assist	VB
with	IN
Search	NNP
surveys	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
contact	NN
Adolescent	NNP
Health	NNP
Coordinators	NNPS
or	CC
Director	NNP
within	IN
your	PRP$
RESA	NNP
.	.
The	DT
EHCP	NNP
training	NN
will	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
to	TO
county	NN
school	NN
nurses	NNS
who	WP
were	VBD
unable	JJ
to	TO
attend	VB
the	DT
2006	CD
School	NNP
Nurse	NNP
institute	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
voluntary	JJ
training	NN
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
comfortable	JJ
in	IN
utiizing	VBG
the	DT
ECHP	NNP
then	RB
do	VBP
not	RB
feel	VB
obligated	VBN
to	TO
attend	VB
this	DT
offering	NN
.	.
The	DT
ECHP	NNP
was	VBD
develop	VB
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
standard	JJ
EHCP	NNP
while	IN
ensuring	VBG
quality	NN
and	CC
acountability	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
EHCP	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
comprehensive	JJ
of	IN
all	DT
specialized	VBN
procedures	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
setting	VBG
but	CC
will	MD
allow	VB
for	IN
EHCP	NNP
to	TO
be	VB
created	VBN
for	IN
students	NNS
with	IN
insulin	NN
by	IN
injection	NN
,	,
insulin	NN
by	IN
pump	NN
,	,
metered	JJ
dose	NN
inhalers	NNS
,	,
vagal	JJ
nerve	NN
stimulator	NN
,	,
rectal	JJ
valium	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Diastat	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
sterile	JJ
catheterization	NN
,	,
sterile	JJ
suctioning	VBG
,	,
mechanical	JJ
ventilator	NN
,	,
emergencey	NN
care	NN
of	IN
a	DT
tracheostomy	NN
and	CC
emergency	NN
replacement	NN
of	IN
a	DT
tracheostomy	NN
.	.
These	DT
ten	CD
specialized	VBN
procedures	NNS
will	MD
allow	VB
your	PRP$
county	NN
to	TO
receive	VB
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
one	CD
million	CD
dollar	NN
appropriation	NN
from	IN
SB	NNP
53	CD
.	.
WVDE	NNP
will	MD
upload	VB
the	DT
EHCP	NNP
on	IN
January	NNP
1	CD
,	,
2006	CD
and	CC
June	NNP
1	CD
,	,
2007	CD
to	TO
distribute	VB
the	DT
funds	NNS
according	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
specialized	VBN
procedures	NNS
identified	VBN
above	IN
and	CC
health	NN
service	NN
hours	NNS
.	.
All	DT
``	``
Prescribed	JJ
OTCs	NNS
''	''
fall	NN
under	IN
the	DT
management	NN
and	CC
delegation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
certified	VBD
school	NN
nurses	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
speak	VB
with	IN
the	DT
certified	JJ
school	NN
nurse	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
your	PRP$
county	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
Nonprescribed	NNP
OTC	NNP
''	''
policy	NN
.	.
After	IN
registration	NN
,	,
the	DT
designee	NN
's	POS
employment	NN
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
verified	VBN
by	IN
WVDE-Office	NNP
of	IN
Healthy	JJ
Schools	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
verified	VBN
as	IN
county	NN
school	NN
personnel	NNS
,	,
a	DT
list	NN
will	MD
be	VB
sent	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
``	``
Technology	NNP
Administrator	NNP
''	''
for	IN
generation	NN
of	IN
an	DT
email	NN
to	TO
the	DT
``	``
designee	NN
''	''
for	IN
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
training	NN
.	.
The	DT
training	NN
can	MD
be	VB
accessed	VBN
at	IN
http://wvlearns.k12.wv.us/index.asp	CD
with	IN
a	DT
user	NN
ID	NNP
and	CC
password	NN
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
University	NNP
is	VBZ
offering	VBG
an	DT
online	JJ
initial	JJ
substitute	NN
school	NN
nurse	NN
training	NN
and	CC
renewal	NN
program	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
noncredit	JJ
course	NN
with	IN
a	DT
certificate	NN
upon	IN
completion	NN
.	.
Please	VB
make	VB
sure	JJ
your	PRP$
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
will	MD
accept	VB
this	DT
18	CD
hour	NN
training	NN
for	IN
initial	JJ
substitute	NN
permit	NN
approval	NN
or	CC
the	DT
12	CD
hour	NN
course	NN
for	IN
renewal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
substitute	NN
permit	NN
.	.
A	DT
training	NN
for	IN
health	NN
educators	NNS
,	,
school	NN
nurses	NNS
and	CC
community	NN
health	NN
specialist	NN
was	VBD
held	VBN
at	IN
Fairmont	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
on	IN
March	NNP
14	CD
,	,
2005	CD
.	.
The	DT
incorporation	NN
of	IN
activities	NNS
and	CC
teaching	NN
tools	NNS
enhanced	VBD
the	DT
learning	VBG
experience	NN
and	CC
capacity	NN
of	IN
all	DT
participants	NNS
.	.
SHEC	NNP
Conference	NNP
proved	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
true	JJ
success	NN
.	.
This	DT
year	NN
several	JJ
tracks	NNS
were	VBD
available	JJ
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
family	NN
health	NN
,	,
school	NN
health	NN
,	,
school	NN
nursing	NN
and	CC
community	NN
health	NN
.	.
A	DT
BIG	NNP
thank	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
all	DT
SHEC	NNP
Conference	NNP
Planning	NNP
Committee	NNP
Members	NNP
for	IN
an	DT
excellent	JJ
conference	NN
.	.
Assessment	NNP
Brief	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
created	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
quick	JJ
review	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
distribution	NN
of	IN
certified	JJ
school	NN
nurses	NNS
,	,
student	NN
screenings	NNS
and	CC
students	NNS
with	IN
medical\/health	NN
conditions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
complete	JJ
School	NNP
Nurse	NNP
Needs	NNS
Assessment	NNP
is	VBZ
posted	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Healthy	JJ
Schools	NNS
home	NN
page	NN
and	CC
above	IN
.	.
Guidance	NN
and	CC
counseling	NN
program	NN
content	NN
standards	NNS
and	CC
student	NN
competencies	NNS
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
nine	CD
National	NNP
Standards	NNP
for	IN
School	NNP
Counseling	NN
are	VBP
organized	VBN
in	IN
three	CD
categories	NNS
of	IN
student	NN
development	NN
:	:
academic	JJ
,	,
career	NN
and	CC
personal\/social	NN
.	.
These	DT
standards	NNS
provide	VB
guidance	NN
and	CC
direction	NN
for	IN
states	NNS
,	,
school	NN
systems	NNS
and	CC
individual	JJ
schools	NNS
to	TO
develop	VB
quality	NN
and	CC
effective	JJ
school	NN
counseling	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
nine	CD
standards	NNS
includes	VBZ
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
student	NN
competencies	NNS
that	WDT
enumerate	VBP
the	DT
desired	VBN
student	NN
learning	VBG
outcomes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
student	NN
competencies	NNS
define	VBP
the	DT
specific	JJ
knowledge	NN
,	,
attitudes	NNS
and	CC
skills	NNS
that	WDT
students	NNS
should	MD
obtain	VB
or	CC
demonstrate	VB
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
participating	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
school	NN
counseling	NN
program	NN
.	.
Program	NNP
Guide	NNP
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
guide	NN
describes	VBZ
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
's	POS
comprehensive	JJ
developmental	JJ
guidance	NN
and	CC
counseling	NN
program	NN
model	NN
and	CC
outlines	VBZ
a	DT
process	NN
for	IN
tailoring	VBG
the	DT
model	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
individual	JJ
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
districts	NNS
and	CC
schools	NNS
.	.
Good	JJ
health	NN
and	CC
safety	NN
are	VBP
essential	JJ
to	TO
student	NN
learning	NN
.	.
The	DT
administration	NN
of	IN
medication	NN
to	TO
students	NNS
during	IN
the	DT
school	NN
day	NN
should	MD
be	VB
discouraged	VBN
unless	IN
absolutely	RB
necessary	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
student	NN
’	CD
s	PRP
health	NN
.	.
Administration	NN
of	IN
medication	NN
during	IN
the	DT
school	NN
day	NN
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
to	TO
allow	VB
some	DT
students	NNS
to	TO
attend	VB
school	NN
.	.
This	DT
policy	NN
establishes	VBZ
the	DT
standards	NNS
that	WDT
must	MD
be	VB
followed	VBN
when	WRB
any	DT
medication	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
administered	VBN
during	IN
attendance	NN
at	IN
school	NN
or	CC
school	NN
related	VBN
events	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
provide	VB
for	IN
emergency	NN
medication	NN
administration	NN
,	,
when	WRB
necessary	JJ
.	.
County	NNP
Boards	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
shall	MD
develop	VB
or	CC
amend	VB
medication	NN
administration	NN
policies	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
or	CC
exceed	VB
the	DT
standards	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
'	POS
18-5-22a	JJ
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
components	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
this	DT
policy	NN
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
WVDE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
may	MD
issue	VB
and	CC
periodically	RB
update	VB
advisories	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
guidance	NN
on	IN
the	DT
administration	NN
of	IN
medication	NN
to	TO
students	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
public	JJ
school	NN
system	NN
.	.
Coordinate	VB
development	NN
of	IN
procedures	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
administration	NN
of	IN
medication	NN
during	IN
school-related	JJ
events	NNS
with	IN
classroom	NN
teachers	NNS
,	,
school	NN
nurses	NNS
,	,
parents\/guardians	NNS
,	,
designated	VBN
qualified	VBN
personnel	NNS
and	CC
administrator	NN
’	CD
s	PRP
designees	NNS
.	.
For	IN
students	NNS
needing	VBG
long-term	JJ
and	CC
emergency	NN
prescription	NN
medication	NN
to	TO
attend	VB
school	NN
,	,
the	DT
school	NN
nurse	NN
shall	MD
assess	VB
the	DT
student	NN
,	,
review	VB
the	DT
licensed	JJ
prescriber	NN
’	CD
s	PRP
orders	NNS
,	,
assure	VB
implementation	NN
of	IN
needed	VBN
health	NN
and	CC
safety	NN
procedures	NNS
,	,
and	CC
develop	VB
a	DT
health	NN
care	NN
plan	NN
.	.
Complete	JJ
and	CC
sign	VB
a	DT
parent\/guardian	JJ
authorization	NN
form	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
to	TO
be	VB
designed	VBN
by	IN
each	DT
county	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
which	WDT
indicates	VBZ
student	NN
name	NN
;	:
date	NN
;	:
allergies	NNS
;	:
medication	NN
name	NN
;	:
dosage	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
and	CC
route	NN
;	:
intended	JJ
effect	NN
of	IN
medication	NN
;	:
other	JJ
medication	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
taken	VBN
by	IN
student	NN
;	:
and	CC
parent\/guardian	JJ
signature	NN
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
student	NN
’	CD
s	PRP
medical	JJ
condition	NN
requires	VBZ
a	DT
change	NN
in	IN
the	DT
medication	NN
dosage	NN
or	CC
schedule	NN
,	,
the	DT
parent	NN
must	MD
provide	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
written	VBN
authorization	NN
form	NN
from	IN
a	DT
licensed	JJ
prescriber	NN
and	CC
container	NN
.	.
This	DT
must	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
to	TO
designated	VBN
personnel	NNS
within	IN
an	DT
appropriate	JJ
time	NN
frame	NN
.	.
Submit	VB
a	DT
written	VBN
report	NN
to	TO
the	DT
administrator	NN
and	CC
county	NN
superintendent	NN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
the	DT
incident	NN
.	.
The	DT
report	NN
should	MD
include	VB
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
student	NN
,	,
the	DT
parent\/guardian	JJ
name	NN
and	CC
phone	NN
number	NN
,	,
a	DT
specific	JJ
statement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
medication	NN
incident	NN
,	,
who	WP
was	VBD
notified	VBN
,	,
and	CC
what	WP
remedial	JJ
actions	NNS
were	VBD
taken	VBN
.	.
A	DT
written	VBN
statement	NN
is	VBZ
received	VBN
from	IN
a	DT
licensed	JJ
prescriber	NN
which	WDT
contains	VBZ
the	DT
student	NN
name	NN
,	,
purpose	NN
,	,
appropriate	JJ
usage	NN
,	,
dosage	NN
,	,
time	NN
or	CC
times	NNS
at	IN
which	WDT
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
special	JJ
circumstances	NNS
under	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
medication	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
administered	VBN
.	.
The	DT
student	NN
has	VBZ
demonstrated	VBN
the	DT
ability	NN
and	CC
understanding	VBG
to	TO
self-administer	VB
asthma	NN
medication	NN
by	IN
passing	VBG
an	DT
assessment	NN
by	IN
the	DT
school	NN
nurse	NN
evaluating	VBG
the	DT
student	NN
’	CD
s	PRP
technique	NN
of	IN
self-administration	NN
and	CC
level	NN
of	IN
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
asthma	NN
medication	NN
.	.
The	DT
parent\/guardian	NN
has	VBZ
acknowledged	VBN
in	IN
writing	VBG
that	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
read	VBN
and	CC
understand	VB
a	DT
notice	NN
provided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
stating	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
school	NN
,	,
county	NN
school	NN
board	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
employees	NNS
and	CC
agents	NNS
are	VBP
exempt	JJ
from	IN
any	DT
liability	NN
,	,
except	IN
for	IN
willful	JJ
and	CC
wanton	JJ
conduct	NN
,	,
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
any	DT
injury	NN
arising	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
self-administration	NN
of	IN
asthma	NN
medication	NN
.	.
The	DT
permission	NN
to	TO
self-administer	VB
asthma	NN
medication	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
effective	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
school	NN
year	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
is	VBZ
granted	VBN
and	CC
all	DT
documents	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
self-administration	NN
of	IN
asthma	NN
medication	NN
shall	MD
become	VB
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
student	NN
health	NN
record	NN
.	.
The	DT
permission	NN
to	TO
self-administer	VB
asthma	NN
medication	NN
may	MD
be	VB
revoked	VBN
if	IN
the	DT
school	NN
administrator	NN
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
student	NN
’	CD
s	PRP
technique	NN
and	CC
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
asthma	NN
medication	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
appropriate	JJ
or	CC
is	VBZ
willfully	RB
disregarded	VBN
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
parent\/guardian	NN
authorizes	VBZ
a	DT
non-prescribed	JJ
medication	NN
to	TO
be	VB
given	VBN
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
a	DT
known	VBN
prescribed	VBN
medication	NN
,	,
the	DT
administrator	NN
or	CC
school	NN
nurse	NN
shall	MD
validate	VB
the	DT
safety	NN
of	IN
multiple	JJ
medications	NNS
.	.
At	IN
times	NNS
,	,
this	DT
validation	NN
process	NN
may	MD
require	VB
a	DT
licensed	JJ
provider	NN
order	NN
.	.
Access	NN
to	TO
medications	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
under	IN
the	DT
authority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
administrator	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
in	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
the	DT
school	NN
nurse	NN
assigned	VBN
to	TO
that	DT
school	NN
.	.
If	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
full-time	JJ
school	NN
nurse	NN
assigned	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
building	NN
,	,
the	DT
school	NN
nurse	NN
shall	MD
have	VB
authority	NN
over	IN
the	DT
access	NN
to	TO
prescribed	VBN
medications	NNS
.	.
School	NNP
personnel	NNS
shall	MD
dispose	VB
of	IN
unused	JJ
or	CC
outdated	JJ
medicine	NN
unclaimed	JJ
by	IN
the	DT
parent\/guardian	NN
no	RB
later	RB
than	IN
30	CD
days	NNS
after	IN
the	DT
parent\/guardian	JJ
medication	NN
authorization	NN
expires	VBZ
or	CC
on	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
school	NN
.	.
Medication	NN
disposal	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
done	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
manner	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
no	DT
other	JJ
individual	NN
has	VBZ
access	NN
to	TO
any	DT
unused	JJ
portion	NN
.	.
Two	CD
individuals	NNS
will	MD
witness	NN
the	DT
disposal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
medication	NN
and	CC
the	DT
procedure	NN
must	MD
be	VB
documented	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
form	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
specific	JJ
student	NN
.	.
B.	NNP
ensure	VB
that	IN
parents	NNS
or	CC
guardians	NNS
are	VBP
informed	VBN
of	IN
educational	JJ
and	CC
related	JJ
opportunities	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
their	PRP$
children	NNS
,	,
and	CC
are	VBP
provided	VBN
with	IN
meaningful	JJ
opportunities	NNS
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
education	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
children	NNS
.	.
E.	NNP
immediately	RB
assist	VB
in	IN
obtaining	VBG
immunizations	NNS
or	CC
record	NN
of	IN
immunizations	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
medical	JJ
records	NNS
for	IN
those	DT
students	NNS
who	WP
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
them	PRP
,	,
and	CC
assure	VB
that	DT
students	NNS
are	VBP
enrolled	VBN
in	IN
school	NN
while	IN
the	DT
records	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
obtained	VBN
.	.
H.	NNP
ensure	VB
that	IN
homeless	JJ
families	NNS
,	,
children	NNS
,	,
and	CC
youths	NNS
receive	VBP
educational	JJ
services	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
such	JJ
families	NNS
,	,
children	NNS
,	,
and	CC
youths	NNS
are	VBP
eligible	JJ
,	,
including	VBG
Head	NNP
Start	VB
and	CC
Even	RB
Start	JJ
programs	NNS
and	CC
preschool	JJ
programs	NNS
administered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
educational	JJ
agency	NN
,	,
and	CC
referrals	NNS
to	TO
health	NN
care	NN
services	NNS
,	,
dental	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
mental	JJ
health	NN
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
appropriate	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
Virginia	NNP
Division	NNP
of	IN
Motor	NNP
Vehicles	NNPS
shall	MD
deny	VB
a	DT
license	NN
or	CC
instruction	NN
permit	NN
for	IN
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
motor	NN
vehicle	NN
to	TO
any	DT
person	NN
under	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
eighteen	CD
who	WP
does	VBZ
not	RB
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
application	NN
present	NN
a	DT
diploma	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
certificate	NN
of	IN
graduation	NN
issued	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
person	NN
from	IN
a	DT
secondary	JJ
high	JJ
school	NN
of	IN
this	DT
state	NN
or	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
state	NN
,	,
or	CC
documentation	NN
that	IN
the	DT
person	NN
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
enrolled	VBN
and	CC
making	VBG
satisfactory	JJ
progress	NN
in	IN
a	DT
course	NN
leading	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
general	JJ
educational	JJ
development	NN
certificate	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
GED	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
from	IN
a	DT
state	NN
approved	VBD
institution	NN
or	CC
organization	NN
,	,
or	CC
has	VBZ
obtained	VBN
such	JJ
certificate	NN
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
enrolled	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
secondary	JJ
school	NN
of	IN
this	DT
state	NN
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
a	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
resident	NN
enrolled	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
out-of-state	JJ
school	NN
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
excused	VBN
from	IN
such	JJ
requirement	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
circumstances	NNS
beyond	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
control	NN
;	:
or	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
enrolled	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
institution	NN
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
as	IN
a	DT
full-time	JJ
student	NN
in	IN
this	DT
state	NN
or	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
state	NN
.	.
Suspension	NN
or	CC
expulsion	NN
from	IN
school	NN
or	CC
imprisonment	NN
in	IN
a	DT
jail	NN
or	CC
a	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
correctional	JJ
facility	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
circumstance	NN
beyond	IN
the	DT
control	NN
of	IN
the	DT
person	NN
.	.
If	IN
suspended	VBN
,	,
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Division	NNP
of	IN
Motor	NNP
Vehicles	NNPS
may	MD
not	RB
reinstate	VB
a	DT
license	NN
before	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
semester	NN
following	VBG
that	IN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
withdrawal	NN
occurred	VBD
.	.
The	DT
Legislature	NNP
also	RB
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
State	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
must	MD
take	VB
an	DT
informed	VBN
,	,
sensitive	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
communicate	VB
and	CC
educate	VB
the	DT
citizens	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
about	IN
health	NN
issues	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
obesity	NN
and	CC
inappropriate	JJ
weight	NN
gain	NN
.	.
The	DT
Legislature	NNP
further	JJ
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
state	NN
must	MD
take	VB
action	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
citizens	NNS
in	IN
engaging	VBG
in	IN
healthful	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
regular	JJ
physical	JJ
activity	NN
.	.
The	DT
Legislature	NNP
further	JJ
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
state	NN
must	MD
invest	VB
in	IN
research	NN
that	IN
improves	VBZ
understanding	NN
of	IN
inappropriate	JJ
weight	NN
gain	NN
and	CC
obesity	NN
.	.
These	DT
efforts	NNS
are	VBP
needed	VBN
to	TO
coordinate	VB
the	DT
state	NN
's	POS
interest	NN
in	IN
improving	VBG
the	DT
health	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
citizens	NNS
and	CC
in	IN
reducing	VBG
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
health	NN
care	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
to	TO
create	VB
,	,
as	IN
an	DT
integral	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Health	NNP
and	CC
Human	NNP
Resources	NNPS
,	,
an	DT
entity	NN
to	TO
coordinate	VB
the	DT
efforts	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
agencies	NNS
to	TO
prevent	VB
and	CC
remedy	VB
obesity	NN
and	CC
related	VBN
weight	NN
problems	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
all	DT
citizens	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
educated	VBN
on	IN
this	DT
serious	JJ
health	NN
risk	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
affecting	VBG
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
hereby	NN
created	VBD
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Healthy	JJ
Lifestyles	NNP
within	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Health	NNP
and	CC
Human	NNP
Resources	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
management	NN
of	IN
this	DT
office	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
manner	NN
determined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Secretary	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Health	NNP
and	CC
Human	NNP
Resources	NNPS
to	TO
be	VB
in	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
interest	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
citizens	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
hereby	NN
created	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Treasury	NNP
a	DT
separate	JJ
special	JJ
revenue	NN
account	NN
,	,
which	WDT
shall	MD
be	VB
an	DT
interest	NN
bearing	NN
account	NN
,	,
to	TO
be	VB
known	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
``	``
Healthy	JJ
Lifestyles	NNP
Fund	NNP
''	''
.	.
The	DT
special	JJ
revenue	NN
account	NN
shall	MD
consist	VB
of	IN
all	DT
appropriations	NNS
made	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Legislature	NNP
,	,
income	NN
from	IN
the	DT
investment	NN
of	IN
moneys	NNS
held	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
special	JJ
revenue	NN
account	NN
and	CC
all	DT
other	JJ
sums	NNS
available	JJ
for	IN
deposit	NN
to	TO
the	DT
special	JJ
revenue	NN
account	NN
from	IN
any	DT
source	NN
,	,
public	JJ
or	CC
private	JJ
.	.
No	DT
expenditures	NNS
for	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
section	NN
are	VBP
authorized	VBN
from	IN
collections	NNS
except	IN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
article	NN
three	CD
,	,
chapter	NN
twelve	CD
of	IN
this	DT
code	NN
and	CC
upon	IN
fulfillment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
article	NN
two	CD
,	,
chapter	NN
eleven-b	NN
of	IN
this	DT
code	NN
.	.
Any	DT
balance	NN
remaining	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
special	JJ
revenue	NN
account	NN
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
any	DT
state	NN
fiscal	JJ
year	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
revert	VB
to	TO
the	DT
general	JJ
revenue	NN
fund	NN
but	CC
remains	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
special	JJ
revenue	NN
account	NN
and	CC
shall	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
solely	RB
in	IN
a	DT
manner	NN
consistent	JJ
with	IN
this	DT
article	NN
.	.
No	DT
expenses	NNS
incurred	VBN
under	IN
this	DT
section	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
a	DT
charge	NN
against	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
funds	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
Provided	VBN
,	,
That	DT
nothing	NN
in	IN
this	DT
subsection	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
construed	VBN
to	TO
prohibit	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
programs	NNS
designed	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
auspices	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
President	NNP
's	POS
Council	NNP
on	IN
Physical	NNP
Fitness	NNP
and	CC
Sports	NNP
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
shall	MD
include	VB
modified	VBN
tests	NNS
for	IN
exceptional	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
school	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
shall	MD
participate	VB
in	IN
National	NNP
Physical	NNP
Fitness	NNP
and	CC
Sports	NNP
Month	NNP
in	IN
May	NNP
of	IN
each	DT
year	NN
and	CC
shall	MD
make	VB
every	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
involve	VB
the	DT
community	NN
it	PRP
serves	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
related	JJ
events	NNS
.	.
An	DT
opportunity	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
afforded	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
parent	NN
or	CC
guardian	NN
of	IN
a	DT
child	NN
subject	NN
to	TO
instruction	NN
in	IN
the	DT
prevention	NN
,	,
transmission	NN
and	CC
spread	NN
of	IN
acquired	VBN
immune	JJ
deficiency	NN
syndrome	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
sexually	RB
transmitted	JJ
diseases	NNS
to	TO
examine	VB
the	DT
course	NN
curriculum	NN
requirements	NNS
and	CC
materials	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
instruction	NN
.	.
The	DT
parent	NN
or	CC
guardian	NN
may	MD
exempt	VB
the	DT
child	NN
from	IN
participation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
instruction	NN
by	IN
giving	VBG
notice	NN
to	TO
that	DT
effect	NN
in	IN
writing	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
principal	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
2002-2003	JJ
school	NN
year	NN
,	,
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Student	NNP
Services	NNPS
and	CC
Health	NNP
Promotion	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
planned	VBD
and	CC
implemented	VBD
its	PRP$
first	JJ
ever	RB
statewide	JJ
assessment	NN
of	IN
health	NN
education	NN
.	.
A	DT
team	NN
of	IN
health	NN
educators	NNS
from	IN
across	IN
WV	NNP
planned	VBD
and	CC
implemented	VBD
this	DT
assessment	NN
.	.
Assessment	NNP
items	NNS
were	VBD
taken	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Collaborative	NNP
on	IN
Assessment	NNP
and	CC
Student	NNP
Standards	NNP
Health	NNP
Education	NNP
Assessment	NNP
Project	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
SCASS-HEAP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Health	NNP
education	NN
content	NN
areas	NNS
and	CC
items	NNS
were	VBD
selected	VBN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
extent	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
they	PRP
aligned	VBD
with	IN
the	DT
WV	NNP
Health	NNP
Education	NNP
Content	NNP
Standards	NNPS
and	CC
Objectives	NNPS
-LRB-	-LRB-
CSOs	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
All	DT
grades	NNS
included	VBD
items	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
health	NN
education	NN
content	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
nutrition	NN
,	,
physical	JJ
activity	NN
,	,
growth	NN
and	CC
development	NN
,	,
alcohol	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
drugs	NNS
and	CC
tobacco	NN
.	.
Grades	NNS
6	CD
included	VBD
items	NNS
on	IN
injury	NN
prevention	NN
and	CC
the	DT
8	CD
th	NN
grade	NN
and	CC
high	JJ
school	NN
versions	NNS
included	VBD
questions	NNS
on	IN
mental	JJ
health	NN
.	.
Injury	NNP
prevention	NN
emerged	VBD
as	IN
an	DT
area	NN
of	IN
strength	NN
for	IN
6	CD
th	NN
graders	NNS
.	.
Conversely	RB
,	,
sixth	JJ
graders	NNS
had	VBD
their	PRP$
lowest	JJS
scores	NNS
in	IN
growth	NN
and	CC
development	NN
.	.
Eighth	JJ
graders	NNS
almost	RB
met	VBD
the	DT
standard	NN
on	IN
physical	JJ
activity	NN
;	:
their	PRP$
lowest	JJS
scores	NNS
were	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
alcohol	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
drugs	NNS
questions	NNS
.	.
High	JJ
school	NN
students	NNS
almost	RB
met	VBD
the	DT
standard	NN
on	IN
the	DT
nutrition	NN
questions	NNS
and	CC
they	PRP
scored	VBD
the	DT
lowest	JJS
on	IN
the	DT
mental	JJ
health	NN
questions	NNS
.	.
Comparisons	NNS
of	IN
HEAP	NN
scores	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
gender	NN
showed	VBD
significant	JJ
differences	NNS
.	.
Mean	VB
HEAP	NN
scores	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
overall	JJ
and	CC
subscores	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
female	JJ
students	NNS
were	VBD
higher	JJR
than	IN
scores	NNS
for	IN
male	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
gender	NN
differences	NNS
on	IN
HEAP	NN
Scores	NNS
were	VBD
maintained	VBN
when	WRB
the	DT
analysis	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
three	CD
grade	NN
levels	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
great	JJ
that	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
has	VBZ
mandated	VBN
the	DT
FITNESSGRAM	NNP
program	NN
!	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
receiving	VBG
multiple	JJ
calls	NNS
from	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
about	IN
the	DT
PACER	NNP
CD	NNP
for	IN
Fitnessgram	NNP
as	RB
well	RB
other	JJ
basic	JJ
questions	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
informed	VBN
that	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
my	PRP$
contact	NN
information	NN
listed	VBN
on	IN
your	PRP$
website	NN
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
that	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
very	RB
helpful	JJ
to	TO
also	RB
provide	VB
the	DT
link	NN
to	TO
www.fitnessgram.net	NN
where	WRB
your	PRP$
teachers	NNS
can	MD
find	VB
the	DT
pricing	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Fitnessgram	NNP
software	NN
and	CC
the	DT
other	JJ
components	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
other	JJ
valuable	JJ
information	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
attached	VBN
the	DT
Fitnessgram	NNP
Brochure	NN
to	TO
this	DT
email	NN
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
perhaps	RB
like	VBP
to	TO
post	VB
it	PRP
on	IN
your	PRP$
website	NN
as	IN
a	DT
reference	NN
so	RB
that	IN
individuals	NNS
might	MD
gather	VB
the	DT
information	NN
they	PRP
need	VBP
for	IN
placing	VBG
their	PRP$
orders	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
more	JJR
than	IN
happy	JJ
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
your	PRP$
teachers	NNS
on	IN
getting	VBG
them	PRP
set	VB
up	RP
with	IN
the	DT
Fitnessgram	NNP
software	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
think	VBP
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
beneficial	JJ
to	TO
all	DT
parties	NNS
involved	VBN
if	IN
you	PRP
could	MD
provide	VB
further	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
your	PRP$
website	NN
.	.
Incidental	JJ
travel	NN
costs	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
mileage	NN
,	,
parking	NN
fees	NNS
,	,
ground	NN
transportation	NN
,	,
and	CC
non-event	JJ
meals	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
reimbursed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
attendee	NN
upon	IN
submission	NN
of	IN
an	DT
invoice	NN
form	NN
and	CC
required	VBN
receipts	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
CONSORTIUM	NNP
after	IN
attendance	NN
at	IN
the	DT
event	NN
.	.
More	RBR
detailed	JJ
information	NN
concerning	VBG
travel	NN
arrangements	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
supplied	VBN
upon	IN
successful	JJ
registration	NN
.	.
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
's	POS
public	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
outline	VBP
the	DT
requirements	NNS
for	IN
educators	NNS
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
qualify	VB
for	IN
an	DT
advanced	JJ
salary	NN
classification	NN
.	.
Important	JJ
terminology	NN
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
,	,
governing	VBG
principles	NNS
are	VBP
identified	VBN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
criteria	NNS
for	IN
issuance	NN
of	IN
each	DT
license	NN
and	CC
salary	NN
classification	NN
are	VBP
established	VBN
.	.
Licensure	NN
requirements	NNS
established	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
policy	NN
provide	VB
a	DT
means	NN
of	IN
ensuring	VBG
that	IN
persons	NNS
employed	VBN
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
public	JJ
schools	NNS
have	VBP
the	DT
necessary	JJ
knowledge	NN
and	CC
skills	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
responsibilities	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
professional	JJ
assignments	NNS
in	IN
instruction	NN
,	,
student	NN
support	NN
,	,
administration	NN
,	,
and	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
responsibility	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
licensure	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
.	.
WVBE	VB
by	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
May	NNP
,	,
annually	RB
,	,
a	DT
report	NN
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
available	JJ
teacher	NN
positions	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
county	NN
;	:
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
any	DT
shortages	NNS
in	IN
subject	JJ
matter	NN
areas	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
county	NN
;	:
and	CC
3	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
all	DT
teachers	NNS
reduced	VBN
in	IN
force	NN
provided	VBD
the	DT
teacher	NN
has	VBZ
permitted	VBN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
to	TO
submit	VB
his\/her	NN
name	NN
.	.
G.	NNP
Validity	NNP
of	IN
Test	NNP
Scores	NNS
.	.
-	:
The	DT
validity	NN
period	NN
for	IN
in-state	JJ
and	CC
out-of-state	JJ
tests	NNS
and	CC
passing	VBG
scores	NNS
is	VBZ
ten	CD
years	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
date	NN
on	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
candidate	NN
passed	VBD
the	DT
examination	NN
.	.
In	IN
those	DT
circumstances	NNS
where	WRB
the	DT
WVBE	NNP
has	VBZ
not	RB
altered	JJ
either	CC
the	DT
required	JJ
test	NN
or	CC
the	DT
passing	VBG
score	NN
,	,
the	DT
test	NN
and	CC
score	NN
shall	MD
remain	VB
valid	JJ
beyond	IN
the	DT
ten-year	JJ
period	NN
.	.
A	DT
candidate	NN
whose	WP$
test	NN
scores	NNS
exceed	VBP
the	DT
ten-year	JJ
validity	NN
period	NN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
application	NN
for	IN
licensure	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
satisfy	VB
current	JJ
tests	NNS
and	CC
passing	VBG
scores	NNS
.	.
H.	NNP
Failure	NN
to	TO
Apply	VB
for	IN
Licensure	NN
.	.
-	:
A	DT
candidate	NN
who	WP
fails	VBZ
to	TO
apply	VB
for	IN
licensure	NN
within	IN
three	CD
months	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
eligibility	NN
for	IN
licensure	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
satisfy	VB
any	DT
additional	JJ
test	NN
and	CC
program	NN
components	NNS
in	IN
effect	NN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
application	NN
and	CC
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
conditions	NNS
outlined	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
validity	NN
period	NN
.	.
Supervisor	NN
of	IN
Instruction	NN
and	CC
shall	MD
indicate	VB
the	DT
specialization	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
grade	NN
levels	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
holder	NN
may	MD
be	VB
assigned	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
Experience	NN
gained	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
Temporary	NNP
Administrative	NNP
Certificate	NNP
may	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
conversion	NN
purposes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Temporary	NNP
Administrative	NNP
Certificate	NNP
is	VBZ
issued	VBN
to	TO
an	DT
administrator	NN
who	WP
graduates	VBZ
from	IN
an	DT
out-of-state	JJ
institution	NN
of	IN
higher	JJR
learning	NN
,	,
or	CC
who	WP
is	VBZ
transferring	VBG
his\/her	JJR
credential	NN
from	IN
another	DT
state	NN
or	CC
country	NN
so	RB
that	IN
s\/he	NN
may	MD
complete	VB
the	DT
requirements	NNS
for	IN
testing	NN
if	IN
applicable	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
Evaluation	NNP
Leadership	NNP
Institute	NNP
.	.
B.	NNP
Out-of-State	NNP
Certification	NNP
-	:
For	IN
those	DT
candidates	NNS
who	WP
hold	VBP
a	DT
valid	JJ
out-of-state	JJ
Professional	NNP
Administrative	NNP
Certificate	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
licensure	NN
is	VBZ
requested	VBN
without	IN
completion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Evaluation	NNP
Leadership	NNP
Institute	NNP
offered	VBD
through	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Center	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Development	NNP
or	CC
equivalent	JJ
training	NN
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
WVBE	NNP
.	.
D.	NNP
Recommendation	NNP
of	IN
Superintendent	NNP
.	.
-	:
If	IN
the	DT
candidate	NN
is	VBZ
currently	RB
employed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
the	DT
candidate	NN
must	MD
receive	VB
the	DT
recommendation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
employing	VBG
county	NN
's	POS
superintendent	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
educator	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
teach	VB
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
,	,
then	RB
s\/he	VBP
must	MD
secure	VB
a	DT
recommendation	NN
from	IN
his\/her	JJR
most	RBS
recent	JJ
education	NN
supervisor	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
signature	NN
of	IN
a	DT
superintendent	NN
or	CC
educational	JJ
supervisor	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
available	JJ
,	,
a	DT
recommendation	NN
from	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
employer	NN
or	CC
a	DT
community	NN
leader	NN
is	VBZ
acceptable	JJ
.	.
D.	NNP
Successful	JJ
Educational	NNP
Experience	NN
.	.
-	:
Three	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
successful	JJ
out-of-state	JJ
experience	NN
as	IN
an	DT
educator	NN
within	IN
the	DT
seven	CD
years	NNS
immediately	RB
preceding	VBG
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
application	NN
,	,
the	DT
required	JJ
tests	NNS
in	IN
Basic	JJ
Skills	NNS
and	CC
Content	NN
,	,
if	IN
applicable	JJ
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
valid	JJ
out-of-state	JJ
Career\/Technical	NNP
Education	NNP
Certificate	NNP
.	.
Both	DT
the	DT
out-of-state	JJ
certificate	NN
and	CC
the	DT
experience	NN
must	MD
be	VB
in	IN
the	DT
specialization	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
which	WDT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
licensure	NN
is	VBZ
requested	VBN
.	.
Education	NNP
shall	MD
be	VB
valid	JJ
for	IN
one	CD
school	NN
year	NN
and	CC
shall	MD
expire	VB
on	IN
June	NNP
30	CD
.	.
An	DT
educator	NN
employed	VBN
on	IN
or	CC
after	IN
January	NNP
1	CD
may	MD
be	VB
issued	VBN
a	DT
First-Class\/Full-Time	JJ
Permit	NNP
for	IN
Career\/Technical	NNP
Education	NNP
valid	JJ
until	IN
June	NNP
30	CD
of	IN
the	DT
following	JJ
school	NN
year	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
to	TO
allow	VB
completion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
required	VBN
coursework	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
making	VBG
application	NN
for	IN
the	DT
initial	JJ
career\/technical	JJ
certificate	NN
.	.
D.	NNP
Technical	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
-	:
Complete	JJ
credit	NN
in	IN
an	DT
approved	VBN
two	CD
or	CC
four	CD
year	NN
technical	JJ
school	NN
.	.
Each	DT
ten-semester	NN
hours	NNS
of	IN
approved	VBN
coursework	NN
may	MD
count	VB
for	IN
one	CD
year	NN
toward	IN
the	DT
four	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
required	JJ
work	NN
experience	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
maximum	JJ
allowance	NN
for	IN
credit	NN
in	IN
lieu	NN
of	IN
experience	NN
is	VBZ
two	CD
years	NNS
toward	IN
the	DT
four	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
required	JJ
work	NN
experience	NN
.	.
C.	NNP
Recommendation	NNP
.	.
-	:
Receive	VB
the	DT
recommendation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
verifying	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
applicant	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
qualified	JJ
candidate	NN
for	IN
the	DT
position	NN
,	,
or	CC
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
candidate	NN
for	IN
the	DT
permit	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
county	NN
superintendent	NN
,	,
receive	VB
a	DT
recommendation	NN
and	CC
verification	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
from	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
.	.
Certificate	NN
endorsed	VBD
for	IN
early	JJ
education	NN
,	,
elementary	JJ
education	NN
,	,
preschool	JJ
education	NN
,	,
or	CC
preschool	JJ
special	JJ
needs	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
completed	VBN
within	IN
five	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
issuance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
First-Class\/Full-Time	NNP
Permit	NNP
for	IN
Community	NNP
Programs	NNP
.	.
A.	NN
Verification	NNP
of	IN
successful	JJ
completion	NN
of	IN
eighteen	CD
clock	NN
hours	NNS
of	IN
training	NN
provided	VBN
or	CC
authorized	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
employing	VBG
county	NN
to	TO
include	VB
but	CC
not	RB
be	VB
limited	VBN
to	TO
classroom	NN
management	NN
,	,
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
policies	NNS
,	,
content	JJ
standards	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
,	,
and	CC
an	DT
overview	NN
of	IN
school	NN
law	NN
to	TO
include	VB
reporting	NN
requirements	NNS
for	IN
suspected	JJ
child	NN
abuse	NN
.	.
The	DT
eighteen	CD
clock	NN
hours	NNS
of	IN
training	NN
may	MD
include	VB
no	DT
more	JJR
than	IN
six	CD
clock	NN
hours	NNS
of	IN
classroom	NN
observation	NN
and	CC
must	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
completed	VBN
no	DT
more	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
year	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
date	NN
the	DT
application	NN
is	VBZ
received	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
education	NN
agency	NN
.	.
Permit	VB
may	MD
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
short-term	JJ
substitute	NN
in	IN
any	DT
teaching	NN
area	NN
or	CC
may	MD
serve	VB
in	IN
a	DT
position	NN
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
30	CD
consecutive	JJ
instructional	JJ
days	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
endorsement	NN
area	NN
reflected	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
Long-Term	NNP
Substitute	NNP
Permit	NNP
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
ESL	NNP
teacher	NN
delivers	VBZ
the	DT
content	NN
standards	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
education	NN
program	NN
,	,
s\/he	NN
must	MD
collaborate	VB
with	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
teachers	NNS
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
the	DT
LEP	NNP
student	NN
receives	VBZ
the	DT
content	NN
standards	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
education	NN
program	NN
.	.
Individuals	NNS
who	WP
previously	RB
were	VBD
issued	VBN
a	DT
Gifted	NNP
Education	NNP
endorsement	NN
for	IN
only	RB
those	DT
grade	NN
levels	NNS
that	WDT
appeared	VBD
on	IN
their	PRP$
general	JJ
education	NN
or	CC
career\/technical	JJ
education	NN
certificates	NNS
may	MD
request	VB
the	DT
1-12	CD
grade	NN
level	NN
endorsement	NN
by	IN
submitting	VBG
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
application	NN
to	TO
the	DT
WVDE	NNP
.	.
If	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
later	RB
determined	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
applicant	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
eligible	JJ
,	,
the	DT
State	NNP
Superintendent	NNP
may	MD
authorize	VB
payment	NN
by	IN
the	DT
county	NN
board	NN
of	IN
education	NN
to	TO
the	DT
applicant	NN
for	IN
a	DT
time	NN
not	RB
exceeding	VBG
three	CD
school	NN
months	NNS
or	CC
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
notification	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
ineligibility	NN
,	,
whichever	WDT
occurs	VBZ
first	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
Refer	VB
to	TO
W.	NNP
Va.	NNP
Career\/Technical	NNP
Education	NNP
Certificate	NNP
shall	MD
be	VB
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
bachelor	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
unless	IN
the	DT
permit	NN
or	CC
certificate	NN
is	VBZ
issued	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
a	DT
master	NN
's	POS
or	CC
doctoral	JJ
degree	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
case	NN
the	DT
salary	NN
will	MD
be	VB
at	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
degree	NN
level	NN
.	.
Reimbursement	NN
for	IN
courses	NNS
completed	VBN
toward	IN
certification	NN
renewal	NN
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
to	TO
fifteen	CD
semester	NN
hours	NNS
of	IN
courses	NNS
for	IN
any	DT
teacher	NN
.	.
An	DT
educator	NN
may	MD
be	VB
reimbursed	VBN
for	IN
an	DT
unlimited	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
hours	NNS
when	WRB
working	VBG
on	IN
an	DT
additional	JJ
endorsement	NN
in	IN
a	DT
verified	VBN
shortage	NN
area	NN
.	.
The	DT
educator	NN
must	MD
have	VB
completed	VBN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
college	NN
or	CC
university	NN
coursework	NN
with	IN
a	DT
minimum	JJ
3.0	CD
GPA	NNP
.	.
Certification	NN
Program	NN
may	MD
submit	VB
a	DT
request	NN
for	IN
reimbursement	NN
of	IN
one-half	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fee	NN
by	IN
submitting	VBG
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
application	NN
to	TO
the	DT
WVDE	NNP
with	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
documentation	NN
,	,
which	WDT
includes	VBZ
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
canceled	VBN
check	NN
verifying	VBG
payment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
assessment	NN
fee	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
reimbursement	NN
is	VBZ
requested	VBN
,	,
and	CC
documentation	NN
that	IN
the	DT
candidate	NN
is	VBZ
enrolled	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
NBPTS	NNP
Certification	NNP
Program	NNP
.	.
In	IN
those	DT
circumstances	NNS
where	WRB
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
has	VBZ
not	RB
altered	JJ
either	CC
the	DT
required	JJ
test	NN
or	CC
the	DT
passing	VBG
score	NN
,	,
the	DT
test	NN
and	CC
score	NN
shall	MD
remain	VB
valid	JJ
beyond	IN
the	DT
ten-year	JJ
period	NN
.	.
See	VB
section	NN
8.5	CD
in	IN
Policy	NNP
5100	CD
for	IN
a	DT
more	RBR
detailed	JJ
explanation	NN
of	IN
testing	NN
requirements	NNS
,	,
particularly	RB
as	IN
they	PRP
apply	VBP
to	TO
experienced	JJ
educators	NNS
.	.
NOTE	VB
:	:
All	DT
programs	NNS
leading	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
Chemistry\/Physics	JJ
endorsement	NN
must	MD
meet	VB
the	DT
standards	NNS
listed	VBN
within	IN
this	DT
section	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
those	DT
listed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Physics	NNP
section	NN
.	.
All	DT
individuals	NNS
completing	VBG
a	DT
program	NN
leading	VBG
to	TO
an	DT
endorsement	NN
in	IN
Chemistry\/Physics	NNP
must	MD
meet	VB
all	DT
test	NN
requirements	NNS
listed	VBN
within	IN
this	DT
section	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
Physics	NNP
section	NN
.	.
Character	NNP
Education	NNP
in	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
schools	NNS
is	VBZ
integrated	VBN
in	IN
several	JJ
different	JJ
ways	NNS
based	VBN
upon	IN
each	DT
individual	JJ
school	NN
or	CC
county	NN
school	NN
system	NN
.	.
In	IN
April	NNP
2001	CD
,	,
Character	NNP
Education	NNP
was	VBD
mandated	VBN
through	IN
HB	NNP
2208	CD
for	IN
all	DT
schools	NNS
to	TO
integrate	VB
character	NN
education	NN
into	IN
all	DT
aspects	NNS
of	IN
school	NN
culture	NN
,	,
school	NN
functions	NNS
and	CC
existing	VBG
curriculum	NN
.	.
All	DT
public	JJ
schools	NNS
PK-12	NN
are	VBP
to	TO
develop	VB
and	CC
integrate	VB
components	NNS
of	IN
character	NN
development	NN
into	IN
their	PRP$
existing	VBG
curriculum	NN
.	.
The	DT
school	NN
may	MD
incorporate	VB
such	JJ
programs	NNS
as	IN
``	``
Life	NNP
Skills	NNS
''	''
,	,
``	``
Responsible	JJ
Students	NNS
''	''
,	,
or	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
program	NN
encompassing	VBG
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
components	NNS
:	:
honesty	NN
,	,
caring	NN
,	,
citizenship	NN
,	,
justice	NN
,	,
fairness	NN
,	,
respect	NN
,	,
and	CC
responsibility	NN
.	.
The	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
during	IN
the	DT
Safe	NNP
Schools	NNP
Conference	NNP
2001	CD
trained	JJ
approximately	RB
200	CD
educators	NNS
in	IN
national	JJ
character	NN
education	NN
models	NNS
for	IN
integrating	VBG
character	NN
education	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
school	NN
curriculum	NN
and	CC
school	NN
environment	NN
.	.
The	DT
models	NNS
represented	VBD
where	WRB
the	DT
following	NN
:	:
Character	NNP
Counts	VBZ
!	.
,	,
Character	NNP
Centered	NNP
Teaching	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Giraffe	NNP
Heroes	NNPS
Program	NNP
.	.
In	IN
March	NNP
2002	CD
,	,
an	DT
additional	JJ
120	CD
educators	NNS
where	WRB
trained	VBN
by	IN
Dr.	NNP
Phil	NNP
Vincent	NNP
on	IN
``	``
Developing	VBG
Character	NNP
in	IN
Students	NNS
''	''
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
2002	CD
Center	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Development	NNP
Summer	NNP
workshops	NNS
approximately	RB
960	CD
educators	NNS
attended	VBD
workshops	NNS
at	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
eight	CD
regional	JJ
sites	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
integration	NN
of	IN
character	NN
education	NN
.	.
The	DT
presenters	NNS
during	IN
these	DT
sessions	NNS
were	VBD
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Schools	NNP
presenting	VBG
Best	JJS
Practice	NN
Sessions	NNP
.	.
Schools	NNP
around	IN
the	DT
State	NN
are	VBP
implementing	VBG
character	NN
education	NN
in	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
ways	NNS
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
for	IN
character	NN
education	NN
to	TO
be	VB
effective	JJ
and	CC
have	VBP
long	JJ
lasting	JJ
results	NNS
,	,
character	NN
education	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
developed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
school	NN
,	,
parents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
community	NN
.	.
Schools	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
using	VBG
the	DT
character	NN
education	NN
professional	JJ
development	NN
opportunities	NNS
,	,
the	DT
prevention	NN
programs	NNS
currently	RB
in	IN
place	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
instructional	JJ
goals	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
subject	JJ
area	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
,	,
well	RB
disciplined	VBN
,	,
safe	JJ
and	CC
caring	VBG
school	NN
environment	NN
for	IN
all	DT
students	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
Caring	NNP
Habits	NNPS
of	IN
the	DT
Month	NNP
Adventure	NNP
Project	NNP
was	VBD
presented	VBN
to	TO
approximately	RB
100	CD
educators	NNS
in	IN
March	NNP
2004	CD
.	.
Since	IN
then	RB
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
has	VBZ
developed	VBN
a	DT
contract	NN
with	IN
Caring	JJ
Habits	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
statewide	JJ
framework	NN
for	IN
implementing	VBG
character	NN
education	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
receive	VB
information	NN
periodically	RB
concerning	VBG
character	NN
education	NN
updates	NNS
,	,
professional	JJ
development	NN
opportunties	NNS
and	CC
resources	NNS
,	,
please	VB
send	VB
Lisa	NNP
Burton	NNP
an	DT
email	NN
at	IN
lgburton@access.k12.wv.us	CD
to	TO
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
listserv	NN
.	.
This	DT
Comprehensive	NNP
Guidance	NNP
and	CC
Counseling	NN
Program	NN
Manual	NNP
provides	VBZ
an	DT
important	JJ
framework	NN
for	IN
a	DT
developmental	JJ
,	,
sequential	JJ
program	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
model	NN
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
core	NN
of	IN
the	DT
framework	NN
lies	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
student	NN
centered	VBN
standards	NNS
and	CC
competencies	NNS
,	,
the	DT
implementation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
model	NN
is	VBZ
driven	VBN
by	IN
school	NN
wide	JJ
data	NNS
that	WDT
points	VBZ
to	TO
student	NN
needs	NNS
.	.
To	TO
provide	VB
background	NN
for	IN
all	DT
stakeholders	NNS
in	IN
schools	NNS
for	IN
understanding	VBG
the	DT
paradigm	NN
shift	NN
in	IN
school	NN
counseling	NN
from	IN
monitoring	VBG
process	NN
and	CC
measuring	VBG
services	NNS
delivered	VBN
to	TO
focusing	VBG
also	RB
on	IN
and	CC
measuring	VBG
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
school	NN
counseling	NN
programs	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
.	.
To	TO
provide	VB
practical	JJ
support	NN
for	IN
the	DT
school	NN
counselor	NN
by	IN
its	PRP$
inclusion	NN
of	IN
program	NN
implementation	NN
and	CC
best	JJS
practices	NNS
sections	NNS
.	.
A	DT
categorized	VBN
resource	NN
listing	NN
offers	VBZ
assistance	NN
to	TO
school	NN
counselors	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
lead	VBP
the	DT
way	NN
to	TO
address	VB
student	NN
needs	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
respective	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
Essential	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
successful	JJ
implementation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
programmatic	JJ
model	NN
are	VBP
two	CD
basic	JJ
beliefs	NNS
:	:
Students	NNS
are	VBP
more	RBR
important	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
system	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
school	NN
counselor	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
essential	JJ
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
educational	JJ
team	NN
.	.
The	DT
information	NN
provided	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
School	NNP
Closings	NNPS
Website	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
under	IN
the	DT
control	NN
of	IN
the	DT
WV	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
WV	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
makes	VBZ
no	DT
representations	NNS
,	,
warranties	NNS
or	CC
guarantees	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
accuracy	NN
or	CC
timeliness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
posted	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
Closings	NNP
Website	NNP
.	.
County	NNP
Offices	NNS
assume	VBP
any	DT
and	CC
all	DT
risk	NN
associated	VBN
with	IN
relying	VBG
upon	IN
the	DT
accuracy	NN
and	CC
timeliness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
presented	VBN
.	.
Information	NN
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
concerning	VBG
etiquette	NN
,	,
the	DT
braille	NN
code	NN
,	,
the	DT
white	JJ
cane	NN
,	,
anatomy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
eye	NN
,	,
myths	NNS
and	CC
misconceptions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
inspirational	JJ
stories	NNS
about	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
blind	JJ
and	CC
visually	RB
impaired	VBN
.	.
Learn	VB
more	JJR
about	IN
blindness	NN
awareness	NN
.	.
This	DT
section	NN
contains	VBZ
resources	NNS
and	CC
adaptations	NNS
for	IN
students	NNS
with	IN
visual	JJ
impairments	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
intended	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
them	PRP
achieve	VB
proficiency	NN
in	IN
all	DT
academic	JJ
subjects	NNS
from	IN
language	NN
arts	NNS
,	,
math	NN
,	,
science	NN
,	,
and	CC
social	JJ
studies	NNS
to	TO
art	NN
,	,
music	NN
and	CC
physical	JJ
education	NN
.	.
Learn	VB
more	JJR
about	IN
providing	VBG
students	NNS
with	IN
visual	JJ
impairments	NNS
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
core	NN
curriculum	NN
.	.
The	DT
expanded	VBN
core	NN
curriculum	NN
refers	VBZ
to	TO
specialized	VBN
skills	NNS
needed	VBN
by	IN
students	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
blind	JJ
and	CC
visually	RB
impaired	VBN
to	TO
access	NN
and	CC
participate	VB
meaningfully	RB
and	CC
independently	RB
in	IN
the	DT
core	NN
curriculum	NN
through	IN
specialized	VBN
instruction	NN
in	IN
assistive	JJ
technology	NN
,	,
communication	NN
skills	NNS
,	,
travel	NN
skills	NNS
,	,
daily	RB
living	VBG
skills	NNS
,	,
vocational	JJ
skills	NNS
,	,
and	CC
visual	JJ
skills	NNS
.	.
Learn	VB
more	JJR
about	IN
the	DT
expanded	VBN
core	NN
curriculum	NN
.	.
Specific	JJ
populations	NNS
refer	VBP
to	TO
students	NNS
with	IN
visual	JJ
impairments	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
additional	JJ
considerations	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
deafblind	JJ
,	,
second	JJ
language	NN
learners	NNS
,	,
pre-school	JJ
age	NN
,	,
or	CC
who	WP
have	VBP
multiple	JJ
disabilities	NNS
.	.
Also	RB
included	VBN
are	VBP
the	DT
individuals	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
involved	VBN
with	IN
students	NNS
with	IN
visual	JJ
impairments	NNS
.	.
These	DT
include	VBP
parents	NNS
,	,
general	JJ
educators	NNS
,	,
administrators	NNS
,	,
school	NN
psychologists	NNS
,	,
paraprofessionals	NNS
,	,
related	JJ
service	NN
providers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
teachers	NNS
of	IN
students	NNS
with	IN
visual	JJ
disabilities	NNS
.	.
Learn	VB
more	JJR
about	IN
specific	JJ
populations	NNS
.	.
This	DT
Toolbox	NNP
contains	VBZ
items	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
developing	VBG
self-determination	NN
skills	NNS
.	.
Visit	NN
this	DT
toolbox	NN
to	TO
gather	VB
ideas	NNS
on	IN
ways	NNS
to	TO
support	VB
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
this	DT
skill	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
deaf	JJ
or	CC
hard	JJ
of	IN
hearing	VBG
Self	NNP
Determination	NNP
.	.
IDEA	NN
requires	VBZ
that	IN
IEP	NNP
teams	NNS
consider	VBP
the	DT
communication	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
deaf	JJ
and	CC
hard	JJ
of	IN
hearing	NN
.	.
Regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
communication	NN
mode	NN
,	,
teams	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
plan	VB
for	IN
providing	VBG
full	JJ
communication	NN
access	NN
for	IN
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
entire	JJ
day	NN
.	.
Here	RB
are	VBP
some	DT
tools	NNS
for	IN
teams	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
in	IN
planning	NN
and	CC
providing	VBG
communication	NN
access	NN
.	.
The	DT
Deaf	NNP
Education	NNP
Master	NNP
Teacher	NN
Project	NN
has	VBZ
made	VBN
available	JJ
multiple	JJ
and	CC
practical	JJ
solution	NN
focused	VBD
information	NN
for	IN
educating	VBG
students	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
deaf	JJ
or	CC
hard	JJ
of	IN
hearing	NN
.	.
Information	NNP
showcased	VBD
was	VBD
developed	VBN
by	IN
teachers	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
identified	VBN
as	IN
Masters	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
.	.
Examples	NNS
of	IN
topics	NNS
include	VBP
making	VBG
information	NN
visible	JJ
,	,
phonics	NNS
,	,
sign	NN
language	NN
,	,
incorporating	VBG
technology	NN
into	IN
lessons	NNS
,	,
ASL	NNP
and	CC
English	NNP
literacy	NN
,	,
self-advocacy	NN
,	,
use	NN
of	IN
interpreters	NNS
,	,
language	NN
and	CC
vocabulary	NN
development	NN
,	,
tips	NNS
for	IN
itinerant	JJ
teachers	NNS
,	,
deaf	JJ
culture	NN
and	CC
deaf	JJ
role	NN
models	NNS
,	,
family	NN
involvement	NN
,	,
and	CC
many	JJ
more	JJR
.	.
HE	PRP
.5.3.1	CD
distinguish	NN
between	IN
safe	JJ
and	CC
risky	JJ
or	CC
harmful	JJ
behaviors	NNS
in	IN
relationships	NNS
and	CC
list	NN
strategies	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
anger	NN
management	NN
,	,
peer	VB
pressure	NN
reversal	NN
,	,
self-protective	JJ
strategies	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
reduce	VB
threatening	JJ
situations	NNS
.	.
HE	PRP
.	.
HS	NNP
.1.2	CD
discriminate	JJ
between	IN
the	DT
positive	JJ
and	CC
potentially	RB
negative	JJ
effects	NNS
of	IN
local	JJ
and	CC
global	JJ
environmental	JJ
health	NN
problems	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
pollution	NN
--	:
air	NN
,	,
land	NN
,	,
water	NN
,	,
noise	NN
,	,
exposure	NN
to	TO
sun	NN
,	,
pesticides	NNS
,	,
food	NN
production	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
HE	PRP
.	.
HS	NNP
.1.3	CD
analyze	VB
and	CC
interpret	VB
how	WRB
public	JJ
health	NN
and	CC
social	JJ
policies	NNS
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
government	NN
regulations	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
local	JJ
,	,
state	NN
,	,
federal	JJ
,	,
world	NN
health	NN
organizations	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
influence	NN
health	NN
promotion	NN
and	CC
disease	NN
prevention	NN
.	.
HE	PRP
.	.
HS	NNP
.5.4	CD
identify	VB
potentially	RB
harmful	JJ
situations	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
domestic	JJ
violence	NN
,	,
dating	VBG
violence	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
devise	VB
strategies	NNS
and	CC
develop	VB
skills	NNS
to	TO
avoid	VB
such	JJ
situations	NNS
through	IN
refusal	NN
,	,
negotiation	NN
and	CC
collaboration	NN
skills	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
peer	VB
mediation	NN
,	,
conflict	NN
resolution	NN
,	,
support	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
constructive	JJ
``	``
I	PRP
''	''
statements	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
HE	PRP
.	.
HS	NNP
.6.1	CD
apply	VB
a	DT
decision-making	JJ
process	NN
to	TO
set	VB
goals	NNS
for	IN
various	JJ
life	NN
situations	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
food	NN
choices	NNS
,	,
weight	NN
control	NN
,	,
relationships	NNS
,	,
health	NN
care	NN
providers	NNS
,	,
making	VBG
purchases	NNS
,	,
education	NN
and	CC
career	NN
options	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
HE	PRP
.	.
HS	NNP
.7.4	CD
identify	VB
school	NN
support	NN
staff	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
counselors	NNS
,	,
nurses	NNS
,	,
professionals	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
community	NN
health	NN
services	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
Big	NNP
Brothers	NNPS
,	,
mental	JJ
health	NN
facilities	NNS
,	,
ministerial	JJ
counseling	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
describe	VBP
the	DT
impact	NN
this	DT
service	NN
has	VBZ
on	IN
individual	JJ
school	NN
and	CC
community	NN
health	NN
.	.
HE	PRP
.	.
K.	NNP
3.4	CD
identify	VB
household	NN
poisons	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
symbols	NNS
and	CC
drugs	NNS
and	CC
medicines	NNS
to	TO
avoid	VB
without	IN
supervised	VBN
use	NN
,	,
HE	PRP
.	.
K.	NNP
3.5	CD
identify	VB
actions	NNS
that	WDT
might	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
accidents	NNS
or	CC
dangerous	JJ
situations	NNS
at	IN
school	NN
or	CC
in	IN
the	DT
community	NN
.	.
Lisa	NNP
Burton	NNP
has	VBZ
worked	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
for	IN
seven	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Prior	RB
to	TO
her	PRP$
work	NN
with	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
,	,
she	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
school	NN
counselor	NN
for	IN
five	CD
years	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
she	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
licensed	JJ
professional	JJ
counselor	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
LPC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
a	DT
nationally	RB
certified	VBN
school	NN
counselor	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
NCC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
an	DT
approved	VBN
Licensed	NNP
Professional	NNP
Supervisor	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ALPS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
certified	VBN
K-12	NN
in	IN
school	NN
counseling	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
an	DT
educational	JJ
specialist	NN
degree	NN
in	IN
school	NN
counseling	NN
.	.
Have	NNP
students	NNS
compare	VBP
rules	NNS
their	PRP$
parents	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
adults	NNS
reported	VBD
.	.
How	WRB
many	JJ
reported	VBD
the	DT
same	JJ
rule	NN
?	.
Are	VBP
any	DT
rules	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
the	DT
Student	NNP
Code	NNP
of	IN
Conduct	NNP
the	DT
same	JJ
as	IN
reported	VBN
through	IN
these	DT
interviews	NNS
?	.
Which	WDT
ones	NNS
?	.
``	``
The	DT
bus	NN
will	MD
be	VB
here	RB
any	DT
minute	NN
,	,
''	''
John	NNP
thought	VBD
.	.
His	PRP$
stomach	NN
was	VBD
already	RB
upset	VBN
because	IN
he	PRP
knew	VBD
it	PRP
would	MD
start	VB
again	RB
when	WRB
he	PRP
got	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
bus	NN
.	.
The	DT
teasing	NN
had	VBD
been	VBN
bad	JJ
enough	RB
,	,
but	CC
now	RB
they	PRP
were	VBD
punching	VBG
and	CC
kicking	VBG
him	PRP
.	.
Every	DT
day	NN
it	PRP
got	VBD
worse	JJR
and	CC
no	DT
one	NN
seemed	VBD
willing	JJ
to	TO
help	VB
him	PRP
.	.
He	PRP
had	VBD
told	VBN
the	DT
bus	NN
driver	NN
what	WDT
was	VBD
happening	VBG
,	,
but	CC
was	VBD
told	VBN
,	,
``	``
Just	RB
be	VB
a	DT
man	NN
about	IN
it	PRP
.	.
''	''
MERIT	NN
mentor	NN
teachers	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
MMTs	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
at	IN
least	JJS
one	CD
from	IN
each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
55	CD
county	NN
school	NN
systems	NNS
and	CC
more	JJR
in	IN
higher	JJR
population	NN
counties	NNS
.	.
Working	VBG
with	IN
mathematicians	NNS
and	CC
mathematics	NNS
educators	NNS
from	IN
institutions	NNS
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
,	,
this	DT
group	NN
serves	VBZ
all	DT
school	NN
systems	NNS
in	IN
WV	NNP
.	.
Project	NNP
MERIT	NNP
will	MD
provide	VB
for	IN
the	DT
systematic	JJ
delivery	NN
of	IN
instruction	NN
in	IN
the	DT
pedagogical	JJ
content	NN
knowledge	NN
of	IN
mathematics	NN
to	TO
more	JJR
than	IN
950	CD
mathematics	NNS
teachers	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
grades	NNS
6-8	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
throughout	IN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
teacher	NN
will	MD
show	VB
the	DT
plates	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
class	NN
and	CC
ask	VB
the	DT
students	NNS
to	TO
identify	VB
the	DT
meal	NN
illustrated	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
plate	NN
.	.
Is	VBZ
it	PRP
breakfast	NN
,	,
lunch	NN
or	CC
dinner	NN
?	.
This	DT
may	MD
be	VB
done	VBN
in	IN
small	JJ
groups	NNS
or	CC
large	JJ
group	NN
instruction	NN
.	.
Students	NNS
will	MD
distinguish	VB
between	IN
safe	JJ
and	CC
risky	JJ
or	CC
harmful	JJ
behaviors	NNS
in	IN
relationships	NNS
and	CC
list	NN
strategies	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
anger	NN
management	NN
,	,
peer	VB
pressure	NN
reversal	NN
,	,
self-protecive	JJ
strategies	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
reduce	VB
threatening	JJ
situations	NNS
.	.
Students	NNS
will	MD
recall	VB
communication	NN
skills	NNS
needed	VBN
with	IN
conflict	NN
resolution	NN
and	CC
relating	VBG
feelings	NNS
in	IN
positive	JJ
and	CC
proactive	JJ
ways	NNS
;	:
and	CC
recognize	VB
aggressive	JJ
,	,
passive	JJ
and	CC
assertive	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
respond	VB
to	TO
conflict	NN
.	.
Fourth	JJ
grade	NN
students	NNS
performing	VBG
at	IN
the	DT
mastery	NN
level	NN
will	MD
state	VB
all	DT
forms	NNS
of	IN
communication	NN
to	TO
express	VB
feelings	NNS
;	:
recognize	VB
positive	JJ
personal	JJ
qualities	NNS
and	CC
list	NN
those	DT
needed	VBN
for	IN
making	VBG
and	CC
keeping	VBG
friends	NNS
.	.
Discuss	VB
with	IN
students	NNS
the	DT
meaning	NN
of	IN
``	``
I	PRP
''	''
statements	NNS
.	.
By	IN
using	VBG
an	DT
``	``
I	PRP
''	''
statement	NN
,	,
the	DT
persons	NNS
speaking	NN
is	VBZ
accepting	VBG
responsibility	NN
for	IN
his\/her	NN
own	JJ
feelings	NNS
,	,
thoughts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
behavior	NN
.	.
Sometimes	RB
when	WRB
we	PRP
are	VBP
upset	VBN
we	PRP
blame	VBP
other	JJ
people	NNS
.	.
The	DT
teacher	NN
will	MD
model	VB
an	DT
``	``
I	PRP
''	''
statement	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
:	:
``	``
I	PRP
felt	VBD
angry	JJ
when	WRB
you	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
invite	VB
me	PRP
to	TO
your	PRP$
party	NN
.	.
I	PRP
felt	VBD
left	VBN
out	RP
.	.
''	''
These	DT
statements	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
blaming	VBG
.	.
The	DT
speaker	NN
takes	VBZ
the	DT
responsibility	NN
for	IN
his\/her	NN
feelings	NNS
.	.
Students	NNS
may	MD
work	VB
in	IN
pairs	NNS
to	TO
complete	VB
the	DT
interactive	JJ
quiz	NN
at	IN
the	DT
URL	NNP
listed	VBN
below	RB
.	.
This	DT
site	NN
provides	VBZ
lots	NNS
of	IN
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
nutrients	NNS
contained	VBN
in	IN
foods	NNS
from	IN
each	DT
level	NN
of	IN
the	DT
food	NN
pyramid	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
the	DT
body	NN
uses	VBZ
them	PRP
.	.
Students	NNS
will	MD
list	VB
situations	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
board	NN
or	CC
on	IN
poster	NN
paper	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
people	NNS
find	VBP
themselves	PRP
throughout	IN
life	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
attending	VBG
a	DT
new	JJ
school	NN
,	,
going	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
place	NN
where	WRB
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
know	VB
the	DT
other	JJ
people	NNS
,	,
traveling	VBG
alone	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Sometimes	RB
these	DT
situations	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
safe	JJ
and	CC
at	IN
other	JJ
times	NNS
they	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
.	.
Have	VBP
the	DT
class	NN
to	TO
hi	VB
light	JJ
or	CC
check	VB
off	RP
situations	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
uncomfortable	JJ
or	CC
unsafe	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
being	VBG
at	IN
a	DT
party	NN
where	WRB
drugs	NNS
or	CC
alcohol	NN
are	VBP
being	VBG
used	VBN
,	,
riding	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
car	NN
with	IN
someone	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
drinking	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
``	``
EXERCISE	VB
:	:
Exercise	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
effective	JJ
methods	NNS
of	IN
stress	NN
management	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
nothing	NN
else	RB
to	TO
reduce	VB
the	DT
harmful	JJ
effects	NNS
of	IN
stress	NN
,	,
you	PRP
should	MD
exercise	VB
.	.
Exercise	NN
not	RB
only	RB
strengthens	VBZ
your	PRP$
body	NN
and	CC
increases	NNS
your	PRP$
stamina	NN
so	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
physically	RB
more	RBR
capable	JJ
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
stress	NN
,	,
it	PRP
also	RB
lowers	VBZ
your	PRP$
blood	NN
pressure	NN
,	,
relaxes	VBZ
your	PRP$
muscles	NNS
,	,
reduces	VBZ
heart	NN
rate	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
Many	JJ
people	NNS
find	VBP
that	IN
exercise	NN
promotes	VBZ
mental	JJ
stimulation	NN
and	CC
tranquility	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
invigorates	NNS
and	CC
relaxes	NNS
.	.
Chemicals	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
endorphins	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
released	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
body	NN
during	IN
physical	JJ
activity	NN
,	,
which	WDT
produces	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
natural	JJ
high	JJ
.	.
''	''
Although	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
way	NN
to	TO
exercise	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
use	VB
your	PRP$
whole	JJ
body	NN
and	CC
cardiovascular	JJ
system	NN
in	IN
a	DT
workout	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
times	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
do	VB
exercises	NNS
as	IN
simple	JJ
as	IN
stretches	NNS
.	.
''	''
Invite	VB
the	DT
students	NNS
to	TO
join	VB
you	PRP
in	IN
a	DT
stretch	NN
break	NN
.	.
Direct	JJ
students	NNS
to	TO
``	``
stretch	VB
both	DT
arms	NNS
up	IN
toward	IN
the	DT
ceiling	NN
with	IN
hands	NNS
and	CC
fingers	NNS
outstretched	VBN
.	.
stretch	NN
.	.
then	RB
drop	VB
,	,
relax	VB
,	,
let	VB
's	POS
go	VB
!	.
''	''
Repeat	NN
the	DT
stretch	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
announce	VB
that	IN
those	DT
students	NNS
who	WP
think	VBP
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
silly	JJ
exercise	NN
and	CC
believe	VB
the	DT
group	NN
should	MD
be	VB
more	RBR
serious	JJ
should	MD
use	VB
their	PRP$
right	JJ
hip	NN
and	CC
write	VB
the	DT
Pledge	NNP
of	IN
Allegiance	NNP
or	CC
the	DT
National	NNP
Anthem	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
school	NN
song	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
IMAGERY	NN
:	:
Encourage	VB
students	NNS
to	TO
design	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
relaxation	NN
scene	NN
.	.
It	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
a	DT
place	NN
they	PRP
like	VBP
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
relax	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
beach	NN
,	,
fishing	NN
hole	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
anyplace	NN
they	PRP
can	MD
imagine	VB
as	IN
a	DT
restful	JJ
place	NN
.	.
Ask	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
close	VB
their	PRP$
eyes	NNS
and	CC
picture	NN
the	DT
scene	NN
.	.
What	WP
are	VBP
the	DT
shapes	NNS
,	,
the	DT
sounds	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
smells	VBZ
?	.
Whenever	IN
they	PRP
feel	VBP
under	IN
stress	NN
they	PRP
can	MD
take	VB
a	DT
``	``
mental	JJ
vacation	NN
,	,
''	''
closes	VBZ
their	PRP$
eyes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
conjures	VBZ
up	RP
this	DT
scene	NN
.	.
``	``
Each	DT
time	NN
you	PRP
breathe	VBP
,	,
concentrate	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
feelings	NNS
and	CC
changes	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
body	NN
that	IN
occur	VBP
with	IN
each	DT
breath	NN
.	.
Listen	VB
to	TO
your	PRP$
breath	NN
,	,
hearing	VBG
the	DT
sounds	NNS
of	IN
breathing	NN
in	IN
and	CC
out	IN
.	.
Allow	VB
the	DT
thoughts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
day	NN
to	TO
be	VB
forgotten	VBN
.	.
Repeat	NN
a	DT
special	JJ
word	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
listening	VBG
to	TO
your	PRP$
breathing	NN
if	IN
this	DT
works	VBZ
better	RBR
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Fifteen	CD
minutes	NNS
of	IN
meditation	NN
can	MD
be	VB
effective	JJ
in	IN
reducing	VBG
tensions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
more	RBR
you	PRP
practice	NN
,	,
the	DT
less	JJR
your	PRP$
mind	NN
will	MD
wander	VB
as	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
this	DT
.	.
''	''
Level	NNP
:	:
Students	NNS
will	MD
compare	VB
safety	NN
guidelines	NNS
for	IN
preventing	VBG
unintentional	JJ
and	CC
intentional	JJ
injuries	NNS
;	:
list	NN
appropriate	JJ
procedures	NNS
to	TO
prevent	VB
pregnancy	NN
with	IN
emphasis	NN
on	IN
abstinence	NN
;	:
review	VB
the	DT
laws	NNS
and	CC
policies	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
harassment	NN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
,	,
community	NN
and	CC
job	NN
setting	NN
and	CC
recall	VBP
school	NN
rules	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
harassment	NN
;	:
and	CC
identify	VB
the	DT
signs	NNS
of	IN
various	JJ
self-destructive	JJ
behaviors	NNS
.	.
Lead	JJ
a	DT
discussion	NN
on	IN
the	DT
dangers	NNS
of	IN
having	VBG
sex	NN
at	IN
their	PRP$
age	NN
.	.
Have	NNP
students	NNS
generate	VBP
dangers	NNS
and	CC
write	VB
them	PRP
on	IN
the	DT
board	NN
.	.
Divide	VB
students	NNS
into	IN
groups	NNS
of	IN
four	CD
or	CC
five	CD
.	.
Challenge	NNP
students	NNS
to	TO
list	NN
as	IN
many	JJ
ways	NNS
as	IN
possible	JJ
of	IN
expressing	VBG
affection	NN
without	IN
having	VBG
sexual	JJ
intercourse	NN
.	.
Have	NNP
one	CD
student	NN
from	IN
each	DT
group	NN
write	VB
suggestions	NNS
on	IN
flip	JJ
chart	NN
.	.
Level	NNP
:	:
Students	NNS
will	MD
state	VB
the	DT
different	JJ
cultural	JJ
beliefs	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
impact	NN
on	IN
health	NN
behaviors	NNS
;	:
determine	VB
cause	NN
and	CC
effect	NN
of	IN
peer	VB
harassment	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
this	DT
impacts	NNS
total	VBP
health	NN
;	:
research	NN
,	,
with	IN
assistance	NN
,	,
historical	JJ
events	NNS
pertaining	VBG
to	TO
individual\/group	JJ
differences	NNS
and	CC
recognize	VB
the	DT
impact	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
events	NNS
on	IN
laws	NNS
and	CC
social	JJ
norms	NNS
;	:
and	CC
review	VB
ATOD	NNP
media	NNS
messages	NNS
and	CC
interpret	VB
them	PRP
with	IN
assistance	NN
.	.
Draw	VB
a	DT
rectangle	NN
on	IN
the	DT
board	NN
,	,
the	DT
head	NN
of	IN
the	DT
company	NN
sits	VBZ
at	IN
the	DT
head	NN
of	IN
the	DT
table	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
draw	VB
a	DT
square	NN
at	IN
one	CD
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
rectangle	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
asks	VBZ
the	DT
others	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
solve	VB
the	DT
problems	NNS
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
give	VB
advice	NN
.	.
The	DT
board	NN
of	IN
directors	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
draw	VB
squares	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
remaining	VBG
sides	NNS
of	IN
table	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
gives	VBZ
their	PRP$
opinions	NNS
and	CC
argues	VBZ
among	IN
themselves	PRP
about	IN
what	WP
should	MD
be	VB
done	VBN
.	.
The	DT
head	NN
of	IN
the	DT
company	NN
listens	VBZ
and	CC
makes	VBZ
the	DT
final	JJ
decisions	NNS
.	.
Suggest	VB
to	TO
students	NNS
that	WDT
when	WRB
they	PRP
make	VBP
a	DT
decision	NN
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
like	IN
the	DT
head	NN
of	IN
a	DT
company	NN
with	IN
their	PRP$
board	NN
of	IN
directors	NNS
.	.
Their	PRP$
parents	NNS
,	,
friends	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
important	JJ
people	NNS
sit	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
board	NN
and	CC
influence	NN
what	WP
they	PRP
decide	VBP
.	.
Some	DT
people	NNS
,	,
like	IN
friends	NNS
and	CC
parents	NNS
,	,
have	VBP
influence	NN
because	IN
one	CD
wants	VBZ
to	TO
please	VB
them	PRP
.	.
Parents	NNS
and	CC
grandparents	NNS
may	MD
influence	VB
them	PRP
because	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
instilled	VBN
strong	JJ
values	NNS
in	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Have	NNP
each	DT
student	NN
answer	VB
the	DT
following	VBG
questions	NNS
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Who	WP
influences	VBZ
you	PRP
on	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
basis	NN
?	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
How	WRB
do	VB
your	PRP$
friends	NNS
influence	VB
your	PRP$
decisions	NNS
?	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Who	WP
on	IN
your	PRP$
board	NN
of	IN
directors	NNS
helps	VBZ
you	PRP
to	TO
make	VB
wise	JJ
,	,
healthy	JJ
decisions	NNS
?	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Who	WP
,	,
if	IN
any	DT
,	,
on	IN
your	PRP$
board	NN
of	IN
directors	NNS
continually	RB
influences	VBZ
you	PRP
to	TO
make	VB
unhealthy	JJ
decisions	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
you	PRP
later	RB
regret	VB
?	.
And	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
What	WP
can	MD
you	PRP
learn	VB
from	IN
this	DT
activity	NN
to	TO
use	VB
in	IN
future	JJ
decision	NN
making	VBG
?	.
After	IN
students	NNS
have	VBP
learned	VBN
to	TO
read	VB
food	NN
labels	NNS
and	CC
calculate	VB
the	DT
percentage	NN
of	IN
fat	JJ
contained	VBN
in	IN
each	DT
serving	VBG
,	,
explain	VB
the	DT
formula	NN
for	IN
calculating	VBG
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
calories	NNS
they	PRP
must	MD
take	VB
in	RP
to	TO
maintain	VB
their	PRP$
desired	VBN
body	NN
weight	NN
.	.
Relate	VB
the	DT
following	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
class	NN
:	:
``	``
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
steps	NNS
in	IN
making	VBG
a	DT
good	JJ
decision	NN
is	VBZ
knowing	VBG
what	WP
you	PRP
want	VBP
and	CC
what	WP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
After	IN
all	DT
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
care	VB
what	WP
happens	VBZ
,	,
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
matter	VB
if	IN
you	PRP
make	VBP
a	DT
good	JJ
decision	NN
.	.
Today	NN
you	PRP
will	MD
have	VB
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
choose	VB
among	IN
some	DT
things	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
important	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
or	CC
that	DT
may	MD
be	VB
important	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
some	DT
day	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
Imagine	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
given	VBN
5,000	CD
Life	NNP
Units	NNS
.	.
Life	NNP
Units	NNS
are	VBP
similar	JJ
to	TO
dollars	NNS
in	IN
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
both	DT
valuable	JJ
and	CC
are	VBP
transferable	JJ
.	.
Life	NNP
units	NNS
are	VBP
much	RB
more	RBR
valuable	JJ
than	IN
money	NN
because	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
imaginary	JJ
units	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
an	DT
represent	VBP
what	WP
you	PRP
think	VBP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
''	''
``	``
The	DT
handout	NN
you	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
given	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
on	IN
the	DT
board	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
items	NNS
you	PRP
may	MD
want	VB
to	TO
have	VB
in	IN
life	NN
.	.
The	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
each	DT
,	,
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
Life	NNP
Units	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
also	RB
listed	VBN
.	.
Each	DT
item	NN
will	MD
be	VB
auctioned	VBN
off	RP
shortly	RB
.	.
Study	NNP
the	DT
list	NN
and	CC
determine	VB
how	WRB
you	PRP
would	MD
best	RB
like	VB
to	TO
spend	VB
all	DT
of	IN
your	PRP$
Life	NNP
Units	NNP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
units	NNS
left	VBD
at	IN
he	PRP
end	VB
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
return	VB
them	PRP
and	CC
receive	VB
nothing	NN
in	IN
return	NN
at	IN
that	DT
point	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
your	PRP$
advantage	NN
to	TO
spend	VB
all	DT
5,000	CD
units	NNS
.	.
''	''
The	DT
auctioneer	NN
should	MD
start	VB
the	DT
auction	NN
by	IN
beginning	VBG
the	DT
bidding	NN
at	IN
1,000	CD
units	NNS
for	IN
world	NN
peace	NN
.	.
The	DT
activity	NN
should	MD
continue	VB
under	IN
the	DT
direction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
appointed	VBN
auctioneer	NN
for	IN
30	CD
minutes	NNS
or	CC
until	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
items	NNS
are	VBP
``	``
sold	VBN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
recorder	NN
's	POS
task	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
keep	VB
a	DT
running	NN
record	NN
of	IN
both	DT
items	NNS
purchased	VBD
and	CC
all	DT
units	NNS
spent	VBN
by	IN
each	DT
bidder	NN
.	.
Give	VB
each	DT
group	NN
a	DT
marker	NN
and	CC
station	NN
before	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
five	CD
dimensions	NNS
.	.
Instruct	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
consider	VB
what	WP
behaviors	NNS
,	,
characteristics	NNS
and	CC
elements	NNS
are	VBP
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
assigned	VBN
dimension	NN
.	.
Have	NNP
students	NNS
rotate	VBP
from	IN
dimension	NN
to	TO
dimension	NN
,	,
brainstorming	VBG
each	DT
.	.
Up	IN
:	:
Have	NNP
students	NNS
walk	VBP
around	IN
the	DT
room	NN
following	VBG
the	DT
last	JJ
dimension	NN
to	TO
see	VB
how	WRB
each	DT
dimension	NN
turned	VBD
out	RP
.	.
Tape	NN
the	DT
charts	NNS
so	IN
that	IN
they	PRP
overlap	VBP
each	DT
other	JJ
showing	VBG
how	WRB
each	DT
affects	VBZ
the	DT
others	NNS
.	.
Follow	VB
up	RP
with	IN
large	JJ
group	NN
discussion	NN
about	IN
how	WRB
the	DT
individual	JJ
dimensions	NNS
are	VBP
defined	VBN
,	,
overlapped	VBN
and	CC
related	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
dimensions	NNS
.	.
Conclude	VB
by	IN
asking	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
arrive	VB
at	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
functional	JJ
definitions	NNS
of	IN
health	NN
and	CC
wellness	NN
.	.
Each	DT
student	NN
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
calculating	VBG
the	DT
approximate	JJ
total	JJ
calories	NNS
from	IN
their	PRP$
recipe	NN
and	CC
the	DT
percentage	NN
of	IN
fat	JJ
calories	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
review	NN
on	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
calculate	VB
food	NN
calories	NNS
should	MD
have	VB
preceded	VBN
this	DT
activity	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Begin	VB
the	DT
lesson	NN
by	IN
reviewing	VBG
what	WP
students	NNS
learned	VBD
about	IN
depression	NN
in	IN
the	DT
video	NN
.	.
What	WP
is	VBZ
depression	NN
?	.
What	WP
are	VBP
some	DT
different	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
depression	NN
?	.
What	WP
are	VBP
some	DT
causes	NNS
of	IN
depression	NN
?	.
Describe	VB
different	JJ
treatments	NNS
available	JJ
.	.
Next	RB
,	,
have	VBP
students	NNS
work	NN
in	IN
pairs	NNS
and	CC
discuss	VB
what	WP
facts	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
video	NN
they	PRP
found	VBD
most	RBS
surprising	JJ
.	.
Tell	VB
students	NNS
they	PRP
will	MD
choose	VB
one	CD
fact	NN
they	PRP
'd	MD
like	VB
to	TO
explore	VB
further	JJ
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
``	``
Myth	NNP
and	CC
Reality	NN
''	''
poster	NN
about	IN
that	DT
aspect	NN
of	IN
depression	NN
.	.
Their	PRP$
poster	NN
should	MD
highlight	VB
one	CD
misperception	NN
and	CC
feature	VBP
the	DT
truth	NN
.	.
Encourage	VB
students	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
facts	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
video	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
own	JJ
research	NN
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
include	VB
quotes	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
sources	NNS
:	:
the	DT
video	NN
,	,
their	PRP$
research	NN
,	,
or	CC
anonymous	JJ
interviews	NNS
.	.
Below	IN
are	VBP
some	DT
ideas	NNS
for	IN
common	JJ
misperceptions	NNS
about	IN
depression	NN
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
choose	VB
to	TO
use	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
spark	VB
discussion	NN
among	IN
students	NNS
.	.
``	``
logo	NN
.	.
''	''
Encyclopedia	NNP
Britannica	NNP
defines	VBZ
logo	NN
as	IN
''	''
any	DT
visible	JJ
sign	NN
or	CC
device	NN
used	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
business	NN
enterprise	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
its	PRP$
goods	NNS
and	CC
distinguish	VB
them	PRP
from	IN
those	DT
made	VBN
or	CC
carried	VBN
by	IN
others	NNS
.	.
Trademarks	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
words	NNS
or	CC
groups	NNS
of	IN
words	NNS
,	,
letters	NNS
,	,
numerals	NNS
,	,
devices	NNS
,	,
names	NNS
,	,
the	DT
shape	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
presentation	NN
of	IN
products	NNS
or	CC
their	PRP$
packages	NNS
,	,
color	NN
combinations	NNS
with	IN
signs	NNS
,	,
combinations	NNS
of	IN
colors	NNS
,	,
and	CC
combinations	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
.	.
''	''
Dictionary	NNP
of	IN
International	NNP
Trade	NNP
and	CC
Business	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
PACIFIC-DITB	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
an	DT
experimental	JJ
hypertext	NN
dictionary	NN
that	WDT
covers	VBZ
the	DT
fields	NNS
of	IN
international	JJ
trade	NN
,	,
international	JJ
business	NN
,	,
international	JJ
financial	JJ
economics	NNS
,	,
and	CC
general	JJ
macroeconomics	NNS
.	.
An	DT
easy-to-use	JJ
search	NN
interface	NN
enables	VBZ
users	NNS
to	TO
quickly	RB
locate	VB
interesting	JJ
information	NN
,	,
and	CC
hypertext	NN
links	NNS
in	IN
individual	JJ
dictionary	NN
entries	NNS
allow	VBP
users	NNS
to	TO
explore	VB
further	JJ
related	VBN
information	NN
.	.
As	IN
of	IN
August	NNP
1998	CD
,	,
the	DT
IMF\/IFS	NNP
Retrieval	NNP
System	NNP
uses	VBZ
a	DT
new	JJ
internal	JJ
database	NN
format	NN
.	.
This	DT
should	MD
make	VB
access	NN
faster	RBR
,	,
while	IN
the	DT
user	NN
interface	NN
remains	VBZ
unchanged	JJ
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
notice	VBP
any	DT
problems	NNS
caused	VBN
by	IN
this	DT
software	NN
upgrade	NN
,	,
please	VB
contact	NN
Werner	NNP
Antweiler	NNP
with	IN
a	DT
description	NN
of	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
.	.
Access	NN
to	TO
this	DT
service	NN
is	VBZ
deprecated	VBN
because	IN
this	DT
database	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
updated	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
long	JJ
while	NN
.	.
The	DT
World	NNP
Bank	NNP
has	VBZ
changed	VBN
the	DT
delivery	NN
mechanism	NN
for	IN
these	DT
data	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
data	NN
set	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
renamed	VBN
the	DT
``	``
World	NNP
Development	NNP
Indicators	NNPS
''	''
.	.
Access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
World	NNP
Tables	NNP
database	NN
is	VBZ
restricted	VBN
to	TO
current	JJ
students	NNS
,	,
staff	NN
,	,
and	CC
faculty	NN
of	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
British	NNP
Columbia	NNP
.	.
Use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
database	NN
is	VBZ
restricted	VBN
to	TO
academic	JJ
non-commercial	JJ
purposes	NNS
only	RB
.	.
University	NNP
of	IN
California	NNP
at	IN
Berkeley	NNP
,	,
Haas	NNP
School	NNP
of	IN
Business	NNP
,	,
in	IN
organizational	JJ
behavior	NN
and	CC
industrial	JJ
relations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
an	DT
MBA	NNP
from	IN
the	DT
Stanford	NNP
Graduate	NNP
School	NNP
of	IN
Business	NNP
.	.
Her	PRP$
research	NN
interests	NNS
include	VBP
corporate	JJ
strategy	NN
and	CC
interfirm	NN
relations	NNS
in	IN
Japan	NNP
,	,
human	JJ
resource	NN
management	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Japanese	JJ
firm	NN
,	,
organizational	JJ
innovation	NN
and	CC
organizational	JJ
learning	NN
in	IN
international	JJ
business	NN
,	,
and	CC
comparative	JJ
institutional	JJ
analysis	NN
in	IN
East	NNP
Asia	NNP
.	.
Professor	NNP
Ahmadjian	NNP
's	POS
current	JJ
research	NN
includes	VBZ
studies	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
structure	NN
and	CC
performance	NN
of	IN
suppliers	NNS
and	CC
large	JJ
manufacturers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Japanese	JJ
automotive	JJ
and	CC
electronics	NNS
industries	NNS
and	CC
keiretsu	NN
relations	NNS
between	IN
publicly	RB
traded	VBN
firms	NNS
in	IN
japan	NN
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
currently	RB
working	VBG
on	IN
several	JJ
projects	NNS
including	VBG
a	DT
study	NN
of	IN
Japan	NNP
's	POS
software	NN
industry	NN
and	CC
a	DT
book	NN
exploring	VBG
how	WRB
the	DT
state	NN
managed	VBD
competition	NN
in	IN
Japan	NNP
's	POS
telecommunications	NNS
,	,
computer	NN
,	,
semiconductor	NN
,	,
software	NN
,	,
and	CC
consumer	NN
electronics	NNS
industries	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
received	VBD
her	PRP$
undergraduate	NN
,	,
masters	NNS
,	,
and	CC
Ph.D.	NNP
degree	NN
from	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
California	NNP
at	IN
Berkeley	NNP
.	.
M.A.	NNP
and	CC
B.A.	NNP
degrees	NNS
in	IN
East	JJ
Asian	JJ
Studies	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Oregon	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
has	VBZ
published	VBN
two	CD
books	NNS
and	CC
about	IN
forty	CD
articles	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
technology	NN
management	NN
and	CC
policy	NN
in	IN
Japan	NNP
,	,
institutional	JJ
environments	NNS
for	IN
technological	JJ
innovation	NN
,	,
and	CC
technology	NN
transfer	NN
.	.
University	NNP
of	IN
Illinois	NNP
,	,
Department	NNP
of	IN
Business	NNP
Administration	NNP
.	.
Prior	RB
to	TO
his	PRP$
appointment	NN
with	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Illinois	NNP
,	,
Professor	NNP
Roehl	NNP
has	VBZ
taught	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Michigan	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Washington	NNP
in	IN
Seattle	NNP
.	.
With	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
customs	NNS
duties	NNS
and	CC
charges	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
kind	NN
imposed	VBN
on	IN
or	CC
in	IN
connection	NN
with	IN
importation	NN
or	CC
exportation	NN
or	CC
imposed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
international	JJ
transfer	NN
of	IN
payments	NNS
for	IN
imports	NNS
or	CC
exports	NNS
,	,
and	CC
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
the	DT
method	NN
of	IN
levying	VBG
such	JJ
duties	NNS
and	CC
charges	NNS
,	,
and	CC
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
all	DT
rules	NNS
and	CC
formalities	NNS
in	IN
connection	NN
with	IN
importation	NN
and	CC
exportation	NN
,	,
and	CC
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
all	DT
matters	NNS
referred	VBD
to	TO
in	IN
paragraphs	NNS
2	CD
and	CC
4	CD
of	IN
Article	NNP
III	NNP
,	,
any	DT
advantage	NN
,	,
favor	NN
,	,
privilege	NN
or	CC
immunity	NN
granted	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
to	TO
any	DT
product	NN
originating	VBG
in	IN
or	CC
destined	VBN
for	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
country	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
accorded	VBN
immediately	RB
and	CC
unconditionally	RB
to	TO
the	DT
like	JJ
product	NN
originating	VBG
in	IN
or	CC
destined	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
territories	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
other	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
.	.
The	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
paragraph	NN
1	CD
shall	MD
not	RB
apply	VB
to	TO
preferences	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
countries	NNS
formerly	RB
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Ottoman	NNP
Empire	NNP
and	CC
detached	VBN
from	IN
it	PRP
on	IN
July	NNP
24	CD
,	,
1923	CD
,	,
provided	VBD
such	JJ
preferences	NNS
are	VBP
approved	VBN
under	IN
paragraph	NN
5	CD
of	IN
Article	NNP
XXV	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
shall	MD
be	VB
applied	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
respect	NN
in	IN
the	DT
light	NN
of	IN
paragraph	NN
1	CD
of	IN
Article	NNP
XXIX	NNP
.	.
Such	JJ
products	NNS
shall	MD
also	RB
be	VB
exempt	JJ
from	IN
all	DT
other	JJ
duties	NNS
or	CC
charges	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
kind	NN
imposed	VBN
on	IN
or	CC
in	IN
connection	NN
with	IN
importation	NN
in	IN
excess	NN
of	IN
those	DT
imposed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
or	CC
those	DT
directly	RB
and	CC
mandatorily	RB
required	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
imposed	VBN
thereafter	RB
by	IN
legislation	NN
in	IN
force	NN
in	IN
the	DT
importing	VBG
territory	NN
on	IN
that	DT
date	NN
.	.
No	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
shall	MD
alter	VB
its	PRP$
method	NN
of	IN
determining	VBG
dutiable	JJ
value	NN
or	CC
of	IN
converting	VBG
currencies	NNS
so	RB
as	IN
to	TO
impair	VB
the	DT
value	NN
of	IN
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
concessions	NNS
provided	VBN
for	IN
in	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
Schedule	NN
annexed	VBD
to	TO
this	DT
Agreement	NN
.	.
If	IN
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
establishes	VBZ
,	,
maintains	VBZ
or	CC
authorizes	VBZ
,	,
formally	RB
or	CC
in	IN
effect	NN
,	,
a	DT
monopoly	NN
of	IN
the	DT
importation	NN
of	IN
any	DT
product	NN
described	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
Schedule	NN
annexed	VBD
to	TO
this	DT
Agreement	NN
,	,
such	JJ
monopoly	NN
shall	MD
not	RB
,	,
except	IN
as	IN
provided	VBN
for	IN
in	IN
that	DT
Schedule	NN
or	CC
as	IN
otherwise	RB
agreed	VBN
between	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
which	WDT
initially	RB
negotiated	VBD
the	DT
concession	NN
,	,
operate	VBP
so	RB
as	RB
to	TO
afford	VB
protection	NN
on	IN
the	DT
average	NN
in	IN
excess	NN
of	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
protection	NN
provided	VBN
for	IN
in	IN
that	DT
Schedule	NNP
.	.
The	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
paragraph	NN
shall	MD
not	RB
limit	VB
the	DT
use	NN
by	IN
contracting	VBG
parties	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
form	NN
of	IN
assistance	NN
to	TO
domestic	JJ
producers	NNS
permitted	VBN
by	IN
other	JJ
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
.	.
If	IN
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
considers	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
product	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
receiving	VBG
from	IN
another	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
the	DT
treatment	NN
which	WDT
the	DT
first	JJ
contracting	NN
party	NN
believes	VBZ
to	TO
have	VB
been	VBN
contemplated	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
concession	NN
provided	VBN
for	IN
in	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
Schedule	NN
annexed	VBD
to	TO
this	DT
Agreement	NN
,	,
it	PRP
shall	MD
bring	VB
the	DT
matter	NN
directly	RB
to	TO
the	DT
attention	NN
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
latter	JJ
agrees	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
contemplated	VBN
was	VBD
that	IN
claimed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
contracting	NN
party	NN
,	,
but	CC
declares	VBZ
that	IN
such	JJ
treatment	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
accorded	VBN
because	IN
a	DT
court	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
proper	JJ
authority	NN
has	VBZ
ruled	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
effect	NN
that	IN
the	DT
product	NN
involved	VBN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
classified	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
tariff	NN
laws	NNS
of	IN
such	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
so	RB
as	IN
to	TO
permit	VB
the	DT
treatment	NN
contemplated	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
,	,
the	DT
two	CD
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
,	,
together	RB
with	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
substantially	RB
interested	JJ
,	,
shall	MD
enter	VB
promptly	RB
into	IN
further	JJ
negotiations	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
view	NN
to	TO
a	DT
compensatory	JJ
adjustment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
.	.
Provided	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
,	,
the	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
acting	VBG
jointly	RB
as	IN
provided	VBN
for	IN
in	IN
Article	NNP
XXV	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
concur	VBP
that	IN
such	JJ
adjustments	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
impair	VB
the	DT
value	NN
of	IN
the	DT
concessions	NNS
provided	VBN
for	IN
in	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
Schedule	NN
or	CC
elsewhere	RB
in	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
,	,
due	JJ
account	NN
being	VBG
taken	VBN
of	IN
all	DT
factors	NNS
which	WDT
may	MD
influence	VB
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
,	,
or	CC
urgency	NN
of	IN
,	,
such	JJ
adjustments	NNS
.	.
The	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
recognize	VBP
that	IN
internal	JJ
taxes	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
internal	JJ
charges	NNS
,	,
and	CC
laws	NNS
,	,
regulations	NNS
and	CC
requirements	NNS
affecting	VBG
the	DT
internal	JJ
sale	NN
,	,
offering	VBG
for	IN
sale	NN
,	,
purchase	NN
,	,
transportation	NN
,	,
distribution	NN
or	CC
use	NN
of	IN
products	NNS
,	,
and	CC
internal	JJ
quantitative	JJ
regulations	NNS
requiring	VBG
the	DT
mixture	NN
,	,
processing	VBG
or	CC
use	NN
of	IN
products	NNS
in	IN
specified	JJ
amounts	NNS
or	CC
proportions	NNS
,	,
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
applied	VBN
to	TO
imported	VBN
or	CC
domestic	JJ
products	NNS
so	RB
as	IN
to	TO
afford	VB
protection	NN
to	TO
domestic	JJ
production	NN
.	.
The	DT
products	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
territory	NN
of	IN
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
imported	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
territory	NN
of	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
subject	JJ
,	,
directly	RB
or	CC
indirectly	RB
,	,
to	TO
internal	JJ
taxes	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
internal	JJ
charges	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
kind	NN
in	IN
excess	NN
of	IN
those	DT
applied	VBN
,	,
directly	RB
or	CC
indirectly	RB
,	,
to	TO
like	VB
domestic	JJ
products	NNS
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
no	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
shall	MD
otherwise	RB
apply	VB
internal	JJ
taxes	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
internal	JJ
charges	NNS
to	TO
imported	VBN
or	CC
domestic	JJ
products	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
manner	NN
contrary	NN
to	TO
the	DT
principles	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
paragraph	NN
1	CD
.	.
With	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
any	DT
existing	VBG
internal	JJ
tax	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
inconsistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
paragraph	NN
2	CD
,	,
but	CC
which	WDT
is	VBZ
specifically	RB
authorized	VBN
under	IN
a	DT
trade	NN
agreement	NN
,	,
in	IN
force	NN
on	IN
April	NNP
10	CD
,	,
1947	CD
,	,
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
import	NN
duty	NN
on	IN
the	DT
taxed	VBN
product	NN
is	VBZ
bound	VBN
against	IN
increase	NN
,	,
the	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
imposing	VBG
the	DT
tax	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
free	JJ
to	TO
postpone	VB
the	DT
application	NN
of	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
paragraph	NN
2	CD
to	TO
such	JJ
tax	NN
until	IN
such	JJ
time	NN
as	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
obtain	VB
release	NN
from	IN
the	DT
obligations	NNS
of	IN
such	JJ
trade	NN
agreement	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
permit	VB
the	DT
increase	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
duty	NN
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
compensate	VB
for	IN
the	DT
elimination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
protective	JJ
element	NN
of	IN
the	DT
tax	NN
.	.
No	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
shall	MD
establish	VB
or	CC
maintain	VB
any	DT
internal	JJ
quantitative	JJ
regulation	NN
relating	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
mixture	NN
,	,
processing	VBG
or	CC
use	NN
of	IN
products	NNS
in	IN
specified	JJ
amounts	NNS
or	CC
proportions	NNS
which	WDT
requires	VBZ
,	,
directly	RB
or	CC
indirectly	RB
,	,
that	IN
any	DT
specified	VBN
amount	NN
or	CC
proportion	NN
of	IN
any	DT
product	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
the	DT
subject	NN
of	IN
the	DT
regulation	NN
must	MD
be	VB
supplied	VBN
from	IN
domestic	JJ
sources	NNS
.	.
The	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
paragraph	NN
5	CD
shall	MD
not	RB
apply	VB
to	TO
any	DT
internal	JJ
quantitative	JJ
regulation	NN
in	IN
force	NN
in	IN
the	DT
territory	NN
of	IN
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
on	IN
July	NNP
1	CD
,	,
1939	CD
,	,
April	NNP
10	CD
,	,
1947	CD
,	,
or	CC
March	NNP
24	CD
,	,
1948	CD
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
option	NN
of	IN
that	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
;	:
Provided	VBN
that	IN
any	DT
such	JJ
regulation	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
contrary	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
paragraph	NN
5	CD
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
modified	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
detriment	NN
of	IN
imports	NNS
and	CC
shall	MD
be	VB
treated	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
customs	NNS
duty	NN
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
negotiation	NN
.	.
No	DT
internal	JJ
quantitative	JJ
regulation	NN
relating	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
mixture	NN
,	,
processing	VBG
or	CC
use	NN
of	IN
products	NNS
in	IN
specified	JJ
amounts	NNS
or	CC
proportions	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
applied	VBN
in	IN
such	JJ
a	DT
manner	NN
as	IN
to	TO
allocate	VB
any	DT
such	JJ
amount	NN
or	CC
proportion	NN
among	IN
external	JJ
sources	NNS
of	IN
supply	NN
.	.
The	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
recognize	VBP
that	IN
internal	JJ
maximum	NN
price	NN
control	NN
measures	NNS
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
conforming	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
other	JJ
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
,	,
can	MD
have	VB
effects	NNS
prejudicial	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
interests	NNS
of	IN
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
supplying	VBG
imported	VBN
products	NNS
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
contracting	VBG
parties	NNS
applying	VBG
such	JJ
measures	NNS
shall	MD
take	VB
account	NN
of	IN
the	DT
interests	NNS
of	IN
exporting	VBG
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
view	NN
to	TO
avoiding	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
fullest	JJS
practicable	JJ
extent	NN
such	JJ
prejudicial	JJ
effects	NNS
.	.
The	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
shall	MD
not	RB
prevent	VB
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
from	IN
establishing	VBG
or	CC
maintaining	VBG
internal	JJ
quantitative	JJ
regulations	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
exposed	VBN
cinematograph	NN
films	NNS
and	CC
meeting	VBG
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
Article	NNP
IV	NNP
.	.
Goods	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
including	VBG
baggage	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
also	RB
vessels	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
transport	NN
,	,
shall	MD
be	VB
deemed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
in	IN
transit	NN
across	IN
the	DT
territory	NN
of	IN
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
when	WRB
the	DT
passage	NN
across	IN
such	JJ
territory	NN
,	,
with	IN
or	CC
without	IN
trans-shipment	NN
,	,
warehousing	NN
,	,
breaking	VBG
bulk	NN
,	,
or	CC
change	NN
in	IN
the	DT
mode	NN
of	IN
transport	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
only	RB
a	DT
portion	NN
of	IN
a	DT
complete	JJ
journey	NN
beginning	NN
and	CC
terminating	VBG
beyond	IN
the	DT
frontier	NN
of	IN
the	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
across	IN
whose	WP$
territory	NN
the	DT
traffic	NN
passes	VBZ
.	.
Traffic	NN
of	IN
this	DT
nature	NN
is	VBZ
termed	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
``	``
traffic	NN
in	IN
transit	NN
''	''
.	.
There	EX
shall	MD
be	VB
freedom	NN
of	IN
transit	NN
through	IN
the	DT
territory	NN
of	IN
each	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
,	,
via	IN
the	DT
routes	NNS
most	RBS
convenient	JJ
for	IN
international	JJ
transit	NN
,	,
for	IN
traffic	NN
in	IN
transit	NN
to	TO
or	CC
from	IN
the	DT
territory	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
.	.
No	DT
distinction	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
flag	NN
of	IN
vessels	NNS
,	,
the	DT
place	NN
of	IN
origin	NN
,	,
departure	NN
,	,
entry	NN
,	,
exit	NN
or	CC
destination	NN
,	,
or	CC
on	IN
any	DT
circumstances	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
ownership	NN
of	IN
goods	NNS
,	,
of	IN
vessels	NNS
or	CC
of	IN
other	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
transport	NN
.	.
Any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
may	MD
require	VB
that	IN
traffic	NN
in	IN
transit	NN
through	IN
its	PRP$
territory	NN
be	VB
entered	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
proper	JJ
custom	NN
house	NN
,	,
but	CC
,	,
except	IN
in	IN
cases	NNS
of	IN
failure	NN
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
applicable	JJ
customs	NNS
laws	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
traffic	NN
coming	VBG
from	IN
or	CC
going	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
territory	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
any	DT
unnecessary	JJ
delays	NNS
or	CC
restrictions	NNS
and	CC
shall	MD
be	VB
exempt	JJ
from	IN
customs	NNS
duties	NNS
and	CC
from	IN
all	DT
transit	NN
duties	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
charges	NNS
imposed	VBN
in	IN
respect	NN
of	IN
transit	NN
,	,
except	IN
charges	NNS
for	IN
transportation	NN
or	CC
those	DT
commensurate	JJ
with	IN
administrative	JJ
expenses	NNS
entailed	VBN
by	IN
transit	NN
or	CC
with	IN
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
rendered	VBN
.	.
All	DT
charges	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
imposed	VBN
by	IN
contracting	VBG
parties	NNS
on	IN
traffic	NN
in	IN
transit	NN
to	TO
or	CC
from	IN
the	DT
territories	NNS
of	IN
other	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
reasonable	JJ
,	,
having	VBG
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
conditions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
traffic	NN
.	.
With	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
all	DT
charges	NNS
,	,
regulations	NNS
and	CC
formalities	NNS
in	IN
connection	NN
with	IN
transit	NN
,	,
each	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
shall	MD
accord	VB
to	TO
traffic	NN
in	IN
transit	NN
to	TO
or	CC
from	IN
the	DT
territory	NN
of	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
treatment	NN
no	RB
less	RBR
favourable	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
accorded	VBN
to	TO
traffic	NN
in	IN
transit	NN
to	TO
or	CC
from	IN
any	DT
third	JJ
country	NN
.	.
Each	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
shall	MD
accord	VB
to	TO
products	NNS
which	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
in	IN
transit	NN
through	IN
the	DT
territory	NN
of	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
treatment	NN
no	RB
less	RBR
favourable	JJ
than	IN
that	DT
which	WDT
would	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
accorded	VBN
to	TO
such	JJ
products	NNS
had	VBD
they	PRP
been	VBN
transported	VBN
from	IN
their	PRP$
place	NN
of	IN
origin	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
destination	NN
without	IN
going	VBG
through	IN
the	DT
territory	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
other	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
.	.
Any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
shall	MD
,	,
however	RB
,	,
be	VB
free	JJ
to	TO
maintain	VB
its	PRP$
requirements	NNS
of	IN
direct	JJ
consignment	NN
existing	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
,	,
in	IN
respect	NN
of	IN
any	DT
goods	NNS
in	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
such	JJ
direct	JJ
consignment	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
requisite	JJ
condition	NN
of	IN
eligibility	NN
for	IN
entry	NN
of	IN
the	DT
goods	NNS
at	IN
preferential	JJ
rates	NNS
of	IN
duty	NN
or	CC
has	VBZ
relation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
's	POS
prescribed	VBN
method	NN
of	IN
valuation	NN
for	IN
duty	NN
purposes	NNS
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
offset	VB
or	CC
prevent	VB
dumping	VBG
,	,
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
may	MD
levy	VB
on	IN
any	DT
dumped	VBN
product	NN
an	DT
anti-dumping	JJ
duty	NN
not	RB
greater	JJR
in	IN
amount	NN
than	IN
the	DT
margin	NN
of	IN
dumping	VBG
in	IN
respect	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
product	NN
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
purposes	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
,	,
the	DT
margin	NN
of	IN
dumping	VBG
is	VBZ
the	DT
price	NN
difference	NN
determined	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
paragraph	NN
1	CD
.	.
No	DT
countervailing	VBG
duty	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
levied	VBN
on	IN
any	DT
product	NN
of	IN
the	DT
territory	NN
of	IN
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
imported	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
territory	NN
of	IN
another	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
in	IN
excess	NN
of	IN
an	DT
amount	NN
equal	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
estimated	VBN
bounty	NN
or	CC
subsidy	NN
determined	VBD
to	TO
have	VB
been	VBN
granted	VBN
,	,
directly	RB
or	CC
indirectly	RB
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
manufacture	NN
,	,
production	NN
or	CC
export	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
product	NN
in	IN
the	DT
country	NN
of	IN
origin	NN
or	CC
exportation	NN
,	,
including	VBG
any	DT
special	JJ
subsidy	NN
to	TO
the	DT
transportation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
product	NN
.	.
The	DT
term	NN
``	``
countervailing	VBG
duty	NN
''	''
shall	MD
be	VB
understood	VBN
to	TO
mean	VB
a	DT
special	JJ
duty	NN
levied	VBD
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
offsetting	VBG
any	DT
bounty	NN
or	CC
subsidy	NN
bestowed	VBN
,	,
directly	RB
or	CC
indirectly	RB
,	,
upon	IN
the	DT
manufacture	NN
,	,
production	NN
or	CC
export	NN
of	IN
any	DT
merchandise	NN
.	.
No	DT
product	NN
of	IN
the	DT
territory	NN
of	IN
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
imported	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
territory	NN
of	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
anti-dumping	JJ
or	CC
countervailing	VBG
duty	NN
by	IN
reason	NN
of	IN
the	DT
exemption	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
product	NN
from	IN
duties	NNS
or	CC
taxes	NNS
borne	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
like	JJ
product	NN
when	WRB
destined	VBN
for	IN
consumption	NN
in	IN
the	DT
country	NN
of	IN
origin	NN
or	CC
exportation	NN
,	,
or	CC
by	IN
reason	NN
of	IN
the	DT
refund	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
duties	NNS
or	CC
taxes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
recognize	VBP
the	DT
validity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
principles	NNS
of	IN
valuation	NN
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
paragraphs	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
undertake	VBP
to	TO
give	VB
effect	NN
to	TO
such	JJ
principles	NNS
,	,
in	IN
respect	NN
of	IN
all	DT
products	NNS
subject	JJ
to	TO
duties	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
charges	NNS
or	CC
restrictions	NNS
on	IN
importation	NN
and	CC
exportation	NN
based	VBN
upon	IN
or	CC
regulated	VBN
in	IN
any	DT
manner	NN
by	IN
value	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
they	PRP
shall	MD
,	,
upon	IN
a	DT
request	NN
by	IN
another	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
review	NN
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
any	DT
of	IN
their	PRP$
laws	NNS
or	CC
regulations	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
value	NN
for	IN
customs	NNS
purposes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
light	NN
of	IN
these	DT
principles	NNS
.	.
The	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
may	MD
request	VB
from	IN
contracting	VBG
parties	NNS
reports	NNS
on	IN
steps	NNS
taken	VBN
by	IN
them	PRP
in	IN
pursuance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
.	.
The	DT
value	NN
for	IN
customs	NNS
purposes	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
imported	VBN
product	NN
should	MD
not	RB
include	VB
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
any	DT
internal	JJ
tax	NN
,	,
applicable	JJ
within	IN
the	DT
country	NN
of	IN
origin	NN
or	CC
export	NN
,	,
from	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
imported	VBN
product	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
exempted	VBN
or	CC
has	VBZ
been	VBN
or	CC
will	MD
be	VB
relieved	VBN
by	IN
means	NNS
of	IN
refund	NN
.	.
Monetary	NNP
Fund	NNP
,	,
shall	MD
formulate	VB
rules	NNS
governing	VBG
the	DT
conversion	NN
by	IN
contracting	VBG
parties	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
foreign	JJ
currency	NN
in	IN
respect	NN
of	IN
which	WDT
multiple	JJ
rates	NNS
of	IN
exchange	NN
are	VBP
maintained	VBN
consistently	RB
with	IN
the	DT
Articles	NNPS
of	IN
Agreement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
International	NNP
Monetary	NNP
Fund	NNP
.	.
Any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
may	MD
apply	VB
such	JJ
rules	NNS
in	IN
respect	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
foreign	JJ
currencies	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
purposes	NNS
of	IN
paragraph	NN
2	CD
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
as	IN
an	DT
alternative	NN
to	TO
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
par	JJ
values	NNS
.	.
Until	IN
such	JJ
rules	NNS
are	VBP
adopted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
,	,
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
may	MD
employ	VB
,	,
in	IN
respect	NN
of	IN
any	DT
such	JJ
foreign	JJ
currency	NN
,	,
rules	NNS
of	IN
conversion	NN
for	IN
the	DT
purposes	NNS
of	IN
paragraph	NN
2	CD
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
which	WDT
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
reflect	VB
effectively	RB
the	DT
value	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
foreign	JJ
currency	NN
in	IN
commercial	JJ
transactions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
bases	NNS
and	CC
methods	NNS
for	IN
determining	VBG
the	DT
value	NN
of	IN
products	NNS
subject	JJ
to	TO
duties	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
charges	NNS
or	CC
restrictions	NNS
based	VBN
upon	IN
or	CC
regulated	VBN
in	IN
any	DT
manner	NN
by	IN
value	NN
should	MD
be	VB
stable	JJ
and	CC
should	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
sufficient	JJ
publicity	NN
to	TO
enable	VB
traders	NNS
to	TO
estimate	VB
,	,
with	IN
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
degree	NN
of	IN
certainty	NN
,	,
the	DT
value	NN
for	IN
customs	NNS
purposes	NNS
.	.
No	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
shall	MD
impose	VB
substantial	JJ
penalties	NNS
for	IN
minor	JJ
breaches	NNS
of	IN
customs	NNS
regulations	NNS
or	CC
procedural	JJ
requirements	NNS
.	.
In	IN
particular	JJ
,	,
no	DT
penalty	NN
in	IN
respect	NN
of	IN
any	DT
omission	NN
or	CC
mistake	NN
in	IN
customs	NNS
documentation	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
easily	RB
rectifiable	JJ
and	CC
obviously	RB
made	VBN
without	IN
fraudulent	JJ
intent	NN
or	CC
gross	JJ
negligence	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
greater	JJR
than	IN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
serve	VB
merely	RB
as	IN
a	DT
warning	NN
.	.
Each	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
shall	MD
accord	VB
to	TO
the	DT
products	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
territories	NNS
of	IN
other	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
treatment	NN
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
marking	VBG
requirements	NNS
no	RB
less	RBR
favourable	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
accorded	VBN
to	TO
like	VB
products	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
third	JJ
country	NN
.	.
The	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
recognize	VBP
that	IN
,	,
in	IN
adopting	VBG
and	CC
enforcing	VBG
laws	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
marks	NNS
of	IN
origin	NN
,	,
the	DT
difficulties	NNS
and	CC
inconveniences	NNS
which	WDT
such	JJ
measures	NNS
may	MD
cause	VB
to	TO
the	DT
commerce	NN
and	CC
industry	NN
of	IN
exporting	VBG
countries	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
reduced	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
minimum	NN
,	,
due	JJ
regard	NN
being	VBG
had	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
necessity	NN
of	IN
protecting	VBG
consumers	NNS
against	IN
fraudulent	JJ
or	CC
misleading	JJ
indications	NNS
.	.
The	DT
laws	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
of	IN
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
marking	VBG
of	IN
imported	VBN
products	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
such	JJ
as	IN
to	TO
permit	VB
compliance	NN
without	IN
seriously	RB
damaging	VBG
the	DT
products	NNS
,	,
or	CC
materially	RB
reducing	VBG
their	PRP$
value	NN
,	,
or	CC
unreasonably	RB
increasing	VBG
their	PRP$
cost	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
general	JJ
rule	NN
,	,
no	DT
special	JJ
duty	NN
or	CC
penalty	NN
should	MD
be	VB
imposed	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
for	IN
failure	NN
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
marking	VBG
requirements	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
importation	NN
unless	IN
corrective	JJ
marking	VBG
is	VBZ
unreasonably	RB
delayed	VBN
or	CC
deceptive	JJ
marks	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
affixed	VBN
or	CC
the	DT
required	JJ
marking	VBG
has	VBZ
been	VBN
intentionally	RB
omitted	VBN
.	.
The	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
shall	MD
co-operate	VB
with	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
with	IN
a	DT
view	NN
to	TO
preventing	VBG
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
trade	NN
names	NNS
in	IN
such	JJ
manner	NN
as	IN
to	TO
misrepresent	VB
the	DT
true	JJ
origin	NN
of	IN
a	DT
product	NN
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
detriment	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
distinctive	JJ
regional	JJ
or	CC
geographical	JJ
names	NNS
of	IN
products	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
territory	NN
of	IN
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
as	IN
are	VBP
protected	VBN
by	IN
its	PRP$
legislation	NN
.	.
Each	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
shall	MD
accord	VB
full	JJ
and	CC
sympathetic	JJ
consideration	NN
to	TO
such	JJ
requests	NNS
or	CC
representations	NNS
as	IN
may	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
application	NN
of	IN
the	DT
undertaking	NN
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
the	DT
preceding	VBG
sentence	NN
to	TO
names	NNS
of	IN
products	NNS
which	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
communicated	VBN
to	TO
it	PRP
by	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
.	.
Laws	NNS
,	,
regulations	NNS
,	,
judicial	JJ
decisions	NNS
and	CC
administrative	JJ
rulings	NNS
of	IN
general	JJ
application	NN
,	,
made	VBD
effective	JJ
by	IN
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
,	,
pertaining	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
classification	NN
or	CC
the	DT
valuation	NN
of	IN
products	NNS
for	IN
customs	NNS
purposes	NNS
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
rates	NNS
of	IN
duty	NN
,	,
taxes	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
charges	NNS
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
requirements	NNS
,	,
restrictions	NNS
or	CC
prohibitions	NNS
on	IN
imports	NNS
or	CC
exports	NNS
or	CC
on	IN
the	DT
transfer	NN
of	IN
payments	NNS
therefor	RB
,	,
or	CC
affecting	VBG
their	PRP$
sale	NN
,	,
distribution	NN
,	,
transportation	NN
,	,
insurance	NN
,	,
warehousing	NN
,	,
inspection	NN
,	,
exhibition	NN
,	,
processing	NN
,	,
mixing	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
use	NN
,	,
shall	MD
be	VB
published	VBN
promptly	RB
in	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
manner	NN
as	IN
to	TO
enable	VB
governments	NNS
and	CC
traders	NNS
to	TO
become	VB
acquainted	VBN
with	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Agreements	NNS
affecting	VBG
international	JJ
trade	NN
policy	NN
which	WDT
are	VBP
in	IN
force	NN
between	IN
the	DT
government	NN
or	CC
a	DT
governmental	JJ
agency	NN
of	IN
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
and	CC
the	DT
government	NN
or	CC
governmental	JJ
agency	NN
of	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
shall	MD
also	RB
be	VB
published	VBN
.	.
The	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
paragraph	NN
shall	MD
not	RB
require	VB
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
to	TO
disclose	VB
confidential	JJ
information	NN
which	WDT
would	MD
impede	VB
law	NN
enforcement	NN
or	CC
otherwise	RB
be	VB
contrary	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
interest	NN
or	CC
would	MD
prejudice	NN
the	DT
legitimate	JJ
commercial	JJ
interests	NNS
of	IN
particular	JJ
enterprises	NNS
,	,
public	JJ
or	CC
private	JJ
.	.
No	DT
measure	NN
of	IN
general	JJ
application	NN
taken	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
effecting	VBG
an	DT
advance	NN
in	IN
a	DT
rate	NN
of	IN
duty	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
charge	NN
on	IN
imports	NNS
under	IN
an	DT
established	VBN
and	CC
uniform	JJ
practice	NN
,	,
or	CC
imposing	VBG
a	DT
new	JJ
or	CC
more	RBR
burdensome	JJ
requirement	NN
,	,
restriction	NN
or	CC
prohibition	NN
on	IN
imports	NNS
,	,
or	CC
on	IN
the	DT
transfer	NN
of	IN
payments	NNS
therefor	RB
,	,
shall	MD
be	VB
enforced	VBN
before	IN
such	JJ
measure	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
officially	RB
published	VBN
.	.
No	DT
prohibitions	NNS
or	CC
restrictions	NNS
other	JJ
than	IN
duties	NNS
,	,
taxes	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
charges	NNS
,	,
whether	IN
made	VBN
effective	JJ
through	IN
quotas	NNS
,	,
import	NN
or	CC
export	NN
licences	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
measures	NNS
,	,
shall	MD
be	VB
instituted	VBN
or	CC
maintained	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
on	IN
the	DT
importation	NN
of	IN
any	DT
product	NN
of	IN
the	DT
territory	NN
of	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
or	CC
on	IN
the	DT
exportation	NN
or	CC
sale	NN
for	IN
export	NN
of	IN
any	DT
product	NN
destined	VBD
for	IN
the	DT
territory	NN
of	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
.	.
Any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
applying	VBG
restrictions	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
importation	NN
of	IN
any	DT
product	NN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
sub-paragraph	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
this	DT
paragraph	NN
shall	MD
give	VB
public	JJ
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
total	JJ
quantity	NN
or	CC
value	NN
of	IN
the	DT
product	NN
permitted	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
imported	VBN
during	IN
a	DT
specified	JJ
future	JJ
period	NN
and	CC
of	IN
any	DT
change	NN
in	IN
such	JJ
quantity	NN
or	CC
value	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
any	DT
restrictions	NNS
applied	VBN
under	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
above	IN
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
such	JJ
as	IN
will	MD
reduce	VB
the	DT
total	NN
of	IN
imports	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
total	NN
of	IN
domestic	JJ
production	NN
,	,
as	IN
compared	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
proportion	NN
which	WDT
might	MD
reasonably	RB
be	VB
expected	VBN
to	TO
rule	VB
between	IN
the	DT
two	CD
in	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
restrictions	NNS
.	.
In	IN
determining	VBG
this	DT
proportion	NN
,	,
the	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
shall	MD
pay	VB
due	JJ
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
proportion	NN
prevailing	VBG
during	IN
a	DT
previous	JJ
representative	JJ
period	NN
and	CC
to	TO
any	DT
special	JJ
factors	NNS
which	WDT
may	MD
have	VB
affected	VBN
or	CC
may	MD
be	VB
affecting	VBG
the	DT
trade	NN
in	IN
the	DT
product	NN
concerned	VBN
.	.
Notwithstanding	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
paragraph	NN
1	CD
of	IN
Article	NNP
XI	NNP
,	,
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
,	,
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
safeguard	VB
its	PRP$
external	JJ
financial	JJ
position	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
balance	NN
of	IN
payments	NNS
,	,
may	MD
restrict	VB
the	DT
quantity	NN
or	CC
value	NN
of	IN
merchandise	NN
permitted	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
imported	VBN
,	,
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
paragraphs	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
.	.
Due	JJ
regard	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
paid	VBN
in	IN
either	DT
case	NN
to	TO
any	DT
special	JJ
factors	NNS
which	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
affecting	VBG
the	DT
reserves	NNS
of	IN
such	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
or	CC
its	PRP$
need	NN
for	IN
reserves	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
,	,
where	WRB
special	JJ
external	JJ
credits	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
resources	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
to	TO
it	PRP
,	,
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
for	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
credits	NNS
or	CC
resources	NNS
.	.
PARTIES	NNS
determine	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
restrictions	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
applied	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
manner	NN
involving	VBG
an	DT
inconsistency	NN
of	IN
a	DT
serious	JJ
nature	NN
with	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
or	CC
with	IN
those	DT
of	IN
Article	NNP
XIII	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
Article	NNP
XIV	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
that	DT
damage	NN
to	TO
the	DT
trade	NN
of	IN
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
is	VBZ
caused	VBN
or	CC
threatened	VBN
thereby	RB
,	,
they	PRP
shall	MD
so	RB
inform	VB
the	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
applying	VBG
the	DT
restrictions	NNS
and	CC
shall	MD
make	VB
appropriate	JJ
recommendations	NNS
for	IN
securing	VBG
conformity	NN
with	IN
such	JJ
provisions	NNS
within	IN
a	DT
specified	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
.	.
If	IN
such	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
comply	VB
with	IN
these	DT
recommendations	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
specified	JJ
period	NN
,	,
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
may	MD
release	VB
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
the	DT
trade	NN
of	IN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
adversely	RB
affected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
restrictions	NNS
from	IN
such	JJ
obligations	NNS
under	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
towards	IN
the	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
applying	VBG
the	DT
restrictions	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
determine	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
appropriate	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
circumstances	NNS
.	.
No	DT
prohibition	NN
or	CC
restriction	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
applied	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
on	IN
the	DT
importation	NN
of	IN
any	DT
product	NN
of	IN
the	DT
territory	NN
of	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
or	CC
on	IN
the	DT
exportation	NN
of	IN
any	DT
product	NN
destined	VBD
for	IN
the	DT
territory	NN
of	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
,	,
unless	IN
the	DT
importation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
like	JJ
product	NN
of	IN
all	DT
third	JJ
countries	NNS
or	CC
the	DT
exportation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
like	JJ
product	NN
to	TO
all	DT
third	JJ
countries	NNS
is	VBZ
similarly	RB
prohibited	VBN
or	CC
restricted	VBN
.	.
With	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
restrictions	NNS
applied	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
paragraph	NN
2	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
or	CC
under	IN
paragraph	NN
2	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
Article	NNP
XI	NNP
,	,
the	DT
selection	NN
of	IN
a	DT
representative	JJ
period	NN
for	IN
any	DT
product	NN
and	CC
the	DT
appraisal	NN
of	IN
any	DT
special	JJ
factors	NNS
affecting	VBG
the	DT
trade	NN
in	IN
the	DT
product	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
initially	RB
by	IN
the	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
applying	VBG
the	DT
restriction	NN
;	:
Provided	VBN
that	IN
such	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
shall	MD
,	,
upon	IN
the	DT
request	NN
of	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
having	VBG
a	DT
substantial	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
supplying	VBG
that	IN
product	NN
or	CC
upon	IN
the	DT
request	NN
of	IN
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNPS
,	,
consult	VB
promptly	RB
with	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
or	CC
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNP
regarding	VBG
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
an	DT
adjustment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
proportion	NN
determined	VBD
or	CC
of	IN
the	DT
base	NN
period	NN
selected	VBN
,	,
or	CC
for	IN
the	DT
reappraisal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
special	JJ
factors	NNS
involved	VBN
,	,
or	CC
for	IN
the	DT
elimination	NN
of	IN
conditions	NNS
,	,
formalities	NNS
or	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
provisions	NNS
established	VBN
unilaterally	RB
relating	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
allocation	NN
of	IN
an	DT
adequate	JJ
quota	NN
or	CC
its	PRP$
unrestricted	JJ
utilization	NN
.	.
The	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
shall	MD
apply	VB
to	TO
any	DT
tariff	NN
quota	NN
instituted	VBN
or	CC
maintained	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
,	,
and	CC
,	,
in	IN
so	RB
far	RB
as	IN
applicable	JJ
,	,
the	DT
principles	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
shall	MD
also	RB
extend	VB
to	TO
export	VB
restrictions	NNS
.	.
A	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
which	WDT
applies	VBZ
restrictions	NNS
under	IN
Article	NNP
XII	NNP
or	CC
under	IN
Section	NNP
B	NNP
of	IN
Article	NNP
XVIII	NNP
may	MD
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
application	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
restrictions	NNS
,	,
deviate	VBP
from	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
Article	NNP
XIII	NNP
in	IN
a	DT
manner	NN
having	VBG
equivalent	JJ
effect	NN
to	TO
restrictions	NNS
on	IN
payments	NNS
and	CC
transfers	NNS
for	IN
current	JJ
international	JJ
transactions	NNS
which	WDT
that	WDT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
may	MD
at	IN
that	DT
time	NN
apply	VB
under	IN
Article	NNP
VIII	NNP
or	CC
XIV	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Articles	NNPS
of	IN
Agreement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
International	NNP
Monetary	NNP
Fund	NNP
,	,
or	CC
under	IN
analogous	JJ
provisions	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
exchange	NN
agreement	NN
entered	VBD
into	IN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
paragraph	NN
6	CD
of	IN
Article	NNP
XV	NNP
.	.
The	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
Article	NNP
XIII	NNP
shall	MD
not	RB
preclude	VB
a	DT
group	NN
of	IN
territories	NNS
having	VBG
a	DT
common	JJ
quota	NN
in	IN
the	DT
International	NNP
Monetary	NNP
Fund	NNP
from	IN
applying	VBG
against	IN
imports	NNS
from	IN
other	JJ
countries	NNS
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
among	IN
themselves	PRP
,	,
restrictions	NNS
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
Article	NNP
XII	NNP
or	CC
of	IN
Section	NNP
B	NNP
of	IN
Article	NNP
XVIII	NNP
on	IN
condition	NN
that	IN
such	JJ
restrictions	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
all	DT
other	JJ
respects	NNS
consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
Article	NNP
XIII	NNP
.	.
PARTIES	NNS
shall	MD
accept	VB
all	DT
findings	NNS
of	IN
statistical	JJ
and	CC
other	JJ
facts	NNS
presented	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Fund	NNP
relating	VBG
to	TO
foreign	JJ
exchange	NN
,	,
monetary	JJ
reserves	NNS
and	CC
balances	NNS
of	IN
payments	NNS
,	,
and	CC
shall	MD
accept	VB
the	DT
determination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Fund	NNP
as	IN
to	TO
whether	IN
action	NN
by	IN
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
in	IN
exchange	NN
matters	NNS
is	VBZ
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Articles	NNPS
of	IN
Agreement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
International	NNP
Monetary	NNP
Fund	NNP
,	,
or	CC
with	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
exchange	NN
agreement	NN
between	IN
that	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
and	CC
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
.	.
The	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
,	,
in	IN
reaching	VBG
their	PRP$
final	JJ
decision	NN
in	IN
cases	NNS
involving	VBG
the	DT
criteria	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
paragraph	NN
2	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
Article	NNP
XII	NNP
or	CC
in	IN
paragraph	NN
9	CD
of	IN
Article	NNP
XVIII	NNP
,	,
shall	MD
accept	VB
the	DT
determination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Fund	NNP
as	IN
to	TO
what	WP
constitutes	VBZ
a	DT
serious	JJ
decline	NN
in	IN
the	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
's	POS
monetary	JJ
reserves	NNS
,	,
a	DT
very	RB
low	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
monetary	JJ
reserves	NNS
or	CC
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
rate	NN
of	IN
increase	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
monetary	JJ
reserves	NNS
,	,
and	CC
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
financial	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
other	JJ
matters	NNS
covered	VBN
in	IN
consultation	NN
in	IN
such	JJ
cases	NNS
.	.
Contracting	VBG
parties	NNS
shall	MD
not	RB
,	,
by	IN
exchange	NN
action	NN
,	,
frustrate	VB
the	DT
intent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
,	,
nor	CC
,	,
by	IN
trade	NN
action	NN
,	,
the	DT
intent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Articles	NNPS
of	IN
Agreement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
International	NNP
Monetary	NNP
Fund	NNP
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
consider	VBP
,	,
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
,	,
that	IN
exchange	NN
restrictions	NNS
on	IN
payments	NNS
and	CC
transfers	NNS
in	IN
connexion	NN
with	IN
imports	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
applied	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
in	IN
a	DT
manner	NN
inconsistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
exceptions	NNS
provided	VBN
for	IN
in	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
for	IN
quantitative	JJ
restrictions	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
shall	MD
report	VB
thereon	RB
to	TO
the	DT
Fund	NNP
.	.
PARTIES	NNS
in	IN
writing	NN
of	IN
the	DT
extent	NN
and	CC
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
subsidization	NN
,	,
of	IN
the	DT
estimated	JJ
effect	NN
of	IN
the	DT
subsidization	NN
on	IN
the	DT
quantity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
affected	JJ
product	NN
or	CC
products	NNS
imported	VBN
into	IN
or	CC
exported	VBN
from	IN
its	PRP$
territory	NN
and	CC
of	IN
the	DT
circumstances	NNS
making	VBG
the	DT
subsidization	NN
necessary	JJ
.	.
In	IN
any	DT
case	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
is	VBZ
determined	VBN
that	IN
serious	JJ
prejudice	NN
to	TO
the	DT
interests	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
is	VBZ
caused	VBN
or	CC
threatened	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
such	JJ
subsidization	NN
,	,
the	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
granting	VBG
the	DT
subsidy	NN
shall	MD
,	,
upon	IN
request	NN
,	,
discuss	VB
with	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
or	CC
parties	NNS
concerned	VBN
,	,
or	CC
with	IN
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
,	,
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
limiting	VBG
the	DT
subsidization	NN
.	.
The	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
recognize	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
granting	VBG
by	IN
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
of	IN
a	DT
subsidy	NN
on	IN
the	DT
export	NN
of	IN
any	DT
product	NN
may	MD
have	VB
harmful	JJ
effects	NNS
for	IN
other	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
,	,
both	DT
importing	VBG
and	CC
exporting	VBG
,	,
may	MD
cause	VB
undue	JJ
disturbance	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
normal	JJ
commercial	JJ
interests	NNS
,	,
and	CC
may	MD
hinder	VB
the	DT
achievement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
objectives	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
contracting	VBG
parties	NNS
should	MD
seek	VB
to	TO
avoid	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
subsidies	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
export	NN
of	IN
primary	JJ
products	NNS
.	.
If	IN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
grants	NNS
directly	RB
or	CC
indirectly	RB
any	DT
form	NN
of	IN
subsidy	NN
which	WDT
operates	VBZ
to	TO
increase	VB
the	DT
export	NN
of	IN
any	DT
primary	JJ
product	NN
from	IN
its	PRP$
territory	NN
,	,
such	JJ
subsidy	NN
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
applied	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
manner	NN
which	WDT
results	NNS
in	IN
that	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
having	VBG
more	JJR
than	IN
an	DT
equitable	JJ
share	NN
of	IN
world	NN
export	NN
trade	NN
in	IN
that	DT
product	NN
,	,
account	NN
being	VBG
taken	VBN
of	IN
the	DT
shares	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
in	IN
such	JJ
trade	NN
in	IN
the	DT
product	NN
during	IN
a	DT
previous	JJ
representative	JJ
period	NN
,	,
and	CC
any	DT
special	JJ
factors	NNS
which	WDT
may	MD
have	VB
affected	VBN
or	CC
may	MD
be	VB
affecting	VBG
such	JJ
trade	NN
in	IN
the	DT
product	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
as	IN
from	IN
1	CD
January	NNP
1958	CD
or	CC
the	DT
earliest	JJS
practicable	JJ
date	NN
thereafter	RB
,	,
contracting	VBG
parties	NNS
shall	MD
cease	VB
to	TO
grant	VB
either	DT
directly	RB
or	CC
indirectly	RB
any	DT
form	NN
of	IN
subsidy	NN
on	IN
the	DT
export	NN
of	IN
any	DT
product	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
a	DT
primary	JJ
product	NN
which	WDT
subsidy	NN
results	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
product	NN
for	IN
export	NN
at	IN
a	DT
price	NN
lower	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
comparable	JJ
price	NN
charged	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
like	JJ
product	NN
to	TO
buyers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
domestic	JJ
market	NN
.	.
Until	IN
31	CD
December	NNP
1957	CD
no	DT
contracting	NN
party	NN
shall	MD
extend	VB
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
any	DT
such	JJ
subsidization	NN
beyond	IN
that	DT
existing	VBG
on	IN
1	CD
January	NNP
1955	CD
by	IN
the	DT
introduction	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
extension	NN
of	IN
existing	VBG
,	,
subsidies	NNS
.	.
The	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNPS
shall	MD
review	VB
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
from	IN
time	NN
to	TO
time	NN
with	IN
a	DT
view	NN
to	TO
examining	VBG
its	PRP$
effectiveness	NN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
light	NN
of	IN
actual	JJ
experience	NN
,	,
in	IN
promoting	VBG
the	DT
objectives	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
and	CC
avoiding	VBG
subsidization	NN
seriously	RB
prejudicial	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
trade	NN
or	CC
interests	NNS
of	IN
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
.	.
The	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
paragraph	NN
1	CD
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
shall	MD
not	RB
apply	VB
to	TO
imports	NNS
of	IN
products	NNS
for	IN
immediate	JJ
or	CC
ultimate	JJ
consumption	NN
in	IN
governmental	JJ
use	NN
and	CC
not	RB
otherwise	RB
for	IN
resale	NN
or	CC
use	NN
in	IN
the	DT
production	NN
of	IN
goods	NNS
for	IN
sale	NN
.	.
With	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
such	JJ
imports	NNS
,	,
each	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
shall	MD
accord	VB
to	TO
the	DT
trade	NN
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
fair	JJ
and	CC
equitable	JJ
treatment	NN
.	.
The	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
recognize	VBP
that	IN
enterprises	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
kind	NN
described	VBN
in	IN
paragraph	NN
1	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
might	MD
be	VB
operated	VBN
so	RB
as	IN
to	TO
create	VB
serious	JJ
obstacles	NNS
to	TO
trade	VB
;	:
thus	RB
negotiations	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
reciprocal	JJ
and	CC
mutually	RB
advantageous	JJ
basis	NN
designed	VBN
to	TO
limit	VB
or	CC
reduce	VB
such	JJ
obstacles	NNS
are	VBP
of	IN
importance	NN
to	TO
the	DT
expansion	NN
of	IN
international	JJ
trade	NN
.	.
The	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
recognize	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
attainment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
objectives	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
will	MD
be	VB
facilitated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
progressive	JJ
development	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
economies	NNS
,	,
particularly	RB
of	IN
those	DT
contracting	VBG
parties	NNS
the	DT
economies	NNS
of	IN
which	WDT
can	MD
only	RB
support	VB
low	JJ
standards	NNS
of	IN
living	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
early	JJ
stages	NNS
of	IN
development	NN
.	.
The	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
recognize	VBP
further	RBR
that	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
necessary	JJ
for	IN
those	DT
contracting	VBG
parties	NNS
,	,
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
implement	VB
programs	NNS
and	CC
policies	NNS
of	IN
economic	JJ
development	NN
designed	VBN
to	TO
raise	VB
the	DT
general	JJ
standard	NN
of	IN
living	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
people	NNS
,	,
to	TO
take	VB
protective	JJ
or	CC
other	JJ
measures	NNS
affecting	VBG
imports	NNS
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
such	JJ
measures	NNS
are	VBP
justified	JJ
in	IN
so	RB
far	RB
as	IN
they	PRP
facilitate	VBP
the	DT
attainment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
objectives	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
.	.
They	PRP
agree	VBP
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
that	IN
those	DT
contracting	VBG
parties	NNS
should	MD
enjoy	VB
additional	JJ
facilities	NNS
to	TO
enable	VB
them	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
maintain	VB
sufficient	JJ
flexibility	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
tariff	NN
structure	NN
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
grant	VB
the	DT
tariff	NN
protection	NN
required	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
establishment	NN
of	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
industry	NN
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
apply	VB
quantitative	JJ
restrictions	NNS
for	IN
balance	NN
of	IN
payments	NNS
purposes	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
manner	NN
which	WDT
takes	VBZ
full	JJ
account	NN
of	IN
the	DT
continued	VBN
high	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
demand	NN
for	IN
imports	NNS
likely	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
generated	VBN
by	IN
their	PRP$
programs	NNS
of	IN
economic	JJ
development	NN
.	.
The	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
recognize	VBP
finally	RB
that	IN
,	,
with	IN
those	DT
additional	JJ
facilities	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
provided	VBN
for	IN
in	IN
Sections	NNS
A	DT
and	CC
B	NNP
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
,	,
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
would	MD
normally	RB
be	VB
sufficient	JJ
to	TO
enable	VB
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
economic	JJ
development	NN
.	.
They	PRP
agree	VBP
,	,
however	RB
,	,
that	IN
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
circumstances	NNS
where	WRB
no	DT
measure	NN
consistent	JJ
with	IN
those	DT
provisions	NNS
is	VBZ
practicable	JJ
to	TO
permit	VB
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
in	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
economic	JJ
development	NN
to	TO
grant	VB
the	DT
governmental	JJ
assistance	NN
required	VBN
to	TO
promote	VB
the	DT
establishment	NN
of	IN
particular	JJ
industries	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
view	NN
to	TO
raising	VBG
the	DT
general	JJ
standard	NN
of	IN
living	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
people	NNS
.	.
Special	JJ
procedures	NNS
are	VBP
laid	VBN
down	RP
in	IN
Sections	NNS
C	NNP
and	CC
D	NNP
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
those	DT
cases	NNS
.	.
The	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
recognize	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
export	NN
earnings	NNS
of	IN
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
,	,
the	DT
economies	NNS
of	IN
which	WDT
are	VBP
of	IN
the	DT
type	NN
described	VBN
in	IN
paragraph	NN
4	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
above	IN
and	CC
which	WDT
depend	VBP
on	IN
exports	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
small	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
primary	JJ
commodities	NNS
,	,
may	MD
be	VB
seriously	RB
reduced	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
decline	NN
in	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
commodities	NNS
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
when	WRB
the	DT
exports	NNS
of	IN
primary	JJ
commodities	NNS
by	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
are	VBP
seriously	RB
affected	VBN
by	IN
measures	NNS
taken	VBN
by	IN
another	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
resort	NN
to	TO
the	DT
consultation	NN
provisions	NNS
of	IN
Article	NNP
XXII	NNP
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
.	.
PARTIES	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
find	VB
that	IN
the	DT
compensation	NN
offered	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
proposing	VBG
to	TO
modify	VB
or	CC
withdraw	VB
the	DT
concession	NN
is	VBZ
adequate	JJ
,	,
but	CC
find	VBP
that	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
made	VBN
every	DT
reasonable	JJ
effort	NN
to	TO
offer	VB
adequate	JJ
compensation	NN
,	,
that	IN
contracting	VBG
party	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
free	JJ
to	TO
proceed	VB
with	IN
such	JJ
modification	NN
or	CC
withdrawal	NN
.	.
If	IN
such	JJ
action	NN
is	VBZ
taken	VBN
,	,
any	DT
other	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
referred	VBD
to	TO
in	IN
sub-paragraph	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
above	IN
shall	MD
be	VB
free	JJ
to	TO
modify	VB
or	CC
withdraw	VB
substantially	RB
equivalent	JJ
concessions	NNS
initially	RB
negotiated	VBD
with	IN
the	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
which	WDT
has	VBZ
taken	VBN
the	DT
action	NN
.	.
The	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
recognize	VBP
that	IN
contracting	VBG
parties	NNS
coming	VBG
within	IN
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
paragraph	NN
4	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
tend	VB
,	,
when	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
in	IN
rapid	JJ
process	NN
of	IN
development	NN
,	,
to	TO
experience	VB
balance	NN
of	IN
payments	NNS
difficulties	NNS
arising	VBG
mainly	RB
from	IN
efforts	NNS
to	TO
expand	VB
their	PRP$
internal	JJ
markets	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
from	IN
the	DT
instability	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
terms	NNS
of	IN
trade	NN
.	.
In	IN
applying	VBG
these	DT
restrictions	NNS
,	,
the	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
may	MD
determine	VB
their	PRP$
incidence	NN
on	IN
imports	NNS
of	IN
different	JJ
products	NNS
or	CC
classes	NNS
of	IN
products	NNS
in	IN
such	JJ
a	DT
way	NN
as	IN
to	TO
give	VB
priority	NN
to	TO
the	DT
importation	NN
of	IN
those	DT
products	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
more	RBR
essential	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
light	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
policy	NN
of	IN
economic	JJ
development	NN
;	:
Provided	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
restrictions	NNS
are	VBP
so	RB
applied	VBN
as	IN
to	TO
avoid	VB
unnecessary	JJ
damage	NN
to	TO
the	DT
commercial	JJ
or	CC
economic	JJ
interests	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
and	CC
not	RB
to	TO
prevent	VB
unreasonably	RB
the	DT
importation	NN
of	IN
any	DT
description	NN
of	IN
goods	NNS
in	IN
minimum	JJ
commercial	JJ
quantities	NNS
the	DT
exclusion	NN
of	IN
which	WDT
would	MD
impair	VB
regular	JJ
channels	NNS
of	IN
trade	NN
;	:
and	CC
Provided	VBN
further	RBR
that	IN
the	DT
restrictions	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
so	RB
applied	VBN
as	IN
to	TO
prevent	VB
the	DT
importation	NN
of	IN
commercial	JJ
samples	NNS
or	CC
to	TO
prevent	VB
compliance	NN
with	IN
patent	NN
,	,
trade	NN
mark	NN
,	,
copyright	NN
or	CC
similar	JJ
procedures	NNS
.	.
In	IN
carrying	VBG
out	RP
its	PRP$
domestic	JJ
policies	NNS
,	,
the	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
concerned	JJ
shall	MD
pay	VB
due	JJ
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
restoring	VBG
equilibrium	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
balance	NN
of	IN
payments	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
sound	NN
and	CC
lasting	JJ
basis	NN
and	CC
to	TO
the	DT
desirability	NN
of	IN
assuring	VBG
an	DT
economic	JJ
employment	NN
of	IN
productive	JJ
resources	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
shall	MD
progressively	RB
relax	VB
any	DT
restrictions	NNS
applied	VBN
under	IN
this	DT
Section	NN
as	IN
conditions	NNS
improve	VBP
,	,
maintaining	VBG
them	PRP
only	RB
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
necessary	JJ
under	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
paragraph	NN
9	CD
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
and	CC
shall	MD
eliminate	VB
them	PRP
when	WRB
conditions	NNS
no	RB
longer	RB
justify	VB
such	JJ
maintenance	NN
;	:
Provided	VBN
that	IN
no	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
withdraw	VB
or	CC
modify	VB
restrictions	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
ground	NN
that	IN
a	DT
change	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
development	NN
policy	NN
would	MD
render	VB
unnecessary	JJ
the	DT
restrictions	NNS
which	WDT
it	PRP
is	VBZ
applying	VBG
under	IN
this	DT
Section	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
coming	VBG
within	IN
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
paragraph	NN
4	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
finds	VBZ
that	IN
governmental	JJ
assistance	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
promote	VB
the	DT
establishment	NN
of	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
industry	NN
with	IN
a	DT
view	NN
to	TO
raising	VBG
the	DT
general	JJ
standard	NN
of	IN
living	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
people	NNS
,	,
but	CC
that	IN
no	DT
measure	NN
consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
is	VBZ
practicable	JJ
to	TO
achieve	VB
that	DT
objective	NN
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
recourse	NN
to	TO
the	DT
provisions	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
set	VBN
out	RP
in	IN
this	DT
Section	NN
.	.
CONTRACTING	NN
PARTIES	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
request	VB
the	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
concerned	VBN
to	TO
consult	VB
with	IN
them	PRP
,	,
that	IN
contracting	VBG
party	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
free	JJ
to	TO
deviate	VB
from	IN
the	DT
relevant	JJ
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
Articles	NNPS
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
apply	VB
the	DT
proposed	VBN
measure	NN
.	.
If	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
requested	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
,	,
the	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
concerned	JJ
shall	MD
consult	VB
with	IN
them	PRP
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
measure	NN
,	,
as	IN
to	TO
alternative	JJ
measures	NNS
which	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
under	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
,	,
and	CC
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
possible	JJ
effect	NN
of	IN
the	DT
measure	NN
proposed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
commercial	JJ
and	CC
economic	JJ
interests	NNS
of	IN
other	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
.	.
If	IN
,	,
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
consultation	NN
,	,
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNPS
agree	VBP
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
measure	NN
consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
practicable	JJ
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
achieve	VB
the	DT
objective	JJ
outlined	VBN
in	IN
paragraph	NN
13	CD
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
,	,
and	CC
concur	VB
in	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
measure	NN
,	,
the	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
concerned	JJ
shall	MD
be	VB
released	VBN
from	IN
its	PRP$
obligations	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
relevant	JJ
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
Articles	NNPS
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
apply	VB
that	DT
measure	NN
.	.
The	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
having	VBG
recourse	NN
to	TO
this	DT
Section	NN
shall	MD
thereupon	RB
be	VB
released	VBN
from	IN
its	PRP$
obligations	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
relevant	JJ
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
Articles	NNPS
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
permit	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
apply	VB
the	DT
measure	NN
.	.
Article	NNP
concerns	VBZ
an	DT
industry	NN
the	DT
establishment	NN
of	IN
which	WDT
has	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
initial	JJ
period	NN
been	VBN
facilitated	VBN
by	IN
incidental	JJ
protection	NN
afforded	VBN
by	IN
restrictions	NNS
imposed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
concerned	VBN
for	IN
balance	NN
of	IN
payments	NNS
purposes	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
relevant	JJ
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
,	,
that	IN
contracting	VBG
party	NN
may	MD
resort	VB
to	TO
the	DT
provisions	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Section	NN
;	:
Provided	VBN
that	IN
it	PRP
shall	MD
not	RB
apply	VB
the	DT
proposed	VBN
measure	NN
without	IN
the	DT
concurrence	NN
of	IN
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
.	.
Nothing	NN
in	IN
the	DT
preceding	VBG
paragraphs	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Section	NN
shall	MD
authorize	VB
any	DT
deviation	NN
from	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
Articles	NNPS
I	PRP
,	,
II	NNP
and	CC
XIII	NNP
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
.	.
The	DT
provisos	NNS
to	TO
paragraph	NN
10	CD
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
shall	MD
also	RB
be	VB
applicable	JJ
to	TO
any	DT
restriction	NN
under	IN
this	DT
Section	NN
.	.
At	IN
any	DT
time	NN
while	IN
a	DT
measure	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
applied	VBN
under	IN
paragraph	NN
17	CD
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NNP
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
substantially	RB
affected	VBN
by	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
suspend	VB
the	DT
application	NN
to	TO
the	DT
trade	NN
of	IN
the	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
having	VBG
recourse	NN
to	TO
this	DT
Section	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
substantially	RB
equivalent	JJ
concessions	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
obligations	NNS
under	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
the	DT
suspension	NN
of	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
disapprove	VB
;	:
Provided	VBN
that	IN
sixty	CD
days	NNS
'	POS
notice	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
suspension	NN
is	VBZ
given	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNP
not	RB
later	RB
than	IN
six	CD
months	NNS
after	IN
the	DT
measure	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
introduced	VBN
or	CC
changed	VBN
substantially	RB
to	TO
the	DT
detriment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
affected	VBN
.	.
Any	DT
such	JJ
contracting	NN
party	NN
shall	MD
afford	VB
adequate	JJ
opportunity	NN
for	IN
consultation	NN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
Article	NNP
XXII	NNP
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
.	.
A	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
coming	VBG
within	IN
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
sub-paragraph	JJ
4	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
desiring	VBG
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
interest	NN
of	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
economy	NN
,	,
to	TO
introduce	VB
a	DT
measure	NN
of	IN
the	DT
type	NN
described	VBN
in	IN
paragraph	NN
13	CD
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
in	IN
respect	NN
of	IN
the	DT
establishment	NN
of	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
industry	NN
may	MD
apply	VB
to	TO
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNP
for	IN
approval	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
measure	NN
.	.
The	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNPS
shall	MD
promptly	RB
consult	VB
with	IN
such	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
and	CC
shall	MD
,	,
in	IN
making	VBG
their	PRP$
decision	NN
,	,
be	VB
guided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
considerations	NNS
set	VBN
out	RP
in	IN
paragraph	NN
16	CD
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
concur	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
measure	NN
the	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
concerned	JJ
shall	MD
be	VB
released	VBN
from	IN
its	PRP$
obligations	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
relevant	JJ
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
Articles	NNPS
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
permit	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
apply	VB
the	DT
measure	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
measure	NN
affects	VBZ
a	DT
product	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
the	DT
subject	NN
of	IN
a	DT
concession	NN
included	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
Schedule	NN
annexed	VBD
to	TO
this	DT
Agreement	NN
,	,
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
paragraph	NN
18	CD
shall	MD
apply	VB
.	.
Before	IN
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
shall	MD
take	VB
action	NN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
paragraph	NN
1	CD
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
,	,
it	PRP
shall	MD
give	VB
notice	NN
in	IN
writing	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNPS
as	IN
far	RB
in	IN
advance	NN
as	IN
may	MD
be	VB
practicable	JJ
and	CC
shall	MD
afford	VB
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNPS
and	CC
those	DT
contracting	VBG
parties	NNS
having	VBG
a	DT
substantial	JJ
interest	NN
as	IN
exporters	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
product	NN
concerned	VBN
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
consult	VB
with	IN
it	PRP
in	IN
respect	NN
of	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
action	NN
.	.
When	WRB
such	JJ
notice	NN
is	VBZ
given	VBN
in	IN
relation	NN
to	TO
a	DT
concession	NN
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
a	DT
preference	NN
,	,
the	DT
notice	NN
shall	MD
name	VB
the	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
which	WDT
has	VBZ
requested	VBN
the	DT
action	NN
.	.
In	IN
critical	JJ
circumstances	NNS
,	,
where	WRB
delay	NN
would	MD
cause	VB
damage	NN
which	WDT
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
repair	VB
,	,
action	NN
under	IN
paragraph	NN
1	CD
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
may	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
provisionally	RB
without	IN
prior	RB
consultation	NN
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
condition	NN
that	WDT
consultation	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
effected	VBN
immediately	RB
after	IN
taking	VBG
such	JJ
action	NN
.	.
Each	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
shall	MD
accord	VB
sympathetic	JJ
consideration	NN
to	TO
,	,
and	CC
shall	MD
afford	VB
adequate	JJ
opportunity	NN
for	IN
consultation	NN
regarding	VBG
,	,
such	JJ
representations	NNS
as	IN
may	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
by	IN
another	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
any	DT
matter	NN
affecting	VBG
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
.	.
Economic	NNP
and	CC
Social	NNP
Council	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
Nations	NNPS
and	CC
with	IN
any	DT
appropriate	JJ
inter-governmental	JJ
organization	NN
in	IN
cases	NNS
where	WRB
they	PRP
consider	VBP
such	JJ
consultation	NN
necessary	JJ
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
consider	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
circumstances	NNS
are	VBP
serious	JJ
enough	RB
to	TO
justify	VB
such	JJ
action	NN
,	,
they	PRP
may	MD
authorize	VB
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
or	CC
parties	NNS
to	TO
suspend	VB
the	DT
application	NN
to	TO
any	DT
other	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
or	CC
parties	NNS
of	IN
such	JJ
concessions	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
obligations	NNS
under	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
determine	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
appropriate	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
circumstances	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
application	NN
to	TO
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
of	IN
any	DT
concession	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
obligation	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
fact	NN
suspended	VBN
,	,
that	IN
contracting	VBG
party	NN
shall	MD
then	RB
be	VB
free	JJ
,	,
not	RB
later	RB
than	IN
sixty	CD
days	NNS
after	IN
such	JJ
action	NN
is	VBZ
taken	VBN
,	,
to	TO
give	VB
written	VBN
notice	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Executive	NNP
Secretary	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
of	IN
its	PRP$
intention	NN
to	TO
withdraw	VB
from	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
and	CC
such	JJ
withdrawal	NN
shall	MD
take	VB
effect	NN
upon	IN
the	DT
sixtieth	JJ
day	NN
following	VBG
the	DT
day	NN
on	IN
which	WDT
such	JJ
notice	NN
is	VBZ
received	VBN
by	IN
him	PRP
.	.
The	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
shalt	NN
apply	VB
to	TO
the	DT
metropolitan	JJ
customs	NNS
territories	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
any	DT
other	JJ
customs	NNS
territories	NNS
in	IN
respect	NN
of	IN
which	WDT
this	DT
Agreement	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
accepted	VBN
under	IN
Article	NNP
XXVI	NNP
or	CC
is	VBZ
being	VBG
applied	VBN
under	IN
Article	NNP
XXXIII	NNP
or	CC
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Protocol	NNP
of	IN
Provisional	NNP
Application	NNP
.	.
Each	DT
such	JJ
customs	NNS
territory	NN
shall	MD
,	,
exclusively	RB
for	IN
the	DT
purposes	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
territorial	JJ
application	NN
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
,	,
be	VB
treated	VBN
as	IN
though	IN
it	PRP
were	VBD
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
;	:
Provided	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
paragraph	NN
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
construed	VBN
to	TO
create	VB
any	DT
rights	NNS
or	CC
obligations	NNS
as	IN
between	IN
two	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
customs	NNS
territories	NNS
in	IN
respect	NN
of	IN
which	WDT
this	DT
Agreement	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
accepted	VBN
under	IN
Article	NNP
XXVI	NNP
or	CC
is	VBZ
being	VBG
applied	VBN
under	IN
Article	NNP
XXXIII	NNP
or	CC
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Protocol	NNP
of	IN
Provisional	NNP
Application	NNP
by	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
contracting	NN
party	NN
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
purposes	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
a	DT
customs	NNS
territory	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
understood	VBN
to	TO
mean	VB
any	DT
territory	NN
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
separate	JJ
tariffs	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
regulations	NNS
of	IN
commerce	NN
are	VBP
maintained	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
substantial	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
trade	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
territory	NN
with	IN
other	JJ
territories	NNS
.	.
The	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
recognize	VBP
the	DT
desirability	NN
of	IN
increasing	VBG
freedom	NN
of	IN
trade	NN
by	IN
the	DT
development	NN
,	,
through	IN
voluntary	JJ
agreements	NNS
,	,
of	IN
closer	JJR
integration	NN
between	IN
the	DT
economies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
countries	NNS
parties	NNS
to	TO
such	JJ
agreements	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
recognize	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
a	DT
customs	NNS
union	NN
or	CC
of	IN
a	DT
free-trade	JJ
area	NN
should	MD
be	VB
to	TO
facilitate	VB
trade	NN
between	IN
the	DT
constituent	JJ
territories	NNS
and	CC
not	RB
to	TO
raise	VB
barriers	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
trade	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
with	IN
such	JJ
territories	NNS
.	.
If	IN
,	,
in	IN
fulfilling	VBG
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
sub-paragraph	JJ
5	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
proposes	VBZ
to	TO
increase	VB
any	DT
rate	NN
of	IN
duty	NN
inconsistently	RB
with	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
Article	NNP
II	NNP
,	,
the	DT
procedure	NN
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
Article	NNP
XXVIII	NNP
shall	MD
apply	VB
.	.
In	IN
providing	VBG
for	IN
compensatory	JJ
adjustment	NN
,	,
due	JJ
account	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
of	IN
the	DT
compensation	NN
already	RB
afforded	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
reductions	NNS
brought	VBD
about	RB
in	IN
the	DT
corresponding	JJ
duty	NN
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
constituents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
union	NN
.	.
Taking	VBG
into	IN
account	NN
the	DT
exceptional	JJ
circumstances	NNS
arising	VBG
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
establishment	NN
of	IN
India	NNP
and	CC
Pakistan	NNP
as	IN
independent	JJ
States	NNPS
and	CC
recognizing	VBG
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
long	RB
constituted	VBN
an	DT
economic	JJ
unit	NN
,	,
the	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
agree	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
shall	MD
not	RB
prevent	VB
the	DT
two	CD
countries	NNS
from	IN
entering	VBG
into	IN
special	JJ
arrangements	NNS
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
the	DT
trade	NN
between	IN
them	PRP
,	,
pending	VBG
the	DT
establishment	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
mutual	JJ
trade	NN
relations	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
definitive	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
Each	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
shall	MD
take	VB
such	JJ
reasonable	JJ
measures	NNS
as	IN
may	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
to	TO
it	PRP
to	TO
ensure	VB
observance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
by	IN
the	DT
regional	JJ
and	CC
local	JJ
governments	NNS
and	CC
authorities	NNS
within	IN
its	PRP$
territory	NN
.	.
Agreement	NN
,	,
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
may	MD
waive	VB
an	DT
obligation	NN
imposed	VBN
upon	IN
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
by	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
;	:
Provided	VBN
that	IN
any	DT
such	JJ
decision	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
approved	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
two-thirds	NNS
majority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
votes	NNS
cast	VBD
and	CC
that	IN
such	JJ
majority	NN
shall	MD
comprise	VB
more	JJR
than	IN
half	NN
of	IN
the	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
government	NN
accepting	VBG
this	DT
Agreement	NN
shall	MD
deposit	VB
an	DT
instrument	NN
of	IN
acceptance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Executive	NNP
Secretary	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
,	,
who	WP
will	MD
inform	VB
all	DT
interested	JJ
governments	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
deposit	NN
of	IN
each	DT
instrument	NN
of	IN
acceptance	NN
and	CC
of	IN
the	DT
day	NN
on	IN
which	WDT
this	DT
Agreement	NN
enters	VBZ
into	IN
force	NN
under	IN
paragraph	NN
6	CD
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
.	.
This	DT
Agreement	NN
shall	MD
enter	VB
into	IN
force	NN
,	,
as	IN
among	IN
the	DT
governments	NNS
which	WDT
have	VBP
accepted	VBN
it	PRP
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
thirtieth	JJ
day	NN
following	VBG
the	DT
day	NN
on	IN
which	WDT
instruments	NNS
of	IN
acceptance	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
deposited	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
Executive	NNP
Secretary	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
governments	NNS
named	VBN
in	IN
Annex	NNP
H	NNP
,	,
the	DT
territories	NNS
of	IN
which	WDT
account	NN
for	IN
85	CD
per	IN
centum	NN
of	IN
the	DT
total	JJ
external	JJ
trade	NN
of	IN
the	DT
territories	NNS
of	IN
such	JJ
governments	NNS
,	,
computed	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
applicable	JJ
column	NN
of	IN
percentages	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
therein	RB
.	.
Any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
shall	MD
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
be	VB
free	JJ
to	TO
withhold	VB
or	CC
to	TO
withdraw	VB
in	IN
whole	JJ
or	CC
in	IN
part	NN
any	DT
concession	NN
,	,
provided	VBN
for	IN
in	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
Schedule	NN
annexed	VBD
to	TO
this	DT
Agreement	NN
,	,
in	IN
respect	NN
of	IN
which	WDT
such	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
determines	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
initially	RB
negotiated	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
government	NN
which	WDT
has	VBZ
not	RB
become	VB
,	,
or	CC
has	VBZ
ceased	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
,	,
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
.	.
A	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
taking	VBG
such	JJ
action	NN
shall	MD
notify	VB
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNPS
and	CC
,	,
upon	IN
request	NN
,	,
consult	VB
with	IN
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
which	WDT
have	VBP
a	DT
substantial	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
product	NN
concerned	VBN
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
each	DT
three-year	JJ
period	NN
,	,
the	DT
first	JJ
period	NN
beginning	VBG
on	IN
1	CD
January	NNP
1958	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
on	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
period	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
specified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
by	IN
two-thirds	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
votes	NNS
cast	VBD
-RRB-	-RRB-
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
hereafter	NN
in	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
referred	VBD
to	TO
as	IN
the	DT
``	``
applicant	NN
contracting	VBG
party	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
may	MD
,	,
by	IN
negotiation	NN
and	CC
agreement	NN
with	IN
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
such	JJ
concession	NN
was	VBD
initially	RB
negotiated	VBN
and	CC
with	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
determined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
principal	JJ
supplying	VBG
interest	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
two	CD
preceding	VBG
categories	NNS
of	IN
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
,	,
together	RB
with	IN
the	DT
applicant	NN
contracting	VBG
party	NN
,	,
are	VBP
in	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
hereinafter	NN
referred	VBD
to	TO
as	IN
the	DT
``	``
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
primarily	RB
concerned	VBN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
subject	JJ
to	TO
consultation	NN
with	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
determined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
substantial	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
such	JJ
concession	NN
,	,
modify	VBP
or	CC
withdraw	VBP
a	DT
concession	NN
included	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
Schedule	NN
annexed	VBD
to	TO
this	DT
Agreement	NN
.	.
In	IN
such	JJ
negotiations	NNS
and	CC
agreement	NN
,	,
which	WDT
may	MD
include	VB
provision	NN
for	IN
compensatory	JJ
adjustment	NN
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
other	JJ
products	NNS
,	,
the	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
concerned	VBN
shall	MD
endeavor	VB
to	TO
maintain	VB
a	DT
general	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
reciprocal	JJ
and	CC
mutually	RB
advantageous	JJ
concessions	NNS
not	RB
less	RBR
favourable	JJ
to	TO
trade	VB
than	IN
that	DT
provided	VBN
for	IN
in	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
such	JJ
negotiations	NNS
.	.
PARTIES	NNS
to	TO
reserve	VB
the	DT
right	NN
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
duration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
period	NN
,	,
to	TO
modify	VB
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
Schedule	NNP
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
procedures	NNS
of	IN
paragraphs	NNS
1	CD
to	TO
3	CD
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
so	RB
elects	VBZ
,	,
other	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
shall	MD
have	VB
the	DT
right	NN
,	,
during	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
period	NN
,	,
to	TO
modify	VB
or	CC
withdraw	VB
,	,
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
procedures	NNS
,	,
concessions	NNS
initially	RB
negotiated	VBD
with	IN
that	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
.	.
The	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
recognize	VBP
that	IN
customs	NNS
duties	NNS
often	RB
constitute	VBP
serious	JJ
obstacles	NNS
to	TO
trade	VB
;	:
thus	RB
negotiations	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
reciprocal	JJ
and	CC
mutually	RB
advantageous	JJ
basis	NN
,	,
directed	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
substantial	JJ
reduction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
tariffs	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
charges	NNS
on	IN
imports	NNS
and	CC
exports	NNS
and	CC
in	IN
particular	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
reduction	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
high	JJ
tariffs	NNS
as	IN
discourage	VBP
the	DT
importation	NN
even	RB
of	IN
minimum	JJ
quantities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
conducted	VBN
with	IN
due	JJ
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
objectives	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
and	CC
the	DT
varying	VBG
needs	NNS
of	IN
individual	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
of	IN
great	JJ
importance	NN
to	TO
the	DT
expansion	NN
of	IN
international	JJ
trade	NN
.	.
The	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTES	NNP
may	MD
therefore	RB
sponsor	VB
such	JJ
negotiations	NNS
from	IN
time	NN
to	TO
time	NN
.	.
The	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
undertake	VBP
to	TO
observe	VB
to	TO
the	DT
fullest	JJS
extent	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
executive	NN
authority	NN
the	DT
general	JJ
principles	NNS
of	IN
Chapters	NNS
I	PRP
to	TO
VI	NNP
inclusive	JJ
and	CC
of	IN
Chapter	NN
IX	CD
of	IN
the	DT
Havana	NNP
Charter	NNP
pending	VBG
their	PRP$
acceptance	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
their	PRP$
constitutional	JJ
procedures	NNS
.	.
Pending	VBG
such	JJ
agreement	NN
,	,
Part	NNP
II	NNP
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
shall	MD
again	RB
enter	VB
into	IN
force	NN
;	:
Provided	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
Part	NNP
II	NNP
other	JJ
than	IN
Article	NNP
XXIII	NNP
shall	MD
be	VB
replaced	VBN
,	,
mutatis	JJ
mutandis	NNS
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
then	RB
appeared	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
Havana	NNP
Charter	NNP
;	:
and	CC
Provided	VBN
further	RBR
that	IN
no	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
bound	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
provisions	NNS
which	WDT
did	VBD
not	RB
bind	NN
it	PRP
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
when	WRB
the	DT
Havana	NNP
Charter	NNP
ceased	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
in	IN
force	NN
.	.
If	IN
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
accepted	VBN
the	DT
Havana	NNP
Charter	NNP
by	IN
the	DT
date	NN
upon	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
enters	VBZ
into	IN
force	NN
,	,
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNPS
shall	MD
confer	VB
to	TO
agree	VB
whether	IN
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
so	RB
in	IN
what	WP
way	NN
,	,
this	DT
Agreement	NN
in	IN
so	RB
far	RB
as	IN
it	PRP
affects	VBZ
relations	NNS
between	IN
such	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
,	,
shall	MD
be	VB
supplemented	VBN
or	CC
amended	VBN
.	.
Pending	VBG
such	JJ
agreement	NN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
Part	NNP
Il	NNP
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
shall	MD
,	,
notwithstanding	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
paragraph	NN
2	CD
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
,	,
continue	VBP
to	TO
apply	VB
as	IN
between	IN
such	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
.	.
Organization	NNP
shall	MD
not	RB
invoke	VB
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
so	RB
as	IN
to	TO
prevent	VB
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
any	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Havana	NNP
Charter	NNP
.	.
The	DT
application	NN
of	IN
the	DT
principle	NN
underlying	VBG
this	DT
paragraph	NN
to	TO
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
Member	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
International	NNP
Trade	NNP
Organization	NNP
shall	MD
be	VB
the	DT
subject	NN
of	IN
an	DT
agreement	NN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
paragraph	NN
5	CD
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
.	.
Agreement	NN
,	,
amendments	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
Part	NN
I	PRP
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
or	CC
to	TO
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
Article	NNP
XXIX	NNP
or	CC
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
shall	MD
become	VB
effective	JJ
upon	IN
acceptance	NN
by	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
amendments	NNS
to	TO
this	DT
Agreement	NN
shall	MD
become	VB
effective	JJ
,	,
in	IN
respect	NN
of	IN
those	DT
contracting	VBG
parties	NNS
which	WDT
accept	VBP
them	PRP
,	,
upon	IN
acceptance	NN
by	IN
two-thirds	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
and	CC
thereafter	RB
for	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
upon	IN
acceptance	NN
by	IN
it	PRP
.	.
Article	NNP
XXIII	NNP
or	CC
of	IN
paragraph	NN
2	CD
of	IN
Article	NNP
XXX	NNP
,	,
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
may	MD
withdraw	VB
from	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
,	,
or	CC
may	MD
separately	RB
withdraw	VB
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
separate	JJ
customs	NNS
territories	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
has	VBZ
international	JJ
responsibility	NN
and	CC
which	WDT
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
possesses	VBZ
full	JJ
autonomy	NN
in	IN
the	DT
conduct	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
external	JJ
commercial	JJ
relations	NNS
and	CC
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
matters	NNS
provided	VBN
for	IN
in	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
.	.
The	DT
withdrawal	NN
shall	MD
take	VB
effect	NN
upon	IN
the	DT
expiration	NN
of	IN
six	CD
months	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
day	NN
on	IN
which	WDT
written	VBN
notice	NN
of	IN
withdrawal	NN
is	VBZ
received	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Secretary-General	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
Nations	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
to	TO
this	DT
Agreement	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
understood	VBN
to	TO
mean	VB
those	DT
governments	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
applying	VBG
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
under	IN
Articles	NNPS
XXVI	NNP
or	CC
XXXIII	NNP
or	CC
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Protocol	NNP
of	IN
Provisional	NNP
Application	NNP
.	.
At	IN
any	DT
time	NN
after	IN
the	DT
entry	NN
into	IN
force	NN
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
paragraph	NN
6	CD
of	IN
Article	NNP
XXVI	NNP
,	,
those	DT
contracting	VBG
parties	NNS
which	WDT
have	VBP
accepted	VBN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
paragraph	NN
4	CD
of	IN
Article	NNP
XXVI	NNP
may	MD
decide	VB
that	IN
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
which	WDT
has	VBZ
not	RB
so	RB
accepted	VBN
it	PRP
shall	MD
cease	VB
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
need	NN
for	IN
positive	JJ
efforts	NNS
designed	VBN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
less	JJR
-	:
developed	VBD
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
secure	VBP
a	DT
share	NN
in	IN
the	DT
growth	NN
in	IN
international	JJ
trade	NN
commensurate	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
economic	JJ
development	NN
.	.
Given	VBN
the	DT
continued	VBN
dependence	NN
of	IN
many	JJ
less-developed	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
exportation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
limited	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
primary	JJ
products	NNS
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
need	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
in	IN
the	DT
largest	JJS
possible	JJ
measure	NN
more	RBR
favourable	JJ
and	CC
acceptable	JJ
conditions	NNS
of	IN
access	NN
to	TO
world	NN
markets	NNS
for	IN
these	DT
products	NNS
,	,
and	CC
wherever	WRB
appropriate	JJ
to	TO
devise	VB
measures	NNS
designed	VBN
to	TO
stabilize	VB
and	CC
improve	VB
conditions	NNS
of	IN
world	NN
markets	NNS
in	IN
these	DT
products	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
in	IN
particular	JJ
measures	NNS
designed	VBN
to	TO
attain	VB
stable	JJ
,	,
equitable	JJ
and	CC
remunerative	JJ
prices	NNS
,	,
thus	RB
permitting	VBG
an	DT
expansion	NN
of	IN
world	NN
trade	NN
and	CC
demand	NN
and	CC
a	DT
dynamic	JJ
and	CC
steady	JJ
growth	NN
of	IN
the	DT
real	JJ
export	NN
earnings	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
countries	NNS
so	RB
as	IN
to	TO
provide	VB
them	PRP
with	IN
expanding	VBG
resources	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
economic	JJ
development	NN
.	.
The	DT
rapid	JJ
expansion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
economies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
less-developed	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
facilitated	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
diversification	NN
of	IN
the	DT
structure	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
economies	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
avoidance	NN
of	IN
an	DT
excessive	JJ
dependence	NN
on	IN
the	DT
export	NN
of	IN
primary	JJ
products	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
need	VBP
for	IN
increased	JJ
access	NN
in	IN
the	DT
largest	JJS
possible	JJ
measure	NN
to	TO
markets	NNS
under	IN
favourable	JJ
conditions	NNS
for	IN
processed	VBN
and	CC
manufactured	VBN
products	NNS
currently	RB
or	CC
potentially	RB
of	IN
particular	JJ
export	NN
interest	NN
to	TO
less-developed	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
chronic	NN
deficiency	NN
in	IN
the	DT
export	NN
proceeds	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
foreign	JJ
exchange	NN
earnings	NNS
of	IN
less-developed	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
important	JJ
inter-relationships	NNS
between	IN
trade	NN
and	CC
financial	JJ
assistance	NN
to	TO
development	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
need	VBP
for	IN
close	RB
and	CC
continuing	VBG
collaboration	NN
between	IN
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNPS
and	CC
the	DT
international	JJ
lending	NN
agencies	NNS
so	IN
that	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
contribute	VB
most	RBS
effectively	RB
to	TO
alleviating	VBG
the	DT
burdens	NNS
these	DT
less-developed	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
assume	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
interest	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
economic	JJ
development	NN
.	.
The	DT
developed	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
expect	VB
reciprocity	NN
for	IN
commitments	NNS
made	VBN
by	IN
them	PRP
in	IN
trade	NN
negotiations	NNS
to	TO
reduce	VB
or	CC
remove	VB
tariffs	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
barriers	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
trade	NN
of	IN
less-developed	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
.	.
Less-developed	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
agree	VBP
to	TO
take	VB
appropriate	JJ
action	NN
in	IN
implementation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
Part	NNP
IV	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
benefit	NN
of	IN
the	DT
trade	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
less-developed	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
,	,
in	IN
so	RB
far	RB
as	IN
such	JJ
action	NN
is	VBZ
consistent	JJ
with	IN
their	PRP$
individual	JJ
present	JJ
and	CC
future	JJ
development	NN
,	,
financial	JJ
and	CC
trade	NN
needs	NNS
taking	VBG
into	IN
account	NN
past	JJ
trade	NN
developments	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
trade	NN
interests	NNS
of	IN
less-developed	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
whole	NN
.	.
Certain	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
territories	NNS
listed	VBN
above	IN
have	VBP
two	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
preferential	JJ
rates	NNS
in	IN
force	NN
for	IN
certain	JJ
products	NNS
.	.
Any	DT
such	JJ
territory	NN
may	MD
,	,
by	IN
agreement	NN
with	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
principal	JJ
suppliers	NNS
of	IN
such	JJ
products	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
most-favoured-nation	JJ
rate	NN
,	,
substitute	NN
for	IN
such	JJ
preferential	JJ
rates	NNS
a	DT
single	JJ
preferential	JJ
rate	NN
which	WDT
shall	MD
not	RB
on	IN
the	DT
whole	JJ
be	VB
less	JJR
favourable	JJ
to	TO
suppliers	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
most-favoured-nation	JJ
rate	NN
than	IN
the	DT
preferences	NNS
in	IN
force	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
such	JJ
substitution	NN
.	.
The	DT
imposition	NN
of	IN
an	DT
equivalent	JJ
margin	NN
of	IN
tariff	NN
preference	NN
to	TO
replace	VB
a	DT
margin	NN
of	IN
preference	NN
in	IN
an	DT
internal	JJ
tax	NN
existing	VBG
on	IN
April	NNP
10	CD
,	,
1947	CD
exclusively	RB
between	IN
two	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
of	IN
the	DT
territories	NNS
listed	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
Annex	NNP
or	CC
to	TO
replace	VB
the	DT
preferential	JJ
quantitative	JJ
arrangements	NNS
described	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
paragraph	NN
,	,
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
deemed	VBN
to	TO
constitute	VB
an	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
a	DT
margin	NN
of	IN
tariff	NN
preference	NN
.	.
XIV	NNP
are	VBP
those	DT
existing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
Kingdom	NNP
on	IN
April	NNP
10	CD
,	,
1947	CD
,	,
under	IN
contractual	JJ
agreements	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
Governments	NNS
of	IN
Canada	NNP
,	,
Australia	NNP
and	CC
New	NNP
Zealand	NNP
,	,
in	IN
respect	NN
of	IN
chilled	VBN
and	CC
frozen	VBN
beef	NN
and	CC
veal	NN
,	,
frozen	VBN
mutton	NN
and	CC
lamb	NN
,	,
chilled	VBN
and	CC
frozen	VBN
pork	NN
,	,
and	CC
bacon	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
intention	NN
,	,
without	IN
prejudice	NN
to	TO
any	DT
action	NN
taken	VBN
under	IN
sub-paragraph	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
h	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
Article	NNP
XX	NNP
,	,
that	IN
these	DT
arrangements	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
eliminated	VBN
or	CC
replaced	VBN
by	IN
tariff	NN
preferences	NNS
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
negotiations	NNS
to	TO
this	DT
end	NN
shall	MD
take	VB
place	NN
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
practicable	JJ
among	IN
the	DT
countries	NNS
substantially	RB
concerned	VBN
or	CC
involved	VBN
.	.
Agreement	NN
,	,
the	DT
present	JJ
Agreement	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
accepted	VBN
by	IN
contracting	VBG
parties	NNS
the	DT
external	JJ
trade	NN
of	IN
which	WDT
under	IN
column	NN
I	PRP
accounts	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
percentage	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
trade	NN
specified	VBN
in	IN
paragraph	NN
6	CD
of	IN
Article	NNP
XXVI	NNP
,	,
column	NN
I	PRP
shall	MD
be	VB
applicable	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
purposes	NNS
of	IN
that	DT
paragraph	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
present	JJ
Agreement	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
so	RB
accepted	VBN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
accession	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Government	NN
of	IN
Japan	NNP
,	,
column	NN
II	NNP
shall	MD
be	VB
applicable	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
purposes	NNS
of	IN
that	DT
paragraph	NN
.	.
Except	IN
where	WRB
otherwise	RB
specifically	RB
agreed	VBD
between	IN
the	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
which	WDT
initially	RB
negotiated	VBD
the	DT
concession	NN
,	,
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
paragraph	NN
will	MD
be	VB
applied	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
light	NN
of	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
Article	NNP
31	CD
of	IN
the	DT
Havana	NNP
Charter	NNP
.	.
Any	DT
internal	JJ
tax	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
internal	JJ
charge	NN
,	,
or	CC
any	DT
law	NN
,	,
regulation	NN
or	CC
requirement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
kind	NN
referred	VBD
to	TO
in	IN
paragraph	NN
1	CD
which	WDT
applies	VBZ
to	TO
an	DT
imported	VBN
product	NN
and	CC
to	TO
the	DT
like	JJ
domestic	JJ
product	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
collected	VBN
or	CC
enforced	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
the	DT
imported	VBN
product	NN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
or	CC
point	NN
of	IN
importation	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
nevertheless	RB
to	TO
be	VB
regarded	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
internal	JJ
tax	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
internal	JJ
charge	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
law	NN
,	,
regulation	NN
or	CC
requirement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
kind	NN
referred	VBD
to	TO
in	IN
paragraph	NN
1	CD
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
accordingly	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
Article	NNP
III	NNP
.	.
The	DT
application	NN
of	IN
paragraph	NN
1	CD
to	TO
internal	JJ
taxes	NNS
imposed	VBN
by	IN
local	JJ
governments	NNS
and	CC
authorities	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
territory	NN
of	IN
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
final	JJ
paragraph	NN
of	IN
Article	NNP
XXIV	NNP
.	.
The	DT
term	NN
''	''
reasonable	JJ
measures	NNS
''	''
in	IN
the	DT
last-mentioned	JJ
paragraph	NN
would	MD
not	RB
require	VB
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
the	DT
repeal	NN
of	IN
existing	VBG
national	JJ
legislation	NN
authorizing	VBG
local	JJ
governments	NNS
to	TO
impose	VB
internal	JJ
taxes	NNS
which	WDT
,	,
although	IN
technically	RB
inconsistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
letter	NN
of	IN
Article	NNP
III	NNP
,	,
are	VBP
not	RB
in	IN
fact	NN
inconsistent	JJ
with	IN
its	PRP$
spirit	NN
,	,
if	IN
such	JJ
repeal	NN
would	MD
result	VB
in	IN
a	DT
serious	JJ
financial	JJ
hardship	NN
for	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
governments	NNS
or	CC
authorities	NNS
concerned	VBN
.	.
With	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
taxation	NN
by	IN
local	JJ
governments	NNS
or	CC
authorities	NNS
which	WDT
is	VBZ
inconsistent	JJ
with	IN
both	DT
the	DT
letter	NN
and	CC
spirit	NN
of	IN
Article	NNP
III	NNP
,	,
the	DT
term	NN
''	''
reasonable	JJ
measures	NNS
''	''
would	MD
permit	VB
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
to	TO
eliminate	VB
the	DT
inconsistent	JJ
taxation	NN
gradually	RB
over	IN
a	DT
transition	NN
period	NN
,	,
if	IN
abrupt	JJ
action	NN
would	MD
create	VB
serious	JJ
administrative	JJ
and	CC
financial	JJ
difficulties	NNS
.	.
A	DT
tax	NN
conforming	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
sentence	NN
of	IN
paragraph	NN
2	CD
would	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
inconsistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
sentence	NN
only	RB
in	IN
cases	NNS
where	WRB
competition	NN
was	VBD
involved	VBN
between	IN
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
one	CD
hand	NN
,	,
the	DT
taxed	VBN
product	NN
and	CC
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
a	DT
directly	RB
competitive	JJ
or	CC
substitutable	JJ
product	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
not	RB
similarly	RB
taxed	VBN
.	.
Regulations	NNPS
consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
sentence	NN
of	IN
paragraph	NN
5	CD
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
considered	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
contrary	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
sentence	NN
in	IN
any	DT
case	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
products	NNS
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
regulations	NNS
are	VBP
produced	VBN
domestically	RB
in	IN
substantial	JJ
quantities	NNS
.	.
A	DT
regulation	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
justified	VBN
as	IN
being	VBG
consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
sentence	NN
on	IN
the	DT
ground	NN
that	IN
the	DT
proportion	NN
or	CC
amount	NN
allocated	VBN
to	TO
each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
products	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
the	DT
subject	NN
of	IN
the	DT
regulation	NN
constitutes	VBZ
an	DT
equitable	JJ
relationship	NN
between	IN
imported	VBN
and	CC
domestic	JJ
products	NNS
.	.
Hidden	JJ
dumping	VBG
by	IN
associated	VBN
houses	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
that	DT
is	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
sale	NN
by	IN
an	DT
importer	NN
at	IN
a	DT
price	NN
below	IN
that	DT
corresponding	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
price	NN
invoiced	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
exporter	NN
with	IN
whom	WP
the	DT
importer	NN
is	VBZ
associated	VBN
,	,
and	CC
also	RB
below	IN
the	DT
price	NN
in	IN
the	DT
exporting	VBG
country	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
constitutes	VBZ
a	DT
form	NN
of	IN
price	NN
dumping	VBG
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
the	DT
margin	NN
of	IN
dumping	VBG
may	MD
be	VB
calculated	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
the	DT
price	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
goods	NNS
are	VBP
resold	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
importer	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
recognized	VBN
that	IN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
imports	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
country	NN
which	WDT
has	VBZ
a	DT
complete	JJ
or	CC
substantially	RB
complete	JJ
monopoly	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
trade	NN
and	CC
where	WRB
all	DT
domestic	JJ
prices	NNS
are	VBP
fixed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NN
,	,
special	JJ
difficulties	NNS
may	MD
exist	VB
in	IN
determining	VBG
price	NN
comparability	NN
for	IN
the	DT
purposes	NNS
of	IN
paragraph	NN
1	CD
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
such	JJ
cases	NNS
importing	VBG
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
may	MD
find	VB
it	PRP
necessary	JJ
to	TO
take	VB
into	IN
account	NN
the	DT
possibility	NN
that	IN
a	DT
strict	JJ
comparison	NN
with	IN
domestic	JJ
prices	NNS
in	IN
such	JJ
a	DT
country	NN
may	MD
not	RB
always	RB
be	VB
appropriate	JJ
.	.
As	IN
in	IN
many	JJ
other	JJ
cases	NNS
in	IN
customs	NNS
administration	NN
,	,
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
may	MD
require	VB
reasonable	JJ
security	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
bond	NN
or	CC
cash	NN
deposit	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
the	DT
payment	NN
of	IN
anti-dumping	JJ
or	CC
countervailing	VBG
duty	NN
pending	VBG
final	JJ
determination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
facts	NNS
in	IN
any	DT
case	NN
of	IN
suspected	VBN
dumping	VBG
or	CC
subsidization	NN
.	.
Multiple	JJ
currency	NN
practices	NNS
can	MD
in	IN
certain	JJ
circumstances	NNS
constitute	VBP
a	DT
subsidy	NN
to	TO
exports	NNS
which	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
met	VBN
by	IN
countervailing	VBG
duties	NNS
under	IN
paragraph	NN
3	CD
or	CC
can	MD
constitute	VB
a	DT
form	NN
of	IN
dumping	VBG
by	IN
means	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
partial	JJ
depreciation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
country	NN
's	POS
currency	NN
which	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
met	VBN
by	IN
action	NN
under	IN
paragraph	NN
2	CD
.	.
By	IN
''	''
multiple	JJ
currency	NN
practices	NNS
''	''
is	VBZ
meant	VBN
practices	NNS
by	IN
governments	NNS
or	CC
sanctioned	VBN
by	IN
governments	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
in	IN
conformity	NN
with	IN
Article	NNP
VII	NNP
to	TO
presume	VB
that	IN
``	``
actual	JJ
value	NN
''	''
may	MD
be	VB
represented	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
invoice	NN
price	NN
,	,
plus	CC
any	DT
non-included	JJ
charges	NNS
for	IN
legitimate	JJ
costs	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
proper	JJ
elements	NNS
of	IN
``	``
actual	JJ
value	NN
''	''
and	CC
plus	IN
any	DT
abnormal	JJ
discount	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
reduction	NN
from	IN
the	DT
ordinary	JJ
competitive	JJ
price	NN
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
in	IN
conformity	NN
with	IN
Article	NNP
VII	NNP
,	,
paragraph	NN
2	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
for	IN
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
to	TO
construe	VB
the	DT
phrase	NN
``	``
in	IN
the	DT
ordinary	JJ
course	NN
of	IN
trade	NN
...	:
under	IN
fully	RB
competitive	JJ
conditions	NNS
''	''
,	,
as	IN
excluding	VBG
any	DT
transaction	NN
wherein	IN
the	DT
buyer	NN
and	CC
seller	NN
are	VBP
not	RB
independent	JJ
of	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
and	CC
price	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
sole	JJ
consideration	NN
.	.
The	DT
wording	NN
of	IN
sub-paragraphs	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
permits	VBZ
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
value	NN
for	IN
customs	NNS
purposes	NNS
uniformly	RB
either	DT
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
exporter	NN
's	POS
prices	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
imported	VBN
merchandise	NN
,	,
or	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
price	NN
level	NN
of	IN
like	IN
merchandise	NN
.	.
While	IN
Article	NNP
VIII	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
cover	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
multiple	JJ
rates	NNS
of	IN
exchange	NN
as	IN
such	JJ
,	,
paragraphs	NNS
1	CD
and	CC
4	CD
condemn	VBP
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
exchange	NN
taxes	NNS
or	CC
fees	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
device	NN
for	IN
implementing	VBG
multiple	JJ
currency	NN
practices	NNS
;	:
if	IN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
is	VBZ
using	VBG
multiple	JJ
currency	NN
exchange	NN
fees	NNS
for	IN
balance	NN
of	IN
payments	NNS
reasons	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
approval	NN
of	IN
the	DT
International	NNP
Monetary	NNP
Fund	NNP
,	,
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
paragraph	NN
9	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
Article	NNP
XV	NNP
fully	RB
safeguard	VB
its	PRP$
position	NN
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
consistent	JJ
with	IN
paragraph	NN
1	CD
if	IN
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
importation	NN
of	IN
products	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
territory	NN
of	IN
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
into	IN
the	DT
territory	NN
of	IN
another	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
,	,
the	DT
production	NN
of	IN
certificates	NNS
of	IN
origin	NN
should	MD
only	RB
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
strictly	RB
indispensable	JJ
.	.
The	DT
term	NN
``	``
in	IN
any	DT
form	NN
''	''
in	IN
this	DT
paragraph	NN
covers	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
products	NNS
when	WRB
in	IN
an	DT
early	JJ
stage	NN
of	IN
processing	NN
and	CC
still	RB
perishable	JJ
,	,
which	WDT
compete	VBP
directly	RB
with	IN
the	DT
fresh	JJ
product	NN
and	CC
if	IN
freely	RB
imported	VBN
would	MD
tend	VB
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
restriction	NN
on	IN
the	DT
fresh	JJ
product	NN
ineffective	JJ
.	.
The	DT
term	NN
``	``
special	JJ
factors	NNS
''	''
includes	VBZ
changes	NNS
in	IN
relative	JJ
productive	JJ
efficiency	NN
as	IN
between	IN
domestic	JJ
and	CC
foreign	JJ
producers	NNS
,	,
or	CC
as	IN
between	IN
different	JJ
foreign	JJ
producers	NNS
but	CC
not	RB
changes	NNS
artificially	RB
brought	VBD
about	RB
by	IN
means	VBZ
not	RB
permitted	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
Agreement	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
agreed	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
date	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
within	IN
ninety	CD
days	NNS
after	IN
the	DT
entry	NN
into	IN
force	NN
of	IN
the	DT
amendments	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
effected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Protocol	NNP
Amending	VBG
the	DT
Preamble	NN
and	CC
Parts	NNP
II	NNP
and	CC
III	NNP
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
should	MD
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
find	VBP
that	IN
conditions	NNS
were	VBD
not	RB
suitable	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
application	NN
of	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
sub-paragraph	NN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
envisaged	VBD
,	,
they	PRP
may	MD
determine	VB
a	DT
later	JJ
date	NN
;	:
Provided	VBN
that	IN
such	JJ
date	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
thirty	CD
days	NNS
after	IN
such	JJ
time	NN
as	IN
the	DT
obligations	NNS
of	IN
Article	NNP
VIII	NNP
,	,
Sections	NNS
2	CD
,	,
3	CD
and	CC
4	CD
,	,
of	IN
the	DT
Articles	NNPS
of	IN
Agreement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
International	NNP
Monetary	NNP
Fund	NNP
become	VBP
applicable	JJ
to	TO
contracting	VBG
parties	NNS
,	,
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Fund	NNP
,	,
the	DT
combined	VBN
foreign	JJ
trade	NN
of	IN
which	WDT
constitutes	VBZ
at	IN
least	JJS
fifty	CD
per	IN
centum	NN
of	IN
the	DT
aggregate	JJ
foreign	JJ
trade	NN
of	IN
all	DT
contracting	VBG
parties	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
agreed	VBN
that	IN
paragraph	NN
4	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
e	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
does	VBZ
not	RB
add	VB
any	DT
new	JJ
criteria	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
imposition	NN
or	CC
maintenance	NN
of	IN
quantitative	JJ
restrictions	NNS
for	IN
balance	NN
of	IN
payments	NNS
reasons	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
solely	RB
intended	VBN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
all	DT
external	JJ
factors	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
trade	NN
,	,
quantitative	JJ
restrictions	NNS
,	,
excessive	JJ
tariffs	NNS
and	CC
subsidies	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
contributing	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
balance	NN
of	IN
payments	NNS
difficulties	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
applying	VBG
restrictions	NNS
,	,
will	MD
be	VB
fully	RB
taken	VBN
into	IN
account	NN
.	.
No	DT
mention	NN
was	VBD
made	VBN
of	IN
``	``
commercial	JJ
considerations	NNS
''	''
as	IN
a	DT
rule	NN
for	IN
the	DT
allocation	NN
of	IN
quotas	NNS
because	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
considered	VBN
that	IN
its	PRP$
application	NN
by	IN
governmental	JJ
authorities	NNS
might	MD
not	RB
always	RB
be	VB
practicable	JJ
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
in	IN
cases	NNS
where	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
practicable	JJ
,	,
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
could	MD
apply	VB
these	DT
considerations	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
seeking	VBG
agreement	NN
,	,
consistently	RB
with	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
rule	NN
laid	VBD
down	RP
in	IN
the	DT
opening	NN
sentence	NN
of	IN
paragraph	NN
2	CD
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
situations	NNS
contemplated	VBN
in	IN
paragraph	NN
2	CD
is	VBZ
that	IN
of	IN
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
holding	VBG
balances	NNS
acquired	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
current	JJ
transactions	NNS
which	WDT
it	PRP
finds	VBZ
itself	PRP
unable	JJ
to	TO
use	VB
without	IN
a	DT
measure	NN
of	IN
discrimination	NN
.	.
The	DT
word	NN
``	``
frustrate	VB
''	''
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
to	TO
indicate	VB
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
that	IN
infringements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
letter	NN
of	IN
any	DT
Article	NN
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
by	IN
exchange	NN
action	NN
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
regarded	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
that	DT
Article	NN
if	IN
,	,
in	IN
practice	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
appreciable	JJ
departure	NN
from	IN
the	DT
intent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Article	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
which	WDT
,	,
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
exchange	NN
control	NN
operated	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Articles	NNPS
of	IN
Agreement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
International	NNP
Monetary	NNP
Fund	NNP
,	,
requires	VBZ
payment	NN
to	TO
be	VB
received	VBN
for	IN
its	PRP$
exports	NNS
in	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
currency	NN
or	CC
in	IN
the	DT
currency	NN
of	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
International	NNP
Monetary	NNP
Fund	NNP
will	MD
not	RB
thereby	RB
be	VB
deemed	VBN
to	TO
contravene	VB
Article	NNP
XI	NNP
or	CC
Article	NNP
XIII	NNP
.	.
Another	DT
example	NN
would	MD
be	VB
that	IN
of	IN
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
which	WDT
specifies	VBZ
on	IN
an	DT
import	NN
licence	NN
the	DT
country	NN
from	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
goods	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
imported	VBN
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
not	RB
of	IN
introducing	VBG
any	DT
additional	JJ
element	NN
of	IN
discrimination	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
import	NN
licensing	NN
system	NN
but	CC
of	IN
enforcing	VBG
permissible	JJ
exchange	NN
controls	NNS
.	.
The	DT
exemption	NN
of	IN
an	DT
exported	VBN
product	NN
from	IN
duties	NNS
or	CC
taxes	NNS
borne	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
like	JJ
product	NN
when	WRB
destined	VBN
for	IN
domestic	JJ
consumption	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
remission	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
duties	NNS
or	CC
taxes	NNS
in	IN
amounts	NNS
not	RB
in	IN
excess	NN
of	IN
those	DT
which	WDT
have	VBP
accrued	VBN
,	,
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
deemed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
subsidy	NN
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
purposes	NNS
of	IN
Section	NN
B	NNP
,	,
a	DT
``	``
primary	JJ
product	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
understood	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
any	DT
product	NN
of	IN
farm	NN
,	,
forest	NN
or	CC
fishery	NN
,	,
or	CC
any	DT
mineral	NN
,	,
in	IN
its	PRP$
natural	JJ
form	NN
or	CC
which	WDT
has	VBZ
undergone	VBN
such	JJ
processing	NN
as	IN
is	VBZ
customarily	RB
required	VBN
to	TO
prepare	VB
it	PRP
for	IN
marketing	NN
in	IN
substantial	JJ
volume	NN
in	IN
international	JJ
trade	NN
.	.
The	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
exported	VBN
the	DT
product	NN
in	IN
question	NN
during	IN
the	DT
previous	JJ
representative	JJ
period	NN
would	MD
not	RB
in	IN
itself	PRP
preclude	VBP
that	IN
contracting	VBG
party	NN
from	IN
establishing	VBG
its	PRP$
right	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
a	DT
share	NN
of	IN
the	DT
trade	NN
in	IN
the	DT
product	NN
concerned	VBN
.	.
Notwithstanding	IN
such	JJ
determination	NN
by	IN
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
,	,
operations	NNS
under	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
system	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
paragraph	NN
3	CD
where	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
wholly	RB
or	CC
partly	RB
financed	VBN
out	IN
of	IN
government	NN
funds	NNS
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
funds	NNS
collected	VBN
from	IN
producers	NNS
in	IN
respect	NN
of	IN
the	DT
product	NN
concerned	VBN
.	.
The	DT
intention	NN
of	IN
paragraph	NN
4	CD
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
should	MD
seek	VB
before	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
1957	CD
to	TO
reach	VB
agreement	NN
to	TO
abolish	VB
all	DT
remaining	VBG
subsidies	NNS
as	IN
from	IN
l	NN
January	NNP
1958	CD
;	:
or	CC
,	,
failing	VBG
this	DT
,	,
to	TO
reach	VB
agreement	NN
to	TO
extend	VB
the	DT
application	NN
of	IN
the	DT
standstill	NN
until	IN
the	DT
earliest	JJS
date	NN
thereafter	RB
by	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
can	MD
expect	VB
to	TO
reach	VB
such	JJ
agreement	NN
.	.
The	DT
activities	NNS
of	IN
Marketing	NNP
Boards	NNP
which	WDT
are	VBP
established	VBN
by	IN
contracting	VBG
parties	NNS
and	CC
which	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
purchase	VB
or	CC
sell	VB
but	CC
lay	VB
down	RP
regulations	NNS
covering	VBG
private	JJ
trade	NN
are	VBP
governed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
relevant	JJ
Articles	NNPS
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
.	.
The	DT
charging	VBG
by	IN
a	DT
state	NN
enterprise	NN
of	IN
different	JJ
prices	NNS
for	IN
its	PRP$
sales	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
product	NN
in	IN
different	JJ
markets	NNS
is	VBZ
not	RB
precluded	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
,	,
provided	VBD
that	IN
such	JJ
different	JJ
prices	NNS
are	VBP
charged	VBN
for	IN
commercial	JJ
reasons	NNS
,	,
to	TO
meet	VB
conditions	NNS
of	IN
supply	NN
and	CC
demand	NN
in	IN
export	NN
markets	NNS
.	.
Governmental	NNP
measures	VBZ
imposed	VBN
to	TO
ensure	VB
standards	NNS
of	IN
quality	NN
and	CC
efficiency	NN
in	IN
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
external	JJ
trade	NN
,	,
or	CC
privileges	NNS
granted	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
exploitation	NN
of	IN
national	JJ
natural	JJ
resources	NNS
but	CC
which	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
empower	VB
the	DT
government	NN
to	TO
exercise	VB
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
trading	NN
activities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
enterprise	NN
in	IN
question	NN
,	,
do	VBP
not	RB
constitute	VB
``	``
exclusive	JJ
or	CC
special	JJ
privileges	NNS
''	''
.	.
The	DT
term	NN
``	``
import	NN
mark-up	NN
''	''
in	IN
this	DT
paragraph	NN
shall	MD
represent	VB
the	DT
margin	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
price	NN
charged	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
import	NN
monopoly	NN
for	IN
the	DT
imported	VBN
product	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
exclusive	JJ
of	IN
internal	JJ
taxes	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
purview	NN
of	IN
Article	NNP
III	NNP
,	,
transportation	NN
,	,
distribution	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
expenses	NNS
incident	NN
to	TO
the	DT
purchase	NN
,	,
sale	NN
or	CC
further	JJ
processing	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
margin	NN
of	IN
profit	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
exceeds	VBZ
the	DT
landed	VBN
cost	NN
.	.
When	WRB
they	PRP
consider	VBP
whether	IN
the	DT
economy	NN
of	IN
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
``	``
can	MD
only	RB
support	VB
low	JJ
standards	NNS
of	IN
living	VBG
''	''
,	,
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNPS
shall	MD
take	VB
into	IN
consideration	NN
the	DT
normal	JJ
position	NN
of	IN
that	DT
economy	NN
and	CC
shall	MD
not	RB
base	VB
their	PRP$
determination	NN
on	IN
exceptional	JJ
circumstances	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
those	DT
which	WDT
may	MD
result	VB
from	IN
the	DT
temporary	JJ
existence	NN
of	IN
exceptionally	RB
favourable	JJ
conditions	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
staple	NN
export	NN
product	NN
or	CC
products	NNS
of	IN
such	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
.	.
The	DT
phrase	NN
``	``
in	IN
the	DT
early	JJ
stages	NNS
of	IN
development	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
not	RB
meant	VBN
to	TO
apply	VB
only	RB
to	TO
contracting	VBG
parties	NNS
which	WDT
have	VBP
just	RB
started	VBN
their	PRP$
economic	JJ
development	NN
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
to	TO
contracting	VBG
parties	NNS
the	DT
economies	NNS
of	IN
which	WDT
are	VBP
undergoing	VBG
a	DT
process	NN
of	IN
industrialization	NN
to	TO
correct	VB
an	DT
excessive	JJ
dependence	NN
on	IN
primary	JJ
production	NN
.	.
The	DT
reference	NN
to	TO
the	DT
establishment	NN
of	IN
particular	JJ
industries	NNS
shall	MD
apply	VB
not	RB
only	RB
to	TO
the	DT
establishment	NN
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
industry	NN
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
to	TO
the	DT
establishment	NN
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
branch	NN
of	IN
production	NN
in	IN
an	DT
existing	VBG
industry	NN
and	CC
to	TO
the	DT
substantial	JJ
transformation	NN
of	IN
an	DT
existing	VBG
industry	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
the	DT
substantial	JJ
expansion	NN
of	IN
an	DT
existing	VBG
industry	NN
supplying	VBG
a	DT
relatively	RB
small	JJ
proportion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
domestic	JJ
demand	NN
.	.
It	PRP
shall	MD
also	RB
cover	VB
the	DT
reconstruction	NN
of	IN
an	DT
industry	NN
destroyed	VBD
or	CC
substantially	RB
damaged	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
hostilities	NNS
or	CC
natural	JJ
disasters	NNS
.	.
A	DT
modification	NN
or	CC
withdrawal	NN
,	,
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
paragraph	NN
7	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
by	IN
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
,	,
other	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
applicant	NN
contracting	VBG
party	NN
,	,
referred	VBD
to	TO
in	IN
paragraph	NN
7	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
shall	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
within	IN
six	CD
months	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
day	NN
on	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
action	NN
is	VBZ
taken	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
applicant	NN
contracting	VBG
party	NN
,	,
and	CC
shall	MD
become	VB
effective	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
thirtieth	JJ
day	NN
following	VBG
the	DT
day	NN
on	IN
which	WDT
such	JJ
modification	NN
or	CC
withdrawal	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
notified	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
sentence	NN
in	IN
paragraph	NN
11	CD
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
interpreted	VBN
to	TO
mean	VB
that	IN
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
relax	VB
or	CC
remove	VB
restrictions	NNS
if	IN
such	JJ
relaxation	NN
or	CC
removal	NN
would	MD
thereupon	RB
produce	VB
conditions	NNS
justifying	VBG
the	DT
intensification	NN
or	CC
institution	NN
,	,
respectively	RB
,	,
of	IN
restrictions	NNS
under	IN
paragraph	NN
9	CD
of	IN
Article	NNP
XVIII	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
understood	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNPS
shall	MD
invite	VB
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
proposing	VBG
to	TO
apply	VB
a	DT
measure	NN
under	IN
Section	NNP
C	NNP
to	TO
consult	VB
with	IN
them	PRP
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
paragraph	NN
16	CD
if	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
requested	VBN
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
by	IN
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
the	DT
trade	NN
of	IN
which	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
appreciably	RB
affected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
measure	NN
in	IN
question	NN
.	.
The	DT
phrase	NN
``	``
that	IN
the	DT
interests	NNS
of	IN
other	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
are	VBP
adequately	RB
safeguarded	VBN
''	''
is	VBZ
meant	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
latitude	NN
sufficient	JJ
to	TO
permit	VB
consideration	NN
in	IN
each	DT
case	NN
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
appropriate	JJ
method	NN
of	IN
safeguarding	VBG
those	DT
interests	NNS
.	.
The	DT
appropriate	JJ
method	NN
may	MD
,	,
for	IN
instance	NN
,	,
take	VB
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
an	DT
additional	JJ
concession	NN
to	TO
be	VB
applied	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
having	VBG
recourse	NN
to	TO
Section	NNP
C	NNP
or	CC
D	NNP
during	IN
such	JJ
time	NN
as	IN
the	DT
deviation	NN
from	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
Articles	NNPS
of	IN
the	DT
Agreement	NN
would	MD
remain	VB
in	IN
force	NN
or	CC
of	IN
the	DT
temporary	JJ
suspension	NN
by	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
referred	VBD
to	TO
in	IN
paragraph	NN
18	CD
of	IN
a	DT
concession	NN
substantially	RB
equivalent	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
impairment	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
introduction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
measure	NN
in	IN
question	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
would	MD
have	VB
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
safeguard	VB
its	PRP$
interests	NNS
through	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
temporary	JJ
suspension	NN
of	IN
a	DT
concession	NN
;	:
Provided	VBN
that	IN
this	DT
right	NN
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
exercised	VBN
when	WRB
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
a	DT
measure	NN
imposed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
coming	VBG
within	IN
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
paragraph	NN
4	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
have	VBP
determined	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
extent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
compensatory	JJ
concession	NN
proposed	VBN
was	VBD
adequate	JJ
.	.
The	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
paragraph	NN
19	CD
are	VBP
intended	VBN
to	TO
cover	VB
the	DT
cases	NNS
where	WRB
an	DT
industry	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
in	IN
existence	NN
beyond	IN
the	DT
``	``
reasonable	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
''	''
referred	VBD
to	TO
in	IN
the	DT
note	NN
to	TO
paragraphs	NNS
13	CD
and	CC
14	CD
,	,
and	CC
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
so	RB
construed	VBN
as	IN
to	TO
deprive	VB
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
coming	VBG
within	IN
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
paragraph	NN
4	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
Article	NNP
XVIII	NNP
,	,
of	IN
its	PRP$
right	NN
to	TO
resort	VB
to	TO
the	DT
other	JJ
provisions	NNS
of	IN
Section	NN
C	NNP
,	,
including	VBG
paragraph	NN
17	CD
,	,
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
a	DT
newly	RB
established	VBN
industry	NN
even	RB
though	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
benefited	VBN
from	IN
incidental	JJ
protection	NN
afforded	VBN
by	IN
balance	NN
of	IN
payments	NNS
import	VBP
restrictions	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
understood	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
Article	NNP
I	PRP
would	MD
require	VB
that	IN
,	,
when	WRB
a	DT
product	NN
which	WDT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
imported	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
territory	NN
of	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
a	DT
customs	NNS
union	NN
or	CC
free-trade	JJ
area	NN
at	IN
a	DT
preferential	JJ
rate	NN
of	IN
duty	NN
is	VBZ
re-exported	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
territory	NN
of	IN
another	DT
member	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
union	NN
or	CC
area	NN
,	,
the	DT
latter	JJ
member	NN
should	MD
collect	VB
a	DT
duty	NN
equal	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
difference	NN
between	IN
the	DT
duty	NN
already	RB
paid	VBN
and	CC
any	DT
higher	JJR
duty	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
payable	JJ
if	IN
the	DT
product	NN
were	VBD
being	VBG
imported	VBN
directly	RB
into	IN
its	PRP$
territory	NN
.	.
Measures	NNS
adopted	VBN
by	IN
India	NNP
and	CC
Pakistan	NNP
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
carry	VB
out	RP
definitive	JJ
trade	NN
arrangements	NNS
between	IN
them	PRP
,	,
once	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
agreed	VBN
upon	IN
,	,
might	MD
depart	VB
from	IN
particular	JJ
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
,	,
but	CC
these	DT
measures	NNS
would	MD
in	IN
general	JJ
be	VB
consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
objectives	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Agreement	NN
.	.
The	DT
provision	NN
that	WDT
on	IN
1	CD
January	NNP
1958	CD
,	,
and	CC
on	IN
other	JJ
days	NNS
determined	VBD
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
paragraph	NN
1	CD
,	,
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
``	``
may	MD
...	:
modify	VB
or	CC
withdraw	VB
a	DT
concession	NN
''	''
means	VBZ
that	DT
on	IN
such	JJ
day	NN
,	,
and	CC
on	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
day	NN
after	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
each	DT
period	NN
,	,
the	DT
legal	JJ
obligation	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
under	IN
Article	NNP
II	NNP
is	VBZ
altered	VBN
;	:
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
mean	VB
that	IN
the	DT
changes	NNS
in	IN
its	PRP$
customs	NNS
tariff	NN
should	MD
necessarily	RB
be	VB
made	VBN
effective	JJ
on	IN
that	DT
day	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
tariff	NN
change	NN
resulting	VBG
from	IN
negotiations	NNS
undertaken	VBN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
this	DT
Article	NN
is	VBZ
delayed	VBN
,	,
the	DT
entry	NN
into	IN
force	NN
of	IN
any	DT
compensatory	JJ
concessions	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
similarly	RB
delayed	VBN
.	.
January	NNP
1958	CD
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
the	DT
termination	NN
date	NN
of	IN
any	DT
subsequent	JJ
period	NN
,	,
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
wishing	VBG
to	TO
modify	VB
or	CC
withdraw	VB
any	DT
concession	NN
embodied	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
Schedule	NNP
,	,
should	MD
notify	VB
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
to	TO
this	DT
effect	NN
.	.
The	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNPS
shall	MD
then	RB
determine	VB
the	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
or	CC
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
with	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
negotiations	NNS
or	CC
consultations	NNS
referred	VBD
to	TO
in	IN
paragraph	NN
1	CD
shall	MD
take	VB
place	NN
.	.
Any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
so	IN
determined	JJ
shall	MD
participate	VB
in	IN
such	JJ
negotiations	NNS
or	CC
consultations	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
applicant	NN
contracting	VBG
party	NN
with	IN
the	DT
aim	NN
of	IN
reaching	VBG
agreement	NN
before	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
period	NN
.	.
Any	DT
extension	NN
of	IN
the	DT
assured	VBN
life	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Schedules	NNS
shall	MD
relate	VB
to	TO
the	DT
Schedules	NNPS
as	IN
modified	VBN
after	IN
such	JJ
negotiations	NNS
,	,
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
paragraphs	NNS
1	CD
,	,
2	CD
and	CC
3	CD
of	IN
Article	NNP
XXVIII	NNP
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
are	VBP
arranging	VBG
for	IN
multilateral	JJ
tariff	NN
negotiations	NNS
to	TO
take	VB
place	NN
within	IN
the	DT
period	NN
of	IN
six	CD
months	NNS
before	IN
1	CD
January	NNP
1958	CD
,	,
or	CC
before	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
day	NN
determined	VBD
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
paragraph	NN
1	CD
,	,
they	PRP
shall	MD
include	VB
in	IN
the	DT
arrangements	NNS
for	IN
such	JJ
negotiations	NNS
suitable	JJ
procedures	NNS
for	IN
carrying	VBG
out	RP
the	DT
negotiations	NNS
referred	VBD
to	TO
in	IN
this	DT
paragraph	NN
.	.
The	DT
object	NN
of	IN
providing	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
participation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
negotiations	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
with	IN
a	DT
principal	JJ
supplying	VBG
interest	NN
,	,
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
concession	NN
was	VBD
initially	RB
negotiated	VBN
,	,
is	VBZ
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
with	IN
a	DT
larger	JJR
share	NN
in	IN
the	DT
trade	NN
affected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
concession	NN
than	IN
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
concession	NN
was	VBD
initially	RB
negotiated	VBN
shall	MD
have	VB
an	DT
effective	JJ
opportunity	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
contractual	JJ
right	NN
which	WDT
it	PRP
enjoys	VBZ
under	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
intended	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
the	DT
negotiations	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
such	JJ
as	IN
to	TO
make	VB
negotiations	NNS
and	CC
agreement	NN
under	IN
Article	NNP
XXVIII	NNP
unduly	RB
difficult	JJ
nor	CC
to	TO
create	VB
complications	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
application	NN
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
to	TO
concessions	NNS
which	WDT
result	VBP
from	IN
negotiations	NNS
thereunder	RB
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
should	MD
only	RB
determine	VB
that	IN
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
principal	JJ
supplying	VBG
interest	NN
if	IN
that	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
has	VBZ
had	VBN
,	,
over	IN
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
negotiations	NNS
,	,
a	DT
larger	JJR
share	NN
in	IN
the	DT
market	NN
of	IN
the	DT
applicant	NN
contracting	VBG
party	NN
than	IN
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
concession	NN
was	VBD
initially	RB
negotiated	VBN
or	CC
would	MD
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
judgment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
,	,
have	VBP
had	VBN
such	JJ
a	DT
share	NN
in	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
discriminatory	JJ
quantitative	JJ
restrictions	NNS
maintained	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
applicant	NN
contracting	VBG
party	NN
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
therefore	RB
not	RB
be	VB
appropriate	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
to	TO
determine	VB
that	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
contracting	VBG
party	NN
,	,
or	CC
in	IN
those	DT
exceptional	JJ
cases	NNS
where	WRB
there	EX
is	VBZ
near	IN
equality	NN
more	RBR
than	IN
two	CD
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
,	,
had	VBD
a	DT
principal	JJ
supplying	VBG
interest	NN
.	.
Notwithstanding	IN
the	DT
definition	NN
of	IN
a	DT
principal	JJ
supplying	VBG
interest	NN
in	IN
note	NN
4	CD
to	TO
paragraph	NN
1	CD
,	,
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
may	MD
exceptionally	RB
determine	VB
that	IN
a	DT
Contracting	VBG
party	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
principal	JJ
supplying	VBG
interest	NN
if	IN
the	DT
concession	NN
in	IN
question	NN
affects	VBZ
trade	NN
which	WDT
constitutes	VBZ
a	DT
major	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
total	JJ
exports	NNS
of	IN
such	JJ
contracting	VBG
party	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
intended	VBN
that	IN
provision	NN
for	IN
participation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
negotiations	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
with	IN
a	DT
principal	JJ
supplying	VBG
interest	NN
,	,
and	CC
for	IN
consultation	NN
with	IN
any	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
having	VBG
a	DT
substantial	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
concession	NN
which	WDT
the	DT
applicant	NN
contracting	VBG
party	NN
is	VBZ
seeking	VBG
to	TO
modify	VB
or	CC
withdraw	VB
,	,
should	MD
have	VB
the	DT
effect	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
should	MD
have	VB
to	TO
pay	VB
compensation	NN
or	CC
suffer	VBP
retaliation	NN
greater	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
withdrawal	NN
or	CC
modification	NN
sought	VBD
,	,
judged	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
light	NN
of	IN
the	DT
conditions	NNS
of	IN
trade	NN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
withdrawal	NN
or	CC
modification	NN
,	,
making	VBG
allowance	NN
for	IN
any	DT
discriminatory	JJ
quantitative	JJ
restrictions	NNS
maintained	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
applicant	NN
contracting	VBG
party	NN
.	.
PARTIES	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
,	,
however	RB
,	,
intended	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
construed	VBN
to	TO
cover	VB
only	RB
those	DT
contracting	VBG
parties	NNS
which	WDT
have	VBP
,	,
or	CC
in	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
discriminatory	JJ
quantitative	JJ
restrictions	NNS
affecting	VBG
their	PRP$
exports	NNS
could	MD
reasonably	RB
be	VB
expected	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
,	,
a	DT
significant	JJ
share	NN
in	IN
the	DT
market	NN
of	IN
the	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
seeking	VBG
to	TO
modify	VB
or	CC
withdraw	VB
the	DT
concession	NN
.	.
Any	DT
request	NN
for	IN
authorization	NN
to	TO
enter	VB
into	IN
negotiations	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
accompanied	VBN
by	IN
all	DT
relevant	JJ
statistical	JJ
and	CC
other	JJ
data	NNS
.	.
A	DT
decision	NN
on	IN
such	JJ
request	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
within	IN
thirty	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
its	PRP$
submission	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
recognized	VBN
that	IN
to	TO
permit	VB
certain	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
,	,
depending	VBG
in	IN
large	JJ
measure	NN
on	IN
a	DT
relatively	RB
small	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
primary	JJ
commodities	NNS
and	CC
relying	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
tariff	NN
as	IN
an	DT
important	JJ
aid	NN
for	IN
furthering	VBG
diversification	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
economies	NNS
or	CC
as	IN
an	DT
important	JJ
source	NN
of	IN
revenue	NN
,	,
normally	RB
to	TO
negotiate	VB
for	IN
the	DT
modification	NN
or	CC
withdrawal	NN
of	IN
concessions	NNS
only	RB
under	IN
paragraph	NN
1	CD
of	IN
Article	NNP
XXVIII	NNP
,	,
might	MD
cause	VB
them	PRP
at	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
time	NN
to	TO
make	VB
modifications	NNS
or	CC
withdrawals	NNS
which	WDT
in	IN
the	DT
long	JJ
run	NN
would	MD
prove	VB
unnecessary	JJ
.	.
To	TO
avoid	VB
such	PDT
a	DT
situation	NN
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNPS
shall	MD
authorize	VB
any	DT
such	JJ
contracting	NN
party	NN
,	,
under	IN
paragraph	NN
4	CD
,	,
to	TO
enter	VB
into	IN
negotiations	NNS
unless	IN
they	PRP
consider	VBP
this	DT
would	MD
result	VB
in	IN
,	,
or	CC
contribute	VBP
substantially	RB
towards	IN
,	,
such	PDT
an	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
tariff	NN
levels	NNS
as	IN
to	TO
threaten	VB
the	DT
stability	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Schedules	NNS
to	TO
this	DT
Agreement	NN
or	CC
lead	NN
to	TO
undue	JJ
disturbance	NN
of	IN
international	JJ
trade	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
that	IN
negotiations	NNS
authorized	VBN
under	IN
paragraph	NN
4	CD
for	IN
modification	NN
or	CC
withdrawal	NN
of	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
item	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
very	RB
small	JJ
group	NN
of	IN
items	NNS
,	,
could	MD
normally	RB
be	VB
brought	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
conclusion	NN
in	IN
sixty	CD
days	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
recognized	VBN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
that	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
period	NN
will	MD
be	VB
inadequate	JJ
for	IN
cases	NNS
involving	VBG
negotiations	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
modification	NN
or	CC
withdrawal	NN
of	IN
a	DT
larger	JJR
number	NN
of	IN
items	NNS
and	CC
in	IN
such	JJ
cases	NNS
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
appropriate	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
to	TO
prescribe	VB
a	DT
longer	JJR
period	NN
.	.
In	IN
determining	VBG
under	IN
paragraph	NN
4	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
whether	IN
an	DT
applicant	NN
contracting	VBG
party	NN
has	VBZ
unreasonably	RB
failed	VBN
to	TO
offer	VB
adequate	JJ
compensation	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
understood	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
CONTRACTING	NNP
PARTIES	NNS
will	MD
take	VB
due	JJ
account	NN
of	IN
the	DT
special	JJ
position	NN
of	IN
a	DT
contracting	VBG
party	NN
which	WDT
has	VBZ
bound	VBN
a	DT
high	JJ
proportion	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
tariffs	NNS
at	IN
very	RB
low	JJ
rates	NNS
of	IN
duty	NN
and	CC
to	TO
this	DT
extent	NN
has	VBZ
less	JJR
scope	NN
than	IN
other	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
compensatory	JJ
adjustment	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
understood	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
reference	NN
to	TO
fiscal	JJ
needs	NNS
would	MD
include	VB
the	DT
revenus	NN
aspect	NN
of	IN
duties	NNS
and	CC
particularly	RB
duties	NNS
imposed	VBN
primarily	RB
for	IN
revenue	NN
purpose	NN
,	,
or	CC
duties	NNS
imposed	VBN
on	IN
products	NNS
which	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
substituted	VBN
for	IN
products	NNS
subject	JJ
to	TO
revenue	NN
duties	NNS
to	TO
prevent	VB
the	DT
avoidance	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
duties	NNS
.	.
The	DT
words	NNS
``	``
developed	VBD
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
''	''
and	CC
the	DT
words	NNS
``	``
less-developed	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
''	''
as	IN
used	VBN
in	IN
Part	NNP
IV	NNP
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
understood	VBN
to	TO
refer	VB
to	TO
developed	VBN
and	CC
less-developed	JJ
countries	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
parties	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
General	NNP
Agreement	NNP
on	IN
Tariffs	NNPS
and	CC
Trade	NNP
.	.
A	DT
diversification	NN
program	NN
would	MD
generally	RB
include	VB
the	DT
intensification	NN
of	IN
activities	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
processing	NN
of	IN
primary	JJ
products	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
manufacturing	NN
industries	NNS
,	,
taking	VBG
into	IN
account	NN
the	DT
situation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
particular	JJ
contracting	NN
party	NN
and	CC
the	DT
world	NN
outlook	NN
for	IN
production	NN
and	CC
consumption	NN
of	IN
different	JJ
commodities	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
understood	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
phrase	NN
``	``
do	VBP
not	RB
expect	VB
reciprocity	NN
''	''
means	VBZ
,	,
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
objectives	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
less-developed	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
expected	VBN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
trade	NN
negotiations	NNS
,	,
to	TO
make	VB
contributions	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
inconsistent	JJ
with	IN
their	PRP$
individual	JJ
development	NN
,	,
financial	JJ
and	CC
trade	NN
needs	NNS
,	,
taking	VBG
into	IN
consideration	NN
past	IN
trade	NN
developments	NNS
.	.
The	DT
other	JJ
measures	NNS
referred	VBD
to	TO
in	IN
this	DT
paragraph	NN
might	MD
include	VB
steps	NNS
to	TO
promote	VB
domestic	JJ
structural	JJ
changes	NNS
,	,
to	TO
encourage	VB
the	DT
consumption	NN
of	IN
particular	JJ
products	NNS
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
introduce	VB
measures	NNS
of	IN
trade	NN
promotion	NN
.	.
This	DT
Protocol	NNP
shall	MD
remain	VB
open	JJ
for	IN
signature	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Headquarters	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
Nations	NNPS
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
until	IN
15	CD
November	NNP
1947	CD
,	,
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
any	DT
government	NN
named	VBN
in	IN
paragraph	NN
1	CD
of	IN
this	DT
Protocol	NNP
which	WDT
has	VBZ
not	RB
signed	VBN
it	PRP
on	IN
this	DT
day	NN
,	,
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
until	IN
30	CD
June	NNP
1948	CD
,	,
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
Government	NN
signatory	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Final	NNP
Act	NNP
adopted	VBD
at	IN
the	DT
conclusion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Second	JJ
Session	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Preparatory	NNP
Committee	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
Nations	NNPS
Conference	NNP
on	IN
Trade	NNP
and	CC
Employment	NNP
which	WDT
has	VBZ
not	RB
signed	VBN
it	PRP
on	IN
this	DT
day	NN
.	.
Any	DT
government	NN
applying	VBG
this	DT
Protocol	NNP
shall	MD
be	VB
free	JJ
to	TO
withdraw	VB
such	JJ
application	NN
,	,
and	CC
such	JJ
withdrawal	NN
shall	MD
take	VB
effect	NN
upon	IN
the	DT
expiration	NN
of	IN
sixty	CD
days	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
day	NN
on	IN
which	WDT
written	VBN
notice	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
withdrawal	NN
is	VBZ
received	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Secretary-General	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
Nations	NNPS
.	.
A	DT
C	NNP
program	NN
that	WDT
converts	VBZ
the	DT
phrase	NN
list	NN
files	NNS
and	CC
tagged-format	NN
source	NN
files	VBZ
into	IN
a	DT
database	NN
file	NN
and	CC
an	DT
index	NN
file	NN
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
also	RB
marks	VBZ
up	RP
the	DT
textual	JJ
sources	NNS
to	TO
hypertext	NN
,	,
scanning	VBG
the	DT
information	NN
for	IN
words	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
defined	VBN
elsewhere	RB
in	IN
the	DT
dictionary	NN
.	.
A	DT
search	NN
is	VBZ
performed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
contents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
dictionary	JJ
index	NN
,	,
not	RB
on	IN
the	DT
contents	NNS
of	IN
dictionary	JJ
entries	NNS
.	.
A	DT
search	NN
returns	VBZ
all	DT
matches	NNS
,	,
ranked	VBD
by	IN
a	DT
matching	JJ
score	NN
.	.
A	DT
match	NN
is	VBZ
achieved	VBN
when	WRB
the	DT
search	NN
string	NN
is	VBZ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
indexed	VBN
name	NN
.	.
No	DT
warranties	NNS
,	,
express	VB
or	CC
implied	VBN
,	,
are	VBP
given	VBN
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
accuracy	NN
or	CC
reliability	NN
of	IN
the	DT
data	NNS
,	,
nor	CC
are	VBP
any	DT
warranties	NNS
given	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
retrieval	NN
procedures	NNS
satisfy	VBP
any	DT
standard	NN
of	IN
merchantibility	NN
.	.
Neither	CC
the	DT
author	NN
nor	CC
his	PRP$
employer	NN
are	VBP
liable	JJ
for	IN
damage	NN
,	,
direct	JJ
or	CC
consequential	JJ
,	,
resulting	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
this	DT
dataset	NN
.	.
This	DT
server	NN
could	MD
not	RB
verify	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
authorized	VBN
to	TO
access	VB
the	DT
document	NN
requested	VBD
.	.
Either	CC
you	PRP
supplied	VBD
the	DT
wrong	JJ
credentials	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
bad	JJ
password	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
or	CC
your	PRP$
browser	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
understand	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
supply	VB
the	DT
credentials	NNS
required	VBN
.	.
This	DT
data	NNS
collection	NN
contains	VBZ
economic	JJ
and	CC
social	JJ
indicators	NNS
for	IN
189	CD
countries	NNS
.	.
Included	VBN
are	VBP
economic	JJ
variables	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
gross	JJ
national	JJ
product	NN
,	,
gross	JJ
domestic	JJ
product	NN
,	,
value	NN
added	VBN
in	IN
agriculture	NN
,	,
industry	NN
,	,
manufacturing	NN
,	,
and	CC
services	NNS
,	,
value	NN
of	IN
imports	NNS
and	CC
exports	NNS
,	,
private	JJ
consumption	NN
,	,
government	NN
consumption	NN
,	,
gross	JJ
national	JJ
savings	NNS
,	,
gross	JJ
domestic	JJ
savings	NNS
,	,
government	NN
deficit	NN
or	CC
surplus	NN
,	,
net	JJ
direct	JJ
foreign	JJ
investment	NN
,	,
repayments	NNS
of	IN
long-term	JJ
loans	NNS
,	,
public	JJ
long-term	JJ
debt	NN
,	,
international	JJ
reserves	NNS
excluding	VBG
gold	NN
,	,
and	CC
gold	NN
holdings	NNS
at	IN
London	NNP
market	NN
price	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
variables	NNS
are	VBP
expressed	VBN
both	DT
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
current	JJ
prices	NNS
and	CC
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
constant	JJ
1980	CD
prices	NNS
.	.
Demographic	JJ
and	CC
social	JJ
variables	NNS
include	VBP
population	NN
,	,
total	JJ
fertility	NN
rate	NN
,	,
crude	JJ
birth	NN
rate	NN
,	,
life	NN
expectancy	NN
at	IN
birth	NN
,	,
food	NN
production	NN
per	IN
capita	NN
,	,
percent	NN
of	IN
labor	NN
force	NN
in	IN
agriculture	NN
,	,
percent	NN
of	IN
labor	NN
force	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
female	JJ
,	,
and	CC
primary	JJ
and	CC
secondary	JJ
school	NN
enrollment	NN
rates	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
're	VBP
sorry	JJ
,	,
but	CC
access	NN
to	TO
this	DT
section	NN
of	IN
the	DT
PACIFIC	NNP
web	NN
server	NN
requires	VBZ
authorization	NN
.	.
Parts	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
server	NN
are	VBP
accessible	JJ
only	RB
to	TO
UBC	NNP
faculty	NN
and	CC
students	NNS
,	,
affiliated	VBN
universities	NNS
,	,
or	CC
by	IN
subscription	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
granted	VBN
access	NN
to	TO
a	DT
particular	JJ
service	NN
by	IN
PACIFIC	NNP
but	CC
are	VBP
unable	JJ
to	TO
access	NN
these	DT
pages	NNS
,	,
perhaps	RB
we	PRP
have	VBP
n't	RB
correctly	RB
identified	VBN
your	PRP$
hostname	NN
or	CC
network	NN
domain	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
access	NN
configuration	NN
file	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
international	JJ
business	NN
problems	NNS
involve	VBP
issues	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
technology	NN
.	.
This	DT
course	NN
will	MD
be	VB
concerned	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
management	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
in	IN
international	JJ
settings	NNS
and	CC
its	PRP$
implications	NNS
for	IN
firms	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
domestic	JJ
economy	NN
.	.
Possible	JJ
topics	NNS
discussed	VBN
include	VBP
industry	NN
standard	JJ
settings	NNS
,	,
ptotection	NN
of	IN
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
rights	NNS
and	CC
diffusion	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
,	,
management	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
transfer	NN
in	IN
foreign	JJ
direct	JJ
investment	NN
and	CC
the	DT
impact	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
outflow	NN
on	IN
the	DT
domestic	JJ
firms	NNS
and	CC
economy	NN
.	.
The	DT
course	NN
consists	VBZ
of	IN
lectures	VBZ
and	CC
student	NN
presentations	NNS
.	.
Class	NN
discussions	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
based	VBN
on	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
readings	NNS
listed	VBN
below	RB
.	.
Spiders	NNS
on	IN
Drugs	NNS
And	CC
Other	JJ
Miscellanous	NNP
Cool	NNP
Stuff	NNP
...	:
First	NNP
and	CC
foremost	JJ
,	,
kill	VB
spam	NN
with	IN
spamarrest	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
93	CD
%	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
incoming	JJ
e-mail	NN
is	VBZ
dreaded	VBN
spam	NN
,	,
spamarrest	NN
makes	VBZ
sure	JJ
we	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
see	VB
a	DT
drop	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
How	WRB
about	IN
being	VBG
able	JJ
to	TO
watch	VB
TV	NN
on	IN
your	PRP$
PC	NN
,	,
or	CC
sending	VBG
and	CC
receiving	VBG
faxes	NNS
via	IN
the	DT
Web	NNP
and	CC
E-mail	NN
,	,
or	CC
using	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
to	TO
make	VB
phone	NN
calls	NNS
,	,
or	CC
getting	VBG
the	DT
coolest	JJS
ringtones	NNS
for	IN
your	PRP$
phone	NN
,	,
or	CC
downloading	VBG
music	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Web	NNP
,	,
or	CC
getting	VBG
a	DT
degree	NN
online	NN
,	,
or	CC
getting	VBG
satellite	JJ
TV	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
crib	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
DirecTV	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
or	CC
filing	VBG
your	PRP$
taxes	NNS
online	VBP
,	,
or	CC
losing	VBG
weight	NN
,	,
or	CC
entering	VBG
a	DT
poetry	NN
contest	NN
,	,
or	CC
watching	VBG
spiders	NNS
on	IN
drugs	NNS
?	.
There	EX
are	VBP
a	DT
million	CD
cool	JJ
and	CC
hilarious	JJ
videos	NNS
available	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
Web	NNP
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
penetration	NN
of	IN
broadband	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
world	NN
,	,
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
video	NN
will	MD
only	RB
increase	VB
.	.
Sometimes	RB
we	PRP
find	VBP
stuff	NN
that	IN
splits	VBZ
our	PRP$
gut	NN
;	:
Spider	NNP
on	IN
Drugs	NNPS
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
them	PRP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
've	VBP
seen	VBN
something	NN
especially	RB
great	JJ
recently	RB
,	,
please	VB
let	VB
us	PRP
know	VB
about	IN
it	PRP
and	CC
we	PRP
'll	MD
post	VB
a	DT
link	NN
on	IN
our	PRP$
Cool	NNP
Videos	NNP
page	NN
.	.
Thanks	NNS
.	.
Why	WRB
this	DT
blog	NN
?	.
Because	IN
there	EX
's	VBZ
so	RB
much	RB
more	JJR
to	TO
picking	VBG
cool	JJ
sites	NNS
than	IN
simply	RB
putting	VBG
up	RP
a	DT
link	NN
and	CC
asking	VBG
you	PRP
to	TO
rate	VB
the	DT
featured	JJ
`	``
Cool	NNP
Site	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Day	NNP
'	POS
.	.
Here	RB
's	VBZ
a	DT
place	NN
where	WRB
we	PRP
can	MD
discuss	VB
some	DT
of	IN
our	PRP$
favorite	JJ
picks	NNS
...	:
and	CC
for	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
turn	VB
us	PRP
on	IN
to	TO
cool	VB
sites	NNS
you	PRP
stumbled	VBD
upon	IN
.	.
Also	RB
featured	VBN
on	IN
Cool	NNP
Site	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Day	NNP
are	VBP
lots	NNS
of	IN
great	JJ
deals	NNS
,	,
plus	CC
contests	NNS
,	,
free	JJ
stuff	NN
and	CC
more	JJR
just	RB
to	TO
show	VB
how	WRB
much	JJ
we	PRP
appreciate	VBP
your	PRP$
patronage	NN
.	.
The	DT
bottom	JJ
line	NN
?	.
Cool	NNP
Site	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Day	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
valuable	JJ
resource	NN
site	NN
where	WRB
people	NNS
come	VBP
to	TO
start	VB
their	PRP$
surfing	NN
day	NN
.	.
C	NNP
Notes	NNP
Interactive	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
has	VBZ
created	VBN
this	DT
privacy	NN
statement	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
demonstrate	VB
our	PRP$
firm	NN
commitment	NN
to	TO
privacy	NN
.	.
The	DT
following	VBG
discloses	VBZ
our	PRP$
information	NN
gathering	NN
and	CC
dissemination	NN
practices	NNS
for	IN
Cool	NNP
Site	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Day	NNP
.	.
Certain	JJ
forms	NNS
or	CC
polls	NNS
used	VBN
on	IN
Cool	NNP
Site	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Day	NNP
may	MD
from	IN
time	NN
to	TO
time	NN
require	VB
users	NNS
to	TO
give	VB
us	PRP
contact	VB
information	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
like	IN
their	PRP$
name	NN
and	CC
email	NN
address	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
demographic	JJ
information	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
like	IN
their	PRP$
zip	NN
code	NN
,	,
age	NN
,	,
or	CC
income	NN
level	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
We	PRP
use	VBP
customer	NN
contact	NN
information	NN
from	IN
these	DT
forms	NNS
to	TO
send	VB
the	DT
user	NN
information	NN
about	IN
our	PRP$
company	NN
and	CC
promotional	JJ
material	NN
from	IN
some	DT
of	IN
our	PRP$
partners	NNS
.	.
The	DT
customer	NN
's	POS
contact	NN
information	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
used	VBN
to	TO
contact	VB
the	DT
visitor	NN
when	WRB
necessary	JJ
.	.
Users	NNS
may	MD
opt-out	VB
of	IN
receiving	VBG
future	JJ
mailings	NNS
;	:
see	VB
the	DT
choice\/opt-out	JJ
section	NN
below	IN
.	.
Our	PRP$
site	NN
uses	VBZ
a	DT
secure	JJ
merchant	NN
account	NN
order	NN
form	NN
for	IN
visitors	NNS
to	TO
submit	VB
their	PRP$
sites	NNS
to	TO
Cool	NNP
Site	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Day	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
collect	VBP
visitor	NN
's	POS
contact	NN
information	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
like	IN
their	PRP$
email	NN
address	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
financial	JJ
information	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
like	IN
their	PRP$
account	NN
or	CC
credit	NN
card	NN
numbers	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Contact	NN
information	NN
from	IN
the	DT
order	NN
form	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
to	TO
send	VB
visitors	NNS
information	NN
about	IN
our	PRP$
company	NN
,	,
and	CC
promotional	JJ
material	NN
from	IN
some	DT
of	IN
our	PRP$
partners	NNS
to	TO
our	PRP$
customers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
customer	NN
's	POS
contact	NN
information	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
used	VBN
to	TO
get	VB
in	IN
touch	NN
with	IN
the	DT
visitor	NN
when	WRB
necessary	JJ
.	.
Users	NNS
may	MD
opt-out	VB
of	IN
receiving	VBG
future	JJ
mailings	NNS
;	:
see	VB
the	DT
choice\/opt-out	JJ
section	NN
below	IN
.	.
Financial	NNP
information	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
collected	VBN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
to	TO
bill	VB
the	DT
user	NN
for	IN
services	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
review	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
submissions	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
online	JJ
surveys	NNS
may	MD
from	IN
time	NN
to	TO
time	NN
ask	VB
visitors	NNS
for	IN
demographic	JJ
information	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
like	IN
their	PRP$
zip	NN
code	NN
,	,
age	NN
,	,
or	CC
income	NN
level	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Demographic	JJ
and	CC
profile	JJ
data	NNS
is	VBZ
also	RB
collected	VBN
at	IN
our	PRP$
site	NN
.	.
We	PRP
use	VBP
this	DT
data	NN
to	TO
tailor	VB
our	PRP$
visitor	NN
's	POS
experience	NN
at	IN
our	PRP$
site	NN
,	,
and	CC
improve	VB
on	IN
the	DT
information	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
include	VBP
based	VBN
on	IN
our	PRP$
visitors	NNS
responses	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
run	VBP
contests	NNS
on	IN
our	PRP$
site	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
we	PRP
ask	VBP
visitors	NNS
for	IN
contact	NN
information	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
like	IN
their	PRP$
email	NN
address	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
demographic	JJ
information	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
like	IN
their	PRP$
zip	NN
code	NN
,	,
age	NN
,	,
or	CC
income	NN
level	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
We	PRP
use	VBP
contact	NN
data	NNS
from	IN
our	PRP$
contests	NNS
to	TO
send	VB
users	NNS
information	NN
about	IN
our	PRP$
company	NN
and	CC
promotional	JJ
material	NN
from	IN
some	DT
of	IN
our	PRP$
partners	NNS
.	.
The	DT
customer	NN
's	POS
contact	NN
information	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
used	VBN
to	TO
contact	VB
the	DT
visitor	NN
when	WRB
necessary	JJ
and	CC
shared	VBN
with	IN
other	JJ
companies	NNS
who	WP
may	MD
want	VB
to	TO
contact	VB
our	PRP$
visitors	NNS
.	.
Users	NNS
may	MD
opt-out	VB
of	IN
receiving	VBG
future	JJ
mailings	NNS
;	:
see	VB
the	DT
choice\/opt-out	JJ
section	NN
below	IN
.	.
This	DT
site	NN
makes	VBZ
chat	VB
rooms	NNS
,	,
forums	NNS
,	,
message	NN
boards	NNS
,	,
and\/or	CC
news	NN
groups	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
its	PRP$
users	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
remember	VB
that	IN
any	DT
information	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
disclosed	VBN
in	IN
these	DT
areas	NNS
becomes	VBZ
public	JJ
information	NN
and	CC
you	PRP
should	MD
exercise	VB
caution	NN
when	WRB
deciding	VBG
to	TO
disclose	VB
your	PRP$
personal	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
site	NN
provides	VBZ
users	NNS
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
opt-out	NN
of	IN
receiving	VBG
communications	NNS
from	IN
us	PRP
and	CC
our	PRP$
partners	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
point	NN
where	WRB
we	PRP
request	VBP
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
visitor	NN
.	.
This	DT
site	NN
gives	VBZ
users	NNS
the	DT
following	JJ
options	NNS
for	IN
removing	VBG
their	PRP$
information	NN
from	IN
our	PRP$
database	NN
to	TO
not	RB
receive	VB
future	JJ
communications	NNS
or	CC
to	TO
no	DT
longer	RBR
receive	VB
our	PRP$
newsletter	NN
.	.
If	IN
we	PRP
should	MD
ever	RB
give	VB
information	NN
to	TO
prospective	JJ
advertisers	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
grouped	VBN
statistics	NNS
compiled	VBN
through	IN
all	DT
our	PRP$
participating	VBG
members	NNS
'	POS
answers	NNS
to	TO
survey	VB
questions	NNS
.	.
Your	PRP$
personal	JJ
info	NN
is	VBZ
NOT	RB
included	VBN
.	.
Webposition	NNP
GoldWhat	NNP
Web	NNP
marketing	NN
tool	NN
do	VBP
we	PRP
whole-heartedly	RB
recommend	VBP
to	TO
our	PRP$
readers	NNS
?	.
There	EX
's	VBZ
no	DT
question	NN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
WebPosition	NNP
Gold	NNP
.	.
Unlike	IN
other	JJ
products	NNS
out	IN
there	RB
,	,
this	DT
amazing	JJ
tool	NN
really	RB
does	VBZ
help	VB
you	PRP
achieve	VB
top	JJ
rankings	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
search	NN
engines	NNS
.	.
If	IN
your	PRP$
business	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
Web	NNP
site	NN
,	,
be	VB
sure	JJ
to	TO
check	VB
them	PRP
out	RP
.	.
Website	NNP
Marketing	NNP
SecretsProven	NNP
methods	NNS
for	IN
getting	VBG
rich	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
!	.
Learn	VB
how	WRB
ANY	NNP
web	NN
site	NN
can	MD
get	VB
to	TO
#	#
1	CD
position	NN
in	IN
the	DT
search	NN
engines	NNS
for	IN
ANY	NNP
keyword	NN
.	.
The	DT
web	NN
site	NN
promotion	NN
secret	NN
that	WDT
brings	VBZ
in	IN
10	CD
times	NNS
more	RBR
traffic	NN
than	IN
any	DT
search	NN
engine	NN
and	CC
more	JJR
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
few	JJ
years	NNS
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
talking	VBG
up	RP
Ken	NNP
Evoy	NNP
's	POS
Site	NN
Build	VB
It	PRP
!	.
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
not	RB
familiar	JJ
with	IN
SBI	NNP
!	.
it	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
software	NN
program	NN
that	WDT
combines	VBZ
site	NN
building\/hosting\/traffic	JJ
building	NN
into	IN
one	CD
incredible	JJ
package	NN
that	WDT
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
easy	JJ
for	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
build	VB
a	DT
professional	JJ
,	,
popular	JJ
,	,
and	CC
profitable	JJ
business	NN
.	.
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
grown	VBN
to	TO
love	VB
SBI	NNP
more	RBR
and	CC
more	RBR
each	DT
year	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
struggling	VBG
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
successful	JJ
,	,
tightly	RB
focused	VBN
,	,
themed	VBN
web	NN
site	NN
featuring	VBG
a	DT
topic	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
product	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
PASSIONATE	NNP
about	IN
,	,
SBI	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
must	MD
have	VB
.	.
To	TO
prove	VB
how	WRB
much	JJ
I	PRP
believe	VBP
in	IN
this	DT
package	NN
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
willing	JJ
to	TO
spend	VB
a	DT
half-hour	NN
on	IN
the	DT
phone	NN
with	IN
you	PRP
,	,
one-on-one	JJ
,	,
to	TO
introduce	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
SBI	NNP
's	POS
wonderful	JJ
tools	NNS
.	.
So	RB
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
'd	MD
like	VB
to	TO
schedule	VB
a	DT
short	JJ
brainstorming	VBG
session	NN
,	,
send	VB
me	PRP
an	DT
e-mail	NN
and	CC
let	VB
me	PRP
know	VB
what	WP
kind	NN
of	IN
site	NN
you	PRP
're	VBP
either	DT
working	VBG
on	IN
or	CC
planning	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
just	RB
jump	VB
right	RB
in	IN
,	,
then	RB
you	PRP
can	MD
try	VB
SBI	NNP
risk-free	JJ
;	:
you	PRP
truly	RB
owe	VBP
it	PRP
to	TO
yourself	PRP
to	TO
make	VB
SBI	NNP
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
web	NN
existence	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
`	``
keyword	NN
brainstorming	VBG
'	''
tool	NN
is	VBZ
enough	RB
to	TO
make	VB
you	PRP
a	DT
believer	NN
!	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Click	VB
here	RB
.	.
Please	VB
note	NN
that	IN
no	DT
adult	NN
ads	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
accepted	VBN
.	.
All	DT
ads	NNS
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
our	PRP$
approval	NN
.	.
If	IN
your	PRP$
ad	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
run	VB
,	,
your	PRP$
payment	NN
will	MD
be	VB
refunded	VBN
in	IN
full	JJ
.	.
Fill	VB
out	RP
the	DT
form	NN
below	IN
only	RB
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
paying	VBG
using	VBG
a	DT
credit	NN
card	NN
.	.
PayPal	JJ
users	NNS
click	VBP
here	RB
.	.
War	NNP
and	CC
tragedy	NN
are	VBP
all	DT
around	IN
us	PRP
,	,
but	CC
rather	RB
than	IN
feel	VB
helpless	JJ
about	IN
the	DT
things	NNS
we	PRP
see	VBP
throughout	IN
the	DT
world	NN
,	,
we	PRP
are	VBP
doing	VBG
what	WP
we	PRP
can	MD
to	TO
support	VB
non-profit	JJ
organizations	NNS
that	IN
we	PRP
think	VBP
will	MD
have	VB
a	DT
positive	JJ
impact	NN
on	IN
our	PRP$
future	NN
,	,
but	CC
we	PRP
need	VBP
your	PRP$
help	NN
.	.
Cool	NNP
Site	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Day	NNP
donates	VBZ
$	$
5	CD
to	TO
the	DT
non-profit	JJ
organizations	NNS
below	IN
for	IN
every	DT
person	NN
who	WP
submits	VBZ
and	CC
is	VBZ
approved	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
FREE	NNP
American	NNP
Express	NNP
Blue	NNP
Card	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
0	CD
%	NN
Introductory	JJ
APR	NNP
,	,
NO	UH
annual	JJ
fee	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Safer	NNP
World	NNP
Safer	NNP
World	NNP
is	VBZ
working	VBG
to	TO
keep	VB
nuclear	JJ
,	,
biological	JJ
and	CC
chemical	JJ
weapons	NNS
and	CC
materials	NNS
out	IN
of	IN
terrorist	JJ
hands	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
need	VBP
your	PRP$
help	NN
to	TO
make	VB
locking	VBG
down	RB
and	CC
destroying	VBG
these	DT
weapons	NNS
and	CC
materials	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
source	NN
-	:
before	IN
terrorists	NNS
can	MD
get	VB
them	PRP
-	:
a	DT
top	JJ
priority	NN
.	.
Applying	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
card	NN
is	VBZ
free	JJ
and	CC
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
annual	JJ
fee	NN
.	.
Even	RB
though	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
never	RB
cost	VB
you	PRP
a	DT
penny	NN
,	,
for	IN
every	DT
approved	VBN
application	NN
we	PRP
will	MD
make	VB
a	DT
sizeable	JJ
donation	NN
to	TO
a	DT
very	RB
deserving	JJ
organization	NN
simply	RB
because	IN
you	PRP
APPLIED	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
card	NN
.	.
This	DT
effort	NN
will	MD
only	RB
be	VB
successful	JJ
if	IN
you	PRP
pass	VBP
this	DT
message	NN
along	IN
to	TO
as	RB
many	JJ
people	NNS
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
Please	VB
forward	RB
this	DT
URL	NNP
your	PRP$
friends	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
business	NN
associates	NNS
and	CC
anyone	NN
else	RB
you	PRP
can	MD
think	VB
of	IN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
run	VBP
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
or	CC
send	VB
out	RP
a	DT
newsletter	NN
,	,
please	VB
share	NN
this	DT
opportunity	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
visitors	NNS
and	CC
readers	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
P.S.	NNP
Not	RB
sure	JJ
if	IN
you	PRP
need	VBP
the	DT
American	NNP
Express	NNP
card	NN
?	.
Maybe	RB
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
,	,
but	CC
that	DT
's	VBZ
not	RB
what	WP
's	VBZ
important	JJ
.	.
What	WP
's	VBZ
important	JJ
is	VBZ
that	IN
in	IN
5	CD
minutes	NNS
you	PRP
will	MD
generate	VB
funds	NNS
for	IN
an	DT
organization	NN
whose	WP$
work	NN
is	VBZ
so	RB
desperately	RB
needed	VBN
in	IN
our	PRP$
society	NN
and	CC
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
All	DT
I	PRP
'm	VBP
asking	VBG
for	IN
is	VBZ
5	CD
minutes	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
time	NN
.	.
Let	VB
's	POS
make	VB
something	NN
great	JJ
happen	VB
.	.
Complete	JJ
the	DT
short	JJ
application	NN
now	RB
.	.
SIGACT	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
international	JJ
organization	NN
that	WDT
fosters	VBZ
and	CC
promotes	VBZ
the	DT
discovery	NN
and	CC
dissemination	NN
of	IN
high	JJ
quality	NN
research	NN
in	IN
theoretical	JJ
computer	NN
science	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
TCS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
formal	JJ
analysis	NN
of	IN
efficient	JJ
computation	NN
and	CC
computational	JJ
processes	NNS
.	.
SIGACT	NNP
,	,
through	IN
its	PRP$
awards	NNS
program	NN
,	,
recognizes	VBZ
individuals	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
made	VBN
significant	JJ
contributions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
field	NN
in	IN
research	NN
and	CC
service	NN
.	.
TCS	NNP
covers	VBZ
a	DT
wide	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
topics	NNS
including	VBG
algorithms	NNS
,	,
data	NNS
structures	NNS
,	,
computational	JJ
complexity	NN
,	,
parallel	NN
and	CC
distributed	VBN
computation	NN
,	,
probabilistic	JJ
computation	NN
,	,
quantum	NN
computation	NN
,	,
automata	NN
theory	NN
,	,
information	NN
theory	NN
,	,
cryptography	NN
,	,
program	NN
semantics	NNS
and	CC
verification	NN
,	,
machine	NN
learning	NN
,	,
computational	JJ
biology	NN
,	,
computational	JJ
economics	NNS
,	,
computational	JJ
geometry	NN
,	,
and	CC
computational	JJ
number	NN
theory	NN
and	CC
algebra	NN
.	.
Work	NN
in	IN
this	DT
field	NN
is	VBZ
often	RB
distinguished	VBN
by	IN
its	PRP$
emphasis	NN
on	IN
mathematical	JJ
technique	NN
and	CC
rigor	NN
.	.
Nominations	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
scientific	JJ
community	NN
.	.
A	DT
nomination	NN
should	MD
contain	VB
a	DT
brief	JJ
summary	NN
of	IN
the	DT
technical	JJ
content	NN
of	IN
each	DT
nominated	VBN
paper	NN
and	CC
a	DT
brief	JJ
explanation	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
significance	NN
.	.
A	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
research	NN
paper	NN
or	CC
papers	NNS
should	MD
accompany	VB
the	DT
nomination	NN
.	.
The	DT
nomination	NN
must	MD
state	VB
the	DT
bibliographic	JJ
data	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
preliminary	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
conference	NN
publication	NN
of	IN
the	DT
main	JJ
results	NNS
or	CC
state	NN
that	IN
no	DT
conference	NN
publication	NN
has	VBZ
occurred	VBN
.	.
Any	DT
research	NN
paper	NN
or	CC
series	NN
of	IN
research	NN
papers	NNS
by	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
author	NN
or	CC
by	IN
a	DT
team	NN
of	IN
authors	NNS
is	VBZ
deemed	VBN
eligible	JJ
if	IN
the	DT
paper	NN
was	VBD
published	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
recognized	VBN
refereed	VBN
journal	NN
before	IN
nomination	NN
but	CC
the	DT
main	JJ
results	NNS
were	VBD
not	RB
published	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
in	IN
either	DT
preliminary	JJ
or	CC
final	JJ
form	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
a	DT
journal	NN
or	CC
conference	NN
proceedings	NNS
14	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
years	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
year	NN
of	IN
the	DT
award	NN
.	.
This	DT
extended	JJ
period	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
recognition	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
value	NN
of	IN
fundamental	JJ
work	NN
can	MD
not	RB
always	RB
be	VB
immediately	RB
assessed	VBN
.	.
A	DT
conference	NN
publication	NN
starts	VBZ
the	DT
clock	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
often	RB
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
effective	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
bringing	VBG
the	DT
results	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
attention	NN
of	IN
the	DT
community	NN
.	.
The	DT
research	NN
work	NN
nominated	VBD
for	IN
the	DT
award	NN
should	MD
be	VB
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
theoretical	JJ
computer	NN
science	NN
.	.
The	DT
term	NN
``	``
theoretical	JJ
computer	NN
science	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
meant	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
broad	JJ
sense	NN
,	,
and	CC
encompasses	VBZ
,	,
but	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
restricted	VBN
to	TO
,	,
those	DT
areas	NNS
covered	VBN
by	IN
ICALP	NNP
and	CC
STOC	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Award	NNP
Committee	NNP
shall	MD
have	VB
the	DT
ultimate	JJ
authority	NN
to	TO
decide	VB
whether	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
paper	NN
is	VBZ
eligible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
Prize	NNP
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
Award	NNP
Committee	NNP
is	VBZ
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
consult	VB
with	IN
the	DT
theoretical	JJ
computer	NN
science	NN
community	NN
at	IN
large	JJ
,	,
the	DT
Award	NNP
Committee	NNP
is	VBZ
solely	RB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
selection	NN
of	IN
the	DT
winner	NN
of	IN
the	DT
award	NN
.	.
The	DT
prize	NN
may	MD
be	VB
shared	VBN
by	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
paper	NN
or	CC
series	NN
of	IN
papers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Award	NNP
Committee	NNP
reserves	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
declare	VB
no	DT
winner	NN
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
All	DT
matters	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
selection	NN
process	NN
that	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
specified	VBN
here	RB
are	VBP
left	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
discretion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Award	NNP
Committee	NNP
.	.
Frank	NNP
had	VBD
a	DT
beautiful	JJ
spirit	NN
!	.
He	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
great	JJ
j'	JJ
oie	NN
de	IN
vivre	NN
which	WDT
overflowed	VBD
naturally	RB
and	CC
spontaneously	RB
.	.
He	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
sweet	JJ
heart	NN
and	CC
gentle	JJ
disposition	NN
.	.
He	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
deep	JJ
and	CC
abiding	JJ
love	NN
for	IN
his	PRP$
mathematics	NN
.	.
An	DT
author	NN
of	IN
numerous	JJ
books	NNS
and	CC
articles	NNS
,	,
his	PRP$
book	NN
``	``
Graph	NNP
Theory	NNP
''	''
,	,
published	VBN
in	IN
1969	CD
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
modern	JJ
classic	NN
that	WDT
helped	VBD
define	VB
,	,
develop	VB
,	,
direct	JJ
and	CC
shape	VB
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
modern	JJ
graph	NN
theory	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
cited	VBN
and	CC
influential	JJ
scholarly	JJ
works	NNS
in	IN
modern	JJ
scientific	JJ
literature	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Harary	NNP
taught	VBD
what	WP
were	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
graph	NN
theory	NN
and	CC
combinatorial	JJ
theory	NN
courses	NNS
ever	RB
in	IN
1955	CD
at	IN
University	NNP
of	IN
Michigan	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
was	VBD
also	RB
the	DT
founder	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Journals	NNPS
of	IN
Combinatorial	NNP
Theory	NNP
and	CC
of	IN
Graph	NNP
Theory	NNP
and	CC
served	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
editorial	NN
boards	NNS
of	IN
many	JJ
more	JJR
.	.
During	IN
his	PRP$
long	JJ
and	CC
productive	JJ
career	NN
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Harary	NNP
authored\/coauthored	VBD
more	JJR
than	IN
700	CD
scholarly	JJ
papers	NNS
in	IN
areas	NNS
as	IN
diverse	JJ
as	IN
Anthropology	NNP
,	,
Biology	NNP
,	,
Chemistry	NNP
,	,
Computer	NNP
Science	NNP
,	,
Geography	NNP
,	,
Linguistics	NNP
,	,
Music	NNP
,	,
Physics	NNP
,	,
Political	NNP
Science	NNP
,	,
Psychology	NNP
,	,
Social	NNP
Science	NNP
and	CC
of	IN
course	NN
Mathematics	NNS
which	WDT
brought	VBD
forth	RB
the	DT
usefulness	NN
of	IN
Graph	NNP
Theory	NNP
in	IN
scientific	JJ
thought	NN
.	.
SIGACT	NNP
has	VBZ
written	VBN
some	DT
software	NN
for	IN
handling	VBG
electronic	JJ
conference	NN
submissions	NNS
and	CC
provides	VBZ
the	DT
software	NN
and	CC
a	DT
centralized	JJ
server	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
sigact.acm.org	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
has	VBZ
a	DT
well-tested	JJ
installation	NN
of	IN
this	DT
software	NN
.	.
The	DT
server	NN
and	CC
software	NN
are	VBP
both	DT
available	JJ
to	TO
any	DT
conference	NN
with	IN
significant	JJ
participation	NN
by	IN
the	DT
SIGACT	NNP
community	NN
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
get	VB
your	PRP$
account\/password	NN
,	,
log	VB
in	IN
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
and	CC
change	VB
your	PRP$
password	NN
to	TO
something	NN
more	RBR
secure	JJ
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
know	VBP
how	WRB
to	TO
use	VB
it	PRP
,	,
we	PRP
recommend	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
use	VBP
``	``
ssh	NN
''	''
for	IN
logging	VBG
into	IN
the	DT
sigact	NN
machine	NN
,	,
since	IN
it	PRP
encrypts	VBZ
all	DT
sensitive	JJ
data	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
passwords	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
even	RB
set	VB
it	PRP
up	RP
so	RB
that	IN
sigact	NN
does	VBZ
a	DT
cryptographic	JJ
authentication	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
identity	NN
before	IN
allowing	VBG
you	PRP
to	TO
log	VB
in	IN
.	.
When	WRB
logged	VBN
in	IN
to	TO
your	PRP$
conference	NN
account	NN
,	,
type	NN
esubsetup	NN
at	IN
the	DT
shell	NN
prompt	JJ
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
prompt	VB
you	PRP
for	IN
all	DT
sorts	NNS
of	IN
information	NN
regarding	VBG
your	PRP$
conference	NN
,	,
including	VBG
submission	NN
deadlines	NNS
and	CC
contact	NN
names	NNS
and	CC
e-mail	NN
addresses	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
see	VB
a	DT
sample	NN
setup	NN
run	VBP
to	TO
see	VB
what	WP
sorts	NNS
of	IN
things	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
asked	VBN
.	.
After	IN
successfully	RB
completing	VBG
esubsetup	NN
,	,
the	DT
software	NN
and	CC
submission	NN
instruction	NN
web	NN
page	NN
should	MD
be	VB
all	DT
set	VBN
up	RP
automatically	RB
.	.
Make	VB
a	DT
note	NN
of	IN
the	DT
URL	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
submission	NN
instructions	NNS
so	IN
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
include	VB
it	PRP
in	IN
your	PRP$
call	NN
for	IN
papers	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
publicity	NN
.	.
Carefully	RB
read	VBN
through	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
submission	NN
instructions	NNS
yourself	PRP
,	,
and	CC
try	VB
out	RP
each	DT
command	NN
.	.
This	DT
serves	VBZ
two	CD
purposes	NNS
:	:
first	RB
,	,
it	PRP
makes	VBZ
sure	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
software	NN
is	VBZ
installed	VBN
and	CC
working	VBG
correctly	RB
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
makes	VBZ
you	PRP
familiar	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
process	NN
so	IN
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
help	VB
people	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
submitting	VBG
to	TO
your	PRP$
conference	NN
.	.
The	DT
point	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
that	IN
each	DT
of	IN
is	VBZ
incapable	JJ
of	IN
making	VBG
up	RP
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
answer	NN
,	,
but	CC
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
for	IN
us	PRP
all	DT
to	TO
give	VB
pretty	RB
much	RB
the	DT
same	JJ
answer	NN
.	.
The	DT
more	JJR
we	PRP
appear	VBP
to	TO
speak	VB
with	IN
one	CD
voice	NN
,	,
the	DT
more	RBR
credible	JJ
our	PRP$
comments	NNS
will	MD
appear	VB
to	TO
people	NNS
outside	IN
of	IN
theory	NN
.	.
This	DT
extended	JJ
period	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
recognition	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
value	NN
of	IN
fundamental	JJ
work	NN
can	MD
not	RB
always	RB
be	VB
immediately	RB
assessed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
research	NN
work	NN
nominated	VBD
for	IN
the	DT
award	NN
should	MD
be	VB
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
theoretical	JJ
computer	NN
science	NN
.	.
The	DT
term	NN
``	``
theoretical	JJ
computer	NN
science	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
meant	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
broad	JJ
sense	NN
,	,
and	CC
encompasses	VBZ
,	,
but	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
restricted	VBN
to	TO
,	,
those	DT
areas	NNS
covered	VBN
by	IN
ICALP	NNP
and	CC
STOC	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Award	NNP
Committee	NNP
shall	MD
have	VB
the	DT
ultimate	JJ
authority	NN
to	TO
decide	VB
whether	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
paper	NN
is	VBZ
eligible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
Prize	NNP
.	.
In	IN
August	NNP
2002	CD
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
ancient	JJ
computational	JJ
problems	NNS
was	VBD
finally	RB
solved	VBN
.	.
Agrawal	NNP
,	,
Kayal	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Saxena	NNP
presented	VBD
an	DT
unconditional	JJ
deterministic	JJ
polynomial	NN
time	NN
algorithm	NN
that	WDT
determines	VBZ
whether	IN
an	DT
input	NN
number	NN
is	VBZ
prime	JJ
or	CC
composite	JJ
.	.
Due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
the	DT
preprint	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
paper	NN
circulated	VBN
within	IN
hours	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
scientific	JJ
community	NN
and	CC
found	VBD
an	DT
immediate	JJ
enthusiastic	JJ
response	NN
.	.
All	DT
previously	RB
known	VBN
polynomial	NN
time	NN
primality	JJ
tests	NNS
were	VBD
based	VBN
on	IN
probabilistic	JJ
methods	NNS
or	CC
they	PRP
relied	VBP
on	IN
an	DT
unproven	JJ
assumption	NN
,	,
known	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
generalized	VBN
Riemann	NNP
Hypothesis	NNP
.	.
A	DT
remarkable	JJ
aspect	NN
of	IN
the	DT
article	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
final	JJ
exposition	NN
itself	PRP
turns	VBZ
out	RP
to	TO
be	VB
rather	RB
simple	JJ
.	.
The	DT
text	NN
as	IN
published	VBN
in	IN
Annals	NNP
of	IN
Mathematics	NNPS
is	VBZ
a	DT
masterpiece	NN
in	IN
mathematical	JJ
reasoning	NN
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
high	JJ
density	NN
of	IN
tricks	NNS
and	CC
techniques	NNS
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
arguments	NNS
come	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
brilliantly	RB
simple	JJ
manner	NN
;	:
they	PRP
remain	VBP
completely	RB
elementary	JJ
.	.
The	DT
contents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
paper	NN
are	VBP
therefore	RB
accessible	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
broad	JJ
audience	NN
.	.
The	DT
performance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
algorithm	NN
depends	VBZ
on	IN
some	DT
number-theoretic	JJ
assumptions	NNS
,	,
but	CC
an	DT
exact	JJ
unconditional	JJ
polynomial	NN
bound	VBN
is	VBZ
given	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
paper	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
number-theoretic	JJ
assumptions	NNS
hold	VBP
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
algorithm	NN
runs	VBZ
in	IN
nearly	RB
cubic	JJ
time	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
amazing	JJ
.	.
The	DT
award-winning	JJ
paper	NN
makes	VBZ
use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
probabilistic	JJ
algorithm	NN
by	IN
Agrawal	NNP
and	CC
Somenath	NNP
Biswas	NNP
,	,
presented	VBN
at	IN
FOCS	NNP
1999	CD
,	,
which	WDT
Agrawal	NNP
,	,
Kayal	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Saxena	NNP
were	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
derandomize	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
``	``
PRIMES	NNP
is	VBZ
in	IN
P	NNP
''	''
is	VBZ
a	DT
perfect	JJ
example	NN
for	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
trend	NN
in	IN
derandomization	NN
.	.
We	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
yet	RB
foresee	VB
the	DT
full	JJ
impact	NN
of	IN
the	DT
paper	NN
,	,
but	CC
since	IN
its	PRP$
appearance	NN
many	JJ
researchers	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
inspired	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
algebraic	JJ
techniques	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
paper	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
continued	VBN
to	TO
work	VB
on	IN
them	PRP
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
follow-up	JJ
papers	NNS
have	VBP
established	VBN
new	JJ
connections	NNS
between	IN
graph-isomorphism	NN
,	,
integer-factorization	NN
,	,
and	CC
ring-isomorphism	NN
.	.
Primality	NN
testing	NN
and	CC
integer-factorization	NN
remain	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
focus	NN
of	IN
current	JJ
research	NN
:	:
The	DT
intractability	NN
of	IN
finding	VBG
the	DT
prime	JJ
factors	NNS
of	IN
very	RB
large	JJ
numbers	NNS
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
cornerstone	NN
of	IN
cryptography	NN
and	CC
data	NNS
security	NN
.	.
This	DT
concise	JJ
work	NN
laid	VBD
the	DT
foundations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
analysis	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
streams	NNS
using	VBG
limited	JJ
memory	NN
.	.
It	PRP
demonstrated	VBD
the	DT
design	NN
of	IN
small	JJ
randomized	VBN
linear	JJ
projections	NNS
,	,
subsequently	RB
referred	VBD
to	TO
as	IN
``	``
sketches	NNS
,	,
''	''
that	IN
summarize	VB
large	JJ
amounts	NNS
of	IN
data	NNS
and	CC
allow	VB
quantities	NNS
of	IN
interest	NN
to	TO
be	VB
approximated	VBN
to	TO
user-specified	JJ
precision	NN
.	.
Due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
simplicity	NN
,	,
elegance	NN
,	,
and	CC
wide	JJ
applicability	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
techniques	NNS
,	,
the	DT
paper	NN
set	VBD
the	DT
pattern	NN
for	IN
a	DT
rapidly	RB
growing	VBG
body	NN
of	IN
work	NN
,	,
both	DT
theoretical	JJ
and	CC
applied	VBD
,	,
and	CC
created	VBD
the	DT
now	RB
burgeoning	VBG
fields	NNS
of	IN
streaming	VBG
and	CC
sketching	VBG
algorithms	NNS
.	.
The	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
practical	JJ
application	NN
include	VBP
query	NN
planning	NN
and	CC
processing	NN
in	IN
databases	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
design	NN
of	IN
small	JJ
synopses	NNS
to	TO
monitor	VB
vast	JJ
quantities	NNS
of	IN
data	NNS
generated	VBD
in	IN
networks	NNS
.	.
The	DT
ideas	NNS
have	VBP
since	IN
enabled	VBN
effective	JJ
,	,
one-pass	JJ
algorithms	NNS
for	IN
numerous	JJ
data-streaming	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
relational	JJ
join	VB
queries	NNS
,	,
top-k	JJ
frequency	NN
estimation	NN
,	,
histogram	NN
and	CC
wavelet	NN
construction	NN
,	,
and	CC
correlating	VBG
XML	NNP
data	NNS
streams	NNS
.	.
The	DT
paper	NN
demonstrates	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
theory	NN
of	IN
computing	NN
continues	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
powerful	JJ
source	NN
of	IN
mathematical	JJ
ideas	NNS
with	IN
immediate	JJ
and	CC
profound	JJ
impact	NN
on	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
in	IN
other	JJ
communities	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
databases	NNS
and	CC
networking	NN
.	.
These	DT
papers	NNS
demonstrate	VBP
that	IN
one	CD
can	MD
avoid	VB
the	DT
inherent	JJ
difficulty	NN
of	IN
analyzing	VBG
a	DT
dynamic	JJ
model	NN
,	,
transforming	VBG
it	PRP
into	IN
a	DT
static	JJ
one	CD
by	IN
associating	VBG
computational	JJ
tasks	NNS
with	IN
simplicial	JJ
complexes	NNS
and	CC
translating	VBG
the	DT
question	NN
of	IN
existence	NN
of	IN
a	DT
wait-free	JJ
protocol	NN
into	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
distinct	JJ
but	CC
related	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
topological	JJ
questions	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
complexes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
discovery	NN
of	IN
the	DT
topological	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
distributed	VBN
computing	NN
provides	VBZ
a	DT
new	JJ
perspective	NN
on	IN
the	DT
area	NN
and	CC
represents	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
striking	JJ
examples	NNS
,	,
possibly	RB
in	IN
all	DT
of	IN
applied	VBN
mathematics	NNS
,	,
of	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
topological	JJ
structures	NNS
to	TO
quantify	VB
natural	JJ
computational	JJ
phenomena	NNS
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
introduced	VBN
AdaBoost	NNP
,	,
an	DT
adaptive	JJ
algorithm	NN
to	TO
improve	VB
the	DT
accuracy	NN
of	IN
hypotheses	NNS
in	IN
machine	NN
learning	NN
.	.
The	DT
algorithm	NN
demonstrated	VBD
novel	JJ
possibilities	NNS
in	IN
analyzing	VBG
data	NNS
and	CC
is	VBZ
a	DT
permanent	JJ
contribution	NN
to	TO
science	NN
even	RB
beyond	IN
computer	NN
science	NN
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
a	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
features	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
its	PRP$
elegance	NN
,	,
the	DT
simplicity	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
implementation	NN
,	,
its	PRP$
wide	JJ
applicability	NN
,	,
and	CC
its	PRP$
striking	JJ
success	NN
in	IN
reducing	VBG
errors	NNS
in	IN
benchmark	JJ
applications	NNS
even	RB
while	IN
its	PRP$
theoretical	JJ
assumptions	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
known	VBN
to	TO
hold	VB
,	,
the	DT
algorithm	NN
set	VBN
off	RP
an	DT
explosion	NN
of	IN
research	NN
in	IN
the	DT
fields	NNS
of	IN
statistics	NNS
,	,
artificial	JJ
intelligence	NN
,	,
experimental	JJ
machine	NN
learning	NN
,	,
and	CC
data	NNS
mining	NN
.	.
The	DT
algorithm	NN
is	VBZ
now	RB
widely	RB
used	VBN
in	IN
practice	NN
.	.
The	DT
paper	NN
highlights	VBZ
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
theoretical	JJ
computer	NN
science	NN
continues	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
fount	NN
of	IN
powerful	JJ
and	CC
entirely	RB
novel	JJ
ideas	NNS
with	IN
significant	JJ
and	CC
direct	JJ
impact	NN
even	RB
in	IN
areas	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
data	NNS
analysis	NN
,	,
that	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
studied	VBN
extensively	RB
by	IN
other	JJ
communities	NNS
.	.
Science	NNP
251	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2001	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
pp.1-166	JJ
.	.
The	DT
author	NN
gives	VBZ
a	DT
complete	JJ
solution	NN
to	TO
the	DT
decidability	NN
of	IN
the	DT
equivalence	NN
problem	NN
for	IN
deterministic	JJ
pushdown	JJ
automata	NN
:	:
Given	VBN
two	CD
languages	NNS
L1	CD
and	CC
L2	CD
accepted	VBN
by	IN
deterministic	JJ
pushdown	JJ
automata	NN
decide	VBP
whether	IN
L1	NN
=	SYM
L2	FW
.	.
The	DT
problem	NN
was	VBD
posed	VBN
by	IN
S.	NNP
Ginsburg	NNP
and	CC
S.	NNP
Greibach	NNP
in	IN
1966	CD
and	CC
various	JJ
subcases	NNS
were	VBD
shown	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
decidable	JJ
over	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
full	JJ
question	NN
remained	VBD
elusive	JJ
until	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
finally	RB
settled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
awardee	NN
.	.
He	PRP
showed	VBD
the	DT
problem	NN
to	TO
be	VB
decidable	JJ
.	.
The	DT
paper	NN
not	RB
only	RB
settles	VBZ
the	DT
equivalence	NN
problem	NN
for	IN
deterministic	JJ
context-free	JJ
languages	NNS
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
develops	VBZ
an	DT
entire	JJ
machinery	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
techniques	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
likely	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
useful	JJ
in	IN
other	JJ
contexts	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
have	VBP
already	RB
found	VBN
useful	JJ
in	IN
semantics	NNS
of	IN
programming	NN
languages	NNS
.	.
The	DT
prize	NN
winners	NNS
established	VBD
the	DT
surprising	JJ
fact	NN
that	IN
certain	JJ
problems	NNS
in	IN
NP	NNP
remain	VBP
hard	JJ
even	RB
when	WRB
only	RB
an	DT
approximative	JJ
solution	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
.	.
With	IN
their	PRP$
deep	JJ
insights	NNS
and	CC
powerful	JJ
results	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
have	VBP
opened	VBN
new	JJ
perspectives	NNS
for	IN
many	JJ
problems	NNS
in	IN
computer	NN
science	NN
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
in	IN
optimization	NN
and	CC
cryptography	NN
.	.
The	DT
implication	NN
for	IN
quantum	NN
computers	NNS
,	,
hypothetical	JJ
devices	NNS
first	RB
studied	VBN
by	IN
Benioff	NNP
and	CC
Feynmann	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
that	IN
,	,
if	IN
they	PRP
could	MD
really	RB
be	VB
built	VBN
and	CC
used	VBN
,	,
their	PRP$
impact	NN
on	IN
real-world	JJ
computation	NN
would	MD
be	VB
revolutionary	JJ
.	.
The	DT
assumption	NN
that	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
polynomial-time	NN
factoring	NN
or	CC
discrete-log	JJ
algorithms	NNS
for	IN
classical	JJ
computers	NNS
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
to	TO
prove	VB
the	DT
security	NN
of	IN
all	DT
of	IN
today	NN
's	POS
widely	RB
deployed	VBN
public-key	JJ
cryptosystems	NNS
.	.
These	DT
two	CD
problems	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
extensively	RB
studied	VBN
,	,
and	CC
indeed	RB
the	DT
fastest	JJS
known	VBN
algorithms	NNS
that	WDT
solve	VBP
them	PRP
on	IN
classical	JJ
computers	NNS
require	VBP
much	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
polynomial	JJ
time	NN
.	.
If	IN
quantum	JJ
computers	NNS
could	MD
be	VB
built	VBN
and	CC
used	VBN
,	,
cryptanalysts	NNS
could	MD
use	VB
Shor	NNP
's	POS
algorithms	NNS
to	TO
break	VB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
public-key	JJ
cryptosystems	NNS
in	IN
wide	JJ
use	NN
today	NN
and	CC
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
electronic-commerce	JJ
applications	NNS
that	WDT
depend	VBP
on	IN
them	PRP
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
remarkable	JJ
paper	NN
``	``
PP	NNP
is	VBZ
as	RB
hard	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
polynomial	NN
-	:
time	NN
hierarchy	NN
''	''
Seinosuke	NNP
Toda	NNP
showed	VBD
that	IN
two	CD
fundamental	JJ
and	CC
much	JJ
studied	VBN
computational	JJ
concepts	NNS
had	VBD
a	DT
deep	JJ
and	CC
unexpected	JJ
relationship	NN
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
is	VBZ
that	IN
of	IN
alternation	NN
of	IN
quantifiers	NNS
-	:
if	IN
one	CD
alternates	VBZ
existential	JJ
and	CC
universal	JJ
quantifiers	NNS
for	IN
polynomial	NN
time	NN
recognizable	JJ
functions	NNS
one	CD
obtains	VBZ
the	DT
polynomial	NN
time	NN
hierarchy	NN
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
concept	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
of	IN
counting	VBG
the	DT
exact	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
solutions	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
problem	NN
where	WRB
a	DT
candidate	NN
solution	NN
is	VBZ
polynomial	JJ
time	NN
recognizable	JJ
.	.
Toda	NNP
's	POS
astonishing	JJ
result	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
latter	JJ
notion	NN
subsumes	VBZ
the	DT
former	JJ
-	:
for	IN
any	DT
problem	NN
in	IN
the	DT
polynomial	NN
hierarchy	NN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
deterministic	JJ
polynomial	NN
time	NN
reduction	NN
to	TO
counting	VBG
.	.
This	DT
discovery	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
striking	JJ
and	CC
tantalizing	JJ
results	NNS
in	IN
complexity	NN
theory	NN
.	.
It	PRP
continues	VBZ
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
an	DT
inspiration	NN
to	TO
those	DT
seeking	VBG
to	TO
understand	VB
more	JJR
fully	RB
the	DT
relationships	NNS
among	IN
the	DT
fundamental	JJ
concepts	NNS
in	IN
computer	NN
science	NN
.	.
The	DT
Halpern-Moses	NNP
paper	NN
provided	VBD
a	DT
new	JJ
and	CC
effective	JJ
way	NN
of	IN
reasoning	NN
about	IN
distributed	VBN
systems	NNS
,	,
providing	VBG
rigorous	JJ
and	CC
powerful	JJ
new	JJ
techniques	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
epistemic	JJ
logic	NN
.	.
When	WRB
reasoning	NN
informally	RB
about	IN
distributed	VBN
protocols	NNS
,	,
researchers	NNS
naturally	RB
think	VBP
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
speak	VBP
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
agents	NNS
``	``
knowing	VBG
''	''
certain	JJ
facts	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
global	JJ
system	NN
state	NN
.	.
The	DT
key	JJ
insight	NN
of	IN
Halpern	NNP
and	CC
Moses	NNP
was	VBD
that	IN
this	DT
informal	JJ
notion	NN
of	IN
knowledge	NN
could	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
a	DT
rigorous	JJ
mathematical	JJ
formulation	NN
.	.
Using	VBG
this	DT
,	,
they	PRP
delineated	VBD
various	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
group	NN
knowledge	NN
,	,
including	VBG
common	JJ
knowledge	NN
,	,
which	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
viewed	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
limiting	VBG
form	NN
of	IN
group	NN
knowledge	NN
.	.
They	PRP
illustrated	VBD
these	DT
using	VBG
clever	JJ
examples	NNS
,	,
and	CC
showed	VBD
for	IN
instance	NN
that	IN
the	DT
distributed	VBN
task	NN
of	IN
coordinated	VBN
attack	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
performed	VBN
without	IN
common	JJ
knowledge	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
common	JJ
knowledge	NN
is	VBZ
impossible	JJ
when	WRB
communication	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
guaranteed	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
not	RB
only	RB
has	VBZ
had	VBN
a	DT
profound	JJ
impact	NN
on	IN
the	DT
study	NN
of	IN
distributed	VBN
computing	NN
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
on	IN
areas	NNS
as	IN
diverse	JJ
as	IN
security	NN
,	,
where	WRB
knowledge	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
key	JJ
concern	NN
of	IN
cryptographic	JJ
protocols	NNS
,	,
and	CC
artificial	JJ
intelligence	NN
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
paper	NN
's	POS
concrete	JJ
computational	JJ
interpretation	NN
of	IN
knowledge	NN
has	VBZ
reinvigorated	VBN
whole	JJ
lines	NNS
of	IN
research	NN
into	IN
knowledge	NN
and	CC
goals	NNS
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
paper	NN
demonstrates	VBZ
a	DT
two-way	JJ
connection	NN
between	IN
the	DT
mixing	VBG
rate	NN
of	IN
a	DT
Markov	NNP
chain	NN
and	CC
a	DT
graph-theoretic	JJ
quantity	NN
called	VBN
conductance	NN
,	,
and	CC
provided	VBD
the	DT
canonical	JJ
paths	NNS
tool	NN
for	IN
establishing	VBG
high	JJ
conductance	NN
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
paper	NN
then	RB
brilliantly	RB
applies	VBZ
this	DT
method	NN
to	TO
prove	VB
the	DT
rapidly	RB
mixing	VBG
property	NN
of	IN
a	DT
certain	JJ
random	JJ
walk	NN
on	IN
the	DT
set	NN
of	IN
all	DT
perfect	JJ
matchings	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
dense	JJ
graph	NN
,	,
thereby	RB
providing	VBG
a	DT
polynomial	NN
time	NN
algorithm	NN
for	IN
approximating	VBG
the	DT
permanent	JJ
.	.
Together	RB
,	,
these	DT
two	CD
papers	NNS
have	VBP
helped	VBN
trigger	VB
a	DT
Markov	NNP
Chain	NNP
``	``
renaissance	NN
''	''
in	IN
the	DT
1990	CD
's	POS
,	,
and	CC
one	CD
can	MD
conservatively	RB
count	VB
seventy	JJ
major	JJ
papers	NNS
employing	VBG
Markov	NNP
chains	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
style	NN
and	CC
methodology	NN
they	PRP
initiated	VBD
,	,
covering	VBG
areas	NNS
as	IN
diverse	JJ
as	IN
matching	VBG
algorithms	NNS
,	,
geometric	JJ
algorithms	NNS
,	,
mathematical	JJ
programming	NN
,	,
statistics	NNS
,	,
physics-inspired	JJ
applications	NNS
,	,
and	CC
dynamical	JJ
systems	NNS
.	.
These	DT
two	CD
papers	NNS
,	,
using	VBG
a	DT
subtle	JJ
yet	RB
elementary	JJ
method	NN
,	,
independently	RB
proved	VBD
that	IN
nondeterministic	JJ
space	NN
complexity	NN
classes	NNS
are	VBP
closed	VBN
under	IN
complementation	NN
.	.
This	DT
surprising	JJ
result	NN
settled	VBD
a	DT
fundamental	JJ
question	NN
in	IN
complexity	NN
theory	NN
that	WDT
had	VBD
remained	VBN
open	JJ
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
three	CD
decades	NNS
.	.
These	DT
papers	NNS
introduced	VBD
the	DT
concept	NN
of	IN
interactive	JJ
proof	NN
systems	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
provides	VBZ
a	DT
rich	JJ
new	JJ
framework	NN
for	IN
addressing	VBG
the	DT
question	NN
of	IN
what	WP
constitutes	VBZ
a	DT
mathematical	JJ
proof	NN
.	.
The	DT
invention	NN
of	IN
this	DT
framework	NN
has	VBZ
already	RB
led	VBN
to	TO
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
exciting	JJ
developments	NNS
in	IN
complexity	NN
theory	NN
in	IN
recent	JJ
years	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
discovery	NN
of	IN
close	JJ
connections	NNS
between	IN
interactive	JJ
proof	NN
systems	NNS
and	CC
classical	JJ
complexity	NN
classes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
resolution	NN
of	IN
several	JJ
major	JJ
open	JJ
problems	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
difficulty	NN
of	IN
finding	VBG
near-optimal	JJ
solutions	NNS
to	TO
combinatorial	JJ
optimization	NN
problems	NNS
.	.
Instead	RB
of	IN
trying	VBG
to	TO
reconstruct	VB
the	DT
past	JJ
using	VBG
only	RB
incidents	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
think	VBP
I	PRP
remember	VBP
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
quote	VB
extensively	RB
from	IN
actual	JJ
documents	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
written	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
things	NNS
happened	VBD
.	.
The	DT
remarks	NNS
below	IN
are	VBP
extracted	VBN
from	IN
a	DT
one-hour	JJ
keynote	NN
speech	NN
I	PRP
gave	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
Stanford	NNP
Computer	NNP
Forum	NNP
on	IN
20	CD
March	NNP
2002	CD
;	:
many	JJ
further	JJ
details	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
images	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
documents	NNS
,	,
can	MD
be	VB
seen	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
video	NN
recording	NN
of	IN
that	DT
lecture	NN
,	,
which	WDT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
permanently	RB
archived	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
by	IN
Stanford	NNP
's	POS
Center	NNP
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Development	NNP
[scpd.stanford.edu	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
As	IN
in	IN
that	DT
lecture	NN
,	,
I	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
attempt	VB
to	TO
give	VB
a	DT
traditional	JJ
biography	NN
,	,
with	IN
balanced	JJ
accounts	NNS
of	IN
Bob	NNP
's	POS
childhood	NN
,	,
education	NN
,	,
family	NN
life	NN
,	,
career	NN
,	,
and	CC
outside	JJ
interests	NNS
;	:
I	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
intriguing	JJ
task	NN
of	IN
preparing	VBG
such	PDT
an	DT
account	NN
will	MD
be	VB
undertaken	VBN
before	RB
long	RB
by	IN
professional	JJ
historians	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
much	RB
more	RBR
qualified	VBN
than	IN
I.	NN
My	PRP$
aim	NN
here	RB
is	VBZ
rather	RB
to	TO
present	VB
a	DT
personal	JJ
perspective	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
own	JJ
work	NN
on	IN
programming	NN
was	VBD
merely	RB
a	DT
sideline	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
I	PRP
could	MD
pay	VB
for	IN
my	PRP$
college	NN
education	NN
and	CC
prepare	VB
to	TO
start	VB
a	DT
family	NN
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
summer	NN
of	IN
1962	CD
I	PRP
wrote	VBD
a	DT
FORTRAN	NNP
compiler	NN
for	IN
a	DT
small	JJ
UNIVAC	NNP
computer	NN
;	:
this	DT
work	NN
had	VBD
almost	RB
no	DT
connection	NN
with	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
viewed	VBD
as	IN
my	PRP$
future	JJ
career	NN
as	IN
a	DT
teacher	NN
of	IN
mathematics	NNS
,	,
except	IN
that	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
spend	VB
one	CD
fascinating	JJ
day	NN
studying	VBG
the	DT
efficiency	NN
of	IN
``	``
linear	JJ
probing	VBG
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
simple	JJ
hash	NN
table	NN
algorithm	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
my	PRP$
compiler	NN
maintained	VBD
its	PRP$
dictionary	NN
of	IN
symbols	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
never	RB
heard	VBN
of	IN
``	``
computer	NN
science	NN
.	.
''	''
My	PRP$
whole	JJ
attitude	NN
changed	VBD
,	,
however	RB
,	,
when	WRB
I	PRP
met	VBD
Bob	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
in	IN
person	NN
at	IN
the	DT
ACM	NNP
conference	NN
in	IN
Syracuse	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
that	DT
summer	NN
.	.
We	PRP
became	VBD
fast	JJ
friends	NNS
,	,
perhaps	RB
because	IN
we	PRP
had	VBD
both	DT
learned	VBD
programming	NN
in	IN
the	DT
late	JJ
1950s	NNS
by	IN
sitting	VBG
at	IN
the	DT
consoles	VBZ
of	IN
IBM	NNP
650	CD
computers	NNS
.	.
Bob	NNP
showed	VBD
me	PRP
some	DT
work	NN
he	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
doing	VBG
about	IN
mathematical	JJ
techniques	NNS
for	IN
verifying	VBG
that	IN
a	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
correct	JJ
--	:
a	DT
completely	RB
unheard-of	JJ
idea	NN
in	IN
those	DT
days	NNS
as	IN
far	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
knew	VBD
.	.
The	DT
accepted	VBN
methodology	NN
for	IN
program	NN
construction	NN
was	VBD
quite	RB
the	DT
opposite	NN
:	:
People	NNS
would	MD
write	VB
code	NN
and	CC
make	VB
test	NN
runs	NNS
,	,
then	RB
find	VB
bugs	NNS
and	CC
make	VB
patches	NNS
,	,
then	RB
find	VB
more	JJR
bugs	NNS
and	CC
make	VB
more	JJR
patches	NNS
,	,
and	CC
so	RB
on	IN
until	IN
not	RB
being	VBG
able	JJ
to	TO
discover	VB
any	DT
further	JJ
errors	NNS
,	,
yet	RB
always	RB
living	VBG
in	IN
dread	NN
for	IN
fear	NN
that	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
case	NN
would	MD
turn	VB
up	RP
on	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
day	NN
and	CC
lead	NN
to	TO
a	DT
new	JJ
type	NN
of	IN
failure	NN
.	.
We	PRP
never	RB
realized	VBD
that	IN
there	EX
might	MD
be	VB
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
construct	VB
a	DT
rigorous	JJ
proof	NN
of	IN
validity	NN
;	:
at	IN
least	JJS
,	,
I	PRP
'm	VBP
sure	JJ
that	IN
such	JJ
thoughts	NNS
never	RB
crossed	VBD
my	PRP$
own	JJ
mind	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
writing	VBG
programs	NNS
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
doing	VBG
nothing	NN
but	CC
proofs	NNS
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
a	DT
classroom	NN
.	.
I	PRP
considered	VBD
programming	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
an	DT
entirely	RB
different	JJ
category	NN
of	IN
human	JJ
activity	NN
.	.
The	DT
early	JJ
treatises	NNS
of	IN
Goldstine	NNP
and	CC
von	NNP
Neumann	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
provided	VBD
a	DT
glimpse	NN
of	IN
mathematical	JJ
program	NN
development	NN
,	,
had	VBD
long	RB
been	VBN
forgotten	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
also	RB
unaware	JJ
of	IN
John	NNP
McCarthy	NNP
's	POS
paper	NN
,	,
``	``
Towards	IN
a	DT
mathematical	JJ
science	NN
of	IN
computation	NN
,	,
''	''
presented	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
IFIP	NNP
Congress	NNP
in	IN
Munich	NNP
that	WDT
summer	NN
,	,
nor	CC
did	VBD
I	PRP
associate	JJ
McCarthy-style	NNP
recursive	JJ
functions	NNS
with	IN
``	``
real	JJ
''	''
programming	NN
at	IN
that	DT
time	NN
.	.
But	CC
Bob	NNP
taught	VBD
me	PRP
how	WRB
to	TO
wear	VB
my	PRP$
programmer	NN
's	POS
cap	NN
and	CC
my	PRP$
mathematician	NN
's	POS
cloak	NN
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
.	.
Proceedings	NNP
of	IN
Symposia	NNP
in	IN
Applied	NNP
Mathematics	NNPS
19	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1967	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
19-32	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
he	PRP
gave	VBD
credit	NN
to	TO
unpublished	JJ
ideas	NNS
of	IN
Alan	NNP
Perlis	NNP
and	CC
Saul	NNP
Gorn	NNP
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
'm	VBP
sure	JJ
that	IN
he	PRP
had	VBD
developed	VBN
everything	NN
independently	RB
.	.
His	PRP$
paper	NN
presented	VBD
a	DT
formal	JJ
grammar	NN
for	IN
flowcharts	NNS
together	RB
with	IN
rigorous	JJ
methods	NNS
for	IN
verifying	VBG
the	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
basic	JJ
actions	NNS
like	IN
assignments	NNS
and	CC
tests	NNS
;	:
thus	RB
it	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
direct	JJ
precursor	NN
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
preconditions	NNS
''	''
and	CC
``	``
postconditions	NNS
''	''
subsequently	RB
developed	VBN
by	IN
Tony	NNP
Hoare	NNP
.	.
Whenever	NNP
I	PRP
had	VBD
mail	NN
from	IN
Bob	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
'd	MD
learn	VB
that	IN
he	PRP
had	VBD
gotten	VBN
ahead	RB
in	IN
our	PRP$
friendly	JJ
competition	NN
;	:
then	RB
it	PRP
was	VBD
my	PRP$
turn	NN
to	TO
put	VB
TAOCP	NNP
on	IN
hold	NN
for	IN
another	DT
day	NN
,	,
trying	VBG
to	TO
trump	VB
his	PRP$
latest	JJS
discovery	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
informal	JJ
game	NN
of	IN
pure-research-at-a-distance	NN
gave	VBD
us	PRP
a	DT
taste	NN
of	IN
the	DT
thrills	VBZ
that	IN
mathematicians	NNS
of	IN
old	JJ
must	MD
have	VB
felt	VBN
in	IN
similar	JJ
circumstances	NNS
,	,
as	IN
when	WRB
Leibniz	NNP
corresponded	VBD
with	IN
the	DT
Bernoullis	NNP
or	CC
when	WRB
Euler	NNP
and	CC
Goldbach	NNP
exchanged	VBD
letters	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
found	VBD
in	IN
my	PRP$
files	NNS
a	DT
letter	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
'd	MD
written	VBN
to	TO
Myrtle	NNP
Kellington	NNP
in	IN
June	NNP
,	,
1967	CD
,	,
urging	VBG
her	PRP$
to	TO
have	VB
the	DT
illustrations	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
typeset	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
printer	NN
instead	RB
of	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
much	JJ
cheaper	JJR
alternative	NN
of	IN
``	``
Leroy	NNP
lettering	NN
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
argued	VBD
that	IN
``	``
Floyd	NNP
's	POS
article	NN
,	,
perhaps	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
article	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
ever	RB
seen	VBN
,	,
is	VBZ
based	VBN
almost	RB
entirely	RB
on	IN
illustrations	NNS
coordinated	VBN
with	IN
text	NN
.	.
...	:
Saying	VBG
he	PRP
should	MD
prepare	VB
his	PRP$
own	JJ
diagrams	NNS
is	VBZ
,	,
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
like	IN
telling	VBG
our	PRP$
authors	NNS
never	RB
to	TO
use	VB
any	DT
mathematical	JJ
formulas	NNS
unless	IN
they	PRP
submit	VBP
hand-lettered	JJ
copy	NN
.	.
...	:
Professor	NNP
Floyd	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
one	CD
of	IN
our	PRP$
best	JJS
and	CC
most	RBS
faithful	JJ
referees	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
ACM	NNP
publications	NNS
for	IN
many	JJ
years	NNS
,	,
and	CC
he	PRP
has	VBZ
volunteered	VBN
much	RB
of	IN
his	PRP$
valuable	JJ
time	NN
to	TO
this	DT
often	RB
thankless	JJ
job	NN
.	.
Now	RB
he	PRP
is	VBZ
an	DT
associate	JJ
editor	NN
of	IN
JACM	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
certainly	RB
owe	VBP
him	PRP
a	DT
decent	JJ
treatment	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
article	NN
.	.
''	''
I	PRP
'm	VBP
happy	JJ
to	TO
report	VB
that	IN
she	PRP
agreed	VBD
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
she	PRP
had	VBD
received	VBN
my	PRP$
letter	NN
more	JJR
than	IN
two	CD
weeks	NNS
after	IN
the	DT
publication	NN
deadline	NN
.	.
Meanwhile	RB
my	PRP$
publishers	NNS
and	CC
I	PRP
had	VBD
asked	VBN
Bob	NNP
for	IN
a	DT
detailed	JJ
critique	NN
of	IN
TAOCP	NNP
Volume	NN
1	CD
,	,
which	WDT
was	VBD
being	VBG
prepared	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
press	NN
in	IN
1967	CD
.	.
Needless	JJ
to	TO
say	VB
,	,
his	PRP$
comments	NNS
proved	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
invaluable	JJ
to	TO
me	PRP
,	,
although	IN
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
agree	VB
with	IN
every	DT
single	JJ
one	CD
of	IN
his	PRP$
remarks	NNS
.	.
Here	RB
are	VBP
some	DT
excerpts	NNS
from	IN
what	WP
he	PRP
wrote	VBD
:	:
``	``
Chapter	NN
I	PRP
:	:
Overall	JJ
opinion	NN
.	.
I	PRP
like	VBP
the	DT
chapter	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
think	VBP
it	PRP
could	MD
be	VB
improved	VBN
by	IN
chopping	VBG
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
humor	NN
and	CC
anecdotes	NNS
,	,
retaining	VBG
the	DT
historical	JJ
material	NN
.	.
The	DT
author	NN
's	POS
personal	JJ
notes	NNS
of	IN
advice	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
,	,
are	VBP
often	RB
valuable	JJ
;	:
at	IN
times	NNS
,	,
though	RB
,	,
the	DT
non-technical	JJ
material	NN
gets	VBZ
a	DT
little	JJ
thick	JJ
.	.
The	DT
technical	JJ
content	NN
meets	VBZ
very	RB
high	JJ
standards	NNS
of	IN
scholarship	NN
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
a	DT
credit	NN
to	TO
the	DT
author	NN
.	.
''	''
Then	RB
he	PRP
gave	VBD
hundreds	NNS
of	IN
detailed	JJ
suggestions	NNS
for	IN
improvements	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
text	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
correspondence	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
entirely	RB
technical	JJ
.	.
On	IN
22	CD
February	NNP
1967	CD
I	PRP
wrote	VBD
,	,
``	``
Bob	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
feeling	NN
that	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
going	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
somewhat	RB
extraordinary	JJ
letter	NN
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
year	NN
or	CC
so	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
getting	VBG
lots	NNS
of	IN
offers	NNS
of	IN
employment	NN
from	IN
other	JJ
colleges	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
I	PRP
told	VBD
you	PRP
that	IN
I	PRP
plan	VBP
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
have	VBP
planned	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
long	JJ
time	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
decide	VB
on	IN
a	DT
permanent	JJ
home	NN
where	WRB
I	PRP
will	MD
want	VB
to	TO
live	VB
the	DT
rest	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
move	VB
there	RB
after	IN
the	DT
year	NN
I	PRP
spend	VBP
in	IN
Princeton	NNP
working	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
government	NN
.	.
I	PRP
replied	VBD
that	IN
``	``
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
anyone	NN
I	PRP
could	MD
recommend	VB
more	RBR
highly	RB
.	.
He	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
gifted	JJ
man	NN
in	IN
his	PRP$
`	``
age	NN
bracket	NN
'	''
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
ever	RB
met	VBN
.	.
Several	JJ
of	IN
his	PRP$
published	VBN
papers	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
significant	JJ
mile	NN
-	:
posts	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
science	NN
,	,
notably	RB
his	PRP$
introduction	NN
of	IN
precedence	NN
grammars	NNS
,	,
tree-sort	JJ
algorithms	NNS
,	,
and	CC
methods	NNS
of	IN
`	``
assigning	VBG
meanings	NNS
to	TO
programs	NNS
.	.
'	''
I	PRP
have	VBP
also	RB
had	VBD
the	DT
pleasure	NN
of	IN
carrying	VBG
on	IN
frequent	JJ
correspondence	NN
with	IN
him	PRP
for	IN
five	CD
years	NNS
,	,
so	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
quite	RB
familiar	JJ
with	IN
his	PRP$
unpublished	JJ
work	NN
too	RB
;	:
this	DT
correspondence	NN
covers	VBZ
a	DT
wide	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
topics	NNS
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
graph	NN
theory	NN
,	,
word	NN
problems	NNS
in	IN
semigroups	NNS
,	,
mathematical	JJ
notations	NNS
,	,
algorithms	NNS
for	IN
syntactic	JJ
analysis	NN
,	,
theorems	NNS
about	IN
languages	NNS
,	,
algorithms	NNS
for	IN
manipulating	VBG
data	NNS
structures	NNS
,	,
optimal	JJ
sorting	VBG
schemes	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
,	,
etc.	FW
He	PRP
also	RB
was	VBD
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
teaching	VBG
our	PRP$
introductory	JJ
programming	NN
course	NN
,	,
CS106	NNP
;	:
we	PRP
often	RB
talked	VBD
about	IN
examples	NNS
that	WDT
might	MD
help	VB
to	TO
introduce	VB
basic	JJ
concepts	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
was	VBD
promoted	VBN
to	TO
Full	NNP
Professor	NNP
at	IN
Stanford	NNP
in	IN
1970	CD
,	,
one	CD
of	IN
extremely	RB
few	JJ
people	NNS
to	TO
achieve	VB
this	DT
rank	NN
after	IN
having	VBG
served	VBN
only	RB
five	CD
years	NNS
as	IN
Associate	NNP
Professor	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
three	CD
of	IN
which	WDT
were	VBD
at	IN
Carnegie	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
picture	NN
of	IN
Bob	NNP
Floyd	NNP
was	VBD
taken	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
Stanford	NNP
student	NN
and	CC
posted	VBD
on	IN
our	PRP$
department	NN
's	POS
photo	NN
board	NN
about	IN
1972	CD
.	.
To	TO
simulate	VB
gray	JJ
scale	NN
with	IN
binary	JJ
pixels	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
've	VBP
rendered	VBN
it	PRP
here	RB
using	VBG
the	DT
Floyd-Steinberg	NNP
``	``
error	NN
diffusion	NN
''	''
algorithm	NN
,	,
implementing	VBG
that	IN
algorithm	NN
exactly	RB
as	IN
suggested	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
famous	JJ
article	NN
that	WDT
Bob	NNP
published	VBD
with	IN
Louis	NNP
Steinberg	NNP
in	IN
1976	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
diffusing	JJ
errors	NNS
from	IN
bottom	NN
to	TO
top	JJ
and	CC
right	JJ
to	TO
left	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
the	DT
resolution	NN
is	VBZ
600	CD
dots	NNS
per	IN
inch	NN
.	.
Caution	NN
:	:
Software	NNP
for	IN
printing	NN
might	MD
have	VB
mangled	VBN
the	DT
bits	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
now	RB
seeing	VBG
.	.
Floyd	NNP
and	CC
Steinberg	NNP
's	POS
paper	NN
matches	VBZ
the	DT
technology	NN
of	IN
inkjet	NN
printers	NNS
better	JJR
than	IN
that	DT
of	IN
laserjet	NN
printers	NNS
,	,
so	RB
you	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
seeing	VBG
this	DT
image	NN
at	IN
its	PRP$
best	JJS
.	.
Error	NN
diffusion	NN
does	VBZ
,	,
however	RB
,	,
give	VBP
beautiful	JJ
results	NNS
when	WRB
it	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
tuned	VBN
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
a	DT
typical	JJ
inkjet	NN
device	NN
.	.
He	PRP
was	VBD
destined	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
disappointed	VBN
that	IN
his	PRP$
dream	NN
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
,	,
near-ideal	JJ
programming	NN
language	NN
called	VBN
Chiron	NNP
was	VBD
never	RB
to	TO
be	VB
realized	VBN
--	:
possibly	RB
because	IN
he	PRP
was	VBD
reluctant	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
sorts	NNS
of	IN
compromises	NNS
that	IN
he	PRP
saw	VBD
me	PRP
making	VBG
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
TEX.	NNP
.	.
Chiron	NNP
was	VBD
``	``
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
programming	NN
environment	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
largest	JJS
extent	NN
possible	JJ
,	,
one	CD
designs	VBZ
a	DT
program	NN
by	IN
designing	VBG
the	DT
process	NN
which	WDT
the	DT
program	NN
carries	VBZ
out	RP
.	.
''	''
His	PRP$
plans	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
Chiron	NNP
compiler	NN
included	VBD
novel	JJ
methods	NNS
of	IN
compile-time	JJ
error	NN
recovery	NN
and	CC
type	NN
matching	NN
that	WDT
have	VBP
never	RB
been	VBN
published	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
when	WRB
he	PRP
retired	VBD
in	IN
1994	CD
,	,
the	DT
publication	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
book	NN
The	DT
Language	NN
of	IN
Machines	NNS
with	IN
Richard	NNP
Beigel	NNP
brought	VBD
him	PRP
enormous	JJ
satisfaction	NN
,	,
especially	RB
when	WRB
he	PRP
received	VBD
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fine	JJ
translation	NN
of	IN
that	DT
book	NN
into	IN
German	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
'd	MD
like	VB
to	TO
close	VB
with	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
anecdotes	NNS
.	.
First	RB
,	,
people	NNS
often	RB
assume	VBP
that	IN
my	PRP$
books	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
error	NN
or	CC
incomplete	JJ
when	WRB
I	PRP
refer	VBP
to	TO
Bob	NNP
as	IN
``	``
Robert	NNP
W	NNP
Floyd	NNP
,	,
''	''
since	IN
the	DT
indexes	NNS
to	TO
my	PRP$
books	NNS
give	VBP
a	DT
full	JJ
middle	JJ
name	NN
for	IN
almost	RB
everybody	NN
else	RB
.	.
The	DT
truth	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
he	PRP
was	VBD
indeed	RB
born	VBN
with	IN
another	DT
middle	JJ
name	NN
,	,
but	CC
he	PRP
had	VBD
it	PRP
legally	RB
changed	VBD
to	TO
``	``
W	NNP
''	''
--	:
just	RB
as	IN
President	NNP
Truman	NNP
's	POS
middle	JJ
name	NN
was	VBD
simply	RB
``	``
S	NNP
''	''
.	.
Bob	NNP
liked	VBD
to	TO
point	VB
out	RP
that	IN
``	``
W.	NNP
''	''
is	VBZ
a	DT
valid	JJ
abbreviation	NN
for	IN
``	``
W	NNP
''	''
.	.
Third	NNP
,	,
he	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
strong	JJ
social	JJ
conscience	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
he	PRP
spent	VBD
a	DT
significant	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
time	NN
and	CC
energy	NN
to	TO
help	VB
free	JJ
Fernando	NNP
Flores	NNP
from	IN
prison	NN
in	IN
Chile	NNP
.	.
Flores	NNP
,	,
a	DT
former	JJ
vice-rector	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Catholic	NNP
University	NNP
of	IN
Chile	NNP
who	WP
had	VBD
developed	VBN
a	DT
computer-based	JJ
information	NN
system	NN
for	IN
the	DT
entire	JJ
Chilean	JJ
economy	NN
and	CC
become	VB
a	DT
cabinet	NN
minister	NN
in	IN
the	DT
government	NN
of	IN
Salvador	NNP
Allende	NNP
,	,
came	VBD
to	TO
Stanford	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
research	NN
associate	NN
in	IN
1976	CD
largely	RB
because	IN
of	IN
Bob	NNP
's	POS
efforts	NNS
,	,
after	IN
having	VBG
been	VBN
held	VBN
without	IN
charges	NNS
for	IN
three	CD
years	NNS
by	IN
the	DT
military	JJ
junta	NN
headed	VBN
by	IN
Augusto	NNP
Pinochet	NNP
.	.
Fourth	JJ
,	,
he	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
connoisseur	NN
of	IN
fine	JJ
food	NN
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
delicious	JJ
meals	NNS
I	PRP
've	VBP
ever	RB
experienced	VBN
were	VBD
eaten	VBN
in	IN
his	PRP$
presence	NN
,	,
either	CC
as	IN
a	DT
guest	NN
in	IN
his	PRP$
house	NN
or	CC
in	IN
a	DT
restaurant	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
choice	NN
.	.
I	PRP
particularly	RB
remember	VBP
an	DT
unforgettable	JJ
duckling	NN
with	IN
flaming	JJ
cherry	NN
sauce	NN
,	,
consumed	VBN
during	IN
an	DT
ACM	JJ
conference	NN
in	IN
Denver	NNP
.	.
SIGACT	NNP
News	NNP
serves	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
forum	NN
for	IN
issues	NNS
of	IN
interest	NN
to	TO
the	DT
theoretical	JJ
computer	NN
science	NN
community	NN
.	.
Readers	NNS
can	MD
keep	VB
abreast	RB
of	IN
professional	JJ
events	NNS
and	CC
announcements	NNS
,	,
and	CC
benefit	NN
from	IN
regular	JJ
technical	JJ
columns	NNS
written	VBN
by	IN
respected	JJ
professionals	NNS
in	IN
key	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
theoretical	JJ
computer	NN
science	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
non-technical	JJ
columns	NNS
,	,
letters	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Editor	NNP
,	,
and	CC
minutes	NNS
of	IN
professional	JJ
meetings	NNS
help	VBP
keep	VB
the	DT
reader	NN
up-to-date	JJ
on	IN
issues	NNS
of	IN
importance	NN
to	TO
professional	JJ
theoretical	JJ
computer	NN
scientists	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Education	NNP
Forum	NNP
provides	VBZ
insight	NN
into	IN
the	DT
latest	JJS
teaching	NN
methods	NNS
and	CC
material	NN
,	,
and	CC
provides	VBZ
previews	NNS
of	IN
recent	JJ
or	CC
upcoming	JJ
textbooks	NNS
.	.
Regular	JJ
columns	NNS
and	CC
features	NNS
include	VBP
the	DT
following	NN
.	.
The	DT
columns	NNS
are	VBP
run	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
staff	NN
of	IN
dedicated	JJ
volunteers	NNS
.	.
Questions	NNS
about	IN
and	CC
submissions	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
columns	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
addressed	VBN
directly	RB
to	TO
the	DT
respective	JJ
columnist	NN
.	.
This	DT
script	NN
will	MD
prompt	VB
you	PRP
for	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
information	NN
required	VBN
to	TO
set	VB
up	RP
the	DT
electronic	JJ
submissions	NNS
software	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
conference	NN
.	.
When	WRB
default	NN
values	NNS
are	VBP
allowed	VBN
for	IN
submissions	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
shown	VBN
in	IN
square	JJ
brackets	NNS
immediately	RB
before	IN
the	DT
input	NN
position	NN
.	.
The	DT
default	NN
value	NN
can	MD
be	VB
selected	VBN
by	IN
simply	RB
hitting	VBG
return	NN
.	.
Papers	NNP
presenting	VBG
original	JJ
research	NN
on	IN
theoretical	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
computer	NN
science	NN
are	VBP
sought	VBN
.	.
Typical	JJ
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
exclusive	JJ
,	,
topics	NNS
of	IN
interest	NN
include	VBP
algorithmic	JJ
graph	NN
theory	NN
,	,
algorithms	NNS
and	CC
data	NNS
structures	NNS
,	,
applications	NNS
of	IN
logic	NN
,	,
biological	JJ
computing	NN
,	,
computational	JJ
biology	NN
,	,
complexity	NN
theory	NN
,	,
cryptography	NN
,	,
computational	JJ
algebra	NN
,	,
computational	JJ
geometry	NN
,	,
machine	NN
learning	NN
,	,
parallel	NN
and	CC
distributed	VBN
computation	NN
,	,
and	CC
probabilistic	JJ
computation	NN
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
SIGACT	NNP
policy	NN
,	,
abstract	JJ
material	NN
which	WDT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
previously	RB
published	VBN
in	IN
another	DT
conference	NN
proceedings	NNS
or	CC
journal	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
which	WDT
is	VBZ
scheduled	VBN
for	IN
publication	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
STOC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
considered	VBN
for	IN
acceptance	NN
at	IN
STOC	NNP
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
SIGACT	NNP
policy	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
allow	VB
simultaneous	JJ
submissions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
essentially	RB
the	DT
same	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
abstract	JJ
material	NN
to	TO
another	DT
conference	NN
with	IN
a	DT
published	VBN
proceedings	NNS
.	.
Applicants	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
STOC	NNP
authors	NNS
or	CC
co-authors	NNS
,	,
or	CC
be	VB
contributing	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
conference	NN
in	IN
some	DT
other	JJ
way	NN
.	.
To	TO
apply	VB
send	VB
the	DT
information	NN
outline	NN
above	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Student	NNP
Travel	NNP
Award	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
under	IN
items	NNS
1	CD
throught	NN
4	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
item	NN
5	CD
is	VBZ
not	RB
required	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
secretary.sigact@sigact.acm.org	VB
by	IN
March	NNP
26	CD
,	,
2005	CD
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
applying	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
Developing	VBG
Country	NN
Travel	NN
Award	NNP
please	VB
explicitly	RB
mention	VB
in	IN
your	PRP$
application	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
applying	VBG
for	IN
this	DT
award	NN
and	CC
not	RB
the	DT
regular	JJ
award	NN
.	.
This	DT
award	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
a	DT
trial	NN
basis	NN
and	CC
may	MD
be	VB
discontinued	VBN
.	.
A	DT
bug	NN
in	IN
the	DT
search	NN
engine	NN
prevented	VBD
searches	NNS
from	IN
finding	VBG
names	NNS
containing	VBG
accents	NNS
.	.
This	DT
bug	NN
was	VBD
fixed	VBN
so	RB
that	IN
searchers	NNS
can	MD
simply	RB
leave	VB
out	RP
the	DT
accent	NN
from	IN
the	DT
name	NN
and	CC
still	RB
get	VB
a	DT
correct	JJ
string	NN
match	NN
.	.
An	DT
abstract	JJ
should	MD
start	VB
with	IN
the	DT
title	NN
of	IN
the	DT
paper	NN
,	,
each	DT
author	NN
's	POS
name	NN
,	,
affiliation	NN
,	,
and	CC
e-mail	NN
address	NN
,	,
followed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
one-paragraph	JJ
summary	NN
of	IN
the	DT
results	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
presented	VBN
.	.
This	DT
should	MD
then	RB
be	VB
followed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
technical	JJ
exposition	NN
of	IN
the	DT
main	JJ
ideas	NNS
and	CC
techniques	NNS
used	VBN
to	TO
achieve	VB
these	DT
results	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
motivation	NN
and	CC
a	DT
clear	JJ
comparison	NN
with	IN
related	JJ
work	NN
.	.
The	DT
abstract	JJ
should	MD
not	RB
exceed	VB
10	CD
single-spaced	JJ
pages	NNS
on	IN
letter-size	JJ
paper	NN
,	,
using	VBG
reasonable	JJ
margins	NNS
and	CC
at	IN
least	JJS
11-point	JJ
font	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
authors	NNS
believe	VBP
that	IN
more	JJR
details	NNS
are	VBP
essential	JJ
to	TO
substantiate	VB
the	DT
main	JJ
claims	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
paper	NN
,	,
they	PRP
may	MD
include	VB
a	DT
clearly	RB
marked	VBN
appendix	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
read	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
discretion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
committee	NN
.	.
Abstracts	NNS
deviating	VBG
significantly	RB
from	IN
these	DT
guidelines	NNS
risk	NN
rejection	NN
without	IN
consideration	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
merits	NNS
.	.
Prof.	NNP
Knuth	NNP
is	VBZ
best	RB
known	VBN
for	IN
his	PRP$
ongoing	JJ
multivolume	JJ
series	NN
,	,
The	DT
Art	NNP
of	IN
Computer	NNP
Programming	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
played	VBD
a	DT
critical	JJ
role	NN
in	IN
establishing	VBG
and	CC
defining	VBG
Computer	NNP
Science	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
rigorous	JJ
,	,
intellectual	JJ
discipline	NN
.	.
Prof.	NNP
Knuth	NNP
has	VBZ
also	RB
made	VBN
fundamental	JJ
contributions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
subfields	NNS
of	IN
analysis	NN
of	IN
algorithms	NNS
,	,
compilers	NNS
,	,
string	NN
matching	NN
,	,
term	NN
rewriting	VBG
systems	NNS
,	,
literate	JJ
programming	NN
,	,
and	CC
typography	NN
.	.
His	PRP$
TeX	NNP
and	CC
MF	NNP
systems	NNS
are	VBP
widely	RB
accepted	VBN
as	IN
standards	NNS
for	IN
electronic	JJ
typesetting	NN
.	.
Prof.	NNP
Knuth	NNP
's	POS
work	NN
is	VBZ
distinguished	VBN
by	IN
its	PRP$
integration	NN
of	IN
theoretical	JJ
analyses	NNS
and	CC
practical	JJ
real-world	JJ
concerns	NNS
.	.
In	IN
his	PRP$
work	NN
,	,
theory	NN
and	CC
practice	NN
are	VBP
not	RB
separate	JJ
components	NNS
of	IN
Computer	NNP
Science	NNP
,	,
but	CC
rather	RB
he	PRP
shows	VBZ
them	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
inexorably	RB
linked	VBN
branches	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
whole	NN
.	.
In	IN
selecting	VBG
the	DT
Knuth	NNP
Prize	NNP
winner	NN
,	,
the	DT
Committee	NNP
will	MD
pay	VB
particular	JJ
attention	NN
to	TO
a	DT
sustained	VBN
record	NN
of	IN
high-impact	JJ
,	,
seminal	JJ
contributions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
foundations	NNS
of	IN
computer	NN
science	NN
.	.
The	DT
selection	NN
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
partly	RB
based	VBN
on	IN
educational	JJ
accomplishments	NNS
and	CC
contributions	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
fundamental	JJ
textbooks	NNS
and	CC
high-quality	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
award	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
based	VBN
on	IN
service	NN
work	NN
for	IN
the	DT
community	NN
,	,
although	IN
service	NN
might	MD
be	VB
included	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
citation	NN
for	IN
a	DT
winner	NN
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
appropriate	JJ
.	.
The	DT
prize	NN
can	MD
be	VB
awarded	VBN
to	TO
an	DT
individual	NN
for	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
contribution	NN
or	CC
for	IN
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
contributions	NNS
over	IN
a	DT
career	NN
.	.
All	DT
living	VBG
individuals	NNS
are	VBP
eligible	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
exception	NN
of	IN
the	DT
sitting	VBG
SIGACT	NNP
Chair	NNP
,	,
an	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
nominated	VBD
a	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
selection	NN
committee	NN
members	NNS
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
selection	NN
committee	NN
.	.
Nominations	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
member	NN
of	IN
Theory	NNP
of	IN
Computing	NNP
community	NN
and	CC
should	MD
contain	VB
a	DT
statement	NN
of	IN
no	DT
more	JJR
than	IN
500	CD
words	NNS
explaining	VBG
why	WRB
the	DT
candidate	NN
deserves	VBZ
the	DT
award	NN
.	.
The	DT
nomination	NN
can	MD
also	RB
include	VB
an	DT
additional	JJ
separate	JJ
listing	NN
of	IN
service	NN
activities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
nomination	NN
must	MD
include	VB
the	DT
address	NN
,	,
phone	NN
number	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
email	NN
address	NN
of	IN
the	DT
nominator	NN
.	.
Each	DT
author	NN
on	IN
each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
selected	VBN
papers	NNS
will	MD
receive	VB
a	DT
certificate	NN
or	CC
plaque	NN
with	IN
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
award	NN
,	,
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
paper	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
names	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
authors	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
paper	NN
,	,
to	TO
be	VB
awarded	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
Business	NN
Meeting	VBG
that	DT
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
main	JJ
criterion	NN
for	IN
selection	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
as	IN
for	IN
being	VBG
a	DT
top-rated	JJ
paper	NN
in	IN
the	DT
conference	NN
:	:
introduction	NN
of	IN
a	DT
strong	JJ
new	JJ
technique	NN
,	,
solution	NN
of	IN
a	DT
long-standing	JJ
open	JJ
problem	NN
,	,
introduction	NN
and	CC
solution	NN
of	IN
an	DT
interesting	JJ
and	CC
important	JJ
new	JJ
problem	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
These	DT
are	VBP
the	DT
characteristics	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
giving	VBG
a	DT
paper	NN
the	DT
highest	JJS
score	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
paper	NN
qualifies	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
Machtey\/Lewin	NNP
Best	JJS
Student	NN
Paper	NN
Award	NN
,	,
it	PRP
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
disqualified	VBN
from	IN
being	VBG
considered	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
Best	JJS
Paper	NN
Award	NN
,	,
and	CC
vice	NN
versa	RB
;	:
a	DT
paper	NN
meriting	VBG
both	DT
Awards	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
both	DT
Awards	NNS
.	.
If	IN
last-minute	JJ
help	NN
with	IN
the	DT
submissions	NNS
process	NN
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
or	CC
in	IN
the	DT
unlikely	JJ
event	NN
of	IN
difficuties	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
submissions	NNS
server	NN
please	VB
contact	NN
the	DT
local	JJ
chair	NN
,	,
Lawrence	NNP
Larmore	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
larmore	NN
@	SYM
cs.unlv.edu	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Las	NNP
Vegas	NNP
offers	VBZ
top	JJ
quality	NN
entertainment	NN
,	,
attractions	NNS
,	,
shopping	NN
and	CC
world-renowned	JJ
resorts	NNS
.	.
Las	NNP
Vegas	NNP
nightlife	NN
will	MD
keep	VB
you	PRP
up	RP
until	IN
dawn	NN
and	CC
art	NN
displays	NNS
,	,
music	NN
and	CC
museums	NNS
take	VBP
you	PRP
on	IN
a	DT
journey	NN
from	IN
the	DT
classic	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
contemporary	JJ
.	.
Downtown	NN
Las	NNP
Vegas	NNP
offers	VBZ
an	DT
energetic	JJ
display	NN
of	IN
color	NN
with	IN
a	DT
bit	NN
of	IN
nostalgia	NN
and	CC
a	DT
glimpse	NN
of	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
This	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
volunteer	NN
,	,
so	RB
please	VB
only	RB
contact	NN
him\/her	NN
for	IN
problems	NNS
not	RB
handled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
submissions	NNS
server	NN
or	CC
this	DT
document	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
not	RB
contact	VB
the	DT
conference	NN
chair	NN
or	CC
program	NN
committee	NN
chair	NN
,	,
as	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
any	DT
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
electronic	JJ
submission	NN
process	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
other	JJ
than	IN
to	TO
set	VB
guidelines	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Please	VB
do	VB
not	RB
ask	VB
the	DT
contact	NN
person	NN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
system-specific	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
those	DT
with	IN
LaTeX	NNP
,	,
PostScript	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
tm	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
or	CC
your	PRP$
mailer	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
questions	NNS
are	VBP
best	RB
addressed	VBN
to	TO
your	PRP$
system	NN
administrator	NN
or	CC
support	NN
staff	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
working	VBG
document	NN
describing	VBG
the	DT
electronic	JJ
submission	NN
procedure	NN
for	IN
ALENEX	NNP
'	POS
07	CD
.	.
The	DT
procedures	NNS
and	CC
policies	NNS
described	VBD
herein	RB
may	MD
change	VB
slightly	RB
as	IN
we	PRP
encounter	VBP
problems	NNS
or	CC
develop	VB
new	JJ
solutions	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
send	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
submission	NN
,	,
the	DT
server	NN
now	RB
generates	VBZ
an	DT
md5	JJ
``	``
receipt	NN
''	''
for	IN
the	DT
submission	NN
.	.
In	IN
case	NN
of	IN
serious	JJ
server	NN
error	NN
,	,
this	DT
lets	VBZ
you	PRP
``	``
prove	VBP
''	''
to	TO
us	PRP
that	IN
the	DT
submission	NN
arrived	VBD
.	.
We	PRP
strongly	RB
recommend	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
keep	VB
your	PRP$
original	JJ
PostScript	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
tm	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
PDF	NNP
file	NN
until	IN
after	IN
the	DT
deadline	NN
so	IN
that	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
in	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
the	DT
receipt	NN
for	IN
verification	NN
.	.
Notes	NNS
on	IN
all	DT
changes	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
paper	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
submissions	NNS
,	,
requests	NNS
for	IN
information	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
sent	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
contact	NN
for	IN
the	DT
paper	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
If	IN
a	DT
change	NN
is	VBZ
done	VBN
inappropriately	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
contact	NN
's	POS
responsibility	NN
to	TO
notify	VB
Gerth	NNP
S.	NNP
Brodal	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Experience	NN
shows	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
common	JJ
errors	NNS
in	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
system	NN
are	VBP
neglecting	VBG
to	TO
register	VB
before	IN
submitting	VBG
or	CC
failing	VBG
to	TO
include	VB
the	DT
system-supplied	JJ
file	NN
name	NN
when	WRB
submitting	VBG
the	DT
paper	NN
.	.
Both	DT
of	IN
these	DT
mistakes	NNS
may	MD
make	VB
life	NN
more	RBR
difficult	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
program	NN
committee	NN
,	,
and	CC
should	MD
be	VB
avoided	VBN
.	.
Electronic	NNP
Publishing	NNP
Board	NNP
to	TO
investigate	VB
and	CC
develop	VB
guidelines	NNS
and	CC
mechanisms	NNS
for	IN
electronic	JJ
submission	NN
and	CC
dissemination	NN
of	IN
STOC	NNP
and	CC
FOCS	NNP
proceedings	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
SIGACT	NNP
and	CC
theoretical	JJ
publications	NNS
.	.
Unprintable	JJ
and	CC
late	JJ
submissions	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
rejected	VBN
.	.
Submissions	NNS
formatted	VBD
for	IN
paper	NN
size	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
8.5	CD
x	SYM
11	CD
inch	NN
paper	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
US	NNP
Letter	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
or	CC
with	IN
pages	NNS
in	IN
nonascending	VBG
order	NN
,	,
also	RB
risk	NN
rejection	NN
without	IN
consideration	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
merits	NNS
.	.
The	DT
committee	NN
accepts	VBZ
no	DT
responsibility	NN
for	IN
errors	NNS
due	JJ
to	TO
problems	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
system	NN
,	,
although	IN
we	PRP
will	MD
do	VB
our	PRP$
best	JJS
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
that	IN
no	DT
such	JJ
problems	NNS
occur	VBP
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
revise	VB
or	CC
withdraw	VB
your	PRP$
paper	NN
after	IN
submitting	VBG
it	PRP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
revisions	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
received	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
deadline	NN
.	.
Withdrawals	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
deadline	NN
can	MD
be	VB
done	VBN
using	VBG
the	DT
electronic	JJ
submissions	NNS
system	NN
.	.
Withdrawals	NNS
after	IN
the	DT
deadline	NN
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
arranged	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
program	NN
committee	NN
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
copyright	NN
restrictions	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
request	VBP
that	DT
authors	NNS
only	RB
use	VBP
standard	JJ
LaserWriter	NNP
fonts	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
Times	NNP
,	,
Helvetica	NNP
,	,
Symbol	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
public	JJ
domain	NN
fonts	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
the	DT
Computer	NNP
Modern	NNP
Fonts	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
their	PRP$
preliminary	JJ
submissions	NNS
.	.
For	IN
final	JJ
submissions	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
possible	JJ
to	TO
use	VB
copyrighted	VBN
fonts	NNS
.	.
To	TO
submit	VB
via	IN
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
,	,
send	VBP
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
to	TO
alenex07@sigact.cs.unlv.edu	CD
with	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
subjects	NNS
.	.
The	DT
submission	NN
server	NN
will	MD
send	VB
you	PRP
a	DT
reply	NN
indicating	VBG
the	DT
disposition	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
request	NN
.	.
Please	VB
add	VB
an	DT
abstract	JJ
to	TO
your	PRP$
registration	NN
to	TO
simplify	VB
the	DT
job	NN
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
committee	NN
to	TO
assign	VB
submissions	NNS
to	TO
committee	NN
members	NNS
.	.
The	DT
abstract	JJ
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
later	RBR
in	IN
the	DT
review	NN
process	NN
.	.
So	RB
do	VBP
n't	RB
worry	VB
if	IN
the	DT
abstract	JJ
of	IN
your	PRP$
final	JJ
submission	NN
deviates	VBZ
from	IN
the	DT
abstract	JJ
you	PRP
submitted	VBD
when	WRB
you	PRP
registered	VBD
.	.
In	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
still	RB
withdraw	VB
your	PRP$
paper	NN
and	CC
reregister	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Submit	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
revise	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
a	DT
paper	NN
.	.
The	DT
Postcript	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
tm	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
PDF	NNP
file	NN
of	IN
the	DT
submission	NN
can	MD
be	VB
either	RB
stored	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
body	NN
of	IN
the	DT
message	NN
or	CC
attached	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
message	NN
.	.
The	DT
server	NN
will	MD
acknowledge	VB
the	DT
submission	NN
.	.
The	DT
acknowledgement	NN
will	MD
include	VB
an	DT
MD5-generated	JJ
receipt	NN
for	IN
the	DT
submission	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
basic	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
file	NN
so	IN
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
verify	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
arrived	VBD
``	``
safely	RB
''	''
.	.
The	DT
basic	JJ
information	NN
includes	VBZ
sizes	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
in	IN
bytes	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
checksum	NN
,	,
first	JJ
and	CC
last	JJ
ten	CD
lines	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
file	NN
.	.
We	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
plan	VB
to	TO
include	VB
a	DT
mechanism	NN
for	IN
encryption\/decryption	NN
of	IN
submissions	NNS
to	TO
ALENEX	NNP
'	POS
07	CD
.	.
The	DT
primary	JJ
reason	NN
for	IN
this	DT
decision	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
SIGACT	NNP
community	NN
is	VBZ
honorable	JJ
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
unlikely	JJ
that	IN
we	PRP
can	MD
provide	VB
sufficiently	RB
general	JJ
cross-platform	JJ
software	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
not	RB
hinder	VB
the	DT
refereeing	NN
process	NN
.	.
This	DT
server	NN
could	MD
not	RB
verify	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
authorized	VBN
to	TO
access	VB
the	DT
document	NN
requested	VBD
.	.
Either	CC
you	PRP
supplied	VBD
the	DT
wrong	JJ
credentials	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
bad	JJ
password	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
or	CC
your	PRP$
browser	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
understand	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
supply	VB
the	DT
credentials	NNS
required	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
mostly	RB
contains	VBZ
quotes	NNS
on	IN
subjects	NNS
of	IN
interest	NN
to	TO
theoretical	JJ
computer	NN
scientists	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
comments	NNS
on	IN
mathematics	NNS
,	,
science	NN
,	,
technology	NN
,	,
research	NN
,	,
and	CC
academics	NNS
in	IN
general	JJ
.	.
Suggestions	NNS
for	IN
quotes	NNS
for	IN
future	JJ
inclusion	NN
should	MD
be	VB
sent	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
editor	NN
at	IN
editor@sigact.acm.org	NN
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
person	NN
has	VBZ
discovered	VBN
the	DT
truth	NN
about	IN
something	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
established	VBN
it	PRP
with	IN
great	JJ
effort	NN
,	,
then	RB
,	,
on	IN
viewing	VBG
his	PRP$
discoveries	NNS
more	RBR
carefully	RB
,	,
he	PRP
often	RB
realizes	VBZ
that	IN
what	WP
he	PRP
has	VBZ
taken	VBN
great	JJ
pains	NNS
to	TO
find	VB
might	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
perceived	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
greatest	JJS
of	IN
ease	NN
.	.
For	IN
a	DT
research	NN
worker	NN
,	,
the	DT
unforgotten	JJ
moments	NNS
of	IN
his	PRP$
life	NN
are	VBP
those	DT
rare	JJ
ones	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
come	VBP
after	IN
years	NNS
of	IN
plodding	NN
work	NN
,	,
when	WRB
the	DT
veil	NN
over	IN
nature	NN
's	POS
secret	JJ
seems	VBZ
suddenly	RB
to	TO
lift	VB
and	CC
when	WRB
what	WP
was	VBD
dark	JJ
and	CC
chaotic	JJ
suddenly	RB
appears	VBZ
in	IN
a	DT
clear	JJ
and	CC
beautiful	JJ
light	NN
and	CC
pattern	NN
.	.
The	DT
major	JJ
difference	NN
between	IN
a	DT
thing	NN
that	WDT
might	MD
go	VB
wrong	JJ
and	CC
a	DT
thing	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
not	RB
possibly	RB
go	VB
wrong	JJ
is	VBZ
that	IN
when	WRB
a	DT
thing	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
not	RB
possibly	RB
go	VB
wrong	JJ
goes	VBZ
wrong	JJ
it	PRP
usually	RB
turns	VBZ
out	RP
to	TO
be	VB
impossible	JJ
to	TO
get	VB
at	IN
or	CC
repair	VB
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
your	PRP$
reader	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
herself	PRP
know	VB
precisely	RB
what	WP
rules	NNS
you	PRP
are	VBP
breaking	VBG
,	,
she	PRP
will	MD
certainly	RB
notice	VB
whether	IN
your	PRP$
thoughts	NNS
are	VBP
easy	JJ
to	TO
understand	VB
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
write	VBP
muddy	JJ
,	,
indecipherable	JJ
prose	NN
,	,
riddled	JJ
with	IN
mistakes	NNS
,	,
your	PRP$
reader	NN
is	VBZ
bound	VBN
to	TO
wonder	VB
how	WRB
carefully	RB
you	PRP
designed	VBN
your	PRP$
study	NN
,	,
collected	VBN
your	PRP$
data	NNS
,	,
applied	VBD
statistical	JJ
techniques	NNS
,	,
or	CC
otherwise	RB
behaved	VBD
like	IN
a	DT
respectable	JJ
scientist	NN
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
as	IN
my	PRP$
husband	NN
was	VBD
leaving	VBG
graduate	JJ
school	NN
for	IN
his	PRP$
first	JJ
job	NN
,	,
his	PRP$
thesis	NN
advisor	NN
told	VBD
him	PRP
,	,
``	``
You	PRP
may	MD
wonder	VB
how	WRB
a	DT
professor	NN
gets	VBZ
any	DT
research	NN
done	VBN
when	WRB
one	CD
has	VBZ
to	TO
teach	VB
,	,
advise	VB
students	NNS
,	,
serve	VBP
on	IN
committees	NNS
,	,
referee	NN
papers	NNS
,	,
write	VB
letters	NNS
of	IN
recommendation	NN
,	,
interview	NN
prospective	JJ
faculty	NN
.	.
Well	RB
,	,
I	PRP
take	VBP
long	JJ
showers	NNS
.	.
''	''
The	DT
first	JJ
was	VBD
never	RB
to	TO
accept	VB
anything	NN
as	IN
true	JJ
if	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
not	RB
evident	JJ
knowledge	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
being	VBG
so	RB
;	:
that	WDT
is	VBZ
,	,
carefully	RB
to	TO
avoid	VB
precipitancy	NN
and	CC
prejudice	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
embrace	VB
in	IN
my	PRP$
judgment	NN
only	RB
what	WP
presented	VBD
itself	PRP
to	TO
my	PRP$
mind	NN
so	RB
clearly	RB
and	CC
distinctly	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
no	DT
occasion	NN
to	TO
doubt	VB
it	PRP
.	.
The	DT
third	JJ
,	,
to	TO
direct	VB
my	PRP$
thoughts	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
orderly	JJ
way	NN
;	:
beginning	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
simplest	JJS
objects	NNS
,	,
those	DT
most	RBS
apt	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
known	VBN
,	,
and	CC
ascending	VBG
little	JJ
by	IN
little	RB
,	,
in	IN
steps	NNS
as	IN
it	PRP
were	VBD
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
complex	JJ
;	:
and	CC
establishing	VBG
an	DT
order	NN
in	IN
thought	NN
even	RB
when	WRB
the	DT
objects	NNS
had	VBD
no	DT
natural	JJ
priority	NN
one	CD
to	TO
another	DT
.	.
And	CC
the	DT
last	JJ
,	,
to	TO
make	VB
throughout	IN
such	JJ
complete	JJ
enumerations	NNS
and	CC
such	JJ
general	JJ
surveys	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
might	MD
be	VB
sure	JJ
of	IN
leaving	VBG
nothing	NN
out	RP
.	.
Poets	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
go	VB
mad	JJ
;	:
but	CC
chess-players	NNS
do	VBP
.	.
Mathematicians	NNPS
go	VBP
mad	JJ
,	,
and	CC
cashiers	NNS
;	:
but	CC
creative	JJ
artists	NNS
very	RB
seldom	RB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
,	,
as	RB
will	MD
be	VB
seen	VBN
,	,
in	IN
any	DT
sense	NN
attacking	VBG
logic	NN
:	:
I	PRP
only	RB
say	VBP
that	IN
this	DT
danger	NN
does	VBZ
lie	VB
in	IN
logic	NN
,	,
not	RB
in	IN
imagination	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
very	RB
few	JJ
things	NNS
which	WDT
we	PRP
know	VBP
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
capable	JJ
of	IN
being	VBG
reduc	JJ
'd	MD
to	TO
a	DT
Mathematical	NNP
Reasoning	NN
;	:
and	CC
when	WRB
they	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
it	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
sign	NN
our	PRP$
knowledge	NN
of	IN
them	PRP
is	VBZ
very	RB
small	JJ
and	CC
confus	JJ
'd	MD
;	:
and	CC
when	WRB
a	DT
Mathematical	NNP
Reasoning	NN
can	MD
be	VB
had	VBD
it	PRP
's	VBZ
as	RB
great	JJ
a	DT
folly	NN
to	TO
make	VB
use	NN
of	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
,	,
as	IN
to	TO
grope	VB
for	IN
a	DT
thing	NN
in	IN
the	DT
dark	JJ
,	,
when	WRB
you	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
Candle	NNP
standing	NN
by	IN
you	PRP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
keep	VBP
proving	VBG
stuff	NN
that	IN
others	NNS
have	VBP
done	VBN
,	,
getting	VBG
confidence	NN
,	,
increasing	VBG
the	DT
complexities	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
solutions	NNS
-	:
for	IN
the	DT
fun	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
-	:
then	RB
one	CD
day	NN
you	PRP
'll	MD
turn	VB
around	RB
and	CC
discover	VBP
that	IN
nobody	NN
actually	RB
did	VBD
that	IN
one	CD
!	.
And	CC
that	DT
's	VBZ
the	DT
way	NN
to	TO
become	VB
a	DT
computer	NN
scientist	NN
.	.
In	IN
presenting	VBG
a	DT
mathematical	JJ
argument	NN
the	DT
great	JJ
thing	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
give	VB
the	DT
educated	VBN
reader	NN
the	DT
chance	NN
to	TO
catch	VB
on	IN
at	IN
once	RB
to	TO
the	DT
momentary	JJ
point	NN
and	CC
take	VB
details	NNS
for	IN
granted	VBN
:	:
his	PRP$
successive	JJ
mouthfuls	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
such	JJ
as	IN
can	MD
be	VB
swallowed	VBN
at	IN
sight	NN
;	:
in	IN
case	NN
of	IN
accidents	NNS
,	,
or	CC
in	IN
case	NN
he	PRP
wishes	VBZ
for	IN
once	RB
to	TO
check	VB
in	IN
detail	NN
,	,
he	PRP
should	MD
have	VB
only	RB
a	DT
clearly	RB
circumscribed	VBN
little	JJ
problem	NN
to	TO
solve	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
to	TO
check	VB
an	DT
identity	NN
:	:
two	CD
trivialities	NNS
omitted	VBN
can	MD
add	VB
up	RP
to	TO
an	DT
impasse	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
unpractised	JJ
writer	NN
,	,
even	RB
after	IN
the	DT
dawn	NN
of	IN
a	DT
conscience	NN
,	,
gives	VBZ
him	PRP
no	DT
such	JJ
chance	NN
;	:
before	IN
he	PRP
can	MD
spot	VB
the	DT
point	NN
he	PRP
has	VBZ
to	TO
tease	VB
his	PRP$
way	NN
through	IN
a	DT
maze	NN
of	IN
symbols	NNS
of	IN
which	WDT
not	RB
the	DT
tiniest	JJS
suffix	NN
can	MD
be	VB
skipped	VBN
.	.
Some	DT
people	NNS
say	VBP
that	IN
a	DT
monkey	NN
would	MD
bang	NN
out	IN
the	DT
complete	JJ
works	NNS
of	IN
Shakespeare	NN
on	IN
a	DT
typewriter	NN
given	VBN
an	DT
unlimited	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
time	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
meantime	NN
,	,
what	WP
they	PRP
would	MD
probably	RB
produce	VB
is	VBZ
a	DT
valid	JJ
sendmail	NN
configuration	NN
file	NN
.	.
Should	MD
we	PRP
be	VB
surprised	VBN
that	IN
one	CD
does	VBZ
not	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
reason	NN
when	WRB
the	DT
language	NN
of	IN
the	DT
sciences	NNS
is	VBZ
nothing	NN
but	CC
a	DT
jargon	NN
of	IN
much	JJ
too	RB
many	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
some	DT
of	IN
which	WDT
so	RB
vulgar	RB
as	IN
to	TO
not	RB
have	VB
any	DT
definite	JJ
meaning	NN
,	,
while	IN
others	NNS
are	VBP
foreign	JJ
or	CC
barbarian	JJ
words	NNS
one	CD
does	VBZ
not	RB
understand	VB
well	RB
.	.
An	DT
entry	NN
for	IN
a	DT
person	NN
without	IN
a	DT
doctoral	JJ
degree	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
is	VBZ
included	VBN
when	WRB
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
has	VBZ
served	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
thesis	NN
adviser	NN
on	IN
doctoral	JJ
degrees	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
has	VBZ
the	DT
string	NN
''	''
--	:
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
three	CD
hyphens	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
the	DT
adviser	NN
,	,
university	NN
,	,
and	CC
year	NN
fields	NNS
.	.
The	DT
university	NN
file	NN
maps	NNS
acronyms	NNS
to	TO
universities	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
entry	NN
consists	VBZ
of	IN
an	DT
acronym	NN
,	,
followed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
character	NN
''	''
=	SYM
''	''
,	,
followed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
name	NN
,	,
city	NN
or	CC
town	NN
,	,
state	NN
or	CC
province	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
applicable	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
country	NN
of	IN
a	DT
university	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
separated	VBN
by	IN
commas	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
SIGACT	NNP
Theoretical	NNP
Computer	NNP
Science	NNP
Genealogy	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
lists	VBZ
information	NN
on	IN
earned	VBN
doctoral	JJ
degrees	NNS
of	IN
theoretical	JJ
computer	NN
scientists	NNS
,	,
is	VBZ
currently	RB
in	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
published	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
World-Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
.	.
Columbia	NNP
University	NNP
for	IN
his	PRP$
astonishing	JJ
breadth	NN
of	IN
contributions	NNS
to	TO
theoretical	JJ
computer	NN
science	NN
.	.
Mihalis	NNP
has	VBZ
made	VBN
major	JJ
contributions	NNS
to	TO
computational	JJ
complexity	NN
theory	NN
,	,
database	NN
theory	NN
,	,
computer-aided	JJ
verification	NN
and	CC
testing	NN
,	,
and	CC
algorithmic	JJ
graph	NN
theory	NN
.	.
His	PRP$
fundamental	JJ
contributions	NNS
to	TO
computational	JJ
complexity	NN
theory	NN
include	VBP
two	CD
key	JJ
papers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
PCP	NNP
theory	NN
of	IN
hardness	NN
of	IN
approximation	NN
--	:
the	DT
definition	NN
of	IN
the	DT
class	NN
max-SNP	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
proofs	NNS
of	IN
hardness	NN
of	IN
approximation	NN
of	IN
graph	NN
coloring	NN
and	CC
set	VBN
cover	NN
.	.
In	IN
database	NN
theory	NN
his	PRP$
far-reaching	JJ
contributions	NNS
include	VBP
the	DT
initiation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
study	NN
of	IN
acyclic	JJ
databases	NNS
and	CC
of	IN
non-two-phase	JJ
locking	VBG
.	.
In	IN
verification	NN
he	PRP
is	VBZ
arguably	RB
the	DT
researcher	NN
most	RBS
responsible	JJ
for	IN
laying	VBG
the	DT
rigorous	JJ
algorithmic	JJ
and	CC
complexity-theoretic	JJ
foundations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
field	NN
.	.
Jeffrey	NNP
D.	NNP
Ullman	NNP
,	,
for	IN
his	PRP$
sustained	JJ
research	NN
contributions	NNS
to	TO
Theoretical	NNP
Computer	NNP
Science	NNP
,	,
especially	RB
as	IN
it	PRP
relates	VBZ
to	TO
applied	VBN
areas	NNS
of	IN
Computer	NNP
Science	NNP
such	JJ
as	IN
compilers	NNS
,	,
parallelism	NN
,	,
and	CC
databases	NNS
;	:
and	CC
for	IN
his	PRP$
contributions	NNS
to	TO
Theoretical	NNP
Computer	NNP
Science	NNP
education	NN
through	IN
textbooks	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
mentoring	NN
of	IN
graduate	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
recipient	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
Knuth	NNP
Prize	NNP
is	VBZ
Prof.	NNP
Leslie	NNP
G.	NNP
Valiant	NNP
of	IN
Harvard	NNP
University	NNP
for	IN
his	PRP$
far-reaching	JJ
contributions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
study	NN
of	IN
computational	JJ
complexity	NN
,	,
parallel	JJ
computation	NN
,	,
and	CC
learning	VBG
theory	NN
.	.
He	PRP
has	VBZ
also	RB
helped	VBN
to	TO
shape	VB
the	DT
structure	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
science	NN
at	IN
a	DT
conceptual	JJ
level	NN
,	,
making	VBG
numerous	JJ
contributions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
theory	NN
of	IN
parallel	JJ
computation	NN
and	CC
bringing	VBG
about	IN
a	DT
renaissance	NN
in	IN
the	DT
computational	JJ
theory	NN
of	IN
learning	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
these	DT
strands	NNS
in	IN
his	PRP$
work	NN
are	VBP
brought	VBN
together	RB
in	IN
his	PRP$
recent	JJ
book	NN
,	,
Circuits	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Mind	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
few	JJ
efforts	NNS
to	TO
relate	VB
the	DT
cognitive	JJ
functions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
brain	NN
to	TO
concrete	JJ
computational	JJ
models	NNS
.	.
The	DT
recipient	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
Knuth	NNP
Prize	NNP
is	VBZ
Prof.	NNP
Andrew	NNP
C.-C	NNP
.	.
Yao	NNP
of	IN
Princeton	NNP
University	NNP
,	,
who	WP
is	VBZ
being	VBG
honored	VBN
for	IN
his	PRP$
fundamental	JJ
research	NN
in	IN
computational	JJ
complexity	NN
.	.
For	IN
25	CD
years	NNS
Andy	NNP
Yao	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
producing	VBG
research	NN
papers	NNS
in	IN
almost	RB
every	DT
aspect	NN
of	IN
computational	JJ
complexity	NN
and	CC
many	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
algorithmic	JJ
design	NN
.	.
These	DT
results	NNS
and	CC
proof	NN
methods	NNS
have	VBP
typically	RB
caused	VBN
a	DT
leap	NN
in	IN
the	DT
community	NN
's	POS
understanding	NN
of	IN
some	DT
central	JJ
issue	NN
,	,
enabling	VBG
rejuvenated	JJ
research	NN
by	IN
others	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
list	VBP
several	JJ
examples	NNS
as	IN
illustrations	NNS
.	.
Andy	NNP
's	POS
classic	JJ
paper	NN
on	IN
Communication	NNP
Complexity	NNP
,	,
perhaps	RB
the	DT
most	RBS
quoted	VBN
paper	NN
in	IN
Complexity	NNP
Theory	NNP
,	,
introduced	VBD
a	DT
fundamental	JJ
model	NN
for	IN
communication	NN
and	CC
techniques	NNS
for	IN
analyzing	VBG
it	PRP
.	.
Communication	NNP
Complexity	NNP
has	VBZ
since	IN
developed	VBN
into	IN
a	DT
major	JJ
area	NN
,	,
finding	VBG
diverse	JJ
and	CC
unexpected	JJ
applications	NNS
,	,
with	IN
two	CD
books	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
subject	JJ
coming	VBG
out	RB
soon	RB
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
paper	NN
``	``
Should	MD
Tables	NNPS
Be	VB
Sorted	VBN
,	,
''	''
Andy	NNP
revolutionized	VBD
our	PRP$
view	NN
of	IN
efficient	JJ
information	NN
storage	NN
,	,
leading	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
optimal	JJ
probabilistic	JJ
perfect	JJ
hashing	VBG
schemes	NNS
and	CC
dictionary	NN
implementations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
same	JJ
paper	NN
introduced	VBD
the	DT
fundamental	JJ
``	``
Cell	NNP
Probe	NNP
''	''
model	NN
for	IN
analyzing	VBG
data	NNS
structure	NN
algorithms	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
again	RB
a	DT
major	JJ
object	NN
of	IN
study	NN
.	.
The	DT
article	NN
``	``
Theory	NNP
and	CC
Applications	NNS
of	IN
Trap-door	JJ
Functions	NNS
''	''
contains	VBZ
an	DT
array	NN
of	IN
fundamental	JJ
results	NNS
.	.
The	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
is	VBZ
proving	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
Blum-Micali	NNP
generator	NN
is	VBZ
pseudo-random	JJ
,	,
leading	VBG
to	TO
an	DT
important	JJ
``	``
hardness	NN
vs	VBZ
randomness	NN
''	''
tradeoff	NN
:	:
if	IN
one-way	JJ
permutations	NNS
exist	VBP
,	,
then	RB
BPP	NNP
has	VBZ
subexponential	JJ
deterministic	JJ
simulations	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
defines	VBZ
and	CC
studies	VBZ
computational	JJ
entropy	NN
,	,
introduces	VBZ
the	DT
XOR	NNP
lemma	NN
to	TO
amplify	VB
computational	JJ
difficulty	NN
,	,
and	CC
uses	VBZ
it	PRP
to	TO
generate	VB
hard-core	JJ
bits	NNS
for	IN
every	DT
function	NN
.	.
Complexity	NN
.	.
After	IN
the	DT
breakthrough	NN
superpolynomial	NN
lower	JJR
bounds	NNS
for	IN
constant	JJ
depth	NN
circuits	NNS
were	VBD
proved	VBN
,	,
many	JJ
subsequent	JJ
attempts	NNS
to	TO
construct	VB
exponential-depth	NN
lower	JJR
bounds	NNS
failed	VBD
.	.
Andy	NNP
's	POS
tour-de-force	NN
``	``
Separating	VBG
the	DT
Polynomial-Time	NNP
Hierarchy	NNP
by	IN
Oracles	NNPS
''	''
was	VBD
a	DT
major	JJ
accomplishment	NN
.	.
His	PRP$
tenure	NN
in	IN
charge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Education	NNP
Forum	NNP
at	IN
SIGACT	NNP
News	NNP
has	VBZ
exceeded	VBN
all	DT
expectations	NNS
in	IN
length	NN
and	CC
breadth	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
out-lasted	VBN
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
Editors	NNP
.	.
Rocky	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
known	VBN
by	IN
all	DT
who	WP
have	VBP
worked	VBN
with	IN
him	PRP
for	IN
his	PRP$
alacrity	NN
and	CC
tireless	JJ
reliability	NN
.	.
Conference	NN
on	IN
Computational	NNP
Complexity	NNP
.	.
Alan	NNP
was	VBD
involved	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
drafting	VBG
of	IN
several	JJ
policy	NN
reports	NNS
for	IN
NSF	NNP
that	WDT
helped	VBD
present	VB
the	DT
case	NN
for	IN
funding	NN
theory	NN
to	TO
less	JJR
enlightened	VBN
administrators	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
has	VBZ
also	RB
served	VBN
the	DT
community	NN
well	RB
as	IN
an	DT
editor	NN
and	CC
on	IN
numerous	JJ
program	NN
committees	NNS
.	.
For	IN
over	IN
25	CD
years	NNS
Rao	NNP
Kosaraju	NNP
has	VBZ
actively	RB
and	CC
continuously	RB
served	VBD
the	DT
theory	NN
community	NN
.	.
His	PRP$
distinguished	JJ
service	NN
record	NN
includes	VBZ
numerous	JJ
editorships	NNS
of	IN
refereed	VBN
journals	NNS
,	,
program	NN
and	CC
conference	NN
committee	NN
memberships	NNS
,	,
service	NN
on	IN
the	DT
SIGACT	NNP
Executive	NNP
Committee	NNP
including	VBG
a	DT
term	NN
as	IN
SIGACT	NNP
Chair	NNP
,	,
service	NN
on	IN
many	JJ
prize	NN
and	CC
review	NN
committees	NNS
for	IN
top-ranked	JJ
Computer	NN
Science	NN
Departments	NNP
,	,
the	DT
National	NNP
Science	NNP
Foundation	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
ACM	NNP
Fellows	NNPS
Selection	NNP
Committee	NNP
.	.
Fred	NNP
is	VBZ
widely	RB
noted	VBN
for	IN
his	PRP$
service	NN
and	CC
dedication	NN
to	TO
the	DT
DIMACS	NNP
cause	NN
,	,
for	IN
his	PRP$
open-mindedness	NN
,	,
and	CC
for	IN
his	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
overcome	VB
difficult	JJ
challenges	NNS
.	.
Through	IN
his	PRP$
efforts	NNS
with	IN
DIMACS	NNP
,	,
he	PRP
has	VBZ
truly	RB
had	VBD
a	DT
significant	JJ
positive	JJ
impact	NN
on	IN
our	PRP$
community	NN
.	.
Architectures	NNS
,	,
Algorithms	NNS
,	,
and	CC
Networks	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
I-SPAN	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
a	DT
forum	NN
for	IN
scientists	NNS
,	,
engineers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
practitioners	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
world	NN
to	TO
exchange	VB
ideas	NNS
and	CC
research	NN
results	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
design	NN
,	,
use	NN
,	,
analysis	NN
,	,
and	CC
application	NN
of	IN
parallel	JJ
architectures	NNS
,	,
algorithms	NNS
,	,
networks	NNS
,	,
and	CC
internet	NN
technology	NN
.	.
Communication	NNP
protocols	NNS
for	IN
in	IN
ad	NN
hoc	FW
and	CC
sensor	NN
networks	NNS
Data	NNP
compression	NN
,	,
association	NN
,	,
aggregation	NN
Interplay	NNP
between	IN
information	NN
processing	NN
,	,
communication	NN
,	,
and	CC
routing	VBG
Analytical	NNP
,	,
mobility	NN
,	,
and	CC
validation	NN
models	NNS
for	IN
ad	NN
hoc	FW
and	CC
sensor	NN
networks	NNS
Hybrid	JJ
networks	NNS
and	CC
wireless	JJ
Internet	NNP
Quality	NNP
of	IN
service	NN
in	IN
medium	JJ
access	NN
control	NN
and	CC
routing	VBG
Data	NNP
management	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
query	NN
processing	NN
etc.	FW
By	IN
logging	VBG
into	IN
NACEWeb	NNP
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
take	VB
advantage	NN
of	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
online	JJ
benefits	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
membership	NN
.	.
Please	VB
note	NN
:	:
your	PRP$
login	NN
and	CC
password	NN
belong	VBP
to	TO
you	PRP
and	CC
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
shared	VBN
with	IN
anyone	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
additional	JJ
logins	NNS
and	CC
passwords	NNS
for	IN
other	JJ
members	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
staff	NN
,	,
take	VB
advantage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
and	CC
electronic	JJ
memberships	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
available	JJ
for	IN
college	NN
and	CC
employer	NN
members	NNS
.	.
Prepare	VB
your	PRP$
faculty	NN
for	IN
the	DT
2006-2007	CD
recruiting	NN
season	NN
.	.
Use	NNP
the	DT
Faculty	NNP
Referral	NNP
Workshop	NNP
to	TO
show	VB
faculty	NN
,	,
administrators	NNS
,	,
and	CC
your	PRP$
career	NN
center	NN
staff	NN
how	WRB
to	TO
refer	VB
and	CC
offer	VB
references	NNS
.	.
Order	NNP
online	NN
today	NN
.	.
Students	NNS
majoring	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
arts	NNS
face	VBP
intense	JJ
competition	NN
and	CC
a	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
consistent	JJ
job	NN
opportunities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
authors	NNS
offer	VBP
suggestions	NNS
for	IN
modifying	VBG
traditional	JJ
career	NN
advising	VBG
methods	NNS
,	,
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
resources	NNS
to	TO
engage	VB
the	DT
artistic	JJ
personality	NN
.	.
Student	NN
Characteristics	NNS
and	CC
Career	NNP
Planning	NNP
:	:
A	NNP
Case	NNP
Study	NNP
of	IN
an	DT
HRD	NNP
Program	NNP
To	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
effectiveness	NN
of	IN
a	DT
human	JJ
resource	NN
development	NN
program	NN
at	IN
a	DT
Midwest	NNP
university	NN
,	,
a	DT
study	NN
analyzed	VBD
student	NN
profiles	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
answers	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
questionnaire	NN
on	IN
career	NN
planning	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
's	POS
Salary	NNP
Survey	NNP
report	NN
.	.
Know	NNP
the	DT
going	VBG
rate	NN
for	IN
entry-level	JJ
accountants	NNS
,	,
engineers	NNS
,	,
programmers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
new	JJ
hires	NNS
,	,
and	CC
set	VBD
competitive	JJ
starting	VBG
salaries	NNS
to	TO
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
with	IN
confidence	NN
.	.
Available	JJ
only	RB
to	TO
Salary	NNP
Survey	NNP
subscribers	NNS
and	CC
NACE	NNP
members	NNS
,	,
these	DT
reports	NNS
can	MD
give	VB
you	PRP
the	DT
salary	NN
information	NN
you	PRP
need	VBP
,	,
the	DT
way	NN
you	PRP
need	VBP
it	PRP
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
,	,
see	VBP
www.naceweb.org/salarysurvey/salsurcustom.htm	NN
.	.
In	IN
February	NNP
1924	CD
,	,
the	DT
first	JJ
placement	NN
organization	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
was	VBD
established	VBN
in	IN
Chicago	NNP
.	.
Its	PRP$
original	JJ
name	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Appointments	NNP
Secretaries	NNPS
,	,
after	IN
the	DT
British	JJ
position	NN
title	NN
,	,
``	``
appointments	NNS
secretary	NN
,	,
''	''
also	RB
known	VBN
as	IN
``	``
placement	NN
director	NN
''	''
in	IN
this	DT
country	NN
.	.
Of	IN
the	DT
12	CD
representatives	NNS
who	WP
founded	VBD
the	DT
pioneer	NN
organization	NN
,	,
11	CD
were	VBD
women	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
and	CC
employment	NN
professionals	NNS
are	VBP
involved	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
important	JJ
process-helping	JJ
students	NNS
choose	VB
and	CC
attain	VB
personally	RB
rewarding	JJ
careers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
helping	VBG
employers	NNS
develop	VB
effective	JJ
college	NN
relations	NNS
programs	NNS
which	WDT
contribute	VBP
to	TO
effective	JJ
candidate	NN
selections	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
organizations	NNS
.	.
Whether	IN
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
connect	VB
with	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
or	CC
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
college	NN
recruiting	NN
professionals	NNS
,	,
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
provides	VBZ
you	PRP
with	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
print	NN
and	CC
online	JJ
publications	NNS
and	CC
web	NN
sites	NNS
to	TO
reach	VB
your	PRP$
goals	NNS
.	.
This	DT
study	NN
compares	VBZ
salaries	NNS
over	IN
a	DT
15-year	JJ
period	NN
and	CC
looks	VBZ
at	IN
how	WRB
supply	NN
and	CC
demand	NN
,	,
the	DT
tech	NN
bubble	NN
,	,
recession	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
forces	NNS
affected	VBD
starting	VBG
salary	NN
offers	NNS
to	TO
students	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
business	NN
,	,
engineering	NN
,	,
computer-related	JJ
,	,
sciences	NNS
,	,
and	CC
nursing	NN
fields	NNS
.	.
The	DT
study	NN
features	VBZ
an	DT
analysis	NN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
understand	VB
why	WRB
salaries	NNS
are	VBP
what	WP
they	PRP
are	VBP
,	,
and	CC
where	WRB
they	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
going	VBG
.	.
Standards	NNP
for	IN
College	NNP
and	CC
University	NNP
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
,	,
the	DT
workbook	NN
complements	VBZ
the	DT
13	CD
categores	NNS
of	IN
standards	NNS
and	CC
helps	VBZ
you	PRP
identify	VB
areas	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
career	NN
services	NNS
program	NN
that	WDT
need	VBP
improvement	NN
and	CC
those	DT
that	WDT
fully	RB
meet	VBP
professional	JJ
standards	NNS
.	.
The	DT
workbook	NN
also	RB
offers	VBZ
tools	NNS
for	IN
calculating	VBG
composite	JJ
and	CC
mean	JJ
scores	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
category	NN
to	TO
enhance	VB
or	CC
overhaul	VB
your	PRP$
program	NN
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
responses	NNS
from	IN
employers	NNS
nationwide	RB
,	,
the	DT
Job	NNP
Outlook	NNP
2007	CD
report	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
annual	JJ
,	,
national	JJ
forecast	NN
of	IN
the	DT
hiring	VBG
intentions	NNS
of	IN
employers	NNS
and	CC
examines	VBZ
other	JJ
issues	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
employment	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
.	.
The	DT
report	NN
includes	VBZ
hiring	VBG
projections	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
college	NN
Class	NN
of	IN
2007	CD
,	,
including	VBG
projections	NNS
by	IN
sector	NN
and	CC
region	NN
of	IN
the	DT
country	NN
;	:
information	NN
about	IN
employers	NNS
'	POS
intentions	NNS
for	IN
Spring	NNP
2007	CD
on-campus	JJ
recruiting	NN
,	,
preferred\/most	JJ
effective	JJ
recruiting	NN
methods	NNS
;	:
qualities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
ideal	JJ
candidate	NN
;	:
and	CC
more	JJR
.	.
Collect	VB
,	,
analyze	VB
,	,
and	CC
report	NN
information	NN
relative	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
practitioners	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
and	CC
the	DT
reactions	NNS
of	IN
users	NNS
of	IN
NACE	NNP
materials	NNS
and	CC
service	NN
.	.
Conduct	NNP
field	NN
contacts	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
personal	JJ
,	,
telephone	NN
and	CC
group	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
complete	JJ
contact	NN
reports	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
contacts	NNS
;	:
prepare	VB
reports	NNS
to	TO
Director	NNP
of	IN
Sales	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
appropriate	JJ
staff	NN
members	NNS
regarding	VBG
trends	NNS
,	,
needs	VBZ
,	,
and	CC
assessments	NNS
.	.
``	``
Companies	NNS
that	WDT
include	VBP
new	JJ
college	NN
graduate	NN
hires	VBZ
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
work	NN
force	NN
planning	VBG
strategy	NN
not	RB
only	RB
reap	VB
the	DT
immediate	JJ
benefits	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
hiring	VBG
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
sow	VB
the	DT
seeds	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
future	JJ
success	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
organizations	NNS
.	.
''	''
``	``
The	DT
increased	VBN
interest	NN
means	VBZ
employers	NNS
face	VBP
more	JJR
competition	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
new	JJ
college	NN
hires	VBZ
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Mackes	NNP
.	.
``	``
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
employers	NNS
told	VBD
us	PRP
that	IN
competition	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
number	NN
one	CD
challenge	NN
they	PRP
face	VBP
in	IN
hiring	VBG
Class	NN
of	IN
2007	CD
graduates	NNS
.	.
``	``
About	IN
the	DT
Job	NNP
Outlook	NNP
2007	CD
Survey	NN
:	:
The	DT
Job	NNP
Outlook	NNP
survey	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
forecast	NN
of	IN
hiring	VBG
intentions	NNS
of	IN
employers	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
relate	VBP
to	TO
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
.	.
``	``
Other	JJ
studies	NNS
we	PRP
've	VBP
conducted	VBN
show	NN
that	IN
organizations	NNS
target	VBP
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
for	IN
job	NN
openings	NNS
because	IN
it	PRP
gives	VBZ
organizations	NNS
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
mold	NN
their	PRP$
future	JJ
leaders	NNS
,	,
''	''
notes	VBZ
Mackes	NNP
.	.
``	``
This	DT
study	NN
bears	VBZ
out	RP
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
leadership	NN
skills	NNS
.	.
''	''
Less	RBR
than	IN
5	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
respondents	NNS
reported	VBD
that	IN
work	NN
experience	NN
is	VBZ
n't	RB
typically	RB
a	DT
factor	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
decision	NN
to	TO
hire	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
college	NN
graduate	NN
.	.
About	IN
the	DT
Job	NNP
Outlook	NNP
2007	CD
Survey	NN
:	:
The	DT
Job	NNP
Outlook	NNP
survey	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
forecast	NN
of	IN
hiring	VBG
intentions	NNS
of	IN
employers	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
relate	VBP
to	TO
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
.	.
Students	NNS
with	IN
disabilities	NNS
are	VBP
a	DT
growing	VBG
population	NN
on	IN
college	NN
campuses	NNS
;	:
however	RB
they	PRP
find	VBP
employment	NN
in	IN
significantly	RB
lower	JJR
percentages	NNS
than	IN
other	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
Why	WRB
?	.
Statistics	NNS
show	VBP
these	DT
students	NNS
,	,
without	IN
question	NN
,	,
are	VBP
the	DT
largest	JJS
underserved	JJ
population	NN
of	IN
college	NN
students	NNS
.	.
Yet	RB
,	,
their	PRP$
career	NN
development	NN
needs	NNS
are	VBP
acute	JJ
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
strengthen	VB
your	PRP$
knowledge	NN
and	CC
skills	NNS
of	IN
career	NN
development	NN
and	CC
the	DT
job	NN
search	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
with	IN
disabilities	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
'll	MD
want	VB
to	TO
hear	VB
Dan	NNP
Ryan	NNP
,	,
a	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
practitioner	VBP
with	IN
16	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
this	DT
population	NN
.	.
Ryan	NNP
offers	VBZ
practical	JJ
advice	NN
and	CC
timely	JJ
information	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
increase	VB
your	PRP$
competence	NN
and	CC
comfort	NN
level	NN
for	IN
guiding	VBG
and	CC
teaching	VBG
students	NNS
with	IN
disabilities	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
who	WP
want	VBP
to	TO
expand	VB
and	CC
strengthen	VB
their	PRP$
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
job	NN
search	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
with	IN
disabilities	NNS
will	MD
want	VB
to	TO
hear	VB
Dan	NNP
Ryan	NNP
,	,
a	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
practitioner	VBP
with	IN
16	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
this	DT
population	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
basic	JJ
level	NN
seminar	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
register	VBP
for	IN
the	DT
live	JJ
audio\/web	NN
conference	NN
,	,
we	PRP
will	MD
send	VB
you	PRP
confirmation	NN
via	IN
e-mail	NN
.	.
The	DT
confirmation	NN
will	MD
include	VB
telephone	NN
instructions	NNS
and	CC
instructions	NNS
for	IN
accessing	VBG
the	DT
PowerPoint	NNP
presentation	NN
.	.
Through	IN
an	DT
extensive	JJ
collaborative	JJ
partnership	NN
between	IN
Freshman	NN
Studies	NNS
and	CC
The	DT
Career	NNP
Center	NNP
at	IN
Seton	NNP
Hall	NNP
University	NNP
,	,
more	JJR
than	IN
90	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
first-year	JJ
students	NNS
complete	VB
an	DT
online	JJ
career	NN
assessment	NN
and	CC
more	JJR
than	IN
80	CD
percent	NN
participate	VB
in	IN
a	DT
career-related	JJ
program	NN
or	CC
advising	VBG
activity	NN
.	.
Hall	NNP
University	NNP
program	NN
which	WDT
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
program	NN
management	NN
,	,
career	NN
counseling	NN
,	,
and	CC
outreach	NN
to	TO
first-year	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
will	MD
offer	VB
ideas	NNS
on	IN
program	NN
development	NN
,	,
evaluation	NN
,	,
and	CC
relationship	NN
cultivation	NN
as	IN
it	PRP
relates	VBZ
to	TO
retention	NN
initiatives	NNS
.	.
Andrew	NNP
Brereton	NNP
's	POS
graduate	NN
degrees	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
theology	NN
.	.
He	PRP
was	VBD
originally	RB
brought	VBN
in	IN
to	TO
Seton	NNP
Hall	NNP
's	POS
Career	NNP
Center	NNP
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
an	DT
initiative	NN
that	WDT
encourages	VBZ
students	NNS
to	TO
discern	VB
their	PRP$
true	JJ
vocation	NN
and	CC
consider	VB
how	WRB
they	PRP
might	MD
be	VB
of	IN
service	NN
to	TO
the	DT
common	JJ
good	JJ
.	.
He	PRP
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
programming	NN
and	CC
counseling	NN
efforts	NNS
that	WDT
seek	VBP
to	TO
engage	VB
students	NNS
early	RB
in	IN
the	DT
career	NN
development	NN
process	NN
.	.
Register	NNP
now	RB
The	DT
NACElink	NNP
Network	NNP
,	,
the	DT
result	NN
of	IN
an	DT
alliance	NN
among	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
,	,
DirectEmployers	NNP
Association	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Symplicity	NNP
Corporation	NNP
,	,
features	VBZ
three	CD
levels	NNS
designed	VBN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
schools	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
sizes	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
level	NN
features	VBZ
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
tools	NNS
and	CC
capabilities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
levels	NNS
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
options	NNS
for	IN
budgets	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
sizes	NNS
.	.
Often	RB
,	,
students	NNS
adopt	VB
and	CC
adapt	VB
to	TO
new	JJ
technologies	NNS
more	RBR
rapidly	RB
than	IN
we	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
career	NN
services	NNS
practitioners	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
do	VBP
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
research	NN
on	IN
technology	NN
and	CC
usage	NN
trends	NNS
in	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
units	NNS
,	,
this	DT
workshop	NN
's	POS
presenters	NNS
will	MD
investigate	VB
course	NN
management	NN
systems	NNS
and	CC
emerging	VBG
web-based	JJ
social	JJ
software	NN
applications	NNS
that	WDT
hold	VBP
promise	NN
for	IN
transforming	VBG
how	WRB
we	PRP
offer	VBP
services	NNS
,	,
deliver	VBP
instruction	NN
,	,
and	CC
share	NN
knowledge	NN
.	.
Presenters	NNS
will	MD
analyze	VB
a	DT
range	NN
of	IN
emerging	VBG
technologies	NNS
and	CC
assess	VB
their	PRP$
potential	JJ
to	TO
improve	VB
service	NN
delivery	NN
,	,
instructional	JJ
effectiveness	NN
and	CC
organizational	JJ
management	NN
;	:
and	CC
help	VB
partictipants	NNS
formulate	VB
strategy	NN
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
SWOT	NNP
analysis	NN
,	,
for	IN
use	NN
of	IN
these	DT
tools	NNS
appropriate	JJ
to	TO
their	PRP$
own	JJ
campus	NN
situations	NNS
.	.
Participants	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
grouped	VBN
into	IN
small	JJ
teams	NNS
,	,
each	DT
with	IN
a	DT
laptop	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
you	PRP
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
bring	VB
your	PRP$
laptop	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
to	TO
move	VB
through	IN
presentations	NNS
and	CC
activities	NNS
where	WRB
you	PRP
will	MD
get	VB
hands-on	JJ
practice	NN
in	IN
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
discussed	VBN
applications	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
you	PRP
and	CC
your	PRP$
colleagues	NNS
will	MD
share	VB
knowledge	NN
on	IN
weblogs	NNS
,	,
wikis	NN
,	,
and	CC
RSS	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Really	RB
Simple	NN
Syndication	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
then	RB
practice	NN
posting	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
weblog	NN
,	,
editing	NN
a	DT
wiki	FW
page	NN
,	,
and	CC
subscribing	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
weblog	JJ
using	VBG
an	DT
RSS	NNP
reader	NN
.	.
Can	MD
you	PRP
define	VB
spark	VB
that	DT
makes	VBZ
someone	NN
a	DT
leader	NN
?	.
How	WRB
does	VBZ
a	DT
person	NN
effectively	RB
capture	VB
a	DT
group	NN
's	POS
attention	NN
and	CC
lead	NN
individuals	NNS
to	TO
volunteer	VB
thoughts	NNS
and	CC
ideas	NNS
?	.
Do	VBP
you	PRP
have	VBP
what	WP
it	PRP
takes	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
leader	NN
?	.
By	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
The	DT
Common	JJ
Sense	NN
Approach	NN
to	TO
Leadership	NN
workshop	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
thinking	VBG
about	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
leadership	NN
style	NN
and	CC
the	DT
direction	NN
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
take	VB
your	PRP$
organization	NN
in	IN
,	,
and	CC
planning	VBG
how	WRB
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
difference	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
office	NN
and	CC
among	IN
your	PRP$
staff	NN
.	.
Understand	JJ
how	WRB
to	TO
take	VB
advantage	NN
of	IN
engaging	VBG
and	CC
empowering	VBG
other	JJ
members	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
organization	NN
to	TO
become	VB
leaders	NNS
;	:
and	CC
Develop	VB
insight	NN
into	IN
your	PRP$
organizational	JJ
leadership	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
you	PRP
might	MD
engage	VB
others	NNS
,	,
from	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
junior	JJ
employee	NN
to	TO
senior	JJ
management	NN
.	.
Call	VB
it	PRP
emotional	JJ
intelligence	NN
or	CC
just	RB
good	JJ
old-fashioned	JJ
people	NNS
skills	NNS
,	,
but	CC
how	WRB
you	PRP
manage	VBP
yourself	PRP
and	CC
interact	VB
with	IN
others	NNS
profoundly	RB
influences	VBZ
your	PRP$
credibility	NN
and	CC
overall	JJ
effectiveness	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
and	CC
employment	NN
recruiting	NN
are	VBP
intensely	RB
relationship-oriented	JJ
businesses	NNS
.	.
Professionals	NNS
who	WP
work	VBP
well	RB
with	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
individuals	NNS
and	CC
situations	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
more	RBR
successful	JJ
.	.
Examine	VB
contemporary	JJ
relationship	NN
concepts	NNS
that	WDT
work	VBP
best	RB
in	IN
fast-paced	JJ
,	,
results-driven	JJ
,	,
electronically-oriented	JJ
work	NN
environments	NNS
.	.
Assess	VB
your	PRP$
own	JJ
style	NN
and	CC
identify	VB
your	PRP$
strengths	NNS
and	CC
learn	VB
to	TO
leverage	NN
them	PRP
to	TO
enhance	VB
your	PRP$
image	NN
.	.
Pinpoint	NNP
your	PRP$
weaknesses	NNS
and	CC
pick	VB
up	RP
ideas	NNS
for	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
manage	VB
around	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Examine	VB
the	DT
complexities	NNS
of	IN
trust	NN
systemically	RB
;	:
discover	VBP
behaviors	NNS
that	WDT
build	VBP
,	,
break	VBP
,	,
rebuild	VB
,	,
and	CC
sustain	VB
trust	NN
;	:
participate	VB
in	IN
experiential	JJ
learning	VBG
to	TO
identify	VB
these	DT
interrelations	NNS
;	:
and	CC
learn	VB
the	DT
connections	NNS
between	IN
trust	NN
and	CC
change	NN
management	NN
.	.
Explore	VB
a	DT
research-based	JJ
,	,
practical	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
trust	VB
building	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
nonthreatening	JJ
and	CC
practical	JJ
.	.
Through	IN
group	NN
discussion	NN
,	,
experiential	JJ
learning	NN
,	,
and	CC
self-reflection	NN
,	,
you	PRP
'll	MD
gain	VB
strategies	NNS
,	,
best	JJS
practices	NNS
,	,
and	CC
tools	NNS
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
critical	JJ
trust-related	JJ
issues	NNS
that	WDT
affect	VBP
performance	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
office	NN
.	.
Learn	VB
metrics	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
measure	VB
trust	NN
building	NN
behaviors	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
workplace	NN
,	,
and	CC
discover	VBP
how	WRB
to	TO
apply	VB
a	DT
research-based	JJ
,	,
proven	JJ
approach	NN
for	IN
rebuilding	VBG
and	CC
sustaining	VBG
trust	NN
,	,
improving	VBG
performance	NN
,	,
particularly	RB
during	IN
change	NN
.	.
Are	VBP
you	PRP
an	DT
idea	NN
person	NN
?	.
Do	VBP
you	PRP
work	VB
with	IN
creative	JJ
people	NNS
?	.
Too	RB
often	RB
,	,
innovation	NN
is	VBZ
thought	VBN
of	IN
as	IN
something	NN
``	``
those	DT
people	NNS
''	''
do	VBP
as	IN
opposed	VBN
to	TO
an	DT
essential	JJ
opportunity	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
responsibility	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
everyone	NN
in	IN
an	DT
organization	NN
.	.
Groups	NNS
that	WDT
routinely	RB
produce	VBP
breakthrough	NN
ideas	NNS
and	CC
incremental	JJ
improvements	NNS
do	VBP
so	RB
because	IN
they	PRP
work	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
culture	NN
of	IN
innovation	NN
that	IN
encourages	VBZ
and	CC
engages	VBZ
individuals	NNS
with	IN
different	JJ
perspectives	NNS
to	TO
contribute	VB
to	TO
a	DT
shared	VBN
vision	NN
and	CC
common	JJ
goals	NNS
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
interactive	JJ
session	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
explore	VB
what	WP
it	PRP
takes	VBZ
to	TO
produce	VB
great	JJ
ideas	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
basis	NN
,	,
examine	VBP
best	JJS
practices	NNS
from	IN
recognized	VBN
innovators	NNS
like	IN
IDEO	NNP
and	CC
Wikipedia	NNP
,	,
and	CC
review	VB
the	DT
different	JJ
categories	NNS
of	IN
innovation	NN
worth	JJ
pursuing	VBG
.	.
Gain	NN
a	DT
better	JJR
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
and	CC
organizational	JJ
actions	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
make	VB
innovation	NN
a	DT
manageable	JJ
everyday	JJ
activity	NN
.	.
Network	NNP
of	IN
Graduate	NNP
Recruitment	NNP
and	CC
Development	NNP
Associations	NNPS
-LRB-	-LRB-
INGRADA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
comprised	VBN
of	IN
associations	NNS
from	IN
countries	NNS
worldwide	NN
,	,
serving	VBG
professionals	NNS
engaged	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
career	NN
development	NN
,	,
recruitment	NN
,	,
and	CC
hiring	VBG
of	IN
college	NN
and	CC
university	NN
graduates	NNS
.	.
INGRADA	NNP
's	POS
purpose	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
gather	VB
,	,
disseminate	VB
,	,
and	CC
network	NN
across	IN
national	JJ
borders	NNS
relevant	JJ
and	CC
timely	JJ
information	NN
and	CC
best	JJS
practice	NN
relating	VBG
to	TO
graduate	NN
preparation	NN
,	,
recruitment	NN
,	,
and	CC
career	NN
development	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
tracks	VBZ
IP	NNP
addresses	NNS
to	TO
measure	VB
traffic	NN
on	IN
our	PRP$
sites	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
use	VB
IP	NNP
addresses	NNS
to	TO
determine	VB
any	DT
user	NN
's	POS
identity	NN
.	.
Members	NNS
who	WP
use	VBP
our	PRP$
web	NN
sites	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
accept	VB
cookies	NNS
.	.
A	DT
cookie	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
piece	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
that	WDT
our	PRP$
server	NN
stores	NNS
when	WRB
you	PRP
visit	VBP
our	PRP$
web	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
These	DT
cookies	NNS
save	VB
your	PRP$
password	NN
so	IN
that	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
to	TO
re-enter	VB
during	IN
your	PRP$
session	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
some	DT
cookies	NNS
coordinate	VBP
banner	NN
advertising	NN
seen	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
web	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
Cookies	NNS
also	RB
track	VBP
the	DT
pages	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
visited	VBN
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
personal	JJ
information	NN
that	IN
a	DT
cookie	NN
contains	VBZ
is	VBZ
information	NN
you	PRP
supply	VBP
.	.
A	DT
cookie	NN
can	MD
not	RB
read	VB
other	JJ
data	NNS
from	IN
your	PRP$
computer	NN
's	POS
hard	JJ
disk	NN
.	.
The	DT
NACE	NNP
web	NN
sites	NNS
,	,
JobWeb	NNP
and	CC
NACEWeb	NNP
,	,
contain	VBP
links	NNS
to	TO
other	JJ
sites	NNS
.	.
NACE	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
privacy	NN
practices	NNS
of	IN
such	JJ
web	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
Inclusion	NN
of	IN
links	NNS
to	TO
an	DT
outside	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
whether	IN
in	IN
an	DT
advertisement	NN
or	CC
content	JJ
area	NN
of	IN
a	DT
NACE	NNP
web	NN
sites	NNS
,	,
is	VBZ
not	RB
an	DT
endorsement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
outside	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
or	CC
a	DT
guarantee	NN
that	IN
the	DT
information	NN
it	PRP
contains	VBZ
is	VBZ
accurate	JJ
.	.
NACE	NNP
has	VBZ
no	DT
way	NN
of	IN
knowing	VBG
whether	IN
those	DT
advertisers	NNS
use	VBP
cookies	NNS
with	IN
their	PRP$
banner	NN
advertising	NN
and	CC
can	MD
not	RB
guarantee	VB
that	IN
if	IN
you	PRP
click	VBP
on	IN
a	DT
banner	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
accept	VB
a	DT
cookie	NN
from	IN
the	DT
advertiser	NN
.	.
You	PRP
should	MD
contact	VB
the	DT
advertiser	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
its	PRP$
polices	NNS
regarding	VBG
use	NN
of	IN
cookies	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
asked	VBN
to	TO
use	VB
an	DT
online	JJ
form	NN
to	TO
request	NN
information	NN
,	,
products	NNS
,	,
and	CC
services	NNS
.	.
These	DT
forms	NNS
typically	RB
ask	VBP
for	IN
contact	NN
information	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
your	PRP$
phone	NN
number	NN
or	CC
e-mail	NN
address	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
unique	JJ
identifiers	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
your	PRP$
NACE	NNP
membership	NN
number	NN
or	CC
account	NN
number	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
financial	JJ
information	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
credit	NN
card	NN
number	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
demographic	JJ
information	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
age	NN
,	,
location	NN
,	,
type	NN
of	IN
organization	NN
,	,
size	NN
of	IN
organization	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Contact	NN
information	NN
from	IN
these	DT
forms	NNS
is	VBZ
used	VBN
to	TO
send	VB
the	DT
products	NNS
,	,
promotional	JJ
materials	NNS
or	CC
membership	NN
information	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
request	VBP
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
register	VB
you	PRP
for	IN
roundtables	NNS
,	,
conferences	NNS
,	,
or	CC
workshops	NNS
.	.
Forms	NNS
on	IN
our	PRP$
site	NN
that	IN
request	NN
financial	JJ
information	NN
do	VBP
so	RB
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
bill	NN
for	IN
products	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
ordered	VBN
.	.
Unique	JJ
identifiers	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
specifically	RB
,	,
your	PRP$
password	NN
or	CC
member	NN
number	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
collected	VBN
from	IN
members	NNS
to	TO
verify	VB
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
identity	NN
and	CC
for	IN
use	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
record	NN
system	NN
.	.
Information	NN
from	IN
these	DT
forms	NNS
is	VBZ
also	RB
used	VBN
by	IN
NACE	NNP
to	TO
send	VB
you	PRP
information	NN
about	IN
products	NNS
,	,
services	NNS
,	,
conferences	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
information	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
if	IN
interest	NN
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
receive	VB
mailings	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
regular	JJ
or	CC
electronic	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
from	IN
NACE	NNP
,	,
please	VB
see	VB
the	DT
``	``
opt-out	NN
''	''
section	NN
below	IN
.	.
NACE	NNP
makes	VBZ
membership	NN
mailing	NN
labels	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
other	JJ
reputable	JJ
organizations	NNS
whose	WP$
products	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
we	PRP
think	VBP
you	PRP
might	MD
find	VB
interesting	JJ
.	.
The	DT
mailing	NN
labels	NNS
contain	VBP
your	PRP$
name	NN
,	,
organization	NN
,	,
and	CC
postal	JJ
address	NN
.	.
They	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
include	VB
your	PRP$
e-mail	NN
address	NN
,	,
fax	NN
,	,
or	CC
phone	NN
number	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
receive	VB
any	DT
mail	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
regular	JJ
from	IN
any	DT
organization	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
NACE	NNP
sells	VBZ
its	PRP$
membership	NN
mailing	NN
labels	NNS
,	,
please	VB
see	VB
the	DT
``	``
opt-out	NN
''	''
section	NN
below	IN
.	.
NACE	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
provide	VB
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
e-mail	NN
addresses	NNS
,	,
phone	NN
numbers	NNS
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
personally	RB
identifiable	JJ
information	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
collects	VBZ
on	IN
its	PRP$
web	NN
sites	NNS
to	TO
any	DT
individual	JJ
or	CC
organization	NN
for	IN
any	DT
purpose	NN
,	,
including	VBG
commercial	JJ
.	.
NACE	NNP
uses	VBZ
the	DT
information	NN
collected	VBN
to	TO
improve	VB
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
web	NN
sites	NNS
;	:
to	TO
enhance	VB
existing	VBG
products	NNS
,	,
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
member	NN
benefits	NNS
;	:
and	CC
to	TO
plan	VB
for	IN
new	JJ
products	NNS
,	,
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
member	NN
benefits	NNS
.	.
NACE	NNP
may	MD
also	RB
collect	VB
aggregate	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
which	WDT
pages	NNS
visitors	NNS
access	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
use	VBP
the	DT
NACE	NNP
web	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
NACE	NNP
makes	VBZ
networking	VBG
and	CC
chat	VB
opportunities	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
our	PRP$
members	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
NACEWeb	NNP
communities	NNS
.	.
Any	DT
information	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
disclosed	VBN
in	IN
these	DT
areas	NNS
becomes	VBZ
public	JJ
information	NN
,	,
and	CC
you	PRP
should	MD
exercise	VB
caution	NN
when	WRB
deciding	VBG
to	TO
disclose	VB
your	PRP$
personal	JJ
information	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
can	MD
not	RB
control	VB
the	DT
acts	NNS
of	IN
its	PRP$
members	NNS
who	WP
use	VBP
the	DT
communities	NNS
feature	VBP
.	.
In	IN
our	PRP$
communities	NNS
section	NN
,	,
NACE	NNP
collects	VBZ
all	DT
contact	NN
names	NNS
,	,
e-mail	NN
addresses	NNS
,	,
and	CC
dialogue	NN
.	.
Dialogue	NN
in	IN
the	DT
communities	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
archived	VBN
for	IN
later	RB
retrieval	NN
by	IN
a	DT
NACE	NNP
member	NN
.	.
Messages	NNS
go	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
archives	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
posted	VBN
.	.
NACE	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
edit	VB
discussions	NNS
provided	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
communities	NNS
section	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
may	MD
deem	VB
it	PRP
necessary	JJ
or	CC
appropriate	JJ
from	IN
time	NN
to	TO
time	NN
to	TO
modify	VB
this	DT
privacy	NN
policy	NN
to	TO
reflect	VB
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
way	NN
NACE	NNP
collects	VBZ
or	CC
uses	VBZ
information	NN
or	CC
changes	NNS
in	IN
privacy-related	JJ
laws	NNS
,	,
regulations	NNS
,	,
or	CC
industry	NN
standards	NNS
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
NACE	NNP
reserves	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
change	VB
this	DT
privacy	NN
statement	NN
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
by	IN
posting	VBG
the	DT
revised	VBN
policy	NN
on	IN
this	DT
Site	NN
.	.
Information	NN
will	MD
be	VB
handled	VBN
according	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
privacy	NN
statement	NN
in	IN
effect	NN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
.	.
The	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
provides	VBZ
members	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
take	VB
their	PRP$
names	NNS
and	CC
organizations	NNS
off	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
mailing	NN
list	NN
or	CC
not	RB
to	TO
be	VB
included	VBN
in	IN
membership	NN
mailing	NN
labels	NNS
that	WDT
NACE	NNP
sells	VBZ
to	TO
other	JJ
organizations	NNS
.	.
Members	NNS
can	MD
choose	VB
to	TO
``	``
opt	VB
out	RP
''	''
of	IN
participating	VBG
in	IN
this	DT
function	NN
.	.
The	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NACE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
provides	VBZ
information	NN
and	CC
services	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
benefit	NN
and	CC
service	NN
in	IN
furtherance	NN
of	IN
NACE	NNP
's	POS
not-for-profit	JJ
and	CC
tax-exempt	JJ
status	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
makes	VBZ
no	DT
representations	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
suitability	NN
of	IN
this	DT
information	NN
and	CC
these	DT
services	NNS
for	IN
any	DT
purpose	NN
.	.
The	DT
appearance	NN
of	IN
advertisements	NNS
and	CC
product	NN
and	CC
service	NN
information	NN
on	IN
JobWeb	NNP
,	,
NACEWeb	NNP
,	,
or	CC
NACElink	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
constitute	VB
an	DT
endorsement	NN
or	CC
favoring	VBG
by	IN
NACE	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
product	NN
or	CC
service	NN
.	.
Neither	DT
has	VBZ
NACE	NNP
investigated	VBD
the	DT
claims	NNS
made	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
advertiser	NN
or	CC
vendor	NN
.	.
Product	NN
and	CC
service	NN
information	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
solely	RB
on	IN
material	NN
received	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
advertiser	NN
or	CC
vendor	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
assumes	VBZ
no	DT
responsibility	NN
and	CC
disclaims	VBZ
any	DT
liability	NN
for	IN
the	DT
consequences	NNS
resulting	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
products	NNS
,	,
services	NNS
,	,
advertiser	NN
,	,
or	CC
vendor	NN
.	.
The	DT
employer	NN
information	NN
on	IN
JobWeb	NNP
,	,
including	VBG
banners	NNS
,	,
company	NN
descriptions	NNS
,	,
or	CC
featured	VBD
employers	NNS
,	,
does	VBZ
not	RB
imply	VB
endorsement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
organizations	NNS
purchasing	VBG
these	DT
services	NNS
,	,
nor	CC
any	DT
association	NN
with	IN
their	PRP$
owners	NNS
or	CC
operators	NNS
.	.
JobWeb	NNP
takes	VBZ
no	DT
responsibility	NN
whatsoever	RB
for	IN
the	DT
recruiting	NN
,	,
hiring	VBG
,	,
or	CC
employment	NN
practices	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
organizations	NNS
.	.
Any	DT
links	NNS
from	IN
JobWeb.com	NN
to	TO
a	DT
third-party	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
offering	VBG
products	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
job	NN
seeker	NN
for	IN
a	DT
fee	NN
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
deemed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
an	DT
endoresement	NN
,	,
representative	NN
,	,
or	CC
warranty	NN
of	IN
that	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
.	.
At	IN
certain	JJ
places	NNS
on	IN
JobWeb	NNP
,	,
NACEWeb	NNP
,	,
or	CC
NACElink	NNP
,	,
links	NNS
to	TO
other	JJ
Internet	NNP
addresses	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
accessed	VBN
.	.
Such	JJ
external	JJ
Internet	NNP
addresses	NNS
contain	VBP
information	NN
created	VBN
,	,
published	VBN
,	,
maintained	VBD
,	,
or	CC
otherwise	RB
posted	VBN
by	IN
institutions	NNS
or	CC
organizations	NNS
independent	JJ
of	IN
NACE	NNP
.	.
NACE	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
endorse	VB
,	,
approve	VB
,	,
certify	VB
,	,
or	CC
control	VB
those	DT
external	JJ
Internet	NNP
addresses	NNS
and	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
guarantee	VB
the	DT
accuracy	NN
,	,
completeness	NN
,	,
suitability	NN
,	,
or	CC
timeliness	NN
of	IN
information	NN
located	VBN
at	IN
such	JJ
addresses	NNS
.	.
Reference	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
external	JJ
Internet	NNP
site	NN
to	TO
any	DT
specific	JJ
commercial	JJ
product	NN
,	,
process	NN
,	,
or	CC
service	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
constitute	VB
or	CC
imply	VB
endorsement	NN
,	,
recommendation	NN
,	,
or	CC
favoring	VBG
by	IN
NACE	NNP
.	.
NACE	NNP
assumes	VBZ
no	DT
responsibility	NN
and	CC
disclaims	VBZ
any	DT
liability	NN
for	IN
the	DT
consequences	NNS
resulting	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
information	NN
obtained	VBN
from	IN
these	DT
linked	VBN
addresses	NNS
.	.
Copying	NNP
and\/or	CC
downloading	VBG
,	,
including	VBG
framing	NN
or	CC
mirroring	NN
,	,
of	IN
any	DT
of	IN
this	DT
information	NN
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
distributing	VBG
it	PRP
to	TO
others	NNS
is	VBZ
prohibited	VBN
without	IN
the	DT
specific	JJ
written	VBN
permission	NN
of	IN
NACE	NNP
.	.
All	DT
other	JJ
rights	NNS
are	VBP
reserved	VBN
by	IN
NACE	NNP
.	.
Any	DT
individual	JJ
making	VBG
unauthorized	JJ
copies	NNS
or	CC
downloading	VBG
any	DT
NACE	NNP
material	NN
will	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
penalties	NNS
as	IN
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
copyright	NN
laws	NNS
.	.
Linking	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
information	NN
contained	VBN
on	IN
JobWeb	NNP
,	,
with	IN
written	VBN
permission	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
a	DT
permissible	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
.	.
Links	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
NACEWeb	NNP
are	VBP
permitted	VBN
with	IN
permission	NN
.	.
Links	NNP
to	TO
materials	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
password-protected	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
NACEWeb	NNP
are	VBP
not	RB
allowed	VBN
.	.
Linking	VBG
to	TO
NACElink	NNP
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
to	TO
employers	NNS
,	,
students	NNS
,	,
and	CC
schools	NNS
only	RB
.	.
Third-party	JJ
recruiters	NNS
and	CC
temporary	JJ
agenices	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
link	VB
to	TO
NACElink	NNP
.	.
NACE	NNP
reserves	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
revoke	VB
permission	NN
to	TO
link	VB
to	TO
any	DT
or	CC
all	DT
web	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
,	,
contact	NN
Claudia	NNP
Allen	NNP
,	,
permissions	NNS
editor	NN
,	,
at	IN
callen@naceweb.org	NN
.	.
When	WRB
using	VBG
JobWeb	NNP
,	,
NACEWeb	NNP
,	,
or	CC
NACElink	NNP
links	NNS
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
external	JJ
internet	NN
sites	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
must	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
copyright	NN
notice	NN
and	CC
policy	NN
provided	VBN
at	IN
those	DT
web	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
Any	DT
copying	NN
and\/or	CC
downloading	VBG
of	IN
copyright	NN
material	NN
found	VBD
at	IN
those	DT
sites	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
with	IN
express	JJ
written	VBN
permission	NN
of	IN
the	DT
person	NN
or	CC
organization	NN
that	WDT
owns	VBZ
the	DT
copyright	NN
.	.
The	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
expects	VBZ
all	DT
staff	NN
members	NNS
and	CC
web	NN
page	NN
authors	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
how	WRB
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
laws	NNS
and	CC
policies	NNS
apply	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
electronic	JJ
environment	NN
and	CC
to	TO
respect	VB
the	DT
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
of	IN
others	NNS
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
NACE	NNP
has	VBZ
advised	VBN
all	DT
of	IN
its	PRP$
users	NNS
and	CC
subscribers	NNS
that	WDT
copyrighted	VBD
or	CC
trademarked	VBN
information	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
JobWeb	NNP
,	,
NACEWeb	NNP
,	,
or	CC
NACElink	NNP
.	.
Neither	DT
staff	NN
members	NNS
,	,
subscribers	NNS
,	,
nor	CC
users	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
JobWeb	NNP
,	,
NACEWeb	NNP
,	,
or	CC
NACElink	NNP
are	VBP
permitted	VBN
to	TO
post	VB
,	,
publish	VB
,	,
or	CC
in	IN
any	DT
manner	NN
place	NN
copyrighted	VBN
or	CC
trademarked	VBN
information	NN
of	IN
others	NNS
on	IN
JobWeb	NNP
,	,
NACEWeb	NNP
,	,
or	CC
NACElink	NNP
without	IN
the	DT
express	JJ
,	,
written	VBN
permission	NN
of	IN
the	DT
copyright	NN
holder	NN
.	.
The	DT
Digital	NNP
Millennium	NNP
Copyright	NNP
Act	NNP
establishes	VBZ
a	DT
limitation	NN
of	IN
liability	NN
for	IN
infringement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
copyright	NN
laws	NNS
for	IN
Internet	NNP
service	NN
providers	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
NACE	NNP
.	.
In	IN
compliance	NN
with	IN
that	DT
law	NN
,	,
NACE	NNP
has	VBZ
designated	VBN
an	DT
agent	NN
to	TO
receive	VB
statutory	JJ
notices	NNS
from	IN
copyright	NN
owners	NNS
about	IN
infringement	NN
.	.
A	DT
statement	NN
,	,
in	IN
writing	VBG
and	CC
signed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
owner	NN
of	IN
the	DT
copyrighted	VBN
work	NN
or	CC
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
agent	NN
,	,
stating	VBG
that	IN
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
copyright	NN
owner	NN
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
.	.
This	DT
must	MD
be	VB
sent	VBN
by	IN
regular	JJ
mail	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
not	RB
fax	NN
or	CC
e-mail	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
NACE	NNP
's	POS
agent	NN
.	.
All	DT
Jobwire	NNP
ads	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
prepaid	VBN
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
pay	VB
online	NN
with	IN
a	DT
credit	NN
card	NN
through	IN
our	PRP$
secure	JJ
payment	NN
site	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
https://store.naceweb.org/jobwire/default.aspx	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
you	PRP
may	MD
fax	NN
or	CC
phone	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
credit	NN
card	NN
payment	NN
information	NN
.	.
Assistant	NNP
Director	NNP
will	MD
oversee	VB
:	:
employer	NN
relations	NNS
,	,
on-campus	JJ
recruiting	NN
,	,
and	CC
experiential	JJ
learning	NN
.	.
This	DT
position	NN
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
establishing	VBG
and	CC
maintaining	VBG
employer	NN
partnerships	NNS
to	TO
develop	VB
recruitment	NN
strategies	NNS
and	CC
programs	NNS
on	IN
campus	NN
,	,
presents	VBZ
information	NN
to	TO
various	JJ
groups	NNS
on	IN
career-related	JJ
topics	NNS
and	CC
hiring	VBG
trends	NNS
,	,
and	CC
provides	VBZ
individual	JJ
consultation	NN
to	TO
students	NNS
exploring	VBG
career	NN
options	NNS
and	CC
experiential	JJ
learning	NN
opportunities	NNS
.	.
Master	NNP
of	IN
Science	NNP
in	IN
Finance	NNP
Program	NNP
.	.
This	DT
person	NN
will	MD
be	VB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
promoting	VBG
the	DT
MSF	NNP
program	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
graduates	NNS
to	TO
companies	NNS
,	,
developing	VBG
contacts	NNS
to	TO
facilitate	VB
employment	NN
opportunities	NNS
and	CC
placements	NNS
for	IN
finance	NN
graduate	NN
students	NNS
,	,
and	CC
preparing	VBG
students	NNS
for	IN
employment	NN
.	.
The	DT
position	NN
prefers	VBZ
a	DT
Masters	NNP
Degree	NNP
in	IN
Counseling	NN
,	,
Student	NNP
Personnel	NNP
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
related	JJ
field	NN
and	CC
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
years	NNS
experience	NN
with	IN
career	NN
planning	NN
,	,
internships	NNS
,	,
human	JJ
resources	NNS
or	CC
related	VBN
program	NN
administration	NN
.	.
The	DT
position	NN
also	RB
requires	VBZ
strong	JJ
written	VBN
and	CC
oral	JJ
communication	NN
,	,
organizational	JJ
,	,
interpersonal	JJ
and	CC
computer	NN
skills	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
build	VB
positive	JJ
rapport	NN
with	IN
students	NNS
,	,
faculty	NN
,	,
administration	NN
,	,
staff	NN
,	,
alumni	NNS
and	CC
employers	NNS
.	.
Reporting	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
Director	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Assistant	NNP
Director	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
advising	VBG
undergraduate	JJ
students	NNS
from	IN
all	DT
majors	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
School	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Arts	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
except	IN
Writing	VBG
Literature	NN
and	CC
Publishing	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
on	IN
career	NN
development	NN
issues	NNS
and	CC
contribute	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
direction	NN
of	IN
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
and	CC
development	NN
of	IN
the	DT
team	NN
.	.
Specific	JJ
duties	NNS
include	VBP
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Advise	VB
undergraduate	JJ
students	NNS
on	IN
career	NN
development	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
provide	VBP
walk-in	NN
advising	VBG
for	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
alumni	NNS
as	IN
scheduled	VBN
;	:
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
collaborate	VBP
with	IN
team	NN
members	NNS
,	,
faculty	NN
,	,
and	CC
student	NN
organizations	NNS
to	TO
plan	VB
,	,
publicize	VB
,	,
and	CC
implement	VB
career	NN
and	CC
industry	NN
related	JJ
programs	NNS
,	,
panels	NNS
,	,
speakers	NNS
,	,
workshops	NNS
,	,
site	NN
visits	NNS
,	,
and	CC
events	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
educate	VB
constituents	NNS
about	IN
career	NN
options	NNS
and	CC
industry	NN
issues\/trends	NNS
,	,
and	CC
connect	VB
them	PRP
with	IN
industry	NN
professionals	NNS
and	CC
organizations	NNS
;	:
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Collaborate	VB
with	IN
team	NN
members	NNS
to	TO
develop	VB
,	,
implement	VB
,	,
and\/or	CC
assist	VB
with	IN
major	JJ
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
initiatives	VBZ
;	:
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Present	JJ
standing	NN
workshops	NNS
on	IN
various	JJ
career	NN
related	VBN
topics	NNS
and	CC
contribute	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
,	,
and	CC
present	JJ
workshops	NNS
on	IN
,	,
new	JJ
topics	NNS
,	,
as	IN
needed	VBN
;	:
5	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Cultivate	VB
and	CC
maintain	VB
relationships	NNS
with	IN
alumni	NNS
,	,
faculty	NN
,	,
student	NN
organizations	NNS
,	,
Emerson	NNP
College	NNP
staff	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
constituents	NNS
to	TO
support	VB
advising	VBG
and	CC
programming	VBG
efforts	NNS
;	:
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Maintain	VB
relevant	JJ
listservs	NNS
and	CC
career	NN
resources	NNS
for	IN
career	NN
library	NN
and	CC
web	NN
site	NN
;	:
7	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Participate	NNP
in	IN
division-wide	JJ
and	CC
all	DT
campus	NN
events	NNS
;	:
8	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Stay	NNP
abreast	IN
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
relevant	JJ
industry	NN
news	NN
and	CC
information	NN
and	CC
update	VB
colleagues	NNS
and	CC
constituents	NNS
as	IN
appropriate	JJ
;	:
9	CD
Assist	NN
in	IN
preparation	NN
of	IN
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
reports	NNS
;	:
and	CC
10	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
perform	VB
other	JJ
duties	NNS
as	IN
assigned	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Massachusetts	NNP
Institute	NNP
of	IN
Technology	NNP
is	VBZ
committed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
principle	NN
of	IN
equal	JJ
opportunity	NN
in	IN
education	NN
and	CC
employment	NN
.	.
The	DT
Institute	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
discriminate	JJ
against	IN
individuals	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
race	NN
,	,
color	NN
,	,
sex	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
,	,
gender	NN
identity	NN
,	,
religion	NN
,	,
disability	NN
,	,
age	NN
,	,
veteran	NN
status	NN
,	,
ancestry	NN
,	,
or	CC
national	JJ
or	CC
ethnic	JJ
origin	NN
in	IN
the	DT
administration	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
educational	JJ
policies	NNS
,	,
admissions	NNS
policies	NNS
,	,
employment	NN
policies	NNS
,	,
scholarship	NN
and	CC
loan	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
Institute	NNP
administered	VBD
programs	NNS
and	CC
activities	NNS
,	,
but	CC
may	MD
favor	VB
US	NNP
citizens	NNS
or	CC
residents	NNS
in	IN
admissions	NNS
and	CC
financial	JJ
aid	NN
.	.
MBA	NNP
students	NNS
.	.
Duties	NNS
include	VBP
the	DT
creation	NN
and	CC
delivery	NN
of	IN
career	NN
seminars	NNS
for	IN
both	DT
large	JJ
and	CC
small	JJ
groups	NNS
,	,
advising	VBG
students	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
one-to-one	JJ
basis	NN
,	,
and	CC
acting	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
cohort	NN
manager	NN
for	IN
1.5	CD
cohorts	NNS
of	IN
first	JJ
year	NN
students	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
approximately	RB
ninety	CD
students	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Will	NNP
also	RB
be	VB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
creation	NN
,	,
distribution	NN
,	,
collection	NN
,	,
and	CC
analysis	NN
of	IN
evaluations	NNS
of	IN
career	NN
education	NN
programming	NN
and	CC
advising	VBG
;	:
developing	VBG
and	CC
delivering	VBG
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
,	,
timely	JJ
,	,
and	CC
relevant	JJ
career	NN
education	NN
program	NN
;	:
supporting	VBG
two	CD
to	TO
three	CD
job	NN
function\/industry	NN
student	NN
clubs	NNS
to	TO
create	VB
and	CC
deliver	VB
focused	VBN
workshops	NNS
;	:
advising	VBG
students	NNS
regarding	VBG
resumes	NNS
and	CC
cover	VB
letters	NNS
,	,
interview	NN
preparation	NN
,	,
and	CC
job	NN
negotiations	NNS
;	:
addressing	VBG
the	DT
emotional	JJ
needs	NNS
and	CC
stresses	VBZ
of	IN
highly	RB
motivated	VBN
business	NN
professionals	NNS
experiencing	VBG
career	NN
transitions	NNS
.	.
Experience	NN
in	IN
the	DT
creation	NN
,	,
distribution	NN
,	,
and	CC
analysis	NN
of	IN
surveys	NNS
needed	VBN
.	.
Computer	NN
and	CC
web	NN
literacy	NN
necessary	JJ
,	,
including	VBG
experience	NN
with	IN
database	NN
creation	NN
and	CC
maintenance	NN
,	,
spreadsheet	NN
analysis	NN
,	,
word	NN
processing	NN
,	,
presentation	NN
preparation	NN
,	,
and	CC
survey	NN
software	NN
.	.
Must	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
work	VB
flexible	JJ
hours	NNS
and	CC
occasionally	RB
travel	NN
.	.
Minimum	NNP
Qualifications	NNPS
:	:
Master	NNP
's	POS
degree	NN
in	IN
an	DT
appropriate	JJ
area	NN
of	IN
specialization	NN
and	CC
four	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
appropriate	JJ
experience	NN
;	:
or	CC
a	DT
bachelor	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
in	IN
an	DT
appropriate	JJ
area	NN
of	IN
specialization	NN
and	CC
six	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
appropriate	JJ
experience	NN
.	.
Doctorate	NN
is	VBZ
preferred	VBN
.	.
Must	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
set	VB
priorities	NNS
and	CC
meet	VB
deadlines	NNS
.	.
Experience	NN
in	IN
the	DT
creation	NN
,	,
distribution	NN
,	,
and	CC
analysis	NN
of	IN
surveys	NNS
needed	VBN
.	.
Prefer	NNP
National	NNP
Certified	NNP
Counselor	NNP
.	.
Experience	NN
in	IN
providing	VBG
career	NN
counseling	NN
and	CC
coaching	NN
in	IN
a	DT
higher	JJR
education	NN
setting	VBG
a	DT
plus	NN
.	.
The	DT
search	NN
will	MD
remain	VB
open	JJ
until	IN
the	DT
position	NN
is	VBZ
filled	VBN
.	.
Master	NNP
's	POS
Degree	NN
required	VBN
.	.
Knowledge	NN
of	IN
effective	JJ
techniques	NNS
and	CC
resources	NNS
for	IN
advising	VBG
students	NNS
and	CC
alumni	NNS
in	IN
making	VBG
career-related	JJ
decisions	NNS
.	.
Knowledge	NN
of	IN
performance	NN
management	NN
for	IN
direct	JJ
reports	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
providing	VBG
appropriate	JJ
feedback	NN
,	,
and	CC
maintaining	VBG
the	DT
policies	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
office	NN
.	.
Ability	NN
to	TO
collaborate	VB
and	CC
develop	VB
rapport	NN
with	IN
students	NNS
,	,
alumni	NNS
,	,
academic	JJ
units	NNS
,	,
staff	NN
and	CC
faculty	NN
.	.
Ability	NN
to	TO
effectively	RB
communicate	VB
to	TO
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
audiences	NNS
using	VBG
excellent	JJ
writing	NN
,	,
marketing	NN
and	CC
presentation	NN
skills	NNS
.	.
Computer	NNP
literacy	NN
,	,
including	VBG
knowledge	NN
of	IN
Microsoft	NNP
Word	NNP
,	,
Excel	NNP
,	,
Powerpoint	NNP
,	,
Lotus	NNP
Notes	NNP
and	CC
Interfase	NNP
career	NN
software	NN
.	.
Prior	RB
leadership	NN
and	CC
management	NN
experience	NN
a	DT
plus	NN
.	.
Associate	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
Career	NNP
Dev	NNP
.	.
Office	NNP
,	,
Pomona	NNP
College	NNP
,	,
Claremont	NNP
,	,
CaliforniaPomona	NNP
College	NNP
,	,
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
top	JJ
10	CD
liberal	JJ
arts	NNS
colleges	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
,	,
seeks	VBZ
qualified	VBN
candidates	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
position	NN
of	IN
Associate	NNP
Director	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
Career	NNP
Development	NNP
Office	NNP
.	.
The	DT
college	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
30	CD
miles	NNS
east	JJ
of	IN
Downtown	NN
Los	NNP
Angeles	NNP
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
city	NN
of	IN
Claremont	NNP
.	.
Pomona	NNP
College	NNP
offers	VBZ
a	DT
strong	JJ
benefits	NNS
package	NN
,	,
a	DT
beautiful	JJ
campus	NN
,	,
and	CC
ample	JJ
resources	NNS
.	.
The	DT
incumbent	JJ
will	MD
design	VB
and	CC
deliver	VB
customized	VBN
career-related	JJ
workshops	NNS
and	CC
programs	NNS
.	.
Coordinate	VB
and	CC
staff	NN
career-related	JJ
events	NNS
with	IN
students	NNS
,	,
alumni	NNS
,	,
and	CC
employers	NNS
.	.
Provide	VB
career	NN
counseling	NN
regarding	VBG
career	NN
options	NNS
,	,
goal	NN
setting	NN
,	,
career	NN
research	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
job	NN
search	NN
process	NN
.	.
Manage	VB
and	CC
direct	VB
the	DT
Career	NNP
Fellows	NNPS
Program	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
peer-career-advising	JJ
program	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Assist	VB
in	IN
training	NN
and	CC
supervising	VBG
Graduate	NN
Interns	NNPS
.	.
Write	VB
and	CC
produce	VB
office	NN
publications	NNS
.	.
Contact	NN
prospective	JJ
recruiters	NNS
and	CC
internship	NN
sponsors	NNS
regarding	VBG
hiring	VBG
Pomona	NNP
students	NNS
.	.
Supervise	VB
student	NN
staff	NN
.	.
Develop	VB
and	CC
present	VB
career	NN
and	CC
graduate	JJ
school	NN
related	VBN
workshops	NNS
.	.
Pomona	NNP
College	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
Equal	NNP
Opportunity	NNP
Employer	NNP
and	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
discriminate	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
race	NN
,	,
color	NN
,	,
creed	NN
,	,
place	NN
of	IN
national	JJ
origin	NN
,	,
sex	NN
,	,
age	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
or	CC
physical	JJ
handicap	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
employment	NN
practices	NNS
and	CC
in	IN
admission	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
to	TO
educational	JJ
programs	NNS
and	CC
activities	NNS
,	,
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
Title	NNP
IX	CD
of	IN
the	DT
Education	NNP
Amendments	NNP
of	IN
1972	CD
and	CC
other	JJ
applicable	JJ
laws	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Associate	NNP
Director	NNP
will	MD
work	VB
closely	RB
with	IN
the	DT
Director	NNP
of	IN
Career	NNP
Partnerships	NNS
to	TO
expand	VB
the	DT
range	NN
of	IN
internship	NN
and	CC
full-time	JJ
job	NN
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
students	NNS
,	,
with	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
emphasis	NN
on	IN
arts	NNS
and	CC
sciences	NNS
majors	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Associate	NNP
Director	NNP
will	MD
also	RB
work	VB
collaboratively	RB
with	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
key	JJ
stakeholders	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
alumni	NNS
,	,
parents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
faculty	NN
.	.
The	DT
Associate	NNP
Director	NNP
will	MD
develop	VB
and	CC
implement	VB
a	DT
four-year	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
interactive	JJ
educational	JJ
programming	NN
that	WDT
utilizes	VBZ
alumni	NNS
,	,
parent	NN
,	,
and	CC
faculty	NN
partners	NNS
and	CC
that	IN
respects	VBZ
the	DT
year-by-year	JJ
change	NN
in	IN
student	NN
perspective	NN
and	CC
priorities	NNS
.	.
Minimum	NNP
qualifications	NNS
include	VBP
a	DT
Master	NNP
's	POS
degree	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Humanities	NNPS
or	CC
a	DT
related	JJ
discipline	NN
;	:
3	LS
-	:
5	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
related	JJ
professional	JJ
experience	NN
,	,
preferably	RB
in	IN
non-profit	JJ
or	CC
philanthropic	JJ
organizations	NNS
;	:
prior	RB
supervisory	JJ
experience	NN
;	:
strong	JJ
organization	NN
skills	NNS
with	IN
an	DT
equally	RB
strong	JJ
results	NNS
orientation	NN
;	:
outstanding	JJ
interpersonal	JJ
and	CC
communication	NN
skills	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
create	VB
buy	NN
-	:
in	IN
among	IN
constituents	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
common	JJ
vision	NN
;	:
demonstrated	VBD
success	NN
in	IN
creating	VBG
and	CC
managing	VBG
partnerships	NNS
;	:
and	CC
excellent	JJ
judgment	NN
.	.
The	DT
Associate	NNP
Director	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
thoroughly	RB
familiar	JJ
with	IN
trends	NNS
,	,
approaches	NNS
,	,
and	CC
tools	NNS
for	IN
successfully	RB
delivering	VBG
career	NN
coaching	NN
.	.
Initiative	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
willingness	NN
to	TO
go	VB
the	DT
extra	JJ
step	NN
for	IN
both	DT
internal	JJ
and	CC
external	JJ
constituents	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
.	.
The	DT
successful	JJ
candidate	NN
will	MD
bring	VB
to	TO
this	DT
position	NN
a	DT
positive	JJ
approach	NN
;	:
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
manage	VB
multiple	JJ
tasks	NNS
simultaneously	RB
;	:
the	DT
capability	NN
to	TO
plan	VB
goals	NNS
and	CC
achieve	VB
them	PRP
;	:
and	CC
the	DT
flexibility	NN
to	TO
take	VB
risks	NNS
and	CC
change	VB
course	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
data	NNS
.	.
Application	NN
procedures	NNS
--	:
Individuals	NNS
who	WP
possess	VBP
all	DT
required	VBN
qualifications	NNS
as	IN
listed	VBN
above	RB
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
apply	VB
.	.
Qualified	VBN
applicants	NNS
are	VBP
asked	VBN
to	TO
submit	VB
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
a	DT
cover	NN
letter	NN
which	WDT
references	NNS
this	DT
position	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
one	CD
copy	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
resume	VB
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
contact	NN
information	NN
for	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
professional	JJ
references	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
their	PRP$
current	JJ
or	CC
most	RBS
recent	JJ
employer	NN
,	,
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
salary	NN
requirements	NNS
.	.
Service	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
enhancement	NN
and	CC
establishment	NN
of	IN
an	DT
innovative	JJ
career	NN
development	NN
and	CC
management	NN
model	NN
for	IN
the	DT
College	NNP
of	IN
Engineering	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Associate	NNP
Director	NNP
contributes	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
leadership	NN
and	CC
vision	NN
by	IN
establishing	VBG
practices	NNS
that	WDT
heighten	VBP
the	DT
awareness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
services	NNS
and	CC
resources	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
office	NN
.	.
This	DT
position	NN
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
administering	VBG
three	CD
essential	JJ
areas	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
schools\/colleges	NNS
assigned	VBN
:	:
career	NN
development	NN
,	,
experiential	JJ
learning	NN
;	:
and	CC
employer	NN
development	NN
.	.
The	DT
Associate	NNP
Director	NNP
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
marketing	NN
and	CC
establishing	VBG
partnerships	NNS
with	IN
faculty	NN
,	,
staff	NN
,	,
and	CC
academic	JJ
units	NNS
to	TO
assist	VB
in	IN
developing	VBG
relationships	NNS
to	TO
enhance	VB
programs	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
within	IN
his\/her	NN
assigned	VBN
liaison	NN
roles	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Associate	NNP
Director	NNP
will	MD
manage	VB
daily	JJ
student	NN
program	NN
operations	NNS
,	,
meet	VBP
with	IN
students	NNS
in	IN
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
settings	NNS
,	,
develop	VB
program	NN
policy\/procedure	NN
,	,
conduct	NN
program	NN
assessment	NN
and	CC
evaluation	NN
,	,
and	CC
participate	VB
in	IN
strategic	JJ
planning	NN
.	.
Collaboratively	RB
set	VBN
career	NN
goals	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
dean	NN
,	,
assistant\/associate	JJ
deans	NNS
,	,
faculty	NN
,	,
and	CC
school\/college-based	JJ
staff	NN
.	.
Desired	JJ
Qualifications	NNS
:	:
The	DT
ideal	JJ
candidate	NN
must	MD
have	VB
at	IN
least	JJS
a	DT
Master	NNP
's	POS
degree	NN
in	IN
business	NN
,	,
engineering	NN
,	,
liberal	JJ
arts	NNS
,	,
or	CC
education	NN
;	:
a	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
four	CD
years	NNS
experience	NN
in	IN
a	DT
college	NN
or	CC
university	NN
Career	NNP
Services	NNP
office	NN
or	CC
equivalent	NN
;	:
ability	NN
to	TO
conduct	VB
employer	NN
development	NN
,	,
understanding	NN
of	IN
career	NN
development	NN
;	:
and	CC
ability	NN
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
a	DT
diverse	JJ
population	NN
.	.
Expansive	JJ
work	NN
experience	NN
in	IN
developing	VBG
career	NN
programs	NNS
and	CC
activities	NNS
;	:
working	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
team	NN
environment	NN
;	:
use	NN
of	IN
internet	NN
,	,
word	NN
processing	NN
,	,
spreadsheet	NN
,	,
database	NN
,	,
and	CC
presentation	NN
software	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
career	NN
counseling	NN
,	,
responsibilities	NNS
include	VBP
teaching	NN
career	NN
development	NN
and	CC
student	NN
success	NN
classes	NNS
,	,
administering	VBG
and	CC
interpreting	VBG
career	NN
assessments	NNS
,	,
conducting	VBG
campus	NN
outreach	NN
,	,
supporting	VBG
ACCS	NNP
programs	NNS
as	IN
appropriate	JJ
,	,
and	CC
managing	VBG
the	DT
non-credit	JJ
internship	NN
program	NN
.	.
Looking	VBG
for	IN
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
play	VB
a	DT
key	JJ
role	NN
in	IN
shaping	VBG
the	DT
future	JJ
direction	NN
and	CC
growth	NN
of	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
company	NN
in	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
fastest	JJS
growing	VBG
industries	NNS
?	.
Have	VBP
a	DT
passion	NN
for	IN
helping	VBG
people	NNS
change	VBP
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
through	IN
education	NN
?	.
Ensures	VBZ
the	DT
Career	NNP
Services	NNP
System	NNP
operates	VBZ
efficiently	RB
and	CC
meets	VBZ
the	DT
current	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
key	JJ
stakeholders	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
students	NNS
,	,
employers	NNS
and	CC
alumni	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
support	NN
operations	NNS
,	,
regulatory	JJ
and	CC
corporate	JJ
requirements	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
offer	VBP
a	DT
competitive	JJ
salary	NN
,	,
employee	NN
relocation	NN
assistance	NN
,	,
401	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
k	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
group	NN
medical	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
including	VBG
the	DT
new	JJ
Health	NNP
Savings	NNPS
Account	NNP
option	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
dental	JJ
and	CC
vision	NN
coverage	NN
,	,
flexible	JJ
spending	NN
accounts	NNS
,	,
a	DT
tuition	NN
discount	NN
program	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
family	NN
members	NNS
,	,
employee	NN
tuition	NN
reimbursement	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
fitness	NN
center	NN
,	,
just	RB
to	TO
name	VB
a	DT
few	JJ
.	.
At	IN
least	JJS
3-5	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
extensive	JJ
,	,
related	JJ
university-level	JJ
career	NN
office	NN
and\/or	CC
corporate	JJ
college\/university	NN
relations	NNS
experience	NN
.	.
Demonstrated	JJ
experience	NN
working	VBG
effectively	RB
with	IN
business	NN
sector	NN
employers	NNS
.	.
Outstanding	JJ
interpersonal	NN
,	,
analytical	JJ
and	CC
problem-solving	JJ
skills	NNS
.	.
Demonstrated	VBN
ability	NN
to	TO
work	VB
independently	RB
and	CC
creatively	RB
.	.
Supporting	VBG
our	PRP$
new	JJ
College	NNP
Relations	NNP
Initiative	NNP
under	IN
the	DT
direction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Director	NNP
,	,
Workforce	NNP
Planning	NNP
,	,
this	DT
position	NN
will	MD
research	VB
,	,
design	NN
,	,
implement	VB
and	CC
manage	VB
the	DT
Blue	NNP
Cross	NNP
Blue	NNP
Shield	NNP
of	IN
Massachusetts	NNP
College	NNP
Relations	NNP
Program	NNP
.	.
The	DT
college	NN
relations	NNS
program	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
key	JJ
component	NN
of	IN
the	DT
workforce	NN
planning	NN
process	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
critical	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
company	NN
's	POS
diversity	NN
strategy	NN
and	CC
succession	NN
planning	NN
.	.
This	DT
position	NN
will	MD
have	VB
one	CD
direct	JJ
report	NN
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
budget	NN
of	IN
approximately	RB
$	$
100,000	CD
annually	RB
.	.
Establish	VB
criteria	NNS
for	IN
appropriate	JJ
school	NN
partnerships	NNS
and	CC
develop	VB
relationship	NN
models	NNS
.	.
Leverage	NN
existing	VBG
relationships	NNS
by	IN
building	VBG
internal	JJ
networks	NNS
that	WDT
connect	VBP
business	NN
leaders	NNS
,	,
HR	NNP
and	CC
formal	JJ
programs	NNS
together	RB
.	.
Manage	VB
the	DT
execution	NN
of	IN
all	DT
campus	NN
recruiting	NN
activities	NNS
for	IN
professional	JJ
staff	NN
including	VBG
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
university	NN
relations	NNS
,	,
communication	NN
materials	NNS
,	,
resume	VB
screening	VBG
,	,
on-campus	JJ
events	NNS
,	,
interviewing	VBG
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
offer	NN
process	NN
.	.
Business	NN
.	.
Provide	VB
individual\/group	JJ
career	NN
coaching	NN
and	CC
programming	NN
including	VBG
workshops	NNS
,	,
industry	NN
panels	NNS
,	,
and	CC
presentations	NNS
on	IN
career	NN
education	NN
topics	NNS
targeted	VBN
toward	IN
assigned	VBN
students	NNS
from	IN
College	NNP
of	IN
Business	NNP
.	.
The	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Tennessee	NNP
,	,
Knoxville	NNP
,	,
in	IN
its	PRP$
efforts	NNS
to	TO
ensure	VB
a	DT
welcoming	VBG
environment	NN
for	IN
all	DT
persons	NNS
,	,
does	VBZ
not	RB
discriminate	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
campus-based	JJ
programs	NNS
,	,
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
activities	NNS
.	.
Inquiries	NNS
and	CC
complaints	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
directed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Equity	NNP
and	CC
Diversity	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
\/	VBP
College	NNP
of	IN
Engineering	NNP
Consultant	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
direction	NN
and	CC
coaching	NN
for	IN
engineering	NN
students	NNS
.	.
This	DT
position	NN
will	MD
work	VB
primarily	RB
with	IN
UT	NNP
students	NNS
and	CC
faculty	NN
in	IN
the	DT
College	NNP
of	IN
Engineering	NNP
.	.
The	DT
position	NN
will	MD
also	RB
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
build	VB
long	JJ
term	NN
relationships	NNS
with	IN
employers	NNS
interested	JJ
in	IN
hiring	VBG
students	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
College	NNP
of	IN
Engineering	NNP
.	.
The	DT
position	NN
reports	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
Director	NNP
of	IN
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
.	.
Fifty-three	CD
majors	NNS
are	VBP
offered	VBN
by	IN
25	CD
departments	NNS
and	CC
11	CD
programs	NNS
.	.
Consistently	RB
ranked	VBD
among	IN
the	DT
top	JJ
liberal	JJ
arts	NNS
colleges	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
country	NN
,	,
Colby	NNP
follows	VBZ
a	DT
4-1-4	JJ
academic	JJ
calendar	NN
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
month	NN
of	IN
January	NNP
devoted	JJ
to	TO
intensive	JJ
study	NN
.	.
Review	NNP
of	IN
applications	NNS
will	MD
begin	VB
on	IN
February	NNP
19	CD
,	,
2007	CD
and	CC
will	MD
continue	VB
until	IN
the	DT
position	NN
is	VBZ
filled	VBN
.	.
A	DT
resume	VB
with	IN
an	DT
accompanying	VBG
cover	NN
letter	NN
may	MD
be	VB
submitted	VBN
via	IN
the	DT
SJG	NNP
website	NN
at	IN
www.spelmanandjohnson.com	NN
under	IN
the	DT
link	NN
Open	NNP
Positions	NNP
.	.
Colby	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
Equal	NNP
Opportunity\/Affirmative	NNP
Action	NNP
employer	NN
,	,
committed	VBN
to	TO
excellence	NN
through	IN
diversity	NN
,	,
and	CC
strongly	RB
encourages	VBZ
applications	NNS
and	CC
nominations	NNS
of	IN
persons	NNS
of	IN
color	NN
,	,
women	NNS
,	,
and	CC
members	NNS
of	IN
other	JJ
under-represented	JJ
groups	NNS
.	.
Ensure	VB
that	DT
appropriate	JJ
supervision	NN
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
direct	JJ
supervisors	NNS
of	IN
paraprofessional	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
student	NN
staff	NN
members	NNS
.	.
Seek	VB
to	TO
have	VB
all	DT
staff	NN
consistently	RB
give	VB
high-quality	JJ
efforts	NNS
,	,
in	IN
a	DT
cohesive	JJ
manner	NN
.	.
Office	NNP
.	.
Collaborate	VB
with	IN
that	DT
staff	NN
,	,
alumni	NNS
Bear	NNP
Career	NNP
Network	NNP
volunteers	NNS
and	CC
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
colleges	NNS
Advisory	NNP
Boards	NNPS
.	.
A	DT
focus	NN
of	IN
this	DT
effort	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
further	JJ
assist	VB
with	IN
activities	NNS
which	WDT
can	MD
result	VB
in	IN
professional	JJ
career	NN
networking	VBG
relationships	NNS
developing	VBG
between	IN
alumni\/board	JJ
members	NNS
and	CC
current	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Director	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
full-time	JJ
,	,
12-month	JJ
position	NN
.	.
The	DT
standard	JJ
work	NN
schedule	NN
will	MD
be	VB
8	CD
am	VBP
5	CD
pm	NN
,	,
M-F	NNP
.	.
Depending	VBG
upon	IN
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
office	NN
,	,
division	NN
and\/or	CC
institution	NN
,	,
the	DT
director	NN
will	MD
be	VB
expected	VBN
to	TO
work	VB
occasional	JJ
evenings	NNS
and\/or	CC
weekends	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
professional	JJ
staff	NN
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
division	NN
,	,
the	DT
director	NN
serves	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Student	NNP
Affairs	NNPS
Response	NNP
Team	NNP
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
director	NN
is	VBZ
on-call	JJ
some	DT
week-ends	NNS
,	,
in	IN
case	NN
an	DT
emergency	NN
transpires	VBZ
on	IN
campus	NN
.	.
The	DT
Director	NNP
of	IN
Career	NNP
Services	NNP
Center	NNP
reports	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
Dean	NNP
of	IN
Students	NNS
and	CC
works	VBZ
collaboratively	RB
with	IN
division	NN
of	IN
Student	NNP
Development	NNP
staff	NN
,	,
academic	JJ
departments	NNS
and	CC
faculty	NN
,	,
and	CC
external	JJ
employers	NNS
.	.
CSC	NNP
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
five	CD
departments	NNS
in	IN
UAA	NNP
's	POS
new	JJ
student	NN
development	NN
division	NN
,	,
which	WDT
in	IN
turn	NN
is	VBZ
part	NN
of	IN
UAA	NNP
's	POS
larger	JJR
student	NN
affairs	NNS
family	NN
.	.
CSC	NNP
coordinates	VBZ
UAA	NNP
's	POS
student	NN
internship	NN
program	NN
,	,
on-campus	JJ
employer	NN
recruitment	NN
efforts	NNS
,	,
a	DT
career	NN
resource	NN
library	NN
,	,
and	CC
provides	VBZ
career	NN
advising	VBG
for	IN
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
director	NN
must	MD
posses	VB
skills	NNS
in	IN
management	NN
and	CC
leadership	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
the	DT
professional	JJ
credentials	NNS
and	CC
experience	NN
to	TO
supervise	VB
professional	JJ
and	CC
support	NN
staff	NN
.	.
The	DT
director	NN
must	MD
provide	VB
a	DT
leadership	NN
role	NN
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
mission	NN
statement	NN
and	CC
program	NN
goals	NNS
.	.
The	DT
director	NN
should	MD
participate	VB
in	IN
institutional	JJ
decisions	NNS
about	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
'	POS
objectives	NNS
and	CC
policies	NNS
.	.
The	DT
director	NN
must	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
prepare	VB
and	CC
maintain	VB
annual	JJ
budgets	NNS
in	IN
alignment	NN
with	IN
the	DT
mission	NN
goals	NNS
.	.
The	DT
director	NN
must	MD
posses	VB
skills	NNS
necessary	JJ
to	TO
establish	VB
effective	JJ
procedures	NNS
for	IN
implementing	VBG
policies	NNS
and	CC
programs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
conduct	VB
outreach	JJ
efforts	NNS
.	.
The	DT
director	NN
must	MD
have	VB
competence	NN
in	IN
strategic	JJ
and	CC
operational	JJ
management	NN
,	,
staffing	NN
,	,
staff	NN
development	NN
,	,
supervision	NN
,	,
budget	NN
management	NN
,	,
program	NN
marketing	NN
,	,
and	CC
revenue	NN
generation	NN
.	.
The	DT
director	NN
should	MD
have	VB
experience	NN
in	IN
and	CC
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
manage	VB
and	CC
integrate	VB
multiple	JJ
programs	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
career	NN
advising	VBG
,	,
graduate	JJ
placement	NN
,	,
student	NN
internships	NNS
,	,
student	NN
employment	NN
,	,
and	CC
graduate	JJ
school	NN
advising	VBG
.	.
Ability	NN
to	TO
effectively	RB
work	VB
,	,
communicate	VB
,	,
collaborate	VB
,	,
and	CC
influence	NN
UAA	NNP
's	POS
diverse	JJ
population	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
,	,
faculty	NN
,	,
staff	NN
,	,
community	NN
members	NNS
,	,
and	CC
external	JJ
constituencies	NNS
,	,
multiple	JJ
departments	NNS
,	,
and	CC
community	NN
campuses	NNS
.	.
Ability	NN
to	TO
communicate	VB
effectively	RB
within	IN
and	CC
accross	IN
University	NNP
divisions	NNS
;	:
demonstrated	VBD
commitment	NN
to	TO
collaborative	JJ
teamwork	NN
across	IN
Academic	NNP
Affairs	NNP
,	,
Administrative	NNP
Services	NNPS
,	,
and	CC
Student	NNP
Affairs	NNPS
divisions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
University	NNP
Advancement	NNP
;	:
and	CC
demonstrated	VBD
commitment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
engagement	NN
and	CC
development	NN
of	IN
a	DT
diverse	JJ
collegiate	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
A	DT
master	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
in	IN
college	NN
student	NN
personnel	NNS
,	,
higher	JJR
education	NN
administration	NN
,	,
counseling	NN
,	,
business	NN
administration\/management	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
closely	RB
related	JJ
discipline	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
from	IN
a	DT
postsecondary	JJ
institution	NN
whose	WP$
accreditation	NN
is	VBZ
recognized	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
and\/or	CC
the	DT
Council	NNP
on	IN
Higher	JJR
Education	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
.	.
Significant	JJ
,	,
progressively	RB
responsible	JJ
experience	NN
in	IN
student	NN
affairs	NNS
or	CC
career-related	JJ
positions	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
post-secondary	JJ
environment	NN
directing	NN
,	,
managing	NN
,	,
supervising	VBG
,	,
and	CC
coordinating	VBG
career	NN
services	NNS
activities	NNS
and	CC
operations	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
university	NN
level	NN
.	.
Develop	VB
funding	NN
streams	NNS
through	IN
grants	NNS
or	CC
initiatives	NNS
.	.
Provide	VB
community	NN
leadership	NN
and	CC
outreach	NN
.	.
Serve	VB
on	IN
community	NN
,	,
university	NN
,	,
and	CC
national	JJ
boards	NNS
and	CC
committees	NNS
which	WDT
enhance	VBP
career	NN
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
UAA	NNP
students	NNS
and	CC
alumni	NNS
.	.
Serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
liaison	NN
with	IN
regional	JJ
,	,
national	JJ
,	,
and	CC
international	JJ
employers	NNS
.	.
Provide	VB
career	NN
advising	VBG
,	,
exploration	NN
,	,
development	NN
assistance	NN
for	IN
prosepective	JJ
students	NNS
,	,
community	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
student	NN
organizations	NNS
,	,
students	NNS
,	,
and	CC
alumni	NNS
.	.
Serve	VB
as	IN
guest	JJ
lecturer	NN
for	IN
various	JJ
groups	NNS
of	IN
graduating	VBG
students	NNS
.	.
Responsibilities	NNS
include	VBP
:	:
supervise	VB
the	DT
CSC	NNP
staff	NN
;	:
develop	VB
,	,
cultivate	VB
and	CC
promote	VB
positive	JJ
relationships	NNS
across	IN
campus	NN
,	,
with	IN
current	JJ
and	CC
potential	JJ
employers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
with	IN
professional	JJ
associations	NNS
and	CC
community	NN
groups	NNS
;	:
establish	VB
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
recruiting	NN
services	NNS
program	NN
;	:
collaborate	VB
and	CC
determine	VB
needs	NNS
with	IN
alumni	NNS
relations	NNS
to	TO
identify	VB
and	CC
develop	VB
programs	NNS
which	WDT
engage	VBP
alumni	NNS
in	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
;	:
oversee	VB
development	NN
and	CC
maintenance	NN
of	IN
CSC	NNP
website	NN
;	:
collaborate	VB
with	IN
the	DT
development	NN
office	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
and	CC
secure	VB
funding	NN
;	:
oversee	VB
and	CC
manage	VB
budget	NN
;	:
represent	VB
CSC	NNP
and	CC
participate	VB
in	IN
university	NN
outreach	NN
activities	NNS
;	:
collaborate	VB
and	CC
network	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Williams	NNP
College	NNP
of	IN
Business	NNP
and	CC
other	JJ
university	NN
offices	NNS
;	:
oversee	VB
academic	JJ
course	NN
offerings	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
career-related	JJ
courses	NNS
;	:
oversee	VB
and	CC
maintain	VB
program	NN
evaluation	NN
activities	NNS
and	CC
report	NN
outcomes	NNS
and	CC
performance	NN
measures	NNS
.	.
Review	NNP
of	IN
applications	NNS
will	MD
begin	VB
on	IN
February	NNP
26	CD
,	,
2007	CD
and	CC
will	MD
continue	VB
until	IN
the	DT
position	NN
is	VBZ
filled	VBN
.	.
A	DT
resume	VB
with	IN
an	DT
accompanying	VBG
cover	NN
letter	NN
may	MD
be	VB
submitted	VBN
via	IN
the	DT
SJG	NNP
website	NN
at	IN
www.spelmanandjohnson.com	NN
under	IN
the	DT
link	NN
Open	NNP
Positions	NNP
.	.
The	DT
director	NN
provides	VBZ
leadership	NN
for	IN
a	DT
campus-wide	JJ
career	NN
services	NNS
program	NN
serving	VBG
undergraduate	NN
and	CC
graduate	NN
students	NNS
and	CC
alumni	NNS
.	.
S\/he	NNP
will	MD
play	VB
a	DT
key	JJ
role	NN
in	IN
making	VBG
career	NN
preparation	NN
an	DT
integral	JJ
,	,
dynamic	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
MIT	NNP
education	NN
and	CC
in	IN
ensuring	VBG
the	DT
continued	JJ
expansion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Careers	NNP
Office	NNP
role	NN
in	IN
supporting	VBG
MIT	NNP
students	NNS
'	POS
career	NN
development	NN
.	.
Reporting	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
Dean	NNP
for	IN
Undergraduate	NNP
Education	NNP
,	,
the	DT
director	NN
partners	NNS
with	IN
academic	JJ
and	CC
administrative	JJ
departments	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
Institute	NNP
to	TO
create	VB
an	DT
integrated	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
career	NN
development	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
graduates	NNS
.	.
The	DT
director	NN
serves	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Dean	NNP
's	POS
senior	JJ
management	NN
team	NN
.	.
The	DT
office	NN
delivers	VBZ
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
professional	JJ
advising	VBG
for	IN
approximately	RB
4,000	CD
undergraduates	NNS
and	CC
6,000	CD
graduate	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
director	NN
will	MD
supervise	VB
eighteen	CD
permanent	JJ
staff	NN
,	,
two	CD
temporary	JJ
part-time	JJ
employees	NNS
,	,
and	CC
five	CD
career	NN
interns	NNS
.	.
The	DT
director	NN
will	MD
be	VB
knowledgeable	JJ
about	IN
national	JJ
and	CC
international	JJ
trends	NNS
affecting	VBG
career	NN
choice	NN
for	IN
MIT	NNP
students	NNS
and	CC
oversee	VB
the	DT
continued	JJ
growth	NN
of	IN
MIT	NNP
's	POS
study	NN
abroad	RB
and	CC
prestigious	JJ
fellowship	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Director	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
MIT	NNP
Careers	NNP
Office	NNP
must	MD
have	VB
at	IN
least	JJS
ten	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
relevant	JJ
experience	NN
in	IN
a	DT
highly	RB
competitive	JJ
professional	JJ
career	NN
services	NNS
environment	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
knowledgeable	JJ
about	IN
science	NN
and	CC
technology	NN
careers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
successful	JJ
candidate	NN
will	MD
have	VB
demonstrated	VBN
experience	NN
in	IN
developing	VBG
and	CC
implementing	VBG
career	NN
programs	NNS
and	CC
in	IN
providing	VBG
career	NN
or	CC
academic	JJ
counseling	NN
.	.
Experience	NN
with	IN
global	JJ
experiential	JJ
learning	NN
,	,
study	NN
abroad	RB
,	,
and	CC
foreign	JJ
internship	NN
programs	NNS
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
career	NN
preparation	NN
is	VBZ
highly	RB
desirable	JJ
.	.
S\/he	NNP
will	MD
demonstrate	VB
exceptional	JJ
skills	NNS
in	IN
interpersonal	JJ
relations	NNS
,	,
leadership	NN
,	,
and	CC
management	NN
,	,
including	VBG
communication	NN
,	,
problem-solving	JJ
,	,
decision-making	JJ
and	CC
planning	NN
.	.
S\/he	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
work	VB
collaboratively	RB
,	,
building	NN
and	CC
maintaining	VBG
a	DT
strong	JJ
office	NN
team	NN
,	,
and	CC
thrive	VB
in	IN
an	DT
entrepreneurial	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
Candidates	NNS
should	MD
have	VB
a	DT
master	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
or	CC
Ph.D.	NNP
in	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
,	,
career	NN
counseling	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
related	JJ
field	NN
.	.
Counseling	NN
and	CC
Career	NNP
Development	NNP
60	CD
%	NN
-	:
Provide	VB
career	NN
counseling	NN
to	TO
graduate	JJ
students	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
them	PRP
explore	VB
the	DT
full	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
opportunities	NNS
and	CC
career	NN
paths	NNS
.	.
Help	VB
students	NNS
develop	VB
effective	JJ
job-search	JJ
strategies	NNS
,	,
both	DT
within	IN
and	CC
outside	IN
of	IN
the	DT
academy	NN
.	.
-	:
Develop	VB
,	,
organize	VB
,	,
and	CC
lead	NN
workshops	NNS
for	IN
graduate	NN
students	NNS
looking	VBG
for	IN
careers	NNS
outside	IN
of	IN
academic	JJ
teaching	NN
and	CC
research	NN
.	.
These	DT
workshops	NNS
will	MD
include	VB
self-assessment	NN
,	,
resume	VB
preparation	NN
,	,
interviewing	VBG
and	CC
networking	VBG
skills	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
career-related	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
-	:
Develop	VB
and	CC
lead	VB
career	NN
workshops	NNS
and	CC
programs	NNS
for	IN
students	NNS
seeking	VBG
academic	JJ
employment	NN
.	.
These	DT
workshops	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
delivered	VBN
collaboratively	RB
with	IN
the	DT
office	NN
of	IN
the	DT
McGraw	NNP
Center	NNP
for	IN
Teaching	NNP
and	CC
Learning	NNP
,	,
or	CC
as	IN
independent	JJ
programs	NNS
and	CC
will	MD
include	VB
content	JJ
pertaining	VBG
to	TO
resumes\/curriculum	VB
vitas	NNS
,	,
interviewing	VBG
,	,
networking	VBG
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
career-related	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
-	:
Hold	VB
individual	JJ
counseling	NN
appointments	NNS
,	,
walk-ins	NNS
,	,
and	CC
group	NN
counseling	NN
sessions	NNS
for	IN
graduate	NN
students	NNS
and	CC
graduate	NN
alumni	NNS
.	.
-	:
As	IN
needed	VBN
,	,
hold	VBP
individual	JJ
counseling	NN
appointments	NNS
and	CC
walk-ins	NNS
for	IN
undergraduate	JJ
students	NNS
and	CC
undergraduate	JJ
alumni	NNS
.	.
-	:
Participate	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
use	NN
and	CC
interpretation	NN
of	IN
career-related	JJ
assessments	NNS
and	CC
inventories	NNS
.	.
-	:
Review	NNP
and	CC
evaluate	VB
career-related	JJ
programs	NNS
and	CC
software	NN
.	.
-	:
Develop	VB
,	,
promote	VB
,	,
and	CC
deliver	VB
workshops	NNS
for	IN
undergraduate	JJ
students	NNS
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
office	NN
initiatives	NNS
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
Career	NNP
Week	NNP
.	.
Administrative	JJ
30	CD
%	NN
-	:
Plan	NN
and	CC
develop	VB
career-related	JJ
panel	NN
discussions	NNS
,	,
speaker	NN
events	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
programming	NN
in	IN
consultation	NN
with	IN
student	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
faculty	NN
,	,
departments	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
campus	NN
organizations	NNS
or	CC
departments	NNS
.	.
-	:
Plan	NN
and	CC
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
implementation	NN
of	IN
on-site	JJ
or	CC
virtual	JJ
career	NN
fairs	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
events	NNS
involving	VBG
the	DT
participation	NN
of	IN
graduate	NN
student	NN
and	CC
graduate	NN
alumni	NNS
associations	NNS
.	.
-	:
Develop	VB
and	CC
maintain	VB
electronic	JJ
resources	NNS
for	IN
graduate	NN
students	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
library	NN
material	NN
,	,
website	NN
information	NN
,	,
handouts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
databases	NNS
.	.
-	:
Administer	VB
the	DT
annual	JJ
graduate	NN
exit	NN
career	NN
plans	VBZ
survey	NN
,	,
including	VBG
collection	NN
,	,
analysis	NN
,	,
and	CC
reporting	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
.	.
-	:
Develop	VB
and	CC
implement	VB
on-going	JJ
communications	NNS
directly	RB
with	IN
students	NNS
through	IN
email	NN
announcements	NNS
,	,
list-servs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
email	NN
distribution	NN
lists	NNS
.	.
-	:
Develop	VB
monthly	JJ
and	CC
annual	JJ
reporting	NN
and	CC
statistical	JJ
analysis	NN
on	IN
counseling	NN
and	CC
programs	NNS
.	.
External	NNP
Relations	NNPS
and	CC
Job	NNP
Development	NNP
10	CD
%	NN
-	:
Consult	VB
and	CC
collaborate	VB
with	IN
faculty	NN
,	,
academic	JJ
advisors	NNS
,	,
student	NN
development	NN
professionals	NNS
,	,
university	NN
staff	NN
and	CC
administrators	NNS
who	WP
work	VBP
with	IN
graduate	JJ
students	NNS
,	,
alumni	NNS
,	,
and	CC
employers	NNS
.	.
-	:
Assist	VB
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
marketing	NN
and	CC
publication	NN
material	NN
for	IN
print	NN
and	CC
web	NN
media	NNS
.	.
-	:
Initiate	VB
discussion	NN
with	IN
employer	NN
representatives	NNS
to	TO
encourage	VB
their	PRP$
participation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
on-campus	JJ
recruiting	NN
program	NN
,	,
resolve	VB
any	DT
service	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
evaluate	VBP
employers	NNS
'	POS
literature	NN
and	CC
advise	VB
them	PRP
in	IN
establishing	VBG
effective	JJ
recruiting	NN
procedures	NNS
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
job	NN
development	NN
.	.
-	:
Interact	VB
with	IN
individuals	NNS
at	IN
peer	VBP
institutions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
participate	VB
in	IN
Graduate	NNP
Career	NNP
Consortium	NNP
meetings	NNS
and	CC
initiatives	NNS
.	.
-	:
Represent	VB
Princeton	NNP
University	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Career	NNP
Services	NNP
at	IN
professional	JJ
and	CC
corporate	JJ
conferences	NNS
.	.
Graduate	NNP
degree	NN
and	CC
at	IN
least	JJS
2-5	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
professionally	RB
responsible	JJ
career	NN
development	NN
experience	NN
.	.
Additional	JJ
qualifications	NNS
include	VBP
:	:
A	DT
working	VBG
knowledge	NN
of	IN
career	NN
development	NN
theory	NN
and	CC
familiarity	NN
with	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
career	NN
assessment	NN
\/	CD
inventories	NNS
is	VBZ
required	VBN
.	.
An	DT
understanding	NN
of	IN
graduate	NN
study	NN
in	IN
the	DT
arts	NNS
and	CC
sciences	NNS
and	CC
engineering	NN
at	IN
the	DT
masters	NNS
and	CC
doctoral	JJ
level	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
.	.
Must	MD
possess	VB
the	DT
capacity	NN
for	IN
effective	JJ
collaboration	NN
and	CC
communication	NN
with	IN
students	NNS
,	,
faculty	NN
,	,
administrators	NNS
and	CC
employers	NNS
.	.
Demonstrated	VBN
ability	NN
to	TO
work	VB
both	DT
independently	RB
and	CC
as	RB
a	DT
contributing	VBG
team	NN
member	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
.	.
Experience	NN
with	IN
information	NN
technology	NN
and	CC
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
counseling	NN
tool	NN
,	,
team	NN
building	NN
,	,
project	NN
management	NN
,	,
working	VBG
to	TO
deadlines	NNS
,	,
and	CC
handling	VBG
multiple	JJ
priorities	NNS
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
.	.
A	DT
high	JJ
degree	NN
of	IN
familiarity	NN
with	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
software	NN
packages	NNS
for	IN
word-processing	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
Word	NN
,	,
WordPerfect	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
spreadsheets	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
Excel	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
databases	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
Access	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
web	NN
creation	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
HTML	NNP
,	,
Dreamweaver	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
.	.
Must	MD
also	RB
possess	VB
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
write	VB
clearly	RB
and	CC
concisely	RB
,	,
as	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
involvement	NN
in	IN
preparing	VBG
material	NN
for	IN
instructional	JJ
and	CC
public	JJ
relations	NNS
uses	VBZ
.	.
The	DT
Teach	NNP
For	IN
America	NNP
Office	NNP
of	IN
Career	NNP
and	CC
Civic	NNP
Opportunities	NNPS
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
OCCO	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
supports	VBZ
this	DT
objective	NN
by	IN
creating	VBG
resources	NNS
,	,
tools	NNS
and	CC
support	NN
systems	NNS
that	WDT
enable	VBP
corps	NN
members	NNS
and	CC
alumni	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
know	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
uniquely	RB
positioned	VBN
through	IN
their	PRP$
career	NN
and	CC
civic	JJ
choices	NNS
to	TO
take	VB
an	DT
active	JJ
part	NN
in	IN
closing	VBG
the	DT
achievement	NN
gap	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
assess	VB
their	PRP$
skills	NNS
,	,
interests	NNS
,	,
and	CC
values	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
appropriate	JJ
and	CC
inspirational	JJ
career	NN
and	CC
civic	JJ
choices	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
have	VB
access	NN
to	TO
information	NN
about	IN
various	JJ
careers	NNS
and	CC
career	NN
paths	NNS
so	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
make	VB
informed	JJ
decisions	NNS
about	IN
their	PRP$
careers	NNS
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
be	VB
connected	VBN
to	TO
career	NN
and	CC
civic	JJ
opportunities	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
related	VBN
to	TO
their	PRP$
goals	NNS
and	CC
support	VB
the	DT
movement	NN
to	TO
end	VB
educational	JJ
inequity	NN
.	.
Since	IN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
Teach	NNP
For	IN
America	NNP
corps	NN
members	NNS
and	CC
alumni	NNS
is	VBZ
expanding	VBG
rapidly	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
imperative	JJ
that	IN
OCCO	NNP
move	NN
aggressively	RB
toward	IN
``	``
wholesale	JJ
''	''
delivery	NN
-	:
creating	VBG
an	DT
OCCO	NNP
that	WDT
efficiently	RB
serves	VBZ
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
thousands	NNS
of	IN
alumni	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
time	NN
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
``	``
retail	JJ
''	''
thinking	NN
-	:
working	VBG
with	IN
either	DT
individuals	NNS
or	CC
very	RB
small	JJ
groups	NNS
of	IN
alums	NNS
.	.
The	DT
managing	NN
director	NN
has	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
very	RB
comfortable	JJ
and	CC
invested	VBN
in	IN
creating	VBG
a	DT
wholesale	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
career	NN
services	NNS
.	.
The	DT
managing	VBG
director	NN
reports	NNS
directly	RB
to	TO
the	DT
vice	NN
president	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Career	NNP
and	CC
Civic	NNP
Opportunities	NNPS
,	,
but	CC
must	MD
work	VB
with	IN
many	JJ
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Alumni	NNP
Affairs	NNPS
team	NN
effectively	RB
to	TO
reach	VB
her\/his	JJ
goals	NNS
.	.
Education	NNP
and	CC
Experience	NN
o	NN
Experience	NN
in	IN
and	CC
knowledge	NN
of	IN
career	NN
development	NN
critical	JJ
o	NN
Bachelor	NNP
's	POS
degree	NN
required	VBN
;	:
masters	NNS
degree	NN
in	IN
career	NN
counseling	NN
or	CC
related	VBN
field	NN
preferred	VBN
o	NN
Minimum	NNP
of	IN
3	CD
to	TO
5	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
preferred	VBN
Knowledge	NNP
,	,
Skills	NNS
,	,
and	CC
Experience	NN
o	NN
Demonstrated	VBD
record	NN
of	IN
accomplishment	NN
and	CC
a	DT
self-starter	NN
with	IN
an	DT
entrepreneurial	JJ
spirit	NN
o	FW
Exceptional	JJ
communication	NN
and	CC
project	NN
management	NN
skills	NNS
to	TO
reach	VB
ambitious	JJ
goals	NNS
o	VBP
Past	JJ
experience	NN
developing	VBG
and	CC
executing	VBG
strategic	JJ
plans	NNS
o	VBP
Strong	JJ
client-service	JJ
orientation	NN
and	CC
relationship-building	JJ
skills	NNS
.	.
High	NNP
comfort	NN
level	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
various	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
in	IN
different	JJ
contexts	NNS
o	VBP
Ability	NN
to	TO
travel	VB
up	RP
to	TO
25	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
work	NN
days	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
country	NN
o	VBD
Keen	JJ
ability	NN
to	TO
discern	VB
priorities	NNS
and	CC
invest	VB
others	NNS
in	IN
our	PRP$
work	NN
so	RB
to	TO
reach	VB
our	PRP$
goals	NNS
Compensation	NNP
Salary	NNP
for	IN
this	DT
position	NN
is	VBZ
competitive	JJ
and	CC
depends	VBZ
on	IN
prior	JJ
experience	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
benefits	NNS
package	NN
is	VBZ
included	VBN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
corps	NN
members	NNS
gain	VB
the	DT
insight	NN
and	CC
conviction	NN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
lifelong	JJ
leaders	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
pursuit	NN
of	IN
fundamental	JJ
change	NN
.	.
More	JJR
than	IN
12,000	CD
Teach	NNP
For	IN
America	NNP
alumni	NNS
are	VBP
providing	VBG
critical	JJ
leadership	NN
within	IN
education	NN
and	CC
social	JJ
reform	NN
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
are	VBP
also	RB
marshalling	VBG
support	NN
for	IN
change	NN
from	IN
positions	NNS
in	IN
business	NN
,	,
law	NN
,	,
medicine	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
sectors	NNS
.	.
In	IN
October	NNP
2005	CD
,	,
we	PRP
launched	VBD
an	DT
ambitious	JJ
five-year	JJ
plan	NN
to	TO
grow	VB
to	TO
scale	NN
,	,
maximize	VB
the	DT
impact	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
corps	NN
members	NNS
and	CC
alumni	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
force	NN
for	IN
change	NN
,	,
and	CC
build	VB
an	DT
enduring	JJ
American	JJ
institution	NN
.	.
By	IN
2010	CD
,	,
we	PRP
aim	VBP
to	TO
field	VB
a	DT
corps	NN
of	IN
8,000	CD
members	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
a	DT
significant	JJ
impact	NN
on	IN
the	DT
academic	JJ
achievement	NN
of	IN
700,000	CD
of	IN
our	PRP$
nation	NN
's	POS
most	RBS
disadvantaged	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
At	IN
that	DT
point	NN
,	,
we	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
among	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
's	POS
top	JJ
employers	NNS
of	IN
top	JJ
recent	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
,	,
building	VBG
an	DT
unprecedented	JJ
pipeline	NN
of	IN
civic	JJ
and	CC
educational	JJ
leadership	NN
to	TO
foster	VB
the	DT
fundamental	JJ
reforms	NNS
needed	VBN
to	TO
realize	VB
our	PRP$
vision	NN
of	IN
educational	JJ
opportunity	NN
for	IN
all	DT
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Career	NNP
Management	NNP
Center	NNP
team	NN
,	,
this	DT
individual	NN
will	MD
lead	VB
the	DT
Main	NNP
Campus	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Stuart	NNP
School	NNP
of	IN
Business	NNP
in	IN
providing	VBG
students	NNS
and	CC
alumni	NNS
with	IN
training	NN
,	,
self-assessment	NN
,	,
counseling	NN
,	,
alternatives	NNS
,	,
networking	NN
,	,
and	CC
placement	NN
management	NN
in	IN
the	DT
pursuit	NN
of	IN
a	DT
position	NN
with	IN
an	DT
organization	NN
.	.
Manager	NN
will	MD
be	VB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
management	NN
and	CC
development	NN
of	IN
lifecycle	NN
recruitment	NN
for	IN
the	DT
campus	NN
recruiting	NN
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
Campus	NNP
Recruiting	NNP
Manager	NNP
manages	VBZ
the	DT
relationship	NN
with	IN
internal	JJ
business	NN
units	NNS
to	TO
continue	VB
to	TO
build	VB
the	DT
campus	NN
program	NN
while	IN
implementing	VBG
campus	NN
programs	NNS
that	WDT
attract	VBP
top	JJ
candidates	NNS
and	CC
build	VB
a	DT
talent	NN
pipeline	NN
for	IN
key	JJ
business	NN
units	NNS
.	.
Marketing	NNP
talent	NN
to	TO
the	DT
organization	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
participate	VB
in	IN
national	JJ
diversity	NN
outreach	NN
efforts	NNS
.	.
This	DT
position	NN
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
managing	VBG
Nestle	NNP
's	POS
MBA	NNP
Marketing	NNP
full-time	JJ
and	CC
internship	NN
efforts	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
serving	VBG
as	IN
the	DT
primary	JJ
lead	NN
for	IN
Nestle	NNP
's	POS
participation	NN
at	IN
the	DT
following	JJ
national	JJ
diversity	NN
conferences	NNS
:	:
Consortium	NNP
for	IN
Graduate	NNP
Studies	NNPS
in	IN
Management	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CGSM	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
National	NNP
Black	NNP
MBA	NNP
Association	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NBMBAA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
National	NNP
Society	NNP
of	IN
Hispanic	NNP
MBAs	NNPS
-LRB-	-LRB-
NSHMBA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Duties	NNS
will	MD
also	RB
include	VB
implementing	VBG
college	NN
recruitment	NN
strategy	NN
,	,
planning	NN
and	CC
executing	VBG
year	NN
round	NN
recruitment	NN
activities	NNS
and	CC
events	NNS
,	,
participation	NN
in	IN
diversity	NN
outreach	NN
events	NNS
which	WDT
encompass	VBP
sourcing	VBG
for	IN
candidates	NNS
,	,
interviewing	VBG
,	,
and	CC
consulting	VBG
on	IN
final	JJ
candidates	NNS
and	CC
extending	VBG
offers	NNS
.	.
Academic	NNP
Council	NNP
and	CC
supervises	VBZ
the	DT
deans	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
undergraduate	JJ
school	NN
and	CC
graduate	NN
schools	NNS
,	,
and	CC
has	VBZ
oversight	NN
of	IN
the	DT
library	NN
,	,
the	DT
Washington	NNP
,	,
D.C.	NNP
Campus	NNP
,	,
enrollment	NN
and	CC
academic	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
registrar	NN
.	.
A	DT
passion	NN
for	IN
the	DT
mission	NN
and	CC
vision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
university	NN
,	,
including	VBG
a	DT
strong	JJ
commitment	NN
of	IN
faith	NN
and	CC
acquaintance	NN
with	IN
renewal	NN
theology	NN
A	DT
keen	JJ
understanding	NN
of	IN
a	DT
broad	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
academic	JJ
disciplines	NNS
Excellent	JJ
communication	NN
and	CC
people-management	NN
skills	NNS
Knowledge	NN
and	CC
support	NN
of	IN
non-traditional	JJ
curriculum	NN
development	NN
and	CC
delivery	NN
systems	NNS
Successful	JJ
leadership	NN
in	IN
budget	NN
development	NN
and	CC
management	NN
One	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
terminal	NN
degrees	NNS
and	CC
record	NN
of	IN
scholarly	JJ
research	NN
and	CC
publication	NN
As	IN
a	DT
racially	RB
and	CC
ethnically	RB
diverse	JJ
institution	NN
accredited	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Southern	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Schools	NNP
,	,
Regent	NNP
University	NNP
welcomes	VBZ
nominations	NNS
and	CC
applications	NNS
without	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
race	NN
,	,
color	NN
,	,
age	NN
,	,
national	JJ
origin	NN
,	,
or	CC
disability	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
responsible	JJ
for	IN
your	PRP$
organization	NN
's	POS
college	NN
relations	NNS
and	CC
recruiting	VBG
program	NN
,	,
you	PRP
should	MD
know	VB
that	IN
,	,
since	IN
1956	CD
,	,
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NACE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
has	VBZ
been	VBN
keeping	VBG
human	JJ
resources	NNS
professionals	NNS
abreast	RB
of	IN
the	DT
changing	VBG
standards	NNS
and	CC
trends	NNS
affecting	VBG
their	PRP$
work	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
membership	NN
offers	VBZ
publications	NNS
,	,
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
professional	JJ
development	NN
options	NNS
that	WDT
target	VBP
employer-related	JJ
priorities	NNS
,	,
issues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
concerns	NNS
.	.
Eligibility	NN
Criteria	NNS
:	:
Available	JJ
to	TO
an	DT
employing	VBG
organization	NN
engaged	VBN
in	IN
human	JJ
resources	NNS
,	,
professional	JJ
staffing	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
recruiting\/hiring	NN
of	IN
college	NN
graduates	VBZ
solely	RB
for	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
work	NN
force	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
for	IN
a	DT
subdivision	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
maintaining	VBG
college	NN
relations	NNS
for	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
organization	NN
.	.
An	DT
organization	NN
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
a	DT
service	NN
or	CC
product	NN
to	TO
college	NN
relations\/recruiting	VBG
or	CC
career	NN
services	NNS
functions	NNS
is	VBZ
eligible	JJ
for	IN
affiliate	NN
membership	NN
.	.
Distributed	VBN
annually	RB
to	TO
more	JJR
than	IN
1	CD
million	CD
job	NN
seekers	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
students	NNS
,	,
graduates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
alumni	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Members	NNS
receive	VBP
up	IN
to	TO
300	CD
volumes	NNS
free	JJ
,	,
and	CC
may	MD
order	VB
additional	JJ
volumes	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
nominal	JJ
cost	NN
.	.
Issued	VBN
in	IN
August	NNP
.	.
Available	JJ
to	TO
an	DT
individual	JJ
employed	VBN
in	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
school	NN
that	WDT
holds	VBZ
institutional	JJ
membership	NN
at	IN
any	DT
location	NN
worldwide	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Each	DT
institutional	JJ
membership	NN
includes	VBZ
two	CD
free	JJ
electronic	JJ
memberships	NNS
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
You	PRP
can	MD
look	VB
up	RP
your	PRP$
institutional	JJ
membership	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Membership	NN
Gallery	NNP
.	.
Institutional	JJ
Membership	NN
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
location	NN
.	.
Criteria	NNS
requires	VBZ
student	NN
to	TO
be	VB
enrolled	VBN
in	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
six	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
credit	NN
hours	NNS
per	IN
term	NN
,	,
not	RB
be	VB
employed	VBN
full	JJ
time	NN
,	,
and	CC
be	VB
sponsored	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
full-time	JJ
career	NN
services	NNS
staff	NN
member	NN
.	.
We	PRP
encourage	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
become	VB
active	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
regional	JJ
association	NN
as	RB
well	RB
to	TO
provide	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
important	JJ
networking	VBG
opportunities	NNS
and	CC
assist	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
local	JJ
concerns	NNS
or	CC
needs	NNS
.	.
More	JJR
information	NN
can	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
at	IN
http://www.naceweb.org/about/regions.htm	NN
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
join	VBP
NACE	NNP
,	,
you	PRP
join	VBP
a	DT
community	NN
of	IN
professionals	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
expand	VB
your	PRP$
knowledge	NN
,	,
improve	VB
your	PRP$
on-the-job	JJ
performance	NN
,	,
and	CC
increase	VB
your	PRP$
value	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
organization	NN
.	.
To	TO
see	VB
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
NACE	NNP
members	NNS
,	,
click	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
links	NNS
below	IN
.	.
This	DT
form	NN
should	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
expressing	VBG
interest	NN
in	IN
joining	VBG
a	DT
NACE	NNP
committee	NN
or	CC
action	NN
team	NN
.	.
The	DT
form	NN
must	MD
be	VB
completed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
session	NN
.	.
The	DT
form	NN
will	MD
not	RB
save	VB
your	PRP$
answers	NNS
until	IN
you	PRP
click	VBP
the	DT
SUBMIT	NNP
button	NN
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
form	NN
.	.
Please	VB
complete	VB
the	DT
form	NN
by	IN
January	NNP
31	CD
,	,
2007	CD
.	.
The	DT
Information	NNP
Center	NNP
is	VBZ
your	PRP$
library	NN
,	,
containing	VBG
practical	JJ
resources	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
on	IN
topics	NNS
specific	JJ
to	TO
your	PRP$
role	NN
as	IN
a	DT
professional	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
find	VB
survey	NN
data	NNS
on	IN
subjects	NNS
including	VBG
internships\/co-ops	NNS
,	,
MBA	NNP
hiring	NN
,	,
and	CC
hiring	VBG
projections	NNS
,	,
samples	NNS
of	IN
important	JJ
forms	NNS
,	,
and	CC
access	NN
to	TO
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
articles	NNS
on	IN
topics	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
technology	NN
,	,
career	NN
fairs	NNS
,	,
student	NN
expectations	NNS
,	,
marketing	NN
,	,
and	CC
recruiting	VBG
trends	NNS
.	.
While	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
here	RB
is	VBZ
from	IN
NACE	NNP
's	POS
research	NN
department	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
links	NNS
to	TO
outside	JJ
sources	NNS
of	IN
information	NN
like	IN
government-generated	JJ
education	NN
and	CC
employment	NN
data	NNS
.	.
By	IN
keeping	VBG
up	RP
to	TO
date	NN
with	IN
issues	NNS
,	,
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
job	NN
market	NN
,	,
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
new	JJ
workplace	NN
technologies	NNS
,	,
service-type	JJ
organizations	NNS
can	MD
identify	VB
product	NN
and	CC
service	NN
needs	NNS
for	IN
this	DT
audience	NN
and	CC
connect	VB
with	IN
these	DT
professionals	NNS
at	IN
NACE	NNP
events	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Online	NNP
Directory	NNP
enables	VBZ
you	PRP
to	TO
search	VB
for	IN
contacts	NNS
by	IN
name	NN
,	,
school	NN
,	,
or	CC
location	NN
and	CC
to	TO
obtain	VB
information	NN
about	IN
their	PRP$
activities	NNS
,	,
schedules	NNS
,	,
requirements	NNS
,	,
and	CC
career	NN
and	CC
job	NN
fairs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Online	NNP
Directory	NNP
enables	VBZ
you	PRP
to	TO
update	VB
your	PRP$
information	NN
so	IN
that	IN
prospective	JJ
clients	NNS
know	VBP
exactly	RB
where	WRB
to	TO
reach	VB
you	PRP
.	.
Your	PRP$
organization	NN
's	POS
membership	NN
in	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NACE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
does	VBZ
not	RB
entitle	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
association	NN
's	POS
name	NN
to	TO
endorse	VB
your	PRP$
product	NN
or	CC
service	NN
in	IN
any	DT
of	IN
your	PRP$
marketing	NN
pieces	NNS
,	,
customer	NN
letters	NNS
,	,
customer	NN
e-mails	NNS
,	,
or	CC
on	IN
your	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
or	CC
in	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
medium	NN
,	,
nor	CC
should	MD
endorsement	NN
be	VB
implied	VBN
in	IN
any	DT
manner	NN
.	.
You	PRP
've	VBP
spent	VBN
a	DT
good	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
lifetime	NN
on	IN
the	DT
job	NN
.	.
Over	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
've	VBP
enjoyed	VBN
working	VBG
with	IN
numerous	JJ
professionals	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
region	NN
and	CC
across	IN
the	DT
country	NN
.	.
There	EX
's	VBZ
no	DT
need	NN
to	TO
lose	VB
contact	NN
just	RB
because	IN
you	PRP
've	VBP
retired	VBN
!	.
Take	VB
advantage	NN
of	IN
NACE	NNP
's	POS
new	JJ
retiree	NN
categories	NNS
of	IN
membership	NN
.	.
You	PRP
get	VBP
just-in-time	JJ
tools	NNS
,	,
tips	NNS
,	,
and	CC
tactics	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
bi-weekly	JJ
e-mail	NN
newsletter	NN
that	WDT
targets	VBZ
career	NN
services	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
staffing\/HR	JJ
interests	NNS
and	CC
needs	NNS
,	,
zeroes	NNS
in	IN
on	IN
issues	NNS
,	,
trends	NNS
,	,
facts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
stats	NNS
,	,
and	CC
offers	VBZ
professionals	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
practical	JJ
,	,
ready-to-use	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Retired	VBN
professional	JJ
membership	NN
may	MD
be	VB
granted	VBN
to	TO
any	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
retired	VBN
and	CC
is	VBZ
no	RB
longer	RB
working	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
or	CC
human	JJ
resources	NNS
,	,
professional	JJ
staffing	NN
,	,
or	CC
recruiting\/hiring	VBG
field	NN
and	CC
who	WP
would	MD
not	RB
otherwise	RB
quality	NN
for	IN
another	DT
membership	NN
category	NN
.	.
Established	VBN
in	IN
1940	CD
,	,
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Journal	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
nation	NN
's	POS
only	JJ
professional	JJ
magazine	NN
that	WDT
speaks	VBZ
to	TO
both	DT
sides	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
college	NN
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
HR\/staffing	VBG
field	NN
.	.
The	DT
Journal	NNP
is	VBZ
filled	VBN
with	IN
current	JJ
,	,
in-depth	JJ
information-articles	NNS
,	,
reports	NNS
,	,
and	CC
features-on	NN
what	WP
's	VBZ
really	RB
happening	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
.	.
A	DT
subscription	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Journal	NNP
is	VBZ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
membership	NN
benefits	NNS
package	NN
,	,
but	CC
independent	JJ
subscriptions	NNS
independent	JJ
are	VBP
available	JJ
.	.
All	DT
subscriptions	NNS
automatically	RB
include	VBP
receiving	VBG
a	DT
year	NN
's	POS
worth	NN
of	IN
the	DT
e-mail	NN
newsletter	NN
Spotlight	NNP
Online	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
published	VBN
biweekly	RB
for	IN
a	DT
total	NN
of	IN
24	CD
issues	NNS
annually	RB
.	.
Spotlight	NN
Online	NNP
covers	VBZ
the	DT
profession	NN
's	POS
current	JJ
hot	JJ
topics	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
current	JJ
trends	NNS
,	,
the	DT
job	NN
market	NN
,	,
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
technology-related	JJ
products	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
field	NN
,	,
coming	VBG
events	NNS
,	,
and	CC
job	NN
openings	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
profession	NN
.	.
The	DT
Journal	NNP
is	VBZ
published	VBN
four	CD
times	NNS
a	DT
year	NN
:	:
October	NNP
,	,
December	NNP
,	,
March	NNP
,	,
May	NNP
.	.
NACE	NNP
members	NNS
receive	VBP
one	CD
free	JJ
subscription	NN
covering	VBG
both	DT
publications	NNS
.	.
Other	JJ
subscriptions	NNS
:	:
$	$
72	CD
a	DT
year	NN
.	.
Foreign	NNP
subscriptions	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
except	IN
Canada	NNP
and	CC
Mexico	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
:	:
Add	VB
$	$
25	CD
for	IN
airmail	NN
postage	NN
,	,
$	$
10	CD
for	IN
surface	NN
.	.
These	DT
customized	VBN
reports	NNS
offer	VBP
you	PRP
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
target	VB
the	DT
curricula	NN
and	CC
a	DT
group	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
need	VBP
data	NNS
.	.
The	DT
report	NN
combines	VBZ
the	DT
latest	JJS
starting	VBG
salary	NN
offers	NNS
to	TO
students	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
colleges	NNS
and	CC
universities	NNS
you	PRP
choose	VBP
,	,
thus	RB
providing	VBG
an	DT
average	JJ
figure	NN
for	IN
each	DT
of	IN
your	PRP$
selected	VBN
specific	JJ
degree\/curricula	NN
disciplines	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
limit	NN
to	TO
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
you	PRP
may	MD
select	VB
;	:
but	CC
to	TO
preserve	VB
the	DT
confidentiality	NN
of	IN
Salary	NNP
Survey	NNP
information	NN
,	,
you	PRP
must	MD
select	VB
a	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
six	CD
schools	NNS
.	.
Your	PRP$
report	NN
will	MD
provide	VB
the	DT
combined	VBN
averages	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
starting	VBG
salary	NN
data	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
schools	NNS
you	PRP
've	VBP
selected	VBN
.	.
The	DT
``	``
remember	VB
''	''
option	NN
saves	VBZ
you	PRP
from	IN
having	VBG
to	TO
log	VB
in	IN
to	TO
NACEWeb	NNP
each	DT
time	NN
you	PRP
visit	VBP
the	DT
site	NN
.	.
As	RB
long	RB
as	IN
you	PRP
use	VBP
the	DT
same	JJ
computer	NN
each	DT
time	NN
to	TO
access	NN
NACEWeb	NNP
,	,
your	PRP$
Login	NNP
and	CC
password	NN
will	MD
be	VB
automatically	RB
entered	VBN
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Adherence	NN
to	TO
the	DT
guidelines	NNS
will	MD
support	VB
the	DT
collaborative	JJ
effort	NN
of	IN
career	NN
planning	NN
,	,
placement	NN
,	,
and	CC
recruitment	NN
professionals	NNS
while	IN
reducing	VBG
the	DT
potential	NN
for	IN
abuses	NNS
.	.
The	DT
guidelines	NNS
also	RB
apply	VBP
to	TO
new	JJ
technology	NN
or	CC
third-party	JJ
recruiting	NN
relationships	NNS
which	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
substituted	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
traditional	JJ
personal	JJ
interaction	NN
among	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
,	,
employer	NN
professionals	NNS
,	,
and	CC
students	NNS
.	.
These	DT
principles	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
all-inclusive	JJ
;	:
they	PRP
are	VBP
intended	VBN
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
framework	NN
within	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
career	NN
planning	NN
,	,
placement	NN
,	,
and	CC
recruitment	NN
processes	NNS
should	MD
function	VB
,	,
and	CC
as	IN
a	DT
foundation	NN
upon	IN
which	WDT
professionalism	NN
can	MD
be	VB
promoted	VBN
.	.
Principles	NNS
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Conduct	NNP
Committee	NNP
was	VBD
established	VBN
.	.
The	DT
committee	NN
,	,
made	VBD
up	IN
of	IN
practitioners	NNS
,	,
will	MD
provide	VB
advisory	JJ
opinions	NNS
to	TO
members	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
application	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
,	,
act	NN
as	IN
an	DT
informational	JJ
clearinghouse	NN
for	IN
various	JJ
ethical	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
periodically	RB
review	NN
and	CC
recommend	VB
changes	NNS
to	TO
this	DT
document	NN
,	,
and	CC
resolve	VB
problems	NNS
which	WDT
may	MD
arise	VB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
keep	VB
in	IN
mind	NN
one	CD
final	JJ
point	NN
.	.
The	DT
Principles	NNPS
do	VBP
not	RB
address	VB
certain	JJ
professional	JJ
obligations	NNS
to	TO
support	VB
state	NN
and	CC
regional	JJ
associations	NNS
,	,
professional	JJ
development	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
salary	NN
surveys	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
demographic	JJ
trend	NN
surveys	NNS
.	.
Obligations	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
these	DT
are	VBP
recognized	VBN
as	IN
vital	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
continuing	VBG
growth	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
profession	NN
,	,
but	CC
since	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
relate	VB
directly	RB
to	TO
the	DT
recruitment	NN
process	NN
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
addressed	VBN
specifically	RB
in	IN
this	DT
document	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Governors	NNP
strongly	RB
encourages	VBZ
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
employment	NN
professionals	NNS
to	TO
support	VB
and	CC
participate	VB
in	IN
these	DT
activities	NNS
.	.
Principles	NNS
for	IN
Career	NNP
Service	NNP
Professionals	NNPS
1	CD
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
,	,
without	IN
imposing	VBG
personal	JJ
values	NNS
or	CC
biases	NNS
,	,
will	MD
assist	VB
individuals	NNS
in	IN
developing	VBG
a	DT
career	NN
plan	NN
or	CC
making	VBG
a	DT
career	NN
decision	NN
.	.
Principles	NNS
for	IN
Employment	NNP
Professionals	NNPS
1	CD
.	.
Employment	NNP
professionals	NNS
will	MD
refrain	VB
from	IN
any	DT
practice	NN
that	WDT
improperly	RB
influences	VBZ
and	CC
affects	VBZ
job	NN
acceptances	NNS
.	.
Such	JJ
practices	NNS
may	MD
include	VB
undue	JJ
time	NN
pressure	NN
for	IN
acceptance	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
offers	NNS
and	CC
encouragement	NN
of	IN
revocation	NN
of	IN
another	DT
employment	NN
offer	NN
.	.
Employment	NNP
professionals	NNS
will	MD
strive	VB
to	TO
communicate	VB
decisions	NNS
to	TO
candidates	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
agreed-upon	JJ
time	NN
frame	NN
.	.
Preface	NN
:	:
The	DT
NACE	NNP
Principles	NNPS
provides	VBZ
definitions	NNS
and	CC
guidelines	NNS
for	IN
third	JJ
parties	NNS
and	CC
contractual\/staffing	VBG
services	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
our	PRP$
hope	NN
that	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
will	MD
use	VB
this	DT
information	NN
to	TO
make	VB
appropriate	JJ
decisions	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
third-party	JJ
,	,
contractual	JJ
,	,
and	CC
staffing	NN
services	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
operations	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
career	NN
fairs	NNS
.	.
These	DT
standards	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
designed	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
guidance	NN
to	TO
third-party	JJ
recruiters	NNS
who	WP
recruit	VBP
college	NN
graduates	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
college	NN
recruitment	NN
process	NN
.	.
These	DT
standards	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
to	TO
be	VB
construed	VBN
as	IN
requiring	VBG
or	CC
encouraging	VBG
,	,
or	CC
prohibiting	VBG
or	CC
discouraging	VBG
,	,
use	NN
of	IN
third-party	JJ
recruiters	NNS
by	IN
college	NN
or	CC
employer	NN
professionals	NNS
.	.
A	DT
NACE	NNP
member\/regional	JJ
association	NN
may	MD
request	VB
an	DT
advisory	JJ
opinion	NN
regarding	VBG
an	DT
interpretation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
document	NN
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
.	.
The	DT
advisory	JJ
opinion	NN
will	MD
apply	VB
to	TO
the	DT
situation	NN
as	IN
explained	VBN
and	CC
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
considered	VBN
precedent	NN
for	IN
a	DT
subsequent	JJ
complaint	NN
brought	VBD
to	TO
NACE	NNP
.	.
The	DT
member\/association	NN
will	MD
prepare	VB
a	DT
written	VBN
statement	NN
detailing	VBG
the	DT
conduct	NN
in	IN
question	NN
.	.
Statements	NNS
will	MD
include	VB
the	DT
section	NN
,	,
or	CC
sections	NNS
,	,
of	IN
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
to	TO
be	VB
interpreted	VBN
relative	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
conduct	NN
in	IN
question	NN
.	.
Membership	NN
in	IN
NACE	NNP
today	NN
is	VBZ
almost	RB
4,000	CD
organizations	NNS
,	,
evenly	RB
divided	VBN
between	IN
colleges	NNS
and	CC
employers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
resulting	VBG
interface	NN
provides	VBZ
invaluable	JJ
services	NNS
and	CC
opportunities	NNS
to	TO
members	NNS
through	IN
NACE	NNP
's	POS
publications	NNS
,	,
web	NN
resources	NNS
,	,
services	NNS
,	,
professional	JJ
development	NN
workshops	NNS
,	,
and	CC
annual	JJ
National	NNP
Meeting	VBG
.	.
With	IN
NACE	NNP
custom	NN
training	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
gain	VB
valuable	JJ
insights	NNS
via	IN
up-to-date	JJ
research	NN
on	IN
motivators	NNS
for	IN
Generation	NNP
Y	NNP
;	:
learn	VBP
high-impact	JJ
,	,
low-cost	JJ
recruiting	NN
strategies	NNS
;	:
and	CC
discover	VBP
best	JJS
practices	NNS
employed	VBN
by	IN
organizations	NNS
with	IN
successful	JJ
programs	NNS
.	.
Designed	VBN
for	IN
leaders	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
committed	VBN
to	TO
continuously	RB
building	VBG
their	PRP$
leadership	NN
abilities	NNS
,	,
this	DT
intensive	JJ
two-day	JJ
program	NN
provides	VBZ
the	DT
skills	NNS
and	CC
strategies	NNS
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
move	VB
beyond	IN
your	PRP$
current	JJ
leadership	NN
capabilities	NNS
.	.
Tom	NNP
Peters	NNP
Company	NN
in	IN
leadership	NN
development	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
more	JJR
than	IN
20	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
training	NN
and	CC
development	NN
,	,
teaching	VBG
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
topics	NNS
from	IN
technical	JJ
instrumentation	NN
to	TO
sales	NNS
and	CC
leadership	NN
development	NN
.	.
Mikkelsen	NNP
,	,
a	DT
frequent	JJ
speaker	NN
at	IN
national	JJ
conferences	NNS
,	,
was	VBD
responsible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
redesign	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Management	NNP
Leadership	NNP
Institute	NNP
.	.
Eric	NNP
Schlesinger	NNP
and	CC
Susan	NNP
MusichSams	NNP
Teach	NNP
Yourself	NNP
e-Job	NNP
Hunting	NNP
Today	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
give	VB
you	PRP
the	DT
steps	NNS
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
know	VB
to	TO
begin	VB
and	CC
complete	VB
your	PRP$
job	NN
search	NN
using	VBG
the	DT
wealth	NN
of	IN
resources	NNS
available	JJ
online	NN
.	.
Learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
to	TO
identify	VB
key	JJ
questions	NNS
you	PRP
should	MD
answer	VB
before	IN
searching	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
job	NN
,	,
make	VB
a	DT
decision	NN
about	IN
your	PRP$
best	JJS
career	NN
option	NN
,	,
manage	VB
change	NN
and	CC
transition	NN
,	,
evaluate	VB
and	CC
counter	VB
a	DT
job	NN
offer	NN
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
.2000.6	CD
x	SYM
9	CD
.	.
356	CD
.	.
$	$
17.99	CD
.	.
I	PRP
knew	VBD
I	PRP
could	MD
only	RB
attend	VB
one	CD
conference	NN
and	CC
wanted	VBD
the	DT
``	``
best	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
.	.
''	''
Most	JJS
valuable	JJ
to	TO
me	PRP
was	VBD
having	VBG
the	DT
opportunity	NN
as	IN
a	DT
two-year	JJ
college	NN
career	NN
services	NNS
professional	JJ
was	VBD
the	DT
networking	NN
and	CC
learning	VBG
from	IN
individuals	NNS
from	IN
four-year	JJ
universities	NNS
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
especially	RB
for	IN
new	JJ
directors	NNS
or	CC
mid-career	NN
professionals	NNS
with	IN
two	CD
to	TO
seven	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
in	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
.	.
The	DT
content	NN
is	VBZ
tailored	VBN
to	TO
practitioners	NNS
without	IN
extensive	JJ
management	NN
training	NN
.	.
Participants	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
committed	VBN
to	TO
learning	VBG
and	CC
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
complete	VB
some	DT
assignments	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
Institute	NNP
.	.
NACE	NNP
Employer	NNP
Roundtables	NNPS
enable	VBP
NACE	NNP
employer	NN
members	NNS
and	CC
prospective	JJ
members	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
college	NN
relations\/recruiting	VBG
and	CC
staffing	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
the	DT
latest	JJS
issues	NNS
and	CC
challenges	NNS
,	,
trade	NN
problems	NNS
and	CC
solutions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
build	VB
their	PRP$
professional	JJ
networks	NNS
.	.
Working	VBG
adults	NNS
,	,
traditional-age	NN
students	NNS
,	,
part-time	JJ
and	CC
full-time	JJ
students	NNS
,	,
dorm	NN
residents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
commuters	NNS
:	:
all	DT
expect	VBP
help	NN
from	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office-personalized	VBN
help	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
accessed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
convenience	NN
.	.
The	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
is	VBZ
seeking	VBG
nominations	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Academy	NNP
of	IN
Fellows	NNPS
.	.
Established	VBN
in	IN
June	NNP
of	IN
1994	CD
,	,
the	DT
Academy	NNP
recognizes	VBZ
individuals	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
contributed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
human	JJ
resources\/staffing	NN
profession	NN
through	IN
the	DT
advancement	NN
of	IN
knowledge	NN
,	,
leadership	NN
,	,
or	CC
excellence	NN
in	IN
professional	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
Induction	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Academy	NNP
of	IN
Fellows	NNPS
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
highest	JJS
honors	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
achieved	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
professional	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
.	.
Deadline	NN
for	IN
nominations	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
2007	CD
award	NN
is	VBZ
January	NNP
31	CD
,	,
2007	CD
.	.
The	DT
Chevron	NNP
Corporation	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
invite	VBP
college	NN
career	NN
services	NNS
practitioners	NNS
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
this	DT
annual	JJ
competition	NN
honoring	VBG
innovative	JJ
programming	NN
in	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Selection	NNP
Committee	NNP
will	MD
screen	VB
all	DT
entries	NNS
and	CC
identify	VB
those	DT
entries	NNS
it	PRP
wishes	VBZ
to	TO
consider	VB
further	RB
.	.
If	IN
your	PRP$
entry	NN
is	VBZ
selected	VBN
for	IN
further	JJ
consideration	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
will	MD
be	VB
asked	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
additional	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
your	PRP$
program	NN
.	.
Be	VB
innovative	JJ
by	IN
demonstrating	VBG
a	DT
significant	JJ
change	NN
or	CC
new	JJ
methodology	NN
in	IN
programming\/service	JJ
delivery	NN
and\/or	CC
by	IN
generating	VBG
new	JJ
information	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
assist	VB
in	IN
the	DT
improvement	NN
or	CC
implementation	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
institutions	NNS
services	NNS
or	CC
programs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
need	NN
for	IN
such	JJ
a	DT
review	NN
was	VBD
identified	VBN
from	IN
two	CD
recent	JJ
member	NN
surveys	NNS
,	,
one	CD
indicating	VBG
that	IN
member	NN
recognition	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
least	RBS
important	JJ
role	NN
for	IN
the	DT
association	NN
;	:
the	DT
other	JJ
indicating	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
Awards	NNP
Program	NNP
was	VBD
the	DT
least	JJS
valued	VBN
member	NN
benefit	NN
.	.
The	DT
individual	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
receiving	VBG
these	DT
awards	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
a	DT
member	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
NACE	NNP
and	CC
must	MD
have	VB
made	VBN
notable	JJ
contributions	NNS
with	IN
distinguished	JJ
achievement	NN
to	TO
the	DT
association	NN
or	CC
the	DT
profession	NN
during	IN
the	DT
previous	JJ
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
Excellence	NNP
Award	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Vision	NNP
and	CC
Future	NNP
of	IN
NACE	NNP
was	VBD
established	VBN
to	TO
recognize	VB
NACE	NNP
members	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
foresight	NN
and	CC
unlimited	JJ
efforts	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
establishment	NN
,	,
development	NN
,	,
and	CC
growth	NN
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
.	.
Any	DT
individual	NN
may	MD
nominate	VB
a	DT
colleague	NN
or	CC
support	VB
a	DT
nomination	NN
.	.
Board	NNP
members	NNS
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
recognize	VB
committee	NN
and	CC
task	NN
force	NN
members	NNS
who	WP
made	VBD
a	DT
significant	JJ
contribution	NN
to	TO
the	DT
work	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
group	NN
.	.
Please	VB
use	VB
the	DT
online	JJ
form	NN
.	.
This	DT
award	NN
recognizes	VBZ
the	DT
programs	NNS
and	CC
innovations	NNS
that	WDT
go	VBP
above	RB
and	CC
beyond	IN
the	DT
profession	NN
's	POS
standards	NNS
in	IN
aiding	VBG
a	DT
student	NN
in	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
career	NN
development	NN
or	CC
developing	VBG
an	DT
effective	JJ
college	NN
relations	NNS
program	NN
.	.
Information	NNP
Resources	NNP
for	IN
Students	NNS
recognizes	VBZ
the	DT
best	JJS
information\/resources	NNS
on	IN
career	NN
development	NN
or	CC
employment	NN
topics	NNS
.	.
The	DT
information\/resource	NN
must	MD
be	VB
targeted	VBN
to	TO
and	CC
distributed	VBN
to	TO
college	NN
students	NNS
free	JJ
of	IN
charge	NN
.	.
Educational	NNP
Programming	NNP
recognizes	VBZ
the	DT
best	JJS
educational	JJ
programs	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
career	NN
development	NN
or	CC
employment	NN
and	CC
targeted	VBN
to	TO
students	NNS
or	CC
career	NN
center\/college	NN
recruiting	VBG
staff	NN
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
can	MD
be	VB
delivered	VBN
via	IN
workshop	NN
or	CC
self-study	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
print	NN
,	,
video	NN
,	,
CD-ROM	NN
,	,
or	CC
web	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Examples	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
educational	JJ
programs	NNS
to	TO
submit	VB
include	VBP
new-hire	JJ
orientation	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
recruiter	NN
training	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
career	NN
development	NN
or	CC
job-search	JJ
workshops	NNS
,	,
peer	VB
career	NN
counseling	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
credit	NN
and	CC
non-credit	JJ
career	NN
classes	NNS
,	,
internship	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
ambassador	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Council	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CPC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
Board	NNP
of	IN
Governors	NNP
,	,
acknowledges	VBZ
the	DT
accomplishments	NNS
and	CC
contributions	NNS
of	IN
Warren	NNP
E.	NNP
Kauffman	NNP
,	,
who	WP
served	VBD
the	DT
association	NN
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
30	CD
years	NNS
.	.
The	DT
recipient	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
award	NN
is	VBZ
recognized	VBN
for	IN
making	VBG
a	DT
tangible	JJ
contribution	NN
to	TO
NACE	NNP
that	IN
significantly	RB
improved	VBN
the	DT
association	NN
.	.
To	TO
nominate	VB
a	DT
colleague	NN
,	,
write	VB
a	DT
letter	NN
citing	VBG
the	DT
contributions	NNS
your	PRP$
nominee	NN
has	VBZ
made	VBN
.	.
Please	VB
be	VB
as	IN
detailed	VBN
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
Include	NNP
the	DT
name	NN
and	CC
contact	NN
information	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
nominee	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
name	NN
and	CC
contact	NN
information	NN
.	.
Valuing	VBG
individual	JJ
diversity	NN
means	VBZ
reaching	VBG
beyond	IN
stereotypical	JJ
views	NNS
of	IN
individuals	NNS
and	CC
using	VBG
the	DT
strengths	NNS
and	CC
different	JJ
perspectives	NNS
that	WDT
each	DT
person	NN
offers	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
culture	NN
,	,
religion	NN
,	,
ethnicity	NN
,	,
gender	NN
,	,
race	NN
,	,
national	JJ
origin	NN
,	,
disability	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
,	,
and	CC
age	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
's	POS
Board	NNP
,	,
committees	NNS
,	,
and	CC
task	NN
forces	NNS
will	MD
reflect	VB
the	DT
individual	JJ
diversity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
profession	NN
.	.
Even	RB
more	RBR
important	JJ
,	,
they	PRP
will	MD
embrace	VB
and	CC
derive	VB
value	NN
from	IN
the	DT
diverse	JJ
views	NNS
that	WDT
each	DT
individual	JJ
brings	VBZ
to	TO
a	DT
task	NN
at	IN
hand	NN
.	.
The	DT
stated	VBN
objective	NN
of	IN
this	DT
new	JJ
association	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
promote	VB
professional	JJ
improvement	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
members	NNS
through	IN
an	DT
interchange	NN
of	IN
information	NN
on	IN
common	JJ
placement	NN
problems	NNS
.	.
The	DT
association	NN
planned	VBD
to	TO
accomplish	VB
this	DT
objective	NN
through	IN
conventions	NNS
,	,
general	JJ
meetings	NNS
,	,
and	CC
presentations	NNS
by	IN
speakers	NNS
who	WP
had	VBD
undertaken	VBN
specific	JJ
studies	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
foundations	NNS
were	VBD
laid	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
Regional	NNP
Associations	NNPS
and	CC
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
Great	NNP
Depression	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
nineteen-thirties	NNS
,	,
there	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
growing	VBG
demand	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
from	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
faculty	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
vocational	JJ
guidance	NN
.	.
At	IN
this	DT
time	NN
,	,
the	DT
original	JJ
ECPO	NNP
group	NN
was	VBD
expanded	VBN
to	TO
admit	VB
employer	NN
recruiters	NNS
.	.
Elsewhere	RB
in	IN
the	DT
country	NN
in	IN
the	DT
1930s	NNS
and	CC
throughout	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
1940s	NNS
,	,
there	EX
was	VBD
no	DT
common	JJ
ground	NN
for	IN
employers	NNS
and	CC
placement	NN
people	NNS
who	WP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
meet	VB
and	CC
discuss	VB
their	PRP$
mutual	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
Following	VBG
World	NNP
War	NNP
II	NNP
,	,
frantic	JJ
recruiting	NN
activity	NN
gave	VBD
tremendous	JJ
momentum	NN
to	TO
organized	VBN
recruitment	NN
and	CC
placement	NN
groups	NNS
.	.
In	IN
December	NNP
1947	CD
,	,
the	DT
Rocky	NNP
Mountain	NNP
College	NNP
Placement	NNP
Association	NNP
was	VBD
formed	VBN
by	IN
10	CD
educators	NNS
.	.
The	DT
following	JJ
year	NN
,	,
1948	CD
,	,
three	CD
major	JJ
events	NNS
took	VBD
place	NN
that	WDT
had	VBD
a	DT
profound	JJ
impact	NN
on	IN
the	DT
college	NN
placement	NN
field	NN
.	.
GE	NNP
invited	VBD
recruiters	NNS
from	IN
major	JJ
firms	NNS
and	CC
selected	VBN
placement	NN
officers	NNS
from	IN
various	JJ
universities	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
at	IN
Schenectady	NNP
,	,
New	NNP
York	NNP
,	,
for	IN
a	DT
discussion	NN
of	IN
mutual	JJ
issues	NNS
pertaining	VBG
to	TO
placement	NN
.	.
From	IN
those	DT
conversations	NNS
,	,
a	DT
code	NN
of	IN
recruitment	NN
ethics	NNS
was	VBD
developed	VBN
.	.
There	EX
also	RB
was	VBD
a	DT
strong	JJ
push	NN
to	TO
encourage	VB
the	DT
formation	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
regional	JJ
placement	NN
associations	NNS
to	TO
connect	VB
recruiters	NNS
and	CC
placement	NN
directors	NNS
.	.
The	DT
regional	JJ
placement	NN
associations	NNS
commonly	RB
agreed	VBD
that	IN
each	DT
group	NN
would	MD
remain	VB
autonomous	JJ
and	CC
that	IN
any	DT
proposed	JJ
national	JJ
meetings	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
total	JJ
membership	NN
would	MD
be	VB
specifically	RB
prohibited	VBN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
eight	CD
regional	JJ
placement	NN
associations	NNS
of	IN
North	NNP
America	NNP
grew	VBD
in	IN
size	NN
and	CC
complexity	NN
,	,
their	PRP$
activities	NNS
,	,
conference	NN
dates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
projects	NNS
often	RB
overlapped	VBD
,	,
resulting	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
duplication	NN
of	IN
efforts	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
became	VBD
obvious	JJ
that	IN
coordination	NN
and	CC
communication	NN
on	IN
a	DT
national	JJ
scale	NN
woud	NN
require	VBP
a	DT
vehicle	NN
not	RB
yet	RB
in	IN
existence	NN
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
the	DT
regional	JJ
placement	NN
associations	NNS
was	VBD
taking	VBG
place	NN
,	,
an	DT
interesting	JJ
parallel	NN
unfolded	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
publishing	NN
field	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
catalyst	NN
in	IN
the	DT
formation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
College	NNP
Placement	NNP
Council	NNP
,	,
now	RB
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
.	.
In	IN
1940	CD
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Clarence	NNP
E.	NNP
Clewell	NNP
,	,
the	DT
director	NN
of	IN
placement	NN
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Pennsylvania	NNP
,	,
helped	VBD
to	TO
establish	VB
the	DT
Pennsylvania	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
School	NNP
and	CC
College	NNP
Placement	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
also	RB
was	VBD
the	DT
editor	NN
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
edition	NN
of	IN
School	NNP
and	CC
College	NNP
Placement	NNP
,	,
the	DT
first	JJ
formal	JJ
attempt	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
a	DT
national	JJ
communications	NNS
vehicle	NN
among	IN
all	DT
interested	JJ
recruiters	NNS
and	CC
placement	NN
officials	NNS
.	.
Gordon	NNP
A.	NNP
Hardwick	NNP
,	,
a	DT
Philadelphia	NNP
insurance	NN
executive	NN
,	,
was	VBD
named	VBN
president	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Association	NNP
of	IN
School	NNP
and	CC
College	NNP
Placement	NNP
in	IN
1941	CD
,	,
and	CC
for	IN
a	DT
decade	NN
held	VBD
the	DT
association	NN
together	RB
with	IN
his	PRP$
interest	NN
,	,
financial	JJ
support	NN
,	,
and	CC
office	NN
space	NN
.	.
When	WRB
he	PRP
retired	VBD
from	IN
active	JJ
management	NN
in	IN
1950	CD
,	,
the	DT
demise	NN
of	IN
School	NNP
and	CC
College	NNP
Placement	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
many	JJ
placement	NN
people	NNS
valued	VBN
,	,
appeared	VBD
imminent	JJ
.	.
Mitchell	NNP
,	,
placement	NN
director	NN
at	IN
Duke	NNP
University	NNP
,	,
and	CC
E.	NNP
Craig	NNP
Sweeten	NNP
,	,
director	NN
of	IN
placement	NN
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Pennsylvania	NNP
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Mitchell	NNP
also	RB
was	VBD
named	VBN
president	NN
of	IN
the	DT
parent	NN
,	,
the	DT
Association	NNP
of	IN
School	NNP
and	CC
College	NNP
Placement	NNP
.	.
During	IN
her	PRP$
term	NN
of	IN
office	NN
,	,
the	DT
title	NN
of	IN
the	DT
association	NN
's	POS
publication	NN
was	VBD
changed	VBN
from	IN
School	NNP
and	CC
College	NNP
Placement	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
Journal	NNP
of	IN
College	NNP
Placement	NNP
.	.
The	DT
October	NNP
1955	CD
issue	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Journal	NNP
included	VBD
a	DT
report	NN
on	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
presidents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
eight	CD
regional	JJ
associations	NNS
held	VBN
in	IN
Philadelphia	NNP
in	IN
June	NNP
.	.
The	DT
article	NN
summarized	VBN
the	DT
discussions	NNS
which	WDT
centered	VBD
upon	IN
the	DT
advisability	NN
of	IN
forming	VBG
a	DT
national	JJ
advisory	JJ
council	NN
.	.
The	DT
council	NN
would	MD
pursue	VB
several	JJ
objectives	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
dissemination	NN
of	IN
information	NN
through	IN
the	DT
Journal	NNP
of	IN
College	NNP
Placement	NNP
.	.
That	DT
fall	NN
,	,
the	DT
proposal	NN
was	VBD
brought	VBN
before	IN
the	DT
eight	CD
regional	JJ
associations	NNS
for	IN
action	NN
so	IN
that	IN
a	DT
formal	JJ
structure	NN
might	MD
be	VB
organized	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
coordination	NN
of	IN
activities	NNS
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
year	NN
,	,
the	DT
regional	JJ
associations	NNS
agreed	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
safeguards	NNS
written	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
constitution	NN
of	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
council	NN
could	MD
permit	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
endorse	VB
and	CC
support	VB
a	DT
national	JJ
or	CC
international	JJ
coordinating	VBG
agency	NN
.	.
The	DT
executive	NN
committee	NN
and	CC
the	DT
administrative	JJ
boards	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
eight	CD
regional	JJ
associations	NNS
met	VBD
at	IN
Lehigh	NNP
University	NNP
in	IN
June	NNP
1956	CD
to	TO
form	VB
the	DT
College	NNP
Placement	NNP
Publications	NNP
Council	NNP
with	IN
Everett	NNP
A.	NNP
Teal	NNP
,	,
the	DT
placement	NN
director	NN
at	IN
Lehigh	NNP
University	NNP
,	,
as	IN
president	NN
,	,
and	CC
Mr.	NNP
Herrick	NNP
as	IN
executive	JJ
director	NN
.	.
Shortly	RB
thereafter	RB
,	,
CPC	NNP
began	VBD
publishing	VBG
a	DT
national	JJ
directory	NN
of	IN
practitioners	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
1959	CD
began	VBD
collecting	VBG
and	CC
reporting	VBG
entry-level	JJ
salary	NN
offers	NNS
made	VBD
to	TO
college	NN
graduates	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
CPC	NNP
Salary	NNP
Survey	NNP
.	.
The	DT
publishing	NN
function	NN
of	IN
the	DT
College	NNP
Placement	NNP
Council	NNP
was	VBD
thus	RB
established	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
very	RB
outset	NN
.	.
Meeting	VBG
in	IN
1975	CD
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
1980s	CD
,	,
CPC	NNP
introduced	VBD
professional	JJ
standards	NNS
for	IN
its	PRP$
members	NNS
,	,
more	JJR
training	NN
and	CC
development	NN
opportunities	NNS
,	,
three	CD
National	NNP
Meetings	NNS
,	,
legal	JJ
columns	NNS
in	IN
publications	NNS
,	,
and	CC
an	DT
awards	NNS
program	NN
to	TO
recognize	VB
member	NN
accomplishments	NNS
.	.
During	IN
this	DT
decade	NN
,	,
CPC	NNP
also	RB
published	VBD
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
benchmark	JJ
research	NN
studies	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
1990s	CD
,	,
NACE	NNP
continued	VBD
to	TO
expand	VB
its	PRP$
services	NNS
including	VBG
roundtables	NNS
for	IN
employers	NNS
,	,
a	DT
one-week	JJ
management	NN
training	NN
program	NN
for	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
,	,
more	JJR
research	NN
studies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
introduction	NN
of	IN
JobWeb	NNP
,	,
the	DT
association	NN
's	POS
Internet	NNP
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
continues	VBZ
today	NN
as	IN
a	DT
national	JJ
publisher	NN
for	IN
the	DT
profession	NN
,	,
but	CC
its	PRP$
role	NN
and	CC
horizons	NNS
have	VBP
expanded	VBN
considerably	RB
.	.
Back	RB
in	IN
1956	CD
,	,
when	WRB
publishing	VBG
the	DT
Journal	NNP
was	VBD
its	PRP$
sole	JJ
function	NN
,	,
the	DT
association	NN
was	VBD
staffed	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
editor	NN
and	CC
a	DT
secretary	NN
.	.
It	PRP
had	VBD
an	DT
annual	JJ
budget	NN
of	IN
$	$
20,000	CD
and	CC
a	DT
net	JJ
worth	NN
of	IN
minus	CC
two	CD
dollars	NNS
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
a	DT
staff	NN
of	IN
37	CD
full-time	JJ
and	CC
two	CD
part-time	JJ
employees	NNS
administers	VBZ
a	DT
budget	NN
of	IN
$	$
6.2	CD
million	CD
.	.
While	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
staff	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
Bethlehem	NNP
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
also	RB
employees	NNS
in	IN
Maryland	NNP
,	,
Illinois	NNP
,	,
Texas	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Washington	NNP
.	.
NACE	NNP
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
charter	NN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
International	NNP
Network	NNP
of	IN
Graduate	NNP
Recruitment	NNP
and	CC
Development	NNP
Associations	NNPS
-LRB-	-LRB-
INGRADA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
associations	NNS
from	IN
countries	NNS
world	NN
wide	JJ
,	,
serving	VBG
professionals	NNS
engaged	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
career	NN
development	NN
,	,
recruitment	NN
,	,
and	CC
hiring	VBG
of	IN
college	NN
and	CC
university	NN
graduates	NNS
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
requests	NNS
to	TO
reprint	VB
any	DT
association	NN
materials	NNS
,	,
in	IN
whole	JJ
or	CC
in	IN
part	NN
,	,
should	MD
be	VB
submitted	VBN
in	IN
writing	VBG
to	TO
Claudia	NNP
Allen	NNP
,	,
editor\/web	NN
content	NN
and	CC
production	NN
manager	NN
,	,
or	CC
by	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
online	JJ
form	NN
.	.
Depending	VBG
on	IN
how	WRB
the	DT
materials	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
,	,
NACE	NNP
typcially	RB
grants	NNS
permission	NN
for	IN
a	DT
limited	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
photocopying	VBG
and\/or	CC
reprinting	VBG
of	IN
NACE	NNP
's	POS
copyrighted	VBN
materials	NNS
by	IN
its	PRP$
members	NNS
.	.
In	IN
some	DT
cases	NNS
,	,
NACE	NNP
will	MD
allow	VB
nonmembers	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
photocopies	NNS
of	IN
copyrighted	VBN
materials	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
fee	NN
.	.
A	DT
fee	NN
may	MD
be	VB
charged	VBN
when	WRB
materials	NNS
are	VBP
reprinted	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
book	NN
or	CC
magazine	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
NACE	NNP
reserves	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
refuse	VB
reprint	VB
requests	NNS
.	.
All	DT
requests	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
in	IN
writing	VBG
using	VBG
our	PRP$
online	JJ
form	NN
,	,
by	IN
e-mail	NN
,	,
or	CC
by	IN
fax	NN
to	TO
610\/868	CD
-0208	CD
.	.
Please	VB
include	VB
your	PRP$
e-mail	NN
address	NN
so	IN
that	IN
we	PRP
can	MD
reply	VB
to	TO
your	PRP$
inquiry	NN
.	.
Please	VB
allow	VB
at	IN
least	JJS
five	CD
business	NN
days	NNS
for	IN
your	PRP$
request	NN
to	TO
be	VB
processed	VBN
.	.
Permission	NN
grants	NNS
are	VBP
for	IN
one-time	JJ
use	NN
only	RB
.	.
You	PRP
must	MD
re-request	VB
permission	NN
to	TO
reprint	VB
for	IN
any	DT
additional	JJ
reprinting\/photocopying	VBG
beyond	IN
your	PRP$
original	JJ
request	NN
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
making	VBG
additional	JJ
photocopies	NNS
or	CC
reprinting	VBG
an	DT
article	NN
even	RB
if	IN
you	PRP
plan	VBP
to	TO
reprint	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
article	NN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
manner	NN
first	RB
specified	VBN
.	.
In	IN
general	JJ
,	,
NACE	NNP
grants	NNS
limited	JJ
permission	NN
for	IN
electronic	JJ
reproduction	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
materials	NNS
to	TO
NACE	NNP
members	NNS
only	RB
,	,
including	VBG
republishing	VBG
print	NN
or	CC
electronic	JJ
articles	NNS
online	VBP
in	IN
an	DT
internal	JJ
newsletter	NN
or	CC
attaching	VBG
a	DT
PDF	NNP
of	IN
an	DT
article	NN
to	TO
an	DT
e-mail	NN
for	IN
dissemination	NN
within	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
member	NN
organization	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
reserves	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
refuse	VB
any	DT
requests	NNS
to	TO
reprint	VB
NACE	NNP
materials	NNS
for	IN
any	DT
reason	NN
.	.
We	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
grant	VB
reprint	VB
permission	NN
for	IN
reprints	VBZ
used	VBN
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
sales	NNS
,	,
marketing	NN
,	,
or	CC
promotional	JJ
brochures	NNS
or	CC
packages	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
charge	NN
for	IN
use	NN
of	IN
NACE	NNP
material	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
restrictions	NNS
and	CC
limits	NNS
on	IN
photocopying	VBG
and	CC
reprinting	VBG
.	.
Allow	VB
at	IN
least	JJS
five	CD
business	NN
days	NNS
for	IN
your	PRP$
request	NN
to	TO
be	VB
processed	VBN
.	.
Directors	NNS
in	IN
January	NNP
,	,
2006	CD
.	.
This	DT
plan	NN
outlining	VBG
the	DT
vision	NN
for	IN
NACE	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
information	NN
and	CC
perspectives	NNS
gathered	VBN
from	IN
members	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
year	NN
,	,
a	DT
careful	JJ
scan	VB
of	IN
the	DT
environment	NN
and	CC
the	DT
knowledge	NN
and	CC
insight	NN
of	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
leadership	NN
.	.
This	DT
magazine	NN
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
minority	NN
students	NNS
.	.
Readers	NNS
include	VBP
INROADS	NNP
interns	NNS
and	CC
students	NNS
from	IN
historically	RB
black	JJ
colleges	NNS
and	CC
universities	NNS
,	,
Hispanic-serving	JJ
institutions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
tribal	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
This	DT
edition	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
ideal	JJ
way	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
organization	NN
to	TO
demonstrate	VB
its	PRP$
objectives	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
diverse	JJ
work	NN
force	NN
.	.
Highlight	VB
your	PRP$
potential	JJ
career	NN
paths	NNS
for	IN
new	JJ
graduates	NNS
in	IN
accounting	NN
,	,
administration	NN
,	,
government	NN
,	,
hospitality	NN
,	,
insurance	NN
,	,
public	JJ
relations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
nontechnical	JJ
fields	NNS
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
largest	JJS
circulation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Job	NNP
Choices	NNPS
series	NN
,	,
this	DT
edition	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
perfect	JJ
medium	NN
to	TO
showcase	NN
your	PRP$
organization	NN
to	TO
a	DT
vast	JJ
audience	NN
of	IN
college	NN
job	NN
seekers	NNS
.	.
Build	VB
your	PRP$
brand	NN
among	IN
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
with	IN
Job	NNP
Choices	NNPS
No	DT
other	JJ
publication	NN
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
comes	VBZ
close	RB
to	TO
Job	NNP
Choices	NNPS
in	IN
reach	NN
,	,
credibility	NN
,	,
and	CC
readership	NN
.	.
Rated	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
#	#
1	CD
best-read	JJS
recruitment	NN
publication	NN
among	IN
graduating	VBG
college	NN
students	NNS
,	,
\*	SYM
Job	NNP
Choices	NNPS
offers	VBZ
you	PRP
a	DT
receptive	JJ
audience	NN
primed	VBD
for	IN
information	NN
about	IN
your	PRP$
job	NN
and	CC
career	NN
opportunities	NNS
.	.
By	IN
clicking	VBG
on	IN
your	PRP$
logo	NN
or	CC
by	IN
doing	VBG
a	DT
company	NN
name	NN
search	NN
,	,
students	NNS
connect	VBP
with	IN
your	PRP$
company	NN
profile	NN
.	.
Profile	NN
content	NN
includes	VBZ
your	PRP$
location	NN
,	,
industry	NN
,	,
benefits	NNS
,	,
contact	NN
information	NN
,	,
jobs	NNS
available	JJ
and	CC
qualifications	NNS
needed	VBN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
full	JJ
description	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
company	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
company	NN
logo	NN
in	IN
this	DT
spot	NN
on	IN
the	DT
home	NN
page	NN
draws	VBZ
attention	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
company	NN
as	IN
an	DT
employer	NN
of	IN
choice	NN
.	.
Clicking	VBG
on	IN
your	PRP$
logo	NN
takes	VBZ
job	NN
seekers	NNS
to	TO
an	DT
interesting	JJ
,	,
comprehensive	JJ
article	NN
about	IN
working	VBG
for	IN
your	PRP$
company	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
mailing	NN
lists	NNS
are	VBP
an	DT
efficient	JJ
,	,
effective	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
target	VB
your	PRP$
message	NN
to	TO
a	DT
select	JJ
audience	NN
.	.
And	CC
,	,
because	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
choose	VB
from	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
options	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
tailor	VB
your	PRP$
direct	JJ
mail	NN
efforts	NNS
to	TO
reach	VB
just	RB
those	DT
buyers	NNS
you	PRP
want	VBP
.	.
Your	PRP$
banner	NN
ad	NN
on	IN
the	DT
NACEWeb	NNP
home	NN
page	NN
or	CC
on	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
NACEWeb	NNP
select	JJ
pages	NNS
puts	VBZ
your	PRP$
products	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
customers	NNS
daily	RB
as	IN
they	PRP
come	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
to	TO
use	VB
NACEWeb	NNP
's	POS
professional	JJ
resources	NNS
.	.
Gain	NN
added	VBD
exposure	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
organization	NN
with	IN
a	DT
link	NN
on	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
NACEWeb	NN
selected	VBN
pages	NNS
.	.
With	IN
just	RB
one	CD
click	NN
,	,
potential	JJ
customers	NNS
will	MD
find	VB
information	NN
about	IN
your	PRP$
products	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
quickly	RB
and	CC
easily	RB
.	.
Two	CD
additional	JJ
Booth	NNP
Personnel	NNP
Registrations	NNPS
with	IN
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
exhibit	NN
hall	NN
only	RB
.	.
Booth	NN
personnel	NNS
receive	VBP
tickets	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
welcome	JJ
reception	NN
,	,
breaks	NNS
,	,
and	CC
lunches	NNS
served	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
exhibit	NN
hall	NN
.	.
There	EX
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
charge	NN
of	IN
$	$
200	CD
for	IN
each	DT
person	NN
over	IN
the	DT
limit	NN
of	IN
two	CD
.	.
Four	CD
additional	JJ
Booth	NNP
Personnel	NNP
Registrations	NNPS
with	IN
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
exhibit	NN
hall	NN
only	RB
.	.
Booth	NN
personnel	NNS
receive	VBP
tickets	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
welcome	JJ
reception	NN
,	,
breaks	NNS
,	,
and	CC
lunches	NNS
served	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
exhibit	NN
hall	NN
.	.
There	EX
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
charge	NN
of	IN
$	$
200	CD
for	IN
each	DT
person	NN
over	IN
the	DT
limit	NN
of	IN
four	CD
.	.
When	WRB
Dan	NNP
Nagy	NNP
was	VBD
at	IN
Gulf	NNP
Oil	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
early	JJ
1980s	CD
,	,
the	DT
oil	NN
industry	NN
was	VBD
in	IN
its	PRP$
heyday	NN
.	.
Big	JJ
budgets	NNS
and	CC
aggressive	JJ
hiring	NN
characterized	VBD
HR	NNP
functions	NNS
for	IN
these	DT
companies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
there	EX
were	VBD
many	JJ
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
geologists	NNS
and	CC
petroleum	NN
engineers	NNS
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
boom	NN
,	,
this	DT
particular	JJ
recruit	VB
walked	VBD
into	IN
the	DT
office	NN
where	WRB
one	CD
of	IN
Nagy	NNP
's	POS
colleagues	NNS
was	VBD
scheduled	VBN
to	TO
interview	VB
him	PRP
.	.
Without	IN
introduction	NN
,	,
the	DT
recruit	VB
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
Let	VB
's	PRP
not	RB
waste	VB
any	DT
time	NN
here	RB
,	,
''	''
as	IN
he	PRP
began	VBD
spreading	VBG
sheets	NNS
of	IN
paper	NN
with	IN
offers	NNS
from	IN
other	JJ
oil	NN
companies	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
desk	NN
.	.
``	``
That	DT
's	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
way	NN
we	PRP
work	VBP
,	,
''	''
Nagy	NNP
's	POS
colleague	NN
replied	VBD
.	.
``	``
From	IN
the	DT
offers	NNS
you	PRP
received	VBD
from	IN
other	JJ
companies	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
can	MD
tell	VB
you	PRP
're	VBP
a	DT
good	JJ
candidate	NN
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
'd	MD
like	VB
to	TO
get	VB
to	TO
know	VB
you	PRP
before	IN
making	VBG
an	DT
offer	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
recruit	VBP
who	WP
18	CD
months	NNS
earlier	RBR
had	VBD
his	PRP$
choice	NN
of	IN
offers	NNS
walked	VBD
up	RP
to	TO
their	PRP$
table	NN
with	IN
a	DT
much	JJ
humbler	JJ
demeanor	NN
.	.
Nagy	NNP
and	CC
his	PRP$
colleague	NN
recognized	VBD
the	DT
recruit	VB
;	:
however	RB
,	,
the	DT
recruit	VB
did	VBD
n't	RB
recognize	VB
them	PRP
.	.
Camille	NNP
Luckenbaugh	NNP
is	VBZ
NACE	NNP
's	POS
research	NN
director	NN
and	CC
provides	VBZ
NACE	NNP
members	NNS
with	IN
relevant	JJ
benchmarking	NN
data	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
conducts	VBZ
surveys	NNS
of	IN
NACE	NNP
members	NNS
and	CC
analyzes	NNS
and	CC
reports	NNS
on	IN
experiential	JJ
education	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
internships	NNS
and	CC
cooperative	JJ
education	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
career	NN
development	NN
,	,
and	CC
recruiting	NN
and	CC
hiring	VBG
trends	NNS
.	.
Luckenbaugh	NNP
also	RB
reports	VBZ
on	IN
student	NN
opinions	NNS
through	IN
an	DT
annual	JJ
survey	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
graduates	NNS
and	CC
alumni	NNS
.	.
Andrea	NNP
Koncz	NNP
is	VBZ
NACE	NNP
's	POS
employment	NN
information	NN
manager	NN
.	.
She	PRP
analyzes	VBZ
and	CC
reports	VBZ
on	IN
employment	NN
and	CC
job	NN
market	NN
trends	NNS
for	IN
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
researches	VBZ
starting	VBG
salary	NN
information	NN
for	IN
NACE	NNP
's	POS
Salary	NNP
Survey	NNP
report	NN
,	,
and	CC
responds	VBZ
to	TO
inquiries	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
national	JJ
and	CC
regional	JJ
job	NN
market	NN
for	IN
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
starting	VBG
salary	NN
information	NN
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
70	CD
disciplines	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
reports	VBZ
on	IN
employers	NNS
'	POS
hiring	VBG
projections	NNS
through	IN
NACE	NNP
's	POS
annual	JJ
Job	NNP
Outlook	NNP
report	NN
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
available	JJ
to	TO
discuss	VB
the	DT
recruiting	NN
methods	NNS
employers	NNS
favor	VBP
,	,
the	DT
skills	NNS
they	PRP
seek	VBP
in	IN
college	NN
candidates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
challenges	NNS
they	PRP
face	VBP
in	IN
assimilating	VBG
new	JJ
hires	NNS
into	IN
the	DT
workplace	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
able	JJ
to	TO
give	VB
advice	NN
about	IN
specific	JJ
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
regarding	VBG
situations	NNS
particular	JJ
to	TO
your	PRP$
organizations	NNS
,	,
nor	CC
answer	NN
questions	NNS
from	IN
students	NNS
or	CC
alumni	NNS
.	.
For	IN
specific	JJ
legal	JJ
advice	NN
,	,
please	VB
contact	NN
your	PRP$
organization	NN
's	POS
legal	JJ
counsel	NN
.	.
Parts	NNS
of	IN
NACEWeb	NNP
are	VBP
open	JJ
to	TO
NACE	NNP
members	NNS
only	RB
,	,
providing	VBG
exclusive	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
NACE	NNP
resources	NNS
pertaining	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
recruitment	NN
process	NN
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
special	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
this	DT
privilege	NN
,	,
before	IN
proceeding	VBG
further	RB
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
asked	VBN
to	TO
agree	VB
to	TO
the	DT
following	VBG
regarding	VBG
your	PRP$
use	NN
of	IN
NACEWeb	NNP
.	.
Once	RB
you	PRP
click	VBP
the	DT
``	``
I	PRP
Agree	VBP
''	''
button	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
agreeing	VBG
to	TO
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
user	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
Directory	NNP
,	,
Salary	NNP
Survey	NNP
data	NNS
,	,
articles	NNS
,	,
and	CC
benchmarking	NN
data	NNS
,	,
unless	IN
specifically	RB
noted	VBN
otherwise	RB
,	,
are	VBP
copyrighted	VBN
materials	NNS
owned	VBN
by	IN
NACE	NNP
.	.
NACE	NNP
has	VBZ
the	DT
exclusive	JJ
rights	NNS
and	CC
privileges	NNS
in	IN
and	CC
to	TO
the	DT
copyright	NN
in	IN
this	DT
material	NN
.	.
Use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
contained	VBN
on	IN
NACEWeb	NNP
is	VBZ
solely	RB
intended	VBN
for	IN
individual	JJ
and	CC
private	JJ
use	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
grants	NNS
you	PRP
a	DT
license	NN
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
material	NN
contained	VBN
on	IN
NACEWeb	NNP
solely	RB
for	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
,	,
private	JJ
noncommercial	JJ
purposes	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
agree	VBP
not	RB
to	TO
copy	VB
,	,
download	NN
,	,
frame	NN
,	,
rent	NN
,	,
lease	NN
,	,
distribute	VB
,	,
re-distribute	JJ
,	,
transmit	VB
,	,
sell	VB
,	,
transfer	VB
to	TO
magnetic	JJ
media	NNS
,	,
or	CC
otherwise	RB
transfer	VB
any	DT
or	CC
all	DT
portions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
material	NN
contained	VBN
on	IN
NACEWeb	NNP
,	,
or	CC
otherwise	RB
take	VB
any	DT
action	NN
,	,
which	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
in	IN
violation	NN
of	IN
NACE	NNP
's	POS
copyright	NN
,	,
without	IN
the	DT
specific	JJ
written	VBN
permission	NN
of	IN
NACE	NNP
.	.
All	DT
other	JJ
rights	NNS
are	VBP
reserved	VBN
by	IN
NACE	NNP
.	.
Any	DT
individual	JJ
making	VBG
unauthorized	JJ
copies	NNS
or	CC
downloading	VBG
any	DT
NACE	NNP
material	NN
will	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
penalties	NNS
as	IN
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
copyright	NN
laws	NNS
.	.
Copyright	NN
and	CC
trademark	NN
infringement	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
federal	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
law	NN
subject	NN
to	TO
criminal	JJ
and	CC
civil	JJ
penalties	NNS
.	.
NACE	NNP
Directory	NNP
to	TO
conduct	VB
any	DT
commercial	JJ
or	CC
noncommercial	JJ
solicitation	NN
for	IN
sales	NNS
of	IN
products	NNS
,	,
merchandise	NN
,	,
or	CC
services	NNS
.	.
Your	PRP$
use	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
personal	JJ
professional	JJ
use	NN
only	RB
.	.
You	PRP
agree	VBP
that	IN
searches	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
perform	VBP
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
copied	VBN
,	,
downloaded	VBN
,	,
framed	VBN
,	,
rented	VBN
,	,
leased	VBN
,	,
distributed	VBN
,	,
redistributed	VBD
,	,
transmitted	VBD
,	,
sold	VBN
,	,
or	CC
transferred	VBN
to	TO
magnetic	JJ
media	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
also	RB
agree	VBP
not	RB
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
information	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Directory	NNP
data	NN
base	NN
to	TO
conduct	VB
any	DT
commercial	JJ
or	CC
noncommercial	JJ
solicitation	NN
or	CC
sales	NNS
of	IN
products	NNS
,	,
merchandise	NN
,	,
or	CC
services	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
agree	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
share	VB
your	PRP$
login	NN
and	CC
password	NN
with	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
person	NN
.	.
You	PRP
understand	VBP
that	IN
material	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Directory	NNP
data	NN
base	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
copyrighted	VBN
.	.
Individuals	NNS
making	VBG
unauthorized	JJ
copies	NNS
or	CC
downloading	VBG
will	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
penalties	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
copyright	NN
laws	NNS
.	.
Copyright	NN
infringement	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
federal	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
law	NN
subject	NN
to	TO
criminal	JJ
and	CC
civil	JJ
penalties	NNS
.	.
Use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
voluntary	JJ
and	CC
reliance	NN
on	IN
it	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
after	IN
an	DT
independent	JJ
review	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
accuracy	NN
,	,
completeness	NN
,	,
timeliness	NN
,	,
and	CC
applicability	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
particular	JJ
situation	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
assumes	VBZ
no	DT
responsibility	NN
for	IN
and	CC
expressly	RB
disclaims	VBZ
all	DT
liability	NN
for	IN
the	DT
consequences	NNS
resulting	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
or	CC
reliance	NN
on	IN
information	NN
contained	VBN
on	IN
NACEWeb	NNP
.	.
NACE	NNP
assumes	VBZ
no	DT
responsibility	NN
and	CC
disclaims	VBZ
any	DT
liability	NN
for	IN
the	DT
consequences	NNS
resulting	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
products	NNS
,	,
services	NNS
,	,
advertisers	NNS
,	,
or	CC
vendors	NNS
.	.
The	DT
employer	NN
information	NN
on	IN
NACEWeb	NNP
,	,
including	VBG
banners	NNS
or	CC
company	NN
descriptions	NNS
does	VBZ
not	RB
imply	VB
endorsement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
organizations	NNS
purchasing	VBG
these	DT
services	NNS
,	,
nor	CC
any	DT
association	NN
with	IN
their	PRP$
owners	NNS
or	CC
operators	NNS
.	.
NACEWeb	NN
takes	VBZ
no	DT
responsibility	NN
whatsoever	RB
for	IN
the	DT
recruiting	NN
,	,
hiring	VBG
,	,
or	CC
employment	NN
practices	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
organizations	NNS
.	.
Any	DT
links	NNS
from	IN
NACEWeb.org	NNP
to	TO
a	DT
third-party	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
offering	VBG
products	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
job	NN
seeker	NN
for	IN
a	DT
fee	NN
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
deemed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
an	DT
endoresement	NN
,	,
representative	NN
,	,
or	CC
warranty	NN
of	IN
that	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
.	.
RetireTalk	NNP
,	,
NACE2Year	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
section	NN
and	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
live	JJ
chat	VBP
,	,
forums	NNS
,	,
bulletin	NN
boards	NNS
,	,
or	CC
discussion	NN
groups	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
hereafter	NN
referred	VBD
to	TO
as	IN
the	DT
Communities	NNS
section	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
provided	VBN
on	IN
NACEWeb	NNP
allows	VBZ
you	PRP
and	CC
other	JJ
NACE	NNP
members	NNS
to	TO
post	VB
information	NN
,	,
provide	VBP
feedback	NN
to	TO
NACE	NNP
,	,
and	CC
interact	VB
in	IN
real	JJ
time	NN
.	.
You	PRP
agree	VBP
that	IN
NACE	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
control	VB
the	DT
information	NN
available	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
Communities	NNS
section	NN
and	CC
that	IN
opinions	NNS
expressed	VBN
by	IN
contributors	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
those	DT
of	IN
NACE	NNP
.	.
Since	IN
fellow	NN
professionals	NNS
drive	VBP
the	DT
Communities	NNS
section	NN
,	,
NACE	NNP
makes	VBZ
no	DT
warranty	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Communities	NNS
section	NN
will	MD
meet	VB
your	PRP$
requirements	NNS
,	,
or	CC
that	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
uninterrupted	JJ
,	,
timely	JJ
,	,
secure	JJ
,	,
or	CC
error	NN
free	JJ
.	.
Nor	CC
does	VBZ
NACE	VB
make	VB
any	DT
warranty	NN
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
accuracy	NN
or	CC
reliability	NN
of	IN
any	DT
information	NN
obtained	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
Communities	NNS
section	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
may	MD
store	VB
information	NN
you	PRP
provide	VBP
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
registration	NN
process	NN
and	CC
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
aggregate	JJ
statistical	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
members	NNS
to	TO
advertisers	NNS
,	,
potential	JJ
advertisers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
content	JJ
licensors	NNS
.	.
NACE	NNP
also	RB
may	MD
use	VB
such	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
inform	VB
you	PRP
about	IN
other	JJ
publications	NNS
,	,
products	NNS
,	,
and	CC
services	NNS
of	IN
NACE	NNP
,	,
unless	IN
you	PRP
notify	VBP
NACE	NNP
that	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
wish	VB
to	TO
receive	VB
this	DT
information	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
also	RB
may	MD
deliver	VB
additional	JJ
messages	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
service	NN
to	TO
you	PRP
by	IN
e-mail	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
general	JJ
policy	NN
,	,
NACE	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
disclose	VB
to	TO
third	JJ
parties	NNS
any	DT
specific	JJ
personal	JJ
identifying	VBG
information	NN
about	IN
you	PRP
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
your	PRP$
name	NN
,	,
address	NN
,	,
telephone	NN
number	NN
,	,
or	CC
e-mail	NN
address	NN
.	.
Otherwise	RB
,	,
NACE	NNP
will	MD
not	RB
disclose	VB
any	DT
of	IN
your	PRP$
personal	JJ
identifying	VBG
information	NN
to	TO
a	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
without	IN
first	JJ
notifying	VBG
you	PRP
and	CC
giving	VBG
you	PRP
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
elect	VB
not	RB
to	TO
have	VB
your	PRP$
personal	JJ
identifying	VBG
information	NN
disclosed	VBD
.	.
NACE	NNP
will	MD
fully	RB
comply	VB
with	IN
its	PRP$
Privacy	NNP
Policy	NNP
found	VBD
on	IN
NACEWeb	NNP
's	POS
home	NN
page	NN
.	.
Consult	VB
the	DT
Privacy	NNP
Policy	NNP
if	IN
you	PRP
elect	VBP
not	RB
to	TO
have	VB
your	PRP$
information	NN
disclosed	VBN
by	IN
NACE	NNP
to	TO
a	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
asked	VBD
college	NN
career	NN
services	NNS
practitioners	NNS
to	TO
share	VB
information	NN
on	IN
successful	JJ
programs\/processes	NNS
they	PRP
have	VBP
that	DT
serve	VBP
their	PRP$
campus	NN
communities	NNS
or	CC
the	DT
employers	NNS
who	WP
recruit	VBP
at	IN
their	PRP$
schools	NNS
.	.
NACE	NNP
members	NNS
can	MD
read	VB
the	DT
full	JJ
text	NN
of	IN
these	DT
best	JJS
practices	NNS
articles	NNS
on	IN
NACEWeb	NNP
.	.
In	IN
an	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
increase	VB
awareness	NN
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
help	VB
today	NN
's	POS
millennial	JJ
student	NN
better	RBR
understand	VB
career	NN
options	NNS
,	,
Belmont	NNP
University	NNP
developed	VBD
a	DT
program	NN
that	WDT
assists	VBZ
students	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
career	NN
exploration	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
staff	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Nashville	NNP
school	NN
researched	VBD
the	DT
trends	NNS
,	,
values	NNS
,	,
attitudes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
behaviors	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
millennial	JJ
generation	NN
.	.
They	PRP
observed	VBD
the	DT
changes	NNS
in	IN
new	JJ
students	NNS
and	CC
how	WRB
this	DT
generation	NN
is	VBZ
different	JJ
from	IN
previous	JJ
generations	NNS
.	.
``	``
Students	NNS
today	NN
are	VBP
multi-taskers	NNS
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
If	IN
you	PRP
look	VBP
at	IN
their	PRP$
computer	NN
screens	NNS
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
12	CD
different	JJ
windows	NNS
open	JJ
,	,
they	PRP
're	VBP
instant	JJ
messaging	VBG
a	DT
friend	NN
,	,
sending	VBG
an	DT
e-mail	NN
,	,
and	CC
doing	VBG
their	PRP$
homework	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Virginia	NNP
,	,
Elly	NNP
Tucker	NNP
,	,
assistant	JJ
director	NN
of	IN
career	NN
resources	NNS
in	IN
university	NN
career	NN
services	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
UCS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
is	VBZ
working	VBG
to	TO
transfer	VB
alumni	NNS
data	NNS
bases	NNS
,	,
directories	NNS
,	,
job	NN
posting	VBG
subscriptions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
various	JJ
handouts	NNS
from	IN
paper	NN
to	TO
digital	JJ
formats	NNS
.	.
Conversion	NNP
of	IN
files	NNS
presents	VBZ
career	NN
librarians	NNS
with	IN
challenges	NNS
.	.
The	DT
workshop	NN
,	,
held	VBN
during	IN
summer	NN
orientation	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
parents	NNS
explore	VB
ways	NNS
to	TO
start	VB
career	NN
conversations	NNS
with	IN
their	PRP$
sons	NNS
or	CC
daughters	NNS
,	,
and	CC
simultaneously	RB
recognize	VB
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
targeted	JJ
conversations	NNS
.	.
This	DT
theme	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
effective	JJ
in	IN
that	IN
the	DT
conversation	NN
starters	NNS
are	VBP
organized	VBN
around	IN
key	JJ
career-planning	JJ
concepts	NNS
and	CC
not	RB
by	IN
progressions	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
class	NN
years	NNS
,	,
an	DT
innovation	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
elicited	VBN
positive	JJ
feedback	NN
from	IN
parents	NNS
.	.
Smith	NNP
Career	NNP
Center	NNP
at	IN
Bradley	NNP
University	NNP
held	VBD
a	DT
mini	NN
job-seeking	JJ
conference	NN
in	IN
September	NNP
2006	CD
that	WDT
provided	VBD
freshman	NN
through	IN
graduate	NN
students	NNS
with	IN
critical	JJ
career	NN
exploration	NN
and	CC
job-search	JJ
information	NN
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
served	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
primer	NN
one	CD
week	NN
before	IN
the	DT
largest	JJS
career	NN
fair	JJ
on	IN
campus	NN
.	.
The	DT
conference	NN
was	VBD
in	IN
response	NN
to	TO
having	VBG
less	JJR
than	IN
satisfactory	JJ
student	NN
attendance	NN
at	IN
workshops	NNS
the	DT
previous	JJ
year	NN
.	.
After	IN
meeting	VBG
to	TO
address	VB
this	DT
issue	NN
,	,
the	DT
staff	NN
decided	VBD
to	TO
package	VB
workshops	NNS
into	IN
one	CD
main	JJ
event	NN
they	PRP
called	VBD
``	``
The	DT
Big	JJ
Event	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
The	DT
Big	JJ
Event	NN
''	''
was	VBD
marketed	VBN
to	TO
appeal	VB
to	TO
the	DT
student	NN
who	WP
might	MD
not	RB
have	VB
time	NN
to	TO
devote	VB
four	CD
hours	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
center	NN
staff	NN
encouraged	VBD
students	NNS
to	TO
``	``
come	VB
for	IN
the	DT
keynote	NN
and	CC
stay	VB
for	IN
the	DT
entire	JJ
event	NN
,	,
or	CC
come	VB
and	CC
go	VB
as	IN
your	PRP$
schedule	NN
allows	VBZ
.	.
''	''
Thanks	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
combined	VBN
efforts	NNS
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
,	,
communications	NNS
,	,
and	CC
computer	NN
services	NNS
staff	NN
members	NNS
at	IN
Ball	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
,	,
students	NNS
can	MD
now	RB
embark	VB
on	IN
an	DT
online	NN
``	``
Quest	NNP
''	''
to	TO
help	VB
match	VB
majors	NNS
,	,
classes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
careers	NNS
to	TO
students	NNS
'	POS
interests	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Quest	NNP
program	NN
guides	NNS
students	NNS
through	IN
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
questions	NNS
about	IN
their	PRP$
interests	NNS
,	,
and	CC
using	VBG
programming	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
BSU	NNP
's	POS
academic	JJ
offerings	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
Occupational	NNP
Outlook	NNP
Handbook	NNP
,	,
offers	VBZ
students	NNS
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
activities	NNS
and	CC
related	JJ
careers	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
them	PRP
identify	VB
a	DT
potential	JJ
academic	JJ
course	NN
at	IN
BSU	NNP
along	IN
with	IN
a	DT
future	JJ
career	NN
path	NN
.	.
``	``
Generally	RB
,	,
our	PRP$
goal	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
our	PRP$
students	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
thinking	VBG
intentionally	RB
about	IN
their	PRP$
gifts	NNS
,	,
talents	NNS
,	,
skills	NNS
,	,
and	CC
abilities	NNS
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
connect	VB
them	PRP
with	IN
academic	JJ
,	,
vocational	JJ
,	,
and	CC
experiential	JJ
opportunities	NNS
,	,
''	''
explains	VBZ
Robert	NNP
Rostoni	NNP
,	,
director	NN
of	IN
career	NN
development	NN
.	.
Titled	VBN
``	``
A	DT
Faculty	NNP
Roundtable	NNP
:	:
Exploring	VBG
Majors	NNP
in	IN
Math	NNP
and	CC
Science	NNP
,	,
''	''
the	DT
event	NN
attracted	VBD
more	JJR
than	IN
65	CD
students	NNS
looking	VBG
to	TO
find	VB
out	RP
what	WP
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
their	PRP$
math	NN
or	CC
science	NN
degrees	NNS
.	.
The	DT
success	NN
of	IN
this	DT
event	NN
,	,
and	CC
requests	NNS
from	IN
other	JJ
academic	JJ
departments	NNS
,	,
will	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
future	JJ
roundtables	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Fall	NN
semester	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
student	NN
leadership	NN
and	CC
activities	NNS
department	NN
at	IN
Ferris	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
in	IN
Big	NNP
Rapids	NNP
,	,
Michigan	NNP
merged	VBD
two	CD
separate	JJ
conferences	NNS
into	IN
one	CD
event	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
pool	VB
human	JJ
and	CC
financial	JJ
resources	NNS
,	,
result	NN
in	IN
greater	JJR
efficiency	NN
,	,
reduce	VB
costs	NNS
,	,
increase	NN
attendance	NN
,	,
and	CC
offer	VBP
a	DT
more	JJR
comprehensive	JJ
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
new	JJ
conference	NN
includes	VBZ
as	IN
many	JJ
as	IN
four	CD
motivational	JJ
keynote	JJ
speakers	NNS
and	CC
15	CD
breakout	NN
sessions	NNS
on	IN
leadership	NN
and	CC
career	NN
success	NN
topics	NNS
.	.
By	IN
all	DT
accounts	NNS
,	,
the	DT
conference	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
successful	JJ
.	.
After	IN
employer	NN
surveys	NNS
told	VBD
Old	NNP
Dominion	NNP
University	NNP
's	POS
career	NN
management	NN
center	NN
staff	NN
that	WDT
students	NNS
do	VBP
n't	RB
attend	VB
career	NN
fairs	NNS
properly	RB
attired	VBN
,	,
the	DT
school	NN
created	VBD
a	DT
campaign	NN
called	VBN
``	``
Do	VBP
n't	RB
Be	VB
a	DT
Job	NNP
Fair	NNP
Dummy	NNP
.	.
''	''
The	DT
program	NN
,	,
which	WDT
ran	VBD
a	DT
month	NN
before	IN
the	DT
March	NNP
2006	CD
career	NN
fair	JJ
,	,
had	VBD
the	DT
support	NN
from	IN
local	JJ
merchants	NNS
,	,
who	WP
provided	VBD
well	RB
dressed	VBN
mannequins	NNS
,	,
and	CC
employers	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
an	DT
image	NN
coach	NN
sponsored	VBN
by	IN
Target	NNP
Company	NNP
.	.
The	DT
results	NNS
?	.
The	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
came	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
career	NN
fair	JJ
properly	RB
dressed	VBN
,	,
hundreds	NNS
came	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
student	NN
registration	NN
booth	NN
to	TO
compare	VB
themselves	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
dummies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
employers	NNS
were	VBD
well	RB
pleased	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
campaign	NN
's	POS
success	NN
.	.
While	IN
Rutgers	NNP
University	NNP
was	VBD
swept	VBN
up	RP
in	IN
alumnus	NN
Randal	NNP
Pinkett	NNP
's	POS
quest	NN
to	TO
be	VB
``	``
hired	VBN
''	''
on	IN
NBC	NNP
's	POS
``	``
The	DT
Apprentice	NNP
,	,
''	''
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
career	NN
services	NNS
department	NN
launched	VBD
a	DT
reality-based	JJ
web	NN
series	NN
that	WDT
followed	VBD
five	CD
Rutgers	NNP
'	POS
juniors	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
searched	VBD
for	IN
summer	NN
internships	NNS
.	.
``	``
The	DT
Intern	NNP
''	''
chronicled	VBD
the	DT
students	NNS
'	POS
experiences	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
web	NN
site	NN
through	IN
every	DT
phase	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
internship	NN
search	NN
.	.
The	DT
goal	NN
was	VBD
for	IN
other	JJ
students	NNS
to	TO
emulate	VB
the	DT
strategies	NNS
showcased	VBD
on	IN
``	``
The	DT
Intern	NNP
''	''
and	CC
land	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
internships	NNS
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
summer	NN
of	IN
2005	CD
,	,
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
department	NN
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Massachusetts	NNP
in	IN
Lowell	NNP
met	VBD
with	IN
the	DT
dean	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
residence	NN
life	NN
staff	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
having	VBG
each	DT
resident	NN
adviser	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
RA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
student	NN
assistant	JJ
residence	NN
director	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
ARD	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
attend	VBP
an	DT
individual	JJ
meeting	NN
with	IN
a	DT
career	NN
counselor	NN
during	IN
the	DT
fall	NN
semester	NN
.	.
The	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
at	IN
Davidson	NNP
College	NNP
in	IN
North	NNP
Carolina	NNP
is	VBZ
working	VBG
to	TO
assess	VB
student-learning	JJ
outcomes	NNS
and	CC
apply	VB
the	DT
results	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
programming	NN
and	CC
services	NNS
it	PRP
offers	VBZ
.	.
To	TO
accomplish	VB
this	DT
,	,
a	DT
26-question	JJ
survey	NN
was	VBD
developed	VBN
that	DT
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
Taylor	NNP
and	CC
Betz	NNP
's	POS
Career	NNP
Decision-Making	NNP
Self-Efficacy	NNP
Scale	NNP
.	.
The	DT
goal	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
using	VBG
career	NN
services	NNS
over	IN
time	NN
was	VBD
positively	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
self-efficacy	NN
.	.
Data	NNP
has	VBZ
shown	VBN
that	IN
overall	JJ
service	NN
utilization	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
self-efficacy	NN
,	,
but	CC
that	DT
internships	NNS
,	,
individual	JJ
appointments	NNS
,	,
and	CC
workshops	NNS
are	VBP
.	.
Knowing	VBG
where	WRB
WMU	NNP
students	NNS
gain	NN
employment	NN
is	VBZ
important	JJ
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
Career	NNP
and	CC
Student	NNP
Employment	NNP
Services	NNPS
department	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
CSES	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
wanted	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
held	VBN
accountable	JJ
for	IN
facilitating	VBG
learning	NN
and	CC
personal	JJ
development	NN
,	,
not	RB
``	``
placing	VBG
''	''
students	NNS
.	.
To	TO
begin	VB
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
developing	VBG
the	DT
framework	NN
that	WDT
became	VBD
its	PRP$
new	JJ
strategic	JJ
assessment	NN
plan	NN
,	,
CSES	NNP
identified	VBD
what	WP
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
accountable	JJ
for	IN
based	VBN
on	IN
what	WP
it	PRP
wanted	VBD
the	DT
students	NNS
to	TO
learn	VB
,	,
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
do	VB
,	,
and	CC
experience	NN
within	IN
the	DT
framework	NN
of	IN
the	DT
career	NN
development	NN
model	NN
.	.
The	DT
center	NN
uses	VBZ
low	JJ
tech	NN
methods	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
sign	NN
in	IN
sheet	NN
whose	WP$
information	NN
is	VBZ
entered	VBN
into	IN
an	DT
Access	NNP
data	NN
base	NN
to	TO
show	VB
faculty	NN
,	,
administrators	NNS
,	,
potential	JJ
students	NNS
and	CC
parents	NNS
how	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
helping	VBG
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
center	NN
also	RB
gauges	VBZ
satisfaction	NN
and	CC
solicits	VBZ
recommendations	NNS
for	IN
future	JJ
actions	NNS
from	IN
participating	VBG
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
career	NN
center	NN
also	RB
maintains	VBZ
a	DT
first	JJ
destination	NN
data	NNS
base	NN
of	IN
graduates	NNS
.	.
An	DT
early	JJ
start	NN
and	CC
repeated	VBD
follow	VB
up	RP
surveys	NNS
,	,
e-mail	NN
and	CC
phone	NN
calls	NNS
result	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
97	CD
to	TO
99	CD
percent	NN
response	NN
rate	NN
to	TO
the	DT
center	NN
post-graduate	JJ
survey	NN
.	.
Each	DT
student	NN
is	VBZ
assigned	VBN
an	DT
ID	NN
and	CC
a	DT
university	NN
e-mail	NN
account	NN
.	.
The	DT
system	NN
allows	VBZ
career	NN
services	NNS
staff	NN
to	TO
login	VB
a	DT
student	NN
contact	NN
by	IN
either	DT
ID	NNP
or	CC
e-mail	NN
.	.
Once	RB
logged	VBN
in	IN
,	,
staff	NN
can	MD
track	VB
individual	JJ
appointments	NNS
,	,
student	NN
attendance	NN
at	IN
presentations	NNS
,	,
workshops	NNS
,	,
and	CC
events	NNS
,	,
and	CC
use	NN
of	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
service	NN
.	.
Staff	NNP
can	MD
also	RB
track	VB
general	JJ
e-mail	NN
inquiries	NNS
and	CC
even	RB
track	VB
on-campus	JJ
media	NNS
interviews	NNS
and	CC
articles	NNS
in	IN
student	NN
papers	NNS
.	.
Offering	VBG
services	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
organized	VBN
around	IN
academic	JJ
departments	NNS
,	,
and	CC
cataloging	VBG
job	NN
openinings	NNS
and	CC
new	JJ
students	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
fashion	NN
,	,
center	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
able	JJ
to	TO
produce	VB
monthly	JJ
reports	NNS
showing	VBG
statistics	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
each	DT
academic	JJ
department	NN
.	.
``	``
The	DT
idea	NN
was	VBD
good	JJ
,	,
but	CC
despite	IN
a	DT
strong	JJ
marketing	NN
effort	NN
,	,
we	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
attract	VB
as	RB
many	JJ
students	NNS
as	IN
we	PRP
had	VBD
hoped	VBN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Toi	NNP
Tyson	NNP
,	,
an	DT
assistant	JJ
director	NN
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
.	.
``	``
The	DT
students	NNS
who	WP
attended	VBD
loved	VBD
it	PRP
,	,
but	CC
something	NN
was	VBD
missing	VBG
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
realized	VBD
what	WP
we	PRP
needed	VBD
:	:
high-profile	JJ
employers	NNS
.	.
''	''
The	DT
series	NN
included	VBD
eight	CD
,	,
two-hour	JJ
events	NNS
,	,
each	DT
focused	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
specific	JJ
career	NN
field	NN
.	.
After	IN
a	DT
brief	JJ
presentation	NN
on	IN
networking	NN
,	,
a	DT
panel	NN
of	IN
professionals	NNS
offered	VBD
their	PRP$
perspectives	NNS
on	IN
effective	JJ
networking	NN
.	.
Students	NNS
then	RB
put	VBP
what	WP
they	PRP
learned	VBD
into	IN
practice	NN
by	IN
networking	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
panelists	NNS
during	IN
a	DT
hors	NNS
d'oeuvre	RB
and	CC
''	''
mocktail	NN
''	''
reception	NN
.	.
At	IN
a	DT
luncheon	NN
which	WDT
included	VBD
alumni	NNS
,	,
guests	NNS
,	,
student	NN
clubs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
individual	JJ
students	NNS
,	,
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
staff	NN
arranged	VBD
seating	VBG
to	TO
match	VB
alumni	NNS
with	IN
student	NN
clubs	NNS
where	WRB
possible	JJ
.	.
Alumni	NNP
spoke	VBD
about	IN
their	PRP$
careers	NNS
and	CC
how	WRB
networking	NN
has	VBZ
helped	VBN
them	PRP
.	.
All	DT
participants	NNS
recived	VBD
a	DT
handout	NN
with	IN
networking	VBG
tips	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
complementary	JJ
business	NN
card	NN
case	NN
.	.
To	TO
help	VB
counselors	NNS
at	IN
North	NNP
Carolina	NNP
State	NNP
's	POS
career	NN
center	NN
meet	VB
and	CC
connect	VB
with	IN
on-campus	JJ
recruiters	NNS
,	,
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
built	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
15-minute	JJ
morning	NN
break	NN
into	IN
its	PRP$
interview	NN
schedules	NNS
.	.
Recruiters	NNS
are	VBP
invited	VBN
for	IN
refreshments	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
center	NN
's	POS
counselors	NNS
.	.
Keuka	NNP
College	NNP
in	IN
Keuka	NNP
,	,
New	NNP
York	NNP
,	,
has	VBZ
embraced	VBN
experiential	JJ
learning	NN
by	IN
adding	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
curriculum	NN
.	.
Requiring	VBG
that	DT
tudents	NNS
complete	VB
a	DT
minimum	JJ
140	CD
yours	NNS
of	IN
field	NN
experience	NN
,	,
Keuka	NNP
ensures	VBZ
that	IN
its	PRP$
students	NNS
have	VBP
what	WP
it	PRP
takes	VBZ
to	TO
go	VB
from	IN
the	DT
classroom	NN
to	TO
real	JJ
life	NN
.	.
The	DT
school	NN
's	POS
Center	NNP
for	IN
Experiential	NNP
Learning	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CEL	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
houses	NNS
six	CD
separate	JJ
programs	NNS
which	WDT
promote	VBP
experiential	JJ
learning	NN
,	,
and	CC
provides	VBZ
one-stop	JJ
shopping	NN
for	IN
employers	NNS
,	,
alumni	NNS
,	,
community	NN
members	NNS
,	,
and	CC
students	NNS
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
hope	VBP
more	JJR
families	NNS
will	MD
read	VB
the	DT
information	NN
,	,
become	VB
more	RBR
educated	VBN
in	IN
talking	VBG
with	IN
their	PRP$
student	NN
on	IN
career-related	JJ
matters	NNS
,	,
and	CC
advise	VB
their	PRP$
students	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
our	PRP$
services	NNS
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
career	NN
counselor	NN
Jodi	NNP
Schneiderman	NNP
.	.
Getting	VBG
First	LS
-	:
and	CC
Second-Year	NNP
Students	NNS
Involved	VBN
in	IN
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
Reaching	VBG
first	JJ
-	:
and	CC
second-year	JJ
students	NNS
is	VBZ
a	DT
challenge	NN
for	IN
most	JJS
career	NN
centers	NNS
.	.
How	WRB
do	VBP
you	PRP
get	VB
these	DT
students	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
job-search	JJ
process	NN
?	.
The	DT
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
office	NN
recruits	NNS
volunteers	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
campus	NN
newspaper	NN
,	,
the	DT
center	NN
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
and	CC
through	IN
word-of-mouth	NN
.	.
Staff	NNP
members	NNS
interview	NN
students	NNS
interesting	JJ
in	IN
participating	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
task	NN
force	NN
to	TO
find	VB
out	RP
their	PRP$
interest	NN
in	IN
participating	VBG
.	.
Of	IN
particular	JJ
interest	NN
are	VBP
marketing	NN
and	CC
communications	NNS
majors	NNS
,	,
who	WP
benefit	VBP
from	IN
participating	VBG
by	IN
adding	VBG
career	NN
related	VBN
activities	NNS
to	TO
their	PRP$
resumes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
task	NN
force	NN
of	IN
15	CD
student	NN
volunteers	NNS
works	VBZ
with	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
staff	NN
on	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
projects	NNS
,	,
randing	VBG
from	IN
distributing	VBG
flyers	NNS
and	CC
working	VBG
promotional	JJ
tables	NNS
to	TO
planning	VBG
a	DT
marketing	NN
blitz	NN
for	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
mock	JJ
interview	NN
service	NN
and	CC
conducting	VBG
a	DT
campus-wide	JJ
marketing	NN
survey	NN
.	.
Stanford	NNP
University	NNP
's	POS
career	NN
center	NN
offers	VBZ
food	NN
,	,
games	NNS
,	,
prizes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
raffle	NN
to	TO
students	NNS
attending	VBG
their	PRP$
``	``
Frosh	NNP
Open	NNP
House	NNP
''	''
in	IN
an	DT
evening	NN
event	NN
developed	VBN
in	IN
2003	CD
to	TO
attract	VB
students	NNS
early	RB
in	IN
their	PRP$
academic	JJ
career	NN
.	.
Students	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
introduced	VBN
to	TO
career	NN
information	NN
along	IN
with	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
services	NNS
offered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
career	NN
development	NN
center	NN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
office	NN
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
at	IN
Buffalo	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
UB	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
began	VBD
its	PRP$
strategic	JJ
planning	NN
process	NN
in	IN
2000	CD
,	,
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
goals	NNS
was	VBD
to	TO
increase	VB
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
using	VBG
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
.	.
The	DT
success	NN
and	CC
populary	NN
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
has	VBZ
prompted	VBN
Millikin	NNP
to	TO
continue	VB
the	DT
practice	NN
into	IN
the	DT
Fall	NN
semester	NN
,	,
when	WRB
the	DT
new	JJ
kit	NN
will	MD
also	RB
include	VB
leather	NN
business	NN
card	NN
holders	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
Millikin	NNP
University	NNP
logo	NN
.	.
Through	IN
this	DT
program	NN
,	,
students	NNS
establish	VB
a	DT
community	NN
leadership	NN
mentoring	VBG
relationship	NN
,	,
cultivate	VB
community	NN
leadership	NN
skills	NNS
,	,
build	VBP
career-networking	JJ
opportunities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
learn	VB
more	JJR
about	IN
`	``
service	NN
above	IN
self	NN
.	.
'	''
It	PRP
also	RB
serves	VBZ
as	IN
an	DT
extension	NN
of	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
mission	NN
to	TO
connect	VB
students	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
real	JJ
world	NN
of	IN
work	NN
.	.
The	DT
P.L.A.N.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Promoting	NNP
,	,
Learning	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Networking	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
program	NN
combines	NNS
mentoring	VBG
,	,
job	NN
shadoing	NN
,	,
and	CC
alumni	NNS
networking	VBG
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
unique	JJ
experience	NN
that	WDT
benefits	VBZ
the	DT
500	CD
student	NN
and	CC
professional	JJ
representatives	NNS
that	WDT
participate	VBP
each	DT
year	NN
.	.
A	DT
student-run	JJ
initiative	NN
,	,
the	DT
P.L.A.N.	NNP
committee	NN
reviews	VBZ
student	NN
applications	NNS
and	CC
uses	VBZ
career	NN
center	NN
and	CC
alumni	NNS
contacts	NNS
to	TO
identify	VB
potential	JJ
hosts	NNS
or	CC
mentors	NNS
.	.
Following	VBG
several	JJ
development	NN
workshops	NNS
,	,
students	NNS
meet	VBP
with	IN
mentors	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
dinner	NN
,	,
then	RB
schedule	VB
a	DT
``	``
job	NN
shadow	NN
day	NN
''	''
with	IN
their	PRP$
mentor	NN
.	.
Of	IN
the	DT
more	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
million	CD
students	NNS
who	WP
enter	VBP
four-year	JJ
colleges	NNS
and	CC
universities	NNS
each	DT
year	NN
,	,
fewer	JJR
than	IN
40	CD
percent	NN
will	MD
earn	VB
their	PRP$
degree	NN
in	IN
four	CD
years	NNS
,	,
and	CC
slightly	RB
fewer	JJR
than	IN
60	CD
percent	NN
will	MD
do	VB
so	RB
in	IN
six	CD
years	NNS
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
2002	CD
report	NN
issued	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Center	NNP
for	IN
Education	NNP
Statistics	NNPS
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
see	VBP
us	PRP
as	IN
the	DT
final	JJ
phase	NN
of	IN
the	DT
initial	JJ
handshake	NN
we	PRP
make	VBP
with	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
parents	NNS
,	,
''	''
Gaw	NNP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
make	VBP
a	DT
deal	NN
with	IN
them	PRP
,	,
although	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
explicit	JJ
,	,
that	IN
when	WRB
a	DT
student	NN
gets	VBZ
an	DT
education	NN
from	IN
an	DT
institution	NN
,	,
we	PRP
're	VBP
there	RB
to	TO
help	VB
them	PRP
get	VB
into	IN
graduate	JJ
school	NN
,	,
professional	JJ
school	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
work	NN
position	NN
.	.
If	IN
your	PRP$
college	NN
career	NN
center	NN
is	VBZ
relying	VBG
on	IN
employers	NNS
only	RB
to	TO
do	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
old	JJ
resume	VB
writing	VBG
,	,
dress	NN
for	IN
success	NN
,	,
or	CC
interviewing	VBG
workshops	NNS
,	,
your	PRP$
students	NNS
are	VBP
missing	VBG
out	RP
,	,
says	VBZ
Marcia	NNP
Robinson	NNP
,	,
associate	JJ
director	NN
of	IN
corporate	JJ
relations	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Center	NNP
for	IN
Student	NNP
Professional	NNP
Development	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CSPD	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
at	IN
Temple	NNP
University	NNP
's	POS
Fox	NNP
School	NNP
of	IN
Business	NNP
and	CC
Management	NNP
.	.
``	``
Many	JJ
career	NN
center	NN
staff	NN
members	NNS
have	VBP
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
experience	NN
working	VBG
in	IN
career	NN
centers	NNS
and	CC
do	VB
a	DT
great	JJ
job	NN
keeping	VBG
up	RP
with	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
happening	VBG
in	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
professions	NNS
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
necessarily	RB
what	WP
is	VBZ
happening	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
industries	NNS
they	PRP
are	VBP
advising	VBG
their	PRP$
students	NNS
about	RB
,	,
''	''
Robinson	NNP
explains	VBZ
.	.
''	''
`	``
Efficient	JJ
'	''
and	CC
`	``
effective	JJ
,	,
'	''
or	CC
more	RBR
clearly	RB
stated	VBN
,	,
becoming	VBG
more	RBR
efficient	JJ
and	CC
effective	JJ
in	IN
design	NN
,	,
development	NN
,	,
and	CC
delivery	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
,	,
''	''
according	VBG
to	TO
Jeff	NNP
Nardo	NNP
,	,
career	NN
services	NNS
coordinator	NN
at	IN
Coastal	NNP
Carolina	NNP
Community	NNP
College	NNP
.	.
Volunteers	NNS
and	CC
alumni	NNS
are	VBP
enlisted	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
this	DT
small	JJ
career	NN
center	NN
give	VBP
a	DT
big	JJ
impression	NN
across	IN
campus	NN
.	.
With	IN
help	NN
,	,
two	CD
full	JJ
time	NN
staff	NN
members	NNS
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
offer	VB
up	RP
to	TO
50	CD
career-related	JJ
programs	NNS
a	DT
year	NN
.	.
Enlisting	VBG
student	NN
workers	NNS
,	,
staff	NN
at	IN
Viterboro	NNP
held	VBD
a	DT
beanbag	NN
toss	VBP
to	TO
market	VB
upcoming	JJ
events	NNS
.	.
Passing	VBG
students	NNS
all	DT
had	VBD
a	DT
chance	NN
to	TO
``	``
toss	VB
it	PRP
in	IN
''	''
and	CC
a	DT
drawing	NN
was	VBD
held	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
who	WP
got	VBD
the	DT
beanbag	NN
in	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
holes	NNS
.	.
Working	VBG
closely	RB
with	IN
faculty	NN
has	VBZ
helped	VBN
this	DT
two-person	JJ
career	NN
center	NN
find	VB
a	DT
place	NN
on	IN
campus	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
counselors	NNS
help	VBP
out	RP
by	IN
holding	VBG
career-related	JJ
presentations	NNS
when	WRB
a	DT
class	NN
would	MD
otherwise	RB
be	VB
canceled	VBN
.	.
To	TO
teach	VB
students	NNS
professional	JJ
behavior	NN
in	IN
social	JJ
settings	NNS
,	,
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
at	IN
Tennessee	NNP
Technological	NNP
University	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
TTU	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
has	VBZ
gone	VBN
mobile	JJ
.	.
The	DT
center	NN
's	POS
``	``
Etiquette	NN
on	IN
Wheels	NNP
''	''
program	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
innovative	JJ
student	NN
workshop	NN
designed	VBN
to	TO
bring	VB
basic	JJ
etiquette	NN
training	NN
into	IN
the	DT
classroom	NN
.	.
TTU	NNP
career	NN
services	NNS
uses	VBZ
`	``
on-wheels	JJ
'	''
in	IN
the	DT
title	NN
because	IN
dishes	NNS
,	,
drinks	NNS
and	CC
ice	NN
,	,
and	CC
chips	NNS
and	CC
dip	NN
,	,
are	VBP
brought	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
classroom	NN
in	IN
a	DT
rolling	VBG
cooler	JJR
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
provides	VBZ
student	NN
interaction	NN
with	IN
demonstrations	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
double-dipping	NN
and	CC
cold	JJ
,	,
wet	JJ
handshakes	NNS
.	.
Students	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
St.	NNP
Thomas	NNP
in	IN
St.	NNP
Paul	NNP
,	,
Minnesota	NNP
,	,
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
attend	VB
an	DT
orientation	NN
session	NN
before	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
apply	VB
for	IN
on-campus	JJ
interviews	NNS
.	.
One	CD
issue	NN
with	IN
this	DT
requirement	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
many	JJ
students	NNS
'	POS
schedules	NNS
do	VBP
n't	RB
permit	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
attend	VB
a	DT
session	NN
because	IN
of	IN
academic	JJ
,	,
job	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
commitments	NNS
.	.
To	TO
overcome	VB
the	DT
dilemma	NN
,	,
the	DT
Career	NNP
Development	NNP
Center	NNP
reworked	VBD
the	DT
information	NN
it	PRP
offers	VBZ
during	IN
its	PRP$
standard	JJ
orientation	NN
session	NN
into	IN
a	DT
quiz	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
online	NN
.	.
The	DT
offering	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
effective	JJ
.	.
Of	IN
all	DT
students	NNS
fulfilling	VBG
the	DT
orientation	NN
requirement	NN
,	,
40	CD
percent	NN
do	VBP
so	RB
online	JJ
and	CC
get	VB
interviews	NNS
at	IN
almost	RB
the	DT
same	JJ
rate	NN
as	IN
those	DT
who	WP
attend	VBP
live	JJ
sessions	NNS
.	.
Employer	NN
feedback	NN
to	TO
Lakeshore	NNP
Technical	NNP
College	NNP
's	POS
student	NN
employment	NN
office	NN
told	VBD
them	PRP
that	IN
students	NNS
technical	JJ
skills	NNS
were	VBD
exception	NN
,	,
but	CC
their	PRP$
``	``
soft	JJ
skills	NNS
''	''
needed	VBN
some	DT
work	NN
.	.
To	TO
address	VB
this	DT
,	,
the	DT
``	``
Job	NNP
Seekers	NNPS
'	POS
Boot	NNP
Camp	NNP
''	''
was	VBD
developed	VBN
.	.
Staff	NNP
encouraged	VBD
students	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
their	PRP$
30-45	CD
second	JJ
commercial	JJ
to	TO
describe	VB
their	PRP$
interests	NNS
,	,
values	NNS
,	,
personalities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
skills	NNS
.	.
Employers	NNS
were	VBD
asked	VBN
to	TO
speak	VB
about	IN
thw	NN
works	NNS
of	IN
work	NN
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
industry	NN
and	CC
job	NN
function	NN
.	.
The	DT
career	NN
center	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
only	RB
require	VB
that	IN
students	NNS
be	VB
involved	VBN
in	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
one	CD
professional	JJ
association	NN
,	,
they	PRP
'll	MD
pay	VB
the	DT
bill	NN
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
The	DT
networking	VBG
opportunities	NNS
,	,
opportunities	NNS
to	TO
develop	VB
professional	JJ
speaking	NN
,	,
and	CC
potential	JJ
to	TO
build	VB
long-term	JJ
relationships	NNS
and	CC
contacts	NNS
are	VBP
only	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
reason	NN
why	WRB
student	NN
participation	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
.	.
Aspinwall	NNP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
Students	NNS
actively	RB
involved	VBN
can	MD
learn	VB
about	IN
trends	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
industry	NN
,	,
relate	VB
this	DT
to	TO
their	PRP$
current	JJ
classwork	NN
,	,
and\/or	CC
apply	VB
it	PRP
in	IN
their	PRP$
internship	NN
or	CC
future	JJ
job	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
very	RB
attractive	JJ
to	TO
employers	NNS
.	.
''	''
Professional	NNP
Development	NNP
Institute	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
PDI	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
an	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
address	VB
three	CD
core	JJ
needs	NNS
:	:
consistency	NN
in	IN
program	NN
development	NN
,	,
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
help	VB
student	NN
develop	VB
skills	NNS
necessary	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
leadership	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
career	NN
planning	NN
,	,
and	CC
ways	NNS
to	TO
collect	VB
important	JJ
data	NNS
for	IN
assessment	NN
of	IN
student	NN
learning	NN
.	.
Participation	NN
is	VBZ
open	JJ
to	TO
all	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Arkansas	NNP
students	NNS
,	,
although	IN
it	PRP
requires	VBZ
a	DT
true	JJ
commitment	NN
to	TO
training	NN
,	,
development	NN
,	,
and	CC
individual	JJ
career	NN
coaching	NN
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
includes	VBZ
assistance	NN
with	IN
resumes	NNS
,	,
cover	VBP
letters	NNS
,	,
interviews	NNS
and	CC
etiquette	NN
,	,
core	NN
training	NN
seminars	NNS
,	,
personal	JJ
branding	NN
,	,
co-curricular	JJ
``	``
credits	NNS
''	''
earned	VBN
through	IN
an	DT
experiential	JJ
education	NN
program	NN
,	,
the	DT
assignment	NN
of	IN
an	DT
individual	JJ
carer	NN
coach	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
programs	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
U	NNP
of	IN
A	DT
students	NNS
develop	VBP
the	DT
professional	JJ
edge	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
need	VB
in	IN
the	DT
competitive	JJ
job	NN
market	NN
.	.
East	NNP
Carolina	NNP
University	NNP
's	POS
career	NN
center	NN
enlisted	VBD
the	DT
local	JJ
Kiwanis	NNP
Club	NNP
to	TO
help	VB
expand	VB
their	PRP$
mock	JJ
interview	NN
offerings	NNS
.	.
The	DT
H.I.R.E.D.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Helping	NNP
Individuals	NNS
Reach	VBP
Employment	NNP
Destinations	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
program	NN
was	VBD
developed	VBN
,	,
using	VBG
the	DT
help	NN
of	IN
retired	JJ
professionals	NNS
to	TO
conduct	VB
mock	JJ
interviews	NNS
with	IN
students	NNS
.	.
Setting	VBG
up	RP
mock	JJ
interviews	NNS
with	IN
real	JJ
companies	NNS
and	CC
job	NN
titles	NNS
has	VBZ
helped	VBN
make	VB
the	DT
process	NN
more	RBR
meaningful	JJ
.	.
The	DT
experience	NN
of	IN
interviewing	VBG
with	IN
seasoned	JJ
professionals	NNS
,	,
have	VBP
helped	VBN
students	NNS
prepare	VBP
for	IN
their	PRP$
real	JJ
interviews	NNS
.	.
Sixty-five	JJ
students	NNS
received	VBD
a	DT
short	JJ
review	NN
of	IN
interview	NN
tips	NNS
and	CC
were	VBD
then	RB
matched	VBN
with	IN
volunteer	NN
employers	NNS
who	WP
held	VBD
10-minute	JJ
interviews	NNS
followed	VBN
by	IN
feedback	NN
from	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
and	CC
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
peers	NNS
.	.
To	TO
receive	VB
the	DT
transcript	NN
notation	NN
,	,
students	NNS
must	MD
complete	VB
a	DT
learning	NN
agreement	NN
plan	NN
,	,
work	VBP
a	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
240	CD
hours	NNS
within	IN
their	PRP$
field	NN
of	IN
study	NN
,	,
be	VB
evaluated	VBN
,	,
evaluate	VB
their	PRP$
experience	NN
,	,
be	VB
visited	VBN
at	IN
their	PRP$
work	NN
site	NN
,	,
and	CC
make	VB
a	DT
``	``
presentation	NN
''	''
about	IN
their	PRP$
experience	NN
.	.
Presentations	NNS
which	WDT
used	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
made	VBN
to	TO
faculty	NN
members	NNS
are	VBP
now	RB
made	VBN
to	TO
new	JJ
students	NNS
enrolled	VBN
in	IN
Juniata	NNP
's	POS
-LRB-	-LRB-
required	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
orientation	NN
course	NN
.	.
Interns	NNS
get	VBP
to	TO
sharpen	VB
their	PRP$
presentation	NN
skills	NNS
,	,
and	CC
new	JJ
students	NNS
have	VBP
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
get	VB
a	DT
fresh	JJ
perspective	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
fields	NNS
from	IN
fellow	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
researched	VBD
web	NN
sites	NNS
for	IN
tutorials	NNS
,	,
but	CC
did	VBD
n't	RB
find	VB
any	DT
that	WDT
addressed	VBD
creating	VBG
resumes	NNS
for	IN
entry-level	JJ
professional	JJ
applicants	NNS
.	.
The	DT
department	NN
worked	VBD
with	IN
LSU	NNP
Computing	NNP
Services	NNPS
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
year	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
the	DT
online	NN
,	,
step-by-step	JJ
tutorial	NN
and	CC
resume	VB
builder	NN
.	.
While	IN
some	DT
student	NN
balked	VBD
at	IN
a	DT
``	``
cookie-cutter	JJ
approach	NN
''	''
to	TO
resume	VB
writing	VBG
,	,
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
staff	NN
showed	VBD
users	NNS
how	WRB
to	TO
be	VB
creative	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
resume	VB
template	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
it	PRP
's	VBZ
beneficial	JJ
for	IN
them	PRP
to	TO
use	VB
it	PRP
.	.
NACE	NNP
asked	VBD
college	NN
career	NN
services	NNS
practitioners	NNS
at	IN
schools	NNS
that	WDT
participate	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
Salary	NNP
Survey	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
employers	NNS
who	WP
they	PRP
felt	VBD
best	JJS
performed	VBN
certain	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
recruiting	NN
process	NN
.	.
The	DT
following	JJ
companies	NNS
were	VBD
named	VBN
.	.
NACE	NNP
members	NNS
can	MD
read	VB
the	DT
full	JJ
text	NN
of	IN
these	DT
best	JJS
practices	NNS
articles	NNS
on	IN
NACEWeb	NNP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
not	RB
a	DT
member	NN
,	,
but	CC
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
read	VB
these	DT
and	CC
other	JJ
important	JJ
articles	NNS
on	IN
NACEWeb	NNP
,	,
click	VBP
here	RB
.	.
Blogging	NNP
,	,
the	DT
latest	JJS
Internet	NNP
phenomenon	NN
,	,
can	MD
be	VB
an	DT
effective	JJ
recruitment	NN
tool	NN
for	IN
employers	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
over	IN
3,500	CD
employee	NN
blogs	NNS
online	VBP
at	IN
Microsoft	NNP
,	,
and	CC
according	VBG
to	TO
Gretchen	NNP
Ledgard	NNP
,	,
marketing	NN
manager	NN
of	IN
staffing	NN
,	,
these	DT
blogs	NNS
assist	VBP
recruiting	VBG
efforts	NNS
by	IN
putting	VBG
a	DT
human	JJ
face	NN
on	IN
the	DT
company	NN
,	,
conveying	VBG
a	DT
passion	NN
for	IN
Microsoft	NNP
,	,
and	CC
empowering	VBG
employees	NNS
.	.
Developing	VBG
these	DT
presentations	NNS
is	VBZ
labor-intensive	JJ
,	,
as	IN
NVR	NNP
tries	VBZ
to	TO
tie	VB
in	IN
all	DT
aspects	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
presentation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
company	NN
's	POS
corporate	JJ
employment	NN
brand	NN
.	.
Providing	VBG
anecdotal	JJ
stories	NNS
reinforces	VBZ
the	DT
corporate	JJ
brand	NN
and	CC
provides	VBZ
professional	JJ
development	NN
to	TO
students	NNS
.	.
For	IN
Plasticpak	NNP
Packaging	NN
of	IN
Garland	NNP
,	,
Texas	NNP
,	,
branding	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
manufacturing	NN
facility	NN
to	TO
college	NN
students	NNS
is	VBZ
as	RB
important	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
branding	NN
done	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
products	NNS
the	DT
the	DT
plastics	NNS
manufacturer	NN
produces	VBZ
bottles	NNS
for	IN
:	:
Dr.	NNP
Pepper	NNP
,	,
Pepsi	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Gatorade	NNP
.	.
United	NNP
Technologies	NNPS
Corporation	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
UTC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
hired	VBD
its	PRP$
first	JJ
INROADS	NNP
intern	NN
in	IN
1984	CD
.	.
This	DT
initial	JJ
focus	NN
on	IN
diversity	NN
representation	NN
and	CC
the	DT
relationship	NN
with	IN
INROADS	NNS
brought	VBD
a	DT
new	JJ
focus	NN
on	IN
promoting	VBG
education	NN
within	IN
the	DT
company	NN
which	WDT
led	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
employee	NN
scholar	NN
program	NN
,	,
providing	VBG
tuition	NN
and	CC
textbood	NN
costs	NNS
,	,
time	NN
off	RP
during	IN
the	DT
week	NN
to	TO
study	VB
,	,
and	CC
stock	NN
awards	NNS
to	TO
employees	NNS
graduating	VBG
through	IN
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
Through	IN
their	PRP$
employees	NNS
,	,
UTC	NNP
came	VBD
to	TO
recognize	VB
the	DT
value	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
involved	VBN
with	IN
professional	JJ
organizations	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
development	NN
tool	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
current	JJ
employees	NNS
,	,
as	IN
an	DT
aid	NN
in	IN
recruitment	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
employees	NNS
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
assist	VB
in	IN
the	DT
retention	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
new	JJ
recruits	NNS
.	.
Close	JJ
relationships	NNS
with	IN
professional	JJ
organizations	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
INROADS	NNS
,	,
the	DT
National	NNP
Society	NNP
of	IN
Black	NNP
Engineers	NNPS
,	,
the	DT
Society	NNP
of	IN
Hispanic	NNP
Professional	NNP
Engineers	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Society	NNP
of	IN
Women	NNP
Engineers	NNPS
,	,
the	DT
National	NNP
Society	NNP
of	IN
Hispanic	NNP
M.B.A.	NNP
s	VBZ
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Natonal	NNP
Black	NNP
M.B.A.	NNP
Programs	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
STARS	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
Logan	NNP
Associates	NNPS
Program	NNP
provide	VB
a	DT
means	NN
for	IN
the	DT
company	NN
to	TO
hire	VB
qualified	JJ
diverse	JJ
entry-level	JJ
employees	NNS
,	,
and	CC
allows	VBZ
interns	NNS
and	CC
new	JJ
hires	NNS
to	TO
work	VB
in	IN
all	DT
business	NN
units	NNS
across	IN
Time	NNP
Warner	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
includes	VBZ
Time	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
She	PRP
then	RB
explains	VBZ
that	IN
L-3	NN
wants	VBZ
to	TO
bring	VB
the	DT
co-op	NN
back	RB
either	RB
full-time	JJ
after	IN
graduation	NN
or	CC
to	TO
take	VB
another	DT
assignment	NN
,	,
and	CC
asks	VBZ
the	DT
employees	NNS
to	TO
keep	VB
in	IN
touch	NN
with	IN
the	DT
student	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
academic	JJ
year	NN
.	.
Sales	NNS
and	CC
management	NN
internships	NNS
at	IN
Mattress	NNP
Firm	NN
allow	VBP
students	NNS
to	TO
gain	VB
real-world	JJ
sales	NNS
and	CC
management	NN
experience	NN
while	IN
working	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
professional	JJ
business	NN
environment	NN
.	.
Interns	NNS
develop	VBP
skills	NNS
in	IN
direct	JJ
consumer	NN
sales	NNS
,	,
internal	JJ
and	CC
external	JJ
marketing	NN
strategies	NNS
,	,
advertising	NN
strategies	NNS
,	,
vendor	NN
relations	NNS
,	,
merchandising	NN
,	,
customer	NN
service	NN
,	,
basic	JJ
accounting	NN
,	,
and	CC
business	NN
management	NN
.	.
Interns	NNS
are	VBP
rewarded	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
different	JJ
ways	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
paid	VBN
a	DT
base	NN
salary	NN
bi-monthly	JJ
and	CC
then	RB
have	VBP
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
earn	VB
commission	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
their	PRP$
performance	NN
on	IN
the	DT
sales	NNS
floor	NN
.	.
Housing	NN
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
for	IN
out-of-state	JJ
interns	NNS
.	.
The	DT
company	NN
has	VBZ
found	VBN
that	IN
``	``
Intern	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Year	NN
''	''
students	NNS
serve	VBP
as	IN
an	DT
incredible	JJ
resource	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
recruiting	NN
efforts	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
year	NN
following	VBG
their	PRP$
award	NN
,	,
and	CC
have	VBP
been	VBN
responsible	JJ
for	IN
recruiting	NN
and	CC
referring	VBG
new	JJ
students	NNS
for	IN
both	DT
intern	NN
and	CC
full-time	JJ
positions	NNS
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
conclusion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internships	NNS
,	,
Weyerhaeuser	NNP
interns	NNS
give	VBP
a	DT
short	JJ
presentation	NN
about	IN
the	DT
key	JJ
things	NNS
they	PRP
learned	VBD
to	TO
an	DT
audience	NN
of	IN
the	DT
company	NN
's	POS
IT	PRP
senior	JJ
leaders	NNS
,	,
IT	PRP
managers	NNS
,	,
team	NN
members	NNS
,	,
mentors	NNS
,	,
supervisors	NNS
,	,
and	CC
former	JJ
interns	NNS
.	.
Visitors	NNS
from	IN
colleges	NNS
and	CC
universities	NNS
often	RB
attend	VBP
the	DT
intern	NN
presentations	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
Presentations	NNS
do	VBP
n't	RB
just	RB
focus	VB
on	IN
the	DT
interns	NNS
'	POS
work	NN
assignments	NNS
,	,
but	CC
on	IN
the	DT
value	NN
they	PRP
got	VBD
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
internship	NN
and	CC
what	WP
they	PRP
learned	VBD
through	IN
their	PRP$
experiences	NNS
.	.
The	DT
interns	NNS
often	RB
have	VBP
some	DT
very	RB
inspirational	JJ
things	NNS
to	TO
share	VB
,	,
and	CC
visitors	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
colleges	NNS
and	CC
universities	NNS
give	VBP
very	RB
positive	JJ
feedback	NN
about	IN
seeing	VBG
what	WP
a	DT
tremendous	JJ
experience	NN
the	DT
interns	NNS
have	VBP
at	IN
Weyerhaeuser	NNP
.	.
A	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
effort	NN
is	VBZ
spent	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
universities	NNS
on	IN
training	NN
and	CC
getting	VBG
to	TO
know	VB
engineers	NNS
before	IN
hiring	VBG
for	IN
full-time	JJ
work	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
recruiter	NN
training	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
foundation	NN
for	IN
achieving	VBG
and	CC
maintaining	VBG
a	DT
high	JJ
retention	NN
rate	NN
for	IN
CRMD	NNP
.	.
Becton	NNP
Dickinson	NNP
,	,
a	DT
manufacturer	NN
of	IN
medical	JJ
and	CC
diagnostic	JJ
healthcare	NN
products	NNS
and	CC
instruments	NNS
,	,
invests	VBZ
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
time	NN
and	CC
resources	NNS
in	IN
its	PRP$
internship	NN
program	NN
,	,
with	IN
a	DT
goal	NN
toward	IN
converting	VBG
its	PRP$
interns	NNS
to	TO
full-time	JJ
hires	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
past	NN
the	DT
program	NN
was	VBD
n't	RB
as	IN
efficient	JJ
because	IN
hiring	VBG
managers	NNS
did	VBD
n't	RB
formally	RB
indicate	VBP
intern-hiring	JJ
needs	NNS
.	.
Now	RB
,	,
if	IN
hiring	VBG
managers	NNS
request	NN
interns	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
must	MD
have	VB
the	DT
head	NN
count	NN
budgeted	VBN
for	IN
their	PRP$
department	NN
.	.
KCI	NNP
,	,
a	DT
San	NNP
Antonio-based	JJ
corporation	NN
that	WDT
develops	VBZ
and	CC
markets	VBZ
therapeutic	JJ
systems	NNS
,	,
has	VBZ
developed	VBN
a	DT
ten	CD
week	NN
summer	NN
internship	NN
program	NN
with	IN
a	DT
unique	JJ
4	CD
+1	CD
format	NN
that	WDT
blends	VBZ
hands-on	JJ
experience	NN
with	IN
professional	JJ
development	NN
.	.
Spending	VBG
four	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
work	NN
week	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
assigned	VBN
department	NN
and	CC
one	CD
day	NN
in	IN
professional	JJ
development	NN
sessions	NNS
allows	VBZ
KCI	NNP
's	POS
interns	NNS
to	TO
experience	VB
the	DT
real	JJ
work	NN
environment	NN
while	IN
enhancing	VBG
and	CC
developing	VBG
their	PRP$
communication	NN
and	CC
problem-solving	JJ
skills	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
structured	JJ
format	NN
.	.
Lyondell	NNP
Chemical	NNP
,	,
a	DT
manufacturer	NN
of	IN
chemicals	NNS
and	CC
polymers	NNS
,	,
has	VBZ
a	DT
seventy-five	JJ
percent	NN
retention	NN
rate	NN
for	IN
new	JJ
hires	NNS
after	IN
five	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
service	NN
.	.
And	CC
the	DT
chances	NNS
are	VBP
excellent	JJ
that	IN
those	DT
new	JJ
hires	NNS
actually	RB
started	VBD
through	IN
a	DT
co-op	NN
or	CC
internship	NN
program	NN
.	.
Last	JJ
year	NN
,	,
Lyondell	NNP
met	VBD
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
company	NN
's	POS
full	JJ
time	NN
entry-level	JJ
hiring	VBG
needs	NNS
through	IN
their	PRP$
experiential	JJ
ed	JJ
programs	NNS
.	.
General	NNP
Growth	NNP
Properties	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
GGP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
a	DT
Chicago-based	JJ
real	JJ
estate	NN
investment	NN
trust	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
the	DT
country	NN
's	POS
second-largest	JJ
shopping	NN
center	NN
owner	NN
,	,
provides	VBZ
internships	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
shopping	NN
center	NN
management	NN
industry	NN
.	.
City	NNP
,	,
markets	VBZ
its	PRP$
internship	NN
program	NN
to	TO
17	CD
colleges	NNS
and	CC
universities	NNS
and	CC
hires	VBZ
between	IN
100	CD
and	CC
150	CD
interns	NNS
each	DT
year	NN
.	.
Tom	NNP
Moore	NNP
,	,
regional	JJ
recruiting	NN
manager	NN
,	,
notes	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
acceptance	NN
rate	NN
of	IN
full-time	JJ
offers	NNS
by	IN
interns	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
midwest	JJS
region	NN
last	JJ
year	NN
was	VBD
100	CD
percent	NN
.	.
How	WRB
did	VBD
the	DT
region	NN
achieve	VB
a	DT
perfect	JJ
conversion	NN
rate	NN
?	.
Nationwide	NNP
,	,
an	DT
insurance	NN
and	CC
financial	JJ
services	NNS
company	NN
headquartered	VBN
in	IN
Columbus	NNP
,	,
Ohio	NNP
,	,
offers	VBZ
internships	NNS
to	TO
between	IN
100	CD
and	CC
250	CD
college	NN
students	NNS
each	DT
year	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
Nationwide	NNP
's	POS
internships	NNS
are	VBP
offered	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
summer	NN
and	CC
last	JJ
from	IN
10	CD
to	TO
12	CD
weeks	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
offers	VBZ
some	DT
part-time	JJ
internships	NNS
for	IN
local	JJ
students	NNS
available	JJ
throughout	IN
the	DT
school	NN
year	NN
.	.
Make	VB
the	DT
co-op	NN
a	DT
meaningful	JJ
work	NN
experience	NN
It	PRP
is	VBZ
offered	VBN
each	DT
year	NN
to	TO
approximately	RB
48	CD
qualified	VBN
students	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
fields	NNS
of	IN
science	NN
,	,
engineering	NN
,	,
professional	JJ
administration	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
occupational	JJ
fields	NNS
.	.
Training	VBG
sessions	NNS
also	RB
provide	VBP
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
campuses	NNS
the	DT
individual	JJ
managers	NNS
will	MD
visit	VB
,	,
so	IN
they	PRP
know	VBP
where	WRB
they	PRP
will	MD
go	VB
on	IN
campus	NN
and	CC
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
practitioners	NNS
,	,
faculty	NN
,	,
and	CC
administration	NN
they	PRP
will	MD
meet	VB
.	.
Students	NNS
use	VBP
Insurance	NN
101	CD
to	TO
gain	VB
insights	NNS
into	IN
the	DT
industry	NN
and	CC
to	TO
prepare	VB
for	IN
the	DT
interview	NN
process	NN
,	,
and	CC
career	NN
center	NN
advisers	NNS
use	VBP
it	PRP
to	TO
gain	VB
additional	JJ
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
insurance	NN
industry	NN
so	IN
that	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
better	RB
advise	VB
students	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
begin	VBP
the	DT
career	NN
planning	NN
process	NN
.	.
Stockamp	NNP
&	CC
Associates	NNP
,	,
a	DT
small	JJ
,	,
privately	RB
held	VBN
healthcare	NN
firm	NN
with	IN
nearly	RB
400	CD
employees	NNS
,	,
believes	VBZ
the	DT
high-touch	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
college	NN
recruiting	NN
is	VBZ
critical	JJ
to	TO
success	NN
,	,
particularly	RB
in	IN
a	DT
competitive	JJ
job	NN
market	NN
.	.
The	DT
company	NN
benefits	NNS
from	IN
this	DT
approach	NN
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
consistent	JJ
offer\/acceptance	NN
rates	NNS
ranging	VBG
from	IN
72	CD
-	:
to	TO
76-percent	JJ
,	,
increased	VBD
branding	NN
on	IN
targeted	JJ
campuses	NNS
,	,
a	DT
significant	JJ
drop	NN
in	IN
first-year	JJ
attrition	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
hires	NNS
,	,
and	CC
improvement	NN
in	IN
campus	NN
career	NN
center	NN
relationships	NNS
.	.
To	TO
keep	VB
abreast	RB
of	IN
candidate	NN
wants	VBZ
and	CC
desires	NNS
Stockamp	NNP
collects	VBZ
feedback	NN
from	IN
incoming	JJ
hires	NNS
annually	RB
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
that	DT
feedback	NN
,	,
recruiting	VBG
team	NN
members	NNS
review	NN
industry	NN
periodicals	NNS
and	CC
best	JJS
practices	NNS
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
campus	NN
career	NN
centers	NNS
provide	VBP
invaluable	JJ
feedback	NN
,	,
especially	RB
on	IN
the	DT
nuances	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
respective	JJ
student	NN
populations	NNS
.	.
A	DT
vice	NN
president	NN
of	IN
Texas-based	JJ
Advanced	NNP
Micro	NNP
Devices	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
AMD	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
recognized	VBD
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
having	VBG
company	NN
executives	NNS
actively	RB
involved	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
recruitment	NN
process	NN
.	.
The	DT
vice	NN
president	NN
developed	VBD
a	DT
model	NN
which	WDT
led	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
formation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Technical	NNP
Education	NNP
Committee	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
TEC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
TEC	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
collaboration	NN
of	IN
AMD	NNP
's	POS
university	NN
relations	NNS
staff	NN
and	CC
a	DT
group	NN
of	IN
executives	NNS
from	IN
various	JJ
engineering	NN
groups	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
technology	NN
development	NN
group	NN
.	.
The	DT
committee	NN
selects	VBZ
target	NN
schools	NNS
and	CC
distributes	VBZ
monies	NNS
to	TO
schools	NNS
.	.
This	DT
unique	JJ
partnership	NN
between	IN
company	NN
executives	NNS
and	CC
university	NN
relations	NNS
is	VBZ
``	``
key	JJ
to	TO
successfully	RB
administring	VBG
the	DT
decided	VBN
actions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
TEC	NNP
,	,
''	''
according	VBG
to	TO
Kristin	NNP
Paulson	NNP
,	,
university	NN
relations	NNS
manager	NN
for	IN
AMD	NNP
.	.
Because	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
not	RB
streamlined	JJ
their	PRP$
process	NN
to	TO
remove	VB
any	DT
variability	NN
that	WDT
causes	VBZ
inefficiency	NN
and	CC
can	MD
ultimately	RB
increase	VB
operating	NN
expenses	NNS
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
Kasey	NNP
Arceri	NNP
,	,
Raytheon	NNP
's	POS
university	NN
programs	NNS
manager	NN
.	.
After	IN
assessment	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
current	JJ
state	NN
,	,
Raytheon	NNP
decided	VBD
to	TO
create	VB
an	DT
in-house	JJ
data	NN
base	NN
called	VBN
``	``
Rayevents	NNP
.	.
''	''
The	DT
business	NN
units	NNS
wanted	VBD
a	DT
tool	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
them	PRP
in	IN
managing	VBG
their	PRP$
events	NNS
and	CC
one	CD
that	WDT
could	MD
grow	VB
to	TO
meet	VB
their	PRP$
future	JJ
needs	NNS
.	.
Strategies	NNS
that	WDT
evolved	VBD
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
challenges	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
include	VBP
the	DT
addition	NN
of	IN
staff	NN
recruiters	NNS
who	WP
can	MD
speak	VB
at	IN
college	NN
career	NN
events	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
opportunities	NNS
in	IN
all	DT
of	IN
T-Mobile	NNP
's	POS
business	NN
units	NNS
,	,
on-campus	JJ
interviewing	VBG
the	DT
day	NN
after	IN
a	DT
career	NN
fair	JJ
to	TO
more	RBR
quickly	RB
recruit	VB
students	NNS
of	IN
interest	NN
,	,
and	CC
methods	NNS
to	TO
demonstrate	VB
the	DT
value	NN
of	IN
the	DT
college	NN
recruiting	NN
program	NN
through	IN
the	DT
data	NNS
they	PRP
capture	VBP
.	.
Department	NNP
goals	NNS
are	VBP
directly	RB
aligned	VBN
to	TO
Washington	NNP
Mutual	NNP
's	POS
business	NN
goals	NNS
.	.
To	TO
measure	VB
the	DT
success	NN
of	IN
the	DT
department	NN
and	CC
individual	JJ
recruiter	NN
performance	NN
,	,
metrics	NNS
are	VBP
captured	VBN
that	IN
directly	RB
support	VB
the	DT
company	NN
's	POS
business	NN
goals	NNS
.	.
Washington	NNP
Mutual	NNP
uses	VBZ
HR	NNP
systems	NNS
and	CC
tools	NNS
to	TO
measure	VB
every	DT
step	NN
of	IN
the	DT
recruiting	NN
process	NN
.	.
The	DT
company	NN
tracks	VBZ
individual	JJ
hiring	VBG
statistics	NNS
by	IN
school	NN
,	,
business	NN
line	NN
,	,
function	NN
,	,
and	CC
recruiting	VBG
strategy	NN
.	.
Candidate	NN
information	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
degree	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
skills	NNS
,	,
and	CC
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
,	,
also	RB
are	VBP
tracked	VBN
.	.
This	DT
information	NN
helps	VBZ
create	VB
a	DT
successful	JJ
candidate	NN
profile	NN
for	IN
each	DT
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
qualities	NNS
sought	VBN
by	IN
EchoStar	NNP
's	POS
recruiters	NNS
are	VBP
energy	NN
,	,
intelligence	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
need	NN
for	IN
achievement	NN
.	.
The	DT
company	NN
's	POS
recruiting	NN
program	NN
succeeds	VBZ
by	IN
networking	VBG
with	IN
career	NN
centers	NNS
and	CC
faculty	NN
,	,
and	CC
by	IN
taking	VBG
a	DT
different	JJ
approach	NN
at	IN
career	NN
fairs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
focus	NN
group	NN
helps	VBZ
the	DT
company	NN
determine	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
effective	JJ
and	CC
valuable	JJ
giveaways	NNS
,	,
reviews	VBZ
the	DT
company	NN
web	NN
site	NN
from	IN
a	DT
students	NNS
perspective	NN
,	,
and	CC
offers	VBZ
other	JJ
suggestions	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
make	VB
G&O	NNP
a	DT
preferred	JJ
employer	NN
by	IN
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
.	.
NBC	NNP
's	POS
early	JJ
identification	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
EID	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
programs	NNS
offer	VBP
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
entry-level	JJ
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
college	NN
graduates	NNS
who	WP
want	VBP
to	TO
get	VB
their	PRP$
``	``
foot-in-the-door	JJ
''	''
in	IN
the	DT
media	NNS
industry	NN
.	.
Each	DT
program	NN
allows	VBZ
associates	NNS
to	TO
learn	VB
more	JJR
about	IN
their	PRP$
field	NN
of	IN
interest	NN
in	IN
an	DT
environment	NN
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
training	NN
and	CC
mentoring	NN
.	.
Ultimately	RB
,	,
the	DT
EID	NNP
programs	NNS
create	VBP
a	DT
pipeline	NN
of	IN
talent	NN
into	IN
various	JJ
departments	NNS
and	CC
positions	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
company	NN
.	.
Approximately	RB
70	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
EID	NNP
program	NN
associates	NNS
are	VBP
hired	VBN
into	IN
staff	NN
or	CC
freelance	NN
positions	NNS
.	.
New	NNP
college	NN
hires	VBZ
quickly	RB
associate	JJ
with	IN
one	CD
another	DT
and	CC
have	VBP
a	DT
better	JJR
understanding	NN
of	IN
Harris	NNP
's	POS
business	NN
activity	NN
.	.
Participants	NNS
connect	VBP
through	IN
e-mails	NNS
and	CC
web	NN
site	NN
information	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
these	DT
employees	NNS
participate	VB
in	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
events	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
organized	VBN
league	NN
sports	NNS
,	,
holiday	NN
parties	NNS
,	,
bus	NN
trips	NNS
,	,
and	CC
community	NN
involvement	NN
projects	NNS
.	.
Kicked	VBN
off	RP
at	IN
a	DT
three-day	JJ
weekend	NN
event	NN
at	IN
the	DT
corporate	JJ
headquarters	NN
,	,
the	DT
program	NN
spans	NNS
a	DT
new	JJ
employee	NN
's	POS
entire	JJ
first	JJ
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
success	NN
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
shows	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
company	NN
'	''
now	RB
80	CD
percent	NN
retention	NN
rate	NN
.	.
Consolidated	NNP
Graphics	NNP
,	,
a	DT
national	JJ
commercial	JJ
printing	NN
company	NN
headquartered	VBN
in	IN
Houston	NNP
,	,
looked	VBD
at	IN
the	DT
turnover	NN
among	IN
its	PRP$
entry-level	JJ
hires	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
few	JJ
months	NNS
of	IN
employment	NN
and	CC
decided	VBD
to	TO
formally	RB
address	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Vanguard	NNP
,	,
an	DT
investment	NN
management	NN
company	NN
located	VBN
in	IN
Valley	NNP
Forge	NNP
,	,
Pennsylvania	NNP
,	,
has	VBZ
used	VBN
rotational	JJ
programs	NNS
since	IN
2001	CD
to	TO
help	VB
new	JJ
hires	NNS
gain	VB
a	DT
broad	JJ
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
goals	NNS
.	.
One	CD
is	VBZ
a	DT
rotational	JJ
program	NN
for	IN
college	NN
graduates	NNS
with	IN
less	JJR
than	IN
two	CD
years	NNS
experience	NN
.	.
Rotations	NNS
last	JJ
three	CD
to	TO
six	CD
months	NNS
and	CC
are	VBP
across	IN
all	DT
departments	NNS
,	,
with	IN
85	CD
percent	NN
taking	VBG
place	NN
in	IN
engineering\/manufacturing	VBG
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
being	VBG
able	JJ
to	TO
identify	VB
top	JJ
talent	NN
,	,
other	JJ
benefits	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
programs	NNS
include	VBP
significantly	RB
low	JJ
attrition	NN
rates	NNS
,	,
comments	NNS
from	IN
senior	JJ
management	NN
about	IN
the	DT
success	NN
and	CC
importance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
programs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
recognition	NN
of	IN
the	DT
programs	NNS
on	IN
campus	NN
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
find	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
who	WP
go	VBP
through	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
Career	NNP
Program	NNP
have	VBP
a	DT
better	JJR
overall	JJ
understanding	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
business	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
PacifiCorp	NNP
's	POS
units	NNS
fit	VBP
together	RB
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Nicole	NNP
D'Onofrio	NNP
,	,
a	DT
PacifiCorp	NNP
HR	NNP
consultant	NN
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Communities	NNPS
is	VBZ
to	TO
encourage	VB
discussion	NN
within	IN
specific	JJ
interest	NN
areas	NNS
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
goal	NN
of	IN
keeping	VBG
online	JJ
discussions	NNS
targeted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
needs	NNS
and	CC
interests	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
subscribers	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
five	CD
Community	NNP
groups	NNS
to	TO
choose	VB
among	IN
.	.
NACE	NNP
Communities	NNS
are	VBP
open	JJ
to	TO
all	DT
staff	NN
members	NNS
at	IN
NACE	NNP
member	NN
offices	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
must	MD
register	VB
for	IN
each	DT
Community	NN
you	PRP
wish	VBP
to	TO
join	VB
.	.
The	DT
online	JJ
interface	NN
allows	VBZ
you	PRP
to	TO
read	VB
messages	NNS
online	NN
,	,
search	NN
the	DT
archived	JJ
messages	NNS
,	,
send	VB
a	DT
message	NN
,	,
or	CC
change	VB
your	PRP$
subscription	NN
data	NNS
.	.
Choose	VB
the	DT
group	NN
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
enter	VB
by	IN
clicking	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
community	NN
link	NN
under	IN
``	``
Enter	VB
the	DT
Communities	NNS
''	''
in	IN
the	DT
upper	JJ
right-hand	JJ
corner	NN
of	IN
this	DT
page	NN
.	.
Search	NN
:	:
To	TO
search	VB
the	DT
archives	NNS
,	,
click	VBP
on	IN
``	``
search	NN
''	''
in	IN
the	DT
navigation	NN
bar	NN
at	IN
the	DT
top	NN
of	IN
the	DT
page	NN
.	.
Use	NNP
keyword	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
search	VB
the	DT
archives	NNS
.	.
An	DT
advanced	JJ
search	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
available	JJ
for	IN
narrowing	VBG
your	PRP$
search	NN
results	NNS
.	.
Digest	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
one	CD
message	NN
each	DT
day	NN
contains	VBZ
all	PDT
the	DT
messages	NNS
sent	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
group	NN
that	WDT
day	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
or	CC
Mime	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
individual	JJ
messages	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
sent	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
community	NN
in	IN
MIME	NNP
format	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
or	CC
Index	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
subject	JJ
lines	NNS
from	IN
messages	NNS
sent	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
community	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
advanced	JJ
tab	NN
will	MD
allow	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
change	VB
the	DT
password	NN
on	IN
any	DT
or	CC
all	DT
subscriptions	NNS
.	.
Type	NN
in	IN
the	DT
password	NN
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
use	VB
.	.
Use	NNP
the	DT
drop-down	JJ
arrow	NN
next	IN
to	TO
``	``
apply	VB
changes	NNS
''	''
at	IN
the	DT
bottom	NN
of	IN
the	DT
box	NN
to	TO
choose	VB
whether	IN
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
apply	VB
changes	NNS
to	TO
your	PRP$
data	NNS
to	TO
just	RB
one	CD
community	NN
or	CC
to	TO
all	DT
communities	NNS
using	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
e-mail	NN
address	NN
and	CC
password	NN
.	.
Communities	NNS
.	.
Plain	JJ
text	NN
messages	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
send	VBP
a	DT
message	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
written	VBN
in	IN
``	``
Rich	NNP
Text	NNP
Format	NNP
,	,
''	''
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
rejected	VBN
.	.
Instructions	NNS
on	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
change	VB
your	PRP$
settings	NNS
just	RB
for	IN
this	DT
address	NN
will	MD
be	VB
sent	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
rejected	VBN
message	NN
.	.
Salary	NNP
Survey	NNP
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
need	VBP
data	NNS
by	IN
specific	JJ
job	NN
location	NN
or	CC
by	IN
group	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
,	,
choose	VB
a	DT
Salary	NNP
Survey	NNP
customized	VBD
report	NN
to	TO
deliver	VB
special	JJ
cuts	NNS
of	IN
salary	NN
data	NNS
by	IN
specific	JJ
job	NN
location	NN
and\/or	CC
group	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
.	.
Location	NNP
Report	NNP
:	:
Target	NN
among	IN
the	DT
50	CD
most	RBS
active	JJ
employment	NN
centers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
.	.
The	DT
report	NN
will	MD
provide	VB
localized	JJ
salary	NN
data	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
job	NN
location	NN
,	,
not	RB
on	IN
that	DT
of	IN
the	DT
graduating	VBG
institution	NN
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
select	VB
the	DT
specific	JJ
degree	NN
and	CC
disciplines	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
are	VBP
interested	JJ
.	.
Key	NNP
School	NNP
Report	NNP
:	:
These	DT
customized	VBN
reports	NNS
offer	VBP
you	PRP
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
target	VB
the	DT
curricula	NN
and	CC
a	DT
group	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
need	VBP
data	NNS
.	.
The	DT
report	NN
combines	VBZ
the	DT
latest	JJS
starting	VBG
salary	NN
offers	NNS
to	TO
students	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
colleges	NNS
and	CC
universities	NNS
you	PRP
choose	VBP
,	,
thus	RB
providing	VBG
an	DT
average	JJ
figure	NN
for	IN
each	DT
of	IN
your	PRP$
selected	VBN
disciplines	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
limit	NN
to	TO
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
you	PRP
select	VBP
;	:
but	CC
to	TO
preserve	VB
confidentiality	NN
of	IN
Salary	NNP
Survey	NNP
information	NN
,	,
you	PRP
must	MD
select	VB
a	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
six	CD
schools	NNS
.	.
Your	PRP$
report	NN
will	MD
provide	VB
the	DT
combined	VBN
averages	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
starting	VBG
salary	NN
data	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
schools	NNS
you	PRP
've	VBP
selected	VBN
.	.
Available	JJ
to	TO
NACE	NNP
members	NNS
and	CC
Salary	NNP
Survey	NNP
subscribers	NNS
only	RB
.	.
Increased	VBN
participation	NN
means	VBZ
better	JJR
and	CC
more	JJR
complete	JJ
salary	NN
information	NN
in	IN
NACE	NNP
's	POS
Salary	NNP
Survey	NN
:	:
Become	VB
a	DT
participant	NN
and	CC
reap	VB
the	DT
benefits	NNS
as	IN
you	PRP
help	VBP
strengthen	VB
national	JJ
data	NNS
and	CC
create	VB
additional	JJ
options	NNS
for	IN
special	JJ
cuts	NNS
of	IN
salary	NN
information	NN
,	,
including	VBG
key	JJ
school	NN
cuts	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
aggregates	NNS
data	NNS
among	IN
six	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
schools	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
cuts	NNS
by	IN
region	NN
,	,
and	CC
cuts	NNS
by	IN
metropolitan	JJ
location	NN
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
benefit	VB
yourself	PRP
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
profession	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
's	POS
Salary	NNP
Survey	NNP
tracks	VBZ
discipline	NN
,	,
job	NN
function	NN
,	,
and	CC
employer	NN
type	NN
,	,
so	RB
you	PRP
'll	MD
have	VB
access	NN
to	TO
meaningful	JJ
information	NN
and	CC
will	MD
have	VB
real	JJ
measures	NNS
to	TO
share	VB
with	IN
your	PRP$
students	NNS
,	,
faculty	NN
,	,
and	CC
administrators	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
collect	VB
and	CC
track	VB
internal	JJ
data	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
greatly	RB
enhance	VB
your	PRP$
operations	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
seen	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
source	NN
of	IN
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
college	NN
job	NN
market	NN
for	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
you	PRP
serve	VBP
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
also	RB
be	VB
part	NN
of	IN
an	DT
exclusive	JJ
group	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
recognized	VBN
and	CC
cited	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
media	NNS
.	.
Participation	NN
is	VBZ
easy	JJ
:	:
NACE	NNP
offers	VBZ
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
reporting	VBG
methods	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
an	DT
online	JJ
form	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
data	NNS
bases	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
yours	NNS
,	,
or	CC
one	CD
NACE	NNP
provides	VBZ
you	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
or	CC
paper	NN
forms	NNS
.	.
Choose	VB
the	DT
method	NN
that	IN
suits	NNS
you	PRP
best	JJS
.	.
NOTICE	VB
:	:
Information	NNP
contained	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Salary	NNP
Survey	NN
is	VBZ
copyrighted	VBN
and	CC
owned	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
to	TO
NACE	NNP
members	NNS
for	IN
personal	JJ
professional	JJ
use	NN
only	RB
.	.
Results	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
searches	NNS
you	PRP
perform	VBP
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
copied	VBN
,	,
downloaded	VBN
,	,
framed	VBN
,	,
rented	VBN
,	,
leased	VBN
,	,
distributed	VBN
,	,
re-distributed	JJ
,	,
transmitted	JJ
,	,
sold	VBN
,	,
or	CC
transferred	VBN
to	TO
magnetic	JJ
media	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
use	VB
the	DT
information	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
online	JJ
Salary	NNP
Survey	NN
to	TO
conduct	VB
any	DT
commercial	JJ
solicitation	NN
for	IN
sales	NNS
of	IN
products	NNS
,	,
merchandise	NN
,	,
or	CC
services	NNS
.	.
Any	DT
individual	JJ
making	VBG
unauthorized	JJ
copies	NNS
or	CC
downloading	VBG
any	DT
NACE	NNP
Salary	NNP
Survey	NNP
material	NN
will	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
penalties	NNS
as	IN
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
copyright	NN
laws	NNS
.	.
Employer	NN
's	POS
Guide	NNP
to	TO
College	NNP
Recruiting	NNP
and	CC
Hiring	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
18-chapter	JJ
resource	NN
featuring	VBG
current	JJ
research	NN
and	CC
results-oriented	JJ
approaches	NNS
to	TO
attracting	VBG
top	JJ
college	NN
candidates	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Employer	NNP
's	POS
Guide	NNP
gives	VBZ
you	PRP
all	PDT
the	DT
basics	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
how	WRB
to	TO
select	VB
target	NN
schools	NNS
,	,
establish	VB
contacts	NNS
on	IN
campus	NN
,	,
make	VBP
offers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
gives	VBZ
you	PRP
the	DT
insight	NN
and	CC
information	NN
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
develop	VB
and	CC
revitalize	VB
your	PRP$
college	NN
relations	NNS
program	NN
.	.
Find	VB
out	RP
how	WRB
to	TO
position	VB
your	PRP$
organization	NN
as	IN
an	DT
employer	NN
of	IN
choice	NN
;	:
learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
invigorate	VB
your	PRP$
diversity	NN
recruitment	NN
efforts	NNS
;	:
and	CC
build	VB
a	DT
solid	JJ
business	NN
case	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
Employer	NNP
's	POS
Guide	NNP
,	,
by	IN
seasoned	JJ
professional	JJ
Julie	NNP
Cunningham	NNP
,	,
includes	VBZ
a	DT
CD-ROM	NN
containing	VBG
20	CD
sample	NN
letters	NNS
,	,
forms	NNS
,	,
checklists	NNS
,	,
agendas	NNS
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
adapt	VB
and	CC
use	VB
for	IN
your	PRP$
organization	NN
.	.
2003	CD
.	.
Get	VB
the	DT
information	NN
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
build	VB
a	DT
top-quality	JJ
internship	NN
program	NN
.	.
Written	VBN
by	IN
seasoned	JJ
college	NN
recruiting	NN
professional	JJ
Julie	NNP
Cunningham	NNP
,	,
Building	NNP
a	DT
Premier	NNP
Internship	NNP
Program	NNP
gives	VBZ
you	PRP
all	PDT
the	DT
basics-program	NN
design	NN
,	,
implementation	NN
,	,
documentation	NN
,	,
metrics	NNS
,	,
and	CC
more-and	NN
offers	VBZ
the	DT
practical	JJ
guidance	NN
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
build	VB
a	DT
business	NN
case	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
internship	NN
program	NN
and	CC
demonstrate	VB
its	PRP$
use	NN
to	TO
the	DT
organization	NN
;	:
design	NN
a	DT
recruitment-focused	JJ
program	NN
that	WDT
feeds	VBZ
your	PRP$
college	NN
recruiting	VBG
program	NN
efficiently	RB
and	CC
effectively	RB
;	:
and	CC
create	VB
effective	JJ
orientation	NN
programs	NNS
for	IN
interns	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
their	PRP$
supervisors	NNS
and	CC
mentors	NNS
.	.
Internship	NN
programs	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
most	RBS
effective	JJ
method	NN
of	IN
recruiting	VBG
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates-get	NN
the	DT
information	NN
,	,
tools	NNS
,	,
and	CC
advice	NN
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
ensure	VB
your	PRP$
program	NN
works	VBZ
for	IN
you	PRP
!	.
The	DT
book	NN
also	RB
features	VBZ
18	CD
sample	NN
forms	NNS
,	,
surveys	NNS
,	,
schedules	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
documents	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
adapt	VB
for	IN
your	PRP$
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
Career	NNP
Decision	NNP
Pyramid	NNP
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
easy	JJ
for	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
help	VB
students	NNS
identify	VB
just	RB
where	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
in	IN
their	PRP$
career	NN
decision-making	JJ
process	NN
and	CC
provide	VB
them	PRP
with	IN
``	``
next	JJ
steps	NNS
.	.
``	``
The	DT
Career	NNP
Decision	NNP
Pyramid	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
three-dimensional	JJ
,	,
easy-to-use	JJ
career	NN
development	NN
tool	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
use	VB
with	IN
students	NNS
at	IN
any	DT
point	NN
in	IN
the	DT
career	NN
decision-making	JJ
process	NN
:	:
from	IN
extremely	RB
undecided	JJ
to	TO
having	VBG
nearly	RB
nailed	VBD
down	RP
a	DT
decision	NN
.	.
The	DT
3-D	JJ
Pyramid	NN
enables	VBZ
your	PRP$
students	NNS
to	TO
quickly	RB
``	``
see	VB
''	''
where	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
and	CC
what	WP
they	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
do	VB
:	:
Side	NN
one	CD
presents	VBZ
five	CD
levels	NNS
of	IN
career	NN
clarity	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
completely	RB
undecided	JJ
to	TO
nearly	RB
decided	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
side	NN
two	CD
identifies	VBZ
five	CD
major	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
acquire	VB
needed	VBN
career	NN
information	NN
to	TO
help	VB
formulate	VB
a	DT
decision	NN
;	:
and	CC
side	NN
three	CD
identifies	VBZ
generic	JJ
programs	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
offered	VBN
by	IN
career	NN
centers	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
level	NN
of	IN
career	NN
clarity	NN
.	.
Along	IN
with	IN
the	DT
Pyramid	NNP
,	,
you	PRP
get	VBP
an	DT
Advisers	NNP
Guide	NNP
that	IN
details	NNS
how	WRB
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
tool	NN
and	CC
guidance	NN
on	IN
developing	VBG
materials	NNS
that	WDT
customize	VBP
the	DT
Pyramids	NNPS
guidance	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
career	NN
center	NN
,	,
plus	CC
a	DT
CD	NN
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
sample	NN
materials	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
adapt	VB
and	CC
use	VB
.	.
The	DT
Career	NNP
Decision	NNP
Pyramid	NNP
Kit	NNP
includes	VBZ
:	:
3	CD
Pyramids	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
approx	NN
.	.
10	CD
inches	NNS
high	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
Advisers	NNP
Guide	NNP
;	:
CD	NNP
of	IN
sample	NN
materials	NNS
.2005	CD
.	.
Members	NNS
:	:
$	$
74.95	CD
.	.
NonMembers	NNS
:	:
$	$
99.95	CD
.	.
This	DT
20-page	JJ
booklet	NN
clearly	RB
defines	VBZ
those	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
preemployment	NN
inquiry	NN
that	WDT
employers	NNS
should	MD
avoid	VB
asking	VBG
on	IN
job	NN
application	NN
forms	NNS
,	,
or	CC
during	IN
the	DT
pre-hire	JJ
interview	NN
process	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
can	MD
use	VB
this	DT
legal	JJ
resource	NN
as	IN
a	DT
handy	JJ
reference	NN
when	WRB
students	NNS
ask	VBP
what	WP
an	DT
employer	NN
may	MD
or	CC
may	MD
not	RB
ask	VB
during	IN
the	DT
recruitment	NN
process	NN
.	.
Included	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
booklet	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
sample	NN
of	IN
a	DT
suggested	VBN
application	NN
for	IN
employment	NN
,	,
a	DT
voluntary	JJ
self-identification	NN
report	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
summary	NN
outline	NN
of	IN
undesirable\/recommended	JJ
inquiries	NNS
.1997.21	CD
pages	NNS
.	.
Members	NNS
:	:
$	$
5.00	CD
.	.
NonMembers	NNS
:	:
$	$
7.50	CD
.	.
Organizations	NNP
concerned	JJ
about	IN
maintaining	VBG
a	DT
diverse	JJ
work	NN
force	NN
are	VBP
investing	VBG
more	JJR
resources	NNS
in	IN
recruiting	NN
and	CC
retaining	VBG
diverse	JJ
workers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
labor	NN
force	NN
is	VBZ
becoming	VBG
increasingly	RB
diverse	JJ
,	,
and	CC
universities	NNS
continue	VBP
to	TO
produce	VB
a	DT
diverse	JJ
population	NN
of	IN
graduates	NNS
.	.
Research	NNP
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
minority	NN
employees	NNS
may	MD
face	VB
unique	JJ
challenges	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
workplace	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
greater	JJR
interpersonal	NN
conflict	NN
and	CC
harassment	NN
,	,
less	JJR
supportive	JJ
co-workers	NNS
or	CC
supervisors	NNS
,	,
additional	JJ
performance	NN
pressures	NNS
,	,
and\/or	CC
heightened	VBN
perceptions	NNS
of	IN
blocked	VBN
career	NN
paths	NNS
.	.
These	DT
stressful	JJ
and	CC
challenging	JJ
work	NN
conditions	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
intensified	VBN
among	IN
young	JJ
entrants	NNS
into	IN
the	DT
work	NN
force	NN
.	.
As	IN
their	PRP$
expectations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
job	NN
are	VBP
not	RB
met	VBN
,	,
they	PRP
become	VBP
more	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
turnover.Org	NNP
anizations	NNS
may	MD
therefore	RB
realize	VB
a	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
unique	JJ
knowledge	NN
,	,
experiences	NNS
,	,
and	CC
perspectives	NNS
to	TO
pilot	NN
organizations	NNS
into	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
Note	NN
:	:
Full	NNP
results	NNS
of	IN
research	NN
supported	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
grant	NN
from	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Foundation	NNP
.	.
By	IN
David	NNP
G.	NNP
Allen	NNP
,	,
Ashley	NNP
Kilburn	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Brandon	NNP
Kilburn2005	NNP
.40	CD
.	.
PDF	NNP
Format	NNP
.	.
Members	NNS
:	:
$	$
39.95	CD
.	.
NonMembers	NNS
:	:
$	$
69.95	CD
.	.
The	DT
NACE	NNP
Principles	NNPS
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Conduct	NNP
document	NN
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
framework	NN
within	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
career	NN
planning	NN
,	,
placement	NN
,	,
and	CC
recruitment	NN
processes	NNS
should	MD
function	VB
,	,
and	CC
as	IN
a	DT
foundation	NN
upon	IN
which	WDT
professionalism	NN
can	MD
be	VB
promoted	VBN
.	.
The	DT
NACE	NNP
Principles	NNPS
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Conduct	NNP
Committee	NNP
reviews	VBZ
the	DT
document	NN
annually	RB
.	.
Since	IN
1995	CD
,	,
NACE	NNP
has	VBZ
used	VBN
its	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
to	TO
offer	VB
timely	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
college	NN
employment	NN
market	NN
,	,
connect	VB
members	NNS
to	TO
important	JJ
statistics	NNS
and	CC
data	NNS
,	,
and	CC
help	VB
practitioners	NNS
establish	VB
important	JJ
professional	JJ
networks	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
this	DT
,	,
NACEWeb	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
Internet	NNP
's	POS
most	JJS
trusted	VBN
source	NN
of	IN
professional	JJ
information	NN
for	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
human	JJ
resources	NNS
professions	NNS
.	.
NACEWeb	NNP
was	VBD
designed	VBN
to	TO
meet	VB
NACE	NNP
member	NN
demands	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
features	NNS
are	VBP
based	VBN
on	IN
requests	NNS
noted	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
survey	NN
of	IN
member	NN
needs	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
comments	NNS
or	CC
suggestions	NNS
for	IN
making	VBG
NACEWeb	NNP
easier	JJR
to	TO
use	VB
or	CC
a	DT
better	JJR
tool	NN
for	IN
NACE	NNP
members	NNS
,	,
or	CC
if	IN
you	PRP
'd	MD
like	VB
to	TO
suggest	VB
information	NN
we	PRP
should	MD
add	VB
to	TO
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
please	VB
use	VB
the	DT
form	NN
below	IN
.	.
The	DT
Journal	NNP
covers	VBZ
the	DT
entire	JJ
scope	NN
of	IN
career	NN
planning	NN
,	,
placement	NN
,	,
recruitment	NN
,	,
and	CC
employment	NN
of	IN
college-educated	JJ
persons	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
consequence	NN
,	,
we	PRP
seek	VBP
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
article	NN
topics	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
examples	NNS
:	:
Results	NNS
from	IN
new	JJ
techniques	NNS
or	CC
innovative	JJ
practices	NNS
and	CC
programs	NNS
developed	VBN
by	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
or	CC
recruitment	NN
offices	NNS
;	:
current	JJ
professional	JJ
issues	NNS
;	:
the	DT
significance	NN
of	IN
national	JJ
or	CC
global	JJ
trends	NNS
that	WDT
affect	VBP
the	DT
field	NN
;	:
research	NN
reports	NNS
or	CC
statistical	JJ
analyses	NNS
of	IN
unusual	JJ
significance	NN
,	,
dwelling	NN
upon	IN
implications	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
profession	NN
;	:
examples	NNS
of	IN
solutions	NNS
to	TO
current	JJ
problems	NNS
in	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
or	CC
recruiting	NN
.	.
Writing	VBG
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
time-consuming	JJ
undertaking	NN
,	,
so	RB
before	IN
you	PRP
write	VBP
a	DT
manuscript	NN
for	IN
submission	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Journal	NNP
,	,
we	PRP
recommend	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
first	RB
discuss	VB
your	PRP$
idea	NN
with	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
editors	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
we	PRP
ask	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
submit	VBP
an	DT
outline	NN
or	CC
brief	JJ
summary	NN
.	.
Both	DT
steps	NNS
will	MD
prevent	VB
you	PRP
from	IN
spending	VBG
your	PRP$
time	NN
on	IN
topics	NNS
that	IN
we	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
use	VB
and	CC
allow	VB
us	PRP
to	TO
offer	VB
you	PRP
direction	NN
and	CC
advice	NN
on	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
approach	VB
and	CC
develop	VB
the	DT
topic	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
it	PRP
meets	VBZ
our	PRP$
audience	NN
's	POS
needs	NNS
and	CC
interests	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Journal	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
reprint	VB
articles	NNS
from	IN
other	JJ
publications	NNS
except	IN
under	IN
unusual	JJ
circumstances	NNS
.	.
Nor	CC
do	VBP
we	PRP
normally	RB
review	VBP
manuscripts	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
being	VBG
considered	VBN
for	IN
publication	NN
elsewhere	RB
,	,
or	CC
that	DT
are	VBP
based	VBN
on	IN
information	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
planned	VBN
for	IN
public	JJ
release	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
its	PRP$
possible	JJ
appearance	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Journal	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
prefer	VBP
articles	NNS
be	VB
written	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
engaging	JJ
,	,
narrative	JJ
style	NN
rather	RB
the	DT
in	IN
the	DT
dry	JJ
,	,
formal	JJ
style	NN
of	IN
a	DT
thesis	NN
.	.
Avoid	VB
footnotes	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
encourage	VBP
the	DT
referencing	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
with	IN
superscript	JJ
numbers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
text	NN
and	CC
a	DT
listing	NN
of	IN
these	DT
sources	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
article	NN
as	IN
Endnotes	NNP
.	.
Limit	NN
any	DT
descriptions	NNS
of	IN
methodology	NN
to	TO
as	IN
few	JJ
paragraphs	NNS
as	IN
possible	JJ
;	:
our	PRP$
readers	NNS
are	VBP
generally	RB
not	RB
so	RB
much	JJ
interested	JJ
in	IN
how	WRB
you	PRP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
survey	NN
or	CC
study	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
in	IN
what	WP
you	PRP
found	VBD
and	CC
its	PRP$
possible	JJ
implications	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
some	DT
articles	NNS
relating	VBG
how	WRB
the	DT
author	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
solved	VBD
a	DT
problem	NN
or	CC
implemented	VBD
a	DT
new	JJ
program	NN
could	MD
run	VB
about	IN
1,500	CD
words	NNS
and	CC
should	MD
be	VB
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
this	DT
was	VBD
the	DT
problem	NN
,	,
2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
these	DT
are	VBP
the	DT
steps	NNS
we	PRP
took	VBD
to	TO
solve	VB
it	PRP
,	,
and	CC
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
this	DT
is	VBZ
how	WRB
it	PRP
all	DT
turned	VBD
out	RP
.	.
Other	JJ
shorter	JJR
features	NNS
or	CC
commentaries	NNS
could	MD
also	RB
run	VB
about	RB
1,500	CD
words	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
we	PRP
publish	VBP
only	RB
four	CD
issues	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Journal	NNP
during	IN
the	DT
academic	JJ
year	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
in	IN
October	NNP
,	,
December	NNP
,	,
March	NNP
,	,
and	CC
May	NNP
,	,
with	IN
respective	JJ
copy	NN
deadlines	NNS
of	IN
August	NNP
1	CD
,	,
October	NNP
1	CD
,	,
December	NNP
1	CD
,	,
and	CC
February	NNP
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
often	RB
a	DT
time	NN
lag	NN
of	IN
months	NNS
between	IN
acceptance	NN
and	CC
publication	NN
of	IN
a	DT
manuscript	NN
.	.
All	DT
authors	NNS
are	VBP
asked	VBN
to	TO
sign	VB
a	DT
release	NN
form	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
attest	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
manuscript	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
published	VBN
elsewhere	RB
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
owns	VBZ
the	DT
copyright	NN
for	IN
the	DT
article	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
reprint	VBP
privileges	NNS
and	CC
assignments	NNS
reside	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
Journal	NNP
.	.
Colleges	NNS
and	CC
Employers	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Journal	NNP
,	,
like	IN
most	JJS
educational	JJ
publications	NNS
,	,
does	VBZ
not	RB
offer	VB
compensation	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
authors	NNS
.	.
Authors	NNS
are	VBP
sent	VBN
two	CD
complimentary	JJ
copies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
their	PRP$
articles	NNS
appear	VBP
;	:
additional	JJ
copies	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
purchased	VBN
from	IN
NACE	NNP
.	.
Faculty	NNP
Referrals	NNP
Workshop	NNP
package	NN
.	.
This	DT
workshop	NN
,	,
contained	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
CD	NNP
,	,
will	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
understand	VB
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
minefields	NNS
so	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
show	VB
faculty	NN
,	,
administrators	NNS
,	,
and	CC
your	PRP$
career	NN
center	NN
staff	NN
how	WRB
to	TO
maneuver	VB
safely	RB
through	IN
them	PRP
while	IN
still	RB
providing	VBG
meaningful	JJ
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
your	PRP$
students-a	JJ
career	NN
network	NN
and	CC
additional	JJ
resources	NNS
where	WRB
they	PRP
can	MD
access	VB
employment	NN
opportunities	NNS
.	.
As	IN
we	PRP
move	VBP
forward	RB
with	IN
this	DT
iteration	NN
,	,
increasing	VBG
participation	NN
and	CC
ensuring	VBG
that	IN
data	NNS
are	VBP
accurate	JJ
and	CC
reliable	JJ
will	MD
be	VB
essential	JJ
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
our	PRP$
community	NN
college	NN
member	NN
have	VBP
indicated	VBN
their	PRP$
interest	NN
in	IN
collecting	VBG
and	CC
submitting	VBG
data	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
strengthening	VBG
their	PRP$
current	JJ
processes	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
but	CC
have	VBP
told	VBN
us	PRP
that	IN
they	PRP
're	VBP
not	RB
sure	JJ
how	WRB
to	TO
proceed	VB
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
these	DT
conversations	NNS
,	,
NACE	NNP
has	VBZ
compiled	VBN
information	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
hope	VBP
will	MD
help	VB
with	IN
the	DT
process	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
see	VB
Tools	NNP
You	PRP
Can	MD
Use	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Salary	NNP
Survey	NNP
for	IN
Associate	NNP
Degree	NNP
Candidates	NNPS
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
have	VB
access	NN
to	TO
reliable	JJ
information	NN
and	CC
will	MD
have	VB
salary	NN
data	NNS
to	TO
share	VB
with	IN
your	PRP$
students	NNS
,	,
faculty	NN
,	,
administrators	NNS
,	,
and	CC
employers	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
as	IN
a	DT
participant	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
collect	VB
and	CC
track	VB
internal	JJ
data	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
greatly	RB
enhance	VB
your	PRP$
operations	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
seen	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
source	NN
of	IN
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
college	NN
job	NN
market	NN
for	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
you	PRP
serve	VBP
.	.
Outlines	VBZ
methods	NNS
being	VBG
used	VBN
by	IN
two-year	JJ
colleges	NNS
to	TO
gather	VB
salary	NN
data	NNS
from	IN
associate	JJ
degree	NN
candidates	NNS
,	,
suggestions	NNS
on	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
start	VB
the	DT
data	NNS
collection	NN
process	NN
,	,
and	CC
requirements	NNS
for	IN
Salary	NNP
Survey	NNP
participation	NN
.	.
Increasingly	RB
,	,
college	NN
career	NN
centers	NNS
are	VBP
called	VBN
upon	IN
to	TO
report	VB
student	NN
outcomes	NNS
,	,
so	RB
reporting	VBG
job	NN
offers	NNS
to	TO
your	PRP$
target	NN
schools	NNS
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
ways	NNS
you	PRP
can	MD
strengthen	VB
your	PRP$
relationship	NN
with	IN
those	DT
schools	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
employers	NNS
and	CC
school	NN
officials	NNS
cite	VBP
legal	JJ
concerns	NNS
as	IN
their	PRP$
reason	NN
for	IN
not	RB
releasing	VBG
salary	NN
information	NN
about	IN
new	JJ
hires	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
be	VB
assured	VBN
that	IN
Salary	NNP
Survey	NNP
is	VBZ
published	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
federal	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
privacy	NN
and	CC
antitrust	JJ
laws	NNS
.	.
Salary	NNP
Survey	NNP
meets	VBZ
all	PDT
the	DT
conditions	NNS
set	VBP
forth	RB
by	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Justice	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Trade	NNP
Commission	NNP
that	WDT
apply	VBP
to	TO
compensation	NN
surveys	NNS
.	.
Catch	VB
up	RP
on	IN
diversity	NN
initiatives	NNS
,	,
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
in	IN
internships	NNS
,	,
the	DT
latest	JJS
Job	NNP
Outlook	NNP
forecast	NN
,	,
benchmarks	NNS
in	IN
experiential	JJ
education	NN
,	,
and	CC
much	RB
more	RBR
.	.
We	PRP
've	VBP
archived	VBN
materials	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
virtual	JJ
education	NN
sessions	NNS
.	.
NACE	NNP
will	MD
accept	VB
returns	NNS
on	IN
all	DT
products	NNS
except	IN
for	IN
audio	NN
and	CC
video	NN
material	NN
and	CC
materials	NNS
downloaded	VBN
in	IN
PDF	NNP
format	NN
.	.
Audiocassettes	NNS
,	,
CD-ROMs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
videos	NNS
sales	NNS
are	VBP
final	JJ
unless	IN
product	NN
is	VBZ
defective	JJ
.	.
Prepayment	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
.	.
Returns	NNS
for	IN
other	JJ
resources	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
postmarked	VBN
within	IN
30	CD
days	NNS
from	IN
shipping	NN
date	NN
are	VBP
accepted	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
full	JJ
refund	NN
;	:
returns	NNS
postmarked	VBD
31	CD
to	TO
60	CD
days	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
shipping	NN
date	NN
will	MD
incur	VB
a	DT
50	CD
percent	NN
restocking	VBG
fee	NN
.	.
No	DT
refund	NN
available	JJ
61	CD
days	NNS
after	IN
invoice	NN
date	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
leading	VBG
source	NN
of	IN
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
employment	NN
of	IN
college	NN
graduates	NNS
:	:
Throughout	IN
the	DT
year	NN
,	,
the	DT
association	NN
surveys	NNS
on	IN
data	NNS
relevant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
employment	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
and	CC
publishes	VBZ
related	JJ
reports	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
a	DT
quarterly	JJ
report	NN
on	IN
starting	VBG
salary	NN
offers	NNS
and	CC
periodic	JJ
forecasts	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
college	NN
job	NN
market	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
NACE	NNP
publishes	VBZ
a	DT
wide	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
professional	JJ
resources	NNS
to	TO
assist	VB
its	PRP$
members	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
roles	NNS
and	CC
is	VBZ
the	DT
publisher	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Job	NNP
Choices	NNPS
magazine	NN
series	NN
,	,
the	DT
premier	NN
recruitment	NN
publication	NN
for	IN
the	DT
college	NN
market	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
single	JJ
average	JJ
salary	NN
for	IN
all	DT
college	NN
graduates	VBZ
.	.
NACE	NNP
can	MD
provide	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
average	JJ
salaries	NNS
by	IN
specific	JJ
discipline	NN
,	,
e.g.	FW
,	,
electrical	JJ
engineering	NN
,	,
and	CC
can	MD
also	RB
provide	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
average	JJ
salaries	NNS
by	IN
broad	JJ
category	NN
,	,
e.g.	FW
,	,
all	DT
engineering	NN
majors	NNS
.	.
By	IN
sector	NN
,	,
service	NN
employers	NNS
project	VBP
the	DT
biggest	JJS
increase	NN
in	IN
college	NN
hiring	NN
:	:
They	PRP
expect	VBP
to	TO
hire	VB
19.8	CD
percent	NN
more	RBR
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
in	IN
2006-07	CD
.	.
Manufacturers	NNS
,	,
as	IN
a	DT
group	NN
,	,
are	VBP
also	RB
positive	JJ
about	IN
hiring	VBG
,	,
predicting	VBG
an	DT
overall	JJ
increase	NN
of	IN
9.5	CD
percent	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
college	NN
hiring	NN
.	.
Government\/nonprofit	JJ
employers	NNS
plan	VBP
to	TO
hire	VB
9	CD
percent	NN
more	RBR
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
.	.
Employers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
expect	VBP
to	TO
increase	VB
hiring	VBG
by	IN
23	CD
percent	NN
,	,
and	CC
those	DT
in	IN
the	DT
Northeast	NNP
project	NN
an	DT
increase	NN
of	IN
16.9	CD
percent	NN
.	.
Employers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Midwest	NNP
expect	VBP
to	TO
increase	VB
college	NN
hiring	VBG
by	IN
10	CD
percent	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
members	NNS
serve	VBP
the	DT
association	NN
by	IN
participating	VBG
on	IN
committees	NNS
and	CC
teams	NNS
and	CC
task	NN
forces	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
find	VB
links	NNS
to	TO
their	PRP$
action	NN
statements	NNS
,	,
white	JJ
papers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
projects	NNS
on	IN
their	PRP$
web	NN
pages	NNS
and	CC
under	IN
Committee	NNP
Resources	NNPS
in	IN
the	DT
Publications	NNP
section	NN
of	IN
NACEWeb	NNP
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
read	VB
the	DT
charges	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
committee	NN
.	.
Two	CD
Booth	NNP
Personnel	NNP
Registrations	NNPS
with	IN
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
exhibit	NN
hall	NN
only	RB
.	.
Booth	NN
personnel	NNS
receive	VBP
tickets	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
welcome	JJ
reception	NN
,	,
three	CD
breaks	NNS
,	,
and	CC
two	CD
lunches	NNS
served	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
exhibit	NN
hall	NN
.	.
There	EX
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
charge	NN
of	IN
$	$
200	CD
for	IN
each	DT
person	NN
over	IN
the	DT
limit	NN
of	IN
two	CD
.	.
A	DT
full	JJ
conference	NN
upgrade	NN
may	MD
be	VB
purchased	VBN
for	IN
$	$
400	CD
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
even	RB
thinking	VBG
about	IN
exhibiting	VBG
at	IN
the	DT
2007	CD
NACE	NNP
National	NNP
Meeting	VBG
,	,
you	PRP
'll	MD
want	VB
to	TO
get	VB
your	PRP$
reservation	NN
in	IN
early	JJ
!	.
The	DT
2006	CD
Exhibition	NNP
Hall	NNP
,	,
holding	VBG
68	CD
exhibitors	NNS
,	,
sold	VBD
out	RP
four	CD
months	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
conference	NN
.	.
Space	NNP
will	MD
go	VB
even	RB
faster	RBR
for	IN
this	DT
special	JJ
conference	NN
.	.
Reserve	NNP
your	PRP$
place	NN
now	RB
and	CC
get	VB
a	DT
choice	NN
of	IN
location	NN
at	IN
the	DT
early-bird	JJ
price	NN
.	.
This	DT
magazine	NN
includes	VBZ
information	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
vital	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
successful	JJ
job-search	NN
,	,
plus	CC
articles	NNS
focusing	VBG
on	IN
diversity	NN
in	IN
the	DT
workplace	NN
,	,
including	VBG
how	WRB
to	TO
find	VB
a	DT
mentor	NN
,	,
communicate	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
culturally	RB
diverse	JJ
work	NN
environment	NN
,	,
adapt	VB
to	TO
corporate	JJ
culture	NN
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
.	.
This	DT
magazine	NN
also	RB
contains	VBZ
information	NN
from	IN
employers	NNS
offering	VBG
career	NN
opportunities	NNS
to	TO
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
.	.
Get	VB
the	DT
information	NN
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
ensure	VB
the	DT
success	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
diversity	NN
recruiting	VBG
efforts	NNS
.	.
This	DT
outstanding	JJ
guide	NN
gives	VBZ
you	PRP
practical	JJ
,	,
what-to	JJ
,	,
how-to	JJ
,	,
why-to	JJ
guidance	NN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
achieve	VB
your	PRP$
goals	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
diverse	JJ
work	NN
force	NN
.	.
Gain	NN
insight	NN
into	IN
how	WRB
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
economy	NN
,	,
demographics	NNS
,	,
and	CC
work-related	JJ
forced	VBN
affect	VB
the	DT
salaries	NNS
of	IN
graduating	VBG
college	NN
students	NNS
.	.
This	DT
study	NN
compares	VBZ
salaries	NNS
over	IN
a	DT
15-year	JJ
period	NN
and	CC
looks	VBZ
at	IN
how	WRB
supply	NN
and	CC
demand	NN
,	,
the	DT
tech	NN
bubble	NN
,	,
recession	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
forces	NNS
affected	VBD
starting	VBG
salary	NN
offers	NNS
to	TO
students	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
business	NN
,	,
engineering	NN
,	,
computer-related	JJ
,	,
sciences	NNS
,	,
and	CC
nursing	NN
fields	NNS
.	.
The	DT
study	NN
features	VBZ
an	DT
analysis	NN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
understand	VB
why	WRB
salaries	NNS
are	VBP
what	WP
they	PRP
are	VBP
,	,
and	CC
where	WRB
they	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
going	VBG
.	.
The	DT
report	NN
features	VBZ
hiring	VBG
projections	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
college	NN
Class	NN
of	IN
2007	CD
,	,
including	VBG
projections	NNS
by	IN
sector	NN
and	CC
region	NN
of	IN
the	DT
country	NN
.	.
The	DT
report	NN
also	RB
examines	VBZ
other	JJ
issues	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
employment	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
effective	JJ
recruiting	NN
methods	NNS
,	,
qualities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
ideal	JJ
candidate	NN
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
.	.
Building	VBG
a	DT
Premier	NNP
Internship	NNP
Program	NN
:	:
A	DT
Practical	NNP
Guide	NNP
for	IN
Employers	NNP
This	DT
resource	NN
examines	VBZ
the	DT
key	JJ
components	NNS
of	IN
internship	NN
programs	NNS
and	CC
provides	VBZ
detailed	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
setting	VBG
up	RP
and	CC
running	VBG
a	DT
top-notch	JJ
program	NN
,	,
advice	NN
,	,
and	CC
18	CD
samples	NNS
on	IN
CD	NNP
to	TO
use	VB
and	CC
adapt	VB
.	.
Learn	VB
the	DT
fundamentals	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
recruiting	NN
and	CC
hiring	VBG
process	NN
at	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
pace	NN
with	IN
this	DT
new	JJ
self-study	JJ
edition	NN
of	IN
The	DT
Employer	NN
's	POS
Guide	NNP
to	TO
College	NNP
Recruiting	NNP
and	CC
Hiring	NNP
,	,
now	RB
available	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
self-paced	JJ
CD	NNP
version	NN
!	.
This	DT
special	JJ
package	NN
contains	VBZ
the	DT
text	NN
from	IN
NACE	NNP
's	POS
touchstone	NN
resource	NN
book	NN
,	,
written	VBN
by	IN
Julie	NNP
Cunningham	NNP
,	,
president	NN
of	IN
The	DT
Cunningham	NNP
Group	NNP
,	,
a	DT
university	NN
relations	NNS
and	CC
recruiting	NN
consulting	NN
firm	NN
in	IN
Chicago	NNP
,	,
and	CC
includes	VBZ
research	NN
and	CC
results-oriented	JJ
approaches	NNS
to	TO
attracting	VBG
top	JJ
college	NN
candidates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
samples	NNS
of	IN
letters	NNS
,	,
forms	NNS
,	,
checklists	NNS
,	,
and	CC
agendas	NNS
to	TO
adapt	VB
and	CC
use	VB
with	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
organization-plus	JJ
a	DT
quick	JJ
assessment	NN
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
each	DT
chapter	NN
to	TO
test	VB
your	PRP$
new	JJ
knowledge	NN
.	.
Interviewing	VBG
to	TO
Win	VB
Do	VBP
n't	RB
spend	VB
your	PRP$
time	NN
creating	VBG
,	,
developing	VBG
,	,
and	CC
refining	VBG
your	PRP$
own	JJ
workshop	NN
from	IN
scratch	NN
:	:
Interviewing	VBG
to	TO
Win	VB
is	VBZ
a	DT
convenient	JJ
workshop	NN
package	NN
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
a	DT
one-hour	JJ
,	,
10-slide	JJ
presentation	NN
in	IN
PowerPoint	NNP
format	NN
,	,
complete	JJ
with	IN
instructor	NN
's	POS
notes	NNS
;	:
a	DT
leader	NN
's	POS
guide	NN
,	,
which	WDT
includes	VBZ
logistics\/preparation	NN
information	NN
,	,
timeline	NN
,	,
and	CC
instructor	NN
's	POS
script	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
in	IN
Word	NN
document	NN
format	NN
,	,
so	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
also	RB
easy	JJ
to	TO
adapt	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
teaching	NN
tools	NNS
and	CC
materials	NNS
you	PRP
can	MD
use	VB
with	IN
students	NNS
.	.
And	CC
,	,
all	DT
materials	NNS
are	VBP
fully	RB
adaptable	JJ
,	,
so	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
tailor	VB
your	PRP$
presentation	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
audience	NN
as	IN
needed	VBN
.	.
Created	VBN
by	IN
seasoned	JJ
career	NN
services	NNS
professional	JJ
Neil	NNP
Murray	NNP
,	,
University	NNP
of	IN
California	NNP
,	,
San	NNP
Diego	NNP
,	,
Interviewing	VBG
to	TO
Win	VB
is	VBZ
the	DT
answer	NN
to	TO
one	CD
of	IN
Gen	NNP
Y	NNP
's	POS
key	JJ
information	NN
needs-interviewing	JJ
successfully-and	NN
provides	VBZ
you	PRP
with	IN
a	DT
powerful	JJ
tool	NN
to	TO
help	VB
students	NNS
compete	VB
in	IN
today	NN
's	POS
tight	JJ
job	NN
market	NN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Tailored	VBN
to	TO
students	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
nontechnical	JJ
disciplines	NNS
,	,
this	DT
magazine	NN
includes	VBZ
information	NN
about	IN
career	NN
development	NN
and	CC
the	DT
job	NN
search	NN
,	,
career	NN
opportunities	NNS
in	IN
business	NN
,	,
accounting	NN
,	,
marketing	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
fields	NNS
with	IN
employers	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
country	NN
.	.
Employer	NN
listings	NNS
include	VBP
candidate	NN
requirements	NNS
,	,
contact	NN
information	NN
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
.	.
The	DT
magazine	NN
also	RB
includes	VBZ
articles	NNS
that	WDT
focus	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
job	NN
market	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
break	VB
in	IN
to	TO
various	JJ
industries	NNS
.	.
Indexes	NNS
:	:
Opportunities	NNPS
by	IN
Employer	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
alphabetical	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
Location	NNP
;	:
Occupation	NNP
;	:
Special	JJ
Opportunities	NNPS
;	:
and	CC
Employer	NNP
Web	NNP
Sites	NNPS
.	.
For	IN
information	NN
about	IN
discounts	NNS
,	,
please	VB
see	VB
Job	NNP
Choices	NNS
-	:
Discounts	NNS
.	.
Employer	NN
listings	NNS
include	VBP
such	JJ
information	NN
as	IN
job	NN
candidate	NN
requirements	NNS
,	,
contact	NN
information	NN
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
.	.
The	DT
magazine	NN
also	RB
features	VBZ
articles	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
job	NN
market	NN
for	IN
technical	JJ
grads	NNS
,	,
engineering	NN
licensure	NN
,	,
opportunities	NNS
in	IN
healthcare	NN
,	,
and	CC
alternative	JJ
careers	NNS
for	IN
engineering	NN
and	CC
science	NN
majors	NNS
.	.
Gauge	VB
the	DT
effectiveness	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
internship\/co-op	JJ
program	NN
with	IN
data	NNS
from	IN
NACE	NNP
's	POS
2006	CD
Experiential	NNP
Education	NNP
Survey	NNP
.	.
Get	VB
a	DT
broad	JJ
national	JJ
view	NN
of	IN
the	DT
market	NN
for	IN
internship	NN
and	CC
co-op	NN
students	NNS
and	CC
discover	VBP
which	WDT
recruiting	VBG
methods	NNS
your	PRP$
colleagues	NNS
say	VBP
work	NN
the	DT
best	JJS
.	.
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
,	,
the	DT
workbook	NN
complements	VBZ
the	DT
13	CD
categories	NNS
of	IN
standards	NNS
and	CC
helps	VBZ
you	PRP
identify	VB
areas	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
career	NN
services	NNS
program	NN
that	WDT
need	VBP
improvement	NN
and	CC
those	DT
that	WDT
fully	RB
meet	VBP
professional	JJ
standards	NNS
.	.
The	DT
workbook	NN
also	RB
offers	VBZ
tools	NNS
for	IN
calculating	VBG
composite	JJ
and	CC
mean	JJ
scores	NNS
fo	VBP
reach	NN
category	NN
to	TO
enhance	VB
or	CC
overhaul	VB
your	PRP$
program	NN
.	.
Outlook	NN
2007	CD
report	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
annual	JJ
,	,
national	JJ
forecast	NN
of	IN
the	DT
hiring	VBG
intentions	NNS
of	IN
employers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
report	NN
features	VBZ
hiring	VBG
projections	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
college	NN
Class	NN
of	IN
2007	CD
,	,
including	VBG
projections	NNS
by	IN
sector	NN
and	CC
region	NN
of	IN
the	DT
country	NN
.	.
The	DT
report	NN
also	RB
examines	VBZ
other	JJ
issues	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
employment	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
effective	JJ
recruiting	NN
methods	NNS
,	,
qualities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
ideal	JJ
candidate	NN
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
.	.
Addressing	VBG
the	DT
concepts	NNS
,	,
approaches	NNS
,	,
activities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
resources	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
mentoring	NN
,	,
this	DT
guide	NN
examines	VBZ
best	JJS
practices	NNS
and	CC
how-to	JJ
strategies	NNS
for	IN
companies	NNS
that	WDT
want	VBP
to	TO
develop	VB
an	DT
effective	JJ
mentoring	NN
program	NN
.	.
Colleges	NNS
and	CC
Universities	NNS
.	.
Data	NNP
by	IN
size	NN
of	IN
enrollment	NN
,	,
and	CC
include	VBP
office	NN
specifics	NNS
,	,
services	NNS
;	:
graduating	VBG
student	NN
activity	NN
;	:
staffing	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
salaries	NNS
,	,
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
,	,
degree	NN
levels	NNS
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
budget	NN
and	CC
finance	NN
;	:
and	CC
technology	NN
.	.
Learn	VB
about	IN
your	PRP$
colleagues	NNS
'	POS
offer\/acceptance	JJ
ratios	NNS
;	:
how	WRB
they	PRP
select	VBP
target	NN
schools	NNS
for	IN
recruiting	NN
;	:
and	CC
what	WP
other	JJ
companies	NNS
are	VBP
offering	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
way	NN
of	IN
base	NN
salaries	NNS
,	,
signing	VBG
bonuses	NNS
,	,
benefits	NNS
,	,
and	CC
total	JJ
compensation	NN
packages	NNS
.	.
Which	WDT
have	VBP
lost	VBN
ground	NN
,	,
and	CC
why	WRB
?	.
Gain	NN
insight	NN
into	IN
how	WRB
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
economy	NN
,	,
demographics	NNS
,	,
and	CC
work-related	JJ
forced	VBN
affect	VB
the	DT
salaries	NNS
of	IN
graduating	VBG
college	NN
students	NNS
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
historical	JJ
salary	NN
data	NNS
from	IN
NACE	NNP
's	POS
Salary	NNP
Survey	NNP
report	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
economic	JJ
and	CC
demographic	JJ
information	NN
supplied	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Bureau	NNP
of	IN
Labor	NNP
Statistics	NNPS
,	,
Bureau	NNP
of	IN
Economic	NNP
Analysis	NNP
,	,
and	CC
National	NNP
Center	NNP
for	IN
Education	NNP
Statistics	NNPS
,	,
this	DT
study	NN
compares	VBZ
salaries	NNS
over	IN
a	DT
15-year	JJ
period	NN
and	CC
looks	VBZ
at	IN
how	WRB
supply	NN
and	CC
demand	NN
,	,
the	DT
tech	NN
bubble	NN
,	,
recession	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
forces	NNS
affected	VBD
starting	VBG
salary	NN
offers	NNS
to	TO
students	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
business	NN
,	,
engineering	NN
,	,
computer-related	JJ
,	,
sciences	NNS
,	,
and	CC
nursing	NN
fields	NNS
.	.
The	DT
study	NN
features	VBZ
more	JJR
than	IN
40	CD
graphs	NNS
and	CC
figures	NNS
to	TO
illustrate	VB
trends	NNS
at	IN
both	DT
the	DT
bachelor	NN
's	POS
and	CC
master	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
levels	NNS
,	,
and	CC
analysis	NN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
understand	VB
why	WRB
salaries	NNS
are	VBP
what	WP
they	PRP
are	VBP
,	,
and	CC
where	WRB
they	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
going	VBG
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
NACE	NNP
's	POS
touchstone	NN
resource	NN
book	NN
,	,
including	VBG
research	NN
and	CC
results-oriented	JJ
approaches	NNS
to	TO
attracting	VBG
top	JJ
college	NN
candidates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
samples	NNS
of	IN
letters	NNS
,	,
forms	NNS
,	,
checklists	NNS
,	,
and	CC
agendas	NNS
to	TO
adapt	VB
and	CC
use	VB
with	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
organization	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
Customer	NN
Satisfaction	NN
Return	NN
Policy	NN
:	:
NACE	NNP
will	MD
accept	VB
returns	NNS
on	IN
all	DT
products	NNS
except	IN
for	IN
audio	NN
and	CC
video	NN
material	NN
and	CC
materials	NNS
downloaded	VBN
in	IN
PDF	NNP
format	NN
.	.
Audiocassettes	NNS
,	,
CD-ROMs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
videos	NNS
sales	NNS
are	VBP
final	JJ
unless	IN
product	NN
is	VBZ
defective	JJ
.	.
Prepayment	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
.	.
Returns	NNS
for	IN
other	JJ
resources	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
postmarked	VBN
within	IN
30	CD
days	NNS
from	IN
shipping	NN
date	NN
are	VBP
accepted	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
full	JJ
refund	NN
;	:
returns	NNS
postmarked	VBD
31	CD
to	TO
60	CD
days	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
shipping	NN
date	NN
will	MD
incur	VB
a	DT
50	CD
percent	NN
restocking	VBG
fee	NN
.	.
No	DT
refund	NN
available	JJ
61	CD
days	NNS
after	IN
invoice	NN
date	NN
.	.
Side	NN
2	CD
identifies	VBZ
five	CD
major	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
acquire	VB
needed	VBN
career	NN
information	NN
to	TO
help	VB
formulate	VB
a	DT
decision	NN
;	:
and	CC
Side	NN
3	CD
identifies	VBZ
generic	JJ
programs	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
offered	VBN
by	IN
career	NN
centers	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
level	NN
of	IN
career	NN
clarity	NN
.	.
The	DT
NACE\/Chevron	NNP
Award	NNP
for	IN
Innovative	JJ
Programs	NNS
in	IN
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
recognizes	VBZ
and	CC
honors	NNS
a	DT
NACE	NNP
college	NN
member	NN
or	CC
a	DT
regional	JJ
association	NN
college	NN
member	NN
for	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
a	DT
ground-breaking	JJ
program	NN
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
.	.
The	DT
NACE	NNP
Academy	NNP
of	IN
Fellows	NNPS
recognizes	VBZ
individuals	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
contributed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
human	JJ
resources\/staffing	NN
profession	NN
through	IN
the	DT
advancement	NN
of	IN
knowledge	NN
,	,
leadership	NN
,	,
or	CC
excellence	NN
in	IN
professional	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
Chevron	NNP
Award	NNP
.	.
Iowa	NNP
State	NNP
's	POS
College	NNP
of	IN
Engineering	NNP
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
developed	VBD
a	DT
set	NN
of	IN
metrics	NNS
to	TO
assess	VB
student	NN
development	NN
and	CC
demonstrate	VB
the	DT
ability-based	JJ
outcomes	NNS
required	VBN
for	IN
accreditation	NN
.	.
Staff	NNP
also	RB
developed	VBD
a	DT
sustainable	JJ
system	NN
to	TO
deliver	VB
the	DT
tools	NNS
to	TO
students	NNS
,	,
faculty	NN
,	,
advisers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
experiential	JJ
education	NN
supervisors	NNS
,	,
and	CC
supports	VBZ
the	DT
program	NN
by	IN
delivering	VBG
data	NNS
about	IN
student	NN
development	NN
to	TO
faculty	NN
each	DT
semester	NN
.	.
The	DT
Employer	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Year	NN
award	NN
recognizes	VBZ
individuals	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
contributed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
college	NN
relations	NNS
and	CC
recruiting	VBG
progression	NN
through	IN
exemplary	JJ
service\/leadership	NN
in	IN
the	DT
professional	JJ
associations	NNS
,	,
advocacy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
college	NN
relations	NNS
and	CC
recruitment	NN
function	NN
,	,
and	CC
mentorship	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
professionals	NNS
.	.
Employer	NN
Profile	NNP
''	''
submitted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
California-Berkeley	NNP
Career	NNP
Center	NNP
.	.
The	DT
career	NN
center	NN
staff	NN
,	,
led	VBN
by	IN
director	NN
Thomas	NNP
Devlin	NNP
,	,
developed	VBD
this	DT
web-based	JJ
program	NN
to	TO
allow	VB
participating	VBG
employers	NNS
to	TO
market	VB
themselves	PRP
to	TO
Berkeley	NNP
students	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
basic	JJ
employer	NN
profile	NN
,	,
complete	JJ
with	IN
text	NN
,	,
hyperlinks	NNS
,	,
and	CC
company	NN
logo	NN
.	.
Profiles	NNS
remain	VBP
online	JJ
for	IN
11	CD
months	NNS
,	,
and	CC
include	VBP
such	JJ
options	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
weekly	JJ
``	``
Employer	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Week	NN
''	''
and	CC
a	DT
``	``
Tell	VB
Me	PRP
More	JJR
''	''
feature	NN
which	WDT
link	NN
into	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
profiles	NNS
.	.
The	DT
video	NN
simultaneously	RB
addresses	VBZ
student	NN
concerns	NNS
and	CC
misconceptions	NNS
about	IN
these	DT
services	NNS
.	.
Incorporating	VBG
commentary	NN
from	IN
upbeat	JJ
students	NNS
,	,
the	DT
video	NN
depicts	VBZ
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
as	IN
inviting	VBG
,	,
accessible	JJ
,	,
and	CC
well	RB
worth	IN
a	DT
visit	NN
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
competition	NN
,	,
teams	NNS
of	IN
M.B.A.	NNP
students	NNS
compete	VBP
for	IN
a	DT
hypothetical	JJ
job	NN
with	IN
a	DT
sponsoring	VBG
employer	NN
.	.
The	DT
competition	NN
includes	VBZ
a	DT
career	NN
resource	NN
scavenger	NN
hunt	NN
,	,
requiring	VBG
hands-on	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
CRC	NNP
resources	NNS
;	:
company	NN
and	CC
industry	NN
research	NN
;	:
and	CC
an	DT
interview	NN
with	IN
a	DT
representative	NN
of	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
enables	VBZ
students	NNS
to	TO
acquire	VB
career-related	JJ
,	,
paid	VBD
internship	NN
experience	NN
in	IN
an	DT
international	JJ
setting	NN
.	.
Offered	VBN
in	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
North	NNP
London	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Technology	NNP
,	,
Sydney	NNP
,	,
the	DT
program	NN
includes	VBZ
an	DT
he	PRP
academic	JJ
component	NN
--	:
a	DT
three-credit	JJ
course	NN
entitled	VBN
``	``
International	NNP
Perspectives	NNPS
in	IN
Career	NNP
Development	NNP
.	.
''	''
For	IN
many	JJ
college	NN
students	NNS
,	,
going	VBG
out	RP
into	IN
the	DT
world	NN
poses	VBZ
its	PRP$
share	NN
of	IN
challenges	NNS
.	.
To	TO
facilitate	VB
that	DT
transition	NN
,	,
student	NN
life	NN
and	CC
alumni	NNS
relations	NNS
staff	NN
collaborated	VBD
on	IN
a	DT
guide	NN
for	IN
prospective	JJ
graduates	NNS
.	.
The	DT
handbook	NN
offers	VBZ
advice	NN
on	IN
such	JJ
topics	NNS
as	IN
finding	VBG
a	DT
place	NN
to	TO
live	VB
,	,
managing	VBG
money	NN
,	,
and	CC
achieving	VBG
a	DT
work\/life	NN
balance	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
being	VBG
distributed	VBN
to	TO
seniors	NNS
of	IN
traditional	JJ
age	NN
,	,
the	DT
guide	NN
also	RB
is	VBZ
used	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
textbook	NN
for	IN
an	DT
interim	JJ
course	NN
for	IN
upperclassmen	NNS
entitled	VBN
``	``
Real	JJ
World	NN
101	CD
:	:
Life	NNP
After	IN
College	NNP
.	.
''	''
The	DT
guide	NN
encourages	VBZ
new	JJ
and	CC
recent	JJ
graduates	NNS
to	TO
evaluate	VB
and	CC
compare	VB
prospective	JJ
employers	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
total	JJ
cash	NN
compensation	NN
,	,
benefits	NNS
,	,
nature	NN
of	IN
work	NN
,	,
professional	JJ
development	NN
opportunities	NNS
,	,
work-life	NN
balance	NN
,	,
employment	NN
stability	NN
,	,
and	CC
organizational	JJ
values	NNS
.	.
Designed	VBN
to	TO
build	VB
a	DT
one-to-one	JJ
relationship	NN
between	IN
the	DT
student	NN
and	CC
the	DT
company	NN
,	,
the	DT
site	NN
incorporates	VBZ
streaming	VBG
video	NN
,	,
audio	JJ
clips	NNS
,	,
and	CC
interactive	JJ
features	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
video	JJ
clips	NNS
of	IN
executives	NNS
discussing	VBG
their	PRP$
experiences	NNS
working	VBG
for	IN
Federated	NNP
.	.
This	DT
eight-minute	JJ
video	NN
explains	VBZ
how	WRB
to	TO
effectively	RB
prepare	VB
for	IN
a	DT
job	NN
fair	NN
.	.
The	DT
video	NN
targets	VBZ
a	DT
student	NN
audience	NN
,	,
discussing	VBG
the	DT
stages	NNS
of	IN
job-fair	NN
preparation	NN
,	,
communication	NN
,	,
and	CC
follow-up	JJ
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
also	RB
tips	NNS
on	IN
how	WRB
students	NNS
can	MD
present	VB
themselves	PRP
to	TO
companies	NNS
during	IN
a	DT
job	NN
fair	NN
.	.
Brief	NN
remarks	NNS
from	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
corporate	JJ
contacts	NNS
attending	VBG
a	DT
job	NN
fair	JJ
show	NN
how	WRB
to	TO
prepare	VB
for	IN
job	NN
fairs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
what	WP
employers	NNS
seek	VBP
from	IN
students	NNS
.	.
``	``
Connecting	VBG
with	IN
Employers	NNS
''	''
is	VBZ
fast-paced	JJ
and	CC
presents	VBZ
information	NN
in	IN
a	DT
clear	JJ
,	,
organized	VBN
,	,
nonintimidating	VBG
manner	NN
.	.
During	IN
Career	NNP
Month	NNP
,	,
educators	NNS
from	IN
schools	NNS
,	,
colleges	NNS
,	,
and	CC
universities	NNS
provide	VBP
resources	NNS
and	CC
programs	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
careers	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
have	VBP
students	NNS
read	VB
and	CC
write	VB
about	IN
careers	NNS
.	.
Educators	NNP
are	VBP
also	RB
asked	VBN
to	TO
visit	VB
companies	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
invite	VB
alumni	NNS
to	TO
speak	VB
on-campus	JJ
about	IN
their	PRP$
jobs	NNS
.	.
In	IN
turn	NN
,	,
employers	NNS
may	MD
hold	VB
open	JJ
houses	NNS
,	,
and	CC
invite	VB
students	NNS
and	CC
employees	NNS
?	.
children	NNS
to	TO
visit	VB
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
employees	NNS
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
speak	VB
at	IN
schools	NNS
about	IN
their	PRP$
career	NN
experiences	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
Month	NNP
in	IN
Louisiana	NNP
creates	VBZ
an	DT
awareness	NN
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
among	IN
LSU	NNP
faculty	NN
,	,
staff	NN
,	,
students	NNS
,	,
and	CC
employers	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
also	RB
gains	VBZ
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
collaborate	VB
with	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
30	CD
existing	VBG
statewide	JJ
networks	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
chambers	NNS
of	IN
commerce	NN
and	CC
trade	NN
associations	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
Week	NNP
,	,
entitled	VBN
``	``
Shoot	VB
for	IN
the	DT
Stars	NNP
,	,
''	''
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
staff	NN
designed	VBN
a	DT
publicity	NN
package	NN
.	.
The	DT
package	NN
included	VBD
a	DT
button	NN
,	,
a	DT
poster	NN
,	,
a	DT
four-fold	RB
brochure	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
40-page	JJ
booklet	NN
.	.
In	IN
staying	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
out-of-this-world	JJ
theme	NN
,	,
each	DT
piece	NN
in	IN
the	DT
media	NNS
package	NN
is	VBZ
illustrated	VBN
with	IN
shooting	VBG
stars	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
space-related	JJ
graphics	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
four-fold	RB
brochure	NN
encourages	VBZ
students	NNS
to	TO
``	``
Expand	VB
your	PRP$
universe	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
The	DT
Career	NNP
Digger	NNP
''	''
helps	VBZ
freshmen	NNS
and	CC
undecided	JJ
majors	NNS
explore	VBP
their	PRP$
options	NNS
in	IN
choosing	VBG
a	DT
major	JJ
and	CC
a	DT
career	NN
.	.
The	DT
publication	NN
is	VBZ
divided	VBN
into	IN
sections	NNS
by	IN
major	JJ
,	,
with	IN
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
job	NN
outlook	NN
and	CC
starting	VBG
salaries	NNS
in	IN
various	JJ
fields	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
lists	VBZ
employers	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
hired	VBN
Colorado	NNP
School	NNP
of	IN
Mines	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CSM	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
students	NNS
and	CC
graduates	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Career	NNP
Services	NNP
Center	NNP
Information	NNP
System	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CSCIS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
an	DT
intranet	JJ
offering	NN
Darden	NNP
Graduate	NNP
School	NNP
students	NNS
and	CC
staff	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
corporate	JJ
representatives	NNS
,	,
a	DT
more	RBR
efficient	JJ
system	NN
to	TO
access	NN
placement	NN
opportunities	NNS
.	.
Students	NNS
apply	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
center	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
junior	NN
year	NN
and	CC
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
program	NN
in	IN
August	NNP
during	IN
the	DT
week	NN
before	IN
school	NN
starts	NNS
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
was	VBD
submitted	VBN
by	IN
Bob	NNP
Orndorff	NNP
,	,
director	NN
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
Placement	NNP
Center	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
all-in-one	JJ
career	NN
planning	NN
resource	NN
for	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
at	IN
State	NNP
University	NNP
of	IN
New	NNP
York-Stony	NNP
Brook	NNP
.	.
Taking	VBG
top	JJ
prize	NN
among	IN
college	NN
entries	NNS
,	,
this	DT
guide	NN
was	VBD
submitted	VBN
by	IN
Tim	NNP
Luzader	NNP
,	,
director	NN
of	IN
career	NN
placement	NN
at	IN
SUNY-Stony	NNP
Brook	NNP
.	.
The	DT
35-page	JJ
booklet	NN
contains	VBZ
a	DT
month-by-month	JJ
calendar	NN
of	IN
on-campus	JJ
career	NN
planning	VBG
events	NNS
,	,
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
various	JJ
services	NNS
offered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
career	NN
placement	NN
center	NN
,	,
job	NN
hunting	NN
tips	NNS
,	,
a	DT
career	NN
checklist	NN
,	,
and	CC
details	NNS
on	IN
graduate	JJ
school	NN
.	.
The	DT
magazine	NN
was	VBD
created	VBN
to	TO
draw	VB
students	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
almost-hidden	JJ
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
in	IN
the	DT
basement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
campus	NN
library	NN
.	.
This	DT
free	JJ
guide	NN
talks	NNS
to	TO
students	NNS
about	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
job-search	JJ
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
guide	NN
was	VBD
submitted	VBN
by	IN
Raymond	NNP
H.	NNP
Thrift	NNP
,	,
Jr.	NNP
,	,
director	NN
of	IN
career	NN
development	NN
services	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
West	NNP
Florida	NNP
.	.
Room	NN
Zoom	NNP
:	:
The	DT
CPA	NNP
Source	NNP
Disc	NNP
,	,
from	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
of	IN
CPAs	NNPS
,	,
was	VBD
recognized	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
winner	NN
in	IN
the	DT
technical	JJ
innovation	NN
category	NN
.	.
This	DT
CD-ROM	NN
offers	VBZ
information	NN
to	TO
students	NNS
on	IN
accounting	NN
and	CC
careers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
interactive	JJ
CD	NNP
allows	VBZ
users	NNS
to	TO
explore	VB
educational	JJ
requirements	NNS
,	,
offers	VBZ
tips	NNS
on	IN
finding	VBG
a	DT
first	JJ
job	NN
,	,
and	CC
gives	VBZ
details	NNS
on	IN
career	NN
paths	NNS
,	,
salaries	NNS
,	,
technology	NN
,	,
publications	NNS
,	,
and	CC
organizations	NNS
for	IN
CPAs	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
submitted	VBN
by	IN
Jodi	NNP
Landau	NNP
Ryan	NNP
,	,
manager	NN
of	IN
recruiting	VBG
programs	NNS
.	.
Carolina	NNP
Connection	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
web-based	JJ
data	NN
base	NN
of	IN
University	NNP
of	IN
North	NNP
Carolina	NNP
at	IN
Chapel	NNP
Hill	NNP
alumni	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
volunteered	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
UNC	NNP
students	NNS
and	CC
graduates	NNS
with	IN
their	PRP$
career	NN
plans	NNS
and	CC
job	NN
searches	NNS
.	.
This	DT
data	NN
base	NN
is	VBZ
searchable	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
accessible	JJ
to	TO
anyone	NN
using	VBG
a	DT
UNC-domain	JJ
computer	NN
or	CC
a	DT
career	NN
center-registered	JJ
password	NN
.	.
Carolina	NNP
Connection	NN
was	VBD
submitted	VBN
by	IN
Marcia	NNP
Harris	NNP
,	,
director	NN
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
.	.
``	``
Projections	NNS
for	IN
M.B.A.	NNP
hiring	VBG
are	VBP
in	IN
line	NN
with	IN
what	WP
we	PRP
're	VBP
seeing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
job	NN
market	NN
for	IN
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
whole	NN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Marilyn	NNP
Mackes	NNP
,	,
NACE	NNP
executive	NN
director	NN
.	.
``	``
Employers	NNS
reported	VBD
plans	NNS
to	TO
increase	VB
their	PRP$
college	NN
hires	VBZ
by	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
17	CD
percent	NN
this	DT
year	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
We	PRP
're	VBP
not	RB
seeing	VBG
any	DT
significant	JJ
move	NN
toward	IN
using	VBG
signing	NN
bonuses	NNS
this	DT
year	NN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Marilyn	NNP
Mackes	NNP
,	,
NACE	NNP
executive	NN
director	NN
.	.
``	``
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
more	JJR
than	IN
three-quarters	NNS
of	IN
those	DT
who	WP
plan	VBP
to	TO
use	VB
signing	NN
bonuses	NNS
reported	VBD
that	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
use	VB
them	PRP
selectively	RB
.	.
They	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
offering	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
all	DT
candidates	NNS
.	.
''	''
``	``
On	IN
average	NN
,	,
employers	NNS
reported	VBD
plans	NNS
to	TO
increase	VB
their	PRP$
starting	VBG
salary	NN
offers	NNS
by	IN
4.6	CD
percent	NN
over	IN
last	JJ
year	NN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Mackes	NNP
.	.
``	``
That	DT
's	VBZ
nearly	RB
a	DT
full	JJ
percentage	NN
point	NN
higher	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
increases	NNS
they	PRP
reported	VBD
for	IN
the	DT
Class	NN
of	IN
2006	CD
and	CC
the	DT
Class	NN
of	IN
2005	CD
.	.
''	''
About	IN
the	DT
Job	NNP
Outlook	NNP
2007	CD
Survey	NN
:	:
The	DT
Job	NNP
Outlook	NNP
survey	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
forecast	NN
of	IN
hiring	VBG
intentions	NNS
of	IN
employers	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
relate	VBP
to	TO
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
year	NN
,	,
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NACE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
surveys	VBZ
its	PRP$
employer	NN
members	NNS
about	IN
their	PRP$
hiring	NN
plans	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
employment-related	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
``	``
These	DT
salary	NN
increases	VBZ
combined	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
recent	JJ
poll	NN
of	IN
Salary	NNP
Survey	NN
participants	NNS
indicate	VBP
that	IN
2005-06	CD
has	VBZ
been	VBN
the	DT
best	JJS
job	NN
market	NN
in	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
four	CD
years	NNS
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Marilyn	NNP
Mackes	NNP
,	,
NACE	NNP
executive	NN
director	NN
.	.
``	``
Nearly	RB
nine	CD
out	IN
of	IN
10	CD
respondents	NNS
to	TO
that	DT
poll	NN
said	VBD
that	IN
2005-06	CD
grads	NNS
had	VBD
more	RBR
job	NN
opportunities	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
them	PRP
than	IN
2004-05	CD
grads	NNS
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
added	VBD
.	.
``	``
And	CC
,	,
respondents	NNS
said	VBD
employers	NNS
strongly	RB
participated	VBD
in	IN
recruiting	VBG
activities	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
on-campus	JJ
recruiting	NN
,	,
career	NN
fairs	NNS
,	,
information	NN
sessions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
intern	NN
and	CC
co-op	NN
recruiting	NN
.	.
''	''
Salary	NNP
Survey	NN
participants	NNS
reported	VBD
other	JJ
signs	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
robust	JJ
market	NN
for	IN
2005-06	CD
grads	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
earlier	JJR
,	,
and	CC
,	,
in	IN
some	DT
cases	NNS
,	,
multiple	JJ
job	NN
offers	VBZ
to	TO
students	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
surprising	JJ
that	IN
starting	VBG
salary	NN
offers	NNS
have	VBP
increased	VBN
in	IN
almost	RB
all	DT
curriculum	NN
areas	NNS
.	.
The	DT
increase	NN
for	IN
liberal	JJ
arts	NNS
majors	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
group	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
minute	JJ
0.2	CD
percent	NN
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
increases	NNS
and	CC
decreases	VBZ
of	IN
individual	JJ
majors	NNS
canceling	VBG
each	DT
other	JJ
out	RP
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
political	JJ
science\/government	NN
majors	NNS
saw	VBD
a	DT
0.3	CD
percent	NN
increase	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
average	JJ
offer	NN
,	,
raising	VBG
it	PRP
to	TO
$	$
33,094	CD
,	,
but	CC
English	NNP
majors	NNS
saw	VBD
a	DT
decrease	NN
of	IN
0.2	CD
percent	NN
,	,
lowering	VBG
their	PRP$
offer	NN
to	TO
$	$
31,385	CD
.	.
More	JJR
than	IN
half	NN
of	IN
the	DT
employers	NNS
who	WP
provided	VBD
key	JJ
reasons	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
anticipated	JJ
hiring	NN
increase	NN
cited	VBD
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
organizations	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
also	RB
reported	VBN
employees	NNS
nearing	VBG
retirement	NN
age	NN
,	,
high	JJ
attrition	NN
rates	NNS
,	,
or	CC
business	NN
needs	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
require	VB
increased	JJ
hiring	NN
.	.
``	``
Overall	RB
,	,
the	DT
college	NN
Class	NN
of	IN
2006	CD
is	VBZ
doing	VBG
very	RB
well	RB
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
starting	VBG
salaries	NNS
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Camille	NNP
Luckenbaugh	NNP
,	,
NACE	NNP
research	NN
director	NN
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
began	VBD
reporting	VBG
on	IN
their	PRP$
salary	NN
offers	VBZ
in	IN
January	NNP
and	CC
we	PRP
've	VBP
seen	VBN
salaries	NNS
continue	VBP
to	TO
rise	VB
since	IN
that	DT
time	NN
.	.
Employers	NNS
expected	VBD
to	TO
face	VB
more	JJR
competition	NN
for	IN
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
this	DT
year	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
competition	NN
is	VBZ
translating	VBG
into	IN
higher	JJR
salaries	NNS
.	.
''	''
Business	NN
administration\/management	JJ
graduates	NNS
also	RB
fared	VBD
well	RB
;	:
their	PRP$
average	JJ
salary	NN
offer	NN
jumped	VBD
by	IN
6.3	CD
percent	NN
to	TO
$	$
42,048	CD
.	.
A	DT
large	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
offers	NNS
made	VBN
to	TO
these	DT
graduates	NNS
came	VBD
from	IN
investment	NN
banking	NN
firms	NNS
,	,
who	WP
offered	VBD
on	IN
average	NN
,	,
salaries	NNS
of	IN
$	$
53,277	CD
,	,
well	RB
in	IN
excess	NN
of	IN
the	DT
overall	JJ
average	NN
.	.
The	DT
average	JJ
salary	NN
offer	NN
to	TO
economics\/finance	VB
graduates	NNS
rose	VBD
to	TO
$	$
45,112	CD
,	,
a	DT
solid	JJ
5.1	CD
percent	NN
increase	NN
.	.
Financial	NNP
services	NNS
employers	NNS
and	CC
investment	NN
banking	NN
firms	NNS
provided	VBD
a	DT
hefty	JJ
share	NN
of	IN
the	DT
offers	NNS
reported	VBD
for	IN
these	DT
graduates	NNS
.	.
Graduates	NNS
with	IN
degrees	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
sciences	NNS
also	RB
posted	VBD
increases	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
board	NN
.	.
The	DT
average	JJ
offer	NN
to	TO
computer	NN
science	NN
graduates	NNS
rose	VBD
just	RB
1	CD
percent	NN
to	TO
a	DT
healthy	JJ
$	$
51,305	CD
.	.
Information	NNP
sciences	NNS
and	CC
systems	NNS
graduates	NNS
saw	VBD
a	DT
more	RBR
substantial	JJ
increase	NN
,	,
gaining	VBG
8.5	CD
percent	NN
to	TO
bring	VB
their	PRP$
average	JJ
offer	NN
to	TO
$	$
48,593	CD
.	.
Chemical	NNP
engineering	NN
majors	NNS
posted	VBD
a	DT
solid	JJ
4.7	CD
percent	NN
increase	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
average	JJ
salary	NN
offer	NN
,	,
raising	VBG
it	PRP
to	TO
$	$
56,335	CD
.	.
Petroleum	NNP
and	CC
coal	NN
products	NNS
manufacturers	NNS
made	VBD
the	DT
largest	JJS
number	NN
of	IN
offers	NNS
to	TO
these	DT
grads	NNS
and	CC
were	VBD
willing	JJ
to	TO
pay	VB
them	PRP
top	JJ
dollar-an	JJ
average	NN
of	IN
$	$
58,456	CD
.	.
About	IN
Salary	NNP
Survey	NN
:	:
Salary	NNP
Survey	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
quarterly	JJ
report	NN
of	IN
starting	VBG
salary	NN
offers	NNS
to	TO
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
in	IN
70	CD
disciplines	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
bachelor	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
level	NN
.	.
The	DT
survey	NN
compiles	VBZ
data	NNS
from	IN
college	NN
and	CC
university	NN
career	NN
services	NNS
offices	NNS
nationwide	JJ
.	.
Salary	NNP
Survey	NNP
is	VBZ
issued	VBN
in	IN
Winter	NNP
,	,
Spring	NNP
,	,
Summer	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Fall	NN
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
Fall	NN
issue	NN
serving	VBG
as	IN
the	DT
year-end	JJ
report	NN
.	.
Learn	VB
how	WRB
easy	JJ
it	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
improve	VB
morale	NN
and	CC
productivity	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
office	NN
with	IN
coaching	NN
,	,
staff	NN
meetings	NNS
,	,
performance	NN
reviews	NNS
,	,
and	CC
``	``
fun	NN
''	''
activities	NNS
.	.
Discover	NNP
what	WP
organizations	NNS
are	VBP
doing	VBG
to	TO
successfully	RB
increase	VB
employee	NN
performance	NN
through	IN
``	``
attitude	NN
makeovers	NNS
,	,
''	''
and	CC
pick	VB
up	RP
new	JJ
ideas	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
use	VB
with	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
around	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Tennessee	NNP
Tech	NNP
University	NNP
for	IN
six	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
all	DT
career	NN
placement	NN
and	CC
experiential	JJ
programs	NNS
for	IN
this	DT
comprehensive	JJ
university	NN
of	IN
9,400	CD
students	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
president-elect	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Tennessee	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
Employers	NNP
and	CC
served	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Technology	NNP
Committee	NNP
.	.
Camuti	NNP
has	VBZ
an	DT
M.B.A.	NNP
from	IN
Golden	NNP
Gate	NNP
University	NNP
and	CC
is	VBZ
working	VBG
on	IN
her	PRP$
Ph.D.	NNP
in	IN
industrial	JJ
psychology	NN
.	.
Mary	NNP
Mahoney	NNP
is	VBZ
assistant	JJ
director	NN
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Tennessee	NNP
,	,
Knoxville	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
manages	VBZ
the	DT
day-to-day	JJ
operations	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
on-campus	JJ
recruiting	NN
program	NN
,	,
and	CC
presents	VBZ
workshops	NNS
and	CC
counseling	NN
on	IN
areas	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
job-search	JJ
process	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
21	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
as	IN
a	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
professional	JJ
.	.
Both	DT
presenters	NNS
supervise	VBP
employees	NNS
and	CC
have	VBP
conducted	VBN
research	NN
into	IN
motivation	NN
theory	NN
.	.
They	PRP
conducted	VBD
research	NN
in	IN
February	NNP
of	IN
2006	CD
to	TO
collect	VB
feedback	NN
from	IN
employers	NNS
regarding	VBG
successful	JJ
techniques	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
tried	VBN
and	CC
implemented	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
practitioners	NNS
at	IN
Albertus	NNP
Magnus	NNP
College	NNP
in	IN
Connecticut	NNP
knew	VBD
they	PRP
needed	VBD
to	TO
service	VB
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
working	VBG
adult	NN
students	NNS
balancing	VBG
education	NN
,	,
employment	NN
,	,
and	CC
family	NN
;	:
students	NNS
looking	VBG
to	TO
advance	NN
or	CC
change	VB
their	PRP$
careers	NNS
;	:
and	CC
traditional	JJ
students	NNS
who	WP
would	MD
be	VB
seeking	VBG
an	DT
entry-level	JJ
position	NN
.	.
Staff	NNP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
develop	VB
services	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
personal	JJ
,	,
convenient	JJ
,	,
and	CC
comprehensive	JJ
.	.
This	DT
case	NN
study	NN
looks	VBZ
at	IN
the	DT
methods	NNS
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
at	IN
Albertus	NNP
Magnus	NNP
College	NNP
used	VBD
to	TO
increase	VB
service	NN
levels	NNS
to	TO
all	DT
students	NNS
.	.
Explore	VB
how	WRB
this	DT
office	NN
used	VBD
resume	VB
development	NN
concepts	NNS
,	,
Schlossberg	NNP
's	POS
transition	NN
theory	NN
,	,
market-driven	JJ
management	NN
,	,
and	CC
qualitative	JJ
research	NN
methods	NNS
to	TO
define	VB
and	CC
meet	VB
the	DT
diverse	JJ
resume	VB
development	NN
needs	NNS
of	IN
traditional	JJ
and	CC
adult	JJ
populations	NNS
.	.
Suzanne	NNP
Yurko	NNP
Wall	NNP
is	VBZ
currently	RB
the	DT
director	NN
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
at	IN
Albertus	NNP
Magnus	NNP
College	NNP
in	IN
New	NNP
Haven	NNP
,	,
Connecticut	NNP
,	,
where	WRB
she	PRP
has	VBZ
developed	VBN
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
innovative	JJ
career	NN
development	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
current	JJ
students	NNS
and	CC
alumni	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
2002	CD
recipient	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Student	NNP
Personnel	NNP
Administrators	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NASPA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
Outstanding	JJ
New	NNP
Professional	NNP
Award	NNP
for	IN
Connecticut	NNP
and	CC
is	VBZ
serving	VBG
as	IN
secretary	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Connecticut	NNP
Career	NNP
Counseling	NN
and	CC
Development	NNP
Association	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CCCDA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
eight	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
in	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
field	NN
.	.
What	WP
makes	VBZ
the	DT
roundtable	NN
unique	JJ
is	VBZ
that	IN
you	PRP
and	CC
other	JJ
college	NN
recruiting	NN
and	CC
staffing	NN
professionals	NNS
will	MD
set	VB
the	DT
agenda	NN
,	,
whether	IN
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
discuss	VB
signing	NN
bonuses	NNS
or	CC
experiential	JJ
education	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Come	VBN
prepared	JJ
with	IN
questions	NNS
and	CC
suggestions	NNS
for	IN
this	DT
moderated	VBN
discussion	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
participant	NN
,	,
you	PRP
'll	MD
gain	VB
valuable	JJ
insights	NNS
into	IN
enhancing	VBG
and	CC
distinguishing	VBG
your	PRP$
program	NN
.	.
Higher	JJR
education	NN
institutions	NNS
demand	VBP
accountability	NN
.	.
College	NNP
and	CC
university	NN
administrators	NNS
want	VBP
to	TO
know	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
getting	VBG
the	DT
most	JJS
out	IN
of	IN
their	PRP$
resources	NNS
and	CC
dollars	NNS
and	CC
thus	RB
,	,
increasingly	RB
,	,
career	NN
services	NNS
offices	NNS
must	MD
provide	VB
concrete	JJ
evidence	NN
about	IN
the	DT
positive	JJ
impact	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
to	TO
clients	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
past	NN
,	,
career	NN
services	NNS
answered	VBN
this	DT
request	NN
for	IN
evidence	NN
by	IN
providing	VBG
placement	NN
numbers	NNS
and	CC
counting	VBG
everything	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
visits	NNS
,	,
programs	NNS
,	,
job	NN
postings	NNS
,	,
phone	NN
calls	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Yet	RB
,	,
placement	NN
numbers	NNS
were	VBD
often	RB
dependent	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
economy	NN
and	CC
student	NN
motivation	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
the	DT
career	NN
centers	VBZ
provide	VB
developmental	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
work	NN
with	IN
students	NNS
beginning	VBG
early	RB
in	IN
students	NNS
'	POS
college	NN
careers	NNS
.	.
Join	VB
us	PRP
for	IN
a	DT
view	NN
of	IN
one	CD
high-tech	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
improving	VBG
outcomes	NNS
data	NNS
and	CC
high-touch	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
Presenters	NNS
will	MD
share	VB
a	DT
strategy	NN
for	IN
defining	VBG
career	NN
competency	NN
outcomes	NNS
that	WDT
engendered	VBD
immediate	JJ
staff	NN
buy-in	NN
.	.
See	VB
how	WRB
these	DT
outcomes	NNS
were	VBD
connected	VBN
to	TO
programs	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
,	,
bringing	VBG
theory	NN
to	TO
practice	VB
in	IN
a	DT
unique	JJ
and	CC
exciting	JJ
way	NN
.	.
This	DT
seminar	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
an	DT
encore	NN
presentation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
popular	JJ
concurrent	JJ
session	NN
at	IN
the	DT
2006	CD
NACE	NNP
National	NNP
Meeting	VBG
,	,
aims	VBZ
to	TO
stimulate	VB
your	PRP$
thoughts	NNS
and	CC
actions	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
challenge	NN
of	IN
actualizing	VBG
outcomes	NNS
.	.
Discover	NNP
how	WRB
a	DT
learning	NN
outcomes	VBZ
model	NN
for	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
was	VBD
developed	VBN
and	CC
supported	VBN
by	IN
staff	NN
Explore	VB
how	WRB
a	DT
technology	NN
solution	NN
provides	VBZ
the	DT
foundation	NN
for	IN
outcomes	NNS
data	NNS
collection	NN
and	CC
high	JJ
touch	NN
or	CC
personalized	VBN
services	NNS
Find	VB
out	RP
how	WRB
a	DT
learning	NN
outcomes	VBZ
model	NN
can	MD
drive	VB
interventions	NNS
,	,
promote	VB
accountability	NN
,	,
and	CC
demonstrate	VB
student	NN
competency	NN
development	NN
.	.
Gail	NNP
S.	NNP
Rooney	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
director	NN
of	IN
The	DT
Career	NNP
Center	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Illinois	NNP
at	IN
Urbana-Champaign	NNP
.	.
Prior	RB
to	TO
her	PRP$
current	JJ
position	NN
she	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
director	NN
of	IN
University	NNP
Career	NNP
and	CC
Employment	NNP
Services	NNPS
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Kansas	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
faculty	NN
member	NN
in	IN
a	DT
counselor	NN
education	NN
program	NN
and	CC
vice-president	NN
for	IN
student	NN
development	NN
at	IN
a	DT
small	JJ
private	JJ
college	NN
.	.
She	PRP
received	VBD
her	PRP$
Ph.D.	NNP
in	IN
counseling	VBG
psychology	NN
from	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Illinois	NNP
and	CC
her	PRP$
M.S.	NNP
from	IN
George	NNP
Williams	NNP
College	NNP
.	.
M.S.	NNP
in	IN
counseling	NN
and	CC
human	JJ
systems	NNS
from	IN
Florida	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
Nationally	RB
Certified	VBN
Counselor	NNP
,	,
and	CC
also	RB
holds	VBZ
a	DT
B.S.	NNP
in	IN
computer	NN
science	NN
from	IN
Cornell	NNP
University	NNP
.	.
Makela	NNP
has	VBZ
seven	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
working	VBG
in	IN
career	NN
development	NN
in	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
,	,
serving	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
counselor	NN
,	,
instructor	NN
,	,
mentor	NN
,	,
consultant	NN
,	,
and	CC
researcher	NN
.	.
She	PRP
discovers	VBZ
unique	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
blend	VB
theory	NN
and	CC
practice	NN
,	,
empowering	VBG
student	NN
development	NN
practitioners	NNS
to	TO
embed	VB
their	PRP$
expertise	NN
into	IN
novel	JJ
technology	NN
and	CC
student	NN
engagement	NN
strategies	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
passion	NN
for	IN
enhancing	VBG
student	NN
affairs	NNS
programs	NNS
that	WDT
encourage	VBP
holistic	JJ
student	NN
development	NN
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
currently	RB
pursing	VBG
a	DT
Ph.D.	NNP
in	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
administration	NN
with	IN
a	DT
specialization	NN
in	IN
evaluation	NN
research	NN
methodologies	NNS
.	.
Disabled	JJ
workers	NNS
have	VBP
long	RB
been	VBN
an	DT
untapped	JJ
source	NN
of	IN
talent	NN
,	,
and	CC
are	VBP
expected	VBN
to	TO
play	VB
an	DT
increasingly	RB
vital	JJ
role	NN
in	IN
the	DT
work	NN
force	NN
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
as	IN
older	JJR
workers	NNS
retire	VBP
and	CC
the	DT
labor	NN
pool	NN
shrinks	VBZ
.	.
And	CC
many	JJ
employers	NNS
want	VBP
to	TO
include	VB
disabled	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
diversity	NN
hiring	VBG
plans	NNS
.	.
Allen	NNP
R.	NNP
Vaala	NNP
and	CC
M.	NNP
Lynne	NNP
Morley	NNP
,	,
director	NN
and	CC
assistant	JJ
director	NN
of	IN
the	DT
NTID	NNP
Center	NNP
on	IN
Employment	NNP
,	,
will	MD
present	VB
model	NN
strategies	NNS
that	WDT
career	NN
services	NNS
offices	NNS
and	CC
employers	NNS
can	MD
use	VB
to	TO
facilitate	VB
successful	JJ
work	NN
relationships	NNS
.	.
Both	DT
presenters	NNS
work	VBP
with	IN
deaf	JJ
students	NNS
at	IN
Rochester	NNP
Institute	NNP
of	IN
Technology	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
RIT	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
enrolled	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Technical	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Deaf	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NTID	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
with	IN
employers	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
seeking	VBG
to	TO
bring	VB
talented	JJ
deaf	JJ
individuals	NNS
into	IN
their	PRP$
work	NN
environment	NN
.	.
Employment	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
joined	VBD
RIT	NNP
29	CD
years	NNS
ago	RB
,	,
first	RB
as	IN
a	DT
faculty	NN
member	NN
in	IN
the	DT
business	NN
area	NN
and	CC
later	RB
as	IN
an	DT
employment	NN
adviser	NN
.	.
She	PRP
works	VBZ
with	IN
deaf	JJ
students	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
looking	VBG
for	IN
co-op	NN
and	CC
permanent	JJ
jobs	NNS
and	CC
with	IN
employers	NNS
.	.
Allen	NNP
R.	NNP
Vaala	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
director	NN
of	IN
the	DT
NTID	NNP
Center	NNP
on	IN
Employment	NNP
,	,
a	DT
position	NN
he	PRP
has	VBZ
held	VBN
for	IN
five	CD
years	NNS
.	.
The	DT
NTID	NNP
Center	NNP
on	IN
Employment	NNP
works	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
1,200	CD
deaf	JJ
and	CC
hard-of-hearing	JJ
students	NNS
at	IN
NTID	NNP
to	TO
prepare	VB
them	PRP
for	IN
obtaining	VBG
both	DT
co-op	NN
and	CC
permanent	JJ
jobs	NNS
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
resume	VB
and	CC
interview	VB
preparation	NN
and	CC
job	NN
search	NN
skills	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Center	NNP
on	IN
Employment	NNP
also	RB
has	VBZ
an	DT
extensive	JJ
employer	NN
outreach	NN
program	NN
including	VBG
a	DT
job	NN
fair	JJ
,	,
workshops	NNS
,	,
and	CC
seminars	NNS
on	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
better	RB
integrate	VB
deaf	JJ
and	CC
hard-of-hearing	JJ
employees	NNS
into	IN
the	DT
work	NN
force	NN
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
offers	VBZ
recruiting	NN
support	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
virtual	JJ
seminar	NN
,	,
request	NN
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
audio	JJ
archive	NN
of	IN
the	DT
session	NN
.	.
Catch	VB
up	RP
on	IN
diversity	NN
initiatives	NNS
,	,
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
in	IN
internships	NNS
,	,
the	DT
latest	JJS
Job	NNP
Outlook	NNP
forecast	NN
,	,
benchmarks	NNS
in	IN
experiential	JJ
education	NN
,	,
and	CC
much	RB
more	RBR
.	.
We	PRP
've	VBP
archived	VBN
materials	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
virtual	JJ
education	NN
sessions	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
registration	NN
for	IN
the	DT
live	JJ
audio\/web	NN
conference	NN
is	VBZ
complete	JJ
and	CC
payment	NN
is	VBZ
received	VBN
,	,
NACE	NNP
will	MD
send	VB
you	PRP
confirmation	NN
via	IN
e-mail	NN
.	.
The	DT
confirmation	NN
will	MD
include	VB
telephone	NN
instructions	NNS
and	CC
instructions	NNS
for	IN
accessing	VBG
the	DT
PowerPoint	NNP
presentation	NN
.	.
Why	WRB
do	VBP
drug	NN
dealers	NNS
still	RB
live	VBP
with	IN
their	PRP$
mothers	NNS
?	.
How	WRB
are	VBP
sumo	JJ
wrestlers	NNS
and	CC
school	NN
teachers	NNS
alike	RB
?	.
Where	WRB
is	VBZ
your	PRP$
child	NN
safer	JJR
:	:
At	IN
the	DT
home	NN
of	IN
a	DT
friend	NN
whose	WP$
family	NN
owns	VBZ
a	DT
gun	NN
or	CC
with	IN
a	DT
friend	NN
whose	WP$
family	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
swimming	NN
pool	NN
?	.
Steven	NNP
D.	NNP
Levitt	NNP
,	,
bestselling	VBG
author	NN
of	IN
Freakonomics	NNS
,	,
looks	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
story	NN
that	IN
no	DT
one	NN
else	RB
has	VBZ
found	VBN
,	,
using	VBG
simple	JJ
questions	NNS
to	TO
reach	VB
sometimes	RB
startling	JJ
conclusions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Wall	NNP
Street	NNP
Journal	NNP
said	VBD
that	IN
if	IN
Indiana	NNP
Jones	NNP
were	VBD
an	DT
economist	NN
,	,
he	PRP
'd	MD
be	VB
Steven	NNP
Levitt	NNP
,	,
who	WP
has	VBZ
shown	VBN
other	JJ
economists	NNS
just	RB
how	WRB
well	RB
their	PRP$
tools	NNS
can	MD
make	VB
sense	NN
of	IN
the	DT
real	JJ
world	NN
.	.
A	DT
37-year-old	JJ
self-effacing	JJ
midwestern	JJ
father	NN
of	IN
four	CD
,	,
Levitt	NNP
has	VBZ
an	DT
enormous	JJ
curiosity	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
set	VBN
on	IN
course	NN
by	IN
personal	JJ
experiences	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
incongruities	NNS
he	PRP
sees	VBZ
in	IN
everyday	JJ
life	NN
.	.
He	PRP
is	VBZ
an	DT
intuitionist	NN
.	.
He	PRP
sifts	VBZ
through	IN
a	DT
data	NN
to	TO
find	VB
the	DT
surprising	JJ
story	NN
and	CC
devises	VBZ
ways	NNS
to	TO
measure	VB
an	DT
effect	NN
that	WDT
veteran	JJ
economists	NNS
have	VBP
declared	VBN
unmeasurable	JJ
.	.
Brooke	NNP
earned	VBD
her	PRP$
place	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Forbes	NNP
list	NN
through	IN
a	DT
distinguished	JJ
career	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
and	CC
private	JJ
service	NN
.	.
Brooke	NNP
is	VBZ
global	JJ
vice	NN
chairman	NN
for	IN
Ernst	NNP
&	CC
Young	NNP
,	,
where	WRB
her	PRP$
job	NN
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
developing	VBG
the	DT
firm	NN
's	POS
strategic	JJ
direction	NN
and	CC
shaping	VBG
its	PRP$
position	NN
on	IN
public	JJ
policy	NN
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
in	IN
charge	NN
of	IN
strategy	NN
,	,
communications	NNS
,	,
and	CC
regulatory	JJ
affairs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
has	VBZ
taken	VBN
part	NN
in	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
policy	NN
debate	NN
about	IN
the	DT
controversies	NNS
the	DT
accounting	NN
profession	NN
has	VBZ
faced	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
few	JJ
years	NNS
.	.
Brooke	NNP
also	RB
served	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Treasury	NNP
Department	NNP
under	IN
the	DT
administration	NN
of	IN
President	NNP
Bill	NNP
Clinton	NNP
and	CC
currently	RB
serves	VBZ
on	IN
several	JJ
nonprofit	JJ
boards	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
keynote	NN
speaker	NN
,	,
she	PRP
pairs	NNS
laser-sharp	JJ
insight	NN
with	IN
a	DT
global	JJ
perspective	NN
.	.
His	PRP$
role	NN
on	IN
this	DT
television	NN
drama	NN
as	IN
a	DT
humane	JJ
spiritual	JJ
figure	NN
in	IN
the	DT
desperate	JJ
and	CC
inhumane	JJ
world	NN
of	IN
a	DT
maximum	JJ
security	NN
prison	NN
provided	VBD
the	DT
actor	NN
with	IN
a	DT
stimulating	VBG
platform	NN
for	IN
his	PRP$
diverse	JJ
talent	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
tremendous	JJ
exposure	NN
and	CC
popularity	NN
.	.
Substitute	NNP
II	NNP
.	.
But	CC
moviegoers	NNS
will	MD
undoubtedly	RB
remember	VB
him	PRP
most	RBS
from	IN
his	PRP$
surprising	JJ
work	NN
in	IN
four	CD
popular	JJ
films	NNS
as	IN
three	CD
extremely	RB
different	JJ
men	NNS
:	:
the	DT
outrageous	JJ
wedding	NN
coordinator	NN
's	POS
assistant	NN
,	,
Howard	NNP
Weinstein	NNP
,	,
opposite	JJ
Martin	NNP
Short	NNP
in	IN
Father	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Bride	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
parts	NNS
I	PRP
and	CC
II	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
quiet	JJ
,	,
intense	JJ
and	CC
ambitious	JJ
Tibetan	JJ
foreign	JJ
minister	NN
Ngawang	NNP
Jigme	NNP
,	,
opposite	JJ
Brad	NNP
Pitt	NNP
in	IN
Seven	NNP
Years	NNS
in	IN
Tibet	NNP
,	,
and	CC
as	IN
the	DT
voice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
powerful	JJ
and	CC
heroic	JJ
Captain	NNP
Li	NNP
Shang	NNP
in	IN
Disney	NNP
's	POS
animated	JJ
blockbuster	NN
,	,
Mulan	NNP
.	.
This	DT
alternate	JJ
career	NN
has	VBZ
brought	VBN
the	DT
actor	NN
a	DT
great	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
satisfaction	NN
;	:
a	DT
self-described	JJ
``	``
ham	NN
,	,
''	''
he	PRP
enjoys	VBZ
infusing	VBG
his	PRP$
remarks	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
the	DT
subsequent	JJ
answering	NN
of	IN
questions	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
with	IN
humor	NN
and	CC
dramatic	JJ
readings	NNS
.	.
Visit	VB
the	DT
home	NN
offices	NNS
of	IN
some	DT
New	NNP
York	NNP
City	NNP
companies	NNS
.	.
All	DT
groups	NNS
will	MD
depart	VB
at	IN
12:15	CD
p.m.	RB
promptly	RB
on	IN
Wednesday	NNP
May	NNP
30	CD
,	,
2007	CD
from	IN
the	DT
lower	JJR
lobby	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Marriott	NNP
Marquis	NNP
and	CC
will	MD
return	VB
about	RB
4	CD
p.m.	NN
There	EX
will	MD
also	RB
be	VB
concurrent	JJ
sessions	NNS
offered	VBN
during	IN
this	DT
time	NN
slot	NN
.	.
Registration	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
and	CC
seats	NNS
are	VBP
limited	VBN
.	.
Site	NN
visits	NNS
are	VBP
open	JJ
to	TO
registered	VBN
NACE	NNP
conference	NN
attendees	NNS
and	CC
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
NACE	NNP
professionals	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
unique	JJ
look	NN
inside	IN
a	DT
diverse	JJ
group	NN
of	IN
leading	VBG
employers	NNS
.	.
Any	DT
conference	NN
attendee	NN
interested	JJ
in	IN
learning	VBG
more	RBR
about	IN
an	DT
organization	NN
's	POS
culture	NN
,	,
career	NN
opportunities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
facilities	NNS
is	VBZ
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
attend	VB
.	.
Our	PRP$
New	NNP
York	NNP
City	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NYC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
location	NN
presents	VBZ
an	DT
unprecedented	JJ
opportunity	NN
at	IN
the	DT
annual	JJ
conference	NN
for	IN
NACE	NNP
conference	NN
attendees	NNS
to	TO
have	VB
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
reach	VB
out	RP
beyond	IN
the	DT
conference	NN
site	NN
and	CC
explore	VB
various	JJ
profit	NN
and	CC
nonprofit	JJ
employers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
heart	NN
of	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
City	NNP
.	.
Most	JJS
jobs	NNS
and	CC
organizations	NNS
are	VBP
different	JJ
than	IN
what	WP
you	PRP
can	MD
learn	VB
from	IN
web	NN
sites	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
publications	NNS
.	.
The	DT
site	NN
visits	NNS
present	VBP
a	DT
unique	JJ
opportunity	NN
to	TO
gain	VB
a	DT
``	``
real	JJ
life	NN
''	''
view	NN
of	IN
corporate	JJ
culture	NN
,	,
find	VB
out	RP
about	IN
career	NN
opportunities	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
to	TO
students	NNS
and	CC
alumni	NNS
and	CC
benchmark	NN
with	IN
others	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
field	NN
or	CC
industry	NN
.	.
Groups	NNS
will	MD
meet	VB
in	IN
the	DT
lower	JJR
lobby	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Marriott	NNP
Marquis	NNP
.	.
Each	DT
site	NN
visit	NN
will	MD
be	VB
led	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
experienced	JJ
guide	NN
,	,
dressed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
distinctive	JJ
red	JJ
NACE	NNP
shirt	NN
,	,
who	WP
will	MD
accompany	VB
participants	NNS
to	TO
each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
locations	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
city	NN
is	VBZ
at	IN
the	DT
crossroads	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
world	NN
,	,
visitors	NNS
can	MD
choose	VB
from	IN
nearly	RB
unlimited	JJ
travel	NN
options	NNS
,	,
with	IN
three	CD
major	JJ
airports	NNS
handling	VBG
more	JJR
daily	JJ
flights	NNS
than	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
city	NN
and	CC
countless	JJ
rail	NN
,	,
bus	NN
,	,
ferry	NN
,	,
and	CC
driving	VBG
options	NNS
.	.
What	WP
should	MD
you	PRP
donate	VB
?	.
Among	IN
the	DT
sought-after	JJ
items	NNS
at	IN
last	JJ
year	NN
's	POS
auction	NN
were	VBD
a	DT
laptop	JJ
computer	NN
,	,
hotel	NN
stays	NNS
,	,
and	CC
original	JJ
artwork	NN
.	.
Tickets	NNS
to	TO
an	DT
event	NN
,	,
sports	NNS
memorabilia	NNS
,	,
a	DT
company	NN
product	NN
are	VBP
appropriate	JJ
.	.
All	DT
donations	NNS
must	MD
have	VB
a	DT
minimum	JJ
value	NN
of	IN
$	$
100	CD
.	.
Donors	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
listed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Silent	NNP
Auction	NNP
web	NN
page	NN
on	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
National	NNP
Meeting	VBG
web	NN
site	NN
through	IN
July	NNP
1	CD
,	,
2007	CD
;	:
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
recognized	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
Silent	NNP
Auction	NNP
.	.
NACE	NNP
will	MD
photograph	NN
your	PRP$
donation	NN
for	IN
posting	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
web	NN
site	NN
and	CC
on	IN
the	DT
bid	NN
boards	NNS
on-site	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Meeting	VBG
;	:
however	RB
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
prefer	VBP
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
welcome	JJ
to	TO
send	VB
up	RP
to	TO
three	CD
photographs	NNS
to	TO
represent	VB
your	PRP$
donation	NN
.	.
Foundation	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
foster	VB
leading-edge	JJ
research	NN
and	CC
educational	JJ
resources	NNS
that	WDT
facilitate	VBP
the	DT
employment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
college	NN
educated	VBN
.	.
To	TO
that	DT
end	NN
,	,
the	DT
Foundation	NNP
has	VBZ
earned	VBN
a	DT
notable	JJ
reputation	NN
for	IN
publishing	NN
specialized	VBN
research	NN
in	IN
these	DT
areas	NNS
and	CC
for	IN
fostering	VBG
educational	JJ
training	NN
programs	NNS
for	IN
college	NN
career	NN
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
,	,
human	JJ
resources	NNS
professionals	NNS
,	,
and	CC
graduating	VBG
college	NN
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
National	NNP
Meeting	VBG
will	MD
be	VB
paperless	JJ
in	IN
2007	CD
!	.
Concurrent	JJ
session	NN
PowerPoint	NNP
presentations	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
accessible	JJ
online	NN
before	IN
the	DT
conference	NN
so	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
review	VB
and	CC
download	VB
the	DT
sessions	NNS
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
attend	VB
in	IN
advance	NN
or	CC
pick	VB
up	RP
information	NN
on	IN
sessions	NNS
you	PRP
are	VBP
unable	JJ
to	TO
attend	VB
!	.
Handouts	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
distributed	VBN
at	IN
concurrent	JJ
sessions	NNS
.	.
Approximately	RB
two	CD
weeks	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
conference	NN
,	,
each	DT
full-conference	NN
registrant	NN
will	MD
receive	VB
information	NN
via	IN
e-mail	NN
about	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
access	VB
a	DT
special	JJ
area	NN
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Meeting	VBG
web	NN
site	NN
where	WRB
presentations	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
in	IN
PDF	NNP
format	NN
.	.
Review	NNP
the	DT
sessions	NNS
,	,
print	VBP
the	DT
presentations	NNS
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
attend	VB
,	,
and	CC
take	VB
them	PRP
with	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
Following	VBG
the	DT
opening	NN
remarks	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
'll	MD
be	VB
tapping	VBG
your	PRP$
feet	NNS
and	CC
humming	VBG
along	IN
to	TO
the	DT
memorable	JJ
songs	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
biggest	JJS
Broadway	NNP
musicals	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
century	NN
.	.
Featuring	VBG
the	DT
stars	NNS
of	IN
The	DT
Phantom	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Opera	NNP
,	,
Les	NNP
Miserables	NNP
,	,
Cats	NNP
,	,
Jesus	NNP
Christ	NNP
Superstar	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Jekyll	NNP
and	CC
Hyde	NNP
and	CC
supported	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
all	DT
star	NN
New	NNP
York	NNP
band	NN
,	,
``	``
100	CD
Years	NNS
of	IN
Broadway	NNP
''	''
recreates	VBZ
the	DT
biggest	JJS
moments	NNS
and	CC
most	RBS
popular	JJ
songs	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
hit	NN
shows	VBZ
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
hear	VB
brilliantly	RB
revived	VBN
arrangements	NNS
of	IN
Broadway	NNP
classics	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
fantastic	JJ
numbers	NNS
from	IN
Broadway	NNP
's	POS
newest	JJS
hit	NN
shows	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
hereby	VBP
apply	VB
for	IN
membership	NN
in	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
covering	VBG
the	DT
12-month	JJ
period	NN
commencing	VBG
the	DT
month	NN
after	IN
this	DT
application	NN
is	VBZ
received	VBN
by	IN
NACE	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
understand	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
membership	NN
dues	NNS
for	IN
this	DT
12-month	JJ
period	NN
are	VBP
$	$
390	CD
for	IN
director-level	JJ
membership	NN
.	.
This	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
to	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
demographic	JJ
mix	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
membership	NN
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
only	RB
for	IN
statistical	JJ
reporting	NN
purposes	NNS
.	.
Whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
you	PRP
choose	VB
to	TO
complete	VB
this	DT
section	NN
will	MD
have	VB
absolutely	RB
no	DT
bearing	NN
on	IN
your	PRP$
membership	NN
status	NN
.	.
Membership	NN
is	VBZ
institutional	JJ
and	CC
available	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
at	IN
an	DT
educational	JJ
institution	NN
granting	VBG
associate	NN
,	,
baccalaureate	NN
,	,
or	CC
higher	JJR
degrees	NNS
that	WDT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
accredited	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
official	JJ
accrediting	NN
association	NN
.	.
The	DT
primary	JJ
contact	NN
for	IN
the	DT
membership	NN
is	VBZ
typically	RB
the	DT
individual	JJ
whose	WP$
primary	JJ
responsibility	NN
is	VBZ
career	NN
services	NNS
.	.
Explore	VB
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
expanding	VBG
membership	NN
by	IN
reviewing	VBG
previous	JJ
research	NN
on	IN
two	CD
member	NN
categories	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
community	NN
colleges	NNS
and	CC
small	JJ
-	:
to	TO
medium-size	JJ
employers	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
identifying	VBG
strategies	NNS
for	IN
marketing	NN
NACE	NNP
to	TO
prospective	JJ
members	NNS
from	IN
these	DT
groups	NNS
.	.
Become	VB
knowledgeable	JJ
about	IN
recent	JJ
membership	NN
decisions	NNS
and	CC
categories	NNS
of	IN
membership	NN
;	:
identify	VB
implications	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
changes	NNS
and	CC
provide	VB
feedback	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
implementation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
membership	NN
model	NN
;	:
serve	VB
as	IN
advocates	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
membership	NN
model	NN
and	CC
potential	JJ
opportunities	NNS
to	TO
expand	VB
membership	NN
.	.
Plan	NN
and	CC
identify	VB
format	NN
and	CC
speakers	NNS
for	IN
an	DT
interactive	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
engage	VB
members	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
discussion	NN
using	VBG
available	JJ
NACE	NNP
programs	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
quick	JJ
pulse	NN
surveys	NNS
,	,
virtual	JJ
seminars	NNS
,	,
annual	JJ
meeting	NN
workshop	NN
.	.
Review	NNP
existing	VBG
bylaws	NNS
and	CC
identify	VB
changes	NNS
needed	VBN
based	VBN
on	IN
new	JJ
actions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
board	NN
and	CC
items	NNS
that	WDT
might	MD
be	VB
changed	VBN
to	TO
clarify\/streamline	VB
the	DT
bylaws	NNS
;	:
prepare	VB
changes	NNS
for	IN
board	NN
decision	NN
by	IN
the	DT
January	NNP
2007	CD
Board	NNP
meeting	NN
or	CC
sooner	RB
.	.
General	NNP
Information	NNP
About	IN
Committee	NNP
Membership	NN
:	:
Committee	NNP
members	NNS
are	VBP
appointed	VBN
for	IN
one-year	JJ
terms	NNS
commencing	VBG
July	NNP
1	CD
.	.
Committee	NNP
members	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
re-appointed	VBN
for	IN
successive	JJ
terms	NNS
.	.
Committee	NNP
appointments	NNS
are	VBP
made	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
president-elect	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
various	JJ
teams	NNS
and	CC
task	NN
forces	NNS
are	VBP
established	VBN
to	TO
complete	VB
a	DT
specific	JJ
,	,
focused	VBD
,	,
results-oriented	JJ
charge	NN
within	IN
a	DT
short	JJ
time	NN
frame	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
belief	NN
in	IN
diversity	NN
,	,
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
discriminate	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
race	NN
,	,
gender	NN
,	,
color	NN
,	,
national	JJ
origin	NN
,	,
religion	NN
,	,
age	NN
,	,
disability	NN
,	,
or	CC
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
NACE	NNP
strives	VBZ
to	TO
have	VB
its	PRP$
elected	VBN
Board	NNP
and	CC
officers	NNS
themselves	PRP
reflect	VBP
the	DT
rich	JJ
diversity	NN
within	IN
the	DT
profession	NN
.	.
Employers	NNS
in	IN
its	PRP$
effort	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
the	DT
diversity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
applicant	NN
pool	NN
for	IN
committees\/task	JJ
force	NN
positions	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
supply	VB
us	PRP
with	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
information	NN
:	:
Submission	NN
of	IN
this	DT
form	NN
is	VBZ
optional	JJ
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
choose	VBP
not	RB
to	TO
complete	VB
the	DT
form	NN
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
have	VB
any	DT
impact	NN
on	IN
your	PRP$
nomination	NN
.	.
Members	NNS
also	RB
have	VBP
the	DT
option	NN
to	TO
purchase	VB
special	JJ
reports	NNS
.	.
Regional	NNP
reports	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
in	IN
July	NNP
and	CC
September	NNP
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
special	JJ
reports	NNS
let	VB
you	PRP
customize	VB
critical	JJ
information	NN
by	IN
location	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
,	,
or	CC
by	IN
job	NN
location	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
city	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Eligibility	NN
Requirements	NNS
:	:
Retired	VBN
professional	JJ
membership	NN
may	MD
be	VB
granted	VBN
to	TO
any	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
retired	VBN
and	CC
is	VBZ
no	RB
longer	RB
working	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
or	CC
human	JJ
resources	NNS
,	,
professional	JJ
staffing	NN
,	,
or	CC
recruiting\/hiring	VBG
field	NN
and	CC
who	WP
would	MD
not	RB
otherwise	RB
qualify	VB
for	IN
another	DT
membership	NN
category	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
Center	NNP
directors	NNS
at	IN
NACE	NNP
member	NN
schools	NNS
asked	VBD
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Principles	NNPS
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Conduct	NNP
Committee	NNP
to	TO
consider	VB
the	DT
implications	NNS
of	IN
servinc	JJ
alcohol	NN
during	IN
the	DT
recruiting	NN
process	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
case	NN
,	,
an	DT
employer	NN
employer	NN
decided	VBD
to	TO
skip	VB
hosting	VBG
the	DT
traditional	JJ
on-campus	JJ
company	NN
information	NN
session	NN
.	.
Instead	RB
,	,
recruiters	NNS
invited	VBN
students	NNS
who	WP
were	VBD
prospective	JJ
job	NN
candidates	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
with	IN
them	PRP
at	IN
an	DT
off-campus	JJ
bar	NN
where	WRB
students	NNS
were	VBD
treated	VBN
to	TO
beer	NN
and	CC
mixed	JJ
alcoholic	JJ
drinks	NNS
.	.
The	DT
recruiters	NNS
asked	VBD
career	NN
services	NNS
staff	NN
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
students	NNS
knew	VBD
about	IN
the	DT
change	NN
in	IN
plans	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
preamble	NN
to	TO
The	DT
Principles	NNPS
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Conduct	NNP
,	,
employers	NNS
and	CC
career	NN
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
``	``
Maintain	VB
a	DT
recruitment	NN
process	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
fair	JJ
and	CC
equitable	JJ
to	TO
candidates	NNS
and	CC
employing	VBG
organizations	NNS
.	.
''	''
Further	RB
,	,
if	IN
an	DT
employer	NN
chooses	VBZ
to	TO
serve	VB
alcoholic	JJ
drinks	NNS
,	,
the	DT
ethics	NNS
document	NN
recommends	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
be	VB
limited	VBN
and	CC
handled	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
law	NN
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
college	NN
's	POS
policies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
with	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
's	POS
policies	NNS
.	.
The	DT
committee	NN
concluded	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
wrong	JJ
to	TO
require	VB
students	NNS
,	,
either	CC
implicitly	RB
or	CC
explicitly	RB
,	,
to	TO
attend	VB
a	DT
social	JJ
event	NN
where	WRB
alcohol	NN
is	VBZ
served	VBN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
company	NN
information	NN
or	CC
to	TO
be	VB
considered	VBN
for	IN
an	DT
interview	NN
.	.
A	DT
company	NN
that	WDT
requires	VBZ
a	DT
job	NN
candidate	NN
to	TO
endure	VB
a	DT
situation	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
nothing	NN
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
the	DT
actual	JJ
position	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
interested	JJ
in	IN
goes	VBZ
against	IN
the	DT
principle	NN
of	IN
``	``
a	DT
recruitment	NN
process	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
fair	JJ
and	CC
equitable	JJ
to	TO
candidates	NNS
.	.
''	''
Employer	NN
committee	NN
members	NNS
cited	VBD
several	JJ
examples	NNS
of	IN
student	NN
recruitment	NN
activities	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
successful	JJ
for	IN
their	PRP$
organizations	NNS
.	.
One	CD
employer	NN
said	VBD
that	IN
she	PRP
invites	VBZ
students	NNS
to	TO
sporting	VBG
events	NNS
or	CC
holds	VBZ
intramural-type	JJ
sporting	VBG
events	NNS
for	IN
potential	JJ
hires	NNS
.	.
Another	DT
described	VBN
casual	JJ
receptions	NNS
that	WDT
allow	VBP
candidates	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
company	NN
employees	NNS
are	VBP
popular	JJ
with	IN
students	NNS
.	.
Employers	NNS
who	WP
choose	VBP
to	TO
serve	VB
alcoholic	JJ
beverages	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
job-search	JJ
reception	NN
should	MD
make	VB
sure	JJ
that	IN
serving	VBG
liquor	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
violate	VB
school	NN
policy	NN
.	.
Employers	NNS
also	RB
should	MD
remember	VB
that	IN
many	JJ
college	NN
students	NNS
are	VBP
below	IN
the	DT
drinking	NN
age	NN
in	IN
most	JJS
states	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
purchasing	VBG
drinks	NNS
for	IN
those	DT
students	NNS
could	MD
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
state	NN
's	POS
criminal	JJ
laws	NNS
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
is	VBZ
using	VBG
the	DT
reception	NN
to	TO
test	VB
a	DT
job	NN
candidate	NN
's	POS
ability	NN
to	TO
handle	VB
alcoholic	JJ
beverages	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
work-related	JJ
function	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
social	JJ
skills	NNS
,	,
the	DT
employer	NN
should	MD
check	VB
with	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
's	POS
legal	JJ
counsel	NN
about	IN
any	DT
discriminatory	JJ
impact	NN
such	JJ
selection	NN
criteria	NNS
might	MD
have	VB
and	CC
whether	IN
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
drink	VB
alcohol	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
job-related	JJ
criterion	NN
.	.
The	DT
Principles	NNPS
Committee	NNP
noted	VBD
that	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
staff	NN
should	MD
advise	VB
students	NNS
that	IN
some	DT
employers	NNS
may	MD
provide	VB
alcohol	NN
at	IN
social	JJ
events	NNS
to	TO
determine	VB
how	WRB
well	RB
students	NNS
can	MD
handle	VB
the	DT
situation	NN
.	.
A	DT
student	NN
should	MD
be	VB
told	VBN
to	TO
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
acceptable	JJ
to	TO
order	VB
a	DT
soft	JJ
drink	NN
instead	RB
.	.
Students	NNS
who	WP
do	VBP
drink	VB
should	MD
be	VB
advised	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
reception	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
professional	JJ
function	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
they	PRP
should	MD
not	RB
treat	VB
it	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
party	NN
.	.
The	DT
committee	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
believe	VB
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
an	DT
ethical	JJ
problem	NN
with	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
publicizing	VBG
such	JJ
an	DT
event	NN
.	.
The	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
staff	NN
should	MD
ask	VB
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
legal	JJ
counsel	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
if	IN
the	DT
school	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
policy	NN
against	IN
advertising	NN
off-campus	JJ
events	NNS
that	WDT
include	VBP
alcoholic	JJ
beverages	NNS
for	IN
students	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
practical	JJ
matter	NN
,	,
the	DT
employer	NN
hosting	VBG
a	DT
reception	NN
should	MD
create	VB
the	DT
advertisement	NN
or	CC
poster	NN
publicizing	VBG
this	DT
event	NN
.	.
The	DT
information	NN
should	MD
include	VB
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
's	POS
representative	NN
who	WP
will	MD
provide	VB
students	NNS
with	IN
details	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
event	NN
;	:
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
named	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
contact	NN
.	.
The	DT
following	JJ
letter	NN
was	VBD
written	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Principles	NNPS
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Conduct	NNP
Committee	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
by	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
to	TO
notify	VB
employers	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
college	NN
or	CC
university	NN
career	NN
center	NN
endorses	VBZ
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
document	NN
and	CC
requires	VBZ
employers	NNS
recruiting	VBG
in	IN
their	PRP$
career	NN
centers	NNS
to	TO
abide	VB
by	IN
the	DT
no-alcohol	JJ
policy	NN
.	.
The	DT
categories	NNS
for	IN
Directors	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
developed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Leadership	NNP
Strategy	NNP
and	CC
Sourcing	NNP
Committee	NNP
.	.
There	EX
should	MD
be	VB
an	DT
equal	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
employer\/college	NN
Directors	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Leadership	NNP
Strategy	NNP
and	CC
Sourcing	NNP
Committee	NNP
shall	MD
create	VB
the	DT
ballot	NN
with	IN
this	DT
in	IN
mind	NN
,	,
recognizing	VBG
that	IN
a	DT
ballot	NN
may	MD
alternate	JJ
from	IN
year	NN
to	TO
year	NN
in	IN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
college	NN
or	CC
employer	NN
Director	NNP
positions	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
create	VB
the	DT
employer\/college	NN
balance	NN
.	.
Section	NN
1	CD
.	.
The	DT
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
shall	MD
be	VB
employed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
at	IN
a	DT
salary	NN
fixed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Executive	NNP
Committee	NNP
,	,
shall	MD
be	VB
directly	RB
responsible	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
President	NNP
,	,
and	CC
shall	MD
serve	VB
as	IN
Secretary-Treasurer	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Corporation	NNP
.	.
Section	NN
2	CD
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
powers	NNS
and	CC
duties	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Secretary-Treasurer	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
shall	MD
manage	VB
and	CC
direct	VB
all	DT
activities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
,	,
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
policies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
through	IN
the	DT
office	NN
of	IN
the	DT
President	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
shall	MD
employ	VB
and	CC
may	MD
terminate	VB
the	DT
employment	NN
of	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
staff	NN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
carry	VB
on	IN
the	DT
work	NN
of	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
and	CC
fix	VB
their	PRP$
compensation	NN
within	IN
the	DT
approved	VBN
budget	NN
.	.
The	DT
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
shall	MD
define	VB
the	DT
duties	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
staff	NN
,	,
supervise	VB
their	PRP$
performance	NN
,	,
establish	VB
their	PRP$
titles	NNS
,	,
and	CC
delegate	VB
the	DT
responsibilities	NNS
of	IN
management	NN
as	IN
shall	MD
be	VB
in	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
interest	NN
of	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
.	.
Section	NN
3	CD
.	.
The	DT
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
shall	MD
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
nonvoting	JJ
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Executive	NNP
Committee	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Finance	NNP
Committee	NNP
,	,
and	CC
as	IN
a	DT
voting	NN
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
strategic	JJ
planning	NN
process	NN
.	.
The	DT
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
also	RB
serves	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Foundation	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Trustees	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
appointed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
President	NNP
,	,
or	CC
Executive	NNP
Committee	NNP
to	TO
serve	VB
on	IN
the	DT
boards	NNS
of	IN
other	JJ
organizations	NNS
,	,
whether	IN
profit	NN
or	CC
nonprofit	JJ
,	,
to	TO
represent	VB
the	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
to	TO
allied	VBN
,	,
professional	JJ
,	,
or	CC
liaison	NN
organizations	NNS
.	.
Section	NN
1	CD
.	.
There	EX
shall	MD
be	VB
an	DT
annual	JJ
meeting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
.	.
The	DT
annual	JJ
Board	NNP
meeting	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
month	NN
immediately	RB
preceding	VBG
the	DT
commencement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fiscal	JJ
year	NN
,	,
or	CC
as	IN
specified	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
vote	NN
of	IN
a	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
voting	NN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
The	DT
officers-elect	NN
who	WP
are	VBP
not	RB
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
election	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Directors-elect	JJ
shall	MD
be	VB
invited	VBN
as	IN
observers	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
annual	JJ
Board	NNP
meeting	NN
immediately	RB
preceding	VBG
the	DT
taking	NN
of	IN
office	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
for	IN
an	DT
orderly	JJ
transition	NN
.	.
The	DT
act	NN
of	IN
the	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
voting	NN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
present	NN
at	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
a	DT
quorum	NN
is	VBZ
present	JJ
shall	MD
be	VB
the	DT
act	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
quorum	NN
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
present	JJ
at	IN
any	DT
meeting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Members	NNS
present	JJ
thereat	NN
may	MD
adjourn	VB
the	DT
meeting	NN
from	IN
time	NN
to	TO
time	NN
,	,
without	IN
notice	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
at	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
until	IN
a	DT
quorum	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
present	JJ
.	.
Any	DT
action	NN
which	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
may	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
without	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
if	IN
consents	NNS
in	IN
writing	VBG
setting	VBG
forth	RP
the	DT
action	NN
so	RB
taken	VBN
shall	MD
be	VB
signed	VBN
by	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
voting	NN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
filed	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
Secretary-Treasurer	NNP
.	.
If	IN
voting	NN
is	VBZ
accomplished	VBN
by	IN
mail	NN
or	CC
fax	NN
the	DT
consent	NN
and	CC
vote	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
signed	VBN
by	IN
each	DT
voting	VBG
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
If	IN
voting	NN
is	VBZ
accomplished	VBN
by	IN
e-mail	NN
the	DT
consent	NN
and	CC
vote	NN
will	MD
be	VB
verified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
member	NN
designating	VBG
a	DT
signature	NN
within	IN
the	DT
e-mail	NN
.	.
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNPS
:	:
charter	NN
,	,
charter	NN
associate	NN
,	,
regular	JJ
,	,
student	NN
,	,
affiliate	NN
,	,
and	CC
retired	VBN
.	.
The	DT
rights	NNS
,	,
duties	NNS
,	,
and	CC
criteria	NNS
for	IN
membership	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
as	IN
provided	VBN
in	IN
Articles	NNPS
IV	NNP
through	IN
IX	CD
of	IN
these	DT
bylaws	NNS
.	.
Nominations	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
offices	NNS
of	IN
Vice	NNP
President-Employer	NNP
and	CC
Vice	NNP
President-College	NNP
shall	MD
be	VB
drawn	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
or	CC
a	DT
previous	JJ
NACE	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
.	.
Individuals	NNS
nominated	VBD
must	MD
be	VB
employed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
or	CC
human	JJ
resources\/professional	JJ
staffing\/recruitment\/employment	NN
field	NN
and	CC
be	VB
employed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
NACE	NNP
.	.
Both	DT
college	NN
and	CC
employer	NN
members	NNS
are	VBP
eligible	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
elected	VBN
as	IN
President-Elect	NN
of	IN
NACE	NNP
except	IN
as	IN
otherwise	RB
provided	VBN
herein	RB
,	,
the	DT
position	NN
of	IN
President	NNP
shall	MD
alternate	JJ
between	IN
being	VBG
held	VBN
by	IN
college	NN
and	CC
employer	NN
members	NNS
.	.
A.	NN
The	NNP
Leadership	NNP
Strategy	NNP
and	CC
Sourcing	NNP
Committee	NNP
shall	MD
call	VB
for	IN
nominations	NNS
for	IN
directors	NNS
and	CC
officers	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
membership	NN
.	.
Individuals	NNS
may	MD
self-nominate	VB
or	CC
nominate	VB
another	DT
individual	JJ
by	IN
submitting	VBG
the	DT
nomination	NN
and	CC
supporting	VBG
documentation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Leadership	NNP
Strategy	NNP
and	CC
Sourcing	NNP
Committee	NNP
within	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
time	NN
frame	NN
as	IN
specified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Leadership	NNP
Strategy	NNP
and	CC
Sourcing	NNP
Committee	NNP
.	.
B.	NNP
The	NNP
Leadership	NNP
Strategy	NNP
and	CC
Sourcing	NNP
Committee	NNP
shall	MD
develop	VB
a	DT
slate	NN
for	IN
officers	NNS
and	CC
director	NN
positions	NNS
.	.
Selected	VBN
candidates	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
broadly	RB
representative	NN
of	IN
the	DT
diversity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
profession	NN
and	CC
possess	VB
demonstrated	VBN
knowledge	NN
and	CC
expertise	NN
relevant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
profession	NN
.	.
A.	NN
Electronic	NNP
votes	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
cast	VBN
by	IN
midnight	NN
no	RB
later	RB
than	IN
30	CD
days	NNS
after	IN
the	DT
ballot	NN
is	VBZ
sent	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
that	DT
date	NN
falls	VBZ
on	IN
Saturday	NNP
or	CC
Sunday	NNP
then	RB
that	IN
following	VBG
Monday	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
the	DT
date	NN
used	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
be	VB
considered	VBN
a	DT
valid	JJ
vote	NN
.	.
Officers	NNS
and	CC
directors	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
elected	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
simple	JJ
majority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ballots	NNS
cast	VBN
in	IN
their	PRP$
favor	NN
.	.
B.	NNP
The	NNP
election	NN
results	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
announced	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Board	NNP
,	,
nominees	NNS
,	,
and	CC
membership	NN
by	IN
May	NNP
1	CD
.	.
Officers-elect	NN
and	CC
directors-elect	NN
shall	MD
attend	VB
the	DT
annual	JJ
Board	NNP
meeting	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
term	NN
of	IN
office	NN
shall	MD
commence	VB
at	IN
the	DT
start	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fiscal	JJ
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
election	NN
results	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
minutes	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
annual	JJ
Board	NNP
meeting	NN
.	.
Fill	VB
the	DT
vacancy	NN
now	RB
created	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
by	IN
selecting	VBG
an	DT
individual	NN
from	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
Board	NNP
and\/or	CC
an	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
previously	RB
served	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
If	IN
an	DT
individual	NN
is	VBZ
selected	VBN
to	TO
fill	VB
the	DT
vacancy	NN
,	,
he\/she	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
from	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
constituency	NN
as	IN
that	DT
of	IN
the	DT
vacated	VBN
position	NN
.	.
The	DT
newly	RB
selected	VBN
officer	NN
would	MD
only	RB
serve	VB
until	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
scheduled	VBN
election	NN
and	CC
if	IN
not	RB
eligible	JJ
to	TO
run	VB
or	CC
elected	VBN
to	TO
that	DT
position	NN
,	,
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
retire	VB
from	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
term	NN
he\/she	NN
had	VBD
filled	VBN
.	.
Choose	VB
to	TO
permit	VB
the	DT
vacancy	NN
to	TO
remain	VB
open	JJ
until	IN
the	DT
election	NN
would	MD
normally	RB
be	VB
held	VBN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
Executive	NNP
Committee	NNP
determines	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
vacancy	NN
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
filled	VBN
,	,
the	DT
President	NNP
shall	MD
delegate	VB
the	DT
duties	NNS
and	CC
responsibilities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
vacant	JJ
position	NN
to	TO
other	JJ
officers	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Executive	NNP
Committee	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Executive	NNP
Committee	NNP
could	MD
determine	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
to	TO
hold	VB
a	DT
special	JJ
election	NN
for	IN
the	DT
vacated	VBN
position	NN
.	.
If	IN
so	RB
,	,
the	DT
procedures	NNS
outlined	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Nominations	NNPS
and	CC
Elections	NNPS
Process	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
Operations	NNP
Manual	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
bylaws	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
followed	VBN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
time	NN
line	NN
will	MD
be	VB
shortened	VBN
and	CC
modified	VBN
as	RB
necessary	JJ
for	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
expediency	NN
.	.
Copying	NNP
and\/or	CC
downloading	VBG
of	IN
any	DT
of	IN
this	DT
information	NN
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
distributing	VBG
it	PRP
to	TO
others	NNS
is	VBZ
prohibited	VBN
without	IN
the	DT
specific	JJ
written	VBN
permission	NN
of	IN
NACE	NNP
.	.
All	DT
other	JJ
rights	NNS
are	VBP
reserved	VBN
by	IN
NACE	NNP
.	.
Any	DT
individual	JJ
making	VBG
unauthorized	JJ
copies	NNS
or	CC
downloading	VBG
any	DT
NACE	NNP
material	NN
will	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
penalties	NNS
as	IN
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
copyright	NN
laws	NNS
.	.
Members	NNS
may	MD
request	VB
permission	NN
to	TO
reprint	VB
these	DT
documents	NNS
by	IN
completing	VBG
a	DT
permission	NN
form	NN
.	.
The	DT
materials	NNS
on	IN
this	DT
page	NN
are	VBP
provided	VBN
to	TO
you	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
resource	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
organization	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
policy	NN
and	CC
procedures	NNS
.	.
The	DT
legal	JJ
information	NN
provided	VBD
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
construed	VBN
as	IN
legal	JJ
advice	NN
for	IN
any	DT
specific	JJ
situation	NN
,	,
nor	CC
can	MD
NACE	NNP
's	POS
general	JJ
counsel	NN
provide	VBP
you	PRP
with	IN
specific	JJ
legal	JJ
advice	NN
regarding	VBG
your	PRP$
policies	NNS
,	,
procedures	NNS
,	,
or	CC
forms	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
strongly	RB
recommended	VBN
that	IN
you	PRP
seek	VBP
advice	NN
from	IN
your	PRP$
institution	NN
's	POS
legal	JJ
counsel	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
demographic	JJ
information	NN
,	,
the	DT
Online	NNP
Directory	NNP
can	MD
provide	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
the	DT
detailed	JJ
information	NN
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
identify	VB
and	CC
connect	VB
with	IN
schools	NNS
of	IN
interest	NN
.	.
Use	NNP
the	DT
advanced	JJ
search	NN
feature	NN
,	,
and	CC
cut	VB
down	RP
on	IN
hours	NNS
of	IN
research	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
communities	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
included	VBN
information	NN
on	IN
formatting	NN
e-mail	NN
to	TO
the	DT
communities	NNS
for	IN
maximum	JJ
value	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
also	RB
prohibitions	NNS
on	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
communities	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
advertise	VB
or	CC
promote	VB
products	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
.	.
Do	VBP
not	RB
rely	VB
on	IN
your	PRP$
messages	NNS
being	VBG
confidential	JJ
or	CC
private	JJ
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
a	DT
message	NN
is	VBZ
sent	VBN
privately	RB
,	,
to	TO
one	CD
person	NN
only	RB
.	.
Do	VBP
not	RB
send	VB
anything	NN
via	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
that	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
willing	JJ
to	TO
say	VB
face-to-face	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
co-worker	NN
or	CC
your	PRP$
employer	NN
.	.
While	IN
a	DT
general	JJ
discussion	NN
of	IN
professional	JJ
resources	NNS
is	VBZ
welcome	JJ
on	IN
within	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Communities	NNPS
,	,
discussion	NN
of	IN
a	DT
specific	JJ
vendor	NN
,	,
product	NN
,	,
or	CC
resource	NN
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
tolerated	VBN
.	.
NACE	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
statements	NNS
made	VBN
by	IN
subscribers	NNS
to	TO
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
Communities	NNS
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
legitimacy	NN
of	IN
any	DT
business	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
wish	VBP
to	TO
get	VB
opinions	NNS
or	CC
recommendations	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
commercial	JJ
product	NN
,	,
please	VB
ask	VB
that	IN
all	DT
e-mail	NN
be	VB
directed	VBN
to	TO
your	PRP$
e-mail	NN
box	NN
and	CC
not	RB
to	TO
the	DT
discussion	NN
group	NN
.	.
Please	VB
share	VB
a	DT
summary	NN
of	IN
that	DT
information	NN
with	IN
colleagues	NNS
by	IN
private	JJ
e-mail	NN
only	RB
.	.
Discussions	NNS
of	IN
specific	JJ
vendors	NNS
or	CC
commercial	JJ
products	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
go	VB
through	IN
a	DT
Community	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
post	VBP
a	DT
question	NN
of	IN
interest	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
colleagues	NNS
,	,
please	VB
collect	VB
the	DT
answers	NNS
and	CC
send	VB
a	DT
summary	NN
of	IN
responses	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
list	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
summary	NN
should	MD
include	VB
one	CD
copy	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
original	JJ
question	NN
and	CC
excerpts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
responses	NNS
you	PRP
receive	VBP
.	.
Include	NNP
the	DT
e-mail	NN
addresses	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
who	WP
answer	VB
your	PRP$
question	NN
.	.
If	IN
information	NN
comes	VBZ
from	IN
a	DT
book	NN
,	,
a	DT
newsletter	NN
,	,
a	DT
magazine	NN
,	,
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
a	DT
news	NN
group	NN
,	,
another	DT
e-mail	NN
discussion	NN
group	NN
,	,
or	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
publication	NN
,	,
the	DT
material	NN
may	MD
be	VB
copyrighted	VBN
.	.
Any	DT
copying	NN
and\/or	CC
downloading	VBG
of	IN
copyrighted	VBN
material	NN
to	TO
a	DT
NACE	NNP
Community	NNP
must	MD
be	VB
with	IN
express	JJ
written	VBN
permission	NN
of	IN
the	DT
person	NN
or	CC
organization	NN
that	WDT
owns	VBZ
the	DT
copyright	NN
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
copying	NN
of	IN
NACE	NNP
materials	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
any	DT
questions	NNS
,	,
contact	NN
Claudia	NNP
Allen	NNP
,	,
NACE	NNP
permissions	VBZ
editor	NN
.	.
Community	NNP
members	NNS
should	MD
indicate	VB
in	IN
their	PRP$
discussions	NNS
whether	IN
they	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
hear	VB
from	IN
vendors	NNS
or	CC
suppliers	NNS
.	.
Vendors	NNS
should	MD
reply	VB
to	TO
postings	NNS
only	RB
to	TO
forward	RB
the	DT
discussion	NN
or	CC
to	TO
add	VB
information	NN
or	CC
ideas	NNS
.	.
Include	NNP
a	DT
subject	NN
in	IN
the	DT
``	``
subject	JJ
line	NN
''	''
of	IN
your	PRP$
message	NN
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
help	VB
other	JJ
Community	NNP
members	NNS
choose	VBP
among	IN
the	DT
messages	NNS
to	TO
read	VB
and	CC
respond	VB
to	TO
,	,
and	CC
will	MD
make	VB
your	PRP$
questions\/answers\/discussion	NN
easier	JJR
to	TO
find	VB
in	IN
the	DT
archives	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
discussing	VBG
behavioral	JJ
interviewing	VBG
,	,
use	VB
the	DT
words	NNS
``	``
behavioral	JJ
interviewing	VBG
''	''
in	IN
the	DT
subject	JJ
line	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
offering	VBG
a	DT
summary	NN
of	IN
information	NN
in	IN
answer	NN
to	TO
a	DT
particular	JJ
question	NN
,	,
use	VBP
``	``
summary	NN
of	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
topic	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
''	''
to	TO
give	VB
community	NN
members	NNS
an	DT
idea	NN
of	IN
what	WP
they	PRP
will	MD
read	VB
when	WRB
they	PRP
open	VB
your	PRP$
message	NN
.	.
While	IN
you	PRP
own	VBP
the	DT
copyright	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
individual	JJ
messages	NNS
and	CC
materials	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
place	VBP
on	IN
a	DT
Community	NNP
discussion	NN
group	NN
,	,
NACE	NNP
compiles	VBZ
the	DT
messages	NNS
and	CC
materials	NNS
on	IN
its	PRP$
server	NN
and	CC
owns	VBZ
the	DT
compilation	NN
of	IN
messages	NNS
and	CC
materials	NNS
.	.
An	DT
exploding	VBG
offer	NN
requires	VBZ
a	DT
student	NN
to	TO
choose	VB
a	DT
job	NN
offer	NN
within	IN
a	DT
very	RB
short	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
time	NN
or	CC
face	NN
having	VBG
the	DT
offer	NN
rescinded	VBD
.	.
The	DT
Principles	NNPS
Committee	NNP
examined	VBD
this	DT
recruiting	NN
practice	NN
and	CC
developed	VBD
the	DT
following	JJ
position	NN
paper	NN
,	,
which	WDT
was	VBD
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
.	.
Maintain	VB
an	DT
open	JJ
and	CC
free	JJ
selection	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
opportunities	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
atmosphere	NN
conducive	JJ
to	TO
objective	JJ
thought	NN
,	,
where	WRB
job	NN
candidates	NNS
can	MD
choose	VB
optimum	JJ
long-term	JJ
uses	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
talents	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
consistent	JJ
with	IN
personal	JJ
objectives	NNS
and	CC
all	DT
relevant	JJ
facts	NNS
.	.
Employment	NNP
professionals	NNS
will	MD
refrain	VB
from	IN
any	DT
practice	NN
that	WDT
improperly	RB
influences	VBZ
and	CC
affects	VBZ
job	NN
acceptances	NNS
.	.
Such	JJ
practices	NNS
may	MD
include	VB
undue	JJ
time	NN
pressure	NN
for	IN
acceptance	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
offers	NNS
and	CC
encouragement	NN
of	IN
revocation	NN
of	IN
another	DT
employment	NN
offer	NN
.	.
Employment	NNP
professionals	NNS
will	MD
strive	VB
to	TO
communicate	VB
decisions	NNS
to	TO
candidates	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
agreed-upon	JJ
time	NN
frame	NN
.	.
They	PRP
will	MD
inform	VB
students	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
means	NNS
and	CC
resources	NNS
to	TO
gain	VB
access	NN
to	TO
information	NN
,	,
which	WDT
may	MD
influence	VB
their	PRP$
decisions	NNS
about	IN
employing	VBG
organizations	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
will	MD
also	RB
provide	VB
employing	VBG
organizations	NNS
with	IN
accurate	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
educational	JJ
institution	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
students	NNS
and	CC
about	IN
the	DT
recruitment	NN
policies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
.	.
Committee	NNP
that	IN
employers	NNS
give	VBP
students	NNS
a	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
three	CD
weeks	NNS
to	TO
return	VB
a	DT
decision	NN
on	IN
a	DT
job	NN
offer	NN
during	IN
the	DT
recruiting	NN
season	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
Committee	NNP
understand	VBP
that	IN
not	RB
all	DT
employers	NNS
recruit	VBP
during	IN
certain	JJ
times	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
year	NN
,	,
e.g.	FW
,	,
fall	VB
semester	NN
or	CC
spring	NN
semester	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
recommending	VBG
specific	JJ
calendar	NN
dates	NNS
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
appropriate	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
believes	VBZ
,	,
however	RB
,	,
that	IN
providing	VBG
time	NN
frames	NNS
on	IN
offers	NNS
and	CC
acceptances	NNS
will	MD
assist	VB
employers	NNS
in	IN
planning	VBG
their	PRP$
recruitment	NN
strategy	NN
and	CC
allow	VB
students	NNS
a	DT
sufficient	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
to	TO
evaluate	VB
the	DT
employment	NN
opportunities	NNS
offered	VBD
to	TO
them	PRP
while	IN
allowing	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
participate	VB
fully	RB
during	IN
the	DT
recruiting	NN
season	NN
.	.
The	DT
Principles	NNPS
Committee	NNP
recommends	VBZ
that	IN
employers	NNS
who	WP
make	VBP
job	NN
offers	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
a	DT
semester	NN
consider	VB
keeping	VBG
their	PRP$
offers	NNS
open	JJ
until	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
semester	NN
so	RB
that	IN
students	NNS
can	MD
fully	RB
explore	VB
other	JJ
opportunities	NNS
and	CC
,	,
ultimately	RB
,	,
make	VBP
the	DT
wisest	JJS
decisions	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
concerned	VBN
.	.
The	DT
success	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
in	IN
obtaining	VBG
employment	NN
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
parties	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
college	NN
campus	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
students	NNS
themselves	PRP
,	,
these	DT
parties	NNS
include	VBP
the	DT
professionals	NNS
who	WP
work	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
and	CC
in	IN
admissions	NNS
,	,
development	NN
,	,
and	CC
alumni	NNS
relations	NNS
offices	NNS
,	,
and	CC
you	PRP
,	,
the	DT
faculty	NN
.	.
Usually	RB
,	,
your	PRP$
role	NN
and	CC
that	IN
of	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
practitioner	NN
are	VBP
complementary	JJ
.	.
Occasionally	RB
,	,
however	RB
,	,
helping	VBG
students	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
job	NN
searches	NNS
can	MD
result	VB
in	IN
unanticipated	JJ
illegal	JJ
or	CC
unethical	JJ
actions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NACE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
to	TO
which	WDT
a	DT
great	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
academic	JJ
and	CC
hiring	NN
institutions	NNS
belong	VBP
,	,
provides	VBZ
a	DT
set	NN
of	IN
ethical	JJ
standards	NNS
for	IN
guiding	VBG
the	DT
job-search	JJ
process	NN
.	.
Entitled	JJ
Principles	NNPS
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Conduct	NNP
for	IN
Career	NNP
Services	NNP
&	CC
Employment	NNP
Professionals	NNP
,	,
these	DT
standards	NNS
are	VBP
based	VBN
on	IN
notions	NNS
of	IN
fairness	NN
,	,
truthfulness	NN
,	,
non-injury	JJ
,	,
confidentiality	NN
,	,
and	CC
lawfulness	NN
.	.
In	IN
its	PRP$
foreword	NN
,	,
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
document	NN
notes	NNS
that	WDT
colleges	NNS
and	CC
employers	NNS
share	VBP
the	DT
common	JJ
goal	NN
of	IN
``	``
achieving	VBG
the	DT
best	JJS
match	NN
between	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
student	NN
and	CC
the	DT
employing	VBG
organization	NN
.	.
''	''
If	IN
you	PRP
or	CC
a	DT
colleague	NN
receive	VB
a	DT
job	NN
lead	NN
from	IN
an	DT
employer	NN
and	CC
choose	VB
only	RB
to	TO
refer	VB
a	DT
few	JJ
individuals	NNS
without	IN
publicizing	VBG
the	DT
position	NN
to	TO
all	DT
students	NNS
who	WP
may	MD
be	VB
qualified	VBN
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
maintaining	VBG
``	``
a	DT
fair	JJ
and	CC
equitable	JJ
recruiting	NN
process	NN
.	.
''	''
Also	RB
,	,
by	IN
identifying	VBG
individuals	NNS
for	IN
employment	NN
on	IN
a	DT
``	``
regular	JJ
''	''
basis	NN
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
an	DT
``	``
employment	NN
agency	NN
''	''
for	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
compliance	NN
with	IN
equal	JJ
employment	NN
opportunity	NN
laws	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
if	IN
it	PRP
appears	VBZ
as	IN
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
-LRB-	-LRB-
innocently	RB
or	CC
otherwise	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
referring	VBG
only	RB
male	JJ
students	NNS
or	CC
only	RB
minority	NN
students	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
open	JJ
to	TO
charges	NNS
of	IN
discrimination	NN
.	.
A	DT
Suggested	VBN
Course	NNP
of	IN
Action	NNP
:	:
If	IN
you	PRP
receive	VBP
a	DT
request	NN
for	IN
student	NN
referrals	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
,	,
of	IN
course	NN
,	,
notify	VBP
individual	JJ
students	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
declared	VBN
an	DT
interest	NN
in	IN
such	JJ
positions	NNS
and	CC
encourage	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
apply	VB
.	.
However	RB
,	,
also	RB
post	IN
the	DT
position	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
department	NN
and	CC
announce	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
your	PRP$
classes	NNS
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
contact	NN
the	DT
university	NN
career	NN
center	NN
so	IN
that	IN
the	DT
position	NN
can	MD
be	VB
listed	VBN
campus-wide	JJ
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
practical	JJ
reasons	NNS
for	IN
these	DT
actions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
may	MD
have	VB
an	DT
existing	VBG
relationship	NN
with	IN
the	DT
requesting	VBG
employer	NN
through	IN
co-op	NN
,	,
part-time\/summer	JJ
job	NN
,	,
internship	NN
,	,
job	NN
fair	JJ
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
recruiting	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Or	CC
,	,
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
practitioners	NNS
may	MD
wish	VB
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
broader	JJR
relationship	NN
with	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
employers	NNS
have	VBP
diversity	NN
objectives	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
college	NN
relations	NNS
programs	NNS
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
they	PRP
will	MD
make	VB
a	DT
special	JJ
effort	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
and	CC
attract	VB
minority	NN
candidates	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
probably	RB
be	VB
asked	VBN
for	IN
help	NN
in	IN
accomplishing	VBG
this	DT
task	NN
.	.
The	DT
NACE	NNP
Principles	NNPS
document	NN
endorses	VBZ
compliance	NN
with	IN
EEO	NNP
guidelines	NNS
and	CC
adherence	NN
to	TO
affirmative	JJ
action	NN
principles	NNS
by	IN
both	DT
college	NN
and	CC
staffing	NN
professionals	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
illegal	JJ
to	TO
discriminate	JJ
against	IN
protected	JJ
groups	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
appropriate	JJ
for	IN
career	NN
center	NN
practitioners	NNS
to	TO
inform	VB
members	NNS
of	IN
protected	JJ
groups	NNS
about	IN
employment	NN
opportunities	NNS
,	,
especially	RB
in	IN
areas	NNS
where	WRB
minorities	NNS
are	VBP
underrepresented	VBN
.	.
Similarly	RB
,	,
employers	NNS
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
inform	VB
minority	NN
populations	NNS
of	IN
special	JJ
activities	NNS
,	,
e.g.	FW
,	,
information	NN
sessions	NNS
or	CC
career	NN
fairs	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
developed	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
achieve	VB
an	DT
employer	NN
's	POS
affirmative	JJ
action	NN
goals	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
participate	VB
in	IN
all	DT
of	IN
these	DT
activities	NNS
.	.
While	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
lawful	JJ
and	CC
ethical	JJ
for	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
assist	VB
employers	NNS
in	IN
reaching	VBG
out	RP
to	TO
minority	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
inappropriate	JJ
for	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
identify	VB
only	RB
minority	NN
individuals	NNS
who	WP
might	MD
fit	VB
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
organization	NN
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
an	DT
obligation	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
``	``
fair	JJ
''	''
system	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
one	CD
where	WRB
all	DT
students	NNS
have	VBP
access	NN
to	TO
information	NN
about	IN
career	NN
opportunities	NNS
.	.
A	DT
Suggested	VBN
Course	NNP
of	IN
Action	NNP
:	:
If	IN
you	PRP
receive	VBP
a	DT
request	NN
for	IN
minority	NN
candidate	NN
referrals	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
make	VB
announcements	NNS
in	IN
class	NN
,	,
post	NN
signs	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
department	NN
,	,
notify	VBP
minority	NN
students	NNS
'	POS
organizations	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
societies	NNS
of	IN
black	JJ
,	,
female	JJ
,	,
or	CC
Hispanic	JJ
engineers	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
pass	VB
the	DT
request	NN
on	IN
to	TO
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
,	,
and	CC
encourage	VB
the	DT
employer	NN
to	TO
contact	VB
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
directly	RB
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
refer	VB
the	DT
employer	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
college	NN
's	POS
minority	NN
student	NN
advisory	JJ
office	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
one	CD
exists	VBZ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
That	DT
office	NN
may	MD
be	VB
authorized	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
full	JJ
list	NN
of	IN
the	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
requested	VBN
population	NN
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
asked	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
employer	NN
for	IN
a	DT
student	NN
's	POS
reference	NN
,	,
confidentiality	NN
becomes	VBZ
a	DT
major	JJ
concern	NN
.	.
Simply	RB
,	,
information	NN
about	IN
a	DT
student	NN
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
shared	VBN
unless	IN
the	DT
student	NN
has	VBZ
furnished	VBN
you	PRP
with	IN
prior	RB
authorization	NN
.	.
Once	RB
permission	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
obtained	VBN
,	,
you	PRP
should	MD
provide	VB
information	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
facts	NNS
,	,
not	RB
conjecture	NN
,	,
and	CC
not	RB
on	IN
personal	JJ
information	NN
unrelated	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
qualifications	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
job	NN
in	IN
question	NN
.	.
A	DT
Suggested	VBN
Course	NNP
of	IN
Action	NNP
:	:
When	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
asked	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
written	VBN
or	CC
oral	JJ
reference	NN
for	IN
a	DT
student	NN
,	,
obtain	VB
written	VBN
permission	NN
from	IN
the	DT
student	NN
.	.
All	DT
reference	NN
information	NN
should	MD
be	VB
based	VBN
on	IN
firsthand	JJ
knowledge	NN
and	CC
,	,
if	IN
possible	JJ
,	,
written	VBN
documentation	NN
.	.
When	WRB
providing	VBG
information	NN
,	,
you	PRP
should	MD
avoid	VB
personal	JJ
matters	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
marital	JJ
status	NN
,	,
health	NN
,	,
disabilities	NNS
,	,
race	NN
,	,
religion	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
by	IN
law	NN
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
included	VBN
in	IN
employment	NN
decisions	NNS
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
you	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
such	JJ
information	NN
might	MD
enhance	VB
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
candidacy	NN
.	.
The	DT
goal	NN
of	IN
student	NN
employment	NN
is	VBZ
most	RBS
likely	JJ
reached	VBN
when	WRB
all	DT
parties	NNS
involved	VBD
work	NN
cooperatively	RB
,	,
ethically	RB
,	,
and	CC
within	IN
the	DT
law	NN
.	.
There	EX
may	MD
be	VB
instances	NNS
when	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
unsure	JJ
of	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
help	VB
your	PRP$
students	NNS
and	CC
stay	VB
within	IN
the	DT
law	NN
.	.
On	IN
those	DT
occasions	NNS
,	,
call	VBP
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
center	NN
for	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
.	.
You	PRP
and	CC
your	PRP$
colleagues	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
faculty	NN
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
offer	VB
comments	NNS
to	TO
your	PRP$
career	NN
services	NNS
center	NN
practitioners	NNS
regarding	VBG
these	DT
guidelines	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
issues	NNS
this	DT
guide	NN
addresses	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
feel	VB
free	JJ
to	TO
note	VB
issues	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
covered	VBN
.	.
A	DT
growing	VBG
number	NN
of	IN
HR\/staffing	VBG
professionals	NNS
are	VBP
concerned	VBN
about	IN
the	DT
liability	NN
their	PRP$
organizations	NNS
may	MD
face	VB
through	IN
their	PRP$
student	NN
internship	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
employers	NNS
have	VBP
asked	VBN
colleges	NNS
and	CC
universities	NNS
to	TO
sign	VB
a	DT
``	``
hold	NN
harmless	JJ
''	''
or	CC
indemnity	JJ
agreement	NN
as	IN
a	DT
condition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
employer	NN
's	POS
hiring	VBG
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
students	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
paid	VBN
or	CC
unpaid	JJ
intern	NN
.	.
These	DT
agreements	NNS
may	MD
require	VB
the	DT
school	NN
to	TO
assume	VB
responsibility	NN
not	RB
only	RB
for	IN
the	DT
actions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
intern	NN
in	IN
the	DT
workplace	NN
but	CC
also	RB
for	IN
any	DT
loss	NN
that	WDT
might	MD
arise	VB
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
internship	NN
relationship	NN
;	:
the	DT
agreements	NNS
also	RB
may	MD
require	VB
the	DT
school	NN
to	TO
defend	VB
the	DT
employing	VBG
organization	NN
and	CC
pay	VB
its	PRP$
legal	JJ
fees	NNS
should	MD
the	DT
intern	NN
sue	VB
the	DT
employer	NN
.	.
An	DT
internship	NN
program	NN
is	VBZ
either	RB
mandatory	JJ
or	CC
elective	JJ
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
a	DT
mandatory	JJ
program	NN
,	,
the	DT
student	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
perform	VB
an	DT
internship	NN
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
course	NN
of	IN
study	NN
,	,
to	TO
earn	VB
a	DT
specific	JJ
degree	NN
or	CC
certificate	NN
,	,
and\/or	CC
to	TO
graduate	NN
;	:
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
the	DT
school	NN
is	VBZ
involved	VBN
in	IN
selecting	VBG
the	DT
internship	NN
site	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
a	DT
degree	NN
of	IN
involvement	NN
with	IN
the	DT
intern	NN
and	CC
the	DT
internship	NN
experience	NN
.	.
In	IN
an	DT
elective	JJ
program	NN
,	,
the	DT
internship	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
an	DT
academic	JJ
requirement	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
involvement	NN
may	MD
not	RB
extend	VB
beyond	IN
posting	VBG
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
internship	NN
opportunity	NN
.	.
In	IN
most	JJS
internships	NNS
,	,
the	DT
employer	NN
's	POS
risk	NN
of	IN
liability	NN
is	VBZ
greater	JJR
than	IN
that	DT
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
typically	RB
has	VBZ
a	DT
greater	JJR
degree	NN
of	IN
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
internship	NN
experience	NN
and	CC
environment	NN
than	IN
the	DT
school	NN
does	VBZ
.	.
While	IN
no	DT
study	NN
supports	VBZ
or	CC
refutes	VBZ
the	DT
concern	NN
that	WDT
sponsoring	VBG
interns	NNS
is	VBZ
risky	JJ
,	,
the	DT
increased	VBN
demand	NN
for	IN
hold	NN
harmless	JJ
agreements	NNS
indicates	VBZ
that	IN
some	DT
employers	NNS
perceive	VBP
a	DT
liability	NN
in	IN
hiring	VBG
interns	NNS
.	.
To	TO
mitigate	VB
that	DT
liability	NN
,	,
some	DT
employers	NNS
are	VBP
requiring	VBG
indemnity	NN
agreements	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
means	NN
of	IN
sharing	VBG
liability	NN
with	IN
and\/or	CC
passing	VBG
liability	NN
to	TO
schools	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
things	NNS
to	TO
consider	VB
when	WRB
signing	VBG
or	CC
asking	VBG
another	DT
organization	NN
to	TO
sign	VB
an	DT
agreement	NN
.	.
In	IN
general	JJ
,	,
such	JJ
agreements	NNS
are	VBP
only	RB
as	RB
good	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
that	WDT
make	VBP
them	PRP
.	.
What	WP
does	VBZ
this	DT
mean	NN
?	.
Third	NNP
,	,
the	DT
school	NN
must	MD
have	VB
the	DT
legal	JJ
authority	NN
to	TO
agree	VB
to	TO
pay	VB
for	IN
a	DT
separate	JJ
entity	NN
's	POS
losses	NNS
.	.
In	IN
certain	JJ
states	NNS
,	,
the	DT
law	NN
may	MD
bar	VB
a	DT
public	JJ
entity	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
state	NN
university	NN
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
from	IN
entering	VBG
into	IN
such	PDT
an	DT
agreement	NN
.	.
First	RB
,	,
an	DT
underlying	VBG
premise	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Conduct	NNP
is	VBZ
that	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
employer	NN
professionals	NNS
should	MD
create	VB
a	DT
recruitment	NN
process	NN
that	WDT
enables	VBZ
a	DT
student	NN
to	TO
make	VB
``	``
an	DT
informed	VBN
and	CC
responsible	JJ
decision	NN
regarding	VBG
a	DT
career	NN
choice	NN
,	,
in	IN
an	DT
atmosphere	NN
conducive	JJ
to	TO
objective	JJ
thought	NN
.	.
''	''
This	DT
guides	NNS
employers	NNS
and	CC
schools	NNS
to	TO
work	VB
in	IN
a	DT
collaborative	JJ
fashion	NN
to	TO
create	VB
this	DT
atmosphere	NN
for	IN
the	DT
student	NN
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
hold	NN
harmless	JJ
agreement	NN
becomes	VBZ
part	NN
of	IN
this	DT
process	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
the	DT
potential	JJ
to	TO
change	VB
this	DT
collaborative	JJ
relationship	NN
into	IN
an	DT
adversarial	JJ
one	CD
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
especially	RB
true	JJ
when	WRB
the	DT
employer	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
discuss	VB
the	DT
agreement	NN
with	IN
the	DT
school	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
interviewing	VBG
students	NNS
and	CC
instead	RB
sends	VBZ
the	DT
student	NN
into	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
with	IN
the	DT
agreement	NN
as	IN
an	DT
``	``
after	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
''	''
condition	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
.	.
The	DT
student	NN
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
to	TO
put	VB
pressure	NN
on	IN
the	DT
school	NN
to	TO
sign	VB
the	DT
document	NN
.	.
Using	VBG
the	DT
student	NN
in	IN
this	DT
manner	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
``	``
support	NN
informed	VBN
and	CC
responsible	JJ
decision	NN
making	NN
.	.
''	''
This	DT
also	RB
places	VBZ
the	DT
school	NN
in	IN
the	DT
position	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
seen	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
obstacle	NN
to	TO
a	DT
student	NN
's	POS
internship	NN
if	IN
the	DT
school	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
sign	VB
the	DT
agreement	NN
.	.
In	IN
those	DT
cases	NNS
where	WRB
there	EX
is	VBZ
little	JJ
or	CC
no	DT
relationship	NN
between	IN
the	DT
school	NN
and	CC
employer	NN
,	,
requiring	VBG
an	DT
indemnity	NN
agreement	NN
as	IN
a	DT
condition	NN
of	IN
internship	NN
employment	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
within	IN
the	DT
framework	NN
of	IN
``	``
professionally	RB
accepted	VBN
recruiting	NN
,	,
interviewing	VBG
,	,
and	CC
selection	NN
techniques	NNS
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Employer	NNP
Principle	NNP
2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
same	JJ
as	IN
requiring	VBG
a	DT
drug	NN
test	NN
,	,
credit	NN
check	NN
,	,
or	CC
background	NN
investigation	NN
as	IN
a	DT
condition	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
accepted	VBN
preemployment	NN
conditions	NNS
and	CC
relate	VB
to	TO
whether	IN
the	DT
student	NN
fulfills	VBZ
the	DT
employer	NN
's	POS
requirements	NNS
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
the	DT
employer	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
``	``
supplied	VBD
the	DT
student	NN
with	IN
accurate	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Employer	NNP
Principle	NNP
3	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
when	WRB
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
advise	VB
a	DT
student	NN
about	IN
the	DT
indemnity	NN
agreement	NN
up	IN
front	NN
.	.
By	IN
not	RB
informing	VBG
the	DT
student	NN
of	IN
the	DT
requirement	NN
,	,
the	DT
employer	NN
has	VBZ
misrepresented	VBN
the	DT
organization	NN
.	.
Often	RB
,	,
the	DT
student	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
understand	VB
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agreement	NN
.	.
Believing	VBG
the	DT
agreement	NN
is	VBZ
just	RB
another	DT
``	``
form	NN
''	''
to	TO
be	VB
completed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
school	NN
,	,
the	DT
student	NN
then	RB
does	VBZ
not	RB
understand	VB
why	WRB
the	DT
school	NN
would	MD
refuse	VB
to	TO
sign	VB
the	DT
agreement	NN
.	.
By	IN
not	RB
providing	VBG
accurate	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
its	PRP$
indemnity	NN
agreement	NN
requirement	NN
,	,
the	DT
employer	NN
fosters	VBZ
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
misperception	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
school	NN
is	VBZ
unwilling	JJ
or	CC
unable	JJ
to	TO
sign	VB
the	DT
agreement	NN
,	,
the	DT
student	NN
may	MD
be	VB
placed	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
disadvantage	NN
,	,
especially	RB
in	IN
those	DT
cases	NNS
where	WRB
the	DT
internship	NN
is	VBZ
scheduled	VBN
to	TO
begin	VB
shortly	RB
or	CC
has	VBZ
already	RB
begun	VBN
.	.
When	WRB
an	DT
employer	NN
changes	VBZ
its	PRP$
commitment	NN
to	TO
a	DT
student	NN
,	,
Employer	NNP
Principle	NNP
3	CD
directs	VBZ
the	DT
employer	NN
to	TO
``	``
pursue	VB
a	DT
course	NN
of	IN
action	NN
for	IN
the	DT
affected	JJ
candidate	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
fair	JJ
and	CC
equitable	JJ
.	.
''	''
However	RB
,	,
when	WRB
an	DT
internship	NN
is	VBZ
revoked	VBN
after	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
begun	VBN
or	CC
shortly	RB
before	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
scheduled	VBN
to	TO
begin	VB
,	,
this	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
possible	JJ
.	.
A	DT
hold	NN
harmless	JJ
agreement	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
appropriate	JJ
in	IN
those	DT
cases	NNS
when	WRB
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
involvement	NN
with	IN
assisting	VBG
employers	NNS
in	IN
recruiting	VBG
interns	NNS
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
to	TO
providing	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
students	NNS
by	IN
posting	VBG
the	DT
opportunity	NN
,	,
scheduling	NN
on-campus	JJ
interviews	NNS
,	,
referring	VBG
resumes	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
employers	NNS
in	IN
career	NN
fairs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
like	JJ
.	.
In	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
situation	NN
,	,
the	DT
school	NN
has	VBZ
no	DT
involvement	NN
in	IN
the	DT
selection	NN
of	IN
the	DT
student	NN
by	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
.	.
The	DT
employer	NN
controls	VBZ
the	DT
workplace	NN
,	,
work	NN
rules	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
intern	NN
.	.
Under	IN
these	DT
circumstances	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
because	IN
the	DT
agreement	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
within	IN
the	DT
framework	NN
of	IN
``	``
professionally	RB
accepted	VBN
recruiting	NN
,	,
interviewing	VBG
,	,
and	CC
selection	NN
techniques	NNS
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Employer	NNP
Principle	NNP
2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
agreement	NN
is	VBZ
between	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
and	CC
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
employer	NN
,	,
not	RB
the	DT
student	NN
,	,
should	MD
send	VB
the	DT
agreement	NN
to	TO
the	DT
authorized	VBN
individual	NN
at	IN
the	DT
school	NN
for	IN
review	NN
,	,
negotiation	NN
,	,
and	CC
execution	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agreement	NN
.	.
The	DT
student	NN
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
involved	VBN
in	IN
delivering	VBG
or	CC
apprising	VBG
the	DT
school	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agreement	NN
.	.
The	DT
employer	NN
and	CC
school	NN
must	MD
engage	VB
in	IN
negotiations	NNS
to	TO
draft	VB
an	DT
agreement	NN
that	WDT
meets	VBZ
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
both	DT
organizations	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
more	RBR
likely	JJ
that	IN
a	DT
school	NN
will	MD
agree	VB
to	TO
indemnify	VB
the	DT
employing	VBG
organization	NN
if	IN
the	DT
agreement	NN
addresses	NNS
risks	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
school	NN
can	MD
control	VB
.	.
The	DT
agreement	NN
should	MD
be	VB
crafted	VBN
based	VBN
upon	IN
the	DT
respective	JJ
responsibilities	NNS
of	IN
both	DT
the	DT
school	NN
and	CC
the	DT
employer	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
relate	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
internship	NN
.	.
Job	NNP
Choices	NNPS
for	IN
Business	NNP
&	CC
Liberal	NNP
Arts	NNP
Students	NNS
highlights	VBZ
career	NN
opportunities	NNS
with	IN
employers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
nontechnical	JJ
fields	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
accounting	NN
,	,
insurance	NN
,	,
retail	JJ
,	,
finance	NN
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
,	,
and	CC
provides	VBZ
career	NN
planning	NN
and	CC
job-search	JJ
advice	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
pursuing	VBG
degrees	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
nontechnical	JJ
disciplines	NNS
.	.
Job	NNP
Choices	NNPS
for	IN
Science	NNP
,	,
Engineering	NNP
,	,
&	CC
Technology	NNP
Students	NNS
highlights	VBZ
career	NN
opportunities	NNS
with	IN
employers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
technical	JJ
fields	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
engineering	NN
,	,
science	NN
,	,
computer	NN
science	NN
,	,
and	CC
healthcare	NN
,	,
and	CC
features	NNS
career	NN
planning	NN
and	CC
job-search	JJ
information	NN
tailored	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
student	NN
pursuing	VBG
a	DT
degree	NN
in	IN
a	DT
technical	JJ
field	NN
.	.
Job	NNP
Choices	NNPS
:	:
Diversity	NNP
Edition	NNP
highlights	VBZ
career	NN
opportunities	NNS
with	IN
employers	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
industries	NNS
and	CC
fields	NNS
,	,
features	NNS
career	NN
planning	NN
and	CC
job-search	JJ
information	NN
,	,
and	CC
addresses	NNS
issues	NNS
relevant	JJ
to	TO
students	NNS
of	IN
diverse	JJ
backgrounds	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
magazine	NN
also	RB
features	VBZ
indexes	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
narrow	VB
your	PRP$
search	NN
:	:
Use	VB
the	DT
``	``
Opportunities	NNPS
by	IN
Employer	NNP
''	''
index	NN
to	TO
target	VB
a	DT
specific	JJ
organization	NN
.	.
Or	CC
,	,
target	VB
a	DT
specific	JJ
occupation	NN
with	IN
the	DT
help	NN
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
Opportunities	NNPS
by	IN
Occupation	NNP
''	''
index	NN
.	.
Looking	VBG
for	IN
opportunities	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
specific	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
country	NN
?	.
Scan	VB
the	DT
``	``
Opportunities	NNPS
by	IN
Location	NNP
''	''
index	NN
,	,
where	WRB
employers	NNS
are	VBP
listed	VBN
by	IN
country	NN
,	,
state	NN
,	,
and	CC
city	NN
.	.
Find	VB
out	RP
about	IN
the	DT
culture	NN
,	,
history	NN
,	,
and	CC
work	NN
of	IN
companies	NNS
by	IN
surfing	VBG
your	PRP$
way	NN
to	TO
employer	NN
web	NN
sites	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
``	``
Employer	NNP
Web	NNP
Site	NNP
''	''
index	NN
.	.
The	DT
latest	JJS
edition	NN
of	IN
Job	NNP
Choices	NNPS
is	VBZ
being	VBG
shipped	VBN
to	TO
member	NN
colleges	NNS
.	.
Use	NNP
the	DT
following	VBG
customizable	JJ
press	NN
release	NN
to	TO
let	VB
students	NNS
know	VBP
that	IN
your	PRP$
career	NN
center	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
magazine	NN
in	IN
stock	NN
and	CC
that	IN
you	PRP
want	VBP
them	PRP
to	TO
come	VB
in	IN
to	TO
visit	VB
!	.
Just	RB
fill	VB
in	IN
the	DT
text	NN
set	VBN
apart	RP
by	IN
brackets	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
-RRB-	-RRB-
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
personalize	VB
the	DT
release	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
office	NN
.	.
In	IN
spite	NN
of	IN
the	DT
positive	JJ
outlook	NN
,	,
Koncz	NNP
cautions	VBZ
against	IN
sitting	VBG
back	RB
and	CC
waiting	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
job	NN
.	.
``	``
Students	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
proactive	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
job	NN
search	NN
;	:
they	PRP
can	MD
start	VB
by	IN
going	VBG
to	TO
their	PRP$
campus	NN
career	NN
center	NN
for	IN
guidance	NN
and	CC
resources	NNS
.	.
Network	NNP
:	:
You	PRP
'll	MD
gain	VB
an	DT
edge	NN
by	IN
building	VBG
a	DT
network	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
learn	VBP
about	IN
organizations	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
opportunities	NNS
.	.
Your	PRP$
network	NN
contacts	NNS
may	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
get	VB
your	PRP$
resume	VB
into	IN
the	DT
right	JJ
hands	NNS
or	CC
your	PRP$
foot	NN
in	IN
the	DT
door	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
many	JJ
employers	NNS
reward	VBP
their	PRP$
current	JJ
employees	NNS
for	IN
referring	VBG
candidates	NNS
.	.
And	CC
,	,
your	PRP$
network	NN
can	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
throughout	IN
your	PRP$
career	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
latest	JJS
issue	NN
of	IN
Job	NNP
Choices	NNPS
,	,
you	PRP
'll	MD
find	VB
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
job	NN
market	NN
for	IN
the	DT
class	NN
of	IN
2007	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
including	VBG
what	WP
employers	NNS
say	VBP
you	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
to	TO
make	VB
yourself	PRP
a	DT
more	RBR
attractive	JJ
candidate	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
resume	VB
and	CC
interview	VB
advice	NN
,	,
tips	NNS
on	IN
completing	VBG
online	JJ
applications	NNS
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
.	.
Plus	CC
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
use	VB
the	DT
Job	NNP
Choices	NNPS
magazines	NNS
to	TO
identify	VB
employers	NNS
interested	JJ
in	IN
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
.	.
Open	VB
your	PRP$
copy	NN
of	IN
Job	NNP
Choices	NNPS
and	CC
narrow	JJ
your	PRP$
job	NN
search	NN
by	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
``	``
Opportunities	NNPS
by	IN
Employer	NNP
''	''
index	NN
,	,
and	CC
target	VB
a	DT
specific	JJ
organization	NN
.	.
Or	CC
,	,
target	VB
a	DT
specific	JJ
occupation	NN
with	IN
the	DT
help	NN
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
Opportunities	NNPS
by	IN
Occupation	NNP
''	''
index	NN
.	.
Looking	VBG
for	IN
opportunities	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
specific	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
country	NN
?	.
Scan	VB
the	DT
``	``
Opportunities	NNPS
by	IN
Location	NNP
''	''
index	NN
,	,
where	WRB
employers	NNS
are	VBP
listed	VBN
by	IN
country	NN
,	,
state	NN
,	,
and	CC
city	NN
.	.
Find	VB
out	RP
about	IN
the	DT
culture	NN
,	,
history	NN
,	,
and	CC
work	NN
of	IN
companies	NNS
by	IN
surfing	VBG
your	PRP$
way	NN
to	TO
employer	NN
web	NN
sites	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
``	``
Employer	NNP
Web	NNP
Site	NNP
''	''
index	NN
.	.
Employer	NN
:	:
benchmarking	NN
internships	NNS
;	:
background	NN
checks	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
law	NN
;	:
students	NNS
with	IN
disabilities	NNS
;	:
using	VBG
new	JJ
media	NNS
to	TO
recruit	VB
the	DT
millennials	NNS
,	,
developing	VBG
an	DT
effecctive	JJ
university	NN
relations	NNS
program	NN
;	:
creating	VBG
marketing	NN
that	IN
drives	NNS
student	NN
participation	NN
,	,
and	CC
many	JJ
more	JJR
.	.
College	NNP
:	:
branding	NN
and	CC
marketing	NN
a	DT
new	JJ
office	NN
;	:
creating	VBG
an	DT
alumni-student	JJ
connection	NN
;	:
make	VB
your	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
more	RBR
effective	JJ
;	:
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
and	CC
career	NN
decision	NN
making	VBG
;	:
combining	VBG
high	JJ
touch	NN
with	IN
high	JJ
tech	NN
,	,
strengthening	VBG
liberal	JJ
arts	NNS
education	NN
with	IN
business	NN
principles	NNS
,	,
and	CC
much	RB
,	,
much	RB
more	RBR
.	.
Career	NNP
staffs	NNS
are	VBP
expected	VBN
to	TO
exercise	VB
sound	JJ
judgment	NN
and	CC
fairness	NN
in	IN
maintaining	VBG
the	DT
confidentiality	NN
of	IN
student	NN
information	NN
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
source	NN
,	,
including	VBG
written	VBN
records	NNS
,	,
reports	NNS
,	,
and	CC
computer	NN
data	NNS
bases	NNS
.	.
All	DT
students	NNS
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
personal	JJ
or	CC
educational	JJ
background	NN
,	,
should	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
by	IN
career	NN
staffs	NNS
with	IN
equal	JJ
and	CC
full	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
information	NN
on	IN
career	NN
opportunities	NNS
and	CC
types	NNS
of	IN
employing	VBG
organizations	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
staffs	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
expected	VBN
to	TO
inform	VB
you	PRP
how	WRB
and	CC
where	WRB
to	TO
obtain	VB
information	NN
which	WDT
may	MD
influence	VB
your	PRP$
decisions	NNS
about	IN
an	DT
employing	VBG
organization	NN
.	.
Employers	NNS
are	VBP
expected	VBN
to	TO
maintain	VB
the	DT
confidentiality	NN
of	IN
student	NN
information	NN
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
source	NN
,	,
including	VBG
personal	JJ
knowledge	NN
,	,
written	VBN
records\/reports	NNS
,	,
and	CC
computer	NN
data	NNS
bases	NNS
.	.
An	DT
employer	NN
should	MD
n't	RB
disclose	VB
information	NN
about	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
another	DT
organization	NN
without	IN
your	PRP$
prior	JJ
written	VBN
consent	NN
,	,
unless	IN
necessitated	VBN
by	IN
health	NN
and\/or	CC
safety	NN
considerations	NNS
.	.
Employers	NNS
are	VBP
expected	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
accurate	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
their	PRP$
organizations	NNS
and	CC
employment	NN
opportunities	NNS
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
,	,
but	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
,	,
positions	NNS
available	JJ
,	,
responsibilities	NNS
,	,
career	NN
advancement	NN
opportunities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
benefits	NNS
.	.
If	IN
an	DT
employer	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
by	IN
changing	VBG
conditions	NNS
to	TO
revoke	VB
a	DT
job	NN
offer	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
've	VBP
accepted	VBN
,	,
you	PRP
're	VBP
entitled	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
fair	JJ
and	CC
equitable	JJ
course	NN
of	IN
action	NN
.	.
That	DT
can	MD
include	VB
,	,
but	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
,	,
financial	JJ
assistance	NN
and	CC
outplacement	NN
service	NN
.	.
Appear	VB
for	IN
all	DT
interviews	NNS
,	,
on	IN
campus	NN
and	CC
elsewhere	RB
,	,
unless	IN
unforeseeable	JJ
events	NNS
prevent	VBP
you	PRP
from	IN
doing	VBG
so	RB
.	.
And	CC
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
make	VB
the	DT
interview	NN
because	IN
of	IN
an	DT
unforeseeable	JJ
event	NN
,	,
notify	VB
your	PRP$
career	NN
center	NN
or	CC
the	DT
employer	NN
at	IN
the	DT
earliest	JJS
possible	JJ
moment	NN
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
an	DT
accept	VBP
an	DT
offer	NN
,	,
you	PRP
should	MD
have	VB
every	DT
intention	NN
of	IN
honoring	VBG
that	IN
commitment	NN
.	.
Accepting	VBG
an	DT
offer	NN
only	RB
as	IN
a	DT
precautionary	JJ
measure	NN
is	VBZ
misleading	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
employer	NN
and	CC
may	MD
restrict	VB
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
others	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
genuinely	RB
interested	JJ
in	IN
that	DT
employer	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
accept	VBP
an	DT
offer	NN
or	CC
decide	VB
that	DT
full-time	JJ
graduate	NN
or	CC
professional	JJ
studies	NNS
are	VBP
for	IN
you	PRP
,	,
notify	VB
your	PRP$
career	NN
center	NN
and	CC
withdraw	VB
from	IN
the	DT
on-campus	JJ
recruiting	NN
process	NN
immediately	RB
.	.
And	CC
,	,
let	VB
employers	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
actively	RB
considering	VBG
you	PRP
for	IN
a	DT
job	NN
know	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
now	RB
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
running	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
best	RB
to	TO
review	VB
a	DT
site	NN
's	POS
privacy	NN
policy	NN
before	IN
publishing	VBG
any	DT
personal	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Make	NNP
sure	RB
you	PRP
know	VBP
who	WP
will	MD
have	VB
access	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
information	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
under	IN
what	WP
circumstances	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
whether	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
remove	VB
information	NN
or	CC
photos	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
later	JJ
date	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
Principles	NNPS
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Conduct	NNP
for	IN
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
and	CC
Employment	NNP
Professionals	NNP
The	NNP
following	VBG
is	VBZ
an	DT
annotated	VBN
version	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Conduct	NNP
.	.
Articles	NNPS
related	VBN
to	TO
various	JJ
parts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
are	VBP
indicated	VBN
as	IN
Related	NNP
Links	NNP
below	IN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
will	MD
exercise	VB
sound	JJ
judgment	NN
and	CC
fairness	NN
in	IN
maintaining	VBG
the	DT
confidentiality	NN
of	IN
student	NN
information	NN
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
source	NN
,	,
including	VBG
written	VBN
records	NNS
,	,
reports	NNS
,	,
and	CC
computer	NN
data	NNS
bases	NNS
.	.
The	DT
idea	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Users	NNP
Guide	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Conduct	NNP
first	RB
was	VBD
conceived	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
early	JJ
1990s	CD
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
when	WRB
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Conduct	NNP
document	NN
was	VBD
undergoing	VBG
a	DT
major	JJ
overhaul	NN
.	.
The	DT
committee	NN
working	VBG
on	IN
this	DT
project	NN
thought	VBD
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
helpful	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
companion	NN
piece	NN
which	WDT
explained	VBD
in	IN
more	JJR
detail	NN
the	DT
thinking	NN
underlying	VBG
the	DT
profession	NN
's	POS
ethical	JJ
principles	NNS
.	.
The	DT
NACE	NNP
Principles	NNPS
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Conduct	NNP
Committee	NNP
has	VBZ
developed	VBN
this	DT
guide	NN
to	TO
help	VB
NACE	NNP
members	NNS
and	CC
others	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
fields	NNS
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
human	JJ
resources\/staffing	NN
determine	VB
the	DT
right	JJ
course	NN
of	IN
action	NN
.	.
The	DT
Principles	NNPS
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Conduct	NNP
for	IN
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
and	CC
Employment	NNP
Professionals	NNP
,	,
provides	VBZ
ethical	JJ
standards	NNS
for	IN
our	PRP$
profession	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
set	NN
of	IN
``	``
rules	NNS
''	''
for	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
human	JJ
resources\/staffing	NN
professionals	NNS
and	CC
third-party	JJ
recruiters	NNS
.	.
These	DT
principles	NNS
are	VBP
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
fundamental	JJ
moral	JJ
tenets	NNS
of	IN
fairness	NN
,	,
truthfulness	NN
,	,
and	CC
lawfulness	NN
;	:
they	PRP
include	VBP
respect	NN
for	IN
human	JJ
autonomy	NN
,	,
privacy	NN
,	,
and	CC
dignity	NN
;	:
and	CC
they	PRP
disallow	VBP
abuse	NN
,	,
injury	NN
,	,
and	CC
mistreatment	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
common	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
caught	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
ethical	JJ
dilemma	NN
.	.
Ethical	JJ
dilemmas	NNS
often	RB
come	VBP
about	RB
when	WRB
we	PRP
find	VBP
ourselves	PRP
pulled	VBD
between	IN
competing	VBG
moral	JJ
duties	NNS
,	,
or	CC
when	WRB
organizational	JJ
expectations	NNS
or	CC
personal	JJ
needs	NNS
conflict	NN
with	IN
accepted	VBN
ethical	JJ
practices	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
also	RB
occasions	NNS
when	WRB
an	DT
action	NN
we	PRP
are	VBP
contemplating	VBG
``	``
feels	VBZ
''	''
wrong	JJ
,	,
although	IN
we	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
certain	JJ
why	WRB
.	.
In	IN
these	DT
instances	NNS
,	,
a	DT
clarification	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
professional	JJ
ethical	JJ
code	NN
can	MD
help	VB
in	IN
solving	VBG
the	DT
dilemma	NN
.	.
This	DT
reference	NN
letter	NN
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
request	NN
of	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
with	IN
the	DT
written	VBN
authorization	NN
of	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
name	NN
of	IN
former	JJ
employee	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
understanding	NN
that	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
individual	NN
's	POS
name	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
has	VBZ
applied	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
position	NN
of	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
job	NN
title	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
with	IN
your	PRP$
organization	NN
.	.
The	DT
information	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
letter	NN
is	VBZ
confidential	JJ
and	CC
should	MD
be	VB
treated	VBN
as	IN
such	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
disclosed	VBN
to	TO
anyone	NN
within	IN
your	PRP$
organization	NN
who	WP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
involved	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
hiring	VBG
decision	NN
regarding	VBG
this	DT
individual	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
it	PRP
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
disclosed	VBN
to	TO
anyone	NN
outside	IN
of	IN
your	PRP$
organization	NN
without	IN
the	DT
written	VBN
consent	NN
of	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
individual	NN
's	POS
name	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
reference	NN
letter	NN
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
written	VBN
request	NN
of	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
name	NN
of	IN
student	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
who	WP
has	VBZ
asked	VBN
me	PRP
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
reference	NN
on	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
his\/her	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
behalf	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
understanding	NN
that	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
name	NN
of	IN
student	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
being	VBG
considered	VBN
by	IN
your	PRP$
organization	NN
for	IN
the	DT
position	NN
of	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
job	NN
title	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Please	VB
be	VB
advised	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
information	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
letter	NN
is	VBZ
confidential	JJ
and	CC
should	MD
be	VB
treated	VBN
as	IN
such	JJ
.	.
The	DT
information	NN
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
disclosed	VBN
to	TO
-LRB-	-LRB-
name	NN
of	IN
student	NN
,	,
if	IN
student	NN
has	VBZ
waived	VBN
access	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
anyone	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
organization	NN
who	WP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
involved	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
hiring	VBG
decision	NN
regarding	VBG
this	DT
individual	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
the	DT
information	NN
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
disclosed	VBN
to	TO
anyone	NN
outside	IN
of	IN
your	PRP$
organization	NN
without	IN
the	DT
consent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
student	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
student	NN
has	VBZ
waived	VBN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
right	NN
to	TO
inspect	VB
or	CC
gain	VB
access	NN
to	TO
a	DT
letter	NN
of	IN
reference	NN
,	,
avoid	VB
reviewing	VBG
the	DT
letter	NN
or	CC
giving	VBG
opinions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
student	NN
on	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
letter	NN
is	VBZ
positive	JJ
or	CC
negative	JJ
.	.
Explain	VB
to	TO
the	DT
student	NN
that	WDT
by	IN
waiving	VBG
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
right	NN
to	TO
inspect	VB
,	,
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
expect	VB
to	TO
obtain	VB
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
letter	NN
from	IN
you	PRP
or	CC
your	PRP$
staff	NN
.	.
Obtain	VB
signed	VBN
written	VBN
consent	NN
to	TO
disclose	VB
student	NN
credential	NN
files	NNS
,	,
resumes	VBZ
,	,
transcripts	NNS
,	,
or	CC
letters	NNS
of	IN
reference	NN
,	,
before	IN
disclosing	VBG
such	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Written	VBN
consents	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
necessary	JJ
for	IN
release	NN
of	IN
``	``
directory	NN
information	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
name	NN
,	,
address	NN
,	,
major	JJ
,	,
activities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
awards	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
from	IN
the	DT
credential	NN
file	NN
.	.
Establish	VB
a	DT
time	NN
period	NN
and	CC
procedure	NN
for	IN
maintaining	VBG
information	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
student	NN
credential	NN
files	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
systematic	JJ
procedure	NN
for	IN
destroying	VBG
such	JJ
records	NNS
.	.
Advise	VB
students	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
record-retention	NN
policy	NN
.	.
Advise	VB
employers	NNS
that	WDT
your	PRP$
office	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
verify	VB
student	NN
credentials	NNS
or	CC
conduct	VB
reference	NN
or	CC
background	NN
checks	NNS
on	IN
students	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
agree	VBP
to	TO
verify	VB
students	NNS
'	POS
credentials	NNS
,	,
be	VB
sure	JJ
your	PRP$
verification	NN
process	NN
is	VBZ
thorough	JJ
.	.
Only	RB
agree	VBP
to	TO
verify	VB
that	IN
to	TO
which	WDT
you	PRP
have	VBP
access-for	JJ
example	NN
,	,
grades	NNS
,	,
courses	NNS
taken	VBN
,	,
major	JJ
,	,
and	CC
on-campus	JJ
activities	NNS
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
become	VB
a	DT
``	``
guarantor	NN
of	IN
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
behavior	NN
.	.
''	''
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
aware	JJ
of	IN
student	NN
conduct	NN
or	CC
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
student	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
believe	VBP
may	MD
be	VB
of	IN
concern	NN
to	TO
an	DT
employer	NN
,	,
counsel	NN
the	DT
student	NN
as	IN
to	TO
whether	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
appropriate	JJ
for	IN
him	PRP
or	CC
her	PRP$
to	TO
divulge	VB
the	DT
information	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
not	RB
make	VB
the	DT
decision	NN
on	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
.	.
Designate	VB
one	CD
or	CC
two	CD
individuals	NNS
to	TO
respond	VB
to	TO
all	DT
reference	NN
inquiries	NNS
.	.
Advise	VB
all	DT
employees	NNS
,	,
especially	RB
members	NNS
of	IN
management	NN
who	WP
may	MD
be	VB
called	VBN
upon	IN
to	TO
give	VB
a	DT
reference	NN
,	,
to	TO
be	VB
aware	JJ
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
authorized	VBN
to	TO
give	VB
references	NNS
.	.
Advise	VB
these	DT
individuals	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
must	MD
refer	VB
all	DT
reference	NN
inquiries	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
designated	VBN
individuals	NNS
.	.
Prior	RB
to	TO
providing	VBG
a	DT
reference	NN
,	,
obtain	VB
consent	NN
from	IN
the	DT
person	NN
about	IN
whom	WP
the	DT
reference	NN
will	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
unaware	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
job	NN
applicant	NN
has	VBZ
named	VBN
you	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
reference	NN
,	,
ask	VB
the	DT
prospective	JJ
employer	NN
for	IN
verification	NN
that	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
has	VBZ
given	VBN
consent	NN
for	IN
the	DT
reference	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
verification	NN
could	MD
include	VB
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
signed	VBN
application	NN
listing	NN
you	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
reference	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
name	NN
listed	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
reference	NN
on	IN
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
resume	VB
,	,
or	CC
verbal	JJ
confirmation	NN
by	IN
the	DT
student	NN
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
Discuss	VB
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
reference	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
will	MD
provide	VB
with	IN
the	DT
person	NN
who	WP
asks	VBZ
you	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
reference	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
provide	VB
a	DT
good	JJ
reference	NN
,	,
be	VB
honest	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
promise	VB
a	DT
``	``
glowing	JJ
reference	NN
''	''
and	CC
them	PRP
provide	VBP
merely	RB
a	DT
``	``
glimmer	NN
.	.
''	''
If	IN
references	NNS
are	VBP
handled	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
centralized	JJ
fashion	NN
,	,
advise	VBP
the	DT
prospective	JJ
employer	NN
that	WDT
even	RB
though	IN
you	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
named	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
reference	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
organization	NN
's	POS
policy	NN
prohibits	VBZ
you	PRP
from	IN
providing	VBG
the	DT
reference	NN
.	.
If	IN
``	``
to	TO
whom	WP
it	PRP
may	MD
concern	NN
''	''
reference	NN
letters	NNS
are	VBP
requested	VBN
,	,
document	NN
that	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
reference	NN
requested	VBN
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
student	NN
or	CC
job	NN
applicant	NN
takes	VBZ
responsibility	NN
for	IN
disseminating	VBG
the	DT
letters	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
proper	JJ
persons	NNS
.	.
Avoid	VB
giving	VBG
personal	JJ
opinions	NNS
or	CC
feelings	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
make	VBP
subjective	JJ
statements	NNS
or	CC
give	VB
opinions	NNS
because	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
requested	VBN
,	,
clearly	RB
identify	VB
them	PRP
as	IN
opinions	NNS
and	CC
not	RB
as	IN
fact	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
give	VBP
an	DT
opinion	NN
explain	VBP
the	DT
incident	NN
or	CC
circumstances	NNS
on	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
base	VBP
the	DT
opinion	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
not	RB
include	VB
information	NN
that	WDT
might	MD
indicate	VB
an	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
race	NN
,	,
color	NN
,	,
religion	NN
,	,
national	JJ
origin	NN
,	,
age	NN
,	,
disability	NN
,	,
citizenship	NN
status	NN
,	,
sex	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
unless	IN
by	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
name	NN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
obvious	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
or	CC
marital	JJ
status	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
not	RB
base	VB
an	DT
opinion	NN
of	IN
performance	NN
on	IN
stereotypes	NNS
about	IN
an	DT
individuals	NNS
,	,
for	IN
instance	NN
``	``
for	IN
a	DT
woman	NN
,	,
she	PRP
excels	VBZ
in	IN
math	NN
.	.
''	''
REFERENCES	NNS
:	:
Whether	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
letter	NN
from	IN
a	DT
faculty	NN
member	NN
evaluating	VBG
a	DT
student	NN
's	POS
work	NN
in	IN
class	NN
,	,
an	DT
evaluation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
student	NN
teacher	NN
on	IN
a	DT
teaching	NN
assignment	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
report	NN
from	IN
an	DT
employer	NN
on	IN
a	DT
student	NN
's	POS
progress	NN
in	IN
his\/her	NN
cooperative	JJ
education	NN
assignment	NN
,	,
what	WDT
can	MD
the	DT
evaluator	NN
say	VBP
or	CC
write	VB
?	.
Reference	NNP
writers	NNS
want	VBP
to	TO
know	VB
if	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
get	VB
in	IN
trouble	NN
if	IN
they	PRP
write	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
person	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
performance	NN
problem	NN
or	CC
needs	VBZ
to	TO
improve	VB
in	IN
certain	JJ
areas	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
a	DT
student	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
cooperative	JJ
education	NN
assignment	NN
in	IN
a	DT
publishing	NN
company	NN
.	.
After	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
three	CD
months	NNS
,	,
the	DT
student	NN
is	VBZ
evaluated	VBN
and	CC
her	PRP$
supervisor	NN
identifies	VBZ
certain	JJ
areas	NNS
for	IN
improvement	NN
,	,
discusses	VBZ
the	DT
evaluation	NN
with	IN
her	PRP
,	,
and	CC
places	VBZ
it	PRP
in	IN
her	PRP$
personnel	NNS
file	NN
at	IN
the	DT
company	NN
.	.
Over	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
the	DT
assignment	NN
,	,
which	WDT
spans	NNS
several	JJ
semesters	NNS
,	,
three	CD
more	JJR
evaluations	NNS
occur	VBP
and	CC
are	VBP
placed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
file	NN
.	.
Her	PRP$
performance	NN
is	VBZ
uneven	JJ
,	,
and	CC
each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
evaluations	NNS
indicates	VBZ
her	PRP$
weak	JJ
areas	NNS
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
assignment	NN
,	,
the	DT
vice	NN
president	NN
of	IN
the	DT
company	NN
has	VBZ
to	TO
determine	VB
if	IN
the	DT
student	NN
will	MD
be	VB
offered	VBN
a	DT
full-time	JJ
position	NN
after	IN
graduation	NN
.	.
To	TO
make	VB
this	DT
determination	NN
,	,
he	PRP
asks	VBZ
the	DT
supervisor	NN
to	TO
share	VB
with	IN
him	PRP
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
written	VBN
performance	NN
evaluations	NNS
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
evaluations	NNS
,	,
the	DT
student	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
hired	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
full-time	JJ
position	NN
.	.
The	DT
supervisor	NN
shares	NNS
these	DT
evaluations	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
cooperative	JJ
education	NN
coordinator	NN
and	CC
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
adviser	NN
.	.
The	DT
adviser	NN
works	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
student	NN
on	IN
some	DT
of	IN
her	PRP$
weak	JJ
areas	NNS
.	.
Later	RB
,	,
when	WRB
asked	VBN
to	TO
give	VB
a	DT
reference	NN
,	,
the	DT
adviser	NN
prepares	VBZ
the	DT
reference	NN
outlining	VBG
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
strengths	NNS
and	CC
weaknesses	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
adviser	NN
's	POS
own	JJ
observations	NNS
and	CC
on	IN
information	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
supervisor	NN
's	POS
performance	NN
evaluations	NNS
.	.
This	DT
letter	NN
becomes	VBZ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
credential	NN
file	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
communicated	VBN
to	TO
other	JJ
employers	NNS
.	.
After	IN
a	DT
year	NN
,	,
the	DT
student	NN
remains	VBZ
unemployed	JJ
Does	VBZ
this	DT
scenario	NN
sound	NN
familiar	JJ
?	.
How	WRB
appropriate	JJ
are	VBP
the	DT
supervisor	NN
's	POS
and	CC
the	DT
adviser	NN
's	POS
actions	NNS
?	.
How	WRB
would	MD
the	DT
law	NN
look	NN
at	IN
this	DT
scenario	NN
?	.
``	``
Harm	NN
to	TO
one	CD
's	POS
reputation	NN
''	''
must	MD
result	VB
in	IN
some	DT
tangible	JJ
harm	NN
to	TO
the	DT
person	NN
,	,
e.g.	FW
loss	NN
of	IN
money	NN
,	,
business	NN
,	,
or	CC
employment	NN
.	.
A	DT
substantially	RB
true	JJ
statement	NN
may	MD
be	VB
defamatory	JJ
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
incomplete	JJ
and	CC
misleading	JJ
.	.
The	DT
general	JJ
rule	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
no	DT
defamation	NN
is	VBZ
committed	VBN
unless	IN
the	DT
statement	NN
is	VBZ
written	VBN
or	CC
spoken	VBN
to	TO
someone	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
person	NN
about	IN
whom	WP
the	DT
statement	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
.	.
This	DT
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
communication	NN
within	IN
a	DT
company	NN
or	CC
institution	NN
or	CC
a	DT
communication	NN
outside	IN
of	IN
an	DT
organization	NN
.	.
Some	DT
courts	NNS
have	VBP
held	VBN
that	IN
if	IN
the	DT
communication	NN
is	VBZ
among	IN
managerial	JJ
personnel	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
organization	NN
and	CC
concerns	NNS
business	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
performance	NN
problems	NNS
of	IN
employees	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
publication	NN
to	TO
a	DT
third	JJ
person	NN
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
,	,
while	IN
the	DT
remarks	NNS
may	MD
still	RB
be	VB
untrue	JJ
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
conditions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
privilege	NN
are	VBP
met	VBN
,	,
the	DT
communicator	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
complete	JJ
defense	NN
against	IN
the	DT
defamation	NN
claim	NN
.	.
A	DT
qualified	JJ
privilege	NN
to	TO
the	DT
communication	NN
exists	VBZ
as	RB
long	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
speaker	NN
makes	VBZ
the	DT
communication	NN
in	IN
good	JJ
faith	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
a	DT
public	JJ
or	CC
private	JJ
duty	NN
,	,
or	CC
legal	JJ
,	,
moral	JJ
,	,
or	CC
social	JJ
obligation	NN
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
,	,
and	CC
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
the	DT
person	NN
receiving	VBG
the	DT
information	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
corresponding	JJ
duty	NN
or	CC
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
communication	NN
.	.
Some	DT
courts	NNS
have	VBP
held	VBN
that	IN
qualified	VBN
privilege	NN
applies	VBZ
to	TO
personnel	NNS
evaluation	NN
information	NN
or	CC
intra-company	JJ
communications	NNS
regarding	VBG
an	DT
employee	NN
's	POS
fitness	NN
.	.
A	DT
statement	NN
loses	VBZ
its	PRP$
privileged	JJ
character	NN
if	IN
the	DT
communicator	NN
is	VBZ
motivated	VBN
by	IN
ill	RB
will	MD
,	,
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
excessive	JJ
communication	NN
of	IN
the	DT
statement	NN
,	,
or	CC
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
made	VBN
without	IN
grounds	NNS
for	IN
believing	VBG
it	PRP
is	VBZ
true	JJ
.	.
The	DT
issue	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
only	RB
the	DT
factual	JJ
accuracy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
statement	NN
.	.
An	DT
employee	NN
must	MD
also	RB
show	VB
that	IN
substantial	JJ
evidence	NN
exists	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
supervisor	NN
made	VBD
his	PRP$
statements	NNS
without	IN
believing	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
true	JJ
or	CC
that	IN
he	PRP
lacked	VBD
grounds	NNS
for	IN
belief	NN
in	IN
the	DT
truth	NN
of	IN
the	DT
statements	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
qualified	VBD
privilege	NN
applies	VBZ
when	WRB
a	DT
current	JJ
employer	NN
discloses	VBZ
the	DT
reason	NN
for	IN
an	DT
employee	NN
's	POS
discharge	VBP
to	TO
a	DT
prospective	JJ
employer	NN
,	,
and	CC
when	WRB
a	DT
supervisor	NN
is	VBZ
informed	VBN
of	IN
his\/her	NN
employee	NN
's	POS
improper	JJ
conduct	NN
.	.
The	DT
privilege	NN
may	MD
be	VB
lost	VBN
if	IN
the	DT
defamatory	JJ
communication	NN
reaches	VBZ
people	NNS
who	WP
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
a	DT
legitimate	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
subject	NN
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
communication	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
performance	NN
evaluations	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
sent	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
supervisor	NN
to	TO
the	DT
vice	NN
president	NN
of	IN
the	DT
division	NN
so	IN
he	PRP
can	MD
make	VB
a	DT
hiring	VBG
decision	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
an	DT
intra-company	JJ
communication	NN
given	VBN
to	TO
an	DT
individual	NN
in	IN
the	DT
company	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
a	DT
legitimate	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
information	NN
.	.
Unless	IN
the	DT
student	NN
can	MD
show	VB
that	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
ill	RB
will	MD
underlying	VBG
the	DT
evaluations-that	NN
the	DT
supervisor	NN
had	VBD
an	DT
ax	NN
to	TO
grind	VB
with	IN
the	DT
student-this	JJ
communication	NN
is	VBZ
qualified	VBN
.	.
Had	VBD
the	DT
supervisor	NN
sent	VBD
these	DT
performance	NN
evaluations	NNS
unsolicited	JJ
to	TO
others	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
company	NN
who	WP
did	VBD
not	RB
request	VB
the	DT
information	NN
or	CC
had	VBD
no	DT
reason	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
the	DT
information	NN
,	,
qualified	VBD
privilege	NN
would	MD
be	VB
lost	VBN
due	JJ
to	TO
excessive	JJ
publication	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
supervisor	NN
made	VBD
inaccurate	JJ
statements	NNS
,	,
and	CC
verification	NN
for	IN
accuracy	NN
was	VBD
practical	JJ
,	,
then	RB
qualified	VBD
privilege	NN
would	MD
also	RB
be	VB
lost	VBN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
agreement	NN
between	IN
the	DT
school	NN
and	CC
the	DT
employer	NN
specifically	RB
states	VBZ
that	IN
reports	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
progress	NN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
adviser	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
contractual	JJ
right	NN
to	TO
this	DT
information	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
clear	JJ
under	IN
the	DT
law	NN
whether	IN
the	DT
adviser	NN
should	MD
be	VB
receiving	VBG
these	DT
reports	NNS
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
agreement	NN
for	IN
him	PRP
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
.	.
One	CD
could	MD
argue	VB
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
an	DT
educational	JJ
need	NN
to	TO
know	VB
;	:
that	DT
is	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
adviser	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
have	VB
this	DT
information	NN
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
the	DT
student	NN
in	IN
her	PRP$
weak	JJ
areas	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
suggest	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
student	NN
be	VB
told	VBN
this	DT
communication	NN
will	MD
occur	VB
and	CC
advised	VBD
of	IN
its	PRP$
purpose	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
clear	JJ
whether	IN
an	DT
adviser	NN
's	POS
reference	NN
to	TO
a	DT
prospective	JJ
employer	NN
would	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
the	DT
same	JJ
qualified	VBN
privilege	NN
as	IN
a	DT
prior	JJ
employer	NN
's	POS
communication	NN
to	TO
a	DT
prospective	JJ
employer	NN
.	.
In	IN
any	DT
event	NN
,	,
the	DT
reference	NN
letter	NN
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
conditions	NNS
of	IN
qualified	VBN
privilege	NN
.	.
Certainly	RB
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
communicated	VBN
to	TO
other	JJ
individuals	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
good-faith	NN
need	NN
to	TO
know	VB
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
the	DT
student	NN
controlled	VBN
who	WP
would	MD
receive	VB
it	PRP
by	IN
placing	VBG
it	PRP
in	IN
her	PRP$
credential	NN
file	NN
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
different	JJ
if	IN
the	DT
adviser	NN
were	VBD
sending	VBG
the	DT
letter	NN
to	TO
employers	NNS
or	CC
providing	VBG
employers	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
information	NN
indiscriminately	RB
.	.
The	DT
flaw	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
supervisor	NN
's	POS
performance	NN
evaluations	NNS
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
letter	NN
.	.
The	DT
adviser	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
collect	VB
this	DT
information	NN
,	,
nor	CC
did	VBD
he	PRP
make	VB
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
verify	VB
its	PRP$
accuracy	NN
.	.
The	DT
result	NN
could	MD
be	VB
a	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
qualified	VBN
privilege	NN
.	.
The	DT
current	JJ
situation	NN
:	:
Twenty-six	CD
states	NNS
have	VBP
passed	VBN
reference	NN
immunity	NN
legislation	NN
,	,
which	WDT
essentially	RB
provides	VBZ
protection	NN
from	IN
civil	JJ
lawsuits	NNS
against	IN
employers	NNS
who	WP
provide	VBP
references	NNS
on	IN
former	JJ
employees	NNS
.	.
Individuals	NNS
other	JJ
than	IN
employers	NNS
who	WP
provide	VBP
references	NNS
must	MD
rely	VB
on	IN
the	DT
common	JJ
law	NN
defenses-truth	NN
or	CC
qualified	VBN
privilege-against	JJ
charges	NNS
of	IN
defamation	NN
.	.
Evaluations	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
performance	NN
,	,
whether	IN
at	IN
work	NN
or	CC
in	IN
the	DT
classroom	NN
,	,
are	VBP
an	DT
integral	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
world	NN
of	IN
work	NN
and	CC
education	NN
.	.
Communication	NNP
of	IN
this	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
and	CC
appropriate	JJ
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
nothing	NN
illegal	JJ
about	IN
using	VBG
this	DT
information	NN
and	CC
communicating	VBG
it	PRP
to	TO
individuals	NNS
who	WP
need	VBP
it	PRP
to	TO
make	VB
employment	NN
decisions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
caveat	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
the	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
correct	JJ
and	CC
disclosed	VBD
only	RB
to	TO
those	DT
individuals	NNS
who	WP
need	VBP
to	TO
know	VB
.	.
The	DT
answers	NNS
to	TO
these	DT
questions	NNS
lie	VBP
in	IN
another	DT
set	NN
of	IN
questions	NNS
:	:
Who	WP
will	MD
see	VB
this	DT
information	NN
?	.
Is	VBZ
that	IN
person	NN
entitled	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
information	NN
?	.
What	WP
is	VBZ
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
?	.
Is	VBZ
the	DT
information	NN
accurate	JJ
?	.
Is	VBZ
the	DT
information	NN
misleading	VBG
?	.
A	DT
statement	NN
also	RB
loses	VBZ
its	PRP$
privileged	JJ
character	NN
if	IN
the	DT
communicator	NN
is	VBZ
motivated	VBN
by	IN
ill	RB
will	MD
,	,
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
excessive	JJ
communication	NN
of	IN
the	DT
statement	NN
,	,
or	CC
ifthe	JJ
statement	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
without	IN
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
belief	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
true	JJ
.	.
For	IN
a	DT
statement	NN
to	TO
be	VB
defamatory	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
shown	VBN
that	IN
substantial	JJ
evidence	NN
exists	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
supervisor	NN
knowingly	RB
lied	VBD
or	CC
had	VBD
no	DT
idea	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
reckless	JJ
disregard	NN
for	IN
the	DT
truth	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
whether	IN
the	DT
statement	NN
was	VBD
true	JJ
.	.
Reference	NNP
letters	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
communicated	VBN
in	IN
good	JJ
faith	NN
to	TO
other	JJ
individuals	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
need	NN
to	TO
know	VB
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
the	DT
student	NN
controlled	VBN
who	WP
would	MD
receive	VB
it	PRP
by	IN
placing	VBG
it	PRP
in	IN
her	PRP$
credential	NN
file	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
adviser	NN
can	MD
not	RB
provide	VB
employers	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
information	NN
indiscriminately	RB
.	.
Reference	NNP
providers	NNS
who	WP
become	VBP
concerned	JJ
about	IN
defamation	NN
liability	NN
may	MD
fall	VB
into	IN
another	DT
trap	NN
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
overcompensate	VB
and	CC
provide	VB
a	DT
glowing	JJ
reference	NN
,	,
when	WRB
in	IN
fact	NN
the	DT
student	NN
may	MD
have	VB
done	VBN
something	NN
wrong	JJ
or	CC
been	VBN
a	DT
problem	NN
performer	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
reference	NN
should	MD
give	VB
the	DT
complete	JJ
picture	NN
,	,
especially	RB
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
good	JJ
reason	NN
to	TO
believe	VB
that	IN
the	DT
prospective	JJ
employee	NN
will	MD
cause	VB
physical	JJ
harm	NN
to	TO
others	NNS
.	.
The	DT
alternative	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
said	VBD
,	,
is	VBZ
to	TO
refuse	VB
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
reference	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
providing	VBG
references	NNS
for	IN
only	RB
certain	JJ
individuals	NNS
based	VBN
upon	IN
race	NN
,	,
age	NN
,	,
sex	NN
,	,
national	JJ
origin	NN
,	,
disability	NN
,	,
or	CC
religion	NN
,	,
will	MD
expose	VB
the	DT
reference	NN
provider	NN
to	TO
potential	JJ
liability	NN
.	.
Individuals	NNS
who	WP
provide	VBP
references	NNS
that	WDT
seem	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
generally	RB
positive	JJ
for	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
certain	JJ
groups	NNS
and	CC
generally	RB
negative	JJ
for	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
other	JJ
groups	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
consistent	JJ
basis	NN
could	MD
be	VB
liable	JJ
for	IN
discrimination	NN
.	.
Prospective	JJ
employers	NNS
requesting	VBG
information	NN
should	MD
not	RB
ask	VB
for	IN
information	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
could	MD
not	RB
request	VB
from	IN
the	DT
job	NN
applicant	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
prospective	JJ
employer	NN
may	MD
ask	VB
questions	NNS
regarding	VBG
dependability	NN
,	,
absentee	NN
record	NN
,	,
and	CC
use	NN
of	IN
drugs\/alcohol	NN
on	IN
the	DT
job	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
position	NN
involves	VBZ
the	DT
safety	NN
and	CC
security	NN
of	IN
others	NNS
,	,
questions	NNS
pertaining	VBG
to	TO
violent	JJ
behaviors	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
asked	VBN
.	.
Note	NN
:	:
The	DT
following	VBG
text	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
guide	VB
your	PRP$
students	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
dealings	NNS
with	IN
third-party	JJ
recruiters	NNS
.	.
NACE	NNP
college	NN
members	NNS
can	MD
reprint	VB
or	CC
adapt	VB
this	DT
text	NN
in	IN
a	DT
printed	VBN
publication	NN
or	CC
on	IN
their	PRP$
web	NN
sites	NNS
without	IN
seeking	VBG
reprint	VB
permission	NN
.	.
All	DT
others	NNS
should	MD
contact	VB
Claudia	NNP
Allen	NNP
at	IN
callen@naceweb.org	NNP
.	.
Employment	NNP
Agencies	NNPS
:	:
Employment	NNP
agencies	NNS
list	NN
positions	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
organizations	NNS
and	CC
receive	VBP
payment	NN
when	WRB
a	DT
referred	VBN
candidate	NN
is	VBZ
hired	VBN
.	.
The	DT
fee	NN
for	IN
listing	VBG
a	DT
position	NN
is	VBZ
paid	VBN
either	RB
by	IN
the	DT
firm	NN
listing	VBG
the	DT
opening	NN
or	CC
by	IN
the	DT
candidate	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
hired	VBN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
job	NN
listing	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
include	VB
the	DT
phrase	NN
``	``
fee	NN
paid	VBN
,	,
''	''
be	VB
sure	JJ
to	TO
ask	VB
who	WP
pays	VBZ
the	DT
fee	NN
before	IN
signing	VBG
any	DT
papers	NNS
.	.
Search	NNP
Firms	NNPS
:	:
A	DT
search	NN
firm	NN
contracts	NNS
with	IN
employers	NNS
to	TO
find	VB
and	CC
screen	VB
qualified	VBN
persons	NNS
to	TO
fill	VB
specific	JJ
positions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
fee	NN
is	VBZ
paid	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
.	.
Search	NN
firm	NN
representatives	NNS
will	MD
identify	VB
the	DT
employer	NN
they	PRP
represent	VBP
.	.
Resume	VB
Referral	NNP
Firms	NNPS
:	:
A	DT
resume	VB
referral	NN
firm	NN
collects	VBZ
information	NN
on	IN
job	NN
seekers	NNS
and	CC
forwards	RB
it	PRP
to	TO
prospective	JJ
employers	NNS
.	.
Data	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
contained	VBN
in	IN
resumes	NNS
or	CC
on	IN
data	NNS
forms	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
either	CC
paper	NN
or	CC
electronic	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
employer	NN
,	,
job	NN
seeker	NN
,	,
or	CC
both	DT
may	MD
pay	VB
fees	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
must	MD
give	VB
the	DT
firm	NN
written	VBN
permission	NN
to	TO
pass	VB
your	PRP$
resume	VB
to	TO
employers	NNS
.	.
Your	PRP$
permission	NN
should	MD
include	VB
a	DT
statement	NN
that	WDT
expressly	RB
states	VBZ
to	TO
whom	WP
and	CC
for	IN
what	WP
purpose	NN
the	DT
information	NN
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
.	.
How	WRB
many	JJ
job	NN
openings	NNS
are	VBP
there	RB
for	IN
someone	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
field	NN
?	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
opportunity	NN
,	,
inquire	VBP
about	IN
the	DT
positions	NNS
being	VBG
filled	VBN
or	CC
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
openings	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
your	PRP$
field	NN
.	.
These	DT
are	VBP
important	JJ
questions	NNS
because	IN
,	,
in	IN
some	DT
instances	NNS
,	,
recruiters	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
really	RB
have	VB
the	DT
type	NN
or	CC
number	NN
of	IN
openings	NNS
they	PRP
advertise	VBP
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
more	RBR
interested	JJ
in	IN
adding	VBG
your	PRP$
name	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
candidate	NN
pool	NN
as	IN
a	DT
means	NN
of	IN
attracting	VBG
more	JJR
employers	NNS
or	CC
clients	NNS
to	TO
their	PRP$
services	NNS
.	.
Or	CC
they	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
collecting	VBG
resumes	NNS
from	IN
students	NNS
for	IN
potential	JJ
job	NN
opportunities	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Name	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
institution\/career	NN
center	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
does	VBZ
not	RB
allow	VB
third-party	JJ
recruiters	NNS
to	TO
interview	VB
students	NNS
unless	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
trying	VBG
to	TO
fill	VB
actual	JJ
job	NN
openings	NNS
.	.
How	WRB
is	VBZ
this	DT
information	NN
being	VBG
used	VBN
?	.
A	DT
third-party	JJ
recruiter	NN
is	VBZ
allowed	VBN
legally	RB
to	TO
share	VB
your	PRP$
resume	VB
with	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
employer	NN
for	IN
positions	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
actually	RB
seeking	VBG
.	.
The	DT
recruiter	NN
must	MD
tell	VB
you	PRP
,	,
in	IN
clear	JJ
terms	NNS
,	,
that	IN
your	PRP$
materials	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
shared	VBN
outside	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
or	CC
used	VBN
for	IN
any	DT
purpose	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
with	IN
the	DT
company	NN
they	PRP
represent	VBP
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
they	PRP
interview	VBP
you	PRP
.	.
The	DT
third-party	JJ
recruiter	NN
can	MD
not	RB
sell	VB
your	PRP$
information	NN
to	TO
anyone	NN
else	RB
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
choose	VB
to	TO
authorize	VB
the	DT
recruiter	NN
to	TO
share	VB
your	PRP$
data	NNS
elsewhere	RB
,	,
but	CC
your	PRP$
authorization	NN
should	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
recruiter	NN
in	IN
writing	VBG
.	.
Are	VBP
candidates	NNS
treated	VBD
equally	RB
and	CC
fairly	RB
?	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
qualified	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
job	NN
opportunity	NN
,	,
the	DT
third-party	JJ
recruiter	NN
must	MD
pass	VB
your	PRP$
information	NN
to	TO
employers	NNS
without	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
race	NN
,	,
color	NN
,	,
national	JJ
origin	NN
,	,
religion	NN
,	,
age	NN
,	,
gender	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
,	,
or	CC
disability	NN
.	.
Over	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
10	CD
years	NNS
college	NN
recruiting	NN
has	VBZ
undergone	VBN
almost	RB
revolutionary	JJ
changes	NNS
as	IN
electronic	JJ
tools	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
web	NN
sites	NNS
,	,
resume	VB
data	NNS
bases	NNS
,	,
job	NN
listing	NN
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
applicant	NN
tracking	NN
systems	NNS
have	VBP
become	VBN
imbedded	JJ
throughout	IN
every	DT
aspect	NN
of	IN
the	DT
recruitment	NN
process	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
process	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
widening	VBG
gap	NN
between	IN
employer	NN
practices	NNS
that	WDT
respond	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
key	JJ
values	NNS
of	IN
productivity	NN
and	CC
efficiency	NN
,	,
and	CC
student	NN
expectations	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
recruitment	NN
process	NN
should	MD
engage	VB
them	PRP
in	IN
a	DT
personalized	VBN
manner	NN
consistent	JJ
with	IN
their	PRP$
unique	JJ
potential	NN
.	.
Students	NNS
'	POS
opinions	NNS
of	IN
employers	NNS
are	VBP
greatly	RB
shaped	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
they	PRP
receive	VBP
during	IN
the	DT
application	NN
and	CC
hiring	VBG
processes	NNS
.	.
These	DT
college	NN
students	NNS
want	VBP
personal	JJ
attention	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
currently	RB
met	VBN
by	IN
job-search	JJ
boards	NNS
or	CC
through	IN
online	JJ
applications	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
this	DT
,	,
growing	VBG
numbers	NNS
of	IN
college	NN
students	NNS
purposely	RB
avoid	VBP
certain	JJ
employers	NNS
due	JJ
to	TO
their	PRP$
negative	JJ
opinions	NNS
of	IN
recruitment	NN
techniques	NNS
.	.
The	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
web-based	JJ
survey	NN
of	IN
college	NN
recruiters	NNS
that	WDT
was	VBD
developed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Committee	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
see	VB
appendix	NN
for	IN
detailed	JJ
summary	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
strongly	RB
reinforce	VB
the	DT
central	JJ
place	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
recruiting	NN
on	IN
today	NN
's	POS
college	NN
campus	NN
.	.
Employers	NNS
overall	JJ
were	VBD
most	RBS
interested	JJ
in	IN
using	VBG
technology	NN
to	TO
promote	VB
current	JJ
job	NN
openings	NNS
,	,
create	VBP
an	DT
overall	JJ
recruiting	NN
brand	NN
,	,
and	CC
communicate	VBP
information	NN
about	IN
typical	JJ
job	NN
openings	NNS
to	TO
prospective	JJ
candidates	NNS
.	.
Nationally-focused	JJ
recruiters	NNS
overall	JJ
indicated	VBD
that	IN
they	PRP
thought	VBD
electronic	JJ
recruiting	NN
was	VBD
more	RBR
important	JJ
to	TO
their	PRP$
recruitment	NN
efforts	NNS
than	IN
did	VBD
locally	RB
focused	VBN
recruiters	NNS
.	.
Locally	RB
focused	VBN
recruiters	NNS
said	VBD
they	PRP
valued	VBD
having	VBG
typical	JJ
job	NN
descriptions	NNS
available	JJ
for	IN
prospective	JJ
candidates	NNS
more	RBR
than	IN
national	JJ
recruiters	NNS
did	VBD
.	.
Overall	RB
,	,
employers	NNS
reported	VBD
they	PRP
had	VBD
the	DT
most	RBS
success	NN
in	IN
providing	VBG
listings	NNS
of	IN
current	JJ
openings	NNS
,	,
creating	VBG
an	DT
overall	JJ
recruiting	NN
brand	NN
,	,
and	CC
providing	VBG
background	NN
information	NN
about	IN
their	PRP$
organizations	NNS
to	TO
candidates	NNS
with	IN
an	DT
online	JJ
The	DT
survey	NN
illustrated	VBD
that	IN
several	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
electronic	JJ
recruiting	NN
have	VBP
posed	VBN
overall	JJ
challenges	NNS
to	TO
employers	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
developing	VBG
applicant	NN
data	NNS
bases	NNS
for	IN
future	JJ
openings	NNS
,	,
creating	VBG
applicant	NN
tracking	NN
systems	NNS
,	,
encouraging	VBG
candidates	NNS
to	TO
reapply	VB
for	IN
future	JJ
openings	NNS
,	,
and	CC
managing	VBG
their	PRP$
overall	JJ
recruiting	NN
brand	NN
.	.
National	NNP
recruiters	NNS
were	VBD
more	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
encounter	VB
brand	NN
management	NN
challenges	NNS
than	IN
local	JJ
recruiters	NNS
,	,
while	IN
local	JJ
recruiters	NNS
found	VBD
developing	VBG
applicant	NN
data	NNS
bases	NNS
for	IN
future	JJ
openings	NNS
and	CC
applicant	NN
tracking	NN
posed	VBD
more	RBR
difficulty	NN
than	IN
did	VBD
the	DT
national	JJ
recruiters	NNS
.	.
Local	JJ
recruiters	NNS
reported	VBD
having	VBG
a	DT
higher	JJR
level	NN
of	IN
success	NN
in	IN
managing	VBG
their	PRP$
recruiting	NN
brand	NN
than	IN
national	JJ
employers	NNS
,	,
while	IN
national	JJ
recruiters	NNS
reported	VBD
greater	JJR
success	NN
with	IN
online	JJ
application	NN
systems	NNS
than	IN
local	JJ
recruiters	NNS
.	.
Recruiters	NNS
reported	VBD
five	CD
challenges	NNS
they	PRP
had	VBD
most	RBS
often	RB
``	``
effectively	RB
mastered	VBN
,	,
''	''
including	VBG
three	CD
of	IN
these	DT
concerns	NNS
:	:
integrating	VBG
electronic	JJ
and	CC
overall	JJ
college	NN
recruiting	NN
,	,
managing	VBG
applicant	NN
volume	NN
,	,
and	CC
effective	JJ
and	CC
timely	JJ
applicant	NN
screening	NN
.	.
Several	JJ
sources	NNS
reinforce	VBP
that	IN
students	NNS
are	VBP
increasingly	RB
concerned	VBN
that	IN
electronic	JJ
recruiting	NN
strategies	NNS
are	VBP
impersonal	JJ
and	CC
do	VB
not	RB
satisfy	VB
their	PRP$
needs	NNS
for	IN
human	JJ
interaction	NN
in	IN
the	DT
initial	JJ
recruiting	NN
process	NN
.	.
Technological	JJ
advances	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
online	JJ
applications	NNS
,	,
video	NN
conferencing	NN
,	,
and	CC
e-mail	NN
have	VBP
changed	VBN
the	DT
ways	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
employers	NNS
interact	VBP
with	IN
students	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
millennial	JJ
college	NN
students	NNS
are	VBP
comfortable	JJ
with	IN
technology	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
everyday	JJ
life	NN
,	,
one	CD
can	MD
not	RB
assume	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
want	VBP
technology	NN
to	TO
rule	VB
their	PRP$
job	NN
search	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
generation	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
accustomed	VBN
to	TO
being	VBG
told	VBN
,	,
``	``
you	PRP
're	VBP
special	JJ
.	.
''	''
They	PRP
have	VBP
established	VBN
close	JJ
relationships	NNS
with	IN
their	PRP$
parents	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
encouraged	VBN
their	PRP$
need	NN
for	IN
individual	JJ
attention	NN
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
Millenials	NNP
Rising	VBG
,	,
the	DT
Next	JJ
Great	NNP
Generation	NNP
by	IN
Neil	NNP
Howe	NNP
and	CC
Richard	NNP
Strauss	NNP
,	,
millenials	NNS
have	VBP
always	RB
felt	VBN
themselves	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
focus	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
attention	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
career	NN
centers	NNS
have	VBP
seen	VBN
this	DT
issue	NN
evident	JJ
in	IN
greater	JJR
student	NN
demand	NN
for	IN
individual	JJ
appointments	NNS
.	.
The	DT
question	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
will	MD
this	DT
group	NN
be	VB
satisfied	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
recruitment	NN
process	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
moving	VBG
toward	IN
a	DT
focus	NN
on	IN
employer	NN
productivity	NN
and	CC
efficiency	NN
?	.
A	DT
student	NN
survey	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Scott	NNP
Resources	NNP
Group	NNP
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
rated	VBN
none	NN
of	IN
the	DT
typical	JJ
electronic	JJ
tools	NNS
with	IN
over	IN
a	DT
50	CD
percent	NN
rating	NN
,	,
and	CC
singled	VBD
out	RP
video	JJ
conferencing	NN
,	,
job	NN
search	NN
boards	NNS
,	,
and	CC
online	NN
application	NN
processes	VBZ
as	IN
particularly	RB
troubling	VBG
to	TO
students	NNS
,	,
with	IN
respective	JJ
negative	JJ
ratings	NNS
of	IN
91	CD
percent	NN
,	,
84	CD
percent	NN
,	,
and	CC
72	CD
percent	NN
.	.
This	DT
shows	VBZ
that	IN
technology	NN
is	VBZ
appreciated	VBN
by	IN
students	NNS
when	WRB
used	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
a	DT
personal	JJ
connection	NN
with	IN
an	DT
employer	NN
.	.
When	WRB
receiving	VBG
personal	JJ
e-mail	NN
from	IN
a	DT
representative	NN
of	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
,	,
students	NNS
feel	VBP
valued	VBN
as	IN
individuals	NNS
.	.
This	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
attention	NN
gives	VBZ
the	DT
student	NN
an	DT
initial	JJ
positive	JJ
opinion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
company	NN
culture	NN
.	.
When	WRB
students	NNS
are	VBP
treated	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
generic	JJ
way	NN
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
concerned	VBN
that	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
way	NN
the	DT
employer	NN
would	MD
treat	VB
them	PRP
as	IN
employees	NNS
.	.
Dave	NNP
Lefkow	NNP
of	IN
TMP	NNP
Worldwide	NNP
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
companies	NNS
use	VBP
technology	NN
to	TO
personalize	VB
the	DT
process	NN
.	.
They	PRP
should	MD
avoid	VB
the	DT
``	``
go	VB
to	TO
our	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
''	''
philosophy	NN
used	VBN
by	IN
some	DT
employers	NNS
at	IN
career	NN
fairs	NNS
.	.
Instead	RB
,	,
Lefkow	NNP
suggests	VBZ
using	VBG
the	DT
company	NN
web	NN
site	NN
to	TO
help	VB
establish	VB
the	DT
organization	NN
's	POS
brand	NN
and	CC
give	VB
job	NN
seekers	NNS
an	DT
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
work	NN
environment	NN
.	.
The	DT
employer	NN
must	MD
then	RB
follow	VB
up	RP
with	IN
some	DT
high-touch	JJ
techniques	NNS
to	TO
reinforce	VB
this	DT
brand	NN
.	.
To	TO
explore	VB
these	DT
issues	NNS
further	RBR
,	,
the	DT
Committee	NNP
conducted	VBD
student	NN
focus	NN
groups	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
cross	NN
section	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
from	IN
Clark	NNP
University	NNP
,	,
a	DT
small	JJ
New	NNP
England	NNP
liberal	JJ
arts	NNS
college	NN
.	.
Participating	VBG
students	NNS
represented	VBD
a	DT
broad	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
academic	JJ
disciplines	NNS
and	CC
had	VBD
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
career	NN
interests	NNS
.	.
While	IN
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
undergraduate	JJ
and	CC
graduate	JJ
students	NNS
recognized	VBD
the	DT
value	NN
of	IN
information	NN
access	NN
afforded	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
in	IN
their	PRP$
job	NN
searches	NNS
,	,
many	JJ
also	RB
complained	VBD
of	IN
the	DT
dehumanizing	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
electronic	JJ
recruitment	NN
process	NN
.	.
Students	NNS
also	RB
commented	VBD
about	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
time	NN
required	VBN
to	TO
complete	VB
online	JJ
applications	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
generic	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
response	NN
or	CC
lack	NN
of	IN
any	DT
follow-up	JJ
or	CC
feedback	NN
.	.
Some	DT
students	NNS
expressed	VBD
concern	NN
that	IN
the	DT
applicant	NN
could	MD
not	RB
ever	RB
really	RB
get	VB
a	DT
good	JJ
feel	NN
for	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
and	CC
that	IN
face-to-face	JJ
contact	NN
with	IN
people	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
best	JJS
way	NN
to	TO
convey	VB
the	DT
organizations	NNS
'	POS
values	NNS
.	.
One	CD
student	NN
argued	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
recruitment	NN
process	NN
could	MD
be	VB
outlined	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
so	RB
that	IN
individuals	NNS
would	MD
understand	VB
when	WRB
and	CC
how	WRB
they	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
contacted	VBN
.	.
Another	DT
participant	NN
suggested	VBD
that	IN
instead	RB
of	IN
a	DT
job	NN
seeker	NN
receiving	VBG
a	DT
generic	JJ
e-mail	NN
automatically	RB
generated	VBD
from	IN
a	DT
department	NN
,	,
the	DT
applicant	NN
could	MD
receive	VB
a	DT
personal	JJ
e-mail	NN
enabling	VBG
the	DT
applicant	NN
to	TO
feel	VB
closer	JJR
to	TO
the	DT
company	NN
and	CC
more	JJR
in	IN
control	NN
of	IN
the	DT
selection	NN
process	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
focus	NN
group	NN
participants	NNS
believe	VBP
companies	NNS
that	WDT
did	VBD
not	RB
post	JJ
job	NN
opportunities	NNS
on	IN
their	PRP$
company	NN
web	NN
sites	NNS
,	,
but	CC
do	VBP
offer	VB
online	JJ
applications	NNS
,	,
should	MD
include	VB
a	DT
step	NN
called	VBD
a	DT
``	``
preliminary	JJ
inquiry	NN
.	.
''	''
In	IN
this	DT
inquiry	NN
,	,
an	DT
applicant	NN
would	MD
briefly	RB
describe	VB
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
background	NN
and	CC
goals	NNS
.	.
The	DT
employer	NN
would	MD
return	VB
an	DT
e-mail	NN
encouraging	VBG
the	DT
job	NN
seeker	NN
to	TO
complete	VB
the	DT
application	NN
or	CC
tell	VB
the	DT
job	NN
seeker	NN
that	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
skills\/interests	NNS
were	VBD
n't	RB
currently	RB
a	DT
match	NN
for	IN
the	DT
company	NN
.	.
The	DT
topic	NN
of	IN
web	NN
site	NN
content	NN
validity	NN
came	VBD
up	RP
again	RB
and	CC
again	RB
with	IN
the	DT
focus	NN
group	NN
.	.
Dates	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
job	NN
descriptions	NNS
and	CC
openings	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
revisited	VBN
frequently	RB
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
the	DT
candidates	NNS
have	VBP
the	DT
most	RBS
up-to-date	JJ
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
focus	NN
group	NN
participants	NNS
reinforced	VBD
the	DT
need	NN
that	WDT
valuable	JJ
time	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
spent	VBN
on	IN
both	DT
sides	NNS
:	:
applying	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
jobs	NNS
and	CC
responding	VBG
to	TO
those	DT
who	WP
have	VBP
shared	VBN
their	PRP$
time	NN
,	,
skills	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
personal	JJ
information	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
application	NN
process	NN
.	.
Right	RB
now	RB
the	DT
perception	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
electronic	JJ
recruitment	NN
process	NN
is	VBZ
one-sided	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
clear	JJ
that	IN
both	DT
employers	NNS
and	CC
students	NNS
have	VBP
solidly-formed	JJ
opinions	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
recruitment	NN
.	.
Employers	NNS
are	VBP
primarily	RB
concerned	VBN
with	IN
productivity	NN
and	CC
efficiency	NN
while	IN
students	NNS
expect	VBP
a	DT
more	RBR
personalized	JJ
experience	NN
.	.
This	DT
provides	VBZ
the	DT
college	NN
career	NN
center	NN
with	IN
a	DT
prime	JJ
opportunity	NN
to	TO
add	VB
value	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
help	VBP
employers	NNS
and	CC
students	NNS
connect	VBP
with	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
job-search	JJ
process	NN
.	.
While	IN
traditional	JJ
recruitment	NN
methods	NNS
have	VBP
relied	VBN
heavily	RB
on	IN
career	NN
center	NN
involvement	NN
to	TO
succeed	VB
,	,
some	DT
have	VBP
suggested	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
emerging	VBG
recruiting	NN
technology	NN
allows	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
diminished	JJ
role	NN
for	IN
college	NN
career	NN
centers	NNS
,	,
with	IN
employers	NNS
marketing	VBG
themselves	PRP
directly	RB
to	TO
students	NNS
.	.
Learning	NNP
Resources	NNPS
Inc.	NNP
,	,
suggested	VBD
``	``
a	DT
career	NN
center	NN
may	MD
offer	VB
the	DT
student	NN
useful	JJ
training	NN
in	IN
interviewing	VBG
or	CC
help	VB
them	PRP
discuss	VB
choices	NNS
,	,
but	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
contact	NN
with	IN
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
really	RB
not	RB
necessary	JJ
for	IN
corporate	JJ
recruiters	NNS
.	.
''	''
Wheeler	NNP
asserts	VBZ
that	IN
traditional	JJ
on-campus	JJ
recruiting	NN
is	VBZ
expensive	JJ
and	CC
inefficient	JJ
.	.
He	PRP
sees	VBZ
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
as	IN
changing	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
``	``
gatekeeper	NN
to	TO
the	DT
corporation	NN
''	''
to	TO
a	DT
provider	NN
of	IN
career	NN
development	NN
counseling	NN
.	.
''	''
According	VBG
to	TO
Wheeler	NNP
,	,
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
can	MD
assist	VB
students	NNS
in	IN
adapting	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
changing	VBG
nature	NN
of	IN
recruitment	NN
by	IN
providing	VBG
them	PRP
with	IN
online	NN
tools	NNS
and	CC
instructing	VBG
them	PRP
on	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
conduct	VB
a	DT
job	NN
search	NN
using	VBG
technology	NN
.	.
Wheeler	NNP
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
employers	NNS
maintain	VBP
a	DT
connection	NN
with	IN
career	NN
centers	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
acknowledges	VBZ
that	IN
career	NN
centers	NNS
have	VBP
an	DT
influence	NN
on	IN
student	NN
opinion	NN
.	.
He	PRP
maintains	VBZ
a	DT
positive	JJ
relationship	NN
between	IN
employer	NN
and	CC
career	NN
center	NN
can	MD
help	VB
the	DT
employer	NN
maintain	VBP
a	DT
presence	NN
on	IN
campus	NN
,	,
albeit	IN
a	DT
virtual	JJ
one	CD
.	.
The	DT
gap	NN
between	IN
the	DT
efficiency	NN
demands	NNS
on	IN
employers	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
personalization	NN
expectations	NNS
of	IN
students	NNS
suggests	VBZ
a	DT
better	JJR
alternative	NN
to	TO
Wheeler	NNP
's	POS
recommendations	NNS
.	.
Electronic	JJ
recruitment	NN
tools	NNS
promise	VBP
greater	JJR
efficiency	NN
in	IN
executing	VBG
the	DT
large	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
transactions	NNS
imbedded	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
recruiting	NN
process	NN
,	,
and	CC
thus	RB
provide	VB
effective	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
collect	VB
and	CC
disseminate	VB
resumes	NNS
,	,
post	NN
information	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
current	JJ
openings	NNS
,	,
provide	VBP
background	NN
information	NN
on	IN
employers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
schedule	NN
interviews	NNS
.	.
The	DT
emergence	NN
of	IN
sophisticated	JJ
tools	NNS
in	IN
these	DT
areas	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
10	CD
years	NNS
does	VBZ
not	RB
replace	VB
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
build	VB
long-term	JJ
recruiting	NN
relationships	NNS
between	IN
employers	NNS
and	CC
schools	NNS
,	,
since	IN
these	DT
relationships	NNS
are	VBP
critical	JJ
to	TO
success	NN
in	IN
the	DT
highly	RB
competitive	JJ
market	NN
that	IN
all	DT
demographic	JJ
predictions	NNS
describe	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
upcoming	JJ
decade	NN
.	.
As	IN
electronic	JJ
recruiting	NN
tools	NNS
have	VBP
become	VBN
standard	JJ
,	,
career	NN
centers	NNS
are	VBP
challenged	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
students	NNS
understand	VB
how	WRB
employers	NNS
are	VBP
using	VBG
these	DT
tools	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
especially	RB
important	JJ
to	TO
address	VB
students	NNS
'	POS
inaccurate	JJ
or	CC
counterproductive	JJ
assumptions	NNS
that	WDT
could	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
unnecessary	JJ
barriers	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
job-search	JJ
process	NN
.	.
This	DT
also	RB
includes	VBZ
addressing	VBG
the	DT
privacy	NN
issues	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
subject	NN
of	IN
another	DT
white	JJ
paper	NN
written	VBN
by	IN
this	DT
committee	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Likewise	RB
,	,
career	NN
centers	NNS
should	MD
help	VB
employers	NNS
understand	VB
how	WRB
their	PRP$
electronic	JJ
recruiting	NN
practices	NNS
potentially	RB
function	VBP
to	TO
create	VB
such	JJ
barriers	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
developing	VBG
partnerships	NNS
with	IN
employers	NNS
to	TO
minimize	VB
such	JJ
barriers	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
take	VB
advantage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
network	NN
of	IN
faculty	NN
,	,
staff	NN
,	,
and	CC
alumni	NNS
resources	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
so	RB
critical	JJ
in	IN
an	DT
effectively	RB
operating	VBG
recruiting	NN
program	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
both	DT
employers	NNS
and	CC
students	NNS
are	VBP
concerned	VBN
about	IN
using	VBG
electronic	JJ
recruiting	NN
to	TO
personalize	VB
rather	RB
than	IN
depersonalize	VB
the	DT
recruiting	NN
process	NN
.	.
This	DT
offers	VBZ
a	DT
key	JJ
opportunity	NN
for	IN
career	NN
centers	NNS
to	TO
develop	VB
concrete	JJ
,	,
clear	JJ
interventions	NNS
that	WDT
help	VBP
both	DT
of	IN
these	DT
key	JJ
constituents	NNS
understand	VBP
each	DT
other	JJ
's	POS
perspectives	NNS
and	CC
communicate	VBP
effectively	RB
across	IN
this	DT
gap	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
greatest	JJS
ongoing	JJ
challenges	NNS
as	IN
electronic	JJ
recruiting	NN
technology	NN
expands	VBZ
,	,
and	CC
presents	VBZ
the	DT
best	JJS
opportunity	NN
for	IN
colleges	NNS
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
key	JJ
recruiters	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
them	PRP
understand	VB
,	,
manage	VB
,	,
and	CC
respond	VB
to	TO
student	NN
expectations	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
interesting	JJ
to	TO
note	VB
that	IN
in	IN
the	DT
committee	NN
's	POS
survey	NN
of	IN
employers	NNS
,	,
recruiters	NNS
who	WP
indicated	VBD
success	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
online	JJ
application	NN
process	NN
specifically	RB
stated	VBD
that	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
``	``
strict	JJ
online	NN
philosophy	NN
''	''
and	CC
they	PRP
``	``
do	VBP
n't	RB
accept	VB
resumes	NNS
.	.
''	''
Conversely	RB
,	,
a	DT
recruiter	NN
who	WP
indicated	VBD
her	PRP$
organization	NN
was	VBD
experiencing	VBG
challenges	NNS
with	IN
its	PRP$
online	JJ
applications	NNS
process	NN
stated	VBD
that	IN
because	RB
,	,
``	``
all	DT
applicants	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
apply	VB
online	NN
,	,
we	PRP
still	RB
must	MD
maintain	VB
a	DT
file	NN
of	IN
paper	NN
resumes	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
so	RB
easily	RB
sorted	VBD
.	.
''	''
These	DT
examples	NNS
emphasize	VBP
the	DT
challenges	NNS
implicit	JJ
in	IN
moving	VBG
to	TO
an	DT
electronic	JJ
application	NN
process	NN
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
process	NN
can	MD
be	VB
more	RBR
effective	JJ
when	WRB
employers	NNS
solely	RB
use	VBP
an	DT
online	JJ
application	NN
system	NN
,	,
recruiters	NNS
noted	VBD
the	DT
applicants	NNS
'	POS
desire	NN
for	IN
a	DT
more	RBR
personal	JJ
approach	NN
indicating	VBG
that	IN
,	,
``	``
Many	JJ
candidates	NNS
reply	VBP
to	TO
a	DT
personal	JJ
e-mail	NN
but	CC
fail	VBP
to	TO
submit	VB
to	TO
our	PRP$
online	JJ
employment	NN
data	NNS
base	NN
''	''
and	CC
``	``
The	DT
most	RBS
difficult	JJ
thing	NN
is	VBZ
getting	VBG
people	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
to	TO
apply	VB
.	.
They	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
send	VB
resumes	NNS
,	,
not	RB
search	NN
for	IN
jobs	NNS
.	.
''	''
The	DT
overlap	VBP
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
these	DT
challenges	NNS
may	MD
define	VB
a	DT
shared	JJ
space	NN
where	WRB
best	JJS
practices	NNS
are	VBP
both	DT
critical	JJ
and	CC
emerging	VBG
.	.
It	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
particularly	RB
fruitful	JJ
to	TO
focus	VB
on	IN
these	DT
challenges	NNS
in	IN
conference	NN
presentations	NNS
,	,
networking	VBG
activities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
future	JJ
research	NN
.	.
Even	RB
given	VBN
the	DT
limitations	NNS
of	IN
self-reported	JJ
success	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
clear	JJ
that	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
successful	JJ
examples	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
a	DT
few	JJ
less	JJR
than	IN
successful	JJ
ventures	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
related	VBN
to	TO
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
aspects	NNS
examined	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
survey	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
critical	JJ
for	IN
NACE	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
regional	JJ
ACEs	NNS
to	TO
facilitate	VB
and	CC
support	VB
an	DT
ongoing	JJ
dialogue	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
and	CC
share	VB
best	JJS
practices	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
for	IN
employers	NNS
,	,
colleges	NNS
,	,
and	CC
students	NNS
to	TO
benefit	VB
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
from	IN
this	DT
technological	JJ
investment	NN
.	.
Some	DT
colleges	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
responding	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
expansion	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
recruiting	NN
by	IN
de-emphasizing	VBG
employer	NN
relations	NNS
activities	NNS
and	CC
responsibilities	NNS
,	,
while	IN
others	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
returning	VBG
to	TO
older	JJR
``	``
placement	NN
''	''
models	NNS
that	WDT
de-emphasize	VBP
student	NN
development	NN
services	NNS
.	.
While	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
universal	JJ
model	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
clear	JJ
that	IN
a	DT
dialogue	NN
among	IN
college	NN
members	NNS
reflecting	VBG
upon	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
balance	NN
between	IN
these	DT
activities	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
important	JJ
to	TO
assert	VB
appropriate	JJ
influence	NN
in	IN
institutional	JJ
decision-making	JJ
processes	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
clear	JJ
that	IN
NACE	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
regional	JJ
ACEs	NNS
should	MD
provide	VB
an	DT
ongoing	JJ
forum	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
several	JJ
issues	NNS
raised	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
white	JJ
paper	NN
,	,
particularly	RB
as	IN
they	PRP
relate	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
issues	NNS
of	IN
recruiting	VBG
efficiency	NN
versus	IN
personalized	VBN
communications	NNS
.	.
Ideally	RB
our	PRP$
practices	NNS
will	MD
develop	VB
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
that	IN
integrates	VBZ
both	DT
rather	RB
than	IN
these	DT
being	VBG
in	IN
opposition	NN
.	.
In	IN
any	DT
case	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
doubt	NN
that	IN
a	DT
continuing	VBG
dialogue	NN
concerning	VBG
the	DT
issues	NNS
and	CC
opportunities	NNS
raised	VBN
by	IN
electronic	JJ
recruiting	NN
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
.	.
One	CD
way	NN
to	TO
facilitate	VB
this	DT
dialogue	NN
could	MD
be	VB
to	TO
initiate	VB
regional	JJ
round	NN
tables	NNS
to	TO
bring	VB
together	RP
students	NNS
,	,
employers	NNS
,	,
career	NN
center	NN
professionals	NNS
,	,
and	CC
leaders	NNS
in	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
step	NN
to	TO
improving	VBG
electronic	JJ
recruitment	NN
for	IN
all	DT
parties	NNS
lies	VBZ
in	IN
communication	NN
and	CC
strategic	JJ
planning	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
hope	NN
of	IN
The	DT
NACE	NNP
Technology	NNP
Committee	NNP
that	IN
this	DT
white	JJ
paper	NN
supports	VBZ
this	DT
effort	NN
.	.
The	DT
Principles	NNPS
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Conduct	NNP
document	NN
says	VBZ
students\/clients	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
charged	VBN
for	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
by	IN
a	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
.	.
Fees	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
paid	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
employing	VBG
organization	NN
.	.
Third-party	JJ
career	NN
counseling\/job-search	JJ
arrangements	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
unethical	JJ
or	CC
inappropriate	JJ
for	IN
alumni	NNS
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
the	DT
job-search	JJ
firm	NN
approached	VBD
the	DT
alumni	NNS
office	NN
.	.
Any	DT
college\/university	NN
office	NN
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
,	,
may	MD
be	VB
approached	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
vendor	NN
wishing	VBG
to	TO
offer	VB
products	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
to	TO
students	NNS
or	CC
alumni	NNS
.	.
Is	VBZ
there	EX
an	DT
implied	JJ
endorsement	NN
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
the	DT
alumni	NNS
office	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
any	DT
university	NN
office	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
may	MD
not	RB
back	VB
the	DT
third-party	JJ
service	NN
?	.
Will	MD
alumni	NNS
assume	VB
the	DT
service	NN
is	VBZ
reputable	JJ
because	IN
of	IN
its	PRP$
association	NN
with	IN
the	DT
university	NN
or	CC
college	NN
?	.
A	DT
potential	JJ
conflict	NN
of	IN
interest	NN
exists	VBZ
when	WRB
a	DT
college	NN
or	CC
university	NN
department	NN
takes	VBZ
a	DT
rebate	NN
for	IN
referring	VBG
graduates	NNS
or	CC
students	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
third-party	JJ
organization	NN
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
department	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
endorse	VB
the	DT
third-party	JJ
service	NN
,	,
alumni\/students	NNS
may	MD
question	VB
whether	IN
the	DT
vendor	NN
was	VBD
chosen	VBN
for	IN
its	PRP$
quality	NN
or	CC
for	IN
the	DT
rebate	NN
it	PRP
offers	VBZ
.	.
Although	IN
some	DT
campus	NN
offices	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
raise	VB
money	NN
or	CC
increase	NN
revenues	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
Committee	NNP
recommends	VBZ
that	IN
departments	NNS
avoid	VBP
accepting	VBG
rebates	NNS
for	IN
referred	VBN
clients	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
colleges	NNS
have	VBP
exclusive	JJ
arrangements	NNS
with	IN
vendors	NNS
that	WDT
provide	VBP
services	NNS
and	CC
products	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
beverages	NNS
and	CC
snack	NN
foods	NNS
,	,
so	RB
such	JJ
an	DT
arrangement	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
foreign	JJ
concept	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
remember	VB
that	IN
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Conduct	NNP
document	NN
says	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
system	NN
of	IN
open	JJ
,	,
free	JJ
selection	NN
of	IN
candidates	NNS
is	VBZ
an	DT
important	JJ
fundamental	JJ
in	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Principles	NNPS
Committee	NNP
recommends	VBZ
that	IN
departments	NNS
refrain	VBP
from	IN
endorsing	VBG
any	DT
one	CD
vendor	NN
and	CC
make	VB
it	PRP
clear	JJ
in	IN
writing	VBG
to	TO
all	DT
concerned-the	JJ
third-party	JJ
firm	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
alumni	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
alumni	NNS
office	NN
chooses	VBZ
to	TO
endorse	VB
the	DT
third-party	JJ
firm	NN
,	,
the	DT
department	NN
implies	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
reviewed	VBN
the	DT
vendor	NN
's	POS
services	NNS
and	CC
judged	VBD
them	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
competent	JJ
and	CC
ethical	JJ
.	.
In	IN
most	JJS
cases	NNS
,	,
professionals	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
center	NN
are	VBP
better	RBR
qualified	VBN
to	TO
examine	VB
and	CC
judge	VB
a	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
's	POS
offer	NN
of	IN
career	NN
development	NN
and	CC
job-search	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
Minimally	RB
,	,
the	DT
alumni	NNS
office	NN
should	MD
consult	VB
with	IN
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
staff	NN
before	IN
offering	VBG
an	DT
endorsement	NN
.	.
If	IN
your	PRP$
answer	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
yes	RB
,	,
''	''
then	RB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
advisable	JJ
that	IN
you	PRP
find	VBP
out	RP
how	WRB
resumes	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
handled	VBN
.	.
The	DT
alumni	NNS
office	NN
has	VBZ
an	DT
obligation	NN
to	TO
find	VB
out	RP
how	WRB
resumes	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
service	NN
provider	NN
.	.
The	DT
vendor	NN
should	MD
be	VB
asked	VBN
if	IN
resumes	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
forwarded	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
locate	VB
jobs	NNS
or	CC
if	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
sold	VBN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
service	NN
were	VBD
working	VBG
directly	RB
with	IN
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
and	CC
current	JJ
students	NNS
,	,
the	DT
redistribution	NN
of	IN
resumes	NNS
without	IN
a	DT
student	NN
's	POS
consent	NN
would	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
an	DT
unacceptable	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
The	DT
vendor	NN
's	POS
intentions	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
clearly	RB
spelled	VBN
out	RP
in	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
with	IN
the	DT
college	NN
or	CC
university	NN
office	NN
.	.
It	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
clear	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
firm	NN
needs	VBZ
written	VBN
consent	NN
from	IN
each	DT
participating	VBG
graduate	NN
or	CC
alumni	NNS
before	IN
a	DT
resume	VB
can	MD
be	VB
passed	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
potential	JJ
employer	NN
or	CC
a	DT
resume	VB
data	NNS
base	NN
.	.
The	DT
Principles	NNPS
Committee	NNP
recognizes	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
ultimate	JJ
goal	NN
of	IN
career	NN
centers	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
help	VB
students	NNS
,	,
and	CC
when	WRB
possible	JJ
,	,
alumni	NNS
,	,
secure	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
effective	JJ
and	CC
professional	JJ
career	NN
development	NN
services	NNS
available	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Principles	NNPS
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Conduct	NNP
document	NN
provides	VBZ
the	DT
foundation	NN
for	IN
safeguarding	VBG
the	DT
rights	NNS
and	CC
well-being	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
graduates	NNS
when	WRB
any	DT
campus	NN
office	NN
engages	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
career	NN
development	NN
process	NN
.	.
When	WRB
an	DT
outside	JJ
service	NN
provider	NN
wishes	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
career	NN
services	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
alumni	NNS
office	NN
or	CC
another	DT
campus	NN
department	NN
,	,
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
staff	NN
can	MD
work	VB
collaboratively	RB
with	IN
that	DT
office	NN
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
that	IN
alumni	NNS
are	VBP
receiving	VBG
the	DT
best	JJS
services	NNS
possible	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
value	VBP
the	DT
benefits	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
receive	VBP
through	IN
my	PRP$
membership	NN
in	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NACE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
I	PRP
highly	RB
recommend	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
join	VBP
.	.
NACE	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
member-driven	JJ
nonprofit	JJ
association	NN
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
resources	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
publications	NNS
,	,
professional	JJ
development	NN
events	NNS
,	,
and	CC
products	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
.	.
Taking	VBG
advantage	NN
of	IN
NACE	NNP
's	POS
resources	NNS
,	,
career	NN
development	NN
opportunities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
contacts	NNS
will	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
succeed	VB
and	CC
achieve	VB
your	PRP$
professional	JJ
goals	NNS
.	.
Now	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
ever	RB
,	,
membership	NN
in	IN
an	DT
organization	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
NACE	NNP
can	MD
help	VB
safeguard	VB
a	DT
career	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
eligible	JJ
as	IN
my	PRP$
organization	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
NACE	NNP
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
worked	VBN
in	IN
recruitment\/employment	NN
or	CC
in	IN
a	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
recruitment\/employment	NN
and	CC
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
fields	NNS
for	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
three	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Class	NN
size	NN
is	VBZ
strictly	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
60	CD
participants	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
maximize	VB
the	DT
educational	JJ
value	NN
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
strongly	RB
recommended	VBN
that	IN
you	PRP
mail	VBP
or	CC
fax	NN
your	PRP$
registration	NN
form	NN
to	TO
NACE	NNP
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
see	VB
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
preliminary	JJ
schedule	NN
.	.
Tuition	NN
is	VBZ
$	$
1,849	CD
for	IN
NACE	NNP
members	NNS
.	.
This	DT
rate	NN
includes	VBZ
a	DT
single	JJ
occupancy	NN
guestroom	NN
with	IN
complementary	JJ
Internet	NNP
access	NN
,	,
five	CD
continental	JJ
breakfasts	NNS
,	,
five	CD
lunches	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
opening	NN
dinner	NN
on	IN
Sunday	NNP
,	,
and	CC
all	DT
materials	NNS
used	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
This	DT
session	NN
will	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
understand	VB
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
more	JJR
practical	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
transitioning	VBG
into	IN
management	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
group	NN
.	.
Topics	NNS
include	VBP
:	:
supervision	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
direct	JJ
reports	NNS
,	,
performance	NN
management	NN
reviews	NNS
,	,
motivation	NN
,	,
negotiation	NN
skills	NNS
and	CC
conflict	NN
management	NN
.	.
Various	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
career	NN
center	NN
management	NN
,	,
particularly	RB
efforts	NNS
to	TO
connect	VB
students	NNS
with	IN
employers	NNS
,	,
have	VBP
legal	JJ
and	CC
ethical	JJ
implications	NNS
for	IN
practitioners	NNS
.	.
Use	NNP
working	VBG
case	NN
studies	NNS
to	TO
discusss	JJ
actions	NNS
and	CC
consequences	NNS
surrounding	VBG
career	NN
center	NN
management	NN
.	.
This	DT
section	NN
of	IN
the	DT
MLI	NNP
program	NN
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
learning	VBG
how	WRB
to	TO
develop	VB
your	PRP$
own	JJ
self	NN
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
discuss	VB
communicating	VBG
your	PRP$
talents	NNS
and	CC
skills	NNS
to	TO
perpetuate	VB
your	PRP$
professional	JJ
future	NN
,	,
how	WRB
to	TO
balance	VB
work	NN
and	CC
the	DT
other	JJ
functions	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
setting	VBG
and	CC
achieving	VBG
goals	NNS
personally	RB
and	CC
professionally	RB
,	,
learning	VBG
to	TO
enjoy	VB
who	WP
you	PRP
are	VBP
and	CC
what	WP
you	PRP
do	VBP
,	,
and	CC
realizing	VBG
that	IN
your	PRP$
career	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
journey	NN
and	CC
not	RB
a	DT
destination	NN
.	.
This	DT
online	JJ
form	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
make	VB
it	PRP
easy	JJ
to	TO
apply	VB
for	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Management	NNP
Leadership	NNP
Institute	NNP
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
form	NN
you	PRP
can	MD
submit	VB
online	NN
.	.
Use	NNP
your	PRP$
computer	NN
to	TO
complete	VB
the	DT
form	NN
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
click	VBP
the	DT
``	``
print	NN
''	''
button	NN
,	,
the	DT
form	NN
will	MD
be	VB
printed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
printer	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
office	NN
.	.
Sign	VB
the	DT
form	NN
,	,
then	RB
mail	NN
or	CC
fax	NN
it	PRP
to	TO
NACE	NNP
.	.
Roundtable	NNP
.	.
NACE	NNP
invites	VBZ
its	PRP$
employer	NN
members	NNS
and	CC
relevant	JJ
others	NNS
in	IN
and	CC
around	IN
the	DT
host	NN
organization	NN
's	POS
area	NN
to	TO
attend	VB
the	DT
roundtable	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
sends	VBZ
out	RP
invitations	NNS
by	IN
e-mail	NN
approximately	RB
seven	CD
weeks	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
roundtable	NN
.	.
Follow	VB
up	RP
:	:
Participants	NNS
are	VBP
asked	VBN
to	TO
complete	VB
a	DT
questionnaire	NN
when	WRB
they	PRP
register	VBP
.	.
After	IN
the	DT
roundtable	NN
,	,
NACE	NNP
will	MD
provide	VB
all	DT
participants	NNS
with	IN
results	NNS
from	IN
those	DT
questionnaires	NNS
along	IN
with	IN
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
participants	NNS
to	TO
promote	VB
additional	JJ
networking	NN
.	.
``	``
It	PRP
came	VBD
at	IN
5	CD
p.m.	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
getting	VBG
ready	JJ
to	TO
take	VB
these	DT
important	JJ
people	NNS
out	IN
to	TO
dinner	NN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Hansen	NNP
,	,
now	RB
the	DT
director	NN
of	IN
recruiting	VBG
for	IN
Deloitte	NNP
&	CC
Touche	NNP
.	.
``	``
It	PRP
was	VBD
my	PRP$
boss	NN
letting	VBG
me	PRP
know	VB
that	DT
at	IN
9	CD
a.m.	NN
the	DT
next	JJ
day	NN
,	,
our	PRP$
company	NN
would	MD
be	VB
filing	VBG
Chapter	NN
11	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
bankruptcy	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Bates	NNP
Parker	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
practitioner	NN
for	IN
25	CD
years	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
19	CD
years	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
director	NN
.	.
During	IN
that	DT
time	NN
,	,
many	JJ
things	NNS
have	VBP
changed	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
profession	NN
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
diversity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
practitioners	NNS
.	.
``	``
Many	JJ
of	IN
us	PRP
who	WP
have	VBP
interacted	VBN
with	IN
Linda	NNP
over	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
have	VBP
recognized	VBN
that	IN
hers	NNS
has	VBZ
truly	RB
been	VBN
a	DT
national	JJ
voice	NN
,	,
especially	RB
on	IN
issues	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
career	NN
development	NN
,	,
recruitment	NN
,	,
retention	NN
,	,
and	CC
work	NN
force	NN
diversity	NN
,	,
''	''
explains	VBZ
Tim	NNP
Luzader	NNP
,	,
director	NN
of	IN
the	DT
center	NN
for	IN
career	NN
opportunities	NNS
at	IN
Purdue	NNP
University	NNP
and	CC
former	JJ
NACE	NNP
President	NNP
,	,
who	WP
nominated	VBD
Parker	NNP
for	IN
induction	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Academy	NNP
of	IN
Fellows	NNPS
.	.
Julie	NNP
Cunningham	NNP
had	VBD
a	DT
passion	NN
for	IN
career	NN
development	NN
.	.
Now	RB
president	NN
of	IN
The	DT
Cunningham	NNP
Group	NNP
,	,
a	DT
firm	NN
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
college	NN
relations	NNS
training	NN
and	CC
consulting	NN
services	NNS
to	TO
employers	NNS
,	,
she	PRP
says	VBZ
that	IN
passion	NN
has	VBZ
only	RB
grown	VBN
.	.
Cunningham	NNP
also	RB
conducts	VBZ
conference	NN
workshops	NNS
,	,
and	CC
her	PRP$
consulting	NN
work	NN
and	CC
recruiter	NN
training	NN
help	NN
college	NN
relations	NNS
managers	NNS
and	CC
recruiters	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
productive	JJ
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
she	PRP
mentors	NNS
others	NNS
working	VBG
in	IN
college	NN
recruiting	NN
.	.
In	IN
nominating	VBG
Kathy	NNP
Sims	NNP
for	IN
induction	NN
into	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Academy	NNP
of	IN
Fellows	NNPS
,	,
Dave	NNP
Bechtel	NNP
explained	VBD
how	WRB
she	PRP
has	VBZ
exceeded	VBN
the	DT
criteria	NNS
for	IN
fellowship	NN
on	IN
every	DT
count	NN
:	:
excellence	NN
in	IN
professional	JJ
practice	NN
,	,
leadership	NN
,	,
and	CC
advancement	NN
of	IN
knowledge	NN
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
.	.
UCLA	NNP
Career	NNP
Center	NNP
,	,
where	WRB
her	PRP$
initiatives	NNS
have	VBP
ranged	VBN
from	IN
championing	VBG
an	DT
early	JJ
outreach	NN
model	NN
to	TO
include	VB
career	NN
center	NN
sponsorship	NN
of	IN
numerous	JJ
student	NN
groups	NNS
to	TO
launching	VBG
an	DT
annual	JJ
campaign	NN
and	CC
special	JJ
events	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
accounted	VBD
for	IN
a	DT
substantial	JJ
increase	NN
in	IN
career	NN
center	NN
revenues	NNS
.	.
Sims	NNS
also	RB
is	VBZ
active	JJ
in	IN
national	JJ
benchmarking	NN
networks	NNS
for	IN
university	NN
and	CC
corporate	JJ
practitioners	NNS
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
a	DT
founding	JJ
faculty	NN
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Career	NNP
Services	NNP
Institute	NNP
,	,
a	DT
professional	JJ
development	NN
program	NN
.	.
Over	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
,	,
Bechtel	NNP
has	VBZ
kept	VBN
up	RP
with	IN
the	DT
changes	NNS
in	IN
his	PRP$
profession	NN
,	,
and	CC
his	PRP$
efforts	NNS
were	VBD
rewarded	VBN
this	DT
year	NN
when	WRB
he	PRP
was	VBD
inducted	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Academy	NNP
of	IN
Fellows	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
Academy	NNP
recognizes	VBZ
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
human	JJ
resources	NNS
professionals	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
advancement	NN
of	IN
knowledge	NN
,	,
leadership	NN
,	,
and	CC
excellence	NN
in	IN
professional	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
In	IN
his	PRP$
30	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
overseeing	VBG
career	NN
center	NN
operations	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Illinois	NNP
campus	NN
,	,
Bechtel	NNP
has	VBZ
faced	VBN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
challenges	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
three	CD
recessions	NNS
and	CC
increasingly	RB
complicated	JJ
federal	JJ
regulations	NNS
governing	VBG
the	DT
hiring	VBG
process	NN
.	.
Before	IN
joining	VBG
the	DT
Penn	NNP
State	NNP
staff	NN
,	,
Rayman	NNP
served	VBD
as	IN
career	NN
development	NN
and	CC
placement	NN
center	NN
officer	NN
for	IN
the	DT
College	NNP
of	IN
Science	NNP
and	CC
Humanities	NNP
at	IN
Iowa	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
,	,
Ames	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
also	RB
was	VBD
an	DT
assistant	JJ
professor	NN
in	IN
research	NN
at	IN
Western	JJ
Maryland	NNP
College	NNP
.	.
``	``
The	DT
CTA	NNP
serves	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
`	``
first	JJ
step	NN
'	''
for	IN
those	DT
in	IN
career	NN
transition	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
and	CC
prioritize	VB
required	JJ
actions	NNS
for	IN
successful	JJ
employment	NN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Nancy	NNP
Wajler	NNP
,	,
manager	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Glen	NNP
Ellyn	NNP
,	,
Illinois	NNP
school	NN
's	POS
Career	NNP
Services	NNP
Center	NNP
.	.
The	DT
CTA	NNP
system	NN
identifies	VBZ
seven	CD
major	JJ
components	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
career	NN
transition	NN
:	:
stress	NN
management	NN
,	,
time\/change	JJ
management	NN
,	,
career	NN
goal	NN
and	CC
objectives	NNS
,	,
research	NN
management	NN
,	,
resume\/portfolio	JJ
development	NN
,	,
networking	NN
,	,
and	CC
interviewing	VBG
effectiveness	NN
.	.
``	``
This	DT
system	NN
provides	VBZ
our	PRP$
career	NN
counselors	NNS
with	IN
knowledge	NN
and	CC
better	JJR
understanding	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
clients	NNS
allowing	VBG
for	IN
more	RBR
productive	JJ
,	,
action-oriented	JJ
meetings	NNS
,	,
''	''
Wajler	NNP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
Clients	NNS
can	MD
retake	VB
the	DT
assessment	NN
numerous	JJ
times	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
make	VBP
progress	NN
and	CC
improvements	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
seven	CD
key	JJ
transition	NN
areas	NNS
.	.
''	''
Award	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
development	NN
of	IN
``	``
Golden	NNP
Opportunities	NNPS
,	,
''	''
a	DT
program	NN
that	WDT
offers	VBZ
first-year	JJ
students	NNS
more	RBR
than	IN
100	CD
curricular	JJ
and	CC
co-curricular	JJ
activities	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
three	CD
areas	NNS
:	:
transitioning	VBG
to	TO
college	NN
,	,
discovering	VBG
who	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
and	CC
building	VBG
personal	JJ
skills	NNS
,	,
and	CC
finding	VBG
the	DT
right	JJ
career	NN
for	IN
me	PRP
.	.
``	``
Golden	NNP
Opportunities	NNPS
'	POS
offerings	NNS
include	VBP
workshops	NNS
,	,
employer	NN
and	CC
alumni	NNS
panels	NNS
,	,
externships	NNS
,	,
mentoring	VBG
contacts	NNS
with	IN
alumni	NNS
,	,
events	NNS
,	,
and	CC
web-based	JJ
activities	NNS
designed	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
students	NNS
master	VB
the	DT
skills	NNS
necessary	JJ
for	IN
success	NN
,	,
''	''
explains	VBZ
Melanie	NNP
Parker	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
of	IN
CSEL	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
Orlando	NNP
,	,
Florida	NNP
school	NN
.	.
Opportunities	NNPS
Career	NNP
Passport	NN
,	,
in	IN
which	WDT
students	NNS
log	VBP
their	PRP$
activities	NNS
,	,
complete	JJ
reflection	NN
exercises	NNS
,	,
and	CC
create	VB
a	DT
final	JJ
career	NN
action	NN
plan	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
reviewed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
CSEL	NNP
staff	NN
member	NN
.	.
CSEL	NNP
staff	NN
communicate	VBP
with	IN
participants	NNS
weekly	RB
,	,
tracking	VBG
their	PRP$
progress	NN
and	CC
coaching	NN
them	PRP
through	IN
completion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
Last	JJ
year	NN
,	,
more	JJR
than	IN
4,300	CD
students	NNS
participated	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
Golden	NNP
Opportunities	NNPS
program	NN
.	.
More	JJR
than	IN
80	CD
percent	NN
reported	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
program	NN
helped	VBD
them	PRP
better	RBR
define	VB
their	PRP$
career	NN
and	CC
academic	JJ
goals	NNS
,	,
and	CC
increased	VBD
their	PRP$
confidence	NN
in	IN
making	VBG
academic	JJ
and	CC
career	NN
decisions	NNS
.	.
Parker	NNP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
students	NNS
are	VBP
declaring	VBG
majors	NNS
earlier	JJR
and	CC
at	IN
a	DT
higher	JJR
rate	NN
than	IN
in	IN
years	NNS
past	IN
.	.
Following	VBG
last	JJ
year	NN
's	POS
majors	NNS
'	POS
fair	JJ
,	,
there	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
more	JJR
than	IN
300	CD
percent	NN
increase	NN
in	IN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
declaring	VBG
majors	NNS
than	IN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
period	NN
for	IN
the	DT
previous	JJ
year	NN
.	.
''	''
It	PRP
also	RB
helped	VBD
teach	VB
Carretta	NNP
the	DT
value	NN
of	IN
strong	JJ
leadership	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
her	PRP$
everyday	JJ
duties	NNS
at	IN
George	NNP
Mason	NNP
,	,
Carretta	NNP
has	VBZ
served	VBN
on	IN
numerous	JJ
NACE	NNP
committees	NNS
,	,
task	NN
forces	NNS
,	,
and	CC
review	NN
teams	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
she	PRP
served	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
.	.
As	IN
she	PRP
looked	VBD
at	IN
how	WRB
the	DT
profession	NN
was	VBD
changing	VBG
during	IN
her	PRP$
career	NN
,	,
she	PRP
also	RB
saw	VBD
how	WRB
critical	JJ
it	PRP
was	VBD
to	TO
have	VB
people	NNS
in	IN
leadership	NN
roles	NNS
at	IN
colleges	NNS
and	CC
universities	NNS
who	WP
could	MD
raise	VB
the	DT
visibility	NN
and	CC
credibility	NN
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
people	NNS
see	VB
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
work	NN
career	NN
services	NNS
does	VBZ
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
effective	JJ
leaders	NNS
were	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
demonstrate	VB
how	WRB
critical	JJ
this	DT
work	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
educational	JJ
mission	NN
.	.
Those	DT
who	WP
worked	VBD
with	IN
Kaplan	NNP
or	CC
who	WP
solicited	VBD
her	PRP$
guidance	NN
know	VBP
that	IN
putting	VBG
complex	JJ
information	NN
into	IN
plain	JJ
language	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
her	PRP$
gifts	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
1985	CD
,	,
Kaplan	NNP
has	VBZ
provided	VBN
critical	JJ
information	NN
and	CC
expert	NN
guidance	NN
to	TO
NACE	NNP
members	NNS
.	.
Kaplan	NNP
served	VBD
NACE	NNP
members	NNS
by	IN
providing	VBG
legal	JJ
advice	NN
about	IN
policies	NNS
,	,
procedures	NNS
,	,
trademarks	NNS
,	,
copyrights	NNS
,	,
contracts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
governance	NN
and	CC
compliance	NN
issues	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Board	NNP
and	CC
staff	NN
;	:
writing	VBG
columns	NNS
and	CC
articles	NNS
for	IN
NACE	NNP
publications	NNS
about	IN
legal	JJ
and	CC
ethical	JJ
issues	NNS
that	WDT
affect	VBP
the	DT
ways	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
career	NN
services	NNS
practitioners	NNS
and	CC
human	JJ
resources	NNS
professionals	NNS
operate	VBP
;	:
and	CC
making	VBG
numerous	JJ
presentations	NNS
at	IN
NACE	NNP
National	NNP
Meetings	NNS
,	,
regional	JJ
conferences	NNS
,	,
workshops	NNS
,	,
teleconferences	NNS
,	,
and	CC
web	NN
seminars	NNS
.	.
Her	PRP$
work	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
core	NN
of	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
legal	JJ
department	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
nonprofit	JJ
association	NN
,	,
NACE	NNP
strives	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
safe	JJ
and	CC
comfortable	JJ
accommodations	NNS
while	IN
operating	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
fiscally	RB
conservative	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
Below	IN
is	VBZ
the	DT
travel	NN
policy	NN
for	IN
all	DT
NACE	NNP
Board	NNP
members	NNS
,	,
Committee	NNP
members	NNS
,	,
and	CC
employees	NNS
.	.
This	DT
policy	NN
includes	VBZ
travel	NN
,	,
lodging	NN
,	,
and	CC
meals	NNS
for	IN
NACE	NNP
operations	NNS
.	.
All	DT
expenses	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
summarized	VBN
on	IN
form	NN
in	IN
a	DT
legible	JJ
manner	NN
;	:
all	DT
original	JJ
invoices\/receipts	NNS
attached	VBN
Only	RB
approved	VBN
expenses	NNS
listed	VBN
above	IN
Completed	VBN
forms	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
sent	VBN
to	TO
NACE	VB
through	IN
U.S.	NNP
mail	NN
Expense	NNP
checks	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
printed	VBN
every	DT
Thursday	NNP
and	CC
sent	VBD
out	RP
by	IN
U.S.	NNP
mail	NN
.	.
The	DT
Foundation	NNP
is	VBZ
governed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Trustees	NNPS
composed	VBN
of	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employer	NNP
's	POS
Executive	NNP
Committee	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Trustees	NNPS
includes	VBZ
college	NN
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
HR\/staffing	VBG
practitioners	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Trustees	NNPS
are	VBP
responsible	JJ
for	IN
identifying	VBG
research	NN
and	CC
educational	JJ
priorities	NNS
and	CC
making	VBG
all	DT
funding	NN
decisions	NNS
.	.
Applicants	NNS
should	MD
describe	VB
how	WRB
data	NNS
relevant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
project	NN
will	MD
be	VB
collected	VBN
.	.
Data	NNP
collection	NN
instruments	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
described	VBN
and	CC
,	,
if	IN
possible	JJ
,	,
samples	NNS
of	IN
such	JJ
instruments	NNS
provided	VBN
.	.
Methods	NNS
for	IN
data	NNS
analysis	NN
should	MD
be	VB
clearly	RB
explained	VBN
.	.
Allowable	JJ
costs	NNS
include	VBP
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
printing	NN
,	,
postage	NN
,	,
telephone	NN
,	,
and	CC
stipends	NNS
for	IN
researchers	NNS
.	.
Unallowable	JJ
costs	NNS
include	VBP
indirect	JJ
institutional	JJ
expenses	NNS
,	,
institutional	JJ
overhead	NN
,	,
permanent	JJ
equipment	NN
,	,
and	CC
capital	NN
expenditures	NNS
.	.
Submit	VB
a	DT
final	JJ
report	NN
electronically	RB
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
research	NN
results	NNS
.	.
NACE	NNP
will	MD
hold	VB
the	DT
copyright	NN
to	TO
the	DT
research	NN
project	NN
as	IN
written	VBN
.	.
The	DT
researcher	NN
may	MD
use	VB
the	DT
data	NNS
for	IN
other	JJ
research	NN
projects	NNS
upon	IN
written	VBN
approval	NN
of	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Foundation	NNP
.	.
A	DT
career	NN
center	NN
expanding	VBG
its	PRP$
data	NNS
base	NN
of	IN
job	NN
postings	NNS
by	IN
linking	VBG
to	TO
an	DT
employer	NN
's	POS
web	NN
site	NN
or	CC
placing	VBG
an	DT
employer	NN
's	POS
actual	JJ
job	NN
posting	VBG
on	IN
its	PRP$
site	NN
;	:
and	CC
An	DT
individual	JJ
using	VBG
e-mail	NN
addresses	NNS
from	IN
an	DT
online	JJ
directory	NN
to	TO
send	VB
notices	NNS
of	IN
products	NNS
,	,
services	NNS
,	,
publications	NNS
,	,
or	CC
career	NN
fairs	NNS
to	TO
individuals	NNS
listed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
directory	NN
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
provides	VBZ
people	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
wealth	NN
of	IN
information	NN
at	IN
the	DT
click	NN
of	IN
a	DT
mouse	NN
,	,
this	DT
access	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
come	VB
without	IN
responsibility	NN
,	,
including	VBG
compliance	NN
with	IN
copyright	NN
laws	NNS
,	,
proper	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
proprietary	JJ
information	NN
,	,
and	CC
adherence	NN
to	TO
web	NN
site	NN
owners	NNS
'	POS
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
regarding	VBG
use	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
information	NN
.	.
``	``
Original	NNP
''	''
does	VBZ
not	RB
mean	VB
novel	NN
,	,
creative	JJ
,	,
or	CC
even	RB
good	JJ
;	:
it	PRP
means	VBZ
that	IN
material	NN
was	VBD
developed	VBN
and	CC
formulated	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
did	VBD
not	RB
copy	VB
it	PRP
from	IN
someone	NN
else	RB
.	.
A	DT
work	NN
is	VBZ
fixed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
tangible	JJ
medium	NN
even	RB
if	IN
it	PRP
exists	VBZ
only	RB
in	IN
an	DT
electronic	JJ
format	NN
.	.
``	``
in	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
domain	NN
.	.
''	''
Works	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
domain	NN
are	VBP
strictly	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
government	NN
documents	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
items	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
authors	NNS
have	VBP
clearly	RB
relinquished	VBN
their	PRP$
copyright	NN
.	.
A	DT
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
other	JJ
than	IN
a	DT
government	NN
site	NN
,	,
offering	VBG
material	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
text	NN
,	,
data	NNS
,	,
graphics	NNS
,	,
and	CC
photographs	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
the	DT
public	NN
to	TO
read	VB
does	VBZ
not	RB
put	VB
the	DT
material	NN
in	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
domain	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
use	NN
or	CC
copying	NN
of	IN
this	DT
information	NN
requires	VBZ
prior	RB
permission	NN
from	IN
the	DT
author	NN
,	,
publisher	NN
,	,
and\/or	CC
web	NN
site	NN
owner	NN
.	.
``	``
Copying	NNP
''	''
includes	VBZ
photocopying	VBG
material	NN
,	,
attaching	VBG
it	PRP
to	TO
an	DT
e-mail	NN
or	CC
distributing	VBG
it	PRP
to	TO
a	DT
listserv	NN
,	,
and	CC
placing	VBG
it	PRP
on	IN
one	CD
's	POS
own	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
Some	DT
recent	JJ
court	NN
cases	NNS
have	VBP
held	VBN
that	IN
linking	VBG
and	CC
framing	VBG
articles	NNS
are	VBP
forms	NNS
of	IN
copying	NN
that	IN
require	VBP
permission	NN
.	.
Co.	NNP
v.	CC
Tasini	NNP
that	IN
permission	NN
by	IN
an	DT
author	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
publisher	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
not	RB
carte	VB
blanche	NN
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
article	NN
in	IN
any	DT
format	NN
.	.
Permission	NN
to	TO
copy	VB
or	CC
use	VB
an	DT
article	NN
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
its	PRP$
format	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
purposes	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
original	JJ
permission	NN
was	VBD
given	VBN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
receive	VBP
permission	NN
to	TO
use	VB
an	DT
article	NN
for	IN
a	DT
staff\/student	JJ
workshop	NN
,	,
this	DT
permission	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
authorize	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
place	VB
the	DT
article	NN
on	IN
your	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
;	:
e-mail	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
your	PRP$
entire	JJ
class	NN
,	,
organization	NN
,	,
or	CC
listserv	NN
;	:
or	CC
place	VB
it	PRP
in	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
publication	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
produce	VBP
.	.
The	DT
``	``
fair	JJ
use	NN
''	''
doctrine	NN
permits	VBZ
the	DT
reproduction	NN
of	IN
copyrighted	VBN
works	NNS
without	IN
permission	NN
for	IN
certain	JJ
limited	JJ
purposes	NNS
.	.
But	CC
there	EX
are	VBP
grave	JJ
misconceptions	NNS
regarding	VBG
fair	JJ
use	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
narrow	JJ
exception	NN
to	TO
the	DT
copyright	NN
protections	NNS
.	.
Attorneys	NNS
who	WP
investigate	VBP
copyright	NN
violations	NNS
report	VBP
being	VBG
told	VBD
that	IN
``	``
I	PRP
downloaded	VBD
this	DT
information	NN
because	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
doing	VBG
training	NN
on	IN
this	DT
subject	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
or	CC
employees	NNS
,	,
''	''
or	CC
``	``
My	PRP$
listserv	NN
was	VBD
discussing	VBG
this	DT
topic	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
knew	VBD
that	IN
this	DT
article	NN
would	MD
be	VB
relevant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
discussion	NN
.	.
''	''
Such	JJ
comments	NNS
indicate	VBP
a	DT
belief	NN
that	WDT
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
selling	VBG
information	NN
from	IN
a	DT
web	NN
page	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
fair	JJ
use	NN
to	TO
distribute	VB
it	PRP
free	JJ
to	TO
others-on	JJ
paper	NN
or	CC
electronically-for	NN
an	DT
educational	JJ
purpose	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
using	VBG
an	DT
article	NN
for	IN
educational	JJ
purposes	NNS
does	VBZ
not	RB
justify	VB
or	CC
provide	VB
a	DT
defense	NN
for	IN
unauthorized	JJ
copying	NN
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
and	CC
character	NN
of	IN
the	DT
use	NN
.	.
Purpose	NN
and	CC
character	NN
pertain	VBP
to	TO
how	WRB
a	DT
work	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
changed	VBN
transformed	VBN
when	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
posted	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
or	CC
published	VBN
in	IN
another	DT
format	NN
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
being	VBG
used	VBN
,	,
e.g.	FW
,	,
educationally	RB
or	CC
commercially	RB
.	.
Using	VBG
text	NN
verbatim	JJ
or	CC
charging	VBG
fees	NNS
for	IN
or	CC
obtaining	VBG
revenues	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
copied	VBN
material	NN
weighs	VBZ
against	IN
a	DT
finding	NN
of	IN
fair	JJ
use	NN
.	.
The	DT
more	JJR
a	DT
work	NN
is	VBZ
changed	VBN
,	,
indicating	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
work	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
used	VBN
for	IN
research	NN
or	CC
commentary	NN
,	,
the	DT
more	RBR
likely	JJ
a	DT
finding	NN
of	IN
fair	JJ
use	NN
.	.
The	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
copyrighted	VBN
work	NN
.	.
The	DT
more	JJR
creative	JJ
the	DT
work	NN
,	,
the	DT
more	JJR
protection	NN
the	DT
work	NN
will	MD
be	VB
accorded	VBN
.	.
Conversely	RB
,	,
the	DT
more	JJR
informational	JJ
or	CC
functional	JJ
the	DT
work	NN
,	,
the	DT
broader	JJR
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fair	JJ
use	NN
defense	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
instances	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
content	JJ
includes	VBZ
both	DT
factual	JJ
and	CC
expressive	JJ
elements	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
an	DT
article	NN
on	IN
job-search	JJ
strategies	NNS
.	.
In	IN
these	DT
situations	NNS
,	,
the	DT
more	RBR
creative	JJ
the	DT
article	NN
,	,
the	DT
more	RBR
likely	JJ
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
protected	VBN
.	.
The	DT
amount	NN
and	CC
substantiality	NN
of	IN
the	DT
work	NN
used	VBN
in	IN
relation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
copyrighted	VBN
work	NN
as	IN
a	DT
whole	NN
.	.
How	WRB
much	JJ
was	VBD
copied	VBN
in	IN
relation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
entire	JJ
article	NN
or	CC
work	NN
?	.
Even	RB
single	JJ
articles	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
newspaper	NN
or	CC
magazine	NN
have	VBP
the	DT
same	JJ
protection	NN
as	IN
individual	JJ
works	NNS
,	,
e.g.	FW
books	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
copying	VBG
an	DT
entire	JJ
article	NN
weighs	VBZ
against	IN
a	DT
finding	NN
of	IN
fair	JJ
use	NN
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
the	DT
immediate	JJ
financial	JJ
effect	NN
and	CC
whether	IN
unrestricted	JJ
or	CC
widespread	JJ
use	NN
would	MD
cause	VB
the	DT
article	NN
to	TO
be	VB
devalued	VBN
.	.
If	IN
copying	NN
fulfills	VBZ
the	DT
demand	NN
for	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
work	NN
and	CC
diminishes	VBZ
or	CC
prejudices	NNS
the	DT
value	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
,	,
this	DT
is	VBZ
enough	RB
to	TO
justify	VB
a	DT
finding	NN
against	IN
fair	JJ
use	NN
.	.
They	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
give	VB
the	DT
impression	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
endorsing	VBG
the	DT
other	JJ
sites	NNS
.	.
``	``
Borrowing	NN
''	''
the	DT
logo	NN
or	CC
a	DT
trademark	NN
to	TO
use	VB
as	IN
a	DT
hyperlink	NN
also	RB
is	VBZ
restricted	VBN
unless	IN
permission	NN
is	VBZ
obtained	VBN
first	RB
.	.
One	CD
final	JJ
note	NN
on	IN
trademark	NN
:	:
An	DT
important	JJ
distinction	NN
between	IN
copyright	NN
and	CC
trademark	NN
law	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
trademark	NN
law	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
provide	VB
a	DT
fair	JJ
use	NN
exception	NN
.	.
Examples	NNS
of	IN
such	JJ
information	NN
include	VBP
salary	NN
data	NNS
,	,
survey	NN
results	NNS
,	,
benchmarking	VBG
information	NN
,	,
job	NN
postings	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
like	JJ
.	.
Another	DT
example	NN
worth	JJ
noting	VBG
is	VBZ
user	NN
information	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
users	NNS
voluntarily	RB
provide	VBP
personal	JJ
data	NNS
to	TO
web	NN
sites	NNS
because	IN
they	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
notified	VBN
when	WRB
interesting	JJ
information	NN
is	VBZ
added	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
sites	NNS
or	CC
they	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
network	NN
with	IN
other	JJ
individuals	NNS
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
want	VB
their	PRP$
personal	JJ
information	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
e-mail	NN
address	NN
,	,
postal	JJ
address	NN
,	,
telephone	NN
number	NN
,	,
fax	NN
number	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
solicitation	NN
purposes	NNS
,	,
placed	VBN
in	IN
another	DT
data	NN
base	NN
,	,
or	CC
distributed	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
listserv	NN
.	.
To	TO
ensure	VB
the	DT
proper	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
this	DT
information	NN
,	,
web	NN
sites	NNS
are	VBP
publishing	VBG
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
that	WDT
users	NNS
must	MD
agree	VB
to	TO
before	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
use	VB
the	DT
sites	NNS
.	.
These	DT
rules	NNS
prohibit	VBP
users	NNS
from	IN
distributing	VBG
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
sites	NNS
,	,
via	IN
copying	NN
,	,
linking	VBG
,	,
or	CC
framing	NN
,	,
without	IN
the	DT
express	JJ
permission	NN
of	IN
the	DT
site	NN
owners	NNS
.	.
Web	NN
sites	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
directories	NNS
of	IN
names	NNS
and	CC
addresses	NNS
typically	RB
prohibit	VBP
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
these	DT
directories	NNS
as	IN
``	``
electronic	JJ
mailing	NN
lists	NNS
''	''
for	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
group	NN
notification	NN
or	CC
solicitation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
product	NN
,	,
service	NN
,	,
or	CC
event	NN
.	.
Users	NNS
who	WP
do	VBP
not	RB
agree	VB
to	TO
the	DT
terms	NNS
or	CC
fail	VB
to	TO
adhere	VB
to	TO
the	DT
rules	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
barred	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
sites	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
distributing	VBG
the	DT
information	NN
to	TO
others	NNS
via	IN
e-mail	NN
,	,
making	VBG
multiple	JJ
printed	VBN
copies	NNS
,	,
or	CC
placing	VBG
the	DT
information	NN
on	IN
another	DT
web	NN
site	NN
would	MD
amount	VB
to	TO
the	DT
unauthorized	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
proprietary	JJ
information	NN
.	.
This	DT
does	VBZ
not	RB
authorize	VB
career	NN
center	NN
or	CC
commercial	JJ
web	NN
sites	NNS
to	TO
post	VB
the	DT
opening	NN
or	CC
create	VB
a	DT
link	NN
to	TO
it	PRP
.	.
Even	RB
framing	NN
could	MD
be	VB
a	DT
problem	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
builds	VBZ
a	DT
border	NN
around	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
's	POS
web	NN
page	NN
to	TO
make	VB
it	PRP
appear	VB
as	IN
if	IN
the	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
owned	VBN
by	IN
another	DT
site	NN
.	.
Display	NN
This	DT
is	VBZ
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
visually	RB
describe	VB
your	PRP$
company	NN
with	IN
photographs	NNS
and\/or	CC
graphic	JJ
creativity	NN
.	.
A	DT
display	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
in	IN
full-page	JJ
four-color	JJ
,	,
full-page	JJ
black	JJ
and	CC
white	JJ
,	,
half-page	JJ
black	JJ
and	CC
white	JJ
,	,
and	CC
quarter-page	JJ
black	JJ
and	CC
white	JJ
.	.
Displays	NNS
afford	VBP
a	DT
great	JJ
opportunity	NN
to	TO
arrest	VB
the	DT
reader	NN
's	POS
attention	NN
.	.
Profile	NNP
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
narrative	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
available	JJ
in	IN
full-page	JJ
,	,
half-page	JJ
or	CC
quarter-page	JJ
sizes	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
consists	VBZ
of	IN
text	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
tailor	VB
to	TO
your	PRP$
needs	NNS
.	.
Describe	VB
your	PRP$
organization	NN
to	TO
best	JJS
advantage	NN
-	:
who	WP
you	PRP
are	VBP
,	,
what	WP
you	PRP
do	VBP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
employment	NN
opportunities	NNS
you	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
offer	VB
college	NN
graduates	NNS
.	.
For	IN
maximum	JJ
effectiveness	NN
,	,
go	VB
beyond	IN
that	DT
and	CC
tell	VB
your	PRP$
organization	NN
's	POS
story	NN
completely	RB
:	:
size	NN
,	,
locations	NNS
,	,
lines	NNS
of	IN
business	NN
,	,
details	NNS
of	IN
entry-level	JJ
positions	NNS
,	,
nature	NN
of	IN
work	NN
involved	VBN
,	,
typical	JJ
career	NN
paths	NNS
,	,
training	NN
and	CC
education	NN
opportunities	NNS
,	,
benefits	NNS
,	,
and	CC
life	NN
styles	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
your	PRP$
firm	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
locale	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Employers	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
NACE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
has	VBZ
been	VBN
the	DT
leading	VBG
source	NN
of	IN
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
college-educated	JJ
work	NN
force	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
offers	VBZ
you	PRP
unparalleled	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
graduating	VBG
college	NN
students	NNS
through	IN
its	PRP$
products	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
.	.
NACE	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
and	CC
will	MD
not	RB
correct	VB
HTML	NNP
code	NN
that	WDT
does	VBZ
not	RB
function	VB
properly	RB
or	CC
causes	VBZ
any	DT
problems	NNS
.	.
The	DT
client	NN
and\/or	CC
the	DT
submitting	VBG
agency	NN
must	MD
fix	VB
the	DT
banner	NN
and	CC
resubmit	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Production	NNP
Department	NNP
.	.
Java	NNP
Applets	NNPS
:	:
NACE	NNP
web	NN
sites	NNS
will	MD
accept	VB
banners	NNS
which	WDT
load	VBP
Java	NN
applets	NNS
.	.
NACE	NNP
requires	VBZ
a	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
five	CD
business	NN
days	NNS
to	TO
test	VB
banners	NNS
for	IN
performance	NN
and	CC
stability	NN
and	CC
will	MD
reject	VB
any	DT
that	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
function	VB
properly	RB
.	.
Banners	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
launch	VB
sound	NN
without	IN
the	DT
user	NN
clicking	VBG
on	IN
them	PRP
.	.
If	IN
sound	NN
is	VBZ
launched	VBN
after	IN
clicking	VBG
,	,
an	DT
``	``
off	RP
''	''
button	NN
must	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
and	CC
obvious	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
user	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
reserves	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
define	VB
what	WP
is	VBZ
obvious	JJ
and	CC
what	WP
is	VBZ
not	RB
obvious	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
user	NN
.	.
Any	DT
action	NN
must	MD
be	VB
initiated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
user	NN
clicking	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
banner	NN
.	.
Flash	NNP
Animation	NNP
:	:
NACE	NNP
web	NN
sites	NNS
will	MD
accept	VB
Flash	NNP
animation	NN
files	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
.	.
swf	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
NACE	NNP
requires	VBZ
a	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
five	CD
business	NN
days	NNS
to	TO
test	VB
banners	NNS
for	IN
performance	NN
and	CC
stability	NN
and	CC
will	MD
reject	VB
any	DT
that	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
function	VB
properly	RB
.	.
Banners	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
launch	VB
sound	NN
without	IN
the	DT
user	NN
clicking	VBG
on	IN
them	PRP
.	.
If	IN
sound	NN
is	VBZ
launched	VBN
after	IN
clicking	VBG
,	,
an	DT
``	``
off	RP
''	''
button	NN
must	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
and	CC
obvious	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
user	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
reserves	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
define	VB
what	WP
is	VBZ
obvious	JJ
and	CC
what	WP
is	VBZ
not	RB
obvious	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
user	NN
.	.
Any	DT
action	NN
must	MD
be	VB
initiated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
user	NN
clicking	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
banner	NN
.	.
Maximum	NNP
animation	NN
time	NN
is	VBZ
fifteen	CD
seconds	NNS
.	.
NACE	NNP
web	NN
sites	NNS
meet	VBP
W3C	CD
guidelines	NNS
for	IN
accessibility	NN
:	:
all	DT
banner	NN
ads	NNS
require	VBP
an	DT
alt	NN
tag	NN
of	IN
up	RB
to	TO
10	CD
words	NNS
.	.
Longer	JJR
text	NN
descriptions	NNS
,	,
if	IN
needed	VBN
,	,
must	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
separate	JJ
text-only	JJ
page	NN
for	IN
vision	NN
impaired	VBN
viewers	NNS
,	,
hosted	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
advertiser	NN
's	POS
site	NN
.	.
Cookie	NNP
Technology	NNP
:	:
Cookies	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
limited	VBN
to	TO
one	CD
cookie	NN
per	IN
user	NN
per	IN
banner	NN
.	.
All	DT
banners	NNS
submitted	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
third-party	JJ
agency	NN
that	WDT
use	VBP
cookie	NN
technology	NN
must	MD
submit	VB
a	DT
link	NN
to	TO
the	DT
agency	NN
's	POS
privacy	NN
statement	NN
page	NN
and	CC
those	DT
that	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
comply	VB
will	MD
have	VB
their	PRP$
banner	NN
removed	VBD
immediately	RB
.	.
If	IN
your	PRP$
products	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
are	VBP
aimed	VBN
at	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
practitioners	NNS
who	WP
counsel	NN
college	NN
students	NNS
or	CC
HR\/staffing	VBG
professionals	NNS
who	WP
recruit	VBP
new	JJ
graduates	NNS
,	,
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Journal	NNP
is	VBZ
your	PRP$
best	JJS
advertising	NN
buy	NN
.	.
Advertisers	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
protected	VBN
at	IN
their	PRP$
contracted	VBN
rates	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
duration	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
present	JJ
contracts	NNS
.	.
If	IN
fewer	JJR
insertions	NNS
are	VBP
used	VBN
within	IN
one	CD
year	NN
than	IN
specified	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
,	,
charges	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
adjusted	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
established	JJ
rates	NNS
.	.
All	DT
advertising	NN
must	MD
be	VB
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
professional	JJ
interests	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
subscribing	VBG
constituency	NN
of	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Journal	NNP
.	.
The	DT
editors	NNS
reserve	VBP
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
reject	VB
any	DT
advertisement	NN
that	WDT
does	VBZ
not	RB
meet	VB
the	DT
standards	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Journal	NNP
.	.
No	DT
cancellations	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
accepted	VBN
after	IN
closing	VBG
of	IN
contracting	NN
for	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
issue	NN
.	.
All	DT
cancellation	NN
requests	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
in	IN
writing	NN
and	CC
authorized	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
publisher	NN
.	.
If	IN
cancellation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
space	NN
reservation	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
after	IN
the	DT
deadline	NN
date	NN
,	,
the	DT
advertiser	NN
or	CC
authorized	VBN
agent	NN
will	MD
be	VB
liable	JJ
for	IN
payment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
full	JJ
billing	NN
amount	NN
.	.
Where	WRB
this	DT
contract	NN
is	VBZ
executed	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
agency	NN
,	,
such	JJ
agency	NN
agrees	VBZ
to	TO
make	VB
full	JJ
payment	NN
for	IN
all	DT
space	NN
reserved	VBN
.	.
By	IN
executing	VBG
this	DT
agreement	NN
,	,
the	DT
agency	NN
affirms	VBZ
its	PRP$
authority	NN
to	TO
reserve	VB
such	JJ
space	NN
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
the	DT
advertiser	NN
and	CC
to	TO
bind	NN
the	DT
advertiser	NN
to	TO
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
agreement	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
event	NN
that	IN
the	DT
agency	NN
fails	VBZ
to	TO
make	VB
payment	NN
for	IN
any	DT
reason	NN
,	,
the	DT
advertiser	NN
will	MD
be	VB
obligated	VBN
to	TO
make	VB
payment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
space	NN
reserved	VBN
by	IN
its	PRP$
agent	NN
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
advertiser	NN
previously	RB
made	VBD
payment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
agency	NN
for	IN
the	DT
space	NN
reserved	VBN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
membership	NN
association	NN
,	,
NACE	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
endorse	VB
proprietary	JJ
products	NNS
,	,
nor	CC
may	MD
endorsement	NN
be	VB
implied	VBN
in	IN
advertising	NN
included	VBN
in	IN
any	DT
print	NN
or	CC
electronic	JJ
publication	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
or	CC
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
included	VBN
in	IN
any	DT
advertising	NN
.	.
The	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NACE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
looks	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
agency	NN
placing	VBG
the	DT
space	NN
reservation	NN
for	IN
payment	NN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
NACE	NNP
shall	MD
have	VB
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
hold	VB
the	DT
agency	NN
and	CC
the	DT
employer	NN
jointly	RB
and	CC
separately	RB
liable	JJ
for	IN
monies	NNS
due	JJ
and	CC
payable	JJ
to	TO
NACE	NNP
.	.
The	DT
agency	NN
warrants	NNS
by	IN
submitting	VBG
the	DT
space	NN
reservation	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
and	CC
the	DT
employer	NN
have	VBP
accepted	VBN
this	DT
responsibility	NN
.	.
By	IN
execution	NN
of	IN
this	DT
space	NN
reservation	NN
contract	NN
,	,
the	DT
employer	NN
agrees	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
an	DT
equal	JJ
opportunity	NN
employer	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
believes	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
exempt	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
equal	JJ
employment	NN
opportunity	NN
laws	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
must	MD
provide	VB
documentation	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
exemption	NN
.	.
No	DT
endorsement	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
membership	NN
association	NN
,	,
NACE	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
endorse	VB
proprietary	JJ
products	NNS
,	,
nor	CC
may	MD
endorsement	NN
be	VB
implied	VBN
in	IN
advertising	NN
included	VBN
in	IN
any	DT
print	NN
or	CC
electronic	JJ
publication	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
or	CC
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
included	VBN
in	IN
any	DT
advertising	NN
.	.
The	DT
publisher	NN
looks	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
advertising	NN
agency	NN
placing	VBG
the	DT
insertion	NN
for	IN
payment	NN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
the	DT
publisher	NN
shall	MD
have	VB
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
hold	VB
the	DT
advertising	NN
agency	NN
and	CC
the	DT
advertiser	NN
jointly	RB
and	CC
separately	RB
liable	JJ
for	IN
monies	NNS
due	JJ
and	CC
payable	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
publisher	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
agency	NN
warrants	NNS
by	IN
submitting	VBG
the	DT
insertion	NN
order	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
and	CC
the	DT
advertiser	NN
have	VBP
accepted	VBN
this	DT
responsibility	NN
.	.
The	DT
publisher	NN
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
liable	JJ
for	IN
any	DT
costs	NNS
or	CC
damages	NNS
,	,
if	IN
,	,
for	IN
any	DT
reason	NN
,	,
it	PRP
fails	VBZ
to	TO
publish	VB
an	DT
advertisement	NN
.	.
Cancellations	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
made	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
advertiser	NN
or	CC
agency	NN
after	IN
employer	NN
profile	NN
is	VBZ
live	JJ
on	IN
JobWeb	NNP
.	.
Changes	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
text	NN
of	IN
the	DT
buyer	NN
's	POS
guide	NN
listing	NN
can	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
during	IN
the	DT
term	NN
of	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
.	.
Banner	NN
advertisments	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
changed	VBN
once	RB
every	DT
two	CD
weeks	NNS
during	IN
the	DT
term	NN
of	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
.	.
Spotlight	NN
Online	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
HTML	NNP
e-mail	NN
newsletter	NN
.	.
Advertisers	NNS
can	MD
submit	VB
copy	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
25-word	JJ
message	NN
electronically	RB
by	IN
e-mailing	VBG
their	PRP$
message	NN
to	TO
Laura	NNP
Czuba	NNP
.	.
To	TO
ensure	VB
the	DT
accuracy	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
message	NN
,	,
be	VB
sure	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
complete	JJ
contact	NN
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
advertiser	NN
agrees	VBZ
to	TO
pay	VB
for	IN
all	DT
listings	NNS
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
this	DT
contract	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
payment	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
publisher	NN
within	IN
30	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
receipt	NN
by	IN
the	DT
advertiser	NN
or	CC
authorized	VBN
agent	NN
of	IN
sample	NN
copy	NN
and	CC
invoice	NN
.	.
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NACE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
professional	JJ
conference	NN
for	IN
HR\/staffing	VBG
and	CC
college	NN
career	NN
services	NNS
practitioners	NNS
.	.
NACE	NNP
reserves	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
eligibility	NN
of	IN
any	DT
company	NN
,	,
product	NN
,	,
or	CC
services	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
restrict	VB
,	,
prohibit	VB
,	,
or	CC
evict	VB
any	DT
exhibitor	NN
or	CC
product	NN
which	WDT
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
opinion	NN
of	IN
NACE	NNP
,	,
detracts	VBZ
from	IN
the	DT
character	NN
of	IN
the	DT
exposition	NN
or	CC
for	IN
any	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
Terms	NNS
and	CC
Conditions	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
event	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
restriction	NN
or	CC
eviction	NN
,	,
NACE	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
liable	JJ
for	IN
refunding	VBG
exhibit	NN
fees	NNS
or	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
cost	NN
incurred	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
exhibitor	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
will	MD
not	RB
accept	VB
advertising	NN
for	IN
tobacco	NN
,	,
alcohol	NN
,	,
drugs	NNS
,	,
or	CC
firearms	NNS
,	,
and\/or	CC
products\/services	NNS
that	WDT
promote	VBP
nudity	NN
and\/or	CC
pornography	NN
.	.
Products	NNPS
and	CC
services	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
exhibit	NN
hall	NN
must	MD
be	VB
related	VBN
to	TO
career	NN
development	NN
or	CC
recruitment\/selection	NN
.	.
A	DT
company	NN
's	POS
participation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
exposition	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
reflect	VB
a	DT
product	NN
endorsement	NN
by	IN
NACE	NNP
.	.
The	DT
exhibitor	NN
may	MD
not	RB
make	VB
any	DT
statements	NNS
in	IN
print	NN
,	,
orally	RB
,	,
or	CC
electronically	RB
that	IN
state	NN
or	CC
imply	VB
such	JJ
endorsement	NN
.	.
No	DT
walls	NNS
,	,
partitions	NNS
,	,
paintings	NNS
,	,
decorations	NNS
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
obstructions	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
erected	VBN
which	WDT
will	MD
in	IN
any	DT
way	NN
interfere	VB
with	IN
the	DT
view	NN
of	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
exhibitor	NN
.	.
Exhibitors	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
submit	VB
their	PRP$
plan	NN
in	IN
advance	NN
for	IN
approval	NN
by	IN
NACE	NNP
if	IN
such	JJ
plans	NNS
include	VBP
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
unusual	JJ
effects	NNS
or	CC
methods	NNS
of	IN
production	NN
presentation	NN
.	.
Exhibitors	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
their	PRP$
displays	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
a	DT
negative	JJ
impact	NN
on	IN
the	DT
show	NN
environment	NN
through	IN
excessive	JJ
noise	NN
,	,
heat	NN
,	,
light	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
This	DT
includes	VBZ
,	,
but	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
,	,
commercial	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
products	NNS
,	,
and	CC
ventures	NNS
provided	VBN
by	IN
college\/employer	NN
members	NNS
to	TO
increase	VB
revenues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
commercial	JJ
products	NNS
,	,
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
ventures	NNS
of	IN
affiliate	NN
members	NNS
.	.
Organizations\/institutions	NNS
not	RB
complying	VBG
with	IN
this	DT
policy	NN
will	MD
be	VB
asked	VBN
to	TO
remove	VB
any	DT
mention	NN
of	IN
NACE	NNP
from	IN
their	PRP$
materials	NNS
;	:
failure	NN
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
could	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
an	DT
infringement	NN
on	IN
NACE	NNP
's	POS
trademarked	VBN
name	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
any	DT
questions	NNS
about	IN
using	VBG
NACE	NNP
copyrighted	VBN
or	CC
trademarked	VBN
materials	NNS
,	,
contact	NN
Claudia	NNP
Allen	NNP
at	IN
callen@naceweb.org	NNP
for	IN
a	DT
determination	NN
.	.
ASCAP\/BMI	NNP
.	.
Plans	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
music	NN
must	MD
be	VB
submitted	VBN
to	TO
NACE	VB
on	IN
or	CC
before	IN
February	NNP
28	CD
,	,
2007	CD
.	.
Exhibitors	NNS
shall	MD
have	VB
the	DT
sole	JJ
and	CC
exclusive	JJ
responsibility	NN
to	TO
arrange	VB
for	IN
obtaining	VBG
the	DT
necessary	JJ
music	NN
licenses	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
exhibitor	NN
will	MD
indemnify	VB
and	CC
hold	VB
harmless	JJ
NACE	NNP
for	IN
any	DT
copyright	NN
violations	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
exhibitor	NN
's	POS
failure	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
said	VBD
music	NN
licenses	NNS
.	.
Exhibit	NN
Space	NNP
Assignments	NNP
are	VBP
made	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
first	JJ
come	VBN
,	,
first	JJ
served	VBD
basis	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
reserves	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
alter	VB
an	DT
exhibitor	NN
's	POS
assigned	VBN
space	NN
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
deemed	VBN
necessary	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
interests	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
exposition	NN
.	.
Before	IN
exercising	VBG
its	PRP$
discretion	NN
,	,
NACE	NNP
will	MD
consult	VB
with	IN
the	DT
exhibitor	NN
.	.
Damage	NN
to	TO
Property	NN
caused	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
exhibitor	NN
will	MD
be	VB
paid	VBN
for	IN
by	IN
that	DT
exhibitor	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
not	RB
paint	VB
,	,
tape	NN
,	,
nail	NN
,	,
screw	NN
,	,
drill	NN
,	,
or	CC
tack	NN
anything	NN
to	TO
the	DT
walls	NNS
,	,
columns	NNS
,	,
floor	NN
,	,
or	CC
ceiling	NN
of	IN
the	DT
building	NN
;	:
adjoining	JJ
displays	NNS
;	:
or	CC
the	DT
official	JJ
contractor	NN
's	POS
display	NN
material	NN
.	.
Americans	NNPS
With	IN
Disabilities	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
Exhibitor	NN
shall	MD
advise	VB
NACE	NNP
no	RB
later	RB
than	IN
one	CD
month	NN
before	IN
the	DT
event	NN
if	IN
exhibitor	NN
requires	VBZ
an	DT
accommodation	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
disability	NN
for	IN
access	NN
to	TO
and	CC
around	IN
the	DT
exhibit	NN
area	NN
.	.
Fire	NNP
Department	NNP
Regulations	NNPS
must	MD
be	VB
observed	VBN
.	.
Display	NN
and	CC
packing	NN
material	NN
must	MD
be	VB
flame-retardant	JJ
.	.
Electrical	JJ
equipment	NN
must	MD
be	VB
UL-approved	JJ
and	CC
must	MD
be	VB
wired	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
licensed	JJ
electrician	NN
.	.
Exhibitor	NN
shall	MD
confine	VB
their	PRP$
activities	NNS
to	TO
conform	VB
to	TO
the	DT
specifications	NNS
set	VBN
out	RP
for	IN
the	DT
exhibit	NN
by	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
agreements	NNS
between	IN
NACE	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Anaheim	NNP
Marriott	NNP
.	.
Insurance	NN
.	.
All	DT
exhibitors	NNS
,	,
their	PRP$
contractors	NNS
,	,
and	CC
suppliers	NNS
working	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
exhibit	NN
hall	NN
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
carry	VB
liability	NN
and	CC
property	NN
insurance	NN
,	,
and	CC
workers	NNS
'	POS
compensation	NN
insurance	NN
.	.
Exhibitors	NNS
must	MD
operate	VB
and	CC
maintain	VB
their	PRP$
exhibit	NN
so	IN
that	IN
no	DT
injury	NN
will	MD
result	VB
to	TO
any	DT
person	NN
or	CC
property	NN
.	.
Hazardous	JJ
and	CC
nuisance	NN
causing	VBG
giveaways	NNS
are	VBP
prohibited	VBN
.	.
All	DT
exhibitors	NNS
are	VBP
strongly	RB
urged	VBN
to	TO
obtain	VB
full-coverage	JJ
temporary	JJ
insurance	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
merchandise	NN
and	CC
displays	NNS
while	IN
in	IN
transit	NN
and	CC
while	NN
at	IN
the	DT
exposition	NN
.	.
Liability	NN
.	.
Exhibitor	NN
shall	MD
make	VB
no	DT
claim	NN
of	IN
any	DT
kind	NN
against	IN
NACE	NNP
,	,
its	PRP$
agents	NNS
or	CC
employees	NNS
;	:
or	CC
the	DT
Marriott	NNP
Marquis	NNP
,	,
its	PRP$
agents	NNS
,	,
or	CC
employees	NNS
for	IN
any	DT
loss	NN
,	,
damage	NN
,	,
theft	NN
,	,
or	CC
destruction	NN
of	IN
goods	NNS
;	:
nor	CC
for	IN
any	DT
injury	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
occur	VB
to	TO
itself	PRP
or	CC
its	PRP$
employees	NNS
while	IN
in	IN
the	DT
Exhibit	NN
Hall	NNP
;	:
nor	CC
any	DT
damage	NN
of	IN
any	DT
nature	NN
or	CC
character	NN
whatsoever	RB
,	,
and	CC
without	IN
limiting	VBG
the	DT
foregoing	NN
including	VBG
any	DT
damage	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
business	NN
by	IN
reason	NN
of	IN
the	DT
failure	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
space	NN
for	IN
an	DT
exhibit	NN
or	CC
removal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
exhibit	NN
or	CC
for	IN
any	DT
action	NN
of	IN
NACE	NNP
or	CC
its	PRP$
participants	NNS
,	,
agents	NNS
,	,
or	CC
employees	NNS
in	IN
relation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
exhibit	NN
or	CC
exhibitor	NN
.	.
Indemnification	NN
by	IN
Exhibitor	NNP
.	.
Exhibitor	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
solely	RB
responsible	JJ
to	TO
its	PRP$
agents	NNS
and	CC
employees	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
all	DT
third	JJ
persons	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
invitees	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
public	NN
for	IN
all	DT
claims	NNS
,	,
liabilities	NNS
,	,
actions	NNS
,	,
costs	NNS
,	,
damages	NNS
and	CC
expenses	NNS
arising	VBG
out	IN
of	IN
or	CC
relating	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
custody	NN
,	,
possession	NN
,	,
operation	NN
,	,
maintenance	NN
or	CC
control	NN
of	IN
the	DT
leased	VBN
space	NN
or	CC
exhibit	NN
,	,
for	IN
negligence	NN
or	CC
otherwise	RB
relating	VBG
there	RB
to	TO
.	.
Exhibitor	NN
shall	MD
indemnify	VB
and	CC
hold	VB
harmless	JJ
NACE	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
exposition	NN
location	NN
for	IN
all	DT
liability	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
Exhibitors	NNS
'	POS
exhibit	NN
or	CC
any	DT
act	NN
or	CC
omission	NN
of	IN
exhibitor	NN
or	CC
any	DT
of	IN
its	PRP$
employees	NNS
or	CC
agents	NNS
;	:
including	VBG
accident	NN
or	CC
injury	NN
to	TO
invitees	NNS
,	,
guests	NNS
,	,
exhibitors	NNS
,	,
their	PRP$
agents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
employees	NNS
and	CC
including	VBG
loss	NN
or	CC
damage	NN
to	TO
personal	JJ
property	NN
.	.
Food	NNP
and	CC
Beverages	NNPS
must	MD
be	VB
purchased	VBN
from	IN
Marriott	NNP
Marquis	NNP
,	,
unless	IN
incident	NN
to	TO
the	DT
exhibitor	NN
's	POS
product	NN
line	NN
with	IN
written	VBN
approval	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Marriott	NNP
Marquis	NNP
.	.
IMPORTANT	NNP
:	:
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
room	NN
service	NN
from	IN
the	DT
conference	NN
hotel	NN
to	TO
the	DT
exhibit	NN
hall	NN
.	.
All	DT
arrangements	NNS
for	IN
food	NN
and	CC
beverage	NN
for	IN
special	JJ
needs	NNS
over	IN
and	CC
above	IN
the	DT
planned	VBN
functions	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
catering	NN
department	NN
by	IN
April	NNP
7	CD
,	,
2007	CD
.	.
Labor	NN
and	CC
Contractors	NNS
.	.
Exhibitors	NNS
that	WDT
plan	VBP
to	TO
use	VB
outside	JJ
contractors	NNS
must	MD
notify	VB
NACE	NNP
in	IN
writing	VBG
60	CD
days	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
exposition	NN
.	.
Outside	JJ
contractors	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
supply	VB
verification	NN
of	IN
liability	NN
insurance	NN
coverage	NN
.	.
All	DT
labor	NN
must	MD
have	VB
local	JJ
union	NN
clearance	NN
.	.
Soliciting	VBG
outside	IN
the	DT
confines	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
exhibitor	NN
's	POS
assigned	VBN
space	NN
is	VBZ
prohibited	VBN
.	.
NACE	NNP
reserves	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
distribute	VB
any	DT
National	NNP
Meeting	VBG
materials	NNS
and	CC
NACE	NNP
information	NN
to	TO
all	DT
attendees	NNS
and	CC
exhibitors	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
exhibit	NN
hall	NN
.	.
Competitive	JJ
Events	NNS
including	VBG
but	CC
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
meetings	NNS
,	,
social	JJ
functions	NNS
,	,
forums	NNS
,	,
sessions	NNS
,	,
off-site	JJ
events	NNS
,	,
or	CC
scheduling	NN
attendee	NN
transportation	NN
which	WDT
overlap	VBP
or	CC
conflict	VBP
with	IN
any	DT
scheduled	JJ
conference	NN
or	CC
exposition	NN
event	NN
is	VBZ
strictly	RB
prohibited	VBN
.	.
Violation	NN
of	IN
this	DT
clause	NN
may	MD
result	VB
in	IN
expulsion	NN
from	IN
the	DT
exhibit	NN
hall	NN
and\/or	CC
exclusion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
from	IN
exhibiting	VBG
at	IN
future	JJ
conferences	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
discretion	NN
of	IN
NACE	NNP
.	.
Right	RB
to	TO
Eject	VB
Exhibitors	NNS
.	.
Exhibitor	NNP
understands	VBZ
and	CC
agrees	VBZ
that	IN
their	PRP$
attendance	NN
and	CC
participation	NN
at	IN
the	DT
exhibition	NN
must	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
all	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Contract	NN
.	.
If	IN
NACE	NNP
determines	VBZ
the	DT
exhibitor	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
breach	NN
of	IN
this	DT
Contract	NN
,	,
NACE	NNP
may	MD
terminate	VB
this	DT
Contract	NN
and	CC
eject	VB
the	DT
exhibitor	NN
from	IN
the	DT
show	NN
floor	NN
without	IN
a	DT
refund	NN
or	CC
liability	NN
to	TO
NACE	NNP
.	.
Exhibitor	NNP
understands	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
condition	NN
of	IN
exhibiting	VBG
is	VBZ
adhering	VBG
to	TO
proper	JJ
exhibitor	NN
conduct	NN
at	IN
all	DT
times	NNS
while	IN
participating	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
show	NN
.	.
Proper	JJ
conduct	NN
includes	VBZ
,	,
but	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
:	:
exhibitor	NN
staying	VBG
within	IN
the	DT
confines	NNS
of	IN
his\/her	NN
designated	VBN
booth	NN
space	NN
,	,
not	RB
soliciting	VBG
attendees	NNS
outside	IN
of	IN
your	PRP$
booth	NN
,	,
not	RB
occupying	VBG
another	DT
exhibitor	NN
's	POS
booth	NN
,	,
or	CC
not	RB
distributing	VBG
materials	NNS
outside	IN
the	DT
designated	VBN
booth	NN
area	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
activity	NN
will	MD
be	VB
deemed	VBN
improper	JJ
conduct	NN
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
grounds	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
exhibitor	NN
being	VBG
removed	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
exhibit	NN
floor	NN
at	IN
NACE	NNP
's	POS
sole	JJ
discretion	NN
.	.
Exhibitor	NNP
Registration	NNP
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
to	TO
sales	NNS
,	,
marketing	NN
,	,
management	NN
and	CC
special	JJ
booth	NN
personnel	NNS
.	.
NACE	NNP
reserves	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
limit	VB
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
exhibitor	NN
personnel	NNS
.	.
Additional	JJ
personnel	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
purchase	VB
full	JJ
conference	NN
registrations	NNS
.	.
Installation	NN
,	,
Show	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Dismantling	VBG
hours	NNS
and	CC
dates	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
those	DT
specified	VBN
by	IN
NACE	NNP
.	.
Packing	VBG
of	IN
exhibits	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
close	NN
of	IN
the	DT
exposition	NN
is	VBZ
prohibited	VBN
.	.
Exhibitor	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
liable	JJ
for	IN
all	DT
storage	NN
and	CC
handling	NN
charges	NNS
for	IN
failure	NN
to	TO
remove	VB
exhibits	NNS
by	IN
specified	JJ
time	NN
and	CC
date	NN
.	.
Governing	NNP
Law	NNP
and	CC
Jurisdiction	NN
.	.
This	DT
agreement	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
governed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
laws	NNS
of	IN
Pennsylvania	NNP
.	.
The	DT
parties	NNS
hereby	RB
submit	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
exclusive	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
and	CC
federal	JJ
courts	NNS
in	IN
Pennsylvania	NNP
governing	VBG
any	DT
disputes	NNS
concerning	VBG
this	DT
agreement	NN
,	,
and	CC
further	JJ
agree	VBP
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
in	IN
Pennsylvania	NNP
in	IN
any	DT
such	JJ
dispute	NN
.	.
Merger	NNP
Clause	NN
.	.
The	DT
parties	NNS
agree	VBP
that	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
,	,
any	DT
other	JJ
Agreement	NN
referred	VBD
to	TO
herein	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
contain	VBP
the	DT
complete	JJ
agreement	NN
between	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
and	CC
supersede	VB
any	DT
prior	JJ
understandings	NNS
,	,
agreements	NNS
,	,
or	CC
representations	NNS
by	IN
or	CC
between	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
,	,
written	VBN
or	CC
oral	JJ
,	,
which	WDT
may	MD
have	VB
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
subject	JJ
matter	NN
hereof	NN
in	IN
any	DT
way	NN
.	.
Cancellation	NN
of	IN
Exposition	NNP
.	.
If	IN
NACE	NNP
should	MD
be	VB
prevented	VBN
from	IN
holding	VBG
the	DT
exposition	NN
for	IN
any	DT
reason	NN
beyond	IN
NACE	NNP
's	POS
control	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
damage	VB
to	TO
building	NN
,	,
riots	NNS
,	,
strikes	VBZ
breached	VBN
by	IN
exposition	NN
location	NN
,	,
acts	NNS
of	IN
government	NN
,	,
or	CC
acts	NNS
of	IN
God	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
then	RB
NACE	NNP
has	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
cancel	VB
the	DT
exposition	NN
or	CC
any	DT
part	NN
thereof	RB
,	,
with	IN
no	DT
further	JJ
liability	NN
to	TO
the	DT
exhibitor	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
a	DT
refund	NN
of	IN
exhibit	NN
fees	NNS
less	RBR
a	DT
proportionate	JJ
share	NN
of	IN
the	DT
exposition	NN
cost	NN
incurred	VBN
.	.
Association	NNP
of	IN
Appointments	NNP
Secretaries	NNPS
,	,
after	IN
the	DT
British	JJ
position	NN
title	NN
,	,
``	``
appointments	NNS
secretary	NN
,	,
''	''
also	RB
known	VBN
as	IN
``	``
placement	NN
director	NN
''	''
in	IN
this	DT
country	NN
.	.
Of	IN
the	DT
12	CD
representatives	NNS
who	WP
founded	VBD
the	DT
pioneer	NN
organization	NN
,	,
11	CD
were	VBD
women	NNS
.	.
Their	PRP$
primary	JJ
concern	NN
was	VBD
teacher	NN
placement	NN
.	.
University	NNP
of	IN
Pennsylvania	NNP
,	,
helped	VBD
to	TO
establish	VB
the	DT
Pennsylvania	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
School	NNP
and	CC
College	NNP
Placement	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
also	RB
was	VBD
the	DT
editor	NN
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
edition	NN
of	IN
School	NNP
and	CC
College	NNP
Placement	NNP
,	,
the	DT
first	JJ
formal	JJ
attempt	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
a	DT
national	JJ
communications	NNS
vehicle	NN
among	IN
all	DT
interested	JJ
recruiters	NNS
and	CC
placement	NN
officials	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
1990s	CD
,	,
CPC	NNP
continued	VBD
to	TO
expand	VB
its	PRP$
services	NNS
including	VBG
roundtables	NNS
for	IN
employers	NNS
,	,
a	DT
one-week	JJ
management	NN
training	NN
program	NN
for	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
,	,
more	JJR
research	NN
studies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
introduction	NN
of	IN
JobWeb	NNP
,	,
the	DT
association	NN
's	POS
first	JJ
Internet	NNP
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
is	VBZ
governed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Regional	NNP
Directors	NNS
consisting	VBG
of	IN
one	CD
representative	NN
from	IN
each	DT
regional	JJ
association	NN
plus	CC
six	CD
at-large	JJ
directors	NNS
and	CC
five	CD
officers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
meets	VBZ
twice	RB
a	DT
year	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
leading	VBG
source	NN
of	IN
information	NN
for	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
practitioners	NNS
on	IN
college	NN
campuses	NNS
who	WP
advise	VBP
students	NNS
and	CC
alumni	NNS
in	IN
career	NN
development	NN
and	CC
the	DT
employment	NN
process	NN
,	,
and	CC
for	IN
human	JJ
resources	NNS
professionals	NNS
who	WP
recruit	VBP
and	CC
hire	VBP
college	NN
graduates	NNS
.	.
NACE	NNP
represents	VBZ
the	DT
interest	NN
of	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
1,800	CD
college	NN
career	NN
services	NNS
offices	NNS
at	IN
four-year	JJ
,	,
two-year	JJ
,	,
technical	JJ
,	,
and	CC
graduate	JJ
schools	NNS
and	CC
more	JJR
than	IN
1,000	CD
HR\/staffing	VBG
functions	NNS
in	IN
business	NN
,	,
industry	NN
,	,
nonprofit	JJ
organizations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
government	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
provides	VBZ
research	NN
and	CC
information	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
professional	JJ
members	NNS
through	IN
NACEWeb	NNP
,	,
quarterly	JJ
surveys	NNS
of	IN
starting	VBG
salary	NN
offers	NNS
to	TO
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
,	,
a	DT
quarterly	JJ
journal	NN
,	,
a	DT
biweekly	JJ
newsletter	NN
,	,
and	CC
surveys	NNS
of	IN
employer	NN
and	CC
college	NN
members	NNS
.	.
Vocational	NNP
Rehabilitation	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1973	CD
prohibits	VBZ
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
and	CC
federal	JJ
contractors	NNS
from	IN
discriminating	VBG
against	IN
qualified	VBN
individuals	NNS
with	IN
disabilities	NNS
and	CC
requires	VBZ
these	DT
employers	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
reasonable	JJ
accommodations	NNS
to	TO
disabled	JJ
employees	NNS
.	.
Buckley	NNP
Amendment	NNP
,	,
protects	VBZ
the	DT
privacy	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
indiscriminate	JJ
collection	NN
,	,
maintenance	NN
,	,
and	CC
disclosure	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
release	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
personally	RB
identifiable	JJ
student	NN
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
law	NN
gives	VBZ
students	NNS
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
inspect	VB
their	PRP$
educational	JJ
records	NNS
and	CC
prohibits	VBZ
educational	JJ
institutions	NNS
from	IN
disclosing	VBG
a	DT
student	NN
's	POS
record	NN
without	IN
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
consent	NN
.	.
EEOC	NNP
,	,
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
departments	NNS
of	IN
Labor	NNP
and	CC
Justice	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Civil	NNP
Service	NNP
Commission	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Revenue	NNP
Sharing	VBG
adopt	VB
Uniform	NNP
Guidelines	NNS
on	IN
Employee	NNP
Selection	NNP
Procedures	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
UGESP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
guidelines	NNS
protect	VBP
the	DT
rights	NNS
of	IN
job	NN
applicants	NNS
and	CC
employees	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
selected	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
job-related	JJ
standards	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
require	VBP
employers	NNS
to	TO
justify	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
tests	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
selection	NN
procedures	NNS
that	WDT
disproportionately	RB
exclude	VBP
members	NNS
of	IN
protected	JJ
classes	NNS
.	.
Act	NNP
.	.
IRCA	NNP
states	VBZ
that	IN
employers	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
sanctioned	VBN
and	CC
fined	VBN
for	IN
hiring	VBG
illegal	JJ
aliens	NNS
,	,
and	CC
prohibits	VBZ
employers	NNS
from	IN
discriminating	VBG
against	IN
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
authorized	VBN
to	TO
work	VB
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
national	JJ
origin	NN
or	CC
citizenship	NN
.	.
With	IN
Disabilities	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ADA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
gives	VBZ
civil	JJ
rights	NNS
protections	NNS
to	TO
individuals	NNS
with	IN
disabilities	NNS
similar	JJ
to	TO
those	DT
provided	VBN
to	TO
individuals	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
race	NN
,	,
color	NN
,	,
sex	NN
,	,
national	JJ
origin	NN
,	,
age	NN
,	,
and	CC
religion	NN
.	.
It	PRP
guarantees	VBZ
equal	JJ
opportunity	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
with	IN
disabilities	NNS
in	IN
public	JJ
accommodations	NNS
,	,
employment	NN
,	,
transportation	NN
,	,
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
government	NN
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
telecommunications	NNS
.	.
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
,	,
recognizing	VBG
the	DT
new	JJ
structure	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
value	NN
of	IN
both	DT
member	NN
constituencies	NNS
.	.
JobWeb	NNP
,	,
NACE	NNP
's	POS
new	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
goes	VBZ
live	JJ
.	.
Individual	JJ
membership	NN
is	VBZ
offered	VBN
to	TO
staff	NN
at	IN
member	NN
organizations	NNS
.	.
Management	NN
and	CC
shareholders	NNS
,	,
among	IN
others	NNS
,	,
now	RB
hold	VBP
the	DT
college	NN
recruiting	NN
function	NN
of	IN
organizations	NNS
accountable	JJ
for	IN
how	WRB
staff	NN
spend	VBP
time	NN
,	,
how	WRB
they	PRP
recruit	VBP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
successful	JJ
candidates	NNS
they	PRP
bring	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
organization	NN
,	,
explains	VBZ
Vanessa	NNP
Strauss	NNP
,	,
senior	JJ
advisor	NN
to	TO
director	NN
and	CC
deputy	NN
director	NN
,	,
division	NN
of	IN
administration	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Deposit	NNP
Insurance	NNP
Corporation	NNP
and	CC
NACE	NNP
Past	NNP
President	NNP
.	.
Innovations	NNS
in	IN
technology	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
and	CC
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
be	VB
an	DT
integral	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
forward	JJ
progression	NN
of	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
HR\/staffing	VBG
profession	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
association	NN
.	.
Could	MD
those	DT
who	WP
published	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
issues	NNS
of	IN
School	NNP
and	CC
College	NNP
Placement	NNP
in	IN
black	JJ
and	CC
white	JJ
have	VBP
envisioned	VBN
the	DT
colorful	JJ
magazine	NN
that	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Journal	NNP
has	VBZ
become	VBN
?	.
Telephone	NNP
technology	NN
now	RB
enables	VBZ
NACE	NNP
committees	NNS
and	CC
task	NN
forces	NNS
to	TO
hold	VB
conference	NN
calls	NNS
,	,
saving	VBG
time	NN
and	CC
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
bringing	VBG
people	NNS
together	RB
from	IN
all	DT
over	IN
the	DT
country	NN
.	.
Those	DT
attending	VBG
the	DT
first	JJ
programs	NNS
offered	VBN
by	IN
NACE	NNP
probably	RB
would	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
skeptical	JJ
if	IN
told	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
association	NN
eventually	RB
would	MD
offer	VB
virtual	JJ
seminars	NNS
that	WDT
members	NNS
could	MD
attend	VB
without	IN
leaving	VBG
their	PRP$
offices	NNS
.	.
Established	VBN
in	IN
June	NNP
1994	CD
,	,
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Academy	NNP
of	IN
Fellows	NNPS
recognizes	VBZ
those	DT
individuals	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
contributed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
HR\/staffing	VBG
professions	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
advancement	NN
of	IN
knowledge	NN
,	,
leadership	NN
,	,
or	CC
excellence	NN
in	IN
professional	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
Has	VBZ
she	PRP
ever	RB
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
for	IN
Camacho	NNP
,	,
that	DT
's	VBZ
nothing	NN
new	JJ
.	.
Camacho	NNP
was	VBD
one	CD
of	IN
seven	CD
children	NNS
growing	VBG
up	RP
in	IN
rural	JJ
Texas	NNP
.	.
Her	PRP$
father	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
custodian	NN
;	:
her	PRP$
mother	NN
a	DT
housewife	NN
.	.
Her	PRP$
family	NN
also	RB
worked	VBD
as	IN
migrant	JJ
workers	NNS
who	WP
took	VBD
jobs	NNS
as	IN
far	RB
away	RB
as	IN
California	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
hard	JJ
work	NN
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
work	VB
in	IN
fields	NNS
the	DT
rest	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
''	''
Camacho	NNP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
educated	VBN
.	.
My	PRP$
life	NN
helped	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
strong	JJ
work	NN
ethic	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
have	VB
support	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
a	DT
college	NN
student	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
because	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
first-generation	JJ
.	.
''	''
As	IN
SCCC	NNP
's	POS
director	NN
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
cooperative	JJ
education	NN
,	,
Camacho	NNP
would	MD
attend	VB
functions	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
white	JJ
co-worker	NN
.	.
People	NNS
who	WP
met	VBD
the	DT
pair	NN
automatically	RB
assumed	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
co-worker	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
director	NN
,	,
Camacho	NNP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
In	IN
the	DT
27	CD
years	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
field	NN
,	,
I	PRP
've	VBP
had	VBD
to	TO
stand	VB
up	RP
for	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
be	VB
an	DT
advocate	NN
for	IN
them	PRP
,	,
especially	RB
in	IN
discrimination	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
''	''
Camacho	NNP
explains	VBZ
.	.
``	``
These	DT
are	VBP
people	NNS
making	VBG
positive	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
Through	IN
my	PRP$
work	NN
,	,
I	PRP
've	VBP
forced	VBN
myself	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
more	RBR
comfortable	JJ
with	IN
who	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
.	.
''	''
Camacho	NNP
strives	VBZ
to	TO
serve	VB
all	DT
students	NNS
as	IN
effectively	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
Of	IN
today	NN
's	POS
minority	NN
students	NNS
,	,
Camacho	NNP
says	VBZ
,	,
``	``
They	PRP
are	VBP
more	RBR
aware	JJ
of	IN
their	PRP$
options	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
them	PRP
are	VBP
first-generation	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
college	NN
students	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
them	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
know	VB
what	WP
was	VBD
out	IN
there	RB
.	.
But	CC
today	NN
,	,
they	PRP
have	VBP
broadened	VBN
opportunities	NNS
,	,
experience	NN
outside	IN
what	WP
they	PRP
have	VBP
traditionally	RB
known	VBN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
confidence	NN
to	TO
pursue	VB
higher	JJR
education	NN
beyond	IN
a	DT
bachelor	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
.	.
''	''
During	IN
a	DT
press	NN
conference	NN
in	IN
July	NNP
2003	CD
,	,
President	NNP
Bush	NNP
praised	VBD
community	NN
colleges	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
adaptability	NN
and	CC
accessibility	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
an	DT
example	NN
of	IN
a	DT
shift	NN
in	IN
perception	NN
that	IN
Jeff	NNP
Nardo	NNP
,	,
career	NN
services	NNS
coordinator	NN
at	IN
Coastal	NNP
Carolina	NNP
Community	NNP
College	NNP
in	IN
Jacksonville	NNP
,	,
North	NNP
Carolina	NNP
,	,
has	VBZ
noticed	VBN
during	IN
his	PRP$
12-plus	JJ
years	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
``	``
The	DT
perception	NN
has	VBZ
changed	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
stereotype	NN
of	IN
two-year	JJ
schools	NNS
as	IN
those	DT
primarily	RB
offering	VBG
`	``
basket	NN
weaving	VBG
'	''
and	CC
other	JJ
fluffy	JJ
classes	NNS
,	,
''	''
he	PRP
explains	VBZ
.	.
``	``
People	NNS
are	VBP
realizing	VBG
that	IN
we	PRP
are	VBP
an	DT
affordable	JJ
,	,
quality	NN
option	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
to	TO
pursue	VB
the	DT
first	JJ
two	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
studies	NNS
toward	IN
a	DT
four-year	JJ
degree	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
As	IN
most	JJS
people	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
career	NN
development	NN
are	VBP
aware	JJ
,	,
there	EX
has	VBZ
been	VBN
substantial	JJ
growth	NN
in	IN
careers	NNS
requiring	VBG
two	CD
years	NNS
or	CC
less	JJR
of	IN
training	NN
,	,
for	IN
which	WDT
employers	NNS
have	VBP
job	NN
openings	NNS
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
in	IN
which	WDT
-RRB-	-RRB-
job	NN
seekers	NNS
are	VBP
interested	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
viable	JJ
option	NN
to	TO
jobs\/careers	NNS
requiring	VBG
a	DT
four-year	JJ
degree	NN
.	.
''	''
Nardo	NNP
explains	VBZ
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
President	NNP
Bush	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
has	VBZ
addressed	VBN
this	DT
in	IN
some	DT
of	IN
his	PRP$
initiatives	NNS
,	,
realizing	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
work	NN
force	NN
of	IN
the	DT
21st	JJ
century	NN
will	MD
depend	VB
significantly	RB
on	IN
skills	NNS
that	WDT
two-year	JJ
schools	NNS
can	MD
develop	VB
.	.
''	''
Explains	NNP
Nardo	NNP
:	:
``	``
It	PRP
is	VBZ
of	IN
critical	JJ
importance	NN
for	IN
those	DT
of	IN
us	PRP
at	IN
two-year	JJ
schools	NNS
to	TO
participate	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
in	IN
Salary	NNP
Survey	NNP
for	IN
Associate	NNP
Degree	NNP
Candidates	NNPS
-RRB-	-RRB-
because	IN
it	PRP
provides	VBZ
us	PRP
a	DT
resource	NN
to	TO
be	VB
more	RBR
effective	JJ
in	IN
providing	VBG
accurate	JJ
,	,
up-to-date	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
a	DT
topic	NN
of	IN
importance	NN
to	TO
our	PRP$
students	NNS
,	,
in	IN
careers	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
information	NN
resources	NNS
that	WDT
surveys	VBZ
graduating	VBG
students	NNS
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
or	CC
non-existent	JJ
.	.
''	''
``	``
Also	RB
,	,
we	PRP
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
effectively	RB
evaluate	VB
,	,
select	VB
,	,
and	CC
use	VB
technology	NN
to	TO
enhance	VB
delivery	NN
of	IN
all	DT
services	NNS
,	,
while	IN
not	RB
becoming	VBG
overwhelmed	VBN
with	IN
options	NNS
,	,
and	CC
do	VB
so	RB
without	IN
losing	VBG
the	DT
`	``
personal	JJ
touch	NN
'	''
that	WDT
sets	VBZ
many	JJ
two-year	JJ
schools	NNS
apart	RB
from	IN
others	NNS
.	.
''	''
Sam	NNP
M.	NNP
Walton	NNP
College	NNP
of	IN
Business	NNP
.	.
``	``
Life	NNP
is	VBZ
so	RB
serious	JJ
,	,
but	CC
learning	VBG
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
;	:
it	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
exciting	JJ
and	CC
fun	NN
.	.
Students	NNS
tend	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
nervous	JJ
,	,
uptight	JJ
,	,
overconfident	JJ
,	,
not	RB
confident	JJ
enough	RB
,	,
and	CC
wavering	VBG
about	IN
their	PRP$
job	NN
search	NN
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
we	PRP
can	MD
get	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
relax	VB
with	IN
a	DT
bit	NN
of	IN
added	VBN
humor	NN
,	,
it	PRP
only	RB
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
easier	JJR
for	IN
them	PRP
.	.
''	''
Stiefer	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
wealth	NN
of	IN
hilarious	JJ
experience	NN
to	TO
draw	VB
from	IN
.	.
Her	PRP$
first	JJ
job	NN
was	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
ranch	NN
hand	NN
on	IN
a	DT
dude	NN
ranch	NN
in	IN
Colorado	NNP
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
she	PRP
has	VBZ
conducted	VBN
legal	JJ
research	NN
on	IN
personal	JJ
injury	NN
and	CC
criminal	JJ
cases	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
law	NN
firm	NN
,	,
sold	VBD
waterbeds	NNS
and	CC
prepaid	JJ
legal	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
was	VBD
a	DT
day	NN
care	NN
teacher	NN
while	IN
trying	VBG
to	TO
figure	VB
out	RP
what	WP
she	PRP
``	``
should	MD
do	VB
''	''
for	IN
a	DT
career	NN
.	.
Stiefer	NNP
notes	NNS
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
actually	RB
have	VBP
faculty	NN
members	NNS
and	CC
administrators	NNS
that	WDT
come	VBP
and	CC
sit	VBP
in	IN
our	PRP$
office	NN
to	TO
visit	VB
for	IN
no	DT
reason	NN
or	CC
they	PRP
stop	VBP
by	IN
our	PRP$
office	NN
for	IN
a	DT
cup	NN
of	IN
coffee	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
way	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
office	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Our	PRP$
career	NN
center	NN
has	VBZ
-RRB-	-RRB-
a	DT
staff	NN
of	IN
four	CD
and	CC
one	CD
of	IN
us	PRP
usually	RB
has	VBZ
a	DT
funny	JJ
story	NN
for	IN
that	DT
morning	NN
.	.
Faculty	NN
members	NNS
are	VBP
very	RB
open	JJ
to	TO
our	PRP$
office	NN
,	,
and	CC
,	,
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
fun	NN
atmosphere	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
have	VBP
created	VBN
,	,
they	PRP
like	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
and	CC
are	VBP
terrific	JJ
partners	NNS
for	IN
us	PRP
.	.
They	PRP
send	VBP
students	NNS
to	TO
us	PRP
and	CC
help	VB
us	PRP
connect	VB
with	IN
employers	NNS
.	.
''	''
Stiefer	NNP
explains	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
critical	JJ
that	IN
leaders	NNS
separate	JJ
humor	NN
and	CC
creativity	NN
from	IN
silliness	NN
and	CC
goofing	VBG
around	RP
.	.
Creativity	NN
,	,
she	PRP
says	VBZ
,	,
involves	VBZ
drawing	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
staff	NN
's	POS
unique	JJ
capacities	NNS
,	,
outlooks	NNS
,	,
and	CC
insights	NNS
.	.
If	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
positive	JJ
atmosphere	NN
in	IN
a	DT
career	NN
center	NN
,	,
then	RB
it	PRP
can	MD
only	RB
help	VB
those	DT
who	WP
enter	VBP
there	RB
to	TO
view	VB
challenges	NNS
as	IN
opportunities	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
constantly	RB
be	VB
recreating	VBG
our	PRP$
offices	NNS
,	,
recreating	VBG
ourselves	PRP
,	,
recreating	VBG
culture	NN
.	.
Change	NNP
is	VBZ
inevitable	JJ
,	,
but	CC
growth	NN
is	VBZ
optional	JJ
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
career	NN
center	NN
administrators	NNS
are	VBP
n't	RB
growing	VBG
,	,
then	RB
I	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
very	RB
concerned	JJ
.	.
''	''
``	``
Humor	NNP
and	CC
laughter	NN
are	VBP
great	JJ
stress	NN
relievers	NNS
and	CC
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
strong	JJ
proponent	NN
of	IN
both	DT
of	IN
them	PRP
,	,
''	''
Stiefer	NNP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
humor	NN
can	MD
contribute	VB
to	TO
an	DT
organization	NN
's	POS
goals	NNS
,	,
make	VBP
it	PRP
a	DT
better	JJR
place	NN
to	TO
work	VB
,	,
and	CC
lead	NN
to	TO
happier	JJR
,	,
more	RBR
productive	JJ
,	,
and	CC
less-stressed	JJ
employees	NNS
.	.
''	''
Stiefer	NNP
explains	VBZ
that	IN
her	PRP$
personal	JJ
prescription	NN
for	IN
health	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
accomplish	VB
four	CD
things	NNS
each	DT
day	NN
:	:
drink	NN
plenty	NN
of	IN
water	NN
;	:
exercise	VB
her	PRP$
mind	NN
and	CC
body	NN
;	:
laugh	NN
as	RB
much	RB
as	IN
humanly	RB
possible	JJ
,	,
which	WDT
involves	VBZ
looking	VBG
at	IN
the	DT
world	NN
in	IN
a	DT
very	RB
different	JJ
way	NN
;	:
and	CC
meditate	VB
because	IN
everybody	NN
needs	VBZ
moments	NNS
alone	RB
to	TO
reflect	VB
and	CC
refocus	VB
.	.
Stiefer	NNP
explains	VBZ
.	.
``	``
It	PRP
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
so	RB
much	RB
easier	JJR
to	TO
face	VB
each	DT
day	NN
to	TO
find	VB
the	DT
joy	NN
in	IN
living	NN
...	:
and	CC
if	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
,	,
the	DT
fault	NN
lies	VBZ
within	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
take	VBP
what	WP
I	PRP
do	VBP
very	RB
seriously	RB
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
really	RB
never	RB
take	VB
myself	PRP
seriously	RB
.	.
''	''
``	``
I	PRP
was	VBD
hoping	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
parents	NNS
would	MD
see	VB
the	DT
card	NN
,	,
''	''
Bowen	NNP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
Because	IN
what	WP
it	PRP
would	MD
promote	VB
is	VBZ
that	IN
we	PRP
are	VBP
personally	RB
interested	JJ
in	IN
their	PRP$
sons	NNS
and	CC
daughters	NNS
and	CC
,	,
hopefully	RB
,	,
make	VB
a	DT
positive	JJ
impression	NN
on	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Business	NN
is	VBZ
all	DT
about	IN
relationships	NNS
with	IN
people	NNS
.	.
Another	DT
challenge	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
bridged	VBN
the	DT
almost	RB
20	CD
years	NNS
that	WDT
Bowen	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
HR	NNP
function	NN
at	IN
GE	NNP
is	VBZ
finding	VBG
the	DT
proper	JJ
balance	NN
between	IN
technological	JJ
efficiency	NN
and	CC
value	NN
from	IN
establishing	VBG
personal	JJ
relationships	NNS
.	.
Bowen	NNP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
There	EX
have	VBP
been	VBN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
fads	NNS
and	CC
trends	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
come	VBN
through	IN
our	PRP$
profession	NN
.	.
As	IN
an	DT
old	JJ
timer	NN
,	,
I	PRP
see	VBP
them	PRP
as	IN
such	JJ
.	.
The	DT
challenge	NN
has	VBZ
become	VBN
finding	VBG
the	DT
best	JJS
technology	NN
to	TO
facilitate	VB
personal	JJ
relationships	NNS
.	.
Technology	NN
should	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
tool	NN
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
as	IN
a	DT
driver	NN
.	.
''	''
A	DT
strong	JJ
proponent	NN
of	IN
face-to-face	JJ
interviewing	VBG
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
You	PRP
can	MD
read	VB
a	DT
lot	NN
about	IN
a	DT
person	NN
by	IN
meeting	VBG
them	PRP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
accepting	VBG
hard	JJ
copy	NN
resumes	VBZ
at	IN
career	NN
fairs	NNS
,	,
Bowen	NNP
hopes	VBZ
that	IN
technology	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
permeate	VB
the	DT
profession	NN
to	TO
the	DT
point	NN
where	WRB
these	DT
former	JJ
standards	NNS
are	VBP
no	RB
longer	RB
valid	JJ
.	.
``	``
If	IN
the	DT
bulk	NN
of	IN
employers	NNS
stop	VBP
interviewing	VBG
students	NNS
face-to-face	RB
and	CC
direct	JJ
students	NNS
online	VBP
to	TO
submit	VB
resumes	NNS
,	,
what	WP
's	VBZ
going	VBG
to	TO
happen	VB
is	VBZ
students	NNS
are	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
feel	VB
as	IN
though	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
to	TO
attend	VB
career	NN
fairs	NNS
and	CC
that	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
just	RB
do	VB
everything	NN
from	IN
their	PRP$
room	NN
,	,
''	''
Bowen	NNP
explains	VBZ
.	.
``	``
Where	WRB
I	PRP
still	RB
can	MD
and	CC
want	VB
to	TO
meet	VB
students	NNS
to	TO
interview	VB
them	PRP
and	CC
accept	VB
resumes	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
driven	VBN
toward	IN
the	DT
technological	JJ
means	NNS
because	IN
students	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
show	VB
up	RP
to	TO
career	NN
fairs	NNS
anymore	RB
.	.
''	''
``	``
There	EX
are	VBP
different	JJ
things	NNS
that	WDT
affect	VBP
people	NNS
and	CC
how	WRB
they	PRP
think	VBP
of	IN
employers	NNS
,	,
''	''
Bowen	NNP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
think	VBP
it	PRP
all	DT
comes	VBZ
down	RP
to	TO
understanding	VBG
your	PRP$
customer	NN
.	.
Is	VBZ
my	PRP$
customer	NN
the	DT
university	NN
or	CC
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
customer	NN
the	DT
student	NN
?	.
``	``
It	PRP
just	RB
carries	VBZ
through	IN
for	IN
this	DT
generation	NN
,	,
who	WP
have	VBP
planned	VBN
their	PRP$
sons	NNS
'	POS
and	CC
daughters	NNS
'	POS
entire	JJ
schedules	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
grew	VBD
up	RB
,	,
''	''
Bowen	NNP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
This	DT
generation	NN
of	IN
student	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
good	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
communication	NN
with	IN
their	PRP$
parents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
some	DT
degree	NN
,	,
they	PRP
expect	VBP
their	PRP$
parents	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
this	DT
process	NN
.	.
''	''
Chances	NNS
are	VBP
,	,
the	DT
recruit	VB
got	VBD
the	DT
point	NN
.	.
Watching	VBG
the	DT
exchange	NN
take	VB
place	NN
,	,
Nagy	NNP
certainly	RB
learned	VBD
another	DT
lesson	NN
about	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
people	NNS
,	,
one	CD
that	IN
he	PRP
reflected	VBD
on	IN
as	IN
he	PRP
spent	VBD
time	NN
on	IN
both	DT
sides	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
desk	NN
.	.
A	DT
five-year	JJ
run	NN
as	IN
the	DT
manager	NN
of	IN
college	NN
recruiting	NN
and	CC
employment	NN
for	IN
Gulf	NNP
Oil	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
,	,
after	IN
a	DT
merger	NN
,	,
Chevron	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
was	VBD
sandwiched	VBN
around	IN
two	CD
stints	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Pittsburgh	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
also	RB
worked	VBD
at	IN
Moravian	NNP
College	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
consulting	NN
firm	NN
Drake	NNP
Beam	NNP
Morin	NNP
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
viewed	VBD
the	DT
other	JJ
side	NN
as	IN
a	DT
type	NN
of	IN
`	``
grass	NN
is	VBZ
greener	JJR
'	''
situation	NN
,	,
''	''
he	PRP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
aspired	VBD
to	TO
move	VB
to	TO
the	DT
corporate	JJ
side	NN
.	.
We	PRP
felt	VBD
there	EX
was	VBD
more	JJR
money	NN
and	CC
more	JJR
prestige	NN
.	.
When	WRB
we	PRP
got	VBD
there	RB
,	,
we	PRP
realized	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
all	DT
it	PRP
was	VBD
cracked	VBN
up	RP
to	TO
be	VB
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
pretty	RB
nice	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
college	NN
side	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
You	PRP
're	VBP
moving	VBG
away	RB
from	IN
a	DT
helping	VBG
profession	NN
to	TO
one	CD
that	WDT
is	VBZ
profit	NN
-	:
and	CC
goal-driven	NN
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
responsible	JJ
to	TO
line	NN
managers	NNS
,	,
who	WP
tell	VBP
you	PRP
their	PRP$
needs	NNS
and	CC
if	IN
you	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
meet	VB
them	PRP
,	,
they	PRP
'll	MD
do	VB
it	PRP
themselves	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
're	VBP
held	VBN
accountable	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
pressure	NN
is	VBZ
ratcheted	VBN
up	RP
.	.
That	DT
said	VBD
,	,
I	PRP
really	RB
enjoyed	VBD
my	PRP$
five	CD
years	NNS
at	IN
Gulf	NNP
Oil	NNP
.	.
''	''
Chevron	NNP
,	,
as	IN
he	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
relocate	VB
to	TO
San	NNP
Francisco	NNP
.	.
While	IN
at	IN
Gulf	NNP
,	,
he	PRP
was	VBD
responsible	JJ
for	IN
helping	VBG
to	TO
launch	VB
what	WP
is	VBZ
now	RB
the	DT
NACE\/Chevron	NNP
Award	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
recognizes	VBZ
career	NN
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
for	IN
developing	VBG
outstanding	JJ
innovative	JJ
programs	NNS
.	.
Nagy	NNP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
At	IN
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
we	PRP
knew	VBD
how	WRB
hard	JJ
people	NNS
used	VBN
to	TO
work	VB
but	CC
would	MD
not	RB
get	VB
recognized	VBN
for	IN
their	PRP$
innovative	JJ
programs	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
discretionary	JJ
fund	NN
and	CC
was	VBD
looking	VBG
to	TO
do	VB
some	DT
PR	NNP
work	NN
with	IN
colleges	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
recognize	VB
outstanding	JJ
individuals	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
college	NN
area	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
transition	NN
from	IN
HR	NNP
professional	JJ
to	TO
career	NN
services	NNS
practitioner	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
good	JJ
one	CD
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
Nagy	NNP
.	.
Just	RB
like	IN
he	PRP
thinks	VBZ
every	DT
faculty	NN
member	NN
should	MD
go	VB
out	RP
and	CC
work	NN
in	IN
the	DT
business	NN
world	NN
so	IN
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
can	MD
speak	VB
from	IN
experience	NN
,	,
Nagy	NNP
thinks	VBZ
HR	NNP
professionals	NNS
who	WP
transition	NN
to	TO
career	NN
services	NNS
have	VBP
an	DT
advantage	NN
.	.
These	DT
individuals	NNS
know	VBP
how	WRB
organizations	NNS
hire	VBP
people	NNS
,	,
what	WP
selection	NN
criteria	NNS
they	PRP
use	VBP
,	,
how	WRB
they	PRP
screen	VBP
resumes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
what	WP
technology	NN
they	PRP
use	VBP
.	.
``	``
The	DT
new	JJ
challenge	NN
is	VBZ
helicopter	NN
parents	NNS
,	,
''	''
he	PRP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
was	VBD
stunned	VBN
by	IN
how	WRB
much	JJ
the	DT
parents	NNS
of	IN
students	NNS
get	VBP
involved	VBN
now	RB
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
whole	JJ
different	JJ
generation	NN
of	IN
parents	NNS
,	,
who	WP
maybe	RB
did	VBD
n't	RB
get	VB
much	JJ
support	NN
from	IN
their	PRP$
parents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
become	VB
very	RB
involved	VBN
in	IN
their	PRP$
child	NN
's	POS
academic	JJ
career	NN
and	CC
job	NN
search	NN
.	.
I	PRP
found	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
uncommon	JJ
for	IN
parents	NNS
to	TO
jump	VB
in	IN
and	CC
negotiate	VB
job	NN
offers	NNS
and	CC
salaries	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
kids	NNS
.	.
''	''
``	``
If	IN
someone	NN
asked	VBD
me	PRP
about	IN
it	PRP
a	DT
year	NN
ago	RB
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
had	VBD
a	DT
different	JJ
answer	NN
,	,
''	''
Nagy	NNP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
were	VBD
coming	VBG
off	RP
a	DT
three-year	JJ
recession	NN
,	,
one	CD
in	IN
which	WDT
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
experienced	JJ
professionals	NNS
left	VBD
the	DT
field	NN
and	CC
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
young	JJ
people	NNS
without	IN
the	DT
experience	NN
moved	VBD
in	IN
.	.
Now	RB
it	PRP
's	VBZ
cycling	VBG
back	RB
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
'm	VBP
certain	JJ
that	IN
as	RB
long	JJ
as	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
needs	NNS
that	IN
companies	NNS
have	VBP
,	,
there	EX
will	MD
be	VB
college	NN
recruiting	NN
.	.
''	''
According	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Scott	NNP
Resource	NNP
Group	NNP
's	POS
-LRB-	-LRB-
SRG	NNP
's	POS
-RRB-	-RRB-
annual	JJ
surveys	NNS
,	,
college	NN
students	NNS
consistently	RB
report	VBP
that	IN
organizations	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
effective	JJ
recruitment	NN
programs	NNS
are	VBP
represented	VBN
by	IN
staff	NN
members	NNS
who	WP
favorably	RB
impress	VBP
them	PRP
.	.
Scott	NNP
recalls	VBZ
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
wound	VBP
up	RP
interviewing	VBG
students	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Michigan	NNP
the	DT
next	JJ
day	NN
wearing	VBG
a	DT
Notre	NNP
Dame	NNP
sweatshirt	NN
.	.
To	TO
make	VB
matters	NNS
worse	RBR
,	,
the	DT
guy	NN
I	PRP
reported	VBD
to	TO
at	IN
Aetna	NNP
bled	VBD
-LRB-	-LRB-
Michigan	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
Blue	NNP
.	.
''	''
Aetna	NNP
,	,
during	IN
which	WDT
she	PRP
became	VBD
director	NN
of	IN
recruiting	NN
in	IN
what	WP
was	VBD
then	RB
called	VBN
the	DT
employment	NN
office	NN
,	,
and	CC
beyond	IN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
seen	VBN
many	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
ways	NNS
things	NNS
were	VBD
done	VBN
and	CC
many	JJ
similarities	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
ways	NNS
things	NNS
are	VBP
done	VBN
today	NN
.	.
``	``
Yet	RB
,	,
despite	IN
the	DT
wild	JJ
swings	NNS
in	IN
demand	NN
,	,
students	NNS
'	POS
needs	NNS
and	CC
expectations	NNS
have	VBP
remained	VBN
remarkably	RB
consistent	JJ
,	,
''	''
Scott	NNP
notes	NNS
.	.
``	``
And	CC
that	DT
has	VBZ
reaffirmed	VBN
my	PRP$
commitment	NN
to	TO
taking	VBG
the	DT
longer	JJR
view	NN
as	IN
regards	VBZ
emerging	VBG
issues	NNS
and	CC
trends	NNS
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
getting	VBG
caught	VBN
up	RP
in	IN
the	DT
fad	NN
du	NNP
jour	FW
.	.
''	''
That	DT
view	NN
led	VBD
Scott	NNP
to	TO
leave	VB
the	DT
corporate	JJ
world	NN
in	IN
1989	CD
and	CC
head	VB
out	RP
on	IN
her	PRP$
own	JJ
.	.
She	PRP
cites	VBZ
several	JJ
reasons	NNS
for	IN
forming	VBG
SRG	NNP
,	,
chief	NN
among	IN
them	PRP
,	,
the	DT
desire	NN
to	TO
focus	VB
her	PRP$
career	NN
on	IN
university	NN
relations	NNS
and	CC
recruiting	NN
by	IN
offering	VBG
services	NNS
to	TO
client	NN
companies	NNS
.	.
Concerned	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
unbiased	JJ
information	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
those	DT
in	IN
the	DT
staffing	NN
profession	NN
making	VBG
major	JJ
strategic	JJ
decisions	NNS
,	,
Scott	NNP
also	RB
wanted	VBD
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
``	``
voice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
customer	NN
''	''
by	IN
gathering	VBG
objective	JJ
feedback	NN
from	IN
students	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
valuable	JJ
to	TO
her	PRP$
clients	NNS
.	.
Take	VB
,	,
for	IN
instance	NN
,	,
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
face-to-face	JJ
interviewing	VBG
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
Scott	NNP
,	,
data	NNS
from	IN
SRG	NNP
surveys	NNS
gathered	VBD
over	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
have	VBP
found	VBN
several	JJ
immutable	JJ
findings	NNS
:	:
First	NNP
,	,
company	NN
representatives	NNS
have	VBP
a	DT
powerful	JJ
impact	NN
on	IN
students	NNS
'	POS
desire	NN
to	TO
pursue	VB
opportunities	NNS
with	IN
an	DT
employer	NN
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
students	NNS
value	NN
personal	JJ
contact	NN
and	CC
object	NN
to	TO
employers	NNS
'	POS
replacing	VBG
face-to-face	JJ
contact	NN
with	IN
technology	NN
.	.
``	``
To	TO
that	DT
point	NN
,	,
I	PRP
no	RB
longer	RB
survey	NN
students	NNS
regarding	VBG
their	PRP$
perceptions	NNS
about	IN
video	NN
interviewing	VBG
,	,
because	IN
several	JJ
years	NNS
of	IN
ratings	NNS
and	CC
commentary	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
so	RB
consistently	RB
and	CC
overwhelmingly	RB
negative	JJ
,	,
''	''
Scott	NNP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
That	DT
said	VBD
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
an	DT
ever-growing	JJ
array	NN
of	IN
products	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
that	WDT
enable	VBP
organizations	NNS
to	TO
introduce	VB
an	DT
electronic	JJ
interface	NN
into	IN
the	DT
recruiting	NN
process	NN
,	,
and	CC
there	EX
will	MD
no	DT
doubt	NN
be	VB
an	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
organizations	NNS
that	WDT
contemplate	VBP
using	VBG
such	JJ
products	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
.	.
''	''
Every	DT
day	NN
,	,
Kitty	NNP
McGrath	NNP
,	,
executive	JJ
director	NN
of	IN
graduate	NN
and	CC
undergraduate	JJ
career	NN
management	NN
at	IN
Arizona	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
's	POS
W.	NNP
P.	NNP
Carey	NNP
School	NNP
of	IN
Business	NNP
,	,
reminds	VBZ
herself	PRP
that	IN
as	IN
intelligent	JJ
and	CC
capable	JJ
as	IN
students	NNS
are	VBP
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
at	IN
a	DT
different	JJ
place	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
than	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
.	.
``	``
He	PRP
had	VBD
accepted	VBN
a	DT
great	JJ
job	NN
in	IN
Chicago	NNP
but	CC
felt	VBD
a	DT
bit	NN
out	IN
of	IN
place	NN
because	IN
everyone	NN
he	PRP
worked	VBD
with	IN
was	VBD
at	IN
least	JJS
10	CD
years	NNS
older	JJR
than	IN
he	PRP
was	VBD
,	,
''	''
McGrath	NNP
explains	VBZ
.	.
``	``
His	PRP$
astonishment	NN
was	VBD
apparent	JJ
when	WRB
he	PRP
talked	VBD
about	IN
the	DT
informal	JJ
staff	NN
lunches	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
said	VBD
,	,
`	``
Kitty	NNP
,	,
they	PRP
actually	RB
have	VBP
long	JJ
conversations	NNS
about	IN
snowblowers	NNS
!	.
'	''
''	''
The	DT
transition	NN
from	IN
a	DT
focus	NN
on	IN
campus	NN
recruiting	NN
and	CC
job	NN
placement	NN
activities	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
career	NN
development	NN
emphasis	NN
was	VBD
in	IN
full	JJ
force	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
counseling	NN
centers	NNS
were	VBD
being	VBG
created	VBN
and	CC
others	NNS
renamed	VBN
to	TO
include	VB
career	NN
planning	NN
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
title	NN
.	.
``	``
The	DT
office	NN
where	WRB
I	PRP
worked	VBD
at	IN
Indiana	NNP
University-Bloomington	NNP
was	VBD
just	RB
being	VBG
established	VBN
and	CC
was	VBD
an	DT
all-campus	JJ
career	NN
counseling	NN
center	NN
,	,
separate	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
decentralized	VBN
placement	NN
centers	NNS
in	IN
individual	JJ
colleges	NNS
and	CC
schools	NNS
,	,
''	''
McGrath	NNP
notes	NNS
.	.
''	''
`	``
Creeping	VBG
vocationalism	NN
'	''
was	VBD
the	DT
phrase	NN
bandied	VBD
about	RB
in	IN
academic	JJ
circles	NNS
,	,
especially	RB
in	IN
the	DT
liberal	JJ
arts	NNS
,	,
''	''
McGrath	NNP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
Providing	VBG
support	NN
for	IN
student	NN
career	NN
planning	NN
was	VBD
perceived	VBN
by	IN
some	DT
in	IN
academe	NN
to	TO
be	VB
anti-intellectual	JJ
.	.
''	''
``	``
We	PRP
are	VBP
being	VBG
asked	VBD
much	RB
more	RBR
frequently	RB
than	IN
ever	RB
before	IN
to	TO
quantify	VB
the	DT
effect	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
efforts	NNS
and	CC
demonstrate	VB
our	PRP$
value-add	NN
,	,
''	''
McGrath	NNP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
Public-supported	JJ
institutions	NNS
have	VBP
more	JJR
external	JJ
accountability	NN
than	IN
private	JJ
institutions	NNS
,	,
but	CC
we	PRP
are	VBP
all	DT
under	IN
pressure	NN
to	TO
show	VB
that	IN
we	PRP
make	VBP
a	DT
positive	JJ
difference	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
justify	VB
the	DT
institutional	JJ
resources	NNS
we	PRP
use	VBP
.	.
''	''
To	TO
effectively	RB
provide	VB
this	DT
evidence	NN
,	,
practitioners	NNS
must	MD
articulate	VB
their	PRP$
mission	NN
much	RB
more	RBR
clearly	RB
,	,
collect	VB
and	CC
disseminate	VB
much	RB
more	RBR
data	NNS
on	IN
student	NN
outcomes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
develop	VB
ways	NNS
of	IN
measuring	VBG
not	RB
just	RB
student	NN
participation	NN
,	,
but	CC
indicators	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
benefits	NNS
they	PRP
accrue	VBP
from	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
,	,
McGrath	NNP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
The	DT
media	NNS
that	WDT
purport	VBP
to	TO
rank	VB
schools	NNS
and	CC
programs	NNS
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
legislators	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
taxpayers	NNS
who	WP
elected	VBD
them	PRP
,	,
accreditation	NN
organizations	NNS
,	,
prospective	JJ
students	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
parents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
many	JJ
other	JJ
important	JJ
stakeholder	NN
groups	NNS
will	MD
all	DT
continue	VB
to	TO
demand	VB
that	IN
we	PRP
quantify	VBP
the	DT
difference	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
can	MD
make	VB
in	IN
students	NNS
'	POS
success	NN
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
says	VBZ
.	.
A	DT
large	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
ensuring	VBG
success	NN
is	VBZ
providing	VBG
effective	JJ
coaching	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
an	DT
area	NN
that	WDT
McGrath	NNP
says	VBZ
has	VBZ
benefited	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
implementation	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
in	IN
the	DT
career	NN
exploration	NN
and	CC
job-search	JJ
processes	NNS
.	.
``	``
Among	IN
the	DT
many	JJ
ways	NNS
technology	NN
has	VBZ
helped	VBN
us	PRP
,	,
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
retrieve	VB
volumes	NNS
of	IN
information	NN
on	IN
careers	NNS
,	,
companies	NNS
,	,
job	NN
opportunities	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
via	IN
the	DT
web	NN
is	VBZ
probably	RB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
says	VBZ
.	.
McGrath	NNP
notes	VBZ
that	IN
one	CD
size	NN
certainly	RB
does	VBZ
not	RB
fit	VB
all	DT
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
the	DT
best	JJS
balance	NN
point	NN
for	IN
her	PRP$
at	IN
a	DT
business	NN
school	NN
in	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
institution	NN
with	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
60,000	CD
students	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
world	NN
apart	RB
from	IN
what	WP
would	MD
work	VB
most	RBS
effectively	RB
for	IN
a	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
professional	JJ
at	IN
a	DT
small	JJ
,	,
private	JJ
,	,
liberal	JJ
arts	NNS
school	NN
.	.
``	``
The	DT
high-tech\/high-touch	JJ
debate	NN
is	VBZ
then	RB
a	DT
question	NN
of	IN
resource	NN
allocation	NN
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
Making	VBG
decisions	NNS
on	IN
resources	NNS
requires	VBZ
that	IN
we	PRP
set	VBP
aside	RP
any	DT
personal	JJ
preferences	NNS
for	IN
tech	NN
or	CC
touch	NN
and	CC
determine	VB
how	WRB
we	PRP
can	MD
best	JJS
address	NN
the	DT
myriad	JJ
career	NN
development	NN
needs	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
students	NNS
.	.
Steele	NNP
made	VBD
it	PRP
his	PRP$
life	NN
work	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
for	IN
others	NNS
what	WP
he	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
have	VB
.	.
Steele	NNP
retired	VBD
in	IN
1982	CD
after	IN
a	DT
long	JJ
career	NN
that	WDT
included	VBD
work	NN
at	IN
Boston	NNP
College	NNP
,	,
Harvard	NNP
Business	NNP
School	NNP
,	,
and	CC
The	DT
Ohio	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
.	.
Even	RB
though	IN
college	NN
representatives	NNS
were	VBD
the	DT
primary	JJ
leaders	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
formation	NN
of	IN
nearly	RB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
placement	NN
associations	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
because	IN
of	IN
a	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
employer	NN
involvement	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
as	IN
Steele	NNP
points	VBZ
out	RP
,	,
the	DT
leaders	NNS
``	``
had	VBD
the	DT
support	NN
and	CC
cooperation	NN
of	IN
many	JJ
industrial	JJ
members	NNS
who	WP
worked	VBD
diligently	RB
behind	IN
the	DT
scenes	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
the	DT
educators	NNS
with	IN
their	PRP$
attempts	NNS
to	TO
organize	VB
a	DT
formal	JJ
structure	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
The	DT
IRS	NNP
took	VBD
the	DT
viewpoint	NN
that	IN
if	IN
an	DT
organization	NN
was	VBD
profitable	JJ
it	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
pay	VB
taxes	NNS
,	,
''	''
Steele	NNP
explains	VBZ
.	.
``	``
It	PRP
believed	VBD
that	IN
organizations	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
run	VBN
by	IN
college	NN
people	NNS
were	VBD
nonprofit	JJ
,	,
while	IN
those	DT
run	VBN
by	IN
business	NN
people	NNS
had	VBD
to	TO
pay	VB
taxes	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
income	NN
they	PRP
brought	VBD
in	RP
.	.
To	TO
avoid	VB
being	VBG
taxed	VBN
,	,
we	PRP
had	VBD
college	NN
people	NNS
in	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
governing	VBG
offices	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
placement	NN
field	NN
.	.
Slowly	RB
,	,
this	DT
view	NN
relaxed	VBN
and	CC
we	PRP
finally	RB
got	VBD
the	DT
IRS	NNP
off	IN
our	PRP$
back	NN
.	.
''	''
Employers	NNS
did	VBD
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
advising	VBG
then	RB
and	CC
,	,
``	``
because	IN
college	NN
people	NNS
had	VBD
small	JJ
budgets	NNS
,	,
the	DT
employers	NNS
were	VBD
very	RB
helpful	JJ
in	IN
paying	VBG
the	DT
expenses	NNS
of	IN
college	NN
people	NNS
traveling	VBG
to	TO
conferences	NNS
,	,
''	''
Steele	NNP
recalls	VBZ
.	.
``	``
Chances	NNS
are	VBP
if	IN
we	PRP
got	VBD
along	RP
with	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
,	,
an	DT
employer	NN
would	MD
lend	VB
a	DT
hand	NN
with	IN
transportation	NN
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
I	PRP
remember	VBP
being	VBG
at	IN
Ohio	NNP
State	NNP
and	CC
Ford	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Motor	NNP
Company	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
flew	VBD
planes	NNS
in	IN
to	TO
Columbus	NNP
to	TO
pick	VB
a	DT
group	NN
of	IN
us	PRP
up	RP
for	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
in	IN
Chicago	NNP
.	.
''	''
Talk	NN
of	IN
collaboration	NN
among	IN
the	DT
regions	NNS
gained	VBD
steam	NN
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
regional	JJ
associations	NNS
continued	VBD
to	TO
grow	VB
in	IN
both	DT
size	NN
and	CC
complexity	NN
,	,
it	PRP
became	VBD
obvious	JJ
that	IN
coordination	NN
and	CC
communication	NN
on	IN
a	DT
larger	JJR
scale	NN
would	MD
require	VB
the	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
.	.
That	DT
realization	NN
led	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
work	NN
to	TO
form	VB
CPC	NNP
.	.
One	CD
such	JJ
call	NN
came	VBD
during	IN
a	DT
meeting	NN
in	IN
the	DT
early	JJ
1960s	NNS
,	,
when	WRB
the	DT
director	NN
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
Employment	NNP
Services	NNPS
-LRB-	-LRB-
U.S.E.S.	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
``	``
admitted	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
objective	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
agency	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
take	VB
over	RP
the	DT
placement	NN
function	NN
of	IN
all	DT
colleges	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
''	''
Steele	NNP
explains	VBZ
.	.
``	``
The	DT
people	NNS
who	WP
attended	VBD
the	DT
meeting	NN
were	VBD
furious	JJ
.	.
''	''
The	DT
director	NN
went	VBD
as	RB
far	RB
as	IN
to	TO
tell	VB
placement	NN
personnel	NNS
attending	VBG
the	DT
meeting	NN
that	IN
he	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
their	PRP$
jobs	NNS
within	IN
five	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Needless	JJ
to	TO
say	VB
,	,
college	NN
placement	NN
officials	NNS
and	CC
employers	NNS
were	VBD
shocked	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
government	NN
's	POS
plans	NNS
.	.
CPC	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
regional	JJ
organizations	NNS
joined	VBD
together	RB
in	IN
the	DT
fight	NN
and	CC
according	VBG
to	TO
Steele	NNP
,	,
after	IN
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
hard	JJ
work	NN
,	,
successfully	RB
rebuffed	VBD
the	DT
U.S.E.S.	NNP
's	POS
attempts	NNS
to	TO
take	VB
over	RP
the	DT
placement	NN
of	IN
college	NN
students	NNS
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
still	RB
have	VBP
that	DT
ad	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
scrapbook	NN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Alan	NNP
Goodman	NNP
,	,
director	NN
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
at	IN
The	DT
Catholic	NNP
University	NNP
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
laugh	NN
every	DT
time	NN
I	PRP
read	VBP
it	PRP
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
remember	VB
if	IN
anyone	NN
took	VBD
the	DT
job	NN
or	CC
the	DT
outcome	NN
.	.
''	''
While	IN
the	DT
ethics	NNS
of	IN
using	VBG
poison	NN
to	TO
get	VB
a	DT
``	``
whiskered	JJ
pigeon	NN
''	''
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
woman	NN
's	POS
home	NN
are	VBP
debatable	JJ
,	,
the	DT
ethical	JJ
issues	NNS
career	NN
counselors	NNS
faced	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
ad	NN
was	VBD
posted	VBN
were	VBD
not	RB
.	.
Safeguarding	VBG
students	NNS
'	POS
privacy	NN
was	VBD
an	DT
issue	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
front	JJ
and	CC
center	NN
as	IN
the	DT
Family	NNP
Educational	NNP
Rights	NNPS
and	CC
Privacy	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FERPA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
was	VBD
passed	VBN
just	RB
eight	CD
years	NNS
earlier	RBR
.	.
``	``
The	DT
use	NN
of	IN
alcohol	NN
in	IN
recruiting	NN
was	VBD
also	RB
a	DT
big	JJ
issue	NN
,	,
''	''
adds	VBZ
Goodman	NNP
,	,
who	WP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
profession	NN
for	IN
31	CD
years	NNS
.	.
``	``
Employers	NNS
would	MD
serve	VB
alcoholic	JJ
beverages	NNS
at	IN
recruiting	VBG
events	NNS
and	CC
it	PRP
presented	VBD
some	DT
problems	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
ethical	JJ
standards	NNS
were	VBD
changed	VBN
,	,
career	NN
centers	NNS
had	VBD
a	DT
much	JJ
easier	JJR
way	NN
of	IN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
employers	NNS
who	WP
want	VBP
to	TO
do	VB
this	DT
by	IN
simply	RB
saying	VBG
`	``
Serving	VBG
alcohol	NN
is	VBZ
against	IN
our	PRP$
standards	NNS
.	.
'	''
''	''
Of	IN
course	NN
,	,
organizations	NNS
hiring	VBG
college	NN
students	NNS
face	VBP
myriad	JJ
ethical	JJ
challenges	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
Chief	NNP
among	IN
them	PRP
,	,
Goodman	NNP
says	VBZ
,	,
is	VBZ
recruiting	VBG
the	DT
best	JJS
and	CC
brightest	JJS
students	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
efficient	JJ
way	NN
possible	JJ
.	.
``	``
Career	NNP
centers	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
pick	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
best	JJS
and	CC
brightest	JJS
-RRB-	-RRB-
out	RP
for	IN
them	PRP
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
when	WRB
employers	NNS
give	VBP
money	NN
and	CC
support	NN
to	TO
a	DT
university	NN
,	,
there	EX
's	VBZ
no	DT
guarantee	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
'll	MD
get	VB
an	DT
advantage	NN
,	,
''	''
Goodman	NNP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
You	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
managers	NNS
who	WP
do	VBP
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
recruiting	NN
in	IN
a	DT
pinch	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
not	RB
trained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
ethical	JJ
standards	NNS
in	IN
our	PRP$
field	NN
,	,
''	''
Goodman	NNP
explains	VBZ
.	.
``	``
Some	DT
do	VBP
things	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
in	IN
line	NN
with	IN
our	PRP$
ethical	JJ
standards	NNS
.	.
''	''
``	``
Employers	NNS
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
to	TO
go	VB
through	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
to	TO
access	NN
students	NNS
,	,
''	''
Goodman	NNP
notes	NNS
.	.
``	``
Some	DT
will	MD
go	VB
to	TO
faculty	NN
members	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
resumes	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
top	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
role	NN
of	IN
faculty	NN
in	IN
all	DT
this	DT
has	VBZ
really	RB
grown	VBN
,	,
which	WDT
can	MD
present	VB
a	DT
conflict	NN
of	IN
interest	NN
if	IN
,	,
for	IN
instance	NN
,	,
the	DT
faculty	NN
members	NNS
receive	VBP
research	NN
funding	NN
from	IN
employers	NNS
.	.
''	''
``	``
Because	IN
,	,
assuming	VBG
you	PRP
are	VBP
reasonably	RB
competent	JJ
,	,
your	PRP$
standing	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
institution	NN
ultimately	RB
depends	VBZ
on	IN
your	PRP$
good	JJ
name	NN
,	,
''	''
Goodman	NNP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
If	IN
people	NNS
know	VBP
you	PRP
're	VBP
honest	JJ
,	,
that	IN
you	PRP
make	VBP
good	JJ
on	IN
your	PRP$
commitments	NNS
,	,
and	CC
you	PRP
intend	VBP
to	TO
do	VB
good	JJ
,	,
they	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
willing	JJ
to	TO
trust	NN
and	CC
work	NN
with	IN
you	PRP
.	.
A	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
things	NNS
we	PRP
do	VBP
are	VBP
voluntary	JJ
.	.
A	DT
faculty	NN
member	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
have	VB
to	TO
collaborate	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
.	.
An	DT
employer	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
have	VB
to	TO
provide	VB
support	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
reputation	NN
comes	VBZ
down	RP
to	TO
how	WRB
we	PRP
play	VBP
out	RP
our	PRP$
personal	JJ
ethics	NNS
.	.
''	''
When	WRB
Julie	NNP
Cunningham	NNP
was	VBD
in	IN
HR	NNP
at	IN
Tellabs	NNP
several	JJ
years	NNS
ago	RB
,	,
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
assignments	NNS
she	PRP
gave	VBD
a	DT
committee	NN
of	IN
the	DT
company	NN
's	POS
interns	NNS
was	VBD
to	TO
choose	VB
the	DT
social	JJ
event	NN
for	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
summer	NN
.	.
The	DT
committee	NN
had	VBD
a	DT
budget	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
members	NNS
chose	VBD
several	JJ
events	NNS
to	TO
consider	VB
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
responsibility	NN
of	IN
each	DT
individual	NN
to	TO
explore	VB
the	DT
feasibility	NN
of	IN
one	CD
event	NN
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
had	VBD
no	DT
idea	NN
the	DT
intern	NN
had	VBD
done	VBN
this	DT
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
recalls	VBZ
.	.
``	``
The	DT
assistant	NN
said	VBD
our	PRP$
CEO	NNP
did	VBD
n't	RB
have	VB
a	DT
yacht	NN
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
if	IN
he	PRP
did	VBD
,	,
she	PRP
was	VBD
sure	JJ
he	PRP
would	MD
n't	RB
lend	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
interns	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
party	NN
.	.
Although	IN
she	PRP
and	CC
I	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
good	JJ
chuckle	NN
about	IN
this	DT
,	,
I	PRP
asked	VBD
her	PRP
to	TO
erase	VB
the	DT
message	NN
before	IN
Mr.	NNP
Birck	NNP
listened	VBD
to	TO
it	PRP
,	,
which	WDT
she	PRP
did	VBD
.	.
''	''
``	``
One	CD
thing	NN
employers	NNS
are	VBP
facing	VBG
is	VBZ
a	DT
lot	NN
more	JJR
pressure	NN
for	IN
accountability	NN
than	IN
in	IN
the	DT
past	NN
,	,
''	''
Cunningham	NNP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
That	DT
usually	RB
translates	VBZ
into	IN
having	VBG
to	TO
demonstrate	VB
your	PRP$
value	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
organization	NN
as	IN
a	DT
non-revenue	JJ
generating	VBG
area	NN
,	,
come	VB
up	RP
with	IN
some	DT
metrics	NNS
,	,
and	CC
devise	VB
a	DT
strategy	NN
that	WDT
's	VBZ
in	IN
line	NN
with	IN
that	DT
of	IN
the	DT
business	NN
.	.
''	''
Another	DT
challenge	NN
for	IN
many	JJ
employers	NNS
,	,
Cunningham	NNP
says	VBZ
,	,
is	VBZ
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
being	VBG
asked	VBD
to	TO
focus	VB
their	PRP$
college	NN
recruiting	NN
programs	NNS
primarily	RB
on	IN
diversity	NN
recruiting	NN
instead	RB
of	IN
making	VBG
it	PRP
one	CD
part	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
college	NN
recruiting	VBG
program	NN
.	.
And	CC
,	,
of	IN
course	NN
,	,
``	``
There	EX
's	VBZ
always	RB
that	IN
shortage	NN
of	IN
resources	NNS
:	:
money	NN
,	,
people	NNS
,	,
time	NN
,	,
''	''
Cunningham	NNP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
Part	NN
of	IN
that	DT
challenge	NN
is	VBZ
trying	VBG
to	TO
get	VB
the	DT
job	NN
done	VBN
without	IN
the	DT
ideal	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
resources	NNS
.	.
This	DT
affects	VBZ
both	DT
employers	NNS
and	CC
career	NN
services	NNS
.	.
''	''
Therefore	RB
,	,
Cunningham	NNP
explains	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
real	JJ
challenge	NN
for	IN
career	NN
centers	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
not	RB
only	RB
identify	VB
appropriate	JJ
employers	NNS
,	,
but	CC
to	TO
find	VB
the	DT
time	NN
and	CC
resources	NNS
to	TO
go	VB
out	RP
and	CC
call	VB
on	IN
the	DT
employers	NNS
and	CC
convince	VB
them	PRP
that	IN
coming	VBG
to	TO
campus	NN
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
good	JJ
business	NN
move	NN
.	.
Still	RB
,	,
she	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
see	VB
drastic	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
way	NN
college	NN
recruiting	NN
programs	NNS
or	CC
career	NN
centers	NNS
will	MD
do	VB
business	NN
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
Experiential	JJ
education	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
she	PRP
says	VBZ
,	,
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
be	VB
important	JJ
and	CC
some	DT
employers	NNS
will	MD
begin	VB
placing	VBG
more	JJR
emphasis	NN
on	IN
advanced	JJ
degrees	NNS
,	,
but	CC
,	,
overall	RB
,	,
the	DT
bottom	JJ
line	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
comes	VBZ
down	RP
to	TO
individuals	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
connections	NNS
they	PRP
make	VBP
.	.
``	``
If	IN
you	PRP
look	VBP
at	IN
how	WRB
people	NNS
choose	VBP
careers	NNS
and	CC
jobs	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
personal	JJ
decision	NN
,	,
''	''
Cunningham	NNP
explains	VBZ
.	.
``	``
Regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
person	NN
's	POS
major	JJ
,	,
or	CC
if	IN
they	PRP
're	VBP
a	DT
minority	NN
or	CC
nonminority	NN
,	,
or	CC
female	NN
or	CC
male	NN
,	,
that	IN
job-seeker	NN
is	VBZ
trying	VBG
to	TO
choose	VB
an	DT
organization	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
're	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
live	VB
out	RP
their	PRP$
career	NN
dreams	VBZ
and	CC
interact	VB
with	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
people	NNS
day	NN
after	IN
day	NN
year	NN
after	IN
year	NN
.	.
To	TO
make	VB
a	DT
decision	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
comfortable	JJ
with	IN
,	,
they	PRP
must	MD
have	VB
the	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
contact	NN
that	IN
college	NN
recruiters	NNS
and	CC
career	NN
centers	NNS
facilitate	VBP
.	.
``	``
Although	IN
the	DT
tools	NNS
we	PRP
use	VBP
to	TO
recruit	VB
may	MD
change	VB
over	IN
time	NN
,	,
I	PRP
think	VBP
the	DT
big	JJ
picture	NN
is	VBZ
n't	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
change	VB
because	RB
,	,
when	WRB
you	PRP
think	VBP
about	IN
college	NN
recruiting	NN
and	CC
career	NN
services	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
all	DT
about	IN
facilitating	VBG
the	DT
relationships	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
at	IN
the	DT
very	RB
core	NN
of	IN
hiring	VBG
and	CC
career	NN
decision	NN
making	VBG
and	CC
hiring	VBG
.	.
''	''
``	``
Having	VBG
met	VBN
and	CC
worked	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
professionals	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
country	NN
's	POS
premier	JJR
organizations	NNS
gives	VBZ
me	PRP
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
pick	VB
up	RP
the	DT
phone	NN
or	CC
send	VB
an	DT
e-mail	NN
,	,
and	CC
voila	NN
,	,
the	DT
answer	NN
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
notes	VBZ
.	.
``	``
Where	WRB
else	RB
but	CC
NACE	NNP
can	MD
you	PRP
have	VB
folks	NNS
on	IN
both	DT
sides	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
equation	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
and	CC
eager	JJ
to	TO
share	VB
their	PRP$
knowledge	NN
?	.
''	''
Share	NN
your	PRP$
anecdotes	NNS
and	CC
experiences	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
or	CC
HR\/staffing	VBG
professional	JJ
,	,
discuss	VB
your	PRP$
views	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
field	NN
today	NN
,	,
and	CC
speculate	VB
on	IN
the	DT
future	NN
of	IN
careers	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
job	NN
market	NN
for	IN
college	NN
graduates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
roles	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
and	CC
your	PRP$
colleagues	NNS
will	MD
play	VB
.	.
Join	VB
your	PRP$
colleagues	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
Opening	NNP
Reception	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
Exhibit	NN
Hall	NNP
and	CC
mix	NN
business	NN
and	CC
pleasure	NN
!	.
Enjoy	VB
hors	NNS
d'oeuvres	NNS
and	CC
cocktails	NNS
as	IN
you	PRP
mix	VBP
,	,
mingle	VBP
,	,
and	CC
visit	VB
the	DT
exhibits	NNS
featuring	VBG
cutting-edge	JJ
products	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
field	NN
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
also	RB
have	VB
a	DT
chance	NN
to	TO
see	VB
the	DT
Silent	NNP
Auction	NNP
items	NNS
up	IN
for	IN
bid	NN
this	DT
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
intense	JJ
recruitment	NN
of	IN
college	NN
graduates	NNS
,	,
combined	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
explosion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
commercial	JJ
job	NN
search	NN
industry	NN
,	,
has	VBZ
provided	VBN
many	JJ
college	NN
career	NN
centers	NNS
and	CC
academic	JJ
departments	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
opportunity	NN
and	CC
expectation	NN
of	IN
exploiting	VBG
their	PRP$
relationship	NN
with	IN
the	DT
corporate	JJ
world	NN
for	IN
the	DT
purposes	NNS
of	IN
fund	NN
raising	NN
.	.
This	DT
has	VBZ
raised	VBN
the	DT
specter	NN
of	IN
preferential	JJ
treatment	NN
and	CC
the	DT
improper	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
student	NN
confidential	JJ
information	NN
provided	VBN
to	TO
selected	VBN
employers	NNS
and	CC
organizations	NNS
in	IN
return	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
financial	JJ
support	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
considerable	JJ
alarm	NN
in	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
community	NN
about	IN
the	DT
ethical	JJ
dilemma	NN
posed	VBN
by	IN
these	DT
concurrent	JJ
developments	NNS
.	.
Specifically	RB
,	,
NACE	NNP
has	VBZ
adopted	VBN
the	DT
following	VBG
position	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
acceptance	NN
and	CC
solicitation	NN
of	IN
funds	NNS
by	IN
career	NN
centers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
offering	NN
of	IN
assistance	NN
by	IN
employers	NNS
,	,
in	IN
exchange	NN
for	IN
service	NN
,	,
student	NN
access	NN
and	CC
employer	NN
prominence	NN
.	.
If	IN
employer	NN
funds	NNS
provide	VBP
greater	JJR
prominence	NN
to	TO
the	DT
names	NNS
and	CC
opportunities	NNS
of	IN
specific	JJ
organizations	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
industries	NNS
,	,
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
has	VBZ
an	DT
obligation	NN
to	TO
make	VB
every	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
students	NNS
not	RB
interested	JJ
in	IN
these	DT
specific	JJ
organizations	NNS
or	CC
industries	NNS
with	IN
contact	NN
and\/or	CC
information	NN
about	IN
alternate	JJ
employers	NNS
in	IN
keeping	VBG
with	IN
their	PRP$
needs	NNS
and	CC
interests	NNS
.	.
NACE	NNP
recognizes	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
pressures	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
institutional	JJ
needs	NNS
and	CC
hiring	VBG
needs	NNS
create	VB
a	DT
difficult	JJ
dilemma	NN
for	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
employment	NN
professionals	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
always	RB
easy	JJ
or	CC
clear	JJ
how	WRB
to	TO
adhere	VB
to	TO
these	DT
obligations	NNS
while	IN
meeting	VBG
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
one	CD
's	POS
organization	NN
.	.
The	DT
ethical	JJ
fundamentals	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
and	CC
strategies	NNS
presented	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
aforementioned	JJ
Winter	NNP
2001	CD
Journal	NNP
article	NN
are	VBP
ultimately	RB
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
firmly	RB
held	VBN
conviction	NN
that	IN
ethical	JJ
practice	NN
can	MD
and	CC
will	MD
result	VB
in	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
effective	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
wants	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
its	PRP$
members	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
simple	JJ
,	,
easy	JJ
to	TO
remember	VB
guideline	NN
to	TO
help	VB
members	NNS
navigate	VBP
ethical	JJ
considerations	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
campus	NN
recruiting	NN
.	.
In	IN
conclusion	NN
,	,
NACE	NNP
urges	VBZ
all	DT
its	PRP$
members	NNS
to	TO
focus	VB
on	IN
the	DT
values	NNS
upon	IN
which	WDT
this	DT
association	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
and	CC
act	NN
in	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
overall	JJ
best	JJS
interest	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
shared	VBN
client	NN
-	:
the	DT
student	NN
.	.
The	DT
NACE	NNP
Diversity	NNP
Advancement	NNP
Committee	NNP
has	VBZ
published	VBN
a	DT
short	JJ
brochure	NN
on	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
profession	NN
for	IN
anyone	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
interested	JJ
in	IN
exploring	VBG
this	DT
line	NN
of	IN
work	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
get	VB
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
booklet	NN
by	IN
clicking	VBG
here	RB
.	.
The	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
and	CC
technology	NN
is	VBZ
foremost	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
minds	NNS
of	IN
today	NN
's	POS
technological	JJ
society	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
charge	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
learn	VB
as	RB
much	JJ
as	IN
possible	JJ
about	IN
privacy	NN
policies	NNS
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
protect	VB
an	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
privacy	NN
online	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
goal	NN
for	IN
this	DT
white	JJ
paper	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
formulate	VB
``	``
how-tos	NNS
''	''
for	IN
preparing	VBG
a	DT
privacy	NN
policy	NN
for	IN
a	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
or	CC
employer	NN
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
We	PRP
quickly	RB
discovered	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
complexities	NNS
and	CC
legalities	NNS
surrounding	VBG
this	DT
topic	NN
would	MD
prevent	VB
us	PRP
from	IN
doing	VBG
so	RB
.	.
Our	PRP$
investigation	NN
into	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
was	VBD
greatly	RB
enhanced	VBN
by	IN
reviewing	VBG
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
research	NN
and	CC
writings	NNS
on	IN
privacy	NN
and	CC
the	DT
job	NN
search	NN
,	,
and	CC
speaking	VBG
with	IN
Pam	NNP
Dixon	NNP
,	,
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
founders	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
World	NNP
Privacy	NNP
Forum	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
journalist	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
written	VBN
on	IN
technology	NN
,	,
the	DT
workplace	NN
,	,
and	CC
privacy	NN
.	.
Privacy	NN
of	IN
an	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
personal	JJ
information	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
important	JJ
and	CC
widely	RB
discussed	VBN
technological	JJ
issue	NN
facing	VBG
society	NN
today	NN
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
rampant	JJ
development	NN
and	CC
use	NN
of	IN
various	JJ
sources	NNS
of	IN
technology	NN
,	,
security	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
personal	JJ
data	NN
is	VBZ
more	RBR
important	JJ
than	IN
ever	RB
.	.
However	RB
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
these	DT
advances	NNS
has	VBZ
come	VBN
the	DT
potential	NN
for	IN
misuse	NN
of	IN
the	DT
personal	JJ
data	NNS
collected	VBN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
technology	NN
users	NNS
have	VBP
become	VBN
increasingly	RB
interested	JJ
in	IN
protecting	VBG
their	PRP$
privacy	NN
online	NN
.	.
This	DT
has	VBZ
caused	VBN
many	JJ
individuals	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
reluctant	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
identifying	VBG
information	NN
when	WRB
using	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
This	DT
means	VBZ
,	,
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
attract	VB
,	,
serve	VB
,	,
and	CC
protect	VB
users	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
very	RB
important	JJ
that	IN
web	NN
sites	NNS
that	WDT
gather	VBP
identifiable	JJ
information	NN
clearly	RB
spell	VBP
out	RP
how	WRB
personal	JJ
information	NN
will	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
and	CC
what	WP
steps	NNS
web	NN
site	NN
owners	NNS
have	VBP
taken	VBN
to	TO
protect	VB
it	PRP
.	.
The	DT
document	NN
that	WDT
spells	NNS
out	IN
how	WRB
this	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
is	VBZ
called	VBN
an	DT
organization	NN
's	POS
``	``
privacy	NN
policy	NN
.	.
''	''
All	DT
web	NN
sites	NNS
gathering	VBG
personal	JJ
information	NN
have	VBP
a	DT
responsibility	NN
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
many	JJ
cases	NNS
,	,
a	DT
legal	JJ
requirement	NN
,	,
to	TO
develop	VB
one	CD
.	.
Privacy	NN
policies	NNS
are	VBP
unique	JJ
to	TO
each	DT
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
Since	IN
privacy	NN
policies	NNS
are	VBP
based	VBN
on	IN
each	DT
organization	NN
's	POS
individual	JJ
practices	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
collection	NN
,	,
use	NN
,	,
and	CC
sharing	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
information	NN
,	,
one	CD
can	MD
not	RB
take	VB
the	DT
cookie-cutter	JJ
or	CC
cut-and-paste	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
developing	VBG
a	DT
privacy	NN
policy	NN
for	IN
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
Within	IN
a	DT
given	VBN
organization	NN
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
necessary	JJ
for	IN
various	JJ
departments	NNS
to	TO
have	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
privacy	NN
policies	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
familiar	JJ
with	IN
privacy	NN
policies	NNS
,	,
a	DT
good	JJ
starting	VBG
place	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
look	VB
at	IN
privacy	NN
statements	NNS
posted	VBN
by	IN
organizations	NNS
similar	JJ
to	TO
your	PRP$
own	JJ
.	.
From	IN
these	DT
statements	NNS
you	PRP
can	MD
gather	VB
ideas	NNS
about	IN
key	JJ
elements	NNS
to	TO
consider	VB
including	VBG
in	IN
your	PRP$
policy	NN
.	.
Professional	NNP
organizations	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
your	PRP$
business	NN
may	MD
also	RB
provide	VB
information	NN
regarding	VBG
best	JJS
practices	NNS
for	IN
creating	VBG
and	CC
maintaining	VBG
a	DT
privacy	NN
policy	NN
.	.
Knowing	VBG
what	WP
the	DT
privacy	NN
standards	NNS
are	VBP
for	IN
your	PRP$
business	NN
is	VBZ
important	JJ
and	CC
may	MD
save	VB
you	PRP
from	IN
having	VBG
to	TO
make	VB
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
your	PRP$
research	NN
and	CC
organization	NN
's	POS
needs	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
might	MD
consider	VB
developing	VBG
a	DT
vision	NN
for	IN
what	WP
you	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
your	PRP$
policy	NN
statement	NN
to	TO
be	VB
.	.
With	IN
this	DT
vision	NN
in	IN
mind	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
organization	NN
's	POS
practices	NNS
and	CC
policies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
resources	NNS
you	PRP
have	VBP
accumulated	VBN
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
ready	JJ
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
draft	NN
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
encourage	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
try	VB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
privacy	NN
policy	NN
generators	NNS
available	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
These	DT
generators	NNS
ask	VBP
leading	VBG
questions	NNS
about	IN
your	PRP$
Internet	NNP
web	NN
site	NN
that	WDT
address	VBP
specific	JJ
privacy	NN
policy	NN
elements	NNS
.	.
Your	PRP$
answers	NNS
are	VBP
tabulated	VBN
and	CC
a	DT
privacy	NN
policy	NN
draft	NN
is	VBZ
created	VBN
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
The	DT
draft	NN
can	MD
be	VB
edited	VBN
to	TO
fit	VB
your	PRP$
needs	NNS
and	CC
business	NN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
major	JJ
benefits	NNS
of	IN
using	VBG
a	DT
generator	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
addresses	VBZ
operational	JJ
issues	NNS
you	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
have	VB
thought	VBN
about	RB
.	.
One	CD
area	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
often	RB
overlooked	VBN
in	IN
privacy	NN
policies	NNS
is	VBZ
spelling	VBG
out	RP
how	WRB
you	PRP
collect	VBP
data	NNS
from	IN
your	PRP$
users	NNS
.	.
Be	VB
sure	JJ
to	TO
include	VB
what	WP
data	NNS
collection	NN
features	NNS
you	PRP
are	VBP
using	VBG
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
use	VBP
cookies	NNS
,	,
state	NN
this	DT
and	CC
clearly	RB
describe	VBP
how	WRB
cookies	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
used	VBN
,	,
what	WP
information	NN
you	PRP
are	VBP
capturing	VBG
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
.	.
We	PRP
recommend	VBP
you	PRP
include	VBP
an	DT
opt-in\/opt-out	JJ
opportunity	NN
if	IN
you	PRP
distribute	VBP
personally	RB
identifiable	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
third	JJ
parties	NNS
and\/or	CC
use	VBP
it	PRP
for	IN
a	DT
purpose	NN
unrelated	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
stated	VBN
reason	NN
it	PRP
was	VBD
collected	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
best	RB
to	TO
involve	VB
senior	JJ
management	NN
and	CC
staff\/employees	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
key	JJ
operational	JJ
functions	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
privacy	NN
policy	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
wise	JJ
to	TO
consider	VB
your	PRP$
organization	NN
's	POS
long-term	JJ
business	NN
plan	NN
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
allow	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
draft	VB
your	PRP$
policy	NN
to	TO
cover	VB
changes	NNS
in	IN
procedures	NNS
you	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
implementing	VBG
and	CC
avoid	VB
jeopardizing	VBG
users	NNS
'	POS
trust	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
remember	VBP
that	IN
your	PRP$
privacy	NN
policy	NN
must	MD
be	VB
kept	VBN
current	JJ
with	IN
technological	JJ
advances	NNS
and	CC
changes	NNS
in	IN
practices	NNS
your	PRP$
organization	NN
implements	VBZ
after	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
written	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
mark	VB
the	DT
text	NN
so	IN
these	DT
changes	NNS
are	VBP
easily	RB
recognized	VBN
.	.
Remember	VB
,	,
to	TO
maintain	VB
your	PRP$
users	NNS
'	POS
confidence	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
policy	NN
,	,
you	PRP
should	MD
change	VB
it	PRP
only	RB
when	WRB
absolutely	RB
necessary	JJ
.	.
Prior	RB
to	TO
releasing	VBG
your	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
privacy	NN
policy	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
your	PRP$
management	NN
and	CC
legal	JJ
counsel	NN
review	NN
it	PRP
.	.
We	PRP
advise	VBP
your	PRP$
privacy	NN
policy	NN
be	VB
posted	VBN
on	IN
your	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
's	POS
main	JJ
menu	NN
and\/or	CC
navigation	NN
bar	NN
so	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
available	JJ
to	TO
users	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
collection	NN
of	IN
personally	RB
identifiable	JJ
information	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
you	PRP
should	MD
include	VB
a	DT
link	NN
to	TO
the	DT
policy	NN
in	IN
multiple	JJ
locations	NNS
and	CC
provide	VB
links	NNS
to	TO
your	PRP$
privacy	NN
policy	NN
from	IN
any	DT
page	NN
where	WRB
users	NNS
enter	VBP
personal	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Just	RB
as	RB
important	JJ
as	IN
your	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
having	VBG
a	DT
privacy	NN
policy	NN
is	VBZ
how	WRB
your	PRP$
organization	NN
implements	VBZ
and	CC
staff	NN
adhere	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
policy	NN
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
wish	VB
to	TO
develop	VB
an	DT
implementation	NN
strategy	NN
to	TO
teach	VB
and	CC
inform	VB
all	DT
staff	NN
when	WRB
the	DT
new	JJ
policy	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
place	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
crucial	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
the	DT
organization	NN
's	POS
procedures	NNS
and	CC
employees	NNS
are	VBP
compliant	JJ
with	IN
your	PRP$
policy	NN
.	.
This	DT
means	VBZ
educating\/training	VBG
staff	NN
regarding	VBG
all	DT
aspects	NNS
of	IN
practices	NNS
described	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
and	CC
keeping	VBG
them	PRP
informed	VBN
as	IN
changes	NNS
are	VBP
made	VBN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
are	VBP
consistently	RB
encouraging	JJ
students	NNS
and	CC
alumni	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
online	JJ
data	NNS
bases	NNS
and	CC
partnering	VBG
with	IN
vendors	NNS
to	TO
``	``
push	VB
''	''
opportunities	NNS
and	CC
content	JJ
electronically	RB
to	TO
interested	JJ
clients	NNS
.	.
For	IN
most	JJS
career	NN
centers	NNS
,	,
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
is	VBZ
just	RB
as	RB
important	JJ
or	CC
even	RB
more	RBR
important	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
front	JJ
door	NN
to	TO
the	DT
physical	JJ
office	NN
.	.
This	DT
shift	NN
continues	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
driven	VBN
by	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
alumni	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
accustomed	VBN
to	TO
having	VBG
what	WP
they	PRP
need	VBP
available	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
when	WRB
they	PRP
need	VBP
it	PRP
.	.
As	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
centers	VBZ
rush	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
web	NN
content	NN
and	CC
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
students	NNS
become	VBP
more	RBR
reliant	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
students	NNS
have	VBP
neglected	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
attention	NN
to	TO
protecting	VBG
their	PRP$
privacy	NN
online	NN
.	.
As	IN
career	NN
centers	NNS
are	VBP
charged	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
education	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
job-search	JJ
process	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
that	IN
career	NN
centers	NNS
incorporate	VBP
online	JJ
privacy	NN
protection	NN
as	IN
an	DT
integral	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
teaching	VBG
the	DT
job-search	JJ
process	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
students	NNS
and	CC
alumni	NNS
have	VBP
become	VBN
so	RB
accustomed	JJ
to	TO
providing	VBG
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
unaware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
risks	NNS
they	PRP
take	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
looking	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
job	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
that	IN
career	NN
centers	NNS
provide	VBP
information	NN
on	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
risks	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
an	DT
online	JJ
job	NN
search	NN
.	.
Spam	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
junk	NN
e-mail	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
:	:
While	IN
junk	NN
e-mail	NN
may	MD
seem	VB
like	IN
more	JJR
of	IN
an	DT
inconvenience	NN
than	IN
a	DT
risk	NN
,	,
an	DT
e-mail	NN
box	NN
full	JJ
of	IN
spam	NN
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
difficult	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
job	NN
seeker	NN
to	TO
maintain	VB
effective	JJ
communication	NN
with	IN
potential	JJ
employers	NNS
.	.
New	NNP
legislation	NN
and	CC
software	NN
products	NNS
have	VBP
begun	VBN
to	TO
address	VB
this	DT
problem	NN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
simple	JJ
measures	NNS
taken	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
job	NN
seeker	NN
are	VBP
much	RB
more	RBR
effective	JJ
in	IN
fighting	VBG
spam	NN
.	.
Carefully	RB
reading	NN
and	CC
completing	VBG
registration	NN
forms	NNS
on	IN
job-search	JJ
sites	NNS
will	MD
also	RB
cut	VB
down	RP
on	IN
spam	NN
.	.
On	IN
most	JJS
sites	NNS
,	,
the	DT
registrant	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
option	NN
of	IN
asking	VBG
to	TO
not	RB
receive	VB
offers	NNS
and	CC
mailings	NNS
from	IN
``	``
partners	NNS
''	''
of	IN
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
The	DT
default	NN
for	IN
this	DT
option	NN
is	VBZ
usually	RB
in	IN
favor	NN
of	IN
receiving	VBG
these	DT
offers	NNS
;	:
opting	VBG
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
offers	NNS
is	VBZ
typically	RB
as	RB
simple	JJ
as	IN
unchecking	VBG
a	DT
box	NN
.	.
If	IN
this	DT
option	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
provided	VBN
,	,
a	DT
job	NN
seeker	NN
should	MD
think	VB
twice	RB
about	IN
giving	VBG
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
a	DT
personal	JJ
e-mail	NN
address	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
job	NN
seeker	NN
should	MD
provide	VB
detailed	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
job	NN
that	IN
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
seeking	VBG
and	CC
the	DT
experience	NN
the	DT
job	NN
seeker	NN
can	MD
offer	VB
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
allow	VB
the	DT
site	NN
to	TO
properly	RB
target	VB
and	CC
send	VB
``	``
job-alert	NN
''	''
messages	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
these	DT
precautions	NNS
,	,
job	NN
seekers	NNS
should	MD
use	VB
some	DT
type	NN
of	IN
spam-blocking	JJ
technology	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
Internet	NNP
service	NN
providers	NNS
and	CC
companies	NNS
providing	VBG
free	JJ
e-mail	NN
accounts	NNS
have	VBP
built-in	JJ
spam	NN
blocking	VBG
.	.
The	DT
worst	JJS
part	NN
about	IN
identity	NN
theft	NN
in	IN
relation	NN
to	TO
new	JJ
graduates	NNS
is	VBZ
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
take	VB
them	PRP
a	DT
long	JJ
time	NN
to	TO
realize	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
victimized	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
only	RB
when	WRB
an	DT
application	NN
for	IN
credit	NN
or	CC
a	DT
job	NN
is	VBZ
denied	VBN
due	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
bad	JJ
credit	NN
history	NN
that	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
graduate	NN
will	MD
realize	VB
the	DT
extent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
people	NNS
who	WP
shred	NN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
credit	NN
card	NN
offers	VBZ
they	PRP
receive	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
mail	NN
might	MD
not	RB
think	VB
twice	RB
about	IN
entering	VBG
their	PRP$
Social	NNP
Security	NNP
number	NN
when	WRB
registering	VBG
on	IN
a	DT
job-search	JJ
site	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
they	PRP
should	MD
n't	RB
.	.
An	DT
employer	NN
should	MD
only	RB
require	VB
a	DT
Social	NNP
Security	NNP
number	NN
pre-hire	NN
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
absolutely	RB
necessary	JJ
.	.
The	DT
job	NN
seeker	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
ask	VB
if	IN
and	CC
why	WRB
the	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
.	.
Resume	VB
shopping	NN
:	:
Many	JJ
job-web	JJ
sites	NNS
allow	VBP
anyone	NN
who	WP
can	MD
pay	VB
a	DT
fee	NN
to	TO
search	VB
the	DT
resumes	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
site	NN
.	.
Some	DT
less	JJR
than	IN
ethical	JJ
commission-based	JJ
recruiters	NNS
shop	VBP
these	DT
web	NN
sites	NNS
for	IN
candidates	NNS
to	TO
pitch	VB
to	TO
employers	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
makes	VBZ
the	DT
resumes	NNS
of	IN
job	NN
seekers	NNS
less	RBR
credible	JJ
to	TO
employers	NNS
.	.
If	IN
job	NN
seekers	NNS
know	VBP
what	WP
to	TO
look	VB
out	RP
for	IN
,	,
they	PRP
can	MD
learn	VB
safer	JJR
resume-posting	JJ
habits	NNS
that	WDT
get	VBP
their	PRP$
resumes	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
employers	NNS
that	WDT
interest	VBP
them	PRP
or	CC
to	TO
ethical	JJ
third-party	JJ
recruiters	NNS
that	WDT
work	VBP
in	IN
their	PRP$
best	JJS
interests	NNS
.	.
Perceived	VBN
disloyalty	NN
:	:
Currently	NNP
employed	VBN
individuals	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
looking	VBG
for	IN
work	NN
may	MD
be	VB
labeled	VBN
as	IN
disloyal	JJ
employees	NNS
and	CC
miss	VBP
opportunities	NNS
at	IN
their	PRP$
current	JJ
workplaces	NNS
if	IN
their	PRP$
employers	NNS
find	VBP
their	PRP$
resumes	NNS
online	VBP
or	CC
intercept	VBP
job-search	NN
related	VBN
e-mail	NN
sent	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
office	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
on-campus	JJ
job-search	JJ
experts	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
right	JJ
place	NN
to	TO
teach	VB
the	DT
skills	NNS
necessary	JJ
to	TO
fight	VB
these	DT
risks	NNS
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
career	NN
professionals	NNS
were	VBD
teaching	VBG
privacy	NN
long	RB
before	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
appeared	VBD
.	.
Most	JJS
,	,
if	IN
not	RB
all	DT
,	,
resume	VB
workshops	NNS
have	VBP
covered	VBN
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
limit	VB
the	DT
personal	JJ
information	NN
provided	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
resume	VB
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
served	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
physical	JJ
intermediary	NN
between	IN
employers	NNS
and	CC
job	NN
seekers	NNS
,	,
the	DT
career	NN
professionals	NNS
took	VBD
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
responsibility	NN
for	IN
protecting	VBG
the	DT
privacy	NN
of	IN
job	NN
seekers	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
staffs	NNS
have	VBP
some	DT
methods	NNS
of	IN
ensuring	VBG
that	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
only	RB
released	VBN
to	TO
employers	NNS
who	WP
may	MD
interest	VB
the	DT
job	NN
seeker	NN
and	CC
protecting	VBG
an	DT
employed	VBN
job	NN
seeker	NN
from	IN
having	VBG
information	NN
sent	VBN
to	TO
their	PRP$
present	JJ
employer	NN
.	.
Limiting	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
personal	JJ
information	NN
is	VBZ
still	RB
the	DT
best	JJS
way	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
an	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
privacy	NN
.	.
Job	NNP
seekers	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
full	JJ
control	NN
of	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
information	NN
they	PRP
share	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
job	NN
search	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
professionals	NNS
should	MD
remind	VB
job	NN
seekers	NNS
at	IN
every	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
think	VB
twice	RB
before	IN
they	PRP
provide	VBP
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
.	.
Encourage	VB
job	NN
seekers	NNS
to	TO
ask	VB
job-search	JJ
web	NN
sites	NNS
questions	NNS
about	IN
what	WP
requested	VBN
information	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
for	IN
and	CC
why	WRB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
important	JJ
that	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
encourage	VBP
job	NN
seekers	NNS
to	TO
notify	VB
them	PRP
of	IN
any	DT
information	NN
request	NN
that	WDT
sounds	VBZ
out	IN
of	IN
line	NN
.	.
This	DT
allows	VBZ
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
to	TO
verify	VB
the	DT
requests	NNS
with	IN
an	DT
employer	NN
or	CC
to	TO
remove	VB
offending	VBG
links	NNS
from	IN
their	PRP$
career	NN
center	NN
web	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
The	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
section	NN
of	IN
a	DT
job	NN
listing	NN
web	NN
site	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
privacy	NN
policy	NN
.	.
Job	NNP
seekers	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
reminded	VBN
to	TO
read	VB
each	DT
site	NN
's	POS
privacy	NN
policy	NN
carefully	RB
and	CC
to	TO
move	VB
on	IN
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
comprehensive	JJ
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
organizations	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
including	VBG
BBBonline	NNP
and	CC
TRUSTe	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
provide	VBP
``	``
privacy	NN
seals	NNS
''	''
to	TO
web	NN
sites	NNS
with	IN
policies	NNS
that	WDT
meet	VBP
specific	JJ
criteria	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
a	DT
solid	JJ
privacy	NN
policy	NN
,	,
a	DT
job	NN
listing	NN
site	NN
should	MD
include	VB
an	DT
instant	NN
means	VBZ
to	TO
``	``
opt	VB
out	RP
''	''
of	IN
any	DT
direct	JJ
or	CC
indirect	JJ
contact	NN
from	IN
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
owner	NN
or	CC
from	IN
web	NN
site	NN
partners	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
registration	NN
.	.
The	DT
ease	NN
of	IN
including	VBG
this	DT
option	NN
gives	VBZ
legitimate	JJ
job-listing	JJ
sites	NNS
no	DT
excuse	NN
for	IN
requiring	VBG
job	NN
seekers	NNS
to	TO
call	VB
or	CC
write	VB
a	DT
letter	NN
to	TO
get	VB
off	RP
mailing	NN
lists	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
this	DT
option	NN
is	VBZ
of	IN
no	DT
consequence	NN
if	IN
job	NN
seekers	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
take	VB
advantage	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
.	.
Career	NNP
professionals	NNS
should	MD
remind	VB
job	NN
seekers	NNS
to	TO
check	VB
privacy	NN
and	CC
``	``
opt-out	JJ
''	''
policies	NNS
often	RB
as	IN
these	DT
policies	NNS
are	VBP
often	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
change	VB
without	IN
notice	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
important	JJ
to	TO
remind	VB
job	NN
seekers	NNS
to	TO
post	VB
their	PRP$
resumes	NNS
only	RB
on	IN
the	DT
sites	NNS
they	PRP
find	VBP
valuable	JJ
.	.
``	``
More	JJR
''	''
is	VBZ
definitely	RB
not	RB
``	``
better	JJR
''	''
when	WRB
posting	VBG
resumes	NNS
online	NN
.	.
Job	NNP
seekers	NNS
should	MD
keep	VB
track	NN
of	IN
where	WRB
they	PRP
have	VBP
posted	VBN
their	PRP$
resumes	NNS
,	,
allowing	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
know	VB
where	WRB
any	DT
unwanted	JJ
solicitations	NNS
may	MD
originate	VB
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
keeping	VBG
track	NN
of	IN
where	WRB
their	PRP$
resumes	NNS
are	VBP
posted	VBN
will	MD
allow	VB
job	NN
seekers	NNS
to	TO
remove	VB
their	PRP$
resumes	NNS
when	WRB
they	PRP
have	VBP
secured	VBN
positions	NNS
.	.
Job	NNP
seekers	NNS
should	MD
also	RB
be	VB
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
limit	VB
access	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
resume	VB
when	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
an	DT
option	NN
.	.
This	DT
affirms	VBZ
their	PRP$
control	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
information	NN
.	.
Provide	VB
constant	JJ
reminders	NNS
:	:
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
things	NNS
career	NN
professionals	NNS
can	MD
do	VB
is	VBZ
to	TO
remind	VB
job	NN
seekers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
protecting	VBG
their	PRP$
privacy	NN
.	.
Simply	RB
including	VBG
the	DT
information	NN
above	IN
in	IN
your	PRP$
job-search	JJ
materials	NNS
and	CC
presentations	NNS
and\/or	CC
adding	VBG
a	DT
section	NN
on	IN
privacy	NN
in	IN
the	DT
job	NN
search	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
will	MD
make	VB
a	DT
difference	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
suggest	VB
that	IN
a	DT
job	NN
seeker	NN
think	VB
twice	RB
before	IN
registering	VBG
,	,
do	VBP
n't	RB
link	VB
to	TO
the	DT
site	NN
.	.
Check	VB
web-site	JJ
policies	NNS
annually	RB
for	IN
changes	NNS
and	CC
do	VBP
n't	RB
be	VB
afraid	JJ
to	TO
let	VB
a	DT
vendor	NN
know	VBP
why	WRB
you	PRP
think	VBP
an	DT
organization	NN
's	POS
policy	NN
is	VBZ
suspect	JJ
.	.
The	DT
following	JJ
resources	NNS
were	VBD
mentioned	VBN
repeatedly	RB
while	IN
researching	VBG
the	DT
topic	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
policies	NNS
.	.
These	DT
will	MD
be	VB
of	IN
value	NN
when	WRB
creating	VBG
your	PRP$
privacy	NN
policy	NN
,	,
keeping	VBG
abreast	RB
of	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
,	,
and	CC
preparing	VBG
to	TO
educate	VB
students	NNS
about	IN
privacy	NN
.	.
Organization	NNP
for	IN
Economic	NNP
Cooperation	NNP
and	CC
Development	NNP
The	NNP
OECD	NNP
describes	VBZ
themselves	PRP
as	IN
:	:
``	``
30-member	JJ
countries	NNS
sharing	VBG
a	DT
commitment	NN
to	TO
democratic	JJ
government	NN
and	CC
the	DT
market	NN
economy	NN
.	.
With	IN
active	JJ
relationships	NNS
with	IN
some	DT
70	CD
other	JJ
countries	NNS
,	,
NGOs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
civil	JJ
society	NN
,	,
it	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
global	JJ
reach	NN
.	.
Best	JJS
known	VBN
for	IN
its	PRP$
publications	NNS
and	CC
its	PRP$
statistics	NNS
,	,
the	DT
orgainzation	NN
's	POS
work	NN
covers	VBZ
economic	JJ
and	CC
social	JJ
issues	NNS
from	IN
education	NN
,	,
development	NN
to	TO
science	NN
and	CC
innovation	NN
.	.
This	DT
group	NN
developed	VBD
the	DT
OECD	NNP
Privacy	NNP
Policy	NNP
Generator	NNP
which	WDT
uses	VBZ
a	DT
questionnaire	NN
to	TO
learn	VB
about	IN
your	PRP$
personal	JJ
data	NNS
practices	NNS
.	.
Answers	NNS
are	VBP
then	RB
fed	VBN
into	IN
a	DT
pre-formatted	JJ
draft	NN
policy	NN
statement	NN
.	.
''	''
Forum	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
nonprofit	JJ
,	,
nonpartisan	JJ
organization	NN
that	WDT
conducts	VBZ
research	NN
,	,
investigates	VBZ
,	,
and	CC
documents	NNS
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
privacy	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Information	NNP
Age	NNP
and	CC
explores	VBZ
the	DT
privacy	NN
implications	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
range	NN
of	IN
technologies	NNS
and	CC
policies	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
educating	VBG
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
policymakers	NNS
about	IN
these	DT
issues	NNS
.	.
''	''
Our	PRP$
investigation	NN
into	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
policies	NNS
was	VBD
greatly	RB
enhanced	VBN
by	IN
speaking	VBG
with	IN
Pam	NNP
Dixon	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
WPF	NNP
's	POS
founders	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
reviewing	VBG
her	PRP$
research	NN
and	CC
writings	NNS
on	IN
privacy	NN
and	CC
the	DT
job	NN
search	NN
.	.
Dixon	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
author	NN
and	CC
journalist	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
written	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
subjects	NNS
including	VBG
technology	NN
,	,
the	DT
workplace	NN
,	,
and	CC
privacy	NN
.	.
Privacy	NN
Benchmarks	NNS
.	.
This	DT
report	NN
addresses	NNS
privacy	NN
issues	NNS
in	IN
today	NN
's	POS
job	NN
search	NN
.	.
It	PRP
provides	VBZ
a	DT
look	NN
at	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
happening	VBG
to	TO
applicants	NNS
'	POS
job-search	JJ
data	NNS
and	CC
resumes	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
evaluates	VBZ
leading	VBG
online	JJ
job-search	JJ
sites	NNS
,	,
resume	VB
writing	VBG
services	NNS
,	,
employment	NN
kiosks	NNS
,	,
resume	VB
data	NNS
bases	NNS
,	,
Internet	NNP
profiling	VBG
data	NNS
bases	NNS
,	,
and	CC
resume	VB
distribution	NN
services	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
includes	VBZ
discussion	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
issues	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
use	NN
of	IN
Social	NNP
Security	NNP
numbers	NNS
at	IN
job	NN
sites	NNS
;	:
resume	VB
sharing	VBG
and	CC
cross-posting	VBG
issues	NNS
;	:
use	NN
of	IN
third-party	JJ
cookies	NNS
at	IN
job\/career	NN
sites	NNS
;	:
resume	VB
selling	VBG
and	CC
theft	NN
;	:
frequency	NN
and	CC
quality	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
notices	NNS
;	:
and	CC
trust	NN
and	CC
seal	NN
programs	NNS
on	IN
job	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Center	NNP
for	IN
Democracy	NNP
and	CC
Technology	NNP
says	VBZ
it	PRP
``	``
works	VBZ
to	TO
promote	VB
democratic	JJ
values	NNS
and	CC
constitutional	JJ
liberties	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
digital	JJ
age	NN
.	.
With	IN
expertise	NN
in	IN
law	NN
,	,
technology	NN
,	,
and	CC
policy	NN
,	,
CDT	NNP
seeks	VBZ
practical	JJ
solutions	NNS
to	TO
enhance	VB
free	JJ
expression	NN
and	CC
privacy	NN
in	IN
global	JJ
communications	NNS
technologies	NNS
.	.
CDT	NNP
is	VBZ
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
building	VBG
consensus	NN
among	IN
all	DT
parties	NNS
interested	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
other	JJ
new	JJ
communications	NNS
media	NNS
.	.
''	''
The	DT
following	JJ
organizations	NNS
provide	VBP
privacy	NN
seals	NNS
for	IN
web	NN
sites	NNS
to	TO
indicate	VB
that	DT
privacy	NN
standards	NNS
have	VBP
met	VBN
their	PRP$
criteria	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
might	MD
be	VB
helpful	JJ
to	TO
look	VB
at	IN
the	DT
guidelines	NNS
set	VBN
by	IN
these	DT
sites	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
write	VB
your	PRP$
policy	NN
.	.
BBB	NNP
OnLine	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
arm	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
of	IN
Better	NNP
Business	NNP
Bureaus	NNP
that	WDT
specifically	RB
deals	VBZ
with	IN
web	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
Their	PRP$
Privacy	NN
Seal	NNP
confirms	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
company	NN
stands	VBZ
behind	IN
its	PRP$
online	JJ
privacy	NN
policy	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
met	VBN
the	DT
BBB	NNP
's	POS
program	NN
requirements	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
handling	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Federal	NNP
,	,
state	NN
,	,
and	CC
regional	JJ
legislation	NN
must	MD
be	VB
adhered	VBN
to	TO
when	WRB
creating	VBG
a	DT
privacy	NN
policy	NN
.	.
Below	IN
you	PRP
will	MD
find	VB
government	NN
resources	NNS
that	WDT
include	VBP
relevant	JJ
legislation	NN
regarding	VBG
privacy	NN
and	CC
privacy	NN
policies	NNS
or	CC
the	DT
disclosing	VBG
of	IN
student	NN
information	NN
by	IN
schools	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
urge	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
check	VB
with	IN
your	PRP$
organization	NN
's	POS
legal	JJ
counsel	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
creating	VBG
and	CC
posting	VBG
your	PRP$
privacy	NN
policy	NN
.	.
The	DT
Native	JJ
American	JJ
Achievement	NNP
Program	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
retention	NN
program	NN
for	IN
Native	JJ
students	NNS
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
a	DT
collaborative	JJ
partnership	NN
among	IN
several	JJ
academic	JJ
and	CC
student	NN
affairs	NNS
departments	NNS
at	IN
Arizona	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
East	NNP
,	,
Main	NNP
,	,
and	CC
West	NNP
campuses	NNS
.	.
The	DT
tribes	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
require	VBP
their	PRP$
students	NNS
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
NAAP	NNP
,	,
provide	VBP
financial	JJ
aid	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
responsible	JJ
for	IN
determining	VBG
eligibility	NN
criteria	NNS
for	IN
tribal	JJ
scholarships	NNS
,	,
selecting	VBG
the	DT
students	NNS
who	WP
receive	VBP
the	DT
scholarships	NNS
,	,
and	CC
setting	VBG
the	DT
scholarship	NN
award	NN
amount	NN
.	.
ASU	NNP
provides	VBZ
the	DT
academic	JJ
and	CC
personal	JJ
success	NN
support	NN
.	.
Each	DT
NAAP	NNP
participant	NN
signs	NNS
a	DT
student	NN
agreement	NN
to	TO
accept	VB
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
,	,
which	WDT
include	VBP
attending	VBG
an	DT
on-campus	JJ
orientation	NN
at	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
each	DT
semester	NN
;	:
monthly	JJ
meetings	NNS
with	IN
NAAP	NNP
staff	NN
;	:
periodic	JJ
meetings	NNS
with	IN
instructors	NNS
and	CC
academic	JJ
advisers	NNS
;	:
workshops	NNS
;	:
social	JJ
activities	NNS
;	:
and	CC
a	DT
recognition	NN
banquet	NN
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
each	DT
academic	JJ
year	NN
.	.
A	DT
hallmark	NN
of	IN
this	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
its	PRP$
extensive	JJ
collaboration	NN
with	IN
existing	VBG
campus	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
career	NN
and	CC
counseling	NN
services	NNS
.	.
Through	IN
extensive	JJ
training	NN
,	,
ongoing	JJ
collaboration	NN
,	,
and	CC
deep	RB
,	,
personal	JJ
commitment	NN
,	,
the	DT
career	NN
and	CC
counseling	NN
offices	NNS
,	,
as	IN
campus	NN
partners	NNS
,	,
developed	VBD
and	CC
delivered	VBD
culturally	RB
focused	VBN
and	CC
culturally	RB
relevant	JJ
career	NN
programs	NNS
to	TO
Native	JJ
American	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
NAAP	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
successful	JJ
on	IN
many	JJ
levels	NNS
,	,
most	RBS
notably	RB
in	IN
its	PRP$
retention	NN
outcomes	NNS
.	.
Over	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
five	CD
years	NNS
,	,
NAAP	NNP
students	NNS
have	VBP
persisted	VBN
at	IN
higher	JJR
rates	NNS
than	IN
their	PRP$
cohorts	NNS
.	.
In	IN
three	CD
of	IN
those	DT
years	NNS
,	,
NAAP	NNP
students	NNS
persisted	VBD
at	IN
rates	NNS
ranging	VBG
from	IN
63	CD
to	TO
78	CD
percent	NN
,	,
2	CD
to	TO
5	CD
percent	NN
higher	JJR
than	IN
all	DT
ASU	NNP
freshmen	NNS
.	.
In	IN
all	DT
five	CD
years	NNS
,	,
NAAP	NNP
students	NNS
persisted	VBD
at	IN
rates	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
,	,
on	IN
average	NN
,	,
14	CD
percent	NN
higher	JJR
than	IN
their	PRP$
Native	JJ
American	JJ
cohorts	NNS
who	WP
did	VBD
not	RB
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
From	IN
its	PRP$
inception	NN
,	,
career	NN
development	NN
was	VBD
identified	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
key	JJ
component	NN
to	TO
the	DT
NAAP	NNP
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
departments	NNS
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
counseling	NN
and	CC
consultation	NN
played	VBD
central	JJ
roles	NNS
in	IN
helping	VBG
shape	NN
and	CC
develop	VB
the	DT
program	NN
's	POS
career	NN
and	CC
life	NN
skills	NNS
curriculum	NN
.	.
One	CD
challenge	NN
to	TO
developing	VBG
programs	NNS
for	IN
college-age	NN
,	,
predominantly	RB
Navajo	JJ
students	NNS
from	IN
urban	JJ
and	CC
rural	JJ
,	,
traditional	JJ
and	CC
secular	JJ
backgrounds	NNS
was	VBD
the	DT
limited	JJ
availability	NN
of	IN
research	NN
or	CC
models	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
as	IN
a	DT
philosophical	JJ
foundation	NN
.	.
By	IN
combining	VBG
what	WP
we	PRP
knew	VBD
of	IN
existing	VBG
vocational	JJ
psychology	NN
,	,
career	NN
,	,
human	JJ
,	,
and	CC
student	NN
development	NN
theories	NNS
with	IN
applied	JJ
learning	NN
from	IN
unique	JJ
training	NN
opportunities	NNS
,	,
the	DT
program	NN
developers	NNS
from	IN
both	DT
departments	NNS
set	VBN
out	RP
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
culturally	RB
focused	VBN
and	CC
culturally	RB
relevant	JJ
career	NN
and	CC
life-skills	NNS
curriculum	NN
for	IN
first	JJ
-	:
and	CC
second-year	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
highlights	VBZ
the	DT
process	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
this	DT
unique	JJ
curriculum	NN
was	VBD
developed	VBN
,	,
the	DT
factors	NNS
that	WDT
contributed	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
program	NN
's	POS
overall	JJ
success	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
lessons	NNS
the	DT
developers	NNS
learned	VBD
along	IN
the	DT
way	NN
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
intended	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
model	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
work	VB
for	IN
all	DT
programs	NNS
or	CC
for	IN
traditional	JJ
program	NN
development	NN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
this	DT
process	NN
worked	VBD
at	IN
ASU	NNP
and	CC
contains	VBZ
some	DT
universal	JJ
elements	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
applied	VBN
to	TO
developing	VBG
culturally	RB
sensitive	JJ
programs	NNS
.	.
First	RB
,	,
staff	NN
from	IN
both	DT
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
and	CC
the	DT
counseling	NN
office	NN
had	VBD
specific	JJ
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
cultural	JJ
values	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
population	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
influences	NNS
of	IN
family	NN
and	CC
traditional	JJ
values	NNS
,	,
cultural	JJ
taboos	NNS
,	,
and	CC
spirituality	NN
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
decision-making	NN
.	.
Staff	NNP
either	CC
attained	VBN
this	DT
knowledge	NN
as	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
population	NN
with	IN
traditional	JJ
cultural	JJ
upbringing	NN
,	,
or	CC
through	IN
a	DT
sincere	JJ
desire	NN
to	TO
learn	VB
the	DT
culture	NN
through	IN
extensive	JJ
training	NN
and	CC
immersion	NN
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
characteristic	NN
was	VBD
our	PRP$
combination	NN
of	IN
education	NN
and	CC
training	NN
,	,
which	WDT
stemmed	VBD
from	IN
our	PRP$
individual	JJ
expertise	NN
in	IN
vocational	JJ
psychology	NN
and	CC
career	NN
development	NN
.	.
The	DT
third	JJ
characteristic	NN
was	VBD
that	IN
we	PRP
were	VBD
not	RB
willing	JJ
to	TO
accept	VB
that	IN
the	DT
existing	VBG
career	NN
development	NN
resources	NNS
and	CC
tools	NNS
were	VBD
the	DT
best	JJS
ones	NNS
available	JJ
.	.
We	PRP
were	VBD
willing	JJ
to	TO
question	VB
those	DT
traditional	JJ
tools	NNS
and	CC
adapt	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
better	RB
fit	VB
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
We	PRP
studied	VBD
career	NN
development	NN
and	CC
multicultural	JJ
literature	NN
to	TO
learn	VB
as	RB
much	JJ
as	IN
we	PRP
could	MD
about	IN
the	DT
population	NN
we	PRP
were	VBD
working	VBG
with	IN
.	.
There	EX
was	VBD
extensive	JJ
and	CC
in-depth	JJ
research	NN
relevant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
cultural	JJ
values	NNS
of	IN
Native	JJ
Americans	NNPS
in	IN
general	JJ
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
limitations	NNS
of	IN
that	DT
research	NN
were	VBD
the	DT
unique	JJ
issues	NNS
of	IN
traditional	JJ
and	CC
secular	JJ
upbringing	NN
,	,
and	CC
rural	JJ
and	CC
urban	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
influence	VBP
the	DT
vocational	JJ
interests	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
students	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
sought	VBD
out	RP
firsthand	RB
cultural	JJ
knowledge	NN
through	IN
special	JJ
training	NN
by	IN
tribal	JJ
elders	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Navajo	NNP
reservation	NN
,	,
one-on-one	JJ
consultation	NN
with	IN
program	NN
advisers	NNS
from	IN
similar	JJ
backgrounds	NNS
,	,
feedback	NN
from	IN
Native	JJ
American	JJ
students	NNS
,	,
and	CC
seminars	NNS
specific	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
populations	NNS
we	PRP
worked	VBD
with	IN
.	.
We	PRP
would	MD
need	VB
to	TO
conduct	VB
a	DT
more	RBR
in-depth	JJ
study	NN
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
to	TO
single	VB
out	RP
the	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
career	NN
development	NN
program	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
workshop	NN
evaluations	NNS
,	,
the	DT
students	NNS
found	VBD
the	DT
program	NN
to	TO
be	VB
helpful	JJ
in	IN
learning	VBG
and	CC
exploring	VBG
in-depth	JJ
the	DT
factors	NNS
that	WDT
influence	VBP
career	NN
and	CC
life	NN
choices	NNS
.	.
Applying	VBG
what	WP
we	PRP
had	VBD
learned	VBN
also	RB
required	VBN
us	PRP
to	TO
critically	RB
assess	VB
the	DT
current	JJ
career	NN
development	NN
tools	NNS
at	IN
hand	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
tools	NNS
had	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
adapted	VBN
or	CC
modified	VBN
to	TO
better	JJR
meet	VB
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
we	PRP
worked	VBD
with	IN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
to	TO
explain	VB
self-actualization	NN
and	CC
Maslow	NNP
's	POS
hierarchy	NN
of	IN
need	NN
,	,
we	PRP
made	VBD
analogies	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Navajo	NNP
Philosophy	NNP
of	IN
Life	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
emphasizes	VBZ
trying	VBG
to	TO
live	VB
life	NN
in	IN
perfect	JJ
harmony	NN
and	CC
balance	NN
,	,
and	CC
reaching	VBG
a	DT
stage	NN
in	IN
life	NN
where	WRB
such	JJ
harmony	NN
,	,
or	CC
self-actualization	NN
,	,
could	MD
exist	VB
.	.
We	PRP
modified	VBD
value	NN
card	NN
sorts	NNS
to	TO
include	VB
cards	NNS
that	WDT
expressed	VBD
traditional	JJ
values	NNS
not	RB
identified	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
institutional	JJ
pack	NN
.	.
Elders	NNPS
were	VBD
invited	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
classroom	NN
to	TO
lend	VB
support	NN
and	CC
to	TO
facilitate	VB
program	NN
components	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
instructed	VBD
using	VBG
active	JJ
learning\/cooperative	JJ
learning	NN
principles	NNS
,	,
and	CC
relied	VB
very	RB
little	RB
on	IN
singular	JJ
response	NN
activities	NNS
or	CC
questions	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
were	VBD
typically	RB
adverse	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
group	NN
dynamics	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
culture	NN
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
had	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
how	WRB
we	PRP
helped	VBD
students	NNS
evaluate	VB
occupations	NNS
that	WDT
involved	VBD
working	VBG
with	IN
cultural	JJ
taboos	NNS
around	IN
death	NN
and	CC
dying	VBG
,	,
including	VBG
occupations	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
life	NN
insurance	NN
sales	NNS
,	,
nurses	NNS
,	,
doctors	NNS
,	,
morticians	NNS
,	,
forensic	JJ
scientists	NNS
,	,
and	CC
emergency	NN
response	NN
personnel	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
talk	VB
about	IN
possible	JJ
conflicts	NNS
with	IN
cultural	JJ
values	NNS
and	CC
belief	NN
systems	NNS
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
help	VB
students	NNS
work	VB
through	IN
these	DT
occupational	JJ
concerns	NNS
.	.
All	DT
our	PRP$
training	NN
and	CC
practical	JJ
applications	NNS
were	VBD
focused	VBN
on	IN
bridging	VBG
long-standing	JJ
academic	JJ
practice	NN
with	IN
more	JJR
culturally	RB
focused	VBN
methodologies	NNS
,	,
yet	RB
we	PRP
found	VBD
our	PRP$
best	JJS
attempts	NNS
fell	VBD
short	RB
in	IN
some	DT
areas	NNS
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
we	PRP
still	RB
had	VBD
much	JJ
to	TO
learn	VB
.	.
Though	IN
the	DT
intent	NN
of	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
establish	VB
the	DT
framework	NN
for	IN
the	DT
career-life	NN
skills	NNS
component	NN
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
,	,
a	DT
few	JJ
lessons	NNS
are	VBP
important	JJ
to	TO
keep	VB
in	IN
mind	NN
as	IN
similar	JJ
programs	NNS
begin	VBP
to	TO
take	VB
shape	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
implemented	VBN
.	.
What	WP
worked	VBD
for	IN
our	PRP$
institution	NN
's	POS
purpose	NN
may	MD
not	RB
work	VB
at	IN
other	JJ
institutions	NNS
or	CC
with	IN
other	JJ
targeted	JJ
populations	NNS
.	.
Do	VB
your	PRP$
homework	NN
and	CC
be	VB
creative	JJ
and	CC
innovative	JJ
in	IN
how	WRB
you	PRP
dialogue	NN
with	IN
the	DT
populations	NNS
you	PRP
wish	VBP
to	TO
offer	VB
targeted	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
Ask	JJ
yourself	PRP
,	,
``	``
What	WP
relationship	NN
do	VBP
we	PRP
have	VBP
with	IN
this	DT
community	NN
?	.
What	WP
really	RB
matters	VBZ
to	TO
those	DT
we	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
?	.
What	WP
are	VBP
their	PRP$
concerns	NNS
and	CC
aspirations	NNS
?	.
What	WP
role	NN
do	VBP
we	PRP
expect	VBP
to	TO
play	VB
in	IN
facilitating	VBG
growth	NN
?	.
What	WP
role	NN
do	VBP
they	PRP
expect	VBP
of	IN
us	PRP
?	.
What	WP
nonverbal	JJ
messages	NNS
does	VBZ
our	PRP$
office	NN
give	VB
about	IN
sensitivity	NN
to	TO
diversity	NN
?	.
Does	VBZ
it	PRP
make	VB
sense	NN
to	TO
promote	VB
the	DT
resources	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
office	NN
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
have	VB
staff	NN
,	,
employers	NNS
,	,
or	CC
programs	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
a	DT
culturally	RB
diverse	JJ
or	CC
relevant	JJ
foundation	NN
?	.
What	WP
changes	NNS
are	VBP
we	PRP
willing	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
more	RBR
inclusive	JJ
environment	NN
?	.
''	''
We	PRP
found	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
good	JJ
starting	VBG
point	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
consult	VB
the	DT
communities	NNS
we	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
serve	VB
about	IN
which	WDT
resources	NNS
they	PRP
find	VBP
most	RBS
helpful	JJ
.	.
In	IN
doing	VBG
so	RB
,	,
Native	JJ
constituents	NNS
recommended	VBD
a	DT
directory	NN
of	IN
all	DT
state	NN
tribal	JJ
offices	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
contact	NN
information	NN
.	.
We	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
have	VB
known	VBN
about	IN
this	DT
valuable	JJ
resource	NN
had	VBD
we	PRP
not	RB
asked	VBD
.	.
Involve	VB
elders	NNS
,	,
talk	VB
more	RBR
with	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
community	NN
you	PRP
wish	VBP
to	TO
serve	VB
and	CC
with	IN
key	JJ
stakeholders	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
scholarship	NN
offices	NNS
,	,
education	NN
departments	NNS
,	,
economic	JJ
development	NN
departments	NNS
,	,
as	IN
examples	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
find	VB
out	RP
their	PRP$
experiences	NNS
and	CC
concerns	NNS
.	.
Identify	VB
immediate	JJ
barriers	NNS
and	CC
be	VB
creative	JJ
in	IN
overcoming	VBG
those	DT
barriers	NNS
so	IN
that	IN
important	JJ
work	NN
can	MD
progress	VB
.	.
Go	VB
out	RP
into	IN
the	DT
community	NN
,	,
in	IN
gathering	NN
places	NNS
,	,
and	CC
within	IN
enclaves	NNS
and	CC
develop	VB
relationships	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
community	NN
.	.
Begin	VB
a	DT
dialogue	NN
to	TO
find	VB
out	RP
their	PRP$
needs	NNS
.	.
Embed	VB
yourself	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
community	NN
to	TO
understand	VB
what	WP
really	RB
matters	VBZ
most	RBS
to	TO
your	PRP$
students	NNS
.	.
Find	VB
the	DT
business	NN
case	NN
and	CC
gaining	VBG
organizational	JJ
support	NN
for	IN
diversity	NN
recruiting	NN
,	,
learn	VBP
how	WRB
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
sourcing	VBG
and	CC
recruiting	VBG
plan	NN
,	,
find	VB
out	RP
how	WRB
to	TO
evaluate	VB
your	PRP$
progress	NN
,	,
and	CC
get	VB
tips	NNS
on	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
retain	VB
new	JJ
hires	NNS
.	.
Julie	NNP
Cunningham	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
independent	JJ
consultant	NN
to	TO
employers	NNS
on	IN
their	PRP$
college	NN
relations	NNS
and	CC
recruiting	VBG
programs	NNS
.	.
Previously	RB
,	,
she	PRP
was	VBD
manager	NN
of	IN
global	JJ
college	NN
relations	NNS
for	IN
Tellabs	NNP
and	CC
director	NN
of	IN
engineering	NN
career	NN
services	NNS
at	IN
The	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Kansas	NNP
.	.
Cunningham	NNP
has	VBZ
served	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
boards	NNS
of	IN
directors	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Midwest	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
,	,
and	CC
as	IN
president	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Rocky	NNP
Mountain	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
frequent	JJ
speaker	NN
at	IN
regional	JJ
and	CC
national	JJ
college	NN
recruiting	NN
conferences	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
may	MD
wish	VB
to	TO
share\/adapt	VB
the	DT
``	``
letter	NN
for	IN
colleges	NNS
''	''
with	IN
their	PRP$
President	NNP
;	:
Vice	NNP
Presidents	NNPS
of	IN
Student	NNP
Affairs	NNP
,	,
Institutional	NNP
Advancement	NNP
and	CC
Development	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Academic	NNP
Affairs	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
Principles	NNPS
Committee	NNP
believes	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
exploding	VBG
offers	NNS
is	VBZ
an	DT
issue	NN
for	IN
both	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
employment	NN
professionals	NNS
,	,
as	IN
it	PRP
affects	VBZ
their	PRP$
mutual	JJ
customers-students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
best	JJS
employment	NN
decisions	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
both	DT
students	NNS
and	CC
employers	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
those	DT
that	WDT
are	VBP
made	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
greatest	JJS
amount	NN
of	IN
information	NN
.	.
Students	NNS
given	VBN
sufficient	JJ
time	NN
to	TO
gather	VB
thorough	JJ
information	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
all	DT
available	JJ
job	NN
opportunities	NNS
are	VBP
more	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
good	JJ
long-term	JJ
employment	NN
decisions	NNS
and	CC
less	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
renege	VB
on	IN
job	NN
acceptances	NNS
.	.
By	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
token	JJ
,	,
however	RB
,	,
the	DT
committee	NN
recognizes	VBZ
that	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
legitimate	JJ
business	NN
reasons	NNS
for	IN
an	DT
employer	NN
to	TO
have	VB
an	DT
offer	NN
accepted	VBD
or	CC
rejected	VBD
within	IN
a	DT
specific	JJ
time	NN
frame	NN
.	.
The	DT
committee	NN
decided	VBD
that	IN
while	IN
cash	NN
incentives	NNS
certainly	RB
influence	VBP
a	DT
job	NN
decision	NN
,	,
the	DT
short	JJ
time	NN
frame	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
a	DT
person	NN
must	MD
make	VB
a	DT
decision	NN
to	TO
accept	VB
or	CC
reject	VB
an	DT
offer	NN
should	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
``	``
improper	JJ
influence	NN
.	.
''	''
At	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
level	NN
,	,
two	CD
laws	NNS
regulate	VB
the	DT
disclosure	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
Federal	NNP
Privacy	NNP
Act	NNP
prohibits	VBZ
federal	JJ
agencies	NNS
from	IN
disclosing	VBG
personal	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
an	DT
individual	NN
without	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
prior	JJ
written	VBN
consent	NN
.	.
Similarly	RB
,	,
the	DT
Family	NNP
Educational	NNP
Rights	NNPS
and	CC
Privacy	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FERPA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
prohibits	VBZ
educational	JJ
institutions	NNS
from	IN
disclosing	VBG
information	NN
in	IN
a	DT
student	NN
's	POS
academic	JJ
record	NN
without	IN
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
prior	JJ
written	VBN
consent	NN
.	.
Some	DT
states	NNS
have	VBP
privacy	NN
laws	NNS
that	WDT
regulate	VBP
personal	JJ
or	CC
students	NNS
records	NNS
;	:
others	NNS
have	VBP
constitutions	NNS
that	WDT
guarantee	VBP
the	DT
right	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
to	TO
all	DT
of	IN
their	PRP$
respective	JJ
citizens	NNS
.	.
The	DT
personal\/student	NN
record	NN
laws	NNS
prohibit	VBP
employers	NNS
and	CC
schools	NNS
from	IN
disclosing	VBG
information	NN
about	IN
individuals	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
students	NNS
,	,
without	IN
their	PRP$
consent	NN
.	.
The	DT
state	NN
constitutional	JJ
requirement	NN
typically	RB
applies	VBZ
to	TO
any	DT
state	NN
government	NN
action	NN
that	WDT
could	MD
violate	VB
a	DT
person	NN
's	POS
right	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
.	.
The	DT
common	JJ
thread	NN
running	VBG
through	IN
the	DT
statutory	JJ
and	CC
constitutional	JJ
requirements	NNS
is	VBZ
that	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
individuals	NNS
must	MD
give	VB
consent	NN
before	IN
information	NN
about	IN
them	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
disclosed	VBN
.	.
Employers	NNS
and	CC
schools	NNS
can	MD
meet	VB
these	DT
requirements	NNS
by	IN
obtaining	VBG
written	VBN
consent	NN
before	IN
disclosing	VBG
salary	NN
information	NN
or	CC
by	IN
disclosing	VBG
salary	NN
data	NNS
without	IN
revealing	VBG
the	DT
person	NN
's	POS
name	NN
.	.
Salary	NNP
Survey	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
require	VB
employers	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
student	NN
names	NNS
and	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
publish	VB
them	PRP
.	.
Two	CD
federal	JJ
antitrust	JJ
statutes	NNS
apply	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
dissemination	NN
of	IN
salary	NN
information	NN
among	IN
competitors	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Sherman	NNP
Act	NNP
prohibits	VBZ
any	DT
agreement	NN
or	CC
conspiracy	NN
between	IN
two	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
entities	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
result	VB
in	IN
an	DT
unreasonable	JJ
restraint	NN
of	IN
trade	NN
.	.
The	DT
Federal	NNP
Trade	NNP
Commission	NNP
Act	NNP
prohibits	VBZ
and	CC
remedies	NNS
unfair	JJ
methods	NNS
of	IN
competition	NN
.	.
State	NNP
antitrust	JJ
laws	NNS
parallel	VBP
these	DT
federal	JJ
statutes	NNS
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
the	DT
courts	NNS
recognize	VBP
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
legitimate	JJ
for	IN
competitors	NNS
to	TO
have	VB
information	NN
on	IN
prices	NNS
because	IN
it	PRP
leads	VBZ
to	TO
increased	VBN
efficiency	NN
in	IN
the	DT
marketplace	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
exchange	NN
of	IN
salary	NN
information	NN
among	IN
competitors	NNS
is	VBZ
not	RB
illegal	JJ
,	,
per	IN
se	FW
.	.
However	RB
,	,
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
that	IN
restrains	VBZ
competition-for	JJ
example	NN
,	,
if	IN
several	JJ
major	JJ
employers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
industry	NN
agreed	VBD
to	TO
cap	VB
starting	VBG
salaries	NNS
for	IN
electronic	JJ
engineers	NNS
at	IN
$	$
40,000-would	CD
be	VB
considered	VBN
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
antitrust	JJ
laws	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
at	IN
least	JJS
five	CD
firms	NNS
reporting	VBG
data	NNS
,	,
with	IN
no	DT
one	NN
firm	NN
representing	VBG
more	JJR
than	IN
25	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
data	NNS
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
any	DT
information	NN
must	MD
be	VB
aggregated	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
not	RB
allow	VB
recipients	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
the	DT
prices	NNS
charged	VBD
or	CC
the	DT
compensation	NN
paid	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
particular	JJ
company	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
's	POS
Salary	NNP
Survey	NNP
meets	VBZ
all	DT
of	IN
these	DT
criteria	NNS
.	.
Data	NNS
are	VBP
provided	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
large	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
NACE	NNP
member	NN
colleges	NNS
and	CC
universities	NNS
,	,
the	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
current	JJ
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
grouped	VBN
by	IN
industry	NN
,	,
job	NN
function	NN
,	,
degree	NN
,	,
and	CC
major	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
that	IN
no	DT
employer	NN
's	POS
or	CC
job	NN
candidate	NN
's	POS
salary	NN
information	NN
can	MD
be	VB
identified	VBN
.	.
Ryan	NNP
,	,
director	NN
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
at	IN
University	NNP
of	IN
Buffalo	NNP
.	.
Students	NNS
with	IN
disabilities	NNS
are	VBP
a	DT
growing	VBG
population	NN
on	IN
college	NN
campuses	NNS
;	:
however	RB
they	PRP
find	VBP
employment	NN
in	IN
significantly	RB
lower	JJR
percentages	NNS
than	IN
other	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
Dulce	NNP
M.	NNP
Ramirez-Damon	NNP
,	,
Concepcion	NNP
L.	NNP
Tuma	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Kyra	NNP
A.	NNP
Spence	NNP
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
staff	NN
who	WP
want	VBP
to	TO
help	VB
students	NNS
hone	VB
and	CC
use	VB
their	PRP$
entrepreneurial	JJ
skills	NNS
to	TO
secure	VB
jobs	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
fields	NNS
will	MD
get	VB
ideas	NNS
and	CC
examples	NNS
they	PRP
can	MD
use	VB
in	IN
their	PRP$
programs	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
basic-level	JJ
seminar	NN
.	.
Get	VB
the	DT
facts	NNS
you	PRP
need	VBP
about	IN
your	PRP$
legal	JJ
obligations	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
relate	VBP
to	TO
student	NN
information	NN
,	,
learn	VBP
what	WP
should	MD
be	VB
in	IN
your	PRP$
privacy	NN
policy	NN
,	,
get	VB
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
do	VBP
's	POS
and	CC
do	VB
n'ts	NNS
of	IN
disclosure	NN
,	,
and	CC
find	VB
out	RP
what	WP
your	PRP$
liability	NN
is	VBZ
when	WRB
student	NN
's	POS
privacy	NN
is	VBZ
invaded	VBN
.	.
This	DT
virtual	JJ
seminar	NN
will	MD
also	RB
cover	VB
issues	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
arisen	VBN
thanks	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
latest	JJS
privacy	NN
pitfall	NN
:	:
social	JJ
networking	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
Learn	VB
what	WP
is\/isn	NN
'	''
t	NN
appropriate	JJ
for	IN
employers	NNS
to	TO
access	NN
,	,
how	WRB
to	TO
draw	VB
the	DT
line	NN
between	IN
due	JJ
diligence	NN
and	CC
``	``
snooping	VBG
,	,
''	''
and	CC
what	WP
constitutes	VBZ
responsible	JJ
professional	JJ
conduct	NN
.	.
Nancy	NNP
Conrad	NNP
,	,
Esquire	NNP
,	,
will	MD
also	RB
offer	VB
pointers	NNS
for	IN
employers	NNS
on	IN
obtaining	VBG
information	NN
via	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
for	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
on	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
guide	VB
students	NNS
to	TO
protect	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
privacy	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
basic	JJ
level	NN
seminar	NN
.	.
Counselor	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
LPC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
the	DT
Commonwealth	NNP
of	IN
Virginia	NNP
.	.
Learn	VB
how	WRB
one	CD
college	NN
turned	VBD
its	PRP$
small	JJ
etiquette	NN
dinner	NN
,	,
which	WDT
drained	VBD
funds	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
,	,
into	IN
a	DT
dinner	NN
that	WDT
gave	VBD
students	NNS
a	DT
chance	NN
to	TO
practice	VB
their	PRP$
etiquette	NN
skills	NNS
and	CC
meet	VB
potential	JJ
employers	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
real-life	JJ
professional	JJ
dinner	NN
,	,
increased	VBD
the	DT
office	NN
budget	NN
,	,
and	CC
drew	VBD
support	NN
from	IN
other	JJ
campus	NN
departments	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
community	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
basic	JJ
level	NN
seminar	NN
.	.
Section	NN
1	CD
.	.
Charter	NNP
membership	NN
in	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
shall	MD
be	VB
granted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
founding	NN
Regional	NNP
Associations	NNS
of	IN
Colleges	NNS
and	CC
Employers	NNS
now	RB
known	VBN
as	IN
Eastern	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
,	,
Midwest	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
,	,
Mountain	NNP
Pacific	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
,	,
Southeastern	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Southwest	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
.	.
Charter	NNP
membership	NN
will	MD
also	RB
be	VB
granted	VBN
to	TO
regional	JJ
associations	NNS
created	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
a	DT
merger	NN
among	IN
the	DT
associations	NNS
listed	VBN
above	RB
.	.
Section	NN
2	CD
.	.
Other	JJ
Regional	NNP
Associations	NNS
of	IN
Colleges	NNS
and	CC
Employers	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
granted	VBN
charter	NN
membership	NN
at	IN
any	DT
regular	JJ
meeting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
NACE	NNP
by	IN
an	DT
affirmative	JJ
vote	NN
of	IN
two-thirds	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
2\/3	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
voting	NN
Board	NNP
members	NNS
in	IN
office	NN
,	,
provided	VBD
that	DT
formal	JJ
written	VBN
application	NN
from	IN
that	DT
association	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
received	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNS
at	IN
least	JJS
ninety	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
90	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
days	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
.	.
NACE	NNP
only	RB
through	IN
their	PRP$
representatives	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
NACE	NNP
.	.
The	DT
number	NN
of	IN
representatives	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
the	DT
criteria	NNS
for	IN
selection	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
rules	NNS
of	IN
governance	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
as	IN
provided	VBN
in	IN
Article	NNP
XI	NNP
of	IN
these	DT
bylaws	NNS
.	.
Institutional	JJ
college	NN
membership	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
granted	VBN
to	TO
any	DT
degree	NN
granting	VBG
college	NN
and	CC
university	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
officially	RB
recognized	VBN
either	RB
by	IN
an	DT
accrediting	NN
body	NN
recognized	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
of	IN
Higher	JJR
Education	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
or	CC
a	DT
subdivision	NN
thereof	RB
or	CC
by	IN
the	DT
designated	VBN
governmental	JJ
entity	NN
in	IN
the	DT
country	NN
within	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
college	NN
or	CC
university	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
and	CC
which	WDT
provides	VBZ
career	NN
services	NNS
including	VBG
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
,	,
career	NN
planning	NN
,	,
counseling	NN
,	,
and	CC
placement	NN
assistance	NN
for	IN
full-time	JJ
,	,
part-time	JJ
,	,
summer	NN
jobs	NNS
,	,
cooperative	JJ
education	NN
,	,
or	CC
internships	NNS
,	,
and	CC
which	WDT
designates	VBZ
as	IN
its	PRP$
representative	NN
to	TO
NACE	VB
an	DT
individual	JJ
to	TO
hold	VB
such	JJ
membership	NN
whose	WP$
primary	JJ
responsibility	NN
within	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
is	VBZ
career	NN
services	NNS
.	.
An	DT
institutional	JJ
college	NN
member	NN
shall	MD
designate	VB
as	IN
its	PRP$
representative	NN
to	TO
the	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
an	DT
individual	JJ
to	TO
hold	VB
such	JJ
membership	NN
whose	WP$
primary	JJ
responsibility	NN
within	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
is	VBZ
career	NN
services	NNS
.	.
The	DT
designated	VBN
representative	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
eligible	JJ
to	TO
hold	VB
office	NN
in	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
,	,
serve	VBP
as	IN
a	DT
Director	NNP
,	,
or	CC
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
a	DT
NACE	NNP
committee	NN
or	CC
task	NN
force\/team	NN
.	.
The	DT
designated	VBN
representative	NN
shall	MD
have	VB
a	DT
vote	NN
in	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
's	POS
elections	NNS
for	IN
Directors	NNS
and	CC
officers	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
shall	MD
also	RB
have	VB
a	DT
voice	NN
in	IN
the	DT
affairs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
through	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Board	NNP
,	,
committees	NNS
,	,
and	CC
task	NN
forces\/teams	NNS
.	.
Individual	JJ
college	NN
membership	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
granted	VBN
to	TO
any	DT
individual	JJ
employed	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
institutional	JJ
college	NN
member	NN
at	IN
any	DT
location	NN
worldwide	NN
and	CC
engaged	VBN
in	IN
providing	VBG
career	NN
services	NNS
including	VBG
but	CC
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
experiential	JJ
education	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
cooperative	JJ
education	NN
and	CC
internships	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
students	NNS
and\/or	CC
graduates	NNS
.	.
An	DT
individual	JJ
college	NN
member	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
eligible	JJ
to	TO
hold	VB
office	NN
in	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
,	,
serve	VBP
as	IN
a	DT
Director	NNP
,	,
or	CC
serve	VB
as	IN
member	NN
of	IN
a	DT
NACE	NNP
committee	NN
or	CC
task	NN
force\/team	NN
.	.
An	DT
individual	JJ
college	NN
member	NN
shall	MD
have	VB
a	DT
vote	NN
in	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
's	POS
elections	NNS
for	IN
Directors	NNS
and	CC
officers	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
shall	MD
also	RB
have	VB
a	DT
voice	NN
in	IN
the	DT
affairs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
through	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Board	NNP
,	,
committees	NNS
,	,
and	CC
task	NN
forces\/teams	NNS
.	.
Electronic	JJ
college	NN
membership	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
granted	VBN
to	TO
any	DT
individual	JJ
employed	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
institutional	JJ
college	NN
member	NN
at	IN
any	DT
location	NN
worldwide	NN
and	CC
engaged	VBN
in	IN
providing	VBG
career	NN
services	NNS
including	VBG
but	CC
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
experiential	JJ
education	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
cooperative	JJ
education	NN
and	CC
internships	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
students	NNS
and\/or	CC
graduates	NNS
.	.
An	DT
electronic	JJ
college	NN
member	NN
is	VBZ
ineligible	JJ
to	TO
hold	VB
office	NN
in	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
,	,
serve	VBP
as	IN
a	DT
Director	NNP
,	,
or	CC
serve	VB
as	IN
member	NN
of	IN
a	DT
NACE	NNP
committee	NN
or	CC
task	NN
force\/team	NN
.	.
An	DT
electronic	JJ
college	NN
member	NN
shall	MD
not	RB
have	VB
a	DT
vote	NN
in	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
's	POS
elections	NNS
for	IN
Directors	NNS
and	CC
officers	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
shall	MD
also	RB
have	VB
a	DT
voice	NN
in	IN
the	DT
affairs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
through	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Board	NNP
,	,
committees	NNS
,	,
and	CC
task	NN
forces\/teams	NNS
.	.
Institutional	JJ
employer	NN
membership	NN
may	MD
be	VB
granted	VBN
to	TO
any	DT
employing	VBG
organization	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
engaged	VBN
in	IN
human	JJ
resources	NNS
,	,
professional	JJ
staffing	NN
,	,
or	CC
recruiting	VBG
and\/or	CC
hiring	VBG
of	IN
college	NN
graduates	VBZ
solely	RB
for	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
work	NN
force	NN
or	CC
for	IN
a	DT
subdivision	NN
thereof	RB
and	CC
maintains	VBZ
college	NN
relations	NNS
for	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
organization	NN
.	.
This	DT
does	VBZ
not	RB
include	VB
any	DT
organization	NN
which	WDT
provides	VBZ
a	DT
service	NN
or	CC
product	NN
to	TO
career	NN
services	NNS
or	CC
college	NN
relations\/recruiting	VBG
functions	NNS
as	IN
more	JJR
specifically	RB
defined	VBN
in	IN
Article	NNP
VIII	NNP
.	.
An	DT
institutional	JJ
employer	NN
member	NN
shall	MD
designate	VB
as	IN
its	PRP$
representative	NN
to	TO
the	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
an	DT
individual	JJ
to	TO
hold	VB
such	JJ
membership	NN
whose	WP$
responsibilities	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
includes	VBZ
human	JJ
resources	NNS
,	,
professional	JJ
staffing	NN
,	,
or	CC
recruiting	VBG
and\/or	CC
hiring	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
.	.
Individual	JJ
employer	NN
membership	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
granted	VBN
to	TO
any	DT
individual	JJ
employed	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
institutional	JJ
employer	NN
member	NN
at	IN
any	DT
location	NN
worldwide	NN
and	CC
engaged	VBN
in	IN
human	JJ
resources	NNS
,	,
professional	JJ
staffing	NN
,	,
or	CC
recruiting\/hiring	VBG
.	.
An	DT
individual	JJ
employer	NN
member	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
eligible	JJ
to	TO
hold	VB
office	NN
in	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
,	,
serve	VBP
as	IN
a	DT
Director	NNP
,	,
or	CC
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
a	DT
NACE	NNP
committee	NN
or	CC
task	NN
force\/team	NN
.	.
An	DT
individual	JJ
employer	NN
member	NN
shall	MD
have	VB
a	DT
vote	NN
in	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
's	POS
elections	NNS
for	IN
Directors	NNS
and	CC
officers	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
shall	MD
also	RB
have	VB
a	DT
voice	NN
in	IN
the	DT
affairs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
through	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Board	NNP
,	,
committees	NNS
,	,
and	CC
task	NN
forces\/teams	NNS
.	.
Electronic	JJ
employer	NN
membership	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
granted	VBN
to	TO
any	DT
individual	JJ
employed	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
institutional	JJ
employer	NN
member	NN
at	IN
any	DT
location	NN
worldwide	NN
and	CC
engaged	VBN
in	IN
human	JJ
resources	NNS
,	,
professional	JJ
staffing	NN
,	,
or	CC
recruiting\/hiring	VBG
.	.
An	DT
electronic	JJ
employer	NN
member	NN
is	VBZ
ineligible	JJ
to	TO
hold	VB
office	NN
in	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
,	,
serve	VBP
as	IN
a	DT
Director	NNP
,	,
or	CC
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
a	DT
NACE	NNP
Committee\/or	NNP
task	NN
force\/team	NN
.	.
An	DT
electronic	JJ
employer	NN
member	NN
shall	MD
not	RB
have	VB
a	DT
vote	NN
in	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
's	POS
elections	NNS
for	IN
Directors	NNS
and	CC
officers	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
shall	MD
have	VB
a	DT
voice	NN
in	IN
the	DT
affairs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
through	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Board	NNP
,	,
committees	NNS
,	,
and	CC
task	NN
forces\/teams	NNS
.	.
Section	NN
4	CD
.	.
Regular	JJ
institutional	JJ
,	,
individual	JJ
,	,
and	CC
electronic	JJ
members	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
annual	JJ
dues	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
established	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
remain	VB
a	DT
member	NN
in	IN
good	JJ
standing	NN
and	CC
to	TO
be	VB
entitled	VBN
to	TO
receive	VB
full	JJ
privileges	NNS
of	IN
membership	NN
.	.
Renewal	NN
of	IN
individual	JJ
and	CC
electronic	JJ
membership	NN
will	MD
also	RB
be	VB
contingent	JJ
upon	IN
the	DT
continued	VBN
membership	NN
of	IN
the	DT
institutional	JJ
member	NN
.	.
The	DT
NACE	NNP
Board	NNP
may	MD
establish	VB
categories	NNS
for	IN
dues	NNS
and	CC
may	MD
set	VB
different	JJ
dues	NNS
for	IN
different	JJ
categories	NNS
.	.
Section	NN
1	CD
.	.
Individual	JJ
student	NN
membership	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
granted	VBN
to	TO
any	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
attending	VBG
school	NN
at	IN
an	DT
institutional	JJ
member	NN
college	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
sponsored	VBN
by	IN
that	DT
member	NN
;	:
is	VBZ
enrolled	VBN
in	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
six	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
credit	NN
hours	NNS
per	IN
term	NN
;	:
and	CC
is	VBZ
pursuing	VBG
a	DT
career	NN
in	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
or	CC
human	JJ
resources	NNS
.	.
Section	NN
1	CD
.	.
Retired	VBN
professional	JJ
membership	NN
may	MD
be	VB
granted	VBN
to	TO
any	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
retired	VBN
and	CC
is	VBZ
no	RB
longer	RB
working	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
or	CC
human	JJ
resources	NNS
,	,
professional	JJ
staffing	NN
,	,
or	CC
recruiting\/hiring	VBG
field	NN
and	CC
who	WP
would	MD
not	RB
otherwise	RB
qualify	VB
for	IN
another	DT
membership	NN
category	NN
.	.
Section	NN
2	CD
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
shall	MD
exercise	VB
all	DT
powers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
as	IN
shall	MD
be	VB
deemed	VBN
appropriate	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
accomplishment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
stated	VBN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
,	,
as	IN
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
NACE	NNP
's	POS
Articles	NNPS
of	IN
Incorporation	NNP
,	,
as	IN
amended	VBN
,	,
and	CC
as	IN
stated	VBN
in	IN
NACE	NNP
's	POS
Mission	NNP
Statement	NNP
,	,
as	IN
amended	VBN
,	,
except	IN
those	DT
powers	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
allocated	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Executive	NNP
Committee	NNP
by	IN
these	DT
bylaws	NNS
or	CC
are	VBP
delegated	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Executive	NNP
Committee	NNP
by	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
C.	NNP
The	NNP
position	NN
of	IN
Secretary-Treasurer	NNP
shall	MD
be	VB
filled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
person	NN
serving	VBG
as	IN
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
,	,
who	WP
shall	MD
serve	VB
a	DT
continuous	JJ
term	NN
at	IN
the	DT
will	NN
and	CC
pleasure	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
.	.
D.	NNP
The	NNP
position	NN
of	IN
President	NNP
shall	MD
be	VB
filled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
held	VBD
the	DT
position	NN
of	IN
President-Elect	NNP
during	IN
the	DT
preceding	VBG
term	NN
.	.
The	DT
position	NN
of	IN
Past	NNP
President	NNP
shall	MD
be	VB
filled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
held	VBD
the	DT
position	NN
of	IN
President	NNP
during	IN
the	DT
preceding	VBG
term	NN
.	.
E.	NNP
Each	DT
officer	NN
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
exception	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Secretary-Treasurer	NNP
,	,
who	WP
serves	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
without	IN
a	DT
vote	NN
,	,
will	MD
be	VB
entitled	VBN
to	TO
one	CD
vote	NN
at	IN
any	DT
meeting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
or	CC
committee\/task	JJ
force\/team	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
he\/she	VBP
is	VBZ
assigned	VBN
.	.
Officers	NNS
shall	MD
hold	VB
office	NN
until	IN
their	PRP$
successors	NNS
are	VBP
elected	VBN
and	CC
qualify	VB
in	IN
their	PRP$
stead	NN
,	,
until	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
removed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
or	CC
until	IN
their	PRP$
positions	NNS
are	VBP
filled	VBN
as	IN
otherwise	RB
provided	VBN
in	IN
these	DT
bylaws	NNS
.	.
The	DT
individual	JJ
elected	VBN
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
President-Elect	NN
will	MD
serve	VB
as	IN
an	DT
officer	NN
for	IN
a	DT
three-year	JJ
term	NN
,	,
the	DT
first	JJ
year	NN
as	IN
President-Elect	NNP
,	,
the	DT
second	JJ
year	NN
as	IN
President	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
third	JJ
year	NN
as	IN
Past	NNP
President	NNP
.	.
Section	NN
1	CD
.	.
Committees	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
established	VBN
,	,
terminated	VBN
,	,
or	CC
changed	VBN
in	IN
status	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
except	IN
as	IN
otherwise	RB
provided	VBN
in	IN
these	DT
Bylaws	NNS
.	.
Committees	NNS
may	MD
make	VB
and	CC
submit	VB
recommendations	NNS
,	,
but	CC
shall	MD
not	RB
have	VB
any	DT
directive	NN
powers	NNS
.	.
Section	NN
3	CD
.	.
Task	NNP
Forces	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
identified	VBN
on	IN
an	DT
annual	JJ
basis	NN
and	CC
driven	VBN
by	IN
NACE	NNP
's	POS
content	JJ
needs	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
dissolved	VBN
when	WRB
their	PRP$
mission	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
accomplished	VBN
.	.
The	DT
President	NNP
or	CC
President-elect	NN
will	MD
appoint	VB
the	DT
chair	NN
and	CC
members	NNS
to	TO
task	NN
forces	NNS
.	.
The	DT
size	NN
of	IN
each	DT
task	NN
force	NN
will	MD
vary	VB
depending	VBG
on	IN
its	PRP$
mission	NN
.	.
Meet	VB
at	IN
the	DT
call	NN
of	IN
the	DT
President	NNP
,	,
or	CC
of	IN
the	DT
Secretary-Treasurer	NNP
,	,
upon	IN
request	NN
by	IN
a	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
committee	NN
,	,
to	TO
review	VB
emergency	NN
financial	JJ
matters	NNS
affecting	VBG
NACE	NNP
.	.
Any	DT
formal	JJ
motion	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Finance	NNP
and	CC
Audit	NNP
Committee	NNP
may	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
without	IN
a	DT
formal	JJ
meeting	NN
,	,
if	IN
consents	NNS
in	IN
writing	VBG
setting	VBG
forth	RP
the	DT
action	NN
so	RB
taken	VBN
are	VBP
approved	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
voting	NN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
committee	NN
and	CC
filed	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
Secretary-Treasurer	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Leadership	NNP
Strategy	NNP
and	CC
Sourcing	NNP
Committee	NNP
shall	MD
implement	VB
the	DT
nominations	NNS
and	CC
elections	NNS
procedures	NNS
as	IN
spelled	VBN
out	RP
in	IN
Article	NNP
XIII	NNP
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
provide	VB
structure	NN
and	CC
processes	VBZ
to	TO
source	NN
leaders	NNS
,	,
identify	VB
leadership	NN
competencies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
train	NN
members	NNS
for	IN
leadership	NN
roles	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Leadership	NNP
Strategy	NNP
and	CC
Sourcing	NNP
Committee	NNP
will	MD
deliver	VB
ongoing	JJ
communications	NNS
with	IN
members	NNS
regarding	VBG
leadership	NN
information	NN
and	CC
opportunities	NNS
.	.
Section	NN
9	CD
.	.
Honors	NNS
and	CC
Recognition	NNP
Committee	NNP
:	:
The	NNP
President	NNP
shall	MD
appoint	VB
the	DT
Honors	NNS
and	CC
Recognition	NNP
Committee	NNP
which	WDT
shall	MD
consist	VB
of	IN
a	DT
chair	NN
and	CC
six	CD
other	JJ
individuals	NNS
at	IN
least	JJS
one	CD
of	IN
whom	WP
is	VBZ
presently	RB
serving	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
Director	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Board	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Honors	NNP
and	CC
Recognition	NNP
Committee	NNP
shall	MD
work	VB
to	TO
increase	VB
the	DT
recognition	NN
of	IN
NACE	NNP
members	NNS
by	IN
serving	VBG
as	IN
an	DT
umbrella	NN
for	IN
all	DT
NACE	NNP
honors	NNS
and	CC
awards	NNS
,	,
assuring	VBG
consistency	NN
in	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
giving	VBG
awards	NNS
and	CC
determining	VBG
when	WRB
an	DT
award	NN
should	MD
be	VB
created	VBN
or	CC
eliminated	VBN
,	,
and	CC
carry	VB
out	RP
such	JJ
other	JJ
charges	NNS
as	IN
may	MD
be	VB
assigned	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
President	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Executive	NNP
Committee	NNP
.	.
Section	NN
1	CD
.	.
Written	VBN
notice	NN
of	IN
all	DT
meetings	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
to	TO
all	DT
Board	NNP
members	NNS
at	IN
least	JJS
thirty	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
30	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
days	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
notice	NN
must	MD
specify	VB
the	DT
general	JJ
business	NN
to	TO
be	VB
transacted	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
may	MD
,	,
by	IN
a	DT
vote	NN
of	IN
two-thirds	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
2\/3	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
voting	NN
Board	NNP
members	NNS
present	RB
,	,
consent	NN
to	TO
transact	VB
other	JJ
business	NN
not	RB
specified	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
notice	NN
.	.
Section	NN
2	CD
.	.
Notices	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
delivered	VBN
personally	RB
,	,
telegraphed	VBD
,	,
faxed	VBD
,	,
or	CC
mailed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
case	NN
may	MD
be	VB
,	,
at	IN
their	PRP$
addresses	NNS
appearing	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
books	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
.	.
Notice	NNP
by	IN
fax	NN
,	,
mail	NN
,	,
or	CC
telegraph	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
deemed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
given	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
when	WRB
same	JJ
shall	MD
be	VB
deposited	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
postal	JJ
authorities	NNS
or	CC
the	DT
telegraph	NN
office	NN
for	IN
transmission	NN
,	,
or	CC
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
faxed	VBN
or	CC
from	IN
NACE	NNP
headquarters	NN
.	.
Section	NN
3	CD
.	.
Whenever	NNP
any	DT
notice	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
given	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
bylaws	NNS
,	,
a	DT
waiver	NN
thereof	RB
,	,
in	IN
writing	NN
,	,
signed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
person	NN
or	CC
persons	NNS
entitled	VBN
to	TO
such	JJ
notice	NN
,	,
whether	IN
before	IN
or	CC
after	IN
the	DT
time	NN
stated	VBD
therein	RB
,	,
shall	MD
be	VB
deemed	VBN
equivalent	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
giving	VBG
of	IN
such	JJ
notice	NN
.	.
Section	NN
4	CD
.	.
Attendance	NN
of	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
shall	MD
constitute	VB
a	DT
waiver	NN
of	IN
notice	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
meeting	NN
except	IN
where	WRB
said	VBD
member	NN
attends	VBZ
a	DT
meeting	NN
for	IN
the	DT
express	JJ
purpose	NN
of	IN
objecting	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
transaction	NN
of	IN
any	DT
business	NN
because	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
lawfully	RB
called	VBN
or	CC
convened	VBN
.	.
Section	NN
1	CD
.	.
An	DT
annual	JJ
audit	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
performed	VBN
as	RB
soon	RB
after	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fiscal	JJ
year	NN
as	IN
is	VBZ
practicable	JJ
.	.
The	DT
auditor	NN
's	POS
report	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Secretary-Treasurer	NNP
,	,
who	WP
shall	MD
cause	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
distributed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
.	.
The	DT
audit	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
contracted	VBN
for	IN
by	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
shall	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
by	IN
competent	JJ
specialists	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
independent	JJ
of	IN
any	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
activity	NN
.	.
Section	NN
2	CD
.	.
A	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
complaint	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
served	VBN
upon	IN
the	DT
member	NN
complained	VBD
of	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
thirty	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
30	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
days	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
meeting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
,	,
and	CC
such	JJ
member	NN
shall	MD
have	VB
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
submit	VB
a	DT
written	VBN
defense	NN
and	CC
to	TO
appear	VB
in	IN
person	NN
and\/or	CC
with	IN
counsel	NN
and	CC
be	VB
heard	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
Board	NNP
meeting	NN
and	CC
such	JJ
complaint	NN
shall	MD
then	RB
be	VB
investigated	VBN
.	.
In	IN
case	NN
it	PRP
shall	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
by	IN
two-thirds	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
2\/3	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
vote	NN
of	IN
the	DT
entire	JJ
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
charges	NNS
against	IN
the	DT
member	NN
under	IN
investigation	NN
are	VBP
sustained	VBN
and	CC
warrant	NN
censure	NN
,	,
suspension	NN
,	,
expulsion	NN
,	,
or	CC
fine	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
officer	NN
,	,
Director	NNP
,	,
or	CC
member	NN
,	,
a	DT
resolution	NN
to	TO
that	DT
effect	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
passed	VBN
and	CC
executed	VBN
and	CC
such	JJ
action	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
final	JJ
.	.
Section	NN
4	CD
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
hearing	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
held	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
on	IN
this	DT
matter	NN
,	,
the	DT
member	NN
or	CC
individual	JJ
charged	VBN
will	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
thirty	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
30	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
days	NNS
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
date	NN
,	,
and	CC
location	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
he\/she	NN
can	MD
appear	VB
and	CC
be	VB
heard	VBN
.	.
Section	NN
1	CD
.	.
All	DT
checks	NNS
or	CC
demands	NNS
for	IN
money	NN
and	CC
notes	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
signed	VBN
by	IN
such	JJ
officer	NN
or	CC
officers	NNS
or	CC
such	JJ
other	JJ
person	NN
or	CC
persons	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
may	MD
from	IN
time	NN
to	TO
time	NN
designate	JJ
.	.
Section	NN
1	CD
.	.
These	DT
bylaws	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
amended	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
by	IN
a	DT
vote	NN
of	IN
two-thirds	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
2\/3	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
voting	NN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
in	IN
office	NN
,	,
provided	VBD
the	DT
proposed	VBN
amendment	NN
shall	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
mailed	VBN
,	,
telegraphed	VBN
,	,
or	CC
faxed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
members	NNS
at	IN
least	JJS
thirty	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
30	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
days	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
date	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
action	NN
on	IN
such	JJ
amendment	NN
or	CC
amendments	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
taken	VBN
.	.
Liability	NNP
Act	NNP
42	CD
Pa.	NNP
8363	CD
related	VBN
to	TO
standard	NN
of	IN
care	NN
and	CC
justifiable	JJ
reliance	NN
;	:
and	CC
the	DT
breach	NN
or	CC
failure	NN
to	TO
perform	VB
constitutes	VBZ
self	NN
dealing	NN
,	,
willful	JJ
misconduct	NN
,	,
or	CC
recklessness	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
this	DT
limitation	NN
of	IN
liability	NN
will	MD
not	RB
extend	VB
to	TO
criminal	JJ
or	CC
tax	NN
liability	NN
of	IN
a	DT
Director	NNP
or	CC
officer	NN
.	.
Section	NN
2	CD
.	.
Indemnification	NN
:	:
The	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
shall	MD
indemnify	VB
any	DT
person	NN
who	WP
was	VBD
or	CC
is	VBZ
a	DT
party	NN
or	CC
is	VBZ
threatened	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
made	VBN
a	DT
party	NN
to	TO
any	DT
threatened	VBN
,	,
pending	VBG
,	,
or	CC
completed	VBN
action	NN
,	,
suit	NN
,	,
or	CC
proceeding	NN
,	,
including	VBG
actions	NNS
by	IN
or	CC
in	IN
the	DT
right	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Corporation	NNP
,	,
whether	IN
civil	JJ
,	,
criminal	JJ
,	,
administrative	JJ
,	,
or	CC
investigative	JJ
,	,
by	IN
reason	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
such	JJ
person	NN
is	VBZ
or	CC
was	VBD
a	DT
Director	NNP
or	CC
officer	NN
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
,	,
or	CC
is	VBZ
or	CC
was	VBD
serving	VBG
while	IN
a	DT
Director	NNP
or	CC
officer	NN
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
request	NN
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
as	IN
an	DT
officer	NN
,	,
employee	NN
,	,
agent	NN
,	,
fiduciary	JJ
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
representative	NN
of	IN
another	DT
corporation	NN
,	,
partnership	NN
,	,
joint	JJ
venture	NN
,	,
trust	NN
,	,
employee	NN
benefit	NN
plan	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
enterprise	NN
,	,
against	IN
expenses	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
including	VBG
attorneys	NNS
'	POS
fees	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
judgments	NNS
,	,
fines	NNS
,	,
excise	JJ
taxes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
amounts	VBZ
paid	VBN
in	IN
settlement	NN
actually	RB
and	CC
reasonably	RB
incurred	VBN
by	IN
such	JJ
person	NN
in	IN
connection	NN
with	IN
such	JJ
action	NN
,	,
suit	NN
,	,
or	CC
proceeding	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
full	JJ
extent	NN
permissible	NN
under	IN
Pennsylvania	NNP
law	NN
.	.
Section	NN
3	CD
.	.
Advancement	NNP
of	IN
Expenses	NNS
:	:
Reasonable	JJ
expenses	NNS
incurred	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
officer	NN
or	CC
Director	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNS
in	IN
defending	VBG
a	DT
civil	JJ
or	CC
criminal	JJ
action	NN
,	,
suit	NN
,	,
or	CC
proceeding	VBG
described	VBN
in	IN
Section	NN
2	CD
shall	MD
be	VB
paid	VBN
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
final	JJ
disposition	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
action	NN
,	,
suit	NN
,	,
or	CC
proceeding	NN
upon	IN
receipt	NN
of	IN
an	DT
undertaking	NN
by	IN
or	CC
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
person	NN
to	TO
repay	VB
such	JJ
amount	NN
,	,
if	IN
it	PRP
shall	MD
ultimately	RB
be	VB
determined	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
entitled	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
indemnified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
.	.
Section	NN
4	CD
.	.
Other	JJ
Rights	NNPS
:	:
The	DT
indemnification	NN
and	CC
advancement	NN
of	IN
expenses	NNS
provided	VBN
by	IN
or	CC
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
this	DT
Article	NN
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
deemed	VBN
exclusive	JJ
of	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
rights	NNS
to	TO
which	WDT
those	DT
seeking	VBG
indemnification	NN
or	CC
advancement	NN
of	IN
expenses	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
entitled	VBN
under	IN
any	DT
insurance	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
agreement	NN
,	,
vote	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
or	CC
otherwise	RB
,	,
both	DT
as	IN
to	TO
actions	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
official	JJ
capacity	NN
and	CC
as	IN
to	TO
actions	NNS
in	IN
another	DT
capacity	NN
while	IN
holding	VBG
an	DT
office	NN
,	,
and	CC
shall	MD
continue	VB
as	IN
to	TO
a	DT
person	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
ceased	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
Director	NNP
or	CC
officer	NN
and	CC
shall	MD
inure	VB
to	TO
the	DT
benefit	NN
of	IN
the	DT
heirs	NNS
,	,
executors	NNS
,	,
and	CC
administrators	NNS
of	IN
such	JJ
person	NN
.	.
Colleges	NNS
and	CC
Employers	NNS
shall	MD
have	VB
the	DT
power	NN
to	TO
purchase	VB
and	CC
maintain	VB
insurance	NN
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
any	DT
person	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
or	CC
was	VBD
a	DT
Director	NNP
or	CC
officer	NN
,	,
employee	NN
,	,
or	CC
agent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
,	,
or	CC
is	VBZ
or	CC
was	VBD
serving	VBG
at	IN
the	DT
request	NN
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
Director	NNP
,	,
officer	NN
,	,
employee	NN
,	,
or	CC
agent	NN
of	IN
another	DT
corporation	NN
,	,
partnership	NN
,	,
joint	JJ
venture	NN
,	,
trust	NN
,	,
employee	NN
benefit	NN
plan	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
enterprise	NN
,	,
against	IN
any	DT
liability	NN
asserted	VBD
against	IN
him\/her	NN
and	CC
incurred	VBN
by	IN
him\/her	NN
in	IN
any	DT
such	JJ
capacity	NN
,	,
or	CC
arising	VBG
out	IN
of	IN
his\/her	NN
status	NN
as	IN
such	JJ
,	,
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
would	MD
have	VB
the	DT
power	NN
to	TO
indemnify	VB
him\/her	NN
against	IN
such	JJ
liability	NN
under	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
bylaws	NNS
.	.
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
notwithstanding	IN
their	PRP$
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
transaction	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
may	MD
create	VB
and	CC
fund	VB
a	DT
trust	NN
fund	NN
or	CC
fund	NN
of	IN
any	DT
nature	NN
,	,
and	CC
may	MD
enter	VB
into	IN
agreements	NNS
with	IN
its	PRP$
officers	NNS
and	CC
Directors	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
securing	VBG
or	CC
insuring	VBG
in	IN
any	DT
manner	NN
its	PRP$
obligation	NN
to	TO
indemnify	VB
or	CC
advance	VB
expenses	NNS
provided	VBN
for	IN
in	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
.	.
Section	NN
7	CD
.	.
Modification	NN
:	:
The	DT
duties	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
to	TO
indemnify	VB
and	CC
to	TO
advance	NN
expenses	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
Director	NNP
or	CC
officer	NN
provided	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
in	IN
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
between	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
and	CC
each	DT
such	JJ
Director	NNP
or	CC
officer	NN
,	,
and	CC
no	DT
amendment	NN
or	CC
termination	NN
of	IN
any	DT
trust	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
fund	NN
created	VBN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
Section	NNP
6	CD
,	,
shall	MD
alter	VB
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
detriment	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
Director	NNP
or	CC
officer	NN
,	,
the	DT
right	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
person	NN
to	TO
the	DT
advance	NN
of	IN
expenses	NNS
or	CC
indemnification	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
claim	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
an	DT
act	NN
or	CC
failure	NN
to	TO
act	VB
which	WDT
took	VBD
place	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
such	JJ
amendment	NN
,	,
repeal	NN
,	,
or	CC
termination	NN
.	.
Section	NN
1	CD
.	.
Cooperative	NNP
relationships	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
established	VBN
with	IN
other	JJ
non-profit	JJ
organizations	NNS
whose	WP$
purposes	NNS
are	VBP
complementary	JJ
to	TO
,	,
consonant	JJ
with	IN
,	,
and	CC
supportive	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
mission	NN
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
The	NNP
NACE	NNP
Operations	NNP
Manual	NNP
shall	MD
provide	VB
specific	JJ
guidelines	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
review	NN
and	CC
determination	NN
of	IN
cooperative	JJ
relationships	NNS
.	.
All	DT
such	JJ
proposed	VBN
relationships	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
reviewed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Executive	NNP
Committee	NNP
,	,
at	IN
minimum	NN
,	,
and	CC
will	MD
follow	VB
current	JJ
Operations	NNP
Manual	NNP
guidelines	NNS
.	.
A.	NN
You	PRP
'll	MD
save	VB
between	IN
$	$
175	CD
to	TO
$	$
320	CD
on	IN
your	PRP$
registration	NN
as	IN
compared	VBN
to	TO
nonmembers	NNS
.	.
Another	DT
way	NN
to	TO
save	VB
is	VBZ
to	TO
register	VB
while	IN
the	DT
early	JJ
bird	NN
rate	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
effect	NN
.	.
The	DT
earlier	JJR
you	PRP
register	VBP
for	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
the	DT
more	JJR
you	PRP
save	VBP
.	.
A.	NN
The	NNP
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
is	VBZ
recognized	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Certified	NNP
Counselors	NNPS
as	IN
qualified	VBN
to	TO
offer	VB
Continuing	NNP
Education	NNP
Units	NNP
for	IN
National	NNP
Certified	NNP
Counselors	NNPS
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
presentations	NNS
and	CC
workshops	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
for	IN
recertification	NN
credits	NNS
.	.
Check	VB
at	IN
the	DT
registration	NN
desk	NN
for	IN
details	NNS
and	CC
forms	NNS
.	.
If	IN
networking	NN
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
your	PRP$
professional	JJ
development	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
most	JJS
of	IN
us	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
why	WRB
limit	NN
yourself	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
people	NNS
you	PRP
happen	VB
to	TO
meet	VB
in	IN
the	DT
halls	NNS
during	IN
the	DT
2006	CD
National	NNP
Meeting	VBG
in	IN
Anaheim	NNP
,	,
California	NNP
?	.
Now	RB
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
get	VB
to	TO
know	VB
other	JJ
National	NNP
Meeting	VBG
attendees	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
conference	NN
and	CC
make	VB
arrangements	NNS
to	TO
talk	VB
face-to-face	JJ
using	VBG
a	DT
special	JJ
software	NN
program	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
helped	VBN
other	JJ
national	JJ
associations	NNS
successfully	RB
enable	VBP
and	CC
facilitate	VBP
professional-to-professional	JJ
conference	NN
networking	NN
.	.
Foundation	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
foster	VB
leading-edge	JJ
research	NN
and	CC
educational	JJ
activities	NNS
that	WDT
advance	VBP
the	DT
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
career	NN
development	NN
and	CC
employment	NN
decisions	NNS
of	IN
college	NN
graduates	NNS
.	.
To	TO
that	DT
end	NN
,	,
the	DT
Foundation	NNP
has	VBZ
earned	VBN
a	DT
notable	JJ
reputation	NN
for	IN
publishing	NN
specialized	VBN
research	NN
in	IN
these	DT
areas	NNS
and	CC
for	IN
fostering	VBG
educational	JJ
training	NN
programs	NNS
for	IN
college	NN
career	NN
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
,	,
human	JJ
resources	NNS
professionals	NNS
,	,
and	CC
graduating	VBG
college	NN
students	NNS
.	.
Behavior-based	JJ
interviewing	VBG
-LRB-	-LRB-
BBI	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
respected	JJ
interviewing	VBG
technique	NN
available	JJ
today	NN
:	:
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
most	JJS
Fortune	NNP
500	CD
companies	NNS
use	VBP
this	DT
tool	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
a	DT
candidates	NNS
future	JJ
behavior	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
recent	JJ
,	,
relevant	JJ
past	JJ
behavior	NN
.	.
Join	VB
this	DT
lively	JJ
session	NN
and	CC
learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
use	VB
BBI	NNP
to	TO
uncover	VB
a	DT
candidate	NN
's	POS
potential	JJ
and	CC
pitfalls	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
also	RB
learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
develop	VB
effective	JJ
interview	NN
questions	NNS
and	CC
evaluate	VB
candidates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
review	VB
legal	JJ
considerations	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
recruiting	VBG
and	CC
hiring	VBG
.	.
Learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
stand	VB
out	RP
from	IN
the	DT
herd	NN
,	,
get	VB
better	JJR
results	NNS
,	,
and	CC
wrangle	VB
more	JJR
prospects	NNS
your	PRP$
way	NN
.	.
This	DT
workshop	NN
is	VBZ
packed	VBN
with	IN
creative	JJ
ideas	NNS
and	CC
tangible	JJ
tools	NNS
you	PRP
can	MD
use	VB
right	RB
away	RB
to	TO
make	VB
your	PRP$
marketing	NN
more	RBR
effective	JJ
and	CC
memorable	JJ
.	.
Career	NNP
center	NN
and	CC
corporate	JJ
trainers	NNS
alike	RB
will	MD
find	VB
the	DT
material	NN
in	IN
this	DT
preconference	NN
program	NN
extremely	RB
useful	JJ
for	IN
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
diversity	NN
training	NN
needs	NNS
.	.
Participants	NNS
will	MD
learn	VB
about	IN
simulation	NN
gaming	NN
as	IN
a	DT
powerful	JJ
training	NN
technique	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
use	VB
simulations	NNS
in	IN
diversity	NN
training	NN
.	.
Simulations	NNS
are	VBP
a	DT
powerful	JJ
diversity	NN
training	NN
technique	NN
approximating	VBG
real-life	JJ
situations	NNS
,	,
eliciting	VBG
real	JJ
emotions	NNS
and	CC
responses	NNS
,	,
within	IN
the	DT
safety	NN
of	IN
a	DT
training	NN
exercise	NN
.	.
This	DT
dynamic	JJ
mix	NN
of	IN
reality	NN
and	CC
safety	NN
create	VBP
a	DT
learning	NN
experience	NN
that	WDT
promotes	VBZ
immediate	JJ
personal	JJ
and	CC
professional	JJ
growth	NN
.	.
Participants	NNS
will	MD
also	RB
learn	VB
about	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
balance	VB
``	``
training	NN
intensity	NN
factors	NNS
''	''
against	IN
trainee	NN
readiness	NN
,	,
so	RB
as	IN
to	TO
maximize	VB
the	DT
effectiveness	NN
of	IN
one	CD
's	POS
use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
simulation	NN
game	NN
and	CC
minimize	VB
trainee	NN
risk	NN
.	.
Learning	NNP
sessions	NNS
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
deepen	VB
your	PRP$
knowledge	NN
in	IN
many	JJ
areas	NNS
or	CC
build	VB
your	PRP$
skills	NNS
in	IN
one	CD
!	.
Choose	VB
sessions	NNS
individually	RB
or	CC
by	IN
selecting	VBG
any	DT
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
topic	NN
areas	NNS
listed	VBN
below	RB
.	.
Each	DT
session	NN
in	IN
a	DT
topic	NN
area	NN
covers	VBZ
a	DT
different	JJ
skill	NN
or	CC
emphasis	NN
area	NN
.	.
National	NNP
Meeting	VBG
by	IN
setting	VBG
a	DT
schedule	NN
in	IN
advance	NN
.	.
Attendees	NNS
can	MD
choose	VB
among	IN
eight	CD
tracks	NNS
of	IN
concurrent	JJ
sessions	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
track	NN
contains	VBZ
sessions	NNS
geared	VBN
to	TO
college	NN
or	CC
employer	NN
professionals	NNS
;	:
some	DT
sessions	NNS
will	MD
appeal	VB
to	TO
both	DT
groups	NNS
.	.
HR\/staffing	VBG
and	CC
college	NN
career	NN
services	NNS
practitioners	NNS
.	.
NACE	NNP
reserves	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
eligibility	NN
of	IN
any	DT
company	NN
,	,
product	NN
,	,
or	CC
service	NN
and	CC
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
restrict	VB
,	,
prohibit	VB
,	,
or	CC
evict	VB
any	DT
exhibitor	NN
or	CC
product	NN
which	WDT
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
opinion	NN
of	IN
NACE	NNP
,	,
detracts	VBZ
from	IN
the	DT
character	NN
of	IN
the	DT
exposition	NN
or	CC
for	IN
any	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
Terms	NNS
and	CC
Conditions	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
event	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
restriction	NN
or	CC
eviction	NN
,	,
NACE	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
liable	JJ
for	IN
refunding	VBG
exhibit	NN
fees	NNS
or	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
cost	NN
incurred	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
exhibitor	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
will	MD
not	RB
accept	VB
advertising	NN
for	IN
tobacco	NN
,	,
alcohol	NN
,	,
drugs	NNS
,	,
or	CC
firearms	NNS
and\/or	CC
products\/services	NNS
that	WDT
promote	VBP
nudity	NN
,	,
pornography	NN
.	.
Products	NNPS
and	CC
services	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
exhibit	NN
hall	NN
must	MD
be	VB
useful	JJ
to	TO
college	NN
career	NN
services	NNS
practitioners	NNS
and	CC
college	NN
recruiting	NN
professionals	NNS
.	.
A	DT
company	NN
's	POS
participation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
exposition	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
reflect	VB
a	DT
product	NN
endorsement	NN
by	IN
NACE	NNP
.	.
The	DT
exhibitor	NN
may	MD
not	RB
make	VB
any	DT
statements	NNS
in	IN
print	NN
,	,
orally	RB
or	CC
electronically	RB
that	IN
state	NN
or	CC
imply	VB
such	JJ
endorsement	NN
.	.
Booth	NN
Requirements	NNS
.	.
Exhibitors	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
observe	VB
the	DT
following	VBG
height	NN
guidelines	NNS
:	:
booths	NNS
consisting	VBG
of	IN
10	CD
'	''
x	SYM
10	CD
'	''
inline	JJ
or	CC
corner	NN
space	NN
must	MD
not	RB
exceed	VB
a	DT
height	NN
of	IN
8	CD
feet	NNS
.	.
Exceptions	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
granted	VBN
where	WRB
the	DT
booth	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
located	VBN
along	IN
perimeter	NN
walls	NNS
.	.
Exhibitors	NNS
in	IN
Island	NNP
booths	NNS
may	MD
display	VB
to	TO
a	DT
height	NN
of	IN
12	CD
feet	NNS
.	.
No	DT
walls	NNS
,	,
partitions	NNS
,	,
paintings	NNS
,	,
decorations	NNS
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
obstructions	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
erected	VBN
which	WDT
will	MD
in	IN
any	DT
way	NN
interfere	VB
with	IN
the	DT
view	NN
of	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
exhibitor	NN
.	.
Exhibitors	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
submit	VB
their	PRP$
plan	NN
in	IN
advance	NN
for	IN
approval	NN
by	IN
NACE	NNP
if	IN
such	JJ
plans	NNS
include	VBP
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
unusual	JJ
effects	NNS
or	CC
methods	NNS
of	IN
production	NN
presentation	NN
.	.
Exhibitors	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
their	PRP$
displays	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
a	DT
negative	JJ
impact	NN
on	IN
the	DT
show	NN
environment	NN
through	IN
excessive	JJ
noise	NN
,	,
heat	NN
,	,
light	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
Food	NNP
and	CC
Beverages	NNPS
must	MD
be	VB
purchased	VBN
from	IN
Anaheim	NNP
Marriott	NNP
,	,
unless	IN
incident	NN
to	TO
the	DT
exhibitor	NN
's	POS
product	NN
line	NN
with	IN
written	VBN
approval	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Anaheim	NNP
Marriott	NNP
.	.
IMPORTANT	NNP
:	:
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
room	NN
service	NN
from	IN
the	DT
conference	NN
hotel	NN
to	TO
the	DT
exhibit	NN
hall	NN
.	.
All	DT
arrangements	NNS
for	IN
food	NN
and	CC
beverage	NN
for	IN
special	JJ
needs	NNS
over	IN
and	CC
above	IN
the	DT
planned	VBN
functions	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
Catering	NNP
Department	NNP
by	IN
April	NNP
7	CD
,	,
2006	CD
.	.
The	DT
Proposal	NNP
Review	NNP
Team	NNP
encourages	VBZ
proposals	NNS
from	IN
different	JJ
companies	NNS
and	CC
organizations	NNS
representing	VBG
diverse	JJ
points	NNS
of	IN
view	NN
.	.
The	DT
team	NN
requests	NNS
that	WDT
individuals	NNS
limit	VBP
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
proposals	NNS
submitted	VBN
to	TO
two	CD
.	.
Any	DT
speaker	NN
substitutions	NNS
,	,
deletions	NNS
,	,
or	CC
additions	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Education	NNP
Department	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Education	NNP
Department	NNP
reserves	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
edit	VB
accepted	VBN
presentations	NNS
for	IN
publication	NN
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
and	CC
in	IN
the	DT
Conference	NNP
Program	NNP
Guide	NNP
.	.
NACE	NNP
Conference	NNP
programs	NNS
are	VBP
noncommercial	JJ
.	.
Individuals	NNS
should	MD
refrain	VB
from	IN
using	VBG
brand	NN
names	NNS
and	CC
endorsing	VBG
specific	JJ
products	NNS
.	.
Under	IN
no	DT
circumstances	NNS
should	MD
an	DT
association	NN
podium	NN
be	VB
used	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
place	NN
for	IN
direct	JJ
promotion	NN
of	IN
a	DT
speaker	NN
's	POS
product	NN
,	,
service	NN
,	,
or	CC
monetary	JJ
self-interest	NN
.	.
Presenters	NNS
also	RB
must	MD
refrain	VB
from	IN
overt	JJ
statements	NNS
,	,
harsh	JJ
language	NN
,	,
or	CC
pointed	VBD
humor	NN
that	IN
disparages	VBZ
the	DT
rightful	JJ
dignity	NN
and	CC
social	JJ
equity	NN
of	IN
any	DT
individual	JJ
or	CC
group	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
nonprofit	JJ
educational	JJ
association	NN
,	,
NACE	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
provide	VB
honoraria	NN
for	IN
presentations	NNS
given	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Meeting	VBG
.	.
Presenters	NNS
must	MD
cover	VB
all	DT
of	IN
their	PRP$
individual	JJ
travel	NN
and	CC
living	NN
expenses	NNS
.	.
One	CD
speaker	NN
per	IN
concurrent	JJ
session	NN
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
full	JJ
complimentary	JJ
registration	NN
.	.
Known	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
emotional	JJ
and	CC
dynamic	JJ
speaker	NN
,	,
Peters	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
called	VBN
a	DT
gadfly	RB
,	,
curmudgeon	NN
,	,
and	CC
professional	JJ
loudmouth	NN
.	.
He	PRP
dares	VBZ
audiences	NNS
to	TO
break	VB
workplace	JJ
rules	NNS
,	,
leap	NN
organizational	JJ
barriers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
revolt	NN
against	IN
bureaucracy	NN
.	.
He	PRP
advocates	VBZ
``	``
breaking	VBG
the	DT
mold	NN
''	''
to	TO
become	VB
a	DT
leader	NN
.	.
Peters	NNP
advocates	VBZ
passion	NN
and	CC
enthusiasm	NN
in	IN
the	DT
workplace	NN
to	TO
replace	VB
apathy	NN
and	CC
whining	NN
.	.
Ph.D.	NNP
from	IN
Stanford	NNP
in	IN
decision	NN
science	NN
and	CC
organizational	JJ
behavior	NN
.	.
Peters	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
Fellow	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
International	NNP
Academy	NNP
of	IN
Management	NNP
,	,
The	DT
World	NNP
Productivity	NNP
Association	NNP
,	,
the	DT
International	NNP
Customer	NN
Service	NNP
Association	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Society	NNP
for	IN
Quality	NNP
and	CC
Participation	NNP
.	.
Steve	NNP
Uzzell	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
top	JJ
advertising	NN
and	CC
corporate	JJ
photographer	NN
who	WP
started	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
photography	NN
business	NN
31	CD
years	NNS
ago	RB
as	IN
the	DT
assistant	NN
to	TO
the	DT
editor	NN
of	IN
National	NNP
Geographic	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
photographic	JJ
staff	NN
.	.
He	PRP
now	RB
shoots	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
roster	NN
of	IN
clients	NNS
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
airlines	NNS
,	,
automobile	NN
manufacturers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
travel	NN
,	,
shelter	NN
,	,
and	CC
fashion	NN
magazines	NNS
.	.
His	PRP$
work	NN
has	VBZ
garnered	VBN
international	JJ
acclaim	NN
and	CC
won	VBD
numerous	JJ
awards	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
10	CD
from	IN
Communication	NNP
Arts	NNS
.	.
Along	IN
the	DT
way	NN
he	PRP
has	VBZ
photographed	VBN
two	CD
books	NNS
,	,
Maryland	NNP
and	CC
The	DT
View	NNP
From	IN
Sterling	NNP
Bluff	NNP
,	,
and	CC
had	VBD
editorial	NN
work	NN
published	VBN
in	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
50	CD
publications	NNS
.	.
Posner	NNP
is	VBZ
Dean	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Leavey	NNP
School	NNP
of	IN
Business	NNP
at	IN
Santa	NNP
Clara	NNP
University	NNP
,	,
located	VBN
in	IN
Silicon	NNP
Valley	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
received	VBD
his	PRP$
Ph.D.	NNP
in	IN
organizational	JJ
behavior	NN
and	CC
administrative	JJ
theory	NN
from	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Massachusetts	NNP
,	,
Amherst	NNP
.	.
Some	DT
years	NNS
ago	RB
,	,
Lalita	NNP
Tademy	NNP
found	VBD
herself	PRP
holding	VBG
the	DT
Bill	NNP
of	IN
Sale	NNP
for	IN
her	PRP$
great-great-great-great	NN
grandmother	NN
Elisabeth	NNP
.	.
The	DT
receipt	NN
for	IN
$	$
800	CD
turned	VBN
Tademy	NNP
's	POS
``	``
obsession	NN
''	''
with	IN
old	JJ
records	NNS
and	CC
research	NN
trips	NNS
to	TO
explore	VB
her	PRP$
family	NN
's	POS
roots	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
little	JJ
farming	NN
community	NN
in	IN
Louisiana	NNP
into	IN
something	NN
more	RBR
personal	JJ
.	.
Cane	NNP
River	NNP
,	,
published	VBN
in	IN
2001	CD
and	CC
an	DT
Oprah	NNP
Book	NNP
Club	NNP
Selection	NNP
,	,
covers	VBZ
137	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
Tademy	NNP
's	POS
family	NN
history	NN
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
author	NN
says	VBZ
the	DT
book	NN
is	VBZ
fiction	NN
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
roots	NNS
lay	VBD
in	IN
Tademy	NNP
's	POS
family	NN
research	NN
and	CC
in	IN
historical	JJ
fact	NN
,	,
and	CC
traces	NNS
the	DT
stories	NNS
of	IN
real	JJ
women	NNS
who	WP
struggled	VBD
to	TO
keep	VB
their	PRP$
families	NNS
together	RB
in	IN
spite	NN
of	IN
slavery	NN
,	,
racism	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
culture	NN
of	IN
the	DT
plantation	NN
.	.
With	IN
no	DT
time	NN
limit	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
chapters	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
quick	JJ
assessment	NN
after	IN
each	DT
chapter	NN
,	,
you	PRP
learn	VBP
the	DT
material	NN
at	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
pace	NN
.	.
And	CC
once	RB
you	PRP
have	VBP
completed	VBN
the	DT
self-study	JJ
guide	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
ready	JJ
to	TO
apply	VB
your	PRP$
knowledge	NN
within	IN
your	PRP$
organization	NN
.	.
With	IN
no	DT
time	NN
limit	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
sessions	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
quick	JJ
assessment	NN
after	IN
each	DT
section	NN
,	,
you	PRP
learn	VBP
the	DT
material	NN
at	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
pace	NN
.	.
And	CC
once	RB
you	PRP
have	VBP
completed	VBN
the	DT
self-study	JJ
guide	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
ready	JJ
to	TO
apply	VB
your	PRP$
knowledge	NN
within	IN
your	PRP$
organization	NN
.	.
This	DT
workbook	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
for	IN
use	NN
by	IN
managers	NNS
and	CC
supervisors	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
mentoring	NN
.	.
Focusing	VBG
on	IN
helping	VBG
mentors	NNS
improve	VB
their	PRP$
mentoring	NN
skills	NNS
,	,
the	DT
workbook	NN
covers	VBZ
five	CD
broad	JJ
topic	NN
areas	NNS
:	:
mentoring	VBG
basics	NNS
,	,
the	DT
mentor	NN
in	IN
the	DT
mentorship	NN
alliance	NN
,	,
the	DT
mentoring	VBG
process	NN
,	,
key	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
mentorship	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
summary	NN
points	NNS
and	CC
tips	NNS
.	.
Published	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
GEM	NNP
Consortium	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
National	NNP
Consortium	NNP
for	IN
Graduate	NNP
Degrees	NNPS
for	IN
Minorities	NNPS
in	IN
Engineering	NNP
and	CC
Science	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
this	DT
resources	NNS
is	VBZ
especially	RB
useful	JJ
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
a	DT
formalized	VBN
mentoring	NN
program	NN
to	TO
guide	VB
their	PRP$
efforts	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
training	VBG
new	JJ
recruiters	NNS
or	CC
working	VBG
with	IN
line	NN
managers	NNS
to	TO
interview	VB
new	JJ
hires	NNS
,	,
NACE	NNP
's	POS
Guide	NNP
to	TO
Inteviewing	NNP
College	NNP
Students	NNS
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
convenient	JJ
guide	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
save	VB
you	PRP
hours	NNS
of	IN
training	NN
time	NN
and	CC
help	NN
anyone	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
representing	VBG
your	PRP$
organization	NN
gain	NN
confidence	NN
in	IN
his\/her	NN
interviewing	VBG
skills	NNS
.	.
This	DT
inexpensive	JJ
self-study	JJ
manual	NN
covers	VBZ
all	PDT
the	DT
basics	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
typical	JJ
interviewer	NN
mistakes	NNS
,	,
interview	NN
format	NN
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
and	CC
what	WP
to	TO
ask-plus	JJ
legal	JJ
and	CC
illegal	JJ
questions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
guide	NN
also	RB
offers	VBZ
practical	JJ
exercises	NNS
to	TO
reinforce	VB
guidance	NN
and	CC
an	DT
interviewing	VBG
bibliography	NN
.	.
Returns	NNS
for	IN
other	JJ
resources	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
postmarked	VBN
within	IN
30	CD
days	NNS
from	IN
shipping	NN
date	NN
are	VBP
accepted	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
full	JJ
refund	NN
;	:
returns	NNS
postmarked	VBD
31	CD
to	TO
60	CD
days	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
shipping	NN
date	NN
will	MD
incur	VB
a	DT
50	CD
percent	NN
restocking	VBG
fee	NN
.	.
No	DT
refund	NN
available	JJ
61	CD
days	NNS
after	IN
invoice	NN
date	NN
.	.
NACE	NNP
will	MD
accept	VB
returns	NNS
on	IN
all	DT
products	NNS
except	IN
for	IN
audio	NN
and	CC
video	NN
material	NN
.	.
Audiocassettes	NNS
,	,
CD-ROMs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
videos	NNS
sales	NNS
are	VBP
final	JJ
unless	IN
product	NN
is	VBZ
defective	JJ
.	.
Prepayment	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
.	.
Returns	NNS
for	IN
other	JJ
resources	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
postmarked	VBN
within	IN
30	CD
days	NNS
from	IN
shipping	NN
date	NN
are	VBP
accepted	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
full	JJ
refund	NN
;	:
returns	NNS
postmarked	VBD
31	CD
to	TO
60	CD
days	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
shipping	NN
date	NN
will	MD
incur	VB
a	DT
50	CD
percent	NN
restocking	VBG
fee	NN
.	.
No	DT
refund	NN
available	JJ
61	CD
days	NNS
after	IN
invoice	NN
date	NN
.	.
Each	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Governance	NNP
Task	NNP
Force	NNP
was	VBD
given	VBN
a	DT
specific	JJ
research	NN
assignment	NN
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
participated	VBD
in	IN
several	JJ
conference	NN
calls	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
face-to-face	JJ
meeting	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
prepare	VB
recommendations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
.	.
Making	VBG
?	.
program	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
starting	VBG
point	NN
for	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
to	TO
help	VB
GLBT	NNP
students	NNS
address	VBP
the	DT
challenges	NNS
they	PRP
face	VBP
as	IN
they	PRP
move	VBP
from	IN
the	DT
supportive	JJ
environment	NN
of	IN
many	JJ
college	NN
campuses	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
uncertainty	NN
of	IN
the	DT
workplace	NN
.	.
Growth	NN
Properties	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
GGP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
a	DT
Chicago-based	JJ
real	JJ
estate	NN
investment	NN
trust	NN
that	WDT
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
acquisition	NN
,	,
development	NN
,	,
management	NN
,	,
and	CC
marketing	NN
centers	NNS
,	,
created	VBD
a	DT
tool	NN
for	IN
future	JJ
professionals	NNS
that	WDT
recognizes	VBZ
demands	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
job	NN
market	NN
require	VBP
college	NN
students	NNS
to	TO
have	VB
hands-on	JJ
work	NN
experience	NN
and	CC
professional	JJ
development	NN
.	.
With	IN
their	PRP$
like	IN
goals	NNS
as	IN
their	PRP$
foundation	NN
,	,
NYU	NNP
Wagner	NNP
and	CC
Idealist.org	NNP
launched	VBD
the	DT
Institute	NNP
on	IN
Public	NNP
Service	NNP
Careers	NNP
,	,
a	DT
two-day	JJ
event	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
held	VBN
in	IN
December	NNP
2004	CD
with	IN
33	CD
career	NN
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
from	IN
colleges	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
country	NN
attending	VBG
.	.
Harris	NNP
and	CC
her	PRP$
staff	NN
envisioned	VBD
a	DT
web-based	JJ
resume	VB
creation	NN
tool	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
easy	JJ
to	TO
use	VB
;	:
accessible	JJ
at	IN
all	DT
times	NNS
;	:
flexible	JJ
enough	JJ
to	TO
address	VB
varied	JJ
majors	NNS
,	,
degrees	NNS
,	,
and	CC
experiences\/activities	NNS
;	:
and	CC
,	,
most	RBS
importantly	RB
,	,
suitable	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
college-level	JJ
population	NN
.	.
To	TO
create	VB
the	DT
system	NN
,	,
they	PRP
collaborated	VBD
with	IN
Optimal	NNP
Resume	NNP
,	,
an	DT
online	NN
resume	VB
service	NN
that	WDT
offers	VBZ
flexible	JJ
resume	VB
development	NN
.	.
Since	IN
the	DT
implementation	NN
of	IN
Optimal	NNP
Resume-College	NNP
Version	NNP
in	IN
July	NNP
2005	CD
,	,
more	JJR
than	IN
10,000	CD
resumes	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
created	VBN
and	CC
uploaded	VBN
by	IN
students	NNS
using	VBG
this	DT
tool	NN
.	.
Harris	NNP
says	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
UCS	NNP
staff	NN
overwhelmingly	RB
agrees	VBZ
that	IN
Optimal	NNP
Resume-College	NNP
Version	NNP
has	VBZ
resulted	VBN
in	IN
far	RB
superior	JJ
resumes	NNS
,	,
taking	VBG
much	RB
less	JJR
time	NN
to	TO
critique	NN
and	CC
correct	JJ
,	,
as	IN
compared	VBN
to	TO
resumes	NNS
submitted	VBN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
implementation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Governance	NNP
Task	NNP
Force	NNP
completed	VBD
work	NN
on	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
strategic	JJ
plan	NN
in	IN
January	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
significant	JJ
accomplishment	NN
for	IN
Kathy	NNP
Sims	NNP
.	.
Sims	NNS
was	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
when	WRB
the	DT
new	JJ
governance	NN
structure	NN
was	VBD
proposed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
early	JJ
2000s	CD
and	CC
served	VBD
as	IN
chairperson	NN
of	IN
the	DT
task	NN
force	NN
.	.
Vanessa	NNP
Strauss	NNP
,	,
past-president	NN
of	IN
NACE	NNP
and	CC
senior	JJ
advisor	NN
to	TO
the	DT
director	NN
and	CC
deputy	NN
director	NN
,	,
division	NN
of	IN
administration	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Deposit	NNP
Insurance	NNP
Corporation	NNP
,	,
nominated	VBD
Sims	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Kauffman	NNP
Award	NNP
.	.
Strauss	NNP
appreciates	VBZ
the	DT
depth	NN
of	IN
understanding	NN
of	IN
NACE	NNP
that	IN
Sims	NNP
brought	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
initiative	NN
.	.
But	CC
many	JJ
of	IN
her	PRP$
interests	NNS
cross	VBP
lines	NNS
with	IN
her	PRP$
career	NN
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
her	PRP$
first	JJ
trip	NN
to	TO
the	DT
United	NNP
Kingdom	NNP
was	VBD
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
NACE	NNP
.	.
And	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
exploring	VBG
creating	VBG
video	JJ
podcasts	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
delivery	NN
channel	NN
of	IN
career	NN
information	NN
to	TO
her	PRP$
students	NNS
at	IN
UCLA	NNP
.	.
Goodman	NNP
led	VBD
or	CC
collaborated	VBD
with	IN
the	DT
team	NN
of	IN
colleagues	NNS
that	WDT
developed	VBD
white	JJ
papers	NNS
and	CC
policy	NN
statements	NNS
addressing	VBG
and	CC
providing	VBG
guidance	NN
on	IN
significant	JJ
and	CC
challenging	JJ
issues	NNS
surrounding	VBG
college	NN
recruiting	NN
.	.
Topics	NNS
addressed	VBD
include	VBP
guidance	NN
about	IN
the	DT
recruitment	NN
process	NN
for	IN
faculty	NN
members	NNS
,	,
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
alcohol	NN
in	IN
recruiting	VBG
practices	NNS
,	,
exploding	VBG
offers	NNS
,	,
commercialization	NN
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
,	,
interviewing	VBG
with	IN
third-party	JJ
recruiters	NNS
,	,
and	CC
firms	NNS
that	WDT
offer	VBP
third-party	JJ
alumni	NNS
career	NN
services	NNS
.	.
Expanding	VBG
their	PRP$
chosen	VBN
career	NN
opportunities	NNS
and	CC
refining	NN
those	DT
industry	NN
research	NN
skills	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
Exploring	VBG
and	CC
Evaluating	VBG
Life	NNP
Options	NNPS
:	:
BA	NNP
243	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Other	JJ
academic	JJ
departments	NNS
were	VBD
then	RB
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
similar	JJ
course	NN
specific	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
department\/major	NN
curriculum	NN
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
the	DT
program	NN
has	VBZ
grown	VBN
to	TO
include	VB
more	JJR
than	IN
220	CD
associates	NNS
nationwide	JJ
with	IN
a	DT
more	JJR
than	IN
60	CD
percent	NN
success	NN
rate	NN
in	IN
advancing	VBG
associates	NNS
to	TO
leadership	NN
positions	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
company	NN
,	,
including	VBG
10	CD
company	NN
presidents	NNS
and	CC
30	CD
senior	JJ
operations	NNS
managers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
primary	JJ
audience	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Quest	NNP
web	NN
site	NN
is	VBZ
students	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
undecided	JJ
about	IN
their	PRP$
majors	NNS
or	CC
who	WP
have	VBP
no	DT
idea	NN
where	WRB
their	PRP$
majors	NNS
can	MD
lead	VB
them	PRP
professionally	RB
.	.
The	DT
secondary	JJ
audience	NN
is	VBZ
prospective	JJ
students	NNS
who	WP
want	VBP
to	TO
identify	VB
Ball	NNP
State	NNP
programs	NNS
that	WDT
match	VBP
their	PRP$
interests	NNS
.	.
Users	NNS
can	MD
also	RB
get	VB
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
career	NN
options	NNS
for	IN
specific	JJ
majors	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
can	MD
take	VB
a	DT
personality	NN
assessment	NN
similar	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Myers-Briggs	NNP
Type	NNP
Indicator	NNP
,	,
and	CC
find	VB
majors	NNS
and	CC
careers	NNS
appropriate	JJ
for	IN
their	PRP$
personality	NN
types	NNS
.	.
The	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
reports	VBZ
that	IN
having	VBG
a	DT
parallel	JJ
virtual	JJ
form	NN
of	IN
a	DT
live	JJ
presentation	NN
is	VBZ
beneficial	JJ
because	IN
those	DT
who	WP
attended	VBD
can	MD
easily	RB
access	VB
supporting	VBG
materials	NNS
,	,
and	CC
students	NNS
who	WP
missed	VBD
any	DT
presentations	NNS
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
access	VB
the	DT
seminars	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
and	CC
Placement	NNP
also	RB
has	VBZ
developed	VBN
an	DT
exercise	NN
to	TO
use	VB
with	IN
the	DT
guide	NN
that	WDT
prompts	VBZ
students	NNS
to	TO
write	VB
about	IN
a	DT
competency-related	JJ
experience	NN
,	,
describing	VBG
the	DT
situation	NN
,	,
their	PRP$
role	NN
and	CC
actions	NNS
,	,
the	DT
outcome	NN
,	,
and	CC
what	WP
they	PRP
learned	VBD
.	.
This	DT
exercise	NN
has	VBZ
proven	VBN
an	DT
effective	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
get	VB
students	NNS
to	TO
connect	VB
their	PRP$
academic	JJ
,	,
co-curricular	JJ
,	,
and	CC
personal	JJ
experiences	NNS
to	TO
marketable	JJ
skills	NNS
.	.
Activities	NNS
included	VBD
a	DT
luncheon	NN
program	NN
for	IN
academic	JJ
advisers	NNS
and	CC
an	DT
evening	NN
presentation	NN
for	IN
university	NN
and	CC
high	JJ
school	NN
students	NNS
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
luncheon	NN
,	,
attendees	NNS
learned	VBD
about	IN
opportunities	NNS
available	JJ
in	IN
public	JJ
health	NN
and	CC
resources	NNS
they	PRP
can	MD
use	VB
to	TO
assist	VB
students	NNS
interested	JJ
in	IN
public	JJ
health	NN
careers	NNS
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
evening	NN
presentation	NN
,	,
a	DT
keynote	NN
speaker	NN
and	CC
career	NN
panel	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
health	NN
scientists	NNS
addressed	VBD
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
opportunities	NNS
available	JJ
in	IN
public	JJ
health	NN
at	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
,	,
state	NN
,	,
and	CC
international	JJ
levels	NNS
,	,
and	CC
what	WP
positions	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
field	NN
entail	VB
.	.
After	IN
collaborating	VBG
on	IN
this	DT
event	NN
,	,
a	DT
partnership	NN
formed	VBD
between	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Texas	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Texas	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Health	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
now	RB
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
State	NNP
Health	NNP
Services	NNPS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
develop	VB
internship	NN
opportunities	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
supervision	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
health	NN
scientists	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Bureau	NNP
of	IN
Laboratories	NNPS
and	CC
the	DT
Bureau	NNP
of	IN
Epidemiology	NNP
.	.
Students	NNS
who	WP
know	VBP
what	WP
career	NN
path	NN
they	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
pursue	VB
use	NN
less	JJR
time	NN
and	CC
fewer	JJR
resources	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
career	NN
center	NN
.	.
The	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Bloomberg	NNP
School	NNP
of	IN
Public	NNP
Health	NNP
at	IN
Johns	NNP
Hopkins	NNP
University	NNP
helps	VBZ
students	NNS
interested	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
health	NN
career	NN
through	IN
a	DT
web-based	JJ
tool	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
industry	NN
career	NN
exploration	NN
and	CC
decision-making	NN
.	.
The	DT
Degree	NNP
Planner	NNP
aims	VBZ
to	TO
educate	VB
undergraduate	JJ
students	NNS
and	CC
others	NNS
about	IN
opportunities	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
field	NN
,	,
to	TO
link	VB
public	JJ
health	NN
majors	NNS
to	TO
careers	NNS
,	,
to	TO
assist	VB
current	JJ
public	JJ
health	NN
students	NNS
in	IN
defining	VBG
their	PRP$
career	NN
options	NNS
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
market	VB
the	DT
Bloomberg	NNP
School	NNP
to	TO
prospective	JJ
.	.
The	DT
demand	NN
for	IN
job-search	JJ
information	NN
was	VBD
great	JJ
:	:
From	IN
2000	CD
to	TO
2003	CD
,	,
the	DT
York	NNP
University	NNP
Career	NNP
Centre	NNP
experienced	VBD
a	DT
fourfold	JJ
increase	NN
in	IN
attendance	NN
for	IN
in-house	JJ
workshops	NNS
.	.
This	DT
surge	NN
stretched	VBN
center	NN
resources	NNS
and	CC
prompted	VBD
a	DT
change	NN
in	IN
career	NN
information	NN
delivery	NN
from	IN
a	DT
workshop	NN
format	NN
to	TO
a	DT
seminar\/lecture	NN
format	NN
.	.
Robbins	NNS
and	CC
her	PRP$
staff	NN
wanted	VBD
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
get	VB
more	JJR
and	CC
better	JJR
job-search	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
more	JJR
students	NNS
.	.
On	IN
October	NNP
16	CD
,	,
2003	CD
,	,
after	IN
a	DT
five-month	JJ
development	NN
period	NN
,	,
they	PRP
launched	VBD
the	DT
Career	NNP
Cyberguide	NNP
,	,
a	DT
multimedia	NNS
job-search	JJ
resource	NN
.	.
Online	NNP
presentations	NNS
by	IN
center	NN
specialists	NNS
are	VBP
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
information	NN
components	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
center	NN
workshops	NNS
,	,
and	CC
feature	NN
audio	NN
,	,
video	NN
,	,
and	CC
graphic	JJ
elements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
live	JJ
workshops	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
streaming	VBG
presentation	NN
.	.
The	DT
Career	NNP
Centre	NNP
staff	NN
taped	VBN
workshops	NNS
and	CC
divided	VBN
them	PRP
into	IN
10	CD
-	:
to	TO
20-minute	JJ
segments	NNS
.	.
Interviews	NNS
with	IN
staffing	NN
professionals	NNS
from	IN
employers	NNS
help	VBP
clarify	VB
student	NN
expectations	NNS
and	CC
corporate	JJ
recruitment	NN
strategies	NNS
.	.
Downloadable	JJ
PowerPoint	NNP
handouts	NNS
and	CC
templates	NNS
accompany	VBP
each	DT
section	NN
,	,
allowing	VBG
students	NNS
to	TO
work	VB
through	IN
the	DT
materials	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
watch	VBP
and	CC
listen	VBP
.	.
In	IN
recent	JJ
years	NNS
,	,
career	NN
centers	NNS
have	VBP
faced	VBN
many	JJ
challenges	NNS
.	.
These	DT
include	VBP
how	WRB
to	TO
engage	VB
small	JJ
and	CC
mid-sized	JJ
organizations	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
underdeveloped	JJ
or	CC
no	DT
human	JJ
resources	NNS
functions	NNS
and	CC
have	VBP
no	DT
history	NN
of	IN
interaction	NN
with	IN
a	DT
career	NN
center	NN
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
best	JJS
address	NN
the	DT
mounting	VBG
concern	NN
about	IN
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
leaving	VBG
their	PRP$
state	NN
.	.
To	TO
help	VB
career	NN
centers	NNS
at	IN
colleges	NNS
and	CC
universities	NNS
in	IN
Indiana	NNP
meet	VBP
these	DT
challenges	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Purdue	NNP
University	NNP
Center	NNP
for	IN
Career	NNP
Opportunities	NNPS
,	,
with	IN
funding	NN
assistance	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Lilly	NNP
Endowment	NNP
,	,
developed	VBD
a	DT
publication	NN
and	CC
PDF	NNP
that	IN
contain	VBP
content	JJ
relevant	JJ
to	TO
campus	NN
recruitment	NN
visits	NNS
and	CC
provide	VB
information	NN
applicable	JJ
to	TO
most	JJS
career	NN
centers	NNS
.	.
Why	WRB
provide	VBP
help	NN
statewide	RB
?	.
Navigating	VBG
College	NNP
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
in	IN
Indiana	NNP
promotes	VBZ
college	NN
career	NN
services	NNS
to	TO
prospective	JJ
employers	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
not	RB
historically	RB
sourced	JJ
candidates	NNS
through	IN
college	NN
and	CC
university	NN
career	NN
services	NNS
in	IN
Indiana	NNP
.	.
To	TO
assist	VB
educators	NNS
in	IN
integrating	VBG
the	DT
skills-based	JJ
competencies	NNS
needed	VBN
by	IN
entry-level	JJ
accounting	NN
professionals	NNS
and	CC
provide	VB
evaluation	NN
and	CC
educational	JJ
strategy	NN
resources	NNS
,	,
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
of	IN
Certified	NNP
Public	NNP
Accountants	NNPS
-LRB-	-LRB-
AICPA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
developed	VBD
the	DT
Educational	NNP
Competency	NNP
Assessment	NNP
web	NN
site	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
www.aicpa-eca.org	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
library	NN
contains	VBZ
the	DT
Core	NNP
Competency	NNP
Framework	NNP
,	,
a	DT
data	NN
base	NN
of	IN
the	DT
skill-based	JJ
competencies	NNS
developed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
AICPA	NNP
,	,
and	CC
additional	JJ
related	VBN
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
competencies	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
competency	NN
levels	NNS
and	CC
elements	NNS
.	.
The	DT
library	NN
also	RB
houses	VBZ
the	DT
Education	NNP
Strategies	NNS
Database	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
provides	VBZ
information	NN
and	CC
suggestions	NNS
regarding	VBG
effective	JJ
strategies	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
students	NNS
develop	VB
a	DT
particular	JJ
competency	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
information	NN
and	CC
examples	NNS
to	TO
assess	VB
student	NN
performance	NN
and	CC
evaluate	VB
competencies	NNS
coverage	NN
.	.
Presented	VBN
since	IN
1983	CD
,	,
the	DT
award	NN
recognizes	VBZ
and	CC
honors	NNS
a	DT
college	NN
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
for	IN
its	PRP$
development	NN
of	IN
a	DT
groundbreaking	JJ
program	NN
in	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
field	NN
.	.
Iowa	NNP
State	NNP
's	POS
College	NNP
of	IN
Engineering	NNP
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
developed	VBD
a	DT
set	NN
of	IN
metrics	NNS
to	TO
assess	VB
student	NN
development	NN
and	CC
demonstrate	VB
the	DT
ability-based	JJ
outcomes	NNS
required	VBN
for	IN
accreditation	NN
.	.
Staff	NNP
also	RB
developed	VBD
a	DT
sustainable	JJ
system	NN
to	TO
deliver	VB
the	DT
tools	NNS
to	TO
students	NNS
,	,
faculty	NN
,	,
advisers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
experiential	JJ
education	NN
supervisors	NNS
,	,
and	CC
supports	VBZ
the	DT
program	NN
by	IN
delivering	VBG
data	NNS
about	IN
student	NN
development	NN
to	TO
faculty	NN
each	DT
semester	NN
.	.
``	``
During	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
five	CD
years	NNS
,	,
engineering	NN
programs	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
hard	JJ
pressed	VBN
to	TO
`	``
measure	VB
the	DT
immeasurable	JJ
'	''
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
new	JJ
competency-based	JJ
standards	NNS
required	VBN
for	IN
accreditation	NN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Leigh	NNP
Turner	NNP
,	,
vice	NN
president	NN
of	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
and	CC
Executive	NNP
Director	NNP
of	IN
Texas	NNP
A&M	NNP
University	NNP
's	POS
career	NN
center	NN
.	.
Employers	NNS
has	VBZ
been	VBN
the	DT
leading	VBG
source	NN
of	IN
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
college	NN
market	NN
,	,
for	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
practitioners	NNS
who	WP
advise	VBP
students	NNS
and	CC
alumni	NNS
in	IN
career	NN
planning	NN
and	CC
the	DT
job-search	JJ
process	NN
,	,
and	CC
for	IN
human	JJ
resources	NNS
professionals	NNS
who	WP
recruit	VBP
and	CC
hire	VBP
college	NN
graduates	NNS
.	.
NACE	NNP
maintains	VBZ
a	DT
virtual	JJ
press	NN
room	NN
at	IN
www.naceweb.org/press/	NN
.	.
When	WRB
recruiters	NNS
from	IN
Cap	NNP
Gemini	NNP
Ernst	NNP
&	CC
Young	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CGE&Y	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
head	NN
off	IN
to	TO
campus	NN
career	NN
fairs	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
carry	VBP
with	IN
them	PRP
a	DT
single	JJ
CD	NN
that	WDT
combines	VBZ
the	DT
simplicity	NN
of	IN
PowerPoint	NNP
with	IN
the	DT
pizzazz	NN
of	IN
video	NN
to	TO
help	VB
students	NNS
learn	VBP
about	IN
consulting	VBG
careers	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
company	NN
.	.
To	TO
that	DT
end	NN
,	,
the	DT
authors	NNS
devote	VBP
a	DT
page	NN
to	TO
each	DT
skill	NN
area	NN
and	CC
recommend	VB
classes	NNS
and	CC
activities	NNS
students	NNS
can	MD
participate	VB
in	IN
to	TO
improve	VB
in	IN
that	DT
area	NN
.	.
A	DT
final	JJ
page	NN
offers	VBZ
students	NNS
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
places	NNS
to	TO
explore	VB
opportunities	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
campus	NN
career	NN
center	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
120-year-old	JJ
chain	NN
,	,
Sears	NNP
,	,
Roebuck	NNP
&	CC
Co.	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
rich	JJ
history	NN
and	CC
a	DT
remarkable	JJ
track	NN
record	NN
.	.
But	CC
those	DT
virtues	NNS
often	RB
were	VBD
lost	VBN
on	IN
job-seeking	JJ
college	NN
grads	NNS
who	WP
grew	VBD
up	RP
on	IN
The	DT
Gap	NNP
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
minds	NNS
of	IN
many	JJ
,	,
Sears	NNP
was	VBD
a	DT
store	NN
where	WRB
their	PRP$
grandparents	NNS
liked	VBD
to	TO
shop	VB
,	,
not	RB
an	DT
employer	NN
offering	NN
unlimited	JJ
career	NN
potential	NN
.	.
More	JJR
than	IN
two	CD
decades	NNS
have	VBP
passed	VBN
since	IN
Donald	NNP
R.	NNP
Katz	NNP
stood	VBD
before	IN
a	DT
class	NN
of	IN
eighth	JJ
graders	NNS
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
teacher	NN
in	IN
him	PRP
has	VBZ
remained	VBN
,	,
guiding	VBG
him	PRP
throughout	IN
a	DT
career	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
focused	VBN
mainly	RB
on	IN
university	NN
relations	NNS
and	CC
campus	NN
recruiting	NN
.	.
In	IN
1998	CD
,	,
Katz	NNP
left	VBD
banking	NN
to	TO
become	VB
a	DT
Chicago-based	JJ
university	NN
relations	NNS
manager	NN
and	CC
senior	JJ
recruiter	NN
for	IN
American	NNP
Management	NNP
Systems	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
,	,
an	DT
international	JJ
business	NN
and	CC
information	NN
technology	NN
consulting	VBG
firm	NN
.	.
Three	CD
years	NNS
later	RB
,	,
when	WRB
the	DT
company	NN
reduced	VBD
its	PRP$
labor	NN
force	NN
,	,
Katz	NNP
was	VBD
among	IN
those	DT
caught	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
downsizing	NN
.	.
Because	IN
he	PRP
had	VBD
begun	VBN
to	TO
do	VB
some	DT
independent	JJ
consulting	NN
several	JJ
years	NNS
earlier	RBR
,	,
Katz	NNP
was	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
expand	VB
his	PRP$
business	NN
and	CC
begin	VB
yet	RB
another	DT
phase	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
career	NN
.	.
To	TO
engage	VB
high	JJ
school	NN
students	NNS
in	IN
early	JJ
career	NN
planning	NN
,	,
Coker	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Career	NNP
Planning	NNP
and	CC
Placement	NNP
Services	NNPS
staff	NN
at	IN
Tyler	NNP
Junior	NNP
College	NNP
developed	VBD
a	DT
booklet	NN
that	WDT
introduces	VBZ
them	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
world	NN
of	IN
work	NN
.	.
From	IN
accounting	VBG
to	TO
social	JJ
work	NN
,	,
the	DT
Hot	NNP
Jobs	NNP
Viewbook	NNP
provides	VBZ
overviews	NNS
of	IN
various	JJ
fields	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
training	NN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
obtain	VB
jobs	NNS
,	,
types	NNS
of	IN
positions	NNS
,	,
salary	NN
ranges	NNS
,	,
and	CC
suggested	VBD
subjects	NNS
students	NNS
can	MD
take	VB
to	TO
prepare	VB
for	IN
particular	JJ
careers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
package	NN
consists	VBZ
of	IN
four	CD
four-color	JJ
booklets	NNS
:	:
one	CD
of	IN
inspirational	JJ
quotes	NNS
;	:
one	CD
on	IN
success	NN
and	CC
company	NN
values	NNS
;	:
another	DT
outlining	VBG
compensation	NN
,	,
benefits	NNS
,	,
and	CC
professional	JJ
development	NN
opportunities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
booklet	NN
to	TO
help	VB
students	NNS
determine	VB
where	WRB
they	PRP
might	MD
fit	VB
within	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
.	.
Services	NNP
staff	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
single-page	JJ
monthly	JJ
newsletter	NN
designed	VBN
to	TO
increase	VB
student	NN
awareness	NN
of	IN
career	NN
center	NN
programming	NN
and	CC
services	NNS
,	,
experiential	JJ
education	NN
opportunities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
on-campus	JJ
recruiting	NN
schedules	NNS
.	.
TVI	NNP
Community	NNP
College	NNP
developed	VBD
this	DT
CD-ROM	NN
to	TO
help	VB
students	NNS
and	CC
graduates	NNS
conduct	VBP
a	DT
job	NN
search	NN
,	,
begin	VB
or	CC
advance	VB
their	PRP$
careers	NNS
,	,
and\/or	CC
make	VB
a	DT
job	NN
or	CC
career	NN
change	NN
.	.
The	DT
CD-ROM	NN
features	VBZ
job	NN
search	NN
,	,
resume	VB
,	,
and	CC
interview	NN
modules	NNS
,	,
plus	CC
a	DT
glossary	NN
of	IN
terms	NNS
and	CC
extensive	JJ
resource	NN
listings	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
24\/7	CD
student	NN
resource	NN
and	CC
classroom	NN
tool	NN
.	.
COMET	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Career	NNP
Opportunity	NNP
and	CC
Management	NNP
Employment	NNP
Training	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
a	DT
10-month	JJ
program	NN
,	,
was	VBD
developed	VBN
by	IN
Applied	NNP
Industrial	NNP
Technologies	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
fast-track	JJ
training	NN
program	NN
to	TO
build	VB
a	DT
pool	NN
of	IN
future	JJ
leaders	NNS
,	,
recruit	VB
and	CC
retain	VB
more	JJR
college	NN
graduates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
formulate	VB
a	DT
career	NN
network	NN
.	.
Since	IN
its	PRP$
inception	NN
in	IN
1994	CD
,	,
the	DT
ECAC	NNP
web	NN
site	NN
has	VBZ
evolved	VBN
into	IN
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
site	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
employers	NNS
,	,
featuring	VBG
an	DT
online	JJ
recruiting	NN
calendar	NN
;	:
job-search	JJ
articles	NNS
and	CC
assistance	NN
;	:
links	NNS
to	TO
employer	NN
web	NN
sites	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
job-search	JJ
sites	NNS
;	:
information	NN
about	IN
programs	NNS
,	,
orientations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
workshops	NNS
;	:
salary	NN
surveys	NNS
,	,
student	NN
and	CC
employer	NN
manuals	NNS
,	,
and	CC
continuously	RB
updated	VBN
career	NN
center	NN
information	NN
.	.
This	DT
web	NN
site	NN
challenges	NNS
visitors	NNS
to	TO
test	VB
themselves	PRP
in	IN
four	CD
interactive	JJ
cases	NNS
that	WDT
each	DT
address	NN
a	DT
fundamental	JJ
dilemma	NN
facing	VBG
e-business	NN
today	NN
.	.
The	DT
cases	NNS
are	VBP
actual	JJ
project	NN
experiences	NNS
of	IN
consultants	NNS
that	WDT
provide	VBP
visitors	NNS
with	IN
decision	NN
making	VBG
opportunities	NNS
and	CC
allow	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
share	VB
their	PRP$
thinking	NN
on	IN
business	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
Cap	NNP
Gemini	NNP
Ernst	NNP
&	CC
Young	NNP
evaluates	VBZ
visitor	NN
responses	NNS
for	IN
creativity	NN
,	,
insightfulness	NN
,	,
and	CC
analytical	JJ
ability	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
recruitment	NN
prospects	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
traditional	JJ
recruiting	NN
season	NN
.	.
Through	IN
the	DT
profiles	NNS
,	,
students	NNS
gain	NN
access	NN
to	TO
employer	NN
information	NN
customized	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
Berkeley	NNP
campus	NN
,	,
employers	NNS
increase	VBP
their	PRP$
visibility	NN
among	IN
potential	JJ
hires	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
generates	VBZ
revenues	NNS
.	.
Burke	NNP
previously	RB
served	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
Rohm	NNP
and	CC
Haas	NNP
manager	NN
in	IN
research	NN
recruiting	NN
and	CC
university	NN
relations	NNS
,	,
corporate	JJ
information	NN
security\/research	NN
security	NN
,	,
and	CC
also	RB
as	IN
a	DT
senior	JJ
research	NN
scientist	NN
and	CC
recruiting	NN
supervisor	NN
.	.
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NACE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Burke	NNP
merited	VBD
this	DT
honor	NN
for	IN
his	PRP$
contributions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
college	NN
relations	NNS
and	CC
recruiting	VBG
profession	NN
through	IN
years	NNS
of	IN
service	NN
,	,
commitment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
professional	JJ
associations	NNS
,	,
advocacy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
college	NN
relations	NNS
field	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
mentoring	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
professionals	NNS
.	.
Palamara	NNP
says	VBZ
that	IN
in	IN
the	DT
Temple	NNP
presentation	NN
,	,
in	IN
subsequent	JJ
presentations	NNS
at	IN
job	NN
fairs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
the	DT
workbook	NN
,	,
the	DT
Towers	NNP
Perrin	NNP
group	NN
emphasized	VBD
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
asking	VBG
employers	NNS
about	IN
other	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
job	NN
,	,
including	VBG
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
advancement	NN
,	,
pay	NN
raises	VBZ
,	,
employee	NN
benefits	NNS
,	,
company	NN
values	NNS
,	,
and	CC
work-life	NN
balance	NN
.	.
The	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
staff	NN
developed	VBD
the	DT
video	NN
primarily	RB
to	TO
address	VB
student	NN
concerns	NNS
and	CC
misconceptions	NNS
about	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
center	NN
only	RB
serves	VBZ
graduating	VBG
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
staff	NN
also	RB
wanted	VBD
to	TO
emphasize	VB
the	DT
point	NN
that	WDT
students	NNS
can	MD
use	VB
career	NN
services	NNS
throughout	IN
and	CC
beyond	IN
their	PRP$
college	NN
years	NNS
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
competition	NN
,	,
teams	NNS
of	IN
students	NNS
compete	VBP
for	IN
a	DT
hypothetical	JJ
job	NN
with	IN
a	DT
sponsoring	VBG
employer	NN
.	.
The	DT
competition	NN
includes	VBZ
a	DT
career	NN
resource	NN
scavenger	NN
hunt	NN
,	,
requiring	VBG
hands-on	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
CRC	NNP
resources	NNS
;	:
company	NN
and	CC
industry	NN
research	NN
;	:
and	CC
an	DT
interview	NN
with	IN
a	DT
representative	NN
of	IN
the	DT
competition	NN
sponsor	NN
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
was	VBD
developed	VBN
by	IN
Steven	NNP
R.	NNP
Kravinsky	NNP
,	,
director	NN
of	IN
business\/LAS	NNP
career	NN
services	NNS
,	,
to	TO
enhance	VB
students	NNS
?	.
cross-cultural	JJ
awareness	NN
and	CC
to	TO
facilitate	VB
global	JJ
relationships	NNS
among	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
practitioners	NNS
.	.
To	TO
address	VB
their	PRP$
mutual	JJ
concerns	NNS
,	,
Beck	NNP
and	CC
Karrer	NNP
initiated	VBD
plans	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
project	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
partner	NN
two	CD
university	NN
divisions	NNS
:	:
Student	NNP
Affairs	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Beck	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
CDS	NNP
staff	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
Academic	NNP
Affairs	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Karrer	NNP
and	CC
students	NNS
in	IN
his	PRP$
multimedia	NNS
design	NN
and	CC
production	NN
class	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
interview	NN
journey	NN
leads	VBZ
students	NNS
and	CC
alumni	NNS
through	IN
four	CD
phases	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
job	NN
search	NN
:	:
creating	VBG
a	DT
resume	VB
,	,
researching	VBG
a	DT
company	NN
,	,
dressing	VBG
for	IN
an	DT
interview	NN
,	,
and	CC
responding	VBG
to	TO
interview	VB
questions	NNS
.	.
After	IN
completing	VBG
the	DT
journey	NN
,	,
visitors	NNS
are	VBP
scored	VBN
on	IN
their	PRP$
responses	NNS
to	TO
questions	NNS
in	IN
each	DT
section	NN
.	.
Elsewhere	RB
on	IN
the	DT
site	NN
,	,
the	DT
exploration	NN
section	NN
poses	VBZ
frequently	RB
asked	VBN
interview	NN
questions	NNS
and	CC
critiques	NNS
the	DT
answers	NNS
students	NNS
and	CC
alumni	NNS
provide	VBP
.	.
Additional	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
interviewing	VBG
and	CC
other	JJ
job-search	JJ
skills	NNS
appears	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
reference	NN
section	NN
.	.
International	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
OMI	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
an	DT
international	JJ
environmental	JJ
firm	NN
headquartered	VBN
in	IN
Englewood	NNP
,	,
Colorado	NNP
.	.
At	IN
OMI	NNP
,	,
Hunt	NNP
directs	VBZ
the	DT
human	JJ
resources	NNS
department	NN
,	,
with	IN
oversight	NN
for	IN
staff	NN
training	NN
,	,
career	NN
development	NN
and	CC
college	NN
relations	NNS
programs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
HR	NNP
program	NN
development	NN
.	.
He	PRP
also	RB
directs	VBZ
the	DT
management	NN
information	NN
systems	NNS
and	CC
administration	NN
group	NN
.	.
Before	IN
joining	VBG
OMI	NNP
,	,
Hunt	NNP
served	VBD
as	IN
director	NN
of	IN
human	JJ
resources	NNS
at	IN
Morrison	NNP
Knudsen	NNP
Corporation	NNP
in	IN
Boise	NNP
,	,
Idaho	NNP
.	.
In	IN
that	DT
capacity	NN
,	,
he	PRP
was	VBD
responsible	JJ
for	IN
strategic	JJ
planning	NN
,	,
staffing	NN
,	,
employee	NN
relations	NNS
,	,
training	NN
and	CC
development	NN
,	,
compensation	NN
,	,
and	CC
affirmative	JJ
action	NN
.	.
He	PRP
previously	RB
held	VBD
the	DT
positions	NNS
of	IN
director	NN
of	IN
staffing	NN
and	CC
university	NN
relations	NNS
at	IN
Morrison	NNP
Knudson	NNP
,	,
senior	JJ
employment	NN
representative	NN
at	IN
Bechtel	NNP
,	,
and	CC
personnel	NNS
representative	NN
at	IN
CDI	NNP
Corporation	NNP
,	,
all	DT
in	IN
Boise	NNP
.	.
``	``
Internship	NN
programs	NNS
are	VBP
a	DT
way	NN
for	IN
employers	NNS
and	CC
students	NNS
to	TO
test	VB
each	DT
other	JJ
out	RP
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Mackes	NNP
.	.
``	``
Employers	NNS
get	VBP
the	DT
chance	NN
to	TO
see	VB
the	DT
students	NNS
in	IN
action	NN
,	,
to	TO
see	VB
how	WRB
they	PRP
perform	VBP
and	CC
fit	VBP
into	IN
the	DT
workplace	NN
.	.
About	IN
the	DT
Job	NNP
Outlook	NNP
2006	CD
survey	NN
:	:
The	DT
Job	NNP
Outlook	NNP
survey	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
forecast	NN
of	IN
hiring	VBG
intentions	NNS
of	IN
employers	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
relate	VBP
to	TO
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
year	NN
,	,
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NACE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
surveys	VBZ
its	PRP$
employer	NN
members	NNS
about	IN
their	PRP$
hiring	VBG
plans	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
upcoming	JJ
class	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
employment-related	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Job	NNP
Outlook	NNP
2006	CD
survey	NN
covers	VBZ
employers	NNS
?	.
hiring	VBG
intentions	NNS
and	CC
related	JJ
issues	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
college	NN
Class	NN
of	IN
2005-06	CD
.	.
When	WRB
asked	VBN
about	IN
``	``
soft	JJ
''	''
skills	NNS
,	,
qualities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
characteristics	NNS
in	IN
job	NN
candidates	NNS
,	,
employers	NNS
responding	VBG
to	TO
NACE	NNP
's	POS
Job	NNP
Outlook	NNP
2006	CD
report	NN
cited	VBD
communication	NN
skills	NNS
as	IN
most	RBS
important	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
See	VB
Figure	NN
1	CD
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
when	WRB
asked	VBN
about	IN
candidate	NN
``	``
holes	NNS
,	,
''	''
most	RBS
identified	VBN
communication	NN
skills	NNS
.	.
``	``
For	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
10	CD
years	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
've	VBP
asked	VBN
employers	NNS
about	IN
key	JJ
skills	NNS
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
have	VBP
consistently	RB
named	VBN
communication	NN
skills	NNS
as	IN
critical	JJ
,	,
yet	RB
have	VBP
also	RB
said	VBN
this	DT
is	VBZ
something	NN
many	JJ
candidates	NNS
lack	VBP
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Marilyn	NNP
Mackes	NNP
,	,
NACE	NNP
executive	NN
director	NN
.	.
``	``
The	DT
candidate	NN
's	POS
GPA	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
grade	NN
point	NN
average	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
can	MD
also	RB
play	VB
a	DT
big	JJ
role	NN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Mackes	NNP
.	.
``	``
More	JJR
than	IN
70	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
employers	NNS
who	WP
participated	VBD
in	IN
our	PRP$
survey	NN
said	VBD
they	PRP
screen	VBP
candidates	NNS
on	IN
their	PRP$
GPA	NNP
,	,
and	CC
more	JJR
than	IN
half	NN
of	IN
those	DT
said	VBD
they	PRP
look	VBP
for	IN
a	DT
GPA	NNP
of	IN
3.0	CD
and	CC
above	RB
.	.
''	''
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
``	``
employers	NNS
place	VBP
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
importance	NN
on	IN
relevant	JJ
work	NN
experience	NN
,	,
''	''
explains	VBZ
Mackes	NNP
.	.
``	``
For	IN
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
,	,
that	IN
experience	NN
is	VBZ
typically	RB
gained	VBN
through	IN
an	DT
internship	NN
or	CC
participation	NN
in	IN
a	DT
cooperative	JJ
education	NN
assignment	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
Finding	VBG
a	DT
job	NN
really	RB
is	VBZ
a	DT
job	NN
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
As	IN
our	PRP$
study	NN
shows	NNS
,	,
employers	NNS
have	VBP
a	DT
substantial	JJ
set	NN
of	IN
criteria	NNS
against	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
judge	VBP
potential	JJ
employees	NNS
.	.
Students	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
demonstrate	VB
to	TO
employers	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
what	WP
it	PRP
takes	VBZ
.	.
''	''
About	IN
the	DT
Job	NNP
Outlook	NNP
2006	CD
survey	NN
:	:
The	DT
Job	NNP
Outlook	NNP
survey	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
forecast	NN
of	IN
hiring	VBG
intentions	NNS
of	IN
employers	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
relate	VBP
to	TO
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
year	NN
,	,
the	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NACE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
surveys	VBZ
its	PRP$
employer	NN
members	NNS
about	IN
their	PRP$
hiring	VBG
plans	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
upcoming	JJ
class	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
employment-related	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Job	NNP
Outlook	NNP
2006	CD
survey	NN
covers	VBZ
employers	NNS
?	.
hiring	VBG
intentions	NNS
and	CC
related	JJ
issues	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
college	NN
class	NN
of	IN
2005-06	CD
.	.
The	DT
increases	NNS
,	,
says	VBZ
Marilyn	NNP
Mackes	NNP
,	,
NACE	NNP
executive	NN
director	NN
,	,
are	VBP
not	RB
unexpected	JJ
and	CC
``	``
track	NN
with	IN
what	WP
employers	NNS
told	VBD
us	PRP
earlier	RBR
this	DT
year-that	NN
they	PRP
expected	VBD
more	JJR
competition	NN
for	IN
this	DT
year	NN
's	POS
college	NN
graduates	NNS
.	.
That	DT
increased	VBD
competition	NN
often	RB
results	VBZ
in	IN
higher	JJR
starting	VBG
salaries	NNS
.	.
''	''
In	IN
the	DT
business	NN
disciplines	NNS
,	,
accounting	VBG
degree	NN
graduates	NNS
saw	VBD
their	PRP$
average	JJ
starting	VBG
salary	NN
offer	NN
increase	NN
5.4	CD
percent	NN
over	IN
last	JJ
spring	NN
to	TO
$	$
46,188	CD
.	.
Business	NNP
administration\/management	NNP
majors	NNS
also	RB
fared	VBD
well	RB
,	,
posting	VBG
a	DT
3.9	CD
percent	NN
increase	NN
for	IN
an	DT
average	JJ
starting	VBG
salary	NN
of	IN
$	$
40,976	CD
.	.
The	DT
news	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
good	JJ
for	IN
economics\/finance	NN
graduates	NNS
;	:
their	PRP$
average	JJ
offer	NN
rose	VBD
5.3	CD
percent	NN
to	TO
bring	VB
their	PRP$
average	JJ
starting	VBG
salary	NN
offer	NN
to	TO
$	$
45,058	CD
.	.
Computer	NNP
engineering	NN
graduates	NNS
saw	VBD
their	PRP$
average	JJ
starting	VBG
salary	NN
offer	NN
rise	VB
a	DT
healthy	JJ
5.3	CD
percent	NN
to	TO
$	$
54,200	CD
.	.
The	DT
average	JJ
offer	NN
to	TO
electrical	JJ
engineers	NNS
rose	VBD
3.9	CD
percent	NN
to	TO
$	$
54,053	CD
.	.
Interestingly	RB
,	,
although	IN
employers	NNS
responding	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
NACE	NNP
survey	NN
earlier	RBR
in	IN
the	DT
year	NN
cited	VBD
mechanical	JJ
engineers	NNS
as	IN
among	IN
the	DT
disciplines	NNS
they	PRP
expected	VBD
to	TO
target	VB
,	,
mechanical	JJ
engineering	NN
graduates	NNS
have	VBP
n't	RB
seen	VBN
that	IN
interest	NN
bubble	NN
up	RB
into	IN
their	PRP$
salary	NN
offers	VBZ
;	:
their	PRP$
average	JJ
offer	NN
rose	VBD
just	RB
1.4	CD
percent	NN
to	TO
$	$
51,761	CD
.	.
Data	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
various	JJ
liberal	JJ
arts	NNS
disciplines	NNS
are	VBP
limited	VBN
at	IN
this	DT
time	NN
of	IN
year	NN
,	,
but	CC
looking	VBG
at	IN
liberal	JJ
arts	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
group	NN
shows	VBZ
that	IN
these	DT
graduates	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
doing	VBG
better	RBR
this	DT
year	NN
than	IN
they	PRP
did	VBD
last	JJ
year	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
group	NN
,	,
the	DT
average	JJ
starting	VBG
salary	NN
to	TO
liberal	JJ
arts	NNS
graduates	VBZ
stands	NNS
at	IN
$	$
30,958	CD
,	,
up	RB
2	CD
percent	NN
from	IN
last	JJ
year	NN
at	IN
this	DT
time	NN
.	.
``	``
Overall	RB
,	,
we	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
this	DT
year	NN
's	POS
graduates	NNS
will	MD
fare	VB
well	RB
in	IN
the	DT
job	NN
market	NN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Mackes	NNP
.	.
``	``
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
the	DT
good	JJ
job	NN
market	NN
should	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
an	DT
excuse	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
to	TO
sit	VB
back	RB
and	CC
wait	VB
for	IN
employers	NNS
to	TO
come	VB
to	TO
them	PRP
.	.
Universities	NNS
indicated	VBD
that	IN
they	PRP
offer	VBP
career	NN
counseling	NN
;	:
more	JJR
than	IN
94	CD
percent	NN
provide	VBP
workshops	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
job	NN
search	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
interview	NN
preparation	NN
and	CC
resume	VB
writing	VBG
;	:
and	CC
more	JJR
than	IN
93	CD
percent	NN
sponsor	NN
career	NN
fairs	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
their	PRP$
students	NNS
connect	VBP
with	IN
potential	JJ
employers	NNS
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
in	IN
most	JJS
cases	NNS
,	,
the	DT
assistance	NN
is	VBZ
free	JJ
to	TO
students	NNS
.	.
None	NN
of	IN
the	DT
respondents	NNS
reported	VBD
charging	VBG
students	NNS
for	IN
career	NN
counseling	NN
appointments	NNS
;	:
less	JJR
than	IN
1	CD
percent	NN
reported	VBD
charging	VBG
for	IN
access	NN
to	TO
job	NN
listings	NNS
;	:
and	CC
just	RB
1.1	CD
percent	NN
reported	VBD
levying	VBG
fees	NNS
for	IN
taking	VBG
part	NN
in	IN
workshops	NNS
.	.
Similarly	RB
,	,
only	RB
a	DT
handful	NN
reported	VBD
that	IN
they	PRP
charge	VBP
students	NNS
for	IN
resume	VBP
referral	NN
services	NNS
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
Mackes	NNP
,	,
many	JJ
career	NN
centers	NNS
also	RB
try	VBP
to	TO
keep	VB
parents	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
loop	NN
by	IN
letting	VBG
them	PRP
know	VB
what	WP
job-search	JJ
services	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
to	TO
their	PRP$
student	NN
.	.
Nearly	RB
40	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
respondents	NNS
reported	VBD
that	IN
they	PRP
reach	VBP
out	RP
to	TO
parents	NNS
with	IN
career	NN
and	CC
job-search	JJ
information	NN
tailored	VBN
to	TO
them	PRP
.	.
``	``
Seven	CD
of	IN
the	DT
top-10	JJ
majors	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
highest	JJS
starting	VBG
salary	NN
offers	NNS
saw	VBD
increases	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
offers	NNS
over	IN
last	JJ
year	NN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Marilyn	NNP
Mackes	NNP
,	,
executive	JJ
director	NN
of	IN
NACE	NNP
,	,
of	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
's	POS
Winter	NNP
2006	CD
issue	NN
of	IN
Salary	NNP
Survey	NNP
.	.
``	``
Engineering	NNP
remains	VBZ
strong	JJ
,	,
and	CC
another	DT
high	JJ
point	NN
comes	VBZ
for	IN
economics\/finance	NN
graduates	NNS
,	,
who	WP
saw	VBD
a	DT
spectacular	JJ
11-percent	JJ
increase	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
average	JJ
starting	VBG
salary	NN
offers	NNS
.	.
''	''
NACE	NNP
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
track	VB
the	DT
job	NN
market	NN
for	IN
the	DT
college	NN
Class	NN
of	IN
2006	CD
through	IN
additional	JJ
surveys	NNS
and	CC
reports	NNS
.	.
In	IN
April	NNP
,	,
NACE	NNP
expects	VBZ
to	TO
release	VB
an	DT
update	VB
on	IN
employer	NN
hiring	VBG
intentions	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
new	JJ
salary	NN
report	NN
.	.
Mackes	NNP
,	,
executive	JJ
director	NN
of	IN
NACE	NNP
,	,
of	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
's	POS
Winter	NNP
2006	CD
issue	NN
of	IN
Salary	NNP
Survey	NNP
.	.
``	``
By	IN
and	CC
large	JJ
,	,
the	DT
average	JJ
salary	NN
increases	NNS
employers	NNS
offered	VBD
to	TO
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
were	VBD
respectable	JJ
,	,
and	CC
some	DT
were	VBD
standouts	NNS
.	.
''	''
Among	IN
those	DT
disciplines	NNS
that	WDT
saw	VBD
changes	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
starting	VBG
salaries	NNS
,	,
most	JJS
saw	NN
increases	NNS
in	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Even	RB
among	IN
those	DT
that	WDT
saw	VBD
their	PRP$
starting	VBG
salaries	NNS
decrease	NN
,	,
average	JJ
offers	NNS
tended	VBD
to	TO
dip	VB
rather	RB
than	IN
plummet	VB
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
business	NN
disciplines	NNS
,	,
accounting	VBG
graduates	NNS
were	VBD
among	IN
those	DT
that	WDT
posted	VBD
a	DT
better-than-modest	JJ
increase	NN
:	:
Their	PRP$
average	JJ
offer	NN
now	RB
stands	VBZ
at	IN
$	$
45,723	CD
,	,
a	DT
6.2	CD
percent	NN
increase	NN
.	.
But	CC
this	DT
increase	NN
pales	VBZ
in	IN
comparison	NN
to	TO
the	DT
increase	NN
posted	VBN
by	IN
economics\/finance	NN
graduates	NNS
,	,
who	WP
posted	VBD
a	DT
spectacular	JJ
11	CD
percent	NN
increase	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
average	JJ
starting	VBG
salary	NN
offer	NN
,	,
which	WDT
now	RB
averages	NNS
$	$
45,191	CD
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
2004	CD
and	CC
2005	CD
academic	JJ
years	NNS
,	,
computer	NN
science	NN
graduates	NNS
enjoyed	VBD
watching	VBG
their	PRP$
average	JJ
starting	VBG
salary	NN
increase	NN
steadily	RB
.	.
That	DT
streak	NN
ends	VBZ
with	IN
this	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
Salary	NNP
Survey	NNP
;	:
the	DT
average	JJ
offer	NN
to	TO
computer	NN
science	NN
graduates	VBZ
fell	VBD
2	CD
percent-to	JJ
$	$
50,046	CD
,	,
still	RB
a	DT
very	RB
respectable	JJ
starting	VBG
salary	NN
in	IN
anyone	NN
's	POS
book	NN
.	.
Data	NNP
for	IN
liberal	JJ
arts	NNS
and	CC
sciences	NNS
graduates	NNS
are	VBP
very	RB
limited	VBN
,	,
as	IN
is	VBZ
typically	RB
the	DT
case	NN
at	IN
this	DT
time	NN
of	IN
year	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
when	WRB
these	DT
graduates	NNS
are	VBP
looked	VBN
at	IN
as	IN
a	DT
group-rather	NN
than	IN
as	IN
separate	JJ
disciplines-one	NN
can	MD
get	VB
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
where	WRB
they	PRP
stand	VBP
relative	JJ
to	TO
last	JJ
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
average	JJ
salary	NN
to	TO
liberal	JJ
arts	NNS
majors	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
group	NN
is	VBZ
up	IN
a	DT
healthy	JJ
6.1	CD
percent	NN
over	IN
last	JJ
year	NN
and	CC
stands	VBZ
at	IN
$	$
30,828	CD
.	.
Your	PRP$
registration	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
confirmed	VBN
until	IN
payment	NN
is	VBZ
received	VBN
by	IN
NACE	NNP
.	.
Once	RB
payment	NN
is	VBZ
received	VBN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
receive	VB
a	DT
confirmation	NN
via	IN
e-mail	NN
.	.
All	DT
event	NN
communication	NN
will	MD
be	VB
distributed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
attendee	NN
via	IN
email	NN
.	.
Women	NNS
make	VBP
up	RP
more	JJR
than	IN
40	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
work	NN
force	NN
.	.
Childbirth	NNP
,	,
eldercare	NN
,	,
and	CC
downsizing	VBG
can	MD
interrupt	VB
a	DT
woman	NN
's	POS
career	NN
.	.
Working	JJ
women	NNS
should	MD
plan	VB
for	IN
re-entry	NN
into	IN
the	DT
work	NN
force	NN
before	IN
they	PRP
leave	VBP
.	.
This	DT
session	NN
will	MD
present	VB
career	NN
planning	NN
strategies	NNS
for	IN
women	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
anticipating	VBG
a	DT
long-term	JJ
hiatus	NN
from	IN
college	NN
recruiting\/career	NN
services	NNS
.	.
Women	NNS
comprise	VBP
more	JJR
than	IN
50	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
most	JJS
campus	NN
populations	NNS
,	,
yet	RB
they	PRP
represent	VBP
less	JJR
than	IN
15	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
top	JJ
business	NN
leadership	NN
positions	NNS
.	.
Explore	VB
a	DT
creative	JJ
program	NN
crafted	VBN
by	IN
top	JJ
business	NN
schools	NNS
and	CC
leading	VBG
corporations	NNS
to	TO
educate	VB
and	CC
engage	VB
young	JJ
women	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
diverse	JJ
career	NN
options	NNS
offered	VBN
by	IN
business	NN
,	,
no	DT
matter	NN
what	WP
their	PRP$
undergraduate	JJ
major	JJ
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
be	VB
the	DT
first	JJ
to	TO
preview	NN
a	DT
new	JJ
,	,
online	JJ
,	,
interactive	JJ
resource	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
help	VB
young	JJ
women	NNS
identify	VBP
their	PRP$
career	NN
passions	NNS
,	,
meet	VBP
inspirational	JJ
role	NN
models	NNS
in	IN
business	NN
,	,
and	CC
build	VB
an	DT
online	JJ
community	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
young	JJ
women	NNS
who	WP
share	VBP
similar	JJ
career	NN
interests	NNS
.	.
Learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
market	VB
career	NN
services	NNS
programs	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
by	IN
incorporating	VBG
pop	NN
culture	NN
themes	NNS
.	.
Proven	NNP
best	JJS
practices	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
presented	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
engage	VB
and	CC
entice	VB
your	PRP$
students	NNS
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
programs	NNS
and	CC
training	NN
events	NNS
.	.
Learn	VB
successful	JJ
techniques	NNS
to	TO
increase	VB
your	PRP$
cyber	NN
counseling	NN
abilities	NNS
and	CC
leverage	NN
your	PRP$
online	JJ
technology	NN
use	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
student	NN
population	NN
.	.
The	DT
authors	NNS
of	IN
Barron	NNP
's	POS
The	DT
Complete	JJ
Job	NNP
Search	NNP
Guide	NNP
for	IN
Latinos	NNPS
present	VBP
a	DT
highly	RB
interactive	JJ
workshop	NN
covering	VBG
diversity	NN
best	JJS
practices	NNS
for	IN
career	NN
centers	NNS
and	CC
employers	NNS
,	,
culturally	RB
sensitive	JJ
service	NN
delivery	NN
,	,
and	CC
using	VBG
the	DT
new	JJ
Multicultural	NNP
Inventory	NNP
for	IN
Career	NNP
Assessment	NNP
,	,
Search	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Advancement	NNP
applying	VBG
the	DT
R.E.S.P.E.C.T	NNP
model	NN
for	IN
counselors	NNS
and	CC
recruiters	NNS
.	.
By	IN
sharing	VBG
staff	NN
,	,
resources	NNS
,	,
programming	NN
,	,
and	CC
NACElink	NNP
technology	NN
,	,
Purdue	NNP
is	VBZ
creating	VBG
pipelines	NNS
among	IN
knowledge	NN
silos	NNS
through	IN
customized	VBN
partnerships	NNS
with	IN
academic	JJ
colleges	NNS
and	CC
regional	JJ
campuses	NNS
.	.
Implementation	NN
challenges	NNS
and	CC
strategies	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
addressed	VBN
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
growing	VBG
popularity	NN
of	IN
social	JJ
networking	NN
sites	NNS
,	,
blogs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
vlogs	NNS
,	,
corporate	JJ
recruiters	NNS
have	VBP
access	NN
to	TO
a	DT
substantial	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
candidate	NN
information	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Discuss	VB
the	DT
legal	JJ
implications	NNS
of	IN
viewing	VBG
this	DT
information	NN
and\/or	CC
using	VBG
it	PRP
to	TO
make	VB
hiring	VBG
decisions	NNS
.	.
Gain	NN
an	DT
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
legal	JJ
guidelines	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
using	VBG
online	NN
,	,
public	JJ
information	NN
in	IN
hiring	VBG
decisions	NNS
.	.
Four	CD
hundred	CD
students	NNS
from	IN
10	CD
universities	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
recently	RB
engaged	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
international	JJ
internship	NN
were	VBD
surveyed	VBN
.	.
Hear	VB
what	WP
students	NNS
said	VBD
about	IN
their	PRP$
experiences	NNS
:	:
the	DT
academic	JJ
,	,
career	NN
,	,
and	CC
leadership	NN
value	NN
of	IN
the	DT
experience	NN
;	:
how	WRB
they	PRP
located	VBD
and	CC
funded	VBD
the	DT
opportunity	NN
;	:
and	CC
advice	NN
for	IN
other	JJ
students	NNS
and	CC
student	NN
advisers	NNS
regarding	VBG
preparing	VBG
for	IN
and	CC
engaging	VBG
in	IN
an	DT
international	JJ
internship	NN
.	.
``	``
As	IN
you	PRP
look	VBP
ahead	RB
to	TO
the	DT
world	NN
in	IN
2017	CD
,	,
how	WRB
do	VBP
you	PRP
envision	VB
college	NN
students	NNS
and	CC
graduates	NNS
interacting	VBG
and	CC
connecting	VBG
with	IN
employers	NNS
?	.
Describe	VB
the	DT
players	NNS
involved	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
tools	NNS
and	CC
processes	VBZ
that	DT
will	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
.	.
Specifically	RB
,	,
describe	VBP
the	DT
roles	NNS
that	WDT
professionals	NNS
in	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
and	CC
in	IN
employing	VBG
organizations	NNS
will	MD
play	VB
in	IN
this	DT
process	NN
.	.
''	''
Hear	VB
what	WP
task	NN
force	NN
members	NNS
and	CC
contributing	VBG
essayists	NNS
predicted	VBD
and	CC
bring	VB
your	PRP$
own	JJ
predictions	NNS
.	.
Discuss	VB
the	DT
common	JJ
themes	NNS
,	,
the	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
issues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
more	RBR
provocative	JJ
thoughts	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
colleagues	NNS
and	CC
peers	NNS
.	.
Review	NNP
the	DT
highlights	VBZ
from	IN
Universum	NNP
's	POS
2007	CD
United	NNP
States	NNPS
M.B.A.	NNP
,	,
undergraduate	NN
,	,
and	CC
diversity	NN
aggregate	JJ
research	NN
and	CC
rankings	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
survey	NN
of	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
45,000	CD
students	NNS
to	TO
discuss	VB
this	DT
year	NN
's	POS
recruitment	NN
trends	NNS
.	.
Employer	NN
branding	VBG
best	JJS
practices	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
discussed	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
perspective	NN
of	IN
employers	NNS
,	,
career	NN
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
students	NNS
to	TO
pinpoint	VB
best	JJS
methods	NNS
to	TO
attract	VB
,	,
recruit	VB
,	,
and	CC
retain	VB
top	JJ
talent	NN
.	.
Background	NN
screening	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
strategy	NN
many	JJ
organizations	NNS
use	VBP
to	TO
hire	VB
the	DT
right	JJ
candidate	NN
.	.
Learn	VB
best	JJS
practices	NNS
of	IN
employment	NN
screening	VBG
for	IN
risk	NN
management	NN
.	.
Give	VB
yourself	PRP
peace	NN
of	IN
mind	NN
that	IN
your	PRP$
organization	NN
is	VBZ
fully	RB
compliant	JJ
legally	RB
while	IN
accessing	VBG
all	PDT
the	DT
information	NN
pertinent	JJ
to	TO
making	VBG
an	DT
informed	VBN
hiring	VBG
decision	NN
.	.
Recruiting	VBG
consultant	NN
Mary	NNP
Scott	NNP
will	MD
present	VB
comparative	JJ
quantitative	JJ
benchmarking	NN
data	NNS
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
selected	VBN
qualitative	JJ
findings	NNS
from	IN
her	PRP$
most	RBS
recent	JJ
survey	NN
,	,
which	WDT
reveals	VBZ
which	WDT
recruitment	NN
best	JJS
practices	NNS
have	VBP
the	DT
most	RBS
influence	VB
and	CC
impact	VB
on	IN
campus	NN
brand	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
students	NNS
differentiate	VBP
between	IN
``	``
the	DT
best	JJS
and	CC
the	DT
rest	NN
''	''
as	IN
they	PRP
consider	VBP
potential	JJ
employers	NNS
.	.
Learn	VB
techniques	NNS
for	IN
developing	VBG
internships	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
employment	NN
opportunities	NNS
in	IN
multiple	JJ
countries	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
case	NN
study	NN
of	IN
a	DT
university	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
successful	JJ
in	IN
their	PRP$
efforts	NNS
.	.
Discover	NNP
how	WRB
to	TO
define	VB
your	PRP$
niche	NN
as	IN
a	DT
school	NN
;	:
partner	NN
with	IN
other	JJ
schools	NNS
;	:
understand	VB
diverse	JJ
cultures	NNS
;	:
define	VB
global	JJ
educational	JJ
trends	NNS
;	:
create	VB
a	DT
global	JJ
penetration	NN
strategy	NN
;	:
and	CC
more	JJR
.	.
Services	NNP
Office	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Wisconsin-Madison	NNP
uses	VBZ
podcasts	NNS
to	TO
reach	VB
students	NNS
and	CC
increase	VB
employer	NN
relations	NNS
.	.
Learn	VB
how	WRB
you	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
step-by-step	JJ
presentation	NN
that	WDT
makes	VBZ
podcasting	VBG
simple	JJ
and	CC
easy	JJ
to	TO
use	VB
.	.
Get	VB
the	DT
basics	NNS
:	:
hear	VB
a	DT
discussion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
the	DT
process	NN
,	,
the	DT
pitfalls	NNS
,	,
and	CC
priorities	NNS
for	IN
building	VBG
a	DT
college	NN
recruiting	NN
program	NN
.	.
Two	CD
experienced	JJ
recruiters	NNS
will	MD
offer	VB
a	DT
perspective	NN
from	IN
both	DT
a	DT
corporate	JJ
level	NN
and	CC
on-the-ground	JJ
recruiting	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
UGA	NNP
met	VBD
other	JJ
off-site	JJ
counseling	NN
needs	VBZ
through	IN
CareerBeam	NNP
,	,
an	DT
innovative	JJ
counselor-supported	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
user-friendly	JJ
and	CC
easily	RB
accessible	JJ
to	TO
alumni	NNS
located	VBN
anywhere	RB
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
and	CC
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
with	IN
career	NN
counselors	NNS
during	IN
traditional	JJ
Atlanta	NNP
office	NN
hours	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
is	VBZ
it	PRP
okay	JJ
to	TO
say	VB
``	``
no	DT
''	''
to	TO
recruiters	NNS
?	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
often	RB
experience	VBP
recruiting	VBG
requests	NNS
from	IN
employers	NNS
whose	WP$
type	NN
of	IN
business	NN
,	,
job	NN
responsibilities	NNS
,	,
or	CC
circumstances	NNS
of	IN
employment	NN
conflict	NN
with	IN
established	JJ
office	NN
policies	NNS
.	.
Other	JJ
conflicts	NNS
arise	VBP
when	WRB
recruiters	NNS
circumvent	VBP
career	NN
services	NNS
offices	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
.	.
Can	MD
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Principles	NNPS
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Conduct	NNP
help	NN
in	IN
developing	VBG
ethical	JJ
and	CC
enforceable	JJ
policies	NNS
?	.
Discover	NNP
the	DT
secret	NN
to	TO
politically	RB
and	CC
strategically	RB
correct	JJ
approaches	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
convince	VB
faculty	NN
of	IN
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
successful	JJ
student	NN
experience	NN
.	.
Address	NN
the	DT
challenges	NNS
and	CC
concerns	NNS
you	PRP
and	CC
your	PRP$
colleagues	NNS
in	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
have	VBP
in	IN
establishing	VBG
and	CC
maintaining	VBG
effective	JJ
relationships	NNS
with	IN
faculty	NN
.	.
Learn	VB
about	IN
products	NNS
that	WDT
faculty	NN
will	MD
find	VB
useful	JJ
and	CC
get	VB
your	PRP$
message	NN
across	IN
,	,
and	CC
explore	VB
special	JJ
considerations	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
entire	JJ
process	NN
of	IN
developing	VBG
and	CC
maintaining	VBG
relationships	NNS
with	IN
faculty	NN
more	RBR
efficient	JJ
,	,
effective	JJ
,	,
and	CC
successful	JJ
.	.
This	DT
presentation	NN
offers	VBZ
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
that	DT
survey	NN
and	CC
compares	VBZ
what	WP
students	NNS
had	VBD
to	TO
say	VB
with	IN
employer	NN
views	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
online	NN
tool	NN
.	.
Examine	VB
the	DT
issues	NNS
:	:
the	DT
ethics	NNS
,	,
accuracy	NN
,	,
and	CC
assumptions	NNS
students	NNS
and	CC
employers	NNS
have	VBP
about	IN
this	DT
popular	JJ
online	NN
social	JJ
networking	NN
tool	NN
.	.
Achieving	VBG
a	DT
diverse	JJ
work	NN
force	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
recruitment	NN
goal	NN
that	WDT
requires	VBZ
re-thinking	NN
recruitment	NN
strategies	NNS
.	.
By	IN
blending	VBG
various	JJ
techniques	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
social	JJ
networking	NN
,	,
to	TO
reach	VB
out	RP
directly	RB
to	TO
diverse	JJ
audiences	NNS
,	,
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
State	NNP
has	VBZ
obtained	VBN
a	DT
more	RBR
diverse	JJ
applicant	NN
pool	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
received	VBN
recognition	NN
as	IN
an	DT
ideal	JJ
employer	NN
by	IN
minority	NN
students	NNS
.	.
Internet	NNP
applicant	NN
,	,
identify	VB
the	DT
various	JJ
ways	NNS
an	DT
applicant	NN
can	MD
apply	VB
via	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
and	CC
determine	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
record	VB
and	CC
maintain	VB
Internet	NNP
applicant	NN
records	NNS
.	.
This	DT
presentation	NN
reviews	VBZ
the	DT
regulations	NNS
and	CC
illustrates	VBZ
an	DT
approach	NN
taken	VBN
by	IN
one	CD
employer	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
established	VBN
standards	NNS
.	.
Find	VB
out	RP
how	WRB
you	PRP
can	MD
apply	VB
OFCCP	NNP
regulations	NNS
to	TO
your	PRP$
own	JJ
internal	JJ
hiring	NN
practices	NNS
.	.
What	WP
's	VBZ
new	JJ
in	IN
your	PRP$
office	NN
?	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
doing	VBG
things	NNS
the	DT
way	NN
you	PRP
did	VBD
them	PRP
last	JJ
year	NN
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
probably	RB
stale	JJ
.	.
Freshen	VB
things	NNS
up	RP
for	IN
yourself	PRP
and	CC
your	PRP$
students	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
profession	NN
is	VBZ
constantly	RB
changing	VBG
and	CC
we	PRP
are	VBP
challenged	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
innovative	JJ
.	.
Share	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
colleagues	NNS
what	WP
is	VBZ
cutting	VBG
edge	NN
and	CC
what	WP
's	VBZ
``	``
so	RB
last	JJ
year	NN
.	.
''	''
Review	NNP
assessment	NN
methods	NNS
developed	VBN
by	IN
your	PRP$
colleagues	NNS
and	CC
peers	NNS
in	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
NACE	NNP
Professional	NNP
Standards	NNP
for	IN
College	NNP
and	CC
University	NNP
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
.	.
Assessment	NNP
methodology	NN
addressed	VBD
will	MD
range	VB
from	IN
writing	VBG
annual	JJ
reports	NNS
to	TO
assessing	VBG
learning	VBG
outcomes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
use	NN
of	IN
NACE	NNP
Professional	NNP
Standards	NNP
for	IN
College	NNP
and	CC
University	NNP
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
in	IN
assessment	NN
will	MD
be	VB
discussed	VBN
.	.
An	DT
array	NN
of	IN
evaluation	NN
approaches	NNS
used	VBN
by	IN
college	NN
career	NN
services	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
.	.
For	IN
some	DT
gay	JJ
and	CC
lesbian	JJ
students	NNS
,	,
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
integral	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
identity	NN
,	,
including	VBG
work	NN
.	.
Others	NNS
prefer	VBP
a	DT
separation	NN
between	IN
their	PRP$
personal	JJ
and	CC
professional	JJ
lives	NNS
.	.
Learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
help	VB
all	DT
of	IN
these	DT
students	NNS
prepare	VBP
for	IN
entry	NN
into	IN
the	DT
work	NN
force	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
companies	NNS
dedicate	VBP
huge	JJ
amounts	NNS
of	IN
energy	NN
getting	VBG
candidates	NNS
to	TO
accept	VB
their	PRP$
job	NN
offers-only	RB
to	TO
fumble	VB
the	DT
process	NN
getting	VBG
those	DT
same	JJ
employees	NNS
onboard	NN
and	CC
up	RB
to	TO
speed	VB
.	.
Learn	VB
how	WRB
the	DT
best	JJS
employers	NNS
ease	VBP
the	DT
transition	NN
from	IN
candidate	NN
to	TO
employee	NN
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
discuss	VB
findings	NNS
from	IN
recent	JJ
WetFeet	NNP
research	NN
examining	VBG
the	DT
onboarding	JJ
process	NN
from	IN
the	DT
perspective	NN
of	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
employee	NN
.	.
Panelists	NNS
representing	VBG
employers	NNS
and	CC
career	NN
centers	NNS
with	IN
heavy	JJ
M.B.A.	NNP
recruiting	NN
focus	NN
will	MD
engage	VB
the	DT
audience	NN
in	IN
a	DT
discussion	NN
of	IN
best	JJS
M.B.A.	NNP
recruiting	VBG
practices	NNS
.	.
Participants	NNS
will	MD
discuss	VB
developing	VBG
an	DT
effective	JJ
M.B.A.	NNP
recruitment	NN
strategy	NN
,	,
maintaining	VBG
and	CC
strengthening	VBG
relationships	NNS
,	,
choosing	VBG
core	NN
schools	NNS
,	,
and	CC
measuring	VBG
return	NN
on	IN
investment	NN
.	.
First	JJ
class	NN
job	NN
candidate	NN
customer	NN
service	NN
separates	VBZ
the	DT
best	JJS
from	IN
the	DT
rest	NN
.	.
Learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
enhance	VB
the	DT
job	NN
candidate	NN
's	POS
experience	NN
through	IN
effective	JJ
relationship	NN
management	NN
and	CC
personalizing	VBG
the	DT
recruitment	NN
process	NN
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
see	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
best	JJS
use	NN
various	JJ
communication	NN
channels	NNS
and	CC
implement	VB
an	DT
innovative	JJ
onboarding	NN
program	NN
.	.
Walk	VB
away	RP
with	IN
best	JJS
practices	NNS
to	TO
improve	VB
your	PRP$
candidate	NN
relationships	NNS
and	CC
recruiting	VBG
results	NNS
.	.
Only	RB
1	CD
to	TO
2	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
applicants	NNS
are	VBP
contacted	VBN
by	IN
employers	NNS
,	,
causing	VBG
major	JJ
frustration	NN
for	IN
candidates	NNS
.	.
Authors	NNS
Jeff	NNP
Hunter	NNP
and	CC
Dave	NNP
Lefkow	NNP
promise	VBP
to	TO
turn	VB
the	DT
conventional	JJ
wisdom	NN
about	IN
job	NN
seeking	VBG
upside	RB
down	RB
.	.
During	IN
this	DT
presentation	NN
they	PRP
will	MD
present	VB
the	DT
``	``
Brand	NN
Talent	NN
Plan	NN
''	''
concept	NN
,	,
introduce	VB
college	NN
career	NN
practitioners	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
new	JJ
set	NN
of	IN
career	NN
principles	NNS
to	TO
teach	VB
students	NNS
;	:
show	VB
recruiters	NNS
a	DT
new	JJ
kind	NN
of	IN
job	NN
seeker	NN
and	CC
a	DT
different	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
making	VBG
successful	JJ
new	JJ
hires	NNS
;	:
and	CC
provide	VB
a	DT
roadmap	NN
for	IN
employers	NNS
and	CC
job	NN
seekers	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
better	JJR
,	,
more	RBR
meaningful	JJ
career	NN
matches	VBZ
.	.
Future	JJ
work	NN
force	NN
shortages	NNS
and	CC
challenges	NNS
of	IN
recruiting	VBG
the	DT
right	JJ
talent	NN
are	VBP
obvious	JJ
trends	NNS
.	.
How	WRB
can	MD
organizations	NNS
align	VBP
themselves	PRP
with	IN
campuses	NNS
that	WDT
help	VBP
them	PRP
build	VB
the	DT
best	JJS
talent	NN
pool	NN
?	.
How	WRB
can	MD
campuses	NNS
work	VBP
with	IN
organizations	NNS
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
customized	VBN
approach	NN
to	TO
developing	VBG
partnerships	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
best	RB
utilize	VB
resources	NNS
?	.
This	DT
panel	NN
will	MD
offer	VB
successful	JJ
strategies	NNS
.	.
Examine	VB
current	JJ
and	CC
historical	JJ
perspectives	NNS
of	IN
historically	RB
black	JJ
colleges	NNS
and	CC
universities	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
HBCUs	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
recruiting	NN
and	CC
career	NN
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
learn	VBP
statistical	JJ
results	NNS
from	IN
recent	JJ
diversity	NN
surveys	NNS
pertaining	VBG
to	TO
recruiting	VBG
and	CC
retention	NN
strategies	NNS
.	.
Information	NN
from	IN
several	JJ
HBCU	NNP
diversity	NN
forums	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
shared	VBN
.	.
Panelists	NNS
will	MD
include	VB
a	DT
diverse	JJ
group	NN
of	IN
HBCU	NNP
career	NN
center	NN
leaders	NNS
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
NACE	NNP
employer	NN
members	NNS
,	,
to	TO
discuss	VB
successful	JJ
recruiting	NN
and	CC
retention	NN
strategies	NNS
.	.
The	DT
panelists	NNS
will	MD
share	VB
the	DT
unique	JJ
qualities	NNS
of	IN
HBCU	NNP
environments	NNS
and	CC
best	JJS
practices	NNS
on	IN
recruitment	NN
and	CC
branding	NN
strategies	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
practitioners	NNS
in	IN
college	NN
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
employer	NN
recruiting	NN
are	VBP
proud	JJ
of	IN
our	PRP$
student-focused	JJ
marketing	NN
.	.
We	PRP
strive	VBP
to	TO
expand	VB
student	NN
usage	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
career	NN
centers	NNS
and	CC
interest	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
entry-level	JJ
opportunities	NNS
through	IN
approaches	NNS
that	WDT
treat	VBP
students	NNS
as	IN
``	``
customers	NNS
.	.
''	''
But	CC
is	VBZ
the	DT
customer	NN
always	RB
right	RB
?	.
Has	VBZ
the	DT
customer	NN
metaphor	NN
shaped	VBD
a	DT
level	NN
of	IN
student	NN
expectation	NN
our	PRP$
profession	NN
can	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
fulfill	VB
?	.
Join	VB
us	PRP
for	IN
this	DT
fascinating	JJ
``	``
point\/counterpoint	NNP
''	''
style	NN
session	NN
on	IN
student	NN
expectations	NNS
.	.
Find	VB
out	RP
how	WRB
an	DT
off-site	JJ
two	CD
day	NN
retreat	NN
gave	VBD
direction	NN
to	TO
students	NNS
who	WP
were	VBD
undecided	JJ
in	IN
their	PRP$
career	NN
plans	NNS
.	.
Interactive	JJ
experiences	NNS
used	VBN
to	TO
assist	VB
students	NNS
in	IN
self-reflection	NN
will	MD
be	VB
covered	VBN
.	.
Included	VBN
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
discussion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
collaborative	JJ
planning	NN
efforts	NNS
of	IN
three	CD
departments	NNS
in	IN
Pitt	NNP
's	POS
Division	NN
of	IN
Student	NNP
Affairs	NNPS
.	.
Explore	VB
the	DT
factors	NNS
influencing	VBG
search	NN
committee	NN
decisions	NNS
and	CC
hiring	VBG
authorities	NNS
requirements	NNS
for	IN
key	JJ
career	NN
services	NNS
positions	NNS
in	IN
today	NN
's	POS
market	NN
.	.
Discuss	VB
the	DT
future	NN
of	IN
the	DT
profession	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
this	DT
will	MD
shape	VB
the	DT
profile	NN
of	IN
a	DT
successful	JJ
leader	NN
in	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
to	TO
come	VB
.	.
Employers	NNS
will	MD
learn	VB
which	WDT
visas	NN
are	VBP
available	JJ
for	IN
hiring	VBG
foreign	JJ
grads	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
costs	NNS
,	,
timing	NN
,	,
and	CC
employer	NN
obligations	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
practitioners	NNS
will	MD
pick	VB
up	RP
information	NN
to	TO
educate	VB
foreign	JJ
grads	NNS
on	IN
strategies	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
jobs	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
session	NN
will	MD
provide	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
updated	VBN
information	NN
available	JJ
,	,
making	VBG
it	PRP
valuable	JJ
even	RB
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
have	VBP
seen	VBN
participated	VBD
in	IN
work	NN
visa	NN
seminars	NNS
already	RB
.	.
Marilyn	NNP
Mayo	NNP
,	,
IBM	NNP
;	:
Patricia	NNP
Jones	NNP
,	,
University	NNP
of	IN
Michigan	NNP
,	,
Dearborn	NNP
Learn	NNP
how	WRB
to	TO
identify	VB
specific	JJ
benefits	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
co-op	NN
or	CC
internship	NN
program	NN
and	CC
gain	VB
a	DT
better	JJR
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services-employer	NN
relationships	NNS
in	IN
these	DT
programs	NNS
.	.
Come	VBN
hear	VBP
best	JJS
practices	NNS
,	,
share	NN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
,	,
and	CC
leave	VBP
with	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
great	JJ
ideas	NNS
for	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
organization	NN
.	.
Assessing	VBG
student	NN
learning	VBG
provides	VBZ
career	NN
services	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
critical	JJ
measure	NN
of	IN
program	NN
success	NN
.	.
Learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
write	VB
student	NN
learning	VBG
outcomes	NNS
,	,
develop	VB
measurement	NN
strategies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
use	VB
your	PRP$
results	NNS
to	TO
improve	VB
programs	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
.	.
Explore	VB
how	WRB
one	CD
career	NN
center	NN
took	VBD
an	DT
honest	JJ
look	NN
at	IN
their	PRP$
multicultural	JJ
competence	NN
.	.
Share	NN
activities	NNS
that	WDT
define	VBP
multicultural	JJ
competence	NN
,	,
examine	VBP
qualitative\/quantitative	JJ
data	NNS
from	IN
client	NN
evaluations	NNS
and	CC
counselor	NN
self-assessments	NNS
,	,
and	CC
hear	VB
anecdotes	NNS
demonstrating	VBG
multicultural	JJ
competence	NN
best	JJS
practices	NNS
.	.
What	WP
is	VBZ
public	JJ
service	NN
?	.
Who	WP
fits	VBZ
well	RB
into	IN
this	DT
type	NN
of	IN
workplace	NN
?	.
How	WRB
do	VBP
nonprofits	NNS
make	VBP
hiring	VBG
decisions	NNS
?	.
Discover	NNP
what	WP
public	JJ
service	NN
careers	NNS
entail	VB
and	CC
learn	VB
to	TO
use	VB
this	DT
information	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
work	NN
with	IN
students	NNS
.	.
Explore	VB
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
responsible	JJ
decision-making	NN
within	IN
the	DT
political	JJ
context	NN
of	IN
an	DT
institution	NN
.	.
Nationally-known	JJ
career	NN
center	NN
directors	NNS
will	MD
present	VB
case	NN
studies	NNS
,	,
allowing	VBG
participants	NNS
hands-on	JJ
analysis	NN
in	IN
small	JJ
director-led	JJ
groups	NNS
.	.
Participants	NNS
will	MD
develop	VB
a	DT
paradigm	NN
for	IN
decision-making	NN
within	IN
the	DT
political	JJ
environments	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
institutions	NNS
.	.
Review	NNP
and	CC
discuss	VB
the	DT
elements	NNS
you	PRP
should	MD
consider	VB
to	TO
determine	VB
your	PRP$
vision	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
college	NN
hiring	VBG
activities	NNS
and	CC
your	PRP$
work	NN
force	NN
needs	NNS
.	.
Then	RB
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
your	PRP$
organization	NN
's	POS
needs	NNS
,	,
develop	VB
a	DT
school	NN
analysis	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
in	IN
the	DT
selection	NN
of	IN
schools	NNS
and	CC
create	VB
metrics	NNS
to	TO
measure	VB
the	DT
success	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
recruiting	NN
program	NN
.	.
Customer	NN
service	NN
matters	NNS
.	.
Excellent	JJ
customer	NN
service	NN
helps	VBZ
develop	VB
critical	JJ
,	,
profitable	JJ
relationships	NNS
and	CC
increases	NNS
your	PRP$
market	NN
share	NN
with	IN
students	NNS
,	,
organizations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
stakeholders	NNS
on	IN
campus	NN
.	.
Learn	VB
why	WRB
customer	NN
service	NN
is	VBZ
critical	JJ
and	CC
pick	VB
up	RP
strategies	NNS
to	TO
develop	VB
loyalty	NN
while	IN
advancing	VBG
your	PRP$
organizational	JJ
goals	NNS
in	IN
targeted	JJ
customer	NN
services	NNS
terms	NNS
.	.
What	WP
is	VBZ
the	DT
job	NN
market	NN
like	IN
in	IN
Japan	NNP
?	.
In	IN
Europe	NNP
?	.
In	IN
Australia	NNP
?	.
Take	VB
a	DT
look	NN
at	IN
global	JJ
hiring	NN
trends	NNS
,	,
with	IN
discussion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
similarities	NNS
and	CC
differences	NNS
in	IN
various	JJ
international	JJ
locations	NNS
.	.
Hear	VB
a	DT
panel	NN
of	IN
colleagues	NNS
from	IN
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
discuss	VB
international	JJ
internships	NNS
,	,
sourcing	VBG
international	JJ
candidates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
.	.
Hear	VB
about	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
global	JJ
study	NN
that	WDT
followed	VBD
125,000	CD
students	NNS
for	IN
five	CD
years	NNS
.	.
What	WP
were	VBD
their	PRP$
career	NN
aspirations-and	JJ
how	WRB
did	VBD
their	PRP$
decisions	NNS
change	VBP
over	IN
time	NN
.	.
Who	WP
and	CC
what	WP
influences	VBZ
them	PRP
.	.
Presenters	NNS
will	MD
review	VB
their	PRP$
methodologies	NNS
and	CC
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
fascinating	JJ
results	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
study	NN
.	.
Some	DT
students	NNS
seek	VBP
internship	NN
credit	NN
but	CC
are	VBP
unable	JJ
to	TO
receive	VB
credit	NN
from	IN
their	PRP$
department	NN
.	.
University	NNP
of	IN
Nebraska-Lincoln	NNP
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
offers	VBZ
a	DT
variable	JJ
credit	NN
hour	NN
internship	NN
course	NN
taught	VBD
via	IN
distance	NN
education	NN
.	.
Prepare	VB
for	IN
the	DT
top	JJ
10	CD
emerging	VBG
business	NN
trends	NNS
affecting	VBG
both	DT
global	JJ
and	CC
local	JJ
markets	NNS
!	.
By	IN
understanding	VBG
their	PRP$
impact	NN
on	IN
the	DT
job	NN
market	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
best	RB
serve	VB
new	JJ
grads	NNS
,	,
train	NN
your	PRP$
staff	NN
,	,
and	CC
attract	VB
recruiters	NNS
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
dynamic	JJ
session	NN
you	PRP
'll	MD
gain	VB
insights	NNS
into	IN
these	DT
vital	JJ
trends	NNS
and	CC
see	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
put	VB
those	DT
insights	NNS
into	IN
use	NN
right	RB
away	RB
.	.
This	DT
up-to-the-minute	JJ
presentation	NN
will	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
plan	VBP
for	IN
the	DT
present	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
Two-year	JJ
college	NN
students	NNS
can	MD
meet	VB
your	PRP$
critical	JJ
needs	NNS
,	,
reduce	VB
turnover	NN
,	,
decrease	NN
recruiting	NN
headaches	NNS
and	CC
replace	VB
retiring	VBG
employees	NNS
.	.
Two-year	JJ
college	NN
students	NNS
are	VBP
your	PRP$
next	JJ
generation	NN
of	IN
talent	NN
.	.
Join	VB
this	DT
interactive	JJ
,	,
multimedia	NNS
presentation	NN
and	CC
discussion	NN
on	IN
developing	VBG
recruitment	NN
programs	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
skills	NNS
,	,
fit	NN
,	,
and	CC
talent	NN
.	.
The	DT
Stony	NNP
Brook	NNP
University	NNP
Career	NNP
Center	NNP
's	POS
credit	NN
internship	NN
program	NN
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
corporate	JJ
model	NN
,	,
provides	VBZ
opportunities	NNS
in	IN
counseling	NN
,	,
marketing\/graphics	NNS
,	,
human	JJ
resources	NNS
,	,
communications	NNS
,	,
and	CC
technology	NN
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
share	VB
our	PRP$
program	NN
's	POS
design	NN
:	:
intern	NN
orientation	NN
and	CC
training	NN
,	,
professional	JJ
development	NN
activities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
ongoing	JJ
staff	NN
responsibilities	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
how	WRB
we	PRP
involve	VBP
faculty	NN
and	CC
employers	NNS
.	.
Learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
redefine	VB
diversity	NN
as	IN
a	DT
change	NN
management	NN
process	NN
linked	VBN
to	TO
business	NN
strategy	NN
and	CC
organizational	JJ
culture	NN
.	.
Discover	NNP
which	WDT
qualities	NNS
will	MD
make	VB
a	DT
company	NN
an	DT
``	``
employer	NN
of	IN
choice	NN
''	''
in	IN
the	DT
competition	NN
for	IN
talent	NN
in	IN
a	DT
work	NN
force	NN
where	WRB
70	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
entrants	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
minorities	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
?	.
Moving	VBG
beyond	IN
a	DT
transactional	JJ
relationship	NN
towards	IN
a	DT
strategic	JJ
partnership	NN
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
to	TO
success	NN
.	.
Employers	NNS
:	:
learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
distinguish	VB
your	PRP$
company	NN
with	IN
career	NN
centers	NNS
to	TO
improve	VB
your	PRP$
recruiting	NN
results	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
:	:
see	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
distinguish	VB
your	PRP$
school	NN
with	IN
employers	NNS
to	TO
become	VB
a	DT
preferred	JJ
source	NN
of	IN
candidates	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
``	``
Tier	NNP
One	CD
''	''
school	NN
.	.
Join	VB
corporate	JJ
and	CC
career	NN
center	NN
colleagues	NNS
for	IN
an	DT
informal	JJ
discussion	NN
on	IN
best	JJS
practices	NNS
in	IN
on-campus	JJ
diversity	NN
recruiting	NN
,	,
interviews	NNS
,	,
mentorship	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
training	NN
.	.
This	DT
session	NN
will	MD
discuss	VB
new	JJ
trends	NNS
while	IN
also	RB
highlighting	VBG
proven	JJ
methods	NNS
for	IN
recruiting	NN
and	CC
retaining	VBG
diverse	JJ
talent	NN
.	.
In	IN
today	NN
's	POS
changing	VBG
world	NN
,	,
what	WP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
?	.
Strategic	NNP
partnerships	NNS
,	,
innovative	JJ
concepts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
students	NNS
'	POS
awareness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ever	RB
changing	VBG
world	NN
they	PRP
live	VBP
in	IN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
NYU	NNP
Center	NNP
for	IN
Career	NNP
Development	NNP
has	VBZ
strategically	RB
partnered	VBN
with	IN
The	DT
New	NNP
York	NNP
Times	NNP
to	TO
create	VB
innovative	JJ
co-curricular	JJ
,	,
peer-to-peer	JJ
programming	NN
.	.
This	DT
partnership	NN
has	VBZ
increased	VBN
newspaper	NN
readership	NN
and	CC
created	VBN
widespread	JJ
branding	NN
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
Times	NNP
while	IN
fostering	VBG
the	DT
understanding	NN
,	,
through	IN
the	DT
unique	JJ
lens	NN
of	IN
peer	VB
education	NN
as	IN
a	DT
means	NN
of	IN
career	NN
development	NN
,	,
that	IN
knowledge	NN
of	IN
current	JJ
political	JJ
and	CC
economic	JJ
issues	NNS
is	VBZ
paramount	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
millennial	JJ
job-search	JJ
climate	NN
.	.
Learn	VB
to	TO
define	VB
and	CC
identify	VB
components	NNS
of	IN
career	NN
information	NN
literacy	NN
;	:
plan	NN
collaborations	NNS
with	IN
librarians	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
campus	NN
professionals	NNS
for	IN
improving	VBG
students	NNS
'	POS
career	NN
information	NN
literacy	NN
;	:
design	NN
assignments	NNS
for	IN
assessing	VBG
students	NNS
'	POS
career	NN
information	NN
literacy	NN
;	:
and	CC
develop	VB
and	CC
deliver	VB
a	DT
collaborative	NN
,	,
interactive	JJ
career	NN
development	NN
course	NN
;	:
and	CC
gather	VB
strategies	NNS
for	IN
building	VBG
relationships	NNS
with	IN
campus	NN
librarians	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
increase	VB
students	NNS
'	POS
career	NN
development	NN
.	.
What	WP
are	VBP
the	DT
unique	JJ
career	NN
development	NN
needs	NNS
of	IN
graduate	NN
students	NNS
and	CC
how	WRB
can	MD
we	PRP
best	JJS
meet	VBP
them	PRP
?	.
This	DT
session	NN
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
experiences	NNS
at	IN
Syracuse	NNP
and	CC
Columbia	NNP
universities	NNS
,	,
addresses	NNS
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
effective	JJ
collaborations	NNS
with	IN
critical	JJ
stakeholders	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
design	NN
,	,
expand	VB
,	,
and	CC
market	NN
valuable	JJ
programs	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
graduate	NN
population	NN
.	.
Lynda	NNP
Weatherman	NNP
,	,
Economic	NNP
Development	NNP
Commission	NNP
of	IN
Florida	NNP
's	POS
Space	NNP
Coast	NNP
With	IN
employers	NNS
facing	VBG
intense	JJ
competition	NN
for	IN
qualified	VBN
talent	NN
,	,
today	NN
's	POS
economic	JJ
development	NN
organizations	NNS
are	VBP
embracing	VBG
new	JJ
initiatives	NNS
to	TO
ensure	VB
a	DT
skilled	JJ
work	NN
force	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
for	IN
local	JJ
employers	NNS
.	.
Find	VB
out	RP
how	WRB
to	TO
engage	VB
your	PRP$
local	JJ
economic	JJ
development	NN
commission	NN
,	,
establish	VB
partnerships	NNS
,	,
and	CC
develop	VB
programs	NNS
to	TO
recruit	VB
and	CC
retain	VB
young	JJ
professionals	NNS
and	CC
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
.	.
Employers	NNS
and	CC
colleges	NNS
are	VBP
interested	JJ
in	IN
students	NNS
;	:
college	NN
want	VBP
to	TO
train	VB
students	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
world	NN
of	IN
work	NN
;	:
employers	NNS
want	VBP
to	TO
recruit	VB
them	PRP
.	.
Explore	VB
successful	JJ
partnership	NN
activities	NNS
among	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
,	,
employers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
students	NNS
.	.
Examples	NNS
provided	VBD
for	IN
how	WRB
employers	NNS
and	CC
colleges	NNS
can	MD
work	VB
together	RB
to	TO
enhance	VB
the	DT
employer	NN
presence	NN
while	IN
helping	VBG
career	NN
centers	NNS
augment	VBP
programming	VBG
to	TO
students	NNS
to	TO
advance	VB
career	NN
knowledge	NN
.	.
Working	VBG
Overseas	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
will	MD
outline	VB
for	IN
college	NN
career	NN
counselors	NNS
the	DT
step-by-step	JJ
strategies	NNS
required	VBN
for	IN
building	VBG
an	DT
international	JJ
career	NN
and	CC
finding	VBG
an	DT
international	JJ
job	NN
after	IN
graduation	NN
.	.
Learn	VB
about	IN
``	``
The	DT
Ideal	NNP
International	NNP
Profile	NNP
,	,
''	''
your	PRP$
``	``
International	NNP
IQ	NNP
,	,
''	''
and	CC
more	RBR
.	.
Walk	VB
away	RP
with	IN
``	``
Quick	NNP
Reference	NNP
Cards	NNP
''	''
that	WDT
will	MD
help	VB
your	PRP$
students	NNS
interested	JJ
in	IN
international	JJ
assignments	NNS
.	.
Take	VB
a	DT
look	NN
at	IN
recruiting	NN
and	CC
hiring	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
perspective	NN
of	IN
nonprofit	JJ
employers	NNS
:	:
How	WRB
do	VBP
nonprofits	NNS
recruit	VB
?	.
What	WP
do	VBP
they	PRP
look	VB
for	IN
when	WRB
they	PRP
hire	VBP
?	.
Then	RB
,	,
use	VB
this	DT
information	NN
to	TO
bring	VB
nonprofit	JJ
organizations	NNS
to	TO
your	PRP$
campus	NN
,	,
create	VB
strong	JJ
long-term	JJ
partnerships	NNS
with	IN
groups	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
community	NN
and	CC
elsewhere	RB
,	,
and	CC
advise	VB
students	NNS
on	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
market	VB
themselves	PRP
to	TO
a	DT
nonprofit	JJ
.	.
In	IN
2003	CD
,	,
the	DT
organization	NN
's	POS
CEO	NNP
wanted	VBD
recruiters	NNS
to	TO
hire	VB
new	JJ
college	NN
grads	NNS
and	CC
interns	NNS
and	CC
created	VBD
a	DT
brand	NN
new	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
new	JJ
grads	NNS
based	VBN
global	JJ
university	NN
relations	NNS
program	NN
.	.
Share	NN
the	DT
strategies	NNS
,	,
successes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
challenges	NNS
this	DT
organization	NN
has	VBZ
faced	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
four	CD
years	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
program	NN
developed	VBN
.	.
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NACE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
association	NN
for	IN
human	JJ
resources	NNS
and	CC
career	NN
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
.	.
As	IN
members	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
abide	VBP
by	IN
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Conduct	NNP
,	,
an	DT
ethics	NNS
document	VBP
that	IN
serves	VBZ
as	IN
the	DT
framework	NN
and	CC
foundation	NN
for	IN
practices	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
career	NN
planning	NN
,	,
placement	NN
,	,
and	CC
recruitment	NN
processes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Principles	NNPS
document	NN
tells	VBZ
us	PRP
that	IN
serving	VBG
alcohol	NN
to	TO
job	NN
candidates	NNS
is	VBZ
inappropriate	JJ
and	CC
inadvisable	JJ
.	.
The	DT
principle	NN
states	VBZ
``	``
Serving	VBG
alcohol	NN
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
recruitment	NN
process	NN
on	IN
or	CC
off	IN
campus	NN
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
receptions	NNS
,	,
dinners	NNS
,	,
company	NN
tours	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
''	''
That	DT
means	VBZ
,	,
having	VBG
an	DT
open	JJ
bar	NN
,	,
a	DT
paid	VBN
bar	NN
,	,
or	CC
holding	VBG
a	DT
recruiting	NN
event	NN
in	IN
a	DT
bar	NN
is	VBZ
inappropriate	JJ
.	.
Given	VBN
the	DT
whole	JJ
notion	NN
of	IN
alcohol	NN
abuse	NN
and	CC
the	DT
problems	NNS
college	NN
campuses	NNS
are	VBP
having	VBG
with	IN
alcohol	NN
among	IN
students	NNS
,	,
serving	VBG
alcohol	NN
at	IN
a	DT
reception	NN
is	VBZ
sending	VBG
the	DT
wrong	JJ
message	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
many	JJ
college	NN
students	NNS
are	VBP
younger	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
state	NN
's	POS
drinking	NN
age	NN
,	,
and	CC
many	JJ
college	NN
campuses	NNS
now	RB
have	VBP
a	DT
zero-alcohol-tolerance	NN
policy	NN
in	IN
effect	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
serving	VBG
alcohol	NN
could	MD
be	VB
in	IN
violation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
state	NN
's	POS
law	NN
and	CC
a	DT
school	NN
's	POS
policy	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
read	VB
the	DT
history	NN
of	IN
why	WRB
this	DT
principle	NN
is	VBZ
included	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
document	NN
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
read	VB
an	DT
article	NN
composed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Principles	NNPS
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Conduct	NNP
Committee	NNP
on	IN
NACEWeb	NNP
at	IN
www.naceweb.org/about/legal98sm.html	CD
.	.
The	DT
NACE	NNP
College\/University	NNP
Interview	NNP
Form	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
employers	NNS
and	CC
colleges	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
generic	JJ
and	CC
uniform	JJ
interview	NN
scheduling	NN
form	NN
.	.
Please	VB
feel	VB
free	JJ
to	TO
print	VB
the	DT
form	NN
from	IN
NACEWeb	NNP
or	CC
to	TO
download	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
your	PRP$
computer	NN
.	.
Please	VB
read	VB
over	IN
the	DT
tips	NNS
provided	VBN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
use	VBP
the	DT
form	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
fullest	JJS
potential	NN
.	.
Because	IN
some	DT
schools	NNS
charge	VBP
employers	NNS
to	TO
send	VB
resumes	NNS
,	,
resume	VB
books	NNS
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
requested	VBN
materials	NNS
,	,
the	DT
form	NN
includes	VBZ
a	DT
space	NN
for	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
specify	VB
your	PRP$
overnight	JJ
carrier	NN
of	IN
choice	NN
and	CC
your	PRP$
account	NN
number	NN
with	IN
the	DT
carrier	NN
.	.
The	DT
NACE	NNP
Legal	NNP
Department	NNP
developed	VBD
the	DT
following	JJ
article	NN
to	TO
respond	VB
to	TO
inquiries	NNS
from	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
practitioners	NNS
and	CC
employers	NNS
about	IN
placement\/credential	JJ
files	NNS
and	CC
reference	NN
letters	NNS
.	.
The	DT
article	NN
summarizes	VBZ
the	DT
key	JJ
points	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Family	NNP
Education	NNP
Rights	NNPS
and	CC
Privacy	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FERPA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
FERPA	NNP
requires	VBZ
federally	RB
funded	VBN
academic	JJ
institutions	NNS
to	TO
obtain	VB
student	NN
consent	NN
before	IN
disclosing	VBG
personally	RB
identifiable	JJ
information	NN
in	IN
students	NNS
education	NN
records	NNS
to	TO
third	JJ
parties	NNS
.	.
Disclosure	NN
pertains	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
hand	NN
delivery	NN
,	,
mail	NN
,	,
fax	NN
,	,
or	CC
electronic	JJ
transmission	NN
of	IN
information	NN
,	,
including	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
career	NN
services	NNS
data	NNS
bases	NNS
of	IN
student	NN
resumes	NNS
.	.
A	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
is	VBZ
any	DT
individual	JJ
or	CC
organization	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
student	NN
or	CC
his\/her	NN
parents	NNS
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
FERPA	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
specify	VB
a	DT
time	NN
period	NN
for	IN
retaining	VBG
credential\/placement	NN
files	NNS
or	CC
reference	NN
letters	NNS
.	.
The	DT
law	NN
merely	RB
provides	VBZ
that	IN
an	DT
education	NN
record	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
destroyed	VBN
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
an	DT
outstanding	JJ
student	NN
request	NN
to	TO
inspect	VB
the	DT
file	NN
.	.
The	DT
school	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
discretion	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
record	NN
retention	NN
policy	NN
and	CC
communicate	VBP
that	IN
policy	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
policy	NN
should	MD
include	VB
a	DT
deadline	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
students\/alumni	NNS
must	MD
respond	VB
if	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
wish	VB
to	TO
have	VB
their	PRP$
files	NNS
destroyed	VBN
.	.
Once	RB
the	DT
deadline	NN
has	VBZ
passed	VBN
,	,
and	CC
there	EX
has	VBZ
been	VBN
no	DT
request	NN
for	IN
retention	NN
,	,
the	DT
records	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
destroyed	VBN
.	.
Obtain	VB
signed	VBN
,	,
written	VBN
consent	NN
from	IN
a	DT
student	NN
before	IN
a	DT
school	NN
official	NN
,	,
administrator	NN
,	,
career	NN
services	NNS
staff	NN
member	NN
,	,
or	CC
faculty	NN
member	NN
releases	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
orally	RB
or	CC
in	IN
writing	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
personally	RB
identifiable	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
an	DT
employer	NN
,	,
third-party	JJ
recruiter	NN
,	,
or	CC
resume	VB
referral	NN
data	NNS
base	NN
.	.
Remind	VB
faculty	NN
members	NNS
that	IN
,	,
under	IN
the	DT
law	NN
,	,
they	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
communicate	VB
information	NN
about	IN
students	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
recommendations	NNS
,	,
academic	JJ
transcripts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
academic	JJ
information	NN
,	,
without	IN
first	JJ
receiving	VBG
student	NN
consent	NN
.	.
Notify	VB
employers	NNS
,	,
employment	NN
agencies\/contract	JJ
recruiters	NNS
,	,
resume	VB
data	NNS
bases	NNS
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
entities	NNS
that	WDT
student	NN
records	NNS
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
FERPA	NNP
,	,
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
redisclosed	VBN
without	IN
student	NN
consent	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
improper	JJ
redisclosure	NN
will	MD
result	VB
in	IN
denial	NN
of	IN
access	NN
to	TO
those	DT
records	NNS
for	IN
five	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Determine	NN
,	,
clearly	RB
define	VB
,	,
and	CC
communicate	VBP
to	TO
students	NNS
what	WDT
information	NN
will	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
directory	NN
information	NN
.	.
Students	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
deadline	NN
to	TO
notify	VB
the	DT
school	NN
if	IN
they	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
restrict	VB
access	NN
to	TO
this	DT
type	NN
of	IN
information	NN
.	.
Note	VB
that	DT
FERPA	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
address	VB
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
placing	VBG
amended	VBN
letters	NNS
of	IN
recommendation	NN
into	IN
students	NNS
files	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
educational	JJ
institution	NN
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
establishing	VBG
and	CC
consistently	RB
enforcing	VBG
its	PRP$
own	JJ
policy	NN
on	IN
this	DT
issue	NN
.	.
The	DT
employment	NN
reference	NN
,	,
or	CC
recommendation	NN
,	,
has	VBZ
traditionally	RB
been	VBN
considered	VBN
an	DT
important	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
college	NN
recruiting	NN
process	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
directors	NNS
encourage	VBP
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
many	JJ
cases	NNS
require	VBP
,	,
that	IN
graduating	VBG
students	NNS
include	VBP
reference	NN
letters	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
credential\/employment	NN
files	NNS
as	IN
further	JJ
documentation	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
credentials	NNS
,	,
motivation	NN
,	,
and	CC
overall	JJ
employment	NN
skills	NNS
.	.
Employers	NNS
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
often	RB
review	NN
reference	NN
letters	NNS
and	CC
conduct	VB
reference	NN
checks	NNS
to	TO
verify	VB
a	DT
graduate	NN
's	POS
background	NN
and	CC
qualifications	NNS
.	.
Until	IN
the	DT
early	JJ
1980s	CD
,	,
employment	NN
references	NNS
served	VBD
their	PRP$
purpose	NN
relatively	RB
well	RB
.	.
They	PRP
tended	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
candid	JJ
and	CC
were	VBD
sometimes	RB
painfully	RB
honest	JJ
.	.
However	RB
,	,
in	IN
recent	JJ
years	NNS
,	,
faculty	NN
,	,
administrators	NNS
,	,
and	CC
employers	NNS
have	VBP
grown	VBN
reluctant	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
frank	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
their	PRP$
former	JJ
students	NNS
and	CC
employees	NNS
,	,
either	CC
verbally	RB
or	CC
in	IN
writing	VBG
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
another	DT
trend	NN
has	VBZ
emerged	VBN
.	.
There	EX
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
noticeable	JJ
rise	NN
in	IN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
lawsuits	NNS
against	IN
employers	NNS
and	CC
referral	NN
agencies	NNS
for	IN
hiring	VBG
and	CC
referring	VBG
candidates	NNS
who	WP
were	VBD
unfit	JJ
for	IN
their	PRP$
jobs	NNS
and	CC
who	WP
also	RB
harmed	VBD
innocent	JJ
third	JJ
parties	NNS
.	.
Often	RB
,	,
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
these	DT
negligent	JJ
hiring	NN
and	CC
referral	NN
lawsuits	NNS
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
or	CC
agency	NN
failed	VBD
to	TO
conduct	VB
a	DT
complete	JJ
reference	NN
check	NN
on	IN
the	DT
candidate	NN
or	CC
misrepresented	VBD
the	DT
qualifications	NNS
and	CC
characteristics	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
candidate	NN
.	.
To	TO
complicate	VB
the	DT
issue	NN
further	RB
,	,
this	DT
``	``
negligence	NN
''	''
results	NNS
,	,
in	IN
part	NN
,	,
from	IN
fear	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
sued	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
job	NN
candidate	NN
or	CC
former	JJ
employee	NN
on	IN
the	DT
grounds	NNS
of	IN
invasion	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
.	.
These	DT
two	CD
trends	NNS
have	VBP
created	VBN
a	DT
new	JJ
dilemma	NN
in	IN
employment	NN
law	NN
.	.
Simply	RB
stated	VBN
,	,
how	WRB
can	MD
employers	NNS
conduct	VB
a	DT
thorough	JJ
reference	NN
check	NN
when	WRB
reference	NN
givers	NNS
are	VBP
increasingly	RB
apprehensive	JJ
about	IN
providing	VBG
candid	JJ
reference	NN
information	NN
?	.
This	DT
brief	NN
,	,
Writing	VBG
Reference	NNP
Letters	NNS
,	,
outlines	VBZ
the	DT
law	NN
regarding	VBG
references	NNS
,	,
gives	VBZ
tips	NNS
on	IN
preparing	VBG
references	NNS
,	,
and	CC
provides	VBZ
samples	NNS
of	IN
reference	NN
letters	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
information	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
properly	RB
be	VB
released	VBN
during	IN
a	DT
reference	NN
check	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
known	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
name	NN
of	IN
student	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
the	DT
past	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
number	NN
of	IN
months	NNS
,	,
semesters	NNS
,	,
years	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
as	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
he\/she	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
has	VBZ
taken	VBN
the	DT
following	VBG
courses	NNS
which	WDT
I	PRP
teach	VBP
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
list	NN
courses	NNS
,	,
give	VBP
brief	JJ
description	NN
of	IN
content	NN
of	IN
course	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
As	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
his\/her	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
professor	NN
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
had	VBD
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
observe	VB
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
participation	NN
and	CC
interaction	NN
in	IN
class	NN
and	CC
to	TO
evaluate	VB
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
subject	JJ
matter	NN
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
rate	VB
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
overall	JJ
performance	NN
in	IN
these	DT
subjects	NNS
as	IN
average	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
evidenced	VBN
by	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
his\/her	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
grades	NNS
--	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
state	NN
the	DT
grades	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Act	NNP
of	IN
1974	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
FERPA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
name	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
college\/university	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
may	MD
not	RB
disclose	VB
personally	RB
identifiable	JJ
information	NN
from	IN
my	PRP$
education	NN
record	NN
to	TO
third	JJ
parties	NNS
without	IN
my	PRP$
signed	VBN
written	VBN
consent	NN
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
understand	VBP
that	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
revoke	VB
this	DT
consent	NN
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
with	IN
a	DT
written	VBN
and	CC
signed	VBN
revocation	NN
.	.
I	PRP
authorize	VBP
the	DT
director	NN
and	CC
staff	NN
of	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
at	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
name	NN
of	IN
college\/university	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
disclose	VB
by	IN
mail	NN
,	,
fax	NN
,	,
e-mail	NN
,	,
Internet	NNP
,	,
or	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
means	NNS
,	,
my	PRP$
resume\/credential	JJ
file	NN
and	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
files	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
me	PRP
to	TO
third-party	JJ
recruiters	NNS
who	WP
may	MD
,	,
in	IN
turn	NN
,	,
forward	RB
my	PRP$
resume	VB
to	TO
interested	JJ
employers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Family	NNP
Education	NNP
Rights	NNPS
and	CC
Privacy	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1974	CD
opens	VBZ
many	JJ
student	NN
records	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
inspection	NN
.	.
The	DT
law	NN
also	RB
permits	VBZ
the	DT
student	NN
to	TO
sign	VB
a	DT
waiver	NN
relinquishing	VBG
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
inspect	VB
letters	NNS
of	IN
recommendation	NN
.	.
The	DT
applicant	NN
's	POS
signature	NN
below	IN
constitutes	VBZ
a	DT
waiver	NN
;	:
no	DT
signature	NN
means	VBZ
the	DT
student	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
read	VB
his\/her	JJR
references	NNS
.	.
There	EX
have	VBP
been	VBN
few	JJ
court	NN
decisions	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
Family	NNP
Education	NNP
Rights	NNPS
and	CC
Privacy	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FERPA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
since	IN
its	PRP$
passage	NN
in	IN
1974	CD
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
issued	VBD
two	CD
decisions	NNS
this	DT
year	NN
within	IN
four	CD
months	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
involving	VBG
alleged	VBN
violations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
,	,
which	WDT
prohibits	VBZ
the	DT
release	NN
of	IN
a	DT
student	NN
's	POS
education	NN
records	NNS
without	IN
the	DT
consent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
student	NN
or	CC
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
parent	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
the	DT
student	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
minor	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
question	NN
before	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
was	VBD
whether	IN
the	DT
assignment	NN
and	CC
resulting	VBG
grade	NN
should	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
an	DT
``	``
education	NN
record	NN
''	''
maintained	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
responded	VBD
unanimously	RB
that	IN
neither	CC
the	DT
assignment	NN
nor	CC
the	DT
grade	NN
constituted	VBD
an	DT
education	NN
record	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
disclosure	NN
of	IN
grades	NNS
that	WDT
occurs	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
peer	VB
grading	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
unlawful	JJ
.	.
The	DT
relevance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
decision	NN
to	TO
career	NN
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
is	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
's	POS
discussion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
term	NN
``	``
education	NN
record	NN
.	.
''	''
FERPA	NNP
defines	VBZ
an	DT
``	``
education	NN
record	NN
''	''
as	IN
``	``
records	NNS
,	,
files	NNS
,	,
documents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
materials	NNS
''	''
containing	VBG
information	NN
directly	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
student	NN
that	IN
``	``
are	VBP
maintained	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
educational	JJ
agency	NN
or	CC
institution	NN
or	CC
by	IN
a	DT
person	NN
acting	VBG
for	IN
such	JJ
agency	NN
or	CC
institution	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
Court	NNP
noted	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
word	NN
``	``
maintained	VBD
''	''
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
record	NN
is	VBZ
kept	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
``	``
filing	NN
cabinet	NN
in	IN
a	DT
records	NNS
room	NN
at	IN
the	DT
school	NN
''	''
or	CC
on	IN
a	DT
``	``
permanent	JJ
secure	JJ
data	NNS
base	NN
.	.
''	''
Moreover	RB
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
stated	VBD
,	,
``	``
By	IN
describing	VBG
a	DT
school	NN
official	NN
and	CC
his	PRP$
assistant	NN
as	IN
the	DT
personnel	NNS
responsible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
custody	NN
of	IN
records	NNS
,	,
FERPA	NNP
implies	VBZ
that	IN
education	NN
records	NNS
are	VBP
institutional	JJ
records	NNS
kept	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
central	JJ
custodian	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
registrar	NN
,	,
not	RB
individual	JJ
assignments	NNS
handled	VBN
by	IN
many	JJ
student	NN
graders	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
classrooms	NNS
.	.
''	''
Nor	CC
are	VBP
the	DT
student	NN
graders	NNS
``	``
acting	VBG
for	IN
''	''
the	DT
school	NN
when	WRB
they	PRP
place	VBP
a	DT
grade	NN
on	IN
the	DT
paper	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
student	NN
assignment	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
considered	VBN
an	DT
education	NN
record	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
created	VBN
and	CC
controlled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
student	NN
,	,
does	VBZ
that	IN
hold	VBP
true	JJ
for	IN
student-created	JJ
resumes	NNS
?	.
In	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
how	WRB
should	MD
career	NN
services	NNS
treat	VB
resumes	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
stored	VBN
in	IN
electronic	JJ
data	NNS
bases	NNS
and	CC
disclosed	VBN
to	TO
employers	NNS
electronically	RB
?	.
Is	VBZ
signed	VBN
written	VBN
consent	NN
necessary	JJ
prior	RB
to	TO
disclosure	NN
or	CC
can	MD
the	DT
resume	VB
be	VB
disclosed	VBN
without	IN
this	DT
form	NN
of	IN
consent	NN
?	.
In	IN
light	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
's	POS
decision	NN
,	,
some	DT
view	NN
education	NN
records	NNS
as	IN
only	JJ
those	DT
records	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
controlled	VBN
and	CC
maintained	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
university	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
an	DT
element	NN
of	IN
permanency	NN
.	.
They	PRP
reason	NN
that	IN
since	IN
a	DT
resume	VB
is	VBZ
created	VBN
and	CC
changed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
discretion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
student	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
an	DT
education	NN
record	NN
even	RB
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
stored	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
data	NNS
base	NN
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
assert	VBP
that	IN
if	IN
the	DT
resume	VB
does	VBZ
not	RB
contain	VB
any	DT
personally	RB
identifiable	JJ
information	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
GPA	NNP
,	,
the	DT
disclosure	NN
requirements	NNS
of	IN
FERPA	NNP
are	VBP
not	RB
applicable	JJ
.	.
Others	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
say	VBP
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
difference	NN
between	IN
storing	VBG
a	DT
student	NN
's	POS
resume	VB
in	IN
an	DT
electronic	JJ
format	NN
or	CC
in	IN
a	DT
file	NN
cabinet	NN
.	.
They	PRP
contend	VBP
that	IN
if	IN
the	DT
student-created	JJ
resume	VB
was	VBD
considered	VBN
an	DT
education	NN
record	NN
on	IN
paper	NN
,	,
should	MD
n't	RB
it	PRP
remain	VBP
so	RB
online	JJ
?	.
Although	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
specifically	RB
mentioned	VBD
records	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
maintained	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
``	``
permanent	JJ
secure	JJ
database	NN
,	,
''	''
it	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
address	VB
the	DT
handling	NN
of	IN
the	DT
student-created	JJ
record	NN
once	IN
the	DT
school	NN
stores	NNS
it	PRP
.	.
July	NNP
2	CD
,	,
2001	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
addresses	VBZ
the	DT
question	NN
of	IN
whether	IN
a	DT
student	NN
can	MD
bring	VB
a	DT
lawsuit	NN
for	IN
money	NN
damages	NNS
against	IN
a	DT
school	NN
that	WDT
violates	VBZ
FERPA	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
,	,
in	IN
a	DT
7-2	JJ
decision	NN
,	,
held	VBD
that	IN
FERPA	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
give	VB
individual	JJ
students	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
their	PRP$
parents	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
sue	VB
the	DT
school	NN
if	IN
the	DT
school	NN
discloses	VBZ
confidential	JJ
student	NN
information	NN
without	IN
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
\/	NN
parent	NN
's	POS
consent	NN
.	.
The	DT
case	NN
involved	VBD
a	DT
lawsuit	NN
filed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
former	JJ
student	NN
who	WP
charged	VBD
that	IN
he	PRP
was	VBD
unable	JJ
to	TO
get	VB
a	DT
teaching	NN
job	NN
because	IN
a	DT
school	NN
official	NN
told	VBD
the	DT
state	NN
's	POS
teacher	NN
certification	NN
office	NN
that	IN
he	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
accused	VBN
of	IN
sexually	RB
assaulting	VBG
another	DT
student	NN
.	.
The	DT
student	NN
claimed	VBD
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
FERPA	NNP
rights	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
negligence	NN
and	CC
defamation	NN
.	.
The	DT
lower	JJR
court	NN
awarded	VBD
the	DT
student	NN
monetary	JJ
damages	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
$	$
1.15	CD
million	CD
dollars	NNS
,	,
$	$
450,000	CD
of	IN
which	WDT
were	VBD
for	IN
violations	NNS
of	IN
FERPA	NNP
.	.
After	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
upheld	VBD
the	DT
award	NN
,	,
the	DT
school	NN
appealed	VBD
the	DT
FERPA	NNP
award	NN
to	TO
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
.	.
In	IN
adopting	VBG
the	DT
law	NN
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
said	VBD
that	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
Congress	NNP
intended	VBD
for	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Secretary	NNP
of	IN
Education	NNP
to	TO
enforce	VB
its	PRP$
privacy	NN
provision	NN
by	IN
withholding	VBG
federal	JJ
funds	NNS
to	TO
non-compliant	JJ
institutions	NNS
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
Court	NNP
,	,
FERPA	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
contain	VB
any	DT
``	``
rights-creating	JJ
language	NN
''	''
giving	VBG
students	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
parents	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
sue	VB
institutions	NNS
that	WDT
release	VBP
confidential	JJ
information	NN
without	IN
permission	NN
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
speak	VBP
only	RB
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
institutional	JJ
policy	NN
and	CC
practice	NN
,	,
not	RB
individual	JJ
instances	NNS
of	IN
disclosure	NN
,	,
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
provide	VB
grounds	NNS
for	IN
individuals	NNS
to	TO
sue	VB
educational	JJ
institutions	NNS
over	IN
specific	JJ
disclosures	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
who	WP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
forgo	VB
signed	VBN
written	VBN
consent	NN
,	,
as	IN
a	DT
condition	NN
to	TO
disclosure	NN
of	IN
resumes	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
student	NN
information	NN
,	,
should	MD
review	VB
this	DT
policy	NN
change	NN
with	IN
their	PRP$
university	NN
counsel	NN
.	.
In	IN
light	NN
of	IN
the	DT
recent	JJ
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
decisions	NNS
regarding	VBG
FERPA	NNP
,	,
caution	NN
clearly	RB
outweighs	VBZ
convenience	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
university	NN
's	POS
vice	NN
president	NN
for	IN
student	NN
life	NN
summons	NN
you	PRP
to	TO
meet	VB
with	IN
her	PRP$
and	CC
the	DT
university	NN
's	POS
vice	NN
president	NN
for	IN
institutional	JJ
advancement	NN
.	.
The	DT
vice	NN
president	NN
explains	VBZ
that	IN
Bob	NNP
Grates	NNP
,	,
an	DT
alumnus	NN
of	IN
the	DT
university	NN
,	,
trustee	NN
of	IN
the	DT
board	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
CEO	NNP
of	IN
Nothing	NN
but	CC
Net	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
NBN	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
a	DT
major	JJ
high-technology	NN
company	NN
,	,
has	VBZ
approached	VBN
the	DT
university	NN
.	.
This	DT
company	NN
is	VBZ
interested	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
long-term	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
university	NN
,	,
which	WDT
will	MD
result	VB
in	IN
giving	VBG
NBN	NNP
the	DT
inside	JJ
track	NN
into	IN
the	DT
university	NN
's	POS
``	``
best	JJS
and	CC
brightest	JJS
''	''
computer	NN
science	NN
and	CC
M.I.S.	NNP
graduates	NNS
.	.
NBN	NNP
proposes	VBZ
to	TO
finance	VB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
technology	NN
needs	VBZ
for	IN
your	PRP$
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
for	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
10	CD
years	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
provide	VB
a	DT
sizeable	JJ
endowment	NN
for	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
.	.
The	DT
company	NN
will	MD
also	RB
fund	VB
scholarships	NNS
and	CC
faculty	NN
research	NN
.	.
In	IN
exchange	NN
,	,
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
will	MD
be	VB
renamed	VBN
the	DT
``	``
NBN	NNP
Career	NNP
Center	NNP
''	''
and	CC
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
director	NN
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
to	TO
place	VB
the	DT
NBN	NNP
logo	NN
on	IN
all	DT
of	IN
his	PRP$
office	NN
's	POS
publications	NNS
and	CC
on	IN
the	DT
office	NN
's	POS
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
NBN	NNP
will	MD
have	VB
permission	NN
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
University	NNP
's	POS
logo	NN
on	IN
its	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
NBN	NNP
will	MD
have	VB
first	JJ
option	NN
regarding	VBG
on-campus	JJ
recruiting	NN
dates	NNS
and	CC
table	NN
locations	NNS
at	IN
job	NN
fairs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
permitted	VBN
to	TO
sponsor	VB
an	DT
exclusive	JJ
minority	NN
internship	NN
for	IN
African-Americans	NNPS
only	RB
.	.
The	DT
VP	NNP
for	IN
institutional	JJ
advancement	NN
obviously	RB
is	VBZ
ecstatic	JJ
about	IN
this	DT
and	CC
hopes	VBZ
that	IN
you	PRP
will	MD
work	VB
with	IN
Mr.	NNP
Grates	NNP
to	TO
meet	VB
his	PRP$
requirements	NNS
.	.
Specifically	RB
,	,
``	``
if	IN
employer	NN
funds	NNS
provide	VBP
greater	JJR
prominence	NN
to	TO
the	DT
names	NNS
and	CC
opportunities	NNS
of	IN
specific	JJ
organizations	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
industries	NNS
,	,
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
has	VBZ
an	DT
obligation	NN
to	TO
make	VB
every	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
students	NNS
not	RB
interested	JJ
in	IN
these	DT
specific	JJ
organizations	NNS
or	CC
industries	NNS
with	IN
contact	NN
and\/or	CC
information	NN
about	IN
alternate	JJ
employers	NNS
in	IN
keeping	VBG
with	IN
their	PRP$
needs	NNS
and	CC
interests	NNS
''	''
.	.
From	IN
an	DT
ethical	JJ
perspective	NN
,	,
what	WP
Mr.	NNP
Grates	NNP
is	VBZ
proposing	VBG
is	VBZ
essentially	RB
buying	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
students	NNS
.	.
Principle	NN
4	CD
states	NNS
:	:
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
shall	MD
provide	VB
generally	RB
comparable	JJ
services	NNS
to	TO
all	DT
employers	NNS
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
employers	NNS
contribute	VBP
services	NNS
,	,
gifts	NNS
,	,
or	CC
financial	JJ
support	NN
to	TO
the	DT
educational	JJ
institution	NN
or	CC
office	NN
and	CC
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
level	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
support	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
ethically	RB
,	,
an	DT
employer	NN
can	MD
not	RB
expect	VB
preferential	JJ
treatment	NN
when	WRB
it	PRP
comes	VBZ
to	TO
setting	VBG
up	RP
recruiting	VBG
visits	NNS
and	CC
placement	NN
at	IN
career	NN
fairs	NNS
.	.
Another	DT
ethical	JJ
issue	NN
to	TO
consider	VB
-	:
since	IN
the	DT
company	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
high-tech	JJ
,	,
would	MD
this	DT
be	VB
a	DT
turn-off	NN
to	TO
non-technical	JJ
students	NNS
?	.
In	IN
reference	NN
to	TO
the	DT
minority	NN
internship	NN
for	IN
African-Americans	NNPS
only	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
recommended	VBN
that	IN
this	DT
program	NN
be	VB
set	VBN
up	RP
through	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
academic	JJ
department	NN
or	CC
minority	NN
program	NN
office	NN
on	IN
campus	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
if	IN
Mr.	NNP
Grates	NNP
is	VBZ
interested	JJ
in	IN
an	DT
engineering	NN
student	NN
for	IN
the	DT
internship	NN
,	,
the	DT
Minority	NNP
Engineering	NNP
Program	NNP
office	NN
would	MD
be	VB
the	DT
place	NN
to	TO
work	VB
through	IN
for	IN
this	DT
request	NN
4	CD
.	.
What	WP
are	VBP
your	PRP$
options	NNS
?	.
What	WP
are	VBP
the	DT
pros	NNS
and	CC
cons	NNS
of	IN
those	DT
options	NNS
?	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
career	NN
Center	NNP
Director	NNP
's	POS
job	NN
to	TO
negotiate	VB
this	DT
situation	NN
so	RB
that	IN
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
upholds	VBZ
the	DT
ethical	JJ
standards	NNS
by	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
operates	VBZ
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
balancing	VBG
the	DT
sensitive	JJ
issues	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
university	NN
in	IN
the	DT
arena	NN
of	IN
development	NN
and	CC
fundraising	NN
.	.
An	DT
employer	NN
concerned	VBN
about	IN
meeting	VBG
the	DT
company	NN
's	POS
workforce	NN
needs	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
21st	JJ
century	NN
requests	NNS
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
to	TO
supply	VB
him\/her	NN
with	IN
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
junior	NN
and	CC
senior	JJ
African-American	NNP
,	,
Asian-American	NNP
,	,
Hispanics	NNPS
,	,
Native	JJ
Americans	NNPS
,	,
and	CC
disabled	JJ
students	NNS
to	TO
invite	VB
to	TO
a	DT
special	JJ
dinner	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
time	NN
the	DT
company	NN
will	MD
present	VB
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
firm	NN
and	CC
the	DT
available	JJ
jobs	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
company	NN
.	.
This	DT
company	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
major	JJ
financial	JJ
contributor	NN
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
diversity	NN
retention	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
While	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
direct	JJ
pressure	NN
,	,
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
director	NN
realizes	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
company	NN
's	POS
high	JJ
visibility	NN
on	IN
these	DT
issues	NNS
may	MD
create	VB
some	DT
subtle	JJ
pressure	NN
for	IN
her	PRP$
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
request	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
company	NN
has	VBZ
hired	VBN
students	NNS
from	IN
this	DT
school	NN
in	IN
the	DT
past	NN
and	CC
the	DT
students	NNS
have	VBP
done	VBN
well	RB
professionally	RB
with	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
.	.
Referring	VBG
all	DT
interested	JJ
students	NNS
for	IN
employment	NN
opportunities	NNS
without	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
race	NN
,	,
color	NN
,	,
national	JJ
origin	NN
,	,
religion	NN
,	,
age	NN
,	,
gender	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
,	,
or	CC
disability	NN
,	,
and	CC
providing	VBG
reasonable	JJ
accommodations	NNS
upon	IN
request	NN
;	:
and	CC
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
Assisting	VBG
recruiters	NNS
in	IN
accessing	VBG
certain	JJ
groups	NNS
on	IN
campus	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
more	RBR
inclusive	JJ
applicant	NN
pool	NN
.	.
''	''
No-it	NNP
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
would	MD
subsequently	RB
invite	VB
only	RB
these	DT
students	NNS
to	TO
interview	VB
with	IN
their	PRP$
organization	NN
,	,
and	CC
this	DT
is	VBZ
problematic	JJ
because	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
'	POS
office	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
duty	NN
to	TO
refer	VB
all	DT
students	NNS
for	IN
employment	NN
opportunities	NNS
without	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
race	NN
or	CC
disability	NN
status	NN
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
Principle	NNP
#	#
6	CD
for	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
.	.
Alternatively	RB
,	,
refer	VBP
the	DT
employer	NN
to	TO
the	DT
multicultural	JJ
students	NNS
'	POS
office	NN
so	RB
this	DT
office	NN
can	MD
assist	VB
in	IN
publicizing	VBG
the	DT
event	NN
to	TO
the	DT
student	NN
organizations	NNS
with	IN
whom	WP
they	PRP
work	VBP
,	,
and\/or	CC
offer	NN
to	TO
send	VB
the	DT
invitations	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
to	TO
students	NNS
registered	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
.	.
This	DT
conflicts	NNS
with	IN
Principle	NNP
#	#
6	CD
for	IN
employment	NN
professionals	NNS
that	IN
,	,
in	IN
part	NN
,	,
states	VBZ
``	``
employment	NN
professionals	NNS
will	MD
maintain	VB
equal	JJ
employment	NN
opportunity	NN
compliance	NN
and	CC
follow	VB
affirmative	JJ
action	NN
principles	NNS
in	IN
recruiting	VBG
activities	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
manner	NN
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
recruiting	NN
,	,
interviewing	VBG
and	CC
hiring	VBG
individuals	NNS
without	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
race	NN
,	,
color	NN
,	,
national	JJ
origin	NN
,	,
religion	NN
,	,
age	NN
,	,
gender	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
,	,
or	CC
disability	NN
,	,
and	CC
providing	VBG
reasonable	JJ
accommodations	NNS
upon	IN
request	NN
.	.
''	''
Therefore	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
company	NN
only	RB
interviews	NNS
minority	NN
students	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
violate	VBP
this	DT
principle	NN
and	CC
can	MD
be	VB
vulnerable	JJ
to	TO
allegations	NNS
of	IN
employment	NN
discrimination	NN
.	.
As	IN
noted	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
response	NN
to	TO
question	VB
4	CD
above	IN
,	,
the	DT
CSO	NNP
should	MD
refer	VB
the	DT
employer	NN
to	TO
the	DT
multicultural	JJ
students	NNS
'	POS
office	NN
so	RB
this	DT
office	NN
can	MD
assist	VB
them	PRP
in	IN
publicizing	VBG
the	DT
event	NN
to	TO
student	NN
organizations	NNS
with	IN
whom	WP
they	PRP
work	VBP
,	,
and	CC
\/	NN
or	CC
offer	VB
the	DT
CSO	NNP
can	MD
offer	VB
to	TO
send	VB
the	DT
invitations	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
to	TO
students	NNS
registered	VBN
with	IN
their	PRP$
office	NN
,	,
if	IN
students	NNS
identify	VBP
themselves	PRP
as	IN
minority	NN
students	NNS
or	CC
students	NNS
with	IN
disabilities	NNS
.	.
A	DT
career	NN
center	NN
wants	VBZ
to	TO
do	VB
more	JJR
to	TO
attract	VB
the	DT
minority	NN
student	NN
population	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
office	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
The	DT
staff	NN
brainstormed	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
focus	NN
group	NN
of	IN
minority	NN
students	NNS
.	.
Out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
brainstorming	VBG
session	NN
bloomed	VBD
an	DT
idea	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
web	NN
page	NN
with	IN
resources	NNS
,	,
employment	NN
,	,
and	CC
internship	NN
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
students	NNS
of	IN
color	NN
?	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
staff	NN
members	NNS
checked	VBD
and	CC
discovered	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
career	NN
centers	NNS
list	NN
web	NN
resources	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
job-search	JJ
resources	NNS
for	IN
students	NNS
of	IN
color	NN
.	.
African-American	JJ
or	CC
Latino	JJ
to	TO
handle	VB
minority	NN
students	NNS
only	RB
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
way	NN
,	,
when	WRB
a	DT
minority	NN
student	NN
walked	VBD
into	IN
the	DT
office	NN
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
would	MD
feel	VB
that	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
someone	NN
``	``
like	IN
them	PRP
''	''
who	WP
could	MD
understand	VB
their	PRP$
needs	NNS
.	.
From	IN
an	DT
ethical	JJ
perspective	NN
,	,
one	CD
can	MD
pose	VB
the	DT
question	NN
``	``
Is	VBZ
it	PRP
appropriate	JJ
and	CC
fair	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
office	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
specialized	JJ
resources	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
to	TO
a	DT
particular	JJ
group	NN
?	.
''	''
Also	RB
,	,
if	IN
services	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
offered	VBN
for	IN
one	CD
group	NN
,	,
minority	NN
students	NNS
,	,
should	MD
comparable	JJ
services	NNS
be	VB
offered	VBN
to	TO
other	JJ
groups	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
international	JJ
students	NNS
,	,
women	NNS
,	,
non-traditional	JJ
students	NNS
,	,
etc	FW
?	.
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
acceptable	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
resources	NNS
for	IN
special	JJ
populations	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
unique	JJ
needs	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
career	NN
development	NN
and	CC
employment	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
page	NN
15	CD
of	IN
Professional	NNP
Standards	NNP
for	IN
College	NNP
and	CC
University	NNP
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
publication	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Conduct	NNP
,	,
Principle	NNP
6-c	JJ
states	NNS
:	:
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
shall	MD
maintain	VB
EEO	NNP
compliance	NN
and	CC
follow	VB
affirmative	JJ
action	NN
principles	NNS
in	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
activities	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
manner	NN
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
:	:
Informing	VBG
protected	JJ
groups	NNS
about	IN
employment	NN
opportunities	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
those	DT
occupational	JJ
areas	NNS
where	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
underrepresented	VBN
and	CC
developing	VBG
awareness	NN
of	IN
,	,
and	CC
sensitivity	NN
to	TO
,	,
cultural	JJ
differences	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
diversity	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
,	,
and	CC
providing	VBG
responsive	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
decision	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
to	TO
design	VB
a	DT
web	NN
page	NN
for	IN
minority	NN
students	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
should	MD
only	RB
include	VB
resources	NNS
targeted	VBN
to	TO
that	DT
group	NN
,	,
not	RB
job	NN
postings	NNS
and	CC
should	MD
be	VB
accessible	JJ
to	TO
all	DT
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
job	NN
postings	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
included	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
office	NN
's	POS
current	JJ
jobs	NNS
'	POS
database	NN
with	IN
the	DT
provision	NN
that	IN
``	``
women	NNS
and	CC
minorities	NNS
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
apply	VB
.	.
''	''
Since	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
inferred	VBN
that	IN
job	NN
listings	NNS
include	VBP
``	``
employment	NN
and	CC
internship	NN
opportunities	NNS
,	,
''	''
having	VBG
a	DT
separate	JJ
web	NN
page	NN
with	IN
job	NN
listings	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
selected	VBN
population	NN
violates	VBZ
the	DT
preamble	NN
precept	NN
of	IN
an	DT
``	``
open	JJ
and	CC
free	JJ
selection	NN
of	IN
opportunities	NNS
''	''
because	IN
it	PRP
restricts	VBZ
access	NN
to	TO
other	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
having	VBG
a	DT
web	NN
page	NN
only	RB
for	IN
minority	NN
students	NNS
may	MD
suggest	VB
that	IN
the	DT
precept	NN
of	IN
``	``
maintain	VB
a	DT
recruitment	NN
process	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
fair	JJ
and	CC
equitable	JJ
to	TO
candidates	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
employing	VBG
organizations	NNS
''	''
is	VBZ
violated	VBN
,	,
and	CC
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
very	RB
least	JJS
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
the	DT
perception	NN
of	IN
preferential	JJ
treatment	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
Employer	NNP
Principle	NNP
#	#
6-a	JJ
states	NNS
that	IN
``	``
Recruiting	JJ
,	,
interviewing	VBG
,	,
and	CC
hiring	VBG
individuals	NNS
without	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
race	NN
,	,
color	NN
,	,
national	JJ
origin	NN
,	,
religion	NN
,	,
age	NN
,	,
gender	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
,	,
or	CC
disability	NN
,	,
and	CC
providing	VBG
reasonable	JJ
accommodations	NNS
upon	IN
request	NN
.	.
''	''
Some	DT
suggestions	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
hiring	VBG
process	NN
are	VBP
to	TO
target	VB
recruitment	NN
efforts	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
position	NN
to	TO
include	VB
employment	NN
resources	NNS
specifically	RB
for	IN
minority	NN
candidates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
indicate	VBP
that	IN
women	NNS
and	CC
minorities	NNS
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
apply	VB
.	.
Another	DT
point	NN
to	TO
consider	VB
in	IN
pursuing	VBG
the	DT
hiring	NN
of	IN
a	DT
counselor	NN
of	IN
color	NN
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
minority	NN
students	NNS
may	MD
reinforce	VB
the	DT
erroneous	JJ
assumption	NN
that	IN
only	RB
minority	NN
members	NNS
can	MD
help	VB
other	JJ
minority	NN
group	NN
members	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
an	DT
undergraduate	JJ
degree	NN
in	IN
communications	NNS
and	CC
media	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
'	''
81	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
is	VBZ
completing	VBG
her	PRP$
master	NN
's	POS
in	IN
English	NNP
.	.
Her	PRP$
thesis	NN
and	CC
area	NN
of	IN
greatest	JJS
interest	NN
currently	RB
is	VBZ
in	IN
media	NNS
literacy	NN
.	.
It	PRP
deals	VBZ
with	IN
educating	VBG
the	DT
public	JJ
about	IN
the	DT
impact	NN
media	NNS
has	VBZ
on	IN
us	PRP
,	,
particularly	RB
the	DT
influence	NN
of	IN
violence	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
developed	VBN
a	DT
vision	NN
``	``
disability	NN
''	''
that	WDT
is	VBZ
making	VBG
any	DT
close	JJ
work	NN
difficult	JJ
for	IN
her	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
seeing	VBG
specialists	NNS
for	IN
this	DT
condition	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
losing	VBG
her	PRP$
sight	NN
,	,
but	CC
eyestrain	NN
causes	VBZ
her	PRP$
eyes	NNS
to	TO
cross	VB
.	.
As	RB
much	RB
as	IN
she	PRP
really	RB
enjoys	VBZ
desktop	NN
publishing	NN
and	CC
proofing	NN
work	NN
,	,
she	PRP
has	VBZ
estimated	VBN
that	IN
she	PRP
could	MD
do	VB
this	DT
work	NN
only	RB
about	RB
25	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
time	NN
.	.
Job	NNP
Choices	NNPS
magazines	NNS
,	,
pointing	VBG
out	RP
her	PRP$
rights	NNS
to	TO
confidentiality	NN
.	.
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
Request	NN
permission	NN
from	IN
the	DT
client	NN
to	TO
share	VB
detailed	JJ
,	,
confidential	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
list	NN
serve	VB
,	,
prior	RB
to	TO
using	VBG
it	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
resource	NN
.	.
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
Fully	RB
disclose	VB
the	DT
list	NN
serve	VBP
membership	NN
,	,
and	CC
its	PRP$
potential	JJ
accessibility	NN
to	TO
the	DT
client	NN
.	.
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
As	IN
an	DT
alternative	NN
,	,
offer	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
the	DT
issue	NN
with	IN
a	DT
select	JJ
group	NN
of	IN
colleagues	NNS
,	,
as	IN
opposed	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
list	NN
serve	VBP
where	WRB
the	DT
membership	NN
is	VBZ
unknown	JJ
.	.
Even	RB
then	RB
,	,
steps	VBZ
a	DT
,	,
b	NN
and	CC
c	NN
should	MD
be	VB
followed	VBN
.	.
e	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
If	IN
the	DT
client	NN
agrees	VBZ
to	TO
have	VB
information	NN
shared	VBN
,	,
whether	IN
on	IN
a	DT
list	NN
serve	VBP
or	CC
to	TO
a	DT
specific	JJ
group	NN
of	IN
colleagues	NNS
,	,
be	VB
sure	JJ
to	TO
indicate	VB
to	TO
the	DT
group	NN
that	IN
the	DT
client	NN
's	POS
permission	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
obtained	VBN
.	.
Retrieve.com	NNP
,	,
an	DT
online	JJ
systems	NNS
vendor	NN
,	,
has	VBZ
come	VBN
to	TO
your	PRP$
campus	NN
to	TO
talk	VB
to	TO
you	PRP
about	IN
outsourcing	VBG
your	PRP$
student	NN
data	NNS
base	NN
and	CC
placement	NN
files	NNS
.	.
The	DT
system	NN
requires	VBZ
a	DT
student	NN
to	TO
personally	RB
upload	VB
a	DT
resume	VB
for	IN
viewing	VBG
by	IN
an	DT
employer	NN
.	.
Only	RB
the	DT
student	NN
can	MD
upload	VB
the	DT
resume	VB
and	CC
it	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
done	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
account	NN
.	.
The	DT
student	NN
can	MD
do	VB
this	DT
from	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
dorm	NN
room	NN
,	,
apartment	NN
,	,
or	CC
at	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
.	.
Only	RB
employers	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
subscribers	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
vendor	NN
's	POS
service	NN
and	CC
have	VB
a	DT
password	NN
can	MD
view	VB
the	DT
resumes	NNS
.	.
Retrieve.com	NNP
assures	VBZ
you	PRP
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
need	NN
for	IN
a	DT
written	VBN
signature	NN
providing	VBG
permission	NN
to	TO
disclose	VB
the	DT
resume	VB
to	TO
the	DT
employers	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
student	NN
registration	NN
fee	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
looking	VBG
to	TO
streamline	VB
your	PRP$
efforts	NNS
,	,
eliminating	VBG
a	DT
mandatory	JJ
signature	NN
card	NN
would	MD
help	VB
.	.
EEO	NNP
guidelines	NNS
?	.
f	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
What	WP
is	VBZ
Retrieve.com	NNP
's	POS
privacy	NN
policy	NN
?	.
g	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
Will	MD
the	DT
office	NN
have	VBP
to	TO
run	VB
a	DT
parallel	JJ
data	NN
base	NN
to	TO
coordinate	VB
campus	NN
interviews	NNS
?	.
h	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
Do	VBP
employers	NNS
pay	VB
a	DT
fee	NN
to	TO
Retrieve.com	NNP
and	CC
is	VBZ
it	PRP
significant	JJ
enough	JJ
to	TO
hinder	VB
access	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
students	NNS
?	.
i	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
If	IN
you	PRP
outsource	VBP
your	PRP$
data	NNS
base	NN
to	TO
Retreive.com	NNP
,	,
does	VBZ
it	PRP
preclude	VB
you	PRP
from	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
other	JJ
vendors	NNS
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
is	VBZ
it	PRP
an	DT
exclusive	JJ
relationship	NN
?	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
at	IN
present	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
still	RB
advised	VBN
that	IN
such	JJ
disclosure	NN
requires	VBZ
the	DT
hand-written	JJ
signature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
student	NN
on	IN
a	DT
consent	NN
form	NN
.	.
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
Further	RB
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
Spotlight	NN
article	NN
,	,
``	``
Federal	NNP
Agency	NNP
Recommends	NNP
Data	NNP
Privacy	NNP
Policies	NNS
for	IN
Web	NNP
Sites	NNP
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Nov.	NNP
There	EX
are	VBP
certainly	RB
privacy	NN
issues	NNS
:	:
a	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
as	IN
noted	VBN
above	IN
,	,
students	NNS
must	MD
give	VB
their	PRP$
written	VBN
permission	NN
to	TO
disclose	VB
their	PRP$
information	NN
to	TO
a	DT
third-party	JJ
;	:
and	CC
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
vendor	NN
may	MD
disclose	VB
personal	JJ
information	NN
collected	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
and	CC
then	RB
pass	VB
that	DT
information	NN
on	IN
to	TO
other	JJ
vendors	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
advertisers	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
encouraged	VBN
your	PRP$
professional	JJ
staff	NN
to	TO
interact	VB
and	CC
brainstorm	VB
with	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
when	WRB
problem	NN
student	NN
situations	NNS
arise	VBP
.	.
The	DT
interaction	NN
could	MD
occur	VB
in	IN
person	NN
or	CC
over	IN
the	DT
e-mail	NN
.	.
Because	IN
everyone	NN
has	VBZ
e-mail	NN
there	RB
seems	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
more	JJR
e-mail	NN
interaction	NN
than	IN
person	NN
to	TO
person	NN
interaction	NN
,	,
but	CC
that	DT
seems	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
new	JJ
21st	JJ
century	NN
way	NN
of	IN
discussion	NN
.	.
In	IN
any	DT
event	NN
,	,
several	JJ
of	IN
your	PRP$
counselors	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
e-mailing	VBG
each	DT
other	JJ
about	IN
Bob	NNP
,	,
a	DT
student	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
had	VBN
problems	NNS
landing	VBG
a	DT
job	NN
.	.
Jill	NNP
,	,
the	DT
person	NN
with	IN
whom	WP
the	DT
student	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
working	VBG
,	,
has	VBZ
pinpointed	VBN
the	DT
problem	NN
as	IN
his	PRP$
poor	JJ
presentation	NN
during	IN
interviews	NNS
.	.
Jill	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
e-mailing	VBG
Joe	NNP
and	CC
Joyce	NNP
about	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
and	CC
the	DT
way	NN
it	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
addressed	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
student	NN
.	.
These	DT
individuals	NNS
know	VBP
the	DT
student	NN
and	CC
have	VB
also	RB
worked	VBN
with	IN
him	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
past	NN
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
e-mails	NNS
refer	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
dress	NN
as	IN
``	``
pimp-like	JJ
,	,
''	''
and	CC
refer	VBP
to	TO
his	PRP$
communication	NN
abilities	NNS
as	IN
if	IN
``	``
he	PRP
was	VBD
high	JJ
on	IN
drugs	NNS
.	.
''	''
Pam	NNP
,	,
a	DT
student	NN
intern	NN
,	,
in	IN
your	PRP$
office	NN
,	,
just	RB
happens	VBZ
to	TO
see	VB
one	CD
of	IN
these	DT
e-mails	NNS
and	CC
tells	VBZ
Bob	NNP
.	.
Bob	NNP
is	VBZ
furious	JJ
and	CC
storms	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
office	NN
demanding	VBG
an	DT
explanation	NN
.	.
Pam	NNP
also	RB
becomes	VBZ
concerned	JJ
about	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
being	VBG
put	VBN
in	IN
writing	VBG
about	IN
her	PRP$
and	CC
demands	NNS
to	TO
see	VB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
e-mails	NNS
among	IN
the	DT
counselors	NNS
pertaining	VBG
to	TO
her	PRP
.	.
Ethically	RB
,	,
this	DT
scenario	NN
raises	VBZ
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
maintaining	VBG
confidentiality	NN
of	IN
student	NN
information	NN
.	.
As	IN
outlined	VBN
in	IN
Principle	NNP
#	#
7	CD
for	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
,	,
``	``
any	DT
disclosure	NN
of	IN
student	NN
information	NN
outside	IN
of	IN
the	DT
educational	JJ
institution	NN
will	MD
be	VB
with	IN
prior	JJ
consent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
student	NN
unless	IN
health	NN
and\/or	CC
safety	NN
considerations	NNS
necessitate	VBP
the	DT
dissemination	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
information	NN
.	.
''	''
And	CC
while	IN
information	NN
about	IN
Bob	NNP
was	VBD
not	RB
shared	VBN
outside	IN
of	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
,	,
the	DT
staff	NN
members	NNS
in	IN
question	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
``	``
exercise	NN
sound	JJ
judgment	NN
and	CC
fairness	NN
in	IN
maintaining	VBG
the	DT
confidentiality	NN
of	IN
student	NN
information	NN
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
source	NN
,	,
including	VBG
written	VBN
records	NNS
,	,
reports	NNS
,	,
and	CC
computer	NN
data	NNS
bases	NNS
''	''
,	,
as	IN
further	JJ
outlined	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
Principle	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
counselors	NNS
made	VBD
the	DT
derogatory	JJ
comments	NNS
about	IN
Bob	NNP
it	PRP
calls	VBZ
into	IN
question	NN
their	PRP$
professional	JJ
competence	NN
and	CC
whether	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
appropriate	JJ
counseling	NN
skills	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
Principle	NNP
#	#
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
as	IN
outlined	VBN
in	IN
Principle	NNP
#	#
1	CD
,	,
career	NN
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
shall	MD
not	RB
impose	VB
their	PRP$
personal	JJ
values	NNS
or	CC
biases	NNS
,	,
and	CC
their	PRP$
comments	NNS
are	VBP
troubling	VBG
because	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
based	VBN
on	IN
fact	NN
,	,
but	CC
stem	NN
from	IN
differences	NNS
in	IN
values	NNS
with	IN
Bob	NNP
and	CC
students	NNS
like	IN
him	PRP
.	.
No.	NN
.	.
Clients	NNS
,	,
or	CC
students	NNS
,	,
as	IN
in	IN
Bob	NNP
's	POS
case	NN
,	,
share	NN
information	NN
with	IN
counselors	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
understanding	NN
that	IN
their	PRP$
confidences	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
compromised	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
permissible	JJ
for	IN
Jill	NNP
to	TO
discuss	VB
his	PRP$
situation	NN
with	IN
other	JJ
staff	NN
members	NNS
if	IN
she	PRP
had	VBD
obtained	VBN
his	PRP$
permission	NN
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
.	.
At	IN
a	DT
minimum	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
student	NN
interns	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
have	VB
access	NN
to	TO
these	DT
confidential	JJ
discussions	NNS
.	.
Yes	RB
and	CC
no.	RB
.	.
Yes	UH
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
that	IN
the	DT
exchange	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
in	IN
writing	VBG
,	,
and	CC
therefore	RB
,	,
did	VBD
not	RB
constitute	VB
a	DT
permanent	JJ
record	NN
and	CC
present	JJ
greater	JJR
opportunities	NNS
to	TO
libel	NN
the	DT
student	NN
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
ease	NN
of	IN
disseminating	VBG
this	DT
information	NN
.	.
No	DT
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
that	IN
,	,
no	DT
matter	NN
what	WP
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
the	DT
discussion	NN
,	,
the	DT
staff	NN
members	NNS
exercised	VBN
poor	JJ
judgment	NN
by	IN
not	RB
restricting	VBG
their	PRP$
discussion	NN
to	TO
factual	JJ
information	NN
vs.	IN
subjective	JJ
impressions	NNS
and	CC
using	VBG
unprofessional	JJ
language	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
that	IN
interns	NNS
may	MD
at	IN
times	NNS
have	VBP
access	NN
to	TO
confidential	JJ
student	NN
information	NN
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
source	NN
,	,
but	CC
student	NN
interns	NNS
,	,
just	RB
as	IN
counselors	NNS
,	,
must	MD
be	VB
trained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
proper	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
this	DT
information	NN
and	CC
abide	VB
by	IN
office	NN
policies	NNS
and	CC
guidelines	NNS
.	.
Corp.	NNP
merges	VBZ
with	IN
Super	NNP
Mega	JJ
Inc.	NNP
and	CC
will	MD
layoff	NN
2,000	CD
`	``
redundant	JJ
'	''
workers	NNS
.	.
Mega	JJ
has	VBZ
decided	VBN
to	TO
lay	VB
off	RP
workers	NNS
to	TO
avert	VB
impending	JJ
bankruptcy	NN
.	.
''	''
Jim	NNP
calls	VBZ
the	DT
firm	NN
and	CC
the	DT
recruiter	NN
assures	VBZ
him	PRP
that	IN
everything	NN
is	VBZ
just	RB
fine	JJ
and	CC
reconfirms	VBZ
that	IN
Jim	NNP
has	VBZ
great	JJ
potential	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
company	NN
.	.
Based	VBN
upon	IN
the	DT
facts	NNS
as	IN
presented	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
above	JJ
scenario	NN
,	,
and	CC
consistent	JJ
with	IN
``	``
Career	NNP
Services	NNP
Principle	NNP
#	#
10	CD
,	,
''	''
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
director	NN
should	MD
advise	VB
Jim	NNP
against	IN
reneging	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
offer	NN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
information	NN
reported	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
media	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
recruiter	NN
has	VBZ
provided	VBN
assurances	NNS
that	IN
``	``
everything	NN
is	VBZ
just	RB
fine	JJ
''	''
,	,
until	IN
that	DT
fact	NN
is	VBZ
known	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
untrue	JJ
,	,
the	DT
student	NN
has	VBZ
an	DT
obligation	NN
to	TO
accept	VB
this	DT
offer	NN
in	IN
good	JJ
faith	NN
.	.
The	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
director	NN
should	MD
also	RB
offer	VB
to	TO
contact	VB
the	DT
company	NN
to	TO
verify	VB
the	DT
reported	VBN
layoffs	NNS
and	CC
that	IN
Jim	NNP
's	POS
job	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
in	IN
jeopardy	NN
.	.
This	DT
might	MD
include	VB
looking	VBG
for	IN
other	JJ
positions	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
,	,
assisting	VBG
the	DT
candidate	NN
in	IN
finding	VBG
positions	NNS
elsewhere	RB
,	,
or	CC
engaging	VBG
the	DT
assistance	NN
of	IN
an	DT
outside	JJ
firm	NN
to	TO
help	VB
the	DT
candidate	NN
obtain	VB
comparable	JJ
employment	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
they	PRP
have	VBP
given	VBN
the	DT
school	NN
thousands	NNS
of	IN
dollars	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Company	NN
is	VBZ
committed	VBN
to	TO
increasing	VBG
the	DT
diversity	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
work	NN
force	NN
.	.
The	DT
company	NN
offers	VBZ
a	DT
summer	NN
internship	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
between	IN
their	PRP$
junior	NN
and	CC
senior	JJ
years	NNS
in	IN
school	NN
.	.
They	PRP
will	MD
pay	VB
the	DT
students	NNS
a	DT
salary	NN
during	IN
the	DT
summer	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
their	PRP$
tuition	NN
,	,
books	NNS
,	,
and	CC
lab	NN
fees	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
senior	JJ
year	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
condition	NN
of	IN
receiving	VBG
the	DT
tuition	NN
for	IN
the	DT
senior	JJ
year	NN
,	,
students	NNS
are	VBP
asked	VBN
to	TO
accept	VB
an	DT
offer	NN
of	IN
full-time	JJ
employment	NN
with	IN
the	DT
company	NN
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
summer	NN
.	.
After	IN
acceptance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
offer	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
student	NN
revokes	VBZ
it	PRP
,	,
he\/she	NN
must	MD
repay	VB
the	DT
tuition	NN
,	,
plus	CC
interest	NN
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
company	NN
.	.
Sandy	NNP
Rodriquez	NNP
accepts	VBZ
an	DT
offer	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
with	IN
Durable	JJ
after	IN
her	PRP$
summer	NN
internship	NN
.	.
Durable	JJ
pays	VBZ
$	$
5,000	CD
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
for	IN
tuition	NN
and	CC
lab	NN
fees	NNS
,	,
and	CC
pays	VBZ
$	$
1,000	CD
to	TO
Sandy	NNP
for	IN
books	NNS
.	.
About	IN
four	CD
months	NNS
later	RB
,	,
she	PRP
learns	VBZ
that	IN
Drygoods	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
poor	JJ
reputation	NN
regarding	VBG
promotion	NN
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
women	NNS
and	CC
Hispanics	NNPS
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
is	VBZ
offered	VBN
another	DT
opportunity	NN
with	IN
a	DT
different	JJ
company	NN
at	IN
a	DT
starting	VBG
salary	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
$	$
5,000	CD
more	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
Drygoods	NNP
offer	NN
.	.
She	PRP
tells	VBZ
Drygoods	NNS
she	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
interested	JJ
in	IN
working	VBG
for	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Initial	JJ
discussions	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
company	NN
should	MD
focus	VB
on	IN
the	DT
alleged	JJ
poor	JJ
reputation	NN
regarding	VBG
promotion	NN
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
women	NNS
and	CC
Hispanics	NNPS
to	TO
determine	VB
if	IN
these	DT
are	VBP
,	,
indeed	RB
,	,
reflective	JJ
of	IN
past	JJ
practices	NNS
or	CC
if	IN
such	JJ
discriminatory	JJ
practices	NNS
continue	VBP
.	.
An	DT
employer	NN
offered	VBD
an	DT
internship	NN
to	TO
a	DT
student	NN
.	.
After	IN
the	DT
student	NN
accepted	VBD
the	DT
offer	NN
,	,
the	DT
employer	NN
gave	VBD
the	DT
student	NN
an	DT
``	``
Indemnity	NNP
and	CC
Hold	VB
Harmless	JJ
''	''
agreement	NN
that	IN
the	DT
student	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
have	VB
the	DT
university	NN
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
sign	NN
.	.
The	DT
agreement	NN
covered	VBD
injury	NN
to	TO
the	DT
student	NN
and	CC
any	DT
possible	JJ
claims	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
student	NN
could	MD
bring	VB
against	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
required	VBD
the	DT
school	NN
to	TO
pay	VB
the	DT
employer	NN
's	POS
legal	JJ
expenses	NNS
in	IN
defending	VBG
a	DT
claim	NN
brought	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
student	NN
.	.
The	DT
internship	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
for	IN
credit	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
student	NN
would	MD
be	VB
paid	VBN
.	.
While	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
found	VBN
through	IN
a	DT
posting	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
affiliated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
university	NN
in	IN
any	DT
way	NN
.	.
The	DT
employer	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
come	VBN
on	IN
campus	NN
to	TO
interview	VB
the	DT
student	NN
.	.
The	DT
university	NN
's	POS
legal	JJ
counsel	NN
advised	VBD
the	DT
office	NN
not	RB
to	TO
sign	VB
it	PRP
.	.
The	DT
employer	NN
said	VBD
that	IN
without	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
signature	NN
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
withdraw	VB
the	DT
offer	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
it	PRP
did	VBD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
intern	NN
and	CC
his	PRP$
parents	NNS
were	VBD
required	VBN
to	TO
sign	VB
the	DT
agreement	NN
last	JJ
year	NN
and	CC
this	DT
year	NN
the	DT
school	NN
was	VBD
also	RB
asked	VBN
to	TO
sign	VB
it	PRP
.	.
The	DT
student	NN
was	VBD
quite	RB
angry	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
school	NN
refused	VBD
to	TO
sign	VB
the	DT
agreement	NN
,	,
and	CC
he	PRP
was	VBD
now	RB
left	VBN
without	IN
an	DT
internship	NN
position	NN
for	IN
the	DT
summer	NN
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
hold	NN
harmless	JJ
''	''
agreement	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
an	DT
employer	NN
a	DT
legal	JJ
exemption	NN
from	IN
liability	NN
for	IN
injury	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
damage	NN
or	CC
wrongdoing	NN
to	TO
an	DT
employee	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
situation	NN
,	,
the	DT
employer	NN
is	VBZ
requiring	VBG
the	DT
intern	NN
and	CC
his	PRP$
parents	NNS
to	TO
sign	VB
a	DT
``	``
hold	NN
harmless	JJ
''	''
agreement	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
also	RB
requiring	VBG
the	DT
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
office	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
student	NN
attends	VBZ
school	NN
to	TO
sign	VB
the	DT
indemnity	NN
and	CC
hold	VB
harmless	JJ
agreement	NN
.	.
In	IN
effect	NN
,	,
signing	VBG
this	DT
agreement	NN
would	MD
make	VB
the	DT
parents	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
office	NN
responsible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
student	NN
and	CC
would	MD
also	RB
make	VB
the	DT
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
office	NN
liable	JJ
for	IN
any	DT
legal	JJ
expenses	NNS
if	IN
the	DT
student	NN
filed	VBD
a	DT
claim	NN
against	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
.	.
The	DT
employer	NN
assumes	VBZ
no	DT
responsibility	NN
or	CC
accountability	NN
for	IN
injury	NN
or	CC
``	``
damages	NNS
''	''
to	TO
the	DT
student	NN
intern	NN
;	:
it	PRP
also	RB
protects	VBZ
the	DT
employer	NN
from	IN
incurring	VBG
any	DT
legal	JJ
expenses	NNS
if	IN
the	DT
student	NN
intern	NN
files	VBZ
a	DT
claim	NN
against	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
.	.
No	DT
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
ethical	JJ
to	TO
require	VB
interns	NNS
to	TO
sign	VB
a	DT
``	``
hold	NN
harmless	JJ
''	''
agreement	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
be	VB
accepted	VBN
for	IN
an	DT
internship	NN
.	.
Employers	NNS
are	VBP
responsible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
well	NN
being	VBG
of	IN
their	PRP$
employees	NNS
,	,
intern	NN
or	CC
long-term	JJ
employee	NN
,	,
while	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
job	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
contract	NN
employee	NN
,	,
the	DT
contract	NN
employee	NN
agrees	VBZ
to	TO
assume	VB
all	PDT
the	DT
risks	NNS
on	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
behalf	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
entering	VBG
into	IN
an	DT
agreement	NN
with	IN
a	DT
prospective	JJ
hire	NN
for	IN
an	DT
internship	NN
while	IN
the	DT
prospective	JJ
hire	NN
is	VBZ
still	RB
in	IN
college	NN
without	IN
full	JJ
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ramifications	NNS
of	IN
such	PDT
an	DT
agreement	NN
is	VBZ
unethical	JJ
treatment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
.	.
The	DT
employment	NN
agreement	NN
is	VBZ
between	IN
the	DT
student	NN
intern	NN
and	CC
the	DT
employer	NN
.	.
In	IN
no	DT
way	NN
should	MD
the	DT
university	NN
be	VB
obligated	VBN
to	TO
accept	VB
legal	JJ
or	CC
financial	JJ
responsibility	NN
of	IN
the	DT
intern	NN
while	IN
employed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
company	NN
.	.
The	DT
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
office	NN
serves	VBZ
only	RB
as	IN
advisor	NN
and	CC
counsel	NN
to	TO
the	DT
student	NN
and	CC
facilitates	VBZ
the	DT
connection	NN
of	IN
the	DT
student	NN
with	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
.	.
The	DT
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
office	NN
should	MD
not	RB
incur	VB
financial	JJ
or	CC
legal	JJ
liability	NN
for	IN
the	DT
well	NN
being	VBG
of	IN
a	DT
student	NN
while	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
working	VBG
in	IN
an	DT
internship	NN
.	.
The	DT
internship	NN
is	VBZ
short-term	JJ
employment	NN
and	CC
the	DT
responsibility	NN
of	IN
the	DT
employee	NN
should	MD
rest	VB
with	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
.	.
No.	NN
.	.
Whether	IN
the	DT
internship	NN
is	VBZ
sponsored	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
school	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
interviews	NNS
are	VBP
conducted	VBN
on	IN
campus	NN
,	,
the	DT
employment	NN
is	VBZ
between	IN
the	DT
intern	NN
and	CC
the	DT
employer	NN
.	.
The	DT
university	NN
provides	VBZ
counsel	NN
,	,
advice	NN
and	CC
facilitates	VBZ
the	DT
method	NN
that	IN
the	DT
student	NN
and	CC
employer	NN
become	VBP
connected	VBN
.	.
The	DT
university	NN
should	MD
not	RB
assume	VB
any	DT
liability	NN
for	IN
injury	NN
or	CC
legal	JJ
expenses	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
sponsored	VBN
or	CC
unsponsored	JJ
intern	NN
on	IN
the	DT
work	NN
site	NN
of	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
should	MD
advise	VB
the	DT
employer	NN
of	IN
the	DT
reasons	NNS
why	WRB
the	DT
university	NN
legal	JJ
counsel	NN
has	VBZ
advised	VBN
the	DT
school	NN
not	RB
to	TO
sign	VB
the	DT
``	``
hold	NN
harmless	JJ
''	''
agreement	NN
and	CC
encourage	VB
the	DT
employer	NN
to	TO
hire	VB
the	DT
intern	NN
in	IN
good	JJ
faith	NN
without	IN
requiring	VBG
the	DT
agreement	NN
with	IN
the	DT
student\/parents	NNS
or	CC
the	DT
university	NN
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
all	DT
of	IN
these	DT
concerns	NNS
,	,
the	DT
employer	NN
should	MD
be	VB
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
require	VB
that	IN
all	DT
department	NN
hiring	VBG
managers	NNS
understand	VBP
the	DT
ramifications	NNS
of	IN
requiring	VBG
``	``
hold	VBP
harmless	JJ
''	''
agreements	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
condition	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
.	.
b.	NNP
The	NNP
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
director	NN
,	,
or	CC
representative	NN
should	MD
contact	VB
the	DT
student	NN
and	CC
review	VB
the	DT
ethical	JJ
and	CC
legal	JJ
concerns	NNS
as	IN
outlined	VBN
by	IN
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
and	CC
advise	VB
the	DT
student	NN
that	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
contacted	VBN
and	CC
discussed	VBN
alternatives	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
their	PRP$
current	JJ
recruiting	NN
and	CC
hiring	NN
requirements	NNS
.	.
Explain	VB
to	TO
the	DT
student	NN
that	IN
the	DT
ethical	JJ
practices	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
company	NN
are	VBP
indicative	JJ
of	IN
their	PRP$
philosophy	NN
,	,
culture	NN
and	CC
values	NNS
.	.
Help	VB
the	DT
student	NN
evaluate	VB
the	DT
situation	NN
using	VBG
sound	JJ
judgment	NN
in	IN
relation	NN
to	TO
what	WP
kind	NN
of	IN
work	NN
environment	NN
,	,
corporate	JJ
culture	NN
and	CC
career	NN
opportunity	NN
the	DT
prospective	JJ
employer	NN
offers	NNS
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
provide	VBP
the	DT
student	NN
with	IN
other	JJ
viable	JJ
internships	NNS
or	CC
resources	NNS
to	TO
locate	VB
internships	NNS
of	IN
comparable	JJ
substance	NN
.	.
This	DT
may	MD
include	VB
on-campus	JJ
interviews	NNS
,	,
access	NN
to	TO
job	NN
listings	NNS
,	,
career	NN
advising	VBG
,	,
and	CC
access	NN
to	TO
alumni	NNS
network	NN
.	.
c.	IN
The	DT
employer	NN
should	MD
open	VB
a	DT
dialogue	NN
with	IN
both	DT
the	DT
student	NN
and	CC
the	DT
school	NN
to	TO
explain	VB
their	PRP$
reasoning	NN
for	IN
requiring	VBG
this	DT
``	``
hold	NN
harmless	JJ
''	''
agreement	NN
and	CC
to	TO
come	VB
to	TO
an	DT
understanding	NN
and\/or	CC
a	DT
reconciliation	NN
with	IN
the	DT
school	NN
and	CC
the	DT
student	NN
about	IN
the	DT
requirement	NN
.	.
The	DT
employer	NN
should	MD
make	VB
sure	JJ
all	DT
department	NN
hiring	VBG
managers	NNS
understand	VBP
the	DT
legal	JJ
,	,
ethical	JJ
and	CC
practical	JJ
ramifications	NNS
of	IN
requiring	VBG
a	DT
student	NN
to	TO
sign	VB
a	DT
``	``
hold	NN
harmless	JJ
''	''
agreement	NN
and	CC
re-examine	VB
their	PRP$
stance	NN
on	IN
the	DT
requirement	NN
.	.
In	IN
most	JJS
cases	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
unethical	JJ
to	TO
require	VB
a	DT
student	NN
to	TO
sign	VB
a	DT
``	``
hold	NN
harmless	JJ
''	''
agreement	NN
.	.
Everyone	NN
who	WP
you	PRP
met	VBD
at	IN
Global	NNP
Oil	NNP
Company	NNP
was	VBD
very	RB
impressed	JJ
with	IN
your	PRP$
potential	JJ
contribution	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Company	NN
.	.
In	IN
that	DT
regard	NN
,	,
we	PRP
are	VBP
pleased	JJ
to	TO
offer	VB
you	PRP
a	DT
position	NN
as	IN
a	DT
geologist	NN
at	IN
a	DT
starting	VBG
salary	NN
of	IN
$	$
60,000	CD
.	.
Because	IN
we	PRP
are	VBP
making	VBG
this	DT
offer	NN
well	RB
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
start	NN
date	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
on	IN
or	CC
about	IN
June	NNP
1	CD
,	,
2003	CD
,	,
the	DT
salary	NN
may	MD
increase	VB
pending	VBG
market	NN
conditions	NNS
.	.
``	``
Employment	NNP
professionals	NNS
will	MD
refrain	VB
from	IN
any	DT
practice	NN
that	WDT
improperly	RB
influences	VBZ
and	CC
affects	VBZ
job	NN
acceptances	NNS
.	.
Such	JJ
practices	NNS
may	MD
include	VB
undue	JJ
time	NN
pressure	NN
for	IN
acceptance	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
offers	NNS
and	CC
encouragement	NN
of	IN
revocation	NN
of	IN
another	DT
employment	NN
offer	NN
.	.
Employment	NNP
professionals	NNS
will	MD
strive	VB
to	TO
communicate	VB
decisions	NNS
to	TO
candidates	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
agreed-upon	JJ
time	NN
frame	NN
.	.
''	''
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
Employer	NN
Principle	NNP
#	#
2	CD
:	:
``	``
professional	JJ
knowledge	NN
''	''
``	``
Maintain	VB
an	DT
open	JJ
and	CC
free	JJ
selection	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
opportunities	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
atmosphere	NN
conducive	JJ
to	TO
objective	JJ
thought	NN
,	,
where	WRB
job	NN
candidates	NNS
can	MD
choose	VB
optimum	JJ
long-term	JJ
uses	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
talents	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
consistent	JJ
with	IN
personal	JJ
objectives	NNS
and	CC
all	DT
relevant	JJ
facts	NNS
.	.
''	''
According	VBG
to	TO
Spotlight	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
June	NNP
15	CD
,	,
1994	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
``	``
A	DT
student	NN
must	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
a	DT
sufficient	JJ
opportunity	NN
to	TO
consider	VB
an	DT
offer	NN
.	.
Certainly	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
student	NN
is	VBZ
offered	VBN
a	DT
cash	NN
incentive	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
also	RB
told	VBN
that	IN
he\/she	NN
must	MD
accept	VB
the	DT
offer	NN
within	IN
a	DT
short	JJ
time	NN
frame	NN
,	,
then	RB
there	EX
is	VBZ
improper	JJ
influence	NN
.	.
''	''
That	DT
is	VBZ
certainly	RB
true	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
two-week	JJ
preemptive	JJ
first	JJ
deadline	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
signing	NN
bonus	NN
is	VBZ
felt	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
necessary	JJ
,	,
make	VB
it	PRP
contingent	JJ
on	IN
accepting	VBG
the	DT
offer	NN
to	TO
work	VB
for	IN
the	DT
company	NN
by	IN
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
date	NN
.	.
While	IN
a	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
three	CD
weeks	NNS
to	TO
return	VB
a	DT
decision	NN
on	IN
a	DT
job	NN
offer	NN
is	VBZ
generally	RB
recommended	VBN
,	,
``	``
Exploding	VBG
Offers	VBZ
''	''
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
employers	NNS
who	WP
make	VBP
job	NN
offers	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
fall	NN
semester	NN
ought	MD
to	TO
consider	VB
keeping	VBG
their	PRP$
offers	NNS
open	JJ
until	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
semester	NN
.	.
Perhaps	RB
move	VB
this	DT
back	NN
to	TO
December	NNP
1	CD
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
totally	RB
reasonable	JJ
.	.
Students	NNS
who	WP
do	VBP
not	RB
accept	VB
the	DT
December	NNP
1	CD
offer	NN
could	MD
still	RB
be	VB
considered	VBN
for	IN
positions	NNS
through	IN
January	NNP
1	CD
,	,
but	CC
without	IN
a	DT
bonus	NN
.	.
Katherine	NNP
beamed	VBD
with	IN
excitement	NN
as	IN
she	PRP
took	VBD
the	DT
very	RB
thick	JJ
envelope	NN
from	IN
Company	NN
A	DT
out	IN
of	IN
her	PRP$
mailbox	NN
.	.
Since	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
Friday	NNP
,	,
she	PRP
thought	VBD
this	DT
was	VBD
a	DT
wonderful	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
begin	VB
her	PRP$
weekend	NN
.	.
Katherine	NNP
had	VBD
visited	VBN
the	DT
company	NN
only	RB
two	CD
days	NNS
ago	RB
and	CC
had	VBD
not	RB
been	VBN
given	VBN
any	DT
indication	NN
that	IN
she	PRP
would	MD
hear	VB
from	IN
them	PRP
so	RB
soon	RB
.	.
Graduating	VBG
in	IN
six	CD
months	NNS
,	,
Katherine	NNP
had	VBD
worried	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
tightened	VBN
economy	NN
might	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
a	DT
scarcity	NN
of	IN
job	NN
offers	NNS
for	IN
her	PRP
.	.
Introduced	VBN
to	TO
Company	NNP
A	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
career	NN
fair	NN
on	IN
Monday	NNP
,	,
Katherine	NNP
had	VBD
been	VBN
invited	VBN
at	IN
that	DT
time	NN
to	TO
visit	VB
the	DT
company	NN
's	POS
facilities	NNS
on	IN
Wednesday	NNP
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
site	NN
visit	NN
,	,
recruiters	NNS
discussed	VBD
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
every	DT
employee	NN
had	VBD
made	VBN
a	DT
six-figure	JJ
salary	NN
within	IN
nine	CD
months	NNS
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
the	DT
company	NN
had	VBD
offered	VBN
employees	NNS
starting	VBG
salaries	NNS
lower	JJR
than	IN
most	JJS
in	IN
the	DT
industry	NN
.	.
While	IN
at	IN
the	DT
facility	NN
,	,
Katherine	NNP
was	VBD
given	VBN
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
speak	VB
briefly	NN
to	TO
two	CD
employees	NNS
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
neither	DT
employee	NN
discussed	VBD
salary	NN
during	IN
this	DT
session	NN
.	.
Although	IN
Katherine	NNP
had	VBD
some	DT
reservations	NNS
,	,
she	PRP
believed	VBD
she	PRP
could	MD
work	VB
for	IN
the	DT
company	NN
.	.
B	NNP
,	,
a	DT
large	JJ
,	,
well-established	JJ
company	NN
with	IN
a	DT
solid	JJ
reputation	NN
.	.
She	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
interviewed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
firm	NN
last	JJ
week	NN
,	,
and	CC
was	VBD
told	VBN
she	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
contacted	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
week	NN
.	.
Katherine	NNP
planned	VBD
to	TO
travel	VB
home	NN
next	IN
weekend	NN
,	,
and	CC
looked	VBD
forward	RB
to	TO
discussing	VBG
her	PRP$
prospects	NNS
with	IN
her	PRP$
parents	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
wanted	VBD
to	TO
gather	VB
more	JJR
information	NN
on	IN
Company	NN
A	DT
next	JJ
week	NN
,	,
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
more	RBR
informed	JJ
decision	NN
regarding	VBG
any	DT
potential	JJ
offers	NNS
.	.
Monday	NNP
.	.
The	DT
letter	NN
stated	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
quick	JJ
deadline	NN
existed	VBD
because	IN
so	RB
many	JJ
people	NNS
desired	VBN
the	DT
few	JJ
positions	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
available	JJ
.	.
The	DT
letter	NN
emphasized	VBD
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
company	NN
would	MD
not	RB
grant	VB
any	DT
extensions	NNS
.	.
A	DT
's	POS
offer	NN
to	TO
allow	VB
her	PRP$
more	JJR
time	NN
to	TO
research	VB
the	DT
company	NN
even	RB
though	IN
she	PRP
might	MD
later	RB
renege	VB
on	IN
the	DT
offer	NN
.	.
What	WP
advice	NN
would	MD
you	PRP
give	VB
her	PRP
?	.
Would	MD
your	PRP$
advice	NN
be	VB
different	JJ
if	IN
she	PRP
were	VBD
given	VBN
three	CD
business	NN
days	NNS
vs.	IN
three	CD
calendar	NN
days	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
decision	NN
?	.
No.	NN
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
Principle	NNP
#	#
1	CD
for	IN
employment	NN
professionals	NNS
,	,
``	``
employment	NN
professionals	NNS
will	MD
refrain	VB
from	IN
any	DT
practice	NN
that	WDT
improperly	RB
influences	VBZ
and	CC
affects	VBZ
job	NN
acceptances	NNS
''	''
,	,
and	CC
these	DT
practices	NNS
may	MD
include	VB
``	``
undue	JJ
time	NN
pressures	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
acceptance	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
offers	NNS
''	''
.	.
Committee	NNP
Position	NNP
Paper	NNP
on	IN
Exploding	NNP
Offers	VBZ
.	.
The	DT
document	NN
recommends	VBZ
that	IN
employers	NNS
give	VBP
students	NNS
a	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
three	CD
weeks	NNS
to	TO
return	VB
a	DT
decision	NN
on	IN
a	DT
job	NN
offer	NN
,	,
noting	VBG
that	IN
``	``
the	DT
best	JJS
employment	NN
decisions	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
both	DT
students	NNS
and	CC
employers	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
those	DT
that	WDT
are	VBP
made	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
greatest	JJS
amount	NN
of	IN
information	NN
''	''
.	.
Importantly	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
noted	VBN
that	IN
students	NNS
given	VBN
sufficient	JJ
time	NN
are	VBP
less	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
renege	VB
on	IN
job	NN
acceptances	NNS
.	.
Company	NNP
A	NNP
's	POS
deadline	NN
restricts	VBZ
Katherine	NNP
's	POS
ability	NN
to	TO
gather	VB
more	JJR
information	NN
about	IN
both	DT
Companies	NNS
A	DT
and	CC
B.	NNP
A	DT
's	POS
offer	NN
even	RB
though	IN
she	PRP
might	MD
later	RB
renege	VB
on	IN
it	PRP
later	RB
.	.
What	WP
advice	NN
would	MD
you	PRP
give	VB
her	PRP
?	.
Would	MD
your	PRP$
advice	NN
be	VB
different	JJ
if	IN
she	PRP
were	VBD
given	VBN
three	CD
business	NN
days	NNS
vs.	IN
three	CD
calendar	NN
days	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
decision	NN
?	.
Offer	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
Katherine	NNP
by	IN
calling	VBG
Company	NN
A	DT
and	CC
discussing	VBG
the	DT
value	NN
of	IN
providing	VBG
her	PRP$
with	IN
more	JJR
time	NN
and	CC
referencing	VBG
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Position	NNP
Paper	NNP
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
,	,
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
one	CD
,	,
of	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
'	POS
office	NN
regarding	VBG
offer	NN
timelines	NNS
.	.
Assist	VB
Katherine	NNP
in	IN
comparing	VBG
the	DT
two	CD
offers	NNS
,	,
given	VBN
the	DT
limited	JJ
information	NN
she	PRP
has	VBZ
about	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
assist	VB
her	PRP$
in	IN
gathering	VBG
further	JJ
information	NN
quickly	RB
by	IN
contacting	VBG
colleagues	NNS
to	TO
determine	VB
if	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
any	DT
experiences	NNS
,	,
good	JJ
or	CC
bad	JJ
,	,
with	IN
Company	NNP
A.	NNP
No	NNP
,	,
the	DT
advice	NN
would	MD
be	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
,	,
but	CC
with	IN
the	DT
additional	JJ
time	NN
,	,
you	PRP
could	MD
assist	VB
her	PRP$
in	IN
gathering	VBG
even	RB
more	RBR
information	NN
.	.
As	IN
noted	VBN
above	IN
,	,
offer	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
Katherine	NNP
by	IN
contacting	VBG
the	DT
company	NN
and	CC
discussing	VBG
the	DT
situation	NN
with	IN
them	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
emphasize	VB
that	IN
even	RB
if	IN
she	PRP
declines	VBZ
the	DT
offer	NN
,	,
you	PRP
should	MD
have	VB
this	DT
discussion	NN
with	IN
the	DT
company	NN
because	IN
their	PRP$
actions	NNS
likely	JJ
represent	VBP
a	DT
recruiting	NN
practice	NN
and	CC
not	RB
an	DT
isolated	JJ
incident	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
without	IN
intervention	NN
,	,
their	PRP$
actions	NNS
will	MD
cause	VB
problems	NNS
for	IN
other	JJ
students	NNS
and	CC
for	IN
other	JJ
career	NN
centers	NNS
.	.
A	DT
top-notch	JJ
applicant	NN
applies	VBZ
for	IN
two	CD
jobs	NNS
.	.
Company	NN
A	DT
extends	VBZ
an	DT
offer	NN
to	TO
the	DT
student	NN
first	JJ
and	CC
tells	VBZ
the	DT
student	NN
that	IN
he	PRP
has	VBZ
24	CD
hours	NNS
to	TO
accept	VB
or	CC
the	DT
offer	NN
is	VBZ
no	RB
longer	RB
extended	VBN
.	.
The	DT
student	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
heard	VBN
from	IN
Company	NN
B.	NNP
In	NNP
order	NN
not	RB
to	TO
lose	VB
the	DT
job	NN
offer	NN
,	,
the	DT
student	NN
feels	VBZ
compelled	VBN
to	TO
accept	VB
the	DT
offer	NN
of	IN
Company	NNP
A.	NNP
Two	CD
days	NNS
after	IN
he	PRP
has	VBZ
accepted	VBN
A	DT
's	POS
offer	NN
,	,
Company	NN
B	NNP
extends	VBZ
a	DT
better	JJR
offer	NN
.	.
The	DT
student	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
potential	JJ
to	TO
move	VB
faster	RBR
and	CC
go	VB
further	RBR
if	IN
he	PRP
joins	VBZ
Company	NN
B.	NNP
He	PRP
reneges	VBZ
on	IN
Company	NN
A.	NN
The	NNP
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
learns	VBZ
of	IN
this	DT
after	IN
the	DT
student	NN
had	VBD
reneged	VBN
upon	IN
the	DT
job	NN
offer	NN
.	.
``	``
Employment	NNP
professionals	NNS
will	MD
know	VB
the	DT
recruitment	NN
and	CC
career	NN
development	NN
field	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
industry	NN
and	CC
the	DT
employing	VBG
organization	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
represent	VBP
,	,
and	CC
work	NN
within	IN
a	DT
framework	NN
of	IN
professionally	RB
accepted	VBN
recruiting	NN
,	,
interviewing	VBG
,	,
and	CC
selection	NN
techniques	NNS
.	.
''	''
c.	NN
Career	NNP
Services	NNP
Principle	NNP
#	#
10	CD
-	:
``	``
educating	VBG
students	NNS
about	IN
obligations	NNS
''	''
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
will	MD
advise	VB
students	NNS
about	IN
their	PRP$
obligations	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
recruitment	NN
process	NN
and	CC
establish	VB
mechanisms	NNS
to	TO
encourage	VB
their	PRP$
compliance	NN
.	.
Students	NNS
'	POS
obligations	NNS
include	VBP
providing	VBG
accurate	JJ
information	NN
;	:
adhering	VBG
to	TO
schedules	NNS
;	:
accepting	VBG
an	DT
offer	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
in	IN
good	JJ
faith	NN
;	:
notifying	VBG
employers	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
timely	JJ
basis	NN
of	IN
an	DT
acceptance	NN
or	CC
nonacceptance	NN
and	CC
withdrawing	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
recruiting	NN
process	NN
after	IN
accepting	VBG
an	DT
offer	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
;	:
interviewing	VBG
only	RB
with	IN
employers	NNS
for	IN
whom	WP
students	NNS
are	VBP
interested	JJ
in	IN
working	VBG
and	CC
whose	WP$
eligibility	NN
requirements	NNS
they	PRP
meet	VBP
;	:
and	CC
requesting	VBG
reimbursement	NN
of	IN
only	RB
reasonable	JJ
and	CC
legitimate	JJ
expenses	NNS
incurred	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
recruitment	NN
process	NN
.	.
''	''
A	DT
Principles	NNPS
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Conduct	NNP
Committee	NNP
Position	NNP
Paper	NNP
.	.
''	''
f.	NNP
Similarly	RB
,	,
consider	VB
making	VBG
special	JJ
note	NN
of	IN
this	DT
issue	NN
in	IN
the	DT
orientation	NN
literature	NN
and	CC
verbal	JJ
presentations	NNS
to	TO
students	NNS
regarding	VBG
on-campus	JJ
recruiting	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
employment	NN
programs	NNS
run	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
.	.
Neither	CC
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
director	NN
nor	CC
the	DT
supervising	VBG
faculty	NN
were	VBD
notified	VBN
of	IN
these	DT
occurrences	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
director	NN
found	VBD
out	RP
,	,
she	PRP
called	VBD
the	DT
company	NN
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
told	VBN
that	IN
because	IN
this	DT
was	VBD
an	DT
employment	NN
matter	NN
,	,
the	DT
company	NN
had	VBD
to	TO
treat	VB
that	DT
information	NN
confidentially	RB
.	.
The	DT
director	NN
was	VBD
upset	VBN
about	IN
not	RB
having	VBG
been	VBN
contacted	VBN
,	,
yet	RB
there	EX
was	VBD
nothing	NN
in	IN
the	DT
participation	NN
agreement	NN
between	IN
the	DT
school	NN
and	CC
the	DT
employer	NN
that	WDT
obligated	VBD
the	DT
employer	NN
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
.	.
The	DT
director	NN
is	VBZ
concerned	VBN
on	IN
several	JJ
counts	NNS
.	.
These	DT
students	NNS
are	VBP
enrolled	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
course	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
albeit	IN
non-credit	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
verified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
registrar	NN
's	POS
office	NN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
students	NNS
leave	VBP
the	DT
work	NN
site	NN
prematurely	RB
,	,
for	IN
whatever	WDT
reason	NN
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
considered	VBN
as	IN
having	VBG
dropped	VBD
the	DT
course	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
no	RB
longer	RB
enrolled	VBN
in	IN
school	NN
.	.
The	DT
director	NN
is	VBZ
concerned	VBN
about	IN
the	DT
liability	NN
while	IN
the	DT
student	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
work	NN
site	NN
,	,
and	CC
also	RB
after	IN
the	DT
student	NN
quits	VBZ
or	CC
is	VBZ
terminated	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
internship	NN
,	,
and	CC
before	IN
the	DT
student	NN
commences	VBZ
taking	VBG
courses	NNS
again	RB
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
students	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
terminated	VBN
mid-stream	NN
can	MD
lose	VB
scholarships	NNS
.	.
Compounding	VBG
the	DT
situation	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
significant	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
are	VBP
slated	VBN
to	TO
go	VB
out	RP
on	IN
these	DT
assignments	NNS
this	DT
summer	NN
.	.
Yes	RB
and	CC
no.	RB
.	.
Yes	UH
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
receipt	NN
of	IN
academic	JJ
credit	NN
does	VBZ
have	VB
serious	JJ
impacts	NNS
upon	IN
a	DT
student	NN
who	WP
quits	VBZ
or	CC
is	VBZ
discharged	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
work	NN
site	NN
before	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
semester	NN
and	CC
because	IN
the	DT
awarding	NN
of	IN
academic	JJ
credit	NN
requires	VBZ
a	DT
higher	JJR
level	NN
of	IN
interaction	NN
between	IN
the	DT
college	NN
and	CC
the	DT
employer	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
a	DT
stronger	JJR
partnership	NN
.	.
No	DT
,	,
because	IN
even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
internship	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
receive	VB
academic	JJ
credit	NN
,	,
and	CC
hence	RB
,	,
the	DT
relationship	NN
was	VBD
less	JJR
formal	JJ
between	IN
the	DT
college	NN
and	CC
the	DT
employer	NN
,	,
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
situations	NNS
are	VBP
disturbing	JJ
and	CC
merit	NN
disclosure	NN
to	TO
the	DT
college	NN
.	.
Yes	UH
,	,
but	CC
in	IN
doing	VBG
so	RB
,	,
the	DT
employer	NN
should	MD
exercise	VB
careful	JJ
judgment	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
the	DT
application	NN
of	IN
fair	JJ
and	CC
consistent	JJ
standards	NNS
in	IN
all	DT
other	JJ
similar	JJ
situations	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
a	DT
student	NN
's	POS
academic	JJ
status	NN
should	MD
not	RB
preclude	VB
the	DT
student	NN
from	IN
complying	VBG
with	IN
company	NN
policies	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
.	.
The	DT
company	NN
should	MD
follow	VB
normal	JJ
disciplinary	JJ
policies	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
as	RB
with	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
intern	NN
or	CC
employee	NN
of	IN
the	DT
company	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
some	DT
policy	NN
violations	NNS
are	VBP
grounds	NNS
for	IN
immediate	JJ
dismissal	NN
,	,
where	WRB
other	JJ
violations	NNS
may	MD
require	VB
a	DT
verbal	JJ
or	CC
written	VBN
warning	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
corrective	JJ
action	NN
plan	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
They	PRP
should	MD
take	VB
quick	JJ
action	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
through	IN
their	PRP$
discussion	NN
with	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
and	CC
possible	JJ
further	JJ
investigation	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
,	,
interviewing	VBG
other	JJ
interns	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
whether	IN
Greenwood	NNP
Technologies	NNPS
provides	VBZ
a	DT
safe	JJ
and	CC
sound	JJ
working	VBG
environment	NN
.	.
If	IN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
,	,
then	RB
they	PRP
should	MD
assist	VB
the	DT
students	NNS
in	IN
obtaining	VBG
other	JJ
work	NN
experiences	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
summer	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
the	DT
participation	NN
agreement	NN
should	MD
be	VB
revised	VBN
to	TO
include	VB
,	,
if	IN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
,	,
information	NN
for	IN
the	DT
student	NN
that	WDT
describes	VBZ
the	DT
expectations	NNS
and	CC
policies\/procedures	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
risks	NNS
of	IN
losing	VBG
a	DT
scholarship	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
related	JJ
student	NN
opportunities	NNS
or	CC
benefits	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
internship	NN
program	NN
.	.
An	DT
employer	NN
revokes	VBZ
an	DT
employment	NN
offer	VBP
a	DT
month	NN
before	IN
Sandy	NNP
Dee	NNP
was	VBD
to	TO
begin	VB
work	NN
for	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
.	.
She	PRP
is	VBZ
told	VBN
that	IN
when	WRB
the	DT
employer	NN
made	VBD
the	DT
job	NN
offer	NN
,	,
the	DT
company	NN
's	POS
personnel	NNS
needs	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
coming	JJ
year	NN
were	VBD
overestimated	VBN
.	.
While	IN
apologetic	JJ
,	,
the	DT
employer	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
offer	VB
her	PRP$
any	DT
financial	JJ
assistance	NN
.	.
The	DT
employer	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
offers	VBZ
to	TO
send	VB
her	PRP$
resume	VB
to	TO
other	JJ
companies	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
hiring	VBG
and	CC
to	TO
give	VB
Sandy	NNP
a	DT
good	JJ
reference	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
``	``
We	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
hired	VBN
her	PRP$
had	VBD
it	PRP
not	RB
been	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
miscalculation	NN
in	IN
staffing	NN
needs	NNS
.	.
''	''
Fortunately	RB
,	,
Sandy	NNP
has	VBZ
not	RB
relocated	VBN
because	IN
the	DT
job	NN
was	VBD
local	JJ
.	.
``	``
Employment	NNP
professionals	NNS
will	MD
supply	VB
accurate	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
organization	NN
and	CC
employment	NN
opportunities	NNS
.	.
Employing	VBG
organizations	NNS
are	VBP
responsible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
information	NN
supplied	VBD
and	CC
commitments	NNS
made	VBN
by	IN
their	PRP$
representatives	NNS
.	.
If	IN
conditions	NNS
change	VBP
and	CC
require	VBP
the	DT
employing	VBG
organization	NN
to	TO
revoke	VB
its	PRP$
commitment	NN
,	,
the	DT
employing	VBG
organization	NN
will	MD
pursue	VB
a	DT
course	NN
of	IN
action	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
fair	JJ
and	CC
equitable	JJ
.	.
''	''
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
Employer	NN
Principle	NNP
#	#
2	LS
-	:
``	``
professional	JJ
knowledge	NN
''	''
Fall	NN
2002	CD
start	NN
date	NN
,	,
the	DT
candidate	NN
is	VBZ
under	IN
no	DT
further	JJ
obligation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
employer	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
compensated	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
waiting	VBG
,	,
as	IN
specified	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
delayed	VBN
offer	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
still	RB
May	NNP
2002	CD
and	CC
she	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
up	RB
front	JJ
with	IN
B&B	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
about	IN
her	PRP$
consideration	NN
to	TO
reactivate	VB
her	PRP$
job	NN
search	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
really	RB
the	DT
candidate	NN
's	POS
decision	NN
as	IN
to	TO
``	``
wait	VB
it	PRP
out	RP
any	DT
further	JJ
''	''
.	.
However	RB
,	,
nineteen	JJ
months	NNS
is	VBZ
a	DT
long	JJ
time	NN
to	TO
delay	VB
one	CD
's	POS
job	NN
search	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
pattern	NN
for	IN
continued	VBN
delays	NNS
described	VBD
above	IN
does	VBZ
not	RB
bode	VB
well	RB
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
professional	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
might	MD
advise	VB
her	PRP
to	TO
commence	VB
job	NN
search	NN
activity	NN
at	IN
this	DT
time	NN
,	,
and	CC
advise	VB
the	DT
employer	NN
as	IN
to	TO
her	PRP$
concerns	NNS
and	CC
actions	NNS
.	.
Two	CD
years	NNS
ago	IN
a	DT
faculty	NN
member	NN
received	VBD
a	DT
modest	JJ
research	NN
grant	NN
of	IN
$	$
100,000	CD
from	IN
Corporation	NNP
X.	NNP
Now	RB
the	DT
corporation	NN
's	POS
senior	JJ
vice	NN
president	NN
for	IN
research	NN
and	CC
development	NN
,	,
a	DT
university	NN
alum	NN
and	CC
generous	JJ
contributor	NN
,	,
announces	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
faculty	NN
member	NN
that	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
is	VBZ
contemplating	VBG
a	DT
fuller	JJR
,	,
ongoing	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
the	DT
university	NN
that	WDT
could	MD
very	RB
well	RB
lead	VB
to	TO
gifts	NNS
totaling	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
millions	NNS
of	IN
dollars	NNS
.	.
This	DT
money	NN
would	MD
provide	VB
many	JJ
scholarships	NNS
and	CC
assistantships	NNS
for	IN
current	JJ
and	CC
future	JJ
students	NNS
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
funding	NN
for	IN
faculty	NN
chairs	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
attract	VB
and	CC
retain	VB
top	JJ
research	NN
faculty	NN
.	.
Given	VBN
the	DT
university	NN
's	POS
shaky	JJ
financial	JJ
situation	NN
,	,
this	DT
is	VBZ
exciting	JJ
news	NN
.	.
The	DT
faculty	NN
member	NN
agrees	VBZ
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
and	CC
even	RB
rank	JJ
orders	NNS
the	DT
students	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
recruiter	NN
.	.
The	DT
word	NN
gets	VBZ
out	RP
to	TO
seniors	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
department	NN
and	CC
they	PRP
are	VBP
angry	JJ
.	.
Several	JJ
meet	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
director	NN
to	TO
register	VB
their	PRP$
complaint	NN
.	.
They	PRP
ask	VBP
if	IN
Corporation	NNP
X	NNP
had	VBD
listed	VBN
its	PRP$
job	NN
with	IN
the	DT
office	NN
.	.
The	DT
director	NN
discovers	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
company	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
listed	VBN
the	DT
job	NN
with	IN
the	DT
office	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
has	VBZ
declined	VBN
invitations	NNS
to	TO
take	VB
part	NN
in	IN
on-campus	JJ
recruiting	NN
and	CC
the	DT
fall	NN
job	NN
fair	JJ
.	.
The	DT
students	NNS
are	VBP
upset	JJ
and	CC
believe	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
unfair	JJ
since	IN
the	DT
selection	NN
of	IN
the	DT
top	JJ
five	CD
was	VBD
not	RB
necessarily	RB
based	VBN
upon	IN
grades	NNS
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
faculty	NN
member	NN
's	POS
subjective	JJ
opinion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
director	NN
takes	VBZ
this	DT
up	RP
with	IN
the	DT
faculty	NN
member	NN
.	.
The	DT
faculty	NN
member	NN
points	VBZ
out	RP
the	DT
``	``
facts	NNS
of	IN
life	NN
''	''
in	IN
these	DT
hard	JJ
economic	JJ
times	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
states	VBZ
that	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
win-win	JJ
situation	NN
.	.
These	DT
students	NNS
get	VBP
service	NN
,	,
the	DT
school	NN
gets	VBZ
funding	NN
.	.
The	DT
director	NN
pursues	VBZ
this	DT
with	IN
the	DT
department	NN
head	NN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
dean	NN
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
rebuffed	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
attitude	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
several	JJ
relevant	JJ
facts	NNS
that	WDT
frame	VBP
this	DT
case	NN
.	.
Two	CD
years	NNS
after	IN
funding	VBG
a	DT
faculty	NN
member	NN
at	IN
a	DT
modest	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
support	NN
,	,
Corporation	NNP
X	NNP
publicly	RB
announced	VBD
its	PRP$
intention	NN
to	TO
consider	VB
a	DT
major	JJ
,	,
long-term	JJ
,	,
broadly	RB
distributed	VBN
investment	NN
with	IN
the	DT
financially	RB
troubled	JJ
university	NN
.	.
``	``
Neither	DT
employment	NN
professionals	NNS
nor	CC
their	PRP$
organizations	NNS
will	MD
expect	VB
,	,
or	CC
seek	VB
to	TO
extract	VB
,	,
special	JJ
favors	NNS
or	CC
treatment	NN
which	WDT
would	MD
influence	VB
the	DT
recruitment	NN
process	NN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
support	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
level	NN
of	IN
the	DT
support	NN
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
educational	JJ
institution	NN
or	CC
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
contributed	VBN
services	NNS
,	,
gifts	NNS
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
financial	JJ
support	NN
.	.
''	''
Number	NN
10	CD
reads	VBZ
:	:
``	``
When	WRB
employment	NN
professionals	NNS
conduct	VBP
recruitment	NN
activities	NNS
through	IN
student	NN
associations	NNS
or	CC
academic	JJ
departments	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
activities	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
conducted	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
policies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
ethical	JJ
issues	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
situation	NN
center	NN
around	IN
special	JJ
treatment	NN
for	IN
an	DT
employer	NN
and	CC
an	DT
undeniable	JJ
appearance	NN
of	IN
favoritism	NN
towards	IN
some	DT
students	NNS
by	IN
a	DT
faculty	NN
member	NN
.	.
A	DT
collateral	NN
issue	NN
,	,
not	RB
necessarily	RB
a	DT
moral	JJ
one	CD
,	,
may	MD
be	VB
departure	NN
from	IN
the	DT
policies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
because	IN
of	IN
ignorance	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
protocols	NNS
.	.
What	WP
are	VBP
the	DT
pros	NNS
and	CC
cons	NNS
of	IN
those	DT
options	NNS
?	.
Reflex	NN
responses	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
situation	NN
could	MD
include	VB
the	DT
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
Director	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CSD	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
contacting	VBG
the	DT
recruiter	NN
and	CC
correcting	VBG
him\/her	NN
.	.
Another	DT
might	MD
be	VB
for	IN
the	DT
CSD	NNP
to	TO
request	VB
a	DT
meeting	NN
involving	VBG
the	DT
dean	NN
,	,
chair	NN
,	,
faculty	NN
member	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
hash	VB
things	NNS
out	RP
.	.
Both	DT
of	IN
these	DT
approaches	NNS
could	MD
become	VB
confrontational	JJ
.	.
Yet	RB
another	DT
would	MD
be	VB
to	TO
use	VB
a	DT
positive	JJ
approach	NN
that	WDT
treats	VBZ
the	DT
dispute	NN
as	IN
an	DT
educational	JJ
opportunity	NN
for	IN
all	DT
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
to	TO
learn	VB
from	IN
the	DT
experience	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
achieve	VB
greater	JJR
goals	NNS
and	CC
,	,
not	RB
coincidentally	RB
,	,
to	TO
align	VB
everyone	NN
's	POS
conduct	NN
with	IN
Career	NNP
Services	NNP
'	POS
practices	NNS
.	.
To	TO
limit	VB
interviews	NNS
only	RB
to	TO
top	JJ
students	NNS
actually	RB
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
harder	RBR
for	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
to	TO
recruit	VB
the	DT
right	JJ
people	NNS
into	IN
most	JJS
jobs	NNS
since	IN
most	JJS
jobs	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
require	VB
an	DT
employee	NN
whose	WP$
principal	JJ
strength	NN
is	VBZ
intellectual	JJ
excellence	NN
.	.
Instead	RB
,	,
they	PRP
draw	VBP
on	IN
a	DT
portfolio	NN
of	IN
capabilities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
pros	NNS
and	CC
cons	NNS
of	IN
those	DT
options	NNS
are	VBP
evident	JJ
.	.
Acting	NNP
out	IN
one	CD
's	POS
frustrations	NNS
rarely	RB
leads	VBZ
to	TO
anything	NN
useful	JJ
and	CC
often	RB
create	VB
barriers	NNS
to	TO
cooperation	NN
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
openness	NN
to	TO
learning	VBG
from	IN
experience	NN
and	CC
willingness	NN
to	TO
assume	VB
that	IN
most	JJS
errors	NNS
originate	VBP
from	IN
ignorance	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
from	IN
arrogance	NN
enable	VBP
the	DT
CSD	NNP
to	TO
engage	VB
everyone	NN
as	IN
a	DT
contributor	NN
to	TO
a	DT
useful	JJ
solution	NN
.	.
People	NNS
support	NN
plans	VBZ
to	TO
which	WDT
they	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
invited	VBN
to	TO
contribute	VB
.	.
Some	DT
additional	JJ
information	NN
could	MD
be	VB
useful	JJ
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
reach	VB
a	DT
conclusion	NN
on	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
proceed	VB
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
ignorance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
expanded	VBN
relationship	NN
between	IN
the	DT
university	NN
and	CC
Corporation	NNP
X.	NNP
A	DT
company	NN
's	POS
direct	JJ
intention	NN
in	IN
such	JJ
relationships	NNS
almost	RB
always	RB
deals	VBZ
only	RB
with	IN
obtaining	VBG
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
rights	NNS
and	CC
promoting	VBG
the	DT
company	NN
's	POS
general	JJ
reputation	NN
.	.
Greater	NNP
access	NN
to	TO
top	JJ
talent	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
indirect	JJ
intention	NN
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
belief	NN
that	WDT
students	NNS
will	MD
want	VB
to	TO
pursue	VB
careers	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
highly	RB
visible	JJ
and	CC
generous	JJ
employer	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
there	EX
should	MD
be	VB
no	DT
need	NN
for	IN
the	DT
company	NN
to	TO
limit	VB
its	PRP$
recruiting	NN
efforts	NNS
to	TO
top	JJ
prospects	NNS
nominated	VBN
by	IN
faculty	NN
.	.
The	DT
CSD	NNP
should	MD
acquaint	VB
himself\/herself	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
relationship	NN
to	TO
assure	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
consistent	JJ
with	IN
such	JJ
standards	NNS
.	.
The	DT
vice	NN
president	NN
of	IN
the	DT
company	NN
,	,
who	WP
will	MD
be	VB
interviewing	VBG
the	DT
students	NNS
is	VBZ
in	IN
attendance	NN
,	,
and	CC
there	EX
are	VBP
some	DT
``	``
age	NN
appropriate	JJ
''	''
employees	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
to	TO
mingle	VB
with	IN
the	DT
invitees	NNS
and	CC
chat	VB
with	IN
them	PRP
about	IN
the	DT
company	NN
.	.
The	DT
VP	NNP
plans	VBZ
to	TO
make	VB
less	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
10-minute	JJ
presentation	NN
because	IN
he	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
ruin	VB
the	DT
party	NN
atmosphere	NN
by	IN
a	DT
serious	JJ
presentation	NN
.	.
The	DT
VP	NNP
approaches	VBZ
Jane	NNP
because	IN
he	PRP
knows	VBZ
that	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
top	JJ
candidates	NNS
that	WDT
Cosmic	NNP
is	VBZ
interested	JJ
in	IN
hiring	VBG
.	.
He	PRP
begins	VBZ
to	TO
make	VB
small	JJ
talk	NN
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
offers	VBZ
her	PRP
a	DT
margarita	NN
.	.
Jane	NNP
says	VBZ
that	IN
she	PRP
would	MD
really	RB
just	RB
like	IN
some	DT
bottled	JJ
water	NN
.	.
The	DT
VP	NNP
is	VBZ
incredulous	JJ
at	IN
first	JJ
and	CC
teases	VBZ
her	PRP$
a	DT
little	JJ
saying	VBG
it	PRP
is	VBZ
``	``
okay	JJ
to	TO
loosen	VB
up	RP
''	''
and	CC
``	``
I	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
tell	VB
your	PRP$
mother	NN
,	,
''	''
but	CC
soon	RB
realizes	VBZ
that	IN
bottled	JJ
water	NN
is	VBZ
what	WP
Jane	NNP
wants	VBZ
.	.
After	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
more	JJR
awkward	JJ
moments	NNS
,	,
the	DT
VP	NNP
goes	VBZ
to	TO
talk	VB
to	TO
someone	NN
else	RB
and	CC
Jane	NNP
leaves	VBZ
not	RB
sure	JJ
whether	IN
she	PRP
wants	VBZ
to	TO
work	VB
for	IN
Global	NNP
.	.
What	WP
if	IN
this	DT
employer	NN
's	POS
culture	NN
did	VBD
promote	VB
`	``
controlled	VBN
drinking	NN
,	,
'	''
that	WDT
is	VBZ
,	,
every	DT
Friday	NNP
afternoon	NN
the	DT
employer	NN
throws	VBZ
a	DT
beer	NN
,	,
wine	NN
,	,
and	CC
chips	NNS
`	``
TGIF	NNP
party	NN
'	''
for	IN
its	PRP$
employees	NNS
.	.
Does	VBZ
that	IN
change	NN
your	PRP$
view	NN
of	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
holding	VBG
such	PDT
an	DT
event	NN
?	.
He	PRP
offers	VBZ
her	PRP$
an	DT
alcoholic	JJ
beverage	NN
,	,
but	CC
she	PRP
replies	VBZ
she	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
water	NN
.	.
g.	NNP
The	NNP
VP	NNP
teases	VBZ
her	PRP$
about	IN
her	PRP$
refusal	NN
,	,
then	RB
gets	VBZ
her	PRP
water	NN
.	.
h.	NNP
Their	PRP$
interaction	NN
has	VBZ
become	VBN
``	``
awkward	JJ
,	,
''	''
and	CC
he	PRP
leaves	VBZ
here	RB
to	TO
talk	VB
to	TO
someone	NN
else	RB
.	.
i.	NNP
The	NNP
following	VBG
day	NN
,	,
the	DT
VP	NNP
reminds	VBZ
the	DT
students	NNS
that	IN
all	DT
job	NN
offers	NNS
are	VBP
contingent	JJ
on	IN
passing	VBG
a	DT
drug\/alcohol	NN
screen	NN
.	.
Principles	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
company	NN
wants	VBZ
to	TO
offer	VB
an	DT
event	NN
that	WDT
presents	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
fun	NN
''	''
view	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
culture	NN
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
advised	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
type	NN
of	IN
event	NN
but	CC
without	IN
the	DT
alcohol	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
Vice	NNP
President	NNP
insists	VBZ
on	IN
having	VBG
alcoholic	JJ
beverages	NNS
,	,
make	VBP
sure	JJ
that	IN
invitees	NNS
understand	VBP
that	IN
attending	VBG
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
requirement	NN
and	CC
that	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
judged	VBN
negatively	RB
for	IN
not	RB
being	VBG
there	RB
.	.
If	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
important	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
be	VB
conveyed	VBN
,	,
do	VBP
a	DT
formal	JJ
presentation	NN
first	RB
,	,
then	RB
invite	VB
students	NNS
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
stay	VB
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
way	NN
students	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
interested	JJ
in	IN
``	``
real	JJ
''	''
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
activities	NNS
can	MD
gain	VB
that	DT
without	IN
having	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
part	NN
of	IN
an	DT
event	NN
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
alcohol	NN
use	NN
.	.
The	DT
director	NN
should	MD
also	RB
be	VB
clear	JJ
on	IN
university	NN
policies	NNS
governing	VBG
alcohol	NN
use	NN
in	IN
off	JJ
campus	NN
events	NNS
for	IN
students	NNS
.	.
d.	NNP
The	NNP
career	NN
services	NNS
director	NN
should	MD
make	VB
certain	JJ
that	IN
literature	NN
sent	VBN
to	TO
employers	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
start	NN
of	IN
each	DT
recruiting	NN
year	NN
include	VBP
the	DT
NACE	NNP
``	``
No	DT
Alcohol	NN
in	IN
Campus	NNP
Recruiting	NNP
Policy	NNP
''	''
letter	NN
.	.
e.	FW
The	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
should	MD
make	VB
a	DT
special	JJ
effort	NN
to	TO
prepare	VB
students	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
possibility	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
involved	VBN
in	IN
such	JJ
activities	NNS
and	CC
how	WRB
they	PRP
may	MD
respond	VB
.	.
f.	NNP
The	NNP
career	NN
services	NNS
director	NN
should	MD
encourage	VB
the	DT
college	NN
relations	NNS
head	VBP
to	TO
explore	VB
the	DT
company	NN
's	POS
legal	JJ
liabilities	NNS
with	IN
its	PRP$
legal	JJ
department	NN
.	.
The	DT
presentation	NN
can	MD
be	VB
adapted	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
audiences	NNS
for	IN
members	NNS
'	POS
use	NN
at	IN
professional	JJ
conferences	NNS
,	,
in	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
organizations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
with	IN
individual	JJ
staff	NN
members	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
suggested	VBN
that	IN
when	WRB
the	DT
presentation	NN
is	VBZ
given	VBN
to	TO
large	JJ
audiences	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
professional	JJ
conference	NN
that	IN
both	DT
college	NN
and	CC
employer	NN
professionals	NNS
co-present	JJ
to	TO
enrich	VB
the	DT
discussion	NN
and	CC
to	TO
address	VB
how	WRB
all	DT
parties	NNS
can	MD
work	VB
together	RB
to	TO
address	VB
ethical	JJ
concerns	NNS
in	IN
our	PRP$
profession	NN
.	.
The	DT
presentation	NN
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
training	NN
tool	NN
within	IN
members	NNS
'	POS
work	NN
settings	NNS
to	TO
instruct	VB
new	JJ
employees	NNS
,	,
serve	VBP
as	IN
a	DT
refresher	NN
for	IN
current	JJ
employees	NNS
,	,
or	CC
be	VB
used	VBN
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
program	NN
of	IN
in-service	JJ
training	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
always	RB
be	VB
possible	JJ
to	TO
train	VB
employees	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
group	NN
workshop	NN
and	CC
,	,
thus	RB
,	,
individual	JJ
employees	NNS
could	MD
view	VB
the	DT
presentation	NN
alone	RB
when	WRB
combined	VBN
with	IN
discussions	NNS
with	IN
their	PRP$
supervisors	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
Power	NNP
Point	NNP
presentation	NN
,	,
key	JJ
phrases	NNS
are	VBP
listed	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
essential	JJ
points	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
document	NN
.	.
Please	VB
refer	VB
to	TO
the	DT
following	JJ
resources	NNS
for	IN
further	JJ
explanation	NN
and	CC
for	IN
helpful	JJ
examples	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
in	IN
fleshing	VBG
out	RP
each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
points	NNS
.	.
And	CC
,	,
finally	RB
,	,
although	IN
this	DT
presentation	NN
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
taught	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
90-minute	JJ
session	NN
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
modify	VB
the	DT
format	NN
to	TO
teach	VB
it	PRP
in	IN
two	CD
sessions	NNS
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
the	DT
first	JJ
session	NN
could	MD
consist	VB
of	IN
a	DT
review	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Power	NNP
Point	NNP
presentation	NN
,	,
with	IN
follow-assignments	NNS
to	TO
read	VB
the	DT
above	JJ
resources	NNS
,	,
and	CC
concluding	VBG
with	IN
a	DT
second	JJ
session	NN
for	IN
further	JJ
discussion	NN
and	CC
case	NN
studies	NNS
.	.
Bentley	NNP
Contract	NNP
Recruiters	NNP
attends	VBZ
a	DT
career	NN
fair	NN
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
three	CD
different	JJ
employers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
names	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
employers	NNS
represented	VBN
are	VBP
disclosed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
sponsoring	VBG
the	DT
career	NN
fair	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
career	NN
fair	JJ
,	,
Sally	NNP
Smiley	NNP
,	,
one	CD
of	IN
Bentley	NNP
's	POS
representatives	NNS
,	,
talks	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
students	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
interested	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
job	NN
opportunities	NNS
offered	VBN
by	IN
her	PRP$
three	CD
client\/employers	NNS
.	.
Robert	NNP
Swift	NNP
,	,
the	DT
other	JJ
Bentley	NNP
representative	NN
,	,
walks	VBZ
around	IN
to	TO
the	DT
different	JJ
employer	NN
booths	NNS
giving	VBG
out	RP
the	DT
firm	NN
's	POS
card	NN
and	CC
soliciting	VBG
new	JJ
business	NN
.	.
During	IN
his	PRP$
walk	NN
around	IN
the	DT
career	NN
fair	JJ
,	,
Swift	NNP
spots	NNS
Queen	NNP
Legal	NNP
Associates	NNP
,	,
an	DT
employer\/client	NN
that	WDT
Swift	NNP
normally	RB
represents	VBZ
,	,
but	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
representing	VBG
at	IN
the	DT
career	NN
fair	NN
on	IN
this	DT
particular	JJ
occasion	NN
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
the	DT
day	NN
,	,
Swift	NNP
and	CC
Smiley	NNP
speak	VBP
to	TO
many	JJ
students	NNS
and	CC
gather	VB
resumes	NNS
of	IN
those	DT
interested	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
Swift	NNP
advised	VBD
several	JJ
students	NNS
who	WP
were	VBD
not	RB
interested	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
three	CD
clients	NNS
he	PRP
was	VBD
representing	VBG
at	IN
the	DT
fair	JJ
to	TO
consider	VB
Queen	NNP
Legal	NNP
Associates	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
subsequently	RB
noticed	VBD
several	JJ
of	IN
these	DT
students	NNS
handing	VBG
in	IN
their	PRP$
resumes	NNS
to	TO
Queen	NNP
.	.
A	DT
few	JJ
days	NNS
after	IN
the	DT
career	NN
fair	JJ
,	,
Swift	NNP
sent	VBD
a	DT
letter	NN
to	TO
Queen	NNP
advising	VBG
them	PRP
that	WDT
should	MD
Queen	NNP
Legal	NNP
Associates	NNP
consider	VB
for	IN
hire	VB
any	DT
students	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
career	NN
fair	JJ
,	,
Queen	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
responsible	JJ
to	TO
pay	VB
Bentley	NNP
a	DT
fee	NN
for	IN
the	DT
hire	NN
.	.
Queen	NNP
is	VBZ
furious	JJ
at	IN
this	DT
letter	NN
.	.
The	DT
recruiter	NN
Sally	NNP
Smiley	NNP
appears	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
lead	NN
recruiter	NN
,	,
since	IN
she	PRP
conducted	VBD
all	PDT
the	DT
interviews	NNS
.	.
The	DT
recruiter	NN
Robert	NNP
Swift	NNP
had	VBD
no	DT
assigned	VBN
function	NN
at	IN
the	DT
career	NN
fair	NN
.	.
He	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
a	DT
trainee	NN
,	,
but	CC
maybe	RB
not	RB
.	.
His	PRP$
status	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
relevant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
facts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
case	NN
,	,
but	CC
could	MD
be	VB
to	TO
its	PRP$
resolution	NN
.	.
The	DT
other	JJ
relevant	JJ
fact	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
Queen	NNP
,	,
a	DT
regular	JJ
client	NN
of	IN
Bentley	NNP
,	,
had	VBD
not	RB
engaged	VBN
Bentley	NNP
as	IN
its	PRP$
recruiter	NN
at	IN
this	DT
career	NN
fair	NN
.	.
And	CC
yet	RB
Bentley	NNP
's	POS
representative	NN
,	,
unasked	JJ
,	,
referred	VBD
students	NNS
to	TO
Queen	NNP
's	POS
recruiter	NN
and	CC
then	RB
billed	VBD
Queen	NNP
as	IN
if	IN
it	PRP
had	VBD
authorized	VBN
Bentley	NNP
to	TO
be	VB
its	PRP$
contingency-fee	JJ
recruiter	NN
at	IN
the	DT
career	NN
fair	NN
.	.
Queen	NNP
objected	VBD
to	TO
being	VBG
billed	VBN
for	IN
unauthorized	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
separate	JJ
issue	NN
,	,
other	JJ
employers	NNS
complained	VBD
about	IN
Bentley	NNP
's	POS
intrusive	JJ
conduct	NN
.	.
The	DT
client	NN
,	,
or	CC
clients	NNS
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
third-party	JJ
recruiter	NN
is	VBZ
representing	VBG
and	CC
to	TO
whom	WP
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
credentials	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
disclosed	VBN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
permitted	VBN
to	TO
verify	VB
this	DT
information	NN
by	IN
contacting	VBG
the	DT
named	VBN
client	NN
or	CC
clients	NNS
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
case	NN
of	IN
a	DT
resume	VB
referral	NN
entity	NN
,	,
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
clients	NNS
that	WDT
use	VBP
the	DT
services	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
entity	NN
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
available	JJ
.	.
''	''
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Principle	NN
7	CD
states	NNS
:	:
``	``
Third-party	JJ
recruiters	NNS
attending	VBG
career	NN
fairs	NNS
will	MD
represent	VB
employers	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
authorized	VBN
them	PRP
and	CC
will	MD
disclose	VB
to	TO
career	NN
services	NNS
the	DT
names	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
represented	VBN
employers	NNS
.	.
''	''
Queen	NNP
for	IN
hires	NNS
resulting	VBG
from	IN
his	PRP$
referrals	NNS
.	.
By	IN
contrast	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
nothing	NN
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
description	NN
to	TO
suggest	VB
that	IN
Sally	NNP
Smiley	NNP
failed	VBD
in	IN
any	DT
way	NN
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
.	.
This	DT
situation	NN
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
Swift	NNP
was	VBD
acting	VBG
on	IN
his	PRP$
own	JJ
initiative	NN
.	.
The	DT
director	NN
would	MD
point	VB
out	RP
that	IN
Swift	NNP
's	POS
actions	NNS
were	VBD
inconsistent	JJ
with	IN
Bentley	NNP
's	POS
standards	NNS
,	,
that	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
disruptive	JJ
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
future	NN
of	IN
Bentley	NNP
's	POS
potential	JJ
business	NN
with	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
employers	NNS
was	VBD
unnecessarily	RB
jeopardized	VBN
.	.
The	DT
director	NN
might	MD
then	RB
ask	VB
Smiley	NNP
how	WRB
they	PRP
should	MD
proceed	VB
regarding	VBG
Swift	NNP
.	.
Would	MD
Smiley	NNP
recommend	VB
that	IN
the	DT
director	NN
have	VBP
a	DT
``	``
one-on-one	JJ
''	''
discussion	NN
with	IN
Swift	NNP
;	:
or	CC
would	MD
Smiley	NNP
,	,
whose	WP$
firm	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
stake	NN
in	IN
the	DT
outcome	NN
,	,
prefer	VBP
to	TO
correct	VB
Swift	NNP
according	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
checklist	NN
of	IN
items	NNS
provided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
director	NN
?	.
Either	DT
way	NN
,	,
a	DT
corrective	JJ
discussion	NN
with	IN
Swift	NNP
is	VBZ
in	IN
order	NN
.	.
The	DT
director	NN
should	MD
also	RB
consider	VB
barring	VBG
Swift	NNP
from	IN
participation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
campus	NN
's	POS
career	NN
services	NNS
functions	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
-	:
say	VB
,	,
a	DT
year	NN
-	:
to	TO
emphasize	VB
the	DT
seriousness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
transgression	NN
and	CC
to	TO
reinforce	VB
the	DT
message	NN
.	.
Recently	RB
,	,
Jetspeed	NNP
downsized	VBD
and	CC
eliminated	VBD
many	JJ
of	IN
its	PRP$
middle	JJ
managers	NNS
.	.
One	CD
individual	JJ
whose	WP$
job	NN
was	VBD
eliminated	VBN
was	VBD
Barbara	NNP
Smith	NNP
,	,
assistant	JJ
director	NN
of	IN
procurement	NN
and	CC
purchasing	NN
.	.
Barbara	NNP
was	VBD
a	DT
satisfactory	JJ
employee	NN
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
also	RB
a	DT
casual	JJ
friend	NN
of	IN
yours	NNS
.	.
A	DT
few	JJ
days	NNS
later	RB
,	,
you	PRP
receive	VBP
a	DT
telephone	NN
call	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Vice	NNP
President	NNP
of	IN
Human	NNP
Resources	NNPS
of	IN
Whatajet	NNP
,	,
whom	WP
you	PRP
met	VBD
several	JJ
months	NNS
ago	RB
at	IN
a	DT
professional	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
Since	IN
then	RB
,	,
you	PRP
and	CC
she	PRP
actually	RB
had	VBD
lunch	NN
once	RB
or	CC
twice	RB
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
not	RB
currently	RB
a	DT
principles	NNS
that	WDT
directly	RB
relates	VBZ
to	TO
these	DT
issues	NNS
.	.
The	DT
closest	JJS
is	VBZ
Principles	NNPS
for	IN
Employment	NNP
Professionals	NNP
#	#
2	LS
-	:
``	``
Employment	NNP
Professionals	NNP
will	MD
know	VB
the	DT
recruitment	NN
and	CC
career	NN
development	NN
field	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
industry	NN
and	CC
the	DT
employing	VBG
organization	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
represent	VBP
,	,
and	CC
work	NN
within	IN
a	DT
framework	NN
of	IN
professionally	RB
accepted	VBN
recruiting	NN
,	,
interviewing	VBG
and	CC
selection	NN
techniques	NNS
.	.
''	''
Do	VBP
the	DT
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
employment	NN
environment	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
employees	NNS
changing	VBG
jobs	NNS
more	RBR
frequently	RB
,	,
companies	NNS
not	RB
keeping	VBG
employees	NNS
long	JJ
term	NN
,	,
employees	NNS
being	VBG
released	VBN
or	CC
downsized	VBN
through	IN
no	DT
fault	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
performance	NN
,	,
employers	NNS
being	VBG
held	VBN
accountable	JJ
for	IN
not	RB
checking	VBG
references	NNS
for	IN
problem	NN
hires	VBZ
-RRB-	-RRB-
merit	NN
changing	VBG
verification	NN
only	RB
policies	NNS
?	.
Ethically	RB
,	,
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
follow	VB
the	DT
reference	NN
policy	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
organization	NN
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
your	PRP$
colleague	NN
assures	VBZ
you	PRP
that	IN
your	PRP$
response	NN
will	MD
be	VB
``	``
totally	RB
off	IN
the	DT
record	NN
.	.
''	''
You	PRP
might	MD
want	VB
to	TO
suggest	VB
an	DT
alternative	NN
of	IN
having	VBG
Barbara	NNP
get	VB
copies	NNS
of	IN
her	PRP$
evaluations	NNS
to	TO
share	VB
with	IN
the	DT
potential	JJ
employer	NN
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
future	NN
,	,
you	PRP
might	MD
want	VB
to	TO
re-evaluate	VB
the	DT
company	NN
's	POS
``	``
verification	NN
only	RB
''	''
policy	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
employees	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
left	VBN
the	DT
company	NN
a	DT
chance	NN
to	TO
have	VB
their	PRP$
employment	NN
record	NN
shared	VBN
with	IN
potential	JJ
employers	NNS
.	.
With	IN
multiple	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
state	NN
laws	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
beneficial	JJ
to	TO
see	VB
if	IN
your	PRP$
state	NN
provides	VBZ
protection	NN
against	IN
litigation	NN
concerns	NNS
.	.
Carl	NNP
,	,
director	NN
of	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
at	IN
Northern	NNP
University	NNP
,	,
a	DT
major	JJ
mid-western	JJ
institution	NN
,	,
walked	VBD
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
administration	NN
building	NN
shaking	VBG
his	PRP$
head	NN
.	.
His	PRP$
boss	NN
,	,
the	DT
Vice	NNP
President	NNP
for	IN
Student	NNP
Life	NNP
,	,
had	VBD
just	RB
delivered	VBN
news	NN
that	IN
Carl	NNP
had	VBD
a	DT
feeling	NN
might	MD
come	VB
some	DT
day	NN
.	.
Budget	NNP
needs	VBZ
and	CC
priorities	NNS
were	VBD
shifting	VBG
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
evil	JJ
eyes	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
bean	NN
counters	NNS
had	VBD
wandered	VBN
his	PRP$
way	NN
.	.
Nicole	NNP
,	,
the	DT
VP	NNP
,	,
explained	VBD
that	IN
she	PRP
had	VBD
no	DT
choice	NN
.	.
In	IN
spite	NN
of	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
's	POS
outstanding	JJ
academic	JJ
reputation	NN
,	,
especially	RB
in	IN
its	PRP$
engineering	NN
,	,
computer	NN
science	NN
,	,
and	CC
business	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
financial	JJ
priorities	NNS
required	VBN
that	IN
monies	NNS
be	VB
shifted	VBN
away	RB
from	IN
some	DT
areas	NNS
and	CC
into	IN
others	NNS
.	.
The	DT
institutional	JJ
budget	NN
committee	NN
,	,
in	IN
reviewing	VBG
various	JJ
options	NNS
,	,
concluded	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
operating	VBG
budget	NN
could	MD
be	VB
sustained	VBN
from	IN
external	JJ
sources	NNS
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
unreasonable	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
committee	NN
's	POS
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
to	TO
fund	VB
the	DT
office	NN
's	POS
current	JJ
and	CC
future	JJ
physical	JJ
needs	NNS
from	IN
revenues	NNS
generated	VBD
through	IN
the	DT
various	JJ
services	NNS
and	CC
events	NNS
held	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
center	NN
.	.
The	DT
idea	NN
of	IN
having	VBG
students	NNS
pay	VBP
a	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
fee	NN
had	VBD
been	VBN
floated	VBN
at	IN
one	CD
meeting	NN
,	,
but	CC
was	VBD
rejected	VBN
.	.
The	DT
office	NN
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
become	VB
entrepreneurial	JJ
.	.
The	DT
next	JJ
day	NN
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
weekly	JJ
staff	NN
meeting	NN
,	,
Carl	NNP
quickly	RB
went	VBD
through	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
and	CC
then	RB
shared	VBD
the	DT
news	NN
:	:
``	``
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
informed	VBN
that	IN
we	PRP
must	MD
assume	VB
a	DT
growing	VBG
responsibility	NN
for	IN
the	DT
operational	JJ
funds	NNS
needed	VBN
by	IN
this	DT
office	NN
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
begin	VB
effective	JJ
next	JJ
fall	NN
semester	NN
.	.
Then	RB
he	PRP
continued	VBD
,	,
``	``
I	PRP
raised	VBD
all	PDT
the	DT
objections	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
might	MD
expect	VB
,	,
but	CC
Nicole	NNP
said	VBD
her	PRP$
hands	NNS
were	VBD
tied	VBN
.	.
By	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
this	DT
week	NN
we	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
submit	VB
a	DT
report	NN
on	IN
how	WRB
we	PRP
will	MD
deal	VB
with	IN
this	DT
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
up	RP
all	DT
night	NN
wrestling	VBG
with	IN
this	DT
and	CC
have	VBP
drafted	VBN
a	DT
proposal	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
e-mail	NN
to	TO
targeted	JJ
students	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
minority	NN
group	NN
students	NNS
,	,
specific	JJ
majors	NNS
,	,
students	NNS
with	IN
high	JJ
GPAs	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
promoting	VBG
organizations	NNS
and	CC
specific	JJ
``	``
quick-to-fill	NN
''	''
openings	NNS
:	:
$	$
20	CD
per	IN
student	NN
contacted	VBN
.	.
Packaging	NN
:	:
Three	CD
levels	NNS
of	IN
partnership	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Platinum	NN
,	,
Gold	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Silver	NN
:	:
$	$
25,000	CD
,	,
$	$
10,000	CD
,	,
and	CC
$	$
5,000	CD
per	IN
year	NN
respectively	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
:	:
depending	VBG
on	IN
contribution	NN
,	,
includes	VBZ
registration	NN
and	CC
priority	NN
scheduling	NN
for	IN
on-campus	JJ
interviewing	VBG
,	,
priority	NN
placement	NN
and	CC
logo	NN
sponsorship	NN
credit	NN
at	IN
career	NN
fairs	NNS
,	,
lunch	NN
with	IN
deans	NNS
and	CC
key	JJ
faculty	NN
,	,
student	NN
leadership	NN
luncheon	NN
tickets	NNS
,	,
tickets	NNS
to	TO
basketball	NN
and	CC
football	NN
games	NNS
,	,
four	CD
university	NN
golf	NN
course	NN
passes	VBZ
,	,
free	JJ
university	NN
parking	NN
for	IN
one	CD
year	NN
,	,
and	CC
acknowledgement	NN
of	IN
support	NN
for	IN
one	CD
year	NN
in	IN
career	NN
center	NN
reception	NN
area	NN
.	.
``	``
The	DT
Kept	NNP
University	NNP
,	,
''	''
corporate	JJ
research	NN
sponsorship	NN
in	IN
public	JJ
higher	JJR
education	NN
has	VBZ
risen	VBN
dramatically	RB
while	IN
government	NN
support	NN
has	VBZ
fallen	VBN
.	.
The	DT
authors	NNS
write	VBP
,	,
``	``
universities	NNS
,	,
once	RB
wary	JJ
beneficiaries	NNS
of	IN
corporate	JJ
largesse	NN
,	,
have	VBP
become	VBN
eager	JJ
co-capitalists	NNS
,	,
embracing	VBG
market	NN
values	NNS
as	IN
never	RB
before	RB
.	.
''	''
In	IN
this	DT
context	NN
,	,
then	RB
,	,
what	WP
is	VBZ
so	RB
wrong	JJ
about	IN
the	DT
above	JJ
proposal	NN
?	.
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
Principle	NNP
4	CD
:	:
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
will	MD
provide	VB
generally	RB
comparable	JJ
services	NNS
to	TO
all	DT
employers	NNS
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
employers	NNS
contribute	VBP
services	NNS
,	,
gifts	NNS
,	,
or	CC
financial	JJ
support	NN
to	TO
the	DT
educational	JJ
institution	NN
or	CC
office	NN
and	CC
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
level	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
support	NN
.	.
Might	NNP
not	RB
be	VB
politically	RB
tenable	JJ
in	IN
all	DT
institutions	NNS
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
,	,
unless	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
optional	JJ
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
it	PRP
could	MD
be	VB
implemented	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
could	MD
also	RB
be	VB
a	DT
service-specific	JJ
fee	NN
structure	NN
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
set	VB
up	RP
some	DT
expectations	NNS
that	WDT
might	MD
be	VB
unreasonable	JJ
,	,
e.g.	FW
,	,
``	``
I	PRP
expect	VBP
x	SYM
number	NN
of	IN
job	NN
referrals	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
due	JJ
to	TO
paying	VBG
this	DT
fee	NN
.	.
''	''
As	IN
a	DT
regional	JJ
recruiting	NN
manager	NN
for	IN
a	DT
large	JJ
chemical	NN
company	NN
,	,
one	CD
of	IN
your	PRP$
responsibilities	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
hire	VB
experienced	JJ
personnel	NNS
for	IN
senior	JJ
technical	JJ
or	CC
management	NN
positions	NNS
.	.
In	IN
response	NN
to	TO
an	DT
ad	NN
that	WDT
your	PRP$
office	NN
placed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
trade	NN
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
you	PRP
received	VBD
the	DT
resume	VB
of	IN
a	DT
candidate	NN
who	WP
appeared	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
extremely	RB
well	RB
qualified	VBN
,	,
possessing	VBG
advanced	JJ
degrees	NNS
and	CC
significant	JJ
experience	NN
.	.
Subsequently	RB
,	,
an	DT
interview	NN
was	VBD
arranged	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
candidate	NN
and	CC
this	DT
went	VBD
quite	RB
well	RB
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
you	PRP
checked	VBD
the	DT
references	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
candidate	NN
provided	VBN
.	.
The	DT
references	NNS
were	VBD
positive	JJ
,	,
reinforcing	VBG
the	DT
impressions	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
and	CC
other	JJ
employees	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
company	NN
had	VBD
of	IN
the	DT
candidate	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
just	RB
two	CD
months	NNS
into	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
position	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
company	NN
,	,
the	DT
employee	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
working	VBG
out	RP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
would	MD
also	RB
seem	VB
that	IN
the	DT
candidate	NN
and\/or	CC
his	PRP$
references	NNS
overstated	VBD
his	PRP$
qualifications	NNS
.	.
Your	PRP$
company	NN
's	POS
probationary	JJ
period	NN
ends	VBZ
in	IN
three	CD
weeks	NNS
,	,
and	CC
you	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
decision	NN
to	TO
make	VB
.	.
Do	VBP
you	PRP
terminate	VB
this	DT
person	NN
and	CC
prevent	VB
bigger	JJR
problems	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
,	,
or	CC
do	VB
you	PRP
try	VB
salvaging	VBG
the	DT
situation	NN
and	CC
working	VBG
with	IN
him	PRP
?	.
From	IN
professional	JJ
meetings	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
on	IN
friendly	JJ
terms	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
former	JJ
colleague	NN
who	WP
happens	VBZ
to	TO
work	VB
at	IN
your	PRP$
employee	NN
's	POS
former	JJ
company	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
familiar	JJ
with	IN
his	PRP$
work	NN
.	.
Something	NN
feels	VBZ
``	``
wrong	JJ
about	IN
this	DT
,	,
''	''
but	CC
you	PRP
decide	VBP
to	TO
call	VB
your	PRP$
colleague	NN
and	CC
inquire	VB
about	IN
the	DT
seeming	VBG
disconnect	VB
between	IN
the	DT
employee	NN
's	POS
performance	NN
and	CC
the	DT
reference	NN
provider	NN
's	POS
estimation	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
abilities	NNS
.	.
In	IN
response	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
former	JJ
colleague	NN
confesses	VBZ
that	IN
there	EX
were	VBD
problems	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
candidate	NN
but	CC
that	IN
the	DT
company	NN
generally	RB
gives	VBZ
positive	JJ
references	NNS
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
increasingly	RB
litigious	JJ
environment	NN
in	IN
human	JJ
resources	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
some	DT
leeway	NN
since	IN
the	DT
employee	NN
is	VBZ
still	RB
within	IN
the	DT
probationary	JJ
period	NN
and	CC
can	MD
be	VB
dismissed	VBN
without	IN
extensive	JJ
repercussions	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
to	TO
preclude	VB
future	JJ
problems	NNS
like	IN
this	DT
,	,
what	WP
should	MD
you	PRP
do	VB
?	.
Employment	NNP
Professionals	NNP
Principle	NNP
#	#
2	CD
:	:
Employment	NNP
professionals	NNS
will	MD
know	VB
the	DT
recruitment	NN
and	CC
career	NN
development	NN
field	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
industry	NN
and	CC
the	DT
employing	VBG
organization	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
represent	VBP
,	,
and	CC
work	NN
within	IN
a	DT
framework	NN
of	IN
professionally	RB
accepted	VBN
recruiting	NN
,	,
interviewing	VBG
,	,
and	CC
selection	NN
techniques	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
following	VBG
the	DT
established	VBN
procedure	NN
of	IN
reviewing	VBG
the	DT
resumes	NNS
of	IN
students	NNS
who	WP
met	VBD
their	PRP$
hiring	NN
criteria	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
,	,
major	JJ
,	,
date	NN
of	IN
graduation	NN
,	,
degree	NN
level	NN
,	,
and	CC
citizenship	NN
status	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
employer	NN
requested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
staff	NN
provide	VB
him	PRP
with	IN
the	DT
names	NNS
of	IN
10	CD
students	NNS
they	PRP
would	MD
recommend	VB
for	IN
an	DT
interview	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
the	DT
representative	NN
made	VBD
it	PRP
clear	JJ
that	IN
he	PRP
would	MD
work	VB
with	IN
another	DT
school	NN
if	IN
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
comply	VB
with	IN
his	PRP$
request	NN
because	IN
he	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
``	``
have	VBP
the	DT
time	NN
to	TO
review	VB
20	CD
+	NN
resumes	VBZ
.	.
''	''
Referring	VBG
only	RB
selected	VBN
students	NNS
violates	VBZ
precepts	NNS
of	IN
``	``
open	JJ
and	CC
free	JJ
selection	NN
''	''
of	IN
employment	NN
opportunities	NNS
;	:
fair	JJ
and	CC
equitable	JJ
recruitment	NN
process	NN
;	:
and	CC
support	NN
informed	VBN
and	CC
responsible	JJ
decision-making	NN
by	IN
candidates	NNS
.	.
The	DT
career	NN
center	NN
becomes	VBZ
a	DT
referral	NN
entity	NN
vs.	IN
an	DT
employment	NN
liaison	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
liable	JJ
to	TO
claims	NNS
of	IN
employment	NN
discrimination	NN
,	,
especially	RB
if	IN
subjective	JJ
and	CC
non-work-related	JJ
criteria	NNS
are	VBP
used	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
selection	NN
of	IN
referred	VBN
students	NNS
.	.
Decline	NN
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
request	NN
,	,
citing	VBG
the	DT
ethical	JJ
and	CC
legal	JJ
concerns	NNS
.	.
Explain	VB
further	JJ
screening	NN
tools	NNS
as	IN
noted	VBN
above	IN
in	IN
question	NN
5	CD
.	.
If	IN
Vanity	NNP
Corporation	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
influential	JJ
employer	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
major	JJ
donor	NN
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
prudent	JJ
to	TO
discuss	VB
the	DT
situation	NN
with	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
campus	NN
leadership	NN
and	CC
to	TO
keep	VB
them	PRP
apprised	VBN
of	IN
communications	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
third-party	JJ
recruiter	NN
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
only	RB
make	VB
a	DT
difference	NN
because	IN
many	JJ
career	NN
services	NNS
offices	NNS
have	VBP
policies	NNS
in	IN
place	NN
that	WDT
allow	VBP
these	DT
recruiters	NNS
to	TO
only	RB
post	VB
vacant	JJ
positions	NNS
vs.	IN
interviewing	VBG
on	IN
campus	NN
and	CC
having	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
candidate	NN
resumes	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
request	NN
were	VBD
made	VBN
of	IN
a	DT
faculty	NN
member	NN
,	,
it	PRP
should	MD
not	RB
make	VB
a	DT
difference	NN
because	IN
faculty	NN
members	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
be	VB
liable	JJ
to	TO
claims	NNS
of	IN
employment	NN
discrimination	NN
,	,
as	RB
would	MD
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
,	,
if	IN
they	PRP
routinely	RB
referred	VBD
some	DT
students	NNS
vs.	IN
posting	VBG
the	DT
opportunity	NN
for	IN
all	DT
students	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
department	NN
.	.
Individuals	NNS
whose	WP$
autonomy	NN
is	VBZ
respected	VBN
will	MD
be	VB
asked	VBN
questions	NNS
,	,
provided	VBN
information	NN
,	,
or	CC
directed	VBN
to	TO
resources	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
evaluate	VB
and	CC
use	VB
in	IN
making	VBG
career	NN
decisions	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
recognize	VBP
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
often	RB
regarded	VBN
by	IN
students	NNS
as	IN
experts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
thus	RB
their	PRP$
suggestions	NNS
or	CC
comments	NNS
may	MD
carry	VB
considerable	JJ
influence	NN
.	.
This	DT
places	VBZ
a	DT
responsibility	NN
on	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
professional	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
his\/her	NN
values	NNS
or	CC
biases	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
concerted	JJ
effort	NN
to	TO
keep	VB
them	PRP
out	IN
of	IN
dialogue	NN
with	IN
the	DT
student	NN
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
odds	NNS
are	VBP
truly	RB
against	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
,	,
the	DT
counselor	NN
can	MD
address	VB
this	DT
issue	NN
without	IN
imposing	VBG
a	DT
particular	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
.	.
An	DT
approach	NN
would	MD
be	VB
to	TO
explore	VB
the	DT
challenges	NNS
the	DT
counselor	NN
sees	VBZ
in	IN
pursuing	VBG
desired	VBN
careers	NNS
or	CC
positions	NNS
and	CC
examine	VB
what	WP
it	PRP
will	MD
take	VB
for	IN
the	DT
student	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
these	DT
challenges	NNS
.	.
The	DT
counselor	NN
could	MD
present	VB
potential	JJ
roadblocks	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
that	IN
simply	RB
adds	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
information	NN
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
phrased	VBN
to	TO
dissuade	VB
the	DT
student	NN
from	IN
a	DT
difficult	JJ
course	NN
.	.
Individuals	NNS
whose	WP$
autonomy	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
respected	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
employment	NN
professional	NN
will	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
with	IN
valid	JJ
and	CC
complete	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
and	CC
position	NN
,	,
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
time	NN
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
decision	NN
about	IN
an	DT
offer	NN
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
spot	NN
offers	VBZ
requiring	VBG
quick	JJ
decisions	NNS
,	,
signing	VBG
bonuses	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
revoked	VBN
quickly	RB
if	IN
the	DT
offer	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
accepted	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
tight	JJ
timeline	NN
,	,
and	CC
arbitrarily	RB
long	JJ
delays	NNS
in	IN
letting	VBG
the	DT
student	NN
know	VBP
about	IN
the	DT
outcome	NN
of	IN
an	DT
interview	NN
,	,
violate	VBP
the	DT
spirit	NN
of	IN
this	DT
principle	NN
.	.
An	DT
organization	NN
employing	VBG
interns	NNS
makes	VBZ
an	DT
offer	NN
to	TO
an	DT
exceptional	JJ
rising	VBG
senior	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
summer	NN
.	.
The	DT
offer	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
full-time	JJ
position	NN
effective	JJ
immediately	RB
following	VBG
graduation	NN
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
is	VBZ
desperate	JJ
for	IN
students	NNS
with	IN
this	DT
background	NN
,	,
a	DT
generous	JJ
signing	NN
bonus	NN
is	VBZ
included	VBN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
employer	NN
stipulates	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
student	NN
must	MD
give	VB
an	DT
answer	NN
before	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
September	NNP
,	,
at	IN
which	WDT
time	NN
the	DT
bonus	NN
and	CC
offer	NN
will	MD
be	VB
withdrawn	VBN
.	.
Employment	NNP
Agencies\/Organizations	NNPS
that	IN
list	NN
positions	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
client	NN
organizations	NNS
and	CC
receive	VBP
payment	NN
when	WRB
a	DT
referred	VBN
candidate	NN
is	VBZ
hired	VBN
.	.
The	DT
fee	NN
for	IN
listing	VBG
a	DT
position	NN
is	VBZ
paid	VBN
either	RB
by	IN
the	DT
firm	NN
listing	VBG
the	DT
opening	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
fee	NN
paid	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
by	IN
the	DT
candidate	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
hired	VBN
.	.
These	DT
are	VBP
organizations	NNS
that	WDT
contract	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
individuals	NNS
qualified	VBN
to	TO
perform	VB
specific	JJ
tasks	NNS
or	CC
complete	JJ
specific	JJ
projects	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
client	NN
organization	NN
.	.
Individuals	NNS
perform	VBP
work	NN
at	IN
the	DT
client	NN
organization	NN
,	,
but	CC
are	VBP
employed	VBN
and	CC
paid	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
agency	NN
.	.
B.	NNP
Unwanted	NNP
intrusion	NN
or	CC
disclosure	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
facts	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
or	CC
a	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
C.	NNP
No	NNP
compelling	JJ
reason	NN
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
D.	NNP
Specific	JJ
areas	NNS
are	VBP
prohibited	VBN
from	IN
disclosure	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
medical	JJ
information	NN
,	,
age	NN
,	,
race	NN
,	,
national	JJ
origin	NN
,	,
marital	JJ
status	NN
,	,
sex	NN
,	,
religion	NN
,	,
and	CC
disability	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
Center	NNP
to	TO
release	VB
information	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
my	PRP$
placement	NN
file	NN
to	TO
employers	NNS
,	,
educational	JJ
institutions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
foundations	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
assisting	VBG
me	PRP
in	IN
obtaining	VBG
employment	NN
,	,
admission	NN
to	TO
graduate	JJ
school	NN
,	,
fellowships	NNS
,	,
and\/or	CC
scholarships	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
doubt	NN
from	IN
the	DT
responses	NNS
that	WDT
electronic	JJ
recruiting	NN
is	VBZ
very	RB
important	JJ
to	TO
employers	NNS
.	.
Sixty-seven	CD
percent	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
67	CD
percent	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
employers	NNS
reported	VBD
that	IN
electronic	JJ
recruiting	NN
was	VBD
very	RB
important	JJ
in	IN
their	PRP$
overall	JJ
recruiting	NN
strategy	NN
,	,
and	CC
another	DT
28	CD
percent	NN
reported	VBD
it	PRP
was	VBD
somewhat	RB
important	JJ
.	.
National	NNP
recruiters	NNS
rated	VBD
the	DT
overall	JJ
importance	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
recruiting	NN
higher	JJR
than	IN
local	JJ
recruiters	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
74	CD
percent	NN
vs.	IN
58	CD
percent	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Overall	RB
,	,
electronic	JJ
recruiting	NN
was	VBD
most	RBS
important	JJ
in	IN
``	``
Providing	VBG
listings	NNS
of	IN
current	JJ
job	NN
openings	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
are	VBP
actively	RB
recruiting	VBG
,	,
''	''
with	IN
81	CD
percent	NN
reporting	NN
this	DT
aspect	NN
was	VBD
very	RB
important	JJ
.	.
This	DT
was	VBD
the	DT
most	RBS
frequently	RB
mentioned	VBN
aspect	NN
,	,
and	CC
was	VBD
selected	VBN
by	IN
41	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
all	DT
recruiters	NNS
:	:
41	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
national	JJ
recruiters	NNS
and	CC
58	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
recruiters	NNS
as	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
two	CD
aspects	NNS
where	WRB
they	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
most	RBS
successful	JJ
.	.
Two	CD
other	JJ
aspects	NNS
most	RBS
frequently	RB
mentioned	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
total	JJ
group	NN
were	VBD
``	``
Creating	VBG
an	DT
overall	JJ
recruiting	NN
brand	NN
to	TO
convey	VB
a	DT
positive	JJ
image	NN
to	TO
potential	JJ
candidates	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
33	CD
percent	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
''	''
and	CC
``	``
Providing	VBG
background	NN
information	NN
on	IN
your	PRP$
organization	NN
to	TO
potential	JJ
candidates	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
32	CD
percent	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
''	''
There	EX
were	VBD
also	RB
some	DT
clear	JJ
differences	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
and	CC
local	JJ
recruiters	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
success	NN
in	IN
three	CD
other	JJ
aspects	NNS
listed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
survey	NN
.	.
Twenty-six	CD
percent	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
26	CD
percent	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
recruiters	NNS
reported	VBD
most	RBS
success	NN
in	IN
``	``
Creating	VBG
an	DT
overall	JJ
recruiting	NN
brand	NN
to	TO
convey	VB
a	DT
positive	JJ
image	NN
to	TO
potential	JJ
candidates	NNS
''	''
compared	VBN
to	TO
54	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
recruiters	NNS
.	.
Twenty-seven	CD
percent	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
27	CD
percent	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
recruiters	NNS
selected	VBN
``	``
On-line	JJ
application	NN
for	IN
positions	NNS
currently	RB
available	JJ
''	''
compared	VBN
to	TO
only	RB
15	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
recruiters	NNS
.	.
``	``
Our	PRP$
online	JJ
platform	NN
allows	VBZ
job	NN
seekers	NNS
to	TO
search	VB
and	CC
apply	VB
for	IN
positions	NNS
that	IN
interest	NN
them	PRP
,	,
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
posting	VBG
their	PRP$
resume	VB
to	TO
a	DT
general	JJ
pool	NN
that	IN
recruiters	NNS
can	MD
use	VB
to	TO
search	VB
for	IN
additional	JJ
candidates	NNS
.	.
The	DT
system	NN
is	VBZ
revolutionary	JJ
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
applicant	NN
tracking	NN
,	,
as	IN
seekers	NNS
enter	VBP
all	DT
information	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
scanned	VBN
or	CC
manually	RB
entered	VBN
before	IN
.	.
Though	IN
we	PRP
still	RB
struggle	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
usability	NN
of	IN
the	DT
platform	NN
,	,
which	WDT
we	PRP
feel	VBP
can	MD
sometimes	RB
negatively	RB
impact	VB
a	DT
seekers	NNS
impression	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
employer	NN
brand	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
Several	JJ
of	IN
these	DT
areas	NNS
are	VBP
growing	VBG
in	IN
importance	NN
,	,
but	CC
we	PRP
have	VBP
not	RB
yet	RB
incorporated	VBN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
improvements	NNS
into	IN
our	PRP$
design	NN
.	.
Those	DT
items	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
checked	VBN
are	VBP
things	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
more	RBR
firmly	RB
established	VBN
in	IN
our	PRP$
current	JJ
processes	NNS
.	.
Branding	NN
is	VBZ
consistent	JJ
throughout	IN
our	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
printed	VBN
materials	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
presentations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
our	PRP$
data	NNS
base	NN
is	VBZ
growing	VBG
with	IN
potential	JJ
candidates	NNS
,	,
although	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
yet	RB
screened	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
point	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
might	MD
like	VB
to	TO
screen	VB
them	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
Part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
brand	NN
experience	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
interview	VB
quickly	RB
and	CC
get	VB
them	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
applicants	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
a	DT
response	NN
back	RB
in	IN
24	CD
hours	NNS
.	.
Brand	NN
is	VBZ
more	JJR
than	IN
just	RB
the	DT
appearance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
but	CC
the	DT
experience	NN
the	DT
applicant	NN
has	VBZ
with	IN
our	PRP$
company	NN
.	.
We	PRP
still	RB
want	VBP
them	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
customer	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
key	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
specific	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
job	NN
descriptions	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
respectful	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
candidates	NNS
'	POS
time	NN
and	CC
our	PRP$
time	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
Students	NNS
have	VBP
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
see	VB
and	CC
better	JJR
understand	VBP
what	WP
-LRB-	-LRB-
our	PRP$
organization	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
all	DT
about	RB
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
get	VBP
a	DT
chance	NN
to	TO
view	VB
many	JJ
students	NNS
'	POS
resumes	NNS
.	.
None	NN
of	IN
this	DT
however	RB
,	,
can	MD
replace	VB
the	DT
benefit	NN
of	IN
one-on-one	JJ
discussions\/interviews	NNS
and	CC
follow-up	JJ
.	.
''	''
``	``
We	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
marketing	NN
department	NN
that	WDT
creates	VBZ
all	DT
sorts	NNS
of	IN
positive	JJ
external	JJ
marketing	NN
materials	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
devoted	VBN
to	TO
maintaining	VBG
a	DT
high	JJ
profile	NN
at	IN
the	DT
college	NN
and	CC
university	NN
levels	NNS
and	CC
are	VBP
very	RB
visible	JJ
at	IN
all	DT
school	NN
functions	NNS
.	.
''	''
``	``
We	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
our	PRP$
own	JJ
electronic	JJ
application	NN
at	IN
this	DT
point	NN
but	CC
we	PRP
have	VBP
used	VBN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
systems	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
our	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
to	TO
provide	VB
an	DT
overview	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
company	NN
and	CC
our	PRP$
typical	JJ
college-related	JJ
programs	NNS
.	.
''	''
``	``
Although	IN
communicating	VBG
with	IN
current	JJ
applicants	NNS
is	VBZ
important	JJ
,	,
that	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
part	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
recruitment	NN
unit	NN
responsibilities	NNS
.	.
Communicating	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
actual	JJ
applicants	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
process	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
responsibility	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
pre-employment	JJ
unit	NN
.	.
''	''
Informing	VBG
qualified	VBN
applicants	NNS
who	WP
were	VBD
not	RB
selected	VBN
that	IN
although	IN
the	DT
position	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
applied	VBD
has	VBZ
been	VBN
filled	VBN
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
apply	VB
for	IN
other	JJ
positions	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
29	CD
percent	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
''	''
and	CC
``	``
Creating	VBG
an	DT
overall	JJ
recruiting	NN
brand	NN
to	TO
convey	VB
a	DT
positive	JJ
image	NN
to	TO
potential	JJ
candidates	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
28	CD
percent	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
''	''
Again	RB
,	,
there	EX
were	VBD
clear	JJ
differences	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
responses	NNS
of	IN
national	JJ
vs.	NN
local	JJ
recruiters	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
most	RBS
difficulty	NN
.	.
Thirty-six	CD
percent	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
36	CD
percent	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
recruiters	NNS
vs.	IN
23	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
recruiters	NNS
reported	VBD
they	PRP
had	VBD
encountered	VBN
the	DT
most	RBS
difficulty	NN
in	IN
``	``
Creating	VBG
an	DT
overall	JJ
recruiting	NN
brand	NN
to	TO
convey	VB
a	DT
positive	JJ
image	NN
to	TO
potential	JJ
candidates	NNS
.	.
''	''
Thirty-four	CD
percent	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
34	CD
percent	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
recruiters	NNS
vs.	IN
46	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
recruiters	NNS
reported	VBD
they	PRP
had	VBD
encountered	VBN
the	DT
most	RBS
difficulty	NN
in	IN
``	``
Creating	VBG
an	DT
applicant	NN
database	NN
for	IN
future	JJ
openings	NNS
within	IN
your	PRP$
organization	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
Our	PRP$
use	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
is	VBZ
focused	VBN
on	IN
our	PRP$
high-volume	JJ
recruiting	NN
functions	NNS
,	,
but	CC
because	IN
the	DT
process	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
used	VBN
consistently	RB
throughout	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
useful	JJ
for	IN
complete	JJ
applicant	NN
tracking	NN
.	.
``	``
The	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
data	NN
base	NN
proved	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
more	RBR
difficult	JJ
than	IN
originally	RB
thought	VBN
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
contents	NNS
become	VBP
``	``
stale	JJ
''	''
so	RB
quickly	RB
and	CC
turn	VB
over	RP
so	RB
rapidly	RB
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
many	JJ
different	JJ
units	NNS
,	,
applicants	NNS
sometime	RB
become	VBP
lost	VBN
between	IN
units	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
able	JJ
to	TO
correct	VB
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
problems	NNS
.	.
''	''
``	``
Because	IN
we	PRP
have	VBP
such	JJ
a	DT
high	JJ
volume	NN
of	IN
applicants	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
personally	RB
communicate	VB
with	IN
each	DT
candidate	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
we	PRP
send	VBP
out	RP
either	CC
an	DT
email	NN
or	CC
mailed	VBN
acknowledgement	NN
to	TO
each	DT
applicant	NN
which	WDT
explains	VBZ
the	DT
employment	NN
process	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
Effective	JJ
and	CC
timely	JJ
screening	NN
of	IN
candidates	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
electronically	RB
submitted	VBN
applications	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
28	CD
responses	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
''	''
and	CC
``	``
Developing	VBG
approaches	NNS
that	WDT
use	VBP
recruiting	VBG
technology	NN
to	TO
personalize	VB
rather	RB
than	IN
depersonalize	VB
the	DT
process	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
27	CD
responses	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
''	''
Candidate	NN
must	MD
be	VB
employed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
field	NN
at	IN
a	DT
NACE	NNP
member	NN
organization	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
elected	VBN
,	,
candidate	NN
working	NN
at	IN
an	DT
organization	NN
that	WDT
does	VBZ
not	RB
hold	VB
NACE	NNP
membership	NN
will	MD
be	VB
expected	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
his\/her	JJ
organization	NN
join	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Please	UH
Note	VB
:	:
We	PRP
recommend	VBP
that	IN
before	IN
you	PRP
accept	VBP
the	DT
nomination	NN
for	IN
an	DT
officer	NN
position	NN
,	,
you	PRP
seek	VBP
a	DT
commitment	NN
from	IN
your	PRP$
employer	NN
for	IN
the	DT
time	NN
required	VBN
to	TO
fulfill	VB
the	DT
responsibilities	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
NACE	NNP
officer	NN
.	.
The	DT
NACE	NNP
Directors	NNS
serve	VBP
a	DT
three-year	JJ
term	NN
,	,
beginning	VBG
on	IN
July	NNP
1	CD
and	CC
ending	VBG
June	NNP
30	CD
,	,
three	CD
years	NNS
later	RB
.	.
Employer	NN
and	CC
college	NN
members	NNS
serve	VBP
in	IN
these	DT
roles	NNS
on	IN
an	DT
alternating	VBG
basis	NN
so	IN
that	IN
NACE	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
balanced	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
college	NN
and	CC
employer	NN
members	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
.	.
Directors	NNS
and	CC
officers	NNS
will	MD
serve	VB
on	IN
committees	NNS
,	,
task	NN
forces	NNS
and	CC
action	NN
teams	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
will	MD
serve	VB
as	IN
Board	NNP
liaisons	NNS
to	TO
these	DT
groups	NNS
and	CC
share	NN
information	NN
as	IN
appropriate	JJ
.	.
Meetings	NNS
occur	VBP
most	RBS
often	RB
via	IN
conference	NN
calls	NNS
.	.
Directors	NNS
may	MD
spend	VB
several	JJ
hours	NNS
on	IN
conference	NN
calls	VBZ
throughout	IN
their	PRP$
tenure	NN
.	.
The	DT
use	NN
of	IN
professional	JJ
standards	NNS
in	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
to	TO
facilitate	VB
excellence	NN
in	IN
the	DT
creation	NN
,	,
maintenance	NN
,	,
and	CC
delivery	NN
of	IN
programs	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
.	.
Professionally	RB
derived	VBN
standards	NNS
,	,
representing	VBG
the	DT
perspectives	NNS
of	IN
diverse	JJ
practitioners	NNS
,	,
and	CC
promulgated	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
aegis	NN
of	IN
a	DT
professional	JJ
association	NN
,	,
provide	VBP
an	DT
exceptional	JJ
opportunity	NN
for	IN
practitioners	NNS
to	TO
engage	VB
in	IN
processes	NNS
of	IN
self-assessment	NN
and	CC
self-regulation	NN
that	WDT
are	VBP
internally	RB
motivated	VBN
and	CC
directed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Professional	NNP
Standards	NNP
for	IN
College	NNP
and	CC
University	NNP
Career	NNP
Services	NNP
was	VBD
written	VBN
broadly	RB
to	TO
reflect	VB
variations	NNS
in	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
provided	VBN
by	IN
individual	JJ
colleges	NNS
and	CC
universities	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
standards	NNS
may	MD
apply	VB
to	TO
several	JJ
functional	JJ
areas	NNS
within	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
;	:
overlap	VB
does	VBZ
exist	VB
.	.
Not	RB
every	DT
standard	NN
will	MD
apply	VB
to	TO
every	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
or	CC
school	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
their	PRP$
use	NN
should	MD
be	VB
interpreted	VBN
according	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
circumstances	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
institution	NN
.	.
The	DT
standards	NNS
pertain	VB
to	TO
programs	NNS
,	,
not	RB
staff	NN
members	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
reflect	VBP
dimensions	NNS
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
that	WDT
affect	VBP
program	NN
performance	NN
and	CC
quality	NN
.	.
To	TO
localize	VB
the	DT
standards	NNS
,	,
individual	JJ
institutions	NNS
and	CC
career	NN
services	NNS
offices	NNS
should	MD
provide	VB
examples	NNS
of	IN
how	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
meeting	VBG
or	CC
not	RB
meeting	VBG
each	DT
applicable	JJ
standard	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
supports	VBZ
the	DT
mission	NN
,	,
academic	JJ
programs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
advancement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
.	.
Within	IN
this	DT
context	NN
,	,
the	DT
primary	JJ
purpose	NN
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
assist	VB
students	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
designated	VBN
clients	NNS
in	IN
developing	VBG
,	,
evaluating	VBG
,	,
and\/or	CC
implementing	VBG
career	NN
,	,
education	NN
,	,
and	CC
employment	NN
decisions	NNS
and	CC
plans	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
considers	VBZ
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
students	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
when	WRB
designing	VBG
the	DT
program	NN
and	CC
delivering	VBG
services	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
career	NN
issues	NNS
are	VBP
addressed	VBN
by	IN
different	JJ
units	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
,	,
career	NN
services	NNS
provides	VBZ
linkages	NNS
and\/or	CC
coordination	NN
among	IN
career-related	JJ
programs	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
where	WRB
appropriate	JJ
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
works	VBZ
collaboratively	RB
with	IN
academic	JJ
divisions	NNS
,	,
departments	NNS
,	,
individual	JJ
faculty	NN
members	NNS
,	,
student	NN
services	NNS
,	,
employers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
relevant	JJ
constituencies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
to	TO
enhance	VB
students	NNS
?	.
career	NN
development	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
provides	VBZ
resources	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
students	NNS
assess	VB
and	CC
relate	VB
their	PRP$
interests	NNS
,	,
competencies	NNS
,	,
needs	VBZ
,	,
expectations	NNS
,	,
education	NN
,	,
experience	NN
,	,
personal	JJ
background	NN
,	,
and	CC
desired	VBN
lifestyle	NN
to	TO
the	DT
employment	NN
market	NN
Career	NNP
services	NNS
provides	VBZ
information	NN
on	IN
current	JJ
and	CC
projected	VBD
employment	NN
opportunities	NNS
and	CC
on	IN
employers	NNS
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
candidates	NNS
have	VBP
the	DT
widest	JJS
possible	JJ
choices	NNS
of	IN
employment	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
information	NN
facilities	NNS
are	VBP
staffed	VBN
with	IN
persons	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
counseling	NN
,	,
advising	VBG
,	,
and	CC
information	NN
technology	NN
competencies	NNS
to	TO
assist	VB
students	NNS
in	IN
accessing	VBG
and	CC
using	VBG
career	NN
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
institution	NN
provides	VBZ
experiential	JJ
education	NN
programs	NNS
that	WDT
include	VBP
student	NN
employment	NN
and\/or	CC
cooperative	JJ
education	NN
,	,
work-based	JJ
learning	NN
,	,
apprenticeships	NNS
,	,
internships	NNS
,	,
volunteer	NN
jobs	NNS
,	,
service	NN
learning	NN
,	,
and	CC
shadowing	VBG
experiences	NNS
.	.
Experiential	JJ
education	NN
programs	NNS
help	VBP
students	NNS
obtain	VB
career-related	JJ
experiences	NNS
with	IN
organizations	NNS
that	WDT
provide	VBP
adequate	JJ
supervision	NN
and	CC
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
students	NNS
to	TO
reflect	VB
upon	IN
their	PRP$
learning	NN
and	CC
career	NN
development	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
leaders	NNS
develop	VBP
a	DT
mission	NN
statement	NN
,	,
program	NN
goals	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
,	,
and	CC
strategic	JJ
and	CC
operational	JJ
plans	NNS
for	IN
fulfilling	VBG
the	DT
mission	NN
and	CC
goals	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
Goals	NNS
are	VBP
reviewed	VBN
and	CC
updated	VBN
annually	RB
and	CC
communicated	VBN
,	,
as	IN
appropriate	JJ
,	,
to	TO
administrators	NNS
,	,
faculty	NN
,	,
staff	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
appropriate	JJ
institutional	JJ
constituencies	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
staff	NN
conduct	NN
regular	JJ
program	NN
evaluations	NNS
to	TO
improve	VB
operations	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
adjust	VB
to	TO
changing	VBG
client	NN
needs	NNS
and	CC
environmental	JJ
threats	NNS
and	CC
opportunities	NNS
.	.
Evidence	NN
of	IN
appropriate	JJ
structure	NN
could	MD
include	VB
current	JJ
and	CC
accessible	JJ
policies	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
;	:
written	VBN
job	NN
descriptions	NNS
and	CC
regular	JJ
performance	NN
reviews	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
employees	NNS
;	:
functional	JJ
workflow	NN
or	CC
organizational	JJ
charts	NNS
;	:
facilities	NNS
appropriate	JJ
for	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
functions	NNS
;	:
and	CC
defined	VBD
service	NN
standards	NNS
.	.
Evidence	NN
of	IN
effective	JJ
management	NN
includes	VBZ
strategic	JJ
and	CC
operational	JJ
planning	NN
processes	NNS
;	:
clearly	RB
defined	VBN
areas	NNS
of	IN
responsibility	NN
;	:
effective	JJ
communication	NN
practices	NNS
;	:
decision-making	JJ
and	CC
conflict	NN
resolution	NN
procedures	NNS
;	:
accountability	NN
systems	NNS
;	:
sound	JJ
fiscal	JJ
management	NN
practices	NNS
;	:
and	CC
proof	NN
of	IN
continuous	JJ
improvement	NN
.	.
Reviews	NNS
of	IN
policies	NNS
,	,
procedures	NNS
,	,
and	CC
budgetary	JJ
issues	NNS
should	MD
occur	VB
on	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
leaders	NNS
coordinate	VBP
efforts	NNS
with	IN
other	JJ
career	NN
services	NNS
providers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
to	TO
integrate	VB
career	NN
services	NNS
into	IN
the	DT
broader	JJR
educational	JJ
mission	NN
.	.
Key	NNP
constituencies	NNS
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
are	VBP
identified	VBN
and	CC
their	PRP$
needs	NNS
reflected	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
mission	NN
and	CC
goals	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
unit	NN
.	.
Priorities	NNS
for	IN
services	NNS
are	VBP
defined	VBN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
leaders	NNS
are	VBP
advocates	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
advancement	NN
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
.	.
The	DT
external	JJ
and	CC
internal	JJ
organization	NN
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
its	PRP$
place	NN
within	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
,	,
supports	VBZ
its	PRP$
mission	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
is	VBZ
structured	VBN
to	TO
ensure	VB
effective	JJ
functioning	NN
of	IN
student	NN
services	NNS
.	.
The	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
function	NN
is	VBZ
organized	VBN
to	TO
develop	VB
positive	JJ
relationships	NNS
with	IN
students	NNS
;	:
academic	JJ
,	,
administrative	JJ
,	,
and	CC
student	NN
affairs	NNS
colleagues	NNS
;	:
employers	NNS
;	:
and	CC
alumni	NNS
.	.
The	DT
internal	JJ
organization	NN
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
is	VBZ
clearly	RB
defined	VBN
through	IN
an	DT
organizational	JJ
chart	NN
.	.
Staff	NNP
titles	NNS
,	,
roles	NNS
,	,
and	CC
reporting	VBG
lines	NNS
support	VB
the	DT
efficient	JJ
and	CC
effective	JJ
delivery	NN
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
programs	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
has	VBZ
an	DT
adequate	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
qualified	VBN
professional	JJ
and	CC
support	NN
staff	NN
to	TO
fulfill	VB
its	PRP$
mission	NN
and	CC
functions	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
embraces	VBZ
fair	JJ
employment	NN
practices	NNS
and	CC
is	VBZ
proactive	JJ
in	IN
attracting	VBG
and	CC
retaining	VBG
a	DT
diverse	JJ
staff	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
has	VBZ
instituted	VBN
hiring	VBG
and	CC
promotion	NN
practices	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
fair	JJ
,	,
inclusive	JJ
,	,
and	CC
nondiscriminatory	JJ
.	.
Programs	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
employ	VBP
a	DT
diverse	JJ
staff	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
readily	RB
identifiable	JJ
role	NN
models	NNS
for	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
enrich	VB
the	DT
campus	NN
community	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
is	VBZ
staffed	VBN
by	IN
persons	NNS
who	WP
,	,
in	IN
combination	NN
,	,
provide	VBP
the	DT
core	NN
competencies	NNS
to	TO
perform	VB
primary	JJ
program	NN
functions	NNS
effectively	RB
.	.
Primary	JJ
program	NN
functions	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
related	JJ
core	NN
competencies	NNS
and	CC
knowledge	NN
domains	NNS
are	VBP
defined	VBN
below	IN
.	.
Needs	NNS
assessment	NN
and	CC
satisfaction	NN
measures	NNS
;	:
program	NN
design	NN
,	,
implementation	NN
,	,
and	CC
evaluation	NN
;	:
strategic	JJ
and	CC
operational	JJ
planning	NN
;	:
program	NN
integration	NN
and	CC
integrity	NN
;	:
staffing	NN
;	:
staff	NN
development	NN
and	CC
supervision	NN
;	:
budget	NN
planning	NN
and	CC
administration	NN
;	:
political	JJ
sensitivity	NN
and	CC
negotiation	NN
skills	NNS
;	:
synthesize	VB
,	,
interpret	VB
,	,
and	CC
report	NN
current	JJ
and	CC
longitudinal	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Systems	NNP
theory	NN
;	:
organizational	JJ
development	NN
;	:
research	NN
design	NN
;	:
statistics	NNS
;	:
accounting	NN
and	CC
budgeting	NN
procedures	NNS
;	:
revenue	NN
generation	NN
;	:
principles	NNS
;	:
purchasing	VBG
;	:
staff	NN
selection	NN
;	:
supervision	NN
;	:
performance	NN
appraisals	NNS
;	:
management	NN
of	IN
information	NN
systems	NNS
;	:
customer	NN
service	NN
;	:
marketing	NN
.	.
Identification	NN
of	IN
relevant	JJ
and	CC
desirable	JJ
student	NN
learning	NN
and	CC
development	NN
outcomes	NNS
;	:
outcome-oriented	JJ
programming	NN
;	:
research-based	JJ
evidence	NN
of	IN
program	NN
impact	NN
on	IN
student	NN
learning	NN
and	CC
development	NN
outcomes	NNS
.	.
Needs	NNS
assessment	NN
and	CC
diagnosis	NN
;	:
intervention	NN
design	NN
and	CC
implementation	NN
;	:
test	NN
administration	NN
and	CC
interpretation	NN
;	:
counseling	NN
;	:
feedback	NN
;	:
evaluation	NN
;	:
advising	VBG
;	:
empathy	NN
and	CC
interpersonal	JJ
sensitivity	NN
;	:
work	NN
with	IN
individuals	NNS
and	CC
groups	NNS
;	:
use	NN
of	IN
career	NN
,	,
occupational	JJ
,	,
and	CC
employment	NN
information	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
development	NN
theories	NNS
;	:
adult	NN
development	NN
theory	NN
and	CC
unique	JJ
issues	NNS
for	IN
special	JJ
populations	NNS
;	:
statistics	NNS
;	:
counseling	NN
processes	NNS
;	:
evaluation	NN
of	IN
person-job	JJ
fit	NN
;	:
job	NN
analysis	NN
;	:
career	NN
decision	NN
making	VBG
;	:
behavior	NN
management	NN
;	:
job	NN
search	NN
,	,
interviews	NNS
,	,
and	CC
resumes	VBZ
.	.
Needs	NNS
assessment	NN
;	:
program\/workshop	JJ
design	NN
and	CC
delivery	NN
;	:
researching	VBG
,	,
evaluating	VBG
,	,
and	CC
integrating	VBG
information	NN
;	:
effective	JJ
teaching	NN
strategies	NNS
;	:
career	NN
coaching	NN
;	:
career	NN
mentoring	VBG
;	:
work	NN
with	IN
individuals	NNS
and	CC
groups	NNS
;	:
work	NN
with	IN
diverse	JJ
populations	NNS
;	:
use	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
for	IN
delivery	NN
of	IN
content	NN
.	.
Needs	NNS
assessment	NN
and	CC
goal	NN
setting	NN
;	:
written	VBN
and	CC
interpersonal	JJ
communication	NN
;	:
public	JJ
speaking	NN
;	:
domestic	JJ
and	CC
international	JJ
job	NN
and	CC
experiential	JJ
learning	NN
opportunity	NN
development	NN
;	:
relationship	NN
development	NN
and	CC
management	NN
;	:
effective	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
print	NN
,	,
web	NN
,	,
personal	JJ
presentation	NN
methods	NNS
;	:
sales	NNS
and	CC
closing	VBG
techniques	NNS
;	:
development\/fundraising	VBG
strategies	NNS
;	:
marketing	NN
principles\/strategies	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
engage	VBP
in	IN
continuing	VBG
professional	JJ
development	NN
activities	NNS
to	TO
keep	VB
abreast	RB
of	IN
the	DT
research	NN
,	,
theories	NNS
,	,
legislation	NN
,	,
policies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
developments	NNS
that	WDT
affect	VBP
career	NN
services	NNS
.	.
Staff	NNP
training	NN
and	CC
development	NN
is	VBZ
ongoing	JJ
to	TO
promote	VB
knowledge	NN
and	CC
skill	NN
development	NN
across	IN
program	NN
components	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
leaders	NNS
at	IN
various	JJ
levels	NNS
are	VBP
selected	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
formal	JJ
education	NN
and	CC
training	NN
,	,
relevant	JJ
work	NN
experience	NN
,	,
personal	JJ
skills	NNS
and	CC
competencies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
relevant	JJ
professional	JJ
credentials	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
leaders	NNS
also	RB
demonstrate	VBP
potential	JJ
for	IN
promoting	VBG
learning	NN
and	CC
development	NN
in	IN
students	NNS
,	,
applying	VBG
effective	JJ
practices	NNS
to	TO
educational	JJ
processes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
enhancing	VBG
institutional	JJ
effectiveness	NN
.	.
If	IN
career	NN
components	NNS
are	VBP
offered	VBN
through	IN
multiple	JJ
units	NNS
,	,
the	DT
institution	NN
designates	VBZ
a	DT
leader	NN
or	CC
leadership	NN
team	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
strategic	JJ
direction	NN
and	CC
align	VB
career	NN
services	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
mission	NN
of	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
and	CC
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
constituencies	NNS
served	VBD
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
leaders	NNS
coordinate	VBP
efforts	NNS
with	IN
other	JJ
units	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
providing	VBG
career	NN
components	NNS
to	TO
integrate	VB
career	NN
services	NNS
into	IN
the	DT
broader	JJR
educational	JJ
mission	NN
.	.
Key	NNP
constituencies	NNS
served	VBD
by	IN
each	DT
unit	NN
are	VBP
clearly	RB
identified	VBN
and	CC
reflected	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
mission	NN
and	CC
goals	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
unit	NN
.	.
Careers	NNS
services	NNS
leaders	NNS
are	VBP
advocates	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
advancement	NN
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
leaders	NNS
participate	VB
in	IN
institutional	JJ
decisions	NNS
about	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
objectives	NNS
and	CC
policies	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
leaders	NNS
participate	VB
in	IN
institutional	JJ
decisions	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
identification	NN
and	CC
designation	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
others	NNS
served	VBD
.	.
Decisions	NNS
about	IN
students	NNS
served	VBD
include	VBP
type	NN
and	CC
scope	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
offered	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
fees	NNS
,	,
if	IN
any	DT
,	,
that	WDT
are	VBP
charged	VBN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professional	JJ
staff	NN
members	NNS
hold	VBP
an	DT
earned	VBN
graduate	NN
degree	NN
in	IN
a	DT
field	NN
relevant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
position	NN
they	PRP
hold	VBP
or	CC
possess	VBP
an	DT
appropriate	JJ
combination	NN
of	IN
educational	JJ
credentials	NNS
and	CC
related	JJ
work	NN
experience	NN
.	.
Professional	NNP
staff	NN
members	NNS
have	VBP
the	DT
requisite	JJ
qualifications	NNS
and	CC
competencies	NNS
to	TO
perform	VB
effectively	RB
in	IN
their	PRP$
defined	VBN
roles	NNS
with	IN
students	NNS
,	,
alumni	NNS
,	,
faculty	NN
,	,
administrators	NNS
,	,
and	CC
employers	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
in	IN
highly	RB
specialized	VBN
functions	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
career	NN
and	CC
employment	NN
counseling	NN
,	,
employment	NN
opportunities	NNS
,	,
cooperative	JJ
education	NN
,	,
internships	NNS
,	,
work-study	NN
,	,
graduate	JJ
school	NN
advising	VBG
,	,
computer	NN
technology	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
Paraprofessionals	NNS
,	,
interns	NNS
,	,
and	CC
graduate	NN
assistants	NNS
are	VBP
carefully	RB
selected	VBN
,	,
trained	VBN
in	IN
helping	VBG
skills	NNS
and	CC
institutional	JJ
procedures	NNS
,	,
closely	RB
supervised	VBN
,	,
and	CC
evaluated	VBD
regularly	RB
.	.
Degree	NN
or	CC
credential-seeking	JJ
interns	NNS
are	VBP
qualified	VBN
by	IN
enrollment	NN
in	IN
an	DT
appropriate	JJ
field	NN
of	IN
study	NN
and	CC
by	IN
relevant	JJ
experience	NN
.	.
Student	NN
employees	NNS
and	CC
volunteers	NNS
are	VBP
carefully	RB
selected	VBN
,	,
trained	VBN
,	,
supervised	VBN
,	,
and	CC
evaluated	VBD
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
trained	VBN
in	IN
how	WRB
and	CC
when	WRB
to	TO
refer	VB
those	DT
in	IN
need	NN
of	IN
assistance	NN
to	TO
qualified	VBN
staff	NN
members	NNS
and	CC
have	VBP
access	NN
to	TO
a	DT
supervisor	NN
for	IN
assistance	NN
in	IN
making	VBG
these	DT
judgments	NNS
.	.
Student	NN
employees	NNS
and	CC
volunteers	NNS
are	VBP
provided	VBN
with	IN
clear	JJ
and	CC
precise	JJ
job	NN
descriptions	NNS
,	,
preservice	NN
training	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
assessed	VBN
needs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
continuing	VBG
staff	NN
development	NN
.	.
Training	NN
includes	VBZ
customer	NN
service	NN
,	,
program	NN
procedures	NNS
,	,
and	CC
information	NN
and	CC
resource	NN
utilization	NN
.	.
Each	DT
organizational	JJ
unit	NN
has	VBZ
adequate	JJ
administrative	JJ
and	CC
technical	JJ
staff	NN
adequate	JJ
to	TO
accomplish	VB
its	PRP$
mission	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
staff	NN
are	VBP
technologically	RB
proficient	JJ
and	CC
qualified	VBN
to	TO
perform	VB
their	PRP$
duties	NNS
,	,
knowledgeable	JJ
of	IN
ethical	JJ
and	CC
legal	JJ
uses	NNS
of	IN
technology	NN
,	,
and	CC
have	VBP
access	NN
to	TO
training	NN
.	.
The	DT
level	NN
of	IN
staffing	NN
and	CC
workloads	NNS
are	VBP
adequate	JJ
and	CC
appropriate	JJ
for	IN
program	NN
and	CC
service	NN
demands	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
has	VBZ
adequate	JJ
facilities	NNS
and	CC
equipment	NN
to	TO
fulfill	VB
its	PRP$
mission	NN
and	CC
to	TO
perform	VB
its	PRP$
functions	NNS
effectively	RB
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
has	VBZ
private	JJ
offices	NNS
for	IN
professional	JJ
staff	NN
to	TO
permit	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
perform	VB
career	NN
advising\/counseling	VBG
or	CC
other	JJ
confidential	JJ
work	NN
;	:
support	NN
staff	NN
work	NN
areas	NNS
;	:
reception	NN
and	CC
student	NN
waiting	VBG
area	NN
;	:
career	NN
resource	NN
center	NN
;	:
storage	NN
space	NN
sufficient	JJ
to	TO
accommodate	VB
supplies	NNS
and	CC
equipment	NN
;	:
and	CC
necessary	JJ
office	NN
equipment	NN
,	,
including	VBG
computers	NNS
for	IN
staff	NN
and	CC
student	NN
usage	NN
.	.
The	DT
facility	NN
has	VBZ
Internet	NNP
connectivity	NN
and	CC
access	NN
to	TO
conference	NN
rooms	NNS
and	CC
large	JJ
group	NN
meeting	NN
rooms	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
an	DT
appropriate	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
to	TO
support	VB
service	NN
delivery	NN
.	.
Sufficient	JJ
information	NN
technology	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
for	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
staff	NN
to	TO
support	VB
career	NN
services	NNS
functions	NNS
.	.
Equipment	NNP
and	CC
facilities	NNS
are	VBP
secured	VBN
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
confidentiality	NN
and	CC
safety	NN
of	IN
records	NNS
.	.
Facilities	NNP
are	VBP
accessible	JJ
to	TO
persons	NNS
with	IN
disabilities	NNS
and	CC
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Americans	NNPS
With	IN
Disabilities	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ADA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Accommodations	NNS
for	IN
students	NNS
with	IN
special	JJ
needs	NNS
are	VBP
provided	VBN
by	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
or	CC
in	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
the	DT
department	NN
that	WDT
serves	VBZ
this	DT
population	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
is	VBZ
located	VBN
conveniently	RB
on	IN
campus	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
projects	NNS
a	DT
welcoming	VBG
,	,
professional	JJ
atmosphere	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
,	,
employers	NNS
,	,
alumni	NNS
,	,
parents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
others	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
provides	VBZ
office	NN
hours	NNS
at	IN
times	NNS
appropriate	JJ
for	IN
its	PRP$
constituencies	NNS
.	.
Parking	NN
for	IN
visitors	NNS
is	VBZ
adequate	JJ
and	CC
convenient	JJ
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
offices	NNS
are	VBP
informed	VBN
about	IN
the	DT
array	NN
of	IN
career-based	JJ
technological	JJ
applications	NNS
.	.
Based	VBN
upon	IN
program	NN
design	NN
,	,
mission	NN
,	,
budget	NN
,	,
and	CC
staffing	NN
considerations	NNS
,	,
career	NN
services	NNS
offices	NNS
implement	VBP
appropriate	JJ
technological	JJ
applications	NNS
to	TO
career	NN
programs	NNS
and	CC
ensure	VB
that	IN
appropriate	JJ
technology	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
to	TO
deliver	VB
services	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
offices	NNS
ensure	VB
that	IN
adequate	JJ
hardware	NN
,	,
software	NN
,	,
and	CC
staff	NN
are	VBP
available	JJ
to	TO
support	VB
existing	VBG
technological	JJ
applications	NNS
to	TO
career	NN
services	NNS
.	.
In	IN
light	NN
of	IN
the	DT
rapidity	NN
of	IN
change	NN
associated	VBN
with	IN
technology	NN
,	,
career	NN
services	NNS
offices	NNS
develop	VB
plans	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
replacement\/updating	VBG
of	IN
existing	VBG
hardware	NN
and	CC
software	NN
and	CC
plan	NN
for	IN
the	DT
integration	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
technically-based	JJ
or	CC
supported	VBN
career	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Technological	JJ
applications	NNS
to	TO
career	NN
services	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
web	NN
sites	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
consistent	JJ
with	IN
and	CC
integrated	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
college	NN
or	CC
university	NN
technology	NN
infrastructure	NN
.	.
Employers	NNS
are	VBP
both	DT
vital	JJ
partners	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
educational	JJ
process	NN
and	CC
primary	JJ
customers	NNS
for	IN
college\/university	NN
career	NN
services	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
develops	VBZ
policies	NNS
and	CC
practices	NNS
for	IN
employer	NN
relations	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
understands	VBZ
the	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
needs	NNS
and	CC
employment	NN
practices	NNS
among	IN
small	JJ
businesses	NNS
,	,
large	JJ
corporations	NNS
,	,
government	NN
,	,
and	CC
nonprofit	JJ
organizations	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
defines	VBZ
the	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
employers	NNS
it	PRP
will	MD
serve	VB
and	CC
articulates	VBZ
policies	NNS
that	WDT
guide	VBP
its	PRP$
working	VBG
relationships	NNS
with	IN
various	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
employers	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
offers	VBZ
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
to	TO
employers	NNS
that	WDT
reflect	VBP
student	NN
interests	NNS
and	CC
employer	NN
needs	NNS
.	.
These	DT
include	VBP
,	,
but	CC
are	VBP
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
,	,
site	NN
visits	NNS
;	:
campus	NN
recruiting	NN
;	:
resume	VB
referrals	NNS
;	:
information	NN
sessions	NNS
;	:
meetings	NNS
with	IN
faculty	NN
members	NNS
;	:
prerecruiting	VBG
activities	NNS
;	:
student	NN
access	NN
to	TO
employer	NN
information	NN
;	:
posting	VBG
and	CC
publishing	VBG
of	IN
job	NN
openings	NNS
;	:
career	NN
and	CC
job	NN
fairs	NNS
;	:
providing	VBG
information	NN
on	IN
academic	JJ
departments	NNS
and	CC
students	NNS
within	IN
legal	JJ
and	CC
policy	NN
guidelines	NNS
;	:
assistance	NN
in	IN
recruiting	VBG
student	NN
populations	NNS
;	:
experiential	JJ
learning	NN
options	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
may	MD
include	VB
shadowing	VBG
experiences	NNS
,	,
internships	NNS
,	,
or	CC
cooperative	JJ
education	NN
;	:
videoconference	NN
interviewing	VBG
;	:
salary	NN
information	NN
;	:
advertising	NN
and	CC
promotional	JJ
vehicles	NNS
;	:
career	NN
center	NN
advisory	JJ
board	NN
memberships	NNS
;	:
and	CC
individual	JJ
employer	NN
recruiting	NN
and	CC
college	NN
relations	NNS
consultations	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
are	VBP
knowledgeable	JJ
about	IN
accepted	VBN
and	CC
current	JJ
professional	JJ
practices	NNS
and	CC
are	VBP
responsive	JJ
to	TO
those	DT
obligations	NNS
and	CC
limitations	NNS
imposed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
program	NN
areas	NNS
by	IN
relevant	JJ
civil	JJ
and	CC
criminal	JJ
laws	NNS
,	,
institutional	JJ
policies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
any	DT
contractual	JJ
commitments	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
staff	NN
members	NNS
use	VBP
appropriate	JJ
policies	NNS
and	CC
practices	NNS
to	TO
protect	VB
students	NNS
and	CC
limit	VB
the	DT
liability	NN
exposure	NN
of	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
,	,
its	PRP$
officers	NNS
,	,
employees	NNS
,	,
and	CC
agents	NNS
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
regard	NN
,	,
the	DT
institution	NN
provides	VBZ
access	NN
to	TO
legal	JJ
advice	NN
for	IN
professional	JJ
staff	NN
as	IN
needed	VBN
to	TO
carry	VB
out	RP
assigned	VBN
responsibilities	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
?	.
operating	VBG
policies	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
discriminate	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
race	NN
,	,
color	NN
,	,
religion	NN
,	,
age	NN
,	,
national	JJ
origin	NN
,	,
gender	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
,	,
disability	NN
,	,
marital	JJ
status	NN
,	,
or	CC
veteran	NN
status	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
provides	VBZ
educational	JJ
programs	NNS
that	WDT
help	VBP
students	NNS
from	IN
diverse	JJ
backgrounds	NNS
and	CC
individuals	NNS
with	IN
special	JJ
needs	NNS
to	TO
identify	VB
and	CC
address	VB
their	PRP$
unique	JJ
needs	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
career	NN
development	NN
and	CC
employment	NN
.	.
Systematic	JJ
quantitative	JJ
and	CC
qualitative	JJ
program	NN
evaluations	NNS
are	VBP
conducted	VBN
in	IN
support	NN
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
?	.
mission	NN
and	CC
goals	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
methods	NNS
of	IN
assessment	NN
vary	VBP
,	,
a	DT
sufficient	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
measures	NNS
are	VBP
employed	VBN
to	TO
maintain	VB
objectivity	NN
and	CC
comprehensiveness	NN
.	.
Data	NNP
collected	VBN
include	VBP
responses	NNS
from	IN
students	NNS
,	,
employers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
affected	JJ
constituencies	NNS
.	.
Evaluation	NN
results	NNS
are	VBP
used	VBN
in	IN
revising	VBG
and	CC
improving	VBG
programs	NNS
,	,
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
staff	NN
performance	NN
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
for	IN
institutions	NNS
to	TO
employ	VB
comparable	JJ
methods	NNS
for	IN
evaluation	NN
,	,
resources	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
The	DT
NACE	NNP
Sourcebook	NNP
for	IN
Conducting	VBG
Evaluations	NNS
and	CC
Measurements	NNS
of	IN
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
are	VBP
consulted	VBN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
offices	NNS
collaborate	VBP
with	IN
institutional	JJ
research	NN
units	NNS
,	,
state	NN
agencies	NNS
,	,
accrediting	VBG
bodies	NNS
,	,
academic	JJ
graduate	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
evaluative	JJ
groups	NNS
that	WDT
generate	VBP
and	CC
assess	VBP
evaluation	NN
information	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
prepares	VBZ
and	CC
disseminates	VBZ
annual	JJ
reports	NNS
as	IN
well	RB
as	IN
special	JJ
program	NN
evaluation	NN
reports	NNS
addressing	VBG
career	NN
services	NNS
mission	NN
,	,
goals	NNS
,	,
programs	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
activities\/outcomes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
graduate	NN
follow-up	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
gathers	VBZ
,	,
participates	VBZ
in	IN
,	,
and\/or	CC
conducts	VBZ
relevant	JJ
research	NN
on	IN
career	NN
development	NN
;	:
academic	JJ
success	NN
;	:
institutional	JJ
issues	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
admissions	NNS
and	CC
retention	NN
;	:
student	NN
learning	NN
;	:
employment	NN
trends	NNS
;	:
and	CC
career	NN
interests	NNS
.	.
Beginning	VBG
in	IN
1980	CD
,	,
members	NNS
of	IN
22	CD
professional	JJ
associations	NNS
in	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
student	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
student	NN
development	NN
,	,
under	IN
the	DT
aegis	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Council	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Advancement	NNP
of	IN
Standards	NNPS
,	,
began	VBD
work	NN
on	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
standards	NNS
.	.
This	DT
resulted	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
publication	NN
of	IN
the	DT
CAS	NNP
Standards	NNPS
and	CC
Guidelines	NNS
for	IN
Student	NN
Services\/Student	NNP
Development	NNP
in	IN
1986	CD
.	.
That	DT
publication	NN
included	VBD
general	JJ
standards	NNS
,	,
applicable	JJ
across	IN
all	DT
areas	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
functional	JJ
area	NN
standards	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
included	VBD
standards	NNS
and	CC
guidelines	NNS
for	IN
career	NN
planning	NN
and	CC
placement	NN
.	.
The	DT
NACE	NNP
Foundation	NNP
will	MD
fund	VB
nonresearch	JJ
grants	NNS
for	IN
educational	JJ
projects	NNS
that	WDT
develop	VBP
the	DT
knowledge	NN
and	CC
skills	NNS
of	IN
college	NN
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
HR\/staffing	VBG
professionals	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
work	NN
with	IN
college	NN
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Foundation	NNP
also	RB
will	MD
fund	VB
educational	JJ
projects	NNS
that	WDT
advance	VBP
the	DT
knowledge	NN
and	CC
skills	NNS
of	IN
college	NN
students	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
career	NN
development	NN
and	CC
decision-making	NN
.	.
Cover	NNP
Page	NNP
to	TO
include	VB
contact	NN
information	NN
for	IN
all	DT
individuals	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
project	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
name	NN
,	,
title	NN
,	,
organization	NN
,	,
address	NN
,	,
city	NN
,	,
state	NN
,	,
and	CC
zip	NN
;	:
phone	NN
;	:
fax	NN
;	:
e-mail	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
date	NN
of	IN
submission	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
100-word	JJ
abstract	JJ
describing	VBG
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
project	NN
,	,
tool	NN
,	,
program	NN
,	,
or	CC
publication	NN
.	.
These	DT
stressful	JJ
and	CC
challenging	JJ
work	NN
conditions	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
intensified	VBN
among	IN
young	JJ
entrants	NNS
into	IN
the	DT
work	NN
force	NN
.	.
As	IN
their	PRP$
expectations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
job	NN
are	VBP
not	RB
met	VBN
,	,
they	PRP
become	VBP
more	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
turnover	NN
.3	CD
,	,
4	CD
Organizations	NNPS
may	MD
therefore	RB
realize	VB
a	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
unique	JJ
knowledge	NN
,	,
experiences	NNS
,	,
and	CC
perspectives	NNS
to	TO
pilot	NN
organizations	NNS
into	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
Although	IN
realistic	JJ
job	NN
previews	NNS
may	MD
significantly	RB
increase	VB
the	DT
likelihood	NN
of	IN
job	NN
survival	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
significantly	RB
more	RBR
that	IN
organizations	NNS
can	MD
do	VB
to	TO
retain	VB
diverse	JJ
employees	NNS
.5	CD
,	,
6	CD
Past	JJ
research	NN
has	VBZ
suggested	VBN
the	DT
following	VBG
retention	NN
strategies	NNS
as	IN
specifically	RB
helpful	JJ
in	IN
retaining	VBG
a	DT
diverse	JJ
work	NN
force	NN
:	:
implementing	VBG
mentor	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
accommodating	VBG
the	DT
special	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
diverse	JJ
employees	NNS
,	,
forming	VBG
multicultural	JJ
teams	NNS
,	,
providing	VBG
diversity	NN
training	NN
for	IN
traditional	JJ
employees	NNS
,	,
forming	VBG
organization-supported	JJ
network	NN
groups	NNS
for	IN
diverse	JJ
employees	NNS
,	,
and	CC
promoting	VBG
diverse	JJ
employees	NNS
into	IN
key	JJ
positions	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
.	.
These	DT
are	VBP
good	JJ
starting	VBG
points	NNS
,	,
but	CC
still	RB
treat	VB
diverse	JJ
employees	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
monolithic	JJ
group	NN
with	IN
similar	JJ
needs	NNS
and	CC
values	NNS
.	.
This	DT
article	NN
suggests	VBZ
an	DT
orientation	NN
beyond	IN
that	DT
of	IN
traditional	JJ
approaches	NNS
to	TO
retaining	VBG
these	DT
highly	RB
valuable	JJ
employees	NNS
.	.
By	IN
applying	VBG
an	DT
internal	JJ
marketing	NN
orientation	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
IMO	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
organizations	NNS
could	MD
establish	VB
and	CC
strengthen	VB
internal	JJ
relationships	NNS
targeted	VBN
at	IN
specific	JJ
employee	NN
segments	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
,	,
which	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
critical	JJ
tool	NN
in	IN
gaining	VBG
focus	NN
in	IN
organizational	JJ
retention	NN
efforts	NNS
.	.
Full-page	JJ
PDF	NNP
documents	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
created	VBN
exactly	RB
1	CD
inch	NN
larger	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
height	NN
and	CC
width	NN
of	IN
the	DT
trim	JJ
size	NN
of	IN
the	DT
magazine	NN
.	.
This	DT
can	MD
be	VB
accomplished	VBN
by	IN
creating	VBG
the	DT
postscript	NN
at	IN
this	DT
size	NN
.	.
For	IN
a	DT
full	JJ
page	NN
in	IN
Job	NNP
Choices	NNPS
,	,
your	PRP$
PDF	NNP
document	NN
should	MD
be	VB
9	CD
''	''
x	SYM
11.5	CD
''	''
.	.
At	IN
your	PRP$
request	NN
,	,
NACE	NNP
staff	NN
will	MD
format	NN
and	CC
lay	VBD
out	RP
your	PRP$
profile	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
standard	JJ
two-column	JJ
format	NN
,	,
with	IN
your	PRP$
logo	NN
placed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
upper	JJ
left-hand	JJ
corner	NN
.	.
Just	RB
send	VB
us	PRP
your	PRP$
copy	NN
on	IN
a	DT
PC	NN
formatted	VBN
disk	NN
accompanied	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
printed	VBN
hard	JJ
copy	NN
.	.
Copy	VB
for	IN
a	DT
full	JJ
page	NN
should	MD
be	VB
about	IN
500	CD
words	NNS
,	,
about	IN
225	CD
words	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
half	NN
page	NN
,	,
or	CC
about	IN
125	CD
words	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
quarter	NN
page	NN
.	.
Or	CC
,	,
e-mail	VB
your	PRP$
copy	NN
in	IN
a	DT
Word	NN
document	NN
.	.
In	IN
fall	NN
1956	CD
,	,
women	NNS
accounted	VBD
for	IN
just	RB
34.5	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
all	DT
enrollments	NNS
in	IN
institutions	NNS
of	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
;	:
in	IN
2004	CD
,	,
they	PRP
accounted	VBD
for	IN
57.2	CD
percent	NN
.	.
This	DT
trend	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
steady	JJ
over	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
,	,
indicating	VBG
that	IN
women	NNS
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
account	VB
for	IN
a	DT
larger	JJR
and	CC
larger	JJR
portion	NN
of	IN
enrollments	NNS
.	.
Figure	NN
8	CD
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
Not	RB
surprisingly	RB
,	,
as	IN
opportunities	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
salaries	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
have	VBP
grown	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
,	,
computer	NN
and	CC
information	NN
sciences	NNS
degrees	NNS
and	CC
degrees	NNS
in	IN
health	NN
and	CC
related	VBN
clinical	JJ
sciences	NNS
now	RB
account	VBP
for	IN
a	DT
significantly	RB
larger	JJR
portion	NN
of	IN
degrees	NNS
conferred	VBN
.	.
Demographics	NNS
are	VBP
important	JJ
both	DT
to	TO
effective	JJ
college	NN
recruiting	NN
efforts	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
effective	JJ
career	NN
services	NNS
programming	NN
,	,
as	IN
they	PRP
enable	VBP
professionals	NNS
to	TO
model	VB
their	PRP$
programs	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
portrait	NN
of	IN
the	DT
candidate	NN
\/	NN
student	NN
.	.
Reviewing	VBG
demographics	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
lens	NN
of	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
half	JJ
century	NN
suggests	VBZ
what	WP
professionals	NNS
can	MD
reasonably	RB
expect	VB
in	IN
coming	VBG
years	NNS
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
a	DT
college	NN
candidate	NN
pool	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
increasingly	RB
female	JJ
and	CC
diverse	JJ
;	:
and	CC
2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
shifts	NNS
in	IN
types	NNS
of	IN
degrees	NNS
students	NNS
will	MD
pursue	VB
.	.
In	IN
career	NN
centers	NNS
,	,
practitioners	NNS
report	VBP
increased	VBN
demand	NN
for	IN
accountability	NN
from	IN
internal	JJ
stakeholders	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
administrators	NNS
,	,
faculty	NN
,	,
and	CC
students	NNS
,	,
and	CC
external	JJ
stakeholders	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
parents	NNS
,	,
alumni	NNS
,	,
employers	NNS
,	,
accrediting	VBG
organizations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
state	NN
agencies	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
1980s	CD
and	CC
1990s	CD
,	,
Carretta	NNP
says	VBZ
career	NN
centers	NNS
began	VBD
placing	VBG
more	JJR
emphasis	NN
on	IN
user	NN
information	NN
,	,
especially	RB
as	IN
services	NNS
expanded	VBN
to	TO
include	VB
career	NN
counseling\/advising	VBG
,	,
career\/jobsearch	NN
preparation	NN
workshops	NNS
,	,
career	NN
resources	NNS
,	,
job	NN
fairs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
several	JJ
years	NNS
,	,
Ratcliffe	NNP
says	VBZ
,	,
there	EX
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
shift	NN
from	IN
demonstrating	VBG
productivity	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
student	NN
contacts	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
adding	VBG
satisfaction	NN
measures	NNS
to	TO
indicate	VB
effectiveness	NN
using	VBG
a	DT
consumer-based	JJ
management	NN
model	NN
to	TO
defining	VBG
desired	VBN
student	NN
learning	VBG
outcomes	NNS
and	CC
documenting	VBG
specific	JJ
institutional	JJ
or	CC
unit	NN
influences	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
achievement	NN
of	IN
those	DT
outcomes	NNS
.	.
Over	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
50	CD
years	NNS
,	,
technological	JJ
developments	NNS
have	VBP
touched	VBN
on	IN
all	DT
aspects	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
HR	NNP
\/	NNP
staffing	NN
profession	NN
,	,
changing	VBG
and	CC
improving	VBG
how	WRB
NACE	NNP
members	NNS
counsel	NN
,	,
recruit	VB
,	,
and	CC
hire	VB
college	NN
students	NNS
and	CC
new	JJ
graduates	NNS
.	.
Technology	NNP
helps	VBZ
career	NN
services	NNS
connect	VBP
employers	NNS
and	CC
students	NNS
,	,
deliver	VBP
jobsearch	NN
information	NN
and	CC
services	NNS
to	TO
students	NNS
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
provide	VB
counseling	NN
services	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
plays	VBZ
a	DT
part	NN
in	IN
helping	VBG
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
market	NN
its	PRP$
services	NNS
.	.
Web	NN
sites	NNS
,	,
e-mail	NN
,	,
web-based	JJ
recruiting	NN
systems	NNS
,	,
online	JJ
tutorials	NNS
and	CC
assessment	NN
tools	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
technologies	NNS
help	VBP
career	NN
services	NNS
deliver	VBP
their	PRP$
offerings	NNS
to	TO
students	NNS
,	,
employers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
audiences	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
popular	JJ
iPods	NNS
are	VBP
used	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
learning	VBG
tool	NN
on	IN
many	JJ
college	NN
and	CC
university	NN
campuses	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
practitioners	NNS
can	MD
and	CC
do	VB
adapt	VB
their	PRP$
programs	NNS
and	CC
workshops	NNS
to	TO
this	DT
new	JJ
form	NN
of	IN
delivery	NN
as	IN
educators	NNS
are	VBP
already	RB
sending	VBG
lectures	VBZ
,	,
podcasts	NNS
,	,
and\/or	CC
supplemental	JJ
material	NN
to	TO
the	DT
devices	NNS
.	.
And	CC
,	,
technology	NN
can	MD
create	VB
new	JJ
issues	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
dealt	VBN
with	IN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
year	NN
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
many	JJ
practitioners	NNS
have	VBP
found	VBN
themselves	PRP
having	VBG
to	TO
educate	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
often	RB
disbelieving	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
students	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
potential	JJ
pitfalls	NNS
of	IN
social	JJ
networking	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
Telephone	NNP
technology	NN
now	RB
enables	VBZ
NACE	NNP
committees	NNS
and	CC
task	NN
forces	NNS
to	TO
hold	VB
conference	NN
calls	NNS
,	,
saving	VBG
time	NN
and	CC
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
bringing	VBG
people	NNS
together	RB
from	IN
all	DT
over	IN
the	DT
country	NN
.	.
Those	DT
attending	VBG
the	DT
first	JJ
programs	NNS
offered	VBN
by	IN
NACE	NNP
probably	RB
would	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
skeptical	JJ
if	IN
told	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
association	NN
eventually	RB
would	MD
offer	VB
virtual	JJ
seminars	NNS
that	WDT
members	NNS
could	MD
attend	VB
without	IN
leaving	VBG
their	PRP$
offices	NNS
.	.
A	DT
department	NN
secretary	NN
was	VBD
uncertain	JJ
about	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
word	NN
processor	NN
at	IN
first	RB
,	,
Shepelak	NNP
says	VBZ
.	.
But	CC
after	IN
he	PRP
showed	VBD
her	PRP$
how	WRB
much	JJ
faster	RBR
it	PRP
was	VBD
to	TO
type	NN
letters	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
word	NN
processor	NN
,	,
she	PRP
learned	VBD
how	WRB
to	TO
use	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Even	RB
those	DT
slightly	RB
newer	JJR
to	TO
the	DT
profession	NN
have	VBP
seen	VBN
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
way	NN
technology	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
.	.
Caroline	NNP
Ceniza-Levine	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
HR\/staffing	NNP
field	NN
for	IN
nine	CD
years	NNS
,	,
the	DT
last	JJ
four	CD
with	IN
Time	NNP
Inc.	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
publishes	VBZ
more	JJR
than	IN
150	CD
popular	JJ
consumer	NN
magazines	NNS
worldwide	NN
.	.
She	PRP
says	VBZ
her	PRP$
job	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
made	VBN
more	RBR
efficient	JJ
by	IN
a	DT
more	RBR
widespread	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
e-mail	NN
.	.
In	IN
1998	CD
,	,
NACE	NNP
Board	NNP
members	NNS
began	VBD
communicating	VBG
via	IN
a	DT
listserv	NN
between	IN
biannual	JJ
meetings	NNS
.	.
Eventually	RB
,	,
NACE	NNP
introduced	VBD
listservs	NNS
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
its	PRP$
members	NNS
varied	VBD
interests	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
global	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
two-year	JJ
college	NN
topics	NNS
,	,
recruitment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
college-educated	JJ
work	NN
force	NN
,	,
and	CC
technology	NN
.	.
Also	RB
in	IN
1998	CD
,	,
NACE	NNP
began	VBD
sending	VBG
broadcast	NN
e-mails	NNS
to	TO
its	PRP$
members	NNS
,	,
updating	VBG
them	PRP
on	IN
developments	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
and	CC
the	DT
association	NN
.	.
In	IN
1999	CD
,	,
NACE	NNP
published	VBD
Spotlight	NNP
Extra	NNP
,	,
an	DT
online	JJ
newsletter	NN
featuring	VBG
pertinent	JJ
news	NN
items	NNS
,	,
polls	NNS
on	IN
hot	JJ
topics	NNS
,	,
legal	JJ
advisories	NNS
,	,
technology	NN
updates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
so	RB
on	IN
.	.
Later	RB
,	,
the	DT
membership	NN
directory	NN
,	,
previously	RB
a	DT
print-only	JJ
publication	NN
,	,
also	RB
was	VBD
offered	VBN
online	NN
,	,
ultimately	RB
becoming	VBG
an	DT
online-only	JJ
feature	NN
.	.
For	IN
directors	NNS
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
challenge	NN
in	IN
allocating	VBG
time	NN
to	TO
take	VB
on	RP
leadership	NN
roles	NNS
because	IN
one	CD
also	RB
must	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
readjust	VB
and	CC
meet	VB
the	DT
new	JJ
expanding	VBG
or	CC
different	JJ
priorities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
,	,
to	TO
stay	VB
aligned	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
university	NN
?	.
goals	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
.	.
The	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
co-curricular	JJ
programs	NNS
and	CC
working	VBG
with	IN
faculty	NN
members	NNS
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
grow	VB
,	,
she	PRP
says	VBZ
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
all	DT
part	NN
of	IN
demonstrating	VBG
value	NN
and	CC
results	NNS
to	TO
obtain	VB
the	DT
necessary	JJ
resources	NNS
to	TO
keep	VB
helping	VBG
students	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
in	IN
the	DT
profession	NN
wanted	VBD
an	DT
even	RB
more	RBR
placement-oriented	JJ
association	NN
,	,
so	RB
in	IN
October	NNP
1926	CD
at	IN
the	DT
Massachusetts	NNP
Institute	NNP
of	IN
Technology	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Eastern	NNP
College	NNP
Personnel	NNP
Officers	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ECPO	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
was	VBD
established	VBN
.	.
ECPO	NNP
aimed	VBD
to	TO
provide	VB
professional	JJ
improvement	NN
for	IN
members	NNS
through	IN
conventions	NNS
,	,
meetings	NNS
,	,
and	CC
presentations	NNS
by	IN
experts	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
.	.
What	WP
does	VBZ
the	DT
future	JJ
hold	NN
for	IN
the	DT
profession	NN
?	.
NACE	NNP
is	VBZ
seeking	VBG
predictions	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
future	NN
of	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
college	NN
recruitment	NN
to	TO
feature	VB
online	NN
in	IN
the	DT
50th	JJ
Anniversary	NN
site	NN
,	,
and	CC
may	MD
be	VB
included	VBN
in	IN
NACE	NNP
communciations	NNS
,	,
newsletters	NNS
,	,
publications	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
materials	NNS
.	.
Through	IN
our	PRP$
professional	JJ
development	NN
programs	NNS
for	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
work	VBP
at	IN
business	NN
schools	NNS
,	,
and	CC
through	IN
the	DT
information	NN
we	PRP
provide	VBP
to	TO
potential	JJ
business	NN
school	NN
applicants	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
media	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
help	VBP
people	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
realize	VBP
success	NN
and	CC
fulfillment	NN
through	IN
the	DT
MBA	NNP
and	CC
other	JJ
graduate	JJ
management	NN
and	CC
professional	JJ
degrees	NNS
.	.
AfterCollege	NNP
?	.
powers	NNS
the	DT
job	NN
sites	NNS
of	IN
individual	JJ
academic	JJ
departments	NNS
and	CC
student	NN
groups	NNS
at	IN
universities	NNS
.	.
Through	IN
its	PRP$
network	NN
of	IN
sites	NNS
,	,
AfterCollege	NNP
allows	VBZ
clients	NNS
to	TO
recruit	VB
directly	RB
out	IN
of	IN
900	CD
+	CD
academic	JJ
departments	NNS
and	CC
student	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
producing	VBG
extremely	RB
targeted	VBN
results	NNS
,	,
and	CC
helping	VBG
employers	NNS
reduce	VB
their	PRP$
cost	NN
per	IN
college	NN
hire	NN
by	IN
up	RB
to	TO
80	CD
%	NN
.	.
AfterCollege	NNP
helps	VBZ
employers	NNS
target	NN
students	NNS
not	RB
only	RB
by	IN
university	NN
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
by	IN
discipline	NN
and	CC
by	IN
group	NN
affiliation	NN
.	.
Knowing	VBG
that	DT
clients	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
treated	VBN
with	IN
respect	NN
will	MD
return	VB
,	,
Maximum	NNP
Management	NNP
works	VBZ
hard	JJ
to	TO
foster	VB
long-term	JJ
relationships	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
accomplish	VBP
this	DT
by	IN
responding	VBG
to	TO
each	DT
clients	NNS
unique	JJ
needs	NNS
and	CC
handling	VBG
each	DT
assignment	NN
with	IN
equal	JJ
importance	NN
.	.
The	DT
approach	NN
we	PRP
take	VBP
is	VBZ
a	DT
consultative	NN
and	CC
creative	JJ
one	CD
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
designing	VBG
highly	RB
personalized	VBN
solutions	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
complete	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
HR	NNP
issues	NNS
.	.
And	CC
we	PRP
are	VBP
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
saving	VBG
our	PRP$
clients	NNS
time	NN
and	CC
money	NN
.	.
By	IN
following	VBG
this	DT
path	NN
and	CC
remaining	VBG
aware	JJ
that	IN
honesty	NN
and	CC
reputation	NN
are	VBP
paramount	JJ
in	IN
this	DT
field	NN
,	,
we	PRP
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
point	VB
to	TO
more	JJR
than	IN
15	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
success	NN
.	.
Prospects	NNS
.	.
ac	NN
.	.
uk	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
essential	JJ
guide	NN
to	TO
graduate	JJ
careers	NNS
and	CC
postgraduate	NN
study	NN
in	IN
the	DT
UK	NNP
and	CC
is	VBZ
used	VBN
by	IN
students	NNS
,	,
graduates	NNS
,	,
careers	NNS
advisers	NNS
and	CC
recruiters	NNS
alike	RB
.	.
Prospects	NNS
.	.
ac	NN
.	.
uk	NN
is	VBZ
published	VBN
by	IN
Graduate	NNP
Prospects	NNPS
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
just	RB
one	CD
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
portfolio	NN
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
graduate	NN
marketplace	NN
reports	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Prospects	NNP
series	NN
of	IN
graduate	NN
recruitment	NN
and	CC
postgraduate	NN
course	NN
directories	NNS
and	CC
magazines	NNS
and	CC
career	NN
planning	NN
software	NN
.	.
The	DT
organization	NN
was	VBD
established	VBN
in	IN
1972	CD
and	CC
was	VBD
known	VBN
as	IN
CSU	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
30	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
its	PRP$
existence	NN
.	.
In	IN
2003	CD
,	,
CSU	NNP
became	VBD
Graduate	NNP
Prospects	NNPS
,	,
a	DT
name	NN
that	WDT
more	RBR
clearly	RB
communicates	VBZ
the	DT
relationship	NN
between	IN
the	DT
highly	RB
successful	JJ
Prospects	NNS
brand	NN
and	CC
the	DT
company	NN
that	WDT
publishes	VBZ
it	PRP
.	.
On-Campus	NNP
Resources	NNPS
,	,
Inc.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
OCR	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
an	DT
outsourcing	NN
company	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
hired	VBN
by	IN
Human	NNP
Resources	NNP
and\/or	CC
Executive	NNP
Management	NNP
to	TO
augment	VB
or	CC
replace	VB
some	DT
part	NN
or	CC
all	DT
of	IN
their	PRP$
organizations	NNS
'	POS
college-recruiting	JJ
programs	NNS
.	.
Clients	NNS
utilize	VBP
OCR	NNP
most	RBS
often	RB
to	TO
manage	VB
the	DT
full	JJ
cycle	NN
process	NN
at	IN
any	DT
number	NN
of	IN
selected	VBN
schools	NNS
,	,
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
those	DT
they	PRP
traditionally	RB
cover	VBP
themselves	PRP
.	.
In	IN
short	RB
,	,
OCR	NNP
provides	VBZ
employers	NNS
with	IN
customized	VBN
interim	NN
,	,
seasonal	JJ
,	,
or	CC
ongoing	JJ
expert	NN
college	NN
recruitment	NN
support	NN
services	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
type	NN
on	IN
a	DT
preset	JJ
fee-for-project	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
Trend	NNP
Integration	NNP
,	,
LLC	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
TI	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
was	VBD
formed	VBN
in	IN
2002	CD
.	.
Its	PRP$
mission	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
simple	JJ
,	,
user-friendly	JJ
,	,
solution	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
make	VB
screening	VBG
job	NN
applicants	NNS
more	RBR
efficient	JJ
and	CC
less	RBR
painful	JJ
for	IN
all	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
hiring	VBG
team	NN
.	.
To	TO
date	NN
,	,
thousands	NNS
of	IN
applicants	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
successfully	RB
screened	VBN
using	VBG
InterviewDirect	NNP
across	IN
a	DT
wide	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
industries	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
finance	NN
,	,
healthcare	NN
,	,
information	NN
technology	NN
,	,
telecommunications	NNS
,	,
and	CC
retail	JJ
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
new	JJ
applications	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
technology	NN
continue	VBP
to	TO
emerge	VB
.	.
Most	RBS
recently	RB
,	,
InterviewDirect	NNP
was	VBD
successfully	RB
used	VBN
to	TO
screen	VB
prospective	JJ
college	NN
graduates	VBZ
prior	RB
to	TO
on-campus	JJ
interviewing	VBG
at	IN
over	IN
70	CD
colleges	NNS
and	CC
universities	NNS
nationwide	JJ
.	.
Specialize	VB
in	IN
the	DT
placement	NN
of	IN
a	DT
very	RB
select	JJ
group	NN
of	IN
college	NN
graduates	NNS
that	IN
we	PRP
call	VBP
Project	NNP
Staffers	NNS
,	,
who	WP
tend	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
recent	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
and	CC
are	VBP
either	RB
between	IN
careers	NNS
or	CC
still	RB
seeking	VBG
out	RP
the	DT
right	JJ
opportunity	NN
.	.
InternationalStudents4hire	RB
.	.
com	NN
connects	VBZ
US	NNP
international	JJ
students	NNS
and	CC
graduates	NNS
with	IN
available	JJ
employment	NN
opportunities	NNS
from	IN
US	NNP
and	CC
Global	JJ
employers	NNS
who	WP
hire	VBP
international	JJ
candidates	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
eg	FW
H1-B	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Our	PRP$
University	NNP
Services	NNP
Program	NNP
empowers	VBZ
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
Directors	NNS
to	TO
support	VB
their	PRP$
international	JJ
student	NN
needs	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
streamlining	VBG
their	PRP$
job	NN
search	NN
,	,
while	IN
providing	VBG
current	JJ
immigration	NN
information	NN
and	CC
resources	NNS
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
international	JJ
students	NNS
-	:
all	RB
in	IN
one	CD
place	NN
.	.
We	PRP
enable	VBP
global	JJ
employers	NNS
to	TO
connect	VB
directly	RB
with	IN
a	DT
world-class	JJ
,	,
exclusive	JJ
talent	NN
pool	NN
-	:
U.S.	NNP
International	NNP
Students	NNS
and	CC
Graduates	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
mission	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
make	VB
InternationalStudents4hire	NNP
the	DT
go	NN
to	TO
online	VB
recruitment	NN
site	NN
for	IN
International	NNP
Student	NNP
graduates	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
seeking	VBG
global	JJ
employment	NN
.	.
InternationalStudents4hire	RB
.	.
com	NN
is	VBZ
owned	VBN
and	CC
operated	VBN
by	IN
3Kaya	NNP
LLC	NNP
.	.
LanguageCorps	NNP
offers	VBZ
year-long	JJ
programs	NNS
providing	VBG
talented	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
unique	JJ
opportunity	NN
to	TO
learn	VB
and	CC
apply	VB
new	JJ
skills	NNS
and	CC
develop	VB
a	DT
first-person	NN
perspective	NN
of	IN
the	DT
diversity	NN
of	IN
cultures	NNS
and	CC
populations	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
-	:
all	DT
within	IN
the	DT
security	NN
of	IN
a	DT
salaried	JJ
job	NN
and	CC
a	DT
highly	RB
organized	VBN
and	CC
supportive	JJ
community	NN
.	.
SIFE	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
global	JJ
business	NN
and	CC
higher	JJR
education	NN
network	NN
workign	NN
to	TO
prepare	VB
the	DT
next	JJ
generation	NN
of	IN
entrepreneures	NNS
and	CC
business	NN
leaders	NNS
.	.
SIFE	NNP
empowers	VBZ
university	NN
students	NNS
to	TO
realize	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
potential	NN
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
difference	NN
by	IN
applying	VBG
the	DT
business	NN
concepts	NNS
they	PRP
learn	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
classroom	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
programs	NNS
that	WDT
create	VBP
economic	JJ
opportunity	NN
for	IN
others	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Total	JJ
Higher	JJR
Education	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
T.H.E.	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
Loan	NNP
Programs	NNP
are	VBP
a	DT
product	NN
of	IN
NorthStar	NNP
,	,
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
respected	JJ
names	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
student	NN
loan	NN
industry	NN
.	.
NorthStar	NNP
's	POS
loyal	JJ
customers	NNS
include	VBP
nearly	RB
500,000	CD
students	NNS
at	IN
participating	VBG
schools	NNS
located	VBN
in	IN
all	DT
50	CD
states	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
1991	CD
,	,
NorthStar	NNP
has	VBZ
processed	VBN
more	JJR
than	IN
$	$
1	CD
billion	CD
in	IN
medical	JJ
student	NN
loans	NNS
and	CC
more	JJR
than	IN
$	$
1.3	CD
billion	CD
in	IN
graduate	NN
student	NN
loans	NNS
.	.
And	CC
every	DT
day	NN
the	DT
list	NN
of	IN
satisfied	JJ
students	NNS
and	CC
participating	VBG
schools	NNS
grows	VBZ
,	,
making	VBG
NorthStar	NNP
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
top	JJ
student	NN
loan	NN
originators	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
country	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
'	POS
obligation	NN
is	VBZ
formed	VBN
by	IN
contract	NN
,	,
standards	NNS
expected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
are	VBP
employed	VBN
,	,
and	CC
agency	NN
,	,
the	DT
obligation	NN
to	TO
work	VB
in	IN
the	DT
interest	NN
of	IN
the	DT
student	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
as	IN
his\/her	NN
agent	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
do	VB
this	DT
requires	VBZ
that	IN
professionals	NNS
possess	VBP
the	DT
necessary	JJ
knowledge	NN
and	CC
skills	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
also	RB
are	VBP
commanded	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
fidelity	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
clients	NNS
and	CC
institution	NN
.	.
Loyalty	NN
requires	VBZ
that	IN
they	PRP
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
render	VB
their	PRP$
services	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
manner	NN
that	WDT
meets	VBZ
institutional	JJ
and	CC
student	NN
expectations	NNS
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
career	NN
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
are	VBP
expected	VBN
by	IN
their	PRP$
employers	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
information	NN
that	IN
facilitates	VBZ
successful	JJ
recruiting	NN
,	,
both	DT
in	IN
deciding	VBG
upon	IN
which	WDT
schools	NNS
to	TO
recruit	VB
at	IN
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
accomplish	VB
this	DT
in	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
successful	JJ
manner	NN
possible	JJ
.	.
Students	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
empowered	VBN
to	TO
explore	VB
and	CC
evaluate	VB
the	DT
fullest	JJS
range	NN
of	IN
career	NN
and	CC
employment	NN
options	NNS
possible	JJ
.	.
Employers	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
make	VBP
the	DT
most	RBS
informed	JJ
judgment	NN
possible	JJ
about	IN
their	PRP$
recruiting	NN
options	NNS
.	.
Enticing	JJ
employers	NNS
to	TO
recruit	VB
at	IN
the	DT
college	NN
with	IN
misleading	JJ
information	NN
not	RB
only	RB
does	VBZ
employers	NNS
a	DT
disservice	NN
,	,
it	PRP
speaks	VBZ
poorly	RB
for	IN
the	DT
college	NN
and	CC
ultimately	RB
harms	VBZ
the	DT
students	NNS
,	,
providing	VBG
a	DT
poor	JJ
image	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
discourage	VB
employers	NNS
from	IN
considering	VBG
their	PRP$
applications	NNS
.	.
The	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
this	DT
principle	NN
is	VBZ
fairness	NN
.	.
The	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
professional	JJ
allows	VBZ
all	DT
bona	NN
fide	JJ
employers	NNS
to	TO
compete	VB
for	IN
students	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
reasonably	RB
equal	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
Employers	NNS
with	IN
greater	JJR
resources	NNS
can	MD
conduct	VB
recruiting	VBG
activities	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
more	RBR
extensive	JJ
fashion	NN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
success	NN
in	IN
attracting	VBG
candidates	NNS
or	CC
in	IN
advancing	VBG
the	DT
organization	NN
's	POS
name	NN
should	MD
be	VB
the	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
the	DT
recruiting	NN
effort	NN
,	,
not	RB
from	IN
special	JJ
favors	NNS
granted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
.	.
Scenario	NN
A	NN
:	:
An	DT
employer	NN
sends	VBZ
a	DT
letter	NN
to	TO
a	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
professional	JJ
indicating	VBG
that	IN
for	IN
every	DT
referred	VBN
student	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
hired	VBN
and	CC
works	VBZ
a	DT
certain	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
hours	NNS
,	,
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
will	MD
receive	VB
a	DT
bonus	NN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
professional	JJ
's	POS
fundamental	JJ
obligations	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
``	``
maintain	VB
an	DT
open	JJ
and	CC
free	JJ
selection	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
opportunities	NNS
...	:
where	WRB
job	NN
candidates	NNS
can	MD
choose	VB
optimum	JJ
long-term	JJ
uses	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
talents	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
consistent	JJ
with	IN
personal	JJ
objectives	NNS
and	CC
all	DT
relevant	JJ
facts	NNS
.	.
''	''
Students	NNS
regard	VBP
a	DT
career	NN
center	NN
as	IN
a	DT
student	NN
service	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
operating	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
best	JJS
interests	NNS
in	IN
mind	NN
.	.
Students	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
referred	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
organization	NN
in	IN
the	DT
scenario	NN
may	MD
question	VB
whether	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
sold	VBN
out	RP
to	TO
the	DT
highest	JJS
bidder	NN
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
ask	VB
whether	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
referred	VBN
because	IN
the	DT
company	NN
and	CC
the	DT
job	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
good	JJ
fit	NN
or	CC
simply	RB
because	IN
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
wanted	VBD
the	DT
bonus	NN
.	.
When	WRB
offered	VBN
a	DT
fee	NN
for	IN
special	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
Committee	NNP
recommends	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
director	NN
inform	VBP
the	DT
organization	NN
,	,
in	IN
writing	NN
,	,
that	IN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
document	NN
,	,
accepting	VBG
fees	NNS
for	IN
individual	JJ
placements	NNS
places	NNS
center	NN
staff	NN
in	IN
a	DT
situation	NN
where	WRB
there	EX
is	VBZ
the	DT
appearance	NN
of	IN
a	DT
potential	JJ
conflict	NN
of	IN
interest	NN
.	.
So	RB
at	IN
face	NN
value	NN
,	,
the	DT
employer	NN
is	VBZ
doing	VBG
nothing	NN
wrong	JJ
by	IN
asking	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
priority	NN
schedule	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
alludes	VBZ
to	TO
that	DT
contribution	NN
in	IN
the	DT
request	NN
,	,
one	CD
interpretation	NN
could	MD
be	VB
that	IN
funding	NN
will	MD
dry	VB
up	RP
if	IN
special	JJ
treatment	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
provided	VBN
.	.
This	DT
may	MD
be	VB
seen	VBN
as	IN
coercion	NN
.	.
Or	CC
if	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
provides	VBZ
contributions	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
expectation	NN
,	,
explicit	JJ
or	CC
otherwise	RB
,	,
that	IN
special	JJ
treatment	NN
will	MD
ensue	VB
,	,
he\/she	NN
is	VBZ
walking	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
unsteady	JJ
ethical	JJ
ground	NN
of	IN
bribery	NN
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
harm	NN
to	TO
the	DT
other	JJ
employers	NNS
,	,
what	WP
about	IN
fairness	NN
?	.
The	DT
underlying	VBG
``	``
morality	NN
''	''
of	IN
our	PRP$
economic	JJ
system	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
of	IN
free	JJ
competition	NN
.	.
Ostensibly	RB
,	,
those	DT
who	WP
work	VBP
the	DT
hardest	JJS
,	,
are	VBP
the	DT
most	RBS
ingenious	JJ
,	,
and	CC
do	VB
the	DT
best	JJS
job	NN
should	MD
be	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
successful	JJ
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
our	PRP$
notion	NN
of	IN
fairness	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
justice	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
that	WDT
is	VBZ
proper	JJ
.	.
And	CC
the	DT
result	NN
should	MD
be	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
benefit	VB
to	TO
society	NN
as	IN
a	DT
whole	NN
,	,
as	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
receiving	VBG
the	DT
best	JJS
products	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
.	.
Applied	NNP
to	TO
recruiting	VBG
,	,
employers	NNS
may	MD
compete	VB
fairly	RB
with	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
candidates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
are	VBP
both	DT
entitled	VBN
and	CC
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
effective	JJ
,	,
ethical	JJ
methods	NNS
at	IN
their	PRP$
disposal	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
an	DT
organization	NN
's	POS
success	NN
in	IN
recruiting	NN
is	VBZ
due	JJ
to	TO
buying	VBG
special	JJ
favors	NNS
,	,
then	RB
competence	NN
and	CC
hard	JJ
work	NN
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
rewarded	VBN
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
unfair	JJ
.	.
From	IN
a	DT
career	NN
center	NN
's	POS
perspective	NN
,	,
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
no	DT
harm	NN
in	IN
granting	VBG
special	JJ
favors	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
priority	NN
schedules	NNS
to	TO
organizations	NNS
that	WDT
make	VBP
contributions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
institution	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
when	WRB
gifts	NNS
are	VBP
received	VBN
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
expectation	NN
of	IN
reciprocation	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
subtle	JJ
understanding	NN
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
bottom	JJ
line	NN
for	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
maintaining	VBG
or	CC
enhancing	VBG
its	PRP$
relationship	NN
with	IN
the	DT
school	NN
,	,
and	CC
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
's	POS
mind	NN
,	,
the	DT
school	NN
fully	RB
understands	VBZ
that	IN
.	.
That	DT
concept	NN
is	VBZ
even	RB
strong	JJ
,	,
one	CD
could	MD
argue	VB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
school	NN
solicited	VBD
the	DT
contributions	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
where	WRB
does	VBZ
this	DT
stop	NN
?	.
What	WP
favors	VBZ
are	VBP
appropriate	JJ
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
?	.
Is	VBZ
one	CD
not	RB
in	IN
danger	NN
of	IN
creating	VBG
an	DT
environment	NN
where	WRB
student	NN
interests	NNS
are	VBP
subordinated	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
institution	NN
's	POS
desire	NN
for	IN
research	NN
money	NN
or	CC
new	JJ
equipment	NN
for	IN
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
?	.
While	IN
this	DT
may	MD
seem	VB
a	DT
bit	NN
far	RB
fetched	VBN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
real	JJ
risk	NN
of	IN
losing	VBG
sight	NN
of	IN
the	DT
primary	JJ
objective	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
serving	VBG
student	NN
needs	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
would	MD
not	RB
grant	VB
this	DT
favor	NN
to	TO
any	DT
organization	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
must	MD
answer	VB
``	``
yes	UH
''	''
to	TO
either	DT
questions	NNS
two	CD
or	CC
three	CD
,	,
it	PRP
should	MD
strongly	RB
consider	VB
turning	VBG
down	RP
the	DT
request	NN
.	.
Instead	RB
,	,
it	PRP
should	MD
explain	VB
to	TO
the	DT
employer	NN
that	IN
in	IN
keeping	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
document	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
the	DT
principle	NN
of	IN
providing	VBG
comparable	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
grant	VB
this	DT
request	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
happy	JJ
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
the	DT
best	JJS
ways	NNS
of	IN
maximizing	VBG
the	DT
effectiveness	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
recruiting	NN
efforts	NNS
.	.
In	IN
doing	VBG
so	RB
,	,
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
professional	JJ
removes	VBZ
him\/herself	NN
from	IN
a	DT
potential	JJ
conflict	NN
of	IN
interest	NN
.	.
A	DT
conflict	NN
of	IN
interest	NN
exists	VBZ
when	WRB
an	DT
individual	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
personal	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
a	DT
business	NN
transaction	NN
that	WDT
might	MD
lead	VB
him\/her	NN
to	TO
act	VB
against	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
interests	NNS
of	IN
his\/her	NN
employing	VBG
organization	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
practitioner	NN
provides	VBZ
special	JJ
treatment	NN
to	TO
employers	NNS
who	WP
make	VBP
special	JJ
contributions	NNS
,	,
the	DT
practitioner	NN
risks	NNS
ignoring	VBG
his\/her	JJ
primary	JJ
responsibility	NN
to	TO
maintain	VB
a	DT
fair	JJ
and	CC
equitable	JJ
recruitment	NN
process	NN
and	CC
to	TO
support	VB
informed	VBN
and	CC
responsible	JJ
decision	NN
making	VBG
by	IN
candidates	NNS
.	.
Employers	NNS
recruiting	VBG
for	IN
work	NN
outside	IN
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
are	VBP
expected	VBN
to	TO
adhere	VB
to	TO
the	DT
equal	JJ
employment	NN
opportunity	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
EEO	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
policy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
.	.
They	PRP
will	MD
advise	VB
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
and	CC
the	DT
students	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
realities	NNS
of	IN
working	VBG
in	IN
that	DT
country	NN
and	CC
of	IN
any	DT
cultural	JJ
and	CC
foreign	JJ
law	NN
differences	NNS
.	.
''	''
This	DT
principle	NN
is	VBZ
driven	VBN
primarily	RB
by	IN
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
balance	VB
the	DT
right	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
to	TO
gain	VB
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
broadest	JJS
range	NN
of	IN
opportunities	NNS
possible	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
obligation	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
employers	NNS
with	IN
special	JJ
methods	NNS
or	CC
needs	VBZ
respect	NN
appropriate	JJ
recruiting	NN
practice	NN
.	.
Section	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
expanded	VBN
upon	IN
in	IN
the	DT
third-party	JJ
segment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
document	NN
,	,
sets	VBZ
forth	RB
the	DT
fundamental	JJ
understanding\/expectation	NN
that	IN
a	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
make	VBP
it	PRP
clear	JJ
to	TO
third-party	JJ
recruiters	NNS
that	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
,	,
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
students	NNS
,	,
an	DT
obligation	NN
to	TO
request	NN
information	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
verify	VB
that	IN
the	DT
positions	NNS
and	CC
organizations	NNS
being	VBG
recruited	VBN
for	IN
are	VBP
legitimate	JJ
and	CC
appropriate	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
Part	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
acknowledges	VBZ
that	IN
cultural	JJ
and	CC
legal	JJ
expectations	NNS
in	IN
other	JJ
countries	NNS
may	MD
impose	VB
certain	JJ
restrictions	NNS
or	CC
expectations	NNS
on	IN
employers	NNS
seeking	VBG
to	TO
fill	VB
overseas	JJ
positions	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
discriminatory	JJ
or	CC
objectionable	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
In	IN
adhering	VBG
to	TO
this	DT
principle	NN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
to	TO
look	VB
out	RP
for	IN
the	DT
well-being	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
by	IN
reinforcing	VBG
the	DT
expectation	NN
that	IN
employers	NNS
honor	VBP
job	NN
discrimination	NN
protections	NNS
.	.
Simultaneously	RB
,	,
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
expects	VBZ
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
students	NNS
understand	VBP
the	DT
culture-based	JJ
circumstances	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
influence	VB
recruitment	NN
practice	NN
and	CC
subsequent	JJ
working	NN
conditions	NNS
.	.
In	IN
short	RB
,	,
this	DT
goes	VBZ
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
establishing	VBG
conditions	NNS
through	IN
which	WDT
students	NNS
can	MD
make	VB
informed	JJ
decisions	NNS
about	IN
their	PRP$
career	NN
and	CC
employment	NN
options	NNS
.	.
However	RB
in	IN
the	DT
scenario	NN
above	IN
,	,
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
is	VBZ
faced	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
dilemma	NN
of	IN
a	DT
conflict	NN
between	IN
U.S.	NNP
law	NN
,	,
international	JJ
law	NN
,	,
and	CC
culture	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
this	DT
conflict	NN
is	VBZ
resolved	VBN
in	IN
different	JJ
ways	NNS
depending	VBG
upon	IN
whether	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
U.S.-incorporated	JJ
company	NN
with	IN
operations	NNS
outside	IN
of	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
foreign-based	JJ
company	NN
hiring	VBG
for	IN
its	PRP$
operations	NNS
outside	IN
of	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
,	,
or	CC
whether	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
treaty	NN
that	WDT
supersedes	VBZ
both	DT
.	.
The	DT
scenario	NN
is	VBZ
intentionally	RB
unclear	JJ
on	IN
this	DT
;	:
because	RB
in	IN
most	JJS
cases	NNS
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
will	MD
not	RB
have	VB
sufficient	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
know	VB
which	WDT
laws	NNS
are	VBP
applicable	JJ
.	.
Nor	CC
are	VBP
career	NN
service	NN
professionals	NNS
expected	VBN
advise	VBP
employers	NNS
or	CC
students	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
intricacy	NN
of	IN
what	WP
happens	VBZ
when	WRB
foreign	JJ
law	NN
and	CC
U.S.	NNP
law	NN
conflict	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
from	IN
an	DT
ethical	JJ
perspective	NN
,	,
career	NN
services	NNS
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
the	DT
employer	NN
explain	VBP
the	DT
realities	NNS
of	IN
working	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
certain	JJ
country	NN
to	TO
students	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
cultural	JJ
and	CC
legal	JJ
differences	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
impact	VB
his\/her	JJR
hiring	VBG
decision	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
can	MD
make	VB
the	DT
determination	NN
as	IN
to	TO
whether	IN
compliance	NN
with	IN
its	PRP$
internal	JJ
EEO	JJ
policy	NN
would	MD
be	VB
necessary	JJ
based	VBN
upon	IN
discussion	NN
with	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
on	IN
the	DT
reasons	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
particular	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
particular	JJ
scenario	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
professional	JJ
has	VBZ
contact	NN
with	IN
a	DT
certain	JJ
third-party	JJ
recruiter	NN
before	IN
interviewing	VBG
takes	VBZ
place	NN
on	IN
campus	NN
,	,
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
would	MD
advise	VB
the	DT
recruiter	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
these	DT
issues	NNS
with	IN
all	DT
candidates	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
recruiter	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
,	,
then	RB
career	NN
services	NNS
determines	VBZ
what	WP
action	NN
to	TO
take	VB
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
advise	VB
the	DT
recruiter	NN
before	IN
the	DT
interview	NN
takes	VBZ
place	NN
,	,
career	NN
services	NNS
should	MD
contact	VB
the	DT
recruiter	NN
and	CC
ask	VB
the	DT
recruiter	NN
to	TO
explain	VB
the	DT
situation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
alumna	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
complaining	VBG
.	.
One	CD
note	NN
for	IN
those	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
who	WP
are	VBP
interested	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
niceties	NNS
,	,
a	DT
U.S.-based	JJ
employer	NN
must	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
EEO	NNP
law	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
operations	NNS
outside	IN
of	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
unless	IN
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
would	MD
cause	VB
that	IN
employer	NN
to	TO
violate	VB
a	DT
foreign	JJ
law	NN
.	.
Foreign-based	JJ
employers	NNS
are	VBP
generally	RB
not	RB
required	VBN
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
EEO	NNP
law	NN
when	WRB
hiring	VBG
for	IN
operations	NNS
outside	IN
of	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
The	DT
challenge	NN
to	TO
career	NN
services	NNS
offices	NNS
is	VBZ
posed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
apparent	JJ
contradiction	NN
between	IN
the	DT
messages	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
principle	NN
and	CC
the	DT
notion	NN
of	IN
providing	VBG
equal	JJ
services	NNS
to	TO
all	DT
students	NNS
.	.
Sections	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
this	DT
principle	NN
are	VBP
at	IN
the	DT
core	NN
of	IN
this	DT
dilemma	NN
.	.
Section	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
directs	VBZ
or	CC
at	IN
least	JJS
legitimizes	VBZ
that	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
reach	VBP
out	RP
to	TO
minority	NN
group	NN
members	NNS
,	,
though	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
broaden	VB
the	DT
pool	NN
of	IN
applicants	NNS
.	.
That	DT
implies	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
pool	NN
needs	VBZ
broadening	VBG
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
comparable	JJ
to	TO
stating	VBG
,	,
``	``
Women	NNS
and	CC
minorities	NNS
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
apply	VB
,	,
''	''
in	IN
a	DT
job	NN
listing	NN
.	.
The	DT
concern	NN
may	MD
be	VB
``	``
will	MD
nonminority	VB
students	NNS
take	VB
this	DT
to	TO
mean	VB
they	PRP
should	MD
not	RB
bother	VB
to	TO
apply	VB
?	.
''	''
And	CC
if	IN
so	RB
,	,
what	WDT
can	MD
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
do	VBP
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
that	IN
all	DT
students	NNS
know	VBP
that	IN
their	PRP$
applications	NNS
are	VBP
welcomed	VBN
?	.
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
would	MD
a	DT
nonminority	JJ
student	NN
be	VB
justified	VBN
in	IN
claiming	VBG
that	IN
by	IN
aiding	VBG
employers	NNS
in	IN
accessing	VBG
minority	NN
students	NNS
,	,
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
professional	JJ
is	VBZ
not	RB
providing	VBG
equal	JJ
treatment	NN
?	.
In	IN
short	RB
,	,
adhering	VBG
to	TO
section	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
does	VBZ
not	RB
automatically	RB
mean	VB
unfair	JJ
treatment	NN
for	IN
nonminority	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
key	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
how	WRB
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
works	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
.	.
Minority-only	RB
recruiting	VBG
schedules	NNS
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
an	DT
acceptable	JJ
response	NN
.	.
Section	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
expresses	VBZ
the	DT
duality	NN
of	IN
this	DT
principle	NN
but	CC
also	RB
offers	VBZ
an	DT
acceptable	JJ
,	,
even	RB
laudable	JJ
rationale	NN
.	.
It	PRP
begins	VBZ
by	IN
reaffirming	VBG
the	DT
underlying	JJ
value	NN
system	NN
of	IN
the	DT
profession	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
full	JJ
and	CC
equal	JJ
opportunity	NN
for	IN
all	DT
students	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
implies	VBZ
that	IN
notifying	VBG
only	RB
minorities	NNS
or	CC
women	NNS
about	IN
certain	JJ
jobs	NNS
or	CC
organizations	NNS
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
intention	NN
of	IN
this	DT
principle	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
it	PRP
reminds	VBZ
us	PRP
that	IN
access	NN
for	IN
women	NNS
and	CC
minorities	NNS
to	TO
certain	JJ
fields	NNS
has	VBZ
been	VBN
traditionally	RB
limited	VBN
or	CC
blocked	VBN
,	,
either	CC
intentionally	RB
or	CC
through	IN
the	DT
belief	NN
that	IN
these	DT
fields	NNS
were	VBD
``	``
off	RB
limits	NNS
.	.
''	''
This	DT
section	NN
promotes	VBZ
the	DT
idea	NN
that	WDT
employer	NN
affirmative	JJ
action	NN
programs	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
assisted	VBN
if	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
alert	JJ
minorities	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
opportunities	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
ruled	VBN
out	RP
.	.
White	NNP
males	NNS
generally	RB
do	VBP
not	RB
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
told	VBN
that	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
become	VB
engineers	NNS
,	,
geologists	NNS
,	,
dentists	NNS
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
professionals	NNS
.	.
Privacy	NN
must	MD
be	VB
guarded	VBN
.	.
By	IN
maintaining	VBG
confidentiality	NN
we	PRP
protect	VBP
individuals	NNS
from	IN
being	VBG
harmed	VBN
by	IN
information	NN
falling	VBG
into	IN
the	DT
wrong	JJ
hands	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
also	RB
protecting	VBG
them	PRP
from	IN
the	DT
embarrassment	NN
and	CC
sense	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
violation	NN
that	WDT
often	RB
accompany	VBP
having	VBG
had	VBD
their	PRP$
confidentiality	NN
breached	VBN
.	.
Students	NNS
should	MD
receive	VB
only	RB
valid	JJ
information	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
to	TO
make	VB
decisions	NNS
about	IN
career	NN
and	CC
employment	NN
choices	NNS
.	.
Correct	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
instrumentation	NN
should	MD
enable	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
make	VB
an	DT
informed	JJ
decision	NN
as	IN
to	TO
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
the	DT
undergo	VB
testing	NN
and	CC
what	WP
meaning	VBG
it	PRP
might	MD
have	VB
for	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Respect	NN
for	IN
the	DT
human	JJ
right	NN
of	IN
autonomy	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
being	VBG
able	JJ
to	TO
function	VB
independent	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
control	NN
of	IN
others	NNS
,	,
serves	VBZ
as	IN
the	DT
foundation	NN
of	IN
this	DT
principle	NN
.	.
Individuals	NNS
whose	WP$
autonomy	NN
is	VBZ
respected	VBN
will	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
information	NN
or	CC
directed	VBN
to	TO
sources	NNS
of	IN
information	NN
that	IN
he\/she	NN
can	MD
evaluate	VB
and	CC
use	VB
in	IN
making	VBG
a	DT
career	NN
decision	NN
.	.
Choosing	VBG
to	TO
take	VB
a	DT
career	NN
interest	NN
inventory	NN
should	MD
be	VB
based	VBN
on	IN
correct	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
,	,
meaning	NN
,	,
and	CC
potential	JJ
value	NN
of	IN
the	DT
test	NN
to	TO
the	DT
student	NN
.	.
Only	RB
a	DT
trained	VBN
,	,
knowledgeable	JJ
professional	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
position	NN
to	TO
work	VB
through	IN
that	DT
decision	NN
with	IN
the	DT
student	NN
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
career	NN
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
recognize	VBP
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
often	RB
regarded	VBN
by	IN
students	NNS
as	IN
experts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
thus	RB
their	PRP$
suggestions	NNS
or	CC
comments	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
printed	VBN
results	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
career	NN
test	NN
,	,
may	MD
carry	VB
considerable	JJ
influence	NN
.	.
This	DT
places	VBZ
a	DT
responsibility	NN
on	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
professional	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
qualified	VBN
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
the	DT
student	NN
to	TO
understand	VB
the	DT
meaning	NN
,	,
especially	RB
the	DT
limitations	NNS
,	,
of	IN
the	DT
test	NN
results	NNS
.	.
``	``
If	IN
the	DT
charging	NN
of	IN
fees	NNS
for	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
becomes	VBZ
necessary	JJ
,	,
such	JJ
fees	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
appropriate	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
budgetary	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
office	NN
and	CC
will	MD
not	RB
hinder	VB
student	NN
or	CC
employer	NN
access	NN
to	TO
services	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
counsel	NN
student	NN
and	CC
university	NN
organizations	NNS
engaged	VBN
in	IN
recruitment	NN
activities	NNS
to	TO
follow	VB
this	DT
principle	NN
.	.
''	''
Career	NNP
services	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
campus	NN
offices	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
student	NN
organizations	NNS
,	,
should	MD
not	RB
assess	VB
fees	NNS
or	CC
develop	VB
fee	NN
policies	NNS
that	WDT
result	VBP
in	IN
limiting	VBG
students	NNS
from	IN
using	VBG
services	NNS
or	CC
having	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
all	DT
employers	NNS
.	.
While	IN
outside	JJ
fees	NNS
are	VBP
essential	JJ
for	IN
many	JJ
career	NN
centers	NNS
,	,
this	DT
need	NN
must	MD
be	VB
balanced	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
primary	JJ
obligation	NN
of	IN
equal	JJ
and	CC
full	JJ
access	NN
for	IN
all	DT
students	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
a	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
that	WDT
claims	VBZ
it	PRP
has	VBZ
an	DT
educational	JJ
mission	NN
may	MD
be	VB
on	IN
thin	JJ
ice	NN
if	IN
it	PRP
charges	VBZ
students	NNS
for	IN
basic	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
given	VBN
that	DT
tuition	NN
and	CC
fees	NNS
are	VBP
intended	VBN
to	TO
cover	VB
a	DT
student	NN
's	POS
educational	JJ
expenses	NNS
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
charges	NNS
are	VBP
acceptable	JJ
within	IN
the	DT
framework	NN
of	IN
the	DT
institutional	JJ
fee	NN
structure	NN
and	CC
philosophy	NN
,	,
charging	VBG
employers	NNS
amounts	NNS
well	RB
beyond	IN
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
running	VBG
an	DT
event	NN
raises	VBZ
questions	NNS
of	IN
honesty	NN
and	CC
fairness	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
some	DT
organizations	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
or	CC
wish	NN
to	TO
pay	VB
these	DT
fees	NNS
,	,
thus	RB
depriving	VBG
students	NNS
of	IN
direct	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
potential	JJ
employers	NNS
.	.
``	``
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
will	MD
advise	VB
students	NNS
about	IN
their	PRP$
obligations	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
recruitment	NN
process	NN
and	CC
establish	VB
mechanisms	NNS
to	TO
encourage	VB
their	PRP$
compliance	NN
.	.
Students	NNS
'	POS
obligations	NNS
include	VBP
providing	VBG
accurate	JJ
information	NN
;	:
adhering	VBG
to	TO
schedules	NNS
;	:
accepting	VBG
an	DT
offer	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
in	IN
good	JJ
faith	NN
;	:
notifying	VBG
employers	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
timely	JJ
basis	NN
of	IN
an	DT
acceptance	NN
or	CC
nonacceptance	NN
and	CC
withdrawing	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
recruiting	NN
process	NN
after	IN
accepting	VBG
an	DT
offer	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
;	:
interviewing	VBG
only	RB
with	IN
employers	NNS
for	IN
whom	WP
students	NNS
are	VBP
interested	JJ
in	IN
working	VBG
and	CC
whose	WP$
eligibility	NN
requirements	NNS
they	PRP
meet	VBP
;	:
and	CC
requesting	VBG
reimbursement	NN
of	IN
only	RB
reasonable	JJ
and	CC
legitimate	JJ
expenses	NNS
incurred	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
recruitment	NN
process	NN
.	.
''	''
Students	NNS
should	MD
act	VB
according	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
principles	NNS
of	IN
honesty	NN
and	CC
fair	JJ
play	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
employers	NNS
and	CC
career	NN
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
are	VBP
held	VBN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
are	VBP
expected	VBN
to	TO
educate	VB
students	NNS
about	IN
this	DT
responsibility	NN
and	CC
enforce	VB
it	PRP
when	WRB
necessary	JJ
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
have	VBP
an	DT
ethical	JJ
responsibility	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
the	DT
recruiting	NN
process	NN
is	VBZ
fair	JJ
and	CC
equitable	JJ
to	TO
candidates	NNS
and	CC
employing	VBG
organizations	NNS
.	.
Student	NN
obligations	NNS
and	CC
ethical	JJ
behavior	NN
in	IN
the	DT
recruiting	NN
process	NN
are	VBP
important	JJ
to	TO
members	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
profession	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
document	NN
can	MD
not	RB
establish	VB
direct	JJ
standards	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
monitored	VBN
or	CC
enforced	VBN
by	IN
NACE	NNP
,	,
as	IN
students	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
,	,
nor	CC
are	VBP
they	PRP
a	DT
party	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
document	NN
.	.
Rather	RB
,	,
student	NN
behavior	NN
is	VBZ
best	JJS
monitored	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
.	.
The	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
professional	JJ
must	MD
instruct	VB
students	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
obligations	NNS
and	CC
develop	VB
mechanisms	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
for	IN
encouraging	JJ
compliance	NN
.	.
Scenario	NN
A	NN
:	:
The	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
becomes	VBZ
aware	JJ
that	IN
a	DT
student	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
signing	VBG
up	RP
for	IN
interviews	NNS
and	CC
then	RB
not	RB
showing	VBG
up	RP
for	IN
the	DT
interview	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
feels	VBZ
restricted	VBN
because	IN
the	DT
student	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
son	NN
of	IN
the	DT
dean	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
.	.
All	DT
students	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
advised	VBN
that	IN
if	IN
an	DT
unforeseeable	JJ
event	NN
prevents	VBZ
him\/her	RB
from	IN
appearing	VBG
for	IN
an	DT
interview	NN
,	,
the	DT
student	NN
should	MD
notify	VB
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
or	CC
the	DT
employer	NN
at	IN
the	DT
earliest	JJS
possible	JJ
moment	NN
.	.
Appropriate	JJ
counseling	NN
by	IN
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
staff	NN
should	MD
impress	VB
upon	IN
the	DT
student	NN
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
keeping	VBG
his\/her	JJR
interview	NN
appointments	NNS
.	.
A	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
a	DT
student	NN
who	WP
habitually	RB
fails	VBZ
to	TO
keep	VB
interview	NN
appointments	NNS
could	MD
restrict	VB
the	DT
student	NN
from	IN
further	JJ
participation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
on-campus	JJ
recruiting	NN
process	NN
.	.
All	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
centers	NNS
should	MD
develop	VB
and	CC
post	VB
a	DT
strictly	RB
enforced	VBN
policy	NN
regarding	VBG
students	NNS
'	POS
obligations	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
recruiting	NN
process	NN
.	.
Resolution	NNP
B	NNP
:	:
Once	RB
the	DT
student	NN
has	VBZ
accepted	VBN
employment	NN
,	,
the	DT
student	NN
must	MD
live	VB
with	IN
that	DT
commitment	NN
and	CC
withdraw	VB
from	IN
the	DT
recruiting	NN
process	NN
.	.
The	DT
student	NN
should	MD
notify	VB
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
all	DT
other	JJ
employers	NNS
with	IN
whom	WP
he\/she	VBP
is	VBZ
a	DT
potential	JJ
candidate	NN
for	IN
employment	NN
that	IN
he\/she	NN
has	VBZ
accepted	VBN
an	DT
offer	NN
for	IN
employment	NN
.	.
This	DT
enables	VBZ
the	DT
employer	NN
to	TO
then	RB
consider	VB
alternative	JJ
candidates	NNS
for	IN
positions	NNS
with	IN
their	PRP$
organizations	NNS
and	CC
eliminate	VB
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
being	VBG
left	VBN
with	IN
positions	NNS
to	TO
fill	VB
and	CC
no	DT
remaining	VBG
viable	JJ
candidates	NNS
for	IN
consideration	NN
.	.
While	IN
an	DT
offer	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
should	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
full	JJ
intention	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
honored	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
very	RB
possible	JJ
that	IN
an	DT
employer	NN
may	MD
give	VB
several	JJ
offers	NNS
of	IN
employment	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
certain	JJ
criteria	NNS
and	CC
later	RB
find	VB
that	DT
he\/she	NN
must	MD
withdraw	VB
the	DT
offers	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
due	JJ
to	TO
downsizing	VBG
,	,
non-awarded	JJ
contracts	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
A	DT
student	NN
may	MD
have	VB
several	JJ
offers	NNS
and	CC
continue	VB
interviewing	VBG
until	IN
an	DT
employment	NN
offer	NN
is	VBZ
accepted	VBN
.	.
``	``
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
will	MD
provide	VB
services	NNS
to	TO
international	JJ
students	NNS
consistent	JJ
with	IN
U.S.	NNP
immigration	NN
laws	NNS
;	:
inform	VB
those	DT
students	NNS
about	IN
these	DT
laws	NNS
;	:
represent	VB
the	DT
reality	NN
of	IN
the	DT
available	JJ
job	NN
market	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
;	:
encourage	VB
pursuit	NN
of	IN
only	RB
those	DT
employment	NN
opportunities	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
that	WDT
meet	VBP
the	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
work	NN
authorization	NN
;	:
and	CC
encourage	VB
pursuit	NN
of	IN
eligible	JJ
international	JJ
employment	NN
opportunities	NNS
.	.
''	''
International	NNP
students	NNS
are	VBP
accepted	VBN
for	IN
study	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
with	IN
the	DT
understanding	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
to	TO
return	VB
to	TO
their	PRP$
home	NN
country	NN
for	IN
employment	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
pursuits	NNS
upon	IN
completion	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
studies	NNS
.	.
Subsequent	JJ
to	TO
12	CD
months	NNS
of	IN
post-degree	JJ
practical	JJ
training	NN
employment	NN
,	,
an	DT
international	JJ
student	NN
may	MD
then	RB
petition	VB
his\/her	JJR
employer	NN
to	TO
request	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
visa	NN
status	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
allow	VB
continued	JJ
employment	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
professional	JJ
has	VBZ
a	DT
professional	JJ
obligation	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
international	JJ
students	NNS
with	IN
their	PRP$
career	NN
development	NN
,	,
including	VBG
participation	NN
in	IN
experiential	JJ
opportunities	NNS
which	WDT
complement	VBP
and	CC
enhance	VBP
their	PRP$
classroom	NN
education	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
parallel	JJ
responsibility	NN
not	RB
to	TO
encourage	VB
or	CC
enable	VB
students	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
around	IN
the	DT
regulations	NNS
.	.
While	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
principles	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
adopted	VBN
which	WDT
are	VBP
specifically	RB
identified	VBN
for	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
,	,
the	DT
behavior	NN
outlined	VBN
in	IN
these	DT
principles	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
observed	VBN
by	IN
all	DT
campus	NN
offices	NNS
and	CC
employees	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
recruitment	NN
processes	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
fair	JJ
and	CC
equitable	JJ
to	TO
candidates	NNS
and	CC
employing	VBG
organizations	NNS
.	.
All	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
campus	NN
should	MD
basically	RB
be	VB
expecting	VBG
to	TO
``	``
play	VB
by	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
rules	NNS
.	.
''	''
Yet	RB
these	DT
other	JJ
campus	NN
parties	NNS
,	,
most	RBS
notably	RB
students	NNS
and	CC
faculty	NN
,	,
are	VBP
generally	RB
not	RB
members	NNS
of	IN
NACE	NNP
.	.
Thus	RB
it	PRP
falls	VBZ
upon	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
professional	JJ
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
an	DT
educator	NN
and	CC
advocate	NN
for	IN
these	DT
standards	NNS
on	IN
his\/her	NN
campus	NN
.	.
This	DT
can	MD
bring	VB
him\/her	NN
into	IN
conflict	NN
with	IN
campus	NN
members	NNS
,	,
primarily	RB
faculty	NN
and	CC
institutional	JJ
advancement	NN
professionals	NNS
,	,
who	WP
would	MD
employ	VB
methods	NNS
that	WDT
violate	VBP
our	PRP$
principles	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
uncommon	JJ
for	IN
employers	NNS
to	TO
contact	VB
a	DT
faculty	NN
member	NN
to	TO
request	NN
names	NNS
of	IN
students	NNS
as	IN
potential	JJ
job	NN
candidates	NNS
.	.
While	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
seem	VB
harmless	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
names	NNS
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
some	DT
potential	JJ
legal	JJ
and	CC
ethical	JJ
pitfalls	NNS
.	.
By	IN
referring	VBG
students	NNS
for	IN
employment	NN
on	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
basis	NN
,	,
the	DT
faculty	NN
member	NN
could	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
an	DT
``	``
employment	NN
agency	NN
''	''
for	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
compliance	NN
with	IN
equal	JJ
employment	NN
opportunity	NN
law	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
faculty	NN
member	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
innocently	RB
or	CC
otherwise	RB
,	,
referring	VBG
male	JJ
students	NNS
only	RB
,	,
or	CC
not	RB
referring	VBG
minority	NN
students	NNS
,	,
the	DT
faculty	NN
member	NN
is	VBZ
open	JJ
to	TO
charges	NNS
of	IN
discrimination	NN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
faculty	NN
member	NN
refers	VBZ
only	RB
three	CD
candidates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
publicize	VB
the	DT
position	NN
to	TO
all	DT
who	WP
may	MD
be	VB
qualified	VBN
,	,
the	DT
doctrine	NN
of	IN
fairness	NN
is	VBZ
violated	VBN
.	.
The	DT
best	JJS
course	NN
of	IN
action	NN
would	MD
be	VB
to	TO
contact	VB
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
so	RB
that	IN
the	DT
position	NN
can	MD
be	VB
listed	VBN
for	IN
all	DT
who	WP
qualify	VBP
.	.
The	DT
faculty	NN
member	NN
could	MD
also	RB
post	VB
the	DT
position	NN
within	IN
the	DT
academic	JJ
department	NN
and	CC
announce	VB
it	PRP
in	IN
his\/her	NN
classes	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
an	DT
assumption	NN
among	IN
students	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
employment	NN
professionals	NNS
recruiting	VBG
at	IN
their	PRP$
school	NN
are	VBP
using	VBG
a	DT
process	NN
that	WDT
produces	VBZ
appropriate	JJ
hiring	NN
decisions	NNS
:	:
competently	RB
administered	VBN
recruitment	NN
process	NN
that	WDT
contributes	VBZ
to	TO
valid	JJ
decisions	NNS
by	IN
candidates	NNS
about	IN
employment	NN
offers	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
and	CC
employers	NNS
form	VBP
a	DT
partnership	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
to	TO
benefit	VB
all	DT
parties	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
process	NN
.	.
This	DT
demands	VBZ
that	IN
employers	NNS
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
function	VB
within	IN
accepted	VBN
professional	JJ
standards	NNS
and	CC
represent	VBP
their	PRP$
organizations	NNS
accurately	RB
to	TO
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
employment	NN
professionals	NNS
are	VBP
relied	VBN
on	IN
to	TO
attract	VB
and	CC
hire	VB
the	DT
best	JJS
candidates	NNS
possible	JJ
for	IN
their	PRP$
organizations	NNS
.	.
Not	RB
only	RB
does	VBZ
this	DT
require	VBP
basic	JJ
competence	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
attract	VB
candidates	NNS
whose	WP$
reasons	NNS
for	IN
choosing	VBG
the	DT
organization	NN
match	NN
with	IN
the	DT
reality	NN
of	IN
that	DT
organization	NN
.	.
Otherwise	RB
,	,
turnover	NN
and	CC
the	DT
costs	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
these	DT
errors	NNS
will	MD
result	VB
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
this	DT
principle	NN
pertains	VBZ
to	TO
fairness	NN
,	,
honesty	NN
,	,
and	CC
fidelity	NN
.	.
Under	IN
this	DT
principle	NN
employers	NNS
are	VBP
expected	VBN
to	TO
make	VB
offers	NNS
for	IN
openings	NNS
in	IN
good	JJ
faith	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
those	DT
that	WDT
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
their	PRP$
best	JJS
professional	JJ
estimate	NN
,	,
will	MD
be	VB
there	RB
for	IN
candidates	NNS
when	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
graduated	VBN
and	CC
ready	JJ
to	TO
begin	VB
employment	NN
.	.
Put	VB
simply	RB
,	,
the	DT
employer	NN
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
to	TO
keep	VB
his\/her	JJR
promise	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
only	RB
fair	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
employer	NN
that	WDT
he\/she	VBP
have	VB
the	DT
option	NN
of	IN
taking	VBG
this	DT
step	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
given	VBN
the	DT
possible	JJ
cost	NN
to	TO
the	DT
candidate	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
losing	VBG
this	DT
offer	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
only	RB
right	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
compensate	VB
the	DT
candidate	NN
,	,
who	WP
may	MD
have	VB
turned	VBN
down	RP
other	JJ
offers	NNS
,	,
by	IN
taking	VBG
reasonable	JJ
steps	NNS
to	TO
assist	VB
him\/her	NN
in	IN
finding	VBG
another	DT
position	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
fall	NN
,	,
an	DT
organization	NN
expects	VBZ
to	TO
hire	VB
75	CD
entry-level	JJ
engineers	NNS
nationwide	JJ
and	CC
recruits	NNS
accordingly	RB
.	.
By	IN
February	NNP
it	PRP
has	VBZ
extended	VBN
offers	NNS
and	CC
positions	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
accepted	VBN
.	.
Students	NNS
who	WP
accepted	VBD
these	DT
positions	NNS
have	VBP
honored	VBN
their	PRP$
obligation	NN
by	IN
withdrawing	VBG
from	IN
their	PRP$
respective	JJ
on-campus	JJ
recruiting	NN
programs	NNS
and	CC
notified	VBN
other	JJ
organizations	NNS
from	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
received	VBD
offers	NNS
.	.
In	IN
April	NNP
,	,
the	DT
recruiters	NNS
are	VBP
notified	VBN
that	IN
some	DT
major	JJ
federal	JJ
contracts	NNS
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
granted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
organization	NN
and	CC
many	JJ
of	IN
these	DT
new	JJ
hires	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
needed	VBN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
recruiting	NN
practices	NNS
were	VBD
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
good	JJ
intentions	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
cut	VB
hires	NNS
was	VBD
unforeseeable	JJ
,	,
the	DT
organization	NN
still	RB
has	VBZ
the	DT
obligation	NN
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
good	JJ
faith	NN
effort	NN
to	TO
help	VB
the	DT
students	NNS
recover	VBP
from	IN
their	PRP$
loss	NN
.	.
This	DT
can	MD
include	VB
looking	VBG
for	IN
other	JJ
positions	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
,	,
assisting	VBG
the	DT
students	NNS
in	IN
finding	VBG
positions	NNS
elsewhere	RB
,	,
or	CC
engaging	VBG
the	DT
assistance	NN
of	IN
a	DT
outside	JJ
firm	NN
to	TO
help	VB
the	DT
students	NNS
obtain	VB
comparable	JJ
employment	NN
.	.
Organizations	NNP
contributing	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
or	CC
its	PRP$
college	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
inherently	RB
immoral	JJ
.	.
A	DT
contribution	NN
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
means	NN
of	IN
bringing	VBG
attention	NN
to	TO
the	DT
organization	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
an	DT
investment	NN
in	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
from	IN
which	WDT
candidates	NNS
are	VBP
hired	VBN
.	.
The	DT
problem	NN
,	,
at	IN
least	JJS
from	IN
the	DT
standpoint	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
document	NN
,	,
emerges	VBZ
when	WRB
a	DT
recruiting	NN
organization	NN
seeks	VBZ
treatment	NN
that	IN
in	IN
some	DT
way	NN
threatens	VBZ
the	DT
intended	JJ
fairness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
recruitment	NN
process	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
employers	NNS
with	IN
whom	WP
the	DT
college	NN
collaborates	VBZ
.	.
When	WRB
contributions	NNS
are	VBP
intended	VBN
or	CC
have	VBP
the	DT
effect	NN
of	IN
crowding	VBG
out	RP
other	JJ
,	,
less	RBR
affluent	JJ
employers	NNS
,	,
then	RB
students	NNS
may	MD
in	IN
effect	NN
be	VB
denied	VBN
ready	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
full	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
opportunities	NNS
they	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
consider	VB
and	CC
are	VBP
entitled	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
.	.
The	DT
recommended	VBN
approach	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
make	VB
all	DT
efforts	NNS
to	TO
educate	VB
the	DT
two	CD
vice	NN
presidents	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
realities	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
situation	NN
.	.
Not	RB
all	DT
students	NNS
expect	VBP
or	CC
want	VBP
alcoholic	JJ
beverages	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
recruiting	NN
event	NN
.	.
Some	DT
,	,
possibly	RB
the	DT
best	JJS
candidates	NNS
,	,
may	MD
be	VB
uncomfortable	JJ
with	IN
this	DT
situation	NN
and	CC
turned	VBD
off	RP
by	IN
the	DT
implication	NN
that	WDT
drinking	NN
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
or	CC
acceptable	JJ
at	IN
a	DT
business	NN
function	NN
.	.
While	IN
some	DT
organizations	NNS
still	RB
make	VBP
alcohol	NN
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
recruiting	NN
function	NN
,	,
many	JJ
recognize	VBP
that	IN
this	DT
contradicts	VBZ
the	DT
philosophy	NN
that	WDT
underlies	VBZ
their	PRP$
substance	NN
abuse	NN
stance	NN
.	.
Third	NNP
,	,
given	VBN
the	DT
concern	NN
that	WDT
colleges	NNS
have	VBP
with	IN
student	NN
alcohol	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
making	VBG
alcoholic	JJ
beverages	NNS
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
recruitment	NN
might	MD
not	RB
engender	VB
positive	JJ
relationships	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
institutions	NNS
from	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
company	NN
is	VBZ
recruiting	VBG
.	.
The	DT
challenge	NN
to	TO
employment	NN
professionals	NNS
recruiting	VBG
on	IN
college	NN
campuses	NNS
mirrors	VBZ
the	DT
dilemma	NN
that	IN
in	IN
some	DT
respect	NN
is	VBZ
experienced	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
individual	JJ
or	CC
organization	NN
that	WDT
believes	VBZ
in	IN
a	DT
just	RB
hiring	VBG
process	NN
.	.
Equal	NNP
employment	NN
opportunity	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
concept	NN
of	IN
distributive	JJ
justice	NN
.	.
Distributive	JJ
justice	NN
in	IN
part	NN
has	VBZ
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
the	DT
way	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
economic	JJ
decisions	NNS
are	VBP
made	VBN
,	,
which	WDT
includes	VBZ
hiring	NN
,	,
compensation	NN
,	,
and	CC
promotion	NN
.	.
Several	JJ
principles	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
equitable	JJ
way	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
to	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
fairness	NN
of	IN
distributing	VBG
benefits	NNS
,	,
most	RBS
notably	RB
merit	NN
.	.
Employees	NNS
hired	VBD
or	CC
promoted	VBD
based	VBN
on	IN
merit	NN
are	VBP
viewed	VBN
as	IN
having	VBG
done	VBN
the	DT
best	JJS
,	,
most	RBS
related	JJ
work	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
possessing	VBG
the	DT
most	JJS
necessary	JJ
qualities	NNS
to	TO
perform	VB
the	DT
tasks	NNS
required	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
position	NN
being	VBG
filled	VBN
.	.
Race	NN
,	,
gender	NN
,	,
age	NN
,	,
ethnicity	NN
,	,
religion	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
,	,
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
seen	VBN
,	,
except	IN
in	IN
the	DT
rarest	NN
of	IN
circumstances	NNS
,	,
as	IN
having	VBG
anything	NN
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
merit	NN
or	CC
having	VBG
a	DT
legitimate	JJ
place	NN
as	IN
a	DT
selection	NN
factor	NN
.	.
It	PRP
should	MD
also	RB
be	VB
noted	VBN
that	IN
both	DT
the	DT
private	JJ
and	CC
public	JJ
sectors	NNS
have	VBP
come	VBN
to	TO
believe	VB
that	IN
affirmative	JJ
action	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
means	NN
of	IN
creating	VBG
more	JJR
diversity	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
work	NN
forces	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
seen	VBN
as	IN
definite	JJ
benefit	NN
to	TO
the	DT
organization	NN
,	,
even	RB
a	DT
need	NN
.	.
From	IN
an	DT
organization	NN
and	CC
,	,
indeed	RB
,	,
a	DT
societal	JJ
standpoint	NN
,	,
an	DT
effective	JJ
affirmative	JJ
action	NN
program	NN
allows	VBZ
for	IN
greater	JJR
use	NN
of	IN
talent	NN
,	,
not	RB
to	TO
mention	VB
empowering	VBG
organizations	NNS
to	TO
relate	VB
more	RBR
effectively	RB
to	TO
their	PRP$
diverse	JJ
clienteles	NNS
,	,
be	VB
their	PRP$
customers	NNS
,	,
or	CC
clients	NNS
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
core	NN
of	IN
an	DT
effective	JJ
affirmative	JJ
action	NN
program	NN
is	VBZ
recruitment	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
attracting	VBG
the	DT
interest	NN
of	IN
targeted	JJ
populations	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
employment	NN
professionals	NNS
in	IN
NACE	NNP
member	NN
organizations	NNS
seeking	VBG
to	TO
meet	VB
their	PRP$
affirmative	JJ
action	NN
goals	NNS
view	VBP
campus	NN
recruiting	NN
as	IN
a	DT
means	NN
of	IN
inviting	VBG
minority	NN
and	CC
females	NNS
to	TO
apply	VB
,	,
interview	NN
,	,
and	CC
ultimately	RB
accept	VB
an	DT
offer	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
.	.
And	CC
given	VBN
their	PRP$
partnership	NN
with	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
offices	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
recruitment	NN
enterprise	NN
,	,
employment	NN
professionals	NNS
will	MD
ask	VB
for	IN
cooperation	NN
in	IN
reaching	VBG
these	DT
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
issue	NN
here	RB
is	VBZ
not	RB
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
to	TO
court	NN
the	DT
interest	NN
of	IN
these	DT
candidates	NNS
,	,
rather	RB
it	PRP
has	VBZ
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
how	WRB
this	DT
effort	NN
is	VBZ
carried	VBN
out	RP
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
are	VBP
obliged	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
equal	JJ
service	NN
and	CC
opportunity	NN
for	IN
all	DT
students	NNS
.	.
But	CC
for	IN
them	PRP
to	TO
single	VB
out	RP
students	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
race	NN
,	,
ethnicity	NN
or	CC
gender	NN
is	VBZ
unthinkable	JJ
.	.
Instead	RB
,	,
the	DT
employer	NN
should	MD
conceive	VB
of	IN
a	DT
recruitment	NN
effort	NN
that	WDT
encourages	VBZ
minority	NN
interest	NN
and	CC
reaches	VBZ
out	RP
to	TO
minority	NN
group	NN
members	NNS
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
is	VBZ
inclusive	JJ
of	IN
all	DT
students	NNS
who	WP
might	MD
qualify	VB
for	IN
the	DT
management	NN
training	NN
program	NN
.	.
This	DT
effort	NN
is	VBZ
most	RBS
likely	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
successful	JJ
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
comprehensive	JJ
.	.
Advertisement	NN
to	TO
students	NNS
may	MD
include	VB
wording	NN
that	IN
encourages	VBZ
minority	NN
and	CC
female	JJ
applications	NNS
,	,
while	IN
also	RB
making	VBG
it	PRP
clear	JJ
that	IN
all	DT
qualified	VBN
applicants	NNS
are	VBP
welcomed	VBN
.	.
Asking	VBG
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
professional	JJ
to	TO
single	VB
out	RP
students	NNS
or	CC
announce	VB
minority	NN
-	:
or	CC
female-only	JJ
opportunities	NNS
is	VBZ
not	RB
acceptable	JJ
,	,
nor	CC
is	VBZ
it	PRP
likely	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
warmly	RB
received	VBN
.	.
Similarly	RB
,	,
skirting	VBG
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
and	CC
going	VBG
directly	RB
to	TO
faculty	NN
in	IN
an	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
have	VB
them	PRP
engage	VB
in	IN
this	DT
sort	NN
of	IN
activity	NN
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
in	IN
keeping	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
ethical	JJ
standards	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
.	.
Privacy	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
important	JJ
right	NN
that	WDT
must	MD
be	VB
guarded	VBN
.	.
By	IN
maintaining	VBG
confidentiality	NN
we	PRP
protect	VBP
individuals	NNS
from	IN
being	VBG
harmed	VBN
by	IN
information	NN
falling	VBG
into	IN
the	DT
wrong	JJ
hands	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
protect	VBP
them	PRP
from	IN
the	DT
embarrassment	NN
and	CC
sense	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
violation	NN
that	WDT
often	RB
accompany	VBP
having	VBG
had	VBD
confidentiality	NN
breached	VBN
.	.
Letters	NNS
of	IN
recommendation	NN
for	IN
candidates	NNS
are	VBP
occasionally	RB
requested	VBN
by	IN
employment	NN
professionals	NNS
.	.
Whether	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
provided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
,	,
a	DT
third-party	JJ
organization	NN
,	,
or	CC
directly	RB
by	IN
the	DT
letter	NN
writers	NNS
,	,
these	DT
documents	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
express	JJ
reason	NN
they	PRP
were	VBD
requested	VBN
and	CC
none	NN
other	JJ
.	.
Once	RB
used	VBN
,	,
they	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
destroyed	VBN
.	.
They	PRP
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
circulated	VBN
to	TO
others	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
unless	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
need	NN
for	IN
others	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
managers	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
know	VB
and	CC
the	DT
student	NN
provides	VBZ
written	VBN
consent	NN
.	.
Similarly	RB
,	,
they	PRP
should	MD
never	RB
be	VB
forwarded	VBN
to	TO
outside	JJ
individuals	NNS
or	CC
organizations	NNS
unless	IN
the	DT
student	NN
provides	VBZ
written	VBN
permission	NN
.	.
This	DT
permission	NN
should	MD
never	RB
be	VB
coerced	VBN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
student	NN
should	MD
have	VB
full	JJ
understanding	NN
as	IN
to	TO
why	WRB
this	DT
is	VBZ
being	VBG
requested	VBN
and	CC
how	WRB
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
effected	VBN
.	.
``	``
Those	DT
engaged	VBN
in	IN
administering	VBG
,	,
evaluating	VBG
,	,
and	CC
interpreting	VBG
assessment	NN
tools	NNS
,	,
tests	NNS
,	,
and	CC
technology	NN
used	VBN
in	IN
selection	NN
will	MD
be	VB
trained	VBN
and	CC
qualified	VBN
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
.	.
Employment	NNP
professionals	NNS
must	MD
advise	VB
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
of	IN
any	DT
test	NN
conducted	VBN
on	IN
campus	NN
and	CC
eliminate	VB
such	PDT
a	DT
test	NN
if	IN
it	PRP
violates	VBZ
campus	NN
policies	NNS
.	.
Employment	NNP
professionals	NNS
must	MD
advise	VB
students	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
timely	JJ
fashion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
type	NN
and	CC
purpose	NN
of	IN
any	DT
test	NN
that	WDT
students	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
take	VB
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
recruitment	NN
process	NN
and	CC
to	TO
whom	WP
the	DT
test	NN
results	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
disclosed	VBN
.	.
Justice	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
respect	NN
for	IN
the	DT
human	JJ
right	NN
of	IN
autonomy	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
being	VBG
able	JJ
to	TO
function	VB
independently	RB
of	IN
the	DT
control	NN
of	IN
others	NNS
,	,
serve	VBP
as	IN
the	DT
foundations	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
principle	NN
.	.
Some	DT
tests	NNS
,	,
notably	RB
those	DT
that	WDT
assess	VBP
personality	NN
or	CC
intelligence	NN
,	,
may	MD
heighten	VB
student	NN
anxiety	NN
.	.
That	IN
the	DT
selection	NN
process	NN
is	VBZ
fair	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
large	JJ
degree	NN
means	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
candidates	NNS
are	VBP
chosen	VBN
based	VBN
on	IN
their	PRP$
qualifications	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
position	NN
.	.
In	IN
that	DT
spirit	NN
,	,
tests	NNS
should	MD
accurately	RB
determine	VB
the	DT
presence	NN
of	IN
the	DT
qualities	NNS
in	IN
question	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
those	DT
qualities	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
ones	NNS
that	WDT
successful	JJ
employees	NNS
actually	RB
need	VBP
.	.
Otherwise	RB
,	,
selection	NN
decisions	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
unwise	JJ
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
test	NN
disproportionately	RB
screens	VBZ
out	RP
women	NNS
and	CC
minority	NN
group	NN
members	NNS
and	CC
if	IN
the	DT
qualities	NNS
it	PRP
is	VBZ
assessing	VBG
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
shown	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
needed	VBN
by	IN
successful	JJ
employees	NNS
,	,
a	DT
charge	NN
of	IN
job	NN
discrimination	NN
can	MD
be	VB
filed	VBN
and	CC
enforced	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
.	.
The	DT
recruitment-related	JJ
policies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
are	VBP
created	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
for	IN
a	DT
fair	JJ
selection	NN
process	NN
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
all	DT
students	NNS
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
participate	VB
.	.
Faculty	NN
and	CC
student	NN
organizations	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
members	NNS
of	IN
NACE	NNP
and	CC
thus	RB
not	RB
necessarily	RB
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
ethical	JJ
and	CC
legal	JJ
foundations	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
professional	JJ
recruitment	NN
effort	NN
.	.
Since	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
may	MD
not	RB
necessarily	RB
know	VB
of	IN
all	DT
activities	NNS
a	DT
recruiting	NN
organization	NN
may	MD
be	VB
involved	VBN
in	IN
on	IN
campus	NN
,	,
the	DT
responsibility	NN
rests	VBZ
in	IN
large	JJ
part	NN
with	IN
the	DT
employment	NN
professional	JJ
to	TO
see	VB
that	IN
these	DT
ethical	JJ
standards	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
violated	VBN
.	.
The	DT
policies	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
are	VBP
intended	VBN
to	TO
honor	VB
the	DT
three	CD
precepts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
document	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
maintaining	VBG
``	``
an	DT
open	JJ
and	CC
free	JJ
selection	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
opportunities	NNS
,	,
''	''
While	IN
unforeseen	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
hiring	VBG
needs	NNS
create	VB
a	DT
legitimate	JJ
reason	NN
for	IN
canceling	VBG
or	CC
postponing	VBG
an	DT
interview	NN
date	NN
or	CC
withdrawing	VBG
an	DT
offer	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
,	,
the	DT
employing	VBG
organization	NN
's	POS
recruitment	NN
plan	NN
should	MD
reflect	VB
careful	JJ
and	CC
professional	JJ
planning	NN
.	.
Likewise	RB
,	,
when	WRB
offers	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
withdrawn	VBN
due	JJ
to	TO
unforeseen	JJ
circumstances	NNS
,	,
the	DT
employer	NN
should	MD
engage	VB
in	IN
a	DT
good	JJ
faith	NN
effort	NN
to	TO
minimize	VB
the	DT
harm	NN
done	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
student	NN
.	.
Employers	NNS
seeking	VBG
to	TO
fill	VB
positions	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
internationally-based	JJ
offices	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
dealing	VBG
with	IN
customs	NNS
and	CC
laws	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
acceptable	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
This	DT
principle	NN
affirms	VBZ
that	IN
organizations	NNS
recruiting	VBG
to	TO
fill	VB
positions	NNS
through	IN
campus	NN
recruiting	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
may	MD
not	RB
screen	VB
out	RP
students	NNS
who	WP
,	,
due	JJ
to	TO
their	PRP$
American	JJ
citizenship	NN
,	,
might	MD
not	RB
be	VB
fully	RB
considered	VBN
back	RB
in	IN
the	DT
home	NN
country	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
so	RB
that	IN
American	JJ
students	NNS
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
fully	RB
rational	JJ
decision	NN
about	IN
interviewing	VBG
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
imperative	JJ
that	IN
they	PRP
understand	VBP
that	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
seriously	RB
considered	VBN
or	CC
might	MD
run	VB
into	IN
roadblocks	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
placed	VBN
before	IN
them	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
an	DT
American	JJ
woman	NN
looking	VBG
for	IN
work	NN
with	IN
an	DT
American	JJ
company	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
Middle	NNP
East	NNP
offices	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
restrictions	NNS
placed	VBN
on	IN
women	NNS
in	IN
those	DT
countries	NNS
.	.
The	DT
student	NN
is	VBZ
then	RB
free	JJ
to	TO
decide	VB
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
to	TO
pursue	VB
these	DT
opportunities	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
an	DT
assumption	NN
by	IN
students	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
third-party	JJ
recruiters	NNS
recruiting	VBG
at	IN
their	PRP$
school	NN
are	VBP
using	VBG
a	DT
process	NN
that	WDT
makes	VBZ
for	IN
appropriate	JJ
hiring	NN
decisions	NNS
.	.
A	DT
competently	RB
administered	VBN
recruitment	NN
process	NN
contributes	VBZ
to	TO
valid	JJ
decisions	NNS
by	IN
candidates	NNS
about	IN
employment	NN
offers	NNS
.	.
From	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
perspective	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
a	DT
partnership	NN
with	IN
employers	NNS
that	WDT
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
to	TO
benefit	VB
all	DT
parties	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
process	NN
.	.
This	DT
demands	VBZ
that	IN
employers	NNS
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
function	VB
within	IN
accepted	VBN
professional	JJ
standards	NNS
and	CC
represent	VBP
their	PRP$
organizations	NNS
accurately	RB
to	TO
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
third-party	JJ
recruiters	NNS
are	VBP
relied	VBN
on	IN
by	IN
their	PRP$
clients	NNS
to	TO
attract	VB
and	CC
hire	VB
the	DT
best	JJS
candidates	NNS
possible	JJ
.	.
Not	RB
only	RB
does	VBZ
this	DT
require	VBP
basic	JJ
competence	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
attract	VB
candidates	NNS
whose	WP$
reasons	NNS
for	IN
choosing	VBG
the	DT
organization	NN
match	NN
with	IN
the	DT
reality	NN
of	IN
that	DT
organization	NN
.	.
Otherwise	RB
,	,
turnover	NN
and	CC
the	DT
costs	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
these	DT
errors	NNS
will	MD
result	VB
.	.
Inherent	NNP
in	IN
this	DT
principle	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
notion	NN
that	IN
employment	NN
justice	NN
,	,
as	IN
currently	RB
defined	VBN
and	CC
implemented	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
American	JJ
court	NN
system	NN
,	,
adheres	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
notion	NN
that	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
hiring	NN
must	MD
be	VB
done	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
nondiscriminatory	JJ
manner	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
EEO	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
American	JJ
society	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
moral	JJ
obligation	NN
to	TO
remedy	VB
the	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
past	JJ
employment	NN
discrimination	NN
,	,
known	VBN
as	IN
compensatory	JJ
justice	NN
.	.
While	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
much	JJ
debate	NN
about	IN
the	DT
merits	NNS
of	IN
affirmative	JJ
action	NN
,	,
its	PRP$
moral	JJ
foundation	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
basic	JJ
tenet	NN
of	IN
this	DT
association	NN
.	.
The	DT
challenge	NN
to	TO
third-party	JJ
recruiters	NNS
recruiting	VBG
on	IN
college	NN
campuses	NNS
mirrors	VBZ
the	DT
dilemma	NN
that	IN
in	IN
some	DT
respect	NN
is	VBZ
experienced	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
individual	JJ
or	CC
organization	NN
that	WDT
believes	VBZ
in	IN
a	DT
just	RB
hiring	VBG
process	NN
.	.
Equal	NNP
employment	NN
opportunity	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
concept	NN
of	IN
distributive	JJ
justice	NN
.	.
Distributive	JJ
justice	NN
,	,
in	IN
part	NN
,	,
has	VBZ
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
the	DT
way	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
economic	JJ
decisions	NNS
are	VBP
made	VBN
,	,
which	WDT
includes	VBZ
hiring	NN
,	,
compensation	NN
,	,
and	CC
promotion	NN
.	.
Several	JJ
principles	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
equitable	JJ
way	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
to	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
fairness	NN
of	IN
distributing	VBG
benefits	NNS
,	,
most	RBS
notably	RB
merit	NN
.	.
Employees	NNS
hired	VBD
or	CC
promoted	VBD
based	VBN
on	IN
merit	NN
are	VBP
viewed	VBN
as	IN
having	VBG
done	VBN
the	DT
best	JJS
,	,
most	RBS
related	JJ
work	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
possessing	VBG
the	DT
most	JJS
necessary	JJ
qualities	NNS
to	TO
perform	VB
the	DT
tasks	NNS
required	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
position	NN
being	VBG
filled	VBN
.	.
Race	NN
,	,
gender	NN
,	,
age	NN
,	,
ethnicity	NN
,	,
religion	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
,	,
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
seen	VBN
,	,
except	IN
in	IN
the	DT
rarest	NN
of	IN
circumstances	NNS
,	,
as	IN
having	VBG
anything	NN
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
merit	NN
or	CC
having	VBG
a	DT
legitimate	JJ
place	NN
as	IN
a	DT
selection	NN
factor	NN
.	.
A	DT
third-party	JJ
recruiter	NN
is	VBZ
retained	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
client	NN
organization	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
seeking	VBG
to	TO
recruit	VB
college	NN
women	NNS
and	CC
members	NNS
of	IN
minority	NN
groups	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
management	NN
training	NN
program	NN
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
diversity	NN
enhancement	NN
effort	NN
.	.
Principles	NNS
document	NN
,	,
namely	RB
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
maintain	VB
an	DT
open	JJ
and	CC
free	JJ
selection	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
opportunities	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
atmosphere	NN
conducive	JJ
to	TO
objective	JJ
thought	NN
and	CC
2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
maintain	VB
a	DT
recruitment	NN
process	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
fair	JJ
and	CC
equitable	JJ
to	TO
candidates	NNS
and	CC
employing	VBG
organizations	NNS
.	.
This	DT
writing	NN
of	IN
this	DT
principle	NN
is	VBZ
driven	VBN
primarily	RB
by	IN
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
balance	VB
the	DT
right	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
to	TO
gain	VB
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
broadest	JJS
range	NN
of	IN
opportunities	NNS
possible	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
obligation	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
employers	NNS
with	IN
special	JJ
methods	NNS
or	CC
needs	VBZ
respect	NN
appropriate	JJ
recruiting	NN
practice	NN
.	.
``	``
Third-party	JJ
recruiters	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
disclose	VB
to	TO
any	DT
employer	NN
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
client-employer	NN
,	,
any	DT
student	NN
information	NN
without	IN
obtaining	VBG
prior	RB
written	VBN
consent	NN
from	IN
the	DT
student	NN
.	.
Under	IN
no	DT
circumstances	NNS
can	MD
student	NN
information	NN
be	VB
disclosed	VBN
for	IN
other	JJ
than	IN
recruiting	VBG
purposes	NNS
nor	CC
can	MD
it	PRP
be	VB
sold	VBN
or	CC
provided	VBN
to	TO
other	JJ
entities	NNS
.	.
''	''
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
must	MD
endeavor	VB
to	TO
prevent	VB
practices	NNS
that	WDT
violate	VBP
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
by	IN
educating	VBG
the	DT
campus	NN
community	NN
about	IN
the	DT
ethical	JJ
issues	NNS
of	IN
concern	NN
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
others	NNS
in	IN
Student	NNP
Life	NNP
,	,
Institutional	NNP
Advancement	NNP
,	,
and	CC
faculty	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
should	MD
work	VB
with	IN
the	DT
campus	NN
community	NN
to	TO
educate	VB
them	PRP
about	IN
the	DT
potential	NN
for	IN
ethical	JJ
abuses	NNS
that	WDT
commercialization	NN
poses	VBZ
and	CC
to	TO
develop	VB
practices	NNS
that	WDT
respect	VBP
student	NN
rights	NNS
while	IN
honoring	VBG
institutional	JJ
needs	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
diligent	JJ
in	IN
enforcing	VBG
the	DT
NACE	NNP
Principles	NNPS
for	IN
Professional	NNP
Conduct	NNP
not	RB
only	RB
as	IN
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
impact	VBP
their	PRP$
offices	NNS
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
as	IN
they	PRP
relate	VBP
to	TO
faculty	NN
and	CC
staff	NN
throughout	IN
their	PRP$
respective	JJ
institutions	NNS
.	.
Faculty	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
campus	NN
members	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
alumni	NNS
,	,
who	WP
attempt	VBP
to	TO
provide	VB
employers	NNS
with	IN
information	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
entitled	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
confidential	JJ
student	NN
information	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
access	NN
to	TO
only	RB
``	``
certain	JJ
''	''
candidates	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
thus	RB
are	VBP
not	RB
providing	VBG
all	DT
students	NNS
with	IN
equal	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
information	NN
about	IN
opportunities	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
are	VBP
breaching	VBG
the	DT
ethical	JJ
standards	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
profession	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
imperative	JJ
that	IN
these	DT
behaviors	NNS
be	VB
confronted	VBN
.	.
In	IN
seeking	VBG
and	CC
accepting	VBG
employer	NN
contributions	NNS
,	,
career	NN
services	NNS
offices	NNS
and	CC
academic	JJ
departments	NNS
must	MD
make	VB
every	DT
effort	NN
not	RB
to	TO
compromise	VB
their	PRP$
duty	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
full	JJ
and	CC
equal	JJ
service	NN
to	TO
students	NNS
and	CC
employers	NNS
.	.
If	IN
employer	NN
funds	NNS
provide	VBP
greater	JJR
prominence	NN
to	TO
the	DT
names	NNS
and	CC
opportunities	NNS
of	IN
specific	JJ
organizations	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
industries	NNS
,	,
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
has	VBZ
an	DT
obligation	NN
to	TO
make	VB
every	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
students	NNS
not	RB
interested	JJ
in	IN
those	DT
specific	JJ
organizations	NNS
or	CC
industries	NNS
with	IN
contact	NN
and\/or	CC
other	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
alternate	JJ
employers	NNS
in	IN
keeping	VBG
with	IN
their	PRP$
needs	NNS
and	CC
interests	NNS
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
professionals	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
seek	VB
to	TO
charge	VB
fees	NNS
or	CC
seek	VB
funds	NNS
from	IN
employers	NNS
to	TO
such	PDT
an	DT
extent	NN
that	IN
the	DT
full	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
student	NN
interests	NNS
and	CC
needs	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
met	VBN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
fees	NNS
for	IN
services	NNS
that	WDT
prevent	VBP
smaller	JJR
organizations	NNS
from	IN
either	DT
participating	VBG
or	CC
being	VBG
reasonably	RB
visible	JJ
have	VBP
the	DT
effect	NN
of	IN
violating	VBG
all	DT
three	CD
core	NN
precepts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
.	.
Employer	NN
professionals	NNS
must	MD
not	RB
seek	VB
treatment	NN
or	CC
student	NN
access	NN
in	IN
ways	NNS
that	WDT
violate	VBP
the	DT
Principles	NNPS
.	.
Attempting	VBG
to	TO
trade	VB
funding	NN
or	CC
equipment	NN
for	IN
special	JJ
access	NN
and\/or	CC
confidential	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
specific	JJ
potential	JJ
candidates	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
the	DT
best	JJS
and	CC
brightest	JJS
,	,
''	''
members	NNS
of	IN
certain	JJ
groups	NNS
,	,
e.g.	FW
,	,
minority	NN
computer	NN
science	NN
majors	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
inappropriate	JJ
.	.
Employers	NNS
who	WP
seek	VBP
these	DT
individuals	NNS
should	MD
work	VB
with	IN
the	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
marketing	NN
strategies	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
enhance	VB
the	DT
visibility	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
organization	NN
while	IN
maintaining	VBG
a	DT
recruitment	NN
process	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
fair	JJ
and	CC
equitable	JJ
to	TO
all	DT
employers	NNS
and	CC
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
professional	JJ
association	NN
of	IN
corporate	JJ
human	JJ
resource	NN
professionals	NNS
engaged	VBN
in	IN
college	NN
relations	NNS
and	CC
recruitment	NN
and	CC
college	NN
student	NN
personnel	NNS
professionals	NNS
engaged	VBN
in	IN
career	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
career	NN
counseling	NN
.	.
Ethical	JJ
Considerations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Commercialization	NN
of	IN
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
and	CC
College	NNP
Student	NNP
Recruitment	NNP
Functions	NNS
draws	VBZ
attention	NN
to	TO
a	DT
continuing	VBG
ethical	JJ
dilemma	NN
for	IN
employers	NNS
that	WDT
centers	VBZ
on	IN
corporate	JJ
sponsorship\/funding	NN
of	IN
career	NN
center	NN
operations	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
college	NN
campuses	NNS
where	WRB
we	PRP
recruit	VBP
.	.
Such	JJ
funding	NN
can	MD
be	VB
problematic	JJ
in	IN
that	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
imply	VB
a	DT
demand	NN
for	IN
preferential	JJ
treatment	NN
for	IN
the	DT
company	NN
or	CC
special	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
students	NNS
in	IN
return	NN
for	IN
funding	NN
or	CC
favors	VBZ
.	.
These	DT
actions	NNS
discourage	VBP
an	DT
open	JJ
job	NN
market	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
suggest	VB
that	IN
employers	NNS
desist	VBP
from	IN
giving	VBG
money	NN
to	TO
the	DT
colleges	NNS
that	WDT
provide	VBP
valued	VBN
new	JJ
employees	NNS
.	.
Rather	RB
,	,
it	PRP
urges	VBZ
employers	NNS
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
face	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
challenges	NNS
,	,
to	TO
do	VB
everything	NN
possible	JJ
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
students	NNS
continue	VBP
to	TO
receive	VB
the	DT
full	JJ
measure	NN
of	IN
service	NN
and	CC
attention	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
deserve	VBP
.	.
Such	JJ
funding	NN
can	MD
be	VB
problematic	JJ
in	IN
that	DT
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
potential	NN
for	IN
offering	VBG
preferential	JJ
treatment	NN
for	IN
some	DT
companies	NNS
,	,
denying	VBG
some	DT
employers	NNS
equal	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
our	PRP$
graduate	NN
population	NN
,	,
and	CC
discouraging	VBG
an	DT
open	JJ
job	NN
market	NN
for	IN
our	PRP$
students	NNS
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
suggest	VB
that	IN
colleges	NNS
desist	VBP
from	IN
pursuing	VBG
their	PRP$
funding	NN
goals	NNS
.	.
Rather	RB
,	,
it	PRP
urges	VBZ
career	NN
centers	NNS
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
face	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
challenges	NNS
,	,
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
students	NNS
continue	VBP
to	TO
receive	VB
the	DT
full	JJ
measure	NN
of	IN
service	NN
and	CC
attention	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
deserve	VBP
and	CC
that	IN
employers	NNS
who	WP
recruit	VBP
our	PRP$
students	NNS
be	VB
given	VBN
equal	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
our	PRP$
graduates	NNS
.	.
Los	NNP
Angeles	NNP
and	CC
90	CD
miles	NNS
north	RB
of	IN
San	NNP
Diego	NNP
.	.
Its	PRP$
central	JJ
location	NN
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
an	DT
excellent	JJ
place	NN
to	TO
base	VB
a	DT
Southern	NNP
California	NNP
vacation	NN
.	.
The	DT
county	NN
itself	PRP
spans	NNS
more	JJR
than	IN
700	CD
square	JJ
miles	NNS
of	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
known	VBN
and	CC
exciting	JJ
sights	NNS
in	IN
California	NNP
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
:	:
Anaheim\/Orange	NNP
County	NNP
.	.
The	DT
NACE	NNP
National	NNP
Meeting	VBG
does	VBZ
not	RB
include	VB
formal	JJ
tours	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
area	NN
,	,
however	RB
;	:
we	PRP
encourage	VBP
you	PRP
and	CC
your	PRP$
family	NN
to	TO
take	VB
advantage	NN
of	IN
this	DT
idyllic	JJ
location	NN
with	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
optional	JJ
tour	NN
activities	NNS
.	.
Register	NNP
online	NN
to	TO
see	VB
the	DT
sights	NNS
while	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
in	IN
California	NNP
.	.
Explore	VB
Southern	NNP
California	NNP
's	POS
most	RBS
popular	JJ
beach	NN
communities	NNS
.	.
Begin	VB
the	DT
day	NN
at	IN
one	CD
of	IN
California	NNP
's	POS
broadest	JJS
beaches	NNS
,	,
Huntington	NNP
State	NNP
Beach	NNP
.	.
Head	NNP
south	RB
to	TO
Newport	NNP
Beach	NNP
and	CC
enjoy	VB
the	DT
scenic	JJ
Pacific	NNP
coastline	NN
.	.
Corona	NNP
Del	NNP
Mar	NNP
offers	VBZ
quiet	JJ
sophistication	NN
and	CC
charm	NN
.	.
Finish	VB
the	DT
day	NN
in	IN
scenic	JJ
,	,
eclectic	JJ
Laguna	NNP
.	.
A	DT
fun	NN
filled	VBN
day	NN
!	.
Start	VB
with	IN
a	DT
visit	NN
to	TO
Roger	NNP
's	POS
Gardens	NNPS
,	,
a	DT
seven-acre	JJ
landscape	NN
display	NN
,	,
and	CC
end	VB
the	DT
tour	NN
in	IN
Newport	NNP
,	,
one	CD
of	IN
California	NNP
's	POS
busiest	JJS
harbors	NNS
.	.
Along	IN
the	DT
way	NN
,	,
you	PRP
'll	MD
stop	VB
at	IN
Balboa	NNP
Island	NNP
,	,
a	DT
charming	JJ
island	NN
community	NN
located	VBN
in	IN
Newport	NNP
Harbor	NNP
.	.
Take	VB
the	DT
ferry	NN
from	IN
Newport	NNP
Harbor	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
Balboa	NNP
Peninsula	NNP
and	CC
enjoy	VB
a	DT
one-hour	JJ
cruise	NN
of	IN
Newport	NNP
Harbor	NNP
Historic	NNP
Hollywood	NNP
Tour	NNP
What	WP
is	VBZ
it	PRP
about	IN
Hollywood	NNP
that	WDT
has	VBZ
captured	VBN
the	DT
imaginations	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
all	DT
over	IN
the	DT
world	NN
for	IN
nearly	RB
100	CD
years	NNS
?	.
Find	VB
out	RP
on	IN
the	DT
Historic	NNP
Hollywood	NNP
Tour	NNP
!	.
Who	WP
was	VBD
Sid	NNP
Grauman	NNP
?	.
Where	WRB
was	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
Oscar	NNP
ceremony	NN
held	VBN
?	.
Where	WRB
did	VBD
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
begin	VB
his	PRP$
political	JJ
career	NN
?	.
The	DT
answers	NNS
to	TO
these	DT
and	CC
other	JJ
questions	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Historic	NNP
Hollywood	NNP
Tour	NNP
.	.
Women	NNS
For	IN
Hire	NNP
Exhibit	NN
Booth	NN
.	.
Women	NNS
For	IN
Hire	VBP
productes	NNS
high	JJ
caliber	NN
career	NN
expos	VBZ
that	IN
connect	VB
leading	JJ
employers	NNS
with	IN
graduating	VBG
seniors	NNS
and	CC
professional	JJ
women	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
participating	VBG
employer	NN
,	,
you	PRP
'll	MD
receive	VB
a	DT
booth	NN
space	NN
at	IN
any	DT
one	CD
of	IN
our	PRP$
20	CD
annual	JJ
events	NNS
.	.
Value	NN
:	:
$	$
2195	CD
.	.
Explore	VB
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
NACE	NNP
's	POS
2006	CD
Experiential	NNP
Education	NNP
Benchmark	NNP
Survey	NN
in	IN
depth	NN
.	.
Examine	VB
data	NNS
on	IN
conversion	NN
rates	NNS
,	,
salaries	NNS
,	,
retention	NN
rates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
.	.
A	DT
panel	NN
discussion	NN
will	MD
follow	VB
in	IN
which	WDT
employers	NNS
will	MD
discuss	VB
their	PRP$
specific	JJ
internship	NN
and	CC
cooperative	JJ
education	NN
program	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Many	JJ
universities	NNS
are	VBP
consolidating	VBG
student	NN
services	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
academic	JJ
advising	VBG
and	CC
career	NN
services	NNS
.	.
Get	VB
an	DT
overview	NN
of	IN
the	DT
integration	NN
processes	VBZ
for	IN
combining	VBG
those	DT
two	CD
offices	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
branding	NN
and	CC
marketing	NN
strategies	NNS
,	,
staffing	NN
,	,
training	NN
,	,
program	NN
development	NN
.	.
Hear	VB
a	DT
panel	NN
discussion	NN
about	IN
bridging	VBG
the	DT
gap	NN
between	IN
student	NN
organizations	NNS
,	,
career	NN
services	NNS
,	,
employers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
community	NN
.	.
Learn	VB
from	IN
some	DT
the	DT
best	JJS
practices	NNS
being	VBG
implemented	VBN
around	IN
the	DT
country	NN
to	TO
promote	VB
student	NN
involvement	NN
and	CC
discuss	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
the	DT
challenges	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
employers	NNS
choose	VBP
specific	JJ
schools	NNS
or	CC
departments	NNS
as	IN
recruiting	VBG
partners	NNS
instead	RB
of	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
career	NN
center	NN
.	.
Learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
form	VB
alliances	NNS
among	IN
departments	NNS
,	,
career	NN
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
employers	NNS
to	TO
ensure	VB
overall	JJ
success	NN
.	.
Move	VB
beyond	IN
your	PRP$
basic	JJ
information	NN
session	NN
and	CC
develop	VB
presentations	NNS
that	WDT
engage	VBP
and	CC
excite	VBP
the	DT
students	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
target	NN
market	NN
.	.
Learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
generate	VB
presentation	NN
topics	NNS
,	,
link	NN
your	PRP$
presentations	NNS
to	TO
your	PRP$
recruiting	NN
strategy	NN
,	,
and	CC
develop	VB
and	CC
implement	VB
your	PRP$
plan	NN
.	.
Through	IN
this	DT
process	NN
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
improve	VB
your	PRP$
brand	NN
recognition	NN
on	IN
campus	NN
.	.
You	PRP
must	MD
know	VB
something	NN
about	IN
students	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
successfully	RB
market	VB
to	TO
them	PRP
.	.
This	DT
interactive	JJ
session	NN
will	MD
show	VB
you	PRP
how	WRB
to	TO
capture	VB
important	JJ
contact	NN
information	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
prospects	NNS
,	,
and	CC
identify	VB
their	PRP$
behavior	NN
and	CC
demographic	JJ
characteristics	NNS
.	.
Then	RB
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
trigger	VB
print	NN
,	,
digital	JJ
,	,
and	CC
electronic	JJ
marketing	NN
campaigns	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
that	DT
information	NN
.	.
Old	NNP
Dominion	NNP
's	POS
Cyber	NNP
Career	NNP
Center	NNP
incorporates	VBZ
multiple	JJ
career	NN
,	,
web	NN
,	,
and	CC
communication	NN
technologies	NNS
into	IN
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
delivery	NN
capability	NN
that	WDT
stresses	VBZ
high	JJ
touch	NN
communication	NN
from	IN
a	DT
staff	NN
of	IN
``	``
cyber	NN
career	NN
coaches	NNS
,	,
''	''
while	IN
electronically	RB
reaching	VBG
out	RP
to	TO
students	NNS
and	CC
alumni	NNS
no	DT
matter	NN
where	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
.	.
Learn	VB
why	WRB
,	,
how	WRB
,	,
and	CC
who	WP
put	VBP
high	JJ
tech	NN
and	CC
high	JJ
touch	NN
together	RB
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
trying	VBG
to	TO
build	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
university	NN
relations	NNS
program	NN
from	IN
the	DT
ground	NN
up	RB
,	,
trying	VBG
to	TO
re-launch	VB
an	DT
existing	VBG
program	NN
,	,
or	CC
want	VB
to	TO
enhance	VB
your	PRP$
current	JJ
program	NN
,	,
this	DT
workshop	NN
will	MD
provide	VB
you	PRP
the	DT
tools	NNS
,	,
ideas	NNS
,	,
and	CC
direction	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
an	DT
effective	JJ
all-around	JJ
college	NN
or	CC
university	NN
relations	NNS
program	NN
.	.
Discover	NNP
how	WRB
to	TO
create	VB
and	CC
develop	VB
a	DT
detailed	JJ
university	NN
recruiting	NN
strategy	NN
;	:
identify	VB
key	JJ
implications	NNS
and	CC
initiatives	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
;	:
prioritize	VB
action	NN
items	NNS
;	:
and	CC
identify	VB
issues	NNS
and	CC
concerns	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
potentially	RB
limit	VB
the	DT
success	NN
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
corporate	JJ
recruiting	NN
web	NN
site	NN
has	VBZ
evolved	VBN
from	IN
an	DT
information	NN
source	NN
to	TO
a	DT
critical	JJ
influencer	NN
in	IN
candidate	NN
's	POS
employment	NN
choices	NNS
.	.
Learn	VB
what	WP
candidates	NNS
want	VBP
to	TO
find	VB
on	IN
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
what	WP
causes	VBZ
them	PRP
to	TO
get	VB
frustrated	JJ
and	CC
leave	VB
,	,
and	CC
exactly	RB
which	WDT
sites	NNS
they	PRP
feel	VBP
are	VBP
the	DT
best	JJS
and	CC
why	WRB
.	.
The	DT
session	NN
will	MD
present	VB
research	NN
findings	NNS
from	IN
actual	JJ
candidates	NNS
and	CC
demonstrate	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
make	VB
your	PRP$
site	NN
more	RBR
effective	JJ
.	.
Summary	NN
:	:
The	DT
Partnership	NNP
will	MD
share	VB
initial	JJ
findings	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
national	JJ
pilot	NN
project	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
examining	VBG
cost-effective	JJ
and	CC
sustainable	JJ
ways	NNS
for	IN
schools	NNS
and	CC
federal	JJ
agencies	NNS
to	TO
promote	VB
government	NN
opportunities	NNS
on	IN
campuses	NNS
.	.
Key	NNP
highlights	VBZ
of	IN
employer	NN
branding	VBG
best	JJS
practices	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
discussed	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
perspective	NN
of	IN
top	JJ
employers	NNS
,	,
career	NN
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
students	NNS
to	TO
pinpoint	VB
best	JJS
methods	NNS
to	TO
attract	VB
,	,
recruit	VB
,	,
and	CC
retain	VB
top	JJ
talent	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
staff	NN
developed	VBD
a	DT
hybrid	JJ
model	NN
of	IN
the	DT
corporate	JJ
self-managed	JJ
teams	NNS
concept	NN
to	TO
engage	VB
staff	NN
in	IN
dynamic	JJ
program	NN
improvement	NN
.	.
Discover	NNP
how	WRB
a	DT
year-long	JJ
process	NN
of	IN
transformation	NN
from	IN
a	DT
traditional	JJ
career	NN
office	NN
to	TO
self-managed	JJ
teams	NNS
resulted	VBD
in	IN
working	VBG
groups	NNS
empowered	VBN
to	TO
make	VB
and	CC
implement	VB
decisions	NNS
regarding	VBG
key	JJ
programs	NNS
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
economy	NN
grows	VBZ
stronger	JJR
,	,
finding	VBG
and	CC
attaining	VBG
top	JJ
talent	NN
is	VBZ
becoming	VBG
more	RBR
difficult	JJ
.	.
Discover	NNP
a	DT
five-phase	JJ
hiring	NN
process	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
make	VB
your	PRP$
hiring	VBG
process	NN
easier	JJR
and	CC
retention	NN
rate	NN
higher	JJR
than	IN
it	PRP
ever	RB
has	VBZ
been	VBN
.	.
Review	NNP
a	DT
strong	JJ
model	NN
of	IN
constituency	NN
collaboration	NN
augmented	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
effective	JJ
presentation	NN
,	,
use	NN
,	,
and	CC
integration	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
,	,
survey	NN
,	,
results	NNS
,	,
statistics	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
resources	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
.	.
This	DT
model	NN
,	,
when	WRB
used	VBN
proactively	RB
and	CC
properly	RB
,	,
can	MD
power	NN
a	DT
career	NN
services	NNS
office	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
seen	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
engine	NN
driving	VBG
student	NN
affairs	NNS
and	CC
more	JJR
.	.
Career	NNP
services	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
strategic	JJ
partner	NN
in	IN
institutional	JJ
marketing	NN
,	,
the	DT
allocation	NN
of	IN
resources	NNS
,	,
and	CC
academic\/curriculum	NN
decision	NN
making	VBG
.	.
This	DT
presentation	NN
will	MD
highlight	VB
how	WRB
you	PRP
can	MD
make	VB
this	DT
happen	VB
on	IN
your	PRP$
campus	NN
.	.
Will	MD
a	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
aging	VBG
population	NN
demographics	NNS
,	,
a	DT
growing	VBG
economy	NN
,	,
and	CC
fewer	JJR
qualified	VBN
workers	NNS
to	TO
fill	VB
the	DT
void	NN
cripple	VB
our	PRP$
economy	NN
and	CC
make	VB
labor	NN
a	DT
scarce	JJ
commodity	NN
?	.
Or	CC
will	MD
increases	NNS
in	IN
offshoring	NN
,	,
immigration	NN
,	,
and	CC
delayed	VBD
retirements	NNS
mitigate	VB
a	DT
potential	JJ
crisis	NN
?	.
Explore	VB
what	WP
a	DT
potential	JJ
crisis	NN
may	MD
mean	VB
to	TO
recruiters	NNS
and	CC
employees	NNS
alike	RB
.	.
The	DT
war	NN
for	IN
talent	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
ongoing	JJ
battle	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
companies	NNS
spend	VBP
countless	JJ
hours	NNS
and	CC
thousands	NNS
of	IN
dollars	NNS
to	TO
woo	VB
a	DT
recruiter	NN
,	,
then	RB
have	VBP
their	PRP$
employment	NN
offer	NN
rejected	VBD
.	.
What	WP
happened	VBD
?	.
You	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
doing	VBG
the	DT
right	JJ
things	NNS
,	,
but	CC
sometimes	RB
yesterday	NN
's	POS
tactics	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
work	VB
with	IN
today	NN
's	POS
candidate	NN
.	.
Examine	VB
some	DT
best	JJS
practices	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
increase	VB
your	PRP$
offer-to-acceptance	JJ
rate	NN
.	.
Explore	VB
the	DT
issues	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
employment	NN
of	IN
foreign	JJ
graduates	NNS
.	.
For	IN
employers	NNS
,	,
the	DT
program	NN
will	MD
provide	VB
information	NN
about	IN
visas	NNS
available	JJ
for	IN
hiring	VBG
foreign	JJ
grads	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
costs	NNS
,	,
timing	NN
,	,
and	CC
employer	NN
obligations	NNS
.	.
Discuss	VB
the	DT
recently	RB
released	VBN
Vault\/INROADS	NNP
Guide	NNP
to	TO
Diversity	NNP
Entry-Level	NNP
and	CC
Internship	NNP
,	,
Co-op	NN
and	CC
Entry-Level	NNP
and	CC
analyze	VB
statistical	JJ
trends	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
industry	NN
along	IN
with	IN
highlights	VBZ
of	IN
top	JJ
diversity	NN
practices	NNS
.	.
Identify	VB
the	DT
resources	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
assist	VB
your	PRP$
company	NN
in	IN
creating	VBG
and\/or	CC
developing	VBG
your	PRP$
diversity	NN
program	NN
.	.
Raytheon	NNP
uses	VBZ
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
internal	JJ
and	CC
external	JJ
data	NNS
to	TO
quantitatively	RB
evaluate	VB
their	PRP$
school	NN
selection	NN
.	.
Hear	VB
how	WRB
using	VBG
data	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
Engineering	NNP
Workforce	NNP
Commission	NNP
,	,
corporate	JJ
contributions	NNS
,	,
research	NN
studies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
previous	JJ
hiring	VBG
history	NN
contributes	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
decision	NN
making	NN
and	CC
gains	NNS
buy-in	VBP
from	IN
all	DT
parties	NNS
involved	VBN
.	.
When	WRB
recruiting	VBG
at	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
100	CD
schools	NNS
nationwide	JJ
,	,
how	WRB
does	VBZ
one	CD
manage	VBP
the	DT
whos	NNS
,	,
whats	NNS
,	,
wheres	VBZ
,	,
and	CC
whens	NNS
of	IN
recruiting	NN
?	.
Raytheon	NNP
shows	VBZ
you	PRP
how	WRB
they	PRP
mastered	VBD
the	DT
art	NN
of	IN
on-campus	JJ
recruiting	NN
by	IN
streamlining	VBG
the	DT
process	NN
through	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
.	.
See	VB
a	DT
demonstration	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
in-house	JJ
data	NNS
base	NN
and	CC
learn	VB
the	DT
process	NN
used	VBN
in	IN
its	PRP$
development	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
get	VB
a	DT
personal	JJ
company	NN
assessment	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
your	PRP$
own	JJ
needs	NNS
.	.
Regardless	RB
of	IN
how	WRB
much	JJ
experience	NN
you	PRP
have	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
college	NN
recruiting	NN
or	CC
career	NN
services	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
what	WP
you	PRP
know	VBP
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
how	WRB
you	PRP
make	VBP
people	NNS
feel	VBP
.	.
As	IN
we	PRP
approach	VBP
yet	RB
another	DT
worker	NN
shortage	NN
,	,
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
college	NN
professional	NN
will	MD
be	VB
more	RBR
critical	JJ
than	IN
ever	RB
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
time	NN
to	TO
adopt	VB
new	JJ
skills	NNS
and	CC
techniques	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
boost	VB
your	PRP$
confidence	NN
,	,
improve	VB
your	PRP$
personal	JJ
style	NN
,	,
and	CC
help	VB
you	PRP
gain	VB
your	PRP$
professional\/personal	JJ
goals	NNS
.	.
Liberal	JJ
arts	NNS
students	NNS
have	VBP
a	DT
steep	JJ
learning	NN
curve	NN
when	WRB
they	PRP
enter	VBP
business	NN
careers	NNS
.	.
Explore	VB
innovative	JJ
programming	NN
ideas	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
a	DT
noncredit	JJ
course	NN
,	,
investment	NN
club	NN
,	,
etiquette	NN
dinner	NN
and	CC
employer	NN
site	NN
visits	NNS
,	,
that	WDT
together	RB
allow	VBP
students	NNS
to	TO
receive	VB
the	DT
``	``
business	NN
fundamentals	NNS
''	''
needed	VBN
to	TO
begin	VB
their	PRP$
careers	NNS
with	IN
confidence	NN
and	CC
knowledge	NN
.	.
Daphne	NNP
Nadal	NNP
,	,
Michelle	NNP
A.	NNP
Foley	NNP
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
student	NN
leader	NN
panel	NN
,	,
University	NNP
of	IN
California	NNP
-	:
Irvine	NNP
Find	VB
out	RP
how	WRB
you	PRP
can	MD
collaborate	VB
effectively	RB
with	IN
student	NN
clubs	NNS
and	CC
organizations	NNS
through	IN
a	DT
lively	JJ
discussion	NN
with	IN
a	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
California-Irvine	NNP
student	NN
leader	NN
panel	NN
.	.
Then	RB
share	NN
best	JJS
practices	NNS
with	IN
your	PRP$
colleagues	NNS
and	CC
walk	VBP
into	IN
the	DT
2006-2007	CD
academic	JJ
year	NN
prepared	VBN
to	TO
reap	VB
the	DT
rewards	NNS
of	IN
enhanced	JJ
student	NN
partnerships	NNS
.	.
Duke	NNP
University	NNP
and	CC
other	JJ
schools	NNS
now	RB
provide	VBP
free	JJ
iPods	NNS
to	TO
their	PRP$
students	NNS
to	TO
improve	VB
learning	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
interactive	JJ
,	,
nuts-and-bolts	JJ
session	NN
,	,
you	PRP
'll	MD
learn	VB
how	WRB
podcasting	NN
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
cutting-edge	JJ
tool	NN
for	IN
recruiting	NN
and	CC
career	NN
counseling	NN
.	.
Online	NNP
recruiting	NN
expert	NN
Steven	NNP
Rothberg	NNP
will	MD
demystify	VB
podcasting	NN
and	CC
illustrate	VB
how	WRB
it	PRP
catches	VBZ
the	DT
attention	NN
of	IN
today	NN
's	POS
mobile	JJ
graduates	NNS
.	.
Learn	VB
best	JJS
practices	NNS
of	IN
employment	NN
screening	VBG
for	IN
risk	NN
management	NN
and	CC
better	JJR
hiring	NN
decisions	NNS
.	.
Find	VB
out	RP
if	IN
your	PRP$
organization	NN
is	VBZ
fully	RB
compliant	JJ
legally	RB
while	IN
accessing	VBG
all	PDT
the	DT
information	NN
pertinent	JJ
to	TO
making	VBG
an	DT
informed	VBN
hiring	VBG
decision	NN
.	.
Others	NNS
may	MD
prefer	VB
to	TO
maintain	VB
separation	NN
between	IN
their	PRP$
personal	JJ
and	CC
professional	JJ
lives	NNS
.	.
This	DT
workshop	NN
provides	VBZ
practical	JJ
steps	NNS
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
the	DT
gay	JJ
or	CC
lesbian	JJ
individual	NN
through	IN
career	NN
search	NN
techniques	NNS
,	,
interview	NN
preparation	NN
,	,
and	CC
resume	VB
building	VBG
-LRB-	-LRB-
coming	VBG
out	RP
on	IN
the	DT
resume	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Explore	VB
the	DT
basics	NNS
of	IN
great	JJ
recruiting	NN
and	CC
staffing	NN
excellence	NN
:	:
develop	VB
an	DT
understanding	NN
that	WDT
recruiting	NN
and	CC
human	JJ
resources	NNS
is	VBZ
about	IN
building	NN
and	CC
cultivating	VBG
relationships	NNS
.	.
Learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
take	VB
advantage	NN
of	IN
opportunities	NNS
and	CC
challenges	NNS
we	PRP
face	VBP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
faculty	NN
can	MD
be	VB
misinformed	VBN
,	,
dismissive	JJ
,	,
or	CC
apathetic	JJ
.	.
Identify	VB
effective	JJ
,	,
comprehensive	JJ
strategies	NNS
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
faculty	NN
,	,
including	VBG
a	DT
range	NN
of	IN
communication	NN
,	,
resource	NN
,	,
and	CC
programmatic	JJ
solutions	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
faculty	NN
reward	NN
structure	NN
.	.
Senior	JJ
managers	NNS
are	VBP
called	VBN
upon	IN
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
change	NN
management	NN
processes	VBZ
in	IN
their	PRP$
organizations	NNS
.	.
This	DT
session	NN
provides	VBZ
leaders	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
framework	NN
for	IN
engaging	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
strategic	JJ
planning	NN
process	NN
.	.
This	DT
model	NN
provides	VBZ
a	DT
foundation	NN
upon	IN
which	WDT
an	DT
organization	NN
may	MD
advance	VB
its	PRP$
direction	NN
from	IN
an	DT
informed	VBN
perspective	NN
,	,
and	CC
intentionally	RB
shape	VB
the	DT
vision	NN
for	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
you	PRP
know	VB
what	WP
Friendster	NNP
and	CC
Facebook	NNP
are	VBP
?	.
Are	VBP
you	PRP
familiar	JJ
with	IN
these	DT
communication	NN
communities\/technologies	NNS
?	.
Yet	RB
...	:
the	DT
students	NNS
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
hire	VB
use	NN
these	DT
online	JJ
forums	NNS
every	DT
day	NN
.	.
Employers	NNS
will	MD
find	VB
out	RP
how	WRB
they	PRP
can	MD
use	VB
these	DT
new	JJ
technologies	NNS
for	IN
maximum	JJ
recruiting	NN
impact	NN
.	.
Career	NNP
center	NN
colleagues	NNS
will	MD
learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
coach	NN
students	NNS
on	IN
avoiding	VBG
common	JJ
mistakes	NNS
in	IN
new	JJ
media	NNS
communication	NN
.	.
For	IN
job	NN
seekers	NNS
and	CC
employers	NNS
,	,
two	CD
advantages	NNS
of	IN
job	NN
fairs	NNS
are	VBP
convenience	NN
and	CC
personal	JJ
contact	NN
.	.
Commercial	JJ
virtual	JJ
job	NN
fair	JJ
and	CC
``	``
in-house	JJ
''	''
products	NNS
may	MD
fit	VB
the	DT
bill	NN
for	IN
convenience	NN
,	,
but	CC
do	VBP
they	PRP
offer	VBP
personal	JJ
contact	NN
?	.
For	IN
Palm	NNP
Beach	NNP
Community	NNP
College	NNP
,	,
the	DT
answer	NN
was	VBD
yes	RB
.	.
Join	VB
this	DT
game	NN
show	NN
complete	JJ
with	IN
hosts	NNS
,	,
staging	NN
,	,
challenging	VBG
recruiting	NN
and	CC
resource	NN
questions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
real	JJ
prizes	NNS
.	.
Learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
use	VB
this	DT
game	NN
show	NN
to	TO
present	VB
sound	JJ
recruiting	NN
principles	NNS
while	IN
having	VBG
fun	NN
.	.
Use	NN
this	DT
form	NN
as	IN
a	DT
guide	NN
to	TO
draft	VB
your	PRP$
electronic	JJ
proposal	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
exactly	RB
like	IN
the	DT
form	NN
you	PRP
must	MD
submit	VB
electronically	RB
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
print	VB
this	DT
form	NN
to	TO
edit	VB
your	PRP$
proposal	NN
,	,
then	RB
return	VB
to	TO
the	DT
electronic	JJ
form	NN
to	TO
submit	VB
your	PRP$
proposal	NN
.	.
In	IN
50	CD
words	NNS
or	CC
less	JJR
,	,
describe	VBP
the	DT
benefits	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
gained	VBN
by	IN
participants	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
session	NN
.	.
Please	VB
indicate	VB
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
skills	NNS
,	,
ideas	NNS
,	,
procedures	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
that	WDT
attendees	NNS
will	MD
take	VB
away	RB
from	IN
this	DT
presentation	NN
.	.
I	PRP
understand	VBP
that	IN
my	PRP$
conference	NN
presentation	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
showcase	NN
for	IN
promotion	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
business	NN
,	,
practice	NN
or	CC
product	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
sell	VB
my	PRP$
products	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
NACE	NNP
speaker	NN
platform	NN
.	.
I	PRP
also	RB
understand	VBP
that	IN
press	NN
may	MD
be	VB
present	JJ
during	IN
my	PRP$
session	NN
and	CC
that	IN
I	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
notified	VBN
about	IN
the	DT
status	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
proposal	NN
no	RB
later	RB
than	IN
November	NNP
15	CD
,	,
2006	CD
.	.
Brandon	NNP
Kilburn	NNP
is	VBZ
pursuing	VBG
a	DT
Ph.D.	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
Fogelman	NNP
College	NNP
of	IN
Business	NNP
and	CC
Economics	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Memphis	NNP
.	.
His	PRP$
major	JJ
area	NN
of	IN
concentration	NN
is	VBZ
management	NN
.	.
He	PRP
received	VBD
an	DT
M.B.A.	NNP
from	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Tennessee	NNP
at	IN
Martin	NNP
.	.
His	PRP$
primary	JJ
research	NN
interests	NNS
include	VBP
leadership	NN
,	,
employee	NN
motivation	NN
,	,
issues	NNS
facing	VBG
diverse	JJ
employees	NNS
,	,
and	CC
exchange	NN
of	IN
information	NN
within	IN
organizations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
internal	JJ
application	NN
of	IN
marketing	NN
principles	NNS
to	TO
relationships	NNS
with	IN
employees	NNS
,	,
particularly	RB
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
market	NN
segmentation	NN
,	,
will	MD
allow	VB
organizations	NNS
to	TO
identify	VB
specific	JJ
values	NNS
and	CC
retention	NN
criteria	NNS
for	IN
target	NN
populations	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
.	.
This	DT
,	,
in	IN
turn	NN
,	,
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
a	DT
cohesive	JJ
sustainable	JJ
strategy	NN
for	IN
retaining	VBG
diverse	JJ
employees	NNS
.	.
IMO	NNP
works	VBZ
largely	RB
through	IN
developing	VBG
and	CC
enriching	VBG
relationships	NNS
between	IN
employees	NNS
and	CC
organizations	NNS
.	.
These	DT
stronger	JJR
relationships	NNS
should	MD
result	VB
in	IN
more	JJR
positive	JJ
attitudes	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
job	NN
satisfaction	NN
and	CC
organizational	JJ
commitment	NN
,	,
increased	VBD
identification	NN
with	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
,	,
and	CC
lower	JJR
turnover	NN
.	.
A	DT
conceptual	JJ
model	NN
illustrating	VBG
the	DT
components	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
IMO	NNP
plan	NN
focusing	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
retention	NN
of	IN
diverse	JJ
employees	NNS
is	VBZ
presented	VBN
in	IN
Figure	NN
1	CD
.	.
Steps	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
implementation	NN
of	IN
IMO	NNP
are	VBP
outlined	VBN
in	IN
Table	NNP
1	CD
.	.
The	DT
activities	NNS
necessary	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
realization	NN
of	IN
employee	NN
potential	NN
through	IN
IMO	NNP
begin	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
generation	NN
of	IN
employee	NN
information	NN
.	.
Information	NNP
generation	NN
methods	NNS
typically	RB
include	VBP
focus	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
surveys	NNS
,	,
and	CC
interviews	NNS
.	.
HR	NN
managers	NNS
have	VBP
used	VBN
these	DT
methods	NNS
of	IN
collecting	VBG
data	NNS
for	IN
decades	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
such	JJ
data	NNS
have	VBP
rarely	RB
been	VBN
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
comprehensive	JJ
marketing-driven	NN
uses	VBZ
described	VBN
here	RB
.	.
A	DT
marketing	NN
approach	NN
to	TO
information	NN
generation	NN
allows	VBZ
organizations	NNS
to	TO
gather	VB
information	NN
specifically	RB
regarding	VBG
how	WRB
different	JJ
groups	NNS
of	IN
employees	NNS
feel	VBP
about	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
and	CC
the	DT
things	NNS
they	PRP
consider	VBP
most	RBS
important	JJ
,	,
and	CC
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
tailoring	VBG
strategic	JJ
responses	NNS
to	TO
these	DT
groups	NNS
.	.
The	DT
organization	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
able	JJ
to	TO
steer	VB
its	PRP$
corporate	JJ
branding	NN
effort	NN
through	IN
IMO	NNP
,	,
gauge	VB
how	WRB
employees	NNS
feel	VBP
about	IN
the	DT
corporate	JJ
brand	NN
,	,
and	CC
assess	VB
employee	NN
knowledge	NN
of	IN
and	CC
alignment	NN
with	IN
the	DT
corporate	JJ
brand	NN
.	.
Information	NNP
generation	NN
activities	NNS
may	MD
include	VB
collecting	VBG
employee	NN
value	NN
attributes	NNS
,	,
identifying	VBG
exchanges	NNS
of	IN
value	NN
among	IN
employees	NNS
,	,
segmenting	VBG
the	DT
internal	JJ
market	NN
according	VBG
to	TO
their	PRP$
specific	JJ
value	NN
attributes	NNS
,	,
evaluating	VBG
external	JJ
market	NN
conditions	NNS
facing	VBG
employees	NNS
,	,
and	CC
,	,
finally	RB
,	,
developing	VBG
retention	NN
strategies	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
employee	NN
segments	NNS
.	.
After	IN
information	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
collected	VBN
from	IN
internal	JJ
customers	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
imperative	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
information	NN
be	VB
communicated	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
.	.
Open	NNP
communication	NN
among	IN
managers	NNS
and	CC
between	IN
managers	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
subordinates	NNS
facilitates	VBZ
the	DT
effective	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
valuable	JJ
employee-provided	JJ
information	NN
.	.
As	IN
an	DT
organization	NN
responds	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
information	NN
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
provide	VB
employees	NNS
with	IN
tangible	JJ
evidence	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
efforts	NNS
to	TO
understand	VB
the	DT
information	NN
provided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
employees	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
job	NN
redesign	NN
,	,
improved	VBD
communication	NN
channels	NNS
,	,
alignment	NN
of	IN
reward	NN
systems	NNS
,	,
training	NN
and	CC
development	NN
opportunities	NNS
,	,
management	NN
consideration	NN
,	,
and	CC
responses	NNS
to	TO
external	JJ
market	NN
alternatives	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Research	NNP
has	VBZ
not	RB
provided	VBN
a	DT
valid	JJ
and	CC
reliable	JJ
measure	NN
of	IN
internal	JJ
market	NN
orientation	NN
.14	CD
,	,
15	CD
Given	VBN
the	DT
IMO	NNP
focus	NN
on	IN
relationship	NN
building	NN
with	IN
employees	NNS
,	,
the	DT
authors	NNS
developed	VBD
a	DT
measure	NN
of	IN
employee	NN
perceptions	NNS
of	IN
IMO	NNP
activities	NNS
.	.
Following	VBG
the	DT
conceptual	JJ
identification	NN
of	IN
the	DT
likely	JJ
important	JJ
dimensions	NNS
of	IN
IMO	NNP
,	,
new	JJ
items	NNS
to	TO
tap	VB
these	DT
dimensions	NNS
were	VBD
generated	VBN
and	CC
some	DT
items	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
widely	RB
used	JJ
market	NN
orientation	NN
scale	NN
were	VBD
adapted	VBN
.16	CD
These	DT
items	NNS
focused	VBD
on	IN
information	NN
generation	NN
,	,
information	NN
dissemination	NN
,	,
responsiveness	NN
,	,
and	CC
branding	NN
.	.
The	DT
responsiveness	NN
items	NNS
loaded	VBN
on	IN
two	CD
factors	NNS
,	,
one	CD
that	WDT
seemed	VBD
to	TO
represent	VB
responsiveness	NN
,	,
and	CC
one	CD
that	WDT
seemed	VBD
to	TO
address	VB
segmentation	NN
.	.
This	DT
resulted	VBD
in	IN
four	CD
dimensions	NNS
,	,
each	DT
exhibiting	VBG
good	JJ
reliability	NN
:	:
information	NN
exchange	NN
,	,
responsiveness	NN
,	,
segmentation	NN
,	,
and	CC
branding	NN
.	.
A	DT
second	JJ
pilot	NN
study	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
with	IN
66	CD
employed	VBN
adults	NNS
who	WP
were	VBD
also	RB
graduate	JJ
and	CC
undergraduate	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
Results	NNS
of	IN
both	DT
exploratory	JJ
and	CC
confirmatory	JJ
factor	NN
analysis	NN
suggested	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
14-item	JJ
scale	NN
representing	VBG
the	DT
four	CD
dimensions	NNS
noted	VBD
above	IN
has	VBZ
a	DT
reasonably	RB
stable	JJ
factor	NN
structure	NN
with	IN
acceptable	JJ
reliability	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
regards	VBZ
the	DT
internal	JJ
consistency	NN
of	IN
items	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
multi-item	JJ
measurement	NN
scale	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
authors	NNS
also	RB
began	VBD
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
assessing	VBG
the	DT
convergent	JJ
and	CC
discriminant	JJ
validity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
IMO	NNP
measure	NN
.17	CD
Patterns	NNS
of	IN
correlations	NNS
within	IN
dimensions	NNS
,	,
with	IN
measures	NNS
of	IN
job	NN
satisfaction	NN
and	CC
turnover	NN
intentions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
with	IN
a	DT
measure	NN
of	IN
self-monitoring	NN
provide	VBP
some	DT
preliminary	JJ
evidence	NN
of	IN
both	DT
convergent	JJ
and	CC
discriminant	JJ
validity	NN
.	.
Of	IN
particular	JJ
interest	NN
,	,
each	DT
dimension	NN
of	IN
IMO	NNP
was	VBD
significantly	RB
positively	RB
correlated	VBN
with	IN
job	NN
satisfaction	NN
,	,
and	CC
significantly	RB
negatively	RB
correlated	VBN
with	IN
turnover	NN
intentions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
final	JJ
14-item	JJ
internal	JJ
market	NN
orientation	NN
scale	NN
is	VBZ
presented	VBN
in	IN
Table	NNP
2	CD
.	.
This	DT
scale	NN
captures	VBZ
four	CD
related	JJ
but	CC
distinct	JJ
dimensions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
market	NN
orientation	NN
construct	VBP
.	.
Preliminary	JJ
data	NNS
in	IN
two	CD
pilot	NN
tests	NNS
suggests	VBZ
these	DT
measures	NNS
have	VBP
acceptable	JJ
reliability	NN
,	,
a	DT
relatively	RB
simple	JJ
factor	NN
structure	NN
,	,
are	VBP
positively	RB
correlated	VBN
with	IN
job	NN
satisfaction	NN
,	,
and	CC
are	VBP
negatively	RB
correlated	VBN
with	IN
turnover	NN
intentions	NNS
.	.
Despite	IN
these	DT
promising	JJ
early	JJ
results	NNS
,	,
this	DT
measure	NN
requires	VBZ
further	JJ
confirmatory	JJ
testing	NN
before	IN
use	NN
.	.
A	DT
well-developed	JJ
IMO	NNP
scale	NN
will	MD
be	VB
useful	JJ
in	IN
helping	VBG
organizations	NNS
assess	VBP
their	PRP$
present	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
IMO	NNP
activities	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
focus	VB
their	PRP$
development	NN
of	IN
an	DT
IMO	NNP
plan	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
organizations	NNS
desire	VBP
to	TO
develop	VB
retention	NN
strategies	NNS
and	CC
practices	NNS
that	WDT
focus	VBP
on	IN
specific	JJ
,	,
high	JJ
value	NN
,	,
high	JJ
turnover	NN
segments	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
work	NN
force	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
potentially	RB
unique	JJ
factors	NNS
driving	VBG
these	DT
employees	NNS
decisions	NNS
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
.	.
Organizations	NNP
can	MD
establish	VB
and	CC
strengthen	VB
internal	JJ
relationships	NNS
consistent	JJ
with	IN
their	PRP$
corporate	JJ
brand	NN
by	IN
applying	VBG
an	DT
IMO	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
critical	JJ
strategic	JJ
tool	NN
in	IN
identifying	VBG
diverse	JJ
employees	NNS
and	CC
responding	VBG
to	TO
their	PRP$
needs	NNS
.	.
IMO	NNP
activities	NNS
enable	VBP
organizations	NNS
to	TO
tailor	VB
their	PRP$
retention	NN
strategies	NNS
to	TO
specific	JJ
employee	NN
segments	NNS
.	.
The	DT
IMO	NNP
scale	NN
developed	VBD
in	IN
this	DT
study	NN
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
by	IN
organizations	NNS
to	TO
gauge	VB
their	PRP$
current	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
IMO	NNP
,	,
while	IN
the	DT
model	NN
and	CC
implementation	NN
strategies	NNS
can	MD
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
starting	VBG
point	NN
for	IN
organizations	NNS
desiring	VBG
to	TO
adopt	VB
or	CC
improve	VB
their	PRP$
IMO	NNP
.	.
In	IN
sum	NN
,	,
the	DT
internal	JJ
application	NN
of	IN
marketing	NN
principles	NNS
to	TO
relationships	NNS
with	IN
employees	NNS
,	,
particularly	RB
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
market	NN
segmentation	NN
,	,
will	MD
allow	VB
organizations	NNS
to	TO
identify	VB
specific	JJ
values	NNS
and	CC
retention	NN
criteria	NNS
for	IN
target	NN
populations	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
.	.
This	DT
,	,
in	IN
turn	NN
,	,
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
a	DT
cohesive	JJ
sustainable	JJ
strategy	NN
for	IN
retaining	VBG
diverse	JJ
employees	NNS
.	.
Association	NNP
of	IN
Colleges	NNP
and	CC
Employers	NNP
,	,
copyright	NN
holder	NN
,	,
to	TO
download	VB
and	CC
photocopy	VB
this	DT
article	NN
for	IN
internal	JJ
purposes	NNS
only	RB
.	.
Photocopies	NNS
must	MD
include	VB
this	DT
copyright	NN
notice	NN
.	.
Those	DT
who	WP
do	VBP
not	RB
hold	VB
membership	NN
,	,
or	CC
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
article	NN
for	IN
other	JJ
purposes	NNS
,	,
should	MD
contact	VB
Claudia	NNP
Allen	NNP
,	,
callen@naceweb.org	NN
,	,
800\/544	CD
-5272	CD
,	,
ext.	FW
129	CD
.	.
Electronic	JJ
reproduction	NN
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
is	VBZ
prohibited	VBN
.	.
Organizations	NNP
value	NN
diversity	NN
because	IN
diverse	JJ
employees	NNS
may	MD
bring	VB
unique	JJ
knowledge	NN
,	,
experiences	NNS
,	,
and	CC
perspectives	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
workplace	NN
.	.
These	DT
contributions	NNS
may	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
additional	JJ
knowledge	NN
of	IN
underused	JJ
resources	NNS
or	CC
underexploited	JJ
markets	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
potential	JJ
links	NNS
to	TO
and	CC
relationships	NNS
with	IN
customers	NNS
that	WDT
traditional	JJ
employees	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
obtain	VB
.	.
Although	IN
important	JJ
,	,
the	DT
practical	JJ
implications	NNS
of	IN
turnover	NN
research	NN
are	VBP
not	RB
always	RB
straightforward	JJ
.	.
Perhaps	RB
the	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
limitation	NN
of	IN
current	JJ
turnover	NN
research	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
implicit	JJ
treatment	NN
of	IN
all	DT
employees	NNS
as	IN
similar	JJ
without	IN
recognizing	VBG
that	IN
different	JJ
types	NNS
or	CC
groups	NNS
of	IN
employees	NNS
may	MD
have	VB
different	JJ
needs	NNS
and	CC
values	NNS
.	.
Previous	JJ
work	NN
does	VBZ
little	JJ
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
potentially	RB
unique	JJ
issues	NNS
faced	VBN
by	IN
specific	JJ
employee	NN
segments	NNS
and	CC
by	IN
organizations	NNS
trying	VBG
to	TO
retain	VB
them	PRP
.	.
Since	IN
IMO	NNP
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
targeting	VBG
specific	JJ
entities	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
especially	RB
effective	JJ
for	IN
developing	VBG
relationships	NNS
with	IN
diverse	JJ
subpopulations	NNS
of	IN
employees	NNS
.	.
By	IN
establishing	VBG
relationships	NNS
with	IN
employees	NNS
,	,
IMO	NNP
enables	VBZ
organizations	NNS
to	TO
obtain	VB
information	NN
from	IN
employees	NNS
concerning	VBG
their	PRP$
needs	NNS
and	CC
desires	NNS
.	.
Organizations	NNP
are	VBP
then	RB
able	JJ
to	TO
use	VB
that	DT
information	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
,	,
develop	VB
,	,
and	CC
maintain	VB
internal	JJ
processes	NNS
and	CC
alter	VB
job	NN
characteristics	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
increase	VB
retention	NN
rates	NNS
.	.
IMO	NNP
activities	NNS
are	VBP
used	VBN
to	TO
identify	VB
employee	NN
segments	NNS
that	WDT
possess	VBP
similar	JJ
characteristics	NNS
,	,
needs	VBZ
,	,
desires	NNS
,	,
and\/or	CC
job	NN
experiences	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
information	NN
gathered	VBN
from	IN
employees	NNS
may	MD
also	RB
point	VB
out	RP
specific	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
concern	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
whether	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
group	NN
feels	VBZ
valued	VBN
by	IN
and	CC
integrated	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
.	.
Organizations	NNP
are	VBP
therefore	RB
able	JJ
to	TO
tailor	VB
their	PRP$
retention	NN
strategies	NNS
to	TO
specific	JJ
employee	NN
segments	NNS
.	.
IMO	NNP
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
relationship-building	JJ
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
influence	VB
employee	NN
behavior	NN
through	IN
three	CD
main	JJ
dimensions	NNS
:	:
information	NN
generation	NN
,	,
information	NN
dissemination	NN
,	,
and	CC
responsiveness	NN
.	.
Information	NNP
generation	NN
involves	VBZ
internal	JJ
market	NN
research	NN
on	IN
employee	NN
needs	NNS
,	,
values	NNS
,	,
perceptions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
opinions	NNS
.	.
These	DT
data	NNS
are	VBP
then	RB
used	VBN
in	IN
several	JJ
ways	NNS
:	:
identification	NN
of	IN
exchanges	NNS
of	IN
value	NN
;	:
segmentation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
market	NN
;	:
identification	NN
of	IN
external	JJ
market	NN
conditions	NNS
;	:
and	CC
development	NN
of	IN
segment	NN
retention	NN
strategies	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
identify	VB
those	DT
exchanges	NNS
or	CC
organizational	JJ
characteristics	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
of	IN
most	JJS
value	NN
to	TO
the	DT
employee	NN
group	NN
or	CC
groups	NNS
of	IN
interest	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
which	WDT
employees	NNS
are	VBP
most	RBS
valuable	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
organization	NN
.	.
Organizations	NNP
can	MD
then	RB
segment	NN
their	PRP$
internal	JJ
market	NN
into	IN
groups	NNS
of	IN
employees	NNS
with	IN
shared	JJ
values	NNS
and	CC
perceptions	NNS
.	.
In	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
data	NNS
on	IN
external	JJ
market	NN
conditions	NNS
,	,
this	DT
enables	VBZ
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
retention	NN
strategies	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
segment	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
an	DT
organization	NN
might	MD
discover	VB
that	IN
women	NNS
managers	NNS
are	VBP
more	RBR
concerned	JJ
about	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
issue	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
career	NN
path	NN
opportunities	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
than	IN
other	JJ
employees	NNS
.	.
The	DT
organization	NN
might	MD
then	RB
revise	VB
career	NN
paths	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
group	NN
,	,
especially	RB
if	IN
women	NNS
managers	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
identified	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
high-value	JJ
group	NN
at	IN
greater	JJR
risk	NN
of	IN
turning	VBG
over	RP
.	.
Information	NNP
dissemination	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
sharing	NN
and	CC
use	NN
of	IN
information	NN
within	IN
an	DT
organization	NN
.	.
The	DT
information	NN
dissemination	NN
stage	NN
of	IN
IMO	NNP
provides	VBZ
an	DT
opportunity	NN
for	IN
organizations	NNS
to	TO
share	VB
the	DT
maximum	NN
amount	NN
of	IN
information	NN
among	IN
employees	NNS
,	,
and	CC
between	IN
employees	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
organization	NN
.	.
Communication	NNP
is	VBZ
especially	RB
critical	JJ
in	IN
an	DT
organization	NN
comprised	VBD
of	IN
diverse	JJ
employees	NNS
.	.
Gathering	VBG
and	CC
disseminating	VBG
information	NN
are	VBP
necessary	JJ
but	CC
not	RB
sufficient	JJ
steps	NNS
for	IN
an	DT
organization	NN
to	TO
take	VB
in	RP
order	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
relationships	NNS
with	IN
its	PRP$
employees	NNS
;	:
organizations	NNS
must	MD
also	RB
be	VB
responsive	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
information	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
information	NN
provided	VBN
by	IN
employees	NNS
,	,
organizations	NNS
can	MD
respond	VB
by	IN
tailoring	VBG
jobs	NNS
and	CC
working	VBG
conditions	NNS
to	TO
employees	NNS
or	CC
segments	NNS
,	,
thereby	RB
treating	VBG
employees	NNS
with	IN
different	JJ
needs	NNS
differently	RB
.	.
Internal	NNP
responsiveness	NN
may	MD
include	VB
implementing	VBG
segmentation	NN
strategies	NNS
,	,
improving	VBG
communication	NN
channels	NNS
,	,
designing	VBG
jobs	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
employees	NNS
needs	NNS
,	,
aligning	VBG
bonus\/salary	JJ
systems	NNS
,	,
providing	VBG
management	NN
consideration	NN
to	TO
training	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
reacting	VBG
to	TO
employment	NN
alternatives	NNS
facing	VBG
employees	NNS
.	.
Implementing	VBG
segment	NN
retention	NN
strategies	NNS
in	IN
these	DT
ways	NNS
can	MD
foster	VB
trust	NN
,	,
identification	NN
,	,
and	CC
commitment	NN
toward	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
internal	JJ
branding	NN
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
an	DT
overarching	JJ
vision	NN
to	TO
IMO	NNP
strategies	NNS
.	.
Branding	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
necessary	JJ
for	IN
using	VBG
IMO	NNP
approaches	VBZ
to	TO
managing	VBG
retention	NN
,	,
but	CC
can	MD
provide	VB
a	DT
common	JJ
theme	NN
to	TO
all	DT
employee	NN
communications	NNS
and	CC
employee	NN
relations	NNS
activities	NNS
.	.
Branding	NN
begins	VBZ
by	IN
choosing	VBG
the	DT
desired	VBN
image	NN
and	CC
relationship	NN
with	IN
employees	NNS
.	.
The	DT
next	JJ
step	NN
in	IN
branding	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
that	IN
all	DT
employee	NN
relations	NNS
,	,
communications	NNS
,	,
and	CC
processes	NNS
are	VBP
consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
desired	VBN
brand	NN
image	NN
.	.
IMO	NNP
involves	VBZ
extensive	JJ
communication	NN
with	IN
employees	NNS
,	,
so	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
that	IN
information	NN
collection	NN
,	,
information	NN
dissemination	NN
,	,
and	CC
responsiveness	NN
be	VB
consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
desired	VBN
brand	NN
image	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
Cunningham	NNP
has	VBZ
presented	VBN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
web	NN
seminars	NNS
for	IN
NACE	NNP
and	CC
written	VBN
or	CC
edited	VBN
books	NNS
for	IN
NACE	NNP
on	IN
topics	NNS
that	WDT
members	NNS
say	VBP
are	VBP
important	JJ
to	TO
them	PRP
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
diversity	NN
,	,
internship	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
interviewing	VBG
,	,
and	CC
college	NN
relations	NNS
program	NN
management	NN
.	.
Over	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
,	,
she	PRP
faced	VBD
numerous	JJ
challenges	NNS
,	,
but	CC
says	VBZ
the	DT
biggest	JJS
was	VBD
taking	VBG
the	DT
Tellabs	NNP
college	NN
relations	NNS
program	NN
from	IN
one	CD
that	WDT
hired	VBD
about	IN
30	CD
new	JJ
college	NN
graduates	NNS
per	IN
year	NN
in	IN
Illinois	NNP
to	TO
a	DT
program	NN
that	WDT
hired	VBD
hundreds	NNS
of	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
new	JJ
grads	NNS
per	IN
year	NN
in	IN
multiple	JJ
locations	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
Cunningham	NNP
says	VBZ
the	DT
things	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
help	VB
NACE	NNP
continue	VB
to	TO
be	VB
strong	JJ
include	VBP
providing	VBG
leadership	NN
and	CC
professional	JJ
growth	NN
that	WDT
might	MD
not	RB
be	VB
available	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
job	NN
;	:
offering	VBG
networking	VBG
opportunities	NNS
to	TO
share	VB
information	NN
and	CC
support	NN
ideas	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
big-picture	JJ
view	NN
;	:
helping	VBG
members	NNS
to	TO
view	VB
what	WP
they	PRP
do	VBP
as	IN
a	DT
profession	NN
,	,
not	RB
just	RB
a	DT
job	NN
;	:
and	CC
addressing	VBG
the	DT
human	JJ
need	NN
to	TO
connect	VB
with	IN
others	NNS
in	IN
similar	JJ
situations	NNS
.	.
As	IN
for	IN
the	DT
profession	NN
,	,
Harris	NNP
says	VBZ
that	IN
people	NNS
look	VBP
to	TO
an	DT
organization	NN
like	IN
NACE	NNP
for	IN
information	NN
and	CC
resources	NNS
on	IN
areas	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
assessment	NN
and	CC
benchmarking	NN
,	,
and	CC
networking	NN
,	,
especially	RB
for	IN
those	DT
new	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
profession	NN
.	.
Since	IN
1995	CD
,	,
she	PRP
has	VBZ
served	VBN
as	IN
director	NN
of	IN
the	DT
UCLA	NNP
Career	NNP
Center	NNP
,	,
where	WRB
she	PRP
supported	VBD
an	DT
outreach	NN
model	NN
that	WDT
included	VBD
career	NN
center	NN
sponsorship	NN
of	IN
student	NN
groups	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
started	VBD
a	DT
career	NN
center	NN
annual	JJ
campaign	NN
and	CC
special	JJ
events	NNS
that	WDT
significantly	RB
increased	VBD
career	NN
center	NN
income	NN
.	.
In	IN
1948	CD
,	,
the	DT
General	NNP
Electric	NNP
Corporation	NNP
held	VBD
a	DT
conference	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
recruiters	NNS
from	IN
major	JJ
companies	NNS
and	CC
placement	NN
officers	NNS
from	IN
colleges	NNS
and	CC
universities	NNS
met	VBD
for	IN
a	DT
discussion	NN
of	IN
issues	NNS
facing	VBG
both	DT
fields	NNS
.	.
Two	CD
important	JJ
outcomes	NNS
were	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
recruitment	NN
code	NN
of	IN
ethics	NNS
was	VBD
developed	VBN
and	CC
there	EX
was	VBD
interest	NN
in	IN
forming	VBG
other	JJ
regional	JJ
associations	NNS
similar	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Rocky	NNP
Mountain	NNP
organization	NN
.	.
Talk	NN
of	IN
collaboration	NN
among	IN
the	DT
regions	NNS
grew	VBD
;	:
although	IN
the	DT
groups	NNS
decided	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
independent	JJ
,	,
as	IN
their	PRP$
activities	NNS
expanded	VBN
,	,
many	JJ
conferences	NNS
and	CC
projects	NNS
overlapped	VBN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
became	VBD
obvious	JJ
that	IN
coordination	NN
and	CC
communication	NN
on	IN
a	DT
larger	JJR
scale	NN
would	MD
require	VB
the	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
national	JJ
association	NN
.	.
In	IN
June	NNP
1955	CD
,	,
the	DT
presidents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
eight	CD
regional	JJ
associations	NNS
held	VBD
a	DT
meeting	NN
in	IN
Philadelphia	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
the	DT
Journal	NNP
reported	VBD
on	IN
in	IN
its	PRP$
October	NNP
issue	NN
.	.
Discussions	NNS
during	IN
this	DT
meeting	NN
explored	VBD
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
a	DT
national	JJ
advisory	JJ
council	NN
.	.
The	DT
proposal	NN
was	VBD
brought	VBN
before	IN
the	DT
eight	CD
regional	JJ
groups	NNS
for	IN
action	NN
to	TO
facilitate	VB
establishing	VBG
a	DT
formal	JJ
national	JJ
organization	NN
.	.
An	DT
executive	JJ
committee	NN
and	CC
the	DT
administrative	JJ
boards	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
eight	CD
regional	JJ
associations	NNS
met	VBD
at	IN
Lehigh	NNP
University	NNP
in	IN
Bethlehem	NNP
,	,
Pennsylvania	NNP
,	,
in	IN
June	NNP
1956	CD
and	CC
unanimously	RB
approved	VBD
the	DT
constitution	NN
for	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
national	JJ
advisory	JJ
council	NN
.	.
The	DT
name	NN
College	NNP
Placement	NNP
Publications	NNP
Council	NNP
was	VBD
retained	VBN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
1980s	CD
,	,
CPC	NNP
published	VBD
professional	JJ
standards	NNS
for	IN
its	PRP$
members	NNS
,	,
offered	VBD
more	RBR
training	NN
and	CC
development	NN
opportunities	NNS
,	,
held	VBD
three	CD
National	NNP
Meetings	NNS
,	,
included	VBD
legal	JJ
columns	NNS
in	IN
publications	NNS
,	,
and	CC
instituted	VBD
an	DT
awards	NNS
program	NN
to	TO
recognize	VB
member	NN
accomplishments	NNS
.	.
CPC	NNP
also	RB
published	VBD
benchmark	JJ
research	NN
studies	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
1980s	CD
.	.
NACE	NNP
continues	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
information	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
made	VBN
it	PRP
a	DT
valuable	JJ
professional	JJ
organization	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
members	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
constituencies	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
50	CD
years	NNS
.	.
``	``
As	IN
we	PRP
look	VBP
ahead	RB
,	,
NACE	NNP
will	MD
strive	VB
to	TO
anticipate	VB
trends	NNS
and	CC
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
profession	NN
,	,
so	RB
that	IN
we	PRP
may	MD
serve	VB
members	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
conscientious	JJ
foresight	NN
as	IN
those	DT
members	NNS
who	WP
built	VBD
its	PRP$
solid	JJ
foundation	NN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Vanessa	NNP
A.	NNP
Strauss	NNP
,	,
NACE	NNP
president	NN
.	.
Choosing	VBG
and	CC
attaining	VBG
meaningful	JJ
post-graduation	JJ
employment	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
important	JJ
challenge	NN
for	IN
college	NN
students	NNS
.	.
To	TO
aid	VB
this	DT
process	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
career	NN
center	NN
and	CC
employers	NNS
develop	VBP
connections	NNS
and	CC
programs	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
on-campus	JJ
recruiting	NN
,	,
resume	VB
referral	NN
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
job	NN
fairs	NNS
,	,
in	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
and	CC
your	PRP$
fellow	JJ
students	NNS
are	VBP
active	JJ
participants	NNS
.	.
Raytheon	NNP
Company	NNP
,	,
a	DT
leader	NN
in	IN
technology	NN
,	,
constantly	RB
strives	VBZ
to	TO
encourage	VB
young	JJ
students	NNS
interest	NN
in	IN
math	NN
and	CC
science	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
spirit	NN
,	,
we	PRP
have	VBP
created	VBN
a	DT
basket	NN
containing	VBG
a	DT
Remote	NNP
Control	NNP
Robotic	NNP
Dinosaur	NNP
and	CC
several	JJ
MathMovesU	NNP
and	CC
MathCounts	NNP
items	NNS
.	.
MathMovesU	NNP
is	VBZ
Raytheon	NNP
Company	NNP
's	POS
national	JJ
initiative	NN
to	TO
improve	VB
young	JJ
students	NNS
'	POS
perceptions	NNS
about	IN
math	NN
and	CC
science	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
know	VBP
you	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
correct	JJ
Web	NNP
address	NN
,	,
but	CC
are	VBP
encountering	VBG
an	DT
error	NN
,	,
please	VB
send	VB
an	DT
email	NN
to	TO
the	DT
site	NN
administrator	NN
or	CC
click	VBP
here	RB
to	TO
return	VB
to	TO
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
home	NN
page	NN
.	.
The	DT
flight	NN
guide	NN
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
flight	NN
information	NN
for	IN
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
DCA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
IAD	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
Airports	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
contains	VBZ
direct	JJ
flights	NNS
and	CC
selected	VBN
connecting	VBG
flights	NNS
.	.
Flights	NNS
are	VBP
listed	VBN
by	IN
time	NN
of	IN
day	NN
,	,
showing	VBG
the	DT
published	VBN
flight	NN
number	NN
,	,
stops	VBZ
and	CC
transfer	VB
city	NN
if	IN
applicable	JJ
.	.
International	NNP
flights	NNS
are	VBP
listed	VBN
separately	RB
.	.
Schedule	NN
changes	NNS
may	MD
occur	VB
after	IN
publication	NN
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
advised	VBN
to	TO
confirm	VB
all	DT
information	NN
with	IN
the	DT
airline	NN
or	CC
travel	NN
representative	NN
.	.
Shuttles	NNS
leaving	VBG
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
``	``
C	NNP
''	''
Gates	NNP
now	RB
depart	VBP
from	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
location	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
.	.
Passengers	NNS
may	MD
board	NN
the	DT
shuttles	NNS
directly	RB
after	IN
passing	VBG
through	IN
the	DT
security	NN
screening	NN
checkpoints	NNS
.	.
The	DT
new	JJ
location	NN
is	VBZ
marked	VBN
with	IN
signage	NN
.	.
Passengers	NNS
going	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
A	NNP
,	,
B	NNP
,	,
D	NNP
,	,
H	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Z-gates	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
affected	VBN
by	IN
this	DT
change	NN
.	.
Click	VB
here	RB
to	TO
view	VB
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
Map	NNP
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
food	NN
and	CC
beverage	NN
facilities	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
have	VBP
been	VBN
completely	RB
renovated	VBN
and	CC
enhanced	VBN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
today	NN
's	POS
traveler	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
a	DT
restaurant	NN
located	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
security	NN
screening	NN
checkpoints	NNS
.	.
Click	VB
here	RB
for	IN
retail	JJ
and	CC
restaurant	NN
listings	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Commonwealth	NNP
of	IN
Virginia	NNP
have	VBP
entered	VBN
into	IN
a	DT
Memorandum	NNP
of	IN
Understanding	NNP
regarding	VBG
the	DT
future	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Dulles	NNP
Corridor	NNP
.	.
Documents	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
viewed	VBN
by	IN
clicking	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
links	NNS
below	IN
.	.
Privacy	NN
Statement	NN
and	CC
Website	NNP
Policy	NNP
for	IN
www.mwaa.com	NNP
Disclaimer	NNP
:	:
The	DT
material	NN
on	IN
this	DT
website	NN
is	VBZ
historical	JJ
and	CC
has	VBZ
been	VBN
posted	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
convenience	NN
and	CC
general	JJ
information	NN
of	IN
persons	NNS
interested	VBN
in	IN
such	JJ
historical	JJ
material	NN
,	,
speaks	VBZ
only	RB
as	IN
of	IN
its	PRP$
date	NN
,	,
and	CC
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
updated	VBN
to	TO
reflect	VB
subsequent	JJ
developments	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
use	VBP
this	DT
information	NN
to	TO
help	VB
us	PRP
make	VB
our	PRP$
site	NN
more	RBR
useful	JJ
to	TO
visitors	NNS
,	,
to	TO
learn	VB
about	IN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
visitors	NNS
to	TO
our	PRP$
site	NN
and	CC
the	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
technology	NN
our	PRP$
visitors	NNS
use	VBP
.	.
We	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
track	VB
or	CC
record	VB
information	NN
about	IN
individuals	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
visits	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
utilize	VB
``	``
cookies	NNS
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
A	DT
``	``
cookie	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
a	DT
file	NN
placed	VBN
on	IN
your	PRP$
hard	JJ
drive	NN
by	IN
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
that	WDT
allows	VBZ
it	PRP
to	TO
monitor	VB
your	PRP$
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
site	NN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
except	IN
for	IN
short	JJ
duration	NN
cookies	NNS
that	WDT
enable	VBP
us	PRP
to	TO
limit	VB
the	DT
repetition	NN
of	IN
informational	JJ
``	``
pop	NN
up	RP
''	''
windows	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
appear	VB
while	IN
visiting	VBG
sections	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
site	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
choose	VBP
to	TO
provide	VB
us	PRP
with	IN
personal	JJ
information	NN
as	IN
in	IN
an	DT
email	NN
to	TO
one	CD
of	IN
our	PRP$
online	JJ
email	NN
boxes	NNS
,	,
or	CC
by	IN
filling	VBG
out	RP
a	DT
form	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
personal	JJ
information	NN
and	CC
submitting	VBG
it	PRP
to	TO
us	PRP
through	IN
our	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
we	PRP
use	VBP
that	DT
information	NN
to	TO
respond	VB
to	TO
your	PRP$
message	NN
and	CC
to	TO
help	VB
us	PRP
get	VB
you	PRP
the	DT
information	NN
you	PRP
have	VBP
requested	VBN
.	.
We	PRP
treat	VBP
emails	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
way	NN
we	PRP
treat	VBP
other	JJ
communications	NNS
sent	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Authority	NNP
,	,
but	CC
we	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
collect	VB
personal	JJ
information	NN
for	IN
any	DT
purpose	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
to	TO
respond	VB
to	TO
your	PRP$
request	NN
.	.
We	PRP
collect	VBP
personally	RB
identifiable	JJ
information	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
name	NN
,	,
email	NN
address	NN
,	,
Social	NNP
Security	NNP
number	NN
,	,
or	CC
telephone	NN
number	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
only	RB
if	IN
specifically	RB
and	CC
knowingly	RB
provided	VBN
by	IN
you	PRP
.	.
We	PRP
only	RB
share	VBP
the	DT
information	NN
you	PRP
give	VBP
us	PRP
with	IN
another	DT
organization	NN
if	IN
your	PRP$
inquiry	NN
relates	VBZ
to	TO
that	DT
organization	NN
,	,
or	CC
as	IN
otherwise	RB
required	VBN
by	IN
law	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
we	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
create	VB
individual	JJ
profiles	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
information	NN
you	PRP
provide	VBP
or	CC
give	VBP
it	PRP
to	TO
any	DT
private	JJ
organizations	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
collect	VB
information	NN
for	IN
commercial	JJ
marketing	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
has	VBZ
links	NNS
to	TO
other	JJ
organizations	NNS
'	POS
web	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
This	DT
does	VBZ
not	RB
constitute	VB
an	DT
endorsement	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
policies	NNS
or	CC
products	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
you	PRP
link	VBP
to	TO
another	DT
site	NN
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
privacy	NN
policy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
site	NN
.	.
We	PRP
ensure	VB
that	IN
our	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
remains	VBZ
available	JJ
to	TO
all	DT
users	NNS
by	IN
using	VBG
a	DT
computer	NN
system	NN
that	WDT
employs	VBZ
software	NN
programs	NNS
to	TO
monitor	VB
network	NN
traffic	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
unauthorized	JJ
attempts	NNS
to	TO
upload	VB
or	CC
change	VB
information	NN
,	,
or	CC
otherwise	RB
cause	VB
damage	NN
.	.
All	DT
photographs	NNS
contained	VBN
on	IN
this	DT
web	NN
site	NN
are	VBP
protected	VBN
by	IN
United	NNP
States	NNPS
copyright	NN
law	NN
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
browse	VB
,	,
search	NN
,	,
retrieve	VBP
,	,
view	VBP
,	,
download	VBP
,	,
store	VBP
or	CC
print	VBP
photographs	NNS
from	IN
mwaa.com	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
personal	JJ
,	,
noncommercial	JJ
use	NN
only	RB
.	.
Otherwise	RB
,	,
photographs	NNS
on	IN
this	DT
web	NN
site	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
copied	VBN
,	,
reproduced	VBN
,	,
modified	VBN
,	,
distributed	VBN
,	,
transmitted	VBN
,	,
displayed	VBN
,	,
published	VBN
or	CC
broadcast	VBN
without	IN
the	DT
prior	JJ
written	VBN
permission	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
alter	VB
or	CC
remove	VB
any	DT
trademark	NN
,	,
copyright	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
notice	NN
from	IN
the	DT
content	NN
on	IN
this	DT
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
operates	VBZ
a	DT
two-airport	JJ
system	NN
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
domestic	JJ
and	CC
international	JJ
air	NN
service	NN
for	IN
the	DT
mid-Atlantic	JJ
region	NN
.	.
The	DT
organization	NN
consists	VBZ
of	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
1,300	CD
employees	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
structure	NN
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
central	JJ
administration	NN
,	,
airports	NNS
management	NN
and	CC
operations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
police	NN
and	CC
fire	NN
departments	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
taxpayer-funded	JJ
but	CC
is	VBZ
self-supporting	JJ
,	,
using	VBG
aircraft	NN
landing	NN
fees	NNS
,	,
rents	NNS
and	CC
revenues	NNS
from	IN
concessions	NNS
to	TO
fund	VB
operating	NN
expenses	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Dulles	NNP
Development	NNP
Program	NNP
is	VBZ
funded	VBN
by	IN
bonds	NNS
issued	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
,	,
Federal	NNP
and	CC
State	NNP
Airport	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Program	NNP
funds	NNS
,	,
and	CC
Passenger	NN
Facility	NN
Charges	NNS
.	.
The	DT
link	NN
below	IN
leads	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Digital	NNP
Assurance	NNP
Certification	NNP
,	,
LLC	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
DAC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
website	NN
.	.
The	DT
DAC	NNP
investor	NN
relations	NNS
platform	NN
enables	VBZ
issuers	NNS
to	TO
post	VB
vital	JJ
information	NN
pertaining	VBG
to	TO
their	PRP$
bonds	NNS
that	WDT
is	VBZ
accessible	JJ
to	TO
investors	NNS
free	JJ
of	IN
charge	NN
.	.
The	DT
DAC	NNP
website	NN
also	RB
allows	VBZ
the	DT
public	NN
to	TO
contact	VB
issuers	NNS
with	IN
specific	JJ
inquiries	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
answered	VBN
,	,
the	DT
inquiry	NN
and	CC
issuer	NN
response	NN
are	VBP
posted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Investor	NNP
Communication	NNP
Platform	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
independent	JJ
body	NN
created	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Commonwealth	NNP
of	IN
Virginia	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Congress	NNP
to	TO
operate	VB
and	CC
maintain	VB
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
and	CC
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
public	JJ
body	NN
,	,
corporate	JJ
and	CC
politic	JJ
and	CC
is	VBZ
independent	JJ
of	IN
all	DT
other	JJ
bodies	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
an	DT
agency	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Commonwealth	NNP
of	IN
Virginia	NNP
or	CC
the	DT
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
,	,
nor	CC
is	VBZ
it	PRP
a	DT
federal	JJ
agency	NN
.	.
The	DT
U.S.	NNP
government	NN
owns	VBZ
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
property	NN
.	.
Pursuant	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
lease	NN
signed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Secretary	NNP
of	IN
Transportation	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Authority	NNP
,	,
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Transportation	NNP
transferred	VBD
control	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Authority	NNP
on	IN
June	NNP
7	CD
,	,
1987	CD
,	,
for	IN
a	DT
50-year	JJ
period	NN
;	:
in	IN
2003	CD
,	,
the	DT
lease	NN
was	VBD
extended	VBN
an	DT
additional	JJ
30	CD
years	NNS
.	.
The	DT
lease	NN
established	VBD
the	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
's	POS
control	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNS
,	,
most	JJS
significantly	RB
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
property	NN
be	VB
used	VBN
only	RB
for	IN
``	``
airport	NN
purposes	NNS
.	.
''	''
Airport	NNP
revenues	NNS
from	IN
aircraft	NN
landing	NN
fees	NNS
,	,
rents	NNS
and	CC
airport	NN
concession	NN
fees	NNS
support	VBP
the	DT
Authority	NNP
.	.
While	IN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
receive	VB
federal	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
grants	NNS
for	IN
construction	NN
projects	NNS
like	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
U.S.	NNP
airport	NN
,	,
the	DT
Authority	NNP
receives	VBZ
no	DT
taxpayer	NN
funds	NNS
or	CC
appropriations	NNS
from	IN
any	DT
government	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
operating	NN
costs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNS
also	RB
collect	VBP
a	DT
$	$
4.50	CD
passenger	NN
facility	NN
charge	NN
for	IN
each	DT
passenger	NN
for	IN
spending	VBG
only	RB
on	IN
government-authorized	VBN
projects	NNS
,	,
mostly	RB
for	IN
capacity	NN
and	CC
safety	NN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
operated	VBD
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
prior	RB
to	TO
1987	CD
,	,
both	DT
had	VBD
a	DT
Washington	NNP
,	,
D.C.	NNP
postal	JJ
address	NN
.	.
To	TO
help	VB
identify	VB
the	DT
service	NN
area	NN
more	RBR
easily	RB
for	IN
travelers	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Authority	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
change	VB
the	DT
addresses	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Transportation	NNP
built	VBD
the	DT
toll	NN
road	NN
on	IN
airport	NN
property	NN
.	.
The	DT
Virginia	NNP
State	NNP
Police	NNP
and	CC
Fairfax	NNP
County	NNP
Police	NNP
have	VBP
primary	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
the	DT
toll	NN
road	NN
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
Police	NNP
also	RB
have	VBP
jurisdiction	NN
on	IN
the	DT
toll	NN
road	NN
.	.
Links	NNP
of	IN
Interest	NNP
Links	NNP
to	TO
Other	JJ
Sites	NNS
:	:
Our	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
has	VBZ
links	NNS
to	TO
other	JJ
organizations	NNS
'	POS
web	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
This	DT
does	VBZ
not	RB
constitute	VB
an	DT
endorsement	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
policies	NNS
or	CC
products	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
you	PRP
link	VBP
to	TO
another	DT
site	NN
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
privacy	NN
policy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
site	NN
.	.
Air	NNP
Service	NNP
The	NNP
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
continually	RB
striving	VBG
to	TO
improve	VB
the	DT
level	NN
of	IN
air	NN
service	NN
offered	VBN
at	IN
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
and	CC
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
as	IN
we	PRP
further	RB
integrate	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
world	NN
around	IN
us	PRP
in	IN
a	DT
changing	VBG
aviation	NN
industry	NN
.	.
With	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
concession	NN
programs	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
country	NN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
offers	VBZ
a	DT
favorable	JJ
climate	NN
for	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
business	NN
enterprises	NNS
at	IN
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
and	CC
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
Concession	NN
opportunities	NNS
include	VBP
;	:
parking	NN
,	,
rental	JJ
cars	NNS
,	,
food	NN
&	CC
beverage	NN
,	,
retail	JJ
,	,
customer	NN
service	NN
,	,
taxicabs	NNS
,	,
terminal	NN
advertising	NN
and	CC
general	JJ
aviation	NN
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
contract	NN
expires	VBZ
or	CC
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
concession	NN
is	VBZ
determined	VBN
a	DT
Request	NN
for	IN
Proposals	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
's	POS
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
Please	VB
go	VB
to	TO
Currently	NNP
Available	NNP
Concession	NNP
Opportunities	NNPS
.	.
Successful	JJ
Proposals	NNS
are	VBP
selected	VBN
through	IN
a	DT
competitive	JJ
solicitation	NN
process	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
policy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
to	TO
aggressively	RB
seek	VB
MBE	NNP
and	CC
WBE	NNP
participation	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
contract	NN
opportunities	NNS
through	IN
all	DT
lawful	JJ
means	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
has	VBZ
two	CD
programs	NNS
for	IN
achieving	VBG
this	DT
policy	NN
objective	NN
-	:
an	DT
LDBE	NNP
Program	NNP
for	IN
contracts	NNS
that	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
include	VB
any	DT
federal	JJ
funds	NNS
and	CC
its	PRP$
DBE	NNP
Programs	NNP
for	IN
federally-funded	JJ
contracts	NNS
and	CC
concession	NN
opportunities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
's	POS
LDBE	NNP
Program	NNP
provides	VBZ
opportunities	NNS
to	TO
local	JJ
small	JJ
business	NN
firms	NNS
without	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
race	NN
or	CC
sex	NN
.	.
These	DT
LDBE	NNP
firms	NNS
are	VBP
eligible	JJ
for	IN
any	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
contract	NN
that	WDT
requires	VBZ
LDBE	NNP
participation	NN
.	.
An	DT
LDBE	NNP
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
small	JJ
business	NN
concern	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
organized	VBN
for	IN
profit	NN
and	CC
located	VBN
within	IN
a	DT
100-mile	JJ
radius	NN
of	IN
Washington	NNP
,	,
DC	NNP
's	POS
Zero	NNP
Mile	NNP
Marker	NNP
.	.
Those	DT
business	NN
entities	NNS
located	VBN
within	IN
counties	NNS
that	WDT
fall	VBP
partially	RB
within	IN
the	DT
aforementioned	JJ
boundary	NN
were	VBD
also	RB
eligible	JJ
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
's	POS
LDBE	NNP
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
average	JJ
gross	JJ
receipts	NNS
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
firm	NN
's	POS
last	JJ
three	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
receipts	NNS
,	,
must	MD
not	RB
exceed	VB
the	DT
small	JJ
business	NN
size	NN
standard	JJ
established	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
services	NNS
or	CC
goods	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
Authority	NNP
contract	NN
.	.
The	DT
receipts	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
affiliates	NNS
are	VBP
counted	VBN
in	IN
determining	VBG
size	NN
.	.
Business	NN
concerns	NNS
are	VBP
affiliates	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
when	WRB
,	,
either	CC
directly	RB
or	CC
indirectly	RB
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
one	CD
concern	NN
controls	NNS
or	CC
has	VBZ
the	DT
power	NN
to	TO
control	VB
the	DT
other	JJ
,	,
or	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
a	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
parties	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
has	VBZ
the	DT
power	NN
to	TO
control	VB
both	DT
.	.
Consideration	NN
is	VBZ
given	VBN
to	TO
such	JJ
factors	NNS
as	IN
common	JJ
ownership	NN
and	CC
management	NN
,	,
contractual	JJ
relationships	NNS
and	CC
overlapping	VBG
authority	NN
.	.
The	DT
directory	NN
also	RB
provides	VBZ
a	DT
listing	NN
of	IN
Minority	NNP
Owned	NNP
Business	NNP
Enterprise	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
MBE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
Woman	NNP
Owned	NNP
Business	NNP
Enterprise	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
WBE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
firms	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
been	VBN
certified	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
DBE	NNP
.	.
The	DT
DBE	NNP
Program	NNP
covers	VBZ
contracts	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
funded	VBN
in	IN
part	NN
or	CC
in	IN
whole	JJ
with	IN
federal	JJ
dollars	NNS
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
provides	VBZ
opportunities	NNS
to	TO
firms	NNS
who	WP
meet	VBP
the	DT
federal	JJ
eligibility	NN
standards	NNS
for	IN
DBEs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
must	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
Department	NNP
of	IN
Transportation	NNP
regulations	NNS
in	IN
49	CD
CFR	NNP
Part	NNP
26	CD
,	,
when	WRB
certifying	VBG
DBEs	NNS
.	.
To	TO
qualify	VB
as	IN
a	DT
DBE	NNP
under	IN
49	CD
CFR	NNP
Part	NNP
26	CD
,	,
a	DT
business	NN
must	MD
be	VB
a	DT
small	JJ
business	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
defined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Small	NNP
Business	NNP
Administration	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
which	WDT
is	VBZ
at	IN
least	JJS
51	CD
percent	NN
owned	VBN
by	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
socially	RB
and	CC
economically	RB
disadvantaged	JJ
individuals	NNS
.	.
African	JJ
American	NNP
,	,
Hispanic	NNP
Americans	NNPS
,	,
Native	JJ
Americans	NNPS
,	,
Subcontinent	NNP
Asian	NNP
Americans	NNPS
,	,
Asian-Pacific	NNP
Americans	NNPS
and	CC
women	NNS
are	VBP
presumed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
socially	RB
and	CC
economically	RB
disadvantaged	JJ
.	.
The	DT
management	NN
and	CC
daily	JJ
business	NN
operations	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
controlled	VBN
by	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
of	IN
the	DT
socially	RB
and	CC
economically	RB
disadvantaged	JJ
individuals	NNS
who	WP
own	VBP
it	PRP
.	.
The	DT
receipts	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
affiliate	NN
companies	NNS
are	VBP
counted	VBN
in	IN
determining	VBG
size	NN
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
public	JJ
body	NN
politic	JJ
and	CC
corporate	JJ
,	,
created	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
consent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Congress	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
by	IN
the	DT
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
Regional	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1985	CD
,	,
as	IN
amended	VBN
,	,
and	CC
Ch	NNP
.	.
598	CD
,	,
Virginia	NNP
Acts	NNP
of	IN
Assembly	NNP
of	IN
1985	CD
,	,
as	IN
amended	VBN
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
this	DT
entity	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
plan	VB
,	,
provide	VB
and	CC
actively	RB
manage	VB
world	NN
class	NN
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
global	JJ
aviation	NN
system	NN
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
that	IN
anticipates	VBZ
and	CC
serves	VBZ
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Capital	NNP
area	NN
.	.
The	DT
Purchasing	NNP
Agents	NNPS
and	CC
Buyers	NNS
are	VBP
responsible	JJ
for	IN
procuring	VBG
the	DT
following	JJ
goods	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
for	IN
requisitions	NNS
valued	VBN
at	IN
$	$
25,000.00	CD
and	CC
under	IN
,	,
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
supporting	VBG
a	DT
warehouse	NN
which	WDT
stocks	NNS
approximately	RB
2,500	CD
line	NN
items	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
considering	VBG
a	DT
job	NN
opportunity	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
,	,
we	PRP
want	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
know	VB
that	DT
pay	NN
represents	VBZ
only	RB
a	DT
portion	NN
of	IN
total	JJ
compensation	NN
.	.
The	DT
benefits	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
as	IN
an	DT
Authority	NNP
employee	NN
can	MD
assist	VB
you	PRP
while	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
working	VBG
and	CC
help	VB
you	PRP
plan	VBP
for	IN
a	DT
comfortable	JJ
retirement	NN
.	.
A	DT
typical	JJ
benefits	NNS
package	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
usually	RB
represents	VBZ
an	DT
additional	JJ
30	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
pay	NN
.	.
Understanding	VBG
the	DT
benefits	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
best	JJS
way	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
if	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
could	MD
be	VB
your	PRP$
next	JJ
employer	NN
.	.
Below	IN
is	VBZ
a	DT
summary	NN
of	IN
the	DT
different	JJ
benefits	NNS
offered	VBN
to	TO
all	DT
regular	JJ
,	,
active	JJ
employees	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
typically	RB
offers	VBZ
two	CD
different	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
plans	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
you	PRP
and	CC
your	PRP$
family	NN
with	IN
protection	NN
when	WRB
you	PRP
incur	VBP
health	NN
care	NN
expenses	NNS
.	.
Employees	NNS
may	MD
select	VB
from	IN
a	DT
Preferred	NNP
Provider	NNP
Organization	NNP
or	CC
a	DT
Health	NNP
Maintenance	NNP
Organization	NNP
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
elect	VB
to	TO
cover	VB
yourself	PRP
,	,
yourself	PRP
plus	IN
one	CD
other	JJ
dependent	JJ
,	,
or	CC
yourself	PRP
and	CC
your	PRP$
entire	JJ
family	NN
.	.
Either	CC
plan	NN
offers	VBZ
comprehensive	JJ
medical	JJ
services	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
bi-weekly	JJ
contribution	NN
rate	NN
.	.
These	DT
programs	NNS
include	VBP
prescription	NN
drug	NN
and	CC
vision	NN
benefits	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
automatically	RB
covers	VBZ
employees	NNS
in	IN
one	CD
of	IN
two	CD
different	JJ
defined	VBN
benefit	NN
plans	NNS
--	:
either	RB
the	DT
Retirement	NNP
Plan	NNP
for	IN
General	NNP
Employees	NNP
or	CC
the	DT
Retirement	NNP
Plan	NNP
for	IN
Police	NNP
Officers	NNPS
and	CC
Firefighters	NNPS
.	.
An	DT
employee	NN
is	VBZ
covered	VBN
in	IN
their	PRP$
respective	JJ
plan	NN
as	IN
of	IN
their	PRP$
date	NN
of	IN
hire	NN
.	.
Police	NNS
and	CC
Firefighters	NNS
contribute	VBP
1.5	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
base	NN
pay	NN
on	IN
a	DT
pre-tax	JJ
basis	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
eligible	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
full	JJ
pension	NN
at	IN
age	NN
55	CD
with	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
5	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
service	NN
or	CC
at	IN
any	DT
age	NN
with	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
25	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
service	NN
.	.
An	DT
early	JJ
retirement	NN
option	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
before	IN
age	NN
50	CD
with	IN
a	DT
reduced	VBN
benefit	NN
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
's	POS
RSP	NNP
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
accumulate	VBP
capital	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
retirement	NN
by	IN
allowing	VBG
you	PRP
to	TO
voluntarily	RB
save	VB
a	DT
portion	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
pay	NN
on	IN
a	DT
pre-tax	JJ
basis	NN
through	IN
payroll	NN
deduction	NN
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
matches	VBZ
a	DT
portion	NN
,	,
up	RB
to	TO
3	CD
percent	NN
,	,
of	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
you	PRP
save	VBP
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
investment	NN
options	NNS
available	JJ
and	CC
your	PRP$
contribution	NN
rate	NN
may	MD
be	VB
changed	VBN
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
.	.
The	DT
annual	JJ
maximum	NN
tax	NN
deferred	VBN
savings	NNS
limit	NN
is	VBZ
currently	RB
$	$
15,500	CD
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
age	NN
50	CD
provision	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
additional	JJ
$	$
5,000	CD
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
investment	NN
earnings	NNS
credited	VBD
to	TO
your	PRP$
account	NN
accumulate	VBP
tax-free	JJ
until	IN
you	PRP
receive	VBP
a	DT
distribution	NN
.	.
This	DT
plan	NN
is	VBZ
governed	VBN
by	IN
Sec	NNP
.	.
457	CD
of	IN
the	DT
IRS	NNP
Code	NNP
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
provides	VBZ
partial	JJ
income	NN
protection	NN
to	TO
employees	NNS
when	WRB
they	PRP
become	VBP
ill	JJ
or	CC
disabled	JJ
until	IN
age	NN
65	CD
or	CC
older	JJR
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
age	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
disability	NN
occurred	VBD
.	.
Our	PRP$
LTD	NNP
plan	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
integrate	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
's	POS
leave	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
workers	NNS
'	POS
compensation	NN
,	,
retirement	NN
and	CC
social	JJ
security	NN
benefits	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
provides	VBZ
,	,
at	IN
no	DT
cost	NN
to	TO
the	DT
employee	NN
,	,
the	DT
normal	JJ
90-day	JJ
waiting	VBG
period	NN
before	IN
benefits	NNS
become	VBP
available	JJ
.	.
Employees	NNS
may	MD
elect	VB
shorter	JJR
waiting	VBG
periods	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
60	CD
and	CC
30	CD
days	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
at	IN
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
additional	JJ
cost	NN
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
provides	VBZ
benefits	NNS
to	TO
your	PRP$
survivors	NNS
if	IN
you	PRP
die	VBP
on	IN
or	CC
off	IN
the	DT
job	NN
from	IN
accidental	JJ
or	CC
natural	JJ
causes	NNS
.	.
These	DT
benefits	NNS
supplement	VBP
your	PRP$
own	JJ
personal	JJ
life	NN
insurance	NN
program	NN
.	.
You	PRP
and	CC
the	DT
Authority	NNP
share	NN
the	DT
cost	NN
for	IN
basic	JJ
life	NN
insurance	NN
.	.
Supplemental	NNP
and	CC
Dependent	NNP
coverage	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
available	JJ
at	IN
reasonable	JJ
cost	NN
to	TO
the	DT
employee	NN
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
offers	VBZ
most	RBS
new	JJ
employees	NNS
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
accrue	VB
annual	JJ
and	CC
sick	JJ
leave	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
personal	JJ
use	NN
during	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
employment	NN
.	.
Within	IN
specific	JJ
guidelines	NNS
,	,
employees	NNS
may	MD
use	VB
their	PRP$
leave	NN
for	IN
events	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
vacations	NNS
,	,
illness	NN
or	CC
injury	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
care	VB
for	IN
family	NN
members	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
observe	VBP
10	CD
Federal	JJ
holidays	NNS
each	DT
year	NN
.	.
Lastly	RB
,	,
the	DT
Authority	NNP
provides	VBZ
leave	NN
for	IN
an	DT
on-the-job	JJ
injury	NN
or	CC
illness	NN
,	,
administers	VBZ
a	DT
donated	VBN
leave	NN
program	NN
,	,
and	CC
provides	VBZ
for	IN
court	NN
and	CC
military	JJ
Leave	VB
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
manages	VBZ
all	DT
programs	NNS
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Family	NNP
and	CC
Medical	NNP
Leave	VB
Act	NNP
of	IN
1993	CD
.	.
An	DT
FSA	NNP
enables	VBZ
you	PRP
to	TO
save	VB
money	NN
on	IN
certain	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
and	CC
dependent	JJ
care	NN
costs	NNS
by	IN
paying	VBG
for	IN
eligible	NN
expenses	NNS
with	IN
pre-tax	JJ
dollars	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
your	PRP$
contributions	NNS
are	VBP
deducted	VBN
from	IN
your	PRP$
paycheck	NN
before	IN
taxes	NNS
,	,
your	PRP$
taxable	JJ
income	NN
is	VBZ
actually	RB
lowered	VBN
.	.
This	DT
means	VBZ
that	IN
you	PRP
pay	VBP
fewer	JJR
income	NN
taxes	NNS
and	CC
have	VBP
more	JJR
money	NN
to	TO
spend	VB
!	.
The	DT
maximum	NN
you	PRP
may	MD
defer	VB
each	DT
year	NN
is	VBZ
$	$
2,500	CD
for	IN
health	NN
care	NN
expenses	NNS
and	CC
$	$
5,000	CD
for	IN
dependent	JJ
care	NN
expenses	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
offers	VBZ
direct	JJ
deposit	NN
reimbursement	NN
and	CC
account	NN
management	NN
services	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
plans	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
's	POS
programs	NNS
-	:
health	NN
and	CC
life	NN
insurance	NN
,	,
retirement	NN
and	CC
retirement	NN
savings	NNS
,	,
long	JJ
term	NN
disability	NN
,	,
leave	VBP
programs	NNS
,	,
flexible	JJ
spending	NN
accounts	NNS
tuition	NN
assistance	NN
,	,
metropool	NN
subsidies	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
miscellaneous	JJ
benefits	NNS
add	VBP
up	RP
to	TO
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
and	CC
generous	JJ
benefits	NNS
package	NN
.	.
Positions	NNS
Currently	RB
Open	NNP
The	NNP
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
operates	VBZ
a	DT
two-airport	JJ
system	NN
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
domestic	JJ
and	CC
international	JJ
air	NN
service	NN
for	IN
the	DT
mid-Atlantic	JJ
region	NN
.	.
The	DT
organization	NN
consists	VBZ
of	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
1,300	CD
employees	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
structure	NN
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
central	JJ
administration	NN
,	,
airports	NNS
management	NN
and	CC
operations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
police	NN
and	CC
fire	NN
departments	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
operating	VBG
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
and	CC
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airports	NNPS
,	,
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
capital	NN
improvements	NNS
at	IN
both	DT
airports	NNS
.	.
The	DT
department	NN
maintains	VBZ
a	DT
highly	RB
trained	VBN
workforce	NN
through	IN
daily	JJ
in-station	NN
and	CC
out-of-agency	NN
training	NN
.	.
The	DT
department	NN
also	RB
participates	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Fire	NNP
Protection	NNP
Association	NNP
Professional	NNP
Firefighter	NNP
Qualifications	NNPS
Certification	NNP
Program	NNP
through	IN
the	DT
Commonwealth	NNP
of	IN
Virginia	NNP
,	,
Department	NNP
of	IN
Fire	NNP
Programs	NNP
.	.
All	DT
personnel	NNS
are	VBP
certified	VBN
Emergency	NNP
Medical	NNP
Technicians	NNPS
through	IN
the	DT
Commonwealth	NNP
of	IN
Virginia	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
encourage	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
consider	VB
a	DT
career	NN
as	IN
a	DT
firefighter	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
's	POS
Fire	NNP
&	CC
Rescue	NN
Department	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
seek	VBP
highly	RB
qualified	VBN
individuals	NNS
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
use	VB
their	PRP$
training	NN
and	CC
expertise	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
best	JJS
services	NNS
possible	JJ
to	TO
our	PRP$
airport	NN
communities	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
flying	VBG
public	NN
.	.
One	CD
year	NN
of	IN
experience	NN
in	IN
the	DT
control	NN
and	CC
extinguishment	NN
of	IN
fires	NNS
as	IN
an	DT
active	JJ
and	CC
regular	JJ
member	NN
of	IN
an	DT
organized	VBN
fire	NN
department	NN
.	.
The	DT
one-year	JJ
of	IN
experience	NN
will	MD
be	VB
credited	VBN
against	IN
an	DT
average	NN
of	IN
56	CD
hours	NNS
per	IN
week	NN
or	CC
2912	CD
hours	NNS
per	IN
year	NN
.	.
To	TO
be	VB
creditable	JJ
,	,
volunteer	NN
experience	NN
must	MD
have	VB
included	VBN
regular	JJ
attendance	NN
at	IN
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
training	NN
sessions	NNS
and	CC
must	MD
also	RB
have	VB
included	VBN
regular	JJ
and	CC
actual	JJ
participation	NN
in	IN
fighting	VBG
fires	NNS
.	.
Candidates	NNS
must	MD
provide	VB
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
current	JJ
valid	JJ
driver	NN
's	POS
license	NN
from	IN
state	NN
of	IN
residence	NN
at	IN
time	NN
of	IN
interview	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Note	NN
:	:
Maryland	NNP
residents	NNS
must	MD
have	VB
Class	NN
`	``
B	NNP
'	''
endorsement	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
Candidates	NNPS
are	VBP
also	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
job	NN
knowledge	NN
test	NN
,	,
an	DT
oral	JJ
interview	NN
,	,
a	DT
physical	JJ
agility	NN
test	NN
,	,
a	DT
thorough	JJ
background	NN
investigation	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
to	TO
include	VB
a	DT
full	JJ
employment	NN
history	NN
check	NN
;	:
a	DT
credit	NN
check	NN
;	:
a	DT
criminal	JJ
history	NN
check	NN
;	:
and	CC
a	DT
driving	NN
record	NN
check	NN
.	.
A	DT
pre-employment	JJ
medical	JJ
examination	NN
,	,
to	TO
include	VB
drug	NN
testing	NN
,	,
will	MD
be	VB
performed	VBN
.	.
Employees	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
assigned	VBN
to	TO
one	CD
of	IN
three	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
24-hour	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
shifts	NNS
working	VBG
an	DT
average	JJ
56-hour	JJ
work	NN
week	NN
.	.
Employees	NNS
must	MD
pass	VB
annual	JJ
medical	JJ
testing	NN
criteria	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
hired	VBN
,	,
the	DT
Firefighter	NNP
Medic	NNP
must	MD
be	VB
accepted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
's	POS
Occupational	NNP
Medical	NNP
Director	NNP
for	IN
independent	JJ
practice	NN
as	IN
a	DT
Firefighter	NNP
Medic	NNP
within	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
year	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
.	.
Failure	NN
to	TO
maintain	VB
required	JJ
certifications	NNS
,	,
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
proper	JJ
procedures	NNS
,	,
will	MD
result	VB
in	IN
removal	NN
from	IN
the	DT
position	NN
.	.
Employees	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
assigned	VBN
to	TO
one	CD
of	IN
three	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
24	CD
hour	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
shifts	NNS
working	VBG
an	DT
average	JJ
56-hour	JJ
work	NN
week	NN
.	.
Employees	NNS
must	MD
pass	VB
annual	JJ
medical	JJ
testing	NN
criteria	NNS
.	.
Firefighter	NNP
Medic	NNP
employees	NNS
must	MD
maintain	VB
a	DT
performance	NN
level	NN
fully	RB
acceptable	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Authority	NNP
's	POS
Operational	NNP
Medical	NNP
Director	NNP
's	POS
established	VBN
standards	NNS
of	IN
proficiency	NN
and	CC
competence	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
function	VB
under	IN
his\/her	JJ
medical	JJ
auspices	NNS
.	.
Failure	NN
to	TO
maintain	VB
a	DT
satisfactory	JJ
performance	NN
level	NN
may	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
cause	NN
for	IN
termination	NN
or	CC
demotion	NN
,	,
under	IN
proper	JJ
procedures	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Public	NNP
Safety	NNP
is	VBZ
committed	VBN
to	TO
providing	VBG
a	DT
safe	JJ
and	CC
secure	JJ
environment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
airports	NNS
community	NN
through	IN
organized	VBN
response	NN
to	TO
emergency	NN
situations	NNS
and	CC
proactive	JJ
education	NN
and	CC
prevention	NN
activities	NNS
.	.
Public	NNP
Safety	NNP
provides	VBZ
a	DT
broad	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
programs	NNS
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
airports	NNS
community	NN
from	IN
the	DT
adverse	JJ
effects	NNS
of	IN
crime	NN
,	,
fire	NN
,	,
sudden	JJ
medical	JJ
emergency	NN
or	CC
exposure	NN
to	TO
dangerous	JJ
conditions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Public	NNP
Safety	NNP
shall	MD
accomplish	VB
its	PRP$
mission	NN
by	IN
providing	VBG
an	DT
organization	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
attuned	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
airports	NNS
,	,
by	IN
training	VBG
its	PRP$
personnel	NNS
to	TO
continuously	RB
improve	VB
efficiency	NN
,	,
by	IN
allocating	VBG
personnel	NNS
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
workload	NN
demands	NNS
and	CC
by	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
latest	JJS
technologies	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
Public	NNP
Safety	NNP
providers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
Police	NNP
Department	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
full	JJ
service	NN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
agency	NN
with	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
responsibility	NN
as	IN
a	DT
county	NN
or	CC
municipal	JJ
police	NN
agency	NN
to	TO
enforce	VB
the	DT
laws	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Commonwealth	NNP
of	IN
Virginia	NNP
.	.
Authority	NNP
Police	NNP
also	RB
enforce	VBP
Federal	NNP
Regulations	NNPS
pertaining	VBG
to	TO
airport	NN
operations	NNS
.	.
Authority	NNP
Police	NNP
serve	VB
as	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
professional	JJ
law	NN
enforcement	NN
contact	NN
to	TO
the	DT
traveling	VBG
public	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
patrons	NNS
come	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
Nation	NN
's	POS
Capitol	NNP
from	IN
all	DT
over	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
The	DT
image	NN
our	PRP$
police	NN
project	NN
speaks	VBZ
volumes	NNS
about	IN
our	PRP$
country	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
responsibility	NN
we	PRP
accept	VBP
with	IN
pride	NN
.	.
Commercial	JJ
Photography	NNP
\/	NNP
Filming	NNP
Procedures	NNP
Due	NNP
to	TO
increasing	VBG
demand	NN
for	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
Authority	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
facilities	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
location	NN
or	CC
background	NN
for	IN
commercial	JJ
photography	NN
or	CC
video	NN
,	,
motion	NN
picture	NN
,	,
and	CC
television	NN
filming	VBG
,	,
the	DT
Authority	NNP
has	VBZ
established	VBN
fees	NNS
for	IN
these	DT
activities	NNS
to	TO
recover	VB
associated	VBN
costs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
has	VBZ
established	VBN
policies	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
insurance	NN
,	,
``	``
hold	VBP
harmless	JJ
''	''
agreements	NNS
,	,
and	CC
security	NN
that	WDT
are	VBP
a	DT
prerequisite	NN
for	IN
obtaining	VBG
permission	NN
for	IN
filming	VBG
and	CC
photography	NN
activities	NNS
.	.
See	VB
data	NNS
showing	VBG
aircraft	NN
operations	NNS
,	,
passengers	NNS
,	,
mail	NN
,	,
and	CC
freight	NN
statistics	NNS
for	IN
every	DT
year	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
's	POS
history	NN
.	.
This	DT
page	NN
also	RB
has	VBZ
links	NNS
to	TO
more	RBR
detailed	JJ
passenger	NN
and	CC
operational	JJ
data	NNS
for	IN
every	DT
month	NN
and	CC
year	NN
dating	VBG
back	RB
to	TO
2000	CD
.	.
Dulles	NNP
Environmental	NNP
Studies	NNPS
The	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Airports	NNP
Authority	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
currently	RB
undertaking	VBG
a	DT
capital	NN
improvement	NN
program	NN
,	,
called	VBN
d2	NN
,	,
to	TO
provide	VB
new	JJ
facilities	NNS
and	CC
replace	VB
and	CC
upgrade	VB
existing	VBG
aircraft	NN
,	,
passenger	NN
,	,
and	CC
support	NN
facilities	NNS
at	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
Several	JJ
separate	JJ
studies	NNS
look	VBP
at	IN
the	DT
potential	JJ
environmental	JJ
impacts	NNS
of	IN
three	CD
major	JJ
proposed	VBN
project	NN
groups	NNS
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
a	DT
new	JJ
concourse	NN
,	,
a	DT
new	JJ
airport	NN
passenger	NN
train	NN
system	NN
,	,
and	CC
associated	VBN
projects	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
replace	VB
the	DT
existing	VBG
Concourse	NNP
C\/D	NNP
complex	NN
and	CC
the	DT
mobile	JJ
lounge	NN
shuttles	NNS
;	:
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
a	DT
replacement	NN
,	,
modernized	VBN
airport	NN
traffic	NN
control	NN
tower	NN
;	:
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
two	CD
new	JJ
runways	NNS
and	CC
associated	VBN
projects	NNS
.	.
The	DT
studies	NNS
are	VBP
prepared	VBN
in	IN
compliance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Environmental	NNP
Policy	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NEPA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
1969	CD
,	,
as	IN
amended	VBN
,	,
the	DT
regulations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
President	NNP
's	POS
Council	NNP
on	IN
Environmental	NNP
Quality	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CEQ	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
NEPA	NNP
compliance	NN
,	,
and	CC
Federal	NNP
Aviation	NNP
Administration	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FAA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
Orders	NNS
1050.1	CD
E	NN
and	CC
5050.4	CD
A.	NN
NEPA	NNP
requires	VBZ
federal	JJ
agencies	NNS
to	TO
consider	VB
a	DT
wide	JJ
array	NN
of	IN
potential	JJ
environmental	JJ
effects	NNS
when	WRB
proposing	VBG
actions	NNS
including	VBG
:	:
noise	NN
;	:
compatible	JJ
land	NN
use	NN
;	:
social	JJ
and	CC
socioeconomic	JJ
characteristics	NNS
;	:
air	NN
quality	NN
;	:
water	NN
quality	NN
;	:
geology	NN
and	CC
soils	NNS
;	:
historic	JJ
,	,
architectural	JJ
,	,
archaeological	JJ
,	,
and	CC
cultural	JJ
resources	NNS
;	:
biotic	JJ
communities	NNS
;	:
endangered	VBN
and	CC
threatened	VBN
species	NNS
;	:
wetlands	NNS
;	:
floodplains	NNS
;	:
coastal	JJ
zone	NN
management	NN
;	:
coastal	JJ
barriers	NNS
;	:
wild	JJ
and	CC
scenic	JJ
rivers	NNS
;	:
prime	JJ
and	CC
unique	JJ
farmland	NN
;	:
energy	NN
;	:
light	NN
emissions	NNS
;	:
visual	JJ
aesthetics	NNS
;	:
solid	JJ
waste	NN
,	,
hazardous	JJ
waste	NN
,	,
and	CC
pollution	NN
prevention	NN
;	:
and	CC
design	NN
,	,
art	NN
,	,
and	CC
architecture	NN
.	.
These	DT
studies	NNS
are	VBP
decision-making	JJ
tools	NNS
that	WDT
analyze	VBP
the	DT
potential	JJ
environmental	JJ
effects	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
proposed	VBN
action	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
alternatives	NNS
and	CC
provide	VB
a	DT
forum	NN
to	TO
address	VB
both	DT
regulatory	JJ
and	CC
public	JJ
concerns	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Tier	NNP
2	CD
Concourse	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
major	JJ
component	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Proposed	NNP
Action	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Build	NNP
Alternative	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
new	JJ
concourse	NN
will	MD
replace	VB
the	DT
existing	VBG
Concourse	NNP
C\/D	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
has	VBZ
neither	CC
the	DT
necessary	JJ
space	NN
nor	CC
appropriate	JJ
updated	VBN
passenger	NN
amenities	NNS
to	TO
serve	VB
present-day	JJ
or	CC
future	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
United	NNP
Airlines	NNPS
,	,
the	DT
largest	JJS
airline	NN
at	IN
IAD	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
principal	JJ
tenant	NN
on	IN
the	DT
existing	VBG
Concourse	NNP
C\/D	NNP
.	.
The	DT
project	NN
will	MD
consist	VB
of	IN
the	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
a	DT
permanent	JJ
midfield	NN
concourse	NN
south	RB
of	IN
the	DT
existing	VBG
Concourse	NNP
C\/D	NNP
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
a	DT
baggage	NN
tunnel	NN
containing	VBG
a	DT
baggage	NN
conveyor	NN
system	NN
,	,
a	DT
tug	NN
tunnel	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
pedestrian	JJ
walkback	NN
tunnel	NN
will	MD
be	VB
constructed	VBN
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Tier	NNP
2	CD
Concourse	NNP
project	NN
.	.
After	IN
completion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
concourse	NN
,	,
existing	VBG
Concourse	NNP
C\/D	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
demolished	VBN
.	.
Another	DT
major	JJ
project	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
part	NN
of	IN
this	DT
study	NN
includes	VBZ
the	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Automated	NNP
People	NNPS
Mover	NNP
System	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
APM	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
APM	NNP
system	NN
project	NN
will	MD
consist	VB
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
underground	JJ
train	NN
system	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
connect	VB
the	DT
midfield	NN
concourses	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
.	.
The	DT
train	NN
system	NN
will	MD
be	VB
electric-powered	JJ
and	CC
will	MD
substantially	RB
reduce	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
existing	VBG
Mobile	NNP
Lounge	NNP
service	NN
.	.
The	DT
project	NN
will	MD
include	VB
6	CD
miles	NNS
of	IN
tunnels	NNS
,	,
eight	CD
stations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
connections	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
concourses	NNS
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
a	DT
maintenance	NN
facility	NN
.	.
Two	CD
separate	JJ
APM	NNP
systems	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
constructed	VBN
:	:
one	CD
for	IN
domestic	JJ
passengers	NNS
and	CC
one	CD
for	IN
arriving	VBG
international	JJ
passengers	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
take	VB
a	DT
moment	NN
to	TO
review	VB
the	DT
website	NN
to	TO
learn	VB
the	DT
latest	JJS
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
study	NN
including	VBG
a	DT
summary	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Public	NNP
Hearings	NNS
held	VBN
in	IN
February	NNP
2005	CD
,	,
the	DT
EIS	NNP
process	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Final	NNP
Environmental	NNP
Impact	NNP
Statement	NNP
.	.
The	DT
study	NN
team	NN
appreciates	VBZ
all	PDT
the	DT
citizens	NNS
and	CC
agencies	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
participated	VBN
throughout	IN
this	DT
process	NN
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
your	PRP$
comments	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
reviewed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
team	NN
,	,
summarized	VBN
,	,
and	CC
included	VBD
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
record	NN
.	.
The	DT
study	NN
team	NN
's	POS
responses	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
summarized	VBN
questions	NNS
and	CC
comments	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
detailed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Final	NNP
Environmental	NNP
Impact	NNP
Statement	NNP
.	.
The	DT
array	NN
of	IN
shopping	NN
and	CC
dining	NN
opportunities	NNS
offered	VBN
at	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
includes	VBZ
nearly	RB
100	CD
privately-owned	JJ
and	CC
operated	VBD
food	NN
and	CC
retail	JJ
shops	NNS
located	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
's	POS
concourse	NN
buildings	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
nationally	RB
and	CC
internationally	RB
recognized	VBN
brands	NNS
operate	VBP
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
.	.
Concourse	NNP
B	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
centerpiece	NN
of	IN
the	DT
retail	JJ
program	NN
,	,
featuring	VBG
13,000	CD
square	JJ
feet	NNS
of	IN
retail	JJ
space	NN
.	.
In	IN
all	DT
,	,
the	DT
retail	JJ
and	CC
restaurant	NN
program	NN
occupies	VBZ
more	JJR
than	IN
50,000	CD
square	JJ
feet	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
An	DT
airport-wide	JJ
Food	NNP
Redevelopment	NNP
Program	NNP
began	VBD
in	IN
2005	CD
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
changing	VBG
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
traveling	VBG
public	NN
.	.
The	DT
shopping	NN
and	CC
dining	NN
concessions	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
are	VBP
managed	VBN
by	IN
Westfield	NNP
Concession	NNP
Management	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
To	TO
confirm	VB
information	NN
,	,
call	VBP
the	DT
airline	NN
or	CC
check	VB
the	DT
airline	NN
's	POS
website	NN
for	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
up-to-date	JJ
flight	NN
arrival	NN
and	CC
departure	NN
times	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Airport	NNP
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
and	CC
Concourses	NNP
also	RB
have	VBP
flight	NN
display	NN
boards	NNS
.	.
The	DT
airlines	NNS
have	VBP
gates	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
and	CC
midfield	NN
Concourses	NNS
.	.
Passengers	NNS
arriving	VBG
on	IN
international	JJ
flights	NNS
are	VBP
transported	VBN
by	IN
mobile	JJ
lounges	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
airplane	NN
to	TO
the	DT
International	NNP
Arrivals	NNPS
Building	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
IAB	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
located	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
lower	JJR
level	NN
at	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
.	.
The	DT
construction	NN
currently	RB
underway	JJ
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
is	VBZ
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
major	JJ
capital	NN
investment	NN
program	NN
known	VBN
as	IN
Dulles	NNP
Development	NNP
,	,
or	CC
D2	NNP
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
was	VBD
approved	VBN
in	IN
2000	CD
by	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
to	TO
enable	VB
the	DT
Airport	NNP
to	TO
keep	VB
pace	NN
with	IN
air	NN
service	NN
growth	NN
and	CC
accommodate	VB
the	DT
future	JJ
traveling	VBG
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Washington	NNP
region	NN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
operated	VBD
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
and	CC
Dulles	NNP
prior	RB
to	TO
1987	CD
,	,
both	DT
Airports	NNS
had	VBD
Washington	NNP
,	,
D.C.	NNP
postal	JJ
addresses	NNS
.	.
To	TO
help	VB
identify	VB
the	DT
service	NN
area	NN
more	RBR
easily	RB
for	IN
travelers	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
change	VB
the	DT
postal	JJ
addresses	NNS
.	.
Or	CC
,	,
for	IN
door-to-door	JJ
directions	NNS
using	VBG
an	DT
internet	NN
mapping	NN
website	NN
,	,
enter	VBP
``	``
IAD	NNP
''	''
or	CC
``	``
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
''	''
as	IN
your	PRP$
destination	NN
.	.
Some	DT
websites	NNS
allow	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
select	VB
from	IN
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
airports	NNS
since	IN
the	DT
address	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
commonly	RB
known	VBN
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
Transportation	NNP
Security	NNP
Administration	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
TSA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
security	NN
measures	NNS
,	,
only	RB
ticketed	VBD
passengers	NNS
or	CC
authorized	VBN
personnel	NNS
are	VBP
allowed	VBN
through	IN
security	NN
checkpoints	NNS
.	.
Special	JJ
arrangements	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
with	IN
your	PRP$
airline	NN
for	IN
accompanying	VBG
children	NNS
or	CC
others	NNS
needing	VBG
assistance	NN
to	TO
get	VB
to	TO
the	DT
gate	NN
.	.
Please	VB
check	VB
with	IN
your	PRP$
airline	NN
for	IN
details	NNS
.	.
Passengers	NNS
are	VBP
generally	RB
urged	VBN
to	TO
arrive	VB
1	CD
to	TO
2	CD
hours	NNS
before	IN
domestic	JJ
flights	NNS
,	,
and	CC
2	CD
to	TO
3	CD
hours	NNS
before	IN
international	JJ
flights	NNS
to	TO
allow	VB
time	NN
to	TO
get	VB
through	IN
airline	NN
ticketing	VBG
and	CC
security	NN
.	.
Contact	NN
your	PRP$
airline	NN
for	IN
more	JJR
specific	JJ
instructions	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
clear	VB
customs	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
before	IN
transferring	VBG
to	TO
another	DT
flight	NN
.	.
Only	RB
after	IN
you	PRP
collect	VBP
your	PRP$
baggage	NN
and	CC
clear	JJ
customs	NNS
will	MD
you	PRP
be	VB
allowed	VBN
to	TO
make	VB
your	PRP$
connection	NN
.	.
Passengers	NNS
arriving	VBG
from	IN
Canada	NNP
may	MD
have	VB
the	DT
option	NN
to	TO
pre-clear	VB
customs	NNS
;	:
check	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
airline	NN
to	TO
see	VB
if	IN
this	DT
option	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Transportation	NNP
Security	NNP
Administration	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
TSA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
prohibits	VBZ
weapons	NNS
,	,
explosives	NNS
,	,
and	CC
incendiaries	NNS
.	.
Other	JJ
items	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
seem	VB
harmless	JJ
but	CC
may	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
as	IN
weapons	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
prohibited	VBN
.	.
Visit	NN
www.tsa.gov	NN
for	IN
guidance	NN
.	.
All	DT
electronic	JJ
items	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
laptop	NN
computers	NNS
,	,
cell	NN
phones	NNS
,	,
pagers	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
subjected	VBN
to	TO
additional	JJ
screening	NN
.	.
Be	VB
prepared	JJ
to	TO
remove	VB
your	PRP$
laptop	NN
from	IN
its	PRP$
travel	NN
case	NN
so	RB
that	IN
both	DT
can	MD
be	VB
screened	VBN
separately	RB
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
be	VB
prepared	VBN
to	TO
turn	VB
on	RP
all	DT
electronic	JJ
devices	NNS
for	IN
screeners	NNS
.	.
All	DT
lighters	NNS
are	VBP
prohibited	VBN
as	IN
carry-on	JJ
items	NNS
.	.
Lighters	NNS
without	IN
fuel	NN
are	VBP
permitted	VBN
in	IN
checked	VBN
baggage	NN
,	,
but	CC
lighters	NNS
with	IN
fuel	NN
are	VBP
prohibited	VBN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
uncertain	JJ
as	IN
to	TO
whether	IN
your	PRP$
lighter	JJR
is	VBZ
prohibited	VBN
,	,
please	VB
do	VB
not	RB
bring	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
Airport	NNP
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
random	JJ
security	NN
checks	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
regulated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Transportation	NNP
Security	NNP
Administration	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
TSA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
These	DT
are	VBP
strictly	RB
random	JJ
and	CC
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
code	VB
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
have	VB
your	PRP$
carry-on	JJ
items	NNS
available	JJ
for	IN
more	JJR
detailed	JJ
inspection	NN
.	.
Note	NN
:	:
Increased	VBN
TSA	NNP
security	NN
measures	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
place	NN
and	CC
passengers	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
government	NN
issued	VBD
photo	NN
ID	NNP
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
driver	NN
's	POS
license	NN
or	CC
current	JJ
passport	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
help	VB
expedite	VB
clearing	VBG
security	NN
by	IN
having	VBG
your	PRP$
boarding	VBG
pass	NN
and	CC
photo	NN
ID	NNP
readily	RB
available	JJ
prior	RB
to	TO
entering	VBG
the	DT
security	NN
screening	NN
areas	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
note	NN
that	IN
Transportation	NNP
Security	NNP
Administration	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
TSA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
security	NN
measures	NNS
require	VBP
screening	NN
of	IN
all	DT
carry-on	JJ
luggage	NN
.	.
Passengers	NNS
are	VBP
urged	VBN
to	TO
leave	VB
any	DT
sharp	JJ
objects	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
pocket	NN
knives	NNS
,	,
scissors	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
at	IN
home	NN
or	CC
in	IN
their	PRP$
luggage	NN
checked	VBD
in	IN
at	IN
the	DT
ticket	NN
counter	NN
.	.
Foreign	JJ
currency	NN
exchange	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
Business	NNP
Service	NNP
Centers	NNPS
at	IN
the	DT
east	JJ
and	CC
west	NN
ends	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
ticketing	VBG
level	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
and	CC
in	IN
Concourses	NNP
B	NNP
,	,
C	NNP
and	CC
D.	NNP
There	EX
are	VBP
also	RB
two	CD
Thomas	NNP
Cook	NNP
Foreign	NNP
Exchanges	NNP
in	IN
Concourse	NNP
C	NNP
and	CC
one	CD
in	IN
Concourse	NNP
D.	NNP
Hours	NNS
of	IN
operation	NN
at	IN
each	DT
location	NN
vary	VBP
,	,
but	CC
range	NN
from	IN
7	CD
a.m.	NN
until	IN
9	CD
p.m.	NN
Although	IN
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
now	RB
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
had	VBD
been	VBN
open	JJ
only	RB
since	IN
1941	CD
,	,
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
a	DT
second	JJ
airport	NN
to	TO
serve	VB
the	DT
National	NNP
Capital	NNP
Area	NNP
had	VBD
become	VBN
apparent	JJ
shortly	RB
after	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
World	NNP
War	NNP
II	NNP
.	.
To	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
growing	VBG
demand	NN
for	IN
airport	NN
capacity	NN
,	,
Congress	NNP
passed	VBD
the	DT
second	JJ
Washington	NNP
Airport	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1950	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
amended	VBD
it	PRP
further	RBR
in	IN
1958	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
provide	VB
for	IN
''	''
...	:
the	DT
construction	NN
,	,
protection	NN
,	,
operation	NN
,	,
and	CC
maintenance	NN
of	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
airport	NN
in	IN
or	CC
in	IN
the	DT
vicinity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
.	.
''	''
After	IN
a	DT
thorough	JJ
study	NN
of	IN
many	JJ
possible	JJ
locations	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
region	NN
,	,
a	DT
10,000	CD
acre	NN
site	NN
,	,
26	CD
miles	NNS
west	RB
of	IN
Washington	NNP
,	,
D.C.	NNP
,	,
was	VBD
selected	VBN
by	IN
President	NNP
Dwight	NNP
Eisenhower	NNP
in	IN
1958	CD
.	.
The	DT
site	NN
,	,
located	VBN
in	IN
Fairfax	NNP
and	CC
Loudoun	NNP
Counties	NNPS
in	IN
Virginia	NNP
,	,
was	VBD
surrounded	VBN
by	IN
open	JJ
farmland	NN
and	CC
was	VBD
far	RB
enough	RB
from	IN
other	JJ
airports	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
adequate	JJ
airspace	NN
for	IN
arriving	VBG
and	CC
departing	VBG
flights	NNS
.	.
The	DT
immense	JJ
size	NN
of	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
site	NN
allowed	VBN
for	IN
an	DT
airport	NN
,	,
the	DT
first	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
country	NN
designed	VBN
for	IN
commercial	JJ
jets	NNS
,	,
to	TO
be	VB
buffered	VBN
from	IN
its	PRP$
neighbors	NNS
.	.
Only	RB
3,000	CD
acres	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
10,000	CD
acres	NNS
were	VBD
graded	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
airport	NN
and	CC
boundaries	NNS
were	VBD
established	VBN
at	IN
least	JJS
8,000	CD
feet	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
all	DT
runways	NNS
.	.
This	DT
planning	NN
,	,
in	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
the	DT
actions	NNS
of	IN
local	JJ
governments	NNS
to	TO
properly	RB
zone	NN
the	DT
land	NN
around	IN
the	DT
site	NN
,	,
helped	VBD
the	DT
new	JJ
airport	NN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
good	JJ
neighbor	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Virginia	NNP
countryside	NN
.	.
In	IN
May	NNP
1958	CD
,	,
the	DT
engineering	NN
firm	NN
of	IN
Ammann	NNP
and	CC
Whitney	NNP
of	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
was	VBD
selected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Civil	JJ
Aeronautics	NNP
Administration	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
forerunner	NN
of	IN
today	NN
's	POS
Federal	NNP
Aviation	NNP
Administration	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
as	IN
the	DT
prime	JJ
contractor	NN
for	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
planning	NN
,	,
design	NN
,	,
and	CC
construction	NN
supervision	NN
.	.
Other	JJ
professional	JJ
firms	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
Ammann	NNP
and	CC
Whitney	NNP
included	VBD
:	:
Eero	NNP
Saarinen	NNP
and	CC
Associates	NNPS
of	IN
Hamden	NNP
,	,
Connecticut	NNP
,	,
architect	NN
for	IN
the	DT
design	NN
of	IN
the	DT
terminal	NN
building	NN
,	,
control	NN
tower	NN
,	,
and	CC
service	NN
buildings	NNS
;	:
Burns	NNP
and	CC
McDonnell	NNP
of	IN
Kansas	NNP
City	NNP
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
design	NN
of	IN
the	DT
mechanical	JJ
,	,
electrical	JJ
,	,
and	CC
utility	NN
installations	NNS
;	:
and	CC
Ellery	NNP
Husted	NNP
of	IN
Washington	NNP
,	,
D.C.	NNP
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
master	NN
planning	NN
consultant	NN
.	.
Architect	NN
Eero	NNP
Saarinen	NNP
,	,
wanted	VBD
to	TO
create	VB
something	NN
more	JJR
than	IN
just	RB
another	DT
airport	NN
--	:
he	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
find	VB
``	``
the	DT
soul	NN
of	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
''	''
He	PRP
designed	VBD
the	DT
terminal	NN
building	NN
and	CC
the	DT
control	NN
tower	NN
in	IN
that	DT
spirit	NN
and	CC
called	VBD
it	PRP
``	``
the	DT
best	JJS
thing	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
ever	RB
done	VBN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
terminal	NN
building	NN
was	VBD
selected	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
First	JJ
Honor	NNP
Award	NN
by	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
of	IN
Architects	NNPS
in	IN
1966	CD
.	.
The	DT
building	NN
of	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
started	VBD
on	IN
September	NNP
2	CD
,	,
1958	CD
,	,
seven	CD
and	CC
a	DT
half	NN
months	NNS
after	IN
the	DT
site	NN
selection	NN
.	.
When	WRB
it	PRP
opened	VBD
four	CD
years	NNS
later	RB
,	,
in	IN
1962	CD
,	,
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
had	VBD
a	DT
strikingly	RB
beautiful	JJ
terminal	NN
building	NN
which	WDT
would	MD
become	VB
a	DT
landmark	NN
to	TO
travelers	NNS
worldwide	NN
.	.
The	DT
terminal	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
compact	JJ
,	,
two-level	JJ
structure	NN
;	:
600	CD
feet	NNS
long	RB
and	CC
200	CD
feet	NNS
wide	JJ
.	.
While	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
built	VBN
without	IN
extensions	NNS
onto	IN
the	DT
airfield	NN
for	IN
aircraft	NN
loading	VBG
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
designed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
expanded	VBN
up	RP
to	TO
320	CD
feet	NNS
at	IN
either	DT
end	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
this	DT
expansion	NN
was	VBD
actually	RB
completed	VBN
34	CD
years	NNS
later	RB
in	IN
1996	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
terminal	NN
was	VBD
``	``
topped	VBN
off	RP
''	''
with	IN
a	DT
distinctive	JJ
193-foot	JJ
high	JJ
,	,
glass-enclosed	JJ
,	,
control	NN
tower	NN
cab	NN
which	WDT
provided	VBD
the	DT
air	NN
traffic	NN
controllers	NNS
with	IN
an	DT
unobstructed	JJ
view	NN
for	IN
many	JJ
miles	NNS
in	IN
all	DT
directions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
concept	NN
that	WDT
made	VBD
the	DT
new	JJ
airport	NN
outstanding	JJ
and	CC
unique	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
passenger	NN
's	POS
view	NN
in	IN
1962	CD
was	VBD
the	DT
specially	RB
designed	VBN
mobile	JJ
lounge	NN
,	,
used	VBN
to	TO
transport	VB
the	DT
passengers	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
terminal	NN
building	NN
and	CC
the	DT
aircraft	NN
parked	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
jet	NN
ramp	NN
mile	NN
away	RB
from	IN
the	DT
terminal	NN
.	.
The	DT
mobile	JJ
lounge	NN
was	VBD
designed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Chrysler	NNP
Corporation	NNP
in	IN
association	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Budd	NNP
Company	NN
.	.
The	DT
mobile	JJ
lounge	NN
was	VBD
constructed	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
54-foot	JJ
long	JJ
,	,
16-foot	JJ
wide	JJ
,	,
17 1\/2	CD
-	:
foot	NN
high	JJ
vehicle	NN
,	,
and	CC
could	MD
carry	VB
102	CD
passengers	NNS
,	,
71	CD
of	IN
them	PRP
seated	VBD
,	,
directly	RB
from	IN
the	DT
terminal	NN
to	TO
the	DT
aircraft	NN
on	IN
the	DT
ramp	NN
.	.
This	DT
protected	VBD
the	DT
passengers	NNS
from	IN
weather	NN
,	,
jet	NN
noise	NN
and	CC
blast	NN
,	,
and	CC
also	RB
eliminated	VBN
long	RB
walking	VBG
distances	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
mobile	JJ
lounge	NN
,	,
passengers	NNS
had	VBD
to	TO
walk	VB
only	RB
200	CD
feet	NNS
once	IN
they	PRP
entered	VBD
the	DT
terminal	NN
until	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
seated	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
lounge	NN
for	IN
the	DT
short	JJ
trip	NN
directly	RB
to	TO
their	PRP$
aircraft	NN
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
Dulles	NNP
operates	VBZ
19	CD
mobile	JJ
lounges	NNS
and	CC
30	CD
plane	NN
mates	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
similar	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
lounges	NNS
but	CC
can	MD
transport	VB
passengers	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
terminals	NNS
,	,
directly	RB
onto	IN
the	DT
airplane	NN
by	IN
attaching	VBG
itself	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
aircraft	NN
.	.
As	IN
Dulles	NNP
was	VBD
being	VBG
designed	VBN
,	,
a	DT
complete	JJ
study	NN
was	VBD
made	VBN
of	IN
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
adjusting	VBG
plans	NNS
for	IN
future	JJ
state	NN
and	CC
federal	JJ
highways	NNS
so	IN
that	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
would	MD
have	VB
access	NN
to	TO
adequate	JJ
transportation	NN
arteries	NNS
.	.
This	DT
did	VBD
not	RB
prove	VB
feasible	JJ
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
decision	NN
was	VBD
made	VBN
to	TO
construct	VB
an	DT
access	NN
highway	NN
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
development	NN
project	NN
.	.
FAA	NNP
,	,
in	IN
cooperation	NN
with	IN
local	JJ
communities	NNS
,	,
selected	VBN
four	CD
tentative	JJ
routes	NNS
which	WDT
were	VBD
the	DT
subject	NN
of	IN
several	JJ
public	JJ
hearings	NNS
.	.
The	DT
final	JJ
selection	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
16-mile	JJ
route	NN
from	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
to	TO
a	DT
point	NN
near	IN
Falls	NNP
Church	NNP
,	,
Virginia	NNP
,	,
where	WRB
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
connected	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
later	JJ
date	NN
to	TO
the	DT
then	RB
proposed	VBN
Interstate	NNP
Route	NNP
66	CD
and	CC
the	DT
Capital	NNP
Beltway	NNP
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
13.5	CD
miles	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
highway	NN
were	VBD
built	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
airport	NN
construction	NN
work	NN
,	,
connecting	VBG
the	DT
airport	NN
to	TO
Routes	NNP
495	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
Capital	NN
Beltway	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
123	CD
near	IN
McLean	NNP
,	,
Virginia	NNP
.	.
Upon	IN
completion	NN
of	IN
I-66	NN
through	IN
Arlington	NNP
,	,
Virginia	NNP
,	,
early	RB
in	IN
1983	CD
,	,
the	DT
Airport	NNP
Access	NNP
Highway	NNP
was	VBD
extended	VBN
the	DT
last	JJ
2.5	CD
miles	NNS
to	TO
connect	VB
directly	RB
with	IN
I-66	NN
.	.
The	DT
soaring	VBG
beauty	NN
of	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
terminal	NN
building	NN
and	CC
the	DT
airport	NN
's	POS
unique	JJ
mobile	JJ
lounge	NN
operations	NNS
,	,
impressed	VBD
the	DT
many	JJ
sightseers	NNS
,	,
travelers	NNS
,	,
foreign	JJ
visitors	NNS
,	,
and	CC
diplomats	NNS
who	WP
came	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
Dulles	NNP
was	VBD
also	RB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
airports	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
country	NN
to	TO
adopt	VB
the	DT
Accelerated	NNP
Inspection	NNP
System	NNP
where	WRB
representatives	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Customs	NNP
Service	NNP
,	,
U.S.	NNP
Immigration	NNP
and	CC
Naturalization	NNP
Service	NNP
,	,
and	CC
U.S.	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Agriculture	NNP
work	NN
together	RB
to	TO
process	NN
arriving	VBG
international	JJ
passengers	NNS
.	.
During	IN
this	DT
time	NN
,	,
the	DT
airport	NN
underwent	VBD
a	DT
major	JJ
Capital	NNP
Development	NNP
Program	NNP
to	TO
start	VB
to	TO
accommodate	VB
the	DT
growth	NN
.	.
The	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
was	VBD
expanded	VBN
in	IN
1996	CD
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
original	JJ
vision	NN
of	IN
Eero	NNP
Saarinen	NNP
.	.
The	DT
expanded	VBN
terminal	NN
contains	VBZ
1.1	CD
million	CD
square	JJ
feet	NNS
of	IN
floor	NN
space	NN
,	,
measures	VBZ
1,240	CD
feet	NNS
in	IN
length	NN
and	CC
replicates	VBZ
the	DT
curved	JJ
roofline	NN
and	CC
glass	NN
curtainwall	NN
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
design	NN
.	.
Passengers	NNS
can	MD
now	RB
benefit	VB
from	IN
the	DT
expanded	VBN
baggage	NN
and	CC
ticketing	VBG
areas	NNS
and	CC
wider	JJR
arrival	NN
and	CC
departure	NN
roadways	NNS
.	.
The	DT
construction	NN
also	RB
added	VBD
a	DT
new	JJ
International	NNP
Arrivals	NNPS
Building	NNP
in	IN
1991	CD
,	,
improved	VBN
flight	NN
and	CC
baggage	NN
information	NN
display	NN
systems	NNS
,	,
new	JJ
roadways	NNS
and	CC
overpasses	NNS
,	,
new	JJ
aircraft	NN
gates	NNS
and	CC
aprons	NNS
for	IN
additional	JJ
aircraft	NN
parking	NN
,	,
and	CC
taxiway	NN
and	CC
runway	NN
improvements	NNS
.	.
Several	JJ
new	JJ
cargo	NN
buildings	NNS
were	VBD
added	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
mid	JJ
1990	CD
's	POS
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
double	JJ
digit	NN
growth	NN
in	IN
cargo	NN
flying	VBG
through	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
Dulles	NNP
increased	VBD
its	PRP$
parking	NN
capacity	NN
by	IN
111	CD
%	NN
in	IN
just	RB
two	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
now	RB
has	VBZ
more	JJR
than	IN
23,000	CD
parking	NN
spaces	NNS
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
21st	CD
Century	NNP
begins	VBZ
,	,
Dulles	NNP
has	VBZ
emerged	VBN
as	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
fastest	JJS
growing	VBG
airports	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
and	CC
a	DT
major	JJ
East	NNP
Coast	NNP
gateway	NN
for	IN
domestic	JJ
and	CC
international	JJ
travelers	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
cargo	NN
activities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
airport	NN
is	VBZ
achieving	VBG
the	DT
potential	JJ
its	PRP$
planners	NNS
had	VBD
envisioned	VBN
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
.	.
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
an	DT
economic	JJ
engine	NN
for	IN
the	DT
surrounding	VBG
communities	NNS
,	,
providing	VBG
over	IN
15,000	CD
direct	JJ
jobs	NNS
and	CC
billions	NNS
of	IN
dollars	NNS
in	IN
business	NN
revenue	NN
.	.
The	DT
``	``
Dulles	NNP
Corridor	NNP
''	''
is	VBZ
now	RB
synonymous	JJ
with	IN
growth	NN
and	CC
future	JJ
potential	NN
for	IN
the	DT
region	NN
.	.
Just	RB
as	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
vision	NN
of	IN
Eero	NNP
Saarinen	NNP
that	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
of	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
could	MD
be	VB
expanded	VBN
to	TO
meet	VB
future	JJ
growth	NN
,	,
so	RB
is	VBZ
it	PRP
the	DT
mission	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
the	DT
entire	JJ
airport	NN
continues	VBZ
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
growing	VBG
aviation	NN
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
region	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
summer	NN
of	IN
the	DT
year	NN
2000	CD
,	,
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
launched	VBD
the	DT
Dulles	NNP
Development	NNP
Program	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
D2	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
will	MD
take	VB
Dulles	NNP
closer	JJR
to	TO
its	PRP$
full	JJ
potential	NN
.	.
The	DT
Program	NN
includes	VBZ
building	VBG
two	CD
new	JJ
parking	NN
garages	NNS
,	,
a	DT
fourth	JJ
runway	NN
,	,
a	DT
new	JJ
concourse	NN
,	,
a	DT
new	JJ
Air	NNP
Traffic	NNP
Control	NNP
Tower	NNP
,	,
pedestrian	JJ
walkways	NNS
and	CC
an	DT
airport	NN
train	NN
system	NN
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
develop	VB
Dulles	NNP
as	IN
was	VBD
envisioned	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Master	NNP
Plan	NNP
.	.
At	IN
full	JJ
build-out	NN
,	,
Dulles	NNP
will	MD
handle	VB
55	CD
million	CD
passengers	NNS
a	DT
year	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
150,000	CD
a	DT
day	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
become	VB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
world	NN
's	POS
major	JJ
airports	NNS
.	.
The	DT
story	NN
of	IN
Dulles	NNP
continues	VBZ
to	TO
unfold	VB
as	IN
it	PRP
meets	VBZ
the	DT
passenger	NN
and	CC
cargo	NN
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
21st	JJ
century	NN
.	.
The	DT
Property	NNP
Release	NNP
Form	NN
is	VBZ
stored	VBN
in	IN
Adobe	NNP
Acrobat	NNP
PDF	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
portable	JJ
document	NN
format	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
format	NN
.	.
To	TO
view	VB
and	CC
print	VB
PDF	NNP
files	NNS
you	PRP
must	MD
first	RB
download	VB
and	CC
install	VB
the	DT
free	JJ
Acrobat	NNP
Reader	NNP
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
download	VB
the	DT
latest	JJS
version	NN
of	IN
Acrobat	NNP
Reader	NNP
by	IN
clicking	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
Get	VB
Acrobat	NNP
Reader	NNP
icon	NN
here	RB
.	.
Please	VB
advise	VB
the	DT
shipping	NN
company	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
must	MD
complete	VB
the	DT
air	NN
bill	NN
and	CC
provide	VB
the	DT
packaging	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
item	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
Airport	NNP
Police	NNP
can	MD
not	RB
.	.
All	DT
arrangements	NNS
and	CC
payments	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
requesting	VBG
party	NN
.	.
The	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
does	VBZ
NOT	RB
pay	VB
for	IN
shipping	NN
.	.
The	DT
Dulles	NNP
Central	NNP
Lost	VBD
and	CC
Found	VBD
will	MD
attempt	VB
to	TO
return	VB
phone	NN
calls	NNS
within	IN
24	CD
hours	NNS
however	RB
,	,
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
high	JJ
volume	NN
of	IN
calls	NNS
received	VBN
this	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
always	RB
possible	JJ
.	.
Calls	NNS
are	VBP
first	JJ
returned	VBN
to	TO
customers	NNS
whose	WP$
items	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
found	VBN
.	.
To	TO
pick	VB
up	RP
arriving	VBG
passengers	NNS
,	,
drivers	NNS
should	MD
follow	VB
signs	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Arrivals	NNPS
Level	NNP
curbside	NN
.	.
Arriving	VBG
passengers	NNS
proceed	VB
from	IN
Baggage	NNP
Claim	NNP
up	IN
a	DT
ramp	NN
and	CC
outside	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Arrivals	NNPS
Level	NNP
curbside	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
transportation	NN
.	.
Wheelchairs	NNP
and	CC
assistance	NN
are	VBP
available	JJ
through	IN
airline	NN
representatives	NNS
at	IN
each	DT
airline	NN
counter	NN
.	.
Visual	JJ
paging	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
and	CC
Concourse	NNP
B.	NNP
Telephonic	NNP
Devices	NNPS
for	IN
the	DT
Deaf	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
TDDs	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
available	JJ
throughout	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
and	CC
concourses	NNS
.	.
Baggage	NN
for	IN
arriving	VBG
domestic	JJ
flights	NNS
at	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
is	VBZ
transported	VBN
by	IN
airlines	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Baggage	NNP
Claim	NNP
Level	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
.	.
Baggage	NN
on	IN
international	JJ
flights	NNS
is	VBZ
processed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Inspection	NNP
areas	NNS
.	.
Baggage	NN
Information	NN
Display	NNP
Boards	NNP
located	VBD
throughout	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
show	VBP
the	DT
location	NN
of	IN
the	DT
baggage	NN
claim	NN
area	NN
for	IN
each	DT
arriving	VBG
flight	NN
.	.
Nearby	JJ
Hotels	NNPS
Updated	NNP
09/19/06	CD
.	.
Hotels	NNPS
and	CC
motels	NNS
are	VBP
listed	VBN
alphabetically	RB
within	IN
each	DT
city	NN
.	.
Cities	NNPS
are	VBP
listed	VBN
by	IN
approximate	JJ
distance	NN
from	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
,	,
and	CC
most	JJS
are	VBP
within	IN
10	CD
miles	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
in	IN
no	DT
way	NN
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
list	NN
of	IN
the	DT
hotels	NNS
and	CC
motels	NNS
near	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
Contact	NN
the	DT
Webmaster	NNP
if	IN
this	DT
information	NN
should	MD
be	VB
updated	VBN
.	.
Washington	NNP
,	,
DC	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
accessible	JJ
cities	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
working	VBG
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
this	DT
very	RB
important	JJ
gateway	NN
to	TO
our	PRP$
Nation	NN
's	POS
Capital	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
accessible	JJ
to	TO
all	DT
patrons	NNS
.	.
In	IN
all	DT
terminals	NNS
,	,
wheelchair	NN
accessible	JJ
TDD	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Telecommunication	NNP
Device	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Deaf	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
phones	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
at	IN
various	JJ
locations	NNS
throughout	IN
each	DT
building	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
telephones	NNS
are	VBP
equipped	VBN
with	IN
volume	NN
control	NN
.	.
At	IN
most	JJS
locations	NNS
,	,
one	CD
telephone	NN
in	IN
each	DT
bank	NN
is	VBZ
wheelchair	NN
accessible	JJ
and	CC
is	VBZ
equipped	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
shelf	NN
and	CC
outlet	NN
to	TO
accommodate	VB
a	DT
patron	NN
's	POS
portable	JJ
text	NN
telephone	NN
.	.
All	DT
accessible	JJ
telephones	NNS
.	.
have	VB
clear	JJ
pathways	NNS
for	IN
wheelchair	NN
patrons	NNS
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
A	NNP
,	,
B	NNP
and	CC
T	NNP
Gates	NNP
,	,
a	DT
Visual	NNP
Paging	NNP
System	NNP
is	VBZ
used	VBN
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Audible	NNP
Public	NNP
Address	NNP
system	NN
to	TO
broadcast	VB
airport	NN
information	NN
to	TO
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
A	DT
Gates	NNP
,	,
visual	JJ
pagers	NNS
are	VBP
prominently	RB
located	VBN
in	IN
all	DT
waiting	VBG
areas	NNS
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
B	NNP
Gates	NNP
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
located	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
shuttle	NN
docks	NNS
and	CC
at	IN
the	DT
telephone	NN
banks	NNS
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
T	NNP
Gates	NNP
,	,
visual	JJ
pagers	NNS
are	VBP
located	VBN
above	IN
the	DT
telephone	NN
banks	NNS
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
A	NNP
and	CC
B	NNP
Gates	NNP
,	,
within	IN
each	DT
airline	NN
waiting	VBG
area	NN
,	,
visual	JJ
announcements	NNS
of	IN
boarding	VBG
information	NN
and	CC
procedures	NNS
appear	VBP
on	IN
monitors	NNS
so	IN
that	IN
all	DT
passengers	NNS
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
participate	VB
equally	RB
in	IN
the	DT
boarding	VBG
process	NN
.	.
Flight	NNP
Information	NNP
Display	NNP
System	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FIDS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
boards	NNS
are	VBP
placed	VBN
throughout	IN
all	DT
terminals	NNS
.	.
Restrooms	NNS
are	VBP
fully	RB
accessible	JJ
with	IN
toilet	NN
stalls	NNS
for	IN
individuals	NNS
with	IN
disabilities	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
toilet	NN
stalls	NNS
have	VBP
infrared	VBN
flush	JJ
devices	NNS
.	.
All	DT
sinks	VBZ
in	IN
each	DT
restroom	NN
are	VBP
placed	VBN
at	IN
an	DT
accessible	JJ
height	NN
,	,
and	CC
infrared	JJ
devices	NNS
are	VBP
used	VBN
to	TO
activate	VB
the	DT
water	NN
at	IN
most	JJS
locations	NNS
.	.
Baby	NNP
changing	VBG
stations	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
placed	VBN
at	IN
an	DT
accessible	JJ
height	NN
in	IN
both	DT
men	NNS
's	POS
and	CC
women	NNS
's	POS
rest	NN
rooms	NNS
at	IN
mast	NN
locations	NNS
A	DT
unisex	JJ
companion	NN
care	NN
restroom	NN
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
adjacent	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
restrooms	NNS
at	IN
many	JJ
locations	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
arrange	VB
for	IN
a	DT
wheelchairs	NNS
at	IN
any	DT
terminals	NNS
through	IN
your	PRP$
airline	NN
or	CC
with	IN
any	DT
Skycap	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
.	.
Please	VB
notify	VB
your	PRP$
airline	NN
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
visit	NN
so	IN
that	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
better	RBR
serve	VB
your	PRP$
needs	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
three	CD
alternatives	NNS
for	IN
parking	NN
at	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
:	:
Hourly	NNP
,	,
Daily	NNP
and	CC
Economy	NNP
.	.
Within	IN
these	DT
areas	NNS
there	EX
are	VBP
public	JJ
parking	NN
spaces	NNS
designated	VBN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
with	IN
disabilities	NNS
.	.
In	IN
Hourly	NNP
and	CC
Daily	NNP
lots	NNS
,	,
these	DT
spaces	NNS
are	VBP
located	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
closest	JJS
possible	JJ
path	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
or	CC
to	TO
ground	VB
transportation	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
Economy	NNP
lots	NNS
,	,
spaces	NNS
are	VBP
located	VBN
next	JJ
to	TO
each	DT
shuttle	NN
bus	NN
shelter	NN
.	.
For	IN
current	JJ
flight	NN
schedules	NNS
and	CC
status	NN
information	NN
,	,
please	VB
contact	NN
the	DT
airline	NN
directly	RB
.	.
Phone	NN
numbers	NNS
and	CC
links	NNS
to	TO
airline	NN
Web	NNP
pages	NNS
are	VBP
provided	VBN
for	IN
your	PRP$
use	NN
.	.
Information	NNP
contained	VBD
here	RB
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Airlines	NNPS
and	CC
others	NNS
and	CC
is	VBZ
passed	VBN
on	RP
by	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
service	NN
to	TO
the	DT
traveling	VBG
public	NN
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
any	DT
errors	NNS
or	CC
omissions	NNS
.	.
This	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
change	VB
without	IN
notice	NN
.	.
Dulles	NNP
provides	VBZ
daily	JJ
garage	NN
,	,
hourly	JJ
,	,
economy	NN
and	CC
valet	NN
parking	NN
with	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
25,000	CD
parking	NN
spaces	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
charge	NN
for	IN
vehicles	NNS
exiting	VBG
within	IN
20	CD
minutes	NNS
of	IN
entry	NN
at	IN
Daily	NNP
,	,
Hourly	NNP
and	CC
Economy	NNP
parking	NN
.	.
Free	NNP
shuttle	NN
service	NN
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
from	IN
Daily	NNP
and	CC
Economy	NNP
parking	NN
,	,
at	IN
10-15	CD
minute	NN
intervals	NNS
,	,
for	IN
passengers	NNS
24	CD
hours	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
,	,
seven	CD
days	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
.	.
Dulles	NNP
has	VBZ
two	CD
Daily	NNP
Parking	NNP
Garages	NNPS
with	IN
easy	JJ
covered	JJ
access	NN
into	IN
the	DT
terminal	NN
.	.
All	DT
Security	NNP
Screening	NNP
Checkpoints	NNPS
are	VBP
located	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
center	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
.	.
Security	NNP
checkpoints	NNS
previously	RB
located	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
terminal	NN
have	VBP
closed	VBN
to	TO
allow	VB
construction	NN
to	TO
move	VB
ahead	RB
on	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
Station	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
future	JJ
automated	JJ
Airport	NNP
Train	NNP
System	NNP
which	WDT
will	MD
provide	VB
convenient	JJ
and	CC
comfortable	JJ
transportation	NN
between	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
and	CC
Concourses	NNP
.	.
Thank	VB
you	PRP
for	IN
your	PRP$
patience	NN
during	IN
construction	NN
.	.
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
provides	VBZ
video	JJ
information	NN
screens	NNS
above	IN
the	DT
Security	NNP
Screening	NNP
checkpoints	NNS
.	.
The	DT
security	NN
information	NN
video	JJ
playing	NN
will	MD
provide	VB
passengers	NNS
with	IN
important	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
screening	VBG
procedure	NN
and	CC
tips	NNS
to	TO
speed	VB
your	PRP$
way	NN
through	IN
security	NN
.	.
Passengers	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
show	VB
a	DT
boarding	VBG
pass	NN
and	CC
government-issued	JJ
photo	NN
ID	NNP
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
driver	NN
's	POS
license	NN
or	CC
current	JJ
passport	NN
at	IN
the	DT
security	NN
screening	NN
checkpoints	NNS
.	.
Passengers	NNS
may	MD
obtain	VB
a	DT
boarding	VBG
pass	NN
from	IN
the	DT
airline	NN
ticket	NN
counter	RB
,	,
at	IN
curbside	JJ
check-in	NN
or	CC
if	IN
available	JJ
,	,
at	IN
airline	NN
self-service	NN
kiosks	NNS
and	CC
on-line	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
airline	NN
websites	NNS
.	.
TSA	NNP
security	NN
measures	NNS
require	VBP
careful	JJ
screening	NN
of	IN
carry-on	JJ
luggage	NN
.	.
Passengers	NNS
are	VBP
urged	VBN
to	TO
leave	VB
any	DT
sharp	JJ
objects	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
pocket	NN
knives	NNS
,	,
scissors	NNS
,	,
etc	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
at	IN
home	NN
or	CC
in	IN
their	PRP$
luggage	NN
checked	VBD
in	IN
at	IN
the	DT
ticket	NN
counter	NN
.	.
For	IN
passengers	NNS
with	IN
medical	JJ
conditions	NNS
that	WDT
require	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
carry	VB
a	DT
needle	NN
and\/or	CC
syringe	NN
on	IN
your	PRP$
person	NN
or	CC
in	IN
your	PRP$
carry	VB
on	IN
baggage	NN
you	PRP
must	MD
also	RB
have	VB
the	DT
medication	NN
that	WDT
requires	VBZ
such	JJ
injection	NN
on	IN
your	PRP$
person	NN
.	.
The	DT
medication	NN
must	MD
be	VB
packaged	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
pharmaceutical	JJ
label	NN
or	CC
professionally	RB
printed	VBN
label	NN
identifying	VBG
the	DT
medication	NN
.	.
All	DT
electronic	JJ
items	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
laptops	NNS
,	,
cell	NN
phones	NNS
,	,
pagers	NNS
,	,
may	MD
be	VB
subjected	VBN
to	TO
additional	JJ
screening	NN
.	.
Be	VB
prepared	JJ
to	TO
remove	VB
your	PRP$
laptop	NN
from	IN
its	PRP$
travel	NN
case	NN
so	RB
that	IN
both	DT
can	MD
be	VB
X-rayed	VBN
separately	RB
.	.
Also	RB
be	VB
prepared	VBN
to	TO
turn	VB
all	DT
electronic	JJ
devices	NNS
on	IN
for	IN
screeners	NNS
.	.
Passengers	NNS
are	VBP
urged	VBN
to	TO
arrive	VB
1	LS
-	:
2	CD
hours	NNS
before	IN
domestic	JJ
and	CC
2	LS
-	:
3	CD
hours	NNS
before	IN
international	JJ
flights	NNS
to	TO
allow	VB
time	NN
to	TO
get	VB
through	IN
airline	NN
ticketing	VBG
and	CC
security	NN
.	.
Contact	NN
your	PRP$
airline	NN
for	IN
more	JJR
specific	JJ
directions	NNS
on	IN
this	DT
.	.
Only	RB
ticketed	VBN
passengers	NNS
or	CC
authorized	VBN
,	,
badged	VBN
personnel	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
allowed	VBN
through	IN
security	NN
checkpoints	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
help	VB
expedite	VB
this	DT
process	NN
by	IN
having	VBG
your	PRP$
ticket	NN
readily	RB
available	JJ
prior	RB
to	TO
entering	VBG
the	DT
security	NN
screening	NN
areas	NNS
.	.
Special	JJ
arrangements	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
with	IN
your	PRP$
airline	NN
for	IN
accompanying	VBG
children	NNS
and	CC
those	DT
needing	VBG
special	JJ
assistance	NN
to	TO
get	VB
to	TO
the	DT
gate	NN
.	.
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
has	VBZ
approximately	RB
127	CD
gates	NNS
located	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
terminal	NN
and	CC
four	CD
concourse	NN
buildings	NNS
.	.
After	IN
proceeding	VBG
through	IN
security	NN
,	,
passengers	NNS
should	MD
follow	VB
signage	NN
to	TO
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
walkway	NN
or	CC
shuttle	NN
to	TO
reach	VB
their	PRP$
departing	VBG
gates	NNS
.	.
Shuttles	NNS
depart	VBP
every	DT
5	CD
minutes	NNS
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
day	NN
,	,
but	CC
every	DT
10	CD
minutes	NNS
during	IN
off-peak	CD
hours	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
opened	VBD
in	IN
1962	CD
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
U.S.	NNP
airport	NN
built	VBN
for	IN
commercial	JJ
jet	NN
aircraft	NN
.	.
Airline	NNP
travelers	NNS
were	VBD
in	IN
a	DT
distinct	JJ
minority	NN
,	,
and	CC
``	``
those	DT
flying	VBG
machines	NNS
''	''
at	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
were	VBD
seen	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
exotic	JJ
form	NN
of	IN
transportation	NN
to	TO
far	RB
away	RB
places	NNS
.	.
But	CC
increases	NNS
in	IN
passenger	NN
jet	NN
travel	NN
made	VBD
aviation	NN
a	DT
prominent	JJ
fixture	NN
of	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
's	POS
economy	NN
.	.
The	DT
airlines	NNS
have	VBP
taken	VBN
note	NN
of	IN
the	DT
remarkable	JJ
growth	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Washington	NNP
region	NN
and	CC
the	DT
resulting	VBG
increased	VBN
demand	NN
for	IN
air	NN
service	NN
and	CC
expanded	VBD
their	PRP$
presence	NN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
.	.
Today	NN
's	POS
traveler	NN
can	MD
fly	VB
to	TO
40	CD
different	JJ
foreign	JJ
destinations	NNS
and	CC
85	CD
U.S.	NNP
cities	NNS
from	IN
Dulles	NNP
.	.
To	TO
support	VB
this	DT
level	NN
of	IN
service	NN
,	,
about	IN
20,000	CD
people	NNS
are	VBP
employed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
and	CC
thousands	NNS
more	JJR
have	VBP
jobs	NNS
closely	RB
associated	VBN
with	IN
airport	NN
activities	NNS
.	.
During	IN
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
's	POS
early	JJ
years	NNS
,	,
the	DT
facilities	NNS
met	VBD
or	CC
exceeded	VBD
demand	NN
.	.
Aircraft	NNP
parked	VBN
away	RB
from	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
,	,
and	CC
flights	NNS
were	VBD
met	VBN
by	IN
``	``
Mobile	NNP
Lounges	NNP
''	''
which	WDT
transported	VBD
passengers	NNS
above	IN
the	DT
ground	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
mid-1980	NN
's	POS
a	DT
temporary	JJ
Midfield	NNP
Concourse	NNP
was	VBD
built	VBN
to	TO
allow	VB
more	JJR
aircraft	NN
to	TO
use	VB
gates	NNS
with	IN
jet	NN
bridges	NNS
.	.
Mobile	NNP
Lounge	NNP
service	NN
began	VBD
operations	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
and	CC
this	DT
new	JJ
Concourse	NNP
.	.
As	IN
passenger	NN
levels	NNS
grew	VBD
,	,
so	RB
did	VBD
the	DT
investment	NN
in	IN
airport	NN
infrastructure	NN
.	.
From	IN
1987	CD
,	,
when	WRB
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
was	VBD
created	VBN
,	,
through	IN
1999	CD
,	,
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
invested	VBD
$	$
1.5	CD
billion	CD
in	IN
an	DT
expansion	NN
program	NN
which	WDT
doubled	VBD
the	DT
size	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
,	,
added	VBD
two	CD
permanent	JJ
Midfield	NNP
Concourses	NNPS
,	,
expanded	VBN
Customs	NNS
and	CC
Immigration	NNP
facilities	NNS
,	,
modernized	VBN
ticket	NN
counter	NN
and	CC
baggage	NN
claim	NN
space	NN
,	,
improved	VBD
the	DT
roadways	NNS
,	,
and	CC
added	VBD
cargo	NN
facilities	NNS
.	.
Growth	NN
projections	NNS
for	IN
both	DT
passengers	NNS
and	CC
aircraft	NN
operations	NNS
highlighted	VBD
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
even	RB
more	JJR
airport	NN
facilities	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
In	IN
2000	CD
,	,
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
approved	VBD
a	DT
second	JJ
phase	NN
of	IN
capital	NN
investment	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
approved	VBD
$	$
3.4	CD
billion	CD
in	IN
projects	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
part	NN
of	IN
D2	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Dulles	NNP
Development	NNP
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
D2	NNP
projects	NNS
completed	VBN
so	RB
far	RB
include	VBP
two	CD
new	JJ
Daily	NNP
Parking	NNP
Garages	NNPS
,	,
passenger	NN
walkways	NNS
with	IN
moving	VBG
sidewalks	NNS
connecting	VBG
the	DT
garages	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
and	CC
connecting	VBG
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
to	TO
Concourse	NNP
B	NNP
,	,
reconstruction	NN
of	IN
Runway	NNP
12-30	CD
,	,
new	JJ
permanent	JJ
Z-gates	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
renovation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
1962	CD
Eero	NNP
Saarinen-designed	NNP
terminal	NN
,	,
including	VBG
improved	VBN
ticketing	VBG
counters	NNS
and	CC
new	JJ
baggage	NN
claim	NN
devices	NNS
.	.
Projects	NNPS
currently	RB
underway	JJ
include	VBP
improving	VBG
the	DT
roadways	NNS
,	,
expanding	VBG
Concourse	NNP
B	NNP
,	,
building	VBG
a	DT
new	JJ
Airport	NNP
Traffic	NNP
Control	NNP
Tower	NNP
,	,
and	CC
constructing	VBG
an	DT
automated	VBN
Airport	NNP
Train	NNP
System	NNP
and	CC
train	NN
stations	NNS
.	.
A	DT
new	JJ
Security	NN
Mezzanine	NNP
is	VBZ
also	RB
included	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
Train	NNP
Station	NNP
.	.
Future	NNP
D2	NNP
projects	NNS
call	VBP
for	IN
expanding	VBG
the	DT
Z-gates	NNS
,	,
constructing	VBG
a	DT
fourth	JJ
and	CC
fifth	JJ
runway	NN
,	,
and	CC
building	VBG
a	DT
new	JJ
permanent	JJ
Concourse	NN
beyond	IN
the	DT
present	JJ
location	NN
of	IN
Concourse	NNP
C	NNP
and	CC
D.	NNP
Dulles	NNP
is	VBZ
in	IN
a	DT
constant	JJ
state	NN
of	IN
evolution	NN
and	CC
improvement	NN
.	.
The	DT
challenge	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
continue	VB
to	TO
keep	VB
pace	NN
with	IN
growth	NN
in	IN
air	NN
service	NN
and	CC
meet	VB
the	DT
future	JJ
traveling	VBG
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Washington	NNP
region	NN
.	.
D2	CD
:	:
Dulles	NNP
Development	NNP
Dulles	NNP
Development	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
D2	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
a	DT
capital	NN
construction	NN
program	NN
for	IN
future	JJ
growth	NN
--	:
in	IN
passenger	NN
traffic	NN
and	CC
airport	NN
operations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
major	JJ
D2	NNP
projects	NNS
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
improve	VB
the	DT
traveling	VBG
experience	NN
and	CC
accommodate	VB
increased	VBN
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
Please	VB
click	VB
the	DT
links	NNS
below	IN
for	IN
information	NN
.	.
All	DT
photographs	NNS
Copyright	NNP
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
MWAA	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
All	DT
rights	NNS
reserved	VBN
.	.
All	DT
photographs	NNS
contained	VBN
on	IN
this	DT
web	NN
site	NN
are	VBP
protected	VBN
by	IN
United	NNP
States	NNPS
copyright	NN
law	NN
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
browse	VB
,	,
search	NN
,	,
retrieve	VBP
,	,
view	VBP
,	,
download	VBP
,	,
store	VBP
or	CC
print	VBP
photographs	NNS
from	IN
mwaa.com	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
personal	JJ
,	,
noncommercial	JJ
use	NN
only	RB
.	.
Otherwise	RB
,	,
photographs	NNS
on	IN
this	DT
web	NN
site	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
copied	VBN
,	,
reproduced	VBN
,	,
modified	VBN
,	,
distributed	VBN
,	,
transmitted	VBN
,	,
displayed	VBN
,	,
published	VBN
or	CC
broadcast	VBN
without	IN
the	DT
prior	JJ
written	VBN
permission	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
alter	VB
or	CC
remove	VB
any	DT
trademark	NN
,	,
copyright	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
notice	NN
from	IN
the	DT
content	NN
on	IN
this	DT
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
The	DT
automated	VBN
Airport	NNP
Train	NNP
System	NNP
will	MD
replace	VB
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
Mobile	NNP
Lounge	NNP
system	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
used	VBN
to	TO
transport	VB
passengers	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Midfield	NNP
Concourses	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
train	NN
will	MD
operate	VB
on	IN
an	DT
underground	JJ
dual	JJ
track	NN
system	NN
.	.
This	DT
phase	NN
of	IN
the	DT
project	NN
will	MD
connect	VB
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
to	TO
Concourses	NNP
A	NNP
,	,
B	NNP
,	,
and	CC
C.	NNP
The	NNP
stations	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
located	VBN
at	IN
convenient	JJ
points	NNS
along	IN
the	DT
concourses	NNS
to	TO
minimize	VB
walking	VBG
distances	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
airline	NN
gates	NNS
.	.
Passengers	NNS
will	MD
reach	VB
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
station	NN
through	IN
two	CD
new	JJ
spacious	JJ
subsurface	NN
Security	NN
Screening	VBG
Areas	NNS
.	.
This	DT
phase	NN
is	VBZ
scheduled	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
completed	VBN
in	IN
2009	CD
.	.
With	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
509,000	CD
aircraft	NN
operations	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
in	IN
2005	CD
,	,
expanding	VBG
the	DT
current	JJ
three-runway	JJ
system	NN
is	VBZ
now	RB
a	DT
necessity	NN
.	.
This	DT
project	NN
adds	VBZ
a	DT
fourth	JJ
runway	NN
and	CC
paves	VBZ
the	DT
way	NN
for	IN
a	DT
future	JJ
fifth	JJ
runway	NN
.	.
The	DT
proposed	VBN
fourth	JJ
runway	NN
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
north-south	JJ
runway	NN
,	,
approximately	RB
9,500	CD
feet	NNS
long	RB
and	CC
150	CD
feet	NNS
wide	JJ
,	,
while	IN
the	DT
fifth	JJ
runway	NN
will	MD
be	VB
an	DT
east-west	JJ
runway	NN
approximately	RB
10,500	CD
feet	NNS
long	RB
and	CC
150	CD
feet	NNS
wide	JJ
.	.
Both	DT
will	MD
include	VB
high-speed	JJ
exit	NN
taxiways	NNS
and	CC
be	VB
equipped	VBN
with	IN
an	DT
instrument	NN
landing	NN
system	NN
and	CC
associated	VBN
lighting	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
The	DT
fourth	JJ
runway	NN
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
completed	VBN
in	IN
2008	CD
.	.
Construction	NN
dates	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
fifth	JJ
runway	NN
will	MD
be	VB
set	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
This	DT
walkway	NN
provides	VBZ
passengers	NNS
with	IN
an	DT
alternative	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Mobile	NNP
Lounges	NNPS
today	NN
and	CC
the	DT
future	JJ
underground	JJ
Airport	NNP
Train	NNP
System	NNP
,	,
as	IN
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
connect	VB
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
and	CC
Concourses	NNP
.	.
The	DT
approximately	RB
1,000	CD
foot	NN
long	RB
walkway	NN
is	VBZ
equipped	VBN
with	IN
moving	VBG
sidewalks	NNS
.	.
The	DT
project	NN
included	VBD
the	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
a	DT
structural	JJ
shell	NN
and	CC
architectural	JJ
finishes	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
40-foot	JJ
wide	JJ
and	CC
27-foot	JJ
high	JJ
tunnel	NN
,	,
including	VBG
elevators	NNS
,	,
escalators	NNS
,	,
stairways	NNS
,	,
and	CC
moving	VBG
sidewalks	NNS
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
segment	NN
opened	VBD
in	IN
2004	CD
--	:
connecting	VBG
passengers	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
and	CC
Concourses	NNP
A	NNP
and	CC
B.	NNP
In	IN
the	DT
future	NN
,	,
this	DT
walkway	NN
will	MD
be	VB
extended	VBN
to	TO
connect	VB
Concourse	NNP
B	NNP
with	IN
a	DT
future	JJ
permanent	JJ
Concourse	NNP
C.	NNP
Renovation	NN
of	IN
both	DT
the	DT
ticketing	VBG
and	CC
baggage	NN
claim	NN
levels	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
1962	CD
section	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
was	VBD
completed	VBN
in	IN
2005	CD
.	.
This	DT
project	NN
had	VBD
the	DT
most	JJS
impact	NN
on	IN
passengers	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
worked	VBD
to	TO
provide	VB
more	RBR
efficient	JJ
ticketing	VBG
and	CC
baggage	NN
claim	NN
facilities	NNS
.	.
Ticket	NN
counter	NN
kiosks	NNS
and	CC
baggage	NN
claim	NN
devices	NNS
were	VBD
upgraded	VBN
to	TO
match	VB
the	DT
facilities	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
east	JJ
and	CC
west	NN
extensions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
.	.
An	DT
additional	JJ
below-grade	JJ
baggage	NN
basement	NN
supports	VBZ
the	DT
expanded	VBN
Terminal	NNP
baggage	NN
systems	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
97,000	CD
square	JJ
foot	NN
facility	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
linked	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
via	IN
a	DT
tunnel	NN
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
phase	NN
to	TO
expand	VB
Concourse	NNP
B	NNP
added	VBD
four	CD
airline	NN
gates	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
west	NN
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
building	NN
and	CC
was	VBD
completed	VBN
in	IN
April	NNP
2003	CD
.	.
The	DT
addition	NN
is	VBZ
approximately	RB
440	CD
feet	NNS
long	RB
and	CC
provides	VBZ
approximately	RB
131,000	CD
square	JJ
feet	NNS
of	IN
functional	JJ
space	NN
.	.
The	DT
final	JJ
phase	NN
of	IN
the	DT
expansion	NN
of	IN
Concourse	NNP
B	NNP
will	MD
complete	VB
the	DT
build-out	NN
of	IN
the	DT
facility	NN
to	TO
the	DT
west	NN
,	,
providing	VBG
12	CD
additional	JJ
aircraft	NN
gates	NNS
attached	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
two-level	JJ
concourse	NN
building	NN
.	.
The	DT
addition	NN
will	MD
add	VB
approximately	RB
240,000	CD
square	JJ
feet	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
existing	VBG
building	NN
,	,
bringing	VBG
the	DT
total	JJ
square	NN
footage	NN
of	IN
Concourse	NNP
B	NNP
to	TO
more	RBR
than	IN
800,000	CD
square	JJ
feet	NNS
.	.
Constructing	VBG
the	DT
Concourse	NNP
B	NNP
station	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
Train	NNP
System	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ATS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
also	RB
part	NN
of	IN
this	DT
project	NN
.	.
Completion	NN
is	VBZ
scheduled	VBN
for	IN
August	NNP
2008	CD
.	.
Runway	NN
12-30	CD
was	VBD
built	VBN
in	IN
1962	CD
and	CC
certain	JJ
portions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
pavement	NN
required	VBN
replacement	NN
.	.
This	DT
project	NN
replaced	VBN
these	DT
portions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Dulles	NNP
East-West	NNP
runway	NN
with	IN
new	JJ
pavement	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
process	NN
,	,
additional	JJ
drainage	NN
features	NNS
and	CC
strength	NN
improvements	NNS
were	VBD
be	VB
added	VBN
,	,
accommodating	VBG
aircraft	NN
much	RB
heavier	JJR
than	IN
those	DT
estimated	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
design	NN
.	.
This	DT
entire	JJ
reconstruction	NN
project	NN
was	VBD
completed	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
summer	NN
of	IN
2004	CD
.	.
New	NNP
permanent	JJ
airline	NN
gates	NNS
were	VBD
constructed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
lower	JJR
level	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
to	TO
replace	VB
temporary	JJ
T-gates	NNS
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
completed	VBN
phase	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Z-gates	NNP
is	VBZ
located	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
east	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
's	POS
original	JJ
Airport	NNP
Traffic	NNP
Control	NNP
Tower	NNP
.	.
The	DT
building	NN
features	VBZ
gates	NNS
furnished	VBN
with	IN
counters	NNS
,	,
holdrooms	NNS
,	,
restrooms	NNS
,	,
concessions	NNS
,	,
airline	NN
operations	NNS
offices	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
terminal	NN
services	NNS
.	.
The	DT
finishes	NNS
are	VBP
similar	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
facilities	NNS
already	RB
in	IN
place	NN
,	,
in	IN
keeping	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
character	NN
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
design	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Dulles	NNP
Terminal	NNP
.	.
Traffic	NN
lanes	NNS
and	CC
signaling	VBG
devices	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
added	VBN
to	TO
improve	VB
the	DT
efficiency	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
roadways	NNS
.	.
Roads	NNS
and	CC
ramps	NNS
connecting	VBG
the	DT
Airport	NNP
Access	NNP
Highway	NNP
have	VBP
been	VBN
improved	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
circle	NN
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
expanded	VBN
to	TO
include	VB
additional	JJ
travel	NN
lanes	NNS
and	CC
entrances	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
parking	NN
facilities	NNS
.	.
Roadways	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
north	NN
of	IN
the	DT
circle	NN
are	VBP
also	RB
being	VBG
improved	VBN
and	CC
widened	VBN
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
this	DT
airport-wide	JJ
project	NN
.	.
A	DT
new	JJ
,	,
permanent	JJ
midfield	NN
concourse	NN
will	MD
be	VB
constructed	VBN
to	TO
replace	VB
the	DT
existing	VBG
Concourse	NNP
C\/D	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
a	DT
temporary	JJ
structure	NN
.	.
Its	PRP$
location	NN
will	MD
be	VB
integrated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
base	NN
of	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
Airport	NNP
Traffic	NNP
Control	NNP
Tower	NNP
at	IN
its	PRP$
center	NN
point	NN
.	.
This	DT
three-level	JJ
structure	NN
will	MD
have	VB
44	CD
airline	NN
gates	NNS
and	CC
will	MD
provide	VB
the	DT
amenities	NNS
of	IN
Concourse	NNP
B.	NNP
The	NNP
concourse	NN
includes	VBZ
a	DT
dedicated	JJ
mezzanine	NN
corridor	NN
with	IN
moving	VBG
sidewalks	NNS
to	TO
serve	VB
international	JJ
passengers	NNS
.	.
Customer	NN
Benefit	NNP
:	:
Dramatic	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
aviation	NN
industry	NN
over	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
thirty	CD
years	NNS
have	VBP
required	VBN
airports	NNS
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
their	PRP$
facilities	NNS
meet	VBP
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
modern	JJ
aircraft	NN
and	CC
air	NN
traffic	NN
control	NN
procedures	NNS
.	.
The	DT
existing	VBG
Airport	NNP
Traffic	NNP
Control	NNP
Tower	NNP
,	,
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
1960	CD
's	POS
construction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
,	,
will	MD
be	VB
replaced	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
modern	JJ
air	NN
traffic	NN
control	NN
requirements	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
enhance	VB
coordination	NN
of	IN
aircraft	NN
movement	NN
on	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
and	CC
additional	JJ
future	JJ
runways	NNS
and	CC
taxiways	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
The	DT
travelers	NNS
and	CC
airline	NN
employees	NNS
who	WP
use	VBP
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
will	MD
benefit	VB
from	IN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
the	DT
art	NN
equipment	NN
and	CC
tower	NN
facility	NN
.	.
Project	NNP
Description	NNP
:	:
This	DT
project	NN
constructs	VBZ
the	DT
structural	JJ
shell	NN
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
Airport	NNP
Traffic	NNP
Control	NNP
Tower	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ATCT	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
a	DT
support\/base	JJ
building	NN
.	.
The	DT
new	JJ
tower	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
adaptation	NN
of	IN
an	DT
FAA	NNP
Standard	NNP
and	CC
was	VBD
designed	VBN
so	RB
that	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
visually	RB
compete	VB
with	IN
Dulles	NNP
'	POS
existing	JJ
ATCT	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
an	DT
integral	JJ
element	NN
of	IN
the	DT
historically	RB
relevant	JJ
design	NN
of	IN
Dulles	NNP
'	POS
Terminal	NNP
.	.
The	DT
ATCT	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
connected	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
16,500	CD
square	JJ
foot	NN
base	NN
building	NN
on	IN
two	CD
levels	NNS
,	,
and	CC
includes	VBZ
provisions	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
one-story	JJ
connection	NN
to	TO
the	DT
future	JJ
permanent	JJ
Concourse	NNP
C.	NNP
The	NNP
overall	JJ
height	NN
to	TO
the	DT
cab	NN
level	NN
is	VBZ
300	CD
feet	NNS
and	CC
325	CD
feet	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
highest	JJS
point	NN
.	.
The	DT
base	NN
building	NN
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
south	JJ
side	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ATCT	NNP
,	,
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
two-story	JJ
steel-framed	JJ
structure	NN
,	,
providing	VBG
administrative	JJ
and	CC
utility	NN
support	NN
for	IN
the	DT
ATCT	NNP
.	.
A	DT
service	NN
yard	NN
will	MD
be	VB
east	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
base	NN
building	NN
and	CC
includes	VBZ
84	CD
parking	NN
spaces	NNS
.	.
The	DT
base	NN
building	NN
finishes	NNS
will	MD
match	VB
those	DT
of	IN
the	DT
future	JJ
permanent	JJ
Concourse	NNP
C.	NNP
This	DT
project	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
closely	RB
coordinated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Aviation	NNP
Administration	NNP
.	.
Once	RB
the	DT
building	NN
shell	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
completed	VBN
FAA	NNP
will	MD
finish	VB
the	DT
project	NN
by	IN
installing	VBG
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
necessary	JJ
airport	NN
traffic	NN
control	NN
equipment	NN
.	.
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
Renovation	NNP
In	IN
1996	CD
,	,
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
completed	VBD
an	DT
architectural	JJ
milestone	NN
with	IN
the	DT
expansion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
1962	CD
Terminal	NNP
to	TO
its	PRP$
design	NN
length	NN
.	.
Careful	JJ
attention	NN
to	TO
the	DT
design	NN
documents	NNS
of	IN
Eero	NNP
Saarinen	NNP
and	CC
painstaking	JJ
construction	NN
resulted	VBD
in	IN
a	DT
seamless	JJ
building	NN
with	IN
accompanying	VBG
expanded	VBN
roadways	NNS
at	IN
its	PRP$
front	JJ
door	NN
.	.
The	DT
challenge	NN
now	RB
is	VBZ
to	TO
build	VB
the	DT
interior	JJ
facilities	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
that	WDT
will	MD
make	VB
the	DT
original	JJ
core	NN
building	NN
as	IN
functional	JJ
and	CC
customer	NN
efficient	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
facilities	NNS
found	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
expanded	VBN
areas	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
.	.
Construction	NN
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
two-level	JJ
east	JJ
baggage	NN
basement	NN
,	,
a	DT
40,000	CD
square	JJ
foot	NN
facility	NN
,	,
will	MD
provide	VB
space	NN
for	IN
additional	JJ
baggage	NN
carousels	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
provides	VBZ
space	NN
for	IN
future	JJ
facilities	NNS
once	IN
the	DT
existing	VBG
temporary	JJ
baggage	NN
building	NN
is	VBZ
demolished	VBN
.	.
Customer	NN
Benefits	NNS
:	:
Airline	NNP
passengers	NNS
will	MD
have	VB
a	DT
convenient	JJ
and	CC
comfortable	JJ
train	NN
system	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
handle	VB
more	RBR
riders	NNS
and	CC
move	VB
more	RBR
efficiently	RB
than	IN
the	DT
Mobile	NNP
Lounges	NNPS
currently	RB
in	IN
use	NN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
.	.
The	DT
station	NN
locations	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
concourses	NNS
will	MD
also	RB
reduce	VB
walking	VBG
distances	NNS
.	.
The	DT
underground	JJ
system	NN
will	MD
eliminate	VB
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
Mobile	NNP
Lounge	NNP
service	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Concourses	NNPS
and	CC
reduce	VB
vehicular	JJ
traffic	NN
on	IN
the	DT
airfield	NN
.	.
Customer	NN
Benefits	NNS
:	:
These	DT
are	VBP
the	DT
first	JJ
parking	NN
garages	NNS
built	VBN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
The	DT
convenience	NN
of	IN
covered	JJ
parking	NN
enables	VBZ
the	DT
Airport	NNP
to	TO
greatly	RB
improve	VB
customer	NN
service	NN
and	CC
add	VB
thousands	NNS
of	IN
parking	NN
spaces	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
a	DT
major	JJ
demand	NN
for	IN
Daily	NNP
Parking	NNP
.	.
Project	NNP
Description	NNP
:	:
As	IN
passenger	NN
activity	NN
has	VBZ
grown	VBN
,	,
so	RB
has	VBZ
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
parking	NN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
.	.
This	DT
project	NN
provided	VBN
two	CD
five-level	JJ
parking	NN
garages	NNS
close	RB
to	TO
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
.	.
The	DT
1.2	CD
million	CD
square	JJ
foot	NN
Daily	NNP
Garage	NNP
2	CD
,	,
constructed	VBN
of	IN
cast-in-place	JJ
concrete	NN
,	,
provides	VBZ
parking	NN
for	IN
approximately	RB
3,700	CD
cars	NNS
.	.
The	DT
1.5	CD
million	CD
square	JJ
foot	NN
Daily	NNP
Garage	NNP
1	CD
of	IN
similar	JJ
construction	NN
provides	VBZ
parking	NN
for	IN
approximately	RB
4,800	CD
cars	NNS
.	.
Garage	NN
1	CD
also	RB
has	VBZ
an	DT
underground	JJ
pedestrian	NN
walkway	NN
that	WDT
connects	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
Baggage	NNP
Claim	NNP
level	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
.	.
The	DT
walkway	NN
is	VBZ
1,200	CD
feet	NNS
long	RB
with	IN
moving	VBG
sidewalks	NNS
.	.
Daily	NNP
Garage	NNP
2	CD
has	VBZ
a	DT
covered	JJ
passenger	NN
walkway	NN
accessible	JJ
from	IN
Level	NNP
3	CD
that	WDT
connect	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
West	NNP
side	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
.	.
Customer	NN
Benefits	NNS
:	:
This	DT
project	NN
will	MD
provide	VB
passengers	NNS
with	IN
an	DT
option	NN
to	TO
using	VBG
the	DT
Mobile	NNP
Lounges	NNPS
today	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
future	JJ
underground	JJ
automated	VBN
Airport	NNP
Train	NNP
System	NNP
,	,
as	IN
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
connect	VB
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
and	CC
Concourses	NNP
A	NNP
and	CC
B.	NNP
The	NNP
walkway	NN
will	MD
be	VB
equipped	VBN
with	IN
moving	VBG
sidewalks	NNS
.	.
Project	NNP
Description	NNP
:	:
Included	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
project	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
structural	JJ
shell	NN
and	CC
architectural	JJ
finishes	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
40-foot	JJ
wide	JJ
and	CC
27-foot	JJ
high	JJ
tunnel	NN
,	,
including	VBG
elevators	NNS
,	,
escalators	NNS
,	,
stairways	NNS
,	,
and	CC
moving	VBG
sidewalks	NNS
.	.
The	DT
walkway	NN
is	VBZ
approximately	RB
1,000	CD
feet	NNS
long	RB
.	.
Passengers	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
walk	VB
between	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
and	CC
Concourses	NNP
A	NNP
and	CC
B.	NNP
In	IN
the	DT
future	NN
,	,
this	DT
walkway	NN
will	MD
be	VB
extended	VBN
to	TO
connect	VB
Concourse	NNP
B	NNP
with	IN
a	DT
future	JJ
permanent	JJ
Concourse	NNP
C.	NNP
Flight	NN
Information	NN
For	IN
current	JJ
flight	NN
schedules	NNS
and	CC
status	NN
information	NN
,	,
please	VB
contact	NN
the	DT
airline	NN
directly	RB
.	.
Phone	NN
numbers	NNS
and	CC
links	NNS
to	TO
airline	NN
Web	NNP
Pages	NNP
are	VBP
provided	VBN
for	IN
your	PRP$
use	NN
.	.
Information	NNP
contained	VBD
here	RB
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Airlines	NNPS
and	CC
others	NNS
and	CC
is	VBZ
passed	VBN
on	RP
by	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
service	NN
to	TO
the	DT
traveling	VBG
public	NN
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
any	DT
errors	NNS
or	CC
omissions	NNS
.	.
This	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
change	VB
without	IN
notice	NN
.	.
The	DT
Washington	NNP
Flyer	NNP
Magazine	NNP
and	CC
Travel	NNP
Guide	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
informative	JJ
publication	NN
and	CC
website	NN
with	IN
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
latest	JJS
Hot	NNP
Spots	NNP
,	,
Travel	NNP
Tips	NNP
,	,
and	CC
business	NN
information	NN
for	IN
the	DT
traveler	NN
visiting	VBG
Washington	NNP
,	,
DC	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Manassas	NNP
Battlefield	NNP
Park	NNP
was	VBD
the	DT
scene	NN
of	IN
two	CD
major	JJ
battles	NNS
fought	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Civil	NNP
War	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
1861	CD
to	TO
1865	CD
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
Park	NNP
is	VBZ
worth	JJ
visiting	VBG
for	IN
historical	JJ
purposes	NNS
alone	RB
,	,
the	DT
area	NN
also	RB
has	VBZ
a	DT
well	RB
developed	VBN
hiking\/horseback	NN
riding	VBG
trail	NN
system	NN
.	.
Exhibits	NNS
and	CC
programs	NNS
educate	VBP
visitors	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
canal	NN
system	NN
built	VBN
in	IN
America	NNP
.	.
This	DT
800-acre	JJ
park	NN
has	VBZ
views	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
falls	VBZ
,	,
15	CD
miles	NNS
of	IN
hiking\/nature	NN
trails	VBZ
and	CC
5	CD
miles	NNS
of	IN
trails	VBZ
for	IN
horseback	NN
and	CC
biking	NN
.	.
Picnic	NN
facilities	NNS
and	CC
fishing	NN
.	.
Open	NNP
daily	JJ
year	NN
round	NN
.	.
The	DT
cell	NN
phone	NN
waiting	VBG
area	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
ideal	JJ
place	NN
to	TO
wait	VB
in	IN
your	PRP$
car	NN
until	IN
your	PRP$
arriving	VBG
party	NN
calls	VBZ
you	PRP
on	IN
your	PRP$
cell	NN
phone	NN
to	TO
let	VB
you	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
their	PRP$
plane	NN
has	VBZ
arrived	VBN
.	.
Tell	VB
your	PRP$
party	NN
to	TO
proceed	VB
up	RP
any	DT
Arrivals	NNS
Ramp	NN
and	CC
to	TO
look	VB
for	IN
a	DT
door	NN
number	NN
designated	VBN
outside	IN
.	.
The	DT
car	NN
waiting	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
lot	NN
will	MD
locate	VB
that	IN
door	NN
number	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
map	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
posted	VBN
inside	IN
the	DT
cell	NN
phone	NN
waiting	VBG
area	NN
and	CC
will	MD
then	RB
drive	VB
to	TO
the	DT
Arrivals	NNP
Ramp	NNP
level	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
you	PRP
.	.
The	DT
cell	NN
phone	NN
waiting	VBG
area	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
intersection	NN
of	IN
Rudder	NNP
Road	NNP
and	CC
Autopilot	NNP
Drive	NNP
.	.
From	IN
the	DT
Dulles	NNP
Access	NNP
Road	NNP
heading	VBG
towards	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
,	,
follow	VBP
the	DT
signs	NNS
that	IN
say	VBP
,	,
``	``
Cell	NNP
Phone	NNP
Waiting	NNP
Area	NNP
''	''
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
lead	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
Rudder	NNP
Road	NNP
.	.
Go	VB
past	IN
the	DT
Economy	NNP
Parking	NNP
lot	NN
entrance	NN
on	IN
your	PRP$
right	NN
.	.
Just	RB
past	IN
the	DT
traffic	NN
light	NN
at	IN
the	DT
intersection	NN
of	IN
Rudder	NNP
Road	NNP
and	CC
Autopilot	NNP
Drive	NNP
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
turn	VB
left	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
Cell	NNP
Phone	NNP
Waiting	NNP
Area	NNP
.	.
Just	RB
call	VB
703-572-6240	CD
and	CC
have	VB
the	DT
flight	NN
number	NN
ready	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
hear	VB
prompts	VBZ
asking	VBG
you	PRP
to	TO
key	VB
in	IN
the	DT
flight	NN
number	NN
from	IN
your	PRP$
phone	NN
.	.
This	DT
phone	NN
system	NN
is	VBZ
directly	RB
tied	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
in-airport	JJ
flight	NN
information	NN
displays	NNS
.	.
Metrorail	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
region	NN
's	POS
rapid-transit	NN
system	NN
,	,
providing	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
Downtown	NN
Washington	NNP
,	,
DC	NNP
and	CC
other	JJ
destinations	NNS
.	.
A	DT
rail	NN
line	NN
to	TO
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
is	VBZ
currently	RB
in	IN
the	DT
design	NN
phase	NN
.	.
At	IN
present	JJ
,	,
the	DT
nearest	JJS
Metrorail	NNP
station	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
West	NNP
Falls	NNP
Church	NNP
Station	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
Orange	NNP
Line	NNP
.	.
Direct	NNP
transportation	NN
to	TO
this	DT
station	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
Washington	NNP
Flyer	NNP
Coach	VBP
Service	NNP
.	.
Enjoy	VB
a	DT
comfortable	JJ
,	,
climate-controlled	JJ
ride	NN
equipped	VBN
with	IN
reclining	VBG
seats	NNS
and	CC
ample	JJ
luggage	NN
space	NN
.	.
Each	DT
coach	NN
is	VBZ
handicapped	JJ
accessible	JJ
.	.
Buses	NNS
depart	VBP
approximately	RB
every	DT
30	CD
minutes	NNS
and	CC
boarding	VBG
announcements	NNS
are	VBP
made	VBN
inside	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
Board	NNP
any	DT
Orange	NNP
line	NN
train	NN
headed	VBD
towards	IN
``	``
Vienna\/Fairfax\/GMU	NNP
.	.
''	''
Exit	NN
the	DT
train	NN
at	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Falls	NNP
Church	NNP
station	NN
,	,
and	CC
follow	VB
the	DT
signs	NNS
directing	VBG
you	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
Washington	NNP
Flyer	NNP
bus	NN
stop	NN
.	.
Tickets	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
purchased	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
bus	NN
from	IN
the	DT
driver	NN
.	.
All	DT
Washington	NNP
Flyer	NNP
buses	NNS
departing	VBG
this	DT
location	NN
go	VB
directly	RB
to	TO
the	DT
front	JJ
door	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
Click	VB
here	RB
for	IN
schedule	NN
and	CC
ticket	NN
prices	NNS
.	.
Outbound	JJ
service	NN
:	:
No	DT
reservation	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
.	.
Simply	RB
come	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
``	``
Taxi	NN
Passengers	NNPS
''	''
area	NN
on	IN
the	DT
lower	JJR
level	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
,	,
where	WRB
a	DT
Taxicab	NNP
Dispatcher	NNP
is	VBZ
on	IN
duty	NN
24	CD
hours	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
.	.
Wheelchair-accessible	JJ
minibuses	NNS
can	MD
accommodate	VB
one	CD
person	NN
in	IN
his\/her	NN
wheelchair	NN
plus	CC
three	CD
additional	JJ
passengers	NNS
.	.
Smoking	NN
and	CC
non-smoking	JJ
vehicles	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
by	IN
request	NN
.	.
The	DT
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
Taxicab	NNP
Advisory	NNP
Panel	NNP
was	VBD
established	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
to	TO
review	VB
and	CC
advise	VB
the	DT
Authority	NNP
about	IN
the	DT
handling	NN
of	IN
customer	NN
and	CC
cabdriver	NN
comments	NNS
,	,
complements	VBZ
or	CC
complaints	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
Washington	NNP
Flyer	NNP
taxicab	NN
system	NN
.	.
The	DT
Panel	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
up	IN
of	IN
a	DT
citizen	NN
representative	NN
,	,
a	DT
representative	NN
of	IN
the	DT
drivers	NNS
,	,
a	DT
representative	NN
of	IN
the	DT
taxicab	NN
company	NN
,	,
an	DT
Airport	NNP
police	NN
designee	NN
and	CC
a	DT
representative	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
Manager	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Panel	NN
is	VBZ
interested	JJ
in	IN
your	PRP$
comments	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
Washington	NNP
Flyer	NNP
taxis	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
shuttles	NNS
providing	VBG
direct	JJ
service	NN
between	IN
Dulles	NNP
and	CC
these	DT
points	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
might	MD
want	VB
to	TO
try	VB
Greyhound	NNP
,	,
but	CC
you	PRP
would	MD
need	VB
to	TO
use	VB
another	DT
ground	NN
transportation	NN
option	NN
to	TO
reach	VB
the	DT
Greyhound	NNP
stations	NNS
from	IN
Dulles	NNP
.	.
Dulles	NNP
provides	VBZ
two	CD
daily	JJ
parking	NN
garages	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
combined	VBN
8,325	CD
spaces	NNS
close	RB
to	TO
the	DT
terminal	NN
.	.
Both	DT
garages	NNS
provide	VBP
easy	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
terminal	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
equipped	VBN
with	IN
an	DT
automated	JJ
space	NN
counting	VBG
system	NN
,	,
which	WDT
indicates	VBZ
how	WRB
many	JJ
open	JJ
spaces	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
on	IN
each	DT
level	NN
of	IN
the	DT
garage	NN
.	.
The	DT
signs	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
provide	VBP
this	DT
information	NN
,	,
are	VBP
located	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
top	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ramps	NNS
at	IN
each	DT
level	NN
of	IN
the	DT
garage	NN
.	.
Handicapped-accessible	JJ
parking	NN
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Hourly	NNP
lot	NN
,	,
the	DT
Daily	NNP
Parking	NNP
Garages	NNPS
on	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
level	NN
,	,
and	CC
at	IN
the	DT
Economy	NNP
parking	NN
lots	NNS
in	IN
spaces	NNS
adjacent	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
shuttle	NN
bus	NN
stops	VBZ
.	.
Disabled-Accessible	JJ
courtesy	NN
shuttle	NN
service	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
between	IN
the	DT
Economy	NNP
parking	NN
lots	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
by	IN
calling	VBG
(703) 572-4500	CD
.	.
This	DT
service	NN
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
requested	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Economy	NNP
parking	NN
lots	NNS
by	IN
using	VBG
Customer	NN
Assistance	NNP
Call	VB
Boxes	NNPS
.	.
PAY	NN
&	CC
GO	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
new	JJ
automated	VBN
system	NN
designed	VBN
for	IN
quick	JJ
and	CC
easy	JJ
exiting	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
parking	NN
facilities	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
PAY	NN
&	CC
GO	NNP
is	VBZ
available	JJ
in	IN
all	DT
Daily	NNP
,	,
Hourly	NNP
and	CC
Economy	NNP
parking	NN
areas	NNS
.	.
PAY	NN
&	CC
GO	NNP
machines	NNS
are	VBP
located	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
lower	JJR
level	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
near	IN
the	DT
east	JJ
and	CC
west	NN
exit	NN
doors	NNS
and	CC
on	IN
the	DT
pedestrian	JJ
bridge	NN
,	,
which	WDT
connects	VBZ
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
Daily	NNP
Parking	NNP
Garage	NNP
.	.
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
stringently	RB
noise-controlled	JJ
airports	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
National	NNP
's	POS
nighttime	NN
noise	NN
rules	NNS
are	VBP
among	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
restrictive	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
country	NN
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
's	POS
regulations	NNS
,	,
aircraft	NN
may	MD
be	VB
only	RB
operated	VBN
after	IN
9:59	CD
p.m.	NN
and	CC
before	IN
7:00	CD
a.m.	RB
if	IN
the	DT
noise	NN
level	NN
for	IN
the	DT
aircraft	NN
type	NN
and	CC
model	NN
meets	VBZ
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
's	POS
strict	JJ
noise	NN
standards	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
minimize	VB
sleep	NN
interference	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
noise	NN
limitation	NN
is	VBZ
violated	VBN
,	,
the	DT
aircraft	NN
operator	NN
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
civil	JJ
penalty	NN
up	IN
to	TO
$	$
5,000	CD
per	IN
violation	NN
.	.
National	NNP
's	POS
procedures	NNS
specify	VBP
that	IN
pilots	NNS
of	IN
turbojet	NN
aircraft	NN
departing	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
north	NN
fly	VBP
northwest	RB
over	IN
the	DT
Potomac	NNP
River	NNP
corridor	NN
or	CC
fly	VB
northeast	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Anacostia	NNP
River	NNP
corridor	NN
,	,
and	CC
those	DT
departing	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
south	JJ
follow	VBP
the	DT
Potomac	NNP
River	NNP
corridor	NN
.	.
In	IN
good	JJ
visibility	NN
,	,
pilots	NNS
departing	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
northwest	RB
follow	VBP
the	DT
Potomac	NNP
River	NNP
corridor	NN
to	TO
the	DT
vicinity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Georgetown	NNP
Reservoir	NNP
about	IN
four	CD
miles	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
There	EX
they	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
option	NN
of	IN
continuing	VBG
to	TO
follow	VB
the	DT
river	NN
corridor	NN
visually	RB
or	CC
follow	VB
an	DT
instrument	NN
heading	VBG
until	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
approximately	RB
ten	CD
nautical	JJ
miles	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
After	IN
this	DT
point	NN
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
turned	VBN
by	RP
air	NN
traffic	NN
control	NN
either	CC
west	NN
or	CC
east	JJ
to	TO
their	PRP$
departure	NN
route	NN
.	.
When	WRB
aircraft	NN
take	VB
off	RP
to	TO
the	DT
south	NN
,	,
they	PRP
follow	VBP
the	DT
Potomac	NNP
River	NNP
for	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
five	CD
miles	NNS
before	IN
being	VBG
turned	VBN
to	TO
their	PRP$
departure	NN
route	NN
.	.
Pilots	NNS
using	VBG
the	DT
Anacostia	NNP
River	NNP
route	NN
follow	VBP
the	DT
river	NN
to	TO
a	DT
point	NN
five	CD
nautical	JJ
miles	NNS
from	IN
National	NNP
before	IN
being	VBG
turned	VBN
to	TO
their	PRP$
departure	NN
route	NN
.	.
When	WRB
visibility	NN
is	VBZ
poor	JJ
or	CC
when	WRB
strong	JJ
wind	NN
conditions	NNS
exist	VBP
,	,
pilots	NNS
are	VBP
directed	VBN
by	IN
Air	NNP
Traffic	NNP
Control	NNP
to	TO
follow	VB
specific	JJ
headings	NNS
.	.
Pilots	NNS
are	VBP
urged	VBN
to	TO
use	VB
thrust	NN
management	NN
,	,
a	DT
procedure	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
pilots	NNS
of	IN
departing	VBG
flights	NNS
cut	VBD
back	RB
on	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
power	NN
they	PRP
apply	VBP
during	IN
takeoff	NN
.	.
At	IN
an	DT
altitude	NN
of	IN
1,500	CD
feet	NNS
,	,
the	DT
thrust	NN
is	VBZ
reduced	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
level	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
allow	VB
the	DT
aircraft	NN
to	TO
climb	VB
at	IN
approximately	RB
500	CD
feet	NNS
per	IN
minute	NN
.	.
Normal	JJ
climb	NN
power	NN
is	VBZ
reapplied	VBN
when	WRB
the	DT
aircraft	NN
is	VBZ
10	CD
miles	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
airfield	NN
.	.
National	NNP
's	POS
prescribed	JJ
procedures	NNS
were	VBD
developed	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
relief	NN
to	TO
the	DT
greatest	JJS
number	NN
of	IN
residents	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
region	NN
.	.
Regrettably	RB
,	,
many	JJ
people	NNS
living	VBG
close	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
rivers	NNS
are	VBP
exposed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
noise	NN
from	IN
these	DT
operations	NNS
--	:
a	DT
problem	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
recently	RB
been	VBN
greatly	RB
reduced	VBN
as	IN
older	JJR
,	,
noisier	JJR
aircraft	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
replaced	VBN
by	IN
newer	JJR
,	,
quieter	JJ
equipment	NN
.	.
A	DT
computerized	JJ
aircraft	NN
noise	NN
monitoring	VBG
system	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
for	IN
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
aircraft	NN
.	.
Permanent	JJ
remote	JJ
noise	NN
monitoring	NN
stations	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
installed	VBN
at	IN
strategic	JJ
locations	NNS
keyed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
primary	JJ
arrival	NN
and	CC
departure	NN
paths	NNS
at	IN
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
Each	DT
noise	NN
monitoring	NN
station	NN
measures	NNS
and	CC
analyzes	VBZ
noise	NN
events	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
occur	VBP
.	.
The	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
directly	RB
measure	VB
aircraft	NN
noise	NN
at	IN
these	DT
specific	JJ
locations	NNS
helps	VBZ
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
to	TO
identify	VB
the	DT
extent	NN
of	IN
community	NN
noise	NN
impacts	NNS
,	,
to	TO
predict	VB
trends	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
future	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
monitor	VB
compliance	NN
with	IN
National	NNP
's	POS
noise	NN
abatement	NN
procedures	NNS
.	.
Partners	NNS
in	IN
Progress	NNP
Public	NNP
participation	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
key	JJ
element	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
's	POS
effort	NN
to	TO
improve	VB
its	PRP$
noise	NN
abatement	NN
performance	NN
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
works	VBZ
closely	RB
with	IN
local	JJ
government	NN
officials	NNS
,	,
concerned	JJ
citizens	NNS
,	,
the	DT
FAA	NNP
,	,
airlines	NNS
,	,
pilots	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
representatives	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
aviation	NN
industry	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
challenge	NN
of	IN
reducing	VBG
aircraft	NN
noise	NN
.	.
Public	NNP
hearings	NNS
,	,
meetings	NNS
with	IN
civic	JJ
and	CC
homeowner	NN
associations	NNS
and	CC
informal	JJ
information	NN
sessions	NNS
provide	VBP
opportunities	NNS
to	TO
discuss	VB
prospective	JJ
noise	NN
abatement	NN
measures	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
coordinates	VBZ
its	PRP$
noise	NN
compatibility	NN
studies	NNS
with	IN
local	JJ
planning	NN
agencies	NNS
so	RB
projected	VBD
airport	NN
development	NN
and	CC
flight	NN
activity	NN
trends	NNS
might	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
in	IN
land	NN
use	NN
and	CC
zoning	NN
decisions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
works	VBZ
closely	RB
with	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Council	NNP
of	IN
Governments	NNS
on	IN
noise	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
issues	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
airports	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Committee	NNP
on	IN
Noise	NNP
Abatement	NNP
and	CC
Aviation	NNP
at	IN
National	NNP
and	CC
Dulles	NNP
Airports	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
CONAANDA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
the	DT
primary	JJ
body	NN
for	IN
these	DT
issues	NNS
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
committee	NN
please	VB
see	VB
their	PRP$
website	NN
at	IN
http://www.mwcog.org/environment/airport/conaanda	NN
.	.
Although	IN
particular	JJ
emphasis	NN
will	MD
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
community	NN
participation	NN
component	NN
of	IN
the	DT
study	NN
,	,
the	DT
Advisory	NNP
Committee	NNP
will	MD
review	VB
and	CC
comment	VB
on	IN
all	DT
results	NNS
and	CC
recommendations	NNS
regarding	VBG
noise	NN
monitoring	NN
and	CC
abatement	NN
for	IN
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Advisory	NNP
Committee	NNP
is	VBZ
composed	VBN
of	IN
elected	VBN
officials	NNS
and	CC
citizen	NN
representatives	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
six	CD
jurisdictions	NNS
impacted	VBN
by	IN
noise	NN
from	IN
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
,	,
business	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
environmental	JJ
groups	NNS
,	,
airlines	NNS
,	,
air	NN
traffic	NN
control	NN
and	CC
MWAA	NNP
.	.
The	DT
study	NN
began	VBD
in	IN
May	NNP
of	IN
2001	CD
,	,
but	CC
was	VBD
put	VBN
on	IN
hold	NN
after	IN
the	DT
terrorist	JJ
attacks	NNS
on	IN
September	NNP
11	CD
,	,
2001	CD
,	,
and	CC
was	VBD
resumed	VBN
in	IN
July	NNP
2002	CD
.	.
The	DT
Advisory	NNP
Committee	NNP
held	VBD
12	CD
planning	NN
meetings	NNS
.	.
To	TO
ensure	VB
adequate	JJ
public	JJ
involvement	NN
during	IN
development	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Noise	NNP
Compatibility	NNP
Program	NNP
Update	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Project	NNP
Team	NNP
held	VBD
two	CD
sets	NNS
of	IN
public	JJ
information	NN
workshops	NNS
,	,
the	DT
first	JJ
set	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
two	CD
workshops	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
was	VBD
held	VBN
on	IN
June	NNP
18-19	CD
,	,
2002	CD
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
second	JJ
set	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
three	CD
workshops	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
was	VBD
held	VBN
on	IN
April	NNP
28-30	CD
,	,
2004	CD
,	,
at	IN
which	WDT
citizens	NNS
provided	VBD
oral	JJ
and	CC
written	JJ
comments	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
and	CC
Airport-related	JJ
noise	NN
concerns	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Council	NNP
of	IN
Governments	NNS
also	RB
conducted	VBD
a	DT
Community	NNP
Outreach	NNP
Survey	NN
to	TO
research	VB
the	DT
public	NN
's	POS
attitudes	NNS
and	CC
perceptions	NNS
about	IN
aircraft	NN
noise	NN
in	IN
the	DT
environs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
.	.
This	DT
survey	NN
included	VBD
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
telephone	NN
surveys	NNS
with	IN
over	IN
1,200	CD
residents	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Washington	NNP
Metropolitan	NNP
area	NN
,	,
structured	VBN
interviews	NNS
with	IN
regional	JJ
stakeholders	NNS
or	CC
people	NNS
of	IN
relevant	JJ
community	NN
stature	NN
or	CC
influence	NN
,	,
and	CC
focus	NN
groups	NNS
with	IN
residents	NNS
living	VBG
underneath	IN
the	DT
flight	NN
paths	NNS
to	TO
and	CC
from	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Advisory	NNP
Committee	NNP
has	VBZ
completed	VBN
its	PRP$
work	NN
and	CC
identified	VBN
and	CC
recommended	VBN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
potential	JJ
noise	NN
abatement	NN
and	CC
mitigation	NN
measures	NNS
.	.
This	DT
document	NN
below	IN
is	VBZ
a	DT
summary	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Committee	NNP
's	POS
work	NN
on	IN
the	DT
noise	NN
compatibility	NN
program	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
future	NN
,	,
Historic	NNP
Terminal	NNP
A	NNP
will	MD
undergo	VB
a	DT
renovation	NN
project	NN
to	TO
restore	VB
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
to	TO
its	PRP$
1941	CD
design	NN
and	CC
architecture	NN
.	.
The	DT
Historic	NNP
Terminal	NNP
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
serve	VB
passengers	NNS
and	CC
provide	VB
airline	NN
gates	NNS
,	,
ticket	NN
counters	NNS
,	,
and	CC
concessions	NNS
-	:
all	RB
within	IN
the	DT
framework	NN
of	IN
what	WP
the	DT
Airport	NNP
originally	RB
looked	VBD
like	IN
.	.
Terminal	NNP
B\/C	NNP
opened	VBD
on	IN
July	NNP
27	CD
,	,
1997	CD
.	.
The	DT
Terminal	NNP
has	VBZ
1	CD
million	CD
square	JJ
feet	NNS
of	IN
floor	NN
space	NN
spread	NN
over	IN
three	CD
levels	NNS
with	IN
direct	JJ
connections	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Metrorail	NNP
public	JJ
transportation	NN
system	NN
and	CC
public	JJ
parking	NN
garages	NNS
via	IN
two	CD
enclosed	VBN
pedestrian	JJ
bridges	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Terminal	NNP
's	POS
two-level	JJ
roadway	NN
system	NN
improves	VBZ
traffic	NN
flow	NN
through	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
by	IN
sorting	VBG
arriving	VBG
and	CC
departing	VBG
traffic	NN
.	.
Public	NNP
parking	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
for	IN
nearly	RB
7,900	CD
vehicles	NNS
providing	VBG
hourly	JJ
,	,
daily	JJ
and	CC
economy	NN
options	NNS
.	.
Terminal	NNP
A	NNP
is	VBZ
served	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
hourly	JJ
lot	NN
and	CC
daily	JJ
parking	NN
garage	NN
.	.
Terminal	NNP
B\/C	NNP
is	VBZ
served	VBN
by	IN
hourly	JJ
and	CC
daily	JJ
parking	NN
garages	NNS
.	.
Courtesy	NN
shuttle	NN
buses	NNS
are	VBP
provided	VBN
to	TO
and	CC
from	IN
all	DT
Terminals	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Economy	NNP
Lot	NN
.	.
Taxicabs	NNS
serving	VBG
the	DT
Airport	NNP
queue	NN
in	IN
a	DT
two-level	JJ
118,000	CD
square	JJ
foot	NN
structure	NN
designed	VBN
to	TO
accommodate	VB
500	CD
vehicles	NNS
.	.
About	RB
5,000	CD
taxicabs	NNS
are	VBP
dispatched	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
every	DT
day	NN
.	.
SuperShuttle	NNP
,	,
a	DT
shared-ride	NN
van	NN
service	NN
picks	VBZ
up	RP
passengers	NNS
at	IN
their	PRP$
homes	NNS
,	,
businesses	NNS
or	CC
hotels	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
metro	NN
area	NN
and	CC
transports	VBZ
them	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
The	DT
Airport	NNP
is	VBZ
also	RB
served	VBN
by	IN
five	CD
car	NN
rental	JJ
companies	NNS
located	VBN
on	IN
site	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
see	VB
the	DT
planes	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
window	NN
walls	NNS
of	IN
Terminal	NNP
B\/C	NNP
and	CC
Terminal	NNP
A	NNP
without	IN
going	VBG
through	IN
the	DT
security	NN
checkpoints	NNS
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
north	JJ
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
upper	JJ
level	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
ticketing	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
Terminal	NNP
C	NNP
,	,
beyond	IN
Door	NNP
6	CD
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
North	JJ
Terrace	NNP
area	NN
from	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
may	MD
view	VB
the	DT
planes	NNS
and	CC
also	RB
see	VB
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Capitol	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
distance	NN
.	.
Or	CC
,	,
if	IN
using	VBG
an	DT
internet	NN
mapping	NN
website	NN
,	,
look	NN
for	IN
``	``
places	NNS
of	IN
interest	NN
''	''
or	CC
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
airports	NNS
.	.
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
is	VBZ
also	RB
known	VBN
as	IN
DCA	NNP
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
these	DT
websites	NNS
have	VBP
an	DT
airport	NN
list	NN
since	IN
the	DT
physical	JJ
address	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
widely	RB
known	VBN
.	.
Metrorail	NNP
,	,
shuttles	NNS
,	,
taxis	NNS
and	CC
rental	JJ
cars	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
.	.
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
has	VBZ
its	PRP$
own	JJ
Metrorail	NNP
stop	NN
for	IN
passengers	NNS
traveling	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
immediate	JJ
Washington	NNP
,	,
Maryland	NNP
and	CC
Virginia	NNP
region	NN
.	.
SuperShuttle	NNP
and	CC
taxis	NNS
offer	VBP
door-to-door	JJ
service	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
take	VB
Metrorail	NNP
from	IN
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
to	TO
West	NNP
Falls	NNP
Church	NNP
and	CC
catch	VB
a	DT
Washington	NNP
Flyer	NNP
Coach	VBP
to	TO
Dulles	NNP
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
make	VB
connections	NNS
to	TO
Amtrak	NNP
stations	NNS
using	VBG
Metrorail	NNP
,	,
shuttles	NNS
and	CC
taxis	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
click	VB
here	RB
for	IN
rates	NNS
,	,
pickup	NN
locations	NNS
and	CC
contact	NN
information	NN
for	IN
specific	JJ
questions	NNS
.	.
Passengers	NNS
are	VBP
generally	RB
urged	VBN
to	TO
arrive	VB
1	CD
to	TO
2	CD
hours	NNS
before	IN
domestic	JJ
flights	NNS
to	TO
allow	VB
time	NN
to	TO
get	VB
through	IN
airline	NN
ticketing	VBG
and	CC
security	NN
.	.
Contact	NN
your	PRP$
airline	NN
for	IN
more	JJR
specific	JJ
directions	NNS
.	.
For	IN
airline	NN
contact	NN
information	NN
,	,
please	VB
see	VB
this	DT
link	NN
.	.
Some	DT
curbside	JJ
check-in	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
at	IN
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
this	DT
service	NN
varies	VBZ
by	IN
airline	NN
because	IN
of	IN
Transportation	NNP
Security	NNP
Administration	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
TSA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
restrictions	NNS
.	.
Check	VB
with	IN
your	PRP$
airline	NN
ahead	RB
of	IN
time	NN
.	.
Note	NN
:	:
If	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
threat	NN
level	NN
is	VBZ
raised	VBN
to	TO
Code	NNP
Orange	NNP
,	,
or	CC
high	JJ
risk	NN
of	IN
terrorist	JJ
attack	NN
,	,
curbside	JJ
check-in	NN
may	MD
be	VB
closed	VBN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
find	VB
more	JJR
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
threat	NN
level	NN
and	CC
others	NNS
at	IN
http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/	NN
.	.
All	DT
electronic	JJ
items	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
laptop	NN
computers	NNS
,	,
cell	NN
phones	NNS
,	,
and	CC
pagers	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
subjected	VBN
to	TO
additional	JJ
screening	NN
.	.
Be	VB
prepared	JJ
to	TO
remove	VB
your	PRP$
laptop	NN
from	IN
its	PRP$
travel	NN
case	NN
so	RB
that	IN
both	DT
can	MD
be	VB
screened	VBN
separately	RB
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
be	VB
prepared	VBN
to	TO
turn	VB
on	RP
all	DT
electronic	JJ
devices	NNS
for	IN
screeners	NNS
.	.
Approximately	RB
150	CD
of	IN
the	DT
phone	NN
banks	NNS
also	RB
have	VBP
a	DT
data-jack	NN
,	,
which	WDT
allows	VBZ
for	IN
Internet	NNP
hook-up	NN
.	.
These	DT
phones	NNS
are	VBP
scattered	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
for	IN
your	PRP$
convenience	NN
.	.
The	DT
cost	NN
for	IN
this	DT
service	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
$	$
0.50	CD
you	PRP
would	MD
pay	VB
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
phone	NN
call	NN
from	IN
the	DT
pay	NN
phones	NNS
;	:
you	PRP
only	RB
need	VBP
your	PRP$
laptop	NN
,	,
phone	NN
cord	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
1-800	JJ
number	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
Internet	NNP
service	NN
provider	NN
.	.
The	DT
airlines	NNS
that	WDT
utilize	VBP
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
are	VBP
familiar	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
traveling	VBG
with	IN
pets	NNS
.	.
For	IN
details	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
make	VB
travel	NN
arrangements	NNS
,	,
contact	NN
your	PRP$
airline	NN
.	.
Once	RB
you	PRP
have	VBP
entered	VBN
the	DT
terminals	NNS
,	,
pets	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
in	IN
a	DT
carry	VBP
case	NN
.	.
Only	RB
seeing-eye	JJ
dogs	NNS
are	VBP
allowed	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
leash	NN
inside	IN
the	DT
terminals	NNS
.	.
Note	NN
:	:
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
grassy	JJ
area	NN
for	IN
pets	NNS
after	IN
passing	VBG
through	IN
security	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
catching	VBG
another	DT
flight	NN
and	CC
a	DT
pet	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
grassy	JJ
area	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
exit	NN
the	DT
terminal	NN
.	.
Remember	VB
to	TO
take	VB
your	PRP$
photo	NN
ID	NNP
and	CC
boarding	VBG
pass	NN
outside	NN
with	IN
you	PRP
so	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
re-enter	VB
through	IN
security	NN
.	.
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
has	VBZ
more	JJR
than	IN
30	CD
eateries	NNS
,	,
36	CD
shops	NNS
,	,
and	CC
17	CD
retail	JJ
carts	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
terminal	NN
.	.
Concession	NN
hours	NNS
vary	VBP
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
check	VB
with	IN
each	DT
vendor	NN
individually	RB
to	TO
confirm	VB
hours	NNS
of	IN
operation	NN
.	.
The	DT
Airport	NNP
's	POS
concessions	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
contact	NN
information	NN
are	VBP
listed	VBN
at	IN
this	DT
link	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
hotels	NNS
very	RB
close	RB
to	TO
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
,	,
many	JJ
of	IN
which	WDT
provide	VBP
free	JJ
,	,
direct	JJ
shuttle	NN
service	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
is	VBZ
open	JJ
24	CD
hours	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
to	TO
passengers	NNS
.	.
Seating	NN
may	MD
be	VB
limited	VBN
.	.
Restroom	NN
facilities	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
but	CC
concessions	NNS
typically	RB
close	RB
down	RB
at	IN
night	NN
.	.
Throughout	IN
the	DT
early	JJ
20th	JJ
century	NN
,	,
airport	NN
facilities	NNS
in	IN
Washington	NNP
,	,
D.C.	NNP
were	VBD
seriously	RB
inadequate	JJ
.	.
Hoover	NNP
Field	NNP
,	,
located	VBN
near	IN
the	DT
present	JJ
site	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Pentagon	NNP
,	,
was	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
major	JJ
terminal	NN
to	TO
be	VB
developed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Capital	NNP
area	NN
,	,
opening	VBG
its	PRP$
doors	NNS
in	IN
1926	CD
.	.
The	DT
following	JJ
year	NN
,	,
Washington	NNP
Airport	NNP
,	,
another	DT
privately	RB
operated	VBN
field	NN
,	,
began	VBD
service	NN
next	JJ
door	NN
.	.
In	IN
1930	CD
,	,
the	DT
economics	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Great	NNP
Depression	NN
caused	VBD
the	DT
two	CD
terminals	NNS
to	TO
merge	VB
to	TO
form	VB
Washington-Hoover	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
Bordered	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
east	JJ
by	IN
Highway	NNP
One	CD
--	:
with	IN
its	PRP$
accompanying	VBG
high-tension	JJ
electrical	JJ
wires	NNS
,	,
and	CC
obstructed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
high	JJ
smokestack	NN
on	IN
one	CD
approach	NN
and	CC
a	DT
dump	NN
nearby	RB
--	:
the	DT
field	NN
was	VBD
less	JJR
than	IN
adequate	JJ
.	.
Incredibly	RB
,	,
the	DT
airport	NN
's	POS
one	CD
runway	NN
was	VBD
intersected	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
busy	JJ
street	NN
,	,
Military	NNP
Road	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
had	VBD
guards	NNS
posted	VBD
to	TO
flag	NN
down	RP
traffic	NN
during	IN
takeoffs	NNS
and	CC
landings	NNS
.	.
Before	IN
the	DT
final	JJ
site	NN
selection	NN
,	,
flights	NNS
were	VBD
made	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
area	NN
with	IN
representatives	NNS
of	IN
airline	NN
pilots	NNS
,	,
and	CC
year-round	JJ
studies	NNS
of	IN
weather	NN
conditions	NNS
were	VBD
made	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Weather	NNP
Bureau	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
found	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
approaches	NNS
to	TO
proposed	VBN
runways	NNS
from	IN
eight	CD
directions	NNS
were	VBD
clear	JJ
for	IN
such	JJ
distances	NNS
as	IN
to	TO
provide	VB
flight	NN
angles	NNS
of	IN
40	CD
to	TO
one	CD
.	.
Several	JJ
government	NN
agencies	NNS
cooperated	VBD
with	IN
the	DT
newly	RB
formed	VBN
Civil	JJ
Aeronautics	NNP
Board	NNP
,	,
predecessor	NN
agency	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Aviation	NNP
Administration	NNP
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
step	NN
in	IN
construction	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
erect	VB
a	DT
dike	NN
around	IN
the	DT
riverside	NN
perimeter	NN
of	IN
the	DT
site	NN
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
task	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
clear	VB
the	DT
runway	NN
locations	NNS
of	IN
silt	NN
so	IN
that	IN
sand	NN
and	CC
gravel	NN
could	MD
be	VB
pumped	VBN
on	IN
top	NN
of	IN
a	DT
stable	JJ
base	NN
,	,
eliminating	VBG
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
settling	VBG
.	.
Four	CD
hydraulic	JJ
dredges	NNS
,	,
among	IN
the	DT
largest	JJS
and	CC
most	RBS
powerful	JJ
at	IN
that	DT
time	NN
,	,
cleared	VBD
11	CD
feet	NNS
of	IN
silt	NN
from	IN
the	DT
future	JJ
runway	NN
locations	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
width	NN
of	IN
200	CD
feet	NNS
.	.
Next	JJ
,	,
sand	NN
and	CC
gravel	NN
were	VBD
pumped	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
riverbed	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
canals	NNS
which	WDT
formed	VBD
the	DT
runways	NNS
up	IN
to	TO
a	DT
height	NN
of	IN
20	CD
feet	NNS
above	IN
the	DT
river	NN
level	NN
.	.
By	IN
this	DT
method	NN
,	,
the	DT
runway	NN
base	NN
was	VBD
so	RB
stabilized	VBN
that	IN
paving	NN
could	MD
be	VB
laid	VBN
within	IN
six	CD
months	NNS
after	IN
the	DT
fill	NN
was	VBD
completed	VBN
.	.
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
's	POS
designers	NNS
faced	VBD
a	DT
difficult	JJ
problem	NN
.	.
How	WRB
would	MD
they	PRP
create	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
modern	JJ
of	IN
facilities	NNS
while	IN
honoring	VBG
the	DT
spirit	NN
of	IN
classic	JJ
architecture	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Nation	NN
's	POS
Capital	NN
and	CC
the	DT
colonial	JJ
history	NN
of	IN
the	DT
site	NN
?	.
The	DT
design	NN
,	,
reminiscent	NN
of	IN
nearby	JJ
Mount	NNP
Vernon	NNP
,	,
represented	VBD
a	DT
unique	JJ
attempt	NN
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
``	``
modern	JJ
''	''
structure	NN
while	IN
still	RB
integrating	VBG
architectural	JJ
references	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Colonial	NNP
and	CC
Neoclassical	JJ
style	NN
.	.
An	DT
observation	NN
terrace	NN
allowed	VBD
visitors	NNS
a	DT
spectacular	JJ
view	NN
of	IN
the	DT
airfield	NN
.	.
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
opened	VBD
for	IN
business	NN
on	IN
June	NNP
16	CD
,	,
1941	CD
.	.
President	NNP
Roosevelt	NNP
attended	VBD
a	DT
ceremony	NN
and	CC
observed	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
official	NN
landing	NN
.	.
The	DT
airlines	NNS
drew	VBD
straws	NNS
to	TO
determine	VB
who	WP
could	MD
land	VB
at	IN
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
first	RB
,	,
and	CC
American	NNP
Airlines	NNPS
won	VBD
the	DT
honor	NN
.	.
The	DT
plane	NN
was	VBD
piloted	VBN
by	IN
Bennett	NNP
H.	NNP
Griffin	NNP
,	,
who	WP
later	RB
became	VBD
the	DT
manager	NN
of	IN
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
in	IN
1947	CD
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
inaugural	JJ
landing	NN
was	VBD
made	VBN
by	IN
Eastern	NNP
Airlines	NNPS
.	.
On	IN
opening	VBG
day	NN
,	,
just	RB
one	CD
hangar	NN
was	VBD
completed	VBN
and	CC
in	IN
operation	NN
.	.
Five	CD
hangars	NNS
were	VBD
under	IN
construction	NN
with	IN
a	DT
seventh	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
planning	NN
stage	NN
.	.
When	WRB
it	PRP
opened	VBD
,	,
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
was	VBD
considered	VBN
the	DT
``	``
last	JJ
word	NN
''	''
in	IN
airports	NNS
--	:
a	DT
concentration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ultramodern	JJ
developments	NNS
in	IN
design	NN
of	IN
buildings	NNS
,	,
handling	VBG
of	IN
planes	NNS
,	,
air	NN
traffic	NN
and	CC
field	NN
traffic	NN
control	NN
,	,
field	NN
lighting	NN
,	,
facilities	NNS
for	IN
public	JJ
comfort	NN
and	CC
convenience	NN
,	,
and	CC
surface	NN
vehicle	NN
traffic	NN
control	NN
.	.
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
became	VBD
a	DT
success	NN
,	,
but	CC
a	DT
controversy	NN
over	IN
legal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
began	VBD
to	TO
brew	VB
.	.
Was	VBD
the	DT
airport	NN
located	VBN
in	IN
Virginia	NNP
or	CC
the	DT
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
?	.
The	DT
District	NNP
``	``
owned	VBN
''	''
the	DT
Potomac	NNP
River	NNP
to	TO
Virginia	NNP
,	,
claiming	VBG
the	DT
boundary	NN
had	VBD
been	VBN
set	VBN
in	IN
1846	CD
at	IN
the	DT
high	JJ
water	NN
mark	NN
along	IN
the	DT
shoreline	NN
.	.
But	CC
since	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
was	VBD
built	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
fill	NN
,	,
a	DT
new	JJ
eastern	JJ
shoreline	NN
was	VBD
created	VBN
.	.
The	DT
question	NN
arose	VBD
as	IN
to	TO
whether	IN
the	DT
District	NNP
's	POS
authority	NN
ended	VBD
at	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
shore	NN
or	CC
the	DT
original	JJ
one	CD
.	.
The	DT
problem	NN
went	VBD
unresolved	JJ
until	IN
1945	CD
when	WRB
Congress	NNP
approved	VBD
a	DT
bill	NN
that	WDT
fixed	VBD
the	DT
airport	NN
boundary	NN
at	IN
the	DT
mean	JJ
high	JJ
water	NN
mark	NN
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
changes	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
placed	VBD
the	DT
airport	NN
in	IN
Virginia	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
Congress	NNP
established	VBD
exclusive	JJ
federal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
The	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
relinquished	VBD
direct	JJ
control	NN
of	IN
National	NNP
and	CC
Dulles	NNP
Airports	NNPS
when	WRB
President	NNP
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
signed	VBD
the	DT
transfer	NN
bill	NN
that	WDT
authorized	VBD
the	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
in	IN
1987	CD
.	.
The	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
independent	JJ
interstate	JJ
agency	NN
created	VBN
by	IN
legislation	NN
enacted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Commonwealth	NNP
of	IN
Virginia	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
consent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
Congress	NNP
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
operating	VBG
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
and	CC
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airports	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
operates	VBZ
this	DT
two	CD
airport	NN
system	NN
,	,
which	WDT
provides	VBZ
domestic	JJ
and	CC
international	JJ
air	NN
service	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
region	NN
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
financially	RB
self-sustaining	JJ
agency	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
operating	VBG
both	DT
Dulles	NNPS
and	CC
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
capital	NN
improvements	NNS
at	IN
both	DT
airports	NNS
.	.
On	IN
July	NNP
27	CD
,	,
1997	CD
,	,
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
was	VBD
transformed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
official	JJ
opening	NN
of	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
Terminal	NNP
which	WDT
offers	VBZ
modern	JJ
,	,
efficient	JJ
facilities	NNS
that	WDT
include	VBP
direct	JJ
connections	NNS
to	TO
Metrorail	NNP
and	CC
new	JJ
parking	NN
garages	NNS
via	IN
enclosed	VBN
pedestrian	NN
bridges	NNS
.	.
The	DT
three-level	JJ
,	,
one	CD
million	CD
square	JJ
foot	NN
terminal	NN
houses	NNS
35	CD
aircraft	NN
gates	NNS
and	CC
``	``
National	NNP
Hall	NNP
''	''
,	,
a	DT
main	JJ
street	NN
for	IN
shops	NNS
and	CC
eateries	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
concourse	NN
level	NN
.	.
The	DT
terminal	NN
provides	VBZ
100	CD
ticket	NN
counters	NNS
,	,
12	CD
baggage	NN
claims	NNS
,	,
three	CD
piers	NNS
where	WRB
airline	NN
gates	NNS
are	VBP
located	VBN
and	CC
a	DT
passenger	NN
connector	NN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
A.	NN
To	TO
enhance	VB
the	DT
spacious	JJ
,	,
passenger	NN
friendly	JJ
environment	NN
,	,
the	DT
terminal	NN
offers	VBZ
an	DT
unparalleled	JJ
view	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Nation	NN
's	POS
Capital	NN
and	CC
works	NNS
of	IN
art	NN
from	IN
30	CD
artists	NNS
are	VBP
incorporated	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
structure	NN
of	IN
the	DT
terminal	NN
using	VBG
various	JJ
designs	NNS
--	:
glass	NN
,	,
marble	NN
,	,
mosaic	NN
,	,
terrazzo	NN
,	,
murals	NNS
,	,
balustrades	NNS
and	CC
sculpture	NN
.	.
Renowned	JJ
architect	NN
Cesar	NNP
Pelli	NNP
designed	VBD
a	DT
Washington	NNP
landmark	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
both	DT
functional	JJ
and	CC
aesthetically	RB
pleasing	VBG
.	.
Pelli	NNP
's	POS
design	NN
included	VBD
a	DT
large	JJ
window	NN
overlooking	VBG
airport	NN
operations	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
Washington	NNP
,	,
D.C.	NNP
skyline	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
building	NN
is	VBZ
adorned	VBN
with	IN
54	CD
``	``
Jeffersonian	JJ
''	''
domes	NNS
that	WDT
establish	VBP
a	DT
connection	NN
with	IN
the	DT
architecture	NN
of	IN
the	DT
region	NN
.	.
The	DT
modernization	NN
of	IN
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
opening	NN
of	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
terminal	NN
in	IN
1997	CD
,	,
has	VBZ
not	RB
deterred	VBN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
from	IN
ensuring	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
legacy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
environs	NNS
is	VBZ
preserved	VBN
.	.
Thank	VB
you	PRP
for	IN
taking	VBG
the	DT
time	NN
to	TO
fill	VB
out	RP
this	DT
short	JJ
Customer	NN
Satisfaction	NN
survey	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Lost	VBN
and	CC
Found	NNP
Office	NNP
at	IN
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
Your	PRP$
participation	NN
in	IN
this	DT
study	NN
is	VBZ
completely	RB
voluntary	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
very	RB
important	JJ
for	IN
us	PRP
to	TO
learn	VB
your	PRP$
opinions	NNS
.	.
Your	PRP$
survey	NN
responses	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
strictly	RB
confidential	JJ
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
questions	NNS
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
about	IN
the	DT
survey	NN
or	CC
the	DT
procedures	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
contact	VB
the	DT
DCA	NNP
Lost	VBD
and	CC
Found	VBD
Office	NNP
at	IN
(703) 417-0673	CD
or	CC
by	IN
email	NN
at	IN
the	DT
email	NN
address	NN
specified	VBN
below	IN
.	.
Thank	VB
you	PRP
very	RB
much	RB
for	IN
taking	VBG
the	DT
time	NN
to	TO
help	VB
us	PRP
better	JJR
our	PRP$
level	NN
of	IN
customer	NN
service	NN
provided	VBN
.	.
Nearby	JJ
Hotels	NNPS
-	:
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
Updated	NNP
12/28/06	CD
.	.
Hotels	NNPS
and	CC
motels	NNS
are	VBP
listed	VBN
alphabetically	RB
within	IN
each	DT
city	NN
.	.
Cities	NNPS
are	VBP
listed	VBN
by	IN
approximate	JJ
distance	NN
from	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
,	,
and	CC
most	JJS
are	VBP
within	IN
10	CD
miles	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
in	IN
no	DT
way	NN
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
list	NN
of	IN
the	DT
hotels	NNS
and	CC
motels	NNS
near	IN
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
Contact	NN
the	DT
Webmaster	NNP
if	IN
this	DT
information	NN
should	MD
be	VB
updated	VBN
.	.
Public	NNP
TelephonesIn	NNP
Terminals	NNS
B	NNP
and	CC
C	NNP
,	,
TTY	NNP
units	NNS
are	VBP
located	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
and	CC
are	VBP
clearly	RB
marked	VBN
with	IN
blue	JJ
and	CC
white	JJ
signs	NNS
above	IN
each	DT
unit	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
each	DT
group	NN
of	IN
pay	NN
phones	NNS
has	VBZ
a	DT
clear	JJ
path	NN
to	TO
a	DT
wheelchair	NN
accessible	JJ
unit	NN
.	.
All	DT
pay	NN
telephones	NNS
are	VBP
equipped	VBN
with	IN
volume	NN
control	NN
,	,
are	VBP
hearing-aid	JJ
compatible	JJ
,	,
and	CC
have	VBP
Braille	NNP
or	CC
raised	VBN
numbers	NNS
.	.
Over	IN
one-third	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
public	JJ
pay	NN
telephones	NNS
are	VBP
equipped	VBN
with	IN
connections	NNS
for	IN
portable	JJ
computers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
several	JJ
of	IN
these	DT
units	NNS
also	RB
have	VBP
power	NN
connections	NNS
available	JJ
for	IN
PC	NN
users	NNS
.	.
Public	NNP
Address	NNP
and	CC
Information	NNP
SystemsA	NNP
Visual	NNP
Paging	NNP
System	NNP
is	VBZ
used	VBN
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
audible	JJ
Public	NNP
Address	NNP
System	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
broadcast	NN
of	IN
airport	NN
information	NN
to	TO
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
.	.
The	DT
Visual	NNP
Page	NNP
is	VBZ
prominently	RB
above	IN
each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
Directories	NNPS
throughout	IN
Terminals	NNS
B	NNP
and	CC
C.	NNP
Within	IN
the	DT
holdrooms	NNS
at	IN
each	DT
airline	NN
's	POS
gates	NNS
,	,
visual	JJ
boarding	VBG
announcements	NNS
appear	VBP
on	IN
monitors	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
that	IN
all	DT
passengers	NNS
are	VBP
able	JJ
have	VBP
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
boarding	VBG
process	NN
.	.
Flight	NNP
Information	NNP
Display	NNP
System	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FIDS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
boards	NNS
and	CC
Baggage	NNP
Information	NNP
Display	NNP
System	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
BIDS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
units	NNS
are	VBP
placed	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
Terminals	NNS
and	CC
have	VBP
been	VBN
carefully	RB
situated	VBN
to	TO
minimize	VB
glare	NN
and	CC
ensure	VB
readability	NN
.	.
Concerned	JJ
about	IN
delays	NNS
at	IN
an	DT
airport	NN
?	.
The	DT
Federal	NNP
Aviation	NNP
Administration	NNP
's	POS
Air	NNP
Traffic	NNP
Control	NNP
System	NNP
Command	NNP
Center	NNP
provides	VBZ
current	JJ
airport	NN
status	NN
for	IN
many	JJ
airports	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
country	NN
including	VBG
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
charge	NN
for	IN
vehicles	NNS
exiting	VBG
within	IN
20	CD
minutes	NNS
of	IN
entry	NN
at	IN
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
parking	NN
facilities	NNS
.	.
Free	NNP
shuttle	NN
service	NN
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
from	IN
all	DT
parking	NN
facilities	NNS
,	,
at	IN
6-7	CD
minute	NN
intervals	NNS
,	,
for	IN
passengers	NNS
24	CD
hours	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
,	,
seven	CD
days	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
.	.
Hourly	JJ
parking	NN
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
stay	NN
of	IN
less	JJR
than	IN
two	CD
hours	NNS
.	.
Daily	NNP
parking	NN
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
stay	NN
of	IN
one	CD
or	CC
two	CD
days	NNS
.	.
Economy	NN
parking	NN
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
for	IN
extended	JJ
stays	NNS
.	.
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
provides	VBZ
video	JJ
information	NN
screens	NNS
above	IN
the	DT
Security	NNP
Screening	NNP
checkpoints	NNS
.	.
The	DT
security	NN
information	NN
displayed	VBD
provides	VBZ
passengers	NNS
with	IN
important	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
screening	VBG
procedure	NN
and	CC
tips	NNS
to	TO
speed	VB
your	PRP$
way	NN
through	IN
security	NN
.	.
Passengers	NNS
with	IN
medical	JJ
conditions	NNS
that	WDT
require	VBP
them	PRP
to	TO
carry	VB
a	DT
needle	NN
and\/or	CC
syringe	NN
must	MD
also	RB
have	VB
the	DT
medication	NN
that	WDT
requires	VBZ
such	JJ
injection	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
possession	NN
.	.
The	DT
medication	NN
must	MD
be	VB
packaged	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
pharmaceutical	JJ
label	NN
or	CC
professionally	RB
printed	VBN
label	NN
identifying	VBG
the	DT
medication	NN
.	.
During	IN
non-peak	JJ
travel	NN
times	NNS
,	,
passengers	NNS
are	VBP
urged	VBN
to	TO
arrive	VB
1	LS
-	:
2	CD
hours	NNS
before	IN
flights	NNS
to	TO
allow	VB
time	NN
to	TO
get	VB
through	IN
airline	NN
ticketing	VBG
and	CC
security	NN
.	.
Contact	NN
your	PRP$
airline	NN
for	IN
more	JJR
specific	JJ
directions	NNS
on	IN
this	DT
.	.
Gates	NNP
at	IN
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
are	VBP
divided	VBN
among	IN
three	CD
airline	NN
piers	NNS
in	IN
Terminal	NNP
B\/C	NNP
.	.
Some	DT
airline	NN
gates	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
located	VBN
in	IN
Terminal	NNP
A.	NN
Please	UH
see	VB
the	DT
terminal	NN
map	NN
for	IN
information	NN
on	IN
where	WRB
your	PRP$
airline	NN
gate	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Architectural	NNP
Enhancement	NNP
Program	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
AEP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
integrates	VBZ
commissioned	VBN
artworks	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
architecture	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
.	.
Each	DT
piece	NN
is	VBZ
integral	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
building	NN
.	.
The	DT
30	CD
individual	JJ
works	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
executed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
great	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
materials	NNS
:	:
stained	JJ
glass	NN
,	,
marble	NN
and	CC
glass	NN
mosaics	NNS
,	,
terrazzo	NN
,	,
cast	VBD
bronze	NN
,	,
hammered	VBN
aluminum	NN
and	CC
copper	NN
,	,
painted	VBN
steel	NN
,	,
porcelain	NN
enamel	NN
and	CC
traditional	JJ
paint	NN
on	IN
board	NN
and	CC
canvas	NN
.	.
Numerous	JJ
local	JJ
and	CC
national	JJ
organizations	NNS
were	VBD
contacted	VBN
to	TO
reach	VB
out	RP
to	TO
the	DT
widest	JJS
possible	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
artists	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
sites	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
artwork	NN
include	VBP
10	CD
floor	NN
medallions	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Concourse	NNP
;	:
11	CD
balustrades	NNS
that	WDT
overlook	VBP
the	DT
Concourse	NNP
;	:
5	CD
murals	NNS
;	:
1	CD
bridge	NN
sculpture	NN
;	:
1	CD
sunscreen	NN
panel	NN
on	IN
the	DT
south	JJ
wall	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ticket	NN
level	NN
lobby	NN
;	:
and	CC
2	CD
stained	JJ
glass	NN
friezes	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
concourse-airside	NN
curtainwall	NN
.	.
General	NNP
Flight	NNP
Information	NN
For	IN
current	JJ
flight	NN
schedules	NNS
and	CC
status	NN
information	NN
,	,
please	VB
contact	NN
the	DT
airline	NN
directly	RB
.	.
Phone	NN
numbers	NNS
and	CC
links	NNS
to	TO
airline	NN
Web	NNP
Pages	NNP
are	VBP
provided	VBN
for	IN
your	PRP$
use	NN
.	.
Information	NNP
contained	VBD
here	RB
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Airlines	NNPS
and	CC
others	NNS
and	CC
is	VBZ
passed	VBN
on	RP
by	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
service	NN
to	TO
the	DT
traveling	VBG
public	NN
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
any	DT
errors	NNS
or	CC
omissions	NNS
.	.
This	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
change	VB
without	IN
notice	NN
.	.
DCA	NNP
Flight	NNP
Status	NNP
Due	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
many	JJ
factors	NNS
impacting	VBG
flight	NN
schedules	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
suggest	VBP
you	PRP
contact	VB
your	PRP$
airline	NN
directly	RB
for	IN
up	RB
to	TO
date	NN
flight	NN
status	NN
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
contact	NN
information	NN
for	IN
Airlines	NNP
serving	VBG
DCA	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
located	VBN
by	IN
clicking	VBG
this	DT
link	NN
.	.
Airport	NNP
Regulations	NNPS
allow	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
pre-arrange	VB
any	DT
vehicle	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
choice	NN
,	,
including	VBG
Super	NNP
Shuttle	NNP
,	,
to	TO
pick	VB
you	PRP
up	RP
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
The	DT
operator	NN
of	IN
the	DT
service	NN
vehicle	NN
must	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
show	VB
a	DT
docket	NN
of	IN
the	DT
arrangement	NN
to	TO
traffic	NN
enforcement	NN
officers	NNS
or	CC
Authority	NNP
personnel	NNS
.	.
Service	NNP
vehicles	NNS
other	JJ
than	IN
Super	NNP
Shuttle	NNP
will	MD
pick	VB
you	PRP
up	RP
at	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
curb	NN
outside	IN
Terminal	NNP
B&C	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
overall	JJ
operation	NN
and	CC
management	NN
of	IN
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
and	CC
is	VBZ
committed	VBN
to	TO
providing	VBG
the	DT
best	JJS
customer	NN
service	NN
possible	JJ
.	.
Thank	VB
you	PRP
for	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
Taxicab	NNP
Dispatch	NNP
service	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
.	.
To	TO
help	VB
us	PRP
serve	VB
you	PRP
better	JJR
,	,
please	VB
take	VB
a	DT
moment	NN
to	TO
answer	VB
the	DT
questions	NNS
below	IN
to	TO
let	VB
us	PRP
know	VB
how	WRB
our	PRP$
services	NNS
,	,
attitudes	NNS
and	CC
responsiveness	NN
met	VBD
your	PRP$
expectations	NNS
and	CC
needs	NNS
.	.
Courtesy	NN
shuttle	NN
bus	NN
service	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
from	IN
all	DT
parking	NN
areas	NNS
to	TO
all	DT
terminals	NNS
,	,
24	CD
hours	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
.	.
Shuttle	NN
buses	NNS
operate	VBP
along	IN
established	VBN
routes	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
parking	NN
lots	NNS
approximately	RB
every	DT
six	CD
to	TO
seven	CD
minutes	NNS
.	.
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
is	VBZ
pleased	JJ
to	TO
offer	VB
our	PRP$
customers	NNS
a	DT
new	JJ
parking	NN
option	NN
--	:
Valet	NNP
Parking	NNP
.	.
This	DT
door-to-door	JJ
service	NN
allows	VBZ
you	PRP
to	TO
make	VB
reservations	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Valet	NNP
Parking	NNP
service	NN
located	VBN
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
historic	JJ
Terminal	NNP
A.	NN
On	IN
the	DT
day	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
flight	NN
,	,
drive	NN
directly	RB
to	TO
the	DT
Valet	NNP
Parking	NNP
lot	NN
and	CC
an	DT
attendant	NN
will	MD
give	VB
you	PRP
a	DT
claim	NN
check	NN
to	TO
retrieve	VB
your	PRP$
vehicle	NN
upon	IN
your	PRP$
return	NN
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
then	RB
be	VB
driven	VBN
directly	RB
to	TO
the	DT
terminal	NN
entrance	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
airline	NN
in	IN
a	DT
comfortable	JJ
,	,
efficient	JJ
shuttle	NN
van	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
that	IN
easy	JJ
.	.
To	TO
make	VB
a	DT
reservation	NN
,	,
simply	RB
call	VB
(703) 417-1234	CD
and	CC
provide	VB
the	DT
operator	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
credit	NN
card	NN
information	NN
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
then	RB
be	VB
given	VBN
a	DT
reservation	NN
number	NN
and	CC
we	PRP
'll	MD
be	VB
waiting	VBG
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Reservations	NNS
canceled	VBD
more	JJR
than	IN
8	CD
hours	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
arrival	NN
time	NN
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
charged	VBN
.	.
The	DT
route	NN
utilizes	VBZ
Airbus	NNP
340	CD
aircraft	NN
,	,
offering	VBG
customers	NNS
state-of-the-art	JJ
amenities	NNS
for	IN
long-haul	JJ
travel	NN
including	VBG
a	DT
comfortable	JJ
Economy	NNP
Class	NNP
cabin	NN
recently	RB
reconfigured	VBD
to	TO
provide	VB
extra	JJ
legroom	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
Premium	NNP
Business	NNP
Class	NNP
cabin	NN
featuring	VBG
the	DT
airline	NN
's	POS
award-winning	JJ
180-degree	JJ
,	,
lie-flat	JJ
Business	NN
Class	NN
seat	NN
.	.
The	DT
Building	NNP
Code	NNP
Department	NNP
requests	NNS
a	DT
48	CD
hour	NN
notice	NN
for	IN
an	DT
inspection	NN
,	,
but	CC
will	MD
make	VB
every	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
accommodate	VB
next	JJ
day	NN
requests	NNS
.	.
Inspections	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
scheduled	VBN
prior	RB
to	TO
7:00	CD
am	VBP
or	CC
after	IN
3:00	CD
pm	NN
.	.
Procurement	NNP
and	CC
Contracts	NNPS
Department	NNP
The	DT
procurement	NN
function	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
accomplished	VBN
through	IN
several	JJ
offices	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Procurement	NNP
and	CC
Contracts	NNPS
Department	NNP
provides	VBZ
procurement	JJ
support	NN
to	TO
the	DT
entire	JJ
Authority	NNP
to	TO
include	VB
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
and	CC
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airports	NNPS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
acquisition	NN
of	IN
goods	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
architect\/engineering	VBG
services	NNS
,	,
professional	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
specialty	NN
consultants	NNS
,	,
maintenance	NN
services	NNS
,	,
equipment	NN
,	,
vehicles	NNS
,	,
and	CC
furniture	NN
in	IN
excess	NN
of	IN
$	$
25,000	CD
,	,
and	CC
construction	NN
projects	NNS
in	IN
excess	NN
of	IN
$	$
2,000	CD
.	.
Purchases	NNS
for	IN
lesser	JJR
dollar	NN
amounts	NNS
are	VBP
generally	RB
handled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Materials	NNPS
Management	NNP
Divisions	NNPS
at	IN
each	DT
airport	NN
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
committed	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
competitive	JJ
procurement	NN
process	NN
and	CC
ensures	VBZ
that	IN
its	PRP$
contracting	NN
actions	NNS
adhere	VBP
to	TO
published	VBN
Authority	NNP
policies	NNS
,	,
sound	JJ
contracting	NN
methods	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
highest	JJS
standards	NNS
of	IN
integrity	NN
and	CC
ethical	JJ
conduct	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
this	DT
commitment	NN
,	,
the	DT
Authority	NNP
uses	VBZ
full	JJ
and	CC
open	JJ
competition	NN
and	CC
publicizes	VBZ
current	JJ
needs	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
Contracting	VBG
Opportunities	NNPS
On-Line	NNP
website	NN
.	.
The	DT
Contracting	VBG
Opportunities	NNPS
On-Line	NNP
website	NN
provides	VBZ
comprehensive	JJ
project	NN
information	NN
for	IN
construction	NN
,	,
architectural	JJ
and	CC
engineering	NN
,	,
goods	NNS
,	,
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
concessions	NNS
opportunities	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
.	.
The	DT
information	NN
contained	VBD
within	IN
the	DT
site	NN
is	VBZ
updated	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
daily	JJ
basis	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
latest	JJS
,	,
most	RBS
complete	JJ
project	NN
information	NN
available	JJ
.	.
The	DT
site	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
and	CC
managed	VBN
by	IN
Mike	NNP
Giardina	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Authority	NNP
's	POS
Procurement	NNP
Technology	NNP
Specialist	NNP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
any	DT
questions	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
site	NN
or	CC
need	VB
additional	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
contracting	VBG
opportunities	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
send	VB
an	DT
e-mail	NN
message	NN
to	TO
contracting@mwaa.com	VB
or	CC
call	VB
us	PRP
at	IN
703-417-8672	CD
.	.
Printed	NNP
copies	NNS
of	IN
documents	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
ordered	VBN
or	CC
picked	VBN
up	RP
in	IN
person	NN
at	IN
the	DT
MWAA	NNP
Plans	NNP
Room	NNP
as	IN
listed	VBN
below	RB
.	.
Note	VB
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
per-copy	JJ
fee	NN
for	IN
printed	VBN
documents	NNS
.	.
CLICK	NNP
HERE	RB
for	IN
additional	JJ
instructions	NNS
on	IN
obtaining	VBG
printed	VBN
documents	NNS
.	.
Every	DT
effort	NN
is	VBZ
undertaken	VBN
to	TO
ensure	VB
the	DT
accuracy	NN
of	IN
all	DT
information	NN
within	IN
the	DT
Contracting	VBG
Opportunities	NNPS
On-Line	NNP
website	NN
as	IN
of	IN
the	DT
date	NN
posted	VBD
on	IN
each	DT
page	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
event	NN
of	IN
a	DT
discrepancy	NN
,	,
information	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
official	JJ
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
documents	NNS
shall	MD
take	VB
precedence	NN
.	.
All	DT
Planholders	NNP
Lists	NNP
are	VBP
provided	VBN
for	IN
informational	JJ
purposes	NNS
only	RB
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
understanding	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
endorse	VB
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
firms	NNS
listed	VBN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
the	DT
lists	NNS
reflect	VBP
only	RB
those	DT
firms	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
either	DT
registered	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
planholder	NN
on-line	JJ
or	CC
have	VB
purchased	VBN
printed	VBN
copies	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
as	IN
of	IN
the	DT
date	NN
shown	VBN
,	,
and	CC
are	VBP
only	RB
as	RB
accurate	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
information	NN
provided	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
registration	NN
.	.
The	DT
DBE	NNP
Program	NNP
covers	VBZ
contracts	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
funded	VBN
in	IN
part	NN
or	CC
in	IN
whole	JJ
with	IN
federal	JJ
dollars	NNS
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
provides	VBZ
opportunities	NNS
to	TO
firms	NNS
who	WP
meet	VBP
the	DT
federal	JJ
eligibility	NN
standards	NNS
for	IN
DBEs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
must	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
Department	NNP
of	IN
Transportation	NNP
regulations	NNS
in	IN
49	CD
CFR	NNP
Part	NNP
26	CD
,	,
when	WRB
certifying	VBG
DBEs	NNS
.	.
To	TO
qualify	VB
as	IN
a	DT
DBE	NNP
under	IN
49	CD
CFR	NNP
Part	NNP
26	CD
,	,
a	DT
business	NN
must	MD
be	VB
a	DT
small	JJ
business	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
defined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Small	NNP
Business	NNP
Administration	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
which	WDT
is	VBZ
at	IN
least	JJS
51	CD
percent	NN
owned	VBN
by	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
socially	RB
and	CC
economically	RB
disadvantaged	JJ
individuals	NNS
.	.
African	JJ
American	NNP
,	,
Hispanic	NNP
Americans	NNPS
,	,
Native	JJ
Americans	NNPS
,	,
Subcontinent	NNP
Asian	NNP
Americans	NNPS
,	,
Asian-Pacific	NNP
Americans	NNPS
and	CC
women	NNS
are	VBP
presumed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
socially	RB
and	CC
economically	RB
disadvantaged	JJ
.	.
The	DT
management	NN
and	CC
daily	JJ
business	NN
operations	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
controlled	VBN
by	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
of	IN
the	DT
socially	RB
and	CC
economically	RB
disadvantaged	JJ
individuals	NNS
who	WP
own	VBP
it	PRP
.	.
The	DT
receipts	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
affiliate	NN
companies	NNS
are	VBP
counted	VBN
in	IN
determining	VBG
size	NN
.	.
All	DT
firms	NNS
with	IN
LDBE	NNP
certifications	NNS
were	VBD
advised	VBN
of	IN
their	PRP$
classification	NN
under	IN
the	DT
NAICS	NNP
codes	NNS
and	CC
eligibility	NN
under	IN
the	DT
revised	VBN
small	JJ
business	NN
size	NN
standards	NNS
after	IN
the	DT
conversion	NN
.	.
Firms	NNS
with	IN
DBE	NNP
certification	NN
have	VBP
also	RB
been	VBN
notified	VBN
of	IN
the	DT
conversion	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
SIC	NNP
codes	NNS
to	TO
NAICS	NNP
.	.
LDBE	JJ
firms	NNS
currently	RB
working	VBG
on	IN
Authority	NNP
contracts	NNS
who	WP
become	VBP
ineligible	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
adoption	NN
of	IN
the	DT
NAICS	NNP
code	NN
and	CC
SBA	NNP
small	JJ
business	NN
size	NN
standards	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
permitted	VBN
to	TO
complete	VB
their	PRP$
current	JJ
contract	NN
requirements	NNS
.	.
Description	NN
:	:
The	DT
Contractor	NN
shall	MD
furnish	VB
all	DT
necessary	JJ
labor	NN
,	,
materials	NNS
,	,
tools	NNS
,	,
equipment	NN
and	CC
supervision	NN
for	IN
airfield	NN
pavement	NN
rehabilitation	NN
and	CC
replacement	NN
on	IN
Taxiway	NNP
Q	NNP
at	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
The	DT
work	NN
includes	VBZ
replacement	NN
of	IN
individual	JJ
Portland	NNP
Cement	NNP
Concrete	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
PCC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
panels	NNS
,	,
partial	JJ
depth	NN
spall	NN
repairs	NNS
,	,
bituminous	JJ
linear	JJ
crack	NN
repairs	NNS
,	,
replacement	NN
of	IN
joint	JJ
sealant	NN
material	NN
and	CC
sawcut	NN
and	CC
sealing	VBG
of	IN
linear	JJ
cracks	NNS
.	.
Description	NN
:	:
The	DT
Contractor	NN
shall	MD
furnish	VB
all	DT
necessary	JJ
labor	NN
,	,
tools	NNS
,	,
equipment	NN
and	CC
supervision	NN
to	TO
remove	VB
and	CC
dispose	VB
of	IN
sludge	NN
,	,
grease	NN
and	CC
grit	NN
from	IN
five	CD
sanitary	JJ
waste	NN
lift	NN
stations	NNS
at	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
on	IN
a	DT
quarterly	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
The	DT
scope	NN
involves	VBZ
removal	NN
,	,
transportation	NN
and	CC
disposal	NN
of	IN
approximately	RB
60	CD
tons\/14	CD
,000	CD
gallons	NNS
of	IN
non-hazardous	JJ
waste	NN
per	IN
quarterly	JJ
event	NN
and	CC
the	DT
work	NN
must	MD
be	VB
conducted	VBN
at	IN
night	NN
and	CC
will	MD
include	VB
confined	VBN
space	NN
operations	NNS
.	.
Description	NN
:	:
The	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
seeking	VBG
proposals	NNS
from	IN
all	DT
interested	JJ
and	CC
qualified	JJ
Offerors	NNS
desiring	VBG
to	TO
operate	VB
,	,
manage	VB
,	,
and	CC
maintain	VB
the	DT
taxicab	NN
dispatch	VB
and	CC
commercial	JJ
vehicle	NN
curb	NN
management	NN
concession	NN
at	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
Description	NN
:	:
The	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
seeking	VBG
separate	JJ
proposals	NNS
from	IN
all	DT
interested	JJ
and	CC
qualified	JJ
Offerors	NNS
desiring	VBG
to	TO
operate	VB
and	CC
manage	VB
a	DT
shared	VBN
ride	NN
van	NN
service	NN
concession	NN
at	IN
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
and	CC
\/	CD
or	CC
at	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
Description	NN
:	:
The	DT
Contractor	NN
shall	MD
provide	VB
professional	JJ
consulting	NN
services	NNS
to	TO
assist	VB
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
's	POS
Office	NNP
of	IN
Human	NNP
Resources	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
needs	VBZ
support	NN
in	IN
developing	VBG
strategic	JJ
Organization	NNP
Development	NNP
programs	NNS
that	WDT
add	VBP
value	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Authority	NNP
's	POS
performance	NN
through	IN
effective	JJ
development	NN
and	CC
management	NN
of	IN
human	JJ
capital	NN
.	.
This	DT
assistance	NN
will	MD
involve	VB
but	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
conducting	VBG
research	NN
,	,
developing	VBG
recommendations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
implementation	NN
strategies	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
:	:
organization	NN
development	NN
support	NN
,	,
compensation	NN
program	NN
support	NN
,	,
employment	NN
services	NNS
support	NN
,	,
and	CC
consulting	VBG
assistance	NN
.	.
Work	NN
may	MD
also	RB
involve	VB
developing	VBG
recommendations	NNS
for	IN
integrating	VBG
Human	JJ
Resource	NNP
systems	NNS
and	CC
activities	NNS
to	TO
support	VB
the	DT
Authority	NNP
's	POS
changing	VBG
business	NN
strategies	NNS
and	CC
organization	NN
designs	NNS
.	.
Description	NN
:	:
Expand	VB
airport	NN
parking	NN
space	NN
in	IN
the	DT
vicinity	NN
of	IN
Cargo	NNP
Building	NNP
6	CD
.	.
The	DT
Portland	NNP
cement	NN
concrete	NN
apron	NN
will	MD
serve	VB
cargo	NN
carriers	NNS
and	CC
include	VBP
area	NN
lighting	NN
and	CC
the	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
storm	NN
drainage	NN
.	.
Description	NN
:	:
Relocate	VB
airport	NN
functions	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
existing	VBG
Shop	NNP
1	CD
Annex	NNP
.	.
Provide	VB
interior	JJ
and	CC
exterior	NN
demolition	NN
,	,
installation	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
overhead	JJ
doors	NNS
,	,
construction	NN
of	IN
demising	VBG
walls	NNS
in	IN
open	JJ
bay	NN
area	NN
,	,
architectural	JJ
finishes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
mechanical	JJ
and	CC
electrical	JJ
fit-out	NN
for	IN
shops	NNS
and	CC
offices	NNS
.	.
Description	NN
:	:
Construct	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
fire	NN
fighting	VBG
facility	NN
approximately	RB
16,000	CD
sq.	FW
ft.	NN
to	TO
house	VB
personnel	NNS
and	CC
emergency	NN
vehicles	NNS
.	.
Included	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
project	NN
will	MD
be	VB
apparatus	NN
bays	NNS
,	,
living	VBG
quarters	NNS
,	,
administration	NN
space	NN
,	,
a	DT
parking	NN
lot	NN
,	,
utilities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
limited	JJ
improvements	NNS
and	CC
modifications	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
existing	VBG
roadway	NN
.	.
Demolition	NN
of	IN
abandoned	VBN
buildings	NNS
is	VBZ
also	RB
included	VBN
.	.
Description	NN
:	:
Provide	VB
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
ventilation	NN
interface	NN
,	,
control	NN
system	NN
and	CC
procedures	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
APM	NNP
tunnel	NN
ventilation	NN
fans	NNS
,	,
station	NN
smoke	NN
management	NN
systems	NNS
,	,
central	JJ
control	NN
facility	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
alternate	JJ
central	JJ
control	NN
facility	NN
.	.
Description	NN
:	:
Provide	VB
interior	JJ
fit-out	NN
for	IN
construction	NN
of	IN
queuing	VBG
lanes	NNS
required	VBN
for	IN
airport	NN
security	NN
screening	NN
.	.
This	DT
project	NN
will	MD
also	RB
include	VB
power	NN
and	CC
communication	NN
distribution	NN
,	,
lighting	NN
,	,
fire	NN
protection	NN
,	,
signage	NN
,	,
furniture	NN
and	CC
equipment	NN
.	.
Description	NN
:	:
Construct	VB
a	DT
south	JJ
electrical	JJ
distribution	NN
center	NN
with	IN
the	DT
capacity	NN
to	TO
handle	VB
the	DT
anticipated	JJ
south	NN
airport	NN
electrical	JJ
loads	NNS
.	.
This	DT
new	JJ
center	NN
will	MD
provide	VB
a	DT
34.5	CD
KV	NNP
distribution	NN
system	NN
to	TO
accommodate	VB
the	DT
additional	JJ
electrical	JJ
loads	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
expansion	NN
of	IN
facilities	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
south	NN
.	.
Description	NN
:	:
Construct	VB
a	DT
pedestrian	JJ
ramping	NN
system	NN
for	IN
direct	JJ
concourse	NN
level	NN
aircraft	NN
access	NN
at	IN
Concourse	NNP
B	NNP
to	TO
accommodate	VB
the	DT
new	JJ
A380	NNP
aircraft	NN
.	.
The	DT
project	NN
involves	VBZ
modifications	NNS
to	TO
existing	VBG
concourse	NN
facilities	NNS
including	VBG
sterile	JJ
corridors	NNS
and	CC
apron	NN
areas	NNS
at	IN
Gates	NNP
B30\/32	NNP
and	CC
B42\/44	NNP
.	.
Description	NN
:	:
Construct	VB
two	CD
facilities	NNS
in	IN
support	NN
of	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
north\/south	JJ
runway	NN
.	.
A	DT
deicing	VBG
facility	NN
will	MD
consist	VB
of	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
story	NN
metal	NN
structure	NN
with	IN
a	DT
mezzanine	JJ
personnel	NNS
support	VBP
area	NN
.	.
Also	RB
included	VBN
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
this	DT
building	NN
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
deicing	VBG
truck	NN
loading	VBG
area	NN
for	IN
glycol	NN
delivery\/recovery	NN
and	CC
a	DT
glycol	NN
storage	NN
and	CC
blending	VBG
area	NN
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
facility	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
support	NN
facility	NN
with	IN
various	JJ
storage	NN
and	CC
maintenance	NN
functions	NNS
.	.
Description	NN
:	:
Construct	VB
a	DT
building	NN
beneath	IN
the	DT
ticket	NN
level	NN
roadway	NN
of	IN
Terminal	NNP
B\/C	NNP
to	TO
accommodate	VB
the	DT
new	JJ
100	CD
%	NN
in-line	JJ
baggage	NN
system	NN
.	.
The	DT
new	JJ
building	NN
will	MD
be	VB
structurally	RB
supported	VBN
independent	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
existing	VBG
structure	NN
.	.
The	DT
project	NN
will	MD
include	VB
extensive	JJ
phasing	VBG
,	,
maintenance	NN
of	IN
traffic	NN
,	,
and	CC
staging	NN
in	IN
the	DT
existing	VBG
baggage	NN
level	NN
roadway	NN
.	.
Description	NN
:	:
Construct	VB
a	DT
westerly	JJ
86,000	CD
sq.	FW
ft.	NN
expansion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
International	NNP
Arrivals	NNPS
Building	NNP
.	.
This	DT
addition	NN
will	MD
provide	VB
additional	JJ
baggage	NN
claim	NN
capacity	NN
and	CC
passenger	NN
queuing	VBG
.	.
The	DT
baggage	NN
basement	NN
will	MD
be	VB
expanded	VBN
by	IN
approximately	RB
94,000	CD
sq.	FW
ft.	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
space	NN
for	IN
seven	CD
new	JJ
devices	NNS
for	IN
baggage	NN
stripping	VBG
.	.
Description	NN
:	:
Construct	VB
new	JJ
building	NN
to	TO
house	NN
equipment	NN
including	VBG
chillers	NNS
,	,
high	JJ
temperature	NN
hot	JJ
water	NN
generators	NNS
,	,
auxiliary	JJ
and	CC
electrical	JJ
systems	NNS
.	.
The	DT
project	NN
will	MD
also	RB
include	VB
electrical	JJ
distribution	NN
equipment	NN
to	TO
serve	VB
the	DT
heating	NN
and	CC
cooling	VBG
equipment	NN
,	,
a	DT
new	JJ
4-million	JJ
gallon	NN
domestic	JJ
water	NN
storage	NN
tank	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
distribution	NN
pumping	VBG
system	NN
.	.
Description	NN
:	:
Provide	VB
the	DT
final	JJ
layout	NN
of	IN
the	DT
passenger	NN
security	NN
queuing	VBG
lanes	NNS
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
people	NNS
mover	JJ
station	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
.	.
The	DT
project	NN
will	MD
also	RB
include	VB
power	NN
and	CC
communication	NN
distribution	NN
,	,
lighting	NN
,	,
fire	NN
protection	NN
,	,
signage	NN
,	,
furniture	NN
and	CC
equipment	NN
.	.
Description	NN
:	:
Provide	VB
cross	JJ
field	NN
taxiways	NNS
connecting	VBG
the	DT
new	JJ
north\/south	JJ
runway	NN
and	CC
the	DT
existing	VBG
runway	NN
1L-19R	NN
.	.
All	DT
work	NN
is	VBZ
within	IN
the	DT
object	NN
free	JJ
area	NN
of	IN
the	DT
existing	VBG
runway	NN
1L-19R	NN
complex	NN
.	.
This	DT
work	NN
will	MD
include	VB
new	JJ
PCC	NNP
pavement	NN
,	,
bituminous	JJ
shoulders	NNS
,	,
installation	NN
of	IN
associated	VBN
drainage	NN
,	,
lighting	NN
,	,
signage	NN
and	CC
markings	NNS
.	.
Seeding	NN
,	,
topsoil	NN
and	CC
mulching	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
included	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
project	NN
.	.
Description	NN
:	:
Relocate	VB
baggage	NN
service	NN
offices	NNS
and	CC
provide	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
connector	NN
between	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
Terminal	NNP
A	NNP
lobby	NN
and	CC
the	DT
1958	CD
terminal	NN
lobby	NN
.	.
The	DT
current	JJ
entrance\/exit	NN
to	TO
the1958	CD
terminal	NN
will	MD
be	VB
reopened	VBN
to	TO
improve	VB
circulation	NN
and	CC
traffic	NN
flow	NN
of	IN
passengers	NNS
.	.
Restrooms	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
updated	VBN
for	IN
ADA	NNP
requirements	NNS
.	.
Description	NN
:	:
Modify	VB
the	DT
existing	VBG
BHS	NNP
in	IN
existing	VBG
Bag	NNP
Basement	NNP
area	NN
.	.
Construct	VB
a	DT
3-story	JJ
underground	JJ
concrete	NN
framed	VBD
structure	NN
complete	JJ
with	IN
all	DT
HVAC	NNP
,	,
electrical	JJ
,	,
plumbing	NN
,	,
life	NN
safety	NN
and	CC
security	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
The	DT
work	NN
will	MD
also	RB
require	VB
selective	JJ
demolition	NN
and	CC
relocation	NN
of	IN
existing	VBG
building	NN
mechanical	JJ
,	,
electrical	JJ
,	,
plumbing	NN
,	,
life	NN
safety	NN
and	CC
security	NN
systems	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
existing	VBG
Bag	NNP
Basement	NNP
to	TO
allow	VB
for	IN
the	DT
modifications	NNS
required	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
BHS	NNP
.	.
Description	NN
:	:
Provide	VB
advertising	NN
agency	NN
consultant	NN
services	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
task	NN
order	NN
basis	NN
for	IN
ongoing	JJ
marketing	NN
counsel	NN
,	,
advertising	NN
and	CC
media	NNS
support	NN
for	IN
the	DT
creation	NN
,	,
production	NN
and	CC
placement	NN
of	IN
media	NNS
advertising	NN
and	CC
,	,
institutional	JJ
video	NN
production	NN
on	IN
a	DT
local	JJ
,	,
national	JJ
and	CC
international	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
Description	NN
:	:
The	DT
Contractor	NN
shall	MD
conduct	VB
a	DT
recurring	VBG
passenger	NN
survey	NN
program	NN
and	CC
perform	VB
research	NN
projects	NNS
designed	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
airport	NN
services	NNS
at	IN
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
and	CC
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airports	NNPS
.	.
Description	NN
:	:
The	DT
Contractor	NN
shall	MD
provide	VB
the	DT
services	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
airport	NN
consultant	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
in	IN
the	DT
evaluation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
financial	JJ
effects	NNS
of	IN
Authority	NNP
programs	NNS
,	,
focusing	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
financial	JJ
feasibility	NN
of	IN
constructing	VBG
facilities	NNS
in	IN
relation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
revenue	NN
streams	NNS
available	JJ
;	:
provide	VB
feasibility	NN
reports	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
facilities	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
financed	VBN
,	,
which	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
an	DT
integral	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Official	NNP
Statement	NNP
in	IN
public	JJ
debt	NN
offerings	NNS
;	:
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
resource	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Authority	NNP
for	IN
developing	VBG
policies	NNS
,	,
practices	NNS
and	CC
agreements	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
users	NNS
and	CC
tenants	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
facilities	NNS
;	:
and	CC
provide	VB
day-to-day	JJ
support	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
's	POS
rates	NNS
and	CC
charges	NNS
forecasting	NN
model	NN
.	.
Description	NN
:	:
Provide	VB
consulting	NN
services	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
air	NN
service	NN
proposal	NN
documents	NNS
,	,
strategic	JJ
input	NN
and	CC
counsel	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
ongoing	JJ
economic	JJ
research	NN
to	TO
support	VB
the	DT
Authority	NNP
's	POS
Air	NNP
Service	NNP
Development	NNP
Program	NNP
.	.
Economic	NNP
and	CC
strategic	JJ
analyses	NNS
of	IN
potential	JJ
air	NN
service	NN
routes	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
primary	JJ
focus	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
's	POS
air	NN
service	NN
proposals	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
discussions	NNS
with	IN
domestic	JJ
and	CC
foreign	JJ
airlines	NNS
,	,
integrated	VBN
carriers	NNS
,	,
freight	NN
forwarders	NNS
and	CC
government	NN
officials	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
currently	RB
accept	VB
Visa	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
's	POS
-LRB-	-LRB-
Authority	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
payment	NN
term	NN
is	VBZ
Net	JJ
30	CD
.	.
Three	CD
copies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
invoice	NN
are	VBP
required	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
Purchase	NNP
Order	NNP
number	NN
clearly	RB
stated	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
invoice	NN
.	.
If	IN
three	CD
copies	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
provided	VBN
or	CC
the	DT
Purchase	NNP
Order	NNP
number	NN
is	VBZ
missing	VBG
,	,
the	DT
invoice	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
returned	VBN
unpaid	JJ
until	IN
the	DT
required	VBN
information	NN
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
shall	MD
only	RB
pay	VB
from	IN
an	DT
original	JJ
invoice	NN
.	.
Copies	NNS
and	CC
faxes	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
accepted	VBN
.	.
Day-to-day	JJ
operation	NN
and	CC
management	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
responsibility	NN
of	IN
the	DT
President\/Chief	NNP
Executive	NNP
Officer	NNP
.	.
Dulles	NNP
and	CC
National	NNP
Airports	NNPS
are	VBP
self-supporting	JJ
with	IN
operations	NNS
funded	VBN
through	IN
revenues	NNS
derived	VBN
from	IN
concessions	NNS
,	,
aircraft	NN
landing	NN
fees	NNS
,	,
space	NN
rental	NN
,	,
and	CC
utilities	NNS
sales	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Capital	NNP
Construction	NNP
Program	NNP
aimed	VBD
at	IN
improving	VBG
both	DT
airports	NNS
is	VBZ
financed	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
revenue	NN
bonds	NNS
and	CC
,	,
in	IN
some	DT
part	NN
,	,
through	IN
federal	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
this	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
Media	NNP
Guide	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
local	JJ
and	CC
national	JJ
news	NN
media	NNS
organizations	NNS
with	IN
information	NN
to	TO
work	VB
most	JJS
effectively	RB
with	IN
the	DT
staff	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
.	.
Media	NNP
inquires	VBZ
regarding	VBG
any	DT
aspect	NN
of	IN
airport	NN
operations	NNS
,	,
concessions	NNS
,	,
parking	NN
,	,
or	CC
public	JJ
safety	NN
should	MD
be	VB
directed	VBN
initially	RB
to	TO
the	DT
Public	NNP
Affairs	NNPS
Office	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
requests	NNS
to	TO
cover	VB
any	DT
news	NN
stories	NNS
which	WDT
may	MD
take	VB
place	NN
at	IN
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
or	CC
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
A	DT
Public	NNP
Affairs	NNPS
representative	NN
will	MD
assist	VB
the	DT
media	NNS
by	IN
providing	VBG
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
operations	NNS
of	IN
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
and	CC
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airports	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
website	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
www.mwaa.com	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
provides	VBZ
an	DT
extensive	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
information	NN
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
make	VB
every	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
work	VB
within	IN
the	DT
media	NNS
deadlines	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
we	PRP
ask	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
give	VBP
us	PRP
ample	JJ
time	NN
,	,
particularly	RB
when	WRB
requesting	VBG
an	DT
interview	NN
or	CC
detailed	VBN
information	NN
that	WDT
might	MD
require	VB
some	DT
research	NN
.	.
News	NNP
releases	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
issued	VBN
to	TO
describe	VB
changes	NNS
in	IN
services	NNS
,	,
airport	NN
construction	NN
,	,
notices	NNS
to	TO
travelers	NNS
during	IN
severe	JJ
weather	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
A	DT
list	NN
of	IN
the	DT
wire	NN
services	NNS
,	,
local	JJ
newspapers	NNS
,	,
television	NN
and	CC
radio	NN
outlets	NNS
is	VBZ
used	VBN
to	TO
send	VB
releases	NNS
by	IN
email	NN
.	.
Please	VB
advise	VB
a	DT
public	JJ
affairs	NNS
staff	NN
member	NN
if	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
our	PRP$
email	NN
list	NN
or	CC
if	IN
your	PRP$
contact	NN
information	NN
changes	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
major	JJ
announcement	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
affect	VB
travelers	NNS
,	,
or	CC
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
draw	VB
the	DT
public	NN
's	POS
attention	NN
to	TO
an	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
importance	NN
at	IN
the	DT
airports	NNS
,	,
a	DT
news	NN
conference	NN
may	MD
be	VB
called	VBN
.	.
Advance	NNP
media	NNS
advisories	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
issued	VBN
to	TO
alert	VB
you	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
upcoming	JJ
event	NN
and	CC
press	NN
releases	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
material	NN
will	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
event	NN
.	.
All	DT
requests	NNS
for	IN
interviews	NNS
with	IN
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
representatives	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
in	IN
advance	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Public	NNP
Affairs	NNPS
Office	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
try	VB
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
spokesperson	NN
who	WP
can	MD
best	JJS
address	NN
the	DT
topic	NN
of	IN
the	DT
interview	NN
.	.
Requests	NNS
to	TO
film	NN
at	IN
the	DT
airports	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Public	NNP
Affairs	NNPS
Office	NNP
.	.
If	IN
no	DT
one	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
Public	NNP
Affairs	NNPS
office	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
after	IN
hours	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
please	VB
contact	NN
Airport	NNP
Operations	NNP
.	.
Remember	VB
,	,
security	NN
restrictions	NNS
are	VBP
critical	JJ
to	TO
airport	NN
safety	NN
and	CC
will	MD
take	VB
top	JJ
priority	NN
in	IN
every	DT
instance	NN
.	.
Certain	JJ
airport	NN
operations	NNS
fall	VBP
under	IN
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
of	IN
different	JJ
agencies	NNS
working	VBG
within	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
The	DT
media	NNS
is	VBZ
requested	VBN
to	TO
go	VB
through	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
agency	NN
public	JJ
affairs	NNS
department	NN
for	IN
interviews	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
.	.
Individual	JJ
airlines	NNS
are	VBP
responsible	JJ
for	IN
issues	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
that	DT
particular	JJ
airline	NN
:	:
labor	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
on-time	JJ
performance	NN
,	,
flight	NN
schedules	NNS
,	,
baggage	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
weather	NN
delays	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
Members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
media	NNS
who	WP
join	VBP
our	PRP$
email	NN
list	NN
will	MD
periodically	RB
receive	VB
updated	VBN
airline	NN
public	JJ
affairs	NNS
contact	NN
lists	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Air	NNP
Transport	NNP
Association	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
202-626-4172	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
also	RB
maintains	VBZ
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
airline	NN
media	NNS
contacts	NNS
.	.
Airport	NNP
security	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
highly	RB
confidential	JJ
subject	NN
.	.
Authority	NNP
policy	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
limit	VB
the	DT
information	NN
made	VBD
public	JJ
regarding	VBG
security	NN
procedures	NNS
used	VBN
by	IN
airport	NN
and	CC
federal	JJ
personnel	NNS
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
information	NN
we	PRP
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
release	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
readily	RB
visible	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
The	DT
level	NN
of	IN
airport	NN
security	NN
is	VBZ
established	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Transportation	NNP
Security	NNP
Administration	NNP
and	CC
implemented	VBN
by	IN
airport	NN
and	CC
federal	JJ
personnel	NNS
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
regarding	VBG
airport	NN
security	NN
,	,
contact	NN
TSA	NNP
Public	NNP
Affairs	NNPS
at	IN
571-227-2829	CD
.	.
Live	JJ
Trucks	NNPS
may	MD
park	VB
on	IN
the	DT
upper	JJ
roadway	NN
level	NN
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
Terminal	NNP
B\/C	NNP
adjacent	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
north	NN
or	CC
south	RB
terraces	NNS
.	.
Parking	NN
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
for	IN
live	JJ
trucks	NNS
only	RB
--	:
no	DT
other	JJ
crew	NN
vehicles	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
event	NN
of	IN
large	JJ
numbers	NNS
of	IN
live	JJ
trucks	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Airport	NNP
Operations	NNP
Office	NNP
and	CC
Airport	NNP
Police	NNP
will	MD
direct	VB
trucks	NNS
to	TO
alternate	JJ
areas	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
designated	VBN
live	JJ
truck	NN
parking	NN
locations	NNS
at	IN
Terminal	NNP
A	NNP
,	,
but	CC
space	NN
may	MD
be	VB
temporarily	RB
allocated	VBN
there	EX
if	IN
specific	JJ
needs	NNS
arise	VBP
.	.
The	DT
areas	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
leased	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
airlines	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
tenants	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
ticket	NN
counters	NNS
,	,
boarding	VBG
locations	NNS
and	CC
waiting	VBG
areas	NNS
,	,
private	JJ
offices	NNS
,	,
stores	NNS
,	,
and	CC
restaurants	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
under	IN
the	DT
control	NN
of	IN
those	DT
parties	NNS
,	,
and	CC
media	NNS
access	NN
to	TO
those	DT
areas	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
airline	NN
or	CC
business	NN
.	.
The	DT
security	NN
screening	NN
areas	NNS
are	VBP
operated	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
Transportation	NNP
Security	NNP
Administration	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
TSA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Filming	VBG
and	CC
photography	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
permitted	VBN
within	IN
20	CD
feet	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
screening	NN
device	NN
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
For	IN
media	NNS
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
screening	NN
area	NN
equipment	NN
or	CC
TSA	NNP
employees	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
must	MD
obtain	VB
approval	NN
from	IN
TSA	NNP
Public	NNP
Affairs	NNPS
.	.
Airfield	NNP
access	NN
is	VBZ
rarely	RB
granted	VBN
and	CC
strictly	RB
controlled	VBN
.	.
Requests	NNS
for	IN
filming	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
aircraft	NN
movement	NN
areas	NNS
and	CC
near	IN
the	DT
aprons	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
handled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Public	NNP
Affairs	NNPS
Office	NNP
on	IN
a	DT
case-by-case	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
Prior	RB
notification	NN
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
to	TO
ensure	VB
adequate	JJ
staffing	NN
exists	VBZ
to	TO
perform	VB
escort	NN
duties	NNS
.	.
Requests	NNS
for	IN
access	NN
will	MD
be	VB
accommodated	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
manpower	NN
and	CC
operational	JJ
considerations	NNS
permit	VBP
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
event	NN
of	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
situation	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
event	NN
that	WDT
requires	VBZ
the	DT
full	JJ
attention	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
Operations	NNP
staff	NN
,	,
a	DT
prearranged	JJ
escort	NN
may	MD
be	VB
canceled	VBN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
criminal	JJ
investigation	NN
is	VBZ
underway	JJ
,	,
coordination	NN
of	IN
press	NN
activity	NN
will	MD
be	VB
the	DT
responsibility	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
Police	NNP
Department	NNP
Officer	NNP
in	IN
Charge	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Public	NNP
Affairs	NNPS
Office	NNP
representative	NN
.	.
Filming	VBG
of	IN
crime	NN
scenes	NNS
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
investigative	JJ
events	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
controlled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
Police	NNP
Department	NNP
.	.
Only	RB
during	IN
severe	JJ
weather	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
heavy	JJ
snow	NN
,	,
hurricane	NN
,	,
tornado	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
would	MD
the	DT
airport	NN
close	NN
for	IN
any	DT
extended	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
flights	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
delayed	VBN
or	CC
canceled	VBN
due	JJ
to	TO
weather	VB
in	IN
the	DT
surrounding	VBG
area	NN
or	CC
at	IN
the	DT
flight	NN
's	POS
destination	NN
.	.
Briefings	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
conducted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
Manager	NNP
or	CC
Public	NNP
Safety	NNP
Manager	NNP
as	IN
the	DT
situation	NN
warrants	NNS
.	.
If	IN
an	DT
aircraft	NN
accident	NN
is	VBZ
involved	VBN
,	,
the	DT
National	NNP
Transportation	NNP
Safety	NNP
Board	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NTSB	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
investigating	VBG
team	NN
will	MD
take	VB
charge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
investigation	NN
and	CC
the	DT
release	NN
of	IN
any	DT
information	NN
relative	JJ
to	TO
that	DT
investigation	NN
.	.
In	IN
circumstances	NNS
where	WRB
only	RB
property	NN
damage	NN
occurs	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Aviation	NNP
Administration	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FAA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
may	MD
conduct	VB
the	DT
investigation	NN
.	.
Other	JJ
federal	JJ
agencies	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
Federal	NNP
Bureau	NNP
of	IN
Investigations	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
FBI	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
others	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
involved	VBN
.	.
Only	RB
members	NNS
of	IN
recognized	VBN
media	NNS
organizations	NNS
with	IN
appropriate	JJ
visible	JJ
identification	NN
will	MD
be	VB
permitted	VBN
at	IN
media	NNS
briefings	NNS
and	CC
on	IN
the	DT
Air	NNP
Operations	NNP
Area	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
AOA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
transported	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
scene	NN
of	IN
the	DT
emergency	NN
.	.
At	IN
times	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
necessary	JJ
to	TO
pool	VB
media	NNS
resources	NNS
.	.
Until	IN
the	DT
arrival	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Public	NNP
Affairs	NNPS
Manager	NNP
,	,
Media	NNP
Relations	NNP
Assistant	NNP
Manager	NNP
or	CC
Communications	NNP
Office	NNP
representative	NN
,	,
questions	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
emergency	NN
or	CC
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
site	NN
will	MD
be	VB
decided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
Operations	NNP
Duty	NNP
Officer	NNP
or	CC
the	DT
Public	NNP
Safety	NNP
Fire	NNP
or	CC
Police	NNP
official	NN
in	IN
charge	NN
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
situation	NN
at	IN
hand	NN
,	,
the	DT
official	NN
in	IN
charge	NN
will	MD
determine	VB
any	DT
restrictions	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
movement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
media	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
necessary	JJ
to	TO
allow	VB
a	DT
safe	JJ
and	CC
orderly	JJ
response	NN
to	TO
an	DT
incident	NN
.	.
Photographs	NNS
and	CC
videotapes	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
from	IN
any	DT
area	NN
where	WRB
access	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
permitted	VBN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
Public	NNP
Safety	NNP
and	CC
Airport	NNP
Operations	NNP
personnel	NNS
may	MD
restrict	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
flash	NN
,	,
strobes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
high	JJ
intensity	NN
lighting	NN
that	WDT
might	MD
affect	VB
the	DT
response	NN
to	TO
the	DT
situation	NN
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
recognizes	VBZ
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
interviewing	VBG
victims	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
aircraft	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
emergency	NN
situation	NN
,	,
we	PRP
believe	VBP
our	PRP$
first	JJ
responsibility	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
victims	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
right	NN
to	TO
privacy	NN
.	.
If	IN
any	DT
individuals	NNS
are	VBP
reluctant	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
interviewed	VBN
or	CC
photographed	VBN
,	,
the	DT
Authority	NNP
will	MD
support	VB
their	PRP$
decision	NN
.	.
Media	NNP
representatives	NNS
are	VBP
asked	VBN
not	RB
to	TO
resist	VB
,	,
obstruct	VB
,	,
oppose	VBP
or	CC
interfere	VBP
with	IN
any	DT
law	NN
enforcement	NN
officer	NN
in	IN
the	DT
lawful	JJ
execution	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
duties	NNS
,	,
and	CC
are	VBP
not	RB
exempt	JJ
from	IN
any	DT
federal	JJ
,	,
state	NN
or	CC
local	JJ
laws	NNS
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
treated	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
manner	NN
as	IN
any	DT
violator	NN
if	IN
arrested	VBN
.	.
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
-	:
North	NNP
terrace	NN
of	IN
Terminal	NNP
C	NNP
,	,
located	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
upper	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
ticketing	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
level	NN
,	,
outside	IN
Door	NNP
#	#
6	CD
.	.
Only	RB
TV	NN
live	JJ
trucks	NNS
may	MD
park	VB
at	IN
these	DT
locations	NNS
.	.
Other	JJ
parking	NN
for	IN
the	DT
media	NNS
is	VBZ
available	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
parking	NN
lots	NNS
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
non-aircraft	JJ
emergency	NN
situation	NN
,	,
the	DT
Public	NNP
Affairs	NNPS
Manager	NNP
,	,
Assistant	NNP
Media	NNP
Relations	NNPS
Manager	NNP
or	CC
other	JJ
representative	NN
will	MD
coordinate	VB
the	DT
release	NN
of	IN
information	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Public	NNP
Safety	NNP
officials	NNS
or	CC
Operations	NNP
Officer	NNP
in	IN
charge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
emergency	NN
response	NN
.	.
Airports	NNS
Authority	NNP
Police	NNP
are	VBP
in	IN
charge	NN
of	IN
investigating	VBG
traffic	NN
accidents	NNS
and	CC
criminal	JJ
activities	NNS
on	IN
airport	NN
property	NN
.	.
Fire	NN
officials	NNS
handle	VBP
fire	NN
and	CC
rescue	NN
and	CC
ambulance	NN
operations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
cause	NN
of	IN
an	DT
aircraft	NN
crash	NN
or	CC
incident	NN
is	VBZ
released	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Transportation	NNP
Safety	NNP
Board	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NTSB	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
after	IN
an	DT
investigation	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
conducted	VBN
.	.
Until	IN
then	RB
,	,
no	DT
agency	NN
will	MD
speculate	VB
about	IN
the	DT
cause	NN
of	IN
the	DT
incident	NN
.	.
Initial	JJ
confirmation	NN
of	IN
any	DT
deaths	NNS
resulting	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
crash	NN
of	IN
a	DT
plane	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
coroner	NN
,	,
medical	JJ
examiner	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
designated	VBN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
officer	NN
,	,
and	CC
information	NN
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
released	VBN
until	IN
family	NN
members	NNS
are	VBP
notified	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Police	NNP
Department	NNP
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
establishing	VBG
and	CC
maintaining	VBG
a	DT
security	NN
line	NN
at	IN
the	DT
incident	NN
site	NN
and	CC
ingress\/egress	NN
points	NNS
and	CC
patrol	NN
the	DT
airfield	NN
.	.
The	DT
law	NN
enforcement	NN
officers	NNS
will	MD
also	RB
maintain	VB
constant	JJ
patrol	NN
of	IN
the	DT
airfield	NN
area	NN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
fire\/rescue	JJ
effort	NN
is	VBZ
complete	JJ
,	,
Incident	NNP
command	NN
is	VBZ
transferred	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Police	NNP
chief	NN
for	IN
crash	NN
site	NN
security	NN
.	.
The	DT
police	NN
department	NN
also	RB
provides	VBZ
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
professional	JJ
services	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
crime	NN
investigation	NN
;	:
canine	JJ
explosive	JJ
teams	NNS
;	:
and	CC
special	JJ
operations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
Fire	NNP
Department	NNP
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
firefighting	NN
and	CC
emergency	NN
medical	JJ
rescue	NN
operations	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
and	CC
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
Airports	NNP
,	,
and	CC
river	NN
rescue	NN
at	IN
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
When	WRB
fire	NN
or	CC
rescue	NN
effort	NN
is	VBZ
imminent	JJ
,	,
incident	NN
command	NN
is	VBZ
transferred	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Fire	NN
Chief	NNP
in	IN
command	NN
.	.
The	DT
NTSB	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Transportation	NNP
Security	NNP
Administration	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
TSA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
the	DT
federal	JJ
agencies	NNS
that	WDT
investigate	VBP
aircraft	NN
accidents	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
take	VBP
custody	NN
of	IN
the	DT
aircraft	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
contents	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
time	NN
fire\/rescue	JJ
activities	NNS
are	VBP
concluded	VBN
until	IN
a	DT
full	JJ
investigation	NN
is	VBZ
completed	VBN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
release	NN
is	VBZ
given	VBN
.	.
Upon	IN
the	DT
arrival	NN
of	IN
the	DT
NTSB	NNP
investigating	VBG
team	NN
,	,
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
Public	NNP
Affairs	NNPS
Staff	NNP
may	MD
assume	VB
a	DT
support	NN
role	NN
to	TO
the	DT
NTSB	NNP
or	CC
the	DT
FAA	NNP
at	IN
their	PRP$
request	NN
.	.
The	DT
NTSB	NNP
also	RB
operates	VBZ
a	DT
Family	NNP
Assistance	NNP
program	NN
intended	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
for	IN
the	DT
family	NN
members	NNS
of	IN
those	DT
involved	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
aircraft	NN
incident	NN
,	,
and	CC
work	NN
with	IN
the	DT
affected	JJ
airline	NN
's	POS
family	NN
assistance	NN
officials	NNS
.	.
Various	JJ
branches	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
FAA	NNP
have	VBP
responsibilities	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
aircraft	NN
emergency	NN
.	.
The	DT
FAA	NNP
operates	VBZ
the	DT
control	NN
towers	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
and	CC
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
Airports	NNPS
and	CC
would	MD
control	VB
the	DT
air	NN
traffic	NN
during	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
to	TO
permit	VB
rescue	NN
equipment	NN
to	TO
proceed	VB
to	TO
the	DT
accident	NN
site	NN
.	.
Once	RB
an	DT
alert	NN
is	VBZ
initiated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
FAA	NNP
Air	NNP
Traffic	NNP
Control	NNP
Tower	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Airport	NNP
Operations	NNP
Office	NNP
assumes	VBZ
control	NN
of	IN
the	DT
airfield	NN
until	IN
the	DT
emergency	NN
is	VBZ
ended	VBN
.	.
This	DT
agency	NN
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
airport	NN
security	NN
screening	NN
of	IN
passengers	NNS
and	CC
baggage	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
security	NN
functions	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
's	POS
airports	NNS
.	.
In	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
,	,
TSA	NNP
representatives	NNS
will	MD
work	VB
with	IN
Authority	NNP
personnel	NNS
and	CC
public	JJ
safety	NN
to	TO
work	VB
the	DT
incident	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
maintain	VB
the	DT
security	NN
of	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
and	CC
processing	NN
of	IN
passengers	NNS
through	IN
security	NN
screening	NN
.	.
The	DT
Department	NNP
is	VBZ
also	RB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
Air	NNP
Marshal	NNP
Program	NNP
and	CC
Customs	NNP
and	CC
Border	NNP
Protection	NNP
.	.
The	DT
FBI	NNP
has	VBZ
jurisdiction	NN
if	IN
a	DT
hijacking	NN
or	CC
hostage	NN
taking	VBG
incident	NN
occurs	VBZ
aboard	IN
an	DT
aircraft	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
still	RB
on	IN
the	DT
ground	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
aircraft	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
flight	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
hijacking	NN
or	CC
hostage-taking	NN
incident	NN
occurs	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
FAA	NNP
has	VBZ
jurisdiction	NN
with	IN
assistance	NN
from	IN
the	DT
TSA	NNP
and	CC
FBI	NNP
.	.
Other	JJ
potential	JJ
emergencies	NNS
will	MD
involve	VB
the	DT
FBI	NNP
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
The	DT
Authoriy	NNP
's	POS
mission	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
develop	VB
,	,
promote	VB
,	,
and	CC
operate	VBP
safely	RB
National	NNP
and	CC
Dulles	NNP
Airports	NNPS
,	,
continually	RB
striving	VBG
to	TO
improve	VB
our	PRP$
efficiency	NN
,	,
customer	NN
orientation	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
level	NN
of	IN
air	NN
service	NN
offered	VBN
at	IN
National	NNP
and	CC
Dulles	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
the	DT
best	JJS
managed	VBN
airports	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
An	DT
Environmental	NNP
Assessment	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
EA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
a	DT
study	NN
under	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Environmental	NNP
Policy	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NEPA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
1969	CD
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
a	DT
proposed	VBN
federal	JJ
action	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
potential	JJ
to	TO
cause	VB
significant	JJ
environmental	JJ
impacts	NNS
.	.
An	DT
EA	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
decision-making	JJ
tool	NN
that	WDT
analyzes	VBZ
the	DT
potential	JJ
environmental	JJ
effects	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
proposed	VBN
action	NN
-	:
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
a	DT
new	JJ
midfield	NN
concourse	NN
,	,
automated	VBN
train	NN
system	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
related	JJ
projects	NNS
-	:
and	CC
its	PRP$
alternatives	NNS
.	.
The	DT
process	NN
provides	VBZ
a	DT
forum	NN
to	TO
address	VB
both	DT
regulatory	JJ
and	CC
public	JJ
concerns	NNS
,	,
and	CC
identifies	VBZ
potential	JJ
impacts	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
:	:
air	NN
quality	NN
;	:
water	NN
quality	NN
;	:
noise	NN
;	:
compatible	JJ
land	NN
use	NN
;	:
social	JJ
and	CC
socioeconomic	JJ
characteristics	NNS
;	:
geology	NN
and	CC
soils	NNS
;	:
historic	JJ
,	,
architectural	JJ
,	,
archaeological	JJ
,	,
and	CC
cultural	JJ
resources	NNS
;	:
biotic	JJ
communities	NNS
;	:
endangered	VBN
and	CC
threatened	VBN
species	NNS
;	:
wetlands	NNS
;	:
floodplains	NNS
;	:
coastal	JJ
zone	NN
management	NN
;	:
coastal	JJ
barriers	NNS
;	:
wild	JJ
and	CC
scenic	JJ
rivers	NNS
;	:
prime	JJ
and	CC
unique	JJ
farmland	NN
;	:
energy	NN
;	:
light	NN
emissions	NNS
;	:
visual	JJ
aesthetics	NNS
;	:
solid	JJ
waste	NN
,	,
hazardous	JJ
waste	NN
,	,
and	CC
pollution	NN
prevention	NN
;	:
and	CC
design	NN
,	,
art	NN
,	,
and	CC
architecture	NN
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
this	DT
Environmental	JJ
Assessment	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
EA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
to	TO
evaluate	VB
existing	JJ
conditions	NNS
and	CC
environmental	JJ
effects	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
Tier	NN
2	CD
midfield	NN
concourse	NN
and	CC
related	JJ
projects	NNS
.	.
These	DT
include	VBP
the	DT
new	JJ
Tier	NN
2	CD
Concourse	NNP
,	,
a	DT
passenger	NN
walkway	NN
between	IN
concourses	NNS
,	,
baggage	NN
tunnels	NNS
,	,
two	CD
underground	JJ
airport	NN
train	NN
systems	NNS
and	CC
associated	VBN
tunnels	NNS
,	,
a	DT
new	JJ
utilities	NNS
building	NN
,	,
and	CC
adaptations	NNS
to	TO
existing	VBG
facilities	NNS
and	CC
utilities	NNS
facilities	NNS
.	.
This	DT
process	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
conducted	VBN
in	IN
several	JJ
phases	NNS
.	.
The	DT
process	NN
started	VBD
in	IN
2001	CD
with	IN
significant	JJ
data	NNS
collection	NN
.	.
A	DT
draft	NN
EA	NNP
was	VBD
completed	VBN
and	CC
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
this	DT
process	NN
,	,
the	DT
draft	NN
EA	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
presented	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
comments	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
accepted	VBN
until	IN
July	NNP
8th	JJ
.	.
Agency	NNP
and	CC
public	JJ
comments	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
addressed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
final	JJ
EA	NNP
that	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
issued	VBN
by	IN
FAA	NNP
later	RB
this	DT
summer	NN
.	.
The	DT
economic	JJ
uncertainties	NNS
facing	VBG
commercial	JJ
aviation	NN
following	VBG
the	DT
events	NNS
of	IN
September	NNP
11th	JJ
2001	CD
,	,
have	VBP
affected	VBN
the	DT
schedule	NN
for	IN
implementation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
proposed	JJ
projects	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
projects	NNS
under	IN
consideration	NN
in	IN
this	DT
Environmental	JJ
Assessment	NNP
will	MD
begin	VB
shortly	RB
after	IN
completion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
NEPA	NNP
approval	NN
process	NN
.	.
These	DT
projects	NNS
include	VBP
Apron	NNP
VII	NNP
,	,
a	DT
portion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
domestic	JJ
people	NNS
mover	JJ
system	NN
with	IN
an	DT
interim	JJ
connection	NN
to	TO
Concourse	NNP
C	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
utility	NN
improvements	NNS
needed	VBN
to	TO
support	VB
these	DT
projects	NNS
.	.
Other	JJ
projects	NNS
primarily	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Tier	NNP
2	CD
Concourse	NNP
,	,
consisting	VBG
of	IN
Tier	NN
2	CD
itself	PRP
,	,
the	DT
International	NNP
Arrivals	NNPS
APM	NNP
,	,
portions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
domestic	JJ
APM	NNP
to	TO
Tier	VB
2	CD
,	,
baggage	NN
tunnels	NNS
,	,
the	DT
South	NNP
Utility	NNP
Building	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
demolition	NN
of	IN
Concourse	NNP
C\/D	NNP
are	VBP
being	VBG
deferred	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
expects	VBZ
to	TO
proceed	VB
with	IN
these	DT
projects	NNS
when	WRB
circumstances	NNS
are	VBP
appropriate	JJ
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
projects	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Proposed	NNP
Action	NNP
are	VBP
being	VBG
retained	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
environmental	JJ
assessment	NN
because	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
expects	VBZ
to	TO
proceed	VB
with	IN
them	PRP
.	.
For	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
impact	NN
analysis	NN
,	,
an	DT
aggressive	JJ
schedule	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
assumed	VBN
,	,
under	IN
which	WDT
all	DT
projects	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
completed	VBN
by	IN
2008	CD
.	.
NEPA	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
National	NNP
Environmental	NNP
Policy	NNP
Act	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
1969	CD
,	,
as	IN
amended	VBN
,	,
establishes	VBZ
a	DT
broad	JJ
national	JJ
policy	NN
to	TO
improve	VB
the	DT
relationship	NN
between	IN
humans	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
environment	NN
,	,
and	CC
sets	VBZ
out	RP
policies	NNS
and	CC
goals	NNS
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
environmental	JJ
considerations	NNS
are	VBP
given	VBN
careful	JJ
attention	NN
and	CC
appropriate	JJ
weight	NN
in	IN
decisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
.	.
An	DT
EA	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
public	JJ
disclosure	NN
document	NN
,	,
which	WDT
analyzes	VBZ
various	JJ
environmental	JJ
impacts	NNS
and	CC
alternatives	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
proposed	VBN
action	NN
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
EA	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
officials	NNS
,	,
decision-makers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
public	NN
with	IN
an	DT
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
potential	JJ
environmental	JJ
consequences	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
proposed	VBN
project	NN
.	.
The	DT
Draft	NNP
EA	NNP
addresses	VBZ
the	DT
environmental	JJ
consequences	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Proposed	NNP
Action	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Build	NNP
Alternative	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
No	DT
Build	JJ
Alternative	NNP
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
other	JJ
issues	NNS
including	VBG
noise	NN
,	,
air	NN
quality	NN
,	,
water	NN
quality	NN
,	,
endangered	VBN
and	CC
threatened	VBN
species	NNS
and	CC
wetlands	NNS
.	.
The	DT
events	NNS
of	IN
September	NNP
11	CD
,	,
2001	CD
and	CC
the	DT
economic	JJ
uncertainties	NNS
facing	VBG
commercial	JJ
aviation	NN
have	VBP
affected	VBN
the	DT
timing	NN
of	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
Tier	NN
2	CD
Concourse	NNP
and	CC
Related	NNP
Projects	NNPS
.	.
MWAA	NNP
has	VBZ
determined	VBN
that	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
projects	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
action	NN
will	MD
commence	VB
shortly	RB
after	IN
the	DT
completion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
NEPA	NNP
approval	NN
processes	NNS
.	.
Other	JJ
projects	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
deferred	VBN
,	,
principally	RB
for	IN
economic	JJ
circumstances	NNS
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
purposes	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
EA	NNP
,	,
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
projects	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Proposed	NNP
Action	NNP
should	MD
be	VB
viewed	VBN
as	IN
proposed	VBN
for	IN
construction	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
even	RB
the	DT
deferred	JJ
projects	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
evaluated	VBN
on	IN
environmental	JJ
grounds	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
assessment	NN
.	.
Approximately	RB
26	CD
acres	NNS
of	IN
wetlands	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
altered	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
implementation	NN
of	IN
Tier	NNP
2	CD
.	.
MWAA	NNP
has	VBZ
submitted	VBN
a	DT
Joint	NNP
permit	NN
Application	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Environment	NNP
Quality	NNP
for	IN
Tier	NNP
2	CD
.	.
These	DT
wetlands	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
replaced	VBN
by	IN
new	JJ
wetlands	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
being	VBG
created	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
's	POS
Wetland	NNP
Banking	NNP
Program	NNP
.	.
Air	NNP
emission	NN
sources	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
include	VBP
stationary	JJ
sources	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
heating	NN
equipment	NN
,	,
emergency	NN
generators	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
mobile	JJ
sources	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
mobile	JJ
lounges	NNS
,	,
traffic	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Air	NNP
emissions	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
within	IN
the	DT
air	NN
quality	NN
permit	VBP
limitations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
proposed	JJ
projects	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
expected	VBN
to	TO
result	VB
in	IN
an	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
airport	NN
operations	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
types	NNS
and	CC
number	NN
of	IN
aircraft	NN
used	VBN
,	,
runway	NN
layout	NN
,	,
and	CC
runway	NN
utilization	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
number	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
surrounding	VBG
communities	NNS
that	WDT
live	VBP
and	CC
work	VBP
within	IN
the	DT
area	NN
influenced	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
noise	NN
contors	NNS
is	VBZ
not	RB
anticipated	VBN
to	TO
increase	VB
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
these	DT
projects	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
no	DT
noise	NN
impacts	NNS
are	VBP
expected	VBN
to	TO
occur	VB
as	IN
a	DT
direct	JJ
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
implementation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
proposed	JJ
projects	NNS
.	.
Overall	RB
,	,
the	DT
proposed	JJ
projects	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
expected	VBN
to	TO
cause	VB
adverse	JJ
social	JJ
or	CC
socioeconomic	JJ
impact	NN
on	IN
the	DT
communities	NNS
surrounding	VBG
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
Since	IN
the	DT
proposed	JJ
projects	NNS
involve	VBP
construction	NN
located	VBN
entirely	RB
within	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
proper	JJ
,	,
the	DT
projects	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
result	VB
in	IN
the	DT
relocation	NN
of	IN
residences	NNS
and	CC
businesses	NNS
or	CC
disrupt	VB
established	VBN
communities	NNS
or	CC
planned	VBN
development	NN
.	.
The	DT
Tier	NNP
2	CD
improvement	NN
projects	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
affect	VB
noise	NN
levels	NNS
,	,
and	CC
therefore	RB
would	MD
have	VB
no	DT
impact	NN
on	IN
nearby	JJ
schools	NNS
,	,
hospitals	NNS
,	,
and	CC
places	NNS
of	IN
public	JJ
assembly	NN
.	.
Traffic	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
expected	VBN
to	TO
increase	VB
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Tier	NNP
2	CD
Concourse	NNP
and	CC
Related	NNP
Projects	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
proposed	JJ
projects	NNS
are	VBP
intended	VBN
to	TO
replace	VB
existing	VBG
facilities	NNS
and	CC
enhance	VB
services	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
currently	RB
provided	VBN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
The	DT
ROD	NNP
completes	VBZ
a	DT
thorough	JJ
and	CC
careful	JJ
environmental	JJ
and	CC
decision	NN
making	VBG
process	NN
,	,
including	VBG
FAA	NNP
's	POS
public	JJ
disclosure	NN
and	CC
review	NN
by	IN
the	DT
FAA	NNP
decision	NN
maker	NN
of	IN
the	DT
analyses	NNS
and	CC
impacts	NNS
described	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
August	NNP
11	CD
,	,
2005	CD
FEIS	NNP
.	.
The	DT
ROD	NNP
documents	NNS
FAA	NNP
compliance	NN
with	IN
several	JJ
procedural	JJ
and	CC
substantive	JJ
requirements	NNS
of	IN
aeronautical	JJ
,	,
environmental	JJ
,	,
programmatic	JJ
,	,
and	CC
related	JJ
statutes	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
that	WDT
apply	VBP
to	TO
FAA	NNP
's	POS
decision	NN
and	CC
actions	NNS
on	IN
proposed	VBN
runway	NN
development	NN
and	CC
airport	NN
expansion	NN
projects	NNS
.	.
FAA	NNP
arrived	VBD
at	IN
these	DT
determinations	NNS
and	CC
approvals	NNS
by	IN
reviewing	VBG
the	DT
environmental	JJ
analysis	NN
in	IN
the	DT
FEIS	NNP
and	CC
all	DT
other	JJ
relevant	JJ
documents	NNS
that	WDT
comprise	VBP
the	DT
Administrative	NNP
Record	NNP
.	.
Read	VB
the	DT
FAA	NNP
ROD	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
FEIS	NNP
for	IN
more	JJR
details	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
prefer	VB
to	TO
read	VB
a	DT
hard	JJ
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
FAA	NNP
ROD	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
FEIS	NNP
,	,
scroll	NN
down	IN
to	TO
find	VB
the	DT
location	NN
in	IN
Fairfax	NNP
or	CC
Loudoun	NNP
County	NNP
that	WDT
is	VBZ
most	RBS
convenient	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
Both	DT
documents	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
for	IN
viewing	VBG
;	:
the	DT
documents	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
checked	VBN
out	RP
.	.
To	TO
view	VB
the	DT
document	NN
at	IN
MWAA	NNP
or	CC
FAA	NNP
offices	NNS
,	,
appointments	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
in	IN
advance	NN
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
this	DT
group	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
plan	VB
,	,
provide	VB
and	CC
actively	RB
manage	VB
world-class	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
global	JJ
aviation	NN
system	NN
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
that	IN
anticipates	VBZ
and	CC
serves	VBZ
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
DC	NNP
region	NN
.	.
Governed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
13-member	JJ
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
with	IN
five	CD
members	NNS
appointed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Governor	NNP
of	IN
Virginia	NNP
,	,
three	CD
by	IN
the	DT
Mayor	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
,	,
two	CD
by	IN
the	DT
Governor	NNP
of	IN
Maryland	NNP
and	CC
three	CD
by	IN
the	DT
President	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
operates	VBZ
a	DT
two-airport	JJ
system	NN
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
domestic	JJ
and	CC
international	JJ
air	NN
service	NN
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
self-supporting	JJ
,	,
using	VBG
aircraft	NN
landing	NN
fees	NNS
and	CC
revenues	NNS
from	IN
concessions	NNS
to	TO
fund	VB
operating	NN
expenses	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
taxpayer-funded	JJ
.	.
A	DT
cooperating	VBG
agency	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
agency	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
jurisdiction	NN
by	IN
law	NN
or	CC
special	JJ
expertise	NN
regarding	VBG
any	DT
environmental	JJ
impact	NN
resulting	VBG
from	IN
a	DT
proposed	VBN
project	NN
or	CC
reasonable	JJ
alternative	NN
.	.
The	DT
U.S.	NNP
Army	NNP
Corps	NNP
of	IN
Engineer	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
USACE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
was	VBD
invited	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
FAA	NNP
to	TO
participate	VB
as	IN
cooperating	VBG
agency	NN
for	IN
this	DT
EIS	NNP
.	.
The	DT
goal	NN
of	IN
involving	VBG
various	JJ
agencies	NNS
was	VBD
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
the	DT
FAA	NNP
was	VBD
assisted	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
preparation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
EIS	NNP
such	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
document	NN
contained	VBD
all	PDT
the	DT
information	NN
each	DT
cooperating	VBG
agency	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
fulfill	VB
its	PRP$
NEPA	NNP
responsibilities	NNS
and	CC
for	IN
the	DT
agencies	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
independent	JJ
decisions	NNS
on	IN
resources	NNS
and	CC
issues	NNS
under	IN
their	PRP$
respective	JJ
purview	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
As	IN
such	JJ
,	,
the	DT
USACE	NNP
began	VBD
participation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
NEPA	NNP
process	NN
at	IN
the	DT
earliest	JJS
appropriate	JJ
time	NN
.	.
Their	PRP$
actions	NNS
have	VBP
included	VBN
making	VBG
staff	NN
support	NN
available	JJ
,	,
exchanging	VBG
relevant	JJ
information	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
EIS	NNP
process	NN
,	,
submitting	VBG
independent	JJ
recommendations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
assisting	VBG
the	DT
FAA	NNP
in	IN
developing	VBG
responses	NNS
to	TO
``	``
designated	VBN
resource	NN
''	''
comments	NNS
received	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
and	CC
Final	NNP
EIS	NNP
.	.
The	DT
USACE	NNP
was	VBD
not	RB
responsible	JJ
however	RB
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
actual	JJ
preparation	NN
of	IN
any	DT
portion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
EIS	NNP
or	CC
related	VBN
technical	JJ
reports	NNS
.	.
The	DT
EIS	NNP
process	NN
involves	VBZ
gathering	NN
and	CC
analyzing	VBG
data	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
assess	VB
and	CC
document	VB
potential	JJ
environmental	JJ
effects	NNS
of	IN
building	NN
and	CC
operating	VBG
the	DT
new	JJ
runways	NNS
.	.
This	DT
EIS	NNP
documents	NNS
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
runways	NNS
;	:
identifies	VBZ
possible	JJ
alternatives	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
location	NN
of	IN
the	DT
runways	NNS
;	:
evaluates	VBZ
environmental	JJ
impacts	NNS
and	CC
identifies	VBZ
mitigation	NN
options	NNS
.	.
The	DT
EIS	NNP
process	NN
also	RB
provides	VBZ
a	DT
forum	NN
for	IN
review	NN
and	CC
comment	NN
by	IN
appropriate	JJ
governmental	JJ
agencies	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
These	DT
comments	NNS
help	VBP
guide	VB
the	DT
direction	NN
and	CC
focus	NN
of	IN
the	DT
EIS	NNP
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
local	JJ
and	CC
regional	JJ
priorities	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
are	VBP
properly	RB
addressed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
EIS	NNP
process	NN
ends	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
issuance	NN
of	IN
a	DT
Record	NNP
of	IN
Decision	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ROD	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
by	IN
the	DT
FAA	NNP
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
project	NN
is	VBZ
approved	VBN
from	IN
an	DT
environmental	JJ
standpoint	NN
through	IN
the	DT
ROD	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
may	MD
be	VB
eligible	JJ
to	TO
receive	VB
federal	JJ
funds	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
project	NN
.	.
After	IN
a	DT
ROD	NNP
is	VBZ
issued	VBN
supporting	VBG
the	DT
preferred	VBN
alternative	NN
for	IN
the	DT
runways	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
typically	RB
would	MD
take	VB
another	DT
two	CD
to	TO
three	CD
years	NNS
to	TO
construct	VB
the	DT
proposed	VBN
improvements	NNS
.	.
The	DT
EIS	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
source	NN
of	IN
detailed	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
environmental	JJ
impacts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
alternatives	NNS
under	IN
review	NN
.	.
This	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
assist	VB
the	DT
FAA	NNP
in	IN
making	VBG
its	PRP$
decision	NN
on	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
project	NN
.	.
Presentation	NN
boards	NNS
were	VBD
used	VBN
to	TO
show	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
up-to-date	JJ
alternatives	NNS
evaluation	NN
including	VBG
impacts	NNS
to	TO
noise	NN
,	,
air	NN
quality	NN
and	CC
wetlands	NNS
.	.
Comment	NN
forms	NNS
,	,
the	DT
latest	JJS
newsletter	NN
and	CC
copies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
presentation	NN
boards	NNS
were	VBD
distributed	VBN
at	IN
registration	NN
.	.
A	DT
total	NN
of	IN
18	CD
attendees	NNS
provided	VBN
comments	NNS
before	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
hearing	NN
officer	NN
.	.
Attendees	NNS
were	VBD
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
written	VBN
or	CC
verbal	JJ
comments	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
or	CC
to	TO
mail	VB
their	PRP$
comment	NN
forms	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
FAA	NNP
Project	NNP
Manager	NNP
by	IN
March	NNP
7	CD
,	,
2005	CD
.	.
Approximately	RB
380	CD
comment	NN
forms	NNS
were	VBD
received	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
comment	NN
period	NN
.	.
The	DT
open-house	NN
workshops	NNS
were	VBD
designed	VBN
to	TO
gather	VB
further	JJ
public	JJ
input	NN
in	IN
the	DT
EIS	NNP
process	NN
and	CC
to	TO
present	VB
the	DT
preliminary	JJ
environmental	JJ
impacts	NNS
.	.
Presentation	NN
boards	NNS
were	VBD
used	VBN
to	TO
show	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
up-to-date	JJ
alternatives	NNS
evaluation	NN
including	VBG
impacts	NNS
to	TO
noise	NN
,	,
air	NN
quality	NN
and	CC
wetlands	NNS
.	.
Comment	NN
forms	NNS
,	,
the	DT
latest	JJS
newsletter	NN
and	CC
copies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
presentation	NN
boards	NNS
were	VBD
distributed	VBN
at	IN
registration	NN
.	.
Attendees	NNS
were	VBD
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
written	VBN
or	CC
verbal	JJ
comments	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
or	CC
to	TO
mail	VB
their	PRP$
comment	NN
forms	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
FAA	NNP
Project	NNP
Manager	NNP
by	IN
May	NNP
7	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
Court	NNP
reporters	NNS
also	RB
were	VBD
available	JJ
at	IN
both	DT
meetings	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
record	VB
verbatim	JJ
verbal	JJ
comments	NNS
.	.
Two	CD
meetings	NNS
were	VBD
held	VBN
,	,
one	CD
in	IN
Loudoun	NNP
County	NNP
and	CC
one	CD
in	IN
Fairfax	NNP
County	NNP
to	TO
present	VB
the	DT
Purpose	NNP
and	CC
Need	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
two	CD
new	JJ
runways	NNS
,	,
preliminary	JJ
Alternatives	NNP
under	IN
consideration	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Affected	NNP
Environment	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Purpose	NNP
and	CC
Need	NNP
presents	VBZ
a	DT
justification	NN
for	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
project	NN
.	.
The	DT
preliminary	JJ
alternatives	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
developed	VBN
out	IN
of	IN
information	NN
gathered	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
Public	NNP
Scoping	NNP
Meetings	NNS
held	VBD
last	JJ
year	NN
,	,
past	JJ
and	CC
present	JJ
studies	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
region	NN
,	,
public	JJ
and	CC
agency	NN
comments	NNS
,	,
and	CC
passenger	NN
and	CC
cargo	NN
traffic	NN
analyses	NNS
,	,
among	IN
other	JJ
sources	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Affected	NNP
Environment	NNP
data	NNS
represents	VBZ
the	DT
culmination	NN
of	IN
work	NN
accomplished	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
year	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
environmental	JJ
and	CC
social\/cultural	JJ
resources	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
EIS	NNP
study	NN
area	NN
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
phase	NN
in	IN
the	DT
EIS	NNP
process	NN
was	VBD
conducting	VBG
``	``
Scoping	VBG
''	''
meetings	NNS
with	IN
agencies	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
These	DT
meetings	NNS
offered	VBD
the	DT
public	JJ
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
written	VBN
and	CC
verbal	JJ
inputs	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
project	NN
ensuring	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
full	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
issues	NNS
were	VBD
identified	VBN
.	.
The	DT
public	NN
was	VBD
asked	VBN
to	TO
suggest	VB
ideas	NNS
,	,
alternatives	NNS
,	,
concerns	NNS
and	CC
expectations	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
study	NN
.	.
An	DT
Agency	NNP
Scoping	NNP
meeting	NN
held	VBD
at	IN
the	DT
Dulles	NNP
Marriott	NNP
on	IN
26	CD
June	NNP
2002	CD
involved	JJ
27	CD
representatives	NNS
from	IN
stakeholder	NN
agencies	NNS
.	.
During	IN
each	DT
meeting	NN
a	DT
video	NN
presentation	NN
was	VBD
shown	VBN
and	CC
attendees	NNS
were	VBD
invited	VBN
to	TO
view	VB
study	NN
information	NN
and	CC
speak	VBP
directly	RB
with	IN
study	NN
team	NN
members	NNS
.	.
All	DT
comments	NNS
received	VBD
,	,
both	DT
verbal	JJ
and	CC
written	VBN
,	,
were	VBD
added	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
record	NN
,	,
coded	VBN
and	CC
analyzed	VBN
.	.
All	DT
comments	NNS
received	VBN
will	MD
be	VB
included	VBN
verbatim	JJ
in	IN
an	DT
Appendix	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Draft	NN
and	CC
Final	JJ
EIS	NNP
's	POS
.	.
Council	NNP
on	IN
Environmental	NNP
Quality	NNP
-	:
Coordinates	VBZ
federal	JJ
environmental	JJ
efforts	NNS
and	CC
works	VBZ
closely	RB
with	IN
agencies	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
White	NNP
House	NNP
offices	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
environmental	JJ
policies	NNS
and	CC
initiatives	NNS
.	.
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Aviation	NNP
-	:
The	NNP
Virginia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Aviation	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
DOAV	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
a	DT
state	NN
transportation	NN
agency	NN
.	.
The	DT
mission	NN
of	IN
the	DT
DOAV	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
``	``
progressively	RB
develop	VB
and	CC
maintain	VB
a	DT
safe	JJ
,	,
technologically	RB
advanced	VBN
,	,
market-driven	JJ
air	NN
transportation	NN
system	NN
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
the	DT
citizens	NNS
of	IN
Virginia	NNP
with	IN
convenient	JJ
and	CC
efficient	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
expanding	VBG
world	NN
community	NN
.	.
''	''
Environmental	NNP
Impact	NNP
Statement	NNP
-	:
A	NNP
document	NN
prepared	VBD
to	TO
describe	VB
the	DT
effects	NNS
for	IN
proposed	VBN
activities	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
environment	NN
.	.
``	``
Environment	NNP
,	,
''	''
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
natural	JJ
and	CC
physical	JJ
environment	NN
and	CC
the	DT
relationship	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
with	IN
that	DT
environment	NN
.	.
This	DT
means	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
``	``
environment	NN
''	''
considered	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
EIS	NNP
includes	VBZ
land	NN
,	,
water	NN
,	,
air	NN
,	,
structures	NNS
,	,
living	VBG
organisms	NNS
,	,
environmental	JJ
values	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
site	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
social	JJ
,	,
cultural	JJ
,	,
and	CC
economic	JJ
aspects	NNS
.	.
The	DT
right	NN
to	TO
use	VB
or	CC
access	VB
property	NN
for	IN
a	DT
certain	JJ
time	NN
limit	NN
without	IN
owning	VBG
it	PRP
-	:
similar	JJ
to	TO
property	NN
``	``
rental	JJ
.	.
''	''
When	WRB
you	PRP
secure	VBP
an	DT
easement	NN
you	PRP
pay	VBP
the	DT
owner	NN
for	IN
that	DT
right	NN
,	,
but	CC
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
retain	VB
ownership	NN
of	IN
that	DT
property	NN
.	.
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
-	:
Governed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
13-member	JJ
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
with	IN
five	CD
members	NNS
appointed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Governor	NNP
of	IN
Virginia	NNP
,	,
three	CD
by	IN
the	DT
Mayor	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
,	,
two	CD
by	IN
the	DT
Governor	NNP
of	IN
Maryland	NNP
and	CC
three	CD
by	IN
the	DT
President	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
operates	VBZ
a	DT
two-airport	JJ
system	NN
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
domestic	JJ
and	CC
international	JJ
air	NN
service	NN
for	IN
the	DT
mid-Atlantic	JJ
region	NN
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
self-supporting	JJ
,	,
using	VBG
aircraft	NN
landing	NN
fees	NNS
and	CC
revenues	NNS
from	IN
concessions	NNS
to	TO
fund	VB
operating	NN
expenses	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
taxpayer-funded	JJ
.	.
Record	NNP
of	IN
Decision	NN
-	:
An	DT
official	JJ
document	NN
that	IN
states	VBZ
the	DT
responsible	JJ
federal	JJ
agency	NN
's	POS
findings	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
project	NN
and	CC
sets	VBZ
forth	RB
conditions	NNS
under	IN
which	WDT
federal	JJ
approval	NN
of	IN
a	DT
proposed	VBN
project	NN
is	VBZ
granted	VBN
.	.
Visual	JJ
Flight	NNP
Rules	NNS
-	:
Rules	NNS
that	WDT
govern	VBP
the	DT
procedures	NNS
for	IN
conducting	VBG
flight	NN
under	IN
visual	JJ
conditions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
term	NN
``	``
VFR	NNP
''	''
is	VBZ
also	RB
used	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
to	TO
indicate	VB
weather	NN
conditions	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
equal	JJ
to	TO
or	CC
greater	JJR
than	IN
minimum	JJ
VFR	NNP
requirements	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
used	VBN
by	IN
pilots	NNS
and	CC
controllers	NNS
to	TO
indicate	VB
type	NN
of	IN
flight	NN
plan	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
blue	JJ
``	``
i	FW
''	''
button	NN
on	IN
the	DT
front	NN
of	IN
each	DT
machine	NN
.	.
When	WRB
pressed	VBN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
connected	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
customer	NN
service	NN
representative	NN
who	WP
will	MD
assist	VB
you	PRP
in	IN
operating	VBG
the	DT
machines	NNS
.	.
Should	MD
you	PRP
continue	VB
to	TO
experience	VB
difficulties	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
directed	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
cashiered	JJ
exit	NN
lane	NN
,	,
where	WRB
a	DT
cashier	NN
will	MD
assist	VB
you	PRP
in	IN
making	VBG
payment	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
parking	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
customer	NN
service	NN
representatives	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
you	PRP
.	.
Look	VB
for	IN
their	PRP$
white	JJ
shirts	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
Pay	VB
&	CC
Go	VB
logo	NN
.	.
Once	RB
you	PRP
pay	VBP
at	IN
the	DT
Pay	VB
&	CC
Go	VB
machines	NNS
,	,
take	VB
the	DT
ticket	NN
that	IN
the	DT
machines	NNS
return	VBP
to	TO
you	PRP
and	CC
go	VB
to	TO
the	DT
exit	NN
plaza	NN
.	.
Drive	NNP
to	TO
a	DT
Pay	VB
&	CC
Go	VB
lane	NN
and	CC
insert	VB
your	PRP$
ticket	NN
into	IN
the	DT
exit	NN
machine	NN
.	.
The	DT
machine	NN
will	MD
recognize	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
made	VBD
payment	NN
at	IN
a	DT
Pay	VB
&	CC
Go	VB
machine	NN
and	CC
raise	VB
the	DT
gate	NN
so	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
on	IN
your	PRP$
way	NN
!	.
Please	VB
note	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
get	VB
your	PRP$
ticket	NN
back	RB
at	IN
the	DT
Pay	VB
&	CC
Go	VB
lane	NN
once	IN
you	PRP
insert	VBP
it	PRP
.	.
Yes	UH
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
still	RB
pay	VB
at	IN
a	DT
cashier	NN
booth	NN
in	IN
the	DT
exit	NN
plaza	NN
in	IN
each	DT
parking	NN
facility	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
cashiered	JJ
exit	NN
lanes	NNS
has	VBZ
been	VBN
reduced	VBN
to	TO
accelerate	VB
the	DT
exiting	VBG
of	IN
patrons	NNS
using	VBG
Pay	VB
&	CC
Go	VB
.	.
The	DT
Hourly	NNP
and	CC
Economy	NNP
Lots	NNP
each	DT
have	VBP
three	CD
cashiered	JJ
exit	NN
lanes	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
Daily	NNP
1	CD
and	CC
Daily	NNP
2	CD
Garages	NNPS
each	DT
have	VBP
two	CD
.	.
The	DT
Pay	VB
&	CC
Go	VB
machine	NN
encodes	VBZ
your	PRP$
ticket	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
payment	NN
information	NN
and	CC
returns	VBZ
the	DT
ticket	NN
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
The	DT
machine	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Pay	VB
&	CC
Go	VB
exit	NN
lane	NN
will	MD
read	VB
the	DT
encoded	VBN
information	NN
on	IN
this	DT
ticket	NN
and	CC
recognize	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
paid	VBD
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
unable	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
payment	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
parking	NN
at	IN
a	DT
Pay	VB
&	CC
Go	VB
machine	NN
without	IN
your	PRP$
ticket	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
forget	VB
your	PRP$
ticket	NN
,	,
proceed	VB
to	TO
a	DT
cashiered	JJ
exit	NN
lane	NN
.	.
Remember	VB
to	TO
keep	VB
your	PRP$
parking	NN
ticket	NN
with	IN
you	PRP
on	IN
your	PRP$
next	JJ
visit	NN
.	.
A	DT
specific	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
minutes	NNS
,	,
called	VBD
a	DT
``	``
grace	NN
period	NN
,	,
''	''
are	VBP
set	VBN
for	IN
each	DT
parking	NN
area	NN
.	.
The	DT
grace	NN
period	NN
allows	VBZ
sufficient	JJ
travel	NN
time	NN
to	TO
get	VB
to	TO
the	DT
parking	NN
area	NN
on-foot	JJ
or	CC
via	IN
a	DT
shuttle	NN
bus	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
adequate	JJ
time	NN
to	TO
proceed	VB
to	TO
the	DT
exit	NN
plaza	NN
.	.
These	DT
times	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
determined	VBN
based	VBN
on	IN
average	JJ
passenger	NN
exit	NN
times	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
parking	NN
area	NN
.	.
Should	MD
you	PRP
exceed	VB
this	DT
grace	NN
period	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
prompted	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
an	DT
additional	JJ
fee	NN
at	IN
the	DT
exit	NN
lane	NN
using	VBG
a	DT
credit	NN
card	NN
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
these	DT
meetings	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
solicit	VB
comments	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
public	NN
on	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
abatement	NN
and	CC
mitigation	NN
alternatives	NNS
regarding	VBG
regional	JJ
aircraft	NN
noise	NN
.	.
A	DT
court	NN
reporter	NN
will	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
to	TO
receive	VB
public	JJ
comments	NNS
and	CC
made	VBD
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
official	NN
record	NN
of	IN
the	DT
study	NN
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
initiated	VBD
a	DT
major	JJ
update	VBP
of	IN
the	DT
Noise	NNP
Compatibility	NNP
Study	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
in	IN
2001	CD
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
study	NN
period	NN
,	,
the	DT
Authority	NNP
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Council	NNP
of	IN
Governments	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
Study	NNP
Advisory	NNP
Committee	NNP
,	,
held	VBD
13	CD
working	VBG
meetings	NNS
and	CC
five	CD
public	JJ
meetings	NNS
.	.
This	DT
study	NN
,	,
conducted	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
regulations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Aviation	NNP
Administration	NNP
's	POS
process	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
forecast	VB
future	JJ
noise	NN
contors	NNS
at	IN
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
and	CC
to	TO
examine	VB
possible	JJ
abatement	NN
and	CC
mitigation	NN
actions	NNS
to	TO
reduce	VB
community	NN
noise	NN
impacts	NNS
.	.
The	DT
current	JJ
Noise	NNP
Compatibility	NNP
Program	NNP
includes	VBZ
noise	NN
abatement	NN
flight	NN
corridors	NNS
,	,
aircraft	NN
thrust	NN
management	NN
procedures	NNS
,	,
nighttime	NN
aircraft	NN
noise	NN
limits	NNS
and	CC
restrictions	NNS
on	IN
nighttime	NN
engine	NN
run-ups	NNS
,	,
and	CC
was	VBD
last	JJ
revised	VBN
in	IN
1993	CD
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
Part	NNP
150	CD
of	IN
Title	NNP
14	CD
of	IN
the	DT
Code	NNP
of	IN
Federal	NNP
Regulations	NNPS
,	,
which	WDT
establishes	VBZ
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Aviation	NNP
Administration	NNP
's	POS
standards	NNS
for	IN
noise	NN
impact	NN
evaluation	NN
and	CC
guidelines	NNS
for	IN
airport	NN
noise	NN
compatibility	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
this	DT
issue	NN
to	TO
the	DT
community	NN
,	,
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Council	NNP
of	IN
Government	NNP
's	POS
Committee	NNP
on	IN
Noise	NNP
Abatement	NNP
and	CC
Aviation	NNP
at	IN
National	NNP
and	CC
Dulles	NNP
Airports	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
CONAANDA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
partnered	VBN
with	IN
MWAA	NNP
throughout	IN
the	DT
process	NN
.	.
A	DT
Community	NNP
Advisory	NNP
Committee	NNP
was	VBD
established	VBN
consisting	VBG
of	IN
elected	VBN
and	CC
citizen	NN
representatives	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
six	CD
surrounding	VBG
jurisdictions	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
representatives	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
airline	NN
industry	NN
,	,
pilot	NN
organization	NN
,	,
Federal	NNP
Aviation	NNP
Administration	NNP
,	,
Environmental	NNP
Protection	NNP
Agency	NNP
,	,
National	NNP
Park	NNP
Service	NNP
and	CC
other	JJ
organizations	NNS
to	TO
assist	VB
and	CC
advise	VB
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
in	IN
this	DT
study	NN
.	.
Even	RB
during	IN
its	PRP$
inaugural	JJ
year	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
that	DT
means	VBZ
first	JJ
year	NN
in	IN
business	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
Airport	NNP
was	VBD
a	DT
popular	JJ
attraction	NN
for	IN
travelers	NNS
and	CC
visitors	NNS
alike	RB
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
handled	VBD
only	RB
344,257	CD
passengers	NNS
in	IN
1941	CD
,	,
more	JJR
than	IN
two	CD
million	CD
people	NNS
came	VBD
by	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
Airport	NNP
to	TO
visit	VB
it	PRP
.	.
In	IN
1998	CD
under	IN
another	DT
huge	JJ
addition	NN
was	VBD
made	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Airport	NNP
when	WRB
a	DT
new	JJ
Terminal	NNP
building	NN
with	IN
one	CD
million	CD
square	JJ
feet	NNS
of	IN
space	NN
was	VBD
added	VBN
.	.
The	DT
``	``
New	NNP
National	NNP
''	''
now	RB
houses	VBZ
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
concessions	NNS
,	,
eateries	NNS
,	,
ticket	NN
counters	NNS
,	,
baggage	NN
claim	NN
areas	NNS
,	,
and	CC
aircraft	NN
gates	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
whole	JJ
Airport	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
MWAA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
did	VBD
n't	RB
just	RB
want	VB
to	TO
build	VB
a	DT
standard	JJ
building	NN
,	,
though	IN
;	:
it	PRP
wanted	VBD
an	DT
elegant	JJ
and	CC
artistic	JJ
building	NN
.	.
That	DT
's	VBZ
why	WRB
the	DT
outside	NN
of	IN
the	DT
building	NN
has	VBZ
rolling	VBG
Jeffersonian	JJ
domes	NNS
and	CC
why	WRB
the	DT
new	JJ
building	NN
houses	NNS
beautiful	JJ
window	NN
wall	NN
tiles	NNS
,	,
wall-hangings	NNS
and	CC
floor	NN
medallions	NNS
,	,
like	IN
the	DT
one	CD
on	IN
the	DT
right	NN
.	.
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
important	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
economy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Washington	NNP
,	,
D.C.	NNP
area	NN
.	.
It	PRP
employs	VBZ
thousands	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
and	CC
generates	VBZ
billions	NNS
of	IN
dollars	NNS
of	IN
business	NN
.	.
Houses	NNS
and	CC
businesses	NNS
continue	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
built	VBN
around	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
.	.
Now	RB
the	DT
challenge	NN
for	IN
Dulles	NNP
and	CC
its	PRP$
neighbors	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
grow	VB
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
which	WDT
makes	VBZ
life	NN
better	RBR
for	IN
everyone	NN
.	.
Ronald	NNP
Wilson	NNP
Reagan	NNP
was	VBD
born	VBN
on	IN
February	NNP
,	,
6	CD
,	,
1911	CD
and	CC
was	VBD
destined	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
influential	JJ
Americans	NNPS
of	IN
his	PRP$
time	NN
.	.
He	PRP
grew	VBD
up	RP
in	IN
Illinois	NNP
and	CC
upon	IN
graduating	VBG
from	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
,	,
he	PRP
attended	VBD
Eureka	NNP
College	NNP
.	.
In	IN
college	NN
,	,
he	PRP
studied	VBD
economics	NNS
and	CC
sociology	NN
,	,
played	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
football	NN
team	NN
and	CC
acted	VBD
in	IN
school	NN
plays	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
was	VBD
such	JJ
a	DT
charismatic	JJ
young	JJ
man	NN
that	WDT
after	IN
graduating	VBG
from	IN
college	NN
,	,
he	PRP
caught	VBD
the	DT
eye	NN
of	IN
Hollywood	NNP
producers	NNS
who	WP
made	VBD
him	PRP
into	IN
a	DT
star	NN
.	.
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
starred	VBD
in	IN
53	CD
films	NNS
and	CC
became	VBD
famous	JJ
not	RB
only	RB
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
but	CC
also	RB
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
for	IN
his	PRP$
performances	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
big	JJ
screen	NN
.	.
By	IN
serving	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
leader	NN
in	IN
the	DT
film	NN
industry	NN
,	,
he	PRP
had	VBD
proved	VBN
that	IN
he	PRP
was	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
effectively	RB
represent	VB
the	DT
views	NNS
of	IN
others	NNS
.	.
In	IN
1966	CD
,	,
he	PRP
was	VBD
elected	VBN
Governor	NNP
of	IN
California	NNP
and	CC
was	VBD
then	RB
re-elected	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
second	JJ
term	NN
in	IN
1970	CD
.	.
After	IN
serving	VBG
as	IN
Governor	NNP
,	,
he	PRP
moved	VBD
on	IN
to	TO
the	DT
national	JJ
stage	NN
of	IN
politics	NNS
.	.
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
won	VBD
the	DT
Republican	JJ
Presidential	NNP
nomination	NN
in	IN
1980	CD
and	CC
then	RB
was	VBD
elected	VBN
President	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
later	RBR
that	DT
year	NN
.	.
He	PRP
served	VBD
as	IN
our	PRP$
nation	NN
's	POS
leader	NN
for	IN
eight	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
died	VBD
in	IN
Los	NNP
Angeles	NNP
on	IN
June	NNP
5	CD
,	,
2004	CD
.	.
John	NNP
Foster	NNP
Dulles	NNP
was	VBD
most	RBS
famous	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
hard	JJ
work	NN
and	CC
initiative	NN
he	PRP
showed	VBD
while	IN
serving	VBG
as	IN
our	PRP$
country	NN
's	POS
Secretary	NNP
of	IN
State	NNP
under	IN
President	NNP
Dwight	NNP
D.	NNP
Eisenhower	NNP
.	.
Born	VBN
on	IN
February	NNP
25	CD
,	,
1888	CD
right	NN
here	RB
in	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
's	POS
capital	NN
,	,
Dulles	NNP
was	VBD
very	RB
active	JJ
in	IN
government	NN
and	CC
politics	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
very	RB
young	JJ
age	NN
.	.
Watch	NNP
your	PRP$
bags	NNS
while	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
at	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
and	CC
do	VBP
n't	RB
accept	VB
packages	NNS
from	IN
strangers	NNS
.	.
Be	VB
prepared	JJ
to	TO
answer	VB
questions	NNS
about	IN
who	WP
packed	VBD
your	PRP$
bags	NNS
and	CC
whether	IN
you	PRP
might	MD
have	VB
left	VBN
them	PRP
unattended	JJ
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
not	RB
joke	VB
about	IN
having	VBG
bombs	NNS
or	CC
firearms	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
possession	NN
.	.
Security	NNP
personnel	NNS
are	VBP
trained	VBN
to	TO
react	VB
when	WRB
they	PRP
hear	VBP
these	DT
words	NNS
.	.
Penalties	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
severe	JJ
,	,
and	CC
can	MD
include	VB
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
time	NN
in	IN
prison	NN
and\/or	CC
fines	NNS
.	.
Air	NNP
service	NN
maps	NNS
show	VBP
us	PRP
where	WRB
all	PDT
the	DT
planes	NNS
in	IN
and	CC
out	IN
of	IN
Dulles	NNP
and	CC
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
fly	VBP
to	TO
and	CC
from	IN
,	,
or	CC
in	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
all	PDT
the	DT
places	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
served	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNS
.	.
Let	NNP
's	POS
look	NN
at	IN
the	DT
places	NNS
you	PRP
can	MD
go	VB
if	IN
you	PRP
fly	VBP
through	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
's	POS
two	CD
Airports	NNS
.	.
Are	VBP
you	PRP
flying	VBG
or	CC
planning	VBG
to	TO
fly	VB
within	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
?	.
Look	VB
at	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
places	NNS
served	VBN
by	IN
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
map	NN
below	IN
!	.
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
,	,
as	IN
its	PRP$
name	NN
suggests	VBZ
,	,
serves	VBZ
much	RB
of	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
located	VBN
about	IN
three	CD
miles	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Capitol	NNP
Building	NNP
.	.
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
is	VBZ
located	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
star	NN
marked	VBD
DCA	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
map	NN
.	.
Have	NNP
you	PRP
been	VBN
to	TO
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
places	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
map	NN
before	IN
?	.
You	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
fly	VB
to	TO
lots	NNS
of	IN
places	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
if	IN
you	PRP
fly	VBP
through	IN
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
map	NN
below	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
see	VB
all	PDT
the	DT
places	NNS
served	VBN
by	IN
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
within	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
is	VBZ
located	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
star	NN
marked	VBD
IAD	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
map	NN
.	.
Document	NNP
Ordering	NNP
Instructions	NNPS
Printed	NNP
sets	NNS
of	IN
documents	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
solicitations	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
for	IN
purchase	NN
at	IN
the	DT
rates	NNS
stated	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
project	NN
pages	NNS
.	.
All	DT
fees	NNS
are	VBP
non-refundable	JJ
and	CC
must	MD
be	VB
paid	VBN
by	IN
either	DT
check	NN
or	CC
money	NN
order	NN
made	VBD
payable	JJ
to	TO
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
or	CC
MWAA	NNP
.	.
Documents	NNS
will	MD
only	RB
be	VB
shipped	VBN
once	RB
payment	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
received	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Contractor	NN
shall	MD
furnish	VB
all	DT
necessary	JJ
labor	NN
,	,
materials	NNS
,	,
tools	NNS
,	,
equipment	NN
and	CC
supervision	NN
for	IN
airfield	NN
pavement	NN
rehabilitation	NN
and	CC
replacement	NN
on	IN
Taxiway	NNP
Q	NNP
at	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
The	DT
work	NN
includes	VBZ
replacement	NN
of	IN
individual	JJ
Portland	NNP
Cement	NNP
Concrete	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
PCC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
panels	NNS
,	,
partial	JJ
depth	NN
spall	NN
repairs	NNS
,	,
bituminous	JJ
linear	JJ
crack	NN
repairs	NNS
,	,
replacement	NN
of	IN
joint	JJ
sealant	NN
material	NN
and	CC
sawcut	NN
and	CC
sealing	VBG
of	IN
linear	JJ
cracks	NNS
.	.
Temporary	JJ
and	CC
permanent	JJ
pavement	NN
markings	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
included	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
project	NN
.	.
Night	NNP
work	NN
will	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
for	IN
specific	JJ
work	NN
areas	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
project	NN
.	.
The	DT
Contractor	NN
shall	MD
furnish	VB
all	DT
necessary	JJ
labor	NN
,	,
tools	NNS
,	,
equipment	NN
and	CC
supervision	NN
to	TO
remove	VB
and	CC
dispose	VB
of	IN
sludge	NN
,	,
grease	NN
and	CC
grit	NN
from	IN
five	CD
sanitary	JJ
waste	NN
lift	NN
stations	NNS
at	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
on	IN
a	DT
quarterly	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
The	DT
scope	NN
involves	VBZ
removal	NN
,	,
transportation	NN
and	CC
disposal	NN
of	IN
approximately	RB
60	CD
tons\/14	CD
,000	CD
gallons	NNS
of	IN
non-hazardous	JJ
waste	NN
per	IN
quarterly	JJ
event	NN
and	CC
the	DT
work	NN
must	MD
be	VB
conducted	VBN
at	IN
night	NN
and	CC
will	MD
include	VB
confined	VBN
space	NN
operations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Contractor	NN
shall	MD
furnish	VB
all	DT
necessary	JJ
labor	NN
,	,
materials	NNS
,	,
tools	NNS
,	,
equipment	NN
,	,
supervision	NN
and	CC
transportation	NN
required	VBN
to	TO
perform	VB
HVAC	NNP
Utility	NNP
Services	NNPS
for	IN
the	DT
removal	NN
and	CC
replacement	NN
of	IN
Outside	JJ
Air	NNP
Fan	NNP
#	#
3	CD
located	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
at	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Contractor	NN
shall	MD
remove	VB
and	CC
dispose	VB
of	IN
existing	VBG
damaged	VBN
outside	IN
air	NN
fan	NN
and	CC
install	VB
,	,
test	NN
and	CC
balance	NN
newly	RB
installed	VBN
outside	IN
air	NN
fan	NN
.	.
The	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
seeking	VBG
proposals	NNS
from	IN
all	DT
interested	JJ
and	CC
qualified	JJ
Offerors	NNS
desiring	VBG
to	TO
operate	VB
,	,
manage	VB
,	,
and	CC
maintain	VB
the	DT
taxicab	NN
dispatch	VB
and	CC
commercial	JJ
vehicle	NN
curb	NN
management	NN
concession	NN
at	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
The	DT
selected	VBN
Offeror	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
granted	VBN
the	DT
right	NN
and	CC
obligation	NN
to	TO
operate	VB
and	CC
manage	VB
certain	JJ
taxicab	NN
facilities	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
dispatching	VBG
of	IN
taxicabs	NNS
to	TO
and	CC
from	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
procuring	VBG
an	DT
Automated	VBN
Vehicle	NNP
Identification	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
AVI	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
system	NN
to	TO
manage	VB
the	DT
dispatching	VBG
of	IN
outbound	JJ
taxicabs	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
assist	VB
in	IN
revenue	NN
collection	NN
and	CC
activity	NN
reporting	NN
.	.
At	IN
anytime	RB
during	IN
the	DT
term	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Contract	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Authority	NNP
may	MD
,	,
at	IN
its	PRP$
discretion	NN
,	,
assign	VB
the	DT
selected	VBN
Offeror	NNP
additional	JJ
curb	NN
management	NN
responsibilities	NNS
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
following	NN
:	:
collection	NN
of	IN
curb	NN
Access	NNP
Fees	NNS
,	,
management	NN
of	IN
ground	NN
transportation	NN
accounts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
coordination	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
ground	NN
transportation	NN
operations	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
commercial	JJ
vehicle	NN
curb	NN
.	.
The	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
seeking	VBG
separate	JJ
proposals	NNS
from	IN
all	DT
interested	JJ
and	CC
qualified	JJ
Offerors	NNS
desiring	VBG
to	TO
operate	VB
and	CC
manage	VB
a	DT
shared	VBN
ride	NN
van	NN
service	NN
concession	NN
at	IN
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
and	CC
\/	CD
or	CC
at	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
look	VBP
forward	RB
to	TO
this	DT
annual	JJ
opportunity	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
to	TO
support	VB
an	DT
important	JJ
program	NN
like	IN
Special	JJ
Olympics	NNPS
Virginia	NNP
and	CC
to	TO
open	VB
the	DT
airport	NN
to	TO
the	DT
community	NN
with	IN
displays	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
world	NN
of	IN
aviation	NN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
James	NNP
E.	NNP
Bennett	NNP
,	,
President	NNP
and	CC
CEO	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
and	CC
Chairman	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
event	NN
.	.
As	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
festival	NN
,	,
an	DT
exhibit	NN
area	NN
will	MD
include	VB
numerous	JJ
aircraft	NN
,	,
including	VBG
military	JJ
,	,
commercial	JJ
and	CC
civilian	JJ
aircraft	NN
,	,
on	IN
display	NN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
Raffle	NNP
tickets	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
on	IN
sale	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Festival	NNP
for	IN
chances	NNS
to	TO
win	VB
round	NN
trip	NN
airline	NN
tickets	NNS
to	TO
domestic	JJ
and	CC
international	JJ
destinations	NNS
.	.
Visitors	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Dulles	NNP
Day	NNP
Family	NNP
Festival	NNP
will	MD
also	RB
find	VB
:	:
fire	NN
and	CC
police	NN
equipment	NN
displays	NNS
;	:
airport	NN
snow	NN
removal	NN
and	CC
large	JJ
equipment	NN
display	NN
;	:
and	CC
a	DT
Kid	NN
's	POS
Corner	NNP
,	,
featuring	VBG
a	DT
moon	NN
bounce	NN
,	,
games	NNS
,	,
ball	NN
crawl	NN
and	CC
inflatable	JJ
slides	NNS
.	.
The	DT
original	JJ
Plane	NN
Pull	NNP
-	:
the	DT
first	JJ
of	IN
its	PRP$
kind	NN
in	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
,	,
was	VBD
created	VBN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
in	IN
1992	CD
to	TO
raise	VB
money	NN
for	IN
Special	JJ
Olympics	NNPS
Virginia	NNP
.	.
Similar	JJ
events	NNS
are	VBP
now	RB
held	VBN
across	IN
the	DT
country	NN
at	IN
other	JJ
airports	NNS
.	.
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
welcomes	VBZ
the	DT
community	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Dulles	NNP
Day	NNP
Family	NNP
Festival	NNP
,	,
featuring	VBG
the	DT
13th	JJ
annual	JJ
Plane	NN
Pull	NNP
where	WRB
teams	NNS
play	VBP
``	``
tug	NN
of	IN
war	NN
''	''
with	IN
an	DT
airplane	NN
to	TO
raise	VB
money	NN
for	IN
Special	JJ
Olympics	NNPS
Virginia	NNP
.	.
Dulles	NNP
Day	NNP
Family	NNP
Festival	NNP
and	CC
13th	JJ
annual	JJ
Plane	NN
Pull	VBP
with	IN
aircraft	NN
on	IN
display	NN
,	,
a	DT
car	NN
show	NN
,	,
live	VBP
music	NN
,	,
food	NN
,	,
games	NNS
and	CC
activities	NNS
for	IN
children	NNS
,	,
airline	NN
ticket	NN
raffles	NNS
,	,
and	CC
introducing	VBG
the	DT
Kids	NNS
'	POS
Bus	NN
Pull	NNP
,	,
a	DT
new	JJ
event	NN
where	WRB
teams	NNS
of	IN
children	NNS
pull	VBP
a	DT
school	NN
bus	NN
12	CD
feet	NNS
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Bennett	NNP
thanked	VBD
the	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
AAAE	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
award	NN
and	CC
the	DT
organization	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
support	NN
not	RB
only	RB
of	IN
the	DT
Washington	NNP
airports	NNS
but	CC
also	RB
those	DT
around	IN
the	DT
country	NN
.	.
``	``
AAAE	NNP
has	VBZ
assisted	VBN
airport	NN
professionals	NNS
in	IN
training	NN
and	CC
technology	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
through	IN
representation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
airports	NNS
.	.
As	IN
airports	NNS
take	VBP
on	RP
ever	RB
growing	VBG
roles	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
aviation	NN
industry	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
for	IN
airport	NN
operators	NNS
to	TO
share	VB
our	PRP$
knowledge	NN
and	CC
have	VB
a	DT
role	NN
in	IN
shaping	VBG
programs	NNS
and	CC
policies	NNS
that	WDT
affect	VBP
us	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
honored	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
recognized	VBN
by	IN
my	PRP$
peers	NNS
and	CC
look	VB
forward	RB
to	TO
working	VBG
with	IN
them	PRP
and	CC
AAAE	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
''	''
Travelers	NNS
and	CC
visitors	NNS
to	TO
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
enjoy	VB
more	JJR
than	IN
300	CD
works	NNS
of	IN
art	NN
by	IN
students	NNS
in	IN
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
Public	NNP
Schools	NNP
that	WDT
are	VBP
on	IN
exhibit	NN
at	IN
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
through	IN
May	NNP
31st	CD
.	.
The	DT
theme	NN
,	,
``	``
Icons	NNS
of	IN
Understanding	NN
,	,
''	''
is	VBZ
reflected	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
works	NNS
of	IN
students	NNS
from	IN
150	CD
schools	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
city	NN
-	:
pre-kindergarten	NN
through	IN
12th	JJ
grade	NN
.	.
The	DT
exhibition	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
lower	JJR
-LRB-	-LRB-
baggage	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
level	NN
of	IN
Terminals	NNS
B	NNP
and	CC
C.	NNP
``	``
We	PRP
are	VBP
very	RB
pleased	JJ
to	TO
continue	VB
our	PRP$
relationship	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
and	CC
to	TO
have	VB
this	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
show	VB
Washington	NNP
,	,
D.C.	NNP
and	CC
travelers	NNS
from	IN
all	DT
over	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
and	CC
the	DT
world	NN
,	,
the	DT
artistic	JJ
achievement	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
students	NNS
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
Paula	NNP
Sanderlin	NNP
,	,
Art	NNP
Director	NNP
for	IN
D.	NNP
C.	NNP
Public	NNP
Schools	NNP
.	.
The	DT
exhibit	NN
includes	VBZ
drawings	NNS
,	,
paintings	NNS
,	,
collages	NNS
,	,
prints	NNS
,	,
computer	NN
graphics	NNS
,	,
mixed	JJ
media	NNS
and	CC
three-dimension	JJ
constructions	NNS
.	.
Terminals	NNS
B	NNP
and	CC
C	NNP
also	RB
incorporate	VBP
the	DT
work	NN
of	IN
30	CD
professional	JJ
artists	NNS
and	CC
artisans	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
permanent	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
design	NN
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
are	VBP
pleased	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
showcase	NN
the	DT
work	NN
of	IN
young	JJ
artists	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
along	IN
with	IN
our	PRP$
own	JJ
architectural	JJ
enhancement	NN
program	NN
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
has	VBZ
grown	VBN
into	IN
a	DT
wonderful	JJ
community	NN
event	NN
and	CC
this	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
sixth	JJ
consecutive	JJ
year	NN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
been	VBN
held	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
James	NNP
E.	NNP
Bennett	NNP
,	,
President	NNP
and	CC
CEO	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
.	.
Travel	NN
during	IN
this	DT
holiday	NN
period	NN
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
to	TO
result	VB
in	IN
the	DT
filling	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
's	POS
economy	NN
lot	NN
and	CC
parking	NN
garages	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
anticipated	VBN
that	IN
parking	NN
at	IN
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
very	RB
limited	VBN
from	IN
March	NNP
21-April	JJ
2	CD
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
are	VBP
extremely	RB
pleased	JJ
to	TO
welcome	VB
South	JJ
African	NNP
Airways	NNPS
to	TO
Dulles	NNP
''	''
said	VBD
James	NNP
E.	NNP
Bennett	NNP
,	,
President\/CEO	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
have	VBP
sought	VBN
this	DT
important	JJ
market	NN
for	IN
our	PRP$
metropolitan	JJ
region	NN
for	IN
some	DT
time	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
pleased	JJ
that	IN
our	PRP$
efforts	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
successful	JJ
.	.
This	DT
route	NN
further	RBR
establishes	VBZ
Dulles	NNP
as	IN
the	DT
international	JJ
gateway	NN
to	TO
the	DT
mid-Atlantic	JJ
region	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
Our	PRP$
North	JJ
American	JJ
routes	NNS
have	VBP
shown	VBN
tremendous	JJ
growth	NN
and	CC
the	DT
addition	NN
of	IN
a	DT
third	JJ
service	NN
between	IN
North	NNP
America	NNP
and	CC
South	NNP
Africa	NNP
provides	VBZ
an	DT
ideal	JJ
opportunity	NN
for	IN
expanding	VBG
our	PRP$
global	JJ
route	NN
network	NN
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
Phillip	NNP
Bekker	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Vice	NNP
President	NNP
-	:
North	NNP
America	NNP
for	IN
South	NNP
African	NNP
Airways	NNPS
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
see	VBP
a	DT
continued	JJ
increase	NN
in	IN
the	DT
demand	NN
for	IN
travel	NN
to	TO
South	NNP
Africa	NNP
and	CC
this	DT
new	JJ
direct	JJ
service	NN
provides	VBZ
business	NN
and	CC
government	NN
travelers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Washington	NNP
metro	NN
area	NN
with	IN
the	DT
fastest	JJS
,	,
most	RBS
direct	JJ
route	NN
to	TO
South	NNP
Africa	NNP
and	CC
convenient	JJ
connections	NNS
to	TO
destinations	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
continent	NN
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
Bekker	NNP
.	.
``	``
Keith	NNP
has	VBZ
overseen	VBN
a	DT
very	RB
challenging	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
change	NN
and	CC
improvement	NN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
over	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
James	NNP
E.	NNP
Bennett	NNP
,	,
President\/CEO	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
.	.
``	``
His	PRP$
dedication	NN
and	CC
commitment	NN
to	TO
ensuring	VBG
that	IN
Dulles	NNP
kept	VBD
pace	NN
with	IN
the	DT
tremendous	JJ
growth	NN
in	IN
air	NN
service	NN
demand	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
metropolitan	JJ
region	NN
is	VBZ
appreciated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
aviation	NN
community	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
many	JJ
government	NN
and	CC
business	NN
officials	NNS
he	PRP
worked	VBD
with	IN
over	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
.	.
''	''
In	IN
making	VBG
his	PRP$
announcement	NN
,	,
Mr.	NNP
Meurlin	NNP
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
I	PRP
have	VBP
decided	VBN
after	IN
a	DT
very	RB
rewarding	JJ
career	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
,	,
to	TO
retire	VB
.	.
My	PRP$
thanks	NNS
to	TO
all	DT
my	PRP$
co-workers	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
done	VBN
so	RB
much	RB
to	TO
support	VB
me	PRP
and	CC
this	DT
organization	NN
and	CC
to	TO
make	VB
Dulles	NNP
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
Airports	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
country	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
proud	JJ
of	IN
what	WP
we	PRP
have	VBP
accomplished	VBN
and	CC
what	WP
I	PRP
know	VBP
will	MD
be	VB
accomplished	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
''	''
As	IN
Airport	NNP
Manager	NNP
,	,
Mr.	NNP
Meurlin	NNP
directed	VBD
operations	NNS
,	,
maintenance	NN
,	,
and	CC
commercial	JJ
activities	NNS
at	IN
Dulles-which	NN
employs	VBZ
nearly	RB
17,000	CD
people	NNS
and	CC
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
busiest	JJS
in	IN
the	DT
country	NN
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
aircraft	NN
operations	NNS
.	.
During	IN
his	PRP$
tenure	NN
as	IN
Airport	NNP
Manager	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
has	VBZ
invested	VBN
nearly	RB
$	$
1.5	CD
billion	CD
in	IN
expanding	VBG
the	DT
Airport	NNP
facilities	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
late	JJ
1990	CD
's	POS
and	CC
is	VBZ
currently	RB
undertaking	VBG
an	DT
additional	JJ
$	$
3	CD
billion	CD
dollar	NN
construction	NN
program	NN
to	TO
keep	VB
pace	NN
with	IN
current	JJ
and	CC
future	JJ
growth	NN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Meurlin	NNP
came	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
Washington	NNP
airports	NNS
following	VBG
his	PRP$
active	JJ
duty	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNP
Air	NNP
Force	NNP
in	IN
1977	CD
.	.
He	PRP
began	VBD
his	PRP$
service	NN
as	IN
an	DT
Airport	NNP
Operations	NNP
Officer	NNP
and	CC
successively	RB
advanced	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
in	IN
Engineering	NNP
and	CC
Maintenance	NNP
and	CC
Operations	NNP
management	NN
positions	NNS
before	IN
becoming	VBG
the	DT
Airport	NNP
Manager	NNP
in	IN
1989	CD
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
his	PRP$
service	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
,	,
Mr.	NNP
Meurlin	NNP
has	VBZ
continued	VBN
his	PRP$
military	JJ
service	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Air	NNP
Force	NNP
Reserve	NNP
where	WRB
he	PRP
has	VBZ
attained	VBN
the	DT
rank	NN
of	IN
Major	NNP
General	NNP
;	:
the	DT
highest	JJS
rank	NN
a	DT
traditional	JJ
reservist	NN
can	MD
achieve	VB
.	.
Said	NNP
James	NNP
E.	NNP
Bennett	NNP
in	IN
making	VBG
the	DT
announcement	NN
,	,
``	``
Chris	NNP
has	VBZ
done	VBN
a	DT
great	JJ
job	NN
managing	VBG
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
know	VBP
he	PRP
will	MD
bring	VB
these	DT
solid	JJ
skills	NNS
to	TO
his	PRP$
new	JJ
job	NN
and	CC
will	MD
provide	VB
a	DT
smooth	JJ
transition	NN
for	IN
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
,	,
our	PRP$
customers	NNS
,	,
employees	NNS
and	CC
tenants	NNS
.	.
''	''
In	IN
accepting	VBG
his	PRP$
appointment	NN
,	,
Mr.	NNP
Browne	NNP
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
very	RB
fortunate	JJ
to	TO
spend	VB
the	DT
last	JJ
seventeen	CD
years	NNS
at	IN
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
where	WRB
I	PRP
've	VBP
seen	VBN
a	DT
great	JJ
airport	NN
become	VBN
even	RB
better	RBR
.	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
thank	VB
the	DT
Airport	NNP
staff	NN
and	CC
community	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Arlington	NNP
and	CC
Alexandria	NNP
leaders	NNS
and	CC
organizations	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
contributed	VBN
so	RB
much	RB
to	TO
making	VBG
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
what	WP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
today	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
looking	VBG
forward	RB
to	TO
having	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
positive	JJ
working	NN
relationships	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
staff	NN
and	CC
community	NN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
.	.
''	''
The	DT
Washington	NNP
area	NN
airports	NNS
experienced	VBD
robust	JJ
growth	NN
in	IN
passenger	NN
traffic	NN
in	IN
2004	CD
.	.
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
and	CC
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airports	NNPS
together	RB
served	VBD
nearly	RB
39	CD
million	CD
passengers	NNS
last	JJ
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
passenger	NN
volume	NN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
is	VBZ
largely	RB
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
flights	NNS
introduced	VBN
in	IN
2004	CD
by	IN
Independence	NNP
Air	NNP
and	CC
service	NN
increases	NNS
by	IN
other	JJ
airlines	NNS
.	.
Independence	NNP
Air	NNP
began	VBD
operations	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
in	IN
June	NNP
of	IN
last	JJ
year	NN
as	IN
a	DT
regional	JJ
low-fare	JJ
airline	NN
.	.
United	NNP
Airlines	NNPS
continued	VBD
its	PRP$
United	NNP
Express	NNP
operation	NN
using	VBG
new	JJ
regional	JJ
partners	NNS
.	.
Independence	NNP
Air	NNP
alone	RB
added	VBD
nearly	RB
600	CD
daily	JJ
flights	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
.	.
To	TO
keep	VB
pace	NN
with	IN
this	DT
growth	NN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
continued	VBD
its	PRP$
$	$
3	CD
billion	CD
construction	NN
program	NN
in	IN
2004	CD
by	IN
constructing	VBG
a	DT
covered	JJ
walkway	NN
from	IN
Garage	NN
2	CD
to	TO
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
and	CC
opening	VBG
a	DT
new	JJ
Pedestrian	NNP
Walkway	NNP
;	:
providing	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
direct	JJ
access	NN
via	IN
a	DT
moving	VBG
underground	JJ
sidewalk	NN
between	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
and	CC
Concourse	NNP
B.	NNP
As	IN
2005	CD
begins	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Aviation	NNP
Administration	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FAA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
currently	RB
conducting	VBG
an	DT
environmental	JJ
review	NN
process	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
to	TO
conclude	VB
by	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
year	NN
with	IN
a	DT
recommendation	NN
to	TO
build	VB
the	DT
first	JJ
of	IN
two	CD
new	JJ
runways	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
also	RB
building	VBG
a	DT
new	JJ
Air	NNP
Traffic	NNP
Control	NNP
Tower	NNP
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
FAA	NNP
which	WDT
will	MD
provide	VB
needed	JJ
technology	NN
and	CC
facilities	NNS
to	TO
support	VB
the	DT
current	JJ
and	CC
anticipated	JJ
increases	NNS
in	IN
air	NN
traffic	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
.	.
A	DT
major	JJ
,	,
nearly	RB
$	$
1	CD
billion	CD
,	,
project	NN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
continues	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
underground	JJ
stations	NNS
and	CC
tunnels	NNS
to	TO
accommodate	VB
the	DT
new	JJ
Airport	NNP
Train	NNP
System	NNP
which	WDT
will	MD
operate	VB
beneath	IN
the	DT
airfield	NN
and	CC
replace	VB
the	DT
Mobile	NNP
Lounges	NNPS
as	IN
the	DT
primary	JJ
passenger	NN
conveyance	NN
system	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
DEIS	NNP
is	VBZ
three-fold	JJ
.	.
First	RB
,	,
the	DT
DEIS	NNP
documents	NNS
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
additional	JJ
airport	NN
infrastructure	NN
to	TO
satisfy	VB
the	DT
forecast	NN
aviation	NN
demand	NN
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
analyzes	VBZ
multiple	JJ
alternatives	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
a	DT
No-Build	JJ
scenario	NN
,	,
and	CC
details	NNS
the	DT
potential	JJ
direct	JJ
and	CC
indirect	JJ
environmental	JJ
effects	NNS
of	IN
two	CD
reasonable	JJ
build	VBP
alternatives	NNS
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
the	DT
DEIS	NNP
lists	NNS
several	JJ
measures	NNS
to	TO
avoid	VB
,	,
minimize	VB
and\/or	CC
mitigate	VB
for	IN
the	DT
impacts	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
improvements	NNS
at	IN
IAD	NNP
.	.
The	DT
FAA	NNP
encourages	VBZ
all	DT
interested	JJ
parties	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
comments	NNS
concerning	VBG
the	DT
scope	NN
and	CC
content	NN
of	IN
the	DT
DEIS	NNP
.	.
Comments	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
as	IN
specific	JJ
as	IN
possible	JJ
and	CC
address	VB
the	DT
analysis	NN
of	IN
potential	JJ
environmental	JJ
impacts	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
adequacy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
action	NN
or	CC
merits	NNS
of	IN
alternatives	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
mitigation	NN
being	VBG
considered	VBN
.	.
Reviewers	NNS
should	MD
organize	VB
their	PRP$
participation	NN
so	IN
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
meaningful	JJ
and	CC
makes	VBZ
the	DT
agency	NN
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
viewer	NN
's	POS
interests	NNS
and	CC
concerns	NNS
using	VBG
quotations	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
specific	JJ
references	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
text	NN
of	IN
the	DT
DEIS	NNP
and	CC
related	VBN
documents	NNS
.	.
Matters	NNS
that	WDT
could	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
raised	VBN
with	IN
specificity	NN
during	IN
the	DT
DEIS	NNP
comment	NN
period	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
considered	VBN
if	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
raised	VBN
later	RB
in	IN
the	DT
decision	NN
process	NN
.	.
This	DT
commenting	VBG
procedure	NN
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
substantive	JJ
comments	NNS
and	CC
concerns	NNS
are	VBP
made	VBN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
FAA	NNP
in	IN
a	DT
timely	JJ
manner	NN
so	IN
that	IN
the	DT
FAA	NNP
has	VBZ
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
address	VB
them	PRP
.	.
``	``
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
greatly	RB
values	VBZ
its	PRP$
enduring	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Carl	NNP
Sandburg	NNP
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
extremely	RB
pleased	JJ
that	IN
these	DT
exceptionally	RB
gifted	JJ
students	NNS
could	MD
help	VB
us	PRP
promote	VB
heightened	VBN
energy	NN
conservation	NN
awareness	NN
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
Christopher	NNP
U.	NNP
Browne	NNP
,	,
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
Manager	NNP
.	.
``	``
This	DT
artwork	NN
competition	NN
truly	RB
represents	VBZ
the	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
``	``
win-win	JJ
''	''
opportunity	NN
that	WDT
serves	VBZ
to	TO
benefit	VB
our	PRP$
customers	NNS
and	CC
everyone	NN
involved	VBN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
grateful	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
showcase	NN
the	DT
impressive	JJ
artwork	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
Carl	NNP
Sandburg	NNP
student	NN
partners	NNS
.	.
''	''
As	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
's	POS
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
's	POS
ongoing	JJ
program	NN
to	TO
reduce	VB
energy	NN
consumption	NN
at	IN
its	PRP$
facilities	NNS
and	CC
its	PRP$
partnership	NN
program	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Fairfax	NNP
County	NNP
,	,
8th	JJ
Grade	NNP
art	NN
class	NN
students	NNS
were	VBD
asked	VBN
to	TO
submit	VB
artwork	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
would	MD
utilize	VB
to	TO
create	VB
energy	NN
conservation	NN
awareness	NN
posters	NNS
for	IN
display	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
.	.
More	JJR
than	IN
100	CD
students	NNS
participated	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
contest	NN
under	IN
the	DT
supervision	NN
of	IN
Sandburg	NNP
School	NNP
art	NN
teachers	NNS
Sandra	NNP
Sorenson	NNP
and	CC
Sheila	NNP
Ambrogne	NNP
.	.
Thirty-three	CD
students	NNS
were	VBD
selected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
art	NN
teachers	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
contest	NN
semi-finalists	NNS
.	.
The	DT
artwork	NN
of	IN
the	DT
finalists	NNS
has	VBZ
been	VBN
made	VBN
into	IN
three	CD
different	JJ
posters	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
distributed	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
artwork	NN
of	IN
all	DT
33	CD
semi-finalists	NNS
is	VBZ
currently	RB
on	IN
exhibit	NN
in	IN
Terminal	NNP
A.	NN
Shuttle	NN
customers	NNS
can	MD
still	RB
check	VB
in	IN
for	IN
their	PRP$
flights	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
ticket	NN
counter	NN
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Metro	NNP
bridge	NN
on	IN
the	DT
departure	NN
level	NN
.	.
Self-Service	NNP
Check-In	NNP
Kiosks	NNPS
may	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
at	IN
both	DT
ticket	NN
counter	NN
locations	NNS
,	,
but	CC
those	DT
adjacent	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
North	NNP
Pier	NNP
security	NN
checkpoint	NN
will	MD
be	VB
temporarily	RB
unavailable	JJ
.	.
The	DT
expanded	VBN
security	NN
facilities	NNS
are	VBP
expected	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
completed	VBN
in	IN
March	NNP
2005	CD
.	.
Customers	NNS
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
use	VB
online	JJ
check-in	NN
when	WRB
available	JJ
,	,
arrive	VB
at	IN
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
Departure\/Check-In	JJ
level	NN
,	,
or	CC
use	VB
the	DT
Metro	NNP
bridge	NN
Self-Service	NNP
Check-In	NNP
Kiosk	NNP
when	WRB
arriving	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
Metro	NNP
or	CC
parking	NN
in	IN
Garage	NNP
C.	NNP
Signage	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
around	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
to	TO
advise	VB
passengers	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
changes	NNS
.	.
``	``
This	DT
walkway	NN
will	MD
give	VB
our	PRP$
customers	NNS
a	DT
direct	JJ
connection	NN
between	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
and	CC
Concourse	NNP
B	NNP
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
President\/CEO	NNP
James	NNP
E.	NNP
Bennett	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
know	VBP
from	IN
our	PRP$
customers	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
want	VBP
an	DT
alternative	NN
to	TO
taking	VBG
the	DT
mobile	JJ
lounges	NNS
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
're	VBP
very	RB
pleased	JJ
we	PRP
were	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
it	PRP
in	IN
time	NN
for	IN
the	DT
busy	JJ
holiday	NN
travel	NN
period	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
walkway	NN
is	VBZ
now	RB
the	DT
way	NN
to	TO
get	VB
to	TO
the	DT
Concourse	NNP
while	IN
the	DT
Mobile	NNP
Lounges	NNPS
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
Concourses	NNP
A	NNP
,	,
C	NNP
and	CC
D	NNP
and	CC
shuttles	NNS
to	TO
Concourse	NNP
G.	NNP
The	NNP
Mobile	NNP
Lounge	NNP
service	NN
to	TO
Concourse	NNP
B	NNP
will	MD
run	VB
less	JJR
frequently	RB
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
also	RB
make	VB
more	JJR
lounges	NNS
available	JJ
for	IN
service	NN
to	TO
the	DT
more	RBR
distant	JJ
Concourses	NNPS
C	NNP
and	CC
D.	NNP
Thanksgiving	NNP
travel	NN
this	DT
year	NN
at	IN
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
and	CC
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airports	NNPS
may	MD
be	VB
busier	JJR
and	CC
take	VB
more	JJR
time	NN
than	IN
in	IN
the	DT
history	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNS
--	:
due	JJ
in	IN
part	NN
to	TO
increased	VBN
numbers	NNS
of	IN
holiday	NN
travelers	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
changes	NNS
in	IN
security	NN
procedures	NNS
.	.
``	``
This	DT
year	NN
we	PRP
have	VBP
seen	VBN
major	JJ
increases	NNS
in	IN
both	DT
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
passengers	NNS
and	CC
aircraft	NN
operations	NNS
at	IN
our	PRP$
airports	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
Transportation	NNP
Security	NNP
Administration	NNP
has	VBZ
instituted	VBN
new	JJ
security	NN
screening	VBG
procedures	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
require	VBP
passengers	NNS
to	TO
remove	VB
all	DT
outer	JJ
garments	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
checkpoints	NNS
.	.
There	EX
will	MD
be	VB
long	JJ
lines	NNS
in	IN
our	PRP$
terminals	NNS
and	CC
crowded	VBN
parking	NN
facilities	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
want	VBP
our	PRP$
customers	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
prepared	VBN
for	IN
this	DT
busy	JJ
period	NN
,	,
which	WDT
will	MD
probably	RB
start	VB
the	DT
Friday	NNP
before	IN
Thanksgiving	NNP
and	CC
continue	VB
until	IN
the	DT
Monday	NNP
following	VBG
the	DT
holiday	NN
.	.
We	PRP
advise	VBP
travelers	NNS
to	TO
come	VB
early	RB
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
Airports	NNP
Authority	NNP
President\/CEO	NNP
James	NNP
E.	NNP
Bennett	NNP
.	.
Arrive	VB
early	RB
--	:
Travelers	NNS
are	VBP
urged	VBN
to	TO
arrive	VB
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
2	CD
to	TO
2 1\/2	CD
hours	NNS
before	IN
domestic	JJ
flights	NNS
and	CC
3	CD
hours	NNS
before	IN
international	JJ
flights	NNS
to	TO
allow	VB
enough	JJ
time	NN
for	IN
ground	NN
transportation	NN
,	,
parking	NN
,	,
luggage	NN
check-in	NN
and	CC
security	NN
screening	NN
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
offers	VBZ
25,000	CD
public	JJ
parking	NN
spaces	NNS
,	,
your	PRP$
favorite	JJ
spot	NN
may	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
experience	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Columbus	NNP
Day	NNP
holiday	NN
weekend	NN
,	,
a	DT
significant	JJ
increase	NN
in	IN
parking	NN
lot	NN
usage	NN
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
.	.
Allow	VB
extra	JJ
time	NN
to	TO
find	VB
a	DT
parking	NN
space	NN
.	.
Take	VB
Metro	NNP
--	:
Travelers	NNP
using	VBG
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
find	VB
Metro	NNP
a	DT
good	JJ
alternative	NN
to	TO
driving	VBG
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
also	RB
encourages	VBZ
Dulles	NNP
passengers	NNS
to	TO
consider	VB
taking	VBG
Metro	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
West	NNP
Falls	NNP
Church	NNP
Station	NNP
and	CC
connecting	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
Washington	NNP
Flyer	NNP
Bus	NNP
to	TO
Dulles	NNP
.	.
Avoid	VB
wearing	VBG
clothing	NN
,	,
jewelry	NN
,	,
and	CC
accessories	NNS
that	WDT
contain	VBP
metal	NN
and	CC
may	MD
set	VB
off	RP
the	DT
alarm	NN
at	IN
screening	VBG
checkpoints	NNS
.	.
To	TO
speed	VB
the	DT
process	NN
,	,
remove	VB
your	PRP$
shoes	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
the	DT
complimentary	JJ
bags	NNS
provided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNS
for	IN
loose	JJ
items	NNS
.	.
Call	VB
In	IN
Before	IN
Check-In	NNP
:	:
Call	VB
your	PRP$
airline	NN
's	POS
800	CD
number	NN
or	CC
visit	VB
the	DT
airline	NN
website	NN
to	TO
confirm	VB
your	PRP$
flight	NN
or	CC
to	TO
verify	VB
security	NN
regulations	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
checked	VBN
baggage	NN
.	.
Weather	NN
can	MD
greatly	RB
affect	VB
flight	NN
schedules	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
also	RB
check	VB
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
website	NN
at	IN
mwaa	JJ
home	NN
for	IN
airport	NN
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
's	POS
current	JJ
regulation	NN
on	IN
weapons	NNS
requires	VBZ
passengers	NNS
checking	VBG
firearms	NNS
to	TO
deactivate	VB
the	DT
weapons	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
possible	JJ
.	.
The	DT
proposed	JJ
change	NN
would	MD
require	VB
the	DT
passenger	NN
to	TO
transport	VB
the	DT
firearm	NN
unloaded	JJ
and	CC
in	IN
a	DT
locked	VBN
,	,
hard-sided	JJ
container	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
only	RB
the	DT
passenger	NN
retains	VBZ
the	DT
key	JJ
or	CC
combination	NN
.	.
The	DT
proposed	VBN
regulation	NN
amendments	NNS
would	MD
also	RB
clarify	VB
that	DT
agents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
may	MD
possess	VB
a	DT
weapon	NN
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
under	IN
Authority	NNP
direction	NN
for	IN
an	DT
Authority	NNP
purpose	NN
.	.
Other	JJ
persons	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
armored	JJ
car	NN
guards	NNS
,	,
would	MD
be	VB
permitted	VBN
to	TO
possess	VB
a	DT
weapon	NN
on	IN
Airport	NNP
property	NN
for	IN
a	DT
legitimate	JJ
airport	NN
purpose	NN
with	IN
prior	RB
,	,
written	VBN
approval	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
Manager	NNP
.	.
Additional	JJ
proposed	VBN
amendments	NNS
pertain	VBP
to	TO
taxicabs	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
vehicles	NNS
for	IN
hire	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNS
.	.
The	DT
amendments	NNS
would	MD
require	VB
taxicab	NN
drivers	NNS
and	CC
operators	NNS
of	IN
limousines	NNS
,	,
executive	NN
sedans	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
vehicles	NNS
for	IN
hire	NN
picking	VBG
up	RP
a	DT
pre-arranged	JJ
fare	NN
to	TO
record	VB
the	DT
dates	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
request	NN
and	CC
of	IN
the	DT
pickup	NN
written	VBN
legibly	RB
in	IN
ink	NN
.	.
.	.
Another	DT
amendment	NN
would	MD
clarify	VB
that	IN
the	DT
demerit	NN
points	NNS
for	IN
traffic	NN
violations	NNS
are	VBP
calculated	VBN
according	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
Virginia	NNP
system	NN
,	,
for	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
determining	VBG
whether	IN
to	TO
deny	VB
or	CC
revoke	VB
the	DT
driver	NN
's	POS
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
Taxi	NN
Operator	NNP
's	POS
Permit	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Hyatt	NNP
Dulles	NNP
is	VBZ
located	VBN
at	IN
2300	CD
Dulles	NNP
Corner	NNP
Boulevard	NNP
in	IN
Herndon	NNP
.	.
Any	DT
person	NN
may	MD
appear	VB
and	CC
be	VB
heard	VBN
for	IN
or	CC
against	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
amendments	NNS
.	.
Speakers	NNS
are	VBP
requested	VBN
to	TO
limit	VB
their	PRP$
remarks	NNS
to	TO
5	CD
minutes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Seminar	NNP
will	MD
provide	VB
information	NN
on	IN
upcoming	VBG
contracting	NN
opportunities	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
construction	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
goods	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
information	NN
about	IN
contracting	VBG
directly	RB
with	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
,	,
representatives	NNS
from	IN
prime	JJ
contractors	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
information	NN
about	IN
their	PRP$
companies	NNS
and	CC
how	WRB
a	DT
contractor	NN
may	MD
qualify	VB
for	IN
business	NN
opportunities	NNS
with	IN
their	PRP$
firms	NNS
.	.
Airports	NNS
Authority	NNP
Purchasing	NNP
Representatives	NNP
will	MD
also	RB
be	VB
available	JJ
to	TO
discuss	VB
ongoing	JJ
contract	NN
opportunities	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
for	IN
suppliers	NNS
,	,
vendors	NNS
and	CC
service-related	JJ
companies	NNS
.	.
An	DT
Exhibit	NN
Hall	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
featured	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
Seminar	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
proposes	VBZ
to	TO
revise	VB
its	PRP$
regulations	NNS
to	TO
permit	VB
the	DT
carriage	NN
of	IN
weapons	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
roadways	NNS
and	CC
elsewhere	RB
on	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNS
.	.
Consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
heightened	VBN
security	NN
environment	NN
at	IN
the	DT
airports	NNS
,	,
the	DT
proposed	VBN
regulation	NN
would	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
prohibit	VB
dangerous	JJ
weapons	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
terminals	NNS
,	,
the	DT
airfields	NNS
,	,
and	CC
buildings	NNS
opening	VBG
directly	RB
onto	IN
the	DT
airfields	NNS
,	,
provided	VBD
that	DT
signs	NNS
are	VBP
posted	VBN
giving	VBG
the	DT
public	JJ
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
regulation	NN
.	.
The	DT
law	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Commonwealth	NNP
of	IN
Virginia	NNP
permits	VBZ
a	DT
person	NN
to	TO
carry	VB
a	DT
gun	NN
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
open	JJ
and	CC
obvious	JJ
or	CC
carry	VB
a	DT
gun	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
concealed	VBN
provided	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
permit	NN
to	TO
carry	VB
a	DT
concealed	VBN
weapon	NN
.	.
That	DT
law	NN
has	VBZ
recently	RB
been	VBN
amended	VBN
to	TO
prohibit	VB
the	DT
carriage	NN
of	IN
guns	NNS
into	IN
any	DT
air	NN
carrier	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
distinguished	VBN
from	IN
general	JJ
aviation	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
airport	NN
terminal	NN
.	.
Said	NNP
Mr.	NNP
Bennett	NNP
,	,
``	``
It	PRP
is	VBZ
fortunate	JJ
that	IN
we	PRP
embarked	VBD
on	IN
this	DT
expansion	NN
program	NN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
in	IN
recent	JJ
years	NNS
in	IN
light	NN
of	IN
the	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
passengers	NNS
we	PRP
see	VBP
each	DT
day	NN
and	CC
the	DT
expected	VBN
dramatic	JJ
growth	NN
by	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
summer	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
very	RB
important	JJ
that	IN
we	PRP
continue	VBP
to	TO
invest	VB
in	IN
our	PRP$
airport	NN
facilities	NNS
to	TO
keep	VB
our	PRP$
region	NN
well-served	JJ
by	IN
the	DT
aviation	NN
industry	NN
.	.
''	''
Once	RB
in	IN
service	NN
,	,
the	DT
automated	VBN
Airport	NNP
Train	NNP
System	NNP
will	MD
replace	VB
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
Mobile	NNP
Lounges	NNPS
that	IN
transport	NN
passengers	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
and	CC
Concourses	NNP
.	.
The	DT
train	NN
will	MD
operate	VB
on	IN
an	DT
underground	JJ
dual	JJ
track	NN
system	NN
.	.
This	DT
first	JJ
phase	NN
of	IN
the	DT
project	NN
will	MD
connect	VB
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
to	TO
Concourses	NNP
B	NNP
and	CC
C.	NNP
The	NNP
stations	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
located	VBN
at	IN
convenient	JJ
points	NNS
along	IN
the	DT
concourses	NNS
to	TO
minimize	VB
walking	VBG
distances	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
airline	NN
gates	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
Station	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
reached	VBN
through	IN
two	CD
new	JJ
spacious	JJ
subsurface	NN
security	NN
screening	VBG
areas	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
beyond	IN
security	NN
,	,
passengers	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
choose	VB
between	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
passenger	NN
walkway	NN
to	TO
Concourses	NNP
A	NNP
or	CC
B	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
scheduled	VBN
to	TO
open	VB
this	DT
November	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
or	CC
board	NN
the	DT
train	NN
system	NN
.	.
The	DT
project	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
planned	VBN
,	,
in	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Transportation	NNP
Security	NNP
Administration	NNP
,	,
the	DT
agency	NN
responsible	JJ
for	IN
staffing	NN
and	CC
operating	VBG
security	NN
screening	NN
,	,
to	TO
minimize	VB
the	DT
impact	NN
on	IN
passengers	NNS
.	.
As	IN
part	NN
of	IN
this	DT
construction	NN
,	,
passengers	NNS
on	IN
arriving	VBG
flights	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
directed	VBN
to	TO
proceed	VB
directly	RB
to	TO
the	DT
Bag	NNP
Claim	NNP
Level	NNP
once	RB
arriving	VBG
at	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
via	IN
mobile	JJ
lounges	NNS
or	CC
through	IN
the	DT
Terminals	NNS
'	POS
T-Gates	NNS
.	.
Those	DT
meeting	NN
incoming	JJ
passengers	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
should	MD
wait	VB
on	IN
the	DT
lower	JJR
level	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Bag	NNP
Claim	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
near	IN
Bag	NNP
Claim	NNP
#	#
7	CD
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
busy	JJ
summer	NN
travel	NN
season	NN
,	,
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
plans	VBZ
to	TO
employ	VB
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
customer	NN
service	NN
initiatives	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
security	NN
screening	NN
procedures	NNS
run	VBP
more	RBR
efficiently	RB
.	.
At	IN
Dulles	NNP
and	CC
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
,	,
there	EX
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
Student	NN
Ambassadors	NNS
who	WP
will	MD
inform	VB
passengers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
typical	JJ
wait	NN
times	NNS
at	IN
security	NN
,	,
answer	NN
questions	NNS
regarding	VBG
security	NN
procedures	NNS
and	CC
generally	RB
assist	VB
passengers	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
screening	VBG
process	NN
.	.
``	``
This	DT
newly-enclosed	JJ
walkway	NN
will	MD
give	VB
our	PRP$
customers	NNS
a	DT
direct	JJ
connection	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
and	CC
protect	VB
them	PRP
from	IN
the	DT
elements	NNS
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
President\/CEO	NNP
James	NNP
E.	NNP
Bennett	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
.	.
``	``
Now	RB
both	DT
of	IN
our	PRP$
garages	NNS
have	VBP
convenient	JJ
and	CC
enclosed	VBN
walkways	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
.	.
''	''
Daily	NNP
Garage	NNP
1	CD
has	VBZ
an	DT
underground	JJ
connection	NN
with	IN
a	DT
moving	VBG
walkway	NN
that	WDT
brings	VBZ
patrons	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Garage	NN
under	IN
the	DT
roadway	NN
entrance	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Hourly	NNP
Parking	NNP
Lot	NN
directly	RB
into	IN
the	DT
lower	JJR
level	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
.	.
As	IN
passenger	NN
numbers	NNS
continue	VBP
to	TO
increase	VB
at	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
,	,
the	DT
parking	NN
lots	NNS
and	CC
garages	NNS
fill	VBP
up	RP
regularly	RB
.	.
The	DT
busiest	JJS
days	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
Daily	NNP
Garages	NNPS
are	VBP
Tuesday	NNP
-	:
Thursday	NNP
and	CC
on	IN
Friday	NNP
-	:
Sunday	NNP
the	DT
Economy	NNP
Lot	NN
fills	VBZ
.	.
While	IN
extensive	JJ
rehabilitation	NN
work	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
performed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
pavement	NN
over	IN
time	NN
,	,
total	JJ
reconstruction	NN
is	VBZ
now	RB
required	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
years	NNS
of	IN
use	NN
since	IN
1962	CD
and	CC
the	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
aircraft	NN
traffic	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
.	.
Terminal	NNP
B\/C	NNP
,	,
also	RB
incorporates	VBZ
the	DT
work	NN
of	IN
30	CD
professional	JJ
artists	NNS
and	CC
artisans	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
permanent	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
design	NN
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
are	VBP
happy	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
showcase	NN
the	DT
work	NN
of	IN
young	JJ
artists	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
along	IN
with	IN
our	PRP$
own	JJ
architectural	JJ
enhancement	NN
program	NN
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
has	VBZ
grown	VBN
into	IN
a	DT
wonderful	JJ
community	NN
event	NN
and	CC
this	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
fifth	JJ
consecutive	JJ
year	NN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
been	VBN
held	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
James	NNP
E.	NNP
Bennett	NNP
,	,
president	NN
and	CC
CEO	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Art	NNP
Walk	VB
will	MD
offer	VB
a	DT
specialized	VBN
tour	NN
of	IN
thirty	CD
commissioned	VBN
pieces	NNS
of	IN
art	NN
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
found	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
concourse	NN
of	IN
Terminals	NNS
B	NNP
and	CC
C.	NNP
A	NNP
wide	JJ
array	NN
of	IN
art	NN
is	VBZ
found	VBN
in	IN
floor	NN
medallions	NNS
,	,
railing	NN
panels	NNS
,	,
murals	NNS
,	,
glass	NN
friezes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
sculptures	NNS
.	.
The	DT
works	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
executed	VBN
in	IN
stained	JJ
glass	NN
,	,
marble	NN
and	CC
glass	NN
mosaics	NNS
,	,
terrazzo	NN
,	,
cast	VBD
bronze	NN
,	,
hammered	VBN
aluminum	NN
and	CC
copper	NN
,	,
painted	VBN
steel	NN
,	,
porcelain	NN
enamel	NN
and	CC
traditional	JJ
paint	NN
on	IN
board	NN
and	CC
canvas	NN
.	.
James	NNP
E.	NNP
Bennett	NNP
,	,
President\/CEO	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
Margaret	NNP
McKeough	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
talented	JJ
and	CC
dynamic	JJ
professional	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
a	DT
proven	JJ
track	NN
record	NN
managing	VBG
key	JJ
business	NN
programs	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
leading	VBG
us	PRP
in	IN
improvements	NNS
to	TO
our	PRP$
procurement	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
risk	NN
mitigation	NN
,	,
and	CC
services	NNS
we	PRP
offer	VBP
our	PRP$
customers	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
also	RB
led	VBN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
in	IN
very	RB
complex	JJ
negotiations	NNS
with	IN
our	PRP$
airline	NN
partners	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
she	PRP
will	MD
bring	VB
energy	NN
and	CC
commitment	NN
to	TO
this	DT
new	JJ
role	NN
.	.
''	''
Said	NNP
Ms.	NNP
McKeough	NNP
on	IN
her	PRP$
appointment	NN
,	,
``	``
I	PRP
thank	VBP
the	DT
Board	NNP
and	CC
Jim	NNP
Bennett	NNP
for	IN
their	PRP$
confidence	NN
in	IN
me	PRP
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
will	MD
work	VB
along	RB
with	IN
our	PRP$
excellent	JJ
employees	NNS
to	TO
continue	VB
to	TO
focus	VB
on	IN
ways	NNS
that	WDT
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
and	CC
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airports	NNPS
can	MD
be	VB
responsive	JJ
to	TO
our	PRP$
customers	NNS
and	CC
our	PRP$
community	NN
.	.
''	''
Ms.	NNP
McKeough	NNP
has	VBZ
served	VBN
as	IN
Vice	NNP
President	NNP
for	IN
Business	NNP
Administration	NNP
since	IN
1998	CD
.	.
In	IN
that	DT
role	NN
she	PRP
was	VBD
responsible	JJ
for	IN
managing	VBG
several	JJ
business	NN
functions	NNS
including	VBG
procurement	NN
,	,
equal	JJ
opportunity	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
concession	NN
and	CC
property	NN
development	NN
,	,
risk	NN
management	NN
,	,
administrative	JJ
services	NNS
and	CC
airline	NN
relations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
expecting	VBG
a	DT
busy	JJ
summer	NN
season	NN
to	TO
start	VB
with	IN
spring	NN
travel	NN
in	IN
April	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
offering	VBG
advice	NN
to	TO
area	NN
travelers	NNS
coming	VBG
to	TO
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
and	CC
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airports	NNPS
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
anticipate	VBP
a	DT
strong	JJ
spring	NN
travel	NN
season	NN
this	DT
year	NN
and	CC
ask	VB
our	PRP$
passengers	NNS
to	TO
arrive	VB
early	JJ
and	CC
be	VB
patient	JJ
as	IN
we	PRP
continue	VBP
improvements	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
.	.
At	IN
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
,	,
parking	NN
will	MD
be	VB
in	IN
high	JJ
demand	NN
at	IN
certain	JJ
times	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
week	NN
.	.
Planning	NNP
ahead	RB
can	MD
make	VB
for	IN
an	DT
easier	JJR
trip	NN
through	IN
our	PRP$
airports	NNS
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Airports	NNP
Authority	NNP
President\/CEO	NNP
James	NNP
E.	NNP
Bennett	NNP
.	.
Passengers	NNS
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
call	VB
ahead	RB
to	TO
check	VB
on	IN
the	DT
status	NN
of	IN
available	JJ
parking	NN
at	IN
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
Daily	NNP
parking	NN
is	VBZ
most	RBS
heavily	RB
used	VBN
on	IN
Tuesdays	NNPS
and	CC
Wednesdays	NNS
.	.
Economy	NNP
Parking	NNP
is	VBZ
often	RB
full	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
weekends	NNS
.	.
The	DT
spring	NN
break	NN
period	NN
during	IN
the	DT
week	NN
of	IN
April	NNP
4th	JJ
may	MD
fill	VB
the	DT
parking	NN
facilities	NNS
at	IN
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
.	.
Place	NNP
identification	NN
tags	NNS
inside	IN
and	CC
outside	IN
of	IN
all	DT
of	IN
your	PRP$
baggage	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
forget	VB
your	PRP$
laptop	NN
computer	NN
;	:
be	VB
sure	JJ
to	TO
put	VB
an	DT
i.d.	NN
label	NN
on	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
and	CC
the	DT
carrying	VBG
case	NN
.	.
Laptops	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
removed	VBN
from	IN
its	PRP$
case	NN
to	TO
pass	VB
through	IN
screening	NN
.	.
Travelers	NNS
are	VBP
urged	VBN
to	TO
arrive	VB
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
1	CD
hours	NNS
before	IN
domestic	JJ
flights	NNS
and	CC
2	CD
hours	NNS
before	IN
international	JJ
flights	NNS
to	TO
allow	VB
enough	JJ
time	NN
for	IN
ground	NN
transportation	NN
,	,
parking	NN
,	,
luggage	NN
check-in	NN
and	CC
security	NN
screening	NN
.	.
Travelers	NNPS
using	VBG
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
often	RB
find	VBP
Metro	NNP
a	DT
good	JJ
alternative	NN
to	TO
driving	VBG
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
also	RB
encourages	VBZ
Dulles	NNP
passengers	NNS
to	TO
consider	VB
taking	VBG
Metro	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
West	NNP
Falls	NNP
Church	NNP
Station	NNP
and	CC
connecting	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
Washington	NNP
Flyer	NNP
Bus	NNP
to	TO
Dulles	NNP
.	.
Travel	NN
wisely	RB
--	:
Carry	VB
medicine	NN
,	,
cash	NN
,	,
jewelry	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
important	JJ
valuables	NNS
with	IN
you	PRP
on	IN
the	DT
plane	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
leave	VBP
your	PRP$
car	NN
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
,	,
remove	VB
any	DT
valuables	NNS
.	.
Carry	VB
your	PRP$
purse	NN
and	CC
wallet	NN
securely	RB
,	,
and	CC
keep	VB
your	PRP$
luggage	NN
and	CC
carry-on	JJ
items	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
sight	NN
at	IN
all	DT
times	NNS
.	.
Under	IN
security	NN
procedures	NNS
unattended	JJ
bags	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
items	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
confiscated	VBN
and	CC
destroyed	VBN
.	.
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
won	VBD
first	JJ
place	NN
in	IN
the	DT
category	NN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
unique	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
are	VBP
honored	VBN
to	TO
receive	VB
this	DT
award	NN
;	:
''	''
said	VBD
James	NNP
E.	NNP
Bennett	NNP
,	,
CEO	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
,	,
``	``
we	PRP
put	VBD
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
effort	NN
into	IN
designing	VBG
food	NN
and	CC
retail	JJ
programs	NNS
for	IN
our	PRP$
airports	NNS
that	WDT
meet	VBP
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
travelers	NNS
.	.
''	''
``	``
The	DT
ARN	NNP
awards	NNS
are	VBP
a	DT
meaningful	JJ
tribute	NN
to	TO
the	DT
enormous	JJ
talent	NN
and	CC
passion	NN
of	IN
so	RB
many	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
concessions	NNS
industry	NN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Pauline	NNP
Armbrust	NNP
,	,
publisher	NN
of	IN
ARN	NNP
.	.
``	``
Airports	NNS
and	CC
concessionaires	NNS
have	VBP
faced	VBN
unprecedented	JJ
challenges	NNS
of	IN
late	JJ
,	,
yet	RB
so	RB
many	JJ
of	IN
them	PRP
excelled	VBD
at	IN
elevating	VBG
their	PRP$
programs	NNS
and	CC
stores	NNS
to	TO
ever	RB
higher	JJR
quality	NN
standards	NNS
.	.
''	''
The	DT
ARN	NNP
Best	JJS
Concessions	NNS
awards	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
airport	NN
concessions	NNS
industry	NN
's	POS
most	RBS
coveted	VBN
because	IN
winning	VBG
one	CD
affirms	VBZ
the	DT
highest	JJS
standards	NNS
of	IN
excellence	NN
.	.
A	DT
panel	NN
of	IN
industry	NN
experts	NNS
,	,
a	DT
different	JJ
group	NN
each	DT
year	NN
,	,
votes	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
stores	NNS
,	,
restaurants	NNS
,	,
and	CC
airport	NN
programs	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
nominated	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
earlier	JJR
process	NN
.	.
The	DT
nominees	NNS
were	VBD
selected	VBN
for	IN
their	PRP$
noticeably	RB
high	JJ
standards	NNS
of	IN
excellence	NN
in	IN
various	JJ
airports	NNS
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
month	NN
of	IN
December	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
will	MD
sponsor	VB
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
observances	NNS
and	CC
events	NNS
celebrating	VBG
the	DT
world	NN
of	IN
aviation	NN
and	CC
specifically	RB
the	DT
history	NN
of	IN
aviation	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
region	NN
.	.
A	DT
highlight	NN
of	IN
the	DT
month	NN
of	IN
celebration	NN
will	MD
be	VB
``	``
Customer	NN
Appreciation	NNP
Day	NNP
''	''
on	IN
December	NNP
17th	JJ
,	,
the	DT
actual	JJ
date	NN
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
flight	NN
at	IN
Kitty	NNP
Hawk	NNP
,	,
North	NNP
Carolina	NNP
,	,
when	WRB
Wilbur	NNP
and	CC
Orville	NNP
Wright	NNP
launched	VBD
their	PRP$
aircraft	NN
.	.
``	``
But	CC
what	WP
is	VBZ
just	RB
as	RB
important	JJ
as	IN
this	DT
great	JJ
technological	JJ
accomplishment	NN
is	VBZ
how	WRB
interwoven	JJ
aviation	NN
is	VBZ
into	IN
the	DT
very	RB
fabric	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
world	NN
.	.
Aviation	NNP
is	VBZ
now	RB
an	DT
extremely	RB
important	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
individual	JJ
lives	NNS
,	,
economy	NN
,	,
society	NN
,	,
and	CC
quality	NN
of	IN
life	NN
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
also	RB
what	WP
we	PRP
are	VBP
celebrating	VBG
this	DT
month	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
winning	VBG
entries	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
announced	VBN
on	IN
December	NNP
11th	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
ceremony	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
A	NNP
Lobby	NNP
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
,	,
second	JJ
and	CC
third	JJ
place	NN
winners	NNS
will	MD
receive	VB
U.S.	NNP
Savings	NNPS
Bonds	NNPS
in	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
$	$
500	CD
,	,
$	$
250	CD
and	CC
$	$
100	CD
respectively	RB
and	CC
all	DT
will	MD
receive	VB
a	DT
replica	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Wright	NNP
Flyer	NNP
.	.
Honorable	JJ
mention	NN
winners	NNS
will	MD
receive	VB
gift	NN
baskets	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
airports	NNS
'	POS
concessionaires	NNS
.	.
On	IN
December	NNP
12th	JJ
,	,
airport	NN
concessions	NNS
will	MD
provide	VB
a	DT
commemorative	JJ
Centennial	NNP
of	IN
Flight	NNP
pin	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
while	IN
supplies	NNS
last	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
customers	NNS
who	WP
purchase	VBP
$	$
7	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
at	IN
airport	NN
businesses	NNS
.	.
December	NNP
17th	JJ
,	,
the	DT
actual	JJ
date	NN
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
flight	NN
will	MD
be	VB
designated	VBN
``	``
Customer	NN
Appreciation	NNP
Day	NNP
''	''
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
and	CC
National	NNP
Airports	NNPS
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
nation-wide	JJ
airport	NN
recognition	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
passengers	NNS
.	.
Wilbur	NNP
and	CC
Orville	NNP
Wright	NNP
impersonators	NNS
will	MD
hand	VB
out	RP
food	NN
and	CC
beverage	NN
coupons	NNS
from	IN
9	CD
a.m.-noon	NN
at	IN
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
and	CC
2-5	CD
p.m.	NN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airports	NNPS
.	.
Travelers	NNPS
coming	VBG
to	TO
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
and	CC
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airports	NNPS
this	DT
Thanksgiving	NNP
should	MD
be	VB
prepared	VBN
for	IN
security	NN
procedures	NNS
and	CC
arrive	VB
early	RB
for	IN
their	PRP$
flight	NN
.	.
The	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
offering	VBG
travel	NN
advice	NN
to	TO
area	NN
travelers	NNS
.	.
``	``
While	IN
frequent	JJ
fliers	NNS
may	MD
have	VB
become	VBN
accustomed	JJ
to	TO
federal	JJ
security	NN
procedures	NNS
,	,
passengers	NNS
who	WP
travel	VBP
less	RBR
often	RB
or	CC
who	WP
are	VBP
accompanied	VBN
by	IN
children	NNS
should	MD
expect	VB
to	TO
spend	VB
extra	JJ
time	NN
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
to	TO
check	VB
their	PRP$
bags	NNS
and	CC
clear	JJ
security	NN
checkpoints	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
we	PRP
are	VBP
seeing	VBG
many	JJ
more	JJR
people	NNS
using	VBG
our	PRP$
airports	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
advise	VBP
travelers	NNS
to	TO
come	VB
early	RB
and	CC
be	VB
prepared	VBN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Airports	NNP
Authority	NNP
President\/CEO	NNP
James	NNP
E.	NNP
Bennett	NNP
.	.
Make	NNP
sure	JJ
your	PRP$
suitcase	NN
can	MD
be	VB
examined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
security	NN
screenersConsider	NN
using	VBG
the	DT
airline	NN
ticket	NN
kiosk	NN
if	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
an	DT
e-ticket	JJ
Be	VB
sure	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
boarding	VBG
pass	NN
BEFORE	NNP
you	PRP
leave	VBP
the	DT
ticketing	VBG
area	NN
.	.
because	IN
you	PRP
must	MD
show	VB
it	PRP
at	IN
the	DT
security	NN
screening	VBG
checkpointPlace	NNP
i.d.	NNP
tags	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
inside	NN
and	CC
outside	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
checked	VBN
baggage	NN
.	.
A	DT
government-issued	JJ
photo	NN
identification	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
driver	NN
's	POS
license	NN
or	CC
Passport	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
of	IN
passengers	NNS
over	IN
age	NN
18	CD
.	.
Arrive	VB
early	RB
--	:
Travelers	NNS
are	VBP
urged	VBN
to	TO
arrive	VB
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
2	CD
hours	NNS
before	IN
domestic	JJ
flights	NNS
and	CC
3	CD
hours	NNS
before	IN
international	JJ
flights	NNS
to	TO
allow	VB
enough	JJ
time	NN
for	IN
ground	NN
transportation	NN
,	,
parking	NN
,	,
luggage	NN
check-in	NN
and	CC
security	NN
screening	NN
.	.
Call	VB
In	IN
Before	IN
Check-In	NNP
:	:
Call	VB
your	PRP$
airline	NN
's	POS
800	CD
number	NN
to	TO
confirm	VB
your	PRP$
flight	NN
or	CC
to	TO
verify	VB
security	NN
regulations	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
checked	VBN
baggage	NN
.	.
Weather	NN
can	MD
greatly	RB
affect	VB
flight	NN
schedules	NNS
.	.
Snow	NNP
and	CC
winter	NN
storms	NNS
may	MD
cause	VB
delays	NNS
or	CC
even	RB
cancellations	NNS
so	RB
check	VB
the	DT
local	JJ
weather	NN
forecasts	NNS
and	CC
those	DT
for	IN
the	DT
destination	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
you	PRP
are	VBP
traveling	VBG
.	.
Take	VB
Metro	NNP
--	:
Travelers	NNP
using	VBG
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
often	RB
find	VBP
Metro	NNP
a	DT
good	JJ
alternative	NN
to	TO
driving	VBG
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
also	RB
encourages	VBZ
Dulles	NNP
passengers	NNS
to	TO
consider	VB
taking	VBG
Metro	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
West	NNP
Falls	NNP
Church	NNP
Station	NNP
and	CC
connecting	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
Washington	NNP
Flyer	NNP
Bus	NNP
to	TO
Dulles	NNP
.	.
Said	NNP
James	NNP
E.	NNP
Bennett	NNP
,	,
President\/CEO	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
,	,
``	``
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
thirteenth	NN
year	NN
we	PRP
've	VBP
held	VBN
this	DT
event	NN
,	,
and	CC
each	DT
year	NN
we	PRP
are	VBP
gratified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
local	JJ
business	NN
people	NNS
who	WP
we	PRP
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
meet	VB
and	CC
assist	VB
in	IN
finding	VBG
out	RP
more	RBR
about	IN
opportunities	NNS
at	IN
Washington	NNP
's	POS
airports	NNS
.	.
''	''
The	DT
Seminar	NNP
will	MD
provide	VB
information	NN
on	IN
upcoming	VBG
contracting	NN
opportunities	NNS
in	IN
construction	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
goods	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
airports	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
representatives	NNS
from	IN
prime	JJ
contractors	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
information	NN
about	IN
their	PRP$
companies	NNS
and	CC
how	WRB
a	DT
contractor	NN
may	MD
qualify	VB
for	IN
business	NN
opportunities	NNS
with	IN
their	PRP$
firms	NNS
.	.
Airports	NNS
Authority	NNP
Purchasing	NNP
Representatives	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
to	TO
discuss	VB
opportunities	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
for	IN
suppliers	NNS
,	,
vendors	NNS
and	CC
service-related	JJ
companies	NNS
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
this	DT
year	NN
will	MD
include	VB
information	NN
sessions	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
12-18	CD
month	NN
forecast	NN
of	IN
construction	NN
,	,
goods	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
and	CC
concession	NN
opportunities	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
anticipated	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
coming	JJ
year	NN
at	IN
both	DT
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
and	CC
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airports	NNPS
with	IN
emphasis	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Dulles	NNP
expansion	NN
program	NN
,	,
called	VBN
d2	NN
,	,
over	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
several	JJ
years	NNS
.	.
``	``
These	DT
ratings	NNS
demonstrate	VBP
the	DT
confidence	NN
the	DT
financial	JJ
industry	NN
has	VBZ
toward	IN
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Dulles	NNP
and	CC
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
airports	NNS
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
James	NNP
E.	NNP
Bennett	NNP
,	,
President	NNP
and	CC
CEO	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
.	.
``	``
Each	DT
agency	NN
pointed	VBD
to	TO
our	PRP$
solid	JJ
financial	JJ
management	NN
and	CC
experienced	VBD
senior	JJ
management	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
strong	JJ
air	NN
service	NN
market	NN
in	IN
the	DT
region	NN
to	TO
account	VB
for	IN
the	DT
positive	JJ
ratings	NNS
during	IN
this	DT
difficult	JJ
time	NN
in	IN
aviation	NN
.	.
We	PRP
owe	VBP
this	DT
reputation	NN
in	IN
large	JJ
part	NN
to	TO
the	DT
leadership	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
widespread	JJ
support	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
local	JJ
community	NN
and	CC
businesses	NNS
.	.
''	''
The	DT
ratings	NNS
agencies	NNS
generally	RB
base	VBP
airport	NN
credit	NN
ratings	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
broad	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
criteria	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
historic	JJ
and	CC
projected	VBD
air	NN
traffic	NN
demand	NN
,	,
strength	NN
of	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
economy	NN
,	,
airline	NN
finances	NNS
that	WDT
serve	VBP
the	DT
airport	NN
and	CC
the	DT
financial	JJ
management	NN
of	IN
the	DT
airports	NNS
.	.
These	DT
ratings	NNS
assigned	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
bonds	NNS
reflect	VBP
the	DT
organization	NN
's	POS
capacity	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
financial	JJ
commitment	NN
on	IN
its	PRP$
debt	NN
obligations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
self-supporting	JJ
,	,
using	VBG
aircraft	NN
landing	NN
fees	NNS
and	CC
revenues	NNS
from	IN
concessions	NNS
to	TO
fund	VB
operating	NN
expenses	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
taxpayer-funded	JJ
.	.
Bonds	NNS
issued	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
,	,
Federal	NNP
and	CC
State	NNP
Airport	NNP
Improvement	NNP
Program	NNP
funds	NNS
,	,
and	CC
Passenger	NN
Facility	NN
Charges	NNS
fund	VBP
the	DT
Capital	NNP
Development	NNP
Program	NNP
.	.
A	DT
13-member	JJ
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
governs	VBZ
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
with	IN
five	CD
members	NNS
appointed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Governor	NNP
of	IN
Virginia	NNP
,	,
three	CD
by	IN
the	DT
Mayor	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
,	,
two	CD
by	IN
the	DT
Governor	NNP
of	IN
Maryland	NNP
and	CC
three	CD
by	IN
the	DT
President	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
operates	VBZ
the	DT
two-airport	JJ
system	NN
under	IN
a	DT
lease	NN
with	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
,	,
which	WDT
was	VBD
originally	RB
a	DT
50-year	JJ
lease	NN
beginning	NN
in	IN
1987	CD
and	CC
was	VBD
recently	RB
extended	VBN
an	DT
additional	JJ
30	CD
years	NNS
to	TO
2067	CD
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
spring	NN
of	IN
2002	CD
,	,
the	DT
FAA	NNP
selected	VBD
an	DT
EIS	NNP
study	NN
team	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
the	DT
FAA	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
evaluation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
potential	JJ
environmental	JJ
impacts	NNS
of	IN
building	NN
and	CC
operating	VBG
the	DT
new	JJ
runways	NNS
.	.
As	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ongoing	JJ
EIS	NNP
process	NN
,	,
the	DT
team	NN
has	VBZ
completed	VBN
its	PRP$
review	NN
of	IN
extensive	JJ
data	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
forecasts	NNS
for	IN
passenger	NN
and	CC
cargo	NN
growth	NN
at	IN
IAD	NNP
.	.
The	DT
study	NN
team	NN
has	VBZ
also	RB
completed	VBN
a	DT
preliminary	JJ
evaluation	NN
of	IN
runway	NN
alternatives	NNS
and	CC
developed	VBN
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
existing	VBG
social	JJ
,	,
natural	JJ
and	CC
physical	JJ
environment	NN
in	IN
the	DT
EIS	NNP
Study	NNP
Area	NNP
.	.
The	DT
upcoming	JJ
meetings	NNS
will	MD
provide	VB
an	DT
opportunity	NN
for	IN
the	DT
FAA	NNP
to	TO
share	VB
this	DT
information	NN
with	IN
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
receive	VB
comments	NNS
.	.
Interested	JJ
individuals	NNS
,	,
organizations	NNS
and	CC
agencies	NNS
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
and	CC
provide	VB
feedback	NN
on	IN
this	DT
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
presentations	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
informal	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
information	NN
stations	NNS
.	.
Following	VBG
the	DT
workshops	NNS
,	,
the	DT
study	NN
team	NN
will	MD
compile	VB
all	DT
comments	NNS
and	CC
incorporate	VB
them	PRP
into	IN
a	DT
Draft	NNP
Environmental	NNP
Impact	NNP
Statement	NNP
.	.
Once	RB
the	DT
Draft	NNP
EIS	NNP
is	VBZ
released	VBN
in	IN
Fall	NN
2004	CD
,	,
public	JJ
hearings	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
to	TO
offer	VB
the	DT
public	NN
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
comment	VB
on	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
EIS	NNP
.	.
Beginning	VBG
September	NNP
22nd	JJ
,	,
the	DT
passenger	NN
walkway	NN
bridge	NN
from	IN
Parking	NNP
Garage	NNP
2	CD
will	MD
be	VB
temporarily	RB
closed	VBN
for	IN
improvements	NNS
.	.
The	DT
walkway	NN
bridge	NN
work	NN
will	MD
construct	VB
an	DT
overhead	JJ
canopy	NN
enclosure	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
passengers	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
outdoor	JJ
elements	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
use	VB
the	DT
shuttle	NN
buses	NNS
or	CC
the	DT
walkway	NN
detour	NN
on	IN
Level	NNP
1	CD
of	IN
Garage	NN
2	CD
or	CC
consider	VB
using	VBG
Parking	NNP
Garage	NNP
1	CD
and	CC
take	VB
advantage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
indoor	JJ
moving	VBG
sidewalk	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
.	.
Thank	VB
you	PRP
for	IN
your	PRP$
patience	NN
as	IN
we	PRP
improve	VBP
our	PRP$
parking	NN
services	NNS
.	.
Alexandria	NNP
,	,
VA	NNP
-	:
A	NNP
recently-completed	JJ
study	NN
conducted	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
shows	VBZ
that	IN
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
and	CC
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airports	NNPS
generate	VBP
over	IN
$	$
9	CD
billion	CD
for	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
economy	NN
in	IN
combined	VBN
direct	JJ
airport	NN
spending	NN
and	CC
associated	VBN
spending	NN
in	IN
the	DT
visitor	NN
industry	NN
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
airports	NNS
provide	VBP
over	IN
27,500	CD
jobs	NNS
at	IN
their	PRP$
facilities	NNS
.	.
Those	DT
airport	NN
employees	NNS
earned	VBD
neary	JJ
$	$
1.3	CD
billion	CD
yearly	JJ
.	.
Said	NNP
James	NNP
E.	NNP
Bennett	NNP
,	,
President	NNP
and	CC
CEO	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
,	,
''	''
Washington	NNP
's	POS
airports	NNS
provide	VBP
a	DT
very	RB
tangible	JJ
economic	JJ
benefit	NN
to	TO
our	PRP$
region	NN
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
immeasurable	JJ
value	NN
of	IN
connecting	VBG
our	PRP$
area	NN
to	TO
the	DT
world	NN
and	CC
enabling	VBG
us	PRP
to	TO
travel	VB
conveniently	RB
for	IN
business	NN
and	CC
leisure	NN
.	.
``	``
A	DT
significant	JJ
message	NN
in	IN
these	DT
economic	JJ
indicators	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
strength	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
region	NN
's	POS
market	NN
which	WDT
has	VBZ
enabled	VBN
the	DT
aviation	NN
industry	NN
to	TO
show	VB
some	DT
positive	JJ
signs	NNS
of	IN
recovery	NN
and	CC
which	WDT
keeps	VBZ
our	PRP$
airports	NNS
as	IN
important	JJ
destinations	NNS
for	IN
travelers	NNS
.	.
''	''
The	DT
Airports	NNS
generated	VBD
business	NN
revenue	NN
of	IN
over	IN
$	$
4.7	CD
billion	CD
;	:
employees	NNS
and	CC
businesses	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
airports	NNS
paid	VBD
$	$
237	CD
million	CD
in	IN
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
taxes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
received	VBD
$	$
382	CD
million	CD
in	IN
airport-specific	JJ
taxes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
's	POS
ongoing	JJ
capital	NN
development	NN
construction	NN
program	NN
to	TO
expand	VB
Dulles	NNP
continued	VBD
through	IN
2002	CD
with	IN
an	DT
investment	NN
of	IN
$	$
286	CD
million	CD
.	.
The	DT
additional	JJ
importance	NN
of	IN
this	DT
construction	NN
to	TO
the	DT
local	JJ
and	CC
regional	JJ
economy	NN
is	VBZ
shown	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
2,317	CD
jobs	NNS
supported	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
expansion	NN
and	CC
improvement	NN
projects	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
year	NN
of	IN
2003	CD
,	,
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
remains	VBZ
the	DT
fourth	JJ
busiest	JJS
U.S.	NNP
gateway	NN
to	TO
Europe	NNP
,	,
a	DT
position	NN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
held	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
three	CD
years	NNS
.	.
This	DT
continuing	VBG
role	NN
as	IN
the	DT
region	NN
's	POS
international	JJ
airport	NN
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
new	JJ
domestic	JJ
service	NN
,	,
requires	VBZ
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
to	TO
continue	VB
to	TO
make	VB
improvements	NNS
and	CC
build	VB
new	JJ
facilities	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
.	.
This	DT
year	NN
a	DT
second	JJ
parking	NN
garage	NN
was	VBD
opened	VBN
and	CC
preparatory	JJ
work	NN
has	VBZ
begun	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
a	DT
station	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
to	TO
serve	VB
the	DT
Airport	NNP
Automated	NNP
Train	NNP
System	NNP
that	WDT
will	MD
one	CD
day	NN
replace	VB
the	DT
Mobile	NNP
Lounges	NNPS
as	IN
the	DT
chief	NN
system	NN
of	IN
passenger	NN
transportation	NN
between	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
concourses	NNS
.	.
This	DT
year	NN
alone	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
that	IN
$	$
305	CD
million	CD
will	MD
be	VB
spent	VBN
on	IN
capital	NN
construction	NN
projects	NNS
,	,
and	CC
plans	NNS
are	VBP
underway	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
to	TO
issue	VB
new	JJ
bonds	NNS
to	TO
fund	VB
the	DT
expansion	NN
program	NN
this	DT
fall	NN
.	.
Beginning	VBG
on	IN
Tuesday	NNP
,	,
July	NNP
15th	CD
all	DT
passengers	NNS
flying	VBG
out	IN
of	IN
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
will	MD
now	RB
be	VB
required	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Transportation	NNP
Security	NNP
Administration	NNP
to	TO
show	VB
a	DT
boarding	VBG
pass	NN
and	CC
photo	NN
identification	NN
at	IN
the	DT
security	NN
screening	NN
checkpoints	NNS
.	.
This	DT
aircraft	NN
will	MD
be	VB
the	DT
first	JJ
Concorde	NNP
exhibited	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
museum	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
and	CC
is	VBZ
the	DT
oldest	JJS
of	IN
five	CD
in	IN
the	DT
Air	NNP
France	NNP
fleet	NN
.	.
The	DT
jet	NN
cruises	NNS
at	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
twice	RB
the	DT
speed	NN
of	IN
sound	NN
at	IN
around	IN
1,350	CD
mph	NN
,	,
and	CC
at	IN
an	DT
altitude	NN
of	IN
up	RB
to	TO
60,000	CD
feet	NNS
.	.
A	DT
Concorde	NNP
flight	NN
from	IN
Paris	NNP
to	TO
Washington	NNP
takes	VBZ
under	IN
four	CD
hours	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
has	VBZ
initiated	VBN
a	DT
major	JJ
update	VBP
of	IN
the	DT
Noise	NNP
Compatibility	NNP
Study	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
.	.
This	DT
study	NN
,	,
conducted	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Aviation	NNP
Administration	NNP
's	POS
process	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
forecast	VB
future	JJ
noise	NN
contors	NNS
at	IN
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
and	CC
to	TO
examine	VB
possible	JJ
abatement	NN
and	CC
mitigation	NN
actions	NNS
to	TO
reduce	VB
community	NN
noise	NN
impacts	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
ancient	JJ
Olympic	NNP
tradition	NN
,	,
the	DT
flame	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Special	JJ
Olympics	NNPS
World	NNP
Summer	NNPS
Games	NNPS
will	MD
be	VB
ignited	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
rays	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
sun	NN
,	,
opposite	IN
the	DT
Acropolis	NNP
in	IN
Athens	NNP
,	,
Greece	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Final	NNP
Leg	NNP
tradition	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
officers	NNS
representing	VBG
their	PRP$
state	NN
,	,
province	NN
or	CC
nation	NN
,	,
to	TO
act	VB
as	IN
``	``
Guardians	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Flame	NN
''	''
and	CC
carry	VB
the	DT
Special	JJ
Olympics	NNPS
``	``
Flame	NN
of	IN
Hope	NNP
''	''
to	TO
the	DT
Opening	NNP
Ceremonies	NNPS
of	IN
the	DT
Special	JJ
Olympics	NNPS
World	NNP
Games	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
Torch	NNP
Run	NNP
Final	NNP
Leg	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
only	RB
a	DT
salute	NN
to	TO
the	DT
athletes	NNS
from	IN
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
who	WP
will	MD
compete	VB
in	IN
the	DT
Special	JJ
Olympics	NNPS
World	NNP
Games	NNPS
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
an	DT
honor	NN
for	IN
the	DT
participating	VBG
law	NN
enforcement	NN
officers	NNS
.	.
Taylor	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
assigned	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
team	NN
and	CC
share	NN
the	DT
running	VBG
duties	NNS
with	IN
other	JJ
law	NN
enforcement	NN
representatives	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
other	JJ
countries	NNS
.	.
Taylor	NNP
's	POS
team	NN
's	POS
journey	NN
will	MD
take	VB
her	PRP$
from	IN
Athens	NNP
,	,
Greece	NNP
to	TO
Gibraltar	NNP
,	,
Nice\/Monaco	NNP
,	,
Milan	NNP
,	,
Lausanne	NNP
,	,
Paris	NNP
,	,
Brussels	NNP
,	,
London	NNP
,	,
Belfast	NNP
,	,
and	CC
many	JJ
other	JJ
locations	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
Republic	NNP
of	IN
Ireland	NNP
until	IN
they	PRP
reach	VBP
Dublin	NNP
,	,
Ireland	NNP
and	CC
turn	VB
over	RP
the	DT
``	``
Flame	NN
of	IN
Hope	NNP
''	''
to	TO
a	DT
Special	JJ
Olympic	NNP
Athlete	NNP
,	,
signaling	VBG
the	DT
start	NN
of	IN
the	DT
World	NNP
Games	NNPS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Special	JJ
Olympics	NNPS
World	NNP
Summer	NNPS
Games	NNPS
are	VBP
being	VBG
held	VBN
outside	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
Games	NNPS
will	MD
be	VB
the	DT
largest	JJS
sporting	VBG
event	NN
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
for	IN
2003	CD
with	IN
7,000	CD
Special	JJ
Olympic	NNP
athletes	NNS
with	IN
learning	VBG
disabilities	NNS
participating	VBG
from	IN
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
All	DT
categories	NNS
of	IN
airports	NNS
-	:
commercial	JJ
,	,
general	JJ
aviation	NN
and	CC
military	JJ
-	:
throughout	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
and	CC
Canada	NNP
compete	VB
for	IN
this	DT
award	NN
.	.
Dulles	NNP
was	VBD
the	DT
winner	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Large	JJ
Commercial	JJ
Airport	NNP
category	NN
with	IN
John	NNP
F.	NNP
Kennedy	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
in	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
and	CC
Boston	NNP
Logan	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
receiving	VBG
honorable	JJ
mention	NN
.	.
``	``
This	DT
award	NN
demonstrates	VBZ
the	DT
dedication	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
snow	NN
crews	NNS
and	CC
outstanding	JJ
efficiency	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
operation	NN
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
James	NNP
E.	NNP
Bennett	NNP
,	,
President\/CEO	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
.	.
``	``
During	IN
this	DT
very	RB
harsh	JJ
winter	NN
season	NN
,	,
our	PRP$
snow	NN
teams	NNS
worked	VBD
non-stop	JJ
to	TO
battle	VB
the	DT
weather	NN
and	CC
continue	VB
safe	JJ
and	CC
efficient	JJ
operations	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
nomination	NN
of	IN
this	DT
award	NN
to	TO
come	VB
from	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
users	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
aviation	NN
community	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
added	VBN
honor	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
airports	NNS
submit	VBP
applications	NNS
for	IN
this	DT
prestigious	JJ
award	NN
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
employees	NNS
'	POS
efforts	NNS
to	TO
keep	VB
the	DT
airport	NN
operationally	RB
safe	JJ
throughout	IN
the	DT
season	NN
.	.
Recommendations	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
award	NN
come	VBN
from	IN
users	NNS
of	IN
airports	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
:	:
airlines	NNS
,	,
airline	NN
pilots	NNS
,	,
general	JJ
aviation	NN
community	NN
,	,
corporate	JJ
pilots	NNS
,	,
the	DT
military	JJ
and	CC
even	RB
non-airport	JJ
staff	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
hotel	NN
owners	NNS
,	,
parking	NN
lot	NN
and	CC
ground	NN
transportation	NN
operators	NNS
,	,
and	CC
chambers	NNS
of	IN
commerce	NN
.	.
The	DT
judging	VBG
takes	VBZ
into	IN
consideration	NN
:	:
degree	NN
of	IN
preparation	NN
for	IN
snow	NN
removal	NN
;	:
effectiveness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
;	:
timeliness	NN
and	CC
accuracy	NN
of	IN
communications	NNS
during	IN
the	DT
storm	NN
and	CC
post-storm	JJ
clean-up	JJ
and	CC
critique	NN
.	.
Secretary	NNP
of	IN
Transportation	NNP
,	,
Norman	NNP
Y.	NNP
Mineta	NNP
has	VBZ
approved	VBN
the	DT
extension	NN
of	IN
thirty	CD
years	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
current	JJ
50-year	JJ
lease	NN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
holds	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
to	TO
manage	VB
and	CC
improve	VB
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
and	CC
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airports	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
lease	NN
,	,
which	WDT
began	VBD
in	IN
1987	CD
,	,
now	RB
will	MD
have	VB
a	DT
term	NN
of	IN
eighty	CD
years	NNS
--	:
with	IN
expiration	NN
in	IN
2067	CD
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Transportation	NNP
sought	VBD
to	TO
extend	VB
the	DT
previous	JJ
expiration	NN
date	NN
,	,
2037	CD
,	,
because	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
impact	VB
the	DT
Authority	NNP
's	POS
ability	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
traditional	JJ
30	CD
year	NN
revenue	NN
bond	NN
financing	NN
.	.
The	DT
new	JJ
lease	NN
term	NN
will	MD
accommodate	VB
anticipated	JJ
long	JJ
term	NN
financing	NN
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
two	CD
airports	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
proceeds	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
d2	NN
program	NN
for	IN
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
completion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
renovation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
historic	JJ
main	JJ
terminal	NN
at	IN
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
will	MD
also	RB
facilitate	VB
the	DT
financing	NN
for	IN
other	JJ
non-Airports	JJ
Authority	NNP
projects	NNS
on	IN
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
property	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
expansion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
privately	RB
owned	VBN
Greenway	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
continued	VBN
funding	NN
for	IN
the	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Air	NNP
and	CC
Space	NNP
Museum	NNP
.	.
The	DT
federal	JJ
law	NN
,	,
which	WDT
transferred	VBD
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
two	CD
Airports	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
regional	JJ
body	NN
,	,
gives	VBZ
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Transportation	NNP
Secretary	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
the	DT
legal	JJ
authority	NN
to	TO
extend	VB
the	DT
lease	NN
through	IN
an	DT
amendment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
original	JJ
law	NN
.	.
This	DT
amendment	NN
will	MD
also	RB
require	VB
the	DT
signatures	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Governor	NNP
of	IN
Virginia	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Mayor	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
gives	VBZ
the	DT
approval	NN
of	IN
the	DT
entities	NNS
that	WDT
created	VBD
the	DT
Authority	NNP
by	IN
compact	JJ
in	IN
1987	CD
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
appreciate	VBP
the	DT
support	NN
and	CC
expression	NN
of	IN
confidence	NN
by	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
as	IN
we	PRP
carry	VBP
out	RP
the	DT
intent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
airports	NNS
transfer	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
looking	VBG
forward	RB
to	TO
continuing	VBG
to	TO
manage	VB
and	CC
improve	VB
these	DT
important	JJ
aviation	NN
facilities	NNS
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
Jim	NNP
Bennett	NNP
,	,
President\/CEO	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
.	.
Traffic	NN
will	MD
reach	VB
the	DT
first	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
Garage	NN
1	CD
from	IN
the	DT
main	JJ
roadway	NN
entrance	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Airport	NNP
.	.
An	DT
additional	JJ
entrance	NN
to	TO
the	DT
second	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Garage	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
reached	VBN
from	IN
Aviation	NNP
Drive	NNP
which	WDT
carries	VBZ
traffic	NN
past	IN
the	DT
Dulles	NNP
Marriott	NNP
Hotel	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Exit	NN
Plaza	NNP
for	IN
Garage	NNP
1	CD
is	VBZ
located	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
level	NN
.	.
The	DT
center	NN
tower	NN
elevator	NN
brings	VBZ
passengers	NNS
to	TO
an	DT
enclosed	VBN
moving	VBG
pedestrian	JJ
walkway	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
constructed	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
roadway	NN
entrance	NN
.	.
A	DT
dedicated	JJ
bus	NN
lane	NN
runs	VBZ
along	IN
the	DT
front	NN
of	IN
the	DT
garage	NN
,	,
and	CC
bus	NN
stops	NNS
are	VBP
located	VBN
adjacent	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
ground	NN
level	NN
of	IN
each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
elevator	NN
towers	NNS
.	.
Smart	NNP
Carte	NNP
Rental	JJ
racks	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
garages	NNS
.	.
The	DT
new	JJ
daily	JJ
garage	NN
will	MD
also	RB
allow	VB
passengers	NNS
to	TO
take	VB
advantage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Pay	VB
&	CC
Go	VB
express	JJ
system	NN
.	.
Drivers	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
take	VB
their	PRP$
parking	NN
tickets	NNS
with	IN
them	PRP
and	CC
use	VB
the	DT
Pay	VB
&	CC
Go	VB
machines	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
as	IN
they	PRP
exit	NN
the	DT
building	NN
for	IN
a	DT
faster	JJR
way	NN
to	TO
pay	VB
and	CC
exit	NN
the	DT
garage	NN
.	.
``	``
Our	PRP$
goal	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
show	VB
Washington	NNP
,	,
DC	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
nation	NN
,	,
the	DT
magnitude	NN
of	IN
artistic	JJ
achievement	NN
among	IN
our	PRP$
students	NNS
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
Paula	NNP
Sanderlin	NNP
Dorosti	NNP
,	,
Art	NNP
Content	NNP
Specialist	NNP
for	IN
DC	NNP
Public	NNP
Schools	NNP
.	.
The	DT
exhibit	NN
includes	VBZ
drawings	NNS
,	,
paintings	NNS
,	,
collages	NNS
,	,
prints	NNS
,	,
computer	NN
graphics	NNS
,	,
mixed	JJ
media	NNS
and	CC
three-dimensional	JJ
constructions	NNS
.	.
Terminal	NNP
B\/C	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
opened	VBD
in	IN
1997	CD
,	,
incorporates	VBZ
the	DT
work	NN
of	IN
30	CD
artists	NNS
and	CC
artisans	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
permanent	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
design	NN
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
are	VBP
very	RB
pleased	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
showcase	NN
the	DT
work	NN
of	IN
young	JJ
artists	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
along	IN
with	IN
our	PRP$
own	JJ
architectural	JJ
enhancement	NN
program	NN
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
has	VBZ
grown	VBN
into	IN
a	DT
wonderful	JJ
community	NN
event	NN
and	CC
this	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
fourth	JJ
consecutive	JJ
year	NN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
been	VBN
held	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
James	NNP
A.	NNP
Wilding	NNP
,	,
president	NN
and	CC
CEO	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
.	.
Also	RB
displayed	VBN
in	IN
National	NNP
's	POS
historic	JJ
Terminal	NNP
A	NNP
are	VBP
works	NNS
of	IN
art	NN
by	IN
students	NNS
at	IN
Carl	NNP
Sandburg	NNP
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Fairfax	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
with	IN
whom	WP
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
School-Business	NNP
Partnership	NNP
and	CC
works	VBZ
by	IN
professional	JJ
artists	NNS
based	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
Torpedo	NNP
Factory	NN
in	IN
Alexandria	NNP
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
have	VBP
confidence	NN
that	IN
Jim	NNP
Bennett	NNP
will	MD
provide	VB
the	DT
leadership	NN
and	CC
management	NN
skills	NNS
necessary	JJ
to	TO
continue	VB
the	DT
strong	JJ
legacy	NN
of	IN
aviation	NN
service	NN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
has	VBZ
provided	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Washington	NNP
region	NN
and	CC
the	DT
travelers	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
world	NN
who	WP
use	VBP
our	PRP$
airports	NNS
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
Norman	NNP
M.	NNP
Glasgow	NNP
,	,
Jr.	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Chairman	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
.	.
Said	NNP
Mr.	NNP
Bennett	NNP
on	IN
his	PRP$
appointment	NN
,	,
``	``
I	PRP
thank	VBP
the	DT
Board	NNP
for	IN
their	PRP$
confidence	NN
in	IN
me	PRP
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
assure	VB
them	PRP
and	CC
the	DT
traveling	VBG
public	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
will	MD
keep	VB
focused	VBN
on	IN
being	VBG
an	DT
organization	NN
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
a	DT
high	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
service	NN
to	TO
the	DT
community	NN
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
we	PRP
will	MD
do	VB
this	DT
with	IN
the	DT
support	NN
of	IN
the	DT
excellent	JJ
employees	NNS
who	WP
work	VBP
with	IN
me	PRP
at	IN
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
and	CC
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airports	NNPS
.	.
''	''
Today	NN
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
monthly	JJ
meeting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
,	,
James	NNP
A.	NNP
Wilding	NNP
announced	VBD
his	PRP$
retirement	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
will	MD
take	VB
effect	NN
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
April	NNP
of	IN
this	DT
year	NN
.	.
Said	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
Chairman	NNP
,	,
Chip	NNP
Glasgow	NNP
,	,
``	``
Jim	NNP
Wilding	NNP
has	VBZ
personified	VBN
excellence	NN
in	IN
both	DT
public	JJ
service	NN
and	CC
business	NN
leadership	NN
,	,
and	CC
his	PRP$
contributions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
aviation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Region	NNP
benefit	NN
everyone	NN
who	WP
lives	VBZ
and	CC
visits	VBZ
our	PRP$
area	NN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
indebted	JJ
to	TO
him	PRP
for	IN
his	PRP$
many	JJ
years	NNS
of	IN
dedicated	JJ
service	NN
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
grateful	JJ
for	IN
his	PRP$
legacy	NN
for	IN
years	NNS
to	TO
come	VB
.	.
''	''
Mr.	NNP
Wilding	NNP
's	POS
aviation	NN
career	NN
spans	NNS
forty-three	CD
years	NNS
-	:
all	DT
of	IN
them	PRP
at	IN
the	DT
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
.	.
During	IN
his	PRP$
tenure	NN
as	IN
President\/CEO	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
,	,
he	PRP
has	VBZ
overseen	VBN
a	DT
massive	JJ
capital	NN
development	NN
program	NN
at	IN
both	DT
airports	NNS
totaling	VBG
well	RB
over	IN
$	$
3	CD
billion	CD
dollars	NNS
.	.
Under	IN
his	PRP$
leadership	NN
,	,
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
was	VBD
modernized	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
terminal	NN
building	NN
which	WDT
opened	VBD
in	IN
1997	CD
which	WDT
also	RB
brought	VBD
major	JJ
improvements	NNS
to	TO
traffic	NN
management	NN
on	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
improved	VBN
connections	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Metro	NNP
system	NN
.	.
At	IN
Dulles	NNP
,	,
he	PRP
directed	VBD
the	DT
extensive	JJ
growth	NN
during	IN
the	DT
l990	NN
's	POS
that	WDT
required	VBD
the	DT
expansion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
world	NN
famous	JJ
Saarinen-designed	JJ
Terminal	NNP
,	,
construction	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
concourses	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
building	NN
of	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
's	POS
first	JJ
parking	NN
garages	NNS
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Wilding	NNP
has	VBZ
served	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
Chairman	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Council	NNP
International	NNP
-	:
North	NNP
America	NNP
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
regional	JJ
organization	NN
and	CC
on	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
its	PRP$
worldwide	JJ
parent	NN
based	VBN
in	IN
Geneva	NNP
,	,
Switzerland	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
has	VBZ
served	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
President	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Aero	NNP
Club	NNP
of	IN
Washington	NNP
and	CC
currently	RB
serves	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
Policy	NNP
Review	NNP
Committee	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Airport	NNP
Executives	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
has	VBZ
also	RB
been	VBN
an	DT
active	JJ
participant	NN
in	IN
regional	JJ
affairs	NNS
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Wilding	NNP
has	VBZ
chaired	VBN
the	DT
United	NNP
Way	NNP
Campaign	NNP
of	IN
Arlington	NNP
County	NNP
Virginia	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Economic	NNP
Development	NNP
Commission	NNP
of	IN
Arlington	NNP
County	NNP
and	CC
has	VBZ
served	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
Executive	NNP
Committee	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Arlington	NNP
County	NNP
Chamber	NNP
of	IN
Commerce	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
has	VBZ
served	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Advisory	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Eno	NNP
Transportation	NNP
Foundation	NNP
,	,
and	CC
currently	RB
serves	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Washington	NNP
,	,
DC	NNP
Convention	NNP
and	CC
Tourism	NNP
Corporation	NNP
,	,
on	IN
both	DT
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
and	CC
Executive	NNP
Committee	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Dulles	NNP
Area	NNP
Transportation	NNP
Association	NNP
,	,
and	CC
has	VBZ
served	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Executive	NNP
Committee	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Transportation	NNP
Research	NNP
Board	NNP
.	.
Nearly	RB
1.4	CD
million	CD
passengers	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
traveling	VBG
through	IN
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
and	CC
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airports	NNPS
for	IN
the	DT
holiday	NN
season	NN
and	CC
knowing	VBG
what	WP
to	TO
expect	VB
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
can	MD
help	VB
make	VB
for	IN
a	DT
smooth	JJ
experience	NN
.	.
The	DT
busiest	JJS
days	NNS
for	IN
travel	NN
will	MD
be	VB
December	NNP
20th-23rd	JJ
for	IN
departure	NN
with	IN
the	DT
return	NN
trips	NNS
spread	VBN
out	RB
over	IN
several	JJ
days	NNS
with	IN
peak	NN
periods	NNS
just	RB
before	RB
and	CC
just	RB
after	IN
the	DT
New	NNP
Year	NN
.	.
At	IN
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
,	,
passengers	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
boarding	VBG
pass	NN
and	CC
photo	NN
ID	NNP
to	TO
pass	VB
through	IN
security	NN
screening	NN
checkpoints	NNS
.	.
Tickets	NNS
and	CC
ticket	NN
confirmation	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
an	DT
airline	NN
itinerary	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
accepted	VBN
at	IN
these	DT
checkpoints	NNS
.	.
Passengers	NNS
must	MD
obtain	VB
a	DT
boarding	VBG
pass	NN
at	IN
the	DT
airline	NN
ticket	NN
counter	NN
or	CC
a	DT
self-service	JJ
ticket	NN
kiosk	NN
provided	VBN
by	IN
some	DT
airlines	NNS
.	.
Parking	NN
-	:
At	IN
Dulles	NNP
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
ample	JJ
Economy	NNP
parking	NN
in	IN
lots	NNS
located	VBN
near	IN
the	DT
entrance	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Airport	NNP
which	WDT
provide	VBP
the	DT
largest	JJS
supply	NN
of	IN
spaces	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
economical	JJ
rate	NN
.	.
Free	NNP
Airport	NNP
shuttle	NN
buses	NNS
operate	VBP
between	IN
the	DT
economy	NN
lots	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
terminals	NNS
.	.
For	IN
parking	NN
information	NN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
please	VB
call	NN
703-572-4500	CD
.	.
Once	RB
the	DT
ticket	NN
is	VBZ
paid	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
Pay	VB
&	CC
Go	VB
machine	NN
in	IN
the	DT
terminal	NN
,	,
the	DT
customer	NN
will	MD
not	RB
have	VB
to	TO
stop	VB
at	IN
a	DT
cashier	NN
booth	NN
but	CC
can	MD
exit	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Pay	VB
&	CC
Go	VB
lanes	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
paid	VBN
ticket	NN
.	.
Staff	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
in	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
to	TO
assist	VB
drivers	NNS
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
machines	NNS
.	.
Cashier	NN
lanes	NNS
also	RB
remain	VBP
available	JJ
in	IN
all	DT
lots	NNS
.	.
Check	VB
In	IN
Before	IN
Check-In	NNP
:	:
Call	VB
your	PRP$
airline	NN
's	POS
800	CD
number	NN
to	TO
re-confirm	VB
your	PRP$
flight	NN
or	CC
to	TO
answer	VB
questions	NNS
about	IN
security	NN
regulations	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
checked	VBN
baggage	NN
.	.
Weather	NN
can	MD
greatly	RB
affect	VB
flight	NN
schedules	NNS
.	.
Snow	NNP
and	CC
winter	NN
storms	NNS
may	MD
cause	VB
delays	NNS
or	CC
even	RB
cancellations	NNS
so	IN
check	NN
both	CC
the	DT
local	JJ
weather	NN
forecasts	NNS
and	CC
those	DT
for	IN
the	DT
destination	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
you	PRP
are	VBP
traveling	VBG
.	.
A	DT
good	JJ
source	NN
of	IN
air	NN
traffic	NN
delays	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
country	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Aviation	NNP
Administration	NNP
website	NN
,	,
www.fly.faa.gov	NN
.	.
Being	VBG
well	RB
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
financial	JJ
difficulties	NNS
the	DT
airline	NN
industry	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
for	IN
some	DT
time	NN
,	,
and	CC
of	IN
United	NNP
's	POS
situation	NN
in	IN
particular	JJ
,	,
the	DT
Authority	NNP
has	VBZ
taken	VBN
several	JJ
steps	NNS
to	TO
reduce	VB
its	PRP$
costs	NNS
and	CC
spending	NN
plans	NNS
.	.
These	DT
actions	NNS
include	VBP
scaling	VBG
back	RB
by	IN
$	$
1.5	CD
billion	CD
our	PRP$
capital	NN
construction	NN
program	NN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
facilities	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
have	VB
increased	VBN
United	NNP
's	POS
financial	JJ
obligations	NNS
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
consecutive	JJ
year	NN
,	,
the	DT
Authority	NNP
's	POS
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
has	VBZ
adopted	VBN
an	DT
austere	JJ
budget	NN
,	,
which	WDT
contains	VBZ
very	RB
limited	JJ
increases	NNS
to	TO
cover	VB
higher	JJR
costs	NNS
for	IN
security	NN
and	CC
insurance	NN
requirements	NNS
,	,
but	CC
just	RB
as	IN
importantly	RB
has	VBZ
not	RB
increased	VBN
the	DT
airlines	NNS
'	POS
costs	NNS
to	TO
operate	VB
at	IN
our	PRP$
airports	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
work	VB
closely	RB
with	IN
United	NNP
Airlines	NNPS
as	IN
they	PRP
determine	VBP
any	DT
restructuring	NN
or	CC
changes	NNS
to	TO
service	NN
.	.
The	DT
Authority	NNP
remains	VBZ
confident	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
strength	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Washington	NNP
region	NN
's	POS
air	NN
travel	NN
market	NN
.	.
Speaking	VBG
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
United	NNP
,	,
Chris	NNP
Bowers	NNP
,	,
the	DT
company	NN
's	POS
Senior	JJ
Vice	NNP
President	NNP
of	IN
Marketing	NNP
and	CC
Sales	NNS
,	,
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
Regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
path	NN
we	PRP
take	VBP
to	TO
address	VB
our	PRP$
financial	JJ
concerns	NNS
,	,
United	NNP
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
fly	VB
and	CC
to	TO
deliver	VB
exceptional	JJ
service	NN
to	TO
our	PRP$
customers	NNS
worldwide	NN
.	.
We	PRP
remain	VBP
committed	JJ
to	TO
serving	VBG
our	PRP$
passengers	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
and	CC
at	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
airports	NNS
serving	VBG
the	DT
Washington	NNP
Metropolitan	NNP
region	NN
.	.
''	''
Thanksgiving	NNP
travelers	NNS
coming	VBG
to	TO
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
and	CC
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airports	NNPS
will	MD
see	VB
some	DT
new	JJ
security-related	JJ
requirements	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
offering	VBG
travel	NN
advice	NN
to	TO
area	NN
travelers	NNS
.	.
``	``
This	DT
Thanksgiving	NNP
travel	NN
season	NN
,	,
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
will	MD
be	VB
in	IN
charge	NN
of	IN
passenger	NN
security	NN
screening	VBG
at	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
's	POS
airports	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
always	RB
wise	JJ
to	TO
allow	VB
extra	JJ
time	NN
for	IN
traveling	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
airport	NN
during	IN
this	DT
busy	JJ
time	NN
,	,
but	CC
in	IN
light	NN
of	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
security	NN
procedures	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
want	VBP
travelers	NNS
to	TO
come	VB
early	RB
and	CC
be	VB
prepared	VBN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Airports	NNP
Authority	NNP
President\/CEO	NNP
James	NNP
A.	NNP
Wilding	NNP
.	.
Airport	NNP
users	NNS
will	MD
have	VB
a	DT
convenient	JJ
and	CC
comfortable	JJ
train	NN
system	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
handle	VB
more	RBR
riders	NNS
and	CC
move	VB
more	RBR
efficiently	RB
than	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
Mobile	NNP
Lounges	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
APM	NNP
system	NN
will	MD
replace	VB
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
Mobile	NNP
Lounges	NNPS
that	IN
transport	NN
passengers	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
and	CC
midfield	NN
concourses	NNS
and	CC
will	MD
reduce	VB
vehicular	JJ
traffic	NN
on	IN
the	DT
airfield	NN
.	.
The	DT
station	NN
locations	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
concourses	NNS
will	MD
also	RB
reduce	VB
walking	VBG
distances	NNS
.	.
This	DT
first	JJ
phase	NN
of	IN
the	DT
APM	NNP
project	NN
will	MD
construct	VB
a	DT
connection	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
to	TO
Concourses	NNP
A	NNP
,	,
B	NNP
and	CC
C	NNP
and	CC
construct	VB
the	DT
eastern	JJ
train	NN
alignment	NN
of	IN
what	WP
will	MD
eventually	RB
be	VB
a	DT
loop	NN
system	NN
at	IN
full	JJ
build	VB
out	RP
.	.
The	DT
stations	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
located	VBN
at	IN
convenient	JJ
points	NNS
along	IN
the	DT
concourses	NNS
to	TO
minimize	VB
walking	VBG
distances	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
airline	NN
gates	NNS
.	.
All	DT
public	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
system	NN
will	MD
be	VB
fully	RB
accessible	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
mobility	NN
impaired	VBN
and	CC
disabled	VBN
.	.
The	DT
trains	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
fully	RB
automated	VBN
,	,
without	IN
the	DT
need	NN
of	IN
drivers	NNS
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
operated	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
APM	NNP
Central	NNP
Control	NNP
Facility	NNP
.	.
The	DT
train	NN
will	MD
operate	VB
twenty-four	CD
hours	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
busiest	JJS
time	NN
expected	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
from	IN
3:00	CD
p.m.	NN
to	TO
11:00	CD
p.m.	NN
It	PRP
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
that	IN
in	IN
this	DT
first	JJ
phase	NN
,	,
the	DT
system	NN
will	MD
provide	VB
capacity	NN
for	IN
six	CD
thousand	CD
five	CD
hundred	CD
fifty	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
6,550	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
passengers	NNS
per	IN
hour	NN
per	IN
direction	NN
.	.
The	DT
airport	NN
train	NN
system	NN
is	VBZ
schedule	NN
to	TO
begin	VB
service	NN
by	IN
late	JJ
2008	CD
.	.
The	DT
project	NN
team	NN
with	IN
SCOA	NNP
as	IN
the	DT
prime	JJ
contractor	NN
includes	VBZ
;	:
Mitsubishi	NNP
Heavy	NNP
Industries	NNPS
,	,
LTD.	NNP
as	IN
the	DT
system	NN
integrator	NN
and	CC
vehicle	NN
manufacturer	NN
;	:
Alcatel	NNP
Transport	NNP
Automation	NNP
Solutions	NNPS
as	IN
the	DT
automatic	JJ
train	NN
control	NN
supplier	NN
;	:
and	CC
L.K.	NNP
Comstock	NNP
and	CC
Company	NNP
Inc.	NNP
as	IN
subsystem	NN
designers	NNS
and	CC
site	NN
construction	NN
manager	NN
.	.
Other	JJ
subcontractors	NNS
to	TO
Sumitomo	NNP
include	VBP
;	:
Eastern	NNP
Electrical	JJ
,	,
a	DT
Virginia	NNP
based	VBN
company	NN
which	WDT
will	MD
provide	VB
electrical\/communication	JJ
installation	NN
;	:
Prince	NNP
Construction	NNP
Co.	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
,	,
a	DT
Washington	NNP
DC	NNP
based	VBN
company	NN
,	,
which	WDT
will	MD
provide	VB
and	CC
install	VB
rebar	NN
and	CC
concrete	NN
;	:
and	CC
VARCO\/MAC	NNP
,	,
a	DT
Maryland	NNP
based	VBN
company	NN
,	,
which	WDT
will	MD
provide	VB
the	DT
power	NN
delivery	NN
for	IN
the	DT
system	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
other	JJ
Local	JJ
Disadvantaged	JJ
and	CC
Minority-Owned	JJ
Businesses	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
region	NN
will	MD
also	RB
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
APM	NNP
system	NN
.	.
Said	NNP
James	NNP
A.	NNP
Wilding	NNP
,	,
President\/CEO	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
,	,
``	``
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
twelfth	NN
year	NN
we	PRP
've	VBP
held	VBN
this	DT
event	NN
.	.
Each	DT
year	NN
we	PRP
are	VBP
gratified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
local	JJ
business	NN
people	NNS
who	WP
we	PRP
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
meet	VB
and	CC
assist	VB
to	TO
get	VB
more	JJR
information	NN
about	IN
opportunities	NNS
at	IN
our	PRP$
region	NN
's	POS
airports	NNS
.	.
''	''
``	``
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
great	JJ
opportunity	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
to	TO
support	VB
an	DT
important	JJ
program	NN
like	IN
Special	JJ
Olympics	NNPS
Virginia	NNP
and	CC
to	TO
open	VB
the	DT
airport	NN
to	TO
the	DT
community	NN
with	IN
displays	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
world	NN
of	IN
aviation	NN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
James	NNP
A.	NNP
Wilding	NNP
,	,
President	NNP
and	CC
CEO	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
and	CC
Chairman	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
event	NN
.	.
The	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
announces	VBZ
a	DT
new	JJ
easy	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
pay	VB
for	IN
parking	NN
at	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
The	DT
new	JJ
system	NN
,	,
called	VBN
Pay	VB
&	CC
Go	VB
will	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
starting	VBG
October	NNP
8th	JJ
.	.
Said	NNP
James	NNP
A.	NNP
Wilding	NNP
,	,
President\/CEO	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
,	,
``	``
The	DT
new	JJ
system	NN
will	MD
allow	VB
travelers	NNS
to	TO
pay	VB
for	IN
parking	NN
inside	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
,	,
using	VBG
automated	VBN
machines	NNS
and	CC
exit	NN
the	DT
parking	NN
lots	NNS
more	RBR
quickly	RB
and	CC
easily	RB
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
part	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
continuing	VBG
effort	NN
to	TO
make	VB
using	VBG
our	PRP$
Washington	NNP
airports	NNS
as	IN
convenient	JJ
as	IN
possible	JJ
for	IN
our	PRP$
customers	NNS
.	.
''	''
Starting	VBG
on	IN
October	NNP
8th	JJ
,	,
drivers	NNS
who	WP
park	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
Daily	NNP
Garage	NN
or	CC
the	DT
Hourly	NNP
Lot	NN
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
take	VB
their	PRP$
parking	NN
ticket	NN
with	IN
them	PRP
and	CC
use	VB
the	DT
Pay	VB
&	CC
Go	VB
payment	NN
machines	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
as	IN
they	PRP
exit	NN
the	DT
building	NN
.	.
Pay	VB
&	CC
Go	NNP
Machines	NNS
are	VBP
located	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
lower	JJR
level	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
near	IN
the	DT
east	JJ
and	CC
west	NN
exit	NN
doors	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
also	RB
two	CD
machines	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
pedestrian	JJ
bridge	NN
,	,
which	WDT
connects	VBZ
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
Daily	NNP
Parking	NNP
Garage	NNP
.	.
Once	RB
the	DT
customer	NN
pays	VBZ
the	DT
ticket	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Pay	VB
&	CC
Go	VB
machine	NN
in	IN
the	DT
terminal	NN
,	,
a	DT
new	JJ
ticket	NN
will	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
.	.
That	DT
ticket	NN
will	MD
be	VB
inserted	VBN
in	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
machines	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
special	JJ
Pay	VB
&	CC
Go	VB
lanes	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
exit	NN
plaza	NN
of	IN
the	DT
parking	NN
facilities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
customer	NN
will	MD
not	RB
have	VB
to	TO
stop	VB
at	IN
a	DT
cashier	NN
booth	NN
.	.
Drivers	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
introduced	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Pay	VB
&	CC
Go	VB
service	NN
by	IN
signs	NNS
placed	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
parking	NN
facilities	NNS
and	CC
in	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
.	.
Easy-to-find	JJ
Pay	VB
&	CC
Go	VB
machines	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
staffed	VBN
the	DT
first	JJ
few	JJ
months	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
service	NN
begins	VBZ
to	TO
assist	VB
drivers	NNS
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
machines	NNS
.	.
During	IN
this	DT
time	NN
,	,
a	DT
helicopter	NN
will	MD
be	VB
moving	VBG
a	DT
radar	NN
dome	NN
from	IN
atop	IN
the	DT
Air	NNP
Traffic	NNP
Control	NNP
Tower	NNP
at	IN
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
across	IN
the	DT
airfield	NN
to	TO
a	DT
new	JJ
location	NN
for	IN
future	JJ
installation	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
a	DT
cover	NN
for	IN
the	DT
tower	NN
roof	NN
will	MD
be	VB
moved	VBN
in	IN
place	NN
via	IN
helicopter	NN
after	IN
the	DT
dome	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
relocated	VBN
.	.
The	DT
two	CD
helicopter	NN
lifts	NNS
are	VBP
expected	VBN
to	TO
take	VB
approximately	RB
30	CD
minutes	NNS
.	.
All	DT
traffic	NN
will	MD
be	VB
detoured	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
roadways	NNS
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
Terminals	NNS
A	DT
,	,
B	NNP
and	CC
C	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
roadway	NN
which	WDT
passes	VBZ
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
the	DT
parking	NN
garages	NNS
.	.
Both	DT
the	DT
upper	JJ
and	CC
lower	JJR
roadways	NNS
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
Terminal	NNP
B	NNP
and	CC
C	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
roadway	NN
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
Terminal	NNP
A	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
temporarily	RB
closed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
pedestrian	JJ
bridges	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
Metro	NNP
station	NN
and	CC
Parking	NN
Garages	NNPS
B	NNP
and	CC
C	NNP
will	MD
remain	VB
open	JJ
,	,
and	CC
passengers	NNS
may	MD
walk	VB
to	TO
the	DT
terminals	NNS
from	IN
those	DT
bridges	NNS
.	.
Likewise	RB
,	,
the	DT
pedestrian	JJ
tunnel	NN
connecting	VBG
Garage	NNP
A	NNP
to	TO
Terminal	NNP
A	NNP
will	MD
remain	VB
open	JJ
.	.
Motorists	NNS
dropping	VBG
passengers	NNS
off	IN
for	IN
airlines	NNS
located	VBN
in	IN
Terminal	NNP
B	NNP
or	CC
C	NNP
may	MD
either	RB
drop	VB
them	PRP
off	RP
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
the	DT
garages	NNS
by	IN
the	DT
bus	NN
shelters	NNS
or	CC
drive	NN
into	IN
the	DT
garages	NNS
and	CC
exit	NN
for	IN
free	JJ
within	IN
20	CD
minutes	NNS
.	.
This	DT
year	NN
,	,
the	DT
team	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Smithsonian	NNP
Air	NNP
and	CC
Space	NNP
Museum	NNP
took	VBD
the	DT
crown	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
pulled	VBD
in	IN
a	DT
time	NN
of	IN
7.43	CD
seconds	NNS
.	.
Cisco	NNP
Systems	NNPS
and	CC
Arlington	NNP
County	NNP
Police	NNP
finished	VBD
second	JJ
and	CC
third	JJ
respectively	RB
.	.
Full	JJ
results	NNS
and	CC
raffle	NN
winners	NNS
are	VBP
listed	VBN
on	IN
www.planepull.com	NN
.	.
The	DT
public	NN
is	VBZ
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
join	VB
study	NN
engineers	NNS
and	CC
planners	NNS
from	IN
5	CD
p.m.	NN
to	TO
8	CD
p.m.	NN
to	TO
share	VB
thoughts	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
upcoming	VBG
Environmental	JJ
Impact	NNP
Statement	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
EIS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
new	JJ
runway	NN
project	NN
at	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
No	DT
formal	JJ
presentation	NN
is	VBZ
planned	VBN
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
scoping	VBG
workshop	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
solicit	VB
public	JJ
input	NN
on	IN
the	DT
preparation	NN
of	IN
an	DT
EIS	NNP
for	IN
proposed	VBN
new	JJ
air-carrier	NN
runways	NNS
and	CC
related	JJ
improvements	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
.	.
Scoping	VBG
is	VBZ
an	DT
early	JJ
and	CC
open	JJ
process	NN
designed	VBN
to	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
range	NN
of	IN
actions	NNS
,	,
alternatives	NNS
,	,
and	CC
potential	JJ
impacts	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
considered	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
EIS	NNP
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
identify	VB
significant	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
For	IN
those	DT
who	WP
may	MD
require	VB
special	JJ
assistance	NN
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
access	NN
,	,
sign	NN
interpretation	NN
or	CC
English	JJ
translation	NN
to	TO
attend	VB
or	CC
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
meetings	NNS
,	,
please	VB
call	NN
Deborah	NNP
Cordell	NNP
at	IN
least	JJS
48	CD
hours	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meetings	NNS
at	IN
301-863-2474	CD
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
this	DT
EIS	NNP
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
several	JJ
other	JJ
environmental	JJ
studies	NNS
being	VBG
undertaken	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
.	.
This	DT
notice	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
recently	RB
initiated	VBN
EIS	NNP
for	IN
new	JJ
runways	NNS
and	CC
associated	VBN
improvements	NNS
at	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
and	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
ongoing	JJ
Environmental	NNP
Assessment	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
EA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
Tier	NN
2	CD
Improvements	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
The	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
invites	VBZ
the	DT
public	NN
to	TO
attend	VB
a	DT
Public	NNP
Information	NNP
Session	NN
on	IN
an	DT
environmental	JJ
study	NN
for	IN
new	JJ
projects	NNS
at	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
session	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
public	NN
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
review	VB
and	CC
comment	VB
on	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Environmental	NNP
Assessment	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
EA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
a	DT
future	JJ
new	JJ
concourse	NN
,	,
automated	VBN
airport	NN
underground	NN
train	NN
system	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
related	JJ
projects	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
.	.
The	DT
new	JJ
airport	NN
automated	VBN
underground	JJ
train	NN
system	NN
will	MD
connect	VB
the	DT
Concourses	NNPS
and	CC
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
.	.
The	DT
train	NN
system	NN
will	MD
be	VB
electric-powered	JJ
and	CC
will	MD
substantially	RB
reduce	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
existing	VBG
Mobile	NNP
Lounge	NNP
service	NN
.	.
The	DT
project	NN
will	MD
include	VB
six	CD
miles	NNS
of	IN
tunnels	NNS
,	,
eight	CD
stations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
connections	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
concourses	NNS
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
a	DT
maintenance	NN
facility	NN
.	.
Two	CD
separate	JJ
train	NN
systems	NNS
will	MD
eventually	RB
be	VB
constructed	VBN
:	:
one	CD
for	IN
domestic	JJ
passengers	NNS
and	CC
one	CD
for	IN
arriving	VBG
international	JJ
passengers	NNS
.	.
All	DT
comments	NNS
submitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
during	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
EA	NNP
comment	NN
period	NN
will	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
in	IN
making	VBG
decisions	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
project	NN
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
addressed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Final	NNP
EA	NNP
.	.
Agencies	NNPS
,	,
neighboring	VBG
community	NN
groups	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
public	NN
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
attend	VB
the	DT
public	JJ
information	NN
session	NN
and	CC
provide	VB
comments	NNS
on	IN
alternatives	NNS
described	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
EA	NNP
.	.
Copies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
EA	NNP
are	VBP
available	JJ
for	IN
review	NN
at	IN
several	JJ
area	NN
libraries	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
see	VB
list	NN
on	IN
Authority	NNP
website	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
on	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
website	NN
at	IN
www.mwaa.com	NN
.	.
Said	NNP
James	NNP
A.	NNP
Wilding	NNP
,	,
President\/CEO	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
,	,
''	''
Dulles	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
international	JJ
airport	NN
for	IN
the	DT
region	NN
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
make	VBP
it	PRP
our	PRP$
priority	NN
to	TO
attract	VB
the	DT
international	JJ
service	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
our	PRP$
community	NN
.	.
Air	NNP
service	NN
to	TO
Latin	NNP
America	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
special	JJ
focus	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
are	VBP
very	RB
pleased	JJ
to	TO
announce	VB
these	DT
new	JJ
flights	NNS
.	.
``	``
Dulles	NNP
now	RB
offers	VBZ
service	NN
to	TO
32	CD
foreign	JJ
destinations	NNS
.	.
Over	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
ten	CD
years	NNS
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
international	JJ
flights	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
has	VBZ
more	JJR
than	IN
doubled	VBD
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
extremely	RB
important	JJ
to	TO
our	PRP$
region	NN
's	POS
economy	NN
,	,
tourism	NN
,	,
and	CC
our	PRP$
place	NN
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
as	IN
the	DT
gateway	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Nation	NN
's	POS
Capital	NN
.	.
''	''
This	DT
year	NN
,	,
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
retained	VBD
its	PRP$
status	NN
as	IN
the	DT
fourth	JJ
busiest	JJS
U.S.	NNP
international	JJ
gateway	NN
to	TO
Europe	NNP
,	,
just	RB
behind	IN
the	DT
two	CD
New	NNP
York	NNP
Airports	NNPS
and	CC
Chicago	NNP
's	POS
O'Hare	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
This	DT
significant	JJ
accomplishment	NN
among	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
airports	NNS
in	IN
America	NNP
takes	VBZ
on	RP
more	RBR
importance	NN
in	IN
light	NN
of	IN
the	DT
impacts	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
's	POS
airlines	NNS
following	VBG
September	NNP
11th	JJ
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
South	NNP
American	NNP
market	NN
,	,
Dulles	NNP
ranks	VBZ
8th	JJ
as	IN
an	DT
international	JJ
gateway	NN
among	IN
U.S.	NNP
airport	NN
.	.
Both	DT
domestic	JJ
and	CC
international	JJ
carriers	NNS
have	VBP
returned	VBN
service	NN
to	TO
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
and	CC
added	VBD
new	JJ
routes	NNS
both	DT
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
and	CC
internationally	RB
.	.
Lufthansa	NNP
added	VBD
a	DT
new	JJ
destination	NN
,	,
Dusseldorf	NNP
,	,
Germany	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
Dulles	NNP
roster	NN
in	IN
February	NNP
.	.
Both	DT
British	NNP
Airlines	NNPS
and	CC
United	NNP
Airlines	NNPS
have	VBP
added	VBN
more	RBR
convenient	JJ
daytime	JJ
flights	NNS
to	TO
London	NNP
's	POS
Heathrow	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
has	VBZ
worked	VBN
with	IN
United	NNP
Airlines	NNPS
to	TO
bring	VB
this	DT
additional	JJ
Latin	JJ
American	JJ
service	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Washington	NNP
region	NN
because	IN
of	IN
its	PRP$
importance	NN
to	TO
business	NN
and	CC
tourism	NN
but	CC
also	RB
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
direct	JJ
benefit	NN
it	PRP
will	MD
provide	VB
to	TO
the	DT
significant	JJ
Latin	JJ
American	JJ
population	NN
in	IN
the	DT
region	NN
.	.
The	DT
2000	CD
Census	NNP
shows	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
Latin	JJ
American	JJ
population	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Washington-Baltimore	NNP
combined	VBN
standard	JJ
metropolitan	JJ
statistical	JJ
area	NN
has	VBZ
increased	VBN
88	CD
%	NN
,	,
to	TO
over	IN
a	DT
half	NN
a	DT
million	CD
residents	NNS
,	,
since	IN
1990	CD
.	.
Dulles	NNP
'	POS
geographic	JJ
location	NN
in	IN
the	DT
mid-Atlantic	JJ
region	NN
and	CC
easy	JJ
connections	NNS
to	TO
other	JJ
U.S.	NNP
and	CC
international	JJ
cities	NNS
has	VBZ
made	VBN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
an	DT
attractive	JJ
market	NN
for	IN
airlines	NNS
.	.
This	DT
advantage	NN
contributes	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
position	NN
of	IN
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
as	IN
global	JJ
gateway	NN
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
's	POS
ongoing	JJ
construction	NN
program	NN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
is	VBZ
geared	VBN
to	TO
continue	VB
to	TO
bring	VB
the	DT
needed	VBN
facilities	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
airport	NN
to	TO
maintain	VB
its	PRP$
reputation	NN
as	IN
an	DT
efficient	JJ
hub	NN
and	CC
international	JJ
gateway	NN
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
was	VBD
a	DT
key	JJ
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Task	NNP
Force	NNP
that	WDT
worked	VBD
on	IN
this	DT
initiative	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
individuals	NNS
who	WP
allegedly	RB
falsified	VBD
information	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
airport	NN
identification	NN
badges	NNS
at	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
or	CC
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airports	NNPS
or	CC
otherwise	RB
violated	VBD
the	DT
law	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
through	IN
the	DT
efforts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
Police	NNP
Department	NNP
to	TO
review	VB
some	DT
20,000	CD
records	NNS
for	IN
erroneous	JJ
information	NN
that	IN
these	DT
individuals	NNS
were	VBD
identified	VBN
.	.
Prior	RB
to	TO
this	DT
operation	NN
,	,
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
followed	VBD
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Aviation	NNP
Administration	NNP
and	CC
conducted	VBN
background	NN
checks	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
authorized	VBN
by	IN
federal	JJ
law	NN
.	.
Federal	NNP
law	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
allow	VB
airports	NNS
to	TO
investigate	VB
or	CC
access	VB
information	NN
regarding	VBG
social	JJ
security	NN
and	CC
immigration	NN
and	CC
naturalization	NN
information	NN
provided	VBN
by	IN
individuals	NNS
seeking	VBG
employment	NN
.	.
The	DT
critical	JJ
element	NN
of	IN
this	DT
multi-jurisdictional	JJ
effort	NN
over	IN
a	DT
five-month	JJ
period	NN
was	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
authorities	NNS
enable	VBP
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
,	,
to	TO
match	VB
INS	NNP
and	CC
Social	NNP
Security	NNP
information	NN
against	IN
the	DT
information	NN
on	IN
file	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
.	.
Beginning	VBG
in	IN
December	NNP
of	IN
2001	CD
,	,
federal	JJ
law	NN
required	VBN
that	IN
all	DT
new	JJ
employees	NNS
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
fingerprinting	NN
and	CC
background	NN
checks	NNS
.	.
By	IN
December	NNP
6th	CD
of	IN
2002	CD
,	,
all	DT
airport	NN
employees	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
fingerprint-based	JJ
criminal	JJ
history	NN
check	NN
against	IN
FBI	NNP
records	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
intense	JJ
,	,
coordinated	VBN
efforts	NNS
to	TO
examine	VB
airport	NN
employee	NN
records	NNS
to	TO
date	NN
,	,
and	CC
one	CD
of	IN
several	JJ
such	JJ
enforcement	NN
actions	NNS
taken	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
and	CC
participating	VBG
airports	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
country	NN
.	.
The	DT
Alexandria	NNP
Chamber	NNP
of	IN
Commerce	NNP
recognized	VBD
the	DT
Fire	NNP
Department	NNP
for	IN
its	PRP$
initial	JJ
response	NN
and	CC
ongoing	JJ
work	NN
at	IN
the	DT
site	NN
from	IN
September	NNP
11th	JJ
-	:
September	NNP
21st	JJ
.	.
A	DT
total	NN
of	IN
112	CD
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
emergency	NN
personnel	NNS
worked	VBD
at	IN
the	DT
Pentagon	NNP
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
emergency	NN
response	NN
force	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
fire	VB
suppression	NN
,	,
search	NN
and	CC
rescue	NN
,	,
and	CC
triage	NN
and	CC
transport	NN
operations	NNS
,	,
Authority	NNP
personnel	NNS
worked	VBD
with	IN
other	JJ
fire	NN
and	CC
rescue	NN
personnel	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
region	NN
in	IN
planning	NN
,	,
safety	NN
,	,
logistics	NNS
,	,
and	CC
command	NN
functions	NNS
.	.
As	IN
thousands	NNS
of	IN
visitors	NNS
fly	VBP
Washington	NNP
to	TO
attend	VB
the	DT
annual	JJ
Cherry	NNP
Blossom	NNP
Festival	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
celebrated	VBN
from	IN
March	NNP
24th	JJ
through	IN
April	NNP
8th	JJ
,	,
they	PRP
will	MD
experience	VB
their	PRP$
first	JJ
blossom	NN
experience	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
and	CC
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airports	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
joins	VBZ
the	DT
annual	JJ
festival	NN
with	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
own	JJ
landscaping	NN
program	NN
at	IN
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
Five	CD
Yoshino	NNP
cherry	NN
blossom	NN
trees	NNS
,	,
similar	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
variety	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Tidal	NNP
Basin	NNP
,	,
are	VBP
planted	VBN
near	IN
Terminal	NNP
A.	NN
Said	NNP
Mr.	NNP
Wilding	NNP
,	,
``	``
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
day	NN
we	PRP
've	VBP
all	DT
been	VBN
looking	VBG
forward	RB
to	TO
,	,
when	WRB
our	PRP$
customers	NNS
can	MD
have	VB
convenient	JJ
daily	JJ
parking	NN
in	IN
a	DT
garage	NN
near	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
.	.
And	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
just	RB
the	DT
beginning	VBG
for	IN
improved	VBN
parking	NN
services	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
open	VB
a	DT
second	JJ
garage	NN
later	RB
this	DT
summer	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
five-story	JJ
$	$
45	CD
million	CD
garage	NN
was	VBD
designed	VBN
by	IN
URS	NNP
Corporation	NNP
and	CC
built	VBN
by	IN
Turner	NNP
Construction	NNP
Company	NNP
,	,
and	CC
will	MD
provide	VB
airport	NN
customers	NNS
with	IN
3,700	CD
daily	JJ
parking	NN
spaces	NNS
.	.
A	DT
second	JJ
five-story	JJ
garage	NN
will	MD
provide	VB
an	DT
additional	JJ
4,700	CD
spaces	NNS
later	RB
this	DT
summer	NN
.	.
Both	DT
garages	NNS
were	VBD
constructed	VBN
of	IN
poured-in-place	NN
,	,
post-tensioned	JJ
concrete	NN
,	,
and	CC
have	VBP
a	DT
precast	JJ
concrete	JJ
exterior	NN
.	.
Customers	NNS
can	MD
also	RB
walk	VB
to	TO
the	DT
Baggage	NNP
Claim	NNP
Level	NNP
from	IN
the	DT
ground	NN
floor	NN
of	IN
the	DT
garage	NN
.	.
smartecarte	NN
machines	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
located	VBN
on	IN
each	DT
level	NN
of	IN
the	DT
garage	NN
for	IN
customer	NN
convenience	NN
.	.
The	DT
Airport	NNP
will	MD
also	RB
provide	VB
free	JJ
,	,
dedicated	JJ
shuttle	NN
bus	NN
service	NN
between	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
garage	NN
for	IN
those	DT
drivers	NNS
who	WP
prefer	VBP
to	TO
ride	VB
.	.
The	DT
garage	NN
is	VBZ
equipped	VBN
with	IN
an	DT
automated	JJ
space	NN
counting	VBG
system	NN
,	,
which	WDT
indicates	VBZ
how	WRB
many	JJ
open	JJ
spaces	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
on	IN
each	DT
level	NN
of	IN
the	DT
garage	NN
.	.
The	DT
signs	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
provide	VBP
this	DT
information	NN
,	,
are	VBP
located	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
top	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ramps	NNS
at	IN
each	DT
level	NN
of	IN
the	DT
garage	NN
.	.
The	DT
recent	JJ
Thanksgiving	NNP
holiday	NN
season	NN
proved	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
busy	JJ
time	NN
at	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
this	DT
year	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
estimated	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
Christmas	NNP
travel	NN
season	NN
will	MD
attract	VB
passengers	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
airport	NN
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
At	IN
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
,	,
the	DT
limited	JJ
operations	NNS
during	IN
Thanksgiving	NNP
greatly	RB
reduced	VBD
the	DT
usual	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
travelers	NNS
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
are	VBP
looking	VBG
forward	RB
to	TO
serving	VBG
the	DT
traveling	VBG
public	NN
this	DT
season	NN
at	IN
our	PRP$
two	CD
airports	NNS
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Airports	NNP
Authority	NNP
President\/CEO	NNP
James	NNP
A.	NNP
Wilding	NNP
,	,
``	``
and	CC
we	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
trip	NN
through	IN
our	PRP$
facilities	NNS
as	IN
smooth	JJ
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
''	''
Leave	VB
early	RB
.	.
Airline	NNP
and	CC
airport	NN
officials	NNS
urge	VBP
travelers	NNS
to	TO
arrive	VB
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
2	CD
hours	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
domestic	JJ
flights	NNS
and	CC
3	CD
hours	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
international	JJ
flights	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
to	TO
allow	VB
time	NN
for	IN
ground	NN
transportation	NN
,	,
parking	NN
,	,
luggage	NN
check-in	NN
and	CC
security	NN
screening	NN
.	.
Pack	NN
wisely	RB
.	.
Limit	NN
carry	VBP
on	IN
items	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
in	IN
question	NN
.	.
Only	RB
1	CD
carry	VBP
on	IN
bag	NN
and	CC
one	CD
personal	JJ
item	NN
will	MD
be	VB
allowed	VBN
through	IN
security	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
not	RB
pack	VB
sharp	JJ
items	NNS
.	.
Expect	VB
to	TO
have	VB
any	DT
carry-on	JJ
items	NNS
scrutinized	VBN
and	CC
do	VB
not	RB
gift-wrap	JJ
presents	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
plan	VBP
to	TO
take	VB
.	.
Electronic	JJ
equipment	NN
will	MD
also	RB
be	VB
examined	VBN
carefully	RB
and	CC
laptop	NN
computers	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
removed	VBN
from	IN
carrying	VBG
cases	NNS
.	.
Keep	VB
an	DT
eye	NN
on	IN
the	DT
weather	NN
.	.
Weather	NN
can	MD
greatly	RB
affect	VB
flight	NN
schedules	NNS
.	.
Snow	NNP
and	CC
winter	NN
storms	NNS
may	MD
cause	VB
delays	NNS
or	CC
even	RB
cancellations	NNS
so	IN
check	NN
both	CC
the	DT
local	JJ
weather	NN
forecasts	NNS
and	CC
those	DT
for	IN
the	DT
destination	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
you	PRP
are	VBP
traveling	VBG
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
website	NN
,	,
provides	VBZ
information	NN
on	IN
flights	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
two	CD
hour	NN
time	NN
block	NN
.	.
Another	DT
good	JJ
source	NN
of	IN
air	NN
traffic	NN
delays	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
country	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Aviation	NNP
Administration	NNP
website	NN
,	,
www.fly.faa.gov	NN
.	.
The	DT
lot	NN
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
offers	VBZ
only	RB
Hourly	JJ
and	CC
Valet	NNP
parking	NN
.	.
Pedestrians	NNS
will	MD
also	RB
see	VB
new	JJ
walkways	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
and	CC
new	JJ
waiting	VBG
areas	NNS
for	IN
ground	NN
transportation	NN
.	.
Daily	NNP
parking	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
east	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
but	CC
that	DT
lot	NN
fills	VBZ
quickly	RB
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
ample	JJ
Economy	NNP
parking	NN
in	IN
lots	NNS
located	VBN
near	IN
the	DT
entrance	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Airport	NNP
which	WDT
provide	VBP
the	DT
largest	JJS
supply	NN
of	IN
spaces	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
economical	JJ
rate	NN
.	.
Free	NNP
airport	NN
shuttle	NN
buses	NNS
operate	VBP
between	IN
the	DT
economy	NN
lots	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
terminals	NNS
.	.
For	IN
parking	NN
information	NN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
please	VB
call	NN
703-572-4500	CD
.	.
Park	NNP
for	IN
20	CD
minutes	NNS
free	JJ
when	WRB
meeting	VBG
passengers	NNS
.	.
Those	DT
dropping	VBG
off	RP
or	CC
meeting	NN
incoming	JJ
passengers	NNS
can	MD
park	VB
for	IN
free	JJ
for	IN
20	CD
minutes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
hourly	JJ
parking	NN
lots	NNS
at	IN
both	DT
airports	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
wish	VBP
to	TO
drop	VB
off	RP
or	CC
pick	VB
up	RP
passengers	NNS
along	IN
the	DT
curbside	NN
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
,	,
be	VB
aware	JJ
that	IN
unattended	JJ
vehicles	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
ticketed	VBN
and	CC
towed	VBN
and	CC
lingering	VBG
at	IN
the	DT
curb	NN
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
allowed	VBN
.	.
Take	VB
Metro	NNP
.	.
Travelers	NNPS
using	VBG
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
often	RB
find	VBP
Metro	NNP
a	DT
good	JJ
alternative	NN
to	TO
driving	VBG
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
also	RB
encourages	VBZ
Dulles	NNP
passengers	NNS
to	TO
consider	VB
taking	VBG
Metro	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
Metro	NNP
West	NNP
Falls	NNP
Church	NNP
Station	NNP
and	CC
connecting	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
Washington	NNP
Flyer	NNP
Bus	NNP
to	TO
Dulles	NNP
.	.
Be	VB
prepared	JJ
for	IN
higher	JJR
security	NN
measure	NN
.	.
Airlines	NNPS
require	VBP
seeing	VBG
a	DT
government-issued	JJ
photo	NN
I.D.	NNP
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
driver	NN
's	POS
license	NN
or	CC
passport	NN
for	IN
passengers	NNS
over	IN
age	NN
18	CD
before	IN
going	VBG
through	IN
airport	NN
security	NN
screening	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
ID	NNP
may	MD
be	VB
checked	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
ticket	NN
counter	RB
,	,
security	NN
screening	NN
and	CC
airline	NN
boarding	VBG
gate	NN
.	.
New	NNP
requirements	NNS
this	DT
season	NN
Only	RB
passengers	NNS
with	IN
airline	NN
tickets	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
permitted	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
security	NN
screening	VBG
area	NN
.	.
People	NNS
who	WP
accompany	VBP
small	JJ
children	NNS
or	CC
passengers	NNS
who	WP
need	VBP
medical	JJ
assistance	NN
may	MD
make	VB
arrangements	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
airline	NN
.	.
Keep	VB
valuables	NNS
with	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Carry	VB
medicine	NN
,	,
cash	NN
,	,
jewelry	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
important	JJ
valuables	NNS
with	IN
you	PRP
on	IN
the	DT
plane	NN
.	.
Have	NNP
identification	NN
tags	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
outside	JJ
and	CC
inside	IN
of	IN
your	PRP$
luggage	NN
;	:
these	DT
tags	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
airline	NN
ticket	NN
counters	NNS
although	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
save	VB
time	NN
to	TO
do	VB
this	DT
before	IN
you	PRP
arrive	VBP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
leave	VBP
your	PRP$
car	NN
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
,	,
remove	VB
any	DT
valuables	NNS
.	.
Carry	VB
your	PRP$
purse	NN
and	CC
wallet	NN
securely	RB
,	,
and	CC
keep	VB
your	PRP$
luggage	NN
and	CC
carry-on	JJ
items	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
sight	NN
at	IN
all	DT
times	NNS
.	.
For	IN
security	NN
reasons	NNS
unattended	JJ
bags	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
items	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
confiscated	VBN
and	CC
destroyed	VBN
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Lewis	NNP
also	RB
serves	VBZ
on	IN
several	JJ
Boards	NNS
of	IN
Directors	NNS
of	IN
national	JJ
and	CC
local	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
organizations	NNS
including	VBG
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Trustees	NNPS
of	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Hospital	NNP
Association	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
serves	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Governors	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Philadelphia	NNP
Stock	NNP
Exchange	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
retired	VBD
in	IN
1997	CD
from	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Securities	NNPS
and	CC
Exchange	NNP
Commission	NNP
after	IN
serving	VBG
for	IN
12	CD
years	NNS
as	IN
Assistant	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
Division	NNP
of	IN
Investment	NNP
Management	NNP
.	.
Norman	NNP
M.	NNP
Glasgow	NNP
,	,
Jr.	NNP
was	VBD
also	RB
elected	VBN
Vice	NNP
Chairman	NNP
last	JJ
year	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
served	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
since	IN
1993	CD
.	.
He	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
Partner	NNP
and	CC
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Executive	NNP
Committee	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
firm	NN
of	IN
Wilkes	NNP
,	,
Artis	NNP
,	,
Hedrick	NNP
&	CC
Lane	NNP
,	,
specializing	VBG
in	IN
general	JJ
real	JJ
estate	NN
,	,
particularly	RB
zoning	NN
,	,
land	NN
use	NN
,	,
building	VBG
code	NN
and	CC
historic	JJ
preservation	NN
law	NN
.	.
He	PRP
has	VBZ
served	VBN
as	IN
Chairman	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
's	POS
Finance	NNP
Committee	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
was	VBD
appointed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Governor	NNP
of	IN
Maryland	NNP
.	.
Today	NN
the	DT
Secretary	NNP
of	IN
Transportation	NNP
,	,
Norman	NNP
Mineta	NNP
,	,
announced	VBD
18	CD
additional	JJ
destinations	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
receive	VB
air	NN
service	NN
to	TO
and	CC
from	IN
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
starting	VBG
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
Friday	NNP
,	,
October	NNP
26th	JJ
,	,
pending	VBG
the	DT
implementation	NN
of	IN
further	JJ
enhanced	JJ
security	NN
measures	NNS
at	IN
all	DT
airports	NNS
serving	VBG
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
looks	VBZ
forward	RB
to	TO
future	JJ
announcements	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Government	NNP
to	TO
further	JJ
return	NN
to	TO
service	VB
the	DT
remaining	VBG
scheduled	VBN
flights	NNS
which	WDT
the	DT
Airport	NNP
accommodated	VBD
prior	RB
to	TO
September	NNP
11th	JJ
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
welcome	JJ
news	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
thousands	NNS
of	IN
individuals	NNS
who	WP
work	VBP
at	IN
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
work	VB
with	IN
the	DT
airlines	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
businesses	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
necessary	JJ
security	NN
and	CC
operational	JJ
actions	NNS
are	VBP
taken	VBN
to	TO
enable	VB
us	PRP
to	TO
return	VB
to	TO
business	NN
as	IN
outlined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
President	NNP
.	.
The	DT
organization	NN
has	VBZ
provided	VBN
services	NNS
at	IN
both	DT
Dulles	NNPS
and	CC
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airports	NNP
for	IN
over	IN
35	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Travelers	NNPS
Aid	NNP
volunteers	NNS
provide	VBP
assistance	NN
with	IN
general	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
facilities	NNS
,	,
directions	NNS
to	TO
ground	VB
transportation	NN
,	,
and	CC
connect	VB
travelers	NNS
with	IN
special	JJ
assistance	NN
if	IN
necessary	JJ
.	.
Currently	RB
there	EX
are	VBP
over	IN
250	CD
volunteers	NNS
who	WP
serve	VBP
flexible	JJ
four-hour	JJ
shifts	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
two	CD
airports	NNS
.	.
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
expanding	VBG
the	DT
Travelers	NNPS
Aid	NNP
services	NNS
to	TO
accommodate	VB
the	DT
thousands	NNS
of	IN
U.S.	NNP
and	CC
international	JJ
passengers	NNS
who	WP
use	VBP
the	DT
airport	NN
daily	RB
.	.
This	DT
recruitment	NN
campaign	NN
is	VBZ
geared	VBN
toward	IN
attracting	VBG
people	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
a	DT
few	JJ
hours	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
to	TO
spend	VB
helping	VBG
travelers	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
Volunteers	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
bilingual	JJ
are	VBP
also	RB
in	IN
high	JJ
demand	NN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
.	.
The	DT
volunteer	NN
drive	NN
will	MD
continue	VB
through	IN
the	DT
month	NN
of	IN
September	NNP
with	IN
training	NN
classes	NNS
in	IN
October	NNP
.	.
Anyone	NN
interested	JJ
in	IN
finding	VBG
out	RP
more	RBR
about	IN
becoming	VBG
an	DT
airport	NN
volunteer	NN
is	VBZ
asked	VBN
to	TO
call	VB
Travelers	NNPS
Aid	NNP
at	IN
703-572-7350	CD
.	.
The	DT
AED	NNP
's	POS
are	VBP
placed	VBN
in	IN
highly	RB
visible	JJ
locations	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
airports	NNS
in	IN
clearly	RB
marked	VBN
cabinets	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
a	DT
picture	NN
of	IN
a	DT
heart	NN
and	CC
say	VB
``	``
Automatic	NNP
External	NNP
Defibrillator	NNP
''	''
.	.
Members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
who	WP
have	VBP
already	RB
received	VBN
training	NN
on	IN
the	DT
AED	NNP
will	MD
now	RB
have	VB
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
defibrillators	NNS
should	MD
an	DT
emergency	NN
occur	VBP
.	.
Instructions	NNS
are	VBP
included	VBN
with	IN
each	DT
AED	NNP
along	IN
with	IN
pictures	NNS
to	TO
guide	VB
users	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
steps	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
year	NN
,	,
350,000	CD
people	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
are	VBP
victims	NNS
of	IN
sudden	JJ
cardiac	JJ
arrest	NN
with	IN
only	RB
about	IN
5	CD
%	NN
of	IN
them	PRP
surviving	VBG
,	,
largely	RB
because	IN
defibrillators	NNS
did	VBD
not	RB
reach	VB
the	DT
victims	NNS
in	IN
time	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
these	DT
sudden	JJ
cardiac	JJ
arrest	NN
victims	NNS
have	VBP
ventricular	JJ
fibrillation	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
an	DT
abnormal	JJ
,	,
chaotic	JJ
heart	NN
rhythm	NN
,	,
which	WDT
prevents	VBZ
the	DT
heart	NN
from	IN
pumping	VBG
blood	NN
to	TO
the	DT
body	NN
and	CC
the	DT
brain	NN
.	.
The	DT
AED	NNP
equipment	NN
allows	VBZ
the	DT
user	NN
to	TO
defibrillate	VB
the	DT
victim	NN
immediately	RB
and	CC
allow	VB
a	DT
normal	JJ
heart	NN
rhythm	NN
to	TO
resume	VB
.	.
In	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
situation	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
cardiac	JJ
arrest	NN
,	,
seconds	NNS
count	VBP
;	:
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
respond	VB
quickly	RB
can	MD
save	VB
lives	NNS
.	.
Every	DT
day	NN
,	,
over	IN
100,000	CD
people	NNS
pass	VBP
through	IN
Dulles	NNP
and	CC
National	NNP
Airports	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
availability	NN
of	IN
these	DT
machines	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
airports	NNS
is	VBZ
an	DT
added	VBN
safety	NN
feature	NN
.	.
The	DT
installation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
AED	NNP
's	POS
is	VBZ
an	DT
additional	JJ
way	NN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
working	VBG
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
safety	NN
and	CC
well-being	NN
of	IN
airport	NN
employees	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
over	JJ
36million	CD
visitors	NNS
and	CC
travelers	NNS
who	WP
come	VBP
to	TO
our	PRP$
airports	NNS
each	DT
year	NN
.	.
This	DT
Outreach	NNP
Seminar	NNP
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
several	JJ
ongoing	JJ
programs	NNS
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
local	JJ
business	NN
operators	NNS
and	CC
entrepreneurs	NNS
have	VBP
the	DT
information	NN
and	CC
access	NN
they	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
opportunities	NNS
that	WDT
exist	VBP
at	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
and	CC
Reagan	NNP
National	NNP
Airports	NNPS
.	.
Any	DT
person	NN
interested	JJ
in	IN
owning	VBG
and	CC
operating	VBG
an	DT
airport	NN
retail	NN
or	CC
food	NN
&	CC
beverage	NN
concept	NN
is	VBZ
invited	VBN
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
this	DT
event	NN
.	.
Call	VB
703\/572	CD
-6080	CD
for	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
and	CC
reservations	NNS
.	.
Reservations	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
placed	VBN
online	NN
at	IN
airports@westfield.com	NN
.	.
This	DT
significant	JJ
designation	NN
reinforces	VBZ
Dulles	NNP
'	POS
place	NN
among	IN
the	DT
top	JJ
airports	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
country	NN
providing	VBG
international	JJ
air	NN
service	NN
across	IN
the	DT
Atlantic	NNP
Ocean	NNP
and	CC
underscores	VBZ
its	PRP$
role	NN
as	IN
a	DT
major	JJ
gateway	NN
to	TO
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
from	IN
Europe	NNP
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
that	WDT
Dulles	NNP
has	VBZ
reached	VBN
the	DT
rank	NN
of	IN
fourth	JJ
largest	JJS
transatlantic	NN
gateway	NN
.	.
Dulles	NNP
service	NN
to	TO
transatlantic	NN
destinations	NNS
has	VBZ
increased	VBN
over	IN
last	JJ
summer	NN
resulting	VBG
in	IN
eighteen	CD
additional	JJ
departures	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
with	IN
3,176	CD
more	JJR
seats	NNS
.	.
Overall	RB
,	,
Dulles	NNP
offers	VBZ
187	CD
weekly	JJ
transatlantic	NN
departures	NNS
and	CC
more	JJR
than	IN
51,000	CD
seats	NNS
providing	VBG
nonstop	JJ
service	NN
across	IN
the	DT
Atlantic	NNP
Ocean	NNP
.	.
More	JJR
than	IN
300	CD
works	NNS
of	IN
art	NN
by	IN
students	NNS
in	IN
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
public	JJ
schools	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
on	IN
exhibit	NN
in	IN
Terminal	NNP
B\/C	NNP
at	IN
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
during	IN
the	DT
month	NN
of	IN
April	NNP
.	.
The	DT
theme	NN
,	,
``	``
Soaring	VBG
in	IN
2001	CD
''	''
,	,
will	MD
be	VB
reflected	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
work	NN
from	IN
100	CD
elementary	JJ
,	,
middle	JJ
,	,
junior	JJ
,	,
and	CC
senior	JJ
high	JJ
schools	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
city	NN
.	.
The	DT
exhibition	NN
will	MD
be	VB
on	IN
display	NN
in	IN
the	DT
ground	NN
level	NN
of	IN
Terminals	NNS
B	NNP
and	CC
C	NNP
where	WRB
the	DT
baggage	NN
carousels	NNS
are	VBP
located	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
expecting	VBG
heavy	JJ
travel	NN
during	IN
the	DT
upcoming	JJ
holiday	NN
period	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
urging	VBG
passengers	NNS
or	CC
those	DT
meeting	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
call	VB
ahead	RB
to	TO
check	VB
on	IN
the	DT
status	NN
of	IN
available	JJ
parking	NN
at	IN
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
Travelers	NNS
may	MD
also	RB
want	VB
to	TO
consider	VB
using	VBG
Metro	NNP
as	IN
an	DT
easy	JJ
alternative	NN
to	TO
driving	VBG
and	CC
parking	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
over	IN
this	DT
holiday	NN
period	NN
.	.
Other	JJ
alternatives	NNS
include	VBP
the	DT
Washington	NNP
Flyer	NNP
express	VB
bus	NN
service	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
SuperShuttle	NNP
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
seventh	JJ
year	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
Police	NNP
Department	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
involved	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
program	NN
and	CC
they	PRP
have	VBP
raised	VBN
roughly	RB
$	$
15,000	CD
for	IN
Special	JJ
Olympics	NNPS
.	.
For	IN
this	DT
event	NN
,	,
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
police	NN
officers	NNS
along	IN
with	IN
Special	JJ
Olympics	NNPS
athletes	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
assisting	VBG
Red	NNP
Lobster	NNP
employees	NNS
in	IN
serving	VBG
meals	NNS
to	TO
customers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
will	MD
sponsor	VB
a	DT
Job	NNP
Fair	NNP
in	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
the	DT
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Employment	NNP
Services	NNPS
on	IN
Tuesday	NNP
,	,
March	NNP
27th	JJ
.	.
This	DT
event	NN
will	MD
provide	VB
information	NN
to	TO
District	NNP
residents	NNS
about	IN
job	NN
opportunities	NNS
at	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
and	CC
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airports	NNPS
.	.
This	DT
special	JJ
event	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
highlight	VB
the	DT
range	NN
of	IN
employment	NN
options	NNS
at	IN
Washington	NNP
's	POS
airports	NNS
which	WDT
include	VBP
:	:
food	NN
and	CC
retail	JJ
sales	NNS
;	:
electrical	JJ
and	CC
other	JJ
skilled	JJ
trade	NN
positions	NNS
;	:
grounds	NNS
keeper	VBP
;	:
baggage	NN
handler	NN
;	:
administrative	JJ
and	CC
clerical	JJ
;	:
and	CC
security	NN
positions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
pleased	JJ
to	TO
announce	VB
the	DT
new	JJ
``	``
Art	NNP
and	CC
Architecture	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
''	''
tour	NN
program	NN
for	IN
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
will	MD
offer	VB
a	DT
specialized	VBN
tour	NN
of	IN
30	CD
pieces	NNS
of	IN
art	NN
which	WDT
are	VBP
incorporated	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
architectural	JJ
structure	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
.	.
The	DT
``	``
Art	NNP
and	CC
Architecture	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
''	''
tour	NN
will	MD
be	VB
led	VBN
by	IN
seasoned	JJ
art	NN
docents	NNS
from	IN
local	JJ
Washington	NNP
museums	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
Smithsonian	NNP
National	NNP
Museum	NNP
of	IN
American	NNP
Art	NNP
,	,
Corcoran	NNP
and	CC
others	NNS
.	.
Tours	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
conducted	VBN
Monday	NNP
through	IN
Friday	NNP
between	IN
the	DT
hours	NNS
of	IN
10:00	CD
a.m.	NN
and	CC
2:00	CD
p.m.	NN
They	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
modified	VBN
in	IN
length	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
group	NN
needs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
works	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
30	CD
different	JJ
artists	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
forms	NNS
and	CC
are	VBP
found	VBN
throughout	IN
National	NNP
's	POS
terminal	NN
.	.
They	PRP
include	VBP
floor	NN
medallions	NNS
,	,
railing	NN
panels	NNS
,	,
murals	NNS
,	,
window	NN
wall	NN
glass	NN
friezes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
sculptures	NNS
.	.
The	DT
individual	JJ
works	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
executed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
materials	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
stained	JJ
glass	NN
,	,
marble	NN
and	CC
glass	NN
mosaics	NNS
,	,
terrazzo	NN
,	,
cast	VBD
bronze	NN
,	,
hammered	VBN
aluminum	NN
and	CC
copper	NN
,	,
painted	VBN
steel	NN
,	,
porcelain	NN
enamel	NN
,	,
and	CC
traditional	JJ
paint	NN
on	IN
board	NN
and	CC
canvas	NN
.	.
The	DT
marriage	NN
of	IN
art	NN
and	CC
architect	NN
at	IN
National	NNP
's	POS
terminal	NN
provides	VBZ
a	DT
colorful	JJ
and	CC
memorable	JJ
visual	JJ
experience	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
year	NN
2000	CD
,	,
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
to	TO
break	VB
an	DT
all-time	JJ
record	NN
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
for	IN
international	JJ
passengers	NNS
.	.
More	JJR
than	IN
4	CD
million	CD
travelers	NNS
used	VBN
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
in	IN
2000	CD
.	.
This	DT
represents	VBZ
a	DT
13	CD
per	IN
cent	NN
increase	NN
over	IN
1999	CD
and	CC
is	VBZ
the	DT
result	NN
of	IN
a	DT
focused	JJ
effort	NN
to	TO
attract	VB
new	JJ
international	JJ
carriers	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
encourage	VB
existing	VBG
carriers	NNS
to	TO
add	VB
more	JJR
service	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Washington	NNP
region	NN
.	.
``	``
This	DT
continued	JJ
growth	NN
in	IN
international	JJ
passengers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
exciting	JJ
developments	NNS
in	IN
new	JJ
international	JJ
service	NN
for	IN
next	JJ
year	NN
,	,
clearly	RB
shows	VBZ
Dulles	NNP
'	POS
role	NN
as	IN
the	DT
major	JJ
mid-Atlantic	JJ
gateway	NN
for	IN
international	JJ
service	NN
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
James	NNP
A.	NNP
Wilding	NNP
,	,
President	NNP
and	CC
CEO	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
work	VB
to	TO
increase	VB
options	NNS
for	IN
international	JJ
travel	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
building	NN
program	NN
to	TO
improve	VB
the	DT
facilities	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
will	MD
make	VB
the	DT
airport	NN
even	RB
more	RBR
attractive	JJ
to	TO
airlines	NNS
and	CC
passengers	NNS
alike	RB
.	.
''	''
Currently	RB
,	,
sixteen	JJ
airlines	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
provide	VBP
flights	NNS
to	TO
30	CD
foreign	JJ
cities	NNS
with	IN
nearly	RB
270	CD
weekly	JJ
international	JJ
departures	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
fourteen	CD
domestic	JJ
airlines	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
provide	VBP
service	NN
to	TO
75	CD
U.S.	NNP
destinations	NNS
.	.
International	NNP
air	NN
service	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
major	JJ
element	NN
for	IN
successful	JJ
airports	NNS
,	,
represents	VBZ
both	DT
employment	NN
and	CC
tourism	NN
opportunities	NNS
and	CC
brings	VBZ
needed	VBN
connections	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
business	NN
community	NN
.	.
The	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
the	DT
high	JJ
tech	NN
businesses	NNS
along	IN
the	DT
Dulles	NNP
Corridor	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
aided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
service	NN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
for	IN
both	DT
passengers	NNS
and	CC
cargo	NN
on	IN
international	JJ
aircraft	NN
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
,	,
there	EX
will	MD
be	VB
capital-to-capital	JJ
service	NN
beginning	VBG
on	IN
March	NNP
25	CD
,	,
2001	CD
,	,
when	WRB
Lufthansa	NNP
German	NNP
Airlines	NNPS
starts	VBZ
service	NN
to	TO
Berlin	NNP
with	IN
six	CD
flights	NNS
per	IN
week	NN
from	IN
Dulles	NNP
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
Thomas	NNP
Winkelmann	NNP
,	,
Lufthansa	NNP
's	POS
Vice	NNP
President	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Americas	NNPS
,	,
Lufthansa	NNP
is	VBZ
embarking	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
long-awaited	JJ
nonstop	JJ
U.S.	NNP
connection	NN
to	TO
Berlin	NNP
partly	RB
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
increasing	VBG
demand	NN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
move	NN
to	TO
Berlin	NNP
by	IN
the	DT
German	JJ
government	NN
.	.
Winkelmann	NNP
says	VBZ
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
route	NN
from	IN
the	DT
North	JJ
American	JJ
side	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
high	JJ
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
're	VBP
glad	JJ
that	IN
economic	JJ
circumstances	NNS
have	VBP
finally	RB
made	VBN
it	PRP
possible	JJ
to	TO
offer	VB
this	DT
highly	RB
anticipated	JJ
service	NN
''	''
,	,
said	VBD
Winkelmann	NNP
.	.
Starting	VBG
on	IN
April	NNP
30	CD
,	,
2001	CD
,	,
there	EX
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
route	NN
to	TO
the	DT
United	NNP
Kingdom	NNP
from	IN
Dulles	NNPS
when	WRB
British	JJ
Midland	NNP
inaugurates	VBZ
daily	JJ
service	NN
to	TO
Manchester	NNP
,	,
England	NNP
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
British	JJ
Midland	NNP
Chairman	NNP
,	,
Sir	NNP
Michael	NNP
Bishop	NNP
,	,
``	``
The	DT
introduction	NN
of	IN
these	DT
services	NNS
to	TO
Washington	NNP
DC	NNP
represents	VBZ
a	DT
major	JJ
step	NN
forward	RB
in	IN
opening	VBG
up	RP
key	JJ
American	JJ
business	NN
destinations	NNS
to	TO
genuine	JJ
competition	NN
from	IN
Britain	NNP
's	POS
regional	JJ
airports	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
great	JJ
news	NN
for	IN
our	PRP$
transatlantic	NN
air	NN
travelers	NNS
from	IN
Manchester	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
look	VBP
forward	RB
to	TO
bringing	VBG
similar	JJ
benefits	NNS
of	IN
competition	NN
to	TO
transatlantic	NN
customers	NNS
from	IN
London	NNP
Heathrow	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
near	JJ
future	NN
.	.
''	''
Scandinavian	NNP
Airlines	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
SAS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
will	MD
begin	VB
service	NN
to	TO
Copenhagen	NNP
,	,
Denmark	NNP
,	,
in	IN
May	NNP
.	.
The	DT
airline	NN
will	MD
offer	VB
five	CD
flights	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
initially	RB
and	CC
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
to	TO
expand	VB
to	TO
daily	JJ
service	NN
in	IN
June	NNP
.	.
This	DT
opens	VBZ
a	DT
new	JJ
European	JJ
market	NN
to	TO
area	NN
travelers	NNS
who	WP
can	MD
make	VB
connections	NNS
on	IN
SAS	NNP
to	TO
other	JJ
European	JJ
cities	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
first	JJ
airline	NN
service	NN
from	IN
Washington	NNP
to	TO
Copenhagen	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
boasts	VBZ
the	DT
third	JJ
largest	JJS
European	JJ
pharmaceutical	JJ
and	CC
biotechnology	NN
region	NN
,	,
and	CC
gives	VBZ
the	DT
Washington	NNP
metropolitan	JJ
region	NN
more	RBR
direct	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
Scandinavia	NNP
and	CC
Eastern	NNP
Europe	NNP
.	.
Thanksgiving	NNP
week	NN
starts	VBZ
the	DT
holiday	NN
season	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
to	TO
bring	VB
more	JJR
travelers	NNS
to	TO
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
and	CC
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airports	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
offering	VBG
travel	NN
advice	NN
to	TO
area	NN
travelers	NNS
.	.
``	``
More	JJR
people	NNS
are	VBP
flying	VBG
than	IN
ever	RB
before	RB
and	CC
the	DT
holiday	NN
season	NN
brings	VBZ
more	RBR
crowded	JJ
conditions	NNS
to	TO
airports	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
always	RB
wise	JJ
to	TO
allow	VB
extra	JJ
time	NN
for	IN
traveling	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
airport	NN
and	CC
check-in	NN
with	IN
the	DT
airlines	NNS
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Airports	NNP
Authority	NNP
President\/CEO	NNP
James	NNP
A.	NNP
Wilding	NNP
.	.
Leave	VB
early	RB
--	:
Airline	NN
and	CC
airport	NN
officials	NNS
urge	VBP
travelers	NNS
to	TO
arrive	VB
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
1	CD
hours	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
domestic	JJ
flights	NNS
and	CC
3	CD
hours	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
international	JJ
flights	NNS
to	TO
allow	VB
time	NN
for	IN
ground	NN
transportation	NN
,	,
parking	NN
,	,
luggage	NN
check-in	NN
and	CC
security	NN
screening	NN
.	.
Holiday	NNP
traffic	NN
increases	NNS
at	IN
National	NNP
and	CC
Dulles	NNP
Airports	NNPS
add	VBP
congestion	NN
to	TO
the	DT
curb	NN
lanes	NNS
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
airport	NN
terminals	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
plan	NN
extra	JJ
time	NN
to	TO
find	VB
parking	NN
spaces	NNS
since	IN
the	DT
lots	NNS
and	CC
garages	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
crowded	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
see	VB
``	``
Parking	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Be	VB
prepared	JJ
before	IN
you	PRP
arrive	VBP
at	IN
the	DT
ticket	NN
counter	NN
.	.
Airlines	NNS
require	VBP
photo	JJ
identification	NN
of	IN
passengers	NNS
over	IN
age	NN
18	CD
.	.
Many	JJ
airlines	NNS
request	VBP
a	DT
government-issued	JJ
photo	NN
I.D.	NNP
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
driver	NN
's	POS
license	NN
or	CC
passport	NN
.	.
Airline	NNP
and	CC
security	NN
screening	NN
procedures	NNS
may	MD
also	RB
take	VB
extra	JJ
time	NN
to	TO
accommodate	VB
the	DT
increased	VBN
number	NN
of	IN
travelers	NNS
.	.
Expect	VB
to	TO
have	VB
any	DT
carry-on	JJ
items	NNS
scrutinized	VBN
and	CC
avoid	VB
wrapping	VBG
presents	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
plan	VBP
to	TO
take	VB
through	RP
airport	NN
security	NN
screening	VBG
since	IN
you	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
asked	VBN
to	TO
unwrap	VB
the	DT
gifts	NNS
.	.
Electronic	JJ
equipment	NN
will	MD
also	RB
be	VB
examined	VBN
carefully	RB
.	.
Parking	NN
-	:
There	EX
have	VBP
been	VBN
changes	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
parking	NN
lot	NN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
The	DT
lot	NN
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
offers	VBZ
only	RB
Hourly	JJ
and	CC
Valet	NNP
parking	NN
.	.
Daily	NNP
parking	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
east	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
but	CC
that	DT
lot	NN
fills	VBZ
quickly	RB
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
ample	JJ
Economy	NNP
parking	NN
in	IN
lots	NNS
located	VBN
near	IN
the	DT
entrance	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Airport	NNP
which	WDT
provide	VBP
the	DT
largest	JJS
supply	NN
of	IN
spaces	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
economical	JJ
rate	NN
.	.
Free	NNP
airport	NN
shuttle	NN
buses	NNS
operate	VBP
between	IN
the	DT
economy	NN
lots	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
terminals	NNS
.	.
For	IN
parking	NN
information	NN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
please	VB
call	NN
703-572-4500	CD
.	.
Keep	VB
an	DT
eye	NN
on	IN
the	DT
weather	NN
:	:
Weather	NN
can	MD
greatly	RB
affect	VB
flight	NN
schedules	NNS
.	.
Snow	NNP
and	CC
winter	NN
storms	NNS
may	MD
cause	VB
delays	NNS
or	CC
even	RB
cancellations	NNS
so	IN
check	NN
both	CC
the	DT
local	JJ
weather	NN
forecasts	NNS
and	CC
those	DT
for	IN
the	DT
destination	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
you	PRP
are	VBP
traveling	VBG
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
website	NN
,	,
www.mwaa.com	NN
,	,
provides	VBZ
information	NN
on	IN
flights	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
two	CD
hour	NN
time	NN
block	NN
.	.
Another	DT
good	JJ
source	NN
of	IN
air	NN
traffic	NN
delays	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
country	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Aviation	NNP
Administration	NNP
website	NN
,	,
www.fly.faa.gov	NN
.	.
Travel	NN
safely	RB
--	:
Carry	VB
medicine	NN
,	,
cash	NN
,	,
jewelry	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
important	JJ
valuables	NNS
with	IN
you	PRP
on	IN
the	DT
plane	NN
.	.
Have	NNP
identification	NN
tags	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
outside	JJ
and	CC
inside	IN
of	IN
your	PRP$
luggage	NN
;	:
these	DT
tags	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
airline	NN
ticket	NN
counters	NNS
although	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
save	VB
time	NN
to	TO
do	VB
this	DT
before	IN
you	PRP
arrive	VBP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
leave	VBP
your	PRP$
car	NN
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
,	,
remove	VB
any	DT
valuables	NNS
.	.
Carry	VB
your	PRP$
purse	NN
and	CC
wallet	NN
securely	RB
,	,
and	CC
keep	VB
your	PRP$
luggage	NN
and	CC
carry-on	JJ
items	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
sight	NN
at	IN
all	DT
times	NNS
.	.
For	IN
security	NN
reasons	NNS
unattended	JJ
bags	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
items	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
confiscated	VBN
and	CC
and	CC
destroyed	VBN
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
forget	VB
the	DT
Shopping	NNP
:	:
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
season	NN
for	IN
gift-giving	NN
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
extra	JJ
time	NN
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
remember	VBP
to	TO
visit	VB
the	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
stores	NNS
or	CC
enjoy	VB
a	DT
meal	NN
before	IN
your	PRP$
flight	NN
.	.
For	IN
dining	NN
and	CC
gift	NN
ideas	NNS
,	,
pick	VB
up	RP
the	DT
Holiday	NNP
Gift	NNP
Guide	NNP
located	VBN
in	IN
directories	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
airports	NNS
.	.
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
was	VBD
the	DT
fastest	JJS
growing	VBG
major	JJ
airport	NN
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
in	IN
1999	CD
with	IN
a	DT
26	CD
%	NN
increase	NN
in	IN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
passengers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
number	NN
of	IN
passengers	NNS
flying	VBG
on	IN
international	JJ
flights	NNS
increased	VBD
nearly	RB
13	CD
%	NN
that	IN
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
recently	RB
approved	VBD
a	DT
$	$
3.4	CD
billion	CD
construction	NN
program	NN
to	TO
expand	VB
facilities	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
Norman	NNP
M.	NNP
Glasgow	NNP
,	,
Jr.	NNP
is	VBZ
currently	RB
Chairman	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Planning	NNP
Committee	NNP
and	CC
has	VBZ
served	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
since	IN
1993	CD
.	.
He	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
Partner	NNP
and	CC
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Executive	NNP
Committee	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
firm	NN
of	IN
Wilkes	NNP
,	,
Artis	NNP
,	,
Hedrick	NNP
&	CC
Lane	NNP
,	,
specializing	VBG
in	IN
general	JJ
real	JJ
estate	NN
,	,
particularly	RB
zoning	NN
,	,
land	NN
use	NN
,	,
building	VBG
code	NN
and	CC
historic	JJ
preservation	NN
law	NN
.	.
He	PRP
has	VBZ
served	VBN
as	IN
Chairman	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Authority	NNP
's	POS
Finance	NNP
Committee	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
was	VBD
appointed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Governor	NNP
of	IN
Maryland	NNP
.	.
One	CD
garage	NN
,	,
which	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
built	VBN
directly	RB
north	RB
of	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
,	,
will	MD
be	VB
connected	VBN
via	IN
an	DT
underground	JJ
passenger	NN
walkway	NN
with	IN
moving	VBG
sidewalks	NNS
.	.
The	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
that	DT
walkway	NN
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
other	JJ
improvements	NNS
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
,	,
will	MD
require	VB
the	DT
closure	NN
of	IN
Daily	NNP
parking	NN
in	IN
that	DT
lot	NN
.	.
Starting	VBG
September	NNP
15th	JJ
,	,
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
lot	NN
will	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
Hourly	JJ
parking	NN
and	CC
Valet	NNP
parking	NN
for	IN
those	DT
customers	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
parking	NN
for	IN
a	DT
brief	JJ
time	NN
to	TO
drop	VB
off	RP
or	CC
pick	VB
up	RP
passengers	NNS
or	CC
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
drop	VB
off	RP
their	PRP$
vehicles	NNS
at	IN
valet	NN
parking	NN
.	.
Beginning	VBG
on	IN
September	NNP
8th	JJ
,	,
and	CC
continuing	VBG
through	IN
September	NNP
22nd	JJ
,	,
motorists	NNS
exiting	VBG
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
parking	NN
lot	NN
will	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
information	NN
to	TO
enable	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
receive	VB
one	CD
free	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
parking	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Economy	NNP
lots	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
This	DT
offer	NN
will	MD
be	VB
good	JJ
throughout	IN
the	DT
year	NN
2000	CD
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
ample	JJ
parking	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Economy	NNP
lots	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
airport	NN
wants	VBZ
to	TO
encourage	VB
travelers	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
those	DT
facilities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
airport	NN
also	RB
plans	VBZ
to	TO
increase	VB
the	DT
frequency	NN
of	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
parking	NN
shuttle	NN
buses	NNS
that	WDT
serve	VBP
the	DT
Economy	NNP
lots	NNS
during	IN
this	DT
period	NN
of	IN
garage	NN
construction	NN
.	.
This	DT
garage	NN
construction	NN
project	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
for	IN
travelers	NNS
who	WP
drive	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
airport	NN
and	CC
want	VB
covered	JJ
parking	NN
.	.
The	DT
spaces	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
Daily	NNP
parking	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
needed	JJ
service	NN
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
permanent	JJ
art	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
architecture	NN
of	IN
Terminal	NNP
B\/C	NNP
which	WDT
displays	VBZ
the	DT
work	NN
of	IN
thirty	CD
local	JJ
and	CC
national	JJ
artists	NNS
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
three	CD
separate	JJ
art	NN
displays	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
permanent	JJ
historical	JJ
exhibit	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
The	DT
archeological	JJ
display	NN
includes	VBZ
artifacts	NNS
discovered	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
site	NN
of	IN
the	DT
former	JJ
Colonial	NNP
plantation	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
where	WRB
the	DT
airport	NN
now	RB
stands	VBZ
-RRB-	-RRB-
called	VBN
Abingdon	NNP
.	.
Abingdon	NNP
was	VBD
the	DT
home	NN
of	IN
George	NNP
Washington	NNP
's	POS
granddaughter	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
prominent	JJ
families	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
a	DT
display	NN
on	IN
this	DT
history	NN
of	IN
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
The	NNP
lobby	NN
below	IN
the	DT
Exhibit	NN
Hall	NNP
also	RB
features	VBZ
a	DT
display	NN
of	IN
aerial	JJ
photographs	NNS
dating	VBG
from	IN
1938	CD
to	TO
1998	CD
which	WDT
show	VBP
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
over	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Continental	NNP
Airlines	NNPS
gate	NN
area	NN
,	,
located	VBN
between	IN
Terminal	NNP
B	NNP
and	CC
Terminal	NNP
A	NNP
features	VBZ
an	DT
unusual	JJ
display	NN
called	VBD
the	DT
Flight	NNP
Centennial	NNP
Collection	NNP
which	WDT
blends	VBZ
aviation	NN
technology	NN
with	IN
art	NN
to	TO
commemorate	VB
the	DT
100th	JJ
anniversary	NN
of	IN
powered	VBN
flight	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
celebrated	VBN
in	IN
2003	CD
.	.
The	DT
hallway	NN
in	IN
Terminal	NNP
A	NNP
leading	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
gates	NNS
for	IN
Northwest	NNP
,	,
ATA	NNP
,	,
Midway	NNP
and	CC
TWA	NNP
Airlines	NNPS
contains	VBZ
a	DT
display	NN
of	IN
art	NN
sponsored	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Friends	NNPS
of	IN
the	DT
Torpedo	NNP
Factory	NNP
Art	NNP
Center	NNP
which	WDT
is	VBZ
located	VBN
in	IN
Alexandria	NNP
,	,
Virginia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
range	NN
of	IN
art	NN
includes	VBZ
paintings	NNS
,	,
pottery	NN
,	,
jewelry	NN
and	CC
clothing	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
for	IN
sale	NN
.	.
The	DT
display	NN
changes	NNS
quarterly	RB
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
a	DT
display	NN
of	IN
art	NN
by	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
from	IN
Carl	NNP
Sandburg	NNP
Middle	NNP
School	NNP
in	IN
Fairfax	NNP
County	NNP
,	,
Virginia	NNP
,	,
hangs	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
walls	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
space	NN
formerly	RB
occupied	VBN
by	IN
American	NNP
Airlines	NNPS
which	WDT
moved	VBD
to	TO
Terminal	NNP
B\/C	NNP
.	.
Today	NN
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
gave	VBD
approval	NN
for	IN
a	DT
major	JJ
capital	NN
development	NN
program	NN
over	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
several	JJ
years	NNS
to	TO
build	VB
new	JJ
facilities	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
including	VBG
an	DT
underground	JJ
rail	NN
system	NN
,	,
additional	JJ
public	JJ
parking	NN
,	,
a	DT
new	JJ
concourse	NN
and	CC
a	DT
new	JJ
runway	NN
.	.
Said	NNP
Board	NNP
Chairman	NNP
,	,
David	NNP
T.	NNP
Ralston	NNP
,	,
Jr.	NNP
,	,
``	``
We	PRP
are	VBP
taking	VBG
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
approach	NN
in	IN
shaping	VBG
the	DT
future	NN
of	IN
Dulles	NNP
.	.
Aviation	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
dynamic	JJ
transportation	NN
system	NN
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
and	CC
brings	VBZ
immense	JJ
benefits	NNS
to	TO
our	PRP$
community	NN
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
keep	VB
pace	NN
with	IN
the	DT
service	NN
demands	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
region	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
sooner	RBR
we	PRP
begin	VBP
this	DT
next	JJ
phase	NN
of	IN
improvements	NNS
the	DT
sooner	RBR
the	DT
Greater	NNP
Washington	NNP
Region	NNP
can	MD
have	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
these	DT
new	JJ
facilities	NNS
.	.
''	''
This	DT
event	NN
is	VBZ
open	JJ
to	TO
persons	NNS
interested	VBN
in	IN
owning	NN
and	CC
operating	VBG
an	DT
airport	NN
retail	NN
or	CC
food	NN
concept	NN
.	.
Call	VB
703\/572	CD
-6080	CD
for	IN
reservations	NNS
.	.
Reservations	NNS
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
line	NN
at	IN
airports@westfield.com	NN
.	.
Bolstered	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
18	CD
percent	NN
increase	NN
in	IN
weekly	JJ
international	JJ
departures	NNS
this	DT
year	NN
over	IN
1999	CD
,	,
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
ranks	VBZ
fifth	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
for	IN
transatlantic	NN
service	NN
this	DT
summer	NN
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
analysis	NN
prepared	VBN
by	IN
Simat	NNP
,	,
Hellienson	NNP
and	CC
Eichner	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
SH&E	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
an	DT
aviation	NN
consulting	VBG
firm	NN
.	.
Dulles	NNP
service	NN
to	TO
these	DT
transatlantic	NN
destinations	NNS
has	VBZ
increased	VBN
significantly	RB
since	IN
last	JJ
summer	NN
--	:
18	CD
%	NN
additional	JJ
departures	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
with	IN
16.5	CD
%	NN
more	JJR
seats	NNS
.	.
The	DT
average	JJ
increase	NN
for	IN
all	DT
U.S.	NNP
airports	NNS
was	VBD
7	CD
%	NN
.	.
Dulles	NNP
offers	VBZ
169	CD
weekly	JJ
transatlantic	NN
departures	NNS
and	CC
more	JJR
than	IN
48,000	CD
weekly	JJ
seats	NNS
providing	VBG
nonstop	JJ
service	NN
to	TO
various	JJ
destinations	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
Atlantic	NNP
Ocean	NNP
.	.
A	DT
car	NN
show	NN
featuring	VBG
antiques	NNS
,	,
hot	JJ
rods	NNS
,	,
motorcycles	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
vintage	JJ
vehicles	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
sponsored	VBN
by	IN
Rosenthal	NNP
Automotive	NNP
and	CC
Mobile	NNP
Speedpass	NNP
.	.
There	EX
will	MD
also	RB
be	VB
a	DT
hair	NN
cut-a-thon	NN
sponsored	VBN
by	IN
Hair	NNP
Cuttery	NNP
.	.
Festival	NNP
patrons	NNS
can	MD
get	VB
$	$
5	CD
haircuts	NNS
with	IN
100	CD
%	NN
of	IN
the	DT
proceeds	NNS
going	VBG
to	TO
Special	JJ
Olympics	NNPS
Virginia	NNP
.	.
Said	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
Executive	NNP
Vice	NNP
President	NNP
James	NNP
E.	NNP
Bennett	NNP
,	,
``	``
The	DT
new	JJ
roadway	NN
configuration	NN
will	MD
greatly	RB
enhance	VB
safety	NN
for	IN
those	DT
using	VBG
the	DT
Mount	NNP
Vernon	NNP
Trail	NNP
through	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
grounds	NNS
and	CC
improve	VB
the	DT
efficiency	NN
of	IN
vehicle	NN
movement	NN
on	IN
airport	NN
grounds	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
pleased	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
these	DT
important	JJ
pedestrian	JJ
improvements	NNS
and	CC
have	VBP
worked	VBN
in	IN
close	JJ
cooperation	NN
with	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Park	NNP
Service	NNP
on	IN
this	DT
project	NN
which	WDT
brings	VBZ
recreational	JJ
and	CC
safety	NN
benefits	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
community	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Mount	NNP
Vernon	NNP
Trail	NNP
users	NNS
.	.
''	''
The	DT
construction	NN
cost	NN
of	IN
the	DT
two	CD
bridges	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
pedestrian	JJ
improvements	NNS
was	VBD
approximately	RB
$	$
2	CD
million	CD
.	.
Police	NNS
and	CC
board	NN
member	NN
of	IN
Virginia	NNP
Special	JJ
Olympics	NNPS
.	.
``	``
Special	JJ
Olympics	NNPS
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
special	JJ
charity	NN
for	IN
our	PRP$
police	NN
officers	NNS
and	CC
we	PRP
all	DT
are	VBP
happy	JJ
to	TO
get	VB
involved	VBN
in	IN
events	NNS
like	IN
the	DT
Torch	NNP
Run	NNP
,	,
Plane	NNP
Pull	NNP
and	CC
this	DT
event	NN
.	.
''	''
Business	NNP
Administration	NNP
Committee	NNP
selected	VBD
the	DT
contractor	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
taxicab	NN
service	NN
at	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
Dulles	NNP
Taxi	NN
Systems	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
of	IN
Arlington	NNP
,	,
VA	NNP
was	VBD
selected	VBN
.	.
The	DT
company	NN
will	MD
begin	VB
operating	VBG
taxi	NN
service	NN
this	DT
Spring	NN
.	.
The	DT
three-year	JJ
contract	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
single	JJ
two-year	JJ
renewal	NN
option	NN
.	.
Approximately	RB
one	CD
out	IN
of	IN
five	CD
passengers	NNS
at	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
uses	VBZ
a	DT
taxicab	NN
.	.
This	DT
represents	VBZ
nearly	RB
1.5	CD
million	CD
passengers	NNS
every	DT
year	NN
.	.
Provide	VB
a	DT
core	NN
fleet	NN
of	IN
cabs	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
brand	NN
of	IN
``	``
Washington	NNP
Flyer	NNP
''	''
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
fleet	NN
of	IN
non-Flyer	JJ
taxicabs	NNS
that	WDT
together	RB
will	MD
ensure	VB
that	IN
on-demand	JJ
service	NN
will	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
24	CD
hours	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
,	,
seven	CD
days	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
timely	JJ
service	NN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
Respond	VB
to	TO
the	DT
changing	VBG
patterns	NNS
of	IN
travel	NN
caused	VBN
by	IN
weather	NN
impacts	NNS
or	CC
new	JJ
air	NN
service	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
cabs	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
to	TO
meet	VB
passenger	NN
needs	NNS
by	IN
meeting	VBG
the	DT
on-demand	JJ
service	NN
standard	NN
for	IN
both	DT
short	JJ
and	CC
long-haul	JJ
taxicab	NN
trips	NNS
.	.
The	DT
contract	NN
was	VBD
awarded	VBN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
criteria	NNS
:	:
operating	VBG
plan	NN
;	:
management	NN
plan	NN
;	:
non-Washington	NNP
Flyer	NNP
fleet	NN
plan	NN
;	:
industry	NN
experience	NN
and	CC
qualifications	NNS
;	:
disadvantaged	JJ
business	NN
involvement	NN
;	:
the	DT
financial	JJ
offer	NN
,	,
and	CC
capital	NN
improvements	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
taxicab	NN
facilities	NNS
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
related	JJ
matter	NN
,	,
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
also	RB
announced	VBD
its	PRP$
plan	NN
to	TO
create	VB
an	DT
Advisory	NNP
Taxicab	NNP
Panel	NNP
which	WDT
will	MD
review	VB
the	DT
handling	NN
of	IN
customer	NN
and	CC
taxicab	NN
driver	NN
complaints	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
taxicab	NN
system	NN
.	.
The	DT
panel	NN
will	MD
have	VB
members	NNS
representing	VBG
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
,	,
the	DT
traveling	VBG
public	NN
,	,
taxicab	NN
drivers	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
taxicab	NN
concession	NN
contractor	NN
.	.
Dulles	NNP
posted	VBD
a	DT
25.8	CD
%	NN
growth	NN
rate	NN
throughout	IN
1999	CD
which	WDT
has	VBZ
also	RB
made	VBN
it	PRP
the	DT
fastest	JJS
growing	VBG
airport	NN
among	IN
the	DT
30	CD
largest	JJS
U.S.	NNP
airports	NNS
.	.
This	DT
double-digit	JJ
rate	NN
is	VBZ
dramatic	JJ
in	IN
comparison	NN
with	IN
the	DT
North	JJ
American	JJ
annual	JJ
airport	NN
growth	NN
rate	NN
of	IN
4.0	CD
%	NN
and	CC
the	DT
worldwide	JJ
growth	NN
rate	NN
of	IN
5	CD
%	NN
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
invested	VBN
almost	RB
one	CD
billion	CD
dollars	NNS
in	IN
improving	VBG
and	CC
adding	VBG
capacity	NN
to	TO
our	PRP$
facilities	NNS
,	,
but	CC
that	DT
is	VBZ
only	RB
the	DT
beginning	NN
.	.
The	DT
next	JJ
six	CD
years	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
will	MD
bring	VB
significant	JJ
changes	NNS
and	CC
improved	VBN
customer	NN
service	NN
.	.
''	''
Last	JJ
year	NN
,	,
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
approved	VBD
the	DT
concept	NN
for	IN
an	DT
underground	JJ
rail	NN
system	NN
on	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
which	WDT
will	MD
eventually	RB
replace	VB
the	DT
current	JJ
``	``
mobile	JJ
lounge	NN
''	''
people	NNS
movers	NNS
that	WDT
travel	VBP
above	IN
ground	NN
across	IN
the	DT
airfield	NN
from	IN
the	DT
terminal	NN
to	TO
the	DT
concourses	NNS
.	.
The	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
additional	JJ
flights	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
and	CC
the	DT
introduction	NN
of	IN
service	NN
by	IN
new	JJ
airlines	NNS
requires	VBZ
construction	NN
of	IN
additional	JJ
concourses	NNS
and	CC
aircraft	NN
gates	NNS
and	CC
airfield	NN
improvements	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
8,000	CD
new	JJ
parking	NN
spaces	NNS
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
added	VBD
in	IN
1999	CD
,	,
design	NN
is	VBZ
underway	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
parking	NN
garage	NN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Best	JJS
Overall	JJ
Program	NN
award	NN
was	VBD
based	VBN
on	IN
offering	VBG
a	DT
broad	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
concessions	NNS
with	IN
national	JJ
and	CC
local	JJ
flavor	NN
.	.
The	DT
Best	JJS
Design	NN
award	NN
was	VBD
given	VBN
for	IN
overall	JJ
appearance	NN
,	,
visibility	NN
and	CC
accessibility	NN
to	TO
passengers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Most	JJS
Innovative	JJ
Services	NNPS
award	NN
was	VBD
earned	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
range	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
in	IN
types	NNS
of	IN
services	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
location	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
staff	NN
availability	NN
and	CC
knowledge	NN
.	.
James	NNP
A.	NNP
Wilding	NNP
,	,
``	``
We	PRP
are	VBP
extremely	RB
pleased	JJ
with	IN
this	DT
recognition	NN
.	.
The	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
has	VBZ
incorporated	VBN
improved	VBN
customer	NN
services	NNS
into	IN
our	PRP$
extensive	JJ
construction	NN
program	NN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
and	CC
National	NNP
,	,
and	CC
our	PRP$
staff	NN
have	VBP
worked	VBN
hard	RB
with	IN
our	PRP$
partners	NNS
Host	NNP
Marriott	NNP
Services	NNPS
and	CC
Westfield	NNP
Corporation	NNP
Inc.	NNP
,	,
who	WP
operate	VBP
our	PRP$
food	NN
and	CC
retail	JJ
concessions	NNS
,	,
to	TO
offer	VB
a	DT
wide	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
.	.
''	''
Memorial	NNP
Parkway	NNP
on	IN
Tuesday	NNP
,	,
February	NNP
1	CD
,	,
2000	CD
.	.
At	IN
that	DT
time	NN
,	,
the	DT
new	JJ
ramp	NN
will	MD
take	VB
northbound	JJ
traffic	NN
onto	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
and	CC
merge	VBP
with	IN
southbound	JJ
Parkway	NNP
traffic	NN
which	WDT
uses	VBZ
the	DT
main	JJ
entrance	NN
to	TO
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
give	VB
drivers	NNS
one	CD
,	,
direct	JJ
route	NN
to	TO
the	DT
terminals	NNS
and	CC
parking	NN
garages	NNS
.	.
The	DT
overall	JJ
project	NN
also	RB
includes	VBZ
the	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
two	CD
bridges	NNS
which	WDT
will	MD
raise	VB
the	DT
Mount	NNP
Vernon	NNP
Trail	NNP
above	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
roadway	NN
and	CC
the	DT
existing	VBG
roadway	NN
at	IN
the	DT
north	JJ
exit	NN
from	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
Bicyclists	NNS
,	,
joggers	NNS
and	CC
pedestrians	NNS
will	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
have	VBP
to	TO
cross	VB
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
airport	NN
traffic	NN
at	IN
these	DT
two	CD
busy	JJ
airport	NN
roadways	NNS
to	TO
continue	VB
on	IN
the	DT
popular	JJ
Trail	NN
that	WDT
runs	VBZ
along	IN
the	DT
Parkway	NNP
between	IN
Rosslyn	NNP
and	CC
Mount	NNP
Vernon	NNP
.	.
Said	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
President\/CEO	NNP
James	NNP
A.	NNP
Wilding	NNP
,	,
``	``
The	DT
new	JJ
roadway	NN
configuration	NN
will	MD
greatly	RB
improve	VB
the	DT
efficiency	NN
of	IN
vehicle	NN
movement	NN
on	IN
airport	NN
grounds	NNS
and	CC
enhance	VB
safety	NN
for	IN
those	DT
using	VBG
the	DT
Mount	NNP
Vernon	NNP
Trail	NNP
near	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
pleased	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
these	DT
important	JJ
traffic	NN
and	CC
pedestrian	JJ
improvements	NNS
and	CC
have	VBP
worked	VBN
in	IN
close	JJ
cooperation	NN
with	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Park	NNP
Service	NNP
on	IN
this	DT
project	NN
which	WDT
brings	VBZ
recreational	JJ
and	CC
safety	NN
benefits	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
community	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Mount	NNP
Vernon	NNP
Trail	NNP
users	NNS
.	.
''	''
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
new	JJ
airport	NN
entrance	NN
and	CC
the	DT
two	CD
new	JJ
bridges	NNS
,	,
the	DT
project	NN
also	RB
includes	VBZ
a	DT
new	JJ
entrance	NN
ramp	NN
to	TO
the	DT
third	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
Parking	NNP
Garage	NNP
A	NNP
for	IN
rental	JJ
car	NN
customers	NNS
and	CC
improvements	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
pedestrian	JJ
entrance	NN
to	TO
Garage	NNP
A.	NN
The	DT
rate	NN
adjustment	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
encourage	VB
drivers	NNS
who	WP
plan	VBP
to	TO
leave	VB
their	PRP$
vehicles	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
for	IN
two	CD
days	NNS
or	CC
more	JJR
to	TO
take	VB
advantage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Economy	NNP
parking	NN
;	:
thereby	RB
freeing	VBG
up	RP
more	RBR
spaces	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Daily	NNP
parking	NN
for	IN
short-term	JJ
stays	NNS
.	.
Traveling	VBG
Over	IN
the	DT
Holidays	NNPS
?	.
Airport	NNP
TipsThanksgiving	NNP
week	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
holiday	NN
season	NN
which	WDT
follows	VBZ
,	,
are	VBP
expected	VBN
to	TO
bring	VB
more	JJR
travelers	NNS
to	TO
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
and	CC
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airports	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
offering	VBG
travel	NN
advice	NN
to	TO
area	NN
residents	NNS
.	.
``	``
The	DT
holiday	NN
season	NN
brings	VBZ
more	RBR
crowded	JJ
conditions	NNS
to	TO
our	PRP$
airports	NNS
so	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
wise	JJ
to	TO
allow	VB
extra	JJ
time	NN
for	IN
parking	NN
and	CC
check-in	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
a	DT
smooth	JJ
trip	NN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Airports	NNP
Authority	NNP
President\/CEO	NNP
James	NNP
A.	NNP
Wilding	NNP
.	.
Travel	NN
Safely	RB
--	:
Carry	VB
medicine	NN
,	,
cash	NN
,	,
jewelry	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
important	JJ
valuables	NNS
with	IN
you	PRP
on	IN
the	DT
plane	NN
.	.
Have	NNP
identification	NN
tags	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
outside	JJ
and	CC
inside	IN
of	IN
your	PRP$
luggage	NN
;	:
these	DT
tags	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
airline	NN
ticket	NN
counters	NNS
although	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
save	VB
time	NN
to	TO
do	VB
this	DT
before	IN
you	PRP
arrive	VBP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
leave	VBP
your	PRP$
car	NN
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
,	,
remove	VB
any	DT
valuables	NNS
.	.
Carry	VB
your	PRP$
purse	NN
and	CC
wallet	NN
securely	RB
,	,
and	CC
keep	VB
your	PRP$
luggage	NN
and	CC
carry	VB
on	IN
items	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
sight	NN
at	IN
all	DT
times	NNS
.	.
Unattended	JJ
bags	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
items	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
confiscated	VBN
and	CC
and	CC
destroyed	VBN
and	CC
may	MD
require	VB
the	DT
evacuation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
facilities	NNS
.	.
Keep	VB
an	DT
eye	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Weather	NNP
:	:
Weather	NN
can	MD
greatly	RB
affect	VB
flight	NN
schedules	NNS
.	.
Snow	NNP
and	CC
winter	NN
storms	NNS
may	MD
cause	VB
delays	NNS
or	CC
even	RB
cancellations	NNS
so	IN
check	NN
both	CC
the	DT
local	JJ
weather	NN
forecasts	NNS
and	CC
those	DT
for	IN
the	DT
destination	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
you	PRP
are	VBP
traveling	VBG
.	.
Airport	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
holidays	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
pricing	NN
for	IN
parking	NN
at	IN
the	DT
airports	NNS
.	.
Economy	NN
or	CC
Remote	JJ
parking	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
economical	JJ
.	.
Free	NNP
airport	NN
shuttle	NN
buses	NNS
operate	VBP
between	IN
the	DT
economy	NN
and	CC
remote	JJ
lots	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
terminals	NNS
.	.
``	``
Sabena	NNP
and	CC
BWIA	NNP
are	VBP
great	JJ
additions	NNS
to	TO
our	PRP$
blue	JJ
chip	NN
roster	NN
of	IN
international	JJ
carriers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
service	NN
these	DT
carriers	NNS
bring	VBP
to	TO
our	PRP$
region	NN
is	VBZ
important	JJ
as	IN
we	PRP
continue	VBP
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
traveling	VBG
public	NN
and	CC
shippers	NNS
.	.
Sabena	NNP
brings	VBZ
its	PRP$
extensive	JJ
network	NN
in	IN
Europe	NNP
,	,
Africa	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Middle	NNP
East	NNP
.	.
BWIA	NNP
offers	VBZ
three	CD
outstanding	JJ
Caribbean	NNP
destinations	NNS
that	WDT
travelers	NNS
will	MD
enjoy	VB
.	.
''	''
The	DT
study	NN
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
1998	CD
statistics	NNS
,	,
provides	VBZ
a	DT
quantitative	JJ
analysis	NN
of	IN
the	DT
benefits	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
operation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
two	CD
airports	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
served	VBD
nearly	RB
32	CD
million	CD
passengers	NNS
and	CC
moved	VBD
878.5	CD
million	CD
pounds	NNS
of	IN
air	NN
freight	NN
that	DT
year	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
intervening	VBG
years	NNS
since	IN
the	DT
previous	JJ
study	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
,	,
business	NN
revenue	NN
increased	VBN
by	IN
$	$
1	CD
billion	CD
to	TO
an	DT
all	DT
time	NN
high	JJ
of	IN
$	$
6.5	CD
billion	CD
;	:
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
taxes	NNS
,	,
paid	VBN
by	IN
employees	NNS
and	CC
businesses	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
airports	NNS
,	,
increased	VBN
by	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
$	$
30	CD
million	CD
to	TO
$	$
230	CD
million	CD
and	CC
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
received	VBD
$	$
505	CD
million	CD
in	IN
airport-specific	JJ
taxes	NNS
--	:
a	DT
$	$
104	CD
million	CD
increase	NN
.	.
Air	NNP
cargo	NN
activity	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
on	IN
the	DT
upswing	NN
,	,
particularly	RB
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
which	WDT
handles	VBZ
eighty-nine	CD
per	IN
cent	NN
of	IN
cargo	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Washington	NNP
airports	NNS
.	.
The	DT
value	NN
of	IN
air	NN
freight	NN
handled	VBD
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
each	DT
year	NN
is	VBZ
estimated	VBN
at	IN
$	$
12.4	CD
billion	CD
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
an	DT
Exhibit	NN
Hall	NNP
and	CC
Business	NNP
Card	NNP
Exchange	NNP
,	,
panel	NN
discussions	NNS
with	IN
Authority	NNP
prime	JJ
contractors	NNS
and	CC
subcontractors	NNS
will	MD
provide	VB
tips	NNS
on	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
compete	VB
for	IN
and	CC
manage	VB
construction	NN
and	CC
goods	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
contracts	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNS
.	.
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Chateauroux-Deols	NNP
Airport	NNP
in	IN
France	NNP
joined	VBD
together	RB
today	NN
at	IN
the	DT
French	NNP
Embassy	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
official	JJ
signing	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
of	IN
an	DT
air	NN
cargo	NN
alliance	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
This	DT
agreement	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
first	JJ
step	NN
in	IN
the	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
worldwide	JJ
organization	NN
of	IN
airports	NNS
joining	VBG
together	RB
to	TO
promote	VB
and	CC
develop	VB
their	PRP$
air	NN
cargo	NN
and	CC
logistics	NNS
businesses	NNS
.	.
Manager	NN
of	IN
Chateauroux	NNP
Airport	NNP
,	,
represents	VBZ
an	DT
innovative	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
air	NN
cargo	NN
development	NN
.	.
The	DT
agreement	NN
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
to	TO
:	:
raise	VB
awareness	NN
of	IN
air	NN
cargo	NN
users	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
advantages	NNS
of	IN
shipping	NN
via	IN
airport	NN
alliance	NN
partners	NNS
;	:
develop	VB
additional	JJ
cargo-aviation	NN
business	NN
alliances	NNS
;	:
attract	VB
new	JJ
cargo	NN
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
set	VBD
uniform	JJ
service	NN
standards	NNS
among	IN
alliance	NN
partners	NNS
.	.
The	DT
alliance	NN
partners	NNS
will	MD
participate	VB
in	IN
joint	JJ
marketing\/promotional	JJ
events	NNS
,	,
shared	VBN
business	NN
development	NN
,	,
initiate	VBP
an	DT
educational	JJ
program	NN
with	IN
participating	VBG
airports	NNS
,	,
and	CC
establish	VB
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Ultimately	RB
,	,
the	DT
goal	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
Air	NNP
Cargo	NNP
Alliance	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
to	TO
involve	VB
a	DT
wide	JJ
representation	NN
of	IN
international	JJ
airports	NNS
,	,
said	VBD
Mr.	NNP
Wilding	NNP
,	,
``	``
As	IN
we	PRP
bridge	VBP
the	DT
oceans	NNS
with	IN
this	DT
agreement	NN
,	,
we	PRP
hope	VBP
to	TO
initiate	VB
the	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
global	JJ
network	NN
of	IN
airports	NNS
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
air	NN
cargo	NN
development	NN
.	.
''	''
Virginia	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
truly	RB
represents	VBZ
all	PDT
the	DT
hard	JJ
work	NN
and	CC
caring	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
gone	VBN
into	IN
this	DT
event	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
contributions	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
surrounding	VBG
community	NN
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
Joseph	NNP
Hurtuk	NNP
,	,
Deputy	NNP
Chief	NNP
,	,
MWAA	NNP
Police	NNP
,	,
also	RB
known	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
``	``
father	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Plane	NNP
Pull	NNP
.	.
''	''
A	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
planes	NNS
are	VBP
on	IN
display	NN
for	IN
visitors	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
military	JJ
,	,
commercial	JJ
and	CC
civilian	JJ
aircraft	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
police	NN
badge	NN
and	CC
patch	NN
collectors	NNS
show	VBP
and	CC
a	DT
special	JJ
Kids	NNP
Korner	NNP
featuring	VBG
a	DT
moon	NN
bounce	NN
,	,
ball	NN
crawl	NN
,	,
face	NN
painting	NN
,	,
balloon	NN
sculpturing	NN
and	CC
games	NNS
.	.
Airport	NNP
police	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
public	JJ
safety	NN
agencies	NNS
provide	VBP
demonstrations	NNS
of	IN
equipment	NN
and	CC
K-9	NN
dog	NN
team	NN
demonstrations	NNS
.	.
Visitors	NNS
also	RB
have	VBP
a	DT
chance	NN
to	TO
win	VB
fabulous	JJ
prizes	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
free	JJ
movie	NN
tickets	NNS
from	IN
AMC	NNP
Theatres	NNPS
,	,
airline	NN
tickets	NNS
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
chance	NN
to	TO
win	VB
a	DT
three-year	JJ
lease	NN
on	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
automobile	NN
from	IN
Rosenthal	NNP
Automotive	NNP
.	.
A	DT
new	JJ
traffic	NN
lane	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
added	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
circular	JJ
entrance	NN
roadway	NN
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
the	DT
terminal	NN
to	TO
increase	VB
roadway	NN
capacity	NN
.	.
Drivers	NNS
will	MD
now	RB
have	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
two	CD
lanes	NNS
to	TO
reach	VB
the	DT
ticket	NN
counter	NN
level	NN
of	IN
the	DT
terminal	NN
.	.
This	DT
new	JJ
lane	NN
along	IN
with	IN
new	JJ
overhead	JJ
directional	JJ
signs	NNS
will	MD
help	VB
drivers	NNS
find	VB
the	DT
correct	JJ
lanes	NNS
to	TO
drop	VB
off	RP
or	CC
pick	VB
up	RP
passengers	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
approach	VBP
the	DT
terminal	NN
.	.
The	DT
project	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
relieve	VB
congestion	NN
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
the	DT
terminal	NN
during	IN
peak	JJ
travel	NN
hours	NNS
.	.
``	``
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
great	JJ
opportunity	NN
for	IN
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
to	TO
support	VB
an	DT
important	JJ
program	NN
like	IN
the	DT
Virginia	NNP
Special	JJ
Olympics	NNPS
and	CC
to	TO
open	VB
the	DT
airport	NN
to	TO
the	DT
community	NN
with	IN
displays	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
world	NN
of	IN
aviation	NN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Keith	NNP
Meurlin	NNP
,	,
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
Manager	NNP
.	.
Dulles	NNP
Day	NNP
not	RB
only	RB
features	VBZ
the	DT
annual	JJ
Plane	NN
Pull	NNP
,	,
but	CC
offers	VBZ
activities	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
ages	NNS
.	.
A	DT
car	NN
show	NN
featuring	VBG
antiques	NNS
,	,
hot	JJ
rods	NNS
,	,
motorcycles	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
vintage	JJ
vehicles	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
sponsored	VBN
by	IN
Rosenthal	NNP
Automotive	NNP
and	CC
Geico	NNP
Direct	NNP
.	.
A	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
planes	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
on	IN
display	NN
for	IN
visitors	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
military	JJ
,	,
commercial	JJ
and	CC
civilian	JJ
aircraft	NN
.	.
There	EX
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
police	NN
badge	NN
and	CC
patch	NN
collectors	NNS
show	VBP
and	CC
a	DT
special	JJ
Kids	NNP
Korner	NNP
featuring	VBG
a	DT
moon	NN
bounce	NN
,	,
ball	NN
crawl	NN
,	,
face	NN
painting	NN
,	,
balloon	NN
sculpturing	NN
and	CC
games	NNS
.	.
Airport	NNP
police	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
public	JJ
safety	NN
agencies	NNS
will	MD
provide	VB
demonstrations	NNS
of	IN
equipment	NN
and	CC
K-9	NN
dog	NN
team	NN
demonstrations	NNS
.	.
Visitors	NNS
will	MD
also	RB
have	VB
a	DT
chance	NN
to	TO
win	VB
fabulous	JJ
prizes	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
free	JJ
movie	NN
tickets	NNS
from	IN
AMC	NNP
Theatres	NNPS
,	,
airline	NN
tickets	NNS
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
chance	NN
to	TO
win	VB
a	DT
three-year	JJ
lease	NN
on	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
automobile	NN
from	IN
Rosenthal	NNP
Automotive	NNP
.	.
The	DT
facility	NN
,	,
Concourse	NNP
A	NNP
,	,
replaces	VBZ
the	DT
temporary	JJ
gates	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
lower	JJR
level	NN
of	IN
the	DT
main	JJ
terminal	NN
.	.
The	DT
new	JJ
70,000	CD
square	JJ
foot	NN
regional	JJ
concourse	NN
has	VBZ
12	CD
gates	NNS
to	TO
accommodate	VB
36	CD
aircraft	NN
--	:
including	VBG
regional	JJ
jets	NNS
.	.
Concourse	NNP
A	NNP
is	VBZ
attached	VBN
to	TO
Concourse	NNP
B	NNP
by	IN
an	DT
enclosed	VBN
pedestrian	NN
bridge	NN
with	IN
moving	VBG
sidewalks	NNS
.	.
Concourse	NNP
B	NNP
opened	VBD
in	IN
early	JJ
1998	CD
and	CC
houses	NNS
several	JJ
international	JJ
and	CC
domestic	JJ
airlines	NNS
and	CC
offers	VBZ
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
shops	NNS
and	CC
eateries	NNS
.	.
Concourse	NNP
A	NNP
will	MD
provide	VB
a	DT
food	NN
court	NN
with	IN
a	DT
bar	NN
,	,
restaurant	NN
,	,
newsstand	NN
and	CC
coffee	NN
bar	NN
.	.
There	EX
will	MD
be	VB
an	DT
executive	NN
lounge	NN
for	IN
United	NNP
Express	NNP
customers	NNS
.	.
Said	NNP
James	NNP
A.	NNP
Wilding	NNP
,	,
President	NNP
and	CC
CEO	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
,	,
``	``
This	DT
is	VBZ
an	DT
important	JJ
next	JJ
step	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
ongoing	JJ
expansion	NN
of	IN
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
project	NN
,	,
we	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
able	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
more	JJR
facilities	NNS
for	IN
aircraft	NN
operations	NNS
while	IN
also	RB
greatly	RB
improving	VBG
the	DT
services	NNS
and	CC
amenities	NNS
for	IN
passengers	NNS
who	WP
fly	VBP
on	IN
regional	JJ
aircraft	NN
.	.
''	''
Atlantic	NNP
Coast	NNP
Airlines	NNPS
serves	VBZ
as	IN
the	DT
regional	JJ
airline	NN
for	IN
United	NNP
Airlines	NNPS
providing	VBG
service	NN
to	TO
over	IN
2.5	CD
million	CD
passengers	NNS
a	DT
year	NN
connecting	VBG
on	IN
United	NNP
Airlines	NNPS
flights	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
.	.
Passengers	NNS
reach	VBP
Concourse	NNP
A	NNP
via	IN
mobile	JJ
lounges	NNS
operating	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
main	JJ
terminal	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
from	IN
Concourse	NNP
C	NNP
and	CC
D	NNP
where	WRB
United	NNP
Airlines	NNP
operates	VBZ
.	.
Atlantic	NNP
Coast	NNP
,	,
the	DT
second	JJ
busiest	JJS
carrier	NN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
following	VBG
United	NNP
Airlines	NNPS
,	,
has	VBZ
recently	RB
added	VBN
service	NN
to	TO
new	JJ
destinations	NNS
and	CC
continues	VBZ
to	TO
introduce	VB
regional	JJ
jet	NN
service	NN
to	TO
new	JJ
and	CC
existing	JJ
markets	NNS
.	.
Last	JJ
year	NN
,	,
Dulles	NNP
served	VBD
nearly	RB
16	CD
million	CD
passengers	NNS
;	:
two	CD
million	CD
additional	JJ
passengers	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
previous	JJ
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
two	CD
months	NNS
of	IN
1999	CD
has	VBZ
produced	VBN
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
20	CD
%	NN
increase	NN
in	IN
passenger	NN
numbers	NNS
compared	VBN
to	TO
1998	CD
and	CC
projections	NNS
estimate	VBP
that	IN
20	CD
million	CD
passengers	NNS
will	MD
use	VB
Dulles	NNP
by	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
this	DT
year	NN
.	.
Authority	NNP
has	VBZ
announced	VBN
the	DT
start	NN
of	IN
construction	NN
to	TO
improve	VB
the	DT
bicycle	NN
and	CC
pedestrian	JJ
paths	NNS
in	IN
and	CC
around	IN
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
and	CC
to	TO
build	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
vehicular	JJ
entrance	NN
to	TO
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
The	DT
project	NN
includes	VBZ
the	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
entrance	NN
to	TO
the	DT
airport	NN
from	IN
the	DT
northbound	JJ
George	NNP
Washington	NNP
Memorial	NNP
Parkway	NNP
coming	VBG
towards	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
from	IN
Alexandria	NNP
;	:
separation	NN
of	IN
pedestrian	NN
and	CC
bicycle	NN
traffic	NN
from	IN
vehicular	JJ
traffic	NN
with	IN
the	DT
building	NN
of	IN
two	CD
bridges	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Mount	NNP
Vernon	NNP
Trail	NNP
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
new	JJ
entrance	NN
ramp	NN
to	TO
the	DT
third	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
Parking	NNP
Garage	NNP
A	NNP
for	IN
rental	JJ
car	NN
returns	NNS
.	.
Bicyclists	NNS
,	,
joggers	NNS
and	CC
pedestrians	NNS
will	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
have	VBP
to	TO
wait	VB
for	IN
a	DT
break	NN
in	IN
airport	NN
traffic	NN
to	TO
continue	VB
on	IN
the	DT
pathway	NN
that	WDT
runs	VBZ
along	IN
the	DT
G.W.	NNP
Parkway	NNP
near	IN
the	DT
Potomac	NNP
River	NNP
.	.
Motorists	NNS
returning	VBG
rental	JJ
cars	NNS
will	MD
have	VB
a	DT
special	JJ
entrance	NN
to	TO
avoid	VB
merging	VBG
with	IN
motorists	NNS
going	VBG
to	TO
Parking	NNP
Garage	NNP
A	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
airport	NN
shuttle	NN
buses	NNS
will	MD
drop	VB
passengers	NNS
directly	RB
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
Garage	NNP
A.	NN
Airport	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Chateauroux-Deols	NNP
Airport	NNP
in	IN
France	NNP
joined	VBD
together	RB
in	IN
an	DT
air	NN
cargo	NN
alliance	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
This	DT
agreement	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
first	JJ
step	NN
in	IN
the	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
worldwide	JJ
organization	NN
of	IN
airports	NNS
joining	VBG
together	RB
to	TO
promote	VB
and	CC
develop	VB
their	PRP$
air	NN
cargo	NN
and	CC
logistics	NNS
businesses	NNS
.	.
Gerbaud	NNP
,	,
President	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Chateauroux-Deols	NNP
Airport	NNP
,	,
represents	VBZ
an	DT
innovative	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
air	NN
cargo	NN
development	NN
.	.
The	DT
agreement	NN
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
to	TO
:	:
raise	VB
awareness	NN
of	IN
air	NN
cargo	NN
users	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
advantages	NNS
of	IN
shipping	NN
via	IN
airport	NN
alliance	NN
partners	NNS
;	:
develop	VB
additional	JJ
cargo-aviation	NN
business	NN
alliances	NNS
;	:
attract	VB
additional	JJ
cargo	NN
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
set	VBD
service	NN
standards	NNS
among	IN
alliance	NN
partners	NNS
.	.
Authority	NNP
,	,
``	``
Dulles	NNP
is	VBZ
truly	RB
now	RB
beginning	VBG
to	TO
fulfill	VB
its	PRP$
potential	NN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
entering	VBG
an	DT
exciting	JJ
and	CC
very	RB
challenging	JJ
period	NN
in	IN
aviation	NN
growth	NN
and	CC
air	NN
service	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Washington	NNP
region	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
will	MD
take	VB
all	DT
of	IN
our	PRP$
planning	NN
and	CC
management	NN
skills	NNS
to	TO
prepare	VB
our	PRP$
facilities	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
to	TO
take	VB
full	JJ
advantage	NN
of	IN
these	DT
opportunities	NNS
.	.
''	''
In	IN
1997	CD
,	,
the	DT
growth	NN
line	NN
began	VBD
its	PRP$
sharp	JJ
ascent	NN
when	WRB
Dulles	NNP
served	VBD
one	CD
million	CD
additional	JJ
passengers	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
previous	JJ
year	NN
.	.
Preliminary	JJ
figures	NNS
show	VBP
that	IN
yearly	JJ
growth	NN
number	NN
will	MD
reach	VB
the	DT
two	CD
million	CD
mark	NN
for	IN
1998	CD
with	IN
a	DT
total	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
Dulles	NNP
passengers	NNS
at	IN
approximately	RB
15.7	CD
million	CD
.	.
A	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
a	DT
strong	JJ
economy	NN
,	,
airport	NN
expansion	NN
and	CC
new	JJ
air	NN
service	NN
has	VBZ
translated	VBN
into	IN
a	DT
record	NN
year	NN
for	IN
Dulles	NNP
.	.
In	IN
1998	CD
,	,
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
opened	VBD
Concourse	NNP
B	NNP
which	WDT
now	RB
provides	VBZ
state	NN
of	IN
the	DT
art	NN
passenger	NN
boarding	VBG
areas	NNS
and	CC
new	JJ
food	NN
and	CC
retail	JJ
amenities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
broke	VBD
ground	NN
for	IN
the	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
Regional	NNP
Concourse	NNP
which	WDT
will	MD
provide	VB
upgraded	VBN
passenger	NN
facilities	NNS
for	IN
Atlantic	NNP
Coast	NNP
customers	NNS
this	DT
spring	NN
.	.
MetroJet	NNP
provides	VBZ
three	CD
daily	JJ
non-stop	JJ
flights	NNS
to	TO
Orlando	NNP
and	CC
adds	VBZ
a	DT
fourth	JJ
to	TO
that	DT
city	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
two	CD
new	JJ
daily	JJ
non-stop	JJ
flights	NNS
to	TO
Tampa	NNP
on	IN
December	NNP
22	CD
.	.
On	IN
January	NNP
6	CD
next	JJ
year	NN
,	,
MetroJet	NNP
will	MD
expand	VB
service	NN
to	TO
Fort	NNP
Lauderdale	NNP
with	IN
two	CD
daily	JJ
non-stop	JJ
flights	NNS
.	.
Customer	NN
service	NN
``	``
Santa	NNP
's	POS
Helpers	NNPS
''	''
will	MD
be	VB
circulating	VBG
throughout	IN
the	DT
terminals	NNS
and	CC
concourses	NNS
greeting	VBG
passengers	NNS
,	,
providing	VBG
information	NN
and	CC
distributing	VBG
literature	NN
on	IN
holiday	NN
gift	NN
ideas	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
shops	NNS
and	CC
providing	VBG
food	NN
discount	NN
coupons	NNS
at	IN
participating	VBG
eateries	NNS
.	.
The	DT
airport	NN
restaurants	NNS
will	MD
also	RB
join	VB
in	IN
the	DT
spirit	NN
by	IN
offering	VBG
food	NN
samples	NNS
and	CC
sponsoring	VBG
entertainment	NN
with	IN
the	DT
retail	JJ
concessions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
shops	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
airports	NNS
remind	VBP
travelers	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
offer	VBP
the	DT
same	JJ
prices	NNS
as	IN
found	VBN
in	IN
area	NN
malls	NNS
.	.
A	DT
toll	NN
free	JJ
number	NN
to	TO
call	VB
is	VBZ
available	JJ
if	IN
shoppers	NNS
believe	VBP
they	PRP
are	VBP
charged	VBN
more	RBR
for	IN
merchandise	NN
at	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
than	IN
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
store	NN
in	IN
a	DT
mall	NN
.	.
Airport	NNP
shopping	NN
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
and	CC
easier	JJR
experience	NN
,	,
especially	RB
during	IN
the	DT
holidays	NNS
when	WRB
many	JJ
shopping	NN
center	NN
stores	NNS
are	VBP
crowded	VBN
.	.
The	DT
airports	NNS
also	RB
offer	VBP
a	DT
shopping	NN
feature	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
hard	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
elsewhere	RB
--	:
early	JJ
morning	NN
hours	NNS
.	.
The	DT
shops	NNS
in	IN
National	NNP
Hall	NNP
in	IN
Terminal	NNP
B\/C	NNP
open	JJ
daily	NN
at	IN
7:00	CD
a.m.	NN
;	:
several	JJ
hours	NNS
earlier	RBR
than	IN
retail	JJ
stores	NNS
and	CC
malls	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
stores	NNS
will	MD
also	RB
ship	VB
purchases	NNS
so	RB
travelers	NNS
can	MD
avoid	VB
having	VBG
to	TO
carry	VB
the	DT
items	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
plane	NN
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
have	VBP
much-improved	JJ
facilities	NNS
for	IN
area	NN
travelers	NNS
and	CC
visitors	NNS
this	DT
year	NN
,	,
including	VBG
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
shopping	NN
and	CC
dining	NN
choices	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
holiday	NN
season	NN
brings	VBZ
more	RBR
crowded	JJ
conditions	NNS
to	TO
our	PRP$
airports	NNS
so	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
wise	JJ
to	TO
allow	VB
extra	JJ
time	NN
for	IN
parking	NN
and	CC
check-in	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
a	DT
smooth	JJ
trip	NN
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
Airports	NNP
Authority	NNP
President\/CEO	NNP
James	NNP
A.	NNP
Wilding	NNP
.	.
Leave	VB
Early	RB
--	:
Airline	NN
and	CC
airport	NN
officials	NNS
urge	VBP
travelers	NNS
to	TO
allow	VB
at	IN
least	JJS
1	CD
2	CD
hours	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
domestic	JJ
flights	NNS
and	CC
3	CD
hours	NNS
in	IN
advance	NN
of	IN
international	JJ
flights	NNS
to	TO
allow	VB
time	NN
for	IN
ground	NN
transportation	NN
,	,
parking	NN
,	,
luggage	NN
check-in	NN
and	CC
security	NN
screening	NN
.	.
Holiday	NNP
traffic	NN
increases	NNS
at	IN
National	NNP
and	CC
Dulles	NNP
Airports	NNPS
,	,
so	RB
vehicles	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
wait	VB
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
airport	NN
terminals	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
plan	NN
extra	JJ
time	NN
to	TO
find	VB
parking	NN
spaces	NNS
since	IN
the	DT
lots	NNS
and	CC
garages	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
crowded	VBN
.	.
Airline	NNP
and	CC
security	NN
screening	NN
procedures	NNS
may	MD
also	RB
take	VB
extra	JJ
time	NN
to	TO
accommodate	VB
the	DT
increased	VBN
number	NN
of	IN
travelers	NNS
.	.
Expect	VB
to	TO
have	VB
any	DT
carry	VB
on	IN
items	NNS
scrutinized	VBN
and	CC
avoid	VB
wrapping	VBG
presents	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
plan	VBP
to	TO
take	VB
through	RP
airport	NN
security	NN
screening	NN
.	.
Electronic	JJ
equipment	NN
will	MD
also	RB
be	VB
examined	VBN
carefully	RB
.	.
Take	VB
Metro	NNP
--	:
Metrorail	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
good	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
travel	VB
to	TO
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
where	WRB
pedestrian	JJ
bridges	NNS
connect	VBP
directly	RB
to	TO
the	DT
terminals	NNS
.	.
Metro	NNP
also	RB
serves	VBZ
Dulles	NNP
through	IN
a	DT
Washington	NNP
Flyer	NNP
bus	NN
connection	NN
from	IN
the	DT
West	NNP
Falls	NNP
Church	NNP
Metro	NNP
Station	NNP
.	.
Terminal	NNP
A	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
the	DT
original	JJ
historic	JJ
1941	CD
terminal	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
also	RB
in	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
restored	VBN
while	IN
continuing	VBG
to	TO
function	VB
for	IN
Northwest	NNP
,	,
TWA	NNP
and	CC
Midway	NNP
Airlines	NNPS
.	.
As	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
restoration	NN
,	,
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
has	VBZ
also	RB
opened	VBN
an	DT
Exhibit	NN
Hall	NNP
in	IN
Terminal	NNP
A	NNP
with	IN
fascinating	JJ
artifacts	NNS
from	IN
an	DT
archeological	JJ
dig	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Abingdon	NNP
Plantation	NNP
,	,
displays	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
early	JJ
aviation	NN
history	NN
of	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
,	,
and	CC
audio-visual	JJ
presentations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Abingdon	NNP
site	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
between	IN
Garage	NNP
A	NNP
and	CC
Garage	NNP
B\/C	NNP
and	CC
can	MD
be	VB
reached	VBN
by	IN
walking	VBG
from	IN
either	DT
garage	NN
.	.
Visitors	NNS
to	TO
Abingdon	NNP
using	VBG
Metrorail	NNP
should	MD
take	VB
the	DT
exit	NN
for	IN
Terminal	NNP
B	NNP
,	,
use	VBP
the	DT
bridge	NN
to	TO
Garage	NNP
B\/C	NNP
and	CC
walk	VB
through	IN
the	DT
garage	NN
on	IN
level	NN
2	CD
to	TO
the	DT
site	NN
.	.
Passengers	NNS
may	MD
reach	VB
the	DT
Abingdon	NNP
site	NN
by	IN
taking	VBG
the	DT
pedestrian	JJ
bridges	NNS
from	IN
Terminal	NNP
B\/C	NNP
to	TO
Garage	NNP
B.	NNP
The	NNP
Abingdon	NNP
site	NN
will	MD
be	VB
open	JJ
daily	RB
from	IN
dawn	NN
to	TO
dusk	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
Abingdon	NNP
Plantation	NNP
site	NN
,	,
visitors	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
walk	VB
among	IN
the	DT
remains	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
once	RB
prominent	JJ
plantation	NN
and	CC
view	NN
informational	JJ
placards	NNS
detailing	VBG
its	PRP$
history	NN
.	.
Archaeological	JJ
digs	NNS
,	,
necessary	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
stabilization	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Abingdon	NNP
site	NN
,	,
have	VBP
resulted	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
recovery	NN
of	IN
a	DT
wealth	NN
of	IN
artifacts	NNS
.	.
``	``
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
for	IN
us	PRP
to	TO
preserve	VB
the	DT
historic	JJ
past	NN
of	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
while	IN
we	PRP
continue	VBP
to	TO
serve	VB
the	DT
Washington	NNP
region	NN
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
James	NNP
Wilding	NNP
,	,
President\/CEO	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
.	.
``	``
A	DT
component	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
Capital	NNP
Development	NNP
Program	NNP
was	VBD
the	DT
restoration	NN
and	CC
preservation	NN
of	IN
this	DT
historic	JJ
site	NN
at	IN
National	NNP
.	.
''	''
The	DT
land	NN
on	IN
which	WDT
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
stands	VBZ
was	VBD
originally	RB
granted	VBN
to	TO
Robert	NNP
Howson	NNP
in	IN
1669	CD
who	WP
sold	VBD
it	PRP
to	TO
John	NNP
Alexander	NNP
for	IN
6,000	CD
pounds	NNS
of	IN
tobacco	NN
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
house	NN
was	VBD
likely	JJ
built	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
1740	CD
's	POS
by	IN
Gerard	NNP
Alexander	NNP
I	PRP
,	,
John	NNP
's	POS
great	JJ
grandson	NN
.	.
Once	RB
home	NN
to	TO
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
prominent	JJ
families	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
region	NN
,	,
Abingdon	NNP
flourished	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
banks	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Potomac	NNP
River	NNP
for	IN
generations	NNS
.	.
Through	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
,	,
ownership	NN
of	IN
the	DT
property	NN
changed	VBD
hands	NNS
among	IN
the	DT
Alexander	NNP
,	,
Custis	NNP
,	,
Stuart	NNP
and	CC
Hunter	NNP
families	NNS
.	.
George	NNP
Washington	NNP
's	POS
adopted	VBN
stepson	NN
,	,
John	NNP
Parke	NNP
Custis	NNP
lived	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
site	NN
for	IN
several	JJ
years	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Abingdon	NNP
site	NN
was	VBD
affected	VBN
by	IN
Union	NNP
occupation	NN
during	IN
the	DT
Civil	NNP
War	NNP
,	,
and	CC
later	RB
,	,
by	IN
the	DT
progress	NN
of	IN
industry	NN
which	WDT
took	VBD
its	PRP$
toll	NN
on	IN
the	DT
site	NN
and	CC
transformed	VBD
the	DT
landscape	NN
.	.
In	IN
1892	CD
,	,
a	DT
railroad	NN
was	VBD
built	VBN
west	NN
of	IN
Abingdon	NNP
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
l920	NN
's	POS
,	,
the	DT
current	JJ
George	NNP
Washington	NNP
Memorial	NNP
Parkway	NNP
also	RB
was	VBD
constructed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
site	NN
.	.
Portions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
brick	NN
foundation	NN
of	IN
two	CD
structures	NNS
are	VBP
preserved	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
site	NN
today	NN
--	:
the	DT
Plantation	NNP
=	SYM
s	PRP
Main	NNP
House	NNP
and	CC
Kitchen	NN
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
auspices	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
,	,
extensive	JJ
archaeological	JJ
work	NN
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
to	TO
stabilize	VB
and	CC
preserve	VB
the	DT
site	NN
and	CC
to	TO
make	VB
it	PRP
accessible	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
The	DT
preservation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Abingdon	NNP
Plantation	NNP
site	NN
and	CC
creation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Exhibit	NN
Hall	NNP
is	VBZ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ongoing	JJ
Capital	NNP
Development	NNP
Program	NNP
at	IN
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
to	TO
renovate	VB
the	DT
original	JJ
historic	JJ
terminal	NN
,	,
known	VBN
as	IN
Terminal	NNP
A	NNP
which	WDT
is	VBZ
listed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Register	NNP
of	IN
Historic	NNP
Places	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
Exhibit	NN
Hall	NNP
is	VBZ
located	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
portion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
restored	VBN
former	JJ
Dining	NNP
Room	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
terminal	NN
.	.
Along	IN
with	IN
the	DT
archeological	JJ
display	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Hall	NNP
is	VBZ
another	DT
display	NN
on	IN
the	DT
design	NN
and	CC
development	NN
of	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
itself	PRP
--	:
covering	VBG
events	NNS
from	IN
1941	CD
to	TO
the	DT
present	NN
.	.
The	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
's	POS
Capital	NNP
Development	NNP
Program	NNP
also	RB
calls	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
future	JJ
rehabilitation	NN
of	IN
Terminal	NNP
A	NNP
to	TO
provide	VB
modern	JJ
and	CC
convenient	JJ
facilities	NNS
and	CC
new	JJ
shops	NNS
and	CC
restaurants	NNS
,	,
while	IN
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
retaining	VBG
the	DT
historic	JJ
character	NN
of	IN
the	DT
building	NN
.	.
The	DT
future	JJ
construction	NN
will	MD
include	VB
:	:
demolition	NN
of	IN
the	DT
non-historic	JJ
extensions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
1941	CD
building	NN
;	:
construction	NN
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
concourse	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
improved	JJ
airline	NN
gates	NNS
;	:
and	CC
the	DT
historic	JJ
rehabilitation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
building	NN
.	.
The	DT
exhibit	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
center	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ticket	NN
counter	NN
level	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Dulles	NNP
Terminal	NNP
and	CC
includes	VBZ
several	JJ
interactive	JJ
exhibits	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
a	DT
large	JJ
model	NN
of	IN
downtown	NN
Washington	NNP
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
federal	JJ
land	NN
area	NN
.	.
The	DT
exhibit	NN
presents	VBZ
a	DT
plan	NN
called	VBN
``	``
Extending	VBG
the	DT
Legacy	NNP
:	:
Planning	NNP
America	NNP
's	POS
Capital	NN
for	IN
the	DT
21st	CD
Century	NNP
''	''
which	WDT
depicts	VBZ
a	DT
possible	JJ
new	JJ
configuration	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Mall	NNP
area	NN
,	,
generally	RB
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
museums	NNS
and	CC
federal	JJ
buildings	NNS
,	,
50	CD
to	TO
100	CD
years	NNS
from	IN
now	RB
.	.
Said	NNP
James	NNP
A.	NNP
Wilding	NNP
,	,
President\/CEO	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
,	,
``	``
We	PRP
agree	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
NCPC	NNP
that	IN
this	DT
exhibit	NN
will	MD
find	VB
an	DT
interested	JJ
audience	NN
in	IN
both	DT
our	PRP$
local	JJ
passengers	NNS
and	CC
those	DT
who	WP
travel	VBP
through	IN
Dulles	NNP
from	IN
destinations	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
country	NN
and	CC
the	DT
world	NN
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
James	NNP
A.	NNP
Wilding	NNP
,	,
President\/CEO	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
.	.
``	``
Dulles	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
international	JJ
gateway	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Nation	NN
's	POS
Capital	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
airport	NN
employees	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
our	PRP$
passengers	NNS
are	VBP
interested	JJ
in	IN
seeing	VBG
the	DT
plans	NNS
displayed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
exhibit	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
Legacy	NNP
Plan	NNP
preserves	VBZ
open	JJ
spaces	NNS
while	IN
creating	VBG
new	JJ
museums	NNS
,	,
memorials	NNS
and	CC
offices	NNS
.	.
The	DT
plan	NN
also	RB
addresses	VBZ
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
transit	NN
and	CC
suggests	VBZ
the	DT
elimination	NN
of	IN
some	DT
current	JJ
bridges	NNS
,	,
freeways	NNS
and	CC
railroad	NN
tracks	NNS
.	.
Particular	JJ
attention	NN
is	VBZ
paid	VBN
the	DT
Washington	NNP
waterfront	NN
and	CC
ways	NNS
to	TO
open	VB
it	PRP
up	RP
for	IN
public	JJ
enjoyment	NN
.	.
The	DT
National	NNP
Capital	NNP
Planning	NNP
Commission	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
's	POS
central	JJ
planning	NN
agency	NN
in	IN
Washington	NNP
D.C.	NNP
and	CC
nearby	JJ
Maryland	NNP
and	CC
Virginia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
developed	VBD
the	DT
Legacy	NNP
Plan	NNP
in	IN
response	NN
to	TO
the	DT
projected	VBN
demands	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Nation	NNP
's	POS
Capital	NN
in	IN
the	DT
coming	JJ
century	NN
with	IN
tourism	NN
expected	VBN
to	TO
double	VB
over	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
50	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
automobile	NN
traffic	NN
increasing	VBG
dramatically	RB
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
This	DT
year	NN
's	POS
Seminar	NNP
,	,
``	``
Landing	NN
the	DT
Right	NNP
Opportunity	NNP
''	''
,	,
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
first-hand	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
upcoming	VBG
contract	NN
opportunities	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
's	POS
Capital	NNP
Development	NNP
Program	NNP
,	,
Repair	NNP
and	CC
Rehabilitation	NNP
,	,
Operations	NNP
and	CC
Maintenance	NNP
and	CC
Goods	NNP
and	CC
Services	NNPS
programs	NNS
.	.
Goods	NNP
and	CC
services	NNS
firms	NNS
and	CC
staff	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
's	POS
Equal	NNP
Opportunity	NNP
,	,
Procurement	NNP
,	,
Materials	NNPS
Management	NNP
and	CC
Engineering	NNP
offices	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
information	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
an	DT
Exhibit	NN
Hall	NNP
and	CC
workshops	NNS
,	,
a	DT
special	JJ
session	NN
will	MD
provide	VB
an	DT
overview	NN
of	IN
airport	NN
concession	NN
contracting	NN
.	.
The	DT
food	NN
and	CC
retail	JJ
developers	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
and	CC
National	NNP
Airports	NNPS
--	:
Host	NNP
Marriott	NNP
and	CC
Westfield	NNP
Corporation	NNP
,	,
will	MD
present	VB
information	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
procurement	NN
process	NN
and	CC
future	JJ
concession	NN
opportunities	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
airports	NNS
.	.
Authority	NNP
has	VBZ
set	VBN
the	DT
dates	NNS
for	IN
two	CD
public	JJ
hearings	NNS
on	IN
proposed	VBN
improvements	NNS
to	TO
taxicab	NN
service	NN
at	IN
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
The	DT
hearings	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
on	IN
Tuesday	NNP
,	,
September	NNP
15	CD
,	,
in	IN
Virginia	NNP
and	CC
Wednesday	NNP
,	,
September	NNP
16	CD
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
.	.
In	IN
1994	CD
,	,
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
adopted	VBD
an	DT
airport	NN
taxicab	NN
permit	NN
for	IN
taxicab	NN
drivers	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
seven	CD
local	JJ
jurisdictions	NNS
permitted	VBD
to	TO
serve	VB
the	DT
Airport	NNP
.	.
This	DT
permit	NN
authorizes	VBZ
drivers	NNS
to	TO
pick	VB
up	RP
passengers	NNS
at	IN
National	NNP
,	,
using	VBG
the	DT
dispatch	VBP
system	NN
operated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
.	.
The	DT
permit	NN
is	VBZ
issued	VBN
to	TO
drivers	NNS
who	WP
successfully	RB
pass	VBP
an	DT
examination	NN
testing	VBG
their	PRP$
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Washington	NNP
metropolitan	JJ
area	NN
.	.
Taxicab	NN
drivers	NNS
may	MD
pick	VB
up	RP
passengers	NNS
,	,
on	IN
a	DT
prearranged	JJ
basis	NN
,	,
at	IN
National	NNP
and	CC
Dulles	NNP
Airports	NNPS
only	RB
if	IN
their	PRP$
licensing	NN
jurisdictions	NNS
allow	VBP
Washington	NNP
Flyer	NNP
Taxicabs	NNPS
to	TO
pick	VB
up	RP
passengers	NNS
by	IN
prearrangement	NN
in	IN
that	DT
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
The	DT
complete	JJ
text	NN
of	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
amendments	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
staff	NN
report	NN
are	VBP
available	JJ
for	IN
public	JJ
inspection	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
=	SYM
s	PRP
offices	NNS
and	CC
copies	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
by	IN
telephoning	VBG
(703) 417-8615	CD
.	.
Anyone	NN
wishing	VBG
to	TO
attend	VB
these	DT
hearings	NNS
may	MD
speak	VB
for	IN
or	CC
against	IN
the	DT
adoption	NN
of	IN
these	DT
amendments	NNS
.	.
Speakers	NNS
must	MD
limit	VB
their	PRP$
remarks	NNS
to	TO
five	CD
minutes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
cargo	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
airlines	NNS
operating	VBG
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
and	CC
increases	NNS
in	IN
service	NN
by	IN
existing	VBG
airlines	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
high	JJ
tech	NN
business	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Dulles	NNP
corridor	NN
has	VBZ
fueled	VBN
the	DT
cargo	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
passenger	NN
increases	NNS
.	.
The	DT
1998	CD
Directory	NNP
,	,
published	VBN
annually	RB
,	,
contains	VBZ
information	NN
of	IN
interest	NN
to	TO
shippers	NNS
,	,
forwarders	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
air	NN
freight	NN
users	NNS
.	.
The	DT
WEB	NNP
format	NN
allows	VBZ
the	DT
user	NN
to	TO
go	VB
directly	RB
to	TO
the	DT
guide	NN
listing	NN
airlines	NNS
and	CC
service	NN
companies	NNS
handling	VBG
freight	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Washington	NNP
region	NN
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
view	VB
individual	JJ
sections	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
cargo	NN
locator	NN
map	NN
,	,
tips	NNS
for	IN
shippers	NNS
,	,
container	NN
chart	NN
,	,
metric	JJ
conversion	NN
table	NN
and	CC
international	JJ
telephone	NN
codes	NNS
.	.
Gateway	NN
,	,
launched	VBN
in	IN
May	NNP
,	,
1998	CD
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
to	TO
keep	VB
readers	NNS
current	JJ
on	IN
cargo	NN
activity	NN
at	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
marketing	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
facility	NN
developments	NNS
and	CC
future	JJ
projects	NNS
.	.
The	DT
next	JJ
edition	NN
of	IN
Gateway	NNP
will	MD
appear	VB
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
in	IN
September	NNP
,	,
1998	CD
.	.
``	``
The	DT
new	JJ
format	NN
gives	VBZ
us	PRP
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
information	NN
about	IN
Dulles	NNP
outstanding	JJ
cargo	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
facilities	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
provide	VB
updates	NNS
to	TO
cargo	NN
professionals	NNS
worldwide	VBP
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
Richard	NNP
Norris	NNP
,	,
Air	NNP
Cargo	NNP
Development	NNP
Manager	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
.	.
A.	NN
Wilding	NNP
,	,
``	``
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
singular	JJ
honor	NN
that	IN
any	DT
airport	NN
operator	NN
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
would	MD
greatly	RB
cherish	VB
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
extremely	RB
pleased	JJ
to	TO
accept	VB
this	DT
award	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
recognizes	VBZ
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
airports	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
aviation	NN
services	NNS
they	PRP
provide	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
communities	NNS
they	PRP
serve	VBP
.	.
To	TO
have	VB
the	DT
Washington	NNP
Business	NNP
Journal	NNP
confirm	VBP
these	DT
contributions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
region	NN
through	IN
this	DT
award	NN
is	VBZ
significant	JJ
.	.
''	''
The	DT
award	NN
was	VBD
presented	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
dinner	NN
held	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
International	NNP
Trade	NNP
Center	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Building	NNP
in	IN
Washington	NNP
,	,
D.C.	NNP
on	IN
June	NNP
4	CD
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
first	JJ
such	JJ
awards	NNS
ceremony	NN
sponsored	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Journal	NNP
and	CC
was	VBD
designed	VBN
to	TO
recognize	VB
the	DT
best	JJS
real	JJ
estate	NN
deals	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
region	NN
.	.
The	DT
range	NN
of	IN
projects	NNS
spanned	VBN
government-related	VBN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
private	JJ
sector	NN
deals	NNS
including	VBG
such	JJ
industry	NN
leaders	NNS
as	IN
Oracle	NNP
,	,
Andersen	NNP
Consulting	NNP
and	CC
Safeway	NNP
Stores	NNPS
.	.
Wrote	VBD
Alex	NNP
Orfinger	NNP
,	,
``	``
I	PRP
believe	VBP
1997	CD
will	MD
go	VB
down	RP
as	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
remarkable	JJ
years	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
real	JJ
estate	NN
industry	NN
in	IN
the	DT
greater	JJR
Washington	NNP
region	NN
...	:
What	WP
is	VBZ
the	DT
best	JJS
?	.
Certainly	RB
,	,
dollar	NN
size	NN
was	VBD
important	JJ
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
end	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
the	DT
judges	NNS
looked	VBD
at	IN
creativity	NN
,	,
tenacity	NN
,	,
complexity	NN
and	CC
overall	JJ
impact	NN
on	IN
the	DT
region	NN
,	,
among	IN
many	JJ
other	JJ
criteria	NNS
.	.
''	''
The	DT
daily	JJ
flights	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
first	JJ
to	TO
connect	VB
the	DT
Silicon	NNP
Valley	NNP
area	NN
with	IN
the	DT
growing	VBG
high	JJ
technology	NN
Dulles	NNP
corridor	NN
,	,
linking	VBG
the	DT
two	CD
largest	JJS
centers	NNS
for	IN
data	NNS
communications	NNS
and	CC
internet	NN
technology	NN
companies	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
.	.
Authority	NNP
,	,
``	``
These	DT
flights	NNS
provide	VBP
a	DT
natural	JJ
connection	NN
between	IN
the	DT
two	CD
main	JJ
high	JJ
technology	NN
regions	NNS
in	IN
our	PRP$
nation	NN
.	.
We	PRP
believe	VBP
many	JJ
National	NNP
Capital	NNP
Area	NNP
businesses	NNS
will	MD
benefit	VB
from	IN
this	DT
connection	NN
with	IN
Silicon	NNP
Valley	NNP
.	.
''	''
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
has	VBZ
an	DT
ongoing	JJ
expansion	NN
program	NN
to	TO
improve	VB
and	CC
expand	VB
airport	NN
facilities	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
continuing	VBG
growth	NN
in	IN
both	DT
passenger	NN
and	CC
cargo	NN
service	NN
.	.
In	IN
1997	CD
,	,
Dulles	NNP
served	VBD
nearly	RB
14	CD
million	CD
passenger	NN
,	,
a	DT
one	CD
million	CD
passenger	NN
increase	NN
over	IN
the	DT
previous	JJ
year	NN
.	.
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
with	IN
greatly	RB
improved	VBN
accessibility	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Metro	NNP
station	NN
.	.
The	DT
results	NNS
show	VBP
an	DT
impressive	JJ
25	CD
per	IN
cent	NN
increase	NN
in	IN
Metro	NNP
ridership	NN
at	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Airport	NNP
Metro	NNP
Station	NNP
over	IN
a	DT
year	NN
ago	RB
.	.
The	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
built	VBD
direct	JJ
connections	NNS
via	IN
bridges	NNS
with	IN
moving	VBG
sidewalks	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Metro	NNP
and	CC
,	,
after	IN
planning	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
Washington	NNP
Metropolitan	NNP
Area	NNP
Transit	NNP
Authority	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
WMATA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
added	VBD
a	DT
north	JJ
mezzanine	NN
which	WDT
leads	VBZ
passengers	NNS
directly	RB
to	TO
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
Previously	RB
,	,
customers	NNS
took	VBD
shuttle	NN
buses	NNS
or	CC
walked	VBD
long	RB
distances	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
Metrorail	NNP
station	NN
to	TO
the	DT
terminals	NNS
.	.
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
few	JJ
airports	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
country	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
train	NN
station	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
in	IN
closer	JJR
proximity	NN
to	TO
the	DT
passenger	NN
terminal	NN
area	NN
than	IN
to	TO
the	DT
parking	NN
facilities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
close	JJ
relationship	NN
between	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
and	CC
WMATA	NNP
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
improve	VB
the	DT
transportation	NN
options	NNS
at	IN
National	NNP
and	CC
Dulles	NNP
Airports	NNPS
.	.
''	''
Authority	NNP
adds	VBZ
,	,
``	``
We	PRP
knew	VBD
our	PRP$
new	JJ
terminal	NN
would	MD
make	VB
Metro	NNP
more	RBR
accessible	JJ
for	IN
both	DT
our	PRP$
customers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
employees	NNS
.	.
Now	RB
,	,
at	IN
least	JJS
fifteen	CD
per	IN
cent	NN
of	IN
travelers	NNS
using	VBG
the	DT
airport	NN
take	VB
Metro	NNP
,	,
and	CC
that	DT
makes	VBZ
us	PRP
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
transit-accessible	JJ
airports	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
country	NN
served	VBD
by	IN
an	DT
excellent	JJ
public	JJ
transit	NN
system	NN
.	.
''	''
Said	NNP
James	NNP
A.	NNP
Wilding	NNP
,	,
President\/CEO	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
,	,
``	``
We	PRP
are	VBP
very	RB
pleased	JJ
to	TO
embark	VB
on	IN
this	DT
expansion	NN
with	IN
Atlantic	NNP
Coast	NNP
Airlines	NNPS
which	WDT
is	VBZ
headquartered	VBN
here	RB
at	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
.	.
Through	IN
the	DT
service	NN
they	PRP
offer	VBP
on	IN
regional	JJ
aircraft	NN
,	,
we	PRP
are	VBP
seeing	VBG
continued	JJ
growth	NN
and	CC
increased	VBD
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
access	NN
to	TO
new	JJ
markets	NNS
.	.
This	DT
benefits	NNS
travelers	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
region	NN
alike	RB
.	.
''	''
Expanding	VBG
operations	NNS
of	IN
Atlantic	NNP
Coast	NNP
Airlines	NNPS
require	VBP
that	IN
additional	JJ
passenger	NN
and	CC
aircraft	NN
facilities	NNS
be	VB
constructed	VBN
.	.
A	DT
new	JJ
regional	JJ
concourse	NN
will	MD
be	VB
built	VBN
adjacent	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
recently-opened	JJ
Concourse	NNP
B	NNP
which	WDT
houses	VBZ
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
international	JJ
and	CC
domestic	JJ
airlines	NNS
.	.
Construction	NN
begins	VBZ
on	IN
June	NNP
10th	JJ
with	IN
an	DT
opening	NN
scheduled	VBN
for	IN
1999	CD
.	.
The	DT
new	JJ
69,000	CD
sq.	FW
ft.	NN
regional	JJ
concourse	NN
will	MD
be	VB
served	VBN
by	IN
mobile	JJ
lounges	NNS
and	CC
will	MD
also	RB
be	VB
connected	VBN
to	TO
Concourse	NNP
B	NNP
via	IN
an	DT
enclosed	VBN
pedestrian	NN
bridge	NN
.	.
The	DT
regional	JJ
concourse	NN
,	,
designed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
architectural	JJ
firm	NN
Hellmuth	NNP
Obata	NNP
Kassabaum	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
constructed	VBN
by	IN
Hensel	NNP
Phelps	NNP
at	IN
a	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
approximately	RB
$	$
18	CD
million	CD
.	.
The	DT
building	NN
will	MD
accommodate	VB
36	CD
regional	JJ
aircraft	NN
.	.
Last	JJ
year	NN
,	,
Dulles	NNP
served	VBD
nearly	RB
14	CD
million	CD
passengers	NNS
;	:
one	CD
million	CD
additional	JJ
passengers	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
previous	JJ
year	NN
.	.
Atlantic	NNP
Coast	NNP
Airlines	NNPS
,	,
the	DT
second	JJ
busiest	JJS
carrier	NN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
United	NNP
Airlines	NNPS
is	VBZ
the	DT
busiest	JJS
-RRB-	-RRB-
with	IN
over	IN
220	CD
departures	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
,	,
has	VBZ
added	VBN
service	NN
to	TO
new	JJ
destinations	NNS
and	CC
has	VBZ
recently	RB
introduced	VBN
new	JJ
regional	JJ
jets	NNS
on	IN
some	DT
routes	NNS
.	.
At	IN
this	DT
conference	NN
,	,
the	DT
Airport	NNP
Minority	NNP
Advisory	NNP
Council	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
AMAC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
will	MD
celebrate	VB
its	PRP$
tenth	NN
anniversary	NN
.	.
Created	VBN
to	TO
increase	VB
the	DT
participation	NN
of	IN
minorities	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
in	IN
aviation	NN
industry	NN
business	NN
and	CC
employment	NN
,	,
AMAC	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
forefront	NN
of	IN
national	JJ
policy	NN
initiatives	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Transportation	NNP
airport	NN
Disadvantaged	NNP
Business	NNP
Enterprise	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
DBE	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
Program	NN
.	.
Since	IN
its	PRP$
inception	NN
in	IN
1988	CD
,	,
AMAC	NNP
has	VBZ
actively	RB
participated	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
laws	NNS
,	,
regulations	NNS
and	CC
policies	NNS
to	TO
enhance	VB
DBE	NNP
participation	NN
at	IN
U.S.	NNP
airports	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
these	DT
collective	JJ
efforts	NNS
,	,
minority	NN
and	CC
women-owned	JJ
businesses	NNS
are	VBP
participating	VBG
in	IN
procurement	NN
and	CC
concession	NN
contracts	NNS
at	IN
nearly	RB
every	DT
major	JJ
airport	NN
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
At	IN
Washington	NNP
's	POS
two	CD
airports	NNS
alone	RB
,	,
minority	NN
and	CC
women-owned	JJ
concessions	NNS
had	VBD
total	JJ
gross	JJ
receipts	NNS
of	IN
$	$
51	CD
million	CD
in	IN
fiscal	JJ
year	NN
1997	CD
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
doing	VBG
business	NN
at	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
and	CC
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
Airports	NNPS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
awarded	VBD
over	IN
$	$
38	CD
million	CD
in	IN
goods	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
and	CC
construction	NN
contracts	NNS
to	TO
these	DT
firms	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Plane	NN
Pull	NNP
,	,
sponsored	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
Police	NNP
Department	NNP
,	,
raises	VBZ
money	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Virginia	NNP
Special	JJ
Olympics	NNPS
as	IN
teams	NNS
of	IN
twenty	CD
people	NNS
display	VBP
``	``
Olympian	JJ
strength	NN
''	''
by	IN
pulling	VBG
a	DT
727	CD
jet	NN
aircraft	NN
donated	VBN
by	IN
Federal	NNP
Express	NNP
.	.
There	EX
were	VBD
also	RB
informational	JJ
exhibits	NNS
about	IN
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
future	JJ
site	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Dulles	NNP
Center	NNP
Air	NNP
and	CC
Space	NNP
Museum	NNP
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
a	DT
police	NN
badge	NN
and	CC
patch	NN
collectors	NNS
show	VBP
;	:
fire	NN
and	CC
police	NN
equipment	NN
display	NN
;	:
airport	NN
snow	NN
removal	NN
and	CC
large	JJ
equipment	NN
display	NN
;	:
and	CC
a	DT
Kids	NNP
Korner	NNP
with	IN
special	JJ
activities	NNS
for	IN
children	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
now	RB
three	CD
Economy	NNP
Parking	NNP
lots	NNS
--	:
Blue	NNP
,	,
Green	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
recently	RB
-	:
opened	VBD
Red	NNP
--	:
all	DT
located	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
north	JJ
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
airport	NN
.	.
These	DT
lots	NNS
provide	VBP
long-term	JJ
parking	NN
for	IN
travelers	NNS
who	WP
park	VBP
and	CC
fly	VBP
.	.
Daily	NNP
parking	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
expanded	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Daily	NNP
Parking	NN
1	CD
lot	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
.	.
The	DT
new	JJ
Daily	NNP
Parking	NN
2	CD
lot	NN
has	VBZ
just	RB
opened	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
east	JJ
side	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Terminal	NNP
.	.
Motorists	NNS
can	MD
enter	VB
Daily	NNP
Parking	NN
2	CD
by	IN
circling	VBG
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
``	``
Departures	NNS
''	''
or	CC
``	``
Arrivals	NNS
''	''
traffic	NN
ramps	NNS
and	CC
following	VBG
signs	NNS
to	TO
``	``
Daily	NNP
Parking	NNP
2	CD
''	''
.	.
A	DT
special	JJ
new	JJ
feature	NN
for	IN
Dulles	NNP
Day	NNP
will	MD
offer	VB
model	NN
aircraft	NN
flight	NN
demonstrations	NNS
by	IN
the	DT
Virginia	NNP
Airshow	NNP
Squadron	NNP
team	NN
.	.
Model	NNP
aircraft	NN
,	,
of	IN
various	JJ
scales	NNS
,	,
will	MD
be	VB
flown	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
day	NN
and	CC
will	MD
feature	VB
:	:
The	DT
Voyager	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
flew	VBD
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
without	IN
refueling	VBG
;	:
Starship	NNP
Enterprise	NNP
,	,
from	IN
the	DT
tv	NN
show	NN
``	``
Star	NNP
Trek	NNP
--	:
Next	JJ
Generation	NNP
''	''
;	:
and	CC
formation	NN
flight	NN
aircraft	NN
similar	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Air	NNP
Force	NNP
Flight	NNP
Demonstration	NNP
Team	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Thunderbirds	NNPS
.	.
Visitors	NNS
to	TO
Dulles	NNP
Day	NNP
will	MD
also	RB
find	VB
:	:
a	DT
police	NN
badge	NN
and	CC
patch	NN
collectors	NNS
show	VBP
;	:
fire	NN
and	CC
police	NN
equipment	NN
display	NN
;	:
airport	NN
snow	NN
removal	NN
and	CC
large	JJ
equipment	NN
display	NN
;	:
and	CC
a	DT
Kids	NNP
Korner	NNP
with	IN
special	JJ
activities	NNS
for	IN
children	NNS
.	.
These	DT
seven	CD
new	JJ
domestic	JJ
and	CC
two	CD
international	JJ
flights	NNS
,	,
represent	VBP
a	DT
13	CD
percent	NN
increase	NN
in	IN
United	NNP
's	POS
service	NN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
and	CC
are	VBP
expected	VBN
to	TO
result	VB
in	IN
an	DT
additional	JJ
800,000	CD
passengers	NNS
using	VBG
the	DT
Airport	NNP
each	DT
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
economic	JJ
impact	NN
of	IN
these	DT
two	CD
new	JJ
international	JJ
flights	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
region	NN
could	MD
result	VB
in	IN
revenue	NN
generation	NN
of	IN
$	$
600	CD
million	CD
a	DT
year	NN
.	.
Authority	NNP
,	,
``	``
This	DT
is	VBZ
exciting	JJ
news	NN
for	IN
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
Our	PRP$
passengers	NNS
will	MD
now	RB
have	VB
a	DT
wider	JJR
choice	NN
of	IN
service	NN
to	TO
both	DT
European	JJ
and	CC
U.S.	NNP
destinations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
later	JJ
evening	NN
hours	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
welcome	JJ
advantage	NN
for	IN
the	DT
business	NN
traveler	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
those	DT
on	IN
leisure	NN
trips	NNS
who	WP
prefer	VBP
to	TO
take	VB
a	DT
flight	NN
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
work	NN
day	NN
.	.
Air	NNP
freight	NN
on	IN
United	NNP
Airlines	NNPS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
has	VBZ
already	RB
grown	VBN
30.3	CD
%	NN
over	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
year	NN
.	.
These	DT
two	CD
new	JJ
international	JJ
United	NNP
flights	NNS
will	MD
enable	VB
cargo	NN
customers	NNS
to	TO
take	VB
advantage	NN
of	IN
an	DT
extended	JJ
production	NN
and	CC
consolidation	NN
cycle	NN
,	,
and	CC
are	VBP
estimated	VBN
to	TO
add	VB
over	IN
80	CD
metric	JJ
tons	NNS
of	IN
cargo	NN
capacity	NN
per	IN
day	NN
.	.
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
for	IN
this	DT
important	JJ
ceremony	NN
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
marks	VBZ
the	DT
advent	NN
of	IN
some	DT
very	RB
significant	JJ
benefits	NNS
for	IN
our	PRP$
metropolitan	JJ
region	NN
and	CC
the	DT
enhancement	NN
of	IN
travel	NN
opportunities	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Gateway	NNP
.	.
''	''
This	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
service	NN
will	MD
provide	VB
more	RBR
convenient	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
Asia	NNP
for	IN
business	NN
travelers	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
estimated	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
economic	JJ
impact	NN
of	IN
the	DT
two	CD
additional	JJ
flights	NNS
will	MD
translate	VB
into	IN
$	$
108	CD
million	CD
annually	RB
bringing	VBG
the	DT
total	JJ
impact	NN
of	IN
the	DT
six	CD
weekly	JJ
flights	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
yearly	JJ
infusion	NN
of	IN
$	$
488	CD
million	CD
into	IN
the	DT
Washington	NNP
region	NN
local	JJ
economy	NN
.	.
At	IN
Dulles	NNP
,	,
United	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
major	JJ
service	NN
provider	NN
.	.
The	DT
proposed	VBN
ANA-United	NNP
nonstop	JJ
route	NN
between	IN
Dulles	NNP
and	CC
Tokyo	NNP
would	MD
allow	VB
leisure	NN
and	CC
business	NN
travelers	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
U.S.	NNP
Government	NNP
travelers	NNS
,	,
the	DT
convenience	NN
of	IN
nonstop	JJ
travel	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
easy	JJ
connections	NNS
throughout	IN
Asia	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
``	``
This	DT
breakthrough	NN
agreement	NN
benefits	NNS
both	DT
passengers	NNS
and	CC
shippers	NNS
throughout	IN
our	PRP$
region	NN
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
see	VB
more	JJR
frequent	JJ
and	CC
more	RBR
competitively	RB
priced	VBN
air	NN
service	NN
between	IN
Washington	NNP
and	CC
Japan	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
stimulation	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
local	JJ
economy	NN
that	WDT
could	MD
translate	VB
into	IN
hundreds	NNS
of	IN
millions	NNS
of	IN
dollars	NNS
.	.
''	''
The	DT
new	JJ
agreement	NN
also	RB
allows	VBZ
U.S.	NNP
airlines	NNS
to	TO
develop	VB
commercial	JJ
alliances	NNS
with	IN
Japanese	JJ
airlines	NNS
.	.
Such	JJ
alliances	NNS
have	VBP
proven	VBN
to	TO
increase	VB
and	CC
improve	VB
air	NN
service	NN
between	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
and	CC
Europe	NNP
and	CC
offer	VBP
area	NN
travelers	NNS
a	DT
much	JJ
broader	JJR
choice	NN
of	IN
flight	NN
options	NNS
.	.
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
has	VBZ
grown	VBN
25	CD
per	IN
cent	NN
over	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
five	CD
years	NNS
with	IN
much	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
focus	NN
on	IN
increased	JJ
international	JJ
air	NN
service	NN
.	.
In	IN
1997	CD
alone	RB
,	,
the	DT
airport	NN
served	VBD
nearly	RB
one	CD
million	CD
additional	JJ
passengers	NNS
.	.
This	DT
new	JJ
agreement	NN
will	MD
enable	VB
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
to	TO
seek	VB
additional	JJ
airlines	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
service	NN
between	IN
Washington	NNP
and	CC
Japan	NNP
.	.
The	DT
ticket	NN
counters	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
shuttles	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
located	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Concourse	NNP
level	NN
of	IN
the	DT
terminal	NN
unlike	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
ticketing	VBG
facilities	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
upper	JJ
level	NN
.	.
This	DT
provides	VBZ
shuttle	NN
passengers	NNS
a	DT
check-in	NN
area	NN
adjacent	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
security	NN
check	NN
point	NN
and	CC
the	DT
entrance	NN
to	TO
the	DT
piers	NNS
where	WRB
the	DT
aircraft	NN
gates	NNS
are	VBP
located	VBN
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
elected	VBN
officials	NNS
,	,
regional	JJ
leaders	NNS
and	CC
airport	NN
officials	NNS
gathered	VBD
with	IN
invited	VBN
guests	NNS
to	TO
officially	RB
dedicate	VB
the	DT
newest	JJS
addition	NN
to	TO
Dulles	NNP
Airport	NNP
,	,
a	DT
424,000	CD
square	JJ
foot	NN
building	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
provide	VB
17	CD
new	JJ
gates	NNS
for	IN
domestic	JJ
and	CC
international	JJ
airlines	NNS
.	.
The	DT
building	NN
,	,
called	VBN
Concourse	NNP
B	NNP
,	,
will	MD
open	VB
for	IN
business	NN
on	IN
Sunday	NNP
,	,
February	NNP
1st	CD
.	.
Over	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
five	CD
years	NNS
,	,
Dulles	NNP
has	VBZ
seen	VBN
steady	JJ
growth	NN
with	IN
a	DT
25	CD
per	IN
cent	NN
increase	NN
in	IN
passengers	NNS
.	.
In	IN
1997	CD
,	,
Dulles	NNP
served	VBD
approximately	RB
13.8	CD
million	CD
passengers	NNS
,	,
nearly	RB
a	DT
million	CD
more	JJR
people	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
6.7	CD
per	IN
cent	NN
increase	NN
compared	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
12.8	CD
million	CD
passengers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
previous	JJ
year	NN
.	.
Airports	NNS
are	VBP
an	DT
important	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
future	NN
of	IN
air	NN
service	NN
,	,
and	CC
just	RB
as	IN
importantly	RB
,	,
of	IN
the	DT
economic	JJ
health	NN
of	IN
the	DT
communities	NNS
they	PRP
serve	VBP
.	.
Arlington	NNP
County	NNP
,	,
Virginia	NNP
has	VBZ
ranked	VBN
aviation	NN
at	IN
the	DT
head	NN
of	IN
the	DT
list	NN
of	IN
the	DT
top	JJ
ten	CD
employers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
county	NN
.	.
At	IN
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airport	NNP
,	,
the	DT
expansion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
and	CC
roadways	NNS
was	VBD
completed	VBN
.	.
On	IN
February	NNP
1	CD
,	,
a	DT
new	JJ
midfield	NN
Concourse	NNP
B	NNP
will	MD
open	VB
to	TO
provide	VB
additional	JJ
aircraft	NN
gates	NNS
for	IN
domestic	JJ
and	CC
international	JJ
airlines	NNS
.	.
Airports	NNS
Authority	NNP
,	,
``	``
This	DT
new	JJ
concourse	NN
enables	VBZ
us	PRP
to	TO
keep	VB
pace	NN
with	IN
the	DT
continuing	VBG
growth	NN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
.	.
As	IN
we	PRP
continue	VBP
to	TO
attract	VB
new	JJ
air	NN
service	NN
,	,
especially	RB
on	IN
international	JJ
routes	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
keep	VB
our	PRP$
facilities	NNS
competitive	JJ
and	CC
to	TO
add	VB
amenities	NNS
that	WDT
travelers	NNS
expect	VBP
in	IN
today	NN
's	POS
market	NN
.	.
''	''
Dulles	NNP
serving	VBG
29	CD
foreign	JJ
markets	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
estimated	VBN
that	IN
over	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
five	CD
years	NNS
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
passengers	NNS
using	VBG
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
has	VBZ
grown	VBN
25	CD
per	IN
cent	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
recently-ended	JJ
year	NN
l997	CD
,	,
Dulles	NNP
served	VBD
over	IN
13.7	CD
million	CD
passengers	NNS
.	.
Of	IN
those	DT
,	,
almost	RB
3	CD
million	CD
were	VBD
on	IN
international	JJ
flights	NNS
.	.
The	DT
section	NN
of	IN
Concourse	NNP
B	NNP
which	WDT
opens	VBZ
in	IN
February	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
first	JJ
phase	NN
of	IN
the	DT
facility	NN
which	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
occupied	VBN
.	.
The	DT
additional	JJ
airlines	NNS
and	CC
customer	NN
amenities	NNS
will	MD
move	VB
in	IN
during	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
few	JJ
months	NNS
.	.
Concourse	NNP
B	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
424,00	CD
square	JJ
foot	NN
building	NN
that	WDT
stretches	VBZ
1,440	CD
feet	NNS
long	RB
and	CC
142	CD
feet	NNS
wide	JJ
.	.
The	DT
building	NN
design	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
open	JJ
space	NN
with	IN
extensive	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
natural	JJ
light	NN
.	.
The	DT
waiting	VBG
areas	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
airlines	NNS
gates	NNS
are	VBP
doubled	VBN
in	IN
size	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
flexibility	NN
for	IN
the	DT
various	JJ
sized	VBN
aircraft	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
use	VB
the	DT
facility	NN
.	.
Work	NN
will	MD
soon	RB
begin	VB
on	IN
a	DT
Pedestrian	NNP
Tunnel	NNP
,	,
equipped	VBN
with	IN
moving	VBG
sidewalks	NNS
,	,
that	WDT
will	MD
connect	VB
the	DT
new	JJ
Concourse	NNP
B	NNP
with	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
give	VB
passengers	NNS
an	DT
alternative	NN
option	NN
to	TO
using	VBG
the	DT
mobile	JJ
lounges	NNS
.	.
The	DT
next	JJ
stage	NN
of	IN
construction	NN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
will	MD
include	VB
new	JJ
parking	NN
facilities	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
completion	NN
of	IN
a	DT
maintenance	NN
facility	NN
for	IN
Atlantic	NNP
Coast	NNP
Airlines	NNPS
which	WDT
is	VBZ
the	DT
second	JJ
largest	JJS
airline	NN
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
providing	VBG
regional	JJ
service	NN
and	CC
connections	NNS
to	TO
United	NNP
Airlines	NNPS
flights	NNS
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Thompson	NNP
will	MD
bring	VB
over	RP
20	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
in	IN
public	JJ
accounting	NN
,	,
governmental	JJ
accounting	NN
,	,
management	NN
,	,
computer	NN
systems	NNS
,	,
asset	NN
securitization	NN
,	,
financing	NN
,	,
financial	JJ
management	NN
,	,
real	JJ
estate	NN
and	CC
business	NN
consulting	NN
to	TO
this	DT
new	JJ
position	NN
.	.
He	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
graduate	NN
of	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
,	,
magna	FW
cum	FW
laude	FW
in	IN
accounting	NN
and	CC
finance	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
a	DT
certified	JJ
public	JJ
accountant	NN
in	IN
the	DT
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
.	.
His	PRP$
alma	JJ
mater	NN
awarded	VBD
him	PRP
an	DT
honorary	JJ
Doctor	NNP
of	IN
Laws	NNP
degree	NN
in	IN
May	NNP
of	IN
1997	CD
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
structure	NN
which	WDT
originally	RB
extended	VBD
South	NNP
from	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
,	,
directly	RB
over	IN
the	DT
site	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
AeroTrain	NNP
station	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
demolished	VBN
so	RB
excavation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
train	NN
station	NN
could	MD
begin	VB
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
later	RB
be	VB
replaced	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
structure	NN
of	IN
similar	JJ
architecture	NN
,	,
without	IN
the	DT
reflecting	VBG
pool	NN
.	.
This	DT
temporary	JJ
bridge	NN
was	VBD
built	VBN
next	IN
to	TO
the	DT
reflecting	VBG
pool	NN
walkway	NN
,	,
replacing	VBG
that	IN
walkway	NN
when	WRB
the	DT
structure	NN
was	VBD
removed	VBN
.	.
Glass	NNP
panels	NNS
allowed	VBD
passengers	NNS
to	TO
view	VB
the	DT
progress	NN
of	IN
train	NN
station	NN
excavation	NN
.	.
Photo	NNP
from	IN
August	NNP
2001	CD
.	.
Aerial	JJ
photograph	NN
shows	VBZ
excavation	NN
complete	JJ
on	IN
West	NNP
half	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
foreground	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
AeroTrain	NNP
station	NN
and	CC
eastern	JJ
half	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
background	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
excavation	NN
in	IN
early	JJ
stage	NN
.	.
Structural	JJ
elements	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
track	NN
level	NN
of	IN
the	DT
station	NN
are	VBP
also	RB
beginning	VBG
to	TO
take	VB
shape	NN
.	.
Photo	NNP
from	IN
March	NNP
2006	CD
.	.
This	DT
new	JJ
pedestrian	JJ
bridge	NN
taking	VBG
shape	NN
across	IN
the	DT
train	NN
station	NN
construction	NN
site	NN
.	.
It	PRP
connects	VBZ
passengers	NNS
directly	RB
to	TO
the	DT
Ticketing	NNP
and	CC
Bag	NNP
Claim	NNP
levels	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
replaces	VBZ
the	DT
former	JJ
``	``
Reflecting	VBG
Pool	NNP
''	''
structure	NN
.	.
Photo	NNP
from	IN
March	NNP
2006	CD
.	.
The	DT
International	NNP
Arrivals	NNPS
Building	NNP
is	VBZ
connected	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
opened	VBD
in	IN
1991	CD
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
dedicated	JJ
facility	NN
for	IN
welcoming	VBG
passengers	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Airport	NNP
from	IN
International	NNP
flights	NNS
.	.
Passengers	NNS
enter	VBP
the	DT
building	NN
from	IN
the	DT
PlaneMates	NNP
pictured	VBD
at	IN
left	NN
.	.
Interior	NNP
photo	NN
of	IN
the	DT
International	NNP
Arrivals	NNPS
Building	NNP
,	,
circa	NN
1991	CD
.	.
The	DT
growing	VBG
number	NN
of	IN
passengers	NNS
using	VBG
this	DT
building	NN
prompted	VBD
the	DT
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
to	TO
approve	VB
a	DT
building	NN
expansion	NN
.	.
More	RBR
photos	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
here	RB
after	IN
construction	NN
begins	VBZ
.	.
View	NNP
from	IN
atop	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
roof	NN
as	IN
building	NN
expansion	NN
proceeds	NNS
.	.
The	DT
columns	NNS
are	VBP
topped	VBN
with	IN
these	DT
uniquely	RB
shaped	JJ
forms	NNS
in	IN
keeping	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
design	NN
by	IN
Architecht	NNP
Eero	NNP
Saarinen	NNP
.	.
Photo	NNP
from	IN
July	NNP
1995	CD
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
Aviation	NNP
Drive	NNP
bridge	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
Access	NNP
Highway	NNP
.	.
The	DT
roadway	NN
markings	NNS
on	IN
this	DT
widened	VBN
bridge	NN
can	MD
be	VB
changed	VBN
to	TO
create	VB
more	JJR
lanes	NNS
when	WRB
other	JJ
nearby	JJ
road	NN
construction	NN
is	VBZ
completed	VBN
.	.
Photo	NNP
from	IN
March	NNP
2006	CD
.	.
Additional	JJ
``	``
Collector\/Distributor	NNP
''	''
exit	NN
lanes	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
added	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Airport	NNP
Access	NNP
highway	NN
west	NN
of	IN
Route	NN
28	CD
.	.
The	DT
new	JJ
lanes	NNS
will	MD
help	VB
reduce	VB
the	DT
weaving	VBG
and	CC
merging	VBG
traffic	NN
in	IN
this	DT
area	NN
.	.
Photo	NNP
from	IN
September	NNP
2006	CD
.	.
Airport	NNP
patrons	NNS
using	VBG
daily	JJ
parking	NN
used	VBN
to	TO
park	VB
in	IN
the	DT
surface	NN
lot	NN
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
lot	NN
frequently	RB
filled	VBD
up	RP
as	IN
passenger	NN
levels	NNS
grew	VBD
.	.
It	PRP
became	VBD
clear	JJ
that	IN
thousands	NNS
more	RBR
spaces	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
needed	VBN
.	.
Photo	NNP
taken	VBN
in	IN
1999	CD
.	.
Construction	NN
underway	NN
on	IN
a	DT
tunnel	NN
which	WDT
will	MD
allow	VB
public	JJ
access	NN
between	IN
Daily	NNP
Garage	NNP
#	#
1	CD
and	CC
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
.	.
The	DT
``	``
cut	NN
and	CC
cover	NN
''	''
tunneling	VBG
method	NN
was	VBD
used	VBN
to	TO
construct	VB
the	DT
tunnel	NN
.	.
Photo	NNP
from	IN
June	NNP
,	,
2001	CD
.	.
The	DT
pedestrian	JJ
walkway	NN
connecting	VBG
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
to	TO
Concourse	NNP
B	NNP
is	VBZ
underground	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
constructed	VBN
by	IN
excavating	VBG
access	NN
shafts	NNS
,	,
then	RB
tunneling	VBG
to	TO
connect	VB
the	DT
shafts	NNS
.	.
The	DT
outline	NN
of	IN
the	DT
future	JJ
tunnel	NN
is	VBZ
visible	JJ
on	IN
this	DT
shaft	NN
wall	NN
.	.
Photo	NNP
from	IN
June	NNP
2001	CD
.	.
The	DT
``	``
T	NNP
''	''
gates	NNS
at	IN
Dulles	NNP
once	RB
extended	VBD
along	IN
this	DT
area	NN
near	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
Traffic	NNP
Control	NNP
Tower	NNP
.	.
They	PRP
were	VBD
temporary	JJ
structures	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
were	VBD
removed	VBN
before	IN
construction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
,	,
permanent	JJ
Z-gates	NNS
could	MD
begin	VB
on	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
site	NN
.	.
Please	VB
provide	VB
the	DT
following	VBG
information	NN
to	TO
register	VB
the	DT
documents	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
downloaded	VBD
.	.
Registration	NN
places	NNS
your	PRP$
name	NN
on	IN
the	DT
planholder	NN
list	NN
for	IN
the	DT
project	NN
and	CC
ensures	VBZ
that	IN
you	PRP
receive	VBP
notification	NN
of	IN
any	DT
amendments	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
issued	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
Note	NN
:	:
Due	JJ
to	TO
limited	JJ
hotel	NN
parking	NN
,	,
attendees	NNS
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
utilize	VB
the	DT
Metrorail	NNP
system	NN
.	.
The	DT
hotel	NN
is	VBZ
approximately	RB
one	CD
block	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Woodley	NNP
Park-Zoo\/Adams	NNP
Morgan	NNP
station	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Metrorail	NNP
Red	NNP
line	NN
.	.
Traveling	VBG
Over	IN
the	DT
Holidays	NNPS
?	.
Airport	NNP
Tips	NNP
Thanksgiving	NNP
week	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
holiday	NN
season	NN
which	WDT
follows	VBZ
,	,
are	VBP
expected	VBN
to	TO
bring	VB
more	JJR
travelers	NNS
to	TO
Ronald	NNP
Reagan	NNP
Washington	NNP
National	NNP
and	CC
Washington	NNP
Dulles	NNP
International	NNP
Airports	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Washington	NNP
Airports	NNPS
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
offering	VBG
travel	NN
advice	NN
to	TO
area	NN
residents	NNS
.	.
Tunnel	NN
boxes	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
AeroTrain	NNP
on	IN
approach	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
station	NN
.	.
Cranes	NNS
employed	VBN
in	IN
station	NN
construction	NN
are	VBP
visible	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
right	NN
.	.
The	DT
site	NN
shown	VBN
here	RB
will	MD
later	RB
be	VB
covered	VBN
with	IN
earth	NN
.	.
Photo	NNP
from	IN
September	NNP
2006	CD
.	.
With	IN
expanded	VBN
ticket	NN
counters	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
background	NN
,	,
installation	NN
of	IN
Terrazzo	NNP
floors	NNS
proceeds	NNS
.	.
A	DT
dustwall	NN
surrounds	VBZ
the	DT
project	NN
area	NN
,	,
located	VBN
near	IN
the	DT
center	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Main	NNP
Terminal	NNP
.	.
Photo	NNP
from	IN
October	NNP
2001	CD
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
view	NN
which	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
seen	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
cab	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
Traffic	NNP
Controllers	NNPS
.	.
Equipment	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
installed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
consoles	VBZ
below	IN
the	DT
windows	NNS
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
the	DT
Airport	NNP
buildings	NNS
are	VBP
visible	JJ
in	IN
this	DT
view	NN
looking	VBG
North	NNP
.	.
Photo	NNP
from	IN
September	NNP
2006	CD
.	.
The	DT
document	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
\/	CD
robots	NNS
.	.
txt	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
you	PRP
are	VBP
looking	VBG
for	IN
was	VBD
not	RB
found	VBN
on	IN
our	PRP$
site	NN
.	.
This	DT
could	MD
be	VB
the	DT
result	NN
of	IN
a	DT
mistyped	JJ
URL	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Universal	NNP
Resource	NNP
Locator	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
an	DT
old	JJ
bookmark	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
no	RB
longer	RB
pointing	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
correct	JJ
location	NN
.	.
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
assists	VBZ
students	NNS
in	IN
resolving	VBG
personal	JJ
difficulties	NNS
and	CC
in	IN
acquiring	VBG
those	DT
skills	NNS
,	,
attitudes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
resources	NNS
necessary	JJ
to	TO
both	DT
succeed	VB
in	IN
the	DT
college	NN
environment	NN
and	CC
pursue	VB
productive	JJ
and	CC
satisfying	JJ
lives	NNS
.	.
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
strives	VBZ
to	TO
contribute	VB
to	TO
the	DT
overall	JJ
educational	JJ
mission	NN
of	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
by	IN
facilitating	VBG
the	DT
academic	JJ
,	,
emotional	JJ
,	,
social	JJ
,	,
and	CC
vocational	JJ
development	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
by	IN
serving	VBG
as	IN
mental	JJ
health	NN
consultants	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
entire	JJ
campus	NN
community	NN
.	.
Respect	NN
for	IN
diversity	NN
and	CC
a	DT
commitment	NN
to	TO
students	NNS
'	POS
personal	JJ
growth	NN
are	VBP
guiding	VBG
principles	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
work	NN
we	PRP
do	VBP
.	.
The	DT
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
office	NN
should	MD
be	VB
your	PRP$
first	JJ
call	NN
for	IN
any	DT
issue	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
your	PRP$
emotional	JJ
state	NN
,	,
dealing	VBG
with	IN
stress	NN
,	,
handling	VBG
a	DT
crisis	NN
,	,
or	CC
coping	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
transition	NN
to	TO
college	NN
.	.
Students	NNS
often	RB
come	VBP
for	IN
help	NN
with	IN
concerns	NNS
both	DT
large	JJ
and	CC
small	JJ
,	,
including	VBG
depression	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
,	,
chemical	NN
use	NN
,	,
assault	NN
or	CC
abuse	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
identity	NN
,	,
relationship	NN
conflicts	NNS
,	,
grief	NN
,	,
academic	JJ
stress	NN
,	,
and	CC
family	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
UB	NNP
counselors	NNS
act	VBP
as	IN
facilitators	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
students	NNS
better	JJR
understand	VBP
themselves	PRP
and	CC
the	DT
world	NN
around	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Open	NNP
and	CC
honest	JJ
discussion	NN
of	IN
feelings	NNS
,	,
behaviors	NNS
,	,
relationships	NNS
and	CC
life	NN
experiences	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
trained	JJ
counselor	NN
in	IN
a	DT
safe	JJ
,	,
confidential	JJ
environment	NN
helps	VBZ
you	PRP
make	VBP
healthy	JJ
choices	NNS
and	CC
achieve	VB
more	JJR
satisfying	JJ
life	NN
goals	NNS
.	.
Counselors	NNS
work	VBP
with	IN
students	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
them	PRP
understand	VB
and	CC
explore	VB
how	WRB
their	PRP$
feelings	NNS
and	CC
thoughts	NNS
influence	VBP
their	PRP$
choices	NNS
,	,
decisions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
actions	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
counselors	NNS
help	VBP
students	NNS
develop	VB
more	RBR
effective	JJ
coping	VBG
and	CC
problem-solving	JJ
skills	NNS
.	.
Counseling	NN
Services	NNP
also	RB
offers	VBZ
workshops	NNS
,	,
consultation	NN
,	,
and	CC
crisis	NN
intervention	NN
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
maintain	VBP
an	DT
award-winning	JJ
website	NN
,	,
which	WDT
you	PRP
are	VBP
presently	RB
viewing	VBG
.	.
Here	RB
you	PRP
can	MD
find	VB
information	NN
about	IN
our	PRP$
services	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
a	DT
wide	JJ
selection	NN
of	IN
self-help	JJ
documents	NNS
,	,
internet	NN
resources	NNS
,	,
referrals	NNS
,	,
and	CC
reading	NN
lists	NNS
,	,
all	DT
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
day-to-day	JJ
stresses	VBZ
and	CC
difficult	JJ
periods	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
The	DT
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
office	NN
also	RB
provides	VBZ
several	JJ
training	NN
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
graduate	NN
students	NNS
in	IN
Clinical	JJ
and	CC
Counseling	NN
Psychology	NN
and	CC
in	IN
Social	NNP
Work	NNP
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
find	VB
resources	NNS
for	IN
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
professionals	NNS
at	IN
this	DT
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
Counseling	NN
Center	NNP
Village	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
see	VBP
``	``
Other	JJ
Resources	NNPS
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
website	NN
and	CC
the	DT
information	NN
it	PRP
contains	VBZ
is	VBZ
not	RB
meant	VBN
to	TO
replace	VB
a	DT
face-to-face	JJ
consultation	NN
with	IN
a	DT
trained	JJ
counselor	NN
,	,
nor	CC
does	VBZ
this	DT
service	NN
provide	VBP
``	``
on-line	JJ
''	''
counseling	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
see	VB
the	DT
entry	NN
under	IN
Services	NNPS
for	IN
referral	NN
suggestions	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
staff	NN
of	IN
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
is	VBZ
keenly	RB
aware	JJ
that	IN
people	NNS
may	MD
struggle	VB
with	IN
stress	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
emotional	JJ
reactions	NNS
during	IN
this	DT
time	NN
of	IN
international	JJ
unrest	NN
and	CC
conflict	NN
.	.
The	DT
following	VBG
information	NN
and	CC
services	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
for	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
use	VB
.	.
More	RBR
...	:
University	NNP
students	NNS
typically	RB
encounter	VBP
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
stress	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
,	,
academic	JJ
,	,
social	JJ
,	,
family	NN
,	,
work	NN
,	,
financial	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
during	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
educational	JJ
experience	NN
.	.
While	IN
most	JJS
students	NNS
cope	VB
successfully	RB
with	IN
the	DT
demands	NNS
of	IN
college	NN
life	NN
,	,
for	IN
some	DT
the	DT
pressures	NNS
can	MD
become	VB
overwhelming	JJ
and	CC
unmanageable	JJ
.	.
Students	NNS
in	IN
difficulty	NN
have	VBP
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
resources	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
them	PRP
.	.
These	DT
include	VBP
close	JJ
friends	NNS
,	,
relatives	NNS
,	,
clergy	NNS
,	,
and	CC
coaches	NNS
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
anyone	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
seen	VBN
as	IN
caring	NN
and	CC
trustworthy	NN
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
potential	JJ
resource	NN
in	IN
time	NN
of	IN
trouble	NN
.	.
The	DT
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
office	NN
is	VBZ
staffed	VBN
by	IN
trained	JJ
mental-health	NN
professionals	NNS
who	WP
can	MD
assist	VB
students	NNS
in	IN
times	NNS
of	IN
personal	JJ
crisis	NN
.	.
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
provides	VBZ
same-day	JJ
crisis	NN
appointments	NNS
for	IN
students	NNS
in	IN
crisis	NN
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
provide	VBP
after-hours	JJ
counselors-on-call	NN
.	.
Consultation	NN
services	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
available	JJ
via	IN
phone	NN
or	CC
in-person	NN
:	:
students	NNS
,	,
faculty\/staff	NN
,	,
and	CC
parents	NNS
can	MD
contact	VB
our	PRP$
office	NN
to	TO
consult	VB
about	IN
a	DT
student	NN
who	WP
might	MD
be	VB
in	IN
crisis	NN
.	.
Counseling	NN
staff	NN
can	MD
provide	VB
suggestions	NNS
on	IN
how	WRB
best	JJS
to	TO
proceed	VB
and	CC
offer	VB
resources	NNS
.	.
Counseling	NN
staff	NN
can	MD
also	RB
provide	VB
debriefing	NN
for	IN
traumatic	JJ
events	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
occur	VB
on	IN
campus	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
in	IN
the	DT
Residence	NNP
Halls	NNP
for	IN
students	NNS
,	,
or	CC
in	IN
a	DT
academic	JJ
department	NN
for	IN
faculty	NN
and	CC
staff	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
services	NNS
provided	VBN
by	IN
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
find	VB
information	NN
for	IN
referrals	NNS
to	TO
community	NN
resources	NNS
at	IN
our	PRP$
Referral	NNP
Page	NNP
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
resources	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Western	JJ
New	NNP
York	NNP
area	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
find	VB
resources	NNS
elsewhere	RB
in	IN
the	DT
country	NN
.	.
At	IN
one	CD
time	NN
or	CC
another	DT
,	,
everyone	NN
feels	VBZ
depressed	JJ
or	CC
upset	JJ
.	.
But	CC
we	PRP
can	MD
identify	VB
three	CD
general	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
student	NN
distress	NN
,	,
which	WDT
,	,
when	WRB
present	JJ
over	IN
a	DT
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
,	,
suggest	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
problems	NNS
the	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
dealing	VBG
with	IN
are	VBP
more	RBR
than	IN
the	DT
``	``
normal	JJ
ones	NNS
.	.
''	''
Level	NNP
3	CD
problems	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
easiest	JJS
to	TO
identify	VB
and	CC
the	DT
easiest	JJS
to	TO
handle	VB
in	IN
that	DT
assistance	NN
by	IN
a	DT
professional	NN
is	VBZ
clearly	RB
necessary	JJ
.	.
A	DT
list	NN
of	IN
resources	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
below	IN
.	.
In	IN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
a	DT
student	NN
who	WP
shows	VBZ
Level	NNP
1	CD
or	CC
Level	NNP
2	CD
behavior	NN
,	,
you	PRP
have	VBP
several	JJ
choices	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
choose	VB
to	TO
not	RB
deal	VB
with	IN
it	PRP
at	IN
all	DT
;	:
deal	NN
directly	RB
with	IN
the	DT
request	NN
or	CC
disruptive	JJ
behavior	NN
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
that	IN
limits	NNS
your	PRP$
interaction	NN
to	TO
the	DT
classroom	NN
issue	NN
;	:
or	CC
you	PRP
can	MD
deal	VB
with	IN
the	DT
situation	NN
on	IN
a	DT
more	RBR
personal	JJ
level	NN
.	.
A	DT
referral	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
office	NN
may	MD
be	VB
an	DT
important	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
you	PRP
deal	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
concerns	NNS
.	.
Talk	NN
to	TO
the	DT
student	NN
in	IN
private	JJ
when	WRB
both	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
time	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
not	RB
rushed	VBN
or	CC
preoccupied	VBN
.	.
Give	VB
the	DT
student	NN
your	PRP$
undivided	JJ
attention	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
that	IN
just	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
minutes	NNS
of	IN
effective	JJ
listening	NN
on	IN
your	PRP$
part	NN
may	MD
be	VB
enough	RB
to	TO
help	VB
the	DT
student	NN
feel	VB
confident	JJ
about	IN
what	WP
to	TO
do	VB
next	JJ
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
initiated	VBN
the	DT
contact	NN
,	,
express	VB
your	PRP$
concern	NN
in	IN
behavioral	JJ
,	,
nonjudgmental	JJ
terms	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
``	``
I	PRP
've	VBP
noticed	VBN
you	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
absent	JJ
from	IN
class	NN
lately	RB
and	CC
I	PRP
'm	VBP
concerned	JJ
,	,
''	''
rather	RB
than	IN
``	``
Where	WRB
have	VBP
you	PRP
been	VBN
lately	RB
?	.
Goofing	VBG
off	RP
again	RB
?	.
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Listen	VB
to	TO
thoughts	NNS
and	CC
feelings	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
sensitive	JJ
non-threatening	JJ
way	NN
.	.
Communicate	VB
understanding	NN
by	IN
repeating	VBG
back	RP
the	DT
gist	NN
of	IN
what	WP
the	DT
student	NN
has	VBZ
told	VBN
you	PRP
.	.
Try	VB
to	TO
include	VB
both	DT
the	DT
content	NN
and	CC
feelings	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
It	PRP
sounds	VBZ
like	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
not	RB
accustomed	VBN
to	TO
such	PDT
a	DT
big	JJ
campus	NN
and	CC
you	PRP
're	VBP
feeling	VBG
left	VBD
out	RP
of	IN
things	NNS
.	.
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Let	VB
the	DT
student	NN
talk	NN
.	.
Avoid	VB
judging	VBG
,	,
evaluating	VBG
,	,
criticizing	VBG
,	,
unless	IN
the	DT
student	NN
asks	VBZ
your	PRP$
opinion	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
behavior	NN
is	VBZ
apt	JJ
to	TO
close	VB
the	DT
student	NN
off	RP
from	IN
you	PRP
and	CC
from	IN
getting	VBG
the	DT
help	NN
needed	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
respect	VB
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
value	NN
system	NN
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
agree	VB
with	IN
it	PRP
.	.
The	DT
staff	NN
of	IN
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
welcomes	VBZ
your	PRP$
contact	NN
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
value	NN
your	PRP$
privacy	NN
and	CC
time	NN
and	CC
therefore	RB
offer	VBP
the	DT
following	VBG
information	NN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
decide	VB
on	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
method	NN
for	IN
reaching	VBG
us	PRP
.	.
We	PRP
hope	VBP
that	IN
these	DT
guidelines	NNS
are	VBP
helpful	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
as	IN
you	PRP
decide	VBP
how	WRB
best	JJS
to	TO
reach	VB
our	PRP$
staff	NN
.	.
We	PRP
take	VBP
your	PRP$
time	NN
and	CC
confidentiality	NN
very	RB
seriously	RB
and	CC
therefore	RB
consider	VB
it	PRP
imperative	JJ
that	IN
you	PRP
understand	VBP
the	DT
limitations	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
use	NN
of	IN
e-mail	NN
technology	NN
.	.
We	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
guarantee	VB
that	DT
your	PRP$
e-mail	NN
will	MD
remain	VB
confidential	JJ
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
do	VB
our	PRP$
best	JJS
to	TO
keep	VB
your	PRP$
communications	NNS
private	JJ
.	.
However	RB
,	,
our	PRP$
university	NN
administration	NN
,	,
like	IN
many	JJ
other	JJ
employers	NNS
,	,
reserves	NNS
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
monitor	VB
our	PRP$
e-mail	NN
usage	NN
and	CC
might	MD
therefore	RB
see	VB
the	DT
text	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
message	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
in	IN
any	DT
way	NN
concerned	VBN
about	IN
the	DT
contents	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
e-mail	NN
being	VBG
read	VBN
by	IN
someone	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
person	NN
you	PRP
are	VBP
contacting	VBG
,	,
you	PRP
should	MD
consider	VB
alternate	JJ
ways	NNS
of	IN
contacting	VBG
us	PRP
.	.
When	WRB
we	PRP
respond	VBP
to	TO
your	PRP$
e-mail	NN
,	,
we	PRP
will	MD
respond	VB
to	TO
the	DT
address	NN
from	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
is	VBZ
sent	VBN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
wish	VB
others	NNS
who	WP
may	MD
have	VB
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
e-mail	NN
account	NN
you	PRP
are	VBP
using	VBG
to	TO
also	RB
have	VB
access	NN
to	TO
our	PRP$
response	NN
,	,
please	VB
consider	VB
another	DT
means	NN
of	IN
communication	NN
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
e-mail	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
an	DT
appropriate	JJ
medium	NN
for	IN
personal	JJ
counseling	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
we	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
offer	VB
on-line	JJ
counseling	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
UB	NNP
student	NN
seeking	VBG
counseling	NN
or	CC
assistance	NN
with	IN
a	DT
problem	NN
,	,
please	VB
visit	NN
our	PRP$
office	NN
or	CC
call	NN
to	TO
make	VB
an	DT
appointment	NN
with	IN
one	CD
of	IN
our	PRP$
counselors	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
need	VBP
immediate	JJ
assistance	NN
,	,
please	VB
stop	NN
by	IN
our	PRP$
offices	NNS
or	CC
contact	VB
us	PRP
by	IN
phone	NN
-	:
we	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
meet	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
today	NN
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
in	IN
crisis	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
our	PRP$
hours	NNS
are	VBP
Monday	NNP
,	,
Tuesday	NNP
and	CC
Friday	NNP
,	,
8:30	CD
am	VBP
-	:
5:00	CD
pm	NN
and	CC
Wednesday	NNP
and	CC
Thursday	NNP
,	,
8:30	CD
am	VBP
-	:
7:00	CD
pm	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
First	NNP
and	CC
foremost	JJ
,	,
since	IN
we	PRP
are	VBP
funded	VBN
by	IN
UB	NNP
student	NN
fees	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
place	VBP
the	DT
highest	JJS
priority	NN
on	IN
responding	VBG
to	TO
e-mail	VB
from	IN
UB	NNP
students	NNS
.	.
While	IN
we	PRP
welcome	VBP
e-mail	NN
from	IN
others	NNS
,	,
at	IN
times	NNS
of	IN
high	JJ
demand	NN
we	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
respond	VB
to	TO
those	DT
not	RB
affiliated	VBN
with	IN
UB	NNP
.	.
While	IN
we	PRP
try	VBP
to	TO
check	VB
our	PRP$
e-mail	NN
regularly	RB
,	,
you	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
way	NN
of	IN
knowing	VBG
if	IN
one	CD
of	IN
us	PRP
is	VBZ
unavailable	JJ
due	JJ
to	TO
illness	NN
,	,
vacation	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
reasons	NNS
,	,
or	CC
if	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
problems	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
network	NN
itself	PRP
.	.
This	DT
means	VBZ
that	IN
your	PRP$
message	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
received	VBN
immediately	RB
.	.
Professional	NNP
Interests	NNPS
:	:
Identity	NN
development	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
trauma	NN
,	,
eating\/body	JJ
image	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
multicultural\/diversity	JJ
issues	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
particularly	RB
gay\/lesbian	JJ
issues	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
training\/supervision	NN
,	,
psychological	JJ
assessment	NN
,	,
outreach	NN
,	,
group	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
and	CC
couples	NNS
therapy	NN
.	.
Professional	NNP
Interests	NNPS
:	:
Multicultural\/diversity	NN
issues	NNS
and	CC
outreach	NN
,	,
family	NN
of	IN
origin	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
training\/supervision	NN
,	,
suicide	NN
prevention	NN
and	CC
education	NN
,	,
group	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
psycho	NN
educational	JJ
groups	NNS
,	,
advocacy	NN
,	,
and	CC
mental	JJ
health	NN
.	.
Professional	NNP
Interests	NNPS
:	:
Training	NN
,	,
rape	NN
education	NN
,	,
men	NNS
's	POS
issues	NNS
,	,
feminism	NN
,	,
diversity	NN
and	CC
differences	NNS
,	,
the	DT
politics	NNS
of	IN
mental	JJ
health	NN
,	,
philosophy	NN
of	IN
mind	NN
,	,
outreach	NN
,	,
and	CC
professional	JJ
uses	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
and	CC
the	DT
media	NNS
.	.
Professional	NNP
Interests	NNPS
:	:
Men	NNP
's	POS
health	NN
and	CC
sexuality	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
sexual	JJ
trauma	NN
and	CC
recovery	NN
,	,
male	JJ
survivors	NNS
of	IN
sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
,	,
poverty	NN
and	CC
class	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
incarcerated	JJ
trauma	NN
survivors	NNS
,	,
grief	NN
and	CC
loss	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
mental	JJ
health	NN
outreach	NN
and	CC
education	NN
to	TO
under-served	JJ
populations	NNS
,	,
LGBT	NNP
issues	NNS
,	,
feminism	NN
.	.
The	DT
University	NNP
at	IN
Buffalo	NNP
's	POS
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
office	NN
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
various	JJ
web	NN
sites	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
The	DT
UB	NNP
Counseling	NN
Services	NNP
home	NN
page	NN
,	,
The	DT
Counseling	NN
Center	NNP
Village	NNP
,	,
The	DT
Counseling	NN
Centers	NNPS
Directory	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
These	DT
sites	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
recognized	VBN
as	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
Counseling	NN
Center	NNP
sites	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
.	.
Here	RB
is	VBZ
a	DT
brief	JJ
listing	NN
of	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
recognition	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
have	VBP
received	VBN
.	.
Group	NNP
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
primary	JJ
modes	NNS
of	IN
treatment	NN
offered	VBN
by	IN
UB	NNP
Counseling	NN
Services	NNP
.	.
Each	DT
semester	NN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
different	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
groups	NNS
are	VBP
offered	VBN
.	.
Most	JJS
are	VBP
heterogeneous	JJ
process	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
while	IN
others	NNS
are	VBP
theme	NN
groups	NNS
offered	VBD
to	TO
specific	JJ
groups	NNS
of	IN
students	NNS
.	.
Specific	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
groups	NNS
currently	RB
being	VBG
run	VBN
can	MD
be	VB
obtained	VBN
by	IN
calling	VBG
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
at	IN
645-2720	CD
and	CC
asking	VBG
to	TO
speak	VB
with	IN
a	DT
counselor	NN
.	.
All	DT
potential	JJ
group	NN
participants	NNS
must	MD
first	RB
complete	VB
an	DT
intake	NN
appointment	NN
.	.
In	IN
group	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
ten	CD
to	TO
twelve	CD
people	NNS
meet	VBP
face-to-face	JJ
with	IN
two	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
trained	JJ
group	NN
therapists	NNS
and	CC
talk	VB
about	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
troubling	VBG
them	PRP
.	.
Members	NNS
give	VBP
feedback	NN
to	TO
each	DT
other	JJ
by	IN
expressing	VBG
their	PRP$
own	JJ
feelings	NNS
about	IN
what	WP
someone	NN
says	VBZ
or	CC
does	VBZ
.	.
This	DT
interaction	NN
gives	VBZ
group	NN
members	NNS
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
try	VB
out	RP
new	JJ
ways	NNS
of	IN
behaving	VBG
and	CC
to	TO
learn	VB
more	JJR
about	IN
the	DT
way	NN
they	PRP
interact	VBP
with	IN
others	NNS
.	.
What	WP
makes	VBZ
the	DT
situation	NN
unique	JJ
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
safe	JJ
system	NN
.	.
The	DT
content	NN
of	IN
the	DT
group	NN
sessions	NNS
is	VBZ
confidential	JJ
;	:
what	WP
members	NNS
talk	VBP
about	IN
or	CC
disclose	VB
is	VBZ
not	RB
discussed	VBN
outside	IN
the	DT
group	NN
.	.
Members	NNS
work	VBP
to	TO
establish	VB
a	DT
level	NN
of	IN
trust	NN
that	WDT
allows	VBZ
them	PRP
to	TO
talk	VB
personally	RB
and	CC
honestly	RB
.	.
Group	NNP
trust	NN
is	VBZ
enhanced	VBN
when	WRB
all	DT
members	NNS
make	VBP
a	DT
commitment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
group	NN
.	.
When	WRB
people	NNS
come	VBP
into	IN
a	DT
group	NN
and	CC
interact	VB
freely	RB
with	IN
other	JJ
group	NN
members	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
usually	RB
recreate	VBP
those	DT
difficulties	NNS
that	WDT
brought	VBD
them	PRP
to	TO
group	NN
therapy	NN
in	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
place	NN
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
skilled	JJ
direction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
group	NN
therapists	NNS
,	,
the	DT
group	NN
is	VBZ
able	JJ
to	TO
give	VB
support	NN
,	,
offer	VBP
alternatives	NNS
,	,
or	CC
gently	RB
confront	VB
the	DT
person	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
way	NN
the	DT
difficulty	NN
becomes	VBZ
resolved	VBN
,	,
alternative	JJ
behaviors	NNS
are	VBP
learned	VBN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
person	NN
develops	VBZ
new	JJ
social	JJ
techniques	NNS
or	CC
ways	NNS
of	IN
relating	VBG
to	TO
people	NNS
.	.
During	IN
group	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
people	NNS
begin	VBP
to	TO
see	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
alone	RB
.	.
Many	JJ
people	NNS
feel	VBP
they	PRP
are	VBP
unique	JJ
because	IN
of	IN
their	PRP$
problems	NNS
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
encouraging	VBG
to	TO
hear	VB
that	IN
other	JJ
people	NNS
have	VBP
similar	JJ
difficulties	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
climate	NN
of	IN
trust	NN
provided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
group	NN
,	,
people	NNS
feel	VBP
free	JJ
to	TO
care	VB
about	RB
and	CC
help	VB
each	DT
other	JJ
.	.
Talk	NN
about	IN
what	WP
brought	VBD
you	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
in	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
place	NN
.	.
Tell	VB
the	DT
group	NN
members	NNS
what	WP
is	VBZ
bothering	VBG
you	PRP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
need	VBP
support	NN
,	,
let	VB
the	DT
group	NN
know	VBP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
think	VBP
you	PRP
need	VBP
confrontation	NN
,	,
let	VB
them	PRP
know	VB
this	DT
also	RB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
tell	VB
people	NNS
what	WP
you	PRP
expect	VBP
of	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Unexpressed	JJ
feelings	NNS
are	VBP
a	DT
major	JJ
reason	NN
why	WRB
people	NNS
experience	VBP
difficulties	NNS
.	.
Revealing	VBG
your	PRP$
feelings	NNS
-	:
self-disclosure	NN
-	:
is	VBZ
an	DT
important	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
group	NN
and	CC
affects	VBZ
how	WRB
much	JJ
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
helped	VBN
.	.
The	DT
appropriate	JJ
disclosures	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
those	DT
that	WDT
relate	VBP
directly	RB
to	TO
your	PRP$
present	JJ
difficulty	NN
.	.
How	WRB
much	JJ
you	PRP
talk	VBP
about	IN
yourself	PRP
depends	VBZ
upon	IN
what	WP
you	PRP
are	VBP
comfortable	JJ
with	IN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
any	DT
questions	NNS
about	IN
what	WP
might	MD
or	CC
might	MD
not	RB
be	VB
helpful	JJ
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
always	RB
ask	VB
the	DT
group	NN
.	.
You	PRP
control	VBP
what	WP
,	,
how	WRB
much	RB
,	,
and	CC
when	WRB
you	PRP
share	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
group	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
people	NNS
find	VBP
that	IN
when	WRB
they	PRP
feel	VBP
safe	JJ
enough	JJ
to	TO
share	VB
what	WP
is	VBZ
troubling	VBG
them	PRP
,	,
a	DT
group	NN
can	MD
be	VB
very	RB
helpful	JJ
and	CC
affirming	VBG
.	.
We	PRP
encourage	VBP
you	PRP
not	RB
to	TO
share	VB
what	WP
you	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
ready	JJ
to	TO
disclose	VB
.	.
However	RB
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
helped	VBN
by	IN
listening	VBG
to	TO
others	NNS
and	CC
thinking	VBG
about	IN
how	WRB
what	WP
they	PRP
are	VBP
saying	VBG
might	MD
apply	VB
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
Actually	RB
,	,
group	NN
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
often	RB
more	RBR
efficient	JJ
than	IN
individual	JJ
therapy	NN
for	IN
two	CD
reasons	NNS
.	.
First	RB
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
benefit	VB
from	IN
the	DT
group	NN
even	RB
during	IN
sessions	NNS
when	WRB
you	PRP
say	VBP
little	JJ
but	CC
listen	VBP
carefully	RB
to	TO
others	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
find	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
much	RB
in	IN
common	JJ
with	IN
other	JJ
group	NN
members	NNS
,	,
and	CC
as	IN
they	PRP
work	VBP
on	IN
a	DT
concern	NN
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
learn	VB
more	RBR
about	IN
yourself	PRP
.	.
Secondly	RB
,	,
group	NN
members	NNS
will	MD
often	RB
bring	VB
up	RP
issues	NNS
that	WDT
strike	VBP
a	DT
chord	NN
with	IN
you	PRP
,	,
but	CC
that	IN
you	PRP
might	MD
not	RB
have	VB
been	VBN
aware	JJ
of	IN
or	CC
brought	VBN
up	RP
yourself	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
very	RB
important	JJ
that	IN
group	NN
members	NNS
feel	VBP
safe	JJ
.	.
Group	NNP
leaders	NNS
are	VBP
there	RB
to	TO
help	VB
develop	VB
a	DT
safe	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
Feedback	NN
is	VBZ
often	RB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
hear	VB
.	.
As	IN
group	NN
members	NNS
come	VBP
to	TO
trust	VB
and	CC
accept	VB
one	CD
another	DT
,	,
they	PRP
generally	RB
experience	VBP
feedback	NN
and	CC
even	RB
confrontation	NN
as	IN
a	DT
sign	NN
of	IN
caring	NN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
benefits	NNS
of	IN
group	NN
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
receive	VB
feedback	NN
from	IN
others	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
supportive	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
rare	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
friends	NNS
who	WP
will	MD
gently	RB
point	VB
out	RP
how	WRB
you	PRP
might	MD
be	VB
behaving	VBG
in	IN
ways	NNS
that	WDT
hurt	VBP
yourself	PRP
or	CC
others	NNS
,	,
but	CC
this	DT
is	VBZ
precisely	RB
what	WP
group	NN
can	MD
offer	VB
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
be	VB
done	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
respectful	JJ
,	,
gentle	JJ
way	NN
,	,
so	RB
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
hear	VB
it	PRP
and	CC
make	VB
use	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
.	.
Group	NNP
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
recommended	VBN
to	TO
you	PRP
because	IN
your	PRP$
intake	NN
counselor	NN
believes	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
best	JJS
way	NN
to	TO
address	VB
your	PRP$
concerns	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
put	VB
people	NNS
into	IN
group	NN
therapy	NN
because	IN
we	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
space	NN
in	IN
individual	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
or	CC
because	IN
we	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
save	VB
time	NN
.	.
We	PRP
recommend	VBP
group	NN
when	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
effective	JJ
method	NN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
.	.
Your	PRP$
intake	NN
counselor	NN
can	MD
discuss	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
why	WRB
group	NN
is	VBZ
what	WP
we	PRP
recommend	VBP
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Most	JJS
people	NNS
are	VBP
anxious	JJ
about	IN
being	VBG
able	JJ
to	TO
talk	VB
in	IN
group	NN
.	.
Almost	RB
without	IN
exception	NN
,	,
within	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
sessions	NNS
people	NNS
find	VBP
that	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
begin	VB
to	TO
talk	VB
in	IN
the	DT
group	NN
.	.
Group	NNP
members	NNS
remember	VBP
what	WP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
like	IN
to	TO
be	VB
new	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
group	NN
,	,
so	RB
you	PRP
will	MD
most	RBS
likely	JJ
get	VB
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
support	NN
for	IN
beginning	VBG
to	TO
talk	VB
in	IN
the	DT
group	NN
.	.
Having	VBG
a	DT
feeling	NN
and	CC
acting	VBG
on	IN
it	PRP
are	VBP
two	CD
different	JJ
actions	NNS
.	.
Acting	NNP
out	IN
your	PRP$
feelings	NNS
is	VBZ
not	RB
acceptable	JJ
whether	IN
you	PRP
act	VBP
them	PRP
out	RP
upon	IN
yourself	PRP
or	CC
another	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
group	NN
.	.
The	DT
way	NN
we	PRP
most	RBS
respect	VB
ourselves	PRP
and	CC
others	NNS
is	VBZ
by	IN
experiencing	VBG
feelings	NNS
and	CC
then	RB
allowing	VBG
ourselves	PRP
to	TO
talk	VB
about	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
offers	VBZ
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
weekly	JJ
therapy	NN
groups	NNS
.	.
Groups	NNS
are	VBP
open	JJ
to	TO
all	DT
registered	VBN
students	NNS
;	:
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
fee	NN
for	IN
participation	NN
in	IN
a	DT
group	NN
.	.
Interested	JJ
students	NNS
should	MD
call	VB
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
at	IN
645-2720	CD
.	.
Below	IN
is	VBZ
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
groups	NNS
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
typically	RB
offers	VBZ
.	.
Please	VB
call	VB
our	PRP$
office	NN
to	TO
learn	VB
what	WP
is	VBZ
available	JJ
this	DT
semester	NN
.	.
A	DT
group	NN
for	IN
women	NNS
dealing	VBG
with	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
traumatic	JJ
or	CC
persistent	JJ
stress	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
relationships	NNS
difficulties	NNS
,	,
sexual	JJ
abuse\/assault\/harassment	NN
,	,
eating	VBG
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
concerns	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
women	NNS
's	POS
issues	NNS
.	.
Counseling	NN
Services	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
645-2720	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
staff	NN
of	IN
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
is	VBZ
keenly	RB
aware	JJ
that	IN
people	NNS
may	MD
struggle	VB
with	IN
stress	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
emotional	JJ
reactions	NNS
during	IN
this	DT
time	NN
of	IN
international	JJ
unrest	NN
and	CC
conflict	NN
.	.
Please	VB
know	VB
that	DT
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
counselors	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
on	IN
a	DT
walk-in	JJ
basis	NN
at	IN
our	PRP$
offices	NNS
for	IN
personal	JJ
crises	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
emotional	JJ
emergencies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
we	PRP
are	VBP
also	RB
available	JJ
for	IN
consultation	NN
should	MD
you	PRP
have	VB
contact	NN
with	IN
someone	NN
in	IN
distress	NN
and	CC
you	PRP
need	VBP
assistance	NN
on	IN
how	WRB
best	JJS
to	TO
proceed	VB
.	.
Please	VB
feel	VB
free	JJ
to	TO
call	VB
our	PRP$
office	NN
and	CC
speak	VBP
to	TO
one	CD
of	IN
our	PRP$
counselors	NNS
.	.
Services	NNPS
for	IN
UB	NNP
employees	NNS
:	:
The	DT
UB	NNP
Employee	NNP
Assistance	NNP
Program	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
EAP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
a	DT
free	JJ
program	NN
offering	NN
confidential	JJ
help	NN
for	IN
employees	NNS
,	,
retirees	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
who	WP
need	VBP
assistance	NN
with	IN
personal	JJ
problems	NNS
or	CC
concerns	NNS
.	.
This	DT
document	NN
will	MD
introduce	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
various	JJ
services	NNS
offered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
office	NN
,	,
the	DT
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
staff	NN
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
access	VB
those	DT
services	NNS
.	.
But	CC
first	RB
,	,
let	VB
's	POS
start	VB
with	IN
a	DT
general	JJ
overview	NN
of	IN
what	WP
counseling	NN
is	VBZ
and	CC
how	WRB
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
helpful	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
Counseling	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
collaborative	JJ
process	NN
which	WDT
involves	VBZ
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
a	DT
unique	JJ
,	,
confidential	JJ
helping	VBG
relationship	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
relationship	NN
,	,
the	DT
counselor	NN
acts	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
facilitator	NN
in	IN
helping	VBG
the	DT
client	NN
to	TO
understand	VB
more	RBR
accurately	RB
him\/herself	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
world	NN
around	IN
him\/her	NN
.	.
Individuals	NNS
are	VBP
helped	VBN
to	TO
understand	VB
their	PRP$
feelings	NNS
and	CC
behaviors	NNS
,	,
their	PRP$
relationships	NNS
with	IN
others	NNS
,	,
their	PRP$
particular	JJ
situation	NN
,	,
choices	NNS
,	,
and	CC
decisions	NNS
.	.
Discussion	NN
of	IN
whatever	WDT
is	VBZ
important	JJ
and	CC
relevant	JJ
enables	VBZ
individuals	NNS
to	TO
grow	VB
towards	IN
greater	JJR
freedom	NN
in	IN
making	VBG
mature	JJ
choices	NNS
and	CC
taking	VBG
responsible	JJ
action	NN
with	IN
themselves	PRP
,	,
relationships	NNS
,	,
family	NN
,	,
and	CC
studies	NNS
.	.
The	DT
staff	NN
consists	VBZ
of	IN
qualified	VBN
,	,
trained	VBN
mental	JJ
health	NN
professionals	NNS
and	CC
advanced	VBD
graduate	NN
student	NN
interns	NNS
with	IN
backgrounds	NNS
in	IN
psychology	NN
and	CC
social	JJ
work	NN
.	.
Part	NN
time	NN
psychiatrists	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
available	JJ
to	TO
evaluate	VB
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
and	CC
to	TO
prescribe	VB
medication	NN
,	,
as	IN
appropriate	JJ
.	.
Group	NNP
Counseling	NN
.	.
Counseling	NN
in	IN
groups	NNS
offers	VBZ
a	DT
broad	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
insight	NN
and	CC
support	NN
from	IN
peers	NNS
and	CC
professional	JJ
counselors	NNS
.	.
Groups	NNS
allow	VBP
for	IN
decreased	VBN
isolation	NN
and	CC
enhanced	JJ
learning	VBG
about	IN
self	NN
and	CC
relationships	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
trusting	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
wealth	NN
of	IN
self-help	JJ
handouts	NNS
,	,
brochures	NNS
,	,
and	CC
flyers	NNS
on	IN
topics	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
student	NN
life	NN
and	CC
more	JJR
.	.
.	.
Much	JJ
of	IN
this	DT
material	NN
is	VBZ
on-line	JJ
-	:
where	WRB
you	PRP
can	MD
browse	VB
through	IN
information	NN
on	IN
a	DT
broad	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
topics	NNS
,	,
and	CC
print	NN
or	CC
download	NN
what	WP
you	PRP
want	VBP
for	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
use	NN
.	.
Check	VB
out	RP
our	PRP$
Self-Help	NNP
section	NN
.	.
Counseling	NN
Services	NNP
also	RB
offers	VBZ
advanced	JJ
clinical	JJ
training	NN
for	IN
graduate	JJ
students	NNS
in	IN
Psychology	NNP
and	CC
Social	NNP
Work	NNP
,	,
and	CC
for	IN
Psychiatry	NNP
Residents	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
Psychology	NNP
Internship	NNP
is	VBZ
accredited	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
American	JJ
Psychological	NNP
Association	NNP
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
community	NN
,	,
part	NN
of	IN
Counseling	NN
Services	NNP
'	POS
mission	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
support	NN
and	CC
dissemination	NN
of	IN
research	NN
.	.
Efforts	NNS
are	VBP
made	VBN
to	TO
develop	VB
collaborations	NNS
between	IN
staff	NN
and	CC
colleagues	NNS
and	CC
students	NNS
on	IN
empirical	JJ
research	NN
and	CC
theoretical	JJ
papers	NNS
,	,
both	DT
here	RB
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
at	IN
Buffalo	NNP
,	,
and	CC
at	IN
other	JJ
colleges	NNS
and	CC
universities	NNS
.	.
More	JJR
information	NN
can	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
here	RB
.	.
Some	DT
common	JJ
concerns	NNS
confronting	VBG
students	NNS
include	VBP
puzzling	JJ
distressing	JJ
feelings	NNS
,	,
low	JJ
self	NN
confidence	NN
,	,
getting	VBG
along	IN
with	IN
others	NNS
,	,
self-defeating	JJ
behaviors	NNS
,	,
academic	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
sexual	JJ
identity	NN
concerns	NNS
,	,
and	CC
decision	NN
-	:
making	VBG
dilemmas	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
can	MD
provide	VB
assistance	NN
for	IN
these	DT
concerns	NNS
through	IN
counseling	NN
.	.
Personal	NNP
Counseling	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
chance	NN
to	TO
talk	VB
over	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
on	IN
your	PRP$
mind	NN
with	IN
an	DT
objective	JJ
person	NN
who	WP
can	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
learn	VB
new	JJ
skills	NNS
and	CC
ways	NNS
of	IN
looking	VBG
at	IN
situations	NNS
so	IN
that	IN
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
more	RBR
capable	JJ
of	IN
solving	VBG
new	JJ
problems	NNS
on	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
feel	VBP
uncertain	JJ
about	IN
whether	IN
counseling	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
you	PRP
,	,
we	PRP
hope	VBP
you	PRP
will	MD
make	VB
an	DT
appointment	NN
for	IN
an	DT
introductory	JJ
meeting	NN
and	CC
discuss	VB
your	PRP$
reservations	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
counselor	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
obligation	NN
to	TO
continue	VB
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
Safe	NNP
Zone	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
reduce	VB
homophobia	NN
and	CC
heterosexism	NN
on	IN
the	DT
UB	NNP
campus	NN
and	CC
thereby	RB
to	TO
make	VB
our	PRP$
campus	NN
a	DT
safer	JJR
and	CC
freer	JJR
environment	NN
for	IN
all	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
community	NN
regardless	RB
of	IN
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
.	.
Safe	NNP
Zone	NNP
prepares	VBZ
staff	NN
,	,
faculty	NN
,	,
and	CC
students	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
support	NN
and	CC
resources	NNS
on	IN
lesbian	JJ
,	,
gay	JJ
,	,
bisexual	JJ
,	,
and	CC
transgender	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
LGBT	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
issues	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNP
Treatment	NNP
Team	NNP
provides	VBZ
help	NN
for	IN
students	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
struggling	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
,	,
weight	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
body	NN
image	NN
concerns	NNS
.	.
The	DT
team	NN
consists	VBZ
of	IN
medical	JJ
providers	NNS
,	,
counselors	NNS
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
registered	VBN
dietician	NN
.	.
The	DT
team	NN
offers	VBZ
coordinated	VBN
outpatient	NN
treatment	NN
and	CC
assists	VBZ
students	NNS
in	IN
accessing	VBG
community	NN
resources	NNS
for	IN
inpatient	NN
and	CC
intensive	JJ
,	,
long-term	JJ
outpatient	NN
treatment	NN
.	.
This	DT
multidisciplinary	JJ
team	NN
meets	VBZ
regularly	RB
to	TO
manage	VB
the	DT
care	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
with	IN
eating	VBG
concerns	NNS
.	.
The	DT
team	NN
along	IN
with	IN
other	JJ
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
UB	NNP
community	NN
provides	VBZ
psychoeducational	JJ
programming	NN
to	TO
increase	VB
awareness	NN
of	IN
risk	NN
and	CC
preventative	JJ
factors	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
Counseling	NN
Component	NN
:	:
Counselors	NNS
provide	VBP
short-term	JJ
individual	NN
and	CC
long-term	JJ
group	NN
therapy	NN
aimed	VBN
at	IN
symptom	NN
reduction	NN
,	,
increasing	VBG
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
communicative	JJ
and	CC
psychological	JJ
function	NN
the	DT
eating	VBG
disordered	JJ
symptoms	NNS
serve	VBP
,	,
increasing	VBG
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
express	VB
emotions	NNS
and	CC
learning	VBG
to	TO
define	VB
oneself	NN
in	IN
other	JJ
ways	NNS
than	IN
body	NN
size	NN
and	CC
food	NN
intake	NN
.	.
Medical	NNP
Component	NNP
:	:
Health	NNP
care	NN
providers	NNS
will	MD
evaluate	VB
the	DT
overall	JJ
health	NN
of	IN
the	DT
student	NN
,	,
manage	VB
the	DT
medical	JJ
consequences	NNS
of	IN
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
prescribe	VBP
medication	NN
,	,
and	CC
recommend	VB
mental	JJ
health	NN
and	CC
nutritional	JJ
interventions	NNS
.	.
Nutrition	NNP
Component	NNP
:	:
The	DT
goal	NN
of	IN
nutrition	NN
counseling	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
replace	VB
disordered	JJ
eating	NN
patterns	NNS
with	IN
more	JJR
organized	VBN
,	,
healthy	JJ
eating	NN
patterns	NNS
.	.
The	DT
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
provides	VBZ
education	NN
and	CC
individualized	JJ
intervention	NN
via	IN
a	DT
collaborative	JJ
relationship	NN
.	.
Nutrition	NNP
counseling	NN
is	VBZ
supportive	JJ
of	IN
concurrent	JJ
therapies	NNS
and	CC
medical	JJ
treatment	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
concerned	VBN
that	IN
someone	NN
you	PRP
know	VBP
may	MD
have	VB
a	DT
problem	NN
with	IN
weight	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
,	,
body	NN
image	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
eating	VBG
problems	NNS
,	,
please	VB
refer	VBP
them	PRP
to	TO
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
,	,
Student	NNP
Health	NNP
Services	NNPS
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
dietician	NN
.	.
After	IN
an	DT
initial	JJ
assessment	NN
,	,
the	DT
provider	NN
will	MD
determine	VB
what	WP
type	NN
and	CC
level	NN
of	IN
care	NN
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
including	VBG
the	DT
coordinated	VBN
care	NN
afforded	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Eating	NNP
Disorders	NNP
Treatment	NNP
team	NN
.	.
This	DT
section	NN
contains	VBZ
a	DT
listing	NN
of	IN
the	DT
workshops	NNS
offered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
at	IN
Buffalo	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
see	VB
the	DT
listing	NN
below	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
These	DT
workshops	NNS
are	VBP
offered	VBN
weekly	JJ
and	CC
are	VBP
free	JJ
of	IN
charge	NN
to	TO
all	DT
UB	NNP
students	NNS
.	.
This	DT
section	NN
also	RB
contains	VBZ
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
will	MD
contain	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
outlines	VBZ
,	,
handouts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
materials	NNS
for	IN
workshops	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
wide	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
topics	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
welcome	JJ
to	TO
use	VB
these	DT
materials	NNS
for	IN
workshops	NNS
you	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
preparing	VBG
,	,
or	CC
for	IN
other	JJ
uses	NNS
,	,
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
the	DT
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
at	IN
Buffalo	NNP
is	VBZ
given	VBN
appropriate	JJ
credit	NN
.	.
This	DT
material	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
,	,
however	RB
,	,
meant	VBD
to	TO
replace	VB
face-to-face	JJ
consultation	NN
with	IN
a	DT
trained	JJ
professional	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
we	PRP
offer	VBP
resources	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
section	NN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
find	VB
direct	JJ
support	NN
with	IN
a	DT
professional	JJ
for	IN
your	PRP$
personal	JJ
concerns	NNS
.	.
The	DT
resources	NNS
listed	VBN
here	RB
should	MD
provide	VB
a	DT
good	JJ
starting	VBG
place	NN
for	IN
both	DT
UB	NNP
students	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
people	NNS
from	IN
other	JJ
areas	NNS
in	IN
North	NNP
America	NNP
.	.
For	IN
many	JJ
first-year	JJ
students	NNS
,	,
the	DT
University	NNP
may	MD
be	VB
their	PRP$
first	JJ
experience	NN
living	VBG
away	RB
from	IN
home	NN
for	IN
an	DT
extended	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
definite	JJ
break	NN
from	IN
home	NN
.	.
The	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
usual	JJ
sources	NNS
of	IN
support	NN
are	VBP
no	RB
longer	RB
present	JJ
to	TO
facilitate	VB
adjustment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
unfamiliar	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
Here	RB
are	VBP
tips	NNS
for	IN
students	NNS
which	WDT
may	MD
provide	VB
realistic	JJ
expectations	NNS
concerning	VBG
living	VBG
arrangements	NNS
and	CC
social	JJ
life	NN
on	IN
campus	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
students	NNS
may	MD
benefit	VB
from	IN
information	NN
concerning	VBG
resources	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
them	PRP
at	IN
the	DT
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
office	NN
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
few	JJ
weeks	NNS
on	IN
campus	NN
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
lonely	JJ
period	NN
.	.
There	EX
may	MD
be	VB
concerns	NNS
about	IN
forming	VBG
friendships	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
new	JJ
students	NNS
look	VBP
around	RB
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
seem	VB
that	IN
everyone	NN
else	RB
is	VBZ
self-confident	JJ
and	CC
socially	RB
successful	JJ
.	.
The	DT
reality	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
everyone	NN
is	VBZ
having	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
concerns	NNS
.	.
If	IN
they	PRP
allow	VBP
sufficient	JJ
time	NN
,	,
students	NNS
usually	RB
find	VBP
peers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
university	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
structure	NN
and	CC
a	DT
valuable	JJ
support	NN
system	NN
in	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
The	DT
important	JJ
thing	NN
for	IN
the	DT
student	NN
to	TO
remember	VB
in	IN
meeting	VBG
new	JJ
people	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
oneself	NN
.	.
Click	VB
here	RB
for	IN
ideas	NNS
about	IN
where	WRB
you	PRP
can	MD
meet	VB
new	JJ
people	NNS
.	.
Meaningful	JJ
,	,
new	JJ
relationships	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
expected	VBN
to	TO
develop	VB
overnight	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
took	VBD
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
time	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
intimacy	NN
in	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
friendships	NNS
;	:
the	DT
same	JJ
will	MD
be	VB
true	JJ
of	IN
intimacy	NN
in	IN
university	NN
friendships	NNS
.	.
Increased	VBN
personal	JJ
freedom	NN
can	MD
feel	VB
both	DT
wonderful	JJ
and	CC
frightening	JJ
.	.
Students	NNS
can	MD
come	VB
and	CC
go	VB
as	IN
they	PRP
choose	VBP
with	IN
no	DT
one	NN
to	TO
``	``
hassle	NN
''	''
them	PRP
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
things	NNS
are	VBP
no	RB
longer	RB
predictable	JJ
.	.
The	DT
strange	JJ
environment	NN
with	IN
new	JJ
kinds	NNS
of	IN
procedures	NNS
and	CC
new	JJ
people	NNS
can	MD
create	VB
the	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
on	IN
an	DT
emotional	JJ
roller-coaster	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
normal	JJ
and	CC
to	TO
be	VB
expected	VBN
.	.
Living	VBG
with	IN
roommates	NNS
can	MD
present	VB
special	JJ
,	,
sometimes	RB
intense	JJ
,	,
problems	NNS
.	.
Negotiating	VBG
respect	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
property	NN
,	,
personal	JJ
space	NN
,	,
sleep	NN
,	,
and	CC
relaxation	NN
needs	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
complex	JJ
task	NN
.	.
The	DT
complexity	NN
increases	VBZ
when	WRB
roommates	NNS
are	VBP
of	IN
different	JJ
ethnic\/cultural	JJ
backgrounds	NNS
with	IN
very	RB
different	JJ
values	NNS
.	.
Communicating	VBG
one	CD
's	POS
legitimate	JJ
needs	NNS
calmly	RB
,	,
listening	VBG
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
a	DT
roommate	NN
's	POS
concerns	NNS
,	,
and	CC
being	VBG
willing	JJ
to	TO
compromise	VB
to	TO
meet	VB
each	DT
other	JJ
's	POS
most	RBS
important	JJ
needs	NNS
can	MD
promote	VB
resolution	NN
of	IN
issues	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
unrealistic	JJ
to	TO
expect	VB
that	DT
roommates	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
best	JJS
friends	NNS
.	.
Roommates	NNS
may	MD
work	VB
out	RP
mutually	RB
satisfying	VBG
living	VBG
arrangements	NNS
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
reality	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
each	DT
may	MD
tend	VB
to	TO
have	VB
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
own	JJ
circle	NN
of	IN
friends	NNS
.	.
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
provides	VBZ
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
counseling	NN
to	TO
students	NNS
experiencing	VBG
difficulty	NN
in	IN
adjusting	VBG
to	TO
university	NN
life	NN
.	.
Among	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
common	JJ
concerns	NNS
students	NNS
bring	VBP
to	TO
our	PRP$
office	NN
are	VBP
:	:
low	JJ
self-confidence	NN
;	:
finding	NN
,	,
enhancing	VBG
,	,
or	CC
ending	VBG
a	DT
relationship	NN
;	:
getting	VBG
along	IN
with	IN
others	NNS
;	:
puzzling	JJ
or	CC
distressing	JJ
emotional	JJ
states	NNS
;	:
family	NN
problems	NNS
;	:
self-defeating	JJ
behaviors	NNS
;	:
controlling	VBG
use	NN
of	IN
alcohol	NN
and	CC
drugs	NNS
;	:
life	NN
purpose	NN
and	CC
direction	NN
;	:
and	CC
career	NN
decision-making	NN
.	.
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
consists	VBZ
of	IN
qualified	VBN
,	,
trained	VBN
mental	JJ
health	NN
professionals	NNS
and	CC
advanced	VBD
graduate-student	NN
interns	NNS
with	IN
backgrounds	NNS
in	IN
psychology	NN
,	,
social	JJ
work	NN
,	,
and	CC
psychiatry	NN
.	.
Any	DT
full	JJ
or	CC
part-time	JJ
student	NN
currently	RB
enrolled	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
at	IN
Buffalo	NNP
may	MD
use	VB
the	DT
services	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
fee	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
Counseling	NN
,	,
Counseling	NN
Services	NNP
offers	VBZ
skill-building	JJ
workshops	NNS
on	IN
topics	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
procrastination	NN
,	,
assertiveness	NN
,	,
and	CC
stress	NN
management	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
workshops	NNS
,	,
scheduled	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
entire	JJ
academic	JJ
year	NN
,	,
provide	VB
a	DT
structured	JJ
presentation	NN
of	IN
information	NN
and	CC
skills	NNS
practice	NN
appropriate	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
personal	JJ
development	NN
and	CC
academic	JJ
success	NN
.	.
Case	NNP
consultation	NN
within	IN
a	DT
multi-disciplinary	JJ
team	NN
,	,
consisting	VBG
of	IN
social	JJ
workers	NNS
,	,
psychologists	NNS
,	,
psychiatrists	NNS
,	,
masters	NNS
level	VBP
trainees	NNS
from	IN
psychology	NN
and	CC
mental	JJ
health	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
consultations	NNS
with	IN
Health	NNP
Center	NNP
and	CC
Wellness	NNP
team	NN
members	NNS
.	.
Located	VBN
on	IN
two	CD
spacious	JJ
,	,
attractive	JJ
campuses	NNS
,	,
the	DT
University	NNP
at	IN
Buffalo	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
largest	JJS
,	,
most	RBS
comprehensive	JJ
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
University	NNP
of	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
system	NN
.	.
It	PRP
boasts	VBZ
an	DT
ethnically	RB
and	CC
culturally	RB
rich	JJ
and	CC
diverse	JJ
student	NN
body	NN
of	IN
approximately	RB
27,000	CD
students	NNS
,	,
20	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
whom	WP
are	VBP
minority	NN
students	NNS
and	CC
14	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
whom	WP
are	VBP
international	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
distinguished	JJ
faculty	NN
includes	VBZ
nationally	RB
and	CC
internationally	RB
recognized	VBN
figures	NNS
in	IN
all	DT
major	JJ
disciplines	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
presence	NN
of	IN
three	CD
major	JJ
coordinating	VBG
divisions	NNS
,	,
Undergraduate	NNP
Education	NNP
,	,
Graduate	NNP
and	CC
Professional	NNP
Education	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Division	NN
of	IN
Continuing	VBG
Education	NNP
,	,
allows	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
and	CC
scope	NN
of	IN
academic	JJ
programs	NNS
that	WDT
is	VBZ
unsurpassed	JJ
.	.
The	DT
quality	NN
and	CC
extensiveness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
facilities	NNS
at	IN
both	DT
on	IN
-	:
and	CC
off-campus	JJ
sites	NNS
greatly	RB
enhance	VBP
the	DT
reputation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
largest	JJS
city	NN
in	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
State	NNP
,	,
Buffalo	NNP
is	VBZ
proud	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
home	NN
of	IN
this	DT
prestigious	JJ
institution	NN
.	.
Indeed	RB
,	,
the	DT
University	NNP
represents	VBZ
a	DT
major	JJ
cultural	JJ
center	NN
for	IN
all	DT
of	IN
Western	JJ
New	NNP
York	NNP
.	.
Films	NNS
,	,
concerts	NNS
,	,
art	NN
exhibits	NNS
,	,
and	CC
lectures	VBZ
by	IN
a	DT
wide	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
prominent	JJ
people	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
on	IN
campus	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
year	NN
.	.
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
is	VBZ
a	DT
department	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Division	NN
of	IN
Student	NNP
Affairs	NNPS
.	.
Our	PRP$
office	NN
provides	VBZ
a	DT
full	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
and	CC
programs	NNS
which	WDT
promote	VBP
the	DT
personal	JJ
development	NN
and	CC
psychological	JJ
well	RB
being	VBG
of	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
attainment	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
and	CC
educational	JJ
goals	NNS
.	.
The	DT
staff	NN
is	VBZ
strongly	RB
committed	VBN
to	TO
programming	VBG
related	VBN
to	TO
student	NN
diversity	NN
and	CC
to	TO
an	DT
overall	JJ
university	NN
environment	NN
which	WDT
celebrates	VBZ
individual	JJ
and	CC
cultural	JJ
differences	NNS
.	.
Among	IN
the	DT
services	NNS
offered	VBN
are	VBP
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
couples	NNS
counseling	NN
,	,
crisis	NN
intervention	NN
,	,
consultation	NN
,	,
career	NN
counseling	NN
,	,
psychological	JJ
evaluation	NN
,	,
and	CC
referral	NN
.	.
Skill-building	JJ
workshops	NNS
are	VBP
offered	VBN
to	TO
augment	VB
the	DT
personal	JJ
growth	NN
and	CC
development	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
staff	NN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
university	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
mental	JJ
health	NN
agency	NN
for	IN
a	DT
student	NN
body	NN
of	IN
over	IN
27,000	CD
,	,
Counseling	NN
Services	NNP
works	VBZ
with	IN
students	NNS
comprising	VBG
the	DT
full	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
concerns	NNS
,	,
from	IN
developmental	JJ
issues	NNS
to	TO
severe	JJ
psychopathology	NN
.	.
Counseling	NN
Services	NNP
also	RB
offers	VBZ
APA-accredited	JJ
Pre-doctoral	JJ
Psychology	NNP
Internship	NNP
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
practicum	NN
,	,
internship	NN
,	,
and	CC
externship	NN
training	NN
for	IN
doctorate	NN
and	CC
master	NN
's	POS
level	NN
students	NNS
.	.
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
has	VBZ
a	DT
staff	NN
of	IN
full-time	JJ
psychologists	NNS
and	CC
social	JJ
workers	NNS
,	,
part-time	JJ
counselors	NNS
,	,
consulting	VBG
psychiatrists	NNS
and	CC
psychiatry	NN
residents	NNS
,	,
full-time	JJ
pre-doctoral	JJ
psychology	NN
interns	NNS
,	,
social	JJ
work	NN
interns	NNS
,	,
practicum	NN
trainees	NNS
,	,
and	CC
externs	NNS
.	.
Several	JJ
staff	NN
members	NNS
hold	VBP
adjunct	JJ
appointments	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Counseling	NN
and	CC
Educational	NNP
Psychology	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
School	NNP
of	IN
Social	NNP
Work	NNP
.	.
Staff	NNP
members	NNS
are	VBP
actively	RB
involved	VBN
in	IN
professional	JJ
organizations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
offices	NNS
are	VBP
located	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
North	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Buffalo	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
Campus	NN
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
University	NNP
of	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
at	IN
Buffalo	NNP
in	IN
a	DT
residence	NN
hall	NN
complex	NN
.	.
The	DT
facilities	NNS
include	VBP
office	NN
space	NN
,	,
a	DT
group	NN
room	NN
,	,
audio\/video	NN
recording	NN
equipment	NN
,	,
and	CC
computer	NN
resources	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
a	DT
satellite	NN
office	NN
on	IN
the	DT
South	NNP
Campus	NNP
.	.
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
has	VBZ
a	DT
strong	JJ
commitment	NN
to	TO
maintaining	VBG
close	JJ
working	VBG
relationships	NNS
with	IN
other	JJ
departments	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Division	NN
of	IN
Student	NNP
Affairs	NNP
,	,
including	VBG
Student	NNP
Health	NNP
,	,
Wellness	NNP
Education	NNP
,	,
Career	NNP
Services	NNPS
,	,
Residence	NNP
Life	NNP
,	,
and	CC
throughout	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
Educational	NNP
Opportunity	NNP
Program	NNP
.	.
Since	IN
each	DT
trainee	NN
possesses	VBZ
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
skills	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
that	IN
training	NN
is	VBZ
tailored	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
experience	NN
and	CC
needs	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
existing	VBG
trainee	NN
.	.
Staff	NNP
members	NNS
of	IN
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
utilize	VBP
interventions	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
wide	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
theoretical	JJ
orientations	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
cognitive-behavioral	JJ
,	,
psychodynamic	JJ
,	,
interpersonal	JJ
,	,
developmental	JJ
,	,
systems	NNS
,	,
feminist	NN
,	,
multicultural	JJ
,	,
gestalt	NN
,	,
humanistic	JJ
,	,
existential	JJ
,	,
eclectic	JJ
,	,
and	CC
integrative	JJ
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
a	DT
trainee	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
own	JJ
individual	JJ
therapeutic	JJ
style	NN
.	.
The	DT
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
staff	NN
is	VBZ
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
concept	NN
of	IN
excellence	NN
in	IN
a	DT
training	NN
experience	NN
within	IN
a	DT
multifaceted	JJ
,	,
service-oriented	JJ
agency	NN
.	.
While	IN
broad	JJ
exposure	NN
to	TO
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
professional	JJ
activities	NNS
is	VBZ
advocated	VBN
,	,
a	DT
genuine	JJ
commitment	NN
to	TO
intensive	JJ
supervision	NN
and	CC
to	TO
the	DT
furthering	VBG
of	IN
the	DT
trainee	NN
's	POS
personal	JJ
and	CC
professional	JJ
growth	NN
exists	VBZ
as	IN
the	DT
foundation	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
philosophy	NN
.	.
Overall	RB
,	,
we	PRP
seek	VBP
to	TO
create	VB
an	DT
atmosphere	NN
of	IN
respect	NN
and	CC
trust	NN
where	WRB
trainees	NNS
and	CC
professional	JJ
staff	NN
support	VBP
their	PRP$
own	JJ
and	CC
others	NNS
'	POS
growth	NN
both	DT
personally	RB
and	CC
professionally	RB
.	.
The	DT
staff	NN
of	IN
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
is	VBZ
committed	VBN
and	CC
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
affirmation	NN
of	IN
diversity	NN
.	.
The	DT
students	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
at	IN
Buffalo	NNP
are	VBP
quite	RB
diverse	JJ
not	RB
only	RB
among	IN
traditionally	RB
under-represented	JJ
American	JJ
groups	NNS
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
among	IN
international	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
Issues	NNS
of	IN
diversity	NN
are	VBP
included	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
didactic	JJ
training	NN
experiences	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
in	IN
clinical	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
Several	JJ
seminars	NNS
are	VBP
presented	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
year	NN
addressing	VBG
various	JJ
topics	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
diversity	NN
.	.
Trainees	NNS
are	VBP
provided	VBN
with	IN
exposure	NN
to	TO
clients	NNS
of	IN
differing	VBG
ethnicities	NNS
,	,
cultures	NNS
,	,
sexual	JJ
orientations	NNS
,	,
socioeconomic	JJ
backgrounds	NNS
,	,
religious	JJ
backgrounds	NNS
,	,
ages	NNS
,	,
genders	NNS
,	,
abilities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
diversity	NN
factors	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
also	RB
reflected	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
staff	NN
,	,
as	IN
there	EX
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
diversity	NN
among	IN
staff	NN
.	.
Workshops	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
provided	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
university	NN
community	NN
in	IN
an	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
in	IN
the	DT
celebration	NN
of	IN
diversity	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
campus	NN
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
expected	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
here	RB
approximately	RB
16-20	JJ
hours\/week	NN
,	,
with	IN
an	DT
expectation	NN
that	WDT
your	PRP$
placement	NN
at	IN
UBCS	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
for	IN
both	DT
the	DT
fall	NN
and	CC
spring	NN
semesters	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
academic	JJ
year	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
are	VBP
accepted	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Negotiations	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
to	TO
extend	VB
the	DT
training	NN
placement	NN
through	IN
the	DT
summer	NN
if	IN
required	VBN
by	IN
your	PRP$
academic	JJ
program	NN
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
Your	PRP$
time	NN
will	MD
be	VB
devoted	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
activities	NNS
,	,
some	DT
recurring	VBG
,	,
some	DT
occurring	VBG
only	RB
once	RB
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
office	NN
and	CC
the	DT
training	NN
dictate	VB
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
here	RB
only	RB
when	WRB
classes	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
session	NN
.	.
This	DT
placement	NN
ends	VBZ
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
Finals	NNP
Week	NNP
,	,
but	CC
you	PRP
are	VBP
expected	VBN
to	TO
terminate	VB
with	IN
all	DT
clients	NNS
before	IN
then	RB
,	,
to	TO
leave	VB
time	NN
for	IN
paperwork	NN
and	CC
final	JJ
supervision	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
Initial	JJ
Assessments	NNS
:	:
Following	VBG
training	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
initial	JJ
assessment	NN
procedures	NNS
during	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Fall	NN
semester	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
scheduled	VBN
for	IN
one	CD
to	TO
three	CD
initial	JJ
assessment	NN
appointments	NNS
per	IN
week	NN
.	.
Workshops	NNS
:	:
You	PRP
will	MD
co-lead	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
with	IN
other	JJ
trainees	NNS
and\/or	CC
staff	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
2-3	CD
workshops	NNS
per	IN
semester	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
placement	NN
at	IN
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
.	.
Workshops	NNS
are	VBP
offered	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
day	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
on	IN
weekends	NNS
and	CC
evenings	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Journal	NNP
of	IN
American	NNP
College	NNP
Health	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
only	JJ
professional	JJ
journal	NN
written	VBN
by	IN
college	NN
health	NN
professionals	NNS
for	IN
college	NN
health	NN
professionals	NNS
.	.
This	DT
journal	NN
covers	VBZ
developments	NNS
and	CC
research	NN
in	IN
this	DT
broad	JJ
field	NN
,	,
including	VBG
clinical	JJ
and	CC
preventive	JJ
medicine	NN
,	,
environmental	JJ
health	NN
and	CC
safety	NN
,	,
nursing	VBG
assessment	NN
,	,
interventions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
management	NN
,	,
pharmacy	NN
,	,
and	CC
sports	NNS
medicine	NN
.	.
The	DT
journal	NN
regularly	RB
publishes	VBZ
major	JJ
articles	NNS
on	IN
student	NN
behaviors	NNS
,	,
mental	JJ
health	NN
and	CC
healthcare	NN
policies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
includes	VBZ
a	DT
section	NN
for	IN
discussion	NN
of	IN
controversial	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Journal	NNP
of	IN
College	NNP
Student	NNP
Development	NNP
provides	VBZ
pivotal	JJ
theory	NN
and	CC
practical	JJ
application	NN
articles	NNS
,	,
reports	NNS
and	CC
book	NN
reviews	NNS
,	,
written	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
leaders	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
leading	VBG
student	NN
affairs	NNS
journal	NN
,	,
having	VBG
been	VBN
published	VBN
for	IN
45	CD
years	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Career	NNP
Development	NNP
Quarterly	JJ
is	VBZ
the	DT
journal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Career	NNP
Development	NNP
Association	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NCDA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
Quarterly	JJ
includes	VBZ
articles	NNS
on	IN
research	NN
,	,
theory	NN
,	,
and	CC
practice	NN
in	IN
career	NN
development	NN
,	,
career	NN
counseling	NN
,	,
occupational	JJ
resources	NNS
,	,
labor	NN
market	NN
dynamics	NNS
,	,
and	CC
career	NN
education	NN
.	.
Counselor	NNP
Education	NNP
and	CC
Supervision	NNP
is	VBZ
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
publishing	VBG
manuscripts	NNS
concerned	VBN
with	IN
research	NN
,	,
theory	NN
development	NN
,	,
or	CC
program	NN
applications	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
counselor	NN
education	NN
and	CC
supervision	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
concerned	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
preparation	NN
and	CC
supervision	NN
of	IN
counselors	NNS
in	IN
agencies	NNS
or	CC
school	NN
settings	NNS
,	,
in	IN
colleges	NNS
and	CC
universities	NNS
,	,
or	CC
at	IN
local	JJ
,	,
state	NN
,	,
or	CC
federal	JJ
levels	NNS
.	.
This	DT
journal	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
official	JJ
publication	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Association	NNP
for	IN
Counselor	NNP
Education	NNP
and	CC
Supervision	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ACES	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
Journal	NNP
of	IN
College	NNP
Counseling	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
official	JJ
journal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
American	JJ
College	NNP
Counseling	NN
Association	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ACCA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
publishes	VBZ
articles	NNS
that	WDT
inform	VBP
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
counselors	NNS
working	VBG
in	IN
higher	JJR
education	NN
settings	NNS
.	.
Categories	NNS
of	IN
manuscripts	NNS
include	VBP
Research	NNP
Studies	NNPS
,	,
Professional	NNP
Issues	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Innovative	JJ
Practice	NN
.	.
All	DT
manuscripts	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
grounded	VBN
in	IN
current	JJ
literature	NN
and	CC
address	NN
implications	NNS
for	IN
practice	NN
.	.
The	DT
Journal	NNP
of	IN
Counseling	NN
&	CC
Development	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
official	JJ
journal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
American	JJ
Counseling	NN
Association	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ACA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
Journal	NNP
publishes	VBZ
articles	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
broad	JJ
interest	NN
for	IN
counselors	NNS
,	,
counseling	VBG
psychologists	NNS
,	,
and	CC
student	NN
personnel	NNS
specialists	NNS
who	WP
work	VBP
in	IN
schools	NNS
,	,
colleges	NNS
,	,
community	NN
agencies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
government	NN
.	.
The	DT
Family	NNP
Journal	NNP
:	:
Counseling	NN
and	CC
Therapy	NNP
for	IN
Couples	NNPS
and	CC
Families	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
official	JJ
journal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
International	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Marriage	NNP
and	CC
Family	NNP
Counselors	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
IAMFC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
The	DT
Family	NNP
Journal	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
advance	VB
the	DT
theory	NN
,	,
research	NN
,	,
and	CC
practice	NN
of	IN
counseling	NN
with	IN
couples	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
family	NN
systems	NNS
perspective	NN
.	.
The	DT
Journal	NNP
for	IN
Specialists	NNPS
in	IN
Group	NNP
Work	NNP
is	VBZ
directed	VBN
toward	IN
the	DT
interests	NNS
of	IN
educators	NNS
and	CC
counselors	NNS
concerned	VBN
with	IN
productive	JJ
implementation	NN
of	IN
group	NN
counseling	NN
in	IN
both	DT
educational	JJ
and	CC
community	NN
settings	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Journal	NNP
of	IN
Multicultural	NNP
Counseling	NN
and	CC
Development	NNP
is	VBZ
concerned	VBN
with	IN
research	NN
,	,
theory	NN
,	,
or	CC
program	NN
applications	NNS
pertinent	JJ
to	TO
multicultural	JJ
and	CC
ethnic	JJ
minority	NN
interests	NNS
in	IN
all	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
counseling	NN
and	CC
human	JJ
development	NN
.	.
Cultural	JJ
Diversity	NN
and	CC
Ethnic	NNP
Minority	NNP
Psychology	NNP
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
publish	VB
theoretical	JJ
,	,
conceptual	JJ
,	,
research	NN
and	CC
case	NN
study	NN
articles	NNS
that	WDT
promote	VBP
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
knowledge	NN
and	CC
understanding	NN
,	,
application	NN
of	IN
psychological	JJ
principles	NNS
,	,
and	CC
scholarly	JJ
analysis	NN
of	IN
social-political	JJ
forces	NNS
affecting	VBG
racial\/ethnic	JJ
minorities	NNS
.	.
Group	NNP
Dynamics	NNPS
:	:
Theory	NNP
,	,
Research	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Practice	NN
publishes	VBZ
original	JJ
empirical	JJ
articles	NNS
,	,
theoretical	JJ
analyses	NNS
,	,
literature	NN
reviews	NNS
,	,
and	CC
brief	JJ
reports	NNS
dealing	VBG
with	IN
basic	JJ
and	CC
applied	VBD
topics	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
group	NN
research	NN
and	CC
application	NN
.	.
The	DT
Journal	NNP
of	IN
Consulting	NNP
and	CC
Clinical	NNP
Psychology	NNP
publishes	VBZ
original	JJ
contributions	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
topics	NNS
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
development	NN
,	,
validity	NN
,	,
and	CC
use	NN
of	IN
techniques	NNS
of	IN
diagnosis	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
of	IN
disordered	JJ
behavior	NN
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
studies	NNS
of	IN
populations	NNS
of	IN
clinical	JJ
interest	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
hospitals	NNS
,	,
prison	NN
,	,
rehabilitation	NN
,	,
geriatric	JJ
,	,
and	CC
similar	JJ
samples	NNS
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
cross-cultural	JJ
and	CC
demographic	JJ
studies	NNS
of	IN
interest	NN
for	IN
behavior	NN
disorders	NNS
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
studies	NNS
of	IN
personality	NN
and	CC
of	IN
its	PRP$
assessment	NN
and	CC
development	NN
where	WRB
these	DT
have	VBP
a	DT
clear	JJ
bearing	NN
on	IN
problems	NNS
of	IN
clinical	JJ
dysfunction	NN
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
e	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
studies	NNS
of	IN
gender	NN
,	,
ethnicity	NN
,	,
or	CC
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
that	WDT
have	VBP
a	DT
clear	JJ
bearing	NN
on	IN
diagnosis	NN
,	,
assessment	NN
,	,
and	CC
treatment	NN
;	:
or	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
f	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
methodologically	RB
sound	JJ
case	NN
studies	NNS
pertinent	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
preceding	VBG
topics	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Journal	NNP
of	IN
Counseling	NN
Psychology	NN
publishes	VBZ
empirical	JJ
research	NN
in	IN
the	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
counseling	NN
activities	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
including	VBG
assessment	NN
,	,
interventions	NNS
,	,
consultation	NN
,	,
supervision	NN
,	,
training	NN
,	,
prevention	NN
,	,
and	CC
psychological	JJ
education	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
career	NN
development	NN
and	CC
vocational	JJ
psychology	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
diversity	NN
and	CC
underrepresented	JJ
populations	NNS
in	IN
relation	NN
to	TO
counseling	VBG
activities	NNS
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
measures	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
in	IN
counseling	NN
activities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
e	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
professional	JJ
issues	NNS
in	IN
counseling	NN
psychology	NN
.	.
The	DT
Journal	NNP
of	IN
Family	NNP
Psychology	NNP
is	VBZ
devoted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
study	NN
of	IN
the	DT
family	NN
system	NN
from	IN
multiple	JJ
perspectives	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
the	DT
application	NN
of	IN
psychological	JJ
methods	NNS
to	TO
advance	VB
knowledge	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
family	NN
research	NN
,	,
intervention	NN
,	,
and	CC
policy	NN
.	.
Professional	NNP
Psychology	NNP
:	:
Research	NNP
and	CC
Practice	NNP
publishes	VBZ
articles	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
application	NN
of	IN
psychology	NN
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
scientific	JJ
underpinnings	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
profession	NN
of	IN
psychology	NN
.	.
Articles	NNPS
that	IN
present	JJ
assessment	NN
,	,
treatment	NN
,	,
and	CC
practice	NN
implications	NNS
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
.	.
Both	DT
data-based	JJ
and	CC
theoretical	JJ
articles	NNS
on	IN
techniques	NNS
and	CC
practices	NNS
used	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
application	NN
of	IN
psychology	NN
are	VBP
acceptable	JJ
.	.
Psychology	NN
of	IN
Women	NNS
Quarterly	JJ
is	VBZ
a	DT
feminist	JJ
journal	NN
that	WDT
publishes	VBZ
primarily	RB
qualitative	JJ
and	CC
quantitative	JJ
research	NN
with	IN
substantive	JJ
and	CC
theoretical	JJ
merit	NN
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
critical	JJ
reviews	NNS
,	,
theoretical	JJ
articles	NNS
,	,
and	CC
invited	VBN
book	NN
reviews	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
psychology	NN
of	IN
women	NNS
and	CC
gender	NN
.	.
Psychotherapy	NNP
:	:
Theory	NNP
,	,
Research	NNP
,	,
Practice	NNP
,	,
Training	VBG
publishes	VBZ
a	DT
wide	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
articles	NNS
relevant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
psychotherapy	NN
.	.
We	PRP
strive	VBP
to	TO
foster	VB
interactions	NNS
among	IN
training	NN
,	,
practice	NN
,	,
theory	NN
,	,
and	CC
research	NN
because	IN
all	DT
are	VBP
essential	JJ
to	TO
psychotherapy	NN
.	.
Social	NNP
Work	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
official	JJ
journal	NN
of	IN
NASW	NNP
.	.
Social	NNP
Work	NNP
is	VBZ
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
improving	VBG
practice	NN
and	CC
advancing	VBG
knowledge	NN
in	IN
social	JJ
work	NN
and	CC
social	JJ
welfare	NN
.	.
Its	PRP$
article	NN
yield	VB
new	JJ
insights	NNS
into	IN
established	VBN
practices	NNS
,	,
evaluate	VB
new	JJ
techniques	NNS
and	CC
research	NN
,	,
examine	VBP
current	JJ
social	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
and	CC
bring	VB
serious	JJ
critical	JJ
analysis	NN
to	TO
bear	VB
on	IN
problems	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
profession	NN
.	.
Social	NNP
Work	NNP
Research	NNP
publishes	VBZ
exemplary	JJ
research	NN
to	TO
advance	VB
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
knowledge	NN
and	CC
inform	VB
social	JJ
work	NN
practice	NN
.	.
It	PRP
includes	VBZ
analytic	JJ
reviews	NNS
of	IN
research	NN
,	,
theoretical	JJ
articles	NNS
pertaining	VBG
to	TO
social	JJ
work	NN
research	NN
,	,
evaluation	NN
studies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
diverse	JJ
research	NN
studies	NNS
that	WDT
contribute	VBP
to	TO
knowledge	NN
about	IN
social	JJ
work	NN
issues	NNS
and	CC
problems	NNS
.	.
The	DT
NASPA	NNP
Journal	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
publication	NN
outlet	NN
for	IN
contemporary	JJ
scholarship	NN
in	IN
student	NN
affairs	NNS
administration	NN
,	,
research	NN
,	,
and	CC
practice	NN
.	.
Manuscripts	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
written	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
student	NN
affairs	NNS
generalist	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
broad	JJ
responsibility	NN
for	IN
educational	JJ
leadership	NN
,	,
policy	NN
,	,
staff	NN
development	NN
,	,
and	CC
management	NN
.	.
College	NNP
Student	NNP
Journal	NNP
publishes	VBZ
original	JJ
investigations	NNS
and	CC
theoretical	JJ
papers	NNS
dealing	VBG
with	IN
college	NN
student	NN
values	NNS
,	,
attitudes	NNS
,	,
opinions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
learning	VBG
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
the	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
undergraduate	NN
,	,
graduate	NN
,	,
and	CC
professional	JJ
schools	NNS
,	,
and	CC
may	MD
include	VB
selected	VBN
contributions	NNS
dealing	VBG
with	IN
college	NN
preparation	NN
.	.
The	DT
Journal	NNP
of	IN
College	NNP
Student	NNP
Psychotherapy	NNP
is	VBZ
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
enhancing	VBG
the	DT
lives	NNS
of	IN
college	NN
and	CC
university	NN
students	NNS
by	IN
featuring	VBG
high-quality	JJ
articles	NNS
about	IN
practice	NN
,	,
theory	NN
,	,
and	CC
research	NN
in	IN
mental	JJ
health	NN
and	CC
personal	JJ
development	NN
.	.
Contributions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
journal	NN
come	VBN
from	IN
professionals	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
mental	JJ
health	NN
and	CC
counseling	NN
and	CC
from	IN
college	NN
staff	NN
,	,
faculty	NN
,	,
and	CC
students	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Journal	NNP
of	IN
Gay	NNP
&	CC
Lesbian	NNP
Psychotherapy	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
clinical	JJ
,	,
multidisciplinary	JJ
professional	JJ
forum	NN
for	IN
the	DT
exposition	NN
,	,
discussion	NN
,	,
and	CC
exchange	NN
of	IN
practical	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
lesbian	JJ
and	CC
gay	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
.	.
The	DT
staff	NN
at	IN
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
is	VBZ
aware	JJ
that	IN
emergencies	NNS
requiring	VBG
immediate	JJ
attention	NN
can	MD
exist	VB
for	IN
students	NNS
seeking	VBG
our	PRP$
services	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
demand	NN
on	IN
our	PRP$
services	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
we	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
able	JJ
to	TO
see	VB
most	JJS
students	NNS
the	DT
same	JJ
day	NN
they	PRP
contact	VBP
us	PRP
.	.
This	DT
handout	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
prepared	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
decide	VB
whether	IN
our	PRP$
same-day	JJ
crisis	NN
services	NNS
are	VBP
right	JJ
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
If	IN
in	IN
doubt	NN
,	,
please	VB
call	VB
our	PRP$
office	NN
at	IN
645-2720	CD
to	TO
consult	VB
with	IN
a	DT
counselor	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
believe	VBP
your	PRP$
situation	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
crisis	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
not	RB
wait	VB
for	IN
a	DT
regularly	RB
scheduled	VBN
appointment	NN
,	,
please	VB
contact	NN
our	PRP$
office	NN
.	.
A	DT
counselor	NN
will	MD
meet	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
today	NN
to	TO
do	VB
a	DT
brief	JJ
assessment	NN
and	CC
make	VB
recommendations	NNS
as	IN
to	TO
how	WRB
to	TO
proceed	VB
.	.
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
does	VBZ
not	RB
provide	VB
on-line	JJ
counseling	NN
,	,
either	CC
through	IN
this	DT
website	NN
or	CC
via	IN
email	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
talk	VB
to	TO
someone	NN
directly	RB
,	,
we	PRP
encourage	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
contact	VB
our	PRP$
office	NN
or	CC
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
resources	NNS
listed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
``	``
Resources	NNP
''	''
section	NN
below	IN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
in	IN
crisis	NN
,	,
call	VBP
the	DT
Crisis	NNP
Services	NNPS
24-hour	JJ
hotline	NN
at	IN
834-3131	CD
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
feeling	VBG
anxiety	NN
,	,
fear	NN
,	,
hope	NN
,	,
shame	NN
,	,
pride	NN
,	,
anger	NN
,	,
loss	NN
of	IN
control	NN
,	,
outrage	NN
,	,
disillusionment	NN
,	,
grief	NN
,	,
lack	NN
of	IN
safety	NN
,	,
concern	NN
for	IN
others	NNS
,	,
and	CC
powerlessness	NN
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
these	DT
emotions	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
particularly	RB
strong	JJ
because	IN
of	IN
feelings	NNS
leftover	VBP
from	IN
past	JJ
experiences	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
recent	JJ
losses	NNS
may	MD
sensitize	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
potential	JJ
losses	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
incurred	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
war	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
were	VBD
currently	RB
coping	VBG
with	IN
life	NN
stresses	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
war	NN
may	MD
have	VB
added	VBN
a	DT
stress	NN
beyond	IN
your	PRP$
coping	VBG
capacity	NN
.	.
The	DT
current	JJ
conflict	NN
may	MD
also	RB
pose	VB
troubling	JJ
moral	JJ
dilemmas	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
people	NNS
feel	VBP
responsible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
actions	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
country	NN
while	IN
not	RB
having	VBG
much	JJ
power	NN
individually	RB
to	TO
impact	NN
national	JJ
decisions	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
normal	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
experiencing	VBG
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
emotions	NNS
at	IN
this	DT
stressful	JJ
time	NN
.	.
Be	VB
aware	JJ
that	IN
such	JJ
intense	JJ
feelings	NNS
will	MD
cause	VB
physical	JJ
and	CC
mental	JJ
strain	NN
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
feel	VB
generally	RB
fatigued	JJ
and	CC
be	VB
having	VBG
difficulty	NN
concentrating	VBG
,	,
sleeping	VBG
,	,
and	CC
eating	VBG
normally	RB
.	.
Many	JJ
people	NNS
may	MD
find	VB
themselves	PRP
crying	VBG
or	CC
getting	VBG
angry	JJ
more	RBR
easily	RB
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
direct	VB
irritation	NN
or	CC
aggression	NN
at	IN
people	NNS
or	CC
things	NNS
that	WDT
usually	RB
would	MD
not	RB
bother	VB
you	PRP
.	.
Stressful	JJ
times	NNS
require	VBP
us	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
easier	JJR
on	IN
ourselves	PRP
when	WRB
we	PRP
may	MD
behave	VB
differently	RB
than	IN
we	PRP
prefer	VBP
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
extra	JJ
caring	NN
of	IN
ourselves	PRP
at	IN
this	DT
time	NN
.	.
Depending	VBG
on	IN
your	PRP$
political	JJ
stance	NN
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
choose	VB
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
rallies	NNS
,	,
letter	NN
writing	NN
,	,
and	CC
organizing	VBG
idea	NN
exchanges	NNS
on	IN
campus	NN
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
choose	VB
to	TO
help	VB
others	NNS
through	IN
taping	VBG
music	NN
for	IN
military	JJ
personnel	NNS
or	CC
providing	VBG
support	NN
to	TO
persons	NNS
coping	VBG
here	RB
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
One	CD
form	NN
of	IN
activism	NN
may	MD
be	VB
communicating	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
media	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
effectiveness	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
coverage	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
over	IN
coverage	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Terrorist	JJ
threats	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
war	NN
instill	VBP
feelings	NNS
of	IN
helplessness	NN
and	CC
fear	NN
.	.
Different	JJ
people	NNS
react	VBP
and	CC
cope	VBP
in	IN
vastly	RB
different	JJ
ways	NNS
.	.
A	DT
person	NN
's	POS
natural	JJ
temperament	NN
,	,
social	JJ
support	NN
,	,
prior	RB
life	NN
experiences	NNS
,	,
and	CC
coping	VBG
skills	NNS
combine	VBP
to	TO
trigger	VB
that	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
specific	JJ
reaction	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
,	,
however	RB
,	,
to	TO
be	VB
aware	JJ
that	IN
even	RB
when	WRB
students	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
express	VB
verbal	JJ
concern	NN
,	,
they	PRP
may	MD
still	RB
be	VB
having	VBG
strong	JJ
internal	JJ
reactions	NNS
.	.
Dealing	VBG
with	IN
students	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
day-to-day	JJ
basis	NN
,	,
faculty	NN
and	CC
staff	NN
are	VBP
likely	JJ
to	TO
see	VB
students	NNS
in	IN
need	NN
of	IN
assistance	NN
.	.
Understanding	VBG
the	DT
potential	JJ
reactions	NNS
,	,
the	DT
possible	JJ
interventions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
resources	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
students	NNS
,	,
faculty	NN
and	CC
staff	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
critical	JJ
to	TO
being	VBG
able	JJ
to	TO
work	VB
effectively	RB
with	IN
these	DT
students	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
discussing	VBG
class	NN
topics	NNS
that	WDT
might	MD
remind	VB
students	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
political	JJ
climate	NN
and	CC
threats	NNS
of	IN
violence	NN
,	,
be	VB
aware	JJ
that	IN
some	DT
students	NNS
might	MD
react	VB
strongly	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
even	RB
if	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
express	VB
this	DT
aloud	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Try	VB
to	TO
be	VB
sensitive	JJ
in	IN
how	WRB
you	PRP
introduce	VBP
such	JJ
topics	NNS
,	,
and	CC
be	VB
tolerant	JJ
if	IN
some	DT
students	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
take	VB
a	DT
break	NN
during	IN
class	NN
.	.
Students	NNS
whose	WP$
families	NNS
live	VBP
far	RB
from	IN
Buffalo	NNP
may	MD
be	VB
especially	RB
likely	JJ
to	TO
react	VB
strongly	RB
to	TO
these	DT
situations	NNS
.	.
Far	RB
from	IN
their	PRP$
support	NN
systems	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
may	MD
rely	VB
more	RBR
extensively	RB
on	IN
supportive	JJ
faculty	NN
and	CC
close	JJ
friends	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
usually	RB
beneficial	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
person	NN
to	TO
continue	VB
with	IN
their	PRP$
usual	JJ
routine	JJ
as	RB
much	JJ
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
Encourage	VB
students	NNS
to	TO
keep	VB
up	RP
with	IN
assignments	NNS
,	,
classes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
activities	NNS
as	RB
much	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
Even	RB
so	RB
,	,
be	VB
aware	JJ
that	IN
some	DT
students	NNS
might	MD
need	VB
some	DT
brief	JJ
time	NN
away	RB
.	.
If	IN
students	NNS
express	VBP
hostility	NN
toward	IN
individuals	NNS
from	IN
specific	JJ
countries	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
Arabic	NNP
countries	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
help	VB
them	PRP
appreciate	VB
the	DT
distinction	NN
between	IN
the	DT
country	NN
's	POS
leaders	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
innocent	JJ
population	NN
.	.
Increased	VBN
ethnic	JJ
conflicts	NNS
in	IN
our	PRP$
own	JJ
country	NN
will	MD
not	RB
ultimately	RB
help	VB
students	NNS
feel	VB
safer	JJR
.	.
Be	VB
aware	JJ
that	IN
strong	JJ
reactions	NNS
may	MD
come	VB
from	IN
many	JJ
sources	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
previous	JJ
experiences	NNS
of	IN
trauma	NN
.	.
What	WP
seems	VBZ
like	IN
an	DT
unreasonable	JJ
response	NN
on	IN
the	DT
outside	NN
may	MD
be	VB
perfectly	RB
understandable	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
that	DT
person	NN
's	POS
life	NN
.	.
If	IN
some	DT
students	NNS
'	POS
reactions	NNS
seem	VBP
particularly	RB
strong	JJ
,	,
or	CC
if	IN
the	DT
reactions	NNS
continue	VBP
over	IN
time	NN
,	,
make	VB
a	DT
referral	NN
to	TO
a	DT
professional	JJ
.	.
Counseling	NN
services	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
on	IN
either	DT
an	DT
appointment	NN
or	CC
an	DT
emergency	NN
walk-in	NN
basis	NN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
located	VBN
at	IN
120	CD
Richmond	NNP
Quad	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
Ellicott	NNP
Complex	JJ
,	,
645-2720	JJ
.	.
Consistent	JJ
efforts	NNS
to	TO
communicate	VB
with	IN
your	PRP$
friends	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
who	WP
have	VBP
been	VBN
deployed	VBN
can	MD
do	VB
wonders	NNS
to	TO
raise	VB
their	PRP$
morale	NN
and	CC
strengthen	VB
them	PRP
for	IN
the	DT
challenges	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
face	VBP
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
some	DT
incredibly	RB
moving	VBG
and	CC
courageous	JJ
compositions	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
written	VBN
between	IN
soldiers	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
friends	NNS
and	CC
loved	VBD
ones	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
interested	JJ
,	,
do	VB
a	DT
Google	NNP
search	NN
for	IN
the	DT
1861	CD
letter	NN
written	VBN
by	IN
Sullivan	NNP
Ballou	NNP
to	TO
his	PRP$
wife	NN
Sarah	NNP
during	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Civil	NNP
War	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
While	IN
all	DT
service	NN
members	NNS
will	MD
have	VB
email	NN
accounts	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
unlikely	JJ
that	IN
electronic	JJ
communications	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
``	``
instant	NN
.	.
''	''
Due	JJ
to	TO
variables	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
mission	NN
activity	NN
and	CC
the	DT
availability	NN
of	IN
computers	NNS
,	,
a	DT
soldier	NN
's	POS
response	NN
may	MD
be	VB
delayed	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
week	NN
or	CC
more	JJR
.	.
Technological	JJ
advancements	NNS
have	VBP
led	VBN
some	DT
to	TO
speculate	VB
that	IN
,	,
similar	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
old	JJ
practice	NN
of	IN
waiting	VBG
in	RP
long	JJ
lines	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
phone	NN
booth	NN
to	TO
call	VB
home	NN
,	,
soldiers	NNS
will	MD
now	RB
be	VB
standing	VBG
in	IN
long	JJ
lines	NNS
waiting	VBG
to	TO
use	VB
computers	NNS
for	IN
e-mail	NN
.	.
Snail-mail	NN
letters	NNS
and	CC
cards	NNS
are	VBP
still	RB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
least	RBS
expensive	JJ
and	CC
most	RBS
satisfactory	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
stay	VB
in	IN
touch	NN
with	IN
military	JJ
personnel	NNS
.	.
Their	PRP$
advantage	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
reread	VBN
during	IN
lonely	JJ
moments	NNS
or	CC
at	IN
times	NNS
when	WRB
other	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
communication	NN
are	VBP
not	RB
available	JJ
.	.
Military	JJ
postal	JJ
systems	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
set	VBN
up	RP
near	IN
units	NNS
,	,
and	CC
estimates	NNS
are	VBP
that	IN
delivery	NN
times	NNS
will	MD
average	VB
about	IN
ten	CD
days	NNS
.	.
Letters	NNS
composed	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
can	MD
be	VB
saved	VBN
and	CC
collected	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
book	NN
to	TO
be	VB
presented	VBN
upon	IN
your	PRP$
friend	NN
's	POS
return	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
sending	VBG
a	DT
package	NN
,	,
check	VB
out	RP
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
Postal	NNP
Service	NNP
website	NN
for	IN
information	NN
about	IN
what	WP
can	MD
and	CC
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
shipped	VBN
to	TO
various	JJ
locations	NNS
.	.
Be	VB
creative	JJ
with	IN
your	PRP$
packages	NNS
.	.
Send	VB
photos	NNS
,	,
silly	JJ
toys	NNS
,	,
newly	RB
released	VBN
CDs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
interesting	JJ
home	NN
newspaper	NN
articles	NNS
.	.
Make	NNP
sure	RB
any	DT
food	NN
items	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
perishable	JJ
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
high	JJ
cost	NN
of	IN
calling	VBG
home	NN
,	,
phone	NN
cards	NNS
are	VBP
an	DT
especially	RB
welcomed	VBN
and	CC
valued	VBN
gift	NN
to	TO
include	VB
in	IN
letters	NNS
and	CC
packages	NNS
.	.
Be	VB
sure	JJ
to	TO
research	VB
the	DT
rules	NNS
and	CC
restrictions	NNS
of	IN
phone	NN
cards	NNS
before	IN
your	PRP$
purchase	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
friends	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
share	VB
much	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
their	PRP$
location	NN
or	CC
mission	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
they	PRP
may	MD
talk	VB
passionately	RB
about	IN
their	PRP$
unit	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
desire	NN
to	TO
serve	VB
their	PRP$
country	NN
.	.
This	DT
enthusiasm	NN
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
to	TO
their	PRP$
success	NN
and	CC
safety	NN
in	IN
combat	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
for	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
recognize	VB
and	CC
honor	VB
this	DT
part	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
experience	NN
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
feelings	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
contrary	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
``	``
The	DT
French	NNP
are	VBP
right	JJ
;	:
you	PRP
should	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
there	RB
anyway	RB
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
keep	VB
your	PRP$
communications	NNS
positive	JJ
,	,
upbeat	JJ
,	,
and	CC
supportive	JJ
.	.
Humorous	NNP
stories	NNS
about	IN
family	NN
and\/or	CC
shared	VBN
friends	NNS
can	MD
transcend	VB
geographical	JJ
distances	NNS
and	CC
help	VB
service	NN
members	NNS
feel	VBP
close	RB
and	CC
connected	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
important	JJ
people	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
decide	VBP
you	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
extend	VB
your	PRP$
good	NN
will	MD
efforts	NNS
beyond	IN
your	PRP$
friend	NN
or	CC
family	NN
member	NN
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
inquire	VB
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
anyone	NN
in	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
unit	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
not	RB
getting	VBG
mail	NN
and	CC
request	NN
contact	NN
information	NN
for	IN
that	DT
person	NN
.	.
The	DT
National	NNP
Military	NNP
Family	NNP
Association	NNP
can	MD
provide	VB
additional	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
more	JJR
general	JJ
efforts	NNS
to	TO
support	VB
our	PRP$
service	NN
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
.	.
In	IN
closing	NN
,	,
while	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
seem	VB
premature	JJ
at	IN
this	DT
point	NN
,	,
you	PRP
should	MD
begin	VB
to	TO
contemplate	VB
and	CC
prepare	VB
for	IN
your	PRP$
loved	VBD
one	CD
's	POS
return	NN
to	TO
the	DT
States	NNPS
.	.
Friends	NNPS
and	CC
family	NN
of	IN
military	JJ
service	NN
members	NNS
frequently	RB
have	VBP
fantasies	NNS
of	IN
what	WP
the	DT
reunion	NN
will	MD
be	VB
like	IN
,	,
often	RB
harboring	VBG
a	DT
strong	JJ
desire	NN
to	TO
return	VB
to	TO
``	``
the	DT
way	NN
we	PRP
were	VBD
.	.
''	''
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
passage	NN
time	NN
and	CC
the	DT
experience	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
deployed	VBN
,	,
not	RB
to	TO
mention	VB
the	DT
potentially	RB
life-altering	JJ
impact	NN
of	IN
armed	JJ
combat	NN
,	,
can	MD
result	VB
in	IN
dramatic	JJ
changes	NNS
both	DT
within	IN
and	CC
between	IN
people	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
willing	JJ
to	TO
spend	VB
the	DT
time	NN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
slowly	RB
reacquaint	VB
with	IN
one	CD
another	DT
and	CC
to	TO
reestablish	VB
the	DT
relationship	NN
on	IN
both	DT
old	JJ
and	CC
new	JJ
terms	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
experienced	VBN
a	DT
traumatic	JJ
event	NN
or	CC
a	DT
critical	JJ
incident	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
any	DT
incident	NN
that	WDT
causes	VBZ
people	NNS
to	TO
experience	VB
unusually	RB
strong	JJ
emotional	JJ
reactions	NNS
which	WDT
have	VBP
the	DT
potential	NN
to	TO
affect	VB
their	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
function	VB
at	IN
their	PRP$
workplace	NN
,	,
within	IN
their	PRP$
families	NNS
,	,
and\/or	CC
in	IN
other	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
event	NN
or	CC
events	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
time-limited	JJ
or	CC
may	MD
be	VB
on-going	JJ
or	CC
chronic	NN
.	.
Even	RB
though	IN
the	DT
event	NN
may	MD
be	VB
over	RB
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
now	RB
be	VB
experiencing	VBG
or	CC
may	MD
experience	VB
later	RB
,	,
some	DT
strong	JJ
emotional	JJ
or	CC
physical	JJ
reactions	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
very	RB
common	JJ
,	,
in	IN
fact	NN
quite	RB
normal	JJ
,	,
for	IN
people	NNS
to	TO
experience	VB
emotional	JJ
aftershocks	NNS
when	WRB
they	PRP
have	VBP
passed	VBN
through	IN
a	DT
horrible	JJ
event	NN
or	CC
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
ongoing	JJ
stressors	NNS
.	.
Sometimes	RB
the	DT
emotional	JJ
after-shocks	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
stress	NN
reactions	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
appear	VBP
immediately	RB
after	IN
the	DT
traumatic	JJ
event	NN
.	.
Sometimes	RB
they	PRP
may	MD
appear	VB
a	DT
few	JJ
hours	NNS
or	CC
a	DT
few	JJ
days	NNS
later	RB
.	.
And	CC
,	,
in	IN
some	DT
cases	NNS
,	,
weeks	NNS
or	CC
months	NNS
may	MD
pass	VB
before	IN
the	DT
stress	NN
reactions	NNS
appear	VBP
.	.
BEHAVIORAL	NNP
:	:
change	NN
in	IN
activity	NN
,	,
change	NN
in	IN
speech	NN
patterns	NNS
,	,
withdrawal	NN
,	,
emotional	JJ
outbursts	NNS
,	,
suspiciousness	NN
,	,
change	NN
in	IN
usual	JJ
communications	NNS
,	,
loss	NN
or	CC
increase	NN
of	IN
appetite	NN
,	,
alcohol	NN
consumption	NN
,	,
inability	NN
to	TO
rest	NN
,	,
antisocial	JJ
acts	NNS
,	,
nonspecific	JJ
bodily	JJ
complaints	NNS
,	,
hyper-alertness	NN
to	TO
environment	NN
,	,
intensification	NN
of	IN
startle	JJ
reflex	JJ
,	,
pacing	NN
,	,
erratic	JJ
movements	NNS
,	,
change	NN
in	IN
sexual	JJ
functioning	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
The	DT
UB	NNP
Safe	NNP
Zone	NNP
symbol	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
rainbow	NN
triangle	NN
.	.
In	IN
World	NNP
War	NNP
II	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Nazis	NNPS
used	VBD
the	DT
pink	JJ
triangle	NN
to	TO
label	VB
gay	JJ
men	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
black	JJ
triangle	NN
to	TO
label	VB
lesbians	NNS
who	WP
were	VBD
sent	VBN
to	TO
concentration	NN
camps	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
1970s	NNS
,	,
the	DT
LGBT	NNP
community	NN
reclaimed	VBD
both	DT
triangles	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
symbol	NN
of	IN
pride	NN
,	,
solidarity	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
promise	NN
to	TO
never	RB
allow	VB
another	DT
Holocaust	NNP
to	TO
happen	VB
again	RB
.	.
The	DT
rainbow	NN
has	VBZ
become	VBN
the	DT
easily-recognized	JJ
colors	NNS
of	IN
pride	NN
for	IN
the	DT
gay	JJ
community	NN
.	.
The	DT
rainbow	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
symbol	NN
of	IN
multiculturalism	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
also	RB
plays	VBZ
a	DT
part	NN
in	IN
myths	NNS
and	CC
stories	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
gender	VB
and	CC
sexuality	NN
issues	NNS
in	IN
Greek	JJ
,	,
Native	JJ
American	NNP
,	,
African	NNP
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
cultures	NNS
.	.
Sexual	NNP
Orientation	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
enduring	JJ
emotional	JJ
,	,
romantic	JJ
,	,
sexual	JJ
or	CC
affectional	JJ
attraction	NN
to	TO
another	DT
person	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
easily	RB
distinguished	VBN
from	IN
other	JJ
components	NNS
of	IN
sexuality	NN
including	VBG
biological	JJ
sex	NN
,	,
gender	NN
identity	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
social	JJ
gender	NN
role	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
adherence	NN
to	TO
cultural	JJ
norms	NNS
for	IN
feminine	JJ
and	CC
masculine	JJ
behavior	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Usually	RB
refers	VBZ
to	TO
a	DT
male	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
emotionally	RB
,	,
physically	RB
,	,
and\/or	CC
sexually	RB
attracted	VBD
to	TO
other	JJ
males	NNS
.	.
May	NNP
also	RB
refer	VBP
to	TO
females	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
attracted	VBN
to	TO
other	JJ
females	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
gay	JJ
community	NN
in	IN
general	JJ
.	.
Someone	NN
who	WP
derives	VBZ
sexual	JJ
pleasure	NN
from	IN
dressing	VBG
in	IN
clothing	NN
generally	RB
identified	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
opposite	JJ
sex	NN
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
gay	JJ
and	CC
transvestite	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
used	VBN
synonymously	RB
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
in	IN
fact	NN
two	CD
different	JJ
terms	NNS
.	.
The	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
transvestites	NNS
are	VBP
heterosexuals	NNS
.	.
Crossdressing	VBG
that	DT
does	VBZ
not	RB
include	VB
any	DT
sexual	JJ
charge	NN
is	VBZ
usually	RB
referred	VBN
to	TO
as	IN
DRAG	NNP
.	.
Originally	RB
a	DT
derogatory	JJ
label	NN
used	VBN
to	TO
refer	VB
to	TO
lesbian	JJ
and	CC
gay	JJ
people	NNS
or	CC
to	TO
intimidate	VB
and	CC
offend	VB
heterosexuals	NNS
.	.
More	RBR
recently	RB
this	DT
term	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
reclaimed	VBN
by	IN
some	DT
lesbians	NNS
,	,
gay	JJ
men	NNS
,	,
bisexual	JJ
people	NNS
,	,
and	CC
transgendered	JJ
people	NNS
as	IN
an	DT
inclusive	JJ
and	CC
positive	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
all	DT
people	NNS
targeted	VBN
by	IN
heterosexism	NN
and	CC
homophobia	NN
.	.
Some	DT
lesbians	NNS
and	CC
gay	JJ
men	NNS
have	VBP
similarly	RB
reclaimed	VBN
previously	RB
negative	JJ
words	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
``	``
dyke	NN
''	''
and	CC
``	``
faggot	NN
''	''
for	IN
positive	JJ
self-reference	NN
.	.
Someone	NN
who	WP
confronts	VBZ
heterosexism	NN
,	,
homophobia	NN
,	,
and	CC
heterosexual	JJ
privilege	NN
in	IN
themselves	PRP
and	CC
others	NNS
out	IN
of	IN
self-interest	NN
,	,
a	DT
concern	NN
for	IN
the	DT
well-being	NN
of	IN
lesbian	JJ
,	,
gay	JJ
,	,
and	CC
bisexual	JJ
people	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
belief	NN
that	WDT
heterosexism	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
social	JJ
justice	NN
issue	NN
.	.
Those	DT
benefits	NNS
derived	VBN
automatically	RB
by	IN
being	VBG
heterosexual	JJ
that	WDT
are	VBP
denied	VBN
to	TO
LGBT	NNP
people	NNS
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
the	DT
benefits	NNS
LGBT	VBP
people	NNS
receive	VBP
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
claiming	VBG
heterosexual	JJ
identity	NN
or	CC
denying	VBG
LGBT	NNP
identity	NN
.	.
Sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
prejudice	NN
,	,
combined	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
majority	NN
power	NN
to	TO
impose	VB
such	JJ
prejudice	NN
.	.
Usually	RB
used	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
advantage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
group	NN
in	IN
power	NN
.	.
Any	DT
attitude	NN
,	,
action	NN
,	,
or	CC
practice	NN
-	:
backed	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
institutional	JJ
power	NN
-	:
which	WDT
subordinates	VBZ
people	NNS
because	IN
of	IN
their	PRP$
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
.	.
The	DT
assumption	NN
that	IN
everyone	NN
is	VBZ
heterosexual	JJ
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
heterosexuality	NN
is	VBZ
superior	JJ
to	TO
homosexuality	NN
or	CC
bisexuality	NN
.	.
Assault	NN
,	,
rape	NN
,	,
arson	NN
and	CC
murder	NN
are	VBP
crimes	NNS
under	IN
any	DT
circumstance	NN
,	,
but	CC
when	WRB
the	DT
victim	NN
of	IN
a	DT
crime	NN
is	VBZ
chosen	VBN
simply	RB
because	IN
of	IN
her	PRP$
or	CC
his	PRP$
affiliation	NN
with	IN
a	DT
minority	NN
group	NN
,	,
the	DT
FBI	NNP
considers	VBZ
the	DT
crime	NN
a	DT
``	``
hate	NN
crime	NN
.	.
''	''
In	IN
some	DT
states	NNS
,	,
hate	VBP
crimes	NNS
carry	VBP
an	DT
additional	JJ
penalty	NN
beyond	IN
the	DT
standard	JJ
penalty	NN
for	IN
assault	NN
,	,
murder	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
May	NNP
refer	VBP
to	TO
an	DT
LGBT	NNP
person	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
not	RB
yet	RB
accepted	VBN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
sexuality	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
to	TO
be	VB
``	``
in	IN
the	DT
closet	NN
''	''
to	TO
one	CD
's	POS
self	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Also	RB
may	MD
refer	VB
to	TO
one	CD
who	WP
chooses	VBZ
not	RB
to	TO
share	VB
their	PRP$
sexuality	NN
with	IN
friends	NNS
,	,
co-workers	NNS
,	,
or	CC
society	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
to	TO
be	VB
``	``
in	IN
the	DT
closet	NN
''	''
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
others	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
repressive	JJ
laws	NNS
,	,
discrimination	NN
in	IN
employment	NN
and	CC
housing	NN
,	,
violence	NN
and	CC
harassment	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
kinds	NNS
of	IN
oppression	NN
and	CC
abuse	NN
,	,
many	JJ
LGBT	NNP
people	NNS
elect	VBP
to	TO
closet	NN
themselves	PRP
at	IN
some	DT
point	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
or	CC
with	IN
some	DT
groups	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
all	PDT
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
Referring	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
process	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
one	CD
accepts	VBZ
one	CD
's	POS
own	JJ
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
to	TO
``	``
come	VB
out	RP
''	''
to	TO
one	CD
's	POS
self	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Also	RB
referring	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
process	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
one	CD
shares	NNS
one	PRP
's	POS
sexuality	NN
with	IN
others	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
to	TO
``	``
come	VB
out	RP
''	''
to	TO
friends	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
process	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
continual	JJ
,	,
life	NN
long	JJ
process	NN
for	IN
LGBT	NNP
individuals	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
common	JJ
name	NN
for	IN
celebrations	NNS
commemorating	VBG
the	DT
Stonewall	NNP
riots	NNS
.	.
In	IN
most	JJS
cities	NNS
Gay	JJ
Pride	NNP
is	VBZ
held	VBN
in	IN
June	NNP
.	.
Activities	NNS
usually	RB
include	VBP
a	DT
parade	NN
,	,
booths	NNS
,	,
speakers	NNS
,	,
workshops	NNS
,	,
picnics	NNS
,	,
and	CC
musical	JJ
entertainment	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
policy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
at	IN
Buffalo	NNP
to	TO
prohibit	VB
discrimination	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
race	NN
,	,
sex	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
,	,
age	NN
,	,
national	JJ
origin	NN
,	,
religion	NN
,	,
veteran	NN
or	CC
marital	JJ
status	NN
or	CC
disability	NN
in	IN
all	DT
matters	NNS
affecting	VBG
employment	NN
or	CC
educational	JJ
opportunities	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
.	.
Complaints	NNS
regarding	VBG
any	DT
violations	NNS
of	IN
nondiscrimination	NN
laws	NNS
or	CC
policies	NNS
,	,
sexual	JJ
harassment	NN
,	,
or	CC
failure	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
reasonable	JJ
accommodation	NN
should	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
Equity	NNP
,	,
Diversity	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Affirmative	NNP
Action	NNP
Administration	NNP
,	,
645-2266	CD
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
numerous	JJ
theories	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
origins	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
person	NN
's	POS
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
;	:
most	RBS
scientists	NNS
today	NN
agree	VBP
that	IN
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
is	VBZ
most	RBS
likely	JJ
the	DT
result	NN
of	IN
a	DT
complex	JJ
interaction	NN
of	IN
environmental	JJ
,	,
cognitive	JJ
and	CC
biological	JJ
factors	NNS
.	.
In	IN
most	JJS
people	NNS
,	,
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
is	VBZ
shaped	VBN
at	IN
an	DT
early	JJ
age	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
considerable	JJ
recent	JJ
evidence	NN
to	TO
suggest	VB
that	IN
biology	NN
,	,
including	VBG
genetic	JJ
or	CC
inborn	JJ
hormonal	JJ
factors	NNS
,	,
play	VB
a	DT
significant	JJ
role	NN
in	IN
a	DT
person	NN
's	POS
sexuality	NN
.	.
No	DT
,	,
human	JJ
beings	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
choose	VB
their	PRP$
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
.	.
Sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
emerges	VBZ
for	IN
most	JJS
people	NNS
in	IN
early	JJ
adolescence	NN
without	IN
any	DT
prior	JJ
sexual	JJ
experience	NN
.	.
Although	IN
we	PRP
can	MD
choose	VB
whether	IN
to	TO
act	VB
on	IN
our	PRP$
feelings	NNS
,	,
psychologists	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
consider	VB
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
conscious	JJ
choice	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
voluntarily	RB
changed	VBN
.	.
No.	NN
.	.
Even	RB
though	IN
most	JJS
LGBT	JJ
people	NNS
live	VBP
successful	JJ
,	,
happy	JJ
lives	NNS
,	,
some	DT
lesbian	JJ
,	,
gay	JJ
,	,
and	CC
bisexual	JJ
people	NNS
may	MD
seek	VB
to	TO
change	VB
their	PRP$
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
through	IN
therapy	NN
,	,
sometimes	RB
pressured	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
influence	NN
of	IN
family	NN
members	NNS
or	CC
religious	JJ
groups	NNS
to	TO
try	VB
and	CC
do	VB
so	RB
.	.
The	DT
reality	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
homosexuality	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
an	DT
illness	NN
.	.
It	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
require	VB
treatment	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
changeable	JJ
.	.
However	RB
,	,
not	RB
all	DT
lesbian	JJ
,	,
gay	JJ
,	,
and	CC
bisexual	JJ
people	NNS
who	WP
seek	VBP
assistance	NN
from	IN
a	DT
mental	JJ
health	NN
professional	JJ
want	VBP
to	TO
change	VB
their	PRP$
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
.	.
LGBT	JJ
people	NNS
may	MD
seek	VB
psychological	JJ
help	NN
with	IN
the	DT
coming	VBG
out	RP
process	NN
or	CC
for	IN
strategies	NNS
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
prejudice	NN
,	,
but	CC
most	JJS
go	VBP
into	IN
therapy	NN
for	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
reasons	NNS
and	CC
life	NN
issues	NNS
that	WDT
bring	VBP
heterosexuals	NNS
to	TO
mental	JJ
health	NN
professionals	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
therapists	NNS
who	WP
undertake	VBP
so-called	JJ
conversion	NN
therapy	NN
report	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
able	JJ
to	TO
change	VB
their	PRP$
clients	NNS
'	POS
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
from	IN
homosexual	JJ
to	TO
heterosexual	JJ
.	.
Close	JJ
scrutiny	NN
of	IN
these	DT
reports	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
show	VB
several	JJ
factors	NNS
that	WDT
cast	VBD
doubt	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
claims	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
claims	NNS
come	VBP
from	IN
organizations	NNS
with	IN
an	DT
ideological	JJ
perspective	NN
which	WDT
condemns	VBZ
homosexuality	NN
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
their	PRP$
claims	NNS
are	VBP
poorly	RB
documented	VBN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
treatment	NN
outcome	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
followed	VBN
and	CC
reported	VBN
over	IN
time	NN
as	IN
would	MD
be	VB
the	DT
standard	NN
to	TO
test	VB
the	DT
validity	NN
of	IN
any	DT
mental	JJ
health	NN
intervention	NN
.	.
The	DT
American	JJ
Psychological	NNP
Association	NNP
is	VBZ
concerned	VBN
about	IN
such	JJ
therapies	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
potential	JJ
harm	NN
to	TO
patients	NNS
.	.
In	IN
1997	CD
,	,
the	DT
Association	NNP
's	POS
Council	NNP
of	IN
Representatives	NNPS
passed	VBD
a	DT
resolution	NN
reaffirming	VBG
psychology	NN
's	POS
opposition	NN
to	TO
homophobia	NN
in	IN
treatment	NN
and	CC
spelling	VBG
out	RP
a	DT
client	NN
's	POS
right	NN
to	TO
unbiased	JJ
treatment	NN
and	CC
self-determination	NN
.	.
Any	DT
person	NN
who	WP
enters	VBZ
into	IN
therapy	NN
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
issues	NNS
of	IN
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
right	NN
to	TO
expect	VB
that	DT
such	JJ
therapy	NN
will	MD
take	VB
place	NN
in	IN
a	DT
professionally	RB
neutral	JJ
environment	NN
absent	JJ
of	IN
any	DT
social	JJ
bias	NN
.	.
No.	NN
.	.
Psychologists	NNS
,	,
psychiatrists	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
mental	JJ
health	NN
professionals	NNS
agree	VBP
that	IN
homosexuality	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
an	DT
illness	NN
,	,
mental	JJ
disorder	NN
or	CC
an	DT
emotional	JJ
problem	NN
.	.
Over	IN
35	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
objective	NN
,	,
well-designed	JJ
scientific	JJ
research	NN
has	VBZ
shown	VBN
that	IN
homosexuality	NN
,	,
in	IN
and	CC
itself	PRP
,	,
is	VBZ
not	RB
associated	VBN
with	IN
mental	JJ
disorders	NNS
or	CC
emotional	JJ
or	CC
social	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
Homosexuality	NN
was	VBD
once	RB
thought	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
mental	JJ
illness	NN
because	IN
mental	JJ
health	NN
professionals	NNS
and	CC
society	NN
had	VBD
biased	VBN
information	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
past	NN
,	,
the	DT
studies	NNS
of	IN
lesbian	JJ
,	,
gay	JJ
,	,
and	CC
bisexual	JJ
people	NNS
involved	VBN
only	RB
those	DT
in	IN
therapy	NN
,	,
thus	RB
biasing	VBG
the	DT
resulting	VBG
conclusions	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
researchers	NNS
examined	VBD
data	NNS
about	IN
these	DT
people	NNS
who	WP
were	VBD
not	RB
in	IN
therapy	NN
,	,
the	DT
idea	NN
that	WDT
homosexuality	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
mental	JJ
illness	NN
was	VBD
quickly	RB
found	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
untrue	JJ
.	.
In	IN
1973	CD
the	DT
American	JJ
Psychiatric	NNP
Association	NNP
confirmed	VBD
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
,	,
better	RBR
designed	VBN
research	NN
and	CC
removed	VBD
homosexuality	NN
from	IN
the	DT
official	JJ
manual	NN
that	WDT
lists	VBZ
mental	JJ
and	CC
emotional	JJ
disorders	NNS
.	.
Two	CD
years	NNS
later	RB
,	,
the	DT
American	JJ
Psychological	NNP
Association	NNP
passed	VBD
a	DT
resolution	NN
supporting	VBG
the	DT
removal	NN
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
25	CD
years	NNS
,	,
both	DT
associations	NNS
have	VBP
urged	VBN
all	DT
mental	JJ
health	NN
professionals	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
dispel	VB
the	DT
stigma	NN
of	IN
mental	JJ
illness	NN
that	IN
some	DT
people	NNS
still	RB
associate	JJ
with	IN
homosexual	JJ
orientation	NN
.	.
Yes	UH
.	.
Studies	NNP
comparing	VBG
groups	NNS
of	IN
children	NNS
raised	VBN
by	IN
lesbian	JJ
,	,
gay	JJ
,	,
and	CC
bisexual	JJ
parents	NNS
and	CC
by	IN
heterosexual	JJ
parents	NNS
find	VBP
no	DT
developmental	JJ
differences	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
groups	NNS
of	IN
children	NNS
in	IN
four	CD
critical	JJ
areas	NNS
:	:
their	PRP$
intelligence	NN
,	,
psychological	JJ
adjustment	NN
,	,
social	JJ
adjustment	NN
,	,
and	CC
popularity	NN
with	IN
friends	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
important	JJ
to	TO
realize	VB
that	IN
a	DT
parent	NN
's	POS
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
indicate	VB
their	PRP$
children	NNS
's	POS
.	.
Another	DT
myth	NN
about	IN
homosexuality	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
mistaken	JJ
belief	NN
that	WDT
gay	JJ
men	NNS
have	VBP
more	JJR
of	IN
a	DT
tendency	NN
than	IN
heterosexual	JJ
men	NNS
to	TO
sexually	RB
molest	VB
children	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
evidence	NN
to	TO
suggest	VB
that	IN
homosexuals	NNS
molest	VBP
children	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
sharing	VBG
that	IN
aspect	NN
of	IN
themselves	PRP
with	IN
others	NNS
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
their	PRP$
mental	JJ
health	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
identity	NN
development	NN
for	IN
lesbians	NNS
,	,
gay	JJ
men	NNS
and	CC
bisexuals	NNS
called	VBN
``	``
coming	VBG
out	RP
''	''
,	,
has	VBZ
been	VBN
found	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
strongly	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
psychological	JJ
adjustment-the	NN
more	RBR
positive	JJ
the	DT
gay	JJ
,	,
lesbian	JJ
,	,
or	CC
bisexual	JJ
identity	NN
,	,
the	DT
better	JJR
one	NN
's	POS
mental	JJ
health	NN
and	CC
the	DT
higher	JJR
one	NN
's	POS
self-esteem	NN
.	.
For	IN
some	DT
lesbian	JJ
,	,
gay	JJ
,	,
and	CC
bisexual	JJ
people	NNS
the	DT
coming	VBG
out	RP
process	NN
is	VBZ
difficult	JJ
,	,
for	IN
others	NNS
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
.	.
Often	RB
lesbian	JJ
,	,
gay	JJ
,	,
and	CC
bisexual	JJ
people	NNS
feel	VBP
afraid	JJ
,	,
different	JJ
,	,
and	CC
alone	RB
when	WRB
they	PRP
first	RB
realize	VBP
that	IN
their	PRP$
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
is	VBZ
different	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
community	NN
norm	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
particularly	RB
true	JJ
for	IN
people	NNS
becoming	VBG
aware	JJ
of	IN
their	PRP$
lesbian	JJ
,	,
gay	JJ
,	,
or	CC
bisexual	JJ
orientation	NN
as	IN
a	DT
child	NN
or	CC
adolescent	JJ
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
uncommon	JJ
.	.
And	CC
,	,
depending	VBG
on	IN
their	PRP$
families	NNS
and	CC
where	WRB
they	PRP
live	VBP
,	,
they	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
to	TO
struggle	VB
against	IN
prejudice	NN
and	CC
misinformation	NN
about	IN
homosexuality	NN
.	.
Children	NNS
and	CC
adolescents	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
particularly	RB
vulnerable	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
deleterious	JJ
effects	NNS
of	IN
bias	NN
and	CC
stereotypes	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
also	RB
fear	VB
being	VBG
rejected	VBN
by	IN
family	NN
,	,
friends	NNS
,	,
co-workers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
religious	JJ
institutions	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
lesbian	JJ
,	,
gay	JJ
,	,
and	CC
bisexual	JJ
people	NNS
have	VBP
to	TO
worry	VB
about	IN
losing	VBG
their	PRP$
jobs	NNS
or	CC
being	VBG
harassed	VBN
at	IN
school	NN
if	IN
their	PRP$
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
became	VBD
well	RB
known	VBN
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
lesbian	JJ
,	,
gay	JJ
and	CC
bisexual	JJ
people	NNS
are	VBP
at	IN
a	DT
higher	JJR
risk	NN
for	IN
physical	JJ
assault	NN
and	CC
violence	NN
than	IN
are	VBP
heterosexuals	NNS
.	.
Studies	NNP
done	VBN
in	IN
California	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
mid	JJ
1990s	CD
showed	VBD
that	IN
nearly	RB
one-fifth	NN
of	IN
all	DT
lesbians	NNS
who	WP
took	VBD
part	NN
in	IN
the	DT
study	NN
and	CC
more	JJR
than	IN
one-fourth	NN
of	IN
all	DT
gay	JJ
men	NNS
who	WP
participated	VBD
had	VBD
been	VBN
the	DT
victim	NN
of	IN
a	DT
hate	NN
crime	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
their	PRP$
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
.	.
In	IN
another	DT
California	NNP
study	NN
of	IN
approximately	RB
500	CD
young	JJ
adults	NNS
,	,
half	NN
of	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
young	JJ
men	NNS
participating	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
study	NN
admitted	VBD
to	TO
some	DT
form	NN
of	IN
anti-gay	JJ
aggression	NN
from	IN
name-calling	NN
to	TO
physical	JJ
violence	NN
.	.
Research	NNP
has	VBZ
found	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
the	DT
most	RBS
positive	JJ
attitudes	NNS
toward	IN
LGBT	NNP
people	NNS
are	VBP
those	DT
who	WP
say	VBP
they	PRP
know	VBP
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
LGBT	NNP
person	NN
well-often	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
friend	NN
or	CC
co-worker	NN
.	.
For	IN
this	DT
reason	NN
,	,
psychologists	NNS
believe	VBP
negative	JJ
attitudes	NNS
toward	IN
LGBT	NNP
people	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
group	NN
are	VBP
prejudices	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
grounded	VBN
in	IN
actual	JJ
experiences	NNS
but	CC
are	VBP
based	VBN
on	IN
stereotypes	NNS
and	CC
prejudice	NN
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
protection	NN
against	IN
violence	NN
and	CC
discrimination	NN
are	VBP
very	RB
important	JJ
,	,
just	RB
as	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
for	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
minority	NN
groups	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
states	NNS
include	VBP
violence	NN
against	IN
an	DT
individual	NN
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
as	IN
a	DT
``	``
hate	NN
crime	NN
''	''
and	CC
ten	CD
U.S.	NNP
states	NNS
have	VBP
laws	NNS
against	IN
discrimination	NN
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
.	.
Educating	VBG
all	DT
people	NNS
about	IN
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
and	CC
homosexuality	NN
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
to	TO
diminish	VB
anti-gay	JJ
prejudice	NN
.	.
Accurate	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
homosexuality	NN
is	VBZ
especially	RB
important	JJ
to	TO
young	JJ
people	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
first	JJ
discovering	VBG
and	CC
seeking	VBG
to	TO
understand	VB
their	PRP$
sexuality-whether	JJ
homosexual	NN
,	,
bisexual	JJ
,	,
or	CC
heterosexual	JJ
.	.
Fears	NNS
that	WDT
access	NN
to	TO
such	JJ
information	NN
will	MD
make	VB
more	JJR
people	NNS
gay	JJ
have	VBP
no	DT
validity-information	NN
about	IN
homosexuality	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
make	VB
someone	NN
lesbian	JJ
,	,
gay	JJ
,	,
bisexual	JJ
,	,
or	CC
straight	RB
.	.
No.	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
commonly	RB
held	VBN
myth	NN
.	.
In	IN
reality	NN
,	,
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
exposure	NN
to	TO
HIV	NNP
is	VBZ
related	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
person	NN
's	POS
behavior	NN
,	,
not	RB
their	PRP$
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
.	.
What	WP
's	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
remember	VB
about	IN
HIV\/AIDS	NNP
is	VBZ
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
preventable	JJ
disease	NN
through	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
safe	JJ
sex	NN
practices	NNS
and	CC
by	IN
not	RB
using	VBG
drugs	NNS
.	.
Combined	VBN
with	IN
sex-phobia	NN
,	,
results	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
invisibility	NN
or	CC
erasure	NN
of	IN
LGBT	NNP
lives	NNS
in	IN
school-based	JJ
sex	NN
education	NN
discussions	NNS
,	,
keeping	VBG
vital	JJ
information	NN
from	IN
students	NNS
.	.
Such	JJ
erasures	NNS
can	MD
have	VB
dire	JJ
health	NN
consequences	NNS
.	.
Is	VBZ
one	CD
cause	NN
of	IN
premature	JJ
sexual	JJ
involvement	NN
,	,
which	WDT
increases	VBZ
the	DT
chances	NNS
of	IN
teen	JJ
pregnancy	NN
and	CC
the	DT
spread	NN
of	IN
sexually	RB
transmitted	JJ
diseases	NNS
.	.
Young	JJ
people	NNS
,	,
of	IN
all	DT
sexual	JJ
orientations	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
often	RB
pressured	JJ
to	TO
become	VB
heterosexually	RB
active	JJ
to	TO
prove	VB
to	TO
themselves	PRP
and	CC
others	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
``	``
normal	JJ
.	.
''	''
Inhibits	VBZ
appreciation	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
diversity	NN
,	,
making	VBG
it	PRP
unsafe	JJ
for	IN
everyone	NN
because	IN
each	DT
person	NN
has	VBZ
unique	JJ
traits	NNS
not	RB
considered	VBN
mainstream	NN
or	CC
dominant	JJ
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
all	DT
diminished	VBN
when	WRB
any	DT
one	CD
of	IN
us	PRP
is	VBZ
demeaned	VBN
.	.
The	DT
University	NNP
years	NNS
are	VBP
years	NNS
of	IN
extreme	JJ
change	NN
where	WRB
students	NNS
are	VBP
confronted	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
developmental	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
The	DT
student	NN
who	WP
may	MD
be	VB
struggling	VBG
with	IN
her	PRP$
or	CC
his	PRP$
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
may	MD
have	VB
a	DT
more	RBR
difficult	JJ
task	NN
as	IN
these	DT
issues	NNS
appear	VBP
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
college	NN
years	NNS
students	NNS
also	RB
begin	VBP
to	TO
make	VB
decisions	NNS
about	IN
what	WP
role	NN
religion	NN
will	MD
play	VB
in	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
For	IN
LGBT	NNP
students	NNS
,	,
coming	VBG
to	TO
terms	NNS
with	IN
their	PRP$
religious	JJ
beliefs	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
difficult	JJ
task	NN
in	IN
light	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
same-sex	JJ
and	CC
transgendered	JJ
behavior	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
accepted	VBN
by	IN
many	JJ
religions	NNS
.	.
Coming	VBG
out	RP
is	VBZ
a	DT
process	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
one	CD
time	NN
or	CC
place	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
follow	VB
a	DT
linear	JJ
course	NN
.	.
It	PRP
occurs	VBZ
when	WRB
one	CD
acknowledges	VBZ
to	TO
oneself	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
often	RB
the	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
and	CC
difficult	JJ
aspect	NN
of	IN
coming	VBG
out	RP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
to	TO
others	NNS
that	IN
one	CD
is	VBZ
lesbian	JJ
,	,
gay	JJ
,	,
bisexual	JJ
,	,
and\/or	CC
transgendered	VBD
.	.
Coming	VBG
out	RP
to	TO
one	CD
's	POS
self	NN
involves	VBZ
much	JJ
introspection	NN
and	CC
self-appreciation	NN
.	.
Coming	VBG
out	RP
to	TO
others	NNS
involves	VBZ
other	JJ
potential	JJ
risks	NNS
and	CC
difficulties	NNS
depending	VBG
on	IN
who	WP
that	WDT
person	NN
is	VBZ
coming	VBG
out	RP
to	TO
,	,
how	WRB
engaged	VBN
they	PRP
are	VBP
with	IN
them	PRP
,	,
how	WRB
much	JJ
power	NN
they	PRP
have	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
relationship	NN
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
accepting	VBG
they	PRP
are	VBP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
necessary	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
developing	VBG
a	DT
healthy	JJ
and	CC
positive	JJ
identity	NN
as	IN
an	DT
LGBT	NNP
individual	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
more	RBR
honest	JJ
and	CC
real	JJ
,	,
and	CC
ends	VBZ
the	DT
stress	NN
of	IN
hiding	VBG
or	CC
keeping	VBG
a	DT
secret	NN
and	CC
living	VBG
a	DT
double	JJ
life	NN
.	.
It	PRP
reduces	VBZ
isolation	NN
and	CC
alienation	NN
and	CC
allows	VBZ
for	IN
increased	VBN
support	NN
from	IN
other	JJ
LGBT	NNP
people	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
allows	VBZ
LGBT	NNP
people	NNS
to	TO
live	VB
fuller	JJR
lives	NNS
.	.
DO	NNP
:	:
Assume	VB
that	IN
everyone	NN
might	MD
be	VB
attracted	VBN
to	TO
and\/or	CC
sexually	RB
or	CC
romantically	RB
involved	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
partner	NN
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
or	CC
opposite	JJ
sex	NN
.	.
Attraction	NN
and\/or	CC
involvement	NN
fall	NN
along	IN
a	DT
continuum	NN
,	,
which	WDT
can	MD
vary	VB
over	IN
time	NN
.	.
DO	NNP
:	:
Assume	VB
any	DT
child	NN
might	MD
live	VB
in	IN
any	DT
number	NN
of	IN
family	NN
composition	NN
options	NNS
consisting	VBG
of	IN
the	DT
child	NN
and	CC
a	DT
single	JJ
parent	NN
,	,
the	DT
child	NN
and	CC
an	DT
opposite-sex	JJ
couple	NN
,	,
the	DT
child	NN
and	CC
a	DT
same-sex	JJ
couple	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
child	NN
and	CC
multiple	JJ
same-sex	JJ
and\/or	CC
other-sex	JJ
adults	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
LGBT	NNP
people	NNS
on	IN
campus	NN
you	PRP
will	MD
encounter	VB
will	MD
be	VB
seeking	VBG
support	NN
,	,
advice	NN
,	,
or	CC
information	NN
.	.
Occasionally	RB
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
advise	VB
an	DT
LGBT	NNP
person	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
experiencing	VBG
a	DT
good	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
psychological	JJ
distress	NN
.	.
This	DT
may	MD
be	VB
evident	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
ways	NNS
.	.
An	DT
LGBT	JJ
person	NN
expresses	VBZ
depressive	JJ
symptoms	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
:	:
sleep	VB
disturbance	NN
,	,
sudden	JJ
weight	NN
loss	NN
or	CC
weight	NN
gain	NN
,	,
crying	VBG
spells	NNS
,	,
fatigue	NN
,	,
loss	NN
of	IN
interest	NN
or	CC
pleasure	NN
in	IN
previous	JJ
enjoyable	JJ
activities	NNS
,	,
and\/or	CC
inability	NN
to	TO
concentrate	VB
or	CC
complete	VB
tasks	NNS
.	.
Do	VBP
not	RB
force	VB
LGBT	JJ
people	NNS
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
closet	NN
nor	CC
come	VB
out	RP
for	IN
them	PRP
to	TO
others	NNS
.	.
The	DT
process	NN
of	IN
coming	VBG
out	RP
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
enlarging	VBG
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
concentric	JJ
circles	NNS
of	IN
those	DT
who	WP
know	VBP
.	.
The	DT
process	NN
should	MD
be	VB
in	IN
the	DT
control	NN
of	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
until	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
if	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
they	PRP
consider	VBP
it	PRP
public	JJ
knowledge	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
not	RB
include	VB
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
information	NN
in	IN
letters	NNS
of	IN
reference	NN
or	CC
answer	VB
specific	JJ
or	CC
implied	JJ
questions	NNS
without	IN
first	JJ
clarifying	VBG
how	WRB
``	``
out	RP
''	''
the	DT
person	NN
chooses	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
in	IN
the	DT
specific	JJ
process	NN
in	IN
question	NN
.	.
Because	IN
your	PRP$
environment	NN
may	MD
be	VB
safe	JJ
does	VBZ
not	RB
mean	VB
that	IN
all	DT
environments	NNS
are	VBP
safe	JJ
.	.
Recruit	NNP
and	CC
hire	VB
``	``
out	RP
''	''
LGBT	NNP
staff	NN
and	CC
faculty	NN
.	.
View	NNP
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
as	IN
a	DT
positive	JJ
form	NN
of	IN
diversity	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
desired	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
multicultural	JJ
setting	NN
.	.
Always	RB
question	NN
job	NN
applicants	NNS
about	IN
their	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
LGBT	NNP
students	NNS
,	,
staff	NN
,	,
and	CC
faculty	NN
.	.
View	NNP
the	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
this	DT
environment	NN
as	IN
your	PRP$
responsibility	NN
,	,
not	RB
the	DT
responsibility	NN
of	IN
individual	JJ
persons	NNS
who	WP
happen	VB
to	TO
be	VB
LGBT	JJ
people	NNS
.	.
Always	RB
waiting	VBG
for	IN
them	PRP
to	TO
speak	VB
,	,
challenge	VB
,	,
or	CC
act	NN
,	,
adds	VBZ
an	DT
extra	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
responsibility	NN
to	TO
someone	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
already	RB
dealing	VBG
with	IN
oppression	NN
on	IN
many	JJ
levels	NNS
.	.
The	DT
UB	NNP
Safe	NNP
Zone	NNP
Committee	NNP
welcomes	VBZ
your	PRP$
contact	NN
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
value	NN
your	PRP$
privacy	NN
and	CC
time	NN
and	CC
therefore	RB
offer	VBP
the	DT
following	VBG
information	NN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
decide	VB
on	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
method	NN
for	IN
reaching	VBG
us	PRP
.	.
We	PRP
hope	VBP
that	IN
these	DT
guidelines	NNS
are	VBP
helpful	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
as	IN
you	PRP
decide	VBP
how	WRB
best	JJS
to	TO
reach	VB
our	PRP$
staff	NN
.	.
We	PRP
take	VBP
your	PRP$
time	NN
and	CC
confidentiality	NN
very	RB
seriously	RB
and	CC
therefore	RB
consider	VB
it	PRP
imperative	JJ
that	IN
you	PRP
understand	VBP
the	DT
limitations	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
use	NN
of	IN
e-mail	NN
technology	NN
.	.
Talking	VBG
about	IN
Suicide	NNP
:	:
If	IN
a	DT
student	NN
talks	NNS
or	CC
writes	VBZ
about	IN
suicide	NN
,	,
this	DT
should	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
seriously	RB
.	.
Suicidal	JJ
thoughts	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
themselves	PRP
not	RB
necessarily	RB
dangerous	JJ
but	CC
,	,
if	IN
they	PRP
include	VBP
actual	JJ
plans	NNS
for	IN
suicidal	JJ
behaviors	NNS
,	,
the	DT
severity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
danger	NN
to	TO
the	DT
student	NN
increases	VBZ
dramatically	RB
.	.
Suicide	NN
is	VBZ
often	RB
considered	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
option	NN
when	WRB
the	DT
person	NN
feels	VBZ
hopeless	JJ
,	,
trapped	VBN
,	,
out-of-control	JJ
,	,
and\/or	CC
depressed	VBD
.	.
To	TO
make	VB
the	DT
assumption	NN
that	IN
talk	NN
of	IN
suicide	NN
is	VBZ
aimed	VBN
solely	RB
toward	IN
getting	VBG
attention	NN
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
potentially	RB
fatal	JJ
mistake	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
become	VBP
aware	JJ
of	IN
a	DT
student	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
thinking	VBG
about	IN
suicide	NN
,	,
please	VB
make	VB
an	DT
immediate	JJ
referral	NN
to	TO
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
call	VB
us	PRP
for	IN
a	DT
consultation	NN
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
unsure	JJ
of	IN
an	DT
appropriate	JJ
intervention	NN
or	CC
if	IN
the	DT
student	NN
is	VBZ
reluctant	JJ
to	TO
take	VB
your	PRP$
referral	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
student	NN
clearly	RB
states	VBZ
the	DT
intent	NN
to	TO
commit	VB
suicide	NN
,	,
call	VBP
University	NNP
Police	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
645-2222	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
Crisis	NNP
Services	NNPS
of	IN
Erie	NNP
County	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
834-3131	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Stating	VBG
a	DT
Need	NNP
for	IN
Help	NN
:	:
Students	NNS
will	MD
often	RB
come	VB
to	TO
faculty	NN
or	CC
staff	NN
members	NNS
with	IN
direct	JJ
requests	NNS
for	IN
assistance	NN
.	.
Through	IN
talking	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
student	NN
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
feel	VB
the	DT
problems	NNS
are	VBP
beyond	IN
your	PRP$
scope	NN
of	IN
knowledge	NN
or	CC
power	NN
to	TO
change	VB
.	.
Listening	VBG
carefully	RB
to	TO
students	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
concerns	NNS
can	MD
provide	VB
ample	JJ
evidence	NN
to	TO
support	VB
your	PRP$
decision	NN
to	TO
refer	VB
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
student	NN
comes	VBZ
to	TO
you	PRP
,	,
he\/she	JJ
obviously	RB
feels	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
relationship	NN
with	IN
you	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
enough	RB
to	TO
value	VB
your	PRP$
opinion	NN
and	CC
response	NN
.	.
Observable	NNP
Changes	NNS
:	:
Some	DT
students	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
directly	RB
tell	VB
you	PRP
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
problem	NN
but	CC
their	PRP$
behaviors	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
telling	VBG
indicators	NNS
.	.
Distinct	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
academic	JJ
performance	NN
,	,
withdrawal	NN
from	IN
others	NNS
,	,
changes	NNS
in	IN
class	NN
participation	NN
,	,
crying	VBG
,	,
outbursts	NNS
of	IN
anger	NN
,	,
increased	VBD
or	CC
decreased	VBD
activity	NN
,	,
and	CC
poor	JJ
attendance	NN
are	VBP
examples	NNS
of	IN
behavioral	JJ
changes	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
may	MD
observe	VB
.	.
Severe	JJ
depression	NN
,	,
extreme	JJ
activity	NN
level	NN
,	,
conversations	NNS
that	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
make	VB
sense	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
marked	JJ
decline	NN
in	IN
personal	JJ
hygiene	NN
are	VBP
examples	NNS
of	IN
possibly	RB
serious	JJ
psychological	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
Any	DT
of	IN
these	DT
observable	JJ
changes	NNS
may	MD
merit	VB
a	DT
referral	NN
to	TO
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
.	.
Psychosomatic	NNP
Complaints	NNPS
:	:
Students	NNS
who	WP
report	VBP
physical	JJ
illness	NN
or	CC
symptoms	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
supported	VBN
by	IN
medical	JJ
evidence	NN
may	MD
be	VB
experiencing	VBG
psychological	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
Psychosomatic	JJ
symptoms	NNS
are	VBP
very	RB
real	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
student	NN
and	CC
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
treated	VBN
lightly	RB
.	.
Tension	NN
headaches	NNS
,	,
changes	NNS
in	IN
eating	VBG
patterns	NNS
,	,
sleep	VB
disturbances	NNS
,	,
fatigue	NN
,	,
stomach	NN
aches	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
physical	JJ
pain	NN
symptoms	NNS
are	VBP
some	DT
examples	NNS
of	IN
psychosomatic	JJ
complaints	NNS
.	.
Alcohol	NN
and	CC
Drug	NN
Abuse	NN
:	:
Coming	VBG
to	TO
class	NN
or	CC
a	DT
meeting	NN
when	WRB
intoxicated	JJ
or	CC
high	JJ
is	VBZ
a	DT
sign	NN
that	IN
drug	NN
and\/or	CC
alcohol	NN
abuse	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
serious	JJ
problem	NN
.	.
Often	RB
people	NNS
drink	VBP
or	CC
take	VBP
drugs	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
and	CC
alleviate	VB
other	JJ
problems	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
the	DT
substance	NN
abuse	NN
itself	PRP
becomes	VBZ
a	DT
problem	NN
,	,
one	CD
that	WDT
interferes	VBZ
with	IN
social	JJ
,	,
academic	JJ
,	,
and	CC
work	NN
functioning	NN
.	.
Academic	NNP
Problems	NNPS
:	:
Students	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
noticeable	JJ
negative	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
academic	JJ
performance	NN
also	RB
may	MD
be	VB
feeling	VBG
overwhelmed	VBN
with	IN
other	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
students	NNS
come	VBP
to	TO
classes	NNS
with	IN
difficulty	NN
concentrating	VBG
,	,
performing	VBG
well	RB
on	IN
exams	NNS
,	,
and	CC
achieving	VBG
academically	RB
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
a	DT
learning	VBG
disability	NN
exists	VBZ
,	,
a	DT
counselor	NN
can	MD
meet	VB
with	IN
a	DT
student	NN
for	IN
a	DT
consultation	NN
appointment	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
evaluation	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
options	NNS
.	.
Do	VBP
not	RB
attempt	VB
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
referral	NN
when	WRB
the	DT
student	NN
is	VBZ
so	RB
upset	JJ
and	CC
confused	VBD
that	IN
he\/she	NN
can	MD
not	RB
understand	VB
or	CC
listen	VB
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
Wait	VB
until	IN
the	DT
student	NN
has	VBZ
calmed	VBN
down	RB
enough	RB
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
converse	VB
and	CC
respond	VB
to	TO
your	PRP$
suggestions	NNS
.	.
Counseling	NN
at	IN
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
is	VBZ
confidential	JJ
.	.
This	DT
means	VBZ
that	IN
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
student	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
released	VBN
to	TO
other	JJ
UB	NNP
offices	NNS
,	,
family	NN
,	,
professors	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
without	IN
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
written	VBN
permission	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
exception	NN
being	VBG
if	IN
the	DT
student	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
danger	NN
of	IN
harming	VBG
him\/herself	NN
or	CC
others	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Give	VB
the	DT
student	NN
Counseling	NN
Services	NNP
phone	NN
number	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
645-2720	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
student	NN
can	MD
call	VB
from	IN
your	PRP$
office	NN
or	CC
from	IN
home	NN
.	.
No	DT
appointments	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
student	NN
by	IN
a	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
without	IN
the	DT
student	NN
directly	RB
speaking	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
secretary	NN
and	CC
asking	VBG
for	IN
an	DT
appointment	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
feel	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
student	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
crisis	NN
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
call	VB
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
or	CC
have	VBP
the	DT
student	NN
call	NN
from	IN
your	PRP$
office	NN
.	.
Tell	VB
the	DT
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
secretary	NN
that	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
an	DT
``	``
emergency	NN
''	''
and	CC
she	PRP
will	MD
connect	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
a	DT
counselor	NN
immediately	RB
.	.
If	IN
needed	VBN
,	,
the	DT
student	NN
can	MD
be	VB
seen	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
crisis	NN
appointment	NN
that	WDT
day	NN
.	.
Students	NNS
are	VBP
asked	VBN
to	TO
come	VB
in	IN
for	IN
90	CD
minutes	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
initial	JJ
Initial	JJ
Assessment	NNP
appointment	NN
to	TO
fill	VB
out	RP
basic	JJ
informational	JJ
forms	NNS
and	CC
then	RB
meet	VB
with	IN
a	DT
counselor	NN
.	.
The	DT
counselor	NN
and	CC
the	DT
student	NN
discuss	VB
counseling	NN
options	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
first	JJ
Initial	JJ
Assessment	NNP
appointment	NN
and	CC
decisions	NNS
are	VBP
made	VBN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
next	JJ
steps	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
student	NN
to	TO
pursue	VB
.	.
These	DT
steps	NNS
may	MD
include	VB
:	:
counseling	NN
at	IN
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
,	,
a	DT
medical	JJ
evaluation	NN
referral	NN
,	,
a	DT
referral	NN
to	TO
a	DT
community	NN
mental	JJ
health	NN
center	NN
or	CC
practitioner	NN
or	CC
,	,
in	IN
emergency	NN
cases	NNS
,	,
a	DT
determination	NN
that	IN
the	DT
student	NN
should	MD
be	VB
sent	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
psychiatric	JJ
emergency	NN
room	NN
at	IN
a	DT
local	JJ
hospital	NN
for	IN
further	JJ
evaluation	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
student	NN
tells	VBZ
us	PRP
that	IN
you	PRP
referred	VBD
him\/her	NN
,	,
gives	VBZ
written	VBN
permission	NN
,	,
and	CC
requests	NNS
it	PRP
,	,
a	DT
counselor	NN
will	MD
contact	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
notify	VB
you	PRP
that	IN
the	DT
student	NN
did	VBD
attend	VB
the	DT
initial	JJ
Initial	JJ
Assessment	NNP
appointment	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
more	JJR
information	NN
about	IN
a	DT
student	NN
's	POS
contact	NN
with	IN
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
directly	RB
ask	VB
the	DT
student	NN
.	.
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
provides	VBZ
consultation	NN
services	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
entire	JJ
University	NNP
at	IN
Buffalo	NNP
community	NN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
glad	JJ
to	TO
answer	VB
any	DT
questions	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
about	IN
our	PRP$
services	NNS
,	,
your	PRP$
concerns	NNS
about	IN
a	DT
student	NN
,	,
and	CC
referral	NN
options	NNS
.	.
Your	PRP$
call	NN
will	MD
be	VB
routed	VBN
to	TO
an	DT
available	JJ
counselor	NN
.	.
We	PRP
can	MD
assist	VB
you	PRP
in	IN
making	VBG
an	DT
effective	JJ
Counseling	NN
Services	NNP
referral	NN
.	.
Management	NN
''	''
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
which	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
requested	VBN
for	IN
classes	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
design	VB
specific	JJ
workshops	NNS
for	IN
your	PRP$
group	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
its	PRP$
needs	NNS
and	CC
interests	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
interested	JJ
in	IN
these	DT
workshop	NN
services	NNS
,	,
please	VB
call	NN
645-2720	CD
for	IN
more	JJR
details	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
do	VBP
request	NN
advance	NN
notice	NN
of	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
3	CD
weeks	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
date	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
us	PRP
to	TO
present	VB
.	.
While	IN
we	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
guarantee	VB
that	IN
all	DT
workshop	NN
requests	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
met	VBN
,	,
we	PRP
will	MD
make	VB
every	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
.	.
Counseling	NN
Services	NNP
also	RB
offers	VBZ
weekly	JJ
workshops	NNS
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
``	``
Food	NNP
for	IN
Thought	NNP
''	''
Workshop	NNP
series	NN
each	DT
semester	NN
.	.
Topics	NNS
are	VBP
based	VBN
around	IN
a	DT
semester	NN
theme	NN
but	CC
often	RB
include	VBP
:	:
``	``
Procrastination	NNP
''	''
;	:
``	``
Communication	NNP
''	''
;	:
Conflict	NNP
Resolution	NNP
''	''
;	:
``	``
Relationship	NN
Issues	NNS
''	''
;	:
``	``
Diversity	NN
''	''
;	:
and	CC
many	JJ
others	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
pleased	VBN
to	TO
send	VB
you	PRP
a	DT
flyer	NN
describing	VBG
our	PRP$
semester	NN
workshops	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
would	MD
appreciate	VB
it	PRP
if	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
keep	VB
these	DT
workshops	NNS
in	IN
mind	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
semester	NN
and	CC
refer	VBP
students	NNS
to	TO
them	PRP
when	WRB
appropriate	JJ
.	.
University	NNP
Police	NNP
can	MD
provide	VB
assistance	NN
if	IN
a	DT
student	NN
is	VBZ
acting	VBG
strangely	RB
or	CC
violently	RB
.	.
Their	PRP$
officers	NNS
have	VBP
experience	NN
working	VBG
with	IN
students	NNS
in	IN
crisis	NN
and	CC
can	MD
provide	VB
options	NNS
for	IN
further	JJ
assistance	NN
if	IN
needed	VBN
.	.
Crisis	NNP
Services	NNPS
is	VBZ
a	DT
24-hour	JJ
hot-line	NN
service	NN
for	IN
anyone	NN
in	IN
Erie	NNP
County	NNP
.	.
People	NNS
can	MD
call	VB
and	CC
talk	VB
to	TO
a	DT
trained	JJ
counselor	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
serious	JJ
psychological	JJ
emergency	NN
.	.
The	DT
Crisis	NNP
Services	NNPS
staff	NN
will	MD
come	VB
to	TO
the	DT
location	NN
of	IN
the	DT
student	NN
if	IN
suicidality	NN
,	,
violence	NN
,	,
or	CC
psychosis	NN
is	VBZ
evident	JJ
and	CC
,	,
if	IN
appropriate	JJ
,	,
will	MD
arrange	VB
for	IN
the	DT
student	NN
to	TO
be	VB
taken	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
hospital	NN
psychiatric	JJ
emergency	NN
room	NN
.	.
Stress	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
day	NN
to	TO
day	NN
living	NN
.	.
As	IN
college	NN
students	NNS
you	PRP
may	MD
experience	VB
stress	NN
meeting	NN
academic	JJ
demands	NNS
,	,
adjusting	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
new	JJ
living	NN
environment	NN
,	,
or	CC
developing	VBG
friendships	NNS
.	.
The	DT
stress	NN
you	PRP
experience	VBP
is	VBZ
not	RB
necessarily	RB
harmful	JJ
.	.
Mild	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
stress	NN
can	MD
act	VB
as	IN
a	DT
motivator	NN
and	CC
energizer	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
your	PRP$
stress	NN
level	NN
is	VBZ
too	RB
high	JJ
,	,
medical	JJ
and	CC
social	JJ
problems	NNS
can	MD
result	VB
.	.
Although	IN
we	PRP
tend	VBP
to	TO
think	VB
of	IN
stress	NN
as	IN
caused	VBN
by	IN
external	JJ
events	NNS
,	,
events	NNS
in	IN
themselves	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
stressful	JJ
.	.
Rather	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
way	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
we	PRP
interpret	VB
and	CC
react	VB
to	TO
events	NNS
that	WDT
makes	VBZ
them	PRP
stressful	JJ
.	.
People	NNS
differ	VBP
dramatically	RB
in	IN
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
events	NNS
they	PRP
interpret	VBP
as	IN
stressful	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
way	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
respond	VBP
to	TO
such	JJ
stress	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
speaking	VBG
in	IN
public	NN
can	MD
be	VB
stressful	JJ
for	IN
some	DT
people	NNS
and	CC
relaxing	VBG
for	IN
others	NNS
.	.
Both	DT
positive	JJ
and	CC
negative	JJ
events	NNS
in	IN
one	CD
's	POS
life	NN
can	MD
be	VB
stressful	JJ
.	.
However	RB
,	,
major	JJ
life	NN
changes	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
greatest	JJS
contributors	NNS
of	IN
stress	NN
for	IN
most	JJS
people	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
place	VBP
the	DT
greatest	JJS
demand	NN
on	IN
resources	NNS
for	IN
coping	VBG
.	.
There	EX
's	VBZ
no	DT
such	JJ
thing	NN
as	IN
time	NN
management	NN
!	.
So	RB
why	WRB
should	MD
you	PRP
read	VB
the	DT
rest	NN
of	IN
this	DT
handout	NN
?	.
Because	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
such	JJ
a	DT
thing	NN
as	IN
self	NN
management	NN
and	CC
that	DT
's	VBZ
the	DT
key	NN
to	TO
making	VBG
time	NN
your	PRP$
ally	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
your	PRP$
enemy	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
only	RB
24	CD
hours	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
day	NN
,	,
just	RB
the	DT
same	JJ
as	IN
everybody	NN
else	RB
's	POS
.	.
So	RB
how	WRB
do	VBP
you	PRP
end	VB
up	RP
frustrated	JJ
,	,
angry	JJ
,	,
behind	IN
in	IN
your	PRP$
work	NN
,	,
and	CC
dead	JJ
on	IN
your	PRP$
feet	NNS
?	.
Maybe	RB
because	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
use	VB
those	DT
24	CD
hours	NNS
to	TO
your	PRP$
advantage	NN
.	.
If	IN
using	VBG
your	PRP$
time	NN
wisely	RB
is	VBZ
a	DT
problem	NN
for	IN
you	PRP
,	,
you	PRP
probably	RB
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
a	DT
very	RB
good	JJ
idea	NN
of	IN
where	WRB
it	PRP
all	DT
goes	VBZ
.	.
It	PRP
just	RB
seems	VBZ
to	TO
go	VB
!	.
A	DT
good	JJ
place	NN
to	TO
start	VB
,	,
then	RB
,	,
is	VBZ
to	TO
keep	VB
track	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
you	PRP
use	VBP
your	PRP$
time	NN
.	.
Get	VB
a	DT
Weekly	NNP
schedule	NN
and	CC
faithfully	RB
keep	VB
track	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
you	PRP
use	VBP
your	PRP$
waking	NN
hours	NNS
for	IN
one	CD
week	NN
.	.
The	DT
results	NNS
will	MD
probably	RB
surprise	VB
you	PRP
.	.
Learn	VB
to	TO
say	VB
NO	UH
once	RB
your	PRP$
priorities	NNS
are	VBP
set	VBN
.	.
Turning	VBG
down	RP
an	DT
invitation	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
mean	VB
you	PRP
'll	MD
never	RB
be	VB
asked	VBN
to	TO
do	VB
something	NN
again	RB
.	.
Weigh	VB
the	DT
consequences	NNS
.	.
Making	VBG
a	DT
decision	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
what	WP
you	PRP
know	VBP
is	VBZ
best	JJS
for	IN
you	PRP
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
leads	VBZ
to	TO
greater	JJR
respect	NN
from	IN
your	PRP$
friends	NNS
,	,
not	RB
to	TO
a	DT
reputation	NN
as	IN
a	DT
party-pooper	NN
.	.
Use	NNP
a	DT
monthly	JJ
calendar	NN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
allocate	VB
your	PRP$
study	NN
time	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Weekly	NNP
Schedule	NNP
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
each	DT
quarter	NN
,	,
spend	VBP
an	DT
hour	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
calendar	NN
to	TO
enter	VB
all	DT
important	JJ
dates	NNS
.	.
As	IN
you	PRP
receive	VBP
course	NN
syllabi	NN
,	,
enter	VBP
the	DT
dates	NNS
for	IN
quizzes	NNS
,	,
papers	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
,	,
on	IN
your	PRP$
calendar	NN
.	.
Then	RB
estimate	VB
the	DT
time	NN
needed	VBN
to	TO
prepare	VB
for	IN
each	DT
of	IN
these	DT
.	.
If	IN
your	PRP$
history	NN
paper	NN
is	VBZ
due	JJ
the	DT
eighth	JJ
week	NN
of	IN
the	DT
quarter	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
usually	RB
takes	VBZ
you	PRP
four	CD
weeks	NNS
to	TO
do	VB
a	DT
paper	NN
,	,
start	VB
work	NN
on	IN
the	DT
paper	NN
the	DT
second	JJ
week	NN
of	IN
the	DT
quarter	NN
,	,
allowing	VBG
yourself	PRP
an	DT
extra	JJ
week	NN
for	IN
typing	VBG
and	CC
an	DT
extra	JJ
week	NN
for	IN
disaster	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
stick	VBP
to	TO
this	DT
schedule	NN
,	,
you	PRP
'll	MD
amaze	VB
yourself	PRP
by	IN
having	VBG
the	DT
paper	NN
finished	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
seventh	JJ
week	NN
.	.
The	DT
rule-of-thumb	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
Plan	NNP
ahead	RB
by	IN
working	VBG
backwards	RB
.	.
''	''
By	IN
counting	VBG
backwards	RB
like	IN
this	DT
,	,
you	PRP
'll	MD
be	VB
surprised	VBN
how	WRB
well	RB
you	PRP
're	VBP
using	VBG
your	PRP$
time	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
much	RB
better	JJR
your	PRP$
grade	NN
will	MD
be	VB
when	WRB
you	PRP
're	VBP
not	RB
under	IN
pressure	NN
.	.
And	CC
,	,
by	IN
being	VBG
really	RB
honest	JJ
with	IN
yourself	PRP
and	CC
taking	VBG
account	NN
of	IN
all	DT
your	PRP$
priorities	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
'll	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
the	DT
football	NN
game	NN
and	CC
not	RB
feel	VB
guilty	JJ
.	.
The	DT
list	NN
below	IN
contains	VBZ
some	DT
common	JJ
thoughts	NNS
and	CC
worries	NNS
which	WDT
many	JJ
test	NN
anxious	JJ
people	NNS
have	VBP
.	.
Check	VB
those	DT
which	WDT
you	PRP
can	MD
identify	VB
with	IN
most	JJS
.	.
Feel	NNP
free	JJ
to	TO
add	VB
statements	NNS
which	WDT
more	RBR
accurately	RB
reflect	VB
what	WP
usually	RB
goes	VBZ
on	IN
in	IN
your	PRP$
head	NN
.	.
Make	NNP
your	PRP$
goals	NNS
challenging	VBG
but	CC
attainable	JJ
.	.
Good	JJ
goals	NNS
are	VBP
neither	RB
too	RB
easy	JJ
nor	CC
impossible	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
should	MD
cause	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
stretch	VB
and	CC
grow	VB
.	.
A	DT
challenging	JJ
,	,
attainable	JJ
goal	NN
will	MD
hold	VB
your	PRP$
interest	NN
and	CC
keep	VB
you	PRP
motivated	VBN
.	.
Frequently	RB
revise	VB
and	CC
update	VB
your	PRP$
goals	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
growing	VBG
person	NN
your	PRP$
needs	NNS
will	MD
change	VB
over	IN
time	NN
,	,
and	CC
this	DT
means	VBZ
goals	NNS
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
modified	VBN
,	,
discarded	VBN
and	CC
added	VBN
from	IN
time	NN
to	TO
time	NN
.	.
Plan	NNP
flexibly	RB
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
think	VB
of	IN
your	PRP$
goals	NNS
as	IN
carved	VBN
in	IN
stone	NN
.	.
William	NNP
Knaus	NNP
,	,
a	DT
psychologist	NN
,	,
estimated	VBD
that	IN
90	CD
%	NN
of	IN
college	NN
students	NNS
procrastinate	VBP
.	.
Of	IN
these	DT
students	NNS
,	,
25	CD
%	NN
are	VBP
chronic	JJ
procrastinators	NNS
and	CC
they	PRP
are	VBP
usually	RB
the	DT
ones	NNS
who	WP
end	VBP
up	RP
dropping	VBG
out	IN
of	IN
college	NN
.	.
Procrastination	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
avoidance	NN
of	IN
doing	VBG
a	DT
task	NN
which	WDT
needs	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
accomplished	VBN
.	.
This	DT
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
feelings	NNS
of	IN
guilt	NN
,	,
inadequacy	NN
,	,
depression	NN
and	CC
self-doubt	NN
among	IN
students	NNS
.	.
Procrastination	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
high	JJ
potential	NN
for	IN
painful	JJ
consequences	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
interferes	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
academic	JJ
and	CC
personal	JJ
success	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
.	.
Poor	NNP
Time	NNP
Management	NNP
.	.
Procrastination	NN
means	VBZ
not	RB
managing	VBG
time	NN
wisely	RB
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
uncertain	JJ
of	IN
your	PRP$
priorities	NNS
,	,
goals	NNS
and	CC
objectives	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
overwhelmed	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
task	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
you	PRP
keep	VBP
putting	VBG
off	RP
your	PRP$
academic	JJ
assignments	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
later	JJ
date	NN
,	,
or	CC
spending	VBG
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
time	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
friends	NNS
and	CC
social	JJ
activities	NNS
,	,
or	CC
worrying	VBG
about	IN
your	PRP$
upcoming	JJ
examination	NN
,	,
class	NN
project	NN
and	CC
papers	NNS
rather	RB
than	IN
completing	VBG
them	PRP
.	.
Difficulty	NN
Concentrating	VBG
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
sit	VBP
at	IN
your	PRP$
desk	NN
you	PRP
find	VBP
yourself	PRP
daydreaming	JJ
,	,
staring	VBG
into	IN
space	NN
,	,
looking	VBG
at	IN
pictures	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
boyfriend\/girlfriend	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
,	,
instead	RB
of	IN
doing	VBG
the	DT
task	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
environment	NN
is	VBZ
distracting	VBG
and	CC
noisy	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
keep	VBP
running	VBG
back	RB
and	CC
forth	RB
for	IN
equipment	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
pencils	NNS
,	,
erasers	NNS
,	,
dictionary	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
Your	PRP$
desk	NN
is	VBZ
cluttered	VBN
and	CC
unorganized	JJ
and	CC
sometimes	RB
you	PRP
sit\/lay	VBP
on	IN
your	PRP$
bed	NN
to	TO
study	VB
or	CC
do	VB
your	PRP$
assignments	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
probably	RB
notice	VBP
that	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
examples	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
just	RB
read	VB
promote	VB
time	NN
wasting	VBG
and	CC
frustration	NN
.	.
Fear	NN
and	CC
Anxiety	NN
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
overwhelmed	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
task	NN
and	CC
afraid	JJ
of	IN
getting	VBG
a	DT
failing	VBG
grade	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
you	PRP
spend	VBP
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
time	NN
worrying	VBG
about	IN
your	PRP$
upcoming	JJ
exams	NNS
,	,
papers	NNS
and	CC
projects	NNS
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
completing	VBG
them	PRP
.	.
Unrealistic	JJ
Expectations	NNS
and	CC
Perfectionism	NNP
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
believe	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
MUST	VBP
read	VBD
everything	NN
ever	RB
written	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
subject	JJ
before	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
begin	VB
to	TO
write	VB
your	PRP$
paper	NN
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
think	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
n't	RB
done	VBN
the	DT
best	JJS
you	PRP
possibly	RB
could	MD
do	VB
,	,
so	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
good	JJ
enough	RB
to	TO
hand	NN
in	IN
.	.
Fear	NN
of	IN
Failure	NN
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
think	VB
that	IN
if	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
get	VB
an	DT
`	``
A	DT
'	''
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
failure	NN
.	.
Or	CC
that	IN
if	IN
you	PRP
fail	VBP
an	DT
exam	NN
,	,
you	PRP
,	,
as	IN
a	DT
person	NN
,	,
are	VBP
a	DT
failure	NN
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
perfectly	RB
ok	JJ
person	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
failed	VBN
an	DT
exam	NN
.	.
Study	NNP
in	IN
small	JJ
blocks	NNS
instead	RB
of	IN
long	JJ
time	NN
periods	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
accomplish	VB
more	RBR
if	IN
you	PRP
study\/work	VBP
in	IN
60	CD
minute	NN
blocks	NNS
and	CC
take	VB
frequent	JJ
10	CD
minute	NN
breaks	NNS
in	IN
between	IN
,	,
than	IN
if	IN
you	PRP
study\/work	VBP
for	IN
2-3	CD
hours	NNS
straight	RB
,	,
with	IN
no	DT
breaks	NNS
.	.
Reward	VB
yourself	PRP
after	IN
you	PRP
complete	VB
a	DT
task	NN
.	.
Modify	VB
your	PRP$
environment	NN
:	:
Eliminate	VB
or	CC
minimize	VB
noise	NN
\/	NN
distraction	NN
.	.
Ensure	VB
adequate	JJ
lighting	NN
.	.
Have	NNP
necessary	JJ
equipment	NN
at	IN
hand	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
waste	VB
time	NN
going	VBG
back	RB
and	CC
forth	RB
to	TO
get	VB
things	NNS
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
get	VB
too	RB
comfortable	JJ
when	WRB
studying	VBG
.	.
A	DT
desk	NN
and	CC
straight-backed	JJ
chair	NN
is	VBZ
usually	RB
best	JJS
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
bed	NN
is	VBZ
no	DT
place	NN
to	TO
study	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Be	VB
neat	JJ
!	.
Take	VB
a	DT
few	JJ
minutes	NNS
to	TO
straighten	VB
your	PRP$
desk	NN
.	.
This	DT
can	MD
help	VB
to	TO
reduce	VB
day-dreaming	NN
.	.
Going	VBG
through	IN
life	NN
as	IN
a	DT
perfectionist	NN
will	MD
always	RB
damage	VB
your	PRP$
self-esteem	NN
and	CC
strip	NN
you	PRP
of	IN
any	DT
warm	JJ
feelings	NNS
of	IN
self	NN
-	:
acceptance	NN
you	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
for	IN
yourself	PRP
.	.
That	DT
's	VBZ
because	IN
the	DT
impossibly	RB
high	JJ
demands	NNS
you	PRP
make	VBP
of	IN
yourself	PRP
--	:
and	CC
the	DT
unrealistic	JJ
expectations	NNS
you	PRP
place	VBP
on	IN
others	NNS
--	:
will	MD
invite	VB
only	RB
disappointment	NN
,	,
self-repudiation	NN
,	,
and	CC
widespread	JJ
unhappiness	NN
.	.
Living	VBG
your	PRP$
life	NN
as	IN
a	DT
perfectionist	NN
will	MD
also	RB
set	VB
you	PRP
up	RP
for	IN
continuous	JJ
rejection	NN
and	CC
self-putdowns	NNS
--	:
and	CC
deny	VB
you	PRP
peace	NN
of	IN
mind	NN
--	:
because	IN
demanding	VBG
perfection	NN
usually	RB
results	VBZ
in	IN
failure	NN
.	.
And	CC
even	RB
if	IN
you	PRP
achieve	VBP
an	DT
exceptional	JJ
result	NN
,	,
chances	NNS
are	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
'll	MD
still	RB
be	VB
unhappy	JJ
,	,
as	IN
you	PRP
'll	MD
find	VB
additional	JJ
reasons	NNS
for	IN
not	RB
being	VBG
good	JJ
enough	RB
.	.
That	DT
's	VBZ
the	DT
destructive	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
perfectionism	NN
and	CC
that	DT
's	VBZ
why	WRB
it	PRP
destroys	VBZ
self-esteem	NN
.	.
Nothing	NN
is	VBZ
ever	RB
good	JJ
enough	RB
.	.
Remember	VB
,	,
being	VBG
a	DT
perfectionist	NN
may	MD
paralyze	VB
your	PRP$
future	JJ
chances	NNS
of	IN
success	NN
--	:
in	IN
either	DT
your	PRP$
personal	JJ
or	CC
your	PRP$
professional	JJ
life	NN
--	:
because	IN
you	PRP
'll	MD
eventually	RB
fear	VB
taking	VBG
any	DT
new	JJ
actions	NNS
that	WDT
might	MD
produce	VB
an	DT
imperfect	JJ
result	NN
.	.
Preventing	VBG
perfectionism	NN
begins	VBZ
by	IN
saying	VBG
no	DT
to	TO
unreasonably	RB
high	JJ
demands	NNS
that	WDT
produce	VBP
only	RB
failure	NN
and	CC
self-contempt	NN
.	.
The	DT
new	JJ
way	NN
of	IN
thinking	VBG
requires	VBZ
you	PRP
to	TO
choose	VB
goals	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
easier	JJR
to	TO
achieve	VB
and	CC
are	VBP
within	IN
the	DT
realm	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
possibilities	NNS
.	.
Moderate	JJ
your	PRP$
expectations	NNS
--	:
and	CC
stop	VB
focusing	VBG
on	IN
faults	NNS
and	CC
flaws	NNS
--	:
and	CC
then	RB
watch	VB
your	PRP$
performance	NN
and	CC
self-esteem	NN
soar	VB
.	.
Briefly	RB
describe	VBP
one	CD
situation	NN
or	CC
part	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
be	VB
less	JJR
perfectionistic	JJ
.	.
What	WP
are	VBP
some	DT
specific	JJ
ways	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
could	MD
moderate	VB
your	PRP$
goals	NNS
in	IN
that	DT
particular	JJ
situation\/area	NN
?	.
What	WP
consequences	NNS
might	MD
follow	VB
from	IN
such	JJ
changes	NNS
?	.
Failure	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
teacher	NN
and	CC
can	MD
be	VB
the	DT
source	NN
of	IN
much	JJ
personal	JJ
growth	NN
.	.
Experiencing	VBG
failure	NN
--	:
and	CC
learning	VBG
to	TO
judge	VB
your	PRP$
own	JJ
capabilities	NNS
--	:
demonstrates	VBZ
that	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
strength	NN
to	TO
accept	VB
life	NN
's	POS
challenges	NNS
.	.
Never	RB
condemn	VB
yourself	PRP
for	IN
not	RB
succeeding	VBG
.	.
That	DT
's	VBZ
being	VBG
unfair	JJ
to	TO
yourself	PRP
.	.
See	VB
failure	NN
for	IN
what	WP
it	PRP
really	RB
is	VBZ
:	:
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
discover	VB
that	IN
future	JJ
success	NN
lies	VBZ
in	IN
another	DT
strategy	NN
or	CC
direction	NN
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
achieve	VB
your	PRP$
next	JJ
goal	NN
if	IN
you	PRP
learn	VBP
from	IN
your	PRP$
past	JJ
mistakes	NNS
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
section	NN
,	,
describe	VBP
how	WRB
and	CC
what	WP
you	PRP
have	VBP
learned	VBN
from	IN
some	DT
past	JJ
``	``
failures	NNS
''	''
.	.
Self-confidence	NN
is	VBZ
characterized	VBN
by	IN
:	:
assertiveness	NN
,	,
optimism	NN
,	,
eagerness	NN
,	,
affection	NN
,	,
pride	NN
,	,
independence	NN
,	,
trust	NN
,	,
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
handle	VB
criticism	NN
,	,
emotional	JJ
maturity	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
accurately	RB
assess	VB
our	PRP$
capabilities	NNS
.	.
Self-confidence	NN
primarily	RB
refers	VBZ
to	TO
us	PRP
having	VBG
a	DT
positive	JJ
and	CC
realistic	JJ
perception	NN
of	IN
ourselves	PRP
and	CC
our	PRP$
abilities	NNS
.	.
A	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
self-confidence	NN
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
characterized	VBN
by	IN
:	:
self	NN
-	:
doubt	NN
,	,
passivity	NN
,	,
submissiveness	NN
,	,
over-conformity	NN
,	,
isolation	NN
,	,
sensitivity	NN
to	TO
criticism	NN
,	,
distrust	NN
,	,
depression	NN
,	,
and	CC
feelings	NNS
of	IN
inferiority	NN
and	CC
being	VBG
unloved	JJ
.	.
Experience	NN
:	:
We	PRP
often	RB
develop	VBP
feelings	NNS
of	IN
inferiority	NN
and	CC
hopelessness	NN
through	IN
various	JJ
negative	JJ
life	NN
experiences	NNS
at	IN
home	NN
,	,
school	NN
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
job	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
when	WRB
you	PRP
were	VBD
growing	VBG
up	RP
your	PRP$
parents	NNS
might	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
unable	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
healthy	JJ
and	CC
supportive	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
They	PRP
were	VBD
critical	JJ
,	,
demanding	VBG
and\/or	CC
overprotective	NN
of	IN
you	PRP
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
you	PRP
develop	VBP
negative	JJ
perceptions	NNS
of	IN
yourself	PRP
.	.
Loss	NN
of	IN
a	DT
family	NN
member	NN
or	CC
close	JJ
friend	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
:	:
your	PRP$
parent	NN
's	POS
divorce	NN
,	,
moving	VBG
away	RB
from	IN
home	NN
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
you	PRP
are	VBP
away	RB
from	IN
your	PRP$
friends	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
breaking	VBG
up	RP
with	IN
your	PRP$
boyfriend\/girlfriend	NN
.	.
Experiencing	VBG
too	RB
much	JJ
pressure	NN
from	IN
your	PRP$
parents	NNS
and\/or	CC
peers	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
demands	NNS
and	CC
expectations	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
set	VBP
out	RP
for	IN
you	PRP
deprives	VBZ
you	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
your	PRP$
own	JJ
identity	NN
,	,
independence	NN
and	CC
autonomy	NN
.	.
Set	NNP
goals	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
realistic	JJ
and	CC
will	MD
meet	VB
your	PRP$
expectations	NNS
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
set	VB
your	PRP$
goals	NNS
at	IN
reasonable	JJ
level	NN
so	IN
that	IN
what	WP
you	PRP
accomplish	VBP
is	VBZ
equal\/almost	JJ
equal	JJ
to	TO
what	WP
you	PRP
set	VBP
out	RP
to	TO
accomplish	VB
.	.
This	DT
can	MD
boost	VB
your	PRP$
self	NN
-	:
confidence	NN
and	CC
self-satisfaction	NN
.	.
Learn	VB
to	TO
be	VB
assertive	JJ
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
,	,
learn	VBP
to	TO
express	VB
your	PRP$
feelings	NNS
,	,
opinions	NNS
,	,
beliefs	NNS
and	CC
needs	VBZ
directly	RB
,	,
openly	RB
and	CC
honestly	RB
,	,
while	IN
not	RB
violating	VBG
the	DT
rights	NNS
of	IN
others	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
learn	VBP
to	TO
stand	VB
up	RP
for	IN
your	PRP$
rights	NNS
and	CC
say	VBP
``	``
no	DT
''	''
to	TO
unreasonable	JJ
requests	NNS
.	.
Make	VB
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
what	WP
you	PRP
feel	VBP
are	VBP
the	DT
major	JJ
problems	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
Then	RB
list	NN
ways	NNS
to	TO
improve	VB
or	CC
change	VB
them	PRP
.	.
Chances	NNS
are	VBP
that	IN
not	RB
all	DT
of	IN
your	PRP$
problems	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
dealt	VBN
with	IN
easily	RB
or	CC
quickly	RB
.	.
However	RB
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
some	DT
areas	NNS
where	WRB
you	PRP
can	MD
take	VB
immediate	JJ
action	NN
.	.
Thomas	NNP
J.	NNP
Edwards	NNP
Learning	NNP
Center	NNP
-	:
Designed	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
students	NNS
``	``
develop	VB
their	PRP$
learning	VBG
methods	NNS
through	IN
credit-bearing	JJ
courses	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
writing	VBG
,	,
and	CC
mathematics	NNS
.	.
''	''
Free	NNP
tutoring	NN
available	JJ
in	IN
math	NN
,	,
writing	VBG
,	,
and	CC
some	DT
content	JJ
areas	NNS
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
greatest	JJS
joys	NNS
of	IN
college	NN
life	NN
are	VBP
the	DT
friendships	NNS
and	CC
romances	NNS
made	VBN
--	:
and	CC
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
greatest	JJS
tragedies	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
see	VB
these	DT
ties	NNS
broken	VBN
.	.
Learning	NNP
to	TO
relate	VB
to	TO
people	NNS
outside	IN
the	DT
family	NN
circle	NN
is	VBZ
never	RB
easy	JJ
at	IN
first	RB
,	,
but	CC
do	VBP
n't	RB
worry	VB
--	:
at	IN
a	DT
university	NN
of	IN
this	DT
size	NN
,	,
you	PRP
'll	MD
get	VB
plenty	NN
of	IN
practice	NN
.	.
Making	VBG
friends	NNS
is	VBZ
a	DT
vital	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
life	NN
at	IN
UB	NNP
,	,
and	CC
your	PRP$
friends	NNS
can	MD
help	VB
to	TO
keep	VB
you	PRP
sane	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
worst	JJS
of	IN
times	NNS
.	.
The	DT
best	JJS
place	NN
for	IN
most	JJS
first-year	JJ
students	NNS
to	TO
start	VB
is	VBZ
with	IN
roommates	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
good	JJ
idea	NN
to	TO
be	VB
on	IN
good	JJ
terms	NNS
with	IN
your	PRP$
roommates	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
very	JJ
start	NN
,	,
as	IN
dorms	NNS
are	VBP
very	RB
small	JJ
places	NNS
.	.
For	IN
commuter	NN
students	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
go	VB
beyond	IN
the	DT
circle	NN
of	IN
friends	NNS
from	IN
home	NN
--	:
try	VB
meeting	NN
people	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
classes	NNS
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
cafeteria	NN
,	,
standing	VBG
in	IN
line	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
spaces	NNS
.	.
All	DT
relationships	NNS
--	:
friend	NN
,	,
roommate	NN
,	,
or	CC
lover	NN
--	:
take	VB
time	NN
and	CC
energy	NN
to	TO
make	VB
them	PRP
work	VB
.	.
Many	JJ
times	NNS
,	,
stresses	VBZ
and	CC
disagreements	VBZ
can	MD
turn	VB
friendships	NNS
and\/or	CC
living	VBG
arrangements	NNS
into	IN
battlefields	NNS
,	,
but	CC
with	IN
some	DT
effort	NN
on	IN
the	DT
part	NN
of	IN
each	DT
person	NN
involved	VBN
,	,
understandings	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
reached	VBN
.	.
What	WP
follows	VBZ
are	VBP
a	DT
few	JJ
suggestions	NNS
on	IN
making	VBG
relationships	NNS
work	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
very	RB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
know	VB
when	WRB
to	TO
say	VB
something	NN
is	VBZ
bothering	VBG
us	PRP
and	CC
when	WRB
not	RB
to	TO
say	VB
anything	NN
,	,
to	TO
``	``
just	RB
let	VB
it	PRP
slide	NN
.	.
''	''
Nobody	NN
wants	VBZ
to	TO
feel	VB
like	IN
the	DT
``	``
bad	JJ
guy	NN
,	,
''	''
--	:
as	IN
if	IN
we	PRP
are	VBP
infringing	VBG
upon	IN
other	JJ
people	NNS
's	POS
rights	NNS
by	IN
asking	VBG
them	PRP
not	RB
to	TO
take	VB
advantage	NN
of	IN
us	PRP
.	.
Instead	RB
be	VB
proactive	JJ
.	.
Tell	VB
the	DT
person	NN
involved	VBN
what	WP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
that	DT
is	VBZ
bothering	VBG
you	PRP
,	,
and	CC
explain	VB
why	WRB
.	.
Make	NNP
sure	RB
you	PRP
communicate	VBP
the	DT
reason	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
discontent	NN
;	:
otherwise	RB
the	DT
other	JJ
person	NN
wo	MD
n't	RB
know	VB
what	WP
's	VBZ
bugging	VBG
you	PRP
.	.
Always	RB
attack	NN
the	DT
problem	NN
and	CC
not	RB
the	DT
person	NN
.	.
We	PRP
all	RB
too	RB
often	RB
have	VBP
a	DT
tendency	NN
to	TO
say	VB
,	,
``	``
you	PRP
are	VBP
upsetting	VBG
me	PRP
''	''
,	,
which	WDT
attributes	VBZ
the	DT
fault	NN
directly	RB
to	TO
the	DT
person	NN
.	.
Instead	RB
we	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
saying	VBG
,	,
``	``
the	DT
dirty	JJ
dishes	NNS
are	VBP
upsetting	VBG
me	PRP
,	,
could	MD
you	PRP
please	VB
clean	JJ
them	PRP
?	.
''	''
This	DT
may	MD
be	VB
personification	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
tends	VBZ
to	TO
eliminate	VB
the	DT
attack	NN
on	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
defensive	JJ
reaction	NN
which	WDT
follows	VBZ
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
find	VBP
yourself	PRP
being	VBG
reactive	JJ
about	IN
a	DT
problem	NN
,	,
the	DT
next	JJ
time	NN
you	PRP
encounter	VBP
it	PRP
,	,
confront	VB
it	PRP
.	.
But	CC
confront	VB
that	DT
one	CD
specific	JJ
instance	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
not	RB
dredge	VB
up	RP
the	DT
past	NN
by	IN
bringing	VBG
up	RP
every	DT
example	NN
of	IN
``	``
leaving	VBG
the	DT
cap	NN
off	IN
the	DT
toothpaste	NN
,	,
''	''
at	IN
once	RB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
fair	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
individual	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
weeks	NNS
or	CC
months	NNS
of	IN
pent-up	JJ
frustration	NN
;	:
it	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
equally	RB
your	PRP$
fault	NN
for	IN
not	RB
confronting	VBG
the	DT
issue	NN
sooner	RBR
and	CC
preventing	VBG
it	PRP
from	IN
occurring	VBG
over	IN
and	CC
over	IN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
times	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
when	WRB
the	DT
problem	NN
is	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
person	NN
.	.
For	IN
some	DT
reason	NN
people	NNS
just	RB
may	MD
not	RB
get	VB
along	RP
with	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
,	,
because	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
raised	VBN
in	IN
different	JJ
environments	NNS
and	CC
have	VBP
nothing	NN
in	IN
common	JJ
,	,
or	CC
because	IN
they	PRP
just	RB
ca	MD
n't	RB
seem	VB
to	TO
see	VB
eye	NN
to	TO
eye	NN
on	IN
anything	NN
.	.
At	IN
times	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
these	DT
it	PRP
is	VBZ
often	RB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
impartial	JJ
or	CC
open-minded	JJ
enough	RB
to	TO
resolve	VB
differences	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
point	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
able	JJ
to	TO
live	VB
with	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
person	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
where	WRB
Resident	NNP
Advisers	NNP
or	CC
others	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
an	DT
invaluable	JJ
asset	NN
.	.
Another	DT
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
big	JJ
``	``
firsts	NNS
''	''
most	JJS
of	IN
us	PRP
encounter	VB
in	IN
college	NN
is	VBZ
unrestricted	JJ
physical	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
our	PRP$
boyfriend	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
girlfriend	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
With	IN
no	DT
parents	NNS
,	,
no	DT
curfew	NN
,	,
and	CC
our	PRP$
own	JJ
rooms	NNS
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
temptation	NN
and	CC
pressure	NN
to	TO
rush	VB
into	IN
things	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
we	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
ready	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
in	IN
these	DT
situations	NNS
,	,
when	WRB
we	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
simultaneously	RB
self-centered	JJ
in	IN
deciding	VBG
what	WP
is	VBZ
right	RB
for	IN
us	PRP
and	CC
altruistic	JJ
in	IN
caring	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
person	NN
's	POS
worries	NNS
,	,
needs	VBZ
,	,
and	CC
desires	NNS
,	,
that	IN
problems	NNS
most	RBS
often	RB
arise	VB
.	.
Finding	VBG
the	DT
person	NN
who	WP
fills	VBZ
you	PRP
with	IN
joy	NN
and	CC
who	WP
seems	VBZ
at	IN
the	DT
moment	NN
to	TO
make	VB
your	PRP$
life	NN
more	RBR
complete	JJ
is	VBZ
a	DT
wonderful	JJ
thing	NN
.	.
When	WRB
dealing	VBG
with	IN
relationships	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
sorts	NNS
it	PRP
is	VBZ
often	RB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
know	VB
what	WP
is	VBZ
right	JJ
and	CC
wrong	JJ
.	.
But	CC
by	IN
being	VBG
proactive	JJ
and	CC
honest	JJ
with	IN
others	NNS
it	PRP
's	VBZ
possible	JJ
to	TO
learn	VB
about	IN
yourself	PRP
while	IN
making	VBG
your	PRP$
interactions	NNS
with	IN
others	NNS
easier	JJR
and	CC
happier	JJR
.	.
Once	RB
you	PRP
're	VBP
with	IN
people	NNS
,	,
initiate	VBP
a	DT
conversation	NN
by	IN
:	:
asking	VBG
a	DT
question	NN
,	,
commenting	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
situation	NN
,	,
asking	VBG
for	IN
or	CC
offering	VBG
an	DT
opinion	NN
,	,
expressing	VBG
some	DT
interest	NN
,	,
showing	VBG
some	DT
concern	NN
,	,
or	CC
offering	NN
or	CC
requesting	VBG
help	NN
.	.
Once	RB
you	PRP
've	VBP
engaged	VBN
someone	NN
in	IN
conversation	NN
,	,
let	VB
him	PRP
or	CC
her	PRP$
know	VBP
you	PRP
're	VBP
listening	VBG
and	CC
interested	JJ
.	.
Make	NNP
eye	NN
contact	NN
,	,
adopt	VB
an	DT
open	JJ
posture	NN
,	,
reflect	VBP
the	DT
feelings	NNS
you	PRP
hear	VBP
,	,
paraphrase	VBP
what	WP
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
saying	VBG
,	,
and	CC
ask	VB
for	IN
clarification	NN
if	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
understand	VB
.	.
One	CD
thing	NN
that	WDT
's	VBZ
difficult	JJ
for	IN
me	PRP
in	IN
relationships	NNS
is	VBZ
``	``
hanging	VBG
on	IN
to	TO
myself	PRP
.	.
''	''
It	PRP
seems	VBZ
that	IN
once	RB
I	PRP
get	VBP
close	RB
to	TO
someone	NN
--	:
roommate	NN
,	,
friend	NN
,	,
or	CC
lover	NN
--	:
I	PRP
give	VBP
in	IN
and	CC
accommodate	VB
so	RB
much	JJ
that	IN
there	EX
's	VBZ
nothing	NN
left	NN
of	IN
me	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
normal	JJ
for	IN
relationship	NN
partners	NNS
to	TO
have	VB
different	JJ
needs	NNS
in	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
few	JJ
areas	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
:	:
spending	NN
time	NN
with	IN
others	NNS
vs.	IN
spending	NN
time	NN
with	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
,	,
wanting	VBG
``	``
quality	NN
time	NN
''	''
together	RB
vs.	FW
needing	VBG
time	NN
to	TO
be	VB
alone	RB
,	,
going	VBG
out	RP
dancing	VBG
vs.	FW
going	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
ballgame	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
Differing	VBG
needs	NNS
do	VBP
n't	RB
mean	VB
your	PRP$
relationship	NN
is	VBZ
coming	VBG
apart	RB
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
communicate	VB
about	IN
them	PRP
to	TO
avoid	VB
misunderstandings	NNS
.	.
Tell	VB
your	PRP$
partner	NN
directly	RB
what	WP
you	PRP
want	VBP
or	CC
need	VBP
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
I	PRP
would	MD
really	RB
like	VB
to	TO
spend	VB
time	NN
alone	RB
with	IN
you	PRP
tonight	RB
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
expecting	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
know	VB
already	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
If	IN
you	PRP
really	RB
cared	VBD
for	IN
me	PRP
,	,
you	PRP
would	MD
know	VB
what	WP
I	PRP
want	VBP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
First	NNP
of	IN
all	DT
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
feelings	NNS
:	:
how	WRB
you	PRP
feel	VBP
about	IN
your	PRP$
partner	NN
,	,
how	WRB
comfortable	JJ
you	PRP
feel	VBP
in	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
presence	NN
,	,
what	WP
does	VBZ
and	CC
does	VBZ
n't	RB
feel	VB
comfortable	JJ
or	CC
desirable	JJ
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
physical	JJ
closeness	NN
or	CC
sexual	JJ
contact	NN
.	.
Communicate	VB
clearly	RB
to	TO
your	PRP$
partner\/date	NN
what	WP
your	PRP$
limits	NNS
are	VBP
.	.
Be	VB
prepared	JJ
to	TO
defend	VB
your	PRP$
limits	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
mean	VBP
No	UH
,	,
then	RB
say	VBP
``	``
No	UH
,	,
''	''
and	CC
do	VBP
n't	RB
give	VB
mixed	JJ
messages	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
be	VB
respected	VBN
and	CC
you	PRP
are	VBP
NOT	NNP
responsible	JJ
for	IN
your	PRP$
partner\/date	NN
's	POS
feelings	NNS
or	CC
reactions	NNS
.	.
Both	DT
partners	NNS
have	VBP
a	DT
responsibility	NN
in	IN
preventing	VBG
unwanted	JJ
sexual	JJ
contact	NN
.	.
Men	NN
must	MD
recognize	VB
that	IN
no	DT
means	VBZ
no	DT
,	,
regardless	RB
when	WRB
she	PRP
says	VBZ
it	PRP
,	,
and	CC
regardless	RB
whether	IN
you	PRP
think	VBP
she	PRP
is	VBZ
saying	VBG
``	``
yes	UH
''	''
nonverbally	RB
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
person	NN
says	VBZ
``	``
no	DT
''	''
and	CC
is	VBZ
still	RB
coerced	VBN
or	CC
forced	VBN
into	IN
having	VBG
sex	NN
,	,
then	RB
a	DT
rape	NN
has	VBZ
occurred	VBN
.	.
Partners	NNS
in	IN
same-sex	JJ
relationships	NNS
must	MD
deal	VB
with	IN
the	DT
stress	NN
of	IN
homophobia	NN
,	,
society	NN
's	POS
widespread	JJ
fear	NN
and	CC
condemnation	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
.	.
Feeling	VBG
unable	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
open	JJ
about	IN
one	CD
's	POS
relationship	NN
with	IN
friends	NNS
,	,
colleagues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
family	NN
can	MD
leave	VB
the	DT
same-sex	JJ
couple	NN
isolated	VBN
and	CC
deprived	VBN
of	IN
a	DT
support	NN
network	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
homophobia	NN
can	MD
affect	VB
non-romantic	JJ
same-sex	JJ
relationships	NNS
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
two	CD
female	JJ
friends	NNS
,	,
two	CD
brothers	NNS
,	,
or	CC
even	RB
fathers	NNS
and	CC
sons	NNS
,	,
may	MD
feel	VB
reluctant	JJ
to	TO
express	VB
their	PRP$
affection	NN
and	CC
caring	VBG
for	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
for	IN
fear	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
thought	VBN
gay	JJ
.	.
Many	JJ
gays	NNS
and	CC
lesbians	NNS
do	VBP
stay	VB
hidden	VBN
for	IN
much	JJ
or	CC
all	DT
of	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
,	,
and	CC
given	VBN
the	DT
prevalence	NN
of	IN
homophobia	NN
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
easy	JJ
to	TO
see	VB
why	WRB
.	.
But	CC
other	JJ
same-sex	JJ
oriented	JJ
people	NNS
,	,
on	IN
this	DT
campus	NN
and	CC
all	DT
over	IN
the	DT
world	NN
,	,
have	VBP
made	VBN
the	DT
decision	NN
to	TO
be	VB
themselves	PRP
boldly	RB
and	CC
openly	RB
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
belief	NN
that	IN
that	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
best	JJS
way	NN
to	TO
counteract	VB
stereotypes	NNS
and	CC
discrimination	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
friend	NN
may	MD
not	RB
have	VB
felt	VBN
certain	JJ
of	IN
his	PRP$
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
when	WRB
he	PRP
first	RB
met	VBD
you	PRP
,	,
or	CC
he	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
just	RB
decided	VBN
to	TO
do	VB
you	PRP
the	DT
honor	NN
of	IN
trusting	VBG
you	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
``	``
coming	VBG
out	RB
,	,
''	''
or	CC
his	PRP$
process	NN
of	IN
acknowledging	VBG
,	,
accepting	VBG
,	,
and	CC
disclosing	VBG
his	PRP$
gayness	NN
.	.
Ask	VB
him	PRP
about	IN
it	PRP
.	.
He	PRP
'll	MD
probably	RB
appreciate	VB
your	PRP$
sincere	JJ
interest	NN
.	.
For	IN
a	DT
long	JJ
time	NN
,	,
bisexuals	NNS
were	VBD
thought	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
confused	VBN
,	,
``	``
half-and-half	JJ
''	''
people	NNS
.	.
But	CC
there	EX
is	VBZ
growing	VBG
recognition	NN
that	IN
while	IN
some	DT
people	NNS
who	WP
think	VBP
of	IN
themselves	PRP
as	IN
bisexual	NN
may	MD
be	VB
in	IN
transition	NN
towards	IN
one	CD
orientation	NN
or	CC
the	DT
other	JJ
,	,
many	JJ
genuinely	RB
feel	VB
strong	JJ
attraction	NN
towards	IN
people	NNS
of	IN
both	DT
genders	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
're	VBP
not	RB
so	RB
much	JJ
``	``
half	NN
''	''
as	IN
``	``
both	DT
''	''
Recognize	VB
that	DT
guilt	NN
,	,
self-blame	NN
,	,
and	CC
bargaining	NN
are	VBP
our	PRP$
defenses	NNS
against	IN
feeling	VBG
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
,	,
feeling	VBG
unable	JJ
to	TO
stop	VB
the	DT
other	JJ
person	NN
from	IN
leaving	VBG
us	PRP
.	.
But	CC
there	EX
are	VBP
some	DT
endings	NNS
we	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
control	VB
because	IN
we	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
control	VB
another	DT
person	NN
's	POS
behavior	NN
.	.
I	PRP
seem	VBP
to	TO
get	VB
into	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
pattern	NN
in	IN
all	DT
my	PRP$
relationships	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
get	VBP
afraid	JJ
of	IN
losing	VBG
my	PRP$
partner	NN
;	:
then	RB
we	PRP
get	VBP
into	IN
a	DT
big	JJ
argument	NN
and	CC
break	VB
up	RP
in	IN
anger	NN
.	.
Sometimes	RB
I	PRP
even	RB
think	VBP
I	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
picked	VBN
a	DT
fight	NN
just	RB
because	IN
I	PRP
'm	VBP
scared	JJ
to	TO
keep	VB
the	DT
relationship	NN
going	VBG
.	.
Does	VBZ
this	DT
make	VB
any	DT
sense	NN
?	.
Yes	UH
,	,
it	PRP
makes	VBZ
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
sense	NN
,	,
and	CC
congratulations	NNS
on	IN
recognizing	VBG
a	DT
pattern	NN
.	.
That	DT
's	VBZ
the	DT
first	JJ
step	NN
towards	IN
change	NN
.	.
People	NNS
get	VBP
into	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
painful	JJ
or	CC
``	``
dysfunctional	JJ
''	''
patterns	NNS
in	IN
relationships	NNS
.	.
Often	RB
,	,
those	DT
patterns	NNS
are	VBP
based	VBN
on	IN
old	JJ
fears	NNS
and	CC
``	``
unfinished	JJ
business	NN
''	''
from	IN
childhood	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
feel	VBP
``	``
stuck	VBD
''	''
in	IN
a	DT
pattern	NN
and	CC
unable	JJ
to	TO
change	VB
it	PRP
,	,
talking	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
professional	JJ
counselor	NN
may	MD
help	VB
.	.
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
offers	VBZ
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
currently	RB
enrolled	VBN
students	NNS
.	.
All	DT
services	NNS
are	VBP
free	JJ
,	,
voluntary	JJ
,	,
and	CC
confidential	JJ
.	.
Call	VB
645-2720	CD
or	CC
drop	VB
by	IN
120	CD
Richmond	NNP
Quad	NN
to	TO
schedule	VB
an	DT
initial	JJ
appointment	NN
.	.
Does	NNP
being	VBG
``	``
different	JJ
''	''
sound	NN
like	IN
a	DT
positive	JJ
or	CC
a	DT
negative	JJ
experience	NN
to	TO
you	PRP
?	.
For	IN
gays	NNS
and	CC
lesbians	NNS
,	,
daily	JJ
living	NN
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
frustrating	JJ
and	CC
painful	JJ
experience	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
society	NN
.	.
Because	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
different	JJ
in	IN
their	PRP$
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
,	,
gays	NNS
and	CC
lesbians	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
oppressed	VBN
.	.
They	PRP
suffer	VBP
social	JJ
,	,
religious	JJ
,	,
economic	JJ
,	,
political	JJ
and	CC
legal	JJ
discrimination	NN
.	.
Much	JJ
of	IN
this	DT
discrimination	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
myths	NNS
people	NNS
believe	VBP
about	IN
gays	NNS
and	CC
lesbians	NNS
.	.
For	IN
gays	NNS
and	CC
lesbians	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
treated	VBN
equally	RB
in	IN
our	PRP$
society	NN
,	,
we	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
dispel	VB
these	DT
myths	NNS
.	.
What	WP
is	VBZ
most	RBS
needed	VBN
is	VBZ
the	DT
elimination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
irrational	JJ
fear	NN
and	CC
hatred	NN
some	DT
people	NNS
have	VBP
for	IN
intimate	JJ
,	,
same-sex	JJ
relationships	NNS
.	.
This	DT
irrational	JJ
fear	NN
and	CC
hatred	NN
is	VBZ
called	VBN
homophobia	NN
.	.
Fact	NN
:	:
A	DT
gay	JJ
man	NN
or	CC
lesbian	JJ
is	VBZ
someone	NN
whose	WP$
primary	JJ
sexual	JJ
and	CC
affectional	JJ
preference	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
own	JJ
sex	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
different	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
statistical	JJ
norm	NN
,	,
but	CC
difference	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
equal	JJ
deviance	NN
.	.
If	IN
it	PRP
did	VBD
,	,
blue-eyed	JJ
people	NNS
and	CC
left-handed	JJ
people	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
also	RB
in	IN
the	DT
statistical	JJ
minority	NN
would	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
deviant	JJ
.	.
Male	JJ
homosexuals	NNS
generally	RB
prefer	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
called	VBN
``	``
gays	NNS
,	,
''	''
while	IN
female	JJ
homosexuals	NNS
generally	RB
prefer	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
called	VBN
``	``
lesbians	NNS
,	,
''	''
although	IN
the	DT
term	NN
``	``
gay	JJ
''	''
is	VBZ
often	RB
acceptable	JJ
for	IN
both	DT
sexes	NNS
.	.
To	TO
be	VB
called	VBN
``	``
queer	NN
,	,
''	''
faggot	NN
''	''
or	CC
``	``
dyke	FW
''	''
is	VBZ
derogatory	JJ
and	CC
insulting	JJ
.	.
Fact	NN
:	:
Homosexuality	NNP
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
normal	JJ
in	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
world	NN
's	POS
cultures	NNS
.	.
In	IN
1973	CD
,	,
the	DT
American	JJ
Psychiatric	NNP
Association	NNP
removed	VBD
homosexuality	NN
from	IN
its	PRP$
list	NN
of	IN
mental	JJ
disorders	NNS
and	CC
declared	VBD
that	DT
homosexuality	NN
is	VBZ
as	IN
healthy	JJ
as	IN
heterosexuality	NN
.	.
Like	IN
anyone	NN
else	RB
,	,
however	RB
,	,
gays	NNS
and	CC
lesbians	NNS
can	MD
become	VB
maladjusted	VBN
when	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
treated	VBN
with	IN
hostility	NN
.	.
Fact	NN
:	:
Sexual	JJ
behavior	NN
and	CC
orientation	NN
exist	VBP
along	IN
a	DT
continuum	NN
that	WDT
ranges	VBZ
from	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
exclusively	RB
attracted	VBN
to	TO
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
sex	NN
,	,
to	TO
people	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
equally	RB
attracted	VBN
to	TO
members	NNS
of	IN
both	DT
sexes	NNS
,	,
to	TO
people	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
exclusively	RB
attracted	VBN
to	TO
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
opposite	JJ
sex	NN
.	.
All	DT
are	VBP
normal	JJ
.	.
Fact	NN
:	:
A	DT
generally	RB
accepted	VBN
statistic	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
approximately	RB
one	CD
in	IN
10	CD
persons	NNS
is	VBZ
gay	JJ
or	CC
lesbian	JJ
.	.
Gays	NNS
and	CC
lesbians	NNS
are	VBP
found	VBN
in	IN
all	DT
walks	VBZ
of	IN
life	NN
and	CC
in	IN
all	DT
professions	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
consider	VB
the	DT
following	VBG
professional	JJ
associations	NNS
:	:
the	DT
National	NNP
Lawyers	NNP
Guild	NNP
Gay	NNP
Caucus	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Association	NNP
of	IN
Gay	NNP
Psychologists	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Gay	NNP
Nurses	NNPS
Association	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Association	NNP
of	IN
Gay	NNP
Seminarians	NNPS
and	CC
Clergy	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Gay	NNP
Airline	NNP
Pilots	NNPS
Association	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Gay	NNP
Prize	NNP
Fighters	NNP
of	IN
America	NNP
Association	NNP
,	,
to	TO
name	VB
but	CC
a	DT
few	JJ
.	.
Fact	NN
:	:
Homosexuals	NNS
are	VBP
neither	RB
more	RBR
nor	CC
less	RBR
sexually	RB
promiscuous	JJ
than	IN
heterosexuals	NNS
.	.
Like	IN
heterosexuals	NNS
,	,
many	JJ
gays	NNS
and	CC
lesbians	NNS
are	VBP
involved	VBN
in	IN
monogamous	JJ
relationships	NNS
,	,
considering	VBG
themselves	PRP
partners	NNS
and	CC
committed	VBN
to	TO
each	DT
other	JJ
for	IN
life	NN
.	.
Some	DT
gays	NNS
and	CC
lesbians	NNS
may	MD
also	RB
choose	VB
to	TO
remain	VB
celibate	JJ
,	,
and	CC
others	NNS
may	MD
have	VB
multiple	JJ
partners	NNS
,	,
just	RB
as	IN
some	DT
heterosexuals	NNS
do	VBP
.	.
Fact	NN
:	:
Reasons	NNS
that	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
develops	VBZ
are	VBP
unknown	JJ
.	.
Current	JJ
research	NN
indicates	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
complex	JJ
matter	NN
that	WDT
involves	VBZ
both	DT
biological	JJ
and	CC
environmental	JJ
influences	NNS
.	.
Just	RB
as	IN
we	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
explain	VB
what	WP
makes	VBZ
some	DT
people	NNS
heterosexual	JJ
,	,
we	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
understand	VB
what	WP
makes	VBZ
other	JJ
people	NNS
gay	JJ
or	CC
lesbian	JJ
.	.
Fact	NN
:	:
Many	JJ
gays	NNS
and	CC
lesbians	NNS
have	VBP
dated	VBN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
opposite	JJ
sex	NN
but	CC
find	VB
it	PRP
more	RBR
fulfilling	VBG
to	TO
date	NN
members	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
sex	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
gays	NNS
and	CC
lesbians	NNS
have	VBP
no	DT
desire	NN
to	TO
change	VB
their	PRP$
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
.	.
Those	DT
who	WP
do	VBP
are	VBP
usually	RB
reacting	VBG
to	TO
negative	JJ
societal	JJ
attitudes	NNS
toward	IN
homosexuality	NN
.	.
Fact	NN
:	:
Being	VBG
gay	JJ
involves	VBZ
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
person	NN
's	POS
sexual	JJ
activity	NN
.	.
When	WRB
friends	NNS
``	``
come	VBP
out	RP
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
reveal	VB
their	PRP$
homosexuality	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
you	PRP
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
essentially	RB
inviting	VBG
you	PRP
to	TO
know	VB
them	PRP
as	IN
whole	JJ
people	NNS
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
gay	JJ
person	NN
chooses	VBZ
to	TO
come	VB
out	RP
to	TO
you	PRP
,	,
then	RB
that	IN
person	NN
has	VBZ
decided	VBN
to	TO
share	VB
part	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
identity	NN
with	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Such	JJ
a	DT
disclosure	NN
means	VBZ
only	RB
that	IN
this	DT
friend	NN
trusts	NNS
you	PRP
,	,
not	RB
that	IN
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
become	VB
sexually	RB
involved	VBN
with	IN
you	PRP
.	.
UBQueer	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
discussion	NN
forum	NN
and	CC
networking	NN
resource	NN
for	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
University	NNP
of	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
at	IN
Buffalo	NNP
queer	JJ
community	NN
which	WDT
encompasses	VBZ
gay	JJ
,	,
lesbian	JJ
,	,
bisexual	JJ
,	,
transsexual\/transgender	NN
,	,
and	CC
questioning	VBG
students	NNS
,	,
faculty	NN
,	,
and	CC
staff	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
adolescents	NNS
believe	VBP
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
escaping	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
emotional	JJ
and	CC
social	JJ
problems	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
alcoholic	JJ
parent	NN
by	IN
leaving	VBG
home	NN
and	CC
going	VBG
to	TO
college	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
they	PRP
eventually	RB
realize	VBP
that	IN
these	DT
problems	NNS
continue	VBP
to	TO
affect	VB
them	PRP
,	,
even	RB
as	IN
an	DT
adult	NN
.	.
These	DT
feelings	NNS
commonly	RB
follow	VBP
loss	NN
or	CC
disappointment	NN
and	CC
they	PRP
usually	RB
pass	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
hours	NNS
or	CC
days	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
depressive	JJ
feelings	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
persist	VB
and	CC
interfere	VB
with	IN
one	CD
's	POS
health	NN
and	CC
social	JJ
well-being	NN
,	,
then	RB
some	DT
sort	NN
of	IN
intervention	NN
or	CC
professional	JJ
help	NN
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
.	.
Depression	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
prolonged	JJ
and	CC
persistent	JJ
negative	JJ
mood	NN
which	WDT
can	MD
color	VB
and	CC
interfere	VB
with	IN
many	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
one	CD
's	POS
life	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
characterized	VBN
by	IN
feelings	NNS
of	IN
worthlessness	NN
,	,
excessive	JJ
guilt	NN
,	,
loneliness	NN
,	,
sadness	NN
,	,
hopelessness	NN
,	,
and	CC
self-doubt	NN
.	.
Suicidal	JJ
thoughts	NNS
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
present	JJ
.	.
Normal	JJ
everyday	JJ
depression	NN
can	MD
last	VB
for	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
minutes	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
few	JJ
days	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
've	VBP
all	DT
felt	VBD
these	DT
periods	NNS
of	IN
being	VBG
``	``
down	RB
''	''
or	CC
``	``
sad	JJ
.	.
''	''
These	DT
feelings	NNS
are	VBP
a	DT
normal	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
human	JJ
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
depression	NN
that	WDT
becomes	VBZ
intense	JJ
and	CC
lasts	VBZ
for	IN
extended	VBN
periods	NNS
of	IN
time	NN
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
dysfunctional	JJ
form	NN
of	IN
depression	NN
,	,
something	NN
beyond	IN
the	DT
``	``
everyday	JJ
sort	NN
.	.
''	''
This	DT
more	JJR
serious	JJ
type	NN
of	IN
depression	NN
can	MD
often	RB
be	VB
helped	VBN
by	IN
seeing	VBG
a	DT
mental	JJ
health	NN
specialist	NN
.	.
After	IN
accidents	NNS
and	CC
homicides	NNS
,	,
suicide	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
third	JJ
leading	VBG
cause	NN
of	IN
death	NN
among	IN
young	JJ
adults	NNS
ages	NNS
15-24	CD
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
prevented	VBN
.	.
Men	NNS
are	VBP
more	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
commit	VB
suicide	NN
than	IN
women	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
usually	RB
use	VBP
violent	JJ
means	NNS
to	TO
end	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
lives	NNS
.	.
Females	NNS
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
are	VBP
more	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
attempt	VB
suicide	NN
.	.
They	PRP
usually	RB
use	VBP
drugs	NNS
or	CC
poison	NN
to	TO
try	VB
and	CC
end	VB
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
should	MD
note	VB
that	IN
a	DT
suicide	NN
attempt	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
cry	NN
for	IN
help	NN
''	''
and	CC
a	DT
request	NN
for	IN
social	JJ
support	NN
.	.
The	DT
suicidal	JJ
person	NN
is	VBZ
letting	VBG
his\/her	JJR
feelings	NNS
be	VB
known	VBN
.	.
His\/her	JJR
problems	NNS
seem	VBP
overwhelming	JJ
and	CC
too	RB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
handle	VB
.	.
Major	JJ
life	NN
transition	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
loss	NN
of	IN
a	DT
loved	VBN
one	CD
,	,
breaking	VBG
up	RP
with	IN
a	DT
boyfriend\/girlfriend	NN
,	,
moving	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
new	JJ
town	NN
or	CC
school	NN
,	,
failing	VBG
an	DT
exam	NN
or	CC
course	NN
,	,
not	RB
getting	VBG
into	IN
one	CD
's	POS
choice	NN
of	IN
major	JJ
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
These	DT
major	JJ
life	NN
changes	NNS
can	MD
cause	VB
a	DT
college	NN
student	NN
to	TO
feel	VB
unloved	JJ
,	,
depressed	JJ
,	,
isolated	JJ
and	CC
lonely	JJ
.	.
Negative	JJ
feelings	NNS
about	IN
oneself	NN
.	.
A	DT
student	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
suicidal	JJ
experiences	NNS
feelings	NNS
of	IN
worthlessness	NN
and	CC
of	IN
being	VBG
a	DT
failure	NN
.	.
He\/she	NNP
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
doing	VBG
well	RB
in	IN
school	NN
or	CC
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
excelling	VBG
in	IN
academic	JJ
or	CC
social	JJ
areas	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
of	IN
interest	NN
.	.
Note	VB
that	DT
depression	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
major	JJ
contributing	JJ
factor	NN
to	TO
suicidal	JJ
thinking	NN
.	.
Depression	NN
may	MD
result	VB
from	IN
several	JJ
factors	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
recent	JJ
loss	NN
of	IN
a	DT
family	NN
member	NN
or	CC
friend	NN
,	,
disappointments	NNS
in	IN
romantic	JJ
relationships	NNS
,	,
or	CC
failure	NN
to	TO
live	VB
up	RP
to	TO
one	CD
's	POS
own	JJ
or	CC
others	NNS
expectations	NNS
.	.
Date	NNP
rape	NN
and	CC
acquaintance	NN
rape	NN
are	VBP
forms	NNS
of	IN
sexual	JJ
assault	NN
involving	VBG
coercive	JJ
sexual	JJ
activities	NNS
perpetrated	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
acquaintance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
rape	NN
survivor	NN
.	.
The	DT
perpetrator	NN
is	VBZ
almost	RB
always	RB
a	DT
man	NN
,	,
and	CC
though	IN
both	DT
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
raped	VBN
,	,
women	NNS
are	VBP
most	RBS
often	RB
the	DT
targets	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
violence	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
difficult	JJ
,	,
because	IN
of	IN
a	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
research	NN
on	IN
the	DT
subject	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
tendency	NN
for	IN
rape	NN
survivors	NNS
not	RB
to	TO
report	VB
attacks	NNS
,	,
to	TO
come	VB
up	RP
with	IN
precise	JJ
statistics	NNS
on	IN
male	JJ
survivors	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
men	NNS
are	VBP
raped	VBN
by	IN
other	JJ
men	NNS
and	CC
are	VBP
also	RB
victims	NNS
of	IN
sexual	JJ
violence	NN
.	.
Date	NN
and	CC
acquaintance	NN
rape	NN
can	MD
happen	VB
to	TO
or	CC
be	VB
perpetrated	VBN
by	IN
anyone	NN
.	.
Incidences	NNS
are	VBP
very	RB
high	JJ
:	:
they	PRP
comprise	VBP
from	IN
fifty	CD
to	TO
seventy-five	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
all	DT
reported	VBN
rapes	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
even	RB
these	DT
figures	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
reliable	JJ
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
conservative	JJ
FBI	NNP
statistics	NNS
,	,
only	RB
three	CD
and	CC
a	DT
half	NN
to	TO
ten	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
all	DT
forms	NNS
of	IN
rape	NN
are	VBP
even	RB
reported	VBN
.	.
Date	NN
and	CC
acquaintance	NN
rape	NN
is	VBZ
quite	RB
prevalent	JJ
on	IN
campuses	NNS
.	.
One	CD
in	IN
four	CD
college	NN
women	NNS
has	VBZ
been	VBN
raped	VBN
;	:
that	DT
is	VBZ
,	,
has	VBZ
been	VBN
forced	VBN
,	,
physically	RB
or	CC
verbally	RB
,	,
actively	RB
or	CC
implicitly	RB
,	,
to	TO
engage	VB
in	IN
sexual	JJ
activity	NN
.	.
A	DT
1985	CD
study	NN
revealed	VBD
that	IN
ninety	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
college	NN
rape	NN
survivors	NNS
knew	VBD
their	PRP$
attacker	NN
before	IN
the	DT
incident	NN
.	.
Another	DT
survey	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
one	CD
in	IN
fifteen	CD
college	NN
men	NNS
admitted	VBD
to	TO
having	VBG
forced	VBN
a	DT
woman	NN
into	IN
sex	NN
.	.
Some	DT
experts	NNS
believe	VBP
that	IN
one	CD
explanation	NN
for	IN
such	JJ
high	JJ
statistics	NNS
is	VBZ
that	IN
young	JJ
people	NNS
,	,
constrained	VBN
for	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
by	IN
their	PRP$
parents	NNS
and	CC
laws	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
unprepared	JJ
to	TO
act	VB
responsibly	RB
in	IN
a	DT
``	``
free	JJ
''	''
environment	NN
.	.
This	DT
``	``
freedom	NN
''	''
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
unrestrained	JJ
drug	NN
and	CC
alcohol	NN
use	NN
,	,
which	WDT
then	RB
leads	VBZ
to	TO
sexually	RB
irresponsible	JJ
acts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
to	TO
rape	NN
.	.
Another	DT
theory	NN
portrays	VBZ
America	NNP
,	,
especially	RB
young	JJ
America	NNP
,	,
as	IN
a	DT
rape	NN
culture	NN
.	.
The	DT
values	NNS
adopted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
dominant	JJ
society	NN
dictate	VBP
inherent	JJ
differences	NNS
between	IN
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
.	.
Women	NNS
are	VBP
expected	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
passive	JJ
,	,
unassertive	JJ
,	,
and	CC
dependent	JJ
.	.
Similarly	RB
,	,
men	NNS
are	VBP
constrained	VBN
in	IN
their	PRP$
behavior	NN
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
taught	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
aggressive	JJ
,	,
even	RB
intimidating	VBG
,	,
strong	JJ
,	,
and	CC
relentless	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
taught	VBN
not	RB
to	TO
take	VB
no	DT
for	IN
an	DT
answer	NN
.	.
Men	NN
who	WP
accept	VBP
or	CC
unwittingly	RB
exhibit	VB
this	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
behavior	NN
are	VBP
likely	JJ
to	TO
misinterpret	VB
a	DT
woman	NN
's	POS
communications	NNS
.	.
Typically	RB
,	,
the	DT
man	NN
will	MD
decide	VB
that	IN
the	DT
woman	NN
is	VBZ
acting	VBG
coy	JJ
or	CC
hard	JJ
to	TO
get	VB
in	IN
a	DT
sexual	JJ
situation	NN
.	.
He	PRP
may	MD
believe	VB
that	IN
she	PRP
really	RB
means	VBZ
yes	RB
,	,
although	IN
she	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
saying	VBG
no.	NN
Communication	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
avenue	NN
to	TO
understanding	VBG
another	DT
person	NN
's	POS
desires	NNS
and	CC
needs	NNS
--	:
often	RB
the	DT
rapist	NN
will	MD
ignore	VB
the	DT
woman	NN
's	POS
attempts	NNS
at	IN
communication	NN
,	,
will	MD
misinterpret	VB
them	PRP
and	CC
continue	VB
his	PRP$
actions	NNS
,	,
or	CC
will	MD
realize	VB
what	WP
the	DT
woman	NN
is	VBZ
trying	VBG
to	TO
say	VB
but	CC
will	MD
decide	VB
that	IN
she	PRP
``	``
really	RB
needs	VBZ
to	TO
get	VB
laid	VBN
''	''
and	CC
does	VBZ
n't	RB
care	VB
.	.
The	DT
bottom	JJ
line	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
yes	RB
means	VBZ
yes	RB
and	CC
no	DT
means	VBZ
no	DT
;	:
if	IN
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
play	VB
sado-masochistic	JJ
games	NNS
,	,
make	VB
up	RP
a	DT
safe	JJ
word	NN
like	IN
``	``
cow	NN
''	''
to	TO
use	VB
as	IN
a	DT
preordained	JJ
signal	NN
to	TO
stop	VB
.	.
Many	JJ
times	NNS
women	NNS
or	CC
men	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
been	VBN
date	NN
-	:
or	CC
acquaintance-raped	JJ
do	VBP
not	RB
view	VB
the	DT
assault	NN
as	IN
a	DT
rape	NN
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
experience	VB
some	DT
or	CC
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
rape	NN
trauma	NN
stemming	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
body	NN
and	CC
the	DT
betrayal	NN
of	IN
a	DT
friend	NN
,	,
but	CC
still	RB
may	MD
not	RB
consider	VB
the	DT
incident	NN
rape	NN
.	.
Some	DT
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
rape	NN
trauma	NN
include	VBP
sleep	NN
disturbances	NNS
,	,
eating	VBG
pattern	NN
disturbances	NNS
,	,
mood	NN
swings	NNS
,	,
feelings	NNS
of	IN
humiliation	NN
and	CC
self-blame	NN
,	,
nightmares	NNS
,	,
anger	NN
,	,
fear	NN
of	IN
sex	NN
,	,
and	CC
difficulty	NN
in	IN
trusting	VBG
others	NNS
.	.
Often	RB
,	,
especially	RB
in	IN
a	DT
college	NN
situation	NN
,	,
the	DT
rape	NN
survivor	NN
and	CC
the	DT
attacker	NN
live	VBP
near	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
or	CC
may	MD
see	VB
each	DT
other	JJ
every	DT
day	NN
.	.
This	DT
can	MD
be	VB
particularly	RB
stressful	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
survivor	NN
because	IN
the	DT
man	NN
may	MD
see	VB
the	DT
rape	NN
as	IN
a	DT
conquest	NN
or	CC
``	``
just	RB
a	DT
mistake	NN
.	.
''	''
Bystanders	NNS
and	CC
friends	NNS
of	IN
both	DT
people	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
view	VB
the	DT
incident	NN
as	IN
the	DT
rape	NN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
and	CC
consequently	RB
will	MD
not	RB
lend	VB
the	DT
survivor	NN
the	DT
support	NN
needed	VBN
.	.
Friends	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
survivor	NN
may	MD
misinterpret	VB
the	DT
incident	NN
and	CC
feel	VB
that	IN
somehow	RB
the	DT
rape	NN
was	VBD
deserved	VBN
or	CC
that	IN
the	DT
survivor	NN
``	``
asked	VBD
for	IN
it	PRP
''	''
by	IN
wearing	VBG
a	DT
miniskirt	NN
or	CC
getting	VBG
drunk	JJ
.	.
Some	DT
people	NNS
may	MD
belittle	VB
the	DT
survivor	NN
's	POS
traumatic	JJ
experience	NN
,	,
saying	VBG
things	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
,	,
``	``
She	PRP
liked	VBD
the	DT
guy	NN
anyway	RB
,	,
so	RB
what	WP
's	VBZ
the	DT
big	JJ
deal	NN
?	.
''	''
These	DT
attitudes	NNS
that	WDT
blame	VBP
the	DT
survivor	NN
,	,
some	DT
say	VBP
,	,
are	VBP
embedded	VBN
in	IN
our	PRP$
culture	NN
and	CC
help	NN
to	TO
perpetuate	VB
violence	NN
against	IN
women	NNS
and	CC
sexual	JJ
violence	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
date	NN
and	CC
acquaintance	NN
rape	NN
.	.
Survivors	NNS
,	,
living	VBG
and	CC
learning	VBG
in	IN
this	DT
culture	NN
,	,
may	MD
also	RB
accept	VB
``	``
explanations	NNS
''	''
of	IN
``	``
why	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
n't	RB
rape	NN
,	,
''	''
although	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
inwardly	RB
traumatized	VBN
.	.
The	DT
important	JJ
thing	NN
to	TO
remember	VB
is	VBZ
that	IN
if	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
feelings	NNS
of	IN
violation	NN
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
person	NN
's	POS
lifestyle	NN
and	CC
self-esteem	NN
are	VBP
negatively	RB
affected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
incident	NN
,	,
or	CC
survivors	NNS
believe	VBP
they	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
raped	VBN
,	,
then	RB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
rape	NN
.	.
Date	NN
and	CC
acquaintance	NN
rape	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
only	RB
a	DT
woman	NN
's	POS
issue	NN
.	.
Men	NN
must	MD
be	VB
actively	RB
aware	JJ
of	IN
this	DT
issue	NN
,	,
as	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
help	VB
minimize	VB
rape	NN
by	IN
educating	VBG
themselves	PRP
and	CC
others	NNS
.	.
Lovers	NNS
,	,
neighbors	NNS
,	,
friends	NNS
,	,
co-workers	NNS
,	,
dates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
classmates	NNS
--	:
these	DT
can	MD
all	DT
be	VB
perpetrators	NNS
of	IN
date	NN
and	CC
acquaintance	NN
rape	NN
.	.
Escort	NNP
services	NNS
,	,
blue	JJ
light	JJ
phones	NNS
,	,
and	CC
van	NN
services	NNS
are	VBP
useless	JJ
if	IN
the	DT
rapist	NN
lives	VBZ
in	IN
your	PRP$
home	NN
or	CC
dorm	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
your	PRP$
date	NN
,	,
drives	VBZ
you	PRP
home	NN
from	IN
work	NN
,	,
or	CC
is	VBZ
someone	NN
you	PRP
have	VBP
had	VBN
reason	NN
to	TO
trust	NN
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
for	IN
date	NN
and	CC
acquaintance	NN
rape	NN
to	TO
be	VB
minimized	VBN
,	,
men	NNS
must	MD
stop	VB
``	``
blaming	VBG
the	DT
victim	NN
''	''
and	CC
start	VB
taking	VBG
responsibility	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
actions	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
all	DT
must	MD
not	RB
allow	VB
rapists	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
``	``
rape	NN
culture	NN
''	''
as	IN
a	DT
means	NN
of	IN
silencing	VBG
rape	NN
survivors	NNS
,	,
nor	CC
can	MD
we	PRP
permit	VB
their	PRP$
friends	NNS
to	TO
lie	VB
for	IN
them	PRP
.	.
And	CC
although	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
always	RB
difficult	JJ
,	,
and	CC
admittedly	RB
,	,
sometimes	RB
impossible	JJ
to	TO
do	VB
,	,
rape	NN
survivors	NNS
and	CC
others	NNS
must	MD
speak	VB
out	RP
and	CC
continue	VB
to	TO
speak	VB
out	RP
against	IN
rape	NN
.	.
Giving	VBG
in	IN
is	VBZ
not	RB
something	NN
to	TO
be	VB
ashamed	JJ
of	IN
.	.
He	PRP
may	MD
threaten	VB
you	PRP
.	.
He	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
physically	RB
violent	JJ
.	.
He	PRP
may	MD
terrify	VB
you	PRP
so	IN
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
respond	VB
effectively	RB
.	.
Going	VBG
along	RP
with	IN
him	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
the	DT
only	RB
smart	JJ
thing	NN
to	TO
do	VB
.	.
Giving	VBG
in	IN
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
survival	NN
strategy	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
not	RB
berate	VB
yourself	PRP
that	IN
you	PRP
``	``
let	VB
''	''
him	PRP
rape	NN
you	PRP
.	.
A	DT
rape-threatening	JJ
situation	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
a	DT
life-threatening	JJ
situation	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
only	JJ
responsibility	NN
as	IN
a	DT
victim	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
yourself	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
need	VB
to	TO
sustain	VB
injury	NN
or	CC
death	NN
to	TO
``	``
prove	VB
''	''
you	PRP
were	VBD
raped	VBN
.	.
Stay	NNP
alive	JJ
.	.
Define	VB
your	PRP$
limits	NNS
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
how	WRB
much	JJ
touch	NN
you	PRP
want	VBP
with	IN
different	JJ
male	NN
friends	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
handshake	NN
,	,
kiss	NN
on	IN
cheek	NN
,	,
kiss	NN
on	IN
mouth	NN
,	,
hug	NN
with	IN
both	DT
arms	NNS
,	,
intercourse	NN
,	,
no	DT
touch	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Think	VB
about	IN
this	DT
in	IN
advance	NN
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
change	VB
your	PRP$
mind	NN
later	RB
.	.
Defend	VB
your	PRP$
limits	NNS
:	:
``	``
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
like	VB
it	PRP
when	WRB
you	PRP
do	VBP
that	DT
''	''
;	:
``	``
I	PRP
like	VBP
you	PRP
and	CC
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
bed	NN
with	IN
you	PRP
''	''
;	:
``	``
Let	VB
's	POS
go	VB
to	TO
the	DT
coffeehouse	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
instead	RB
of	IN
around	IN
the	DT
lagoon	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
''	''
You	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
be	VB
respected	VBN
,	,
to	TO
change	VB
your	PRP$
mind	NN
,	,
to	TO
say	VB
``	``
no	DT
''	''
or	CC
just	RB
say	VB
,	,
``	``
Because	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
.	.
''	''
Practice	NN
saying	VBG
``	``
no	DT
''	''
clearly	RB
--	:
do	VBP
n't	RB
hint	VB
,	,
do	VBP
n't	RB
expect	VB
anyone	NN
to	TO
read	VB
your	PRP$
mind	NN
.	.
Be	VB
prepared	JJ
for	IN
his	PRP$
reaction	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
defending	VBG
your	PRP$
limits	NNS
.	.
Possible	JJ
reactions	NNS
include	VBP
hostility	NN
,	,
embarrassment	NN
,	,
blaming	VBG
you	PRP
for	IN
leading	VBG
him	PRP
on	IN
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
his	PRP$
behavior	NN
or	CC
his	PRP$
reaction	NN
;	:
if	IN
he	PRP
is	VBZ
someone	NN
you	PRP
care	VBP
about	RB
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
wish	VB
to	TO
help	VB
him	PRP
through	IN
the	DT
embarrassment	NN
,	,
but	CC
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
need	VB
to	TO
feel	VB
responsible	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
every	DT
right	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
own	JJ
decisions	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
date	NN
rapes	NNS
involve	VBP
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
who	WP
conform	VBP
to	TO
traditional	JJ
,	,
rigid	JJ
sex	NN
roles	NNS
so	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
examine	VB
sexism	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
rape	NN
.	.
Avoid	VB
stereotypes	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
``	``
anger	NN
is	VBZ
unfeminine	JJ
''	''
that	IN
prevent	VBP
you	PRP
from	IN
expressing	VBG
yourself	PRP
.	.
Rape	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
perpetuation	NN
of	IN
an	DT
act	NN
of	IN
sexual	JJ
intercourse	NN
with	IN
a	DT
person	NN
against	IN
her	PRP$
will	NN
and	CC
consent	NN
,	,
whether	IN
her	PRP$
will	MD
is	VBZ
overcome	VBN
by	IN
force	NN
or	CC
fear	NN
resulting	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
threat	NN
of	IN
force	NN
,	,
or	CC
by	IN
drugs	NNS
administered	VBN
without	IN
consent	NN
or	CC
when	WRB
,	,
because	IN
of	IN
mental	JJ
deficiency	NN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
incapable	JJ
of	IN
giving	VBG
consent	NN
or	CC
when	WRB
she	PRP
is	VBZ
below	IN
the	DT
arbitrary	JJ
age	NN
of	IN
consent	NN
.	.
In	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
the	DT
term	NN
``	``
rape	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
used	VBN
when	WRB
penetration	NN
is	VBZ
involved	VBN
,	,
even	RB
slight	JJ
penetration	NN
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
if	IN
no	DT
ejaculation	NN
occurs	VBZ
.	.
Also	RB
note	NN
that	IN
the	DT
threat	NN
of	IN
force	NN
is	VBZ
sufficient	JJ
-	:
many	JJ
women	NNS
report	VBP
fearing	VBG
for	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
even	RB
when	WRB
their	PRP$
attacker	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
carrying	VBG
a	DT
weapon	NN
.	.
Sexual	JJ
Abuse	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
defined	VBN
in	IN
three	CD
degrees	NNS
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
system	NN
as	IN
rape	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
difference	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
penetration	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
required	VBN
.	.
Rather	RB
,	,
all	DT
that	DT
is	VBZ
required	VBN
is	VBZ
``	``
sexual	JJ
contact	NN
''	''
-	:
touching	VBG
of	IN
intimate	JJ
or	CC
sexual	JJ
parts	NNS
,	,
either	CC
directly	RB
or	CC
through	IN
clothing	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
in	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
degree	NN
is	VBZ
roughly	RB
defined	VBN
as	IN
sexual	JJ
contact	NN
by	IN
force	NN
or	CC
threat	NN
of	IN
force	NN
,	,
or	CC
when	WRB
the	DT
individual	NN
is	VBZ
incapable	JJ
of	IN
consenting	VBG
due	JJ
to	TO
mental	JJ
deficiency	NN
,	,
or	CC
when	WRB
the	DT
individual	NN
is	VBZ
below	IN
age	NN
11	CD
.	.
Remember	VB
that	IN
some	DT
men	NNS
think	VBP
that	IN
drinking	VBG
heavily	RB
,	,
dressing	VBG
provocatively	RB
,	,
or	CC
going	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
man	NN
's	POS
room	NN
indicates	VBZ
a	DT
willingness	NN
to	TO
have	VB
sex	NN
.	.
Be	VB
especially	RB
careful	JJ
to	TO
communicate	VB
your	PRP$
limits	NNS
and	CC
intentions	NNS
clearly	RB
in	IN
such	JJ
situations	NNS
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
be	VB
afraid	JJ
to	TO
``	``
make	VB
waves	NNS
''	''
if	IN
you	PRP
feel	VBP
threatened	VBN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
feel	VBP
you	PRP
are	VBP
being	VBG
pressured	VBN
or	CC
coerced	VBN
into	IN
sexual	JJ
activity	NN
against	IN
your	PRP$
will	MD
,	,
do	VBP
n't	RB
hesitate	VB
to	TO
state	VB
your	PRP$
feelings	NNS
and	CC
get	VB
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
situation	NN
.	.
Better	RBR
a	DT
few	JJ
minutes	NNS
of	IN
social	JJ
awkwardness	NN
or	CC
embarrassment	NN
than	IN
the	DT
trauma	NN
of	IN
sexual	JJ
assault	NN
.	.
When	WRB
we	PRP
think	VBP
about	IN
alternatives	NNS
to	TO
vulnerability	NN
,	,
we	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
careful	JJ
not	RB
to	TO
assume	VB
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
always	RB
something	NN
a	DT
woman	NN
``	``
could	MD
have	VB
done	VBN
''	''
to	TO
prevent	VB
an	DT
assault	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
blaming	VBG
the	DT
victim	NN
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
sexually	RB
assaulted	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
assaulter	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
to	TO
blame	VB
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
assaults	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
those	DT
committed	VBN
by	IN
acquaintances	NNS
,	,
may	MD
be	VB
violent	JJ
and	CC
unexpected	JJ
.	.
This	DT
means	VBZ
that	IN
even	RB
when	WRB
a	DT
woman	NN
is	VBZ
able	JJ
to	TO
assert	VB
what	WP
she	PRP
wants	VBZ
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
guarantee	NN
that	IN
her	PRP$
feelings	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
respected	VBN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
formulas	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
guarantee	VB
our	PRP$
safety	NN
from	IN
sexual	JJ
assault	NN
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
situation	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
becoming	VBG
coercive	JJ
or	CC
violent	JJ
,	,
the	DT
moment	NN
is	VBZ
often	RB
too	RB
confusing	JJ
to	TO
plan	VB
an	DT
escape	NN
,	,
and	CC
women	NNS
react	VBP
in	IN
various	JJ
ways	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
will	MD
fight	VB
back	RB
.	.
Others	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
fight	VB
back	RB
for	IN
any	DT
number	NN
of	IN
reasons	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
fear	NN
,	,
self-blame	NN
,	,
or	CC
not	RB
wanting	VBG
to	TO
hurt	VB
someone	NN
who	WP
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
close	JJ
friend	NN
.	.
While	IN
fighting	VBG
and	CC
giving	VBG
up	RP
are	VBP
both	DT
extreme	JJ
reactions	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
realize	VB
that	IN
any	DT
reaction	NN
is	VBZ
legitimate	JJ
.	.
Again	RB
,	,
the	DT
burden	NN
of	IN
responsibility	NN
must	MD
be	VB
on	IN
the	DT
attacker	NN
,	,
not	RB
the	DT
victim	NN
.	.
Nevertheless	RB
,	,
sexual	JJ
violence	NN
is	VBZ
committed	VBN
overwhelmingly	RB
by	IN
men	NNS
,	,
whether	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
sexual	JJ
violence	NN
against	IN
women	NNS
or	CC
sexual	JJ
violence	NN
against	IN
other	JJ
men	NNS
.	.
To	TO
read	VB
more	JJR
about	IN
this	DT
aspect	NN
of	IN
relationship	NN
violence	NN
,	,
and	CC
what	WP
you	PRP
,	,
as	IN
a	DT
man	NN
,	,
can	MD
do	VB
about	IN
it	PRP
,	,
go	VB
to	TO
the	DT
sub-menu	NN
heading	VBG
``	``
For	IN
and	CC
About	IN
Men	NN
''	''
under	IN
the	DT
heading	VBG
``	``
Relationships	NNPS
.	.
''	''
When	WRB
a	DT
loved	VBN
one\/classmate	NN
is	VBZ
dying	VBG
or	CC
dies	VBZ
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
grieving	JJ
process	NN
.	.
Recovery	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
slow	JJ
and	CC
emotionally	RB
painful	JJ
one	CD
.	.
The	DT
grieving	JJ
process	NN
can	MD
be	VB
less	RBR
painful	JJ
if	IN
you	PRP
try	VBP
to	TO
understand	VB
that	DT
loss	NN
and	CC
grief	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
natural	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
life	NN
.	.
Learn	VB
to	TO
accept	VB
your	PRP$
loss	NN
and	CC
believe	VB
in	IN
yourself	PRP
.	.
Believe	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
cope	VB
with	IN
tragic	JJ
happenings	NNS
.	.
Let	VB
your	PRP$
experience	NN
be	VB
a	DT
psychological	JJ
growth	NN
process	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
future	JJ
stressful	JJ
events	NNS
.	.
At	IN
first	RB
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
difficult	JJ
for	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
accept	VB
your	PRP$
own	JJ
dying	VBG
or	CC
the	DT
death	NN
of	IN
a	DT
loved	VBN
one\/classmate	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
you	PRP
will	MD
deny	VB
the	DT
reality	NN
of	IN
death	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
this	DT
denial	NN
will	MD
gradually	RB
diminish	VB
as	IN
you	PRP
begins	VBZ
to	TO
express	VB
and	CC
share	VB
your	PRP$
feelings	NNS
about	IN
death	NN
and	CC
dying	VBG
with	IN
other	JJ
students	NNS
or	CC
friends	NNS
.	.
During	IN
this	DT
stage	NN
the	DT
most	RBS
common	JJ
question	NN
asked	VBD
is	VBZ
``	``
why	WRB
me	PRP
?	.
''	''
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
angry	JJ
at	IN
what	WP
you	PRP
perceive	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
unfairness	NN
of	IN
death	NN
and	CC
you	PRP
may	MD
project	VB
and	CC
displace	VB
your	PRP$
anger	NN
unto	JJ
others	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
given	VBN
some	DT
social	JJ
support	NN
and	CC
respect	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
eventually	RB
become	VB
less	RBR
angry	JJ
and	CC
able	JJ
to	TO
move	VB
into	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
stage	NN
of	IN
grieving	VBG
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
at	IN
first	JJ
experience	NN
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
great	JJ
loss	NN
.	.
Mood	NN
fluctuations	NNS
and	CC
feelings	NNS
of	IN
isolation	NN
and	CC
withdrawal	NN
may	MD
follow	VB
.	.
It	PRP
takes	VBZ
time	NN
for	IN
you	PRP
,	,
the	DT
grieving	JJ
student	NN
,	,
to	TO
gradually	RB
return	VB
to	TO
your	PRP$
old	JJ
self	NN
and	CC
become	VB
socially	RB
involved	VBN
in	IN
what	WP
's	VBZ
going	VBG
on	IN
around	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Show	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
care	VBP
.	.
Listen	VB
attentively	RB
and	CC
show	VB
interest	NN
in	IN
what	WP
the	DT
grieving	JJ
student	NN
has	VBZ
to	TO
say	VB
about	IN
his\/her	NN
feelings	NNS
and	CC
beliefs	NNS
.	.
Share	NN
your	PRP$
feelings	NNS
and	CC
talk	VB
about	IN
any	DT
similar	JJ
experience	NN
you	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
had	VBN
.	.
Avoid	VB
using	VBG
the	DT
phrase	NN
``	``
I	PRP
know	VBP
just	RB
how	WRB
you	PRP
feel	VBP
.	.
''	''
Due	JJ
to	TO
cultural	JJ
ideals	NNS
of	IN
feminine	JJ
beauty	NN
,	,
young	JJ
women	NNS
feel	VBP
a	DT
strong	JJ
desire	NN
to	TO
be	VB
thinner	JJR
than	IN
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
naturally	RB
tend	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
they	PRP
change	VBP
their	PRP$
eating	JJ
patterns	NNS
and	CC
they	PRP
may	MD
develop	VB
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
most	RBS
common	JJ
eating	NN
disorders	NNS
are	VBP
Anorexia	NNP
Nervosa	NNP
and	CC
Bulimia	NNP
.	.
Both	DT
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
are	VBP
more	RBR
common	JJ
among	IN
young	JJ
adults	NNS
than	IN
at	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
age	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
American	JJ
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
believe	VBP
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
fat	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
then	RB
diet	NN
,	,
lose	VBP
,	,
and	CC
regain	VB
weight	NN
.	.
Dieting	NN
can	MD
become	VB
frustrating	JJ
when	WRB
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
work	VB
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
extreme	JJ
dieting	NN
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
physical	JJ
and	CC
psychological	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
Introductions	NNS
of	IN
Leaders	NNPS
and	CC
Participants	NNS
.	.
What	WP
brings	VBZ
you	PRP
to	TO
this	DT
workshop	NN
;	:
what	WP
do	VBP
you	PRP
hope	VBP
to	TO
get	VB
out	IN
of	IN
it	PRP
?	.
Leaders	NNS
emphasize	VBP
that	IN
in	IN
this	DT
workshop	NN
we	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
suggesting	VBG
a	DT
framework	NN
to	TO
help	VB
people	NNS
think	VB
about	IN
this	DT
important	JJ
topic	NN
but	CC
that	IN
we	PRP
realize	VBP
that	IN
in	IN
a	DT
brief	JJ
workshop	NN
we	PRP
can	MD
only	RB
make	VB
a	DT
beginning	NN
,	,
not	RB
provide	VB
all	PDT
the	DT
answers	NNS
for	IN
people	NNS
.	.
What	WP
are	VBP
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
ways	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
feel	VBP
you	PRP
have	VBP
difficulty	NN
maintaining	VBG
your	PRP$
sense	NN
of	IN
self	NN
in	IN
a	DT
relationship	NN
?	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Have	VBP
participants	NNS
write	VB
2	CD
or	CC
3	CD
ways	NNS
down	RB
on	IN
index	NN
cards	NNS
or	CC
paper	NN
and	CC
then	RB
share	VB
them	PRP
with	IN
the	DT
whole	JJ
group	NN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
workshop	NN
leader	NN
will	MD
write	VB
down	RP
the	DT
group	NN
list	NN
on	IN
blackboard	NN
.	.
Conclusion	NN
:	:
exercising	VBG
one	CD
's	POS
basic	JJ
rights	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
key	NN
to	TO
maintaining	VBG
one	CD
's	POS
self	NN
in	IN
a	DT
relationship	NN
.	.
Emphasize	VB
again	RB
the	DT
basic	JJ
rights	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
remember	VB
them	PRP
and	CC
exercise	VB
them	PRP
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
maintain	VB
a	DT
whole	JJ
self	NN
which	WDT
one	PRP
can	MD
bring	VB
to	TO
a	DT
relationship	NN
.	.
Conclude	VB
with	IN
a	DT
recognition	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
an	DT
ongoing	JJ
challenge	NN
to	TO
maintain	VB
one	CD
's	POS
sense	NN
of	IN
self	NN
in	IN
a	DT
relationship	NN
but	CC
that	IN
that	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
key	NN
to	TO
having	VBG
a	DT
healthy	JJ
and	CC
satisfying	JJ
relationship	NN
.	.
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
is	VBZ
a	DT
department	NN
of	IN
Student	NNP
Affairs	NNPS
.	.
Our	PRP$
office	NN
provides	VBZ
a	DT
full	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
and	CC
programs	NNS
which	WDT
promotes	VBZ
the	DT
personal	JJ
development	NN
and	CC
psychological	JJ
well-being	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
attainment	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
and	CC
educational	JJ
goals	NNS
.	.
The	DT
staff	NN
is	VBZ
strongly	RB
committed	VBN
to	TO
programming	VBG
related	VBN
to	TO
student	NN
diversity	NN
and	CC
to	TO
an	DT
overall	JJ
university	NN
environment	NN
where	WRB
individual	JJ
and	CC
cultural	JJ
differences	NNS
are	VBP
celebrated	VBN
.	.
Among	IN
the	DT
services	NNS
offered	VBN
are	VBP
group	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
individual	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
couples	NNS
counseling	NN
,	,
crisis	NN
intervention	NN
,	,
consultation	NN
,	,
outreach	NN
programming	NN
,	,
career	NN
counseling	NN
,	,
substance	NN
abuse	NN
assessment	NN
,	,
psychological	JJ
evaluation	NN
,	,
and	CC
referral	NN
.	.
Counseling	NN
Services	NNP
works	VBZ
with	IN
students	NNS
presenting	VBG
with	IN
a	DT
full	JJ
spectrum	NN
of	IN
concerns	NNS
,	,
from	IN
developmental	JJ
issues	NNS
to	TO
severe	JJ
psychopathology	NN
.	.
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
offices	NNS
are	VBP
located	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
North	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Amherst	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
Campus	NN
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
University	NNP
of	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
at	IN
Buffalo	NNP
in	IN
a	DT
residence	NN
hall	NN
complex	NN
.	.
The	DT
facilities	NNS
include	VBP
individual	JJ
offices	NNS
for	IN
interns	NNS
,	,
a	DT
group	NN
room	NN
for	IN
counseling	NN
and	CC
seminars	NNS
,	,
and	CC
video\/audio	NN
recording	NN
and	CC
networked	JJ
computer	NN
equipment	NN
in	IN
each	DT
intern	NN
's	POS
office	NN
.	.
Additional	JJ
space	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
Student	NNP
Health	NNP
Center	NNP
,	,
where	WRB
staff	NN
also	RB
see	VBP
clients	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
week	NN
.	.
The	DT
internship	NN
offered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
at	IN
Buffalo	NNP
Counseling	NN
Services	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
UBCS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
broad-based	JJ
professional	JJ
training	NN
experience	NN
in	IN
the	DT
range	NN
of	IN
activities	NNS
carried	VBD
out	RP
by	IN
psychologists	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
service-oriented	JJ
university	NN
counseling	NN
center	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
philosophy	NN
of	IN
training	NN
incorporates	VBZ
a	DT
generalist	NN
,	,
practitioner-scholar	JJ
perspective	NN
,	,
highlighting	VBG
mentorship	NN
and	CC
experiential	JJ
learning	NN
,	,
all	DT
with	IN
an	DT
eye	NN
toward	IN
providing	VBG
developmentally	RB
appropriate	JJ
and	CC
individualized	JJ
experiences	NNS
for	IN
our	PRP$
interns	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
recognize	VBP
the	DT
profound	JJ
impact	NN
of	IN
individual	JJ
and	CC
cultural	JJ
difference	NN
in	IN
all	DT
that	IN
we	PRP
do	VBP
as	IN
psychologists	NNS
and	CC
as	IN
human	JJ
beings	NNS
.	.
Hence	RB
,	,
we	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
commitment	NN
to	TO
diversity	NN
and	CC
multicultural	JJ
awareness	NN
in	IN
all	DT
aspects	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
training	NN
program	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
mission	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
train	VB
interns	NNS
as	IN
skilled	JJ
generalists	NNS
equipped	VBN
to	TO
work	VB
in	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
post-internship	NN
employment	NN
settings	NNS
.	.
To	TO
this	DT
end	NN
,	,
we	PRP
provide	VBP
a	DT
range	NN
of	IN
didactic	JJ
and	CC
experiential	JJ
training	NN
activities	NNS
that	WDT
psychologists	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
large	JJ
university	NN
counseling	NN
center	NN
setting	VBG
or	CC
other	JJ
mental	JJ
health	NN
settings	NNS
are	VBP
likely	JJ
to	TO
encounter	VB
.	.
The	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
functioning	VBG
within	IN
the	DT
substantive	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
counseling	NN
psychology	NN
emphasized	VBD
at	IN
our	PRP$
center	NN
include	VBP
:	:
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
clinical	JJ
assessment	NN
,	,
crisis	NN
intervention	NN
,	,
outreach	NN
,	,
and	CC
consultation	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
staff	NN
recognizes	VBZ
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
clinical	JJ
practice	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
informed	VBN
by	IN
scholarly	JJ
inquiry	NN
,	,
and	CC
espouses	VBZ
a	DT
practitioner-scholar	JJ
model	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
professional	JJ
work	NN
,	,
including	VBG
training	NN
and	CC
service	NN
delivery	NN
.	.
Theoretical	JJ
and	CC
research	NN
literature	NN
is	VBZ
integrated	VBN
with	IN
experiential	JJ
components	NNS
of	IN
training	NN
through	IN
provision	NN
and	CC
discussion	NN
of	IN
professional	JJ
literature	NN
in	IN
seminars	NNS
and	CC
supervision	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
recognition	NN
of	IN
the	DT
applicability	NN
of	IN
scientific	JJ
method	NN
in	IN
clinical	JJ
thinking	NN
,	,
including	VBG
critical	JJ
evaluation	NN
,	,
awareness	NN
of	IN
biases	NNS
,	,
integration	NN
of	IN
available	JJ
information	NN
toward	IN
hypothesis	NN
formation	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
case	NN
conceptualization	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
hypothesis	NN
testing	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
implementing	VBG
interventions	NNS
,	,
assessing	VBG
their	PRP$
impact	NN
,	,
revising	VBG
hypotheses	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
UBCS	NNP
staff	NN
serves	VBZ
as	IN
practitioner-scholar	JJ
role	NN
models	NNS
for	IN
our	PRP$
trainees	NNS
,	,
and	CC
center	NN
activities	NNS
illustrate	VBP
the	DT
integration	NN
of	IN
science	NN
and	CC
practice	NN
.	.
Administrative	JJ
and	CC
policy	NN
decisions	NNS
at	IN
our	PRP$
center	NN
are	VBP
informed	VBN
by	IN
scholarly	JJ
review	NN
of	IN
both	DT
empirical	JJ
and	CC
theoretical	JJ
literature	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
our	PRP$
center	NN
's	POS
ongoing	JJ
examination	NN
of	IN
service	NN
utilization	NN
,	,
client	NN
demographics	NNS
,	,
and	CC
client	NN
satisfaction	NN
.	.
Results	NNS
of	IN
ongoing	JJ
satisfaction	NN
surveys	NNS
may	MD
also	RB
inform	VB
areas	NNS
in	IN
need	NN
of	IN
attention	NN
for	IN
clinical	JJ
staff	NN
and	CC
trainees	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
attention	NN
to	TO
developmentally	RB
appropriate	JJ
training	NN
experiences	NNS
for	IN
optimal	JJ
growth	NN
.	.
Interns	NNS
'	POS
experiences	NNS
are	VBP
sequential	JJ
,	,
cumulative	JJ
,	,
and	CC
graded	VBN
,	,
with	IN
increasing	VBG
levels	NNS
of	IN
responsibility	NN
and	CC
expectations	NNS
for	IN
independent	JJ
functioning	VBG
throughout	IN
the	DT
internship	NN
year	NN
,	,
to	TO
facilitate	VB
continued	JJ
growth	NN
from	IN
a	DT
``	``
trainee	NN
''	''
identity	NN
toward	IN
a	DT
``	``
professional	JJ
''	''
identity	NN
.	.
Toward	IN
this	DT
end	NN
,	,
the	DT
internship	NN
year	NN
begins	VBZ
with	IN
a	DT
period	NN
of	IN
orientation	NN
during	IN
which	WDT
interns	NNS
receive	VBP
several	JJ
seminars	NNS
providing	VBG
didactic	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
core	NN
tasks	NNS
that	WDT
interns	NNS
will	MD
engage	VB
in	IN
throughout	IN
the	DT
year	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
short-term	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
clinical	JJ
interview	NN
,	,
outreach\/consultation	NN
,	,
group	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
crisis	NN
intervention	NN
,	,
supervision	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Interns	NNS
also	RB
shadow	VBP
training	NN
staff	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
conduct	VBP
initial	JJ
clinical	JJ
assessment	NN
interviews	NNS
and	CC
crisis	NN
intervention	NN
sessions	NNS
before	IN
interns	NNS
are	VBP
expected	VBN
to	TO
engage	VB
in	IN
these	DT
activities	NNS
themselves	PRP
.	.
Previous	JJ
training	NN
and	CC
experience	NN
is	VBZ
assessed	VBN
,	,
initial	JJ
goals	NNS
for	IN
training	NN
are	VBP
agreed	VBN
upon	IN
,	,
and	CC
these	DT
training	NN
goals	NNS
are	VBP
revised	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
year	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
periodic	JJ
intern	NN
evaluations	NNS
.	.
Throughout	IN
the	DT
internship	NN
year	NN
,	,
support	NN
,	,
training	NN
,	,
and	CC
supervision	NN
activities	NNS
are	VBP
geared	VBN
toward	IN
assisting	VBG
interns	NNS
to	TO
increase	VB
their	PRP$
clinical	JJ
sophistication	NN
,	,
knowledge	NN
,	,
and	CC
skill	NN
,	,
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
take	VB
on	RP
more	JJR
responsibility	NN
,	,
and	CC
develop	VB
greater	JJR
confidence	NN
and	CC
capacity	NN
for	IN
autonomous	JJ
functioning	NN
.	.
We	PRP
recognize	VBP
that	IN
each	DT
intern	NN
brings	VBZ
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
skills	NNS
,	,
experiences	NNS
,	,
and	CC
training	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
internship	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
some	DT
flexibility	NN
to	TO
tailor	VB
the	DT
training	NN
program	NN
according	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
strengths	NNS
,	,
needs	VBZ
,	,
and	CC
interests	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
intern	NN
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
for	IN
optimal	JJ
growth	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
accomplished	VBN
in	IN
numerous	JJ
ways	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
customizing	VBG
training	NN
contracts	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
intern	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
their	PRP$
particular	JJ
interests	NNS
and	CC
needs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
providing	VBG
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
intern	NN
input	NN
into	IN
the	DT
planning	NN
of	IN
various	JJ
center	NN
and	CC
training	NN
activities	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
internship	NN
program	NN
attends	VBZ
to	TO
diversity\/multicultural	JJ
issues	NNS
throughout	IN
various	JJ
training	NN
activities	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
didactic	JJ
training	NN
,	,
supervision	NN
,	,
and	CC
actual	JJ
clinical	JJ
experiences	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
diverse	JJ
client	NN
population	NN
.	.
The	DT
staff	NN
of	IN
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
is	VBZ
committed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
awareness	NN
and	CC
affirmation	NN
of	IN
diversity	NN
in	IN
all	DT
our	PRP$
clinical	JJ
and	CC
non-clinical	JJ
endeavors	NNS
.	.
Multicultural	JJ
awareness	NN
and	CC
sensitivity	NN
pervade	VBP
all	DT
training	NN
and	CC
service	NN
at	IN
our	PRP$
center	NN
.	.
The	DT
student	NN
population	NN
here	RB
at	IN
UB	NNP
is	VBZ
quite	RB
diverse	JJ
not	RB
only	RB
among	IN
traditionally	RB
under-represented	JJ
American	JJ
groups	NNS
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
among	IN
international	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
Interns	NNS
are	VBP
provided	VBN
with	IN
exposure	NN
to	TO
clients	NNS
of	IN
differing	VBG
ethnicities	NNS
,	,
cultures	NNS
,	,
sexual	JJ
orientations	NNS
,	,
socioeconomic	JJ
backgrounds	NNS
,	,
religious	JJ
backgrounds	NNS
,	,
ages	NNS
,	,
genders	NNS
,	,
and	CC
abilities	NNS
.	.
Several	JJ
seminars	NNS
are	VBP
presented	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
year	NN
addressing	VBG
various	JJ
topics	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
diversity	NN
and	CC
multicultural	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
Workshops	NNS
are	VBP
provided	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
university	NN
community	NN
in	IN
an	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
in	IN
the	DT
celebration	NN
of	IN
diversity	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
campus	NN
.	.
We	PRP
strive	VBP
to	TO
recruit	VB
interns	NNS
who	WP
share	VBP
our	PRP$
commitment	NN
to	TO
embracing	VBG
the	DT
challenges	NNS
and	CC
rewards	NNS
of	IN
gearing	VBG
services	NNS
to	TO
such	PDT
a	DT
broad-ranging	JJ
population	NN
.	.
We	PRP
see	VBP
the	DT
internship	NN
year	NN
as	IN
a	DT
transition	NN
period	NN
when	WRB
interns	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
shifting	VBG
from	IN
a	DT
trainee	NN
identity	NN
and	CC
developing	VBG
their	PRP$
clinical	JJ
and	CC
professional	JJ
identities	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
seek	VBP
to	TO
assist	VB
in	IN
this	DT
developmental	JJ
process	NN
by	IN
providing	VBG
interns	NNS
opportunities	NNS
to	TO
stretch	VB
,	,
take	VB
risks	NNS
,	,
try	VBP
out	RP
different	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
interventions	NNS
and	CC
therapy	NN
approaches	NNS
,	,
and	CC
begin	VB
to	TO
discover	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
individual	JJ
styles	NNS
and	CC
approaches	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
consistent	JJ
with	IN
their	PRP$
sense	NN
of	IN
self	NN
,	,
values	NNS
,	,
strengths	NNS
,	,
and	CC
interests	NNS
,	,
with	IN
greater	JJR
sensitivity	NN
and	CC
respect	NN
for	IN
the	DT
multicultural	JJ
world	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
we	PRP
exist	VBP
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
's	POS
goals	NNS
,	,
objectives	NNS
,	,
and	CC
expected	VBD
competencies	NNS
in	IN
summary	NN
are	VBP
to	TO
assist	VB
interns	NNS
toward	IN
developing	VBG
intermediate	JJ
to	TO
advanced	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
skill	NN
in	IN
the	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
clinical	JJ
and	CC
professional	JJ
services	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
university	NN
counseling	NN
center	NN
or	CC
comparable	JJ
setting	NN
,	,
including	VBG
acquiring	VBG
and\/or	CC
refining	VBG
knowledge	NN
and	CC
skill	NN
in	IN
individual	JJ
and	CC
group	NN
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
clinical	JJ
and	CC
diagnostic	JJ
interviewing	VBG
,	,
utilizing	VBG
psychological	JJ
testing	NN
as	IN
it	PRP
informs	VBZ
clinical	JJ
practice	NN
,	,
crisis	NN
assessment	NN
and	CC
intervention	NN
,	,
outreach	NN
,	,
consultation	NN
,	,
and	CC
providing	VBG
clinical	JJ
supervision	NN
to	TO
counselors	NNS
in	IN
training	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
competency	NN
in	IN
integrating	VBG
science	NN
and	CC
scholarly	JJ
activity	NN
with	IN
clinical	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
we	PRP
work	VBP
to	TO
assist	VB
interns	NNS
in	IN
beginning	VBG
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
professional	JJ
identity	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
consistent	JJ
with	IN
professional	JJ
ethical	JJ
standards	NNS
,	,
incorporates	VBZ
diversity\/multicultural	JJ
awareness	NN
and	CC
appreciation	NN
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
congruent	JJ
with	IN
their	PRP$
personal	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
self	NN
,	,
values	NNS
,	,
strengths	NNS
,	,
and	CC
interests	NNS
.	.
Direct	JJ
treatment	NN
of	IN
clients	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
cornerstone	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
training	NN
program	NN
.	.
All	DT
staff	NN
members	NNS
provide	VBP
individual	JJ
,	,
couples	NNS
and	CC
group	NN
counseling	NN
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
the	DT
intern	NN
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
with	IN
experience	NN
in	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
modalities	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
crisis	NN
intervention	NN
and	CC
individual	JJ
short	JJ
-	:
and	CC
long-term	JJ
treatment	NN
.	.
The	DT
intern	NN
may	MD
expect	VB
that	DT
about	IN
50	CD
%	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
time	NN
will	MD
be	VB
spent	VBN
in	IN
direct	JJ
clinical	JJ
service	NN
provision	NN
.	.
A	DT
typical	JJ
weekly	JJ
schedule	NN
in	IN
the	DT
fall	NN
semester	NN
involves	VBZ
12	CD
-	:
14	CD
individual	JJ
clinical	JJ
hours	NNS
and	CC
1	LS
-	:
2	CD
therapy	NN
groups	NNS
.	.
Clinical	JJ
assessment	NN
is	VBZ
primarily	RB
done	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
interviewing	VBG
of	IN
incoming	JJ
clients	NNS
during	IN
the	DT
initial	JJ
clinical	JJ
assessment	NN
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
clinical	JJ
interview	NN
,	,
the	DT
intern	NN
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
delineating	VBG
the	DT
presenting	VBG
problem	NN
,	,
assessing	VBG
the	DT
severity	NN
and	CC
need	VB
for	IN
immediate	JJ
or	CC
crisis	NN
intervention	NN
,	,
providing	VBG
appropriate	JJ
diagnoses	NNS
and	CC
initial	JJ
clinical	JJ
impressions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
recommendations	NNS
for	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
Training	VBG
in	IN
diagnostic	JJ
interviewing	VBG
takes	VBZ
place	NN
during	IN
the	DT
August	NNP
orientation	NN
though	IN
didactic	JJ
presentations	NNS
and	CC
observation	NN
.	.
Interns	NNS
typically	RB
provide	VBP
3	LS
-	:
4	CD
hours	NNS
of	IN
intake	NN
interviews	NNS
per	IN
week	NN
.	.
Objective	NN
and	CC
projective	JJ
psychological	JJ
tests	NNS
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
aid	VB
clinical	JJ
and\/or	CC
career	NN
assessment	NN
and	CC
the	DT
therapy	NN
process	NN
.	.
Psychological	JJ
testing	NN
is	VBZ
addressed	VBN
in	IN
intern	NN
seminars	NNS
.	.
Additional	JJ
training	NN
may	MD
occur	VB
throughout	IN
the	DT
year	NN
for	IN
interns	NNS
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
receive	VB
additional	JJ
testing	NN
experience	NN
.	.
Testing	NNP
may	MD
be	VB
supervised	VBN
by	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
intern	NN
's	POS
supervisors	NNS
or	CC
by	IN
another	DT
staff	NN
or	CC
consulting	VBG
psychologist	NN
chosen	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
intern	NN
.	.
Each	DT
staff	NN
and	CC
intern	NN
provides	VBZ
1-3	CD
hours	NNS
per	IN
week	NN
of	IN
walk-in	NN
crisis	NN
intervention	NN
during	IN
regular	JJ
Counseling	NN
Services	NNP
hours	NNS
to	TO
students	NNS
who	WP
require	VBP
immediate	JJ
attention	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
significant	JJ
lethality	NN
risk	NN
or	CC
deterioration	NN
of	IN
functioning	VBG
.	.
Each	DT
staff	NN
and	CC
intern	NN
also	RB
participate	VB
in	IN
a	DT
rotating	VBG
after-hours	JJ
on-call	JJ
system	NN
several	JJ
weeks	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
year	NN
.	.
Training	VBG
in	IN
risk	NN
assessment	NN
and	CC
crisis	NN
intervention	NN
takes	VBZ
place	NN
during	IN
the	DT
August	NNP
orientation	NN
,	,
intern	NN
seminars	NNS
,	,
through	IN
didactic	JJ
presentations	NNS
and	CC
observing\/shadowing	VBG
staff	NN
.	.
The	DT
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
has	VBZ
an	DT
active	JJ
and	CC
extensive	JJ
outreach	NN
program	NN
,	,
providing	VBG
a	DT
wide	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
workshops	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
presentations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
campus	NN
community	NN
.	.
Interns	NNS
are	VBP
regular	JJ
participants	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
programming	NN
providing	VBG
a	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
3-4	CD
workshops	NNS
each	DT
semester	NN
.	.
Topics	NNS
are	VBP
numerous	JJ
,	,
and	CC
open	JJ
to	TO
intern	NN
interests	NNS
and	CC
expertise	NN
.	.
Interns	NNS
have	VBP
opportunities	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
mental	JJ
health	NN
consultation	NN
to	TO
university	NN
students	NNS
,	,
faculty	NN
,	,
staff	NN
,	,
and	CC
parents	NNS
,	,
or	CC
develop	VB
consultative	JJ
relationships	NNS
with	IN
various	JJ
university	NN
organizations	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
academic	JJ
departments	NNS
,	,
student	NN
service	NN
offices	NNS
,	,
student	NN
groups	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
may	MD
involve	VB
such	JJ
activities	NNS
as	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
university	NN
faculty	NN
,	,
staff	NN
,	,
or	CC
students	NNS
on	IN
crisis	NN
management	NN
and	CC
intervention	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
dealing	VBG
with	IN
a	DT
disturbed	JJ
student	NN
in	IN
a	DT
class	NN
,	,
responding	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
suicidal	JJ
student	NN
,	,
processing	VBG
the	DT
death	NN
of	IN
a	DT
student	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
providing	VBG
training	NN
workshops	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
topics	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
lethality	NN
assessment	NN
,	,
conflict	NN
management	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
or	CC
aiding	VBG
better	JJR
understanding	NN
and	CC
communication	NN
among	IN
staff	NN
personnel	NNS
.	.
Interns	NNS
also	RB
have	VBP
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
participate	VB
as	IN
a	DT
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
liaison\/consultant	NN
on	IN
university	NN
committees	NNS
,	,
where	WRB
they	PRP
will	MD
have	VB
regular	JJ
contact	NN
with	IN
non-Counseling	JJ
Services	NNPS
university	NN
staff	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
interns	NNS
respond	VBP
to	TO
phone	VB
consultation	NN
requests	NNS
and	CC
emergency	NN
crisis	NN
consultation	NN
meetings	NNS
with	IN
university	NN
students	NNS
and	CC
staff	NN
.	.
Training	VBG
in	IN
outreach	NN
and	CC
consultation	NN
takes	VBZ
place	NN
during	IN
August	NNP
orientation	NN
,	,
intern	NN
seminars	NNS
,	,
and	CC
working	VBG
as	IN
co-presenters	NNS
or	CC
co-consultants	NNS
with	IN
staff	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
APA	NNP
accredited	VBN
professional	JJ
psychology	NN
internship	NN
,	,
Counseling	NN
Services	NNP
also	RB
provides	VBZ
training	NN
to	TO
social	JJ
work	NN
interns	NNS
,	,
practicum	NN
students	NNS
from	IN
UB	NNP
's	POS
Counseling	NN
,	,
School	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Educational	NNP
Psychology	NNP
doctoral	JJ
program	NN
,	,
and	CC
externs	NNS
in	IN
masters	NNS
programs	NNS
in	IN
Mental	NNP
Health	NNP
Counseling	NN
from	IN
area	NN
universities	NNS
.	.
Psychology	NN
interns	NNS
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
supervision	NN
to	TO
counseling	VBG
practicum	NN
and	CC
extern	JJ
trainees	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
year	NN
.	.
Training	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
clinical	JJ
supervision	NN
takes	VBZ
place	NN
during	IN
August	NNP
orientation	NN
seminars	NNS
,	,
directed	VBD
readings	NNS
,	,
and	CC
weekly	JJ
meta-supervision	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Training	NNP
Director	NNP
throughout	IN
the	DT
year	NN
.	.
Each	DT
intern	NN
office	NN
is	VBZ
equipped	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
networked	JJ
computer	NN
running	VBG
Windows	NNP
,	,
through	IN
which	WDT
interns	NNS
have	VBP
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
,	,
client	NN
scheduling	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
computer	NN
processing	NN
needs	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
interns	NNS
may	MD
utilize	VB
university	NN
consultants	NNS
for	IN
research	NN
design	NN
and	CC
statistical	JJ
analyses	NNS
.	.
All	DT
applicants	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
informed	VBN
by	IN
December	NNP
15	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
per	IN
APPIC	NNP
recommendations	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
they	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
offered	VBN
a	DT
phone	NN
interview	NN
.	.
They	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
notified	VBN
by	IN
email	NN
and\/or	CC
letter	NN
.	.
Following	VBG
the	DT
December	NNP
15	CD
notification	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
contacted	VBN
by	IN
our	PRP$
secretarial	JJ
staff	NN
to	TO
schedule	VB
a	DT
phone	NN
interview	NN
.	.
Phone	NN
interviews	NNS
typically	RB
take	VBP
place	NN
during	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
two	CD
weeks	NNS
of	IN
January	NNP
.	.
There	EX
will	MD
be	VB
NO	UH
notification	NN
to	TO
applicants	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
ranking	JJ
status	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
they	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
ranked	VBN
by	IN
our	PRP$
program	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
as	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
benefit	NN
for	IN
applicants	NNS
in	IN
having	VBG
this	DT
information	NN
and	CC
no	DT
cost	NN
for	IN
applicants	NNS
of	IN
not	RB
having	VBG
this	DT
information	NN
,	,
given	VBN
that	IN
APPIC	NNP
match	NN
procedures	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
impacted	VBN
by	IN
this	DT
knowledge	NN
.	.
Following	VBG
applicants	NNS
'	POS
phone	NN
interviews	NNS
,	,
there	EX
will	MD
be	VB
NO	RB
further	JJ
recruitment	NN
efforts	NNS
,	,
as	IN
we	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
wish	VB
to	TO
be	VB
perceived	VBN
as	IN
courting	VBG
an	DT
applicant	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
per	IN
APPIC	NNP
guidelines	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Applicants	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
may	MD
contact	VB
us	PRP
following	VBG
their	PRP$
phone	NN
interviews	NNS
if	IN
needing	VBG
further	JJ
clarification	NN
about	IN
any	DT
information	NN
relevant	JJ
to	TO
their	PRP$
ranking	JJ
decisions	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
also	RB
welcome	JJ
to	TO
speak	VB
further	RB
with	IN
other	JJ
staff	NN
members	NNS
or	CC
current	JJ
interns	NNS
,	,
as	IN
relevant	JJ
to	TO
their	PRP$
ranking	JJ
decisions	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
do	VBP
NOT	RB
offer	VBP
on-site	JJ
interviews	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
to	TO
be	VB
fair	JJ
to	TO
applicants	NNS
who	WP
can	MD
not	RB
afford	VB
on-site	JJ
interviews	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
However	RB
,	,
applicants	NNS
are	VBP
welcome	JJ
to	TO
informally	RB
visit	VB
our	PRP$
center	NN
,	,
if	IN
that	DT
will	MD
aid	VB
in	IN
their	PRP$
decisions	NNS
about	IN
ranking	JJ
internship	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
Interested	JJ
applicants	NNS
should	MD
contact	VB
the	DT
Training	NN
Director	NNP
to	TO
schedule	VB
the	DT
informal	JJ
visit	NN
.	.
The	DT
University	NNP
at	IN
Buffalo	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
Affirmative	JJ
Action\/Equal	NNP
Opportunity	NNP
Employer	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
're	VBP
particularly	RB
interested	JJ
in	IN
identifying	VBG
prospective	JJ
women	NNS
,	,
minority	NN
,	,
and	CC
differently	RB
abled	VBD
intern	NN
applicants	NNS
.	.
In	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
federal	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
laws	NNS
,	,
no	DT
person	NN
in	IN
whatever	WDT
relationship	NN
with	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
University	NNP
of	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
at	IN
Buffalo	NNP
shall	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
discrimination	NN
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
age	NN
,	,
religion	NN
or	CC
creed	NN
,	,
color	NN
,	,
disability	NN
,	,
national	JJ
origin	NN
,	,
race	NN
,	,
ethnicity	NN
,	,
sex	NN
,	,
marital	JJ
or	CC
veteran	JJ
status	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
New	NNP
York	NNP
's	POS
Executive	NNP
Order	NNP
28	CD
and	CC
the	DT
University	NNP
Board	NNP
of	IN
Trustees	NNPS
Policy	NNP
prohibit	VBP
discrimination	NN
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
.	.
Despite	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
humans	NNS
have	VBP
never	RB
limited	VBN
their	PRP$
sexual	JJ
pleasure	NN
to	TO
what	WP
we	PRP
now	RB
call	VBP
heterosexual	JJ
intercourse	NN
,	,
the	DT
history	NN
of	IN
LGBT	NNP
people	NNS
is	VBZ
relatively	RB
short	JJ
.	.
The	DT
genital	JJ
anatomy	NN
of	IN
one	CD
's	POS
partners-or	NN
what	WP
Freud	NNP
calls	VBZ
one	NN
's	POS
``	``
object	NN
choice	NN
''	''
-	:
did	VBD
n't	RB
become	VB
the	DT
definitive	JJ
criterion	NN
for	IN
distinguishing	VBG
LGB	NNP
and	CC
heterosexual	JJ
selves	NNS
until	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
third	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
nineteenth	JJ
century	NN
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
1860	CD
's	POS
and	CC
70	CD
's	POS
European	JJ
public	JJ
administrators	NNS
began	VBD
noticing	VBG
that	IN
some	DT
people	NNS
were	VBD
organizing	VBG
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
not	RB
around	IN
family	NN
,	,
household	NN
,	,
and	CC
reproduction	NN
but	CC
around	IN
various	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
sexual	JJ
pleasure	NN
.	.
This	DT
was	VBD
probably	RB
a	DT
recent	JJ
phenomenon	NN
made	VBD
possible	JJ
by	IN
the	DT
forces	NNS
of	IN
capitalism	NN
,	,
which	WDT
tended	VBD
to	TO
draw	VB
people	NNS
off	IN
the	DT
land	NN
into	IN
cities	NNS
away	RB
from	IN
their	PRP$
parishes	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
reduce	VB
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
arranged	VBN
marriage	NN
.	.
Alarmed	JJ
,	,
officials	NNS
began	VBD
studying	VBG
these	DT
populations	NNS
,	,
whom	WP
they	PRP
characterized	VBD
as	IN
sexual	JJ
deviants	NNS
and	CC
grouped	VBN
according	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
particular	JJ
practices	NNS
they	PRP
engaged	VBD
in	IN
.	.
One	CD
such	JJ
class	NN
of	IN
deviant	JJ
came	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
called	VBN
``	``
homosexuals	NNS
.	.
''	''
LGBT	JJ
people	NNS
quickly	RB
became	VBD
the	DT
target	NN
of	IN
medical	JJ
,	,
psychiatric	JJ
,	,
and	CC
legal	JJ
intervention	NN
,	,
and	CC
as	RB
early	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
1870	CD
's	POS
they	PRP
came	VBD
together	RB
in	IN
such	JJ
places	NNS
as	IN
Bavaria	NNP
to	TO
fight	VB
criminalization	NN
of	IN
sodomy	NN
.	.
Until	IN
the	DT
Nazis	NNPS
destroyed	VBD
Magnus	NNP
Hirschfeld	NNP
's	POS
homosexual	JJ
archives	NNS
in	IN
Berlin	NNP
and	CC
hundreds	NNS
of	IN
thousands	NNS
of	IN
homosexual	JJ
people	NNS
were	VBD
sent	VBN
to	TO
die	VB
in	IN
concentration	NN
camps	NNS
,	,
the	DT
LGBT	NNP
movement	NN
in	IN
Germany	NNP
was	VBD
widespread	JJ
and	CC
influential	JJ
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
US	NNP
the	DT
history	NN
of	IN
LGBT	JJ
culture	NN
and	CC
politics	NNS
is	VBZ
even	RB
shorter	JJR
than	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
in	IN
Europe	NNP
.	.
The	DT
largest	JJS
and	CC
best	JJS
known	VBN
communities	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
,	,
Los	NNP
Angeles	NNP
,	,
and	CC
San	NNP
Francisco	NNP
,	,
and	CC
there	EX
are	VBP
reasons	NNS
for	IN
that	DT
.	.
First	RB
,	,
because	IN
of	IN
economic	JJ
dislocations	NNS
and	CC
farm	NN
crises	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
half	NN
of	IN
the	DT
20th	JJ
century	NN
,	,
people	NNS
migrated	VBD
to	TO
large	JJ
cities	NNS
to	TO
find	VB
work	NN
.	.
Once	RB
there	RB
,	,
they	PRP
were	VBD
often	RB
forced	VBN
to	TO
live	VB
outside	JJ
traditional	JJ
family	NN
structures	NNS
,	,
many	JJ
in	IN
same	JJ
sex	NN
settings	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
military	JJ
and	CC
industrial	JJ
barracks	NNS
,	,
for	IN
prolonged	VBN
periods	NNS
.	.
Those	DT
with	IN
LGBT	NNP
inclinations	NNS
found	VBD
one	CD
another	DT
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
found	VBD
the	DT
freedom	NN
to	TO
express	VB
themselves	PRP
without	IN
ever-present	JJ
familial	JJ
and	CC
religious	JJ
disapproval	NN
.	.
For	IN
women	NNS
in	IN
particular	JJ
this	DT
was	VBD
a	DT
new	JJ
experience	NN
.	.
But	CC
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
economics	NNS
changes	NNS
,	,
another	DT
extremely	RB
significant	JJ
factor	NN
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
coastal	JJ
LGBT	NNP
enclaves	NNS
was	VBD
the	DT
ban	NN
on	IN
lesbians	NNS
and	CC
gay	JJ
men	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
military	NN
.	.
After	IN
World	NNP
War	NNP
II	NNP
thousands	NNS
of	IN
lesbians	NNS
and	CC
gay	JJ
men	NNS
were	VBD
dishonorably	RB
discharged	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
armed	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
many	JJ
were	VBD
simply	RB
dumped	VBN
in	IN
port	JJ
cities	NNS
.	.
At	IN
times	NNS
several	JJ
hundred	CD
ex-service	JJ
people	NNS
were	VBD
deposited	VBN
in	IN
San	NNP
Francisco	NNP
per	IN
day	NN
.	.
They	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
go	VB
home	NN
in	IN
disgrace	NN
,	,
so	IN
they	PRP
stayed	VBD
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
known	VBN
LGBT	NNP
political	JJ
organization	NN
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
was	VBD
the	DT
Mattachine	NNP
Society	NNP
,	,
founded	VBN
in	IN
November	NNP
of	IN
1950	CD
in	IN
Los	NNP
Angeles	NNP
.	.
This	DT
underground	JJ
emancipation	NN
movement	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
brainchild	NN
of	IN
Harry	NNP
Hay	NNP
,	,
a	DT
young	JJ
musicologist	NN
who	WP
had	VBD
honed	VBN
his	PRP$
organizing	VBG
skills	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
ranks	NNS
of	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
underground	JJ
political	JJ
movements	NNS
in	IN
America	NNP
in	IN
this	DT
century	NN
,	,
the	DT
Communist	NNP
Party	NNP
.	.
As	IN
Hay	NNP
well	RB
knew	VBD
,	,
persecution	NN
of	IN
homosexuals	NNS
was	VBD
rampant	JJ
.	.
Police	NNP
constantly	RB
entrapped	VBD
and	CC
brutalized	VBD
LGBT	NNP
people	NNS
.	.
Public	NNP
disclosure	NN
of	IN
an	DT
LGBT	JJ
identity	NN
was	VBD
enough	RB
to	TO
get	VB
most	JJS
people	NNS
fired	VBD
from	IN
their	PRP$
jobs	NNS
and	CC
ostracized	VBN
from	IN
families	NNS
and	CC
communities	NNS
.	.
By	IN
early	JJ
1953	CD
under	IN
President	NNP
Eisenhower	NNP
lesbian	JJ
or	CC
gay	JJ
identity	NN
became	VBD
by	IN
executive	JJ
order	NN
a	DT
necessary	JJ
and	CC
sufficient	JJ
reason	NN
in	IN
itself	PRP
to	TO
fire	VB
any	DT
federal	JJ
employee	NN
from	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
job	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
defense	NN
industries	NNS
and	CC
others	NNS
with	IN
government	NN
contracts	NNS
followed	VBD
suit	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Postal	NNP
Service	NNP
aided	VBD
these	DT
industries	NNS
by	IN
putting	VBG
tracers	NNS
on	IN
suspected	VBN
lesbians	NNS
'	POS
and	CC
gay	JJ
mens	NNS
'	POS
mail	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
gather	VB
enough	JJ
evidence	NN
for	IN
dismissal	NN
and	CC
possibly	RB
arrest	VB
.	.
The	DT
Mattachine	NNP
Society	NNP
drew	VBD
tremendous	JJ
support	NN
after	IN
one	CD
of	IN
its	PRP$
founders	NNS
,	,
Dale	NNP
Jennings	NNP
,	,
was	VBD
arrested	VBN
for	IN
``	``
lewd	JJ
and	CC
dissolute	JJ
behavior	NN
''	''
in	IN
February	NNP
1952	CD
.	.
Jennings	NNP
took	VBD
the	DT
unheard	JJ
course	NN
of	IN
acknowledging	VBG
his	PRP$
gay	JJ
identity	NN
in	IN
court	NN
while	IN
pleading	VBG
innocent	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
charges	NNS
against	IN
him	PRP
,	,
thus	RB
forcing	VBG
authorities	NNS
to	TO
draw	VB
a	DT
distinction	NN
between	IN
being	VBG
gay	JJ
and	CC
being	VBG
guilty	JJ
of	IN
illegal	JJ
activity	NN
.	.
The	DT
jury	NN
was	VBD
deadlocked	VBN
and	CC
a	DT
retrial	NN
ordered	VBN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
DA	NNP
's	POS
office	NN
dropped	VBD
all	DT
charges	NNS
.	.
Publicizing	VBG
this	DT
victory	NN
was	VBD
n't	RB
easy	JJ
,	,
however	RB
.	.
There	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
news	NN
blackout	NN
;	:
no	DT
press	NN
releases	NNS
were	VBD
accepted	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
newspapers	NNS
,	,
magazines	NNS
,	,
or	CC
radio	NN
stations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Mattachine	NNP
Society	NNP
was	VBD
forced	VBN
to	TO
circulate	VB
information	NN
solely	RB
through	IN
postings	NNS
and	CC
flyers	NNS
distributed	VBN
in	IN
areas	NNS
where	WRB
LGBT	JJ
people	NNS
were	VBD
believed	VBN
to	TO
congregate	VB
.	.
Nevertheless	RB
,	,
the	DT
event	NN
drew	VBD
tremendous	JJ
,	,
if	IN
quiet	JJ
,	,
support	NN
,	,
and	CC
membership	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Mattachine	NNP
Society	NNP
grew	VBD
by	IN
several	JJ
thousand	CD
in	IN
succeeding	VBG
weeks	NNS
.	.
Fears	NNS
generated	VBN
by	IN
Joseph	NNP
McCarthy	NNP
's	POS
campaign	NN
to	TO
rid	VB
America	NNP
of	IN
Communists	NNPS
eventually	RB
led	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
neutralization	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Mattachine	NNP
Society	NNP
.	.
By	IN
late	JJ
1954	CD
it	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
weak	JJ
,	,
fully	RB
public	JJ
,	,
assimilationist	NN
organization	NN
whose	WP$
main	JJ
purpose	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
convince	VB
heterosexuals	NNS
that	WDT
lesbians	NNS
and	CC
gay	JJ
men	NNS
presented	VBD
no	DT
threat	NN
whatsoever	RB
to	TO
any	DT
of	IN
their	PRP$
values	NNS
and	CC
were	VBD
in	IN
fact	NN
exactly	RB
like	IN
them	PRP
but	CC
for	IN
sexual	JJ
preference	NN
.	.
The	DT
lesbian	JJ
organization	NN
Daughters	NNS
of	IN
Bilitis	NNP
,	,
founded	VBN
in	IN
San	NNP
Francisco	NNP
in	IN
1955	CD
,	,
did	VBD
n't	RB
fare	VB
much	RB
better	JJR
,	,
although	IN
both	DT
groups	NNS
managed	VBD
to	TO
sustain	VB
publications	NNS
with	IN
national	JJ
circulation	NN
through	IN
the	DT
1950	CD
's	POS
and	CC
60	CD
's	POS
.	.
By	IN
1969	CD
there	EX
were	VBD
about	IN
fifty	CD
``	``
homophile	FW
''	''
organizations	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
US	NNP
,	,
all	DT
fairly	RB
small	JJ
.	.
The	DT
main	JJ
reason	NN
for	IN
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
visibility	NN
in	IN
post-war	JJ
America	NNP
was	VBD
persecution-religious	JJ
persecution	NN
,	,
discrimination	NN
in	IN
employment	NN
,	,
violence	NN
,	,
and	CC
police	NN
brutality	NN
.	.
Non	NNP
celibate	JJ
LGBT	NNP
people	NNS
were	VBD
condemned	VBN
by	IN
and	CC
unwelcome	JJ
in	IN
most	JJS
mainstream	JJ
religious	JJ
organizations	NNS
not	RB
only	RB
as	IN
leaders	NNS
but	CC
even	RB
simply	RB
as	IN
members	NNS
.	.
This	DT
led	VBD
the	DT
Reverend	NNP
Troy	NNP
Perry	NNP
,	,
a	DT
Baptist	NNP
,	,
to	TO
found	VBD
the	DT
Metropolitan	NNP
Community	NNP
Church	NNP
in	IN
1968	CD
.	.
Today	NN
the	DT
MCC	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
largest	JJS
LGBT	NNP
religious	JJ
organization	NN
in	IN
this	DT
country	NN
and	CC
by	IN
far	RB
the	DT
largest	JJS
in	IN
the	DT
South	NNP
.	.
Discrimination	NN
in	IN
employment	NN
probably	RB
ranked	VBD
as	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
threatening	JJ
type	NN
of	IN
persecution	NN
LGBT	NNP
people	NNS
faced	VBD
and	CC
still	RB
face-second	JJ
only	RB
to	TO
physical	JJ
assault	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
violence	NN
but	CC
affecting	VBG
far	RB
more	JJR
people	NNS
.	.
Eisenhower	NNP
's	POS
executive	NN
order	NN
stood	VBD
from	IN
1953	CD
until	IN
1993	CD
.	.
There	EX
has	VBZ
never	RB
been	VBN
any	DT
employment	NN
protection	NN
for	IN
LGBT	NNP
people	NNS
as	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
now	RB
for	IN
heterosexual	JJ
white	JJ
women	NNS
and	CC
heterosexual	JJ
men	NNS
and	CC
women	NNS
who	WP
belong	VBP
to	TO
racial	JJ
and	CC
ethnic	JJ
minorities	NNS
.	.
Employers	NNS
routinely	RB
refuse	VBP
to	TO
hire	VB
LGBT	JJ
people	NNS
regardless	RB
of	IN
their	PRP$
qualifications	NNS
and	CC
fire	NN
any	DT
who	WP
manage	VBP
to	TO
get	VB
hired	VBN
while	IN
closeted	VBN
.	.
Still	RB
,	,
the	DT
ugliest	JJS
of	IN
all	DT
forms	NNS
of	IN
discrimination	NN
was	VBD
and	CC
is	VBZ
undoubtedly	RB
gay	JJ
bashing	VBG
,	,
especially	RB
when	WRB
carried	VBN
out	RP
by	IN
public	JJ
officials	NNS
.	.
Police	NNP
harassment	NN
and	CC
brutality	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
constant	JJ
features	NNS
of	IN
LGBT	NNP
life	NN
for	IN
decades	NNS
.	.
Indefinite	JJ
detainment	NN
's	POS
,	,
beatings	NNS
,	,
and	CC
public	JJ
humiliations	NNS
are	VBP
only	RB
the	DT
tip	NN
of	IN
the	DT
iceberg	NN
.	.
Transgendered	JJ
people	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
1950s	CD
and	CC
1960s	CD
suffered	VBD
frequent	JJ
rapes	NNS
and	CC
sexual	JJ
assaults	NNS
committed	VBN
by	IN
police	NNS
officers	NNS
,	,
sometimes	RB
inside	IN
police	NNS
precincts	NNS
.	.
And	CC
police	NNS
were	VBD
certainly	RB
no	DT
help	NN
when	WRB
beatings	NNS
,	,
rapes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
lesser	JJR
indignities	NNS
were	VBD
visited	VBN
upon	IN
LGBT	JJ
people	NNS
by	IN
civilians	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
this	DT
atmosphere	NN
of	IN
terror	NN
and	CC
brutality	NN
that	WDT
patrons	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Stonewall	NNP
Inn	NNP
in	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
's	POS
Greenwich	NNP
Village	NNP
resisted	VBD
a	DT
police	NN
raid	NN
in	IN
1969	CD
.	.
The	DT
Stonewall	NNP
Inn	NNP
was	VBD
a	DT
working	VBG
class	NN
lesbian	JJ
and	CC
gay	JJ
bar	NN
frequented	VBN
by	IN
transgendered	JJ
people	NNS
.	.
Police	NNP
raids	NNS
were	VBD
common	JJ
then	RB
and	CC
ugly	JJ
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
night	NN
of	IN
June	NNP
29	CD
,	,
1969	CD
,	,
police	NN
attempted	VBD
to	TO
raid	VB
the	DT
bar	NN
as	IN
usual	JJ
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
regulars	NNS
were	VBD
fed	VBN
up	RP
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
officers	NNS
entered	VBD
the	DT
building	NN
,	,
patrons	NNS
barricaded	VBD
them	PRP
inside	IN
and	CC
held	VBD
them	PRP
there	RB
.	.
Thus	RB
began	VBD
three	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
rioting	NN
.	.
At	IN
one	CD
point	NN
it	PRP
was	VBD
estimated	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
LGBT	NNP
people	NNS
held	VBD
eight	CD
square	NN
blocks	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
city	NN
.	.
Word	NN
of	IN
the	DT
riots	NNS
spread	VBN
quickly	RB
through	IN
homophile	NN
organizations	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
country	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
at	IN
that	DT
point	NN
that	IN
what	WP
had	VBD
been	VBN
since	IN
1954	CD
a	DT
rather	RB
quiet	JJ
assimilationist	NN
movement	NN
became	VBD
militant	JJ
.	.
In	IN
December	NNP
,	,
1973	CD
,	,
this	DT
movement	NN
achieved	VBD
a	DT
major	JJ
victory	NN
when	WRB
pressure	NN
groups	NNS
succeeded	VBD
in	IN
forcing	VBG
the	DT
American	JJ
Psychiatric	NNP
Association	NNP
to	TO
remove	VB
homosexuality	NN
from	IN
its	PRP$
list	NN
of	IN
mental	JJ
illnesses	NNS
.	.
This	DT
change	NN
eliminated	VBD
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
reasons	NNS
employers	NNS
so	RB
often	RB
fire	NN
LGBT	JJ
people	NNS
and	CC
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
reason	NN
judges	NNS
so	RB
often	RB
awarded	VBN
custody	NN
to	TO
heterosexual	JJ
over	IN
LGBT	NNP
parents-but	NN
only	RB
one	CD
.	.
In	IN
1978	CD
California	NNP
state	NN
senator	NN
John	NNP
Briggs	NNP
introduced	VBD
a	DT
move	NN
to	TO
prohibit	VB
lesbians	NNS
and	CC
gay	JJ
men	NNS
from	IN
teaching	NN
in	IN
California	NNP
public	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
The	DT
initiative	NN
was	VBD
defeated	VBN
in	IN
November	NNP
after	IN
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
statewide	JJ
debates	NNS
between	IN
Briggs	NNP
and	CC
Harvey	NNP
Milk	NN
.	.
It	PRP
looked	VBD
like	IN
gay	JJ
rights	NNS
would	MD
hold	VB
firm	NN
in	IN
California	NNP
,	,
but	CC
less	JJR
than	IN
three	CD
weeks	NNS
later	RB
Harvey	NNP
Milk	NN
and	CC
pro-gay	JJ
San	NNP
Francisco	NNP
mayor	NN
George	NNP
Mascone	NNP
lay	VBD
dead	JJ
,	,
assassinated	VBN
by	IN
former	JJ
city	NN
supervisor	NN
Dan	NNP
White	NNP
.	.
A	DT
jury	NN
subsequently	RB
gave	VBD
White	NNP
the	DT
lightest	JJS
possible	JJ
sentence	NN
on	IN
a	DT
charge	NN
of	IN
manslaughter	NN
.	.
San	NNP
Francisco	NNP
's	POS
LGBT	NNP
population	NN
rioted	VBD
;	:
but	CC
the	DT
heyday	NN
of	IN
pro-gay	JJ
politics	NNS
was	VBD
over	IN
in	IN
that	DT
city	NN
,	,
and	CC
anti-gay	JJ
violence	NN
sky-rocketed	JJ
.	.
Not	RB
long	RB
after	RB
,	,
scientists	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
Centers	NNPS
for	IN
Disease	NNP
Control	NNP
began	VBD
to	TO
notice	VB
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
immune-deficiency-related	JJ
illnesses	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
gay	JJ
male	NN
populations	NNS
of	IN
major	JJ
cities	NNS
.	.
Public	NNP
officials	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
who	WP
did	VBD
n't	RB
know	VB
what	WP
caused	VBD
the	DT
illnesses	NNS
or	CC
exactly	RB
how	WRB
they	PRP
were	VBD
spread	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
began	VBD
closing	VBG
down	RP
establishments	NNS
where	WRB
LGBT	NNP
people	NNS
gathered	VBD
.	.
Not	RB
surprisingly	RB
,	,
LGBT	NNP
people	NNS
resisted	VBD
these	DT
moves	NNS
,	,
seeing	VBG
them	PRP
as	RB
just	RB
another	DT
ploy	NN
on	IN
the	DT
part	NN
of	IN
politicians	NNS
and	CC
police	NNS
to	TO
destroy	VB
LGBT	NNP
communities	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
oppress	VB
individuals	NNS
.	.
Tensions	NNS
between	IN
LGBT	NNP
communities	NNS
and	CC
various	JJ
branches	NNS
of	IN
government	NN
increased	VBD
.	.
In	IN
1986	CD
in	IN
Bowers	NNP
v.	CC
Hardwick	NNP
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
held	VBD
that	IN
states	NNS
have	VBP
a	DT
right	NN
to	TO
criminalize	VB
even	RB
private	JJ
and	CC
consensual	JJ
sexual	JJ
behavior	NN
.	.
Specifically	RB
the	DT
court	NN
said	VBD
Georgia	NNP
had	VBD
a	DT
right	NN
to	TO
punish	VB
Michael	NNP
Hardwick	NNP
for	IN
sodomy	NN
even	RB
though	IN
his	PRP$
act	NN
occurred	VBD
in	IN
private	JJ
.	.
The	DT
police	NN
officer	NN
who	WP
over-heard	VBD
and	CC
then	RB
witnessed	VBD
Hardwick	NNP
's	POS
act	NN
had	VBD
entered	VBN
the	DT
house	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
speak	VB
to	TO
one	CD
of	IN
Hardwick	NNP
's	POS
housemates	NNS
about	IN
a	DT
traffic	NN
violation	NN
.	.
Officer	NNP
Bowers	NNP
placed	VBD
Hardwick	NNP
under	IN
arrest	NN
in	IN
his	PRP$
own	JJ
bedroom	NN
.	.
Things	NNS
have	VBP
changed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
number	NN
of	IN
employers	NNS
offering	VBG
domestic	JJ
partner	NN
health	NN
insurance	NN
benefits	NNS
has	VBZ
increased	VBN
25	CD
percent	NN
since	IN
1999	CD
,	,
and	CC
now	RB
includes	VBZ
more	JJR
than	IN
100	CD
of	IN
the	DT
Fortune	NNP
500	CD
.	.
Nevada	NNP
became	VBD
the	DT
eleventh	JJ
state	NN
in	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
to	TO
prohibit	VB
job	NN
discrimination	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
.	.
Nevada	NNP
joined	VBD
California	NNP
,	,
Connecticut	NNP
,	,
Hawaii	NNP
,	,
Massachusetts	NNP
,	,
Minnesota	NNP
,	,
New	NNP
Hampshire	NNP
,	,
New	NNP
Jersey	NNP
,	,
Rhode	NNP
Island	NNP
,	,
Vermont	NNP
and	CC
Wisconsin	NNP
in	IN
protecting	VBG
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
workplace	NN
.	.
Two	CD
states	NNS
-	:
Minnesota	NNP
and	CC
Iowa	NNP
-	:
the	DT
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
and	CC
28	CD
cities	NNS
or	CC
counties	NNS
protect	VBP
transgendered	JJ
or	CC
gender-different	JJ
employees	NNS
by	IN
law	NN
or	CC
executive	NN
order	NN
.	.
Reform	NNP
Judaism	NNP
became	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
major	JJ
religious	JJ
denomination	NN
to	TO
sanction	VB
same-sex	JJ
unions	NNS
and	CC
,	,
on	IN
April	NNP
26	CD
,	,
2000	CD
,	,
Vermont	NNP
governor	NN
Howard	NNP
Dean	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
D	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
signed	VBD
a	DT
historic	JJ
``	``
civil	JJ
union	NN
''	''
bill	NN
that	WDT
gives	VBZ
gay	JJ
and	CC
lesbian	JJ
couples	NNS
the	DT
same	JJ
rights	NNS
and	CC
benefits	NNS
afforded	VBN
married	JJ
couples	NNS
under	IN
state	NN
law	NN
.	.
Other	JJ
positive	JJ
steps	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
nineties	NNS
included	VBD
the	DT
American	JJ
Psychiatric	NNP
Association	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
American	JJ
Psychological	NNP
Association	NNP
's	POS
condemnation	NN
of	IN
``	``
reparative	JJ
''	''
or	CC
``	``
conversion	NN
''	''
therapies	NNS
as	IN
having	VBG
deleterious	JJ
effects	NNS
,	,
given	VBN
that	IN
practitioners	NNS
often	RB
mislead	VBP
patients	NNS
and	CC
are	VBP
motivated	VBN
by	IN
personal	JJ
prejudices	NNS
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
ensured	VBD
that	IN
Americans	NNPS
living	VBG
with	IN
HIV	NNP
will	MD
remain	VB
protected	JJ
from	IN
discrimination	NN
under	IN
the	DT
Americans	NNPS
with	IN
Disabilities	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
their	PRP$
stage	NN
of	IN
infection	NN
.	.
Sydney	NNP
Abbott	NNP
,	,
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
sued	VBD
Dr.	NNP
Randon	NNP
Bragdon	NNP
for	IN
violating	VBG
the	DT
ADA	NNP
by	IN
refusing	VBG
to	TO
administer	VB
routine	JJ
dental	JJ
care	NN
to	TO
Ms.	NNP
Abbott	NNP
in	IN
his	PRP$
office	NN
.	.
The	DT
ADA	NNP
prohibits	VBZ
discrimination	NN
against	IN
disabled	JJ
people	NNS
in	IN
places	NNS
of	IN
public	JJ
accommodation	NN
,	,
including	VBG
dental	JJ
and	CC
medical	JJ
offices	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
in	IN
employment	NN
and	CC
public	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
negative	JJ
side	NN
,	,
the	DT
witch-hunt	NN
against	IN
gay	JJ
and	CC
lesbian	JJ
service	NN
members	NNS
reached	VBD
an	DT
unprecedented	JJ
level	NN
as	IN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
service	NN
members	NNS
discharged	VBD
increased	VBN
14	CD
%	NN
to	TO
1,145	CD
in	IN
1998	CD
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
Pentagon	NNP
figures	NNS
.	.
The	DT
U.S.	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
decided	VBD
to	TO
allow	VB
the	DT
Boy	NNP
Scouts	NNPS
of	IN
America	NNP
to	TO
continue	VB
its	PRP$
ban	NN
on	IN
gay	JJ
scouts	NNS
while	IN
the	DT
Teletubbies	NNP
T.V.	NNP
character	NN
,	,
Tinky	NNP
Winky	NNP
,	,
was	VBD
outed	VBN
by	IN
former	JJ
Moral	NNP
Majority	NNP
founder	NN
Jerry	NNP
Falwell	NNP
.	.
Falwell	NNP
justified	VBD
his	PRP$
outing	NN
by	IN
claiming	VBG
that	IN
Tinky	NNP
Winky	NNP
has	VBZ
the	DT
voice	NN
of	IN
a	DT
boy	NN
but	CC
carries	VBZ
a	DT
purse	NN
.	.
``	``
He	PRP
is	VBZ
purple	JJ
--	:
the	DT
gay-pride	JJ
color	NN
;	:
and	CC
his	PRP$
antenna	NN
is	VBZ
shaped	VBN
like	IN
a	DT
triangle	NN
--	:
the	DT
gay-pride	NN
symbol	NN
.	.
''	''
Falwell	NNP
argued	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
``	``
subtle	JJ
depictions	NNS
''	''
are	VBP
intentional	JJ
and	CC
issued	VBD
a	DT
statement	NN
that	WDT
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
As	IN
a	DT
Christian	NNP
I	PRP
feel	VBP
that	IN
role	NN
modeling	NN
the	DT
gay	JJ
lifestyle	NN
is	VBZ
damaging	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
moral	JJ
lives	NNS
of	IN
children	NNS
.	.
''	''
The	DT
Human	NNP
Rights	NNPS
Campaign	NNP
assured	VBD
parents	NNS
that	IN
their	PRP$
children	NNS
would	MD
not	RB
become	VB
gay	JJ
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
subversive	JJ
effects	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
color	NN
purple	JJ
,	,
triangles	NNS
,	,
and	CC
magic	JJ
bags	NNS
.	.
A	DT
study	NN
released	VBN
in	IN
August	NNP
by	IN
Dr.	NNP
Karen	NNP
Franklin	NNP
,	,
a	DT
forensic	JJ
psychologist	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Washington	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Mental	NNP
Illness	NNP
Research	NNP
and	CC
Training	NNP
,	,
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
harassment	NN
and	CC
hate	VB
crimes	NNS
against	IN
gay	JJ
students	NNS
by	IN
their	PRP$
peers	NNS
is	VBZ
commonplace	JJ
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
study	NN
,	,
nearly	RB
one-quarter	NN
of	IN
community	NN
college	NN
students	NNS
who	WP
took	VBD
part	NN
in	IN
this	DT
survey	NN
admitted	VBD
to	TO
harassing	VBG
people	NNS
they	PRP
thought	VBD
were	VBD
gay	JJ
.	.
Among	IN
men	NNS
,	,
18	CD
percent	NN
said	VBD
they	PRP
had	VBD
physically	RB
assaulted	VBN
or	CC
threatened	VBN
someone	NN
they	PRP
thought	VBD
was	VBD
gay	JJ
or	CC
lesbian	JJ
.	.
And	CC
32	CD
percent	NN
admitted	VBD
they	PRP
were	VBD
guilty	JJ
of	IN
verbal	JJ
harassment	NN
.	.
Hate	NNP
crimes	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
have	VBP
more	JJR
than	IN
tripled	VBD
since	IN
the	DT
FBI	NNP
began	VBD
collecting	VBG
statistics	NNS
in	IN
1991	CD
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
crimes	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
one	CD
committed	VBN
by	IN
Ronald	NNP
Edward	NNP
Gay	NNP
,	,
who	WP
shot	VBD
seven	CD
people	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
gay	JJ
bar	NN
because	IN
he	PRP
was	VBD
angry	JJ
about	IN
jokes	NNS
people	NNS
made	VBD
about	IN
his	PRP$
last	JJ
name	NN
.	.
Or	CC
the	DT
one	CD
committed	VBN
by	IN
two	CD
men	NNS
who	WP
took	VBD
Billy	NNP
Jack	NNP
Gaither	NNP
,39	CD
,	,
to	TO
a	DT
remote	JJ
location	NN
in	IN
Alabama	NNP
,	,
bludgeoned	VBD
him	PRP
to	TO
death	NN
,	,
put	VBD
his	PRP$
body	NN
on	IN
a	DT
stack	VB
of	IN
tires	NNS
and	CC
set	VBD
him	PRP
on	IN
fire	NN
because	IN
he	PRP
was	VBD
gay	JJ
.	.
Or	CC
the	DT
murder	NN
of	IN
Matthew	NNP
Shepard	NNP
,	,
21	CD
,	,
the	DT
gay	JJ
University	NNP
of	IN
Wyoming	NNP
student	NN
who	WP
was	VBD
savagely	RB
attacked	VBN
,	,
burned	VBN
,	,
and	CC
left	VBD
to	TO
die	VB
for	IN
up	RB
to	TO
18	CD
hours	NNS
tied	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
wooden	JJ
fence	NN
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
three	CD
major	JJ
assumptions	NNS
.	.
Disagreement	NN
and	CC
conflict	NN
are	VBP
inevitable	JJ
in	IN
intimate	JJ
relationships	NNS
.	.
Styles	NNS
of	IN
expressing	VBG
anger	NN
are	VBP
learned	VBN
and	CC
therefore	RB
can	MD
be	VB
changed	VBN
.	.
Angry	NNP
feelings	NNS
depend	VBP
on	IN
one	CD
's	POS
perception	NN
of	IN
the	DT
situation	NN
.	.
So	RB
developing	VBG
self	NN
knowledge	NN
,	,
listening	VBG
,	,
and	CC
communicating	VBG
skills	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
keys	NNS
to	TO
fair-fighting	NN
.	.
Generally	RB
we	PRP
think	VBP
of	IN
fights	NNS
as	IN
angry	JJ
confrontations	NNS
between	IN
two	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
people	NNS
where	WRB
tempers	NNS
flare	VBP
,	,
voices	NNS
are	VBP
raised	VBN
,	,
and	CC
insults	NNS
are	VBP
exchanged	VBN
.	.
This	DT
way	NN
of	IN
resolving	VBG
conflict	NN
,	,
while	IN
unfortunately	RB
common	JJ
,	,
usually	RB
results	NNS
in	IN
bitterness	NN
,	,
distrust	NN
,	,
and	CC
desire	NN
for	IN
revenge	NN
.	.
The	DT
issues	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
temporarily	RB
settled	VBN
,	,
but	CC
one	CD
or	CC
both	DT
partners	NNS
feel	VBP
resentful	JJ
,	,
angry	JJ
or	CC
hurt	NN
.	.
Both	DT
partners	NNS
can	MD
experience	VB
a	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
intimacy	NN
.	.
Clean	JJ
,	,
fair	JJ
fights	NNS
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
are	VBP
confrontations	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
disagreements	NNS
and	CC
grievances	NNS
are	VBP
dealt	VBN
with	IN
according	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
specific	JJ
set	NN
of	IN
guidelines	NNS
.	.
Applying	VBG
these	DT
principles	NNS
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
the	DT
skills	NNS
of	IN
active	JJ
listening	NN
and	CC
a	DT
collaborative	JJ
attitude	NN
allows	VBZ
differences	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
negotiated	VBN
.	.
Both	DT
partners	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
more	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
feel	VB
refreshed	JJ
,	,
resolved	VBN
,	,
and	CC
relieved	VBD
that	IN
important	JJ
issues	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
dealt	VBN
with	IN
.	.
Successful	JJ
fights	NNS
tend	VBP
to	TO
clear	VB
up	RP
problems	NNS
and	CC
increase	VB
intimacy	NN
by	IN
helping	VBG
each	DT
partner	NN
understand	VBP
the	DT
other	JJ
better	JJR
.	.
The	DT
following	VBG
guidelines	NNS
highlight	VBP
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
major	JJ
fair	JJ
and	CC
unfair	JJ
fighting	VBG
techniques	NNS
couples	NNS
use	VBP
with	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
.	.
Remember	VB
,	,
what	WP
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
decide	VB
is	VBZ
not	RB
``	``
Should	MD
I	PRP
express	VB
my	PRP$
anger	NN
?	.
''	''
or	CC
even	RB
``	``
How	WRB
should	MD
I	PRP
express	VB
my	PRP$
anger	NN
?	.
''	''
,	,
but	CC
``	``
How	WRB
can	MD
I	PRP
communicate	VBP
to	TO
my	PRP$
partner	NN
about	IN
this	DT
issue	NN
so	IN
that	IN
s\/he	NN
will	MD
do	VB
something	NN
about	IN
it	PRP
?	.
''	''
.	.
Friendships	NNS
do	VBP
n't	RB
just	RB
happen	VB
.	.
Although	IN
one	CD
person	NN
may	MD
start	VB
a	DT
friendship	NN
,	,
both	DT
partners	NNS
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
contribute	VB
to	TO
the	DT
building	NN
process	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
initiate	VB
a	DT
friendship	NN
by	IN
moving	VBG
toward	IN
a	DT
prospective	JJ
friend	NN
and	CC
starting	VBG
a	DT
conversation	NN
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
probably	RB
have	VB
very	RB
few	JJ
friends	NNS
if	IN
you	PRP
wait	VB
for	IN
them	PRP
to	TO
come	VB
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
Remember	VB
that	DT
initial	JJ
relationships	NNS
with	IN
others	NNS
are	VBP
generally	RB
a	DT
little	JJ
awkward	JJ
.	.
Allow	VB
yourself	PRP
some	DT
time	NN
to	TO
feel	VB
comfortable	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
a	DT
friendship	NN
--	:
the	DT
initial	JJ
awkwardness	NN
is	VBZ
natural	JJ
and	CC
will	MD
lessen	VB
as	IN
you	PRP
get	VBP
to	TO
know	VB
each	DT
other	JJ
.	.
As	IN
college	NN
students	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
are	VBP
all	DT
familiar	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
experience	NN
of	IN
loneliness	NN
.	.
Because	IN
each	DT
individual	NN
is	VBZ
unique	JJ
,	,
we	PRP
all	DT
tend	VBP
to	TO
feel	VB
lonely	JJ
under	IN
different	JJ
conditions	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
some	DT
of	IN
us	PRP
will	MD
feel	VB
lonely	JJ
when	WRB
we	PRP
are	VBP
excluded	VBN
from	IN
group	NN
activities	NNS
,	,
others	NNS
,	,
when	WRB
we	PRP
are	VBP
deprived	VBN
of	IN
building	VBG
close	JJ
one-to-one	JJ
relationships	NNS
.	.
Loneliness	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
necessarily	RB
mean	VB
being	VBG
alone	RB
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
feel	VB
lonely	JJ
when	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
class	NN
with	IN
three	CD
hundred	CD
other	JJ
students	NNS
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
middle	NN
of	IN
a	DT
party	NN
,	,
or	CC
at	IN
a	DT
football	NN
game	NN
with	IN
hundreds	NNS
of	IN
screaming	VBG
spectators	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
make	VB
any	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
get	VB
involved	VBN
in	IN
social	JJ
activities	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
expect	VBP
everyone	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
admire	VBP
to	TO
like	VB
and	CC
include	VB
you	PRP
in	IN
their	PRP$
activities	NNS
and	CC
conversations	NNS
.	.
If	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
include	VB
you	PRP
in	IN
their	PRP$
social	JJ
activities	NNS
you	PRP
may	MD
become	VB
more	RBR
withdrawn	VBN
,	,
angry	JJ
and	CC
isolated	VBN
from	IN
other	JJ
activities	NNS
.	.
Learn	VB
to	TO
enjoy	VB
life	NN
by	IN
developing	VBG
your	PRP$
social	JJ
skills	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
see	VBP
someone	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
like	IN
,	,
do	VBP
n't	RB
just	RB
sit	VB
there	RB
and	CC
hope	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
person	NN
will	MD
come	VB
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
Make	VB
the	DT
first	JJ
move	NN
.	.
Use	NNP
verbal	JJ
or	CC
nonverbal	JJ
cues	NNS
to	TO
let	VB
the	DT
person	NN
know	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
interested	JJ
in	IN
getting	VBG
to	TO
know	VB
him\/her	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
make	VBP
eye	NN
contact	NN
and	CC
smile	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
go	VB
over	RB
,	,
say	VBP
``	``
hi	FW
''	''
and	CC
introduce	VB
yourself	PRP
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
judge	VB
people	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
past	JJ
experiences	NNS
.	.
Give	VB
your	PRP$
instructors	NNS
,	,
classmates	NNS
and	CC
peers	NNS
a	DT
chance	NN
,	,
and	CC
try	VB
to	TO
get	VB
to	TO
know	VB
them	PRP
.	.
Remember	VB
!	.
There	EX
are	VBP
individual	JJ
differences	NNS
in	IN
people	NNS
.	.
Learn	VB
to	TO
admire	VB
and	CC
accept	VB
these	DT
differences	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
college	NN
students	NNS
find	VBP
it	PRP
difficult	JJ
to	TO
express	VB
their	PRP$
feelings	NNS
honestly	RB
and	CC
openly	RB
because	IN
they	PRP
lack	VBP
assertiveness	NN
.	.
This	DT
can	MD
become	VB
a	DT
problem	NN
when	WRB
building	VBG
a	DT
relationship	NN
,	,
going	VBG
out	RP
in	IN
the	DT
career	NN
world	NN
or	CC
communicating	VBG
with	IN
friends	NNS
,	,
family	NN
members	NNS
,	,
and	CC
co-workers	NNS
.	.
Assertiveness	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
express	VB
your	PRP$
feelings	NNS
,	,
opinions	NNS
,	,
beliefs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
needs	VBZ
directly	RB
,	,
openly	RB
and	CC
honestly	RB
,	,
while	IN
not	RB
violating	VBG
the	DT
personal	JJ
rights	NNS
of	IN
others	NNS
.	.
Assertiveness	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
in	IN
any	DT
way	NN
means	VBZ
being	VBG
aggressive	JJ
.	.
Aggressive	JJ
behavior	NN
is	VBZ
self	NN
enhancing	VBG
at	IN
the	DT
expense	NN
of	IN
others	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
take	VB
other	JJ
individual	NN
's	POS
rights	NNS
into	IN
consideration	NN
.	.
Be	VB
direct	JJ
,	,
honest	JJ
,	,
and	CC
open	JJ
about	IN
your	PRP$
feelings	NNS
,	,
opinions	NNS
and	CC
needs	NNS
.	.
State	NNP
reasonable	JJ
requests	NNS
directly	RB
and	CC
firmly	RB
.	.
State	NNP
your	PRP$
goals	NNS
or	CC
intentions	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
direct	JJ
and	CC
honest	JJ
manner	NN
.	.
State	NNP
your	PRP$
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
without	IN
being	VBG
hesitant	JJ
or	CC
apologetic	JJ
.	.
Being	VBG
responsible	JJ
for	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
behavior	NN
will	MD
let	VB
you	PRP
feel	VB
good	JJ
about	IN
yourself	PRP
.	.
Learn	VB
to	TO
say	VB
no	DT
to	TO
unreasonable	JJ
requests	NNS
.	.
Use	NNP
the	DT
word	NN
``	``
no	DT
''	''
and	CC
offer	VBP
an	DT
explanation	NN
if	IN
you	PRP
choose	VBP
to	TO
.	.
Do	VBP
not	RB
apologize	VB
and	CC
do	VB
not	RB
make	VB
up	RP
excuses	NNS
.	.
Paraphrase	VB
the	DT
other	JJ
person	NN
's	POS
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
let	VB
he\/she	NNS
know	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
hear	VBP
and	CC
understand	VBP
the	DT
request	NN
.	.
Recognize	VB
and	CC
respect	VB
the	DT
rights	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
friends	NNS
,	,
classmates	NNS
,	,
roommates	NNS
etc.	FW
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
upset	VBN
with	IN
them	PRP
use	VBP
``	``
I	PRP
''	''
and	CC
``	``
we	PRP
''	''
statements	NNS
to	TO
express	VB
your	PRP$
feelings	NNS
,	,
instead	RB
of	IN
blaming	VBG
and	CC
finger	NN
pointing	VBG
``	``
you	PRP
''	''
statements	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
communicating	VBG
with	IN
others	NNS
use	VBP
an	DT
appropriate	JJ
tone	NN
of	IN
voice	NN
and	CC
body	NN
posture	NN
.	.
Maintain	VB
eye	NN
contact	NN
.	.
Tone	NN
of	IN
voice	NN
should	MD
be	VB
appropriate	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
situation	NN
.	.
Stand	VB
or	CC
sit	VB
at	IN
a	DT
comfortable	JJ
distance	NN
from	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
person	NN
.	.
Gestures	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
emphasize	VB
what	WP
is	VBZ
being	VBG
said	VBD
and	CC
the	DT
word	NN
``	``
I	PRP
''	''
and	CC
``	``
we	PRP
''	''
should	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
in	IN
statements	NNS
to	TO
convey	VB
your	PRP$
feelings	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
more	RBR
appropriate	JJ
to	TO
say	VB
``	``
I	PRP
am	VBP
very	RB
disappointed	JJ
that	IN
you	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
show	VB
up	RP
as	IN
plan	NN
''	''
,	,
instead	RB
of	IN
saying	VBG
,	,
``	``
Man	NN
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
jerk	NN
''	''
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
very	RB
important	JJ
to	TO
communicate	VB
what	WP
you	PRP
really	RB
want	VBP
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
set	VB
sexual	JJ
limits	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
communicate	VB
them	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
unfeminine	JJ
to	TO
express	VB
an	DT
interest	NN
in	IN
having	VBG
sex	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
``	``
uncool	JJ
''	''
to	TO
make	VB
your	PRP$
lack	NN
of	IN
interest	NN
clear	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
very	RB
hard	JJ
to	TO
always	RB
be	VB
the	DT
one	CD
to	TO
offer	VB
yourself	PRP
.	.
Some	DT
men	NNS
are	VBP
afraid	JJ
that	IN
women	NNS
say	VBP
yes	UH
,	,
but	CC
mean	VB
no.	RB
.	.
Men	NNS
do	VBP
n't	RB
like	VB
to	TO
pretend	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
always	RB
want	VBP
sex	NN
.	.
Men	NNS
are	VBP
afraid	JJ
of	IN
being	VBG
rejected	VBN
and	CC
turned	VBN
down	RP
.	.
Women	NNS
are	VBP
socialized	VBN
to	TO
believe	VB
they	PRP
should	MD
always	RB
go	VB
along	RP
with	IN
what	WP
men	NNS
want	VBP
,	,
in	IN
spite	NN
of	IN
what	WP
they	PRP
want	VBP
.	.
Many	JJ
women	NNS
are	VBP
afraid	JJ
of	IN
hurting	VBG
men	NNS
's	POS
feelings	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
women	NNS
do	VBP
n't	RB
like	VB
pretending	VBG
that	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
have	VB
sex	NN
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
enjoy	VB
sexual	JJ
contact	NN
-	:
hugging	VBG
,	,
foreplay	NN
-	:
but	CC
do	VBP
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
have	VB
intercourse	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
getting	VBG
a	DT
double	JJ
message	NN
from	IN
a	DT
woman	NN
,	,
speak	VBP
up	RP
and	CC
clarify	VB
what	WP
she	PRP
wants	VBZ
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
find	VBP
yourself	PRP
in	IN
a	DT
situation	NN
with	IN
a	DT
woman	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
unsure	JJ
about	IN
having	VBG
sex	NN
or	CC
is	VBZ
saying	VBG
``	``
no	RB
,	,
''	''
back	RB
off	RB
.	.
Suggest	VB
talking	VBG
about	IN
it	PRP
.	.
Do	VBP
not	RB
assume	VB
you	PRP
both	DT
want	VBP
the	DT
same	JJ
degree	NN
of	IN
intimacy	NN
.	.
She	PRP
might	MD
be	VB
interested	JJ
in	IN
some	DT
sexual	JJ
contact	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
intercourse	NN
.	.
There	EX
may	MD
be	VB
several	JJ
kinds	NNS
of	IN
sexual	JJ
activity	NN
you	PRP
might	MD
mutually	RB
agree	VB
to	TO
share	VB
.	.
Be	VB
aware	JJ
that	IN
a	DT
man	NN
's	POS
size	NN
and	CC
physical	JJ
presence	NN
can	MD
be	VB
intimidating	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
woman	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
victims	NNS
report	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
fear	NN
they	PRP
felt	VBD
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
man	NN
's	POS
size	NN
and	CC
presence	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
reason	NN
why	WRB
they	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
fight	VB
back	RB
or	CC
struggle	NN
.	.
Remember	VB
,	,
the	DT
attitude	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
approach	VBP
problem-solving	JJ
is	VBZ
very	RB
important	JJ
.	.
Problem-solving	JJ
requires	VBZ
collaboration	NN
and	CC
problem-solving	JJ
requires	VBZ
that	IN
each	DT
problem	NN
being	VBG
discussed	VBN
is	VBZ
seen	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
mutual	JJ
problem	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
make	VB
assumptions	NNS
about	IN
a	DT
woman	NN
's	POS
behavior	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
automatically	RB
assume	VB
that	IN
a	DT
woman	NN
wants	VBZ
to	TO
have	VB
sex	NN
just	RB
because	IN
she	PRP
drinks	NNS
heavily	RB
,	,
dresses	NNS
provocatively	RB
,	,
or	CC
agrees	VBZ
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
your	PRP$
room	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
assume	VB
that	DT
just	RB
because	IN
a	DT
woman	NN
has	VBZ
had	VBN
sex	NN
with	IN
you	PRP
previously	RB
she	PRP
is	VBZ
willing	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
sex	NN
with	IN
you	PRP
again	RB
.	.
Also	RB
do	VBP
n't	RB
assume	VB
that	DT
just	RB
because	IN
a	DT
woman	NN
consents	NNS
to	TO
kissing	VBG
or	CC
other	JJ
sexual	JJ
intimacies	NNS
she	PRP
is	VBZ
willing	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
sexual	JJ
intercourse	NN
.	.
Be	VB
aware	JJ
that	IN
having	VBG
sex	NN
with	IN
someone	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
mentally	RB
or	CC
physically	RB
incapable	JJ
of	IN
giving	VBG
consent	NN
is	VBZ
rape	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
sex	NN
with	IN
a	DT
woman	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
drugged	JJ
,	,
intoxicated	JJ
,	,
passed	VBD
out	RP
,	,
incapable	JJ
of	IN
saying	VBG
``	``
No	UH
''	''
,	,
or	CC
unaware	JJ
of	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
happening	VBG
around	IN
her	PRP
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
guilty	JJ
of	IN
rape	NN
.	.
``	``
Get	VB
involved	VBN
''	''
if	IN
you	PRP
believe	VBP
someone	NN
is	VBZ
at	IN
risk	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
see	VBP
a	DT
woman	NN
in	IN
trouble	NN
at	IN
a	DT
party	NN
or	CC
a	DT
male	JJ
friend	NN
using	VBG
force	NN
or	CC
pressuring	VBG
a	DT
woman	NN
,	,
do	VBP
n't	RB
be	VB
afraid	JJ
to	TO
intervene	VB
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
save	VB
the	DT
woman	NN
from	IN
the	DT
trauma	NN
of	IN
sexual	JJ
assault	NN
and	CC
your	PRP$
friend	NN
from	IN
the	DT
ordeal	NN
of	IN
criminal	JJ
prosecution	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
realize	VBP
how	WRB
other	JJ
men	NNS
's	POS
uncaring	JJ
or	CC
wrong	JJ
behavior	NN
might	MD
affect	VB
your	PRP$
own	JJ
life	NN
.	.
Some	DT
woman	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
know	VBP
may	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
raped	VBN
.	.
Understand	VB
that	IN
this	DT
person	NN
might	MD
need	VB
your	PRP$
support	NN
but	CC
might	MD
not	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
enter	VB
into	IN
a	DT
relationship	NN
at	IN
the	DT
present	JJ
time	NN
.	.
Also	RB
realize	VBP
that	IN
some	DT
women	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
been	VBN
raped	VBN
might	MD
feel	VB
distrustful	JJ
of	IN
men	NNS
in	IN
general	JJ
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
an	DT
abnormal	JJ
reaction	NN
to	TO
such	PDT
a	DT
traumatizing	VBG
experience	NN
.	.
In	IN
dormitories	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
residences	NNS
,	,
men	NNS
can	MD
also	RB
help	VB
by	IN
paying	VBG
attention	NN
to	TO
strangers	NNS
who	WP
appear	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
wandering	VBG
around	IN
the	DT
building	NN
.	.
Ask	VB
them	PRP
who	WP
they	PRP
are	VBP
looking	VBG
for	IN
,	,
and	CC
report	NN
suspicious	JJ
behavior	NN
to	TO
University	NNP
Police	NNP
.	.
The	DT
White	NNP
Ribbon	NNP
Campaign	NNP
was	VBD
organized	VBN
to	TO
acknowledge	VB
the	DT
``	``
Montreal	NNP
Massacre	NNP
''	''
of	IN
1990	CD
when	WRB
14	CD
women	NNS
were	VBD
murdered	VBN
by	IN
Mark	NNP
Lepine	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Montreal	NNP
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
campaign	NN
:	:
to	TO
have	VB
men	NNS
show	VBP
their	PRP$
support	NN
for	IN
ending	VBG
violence	NN
against	IN
women	NNS
.	.
``	``
It	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
large	JJ
scale	NN
initiative	NN
ever	RB
developed	VBN
by	IN
men	NNS
to	TO
speak	VB
out	RP
on	IN
a	DT
subject	JJ
usually	RB
considered	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
women	NNS
's	POS
issue	NN
.	.
''	''
Ribbons	NNS
were	VBD
distributed	VBN
throughout	IN
Canada	NNP
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
campaign	NN
gained	VBD
momentum	NN
,	,
publicity	NN
,	,
discussion	NN
and	CC
debate	NN
followed	VBD
.	.
Men	NNS
were	VBD
finally	RB
talking	VBG
seriously	RB
about	IN
a	DT
serious	JJ
problem	NN
;	:
most	RBS
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
.	.
Realize	VB
how	WRB
other	JJ
men	NNS
's	POS
uncaring	JJ
or	CC
wrong	JJ
behavior	NN
might	MD
affect	VB
your	PRP$
own	JJ
life	NN
.	.
Some	DT
woman	NN
or	CC
man	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
care	VBP
about	RB
may	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
raped	VBN
.	.
Understand	VB
that	IN
this	DT
person	NN
might	MD
need	VB
your	PRP$
support	NN
but	CC
might	MD
be	VB
unable	JJ
to	TO
enter	VB
into	IN
a	DT
relationship	NN
at	IN
the	DT
present	JJ
time	NN
.	.
Also	RB
realize	VBP
that	IN
some	DT
women	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
been	VBN
raped	VBN
might	MD
feel	VB
distrustful	JJ
of	IN
men	NNS
in	IN
general	JJ
.	.
Confront	VB
potential	JJ
rape	NN
scenes	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
see	VBP
a	DT
man	NN
verbally	RB
harassing	VBG
a	DT
woman	NN
,	,
stand	VBP
by	IN
to	TO
see	VB
if	IN
she	PRP
needs	VBZ
help	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
man	NN
is	VBZ
hitting	VBG
or	CC
holding	VBG
a	DT
woman	NN
against	IN
her	PRP$
will	NN
,	,
do	VBP
something	NN
immediately	RB
to	TO
help	VB
her	PRP
.	.
If	IN
someone	NN
you	PRP
know	VBP
has	VBZ
expressed	VBN
violent	JJ
feelings	NNS
or	CC
demonstrated	VBN
violent	JJ
behavior	NN
in	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
someone	NN
,	,
try	VBP
to	TO
help	VB
him	PRP
find	VB
an	DT
appropriate	JJ
person	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
to	TO
talk	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
mental	JJ
health	NN
,	,
RA	NNP
,	,
etc	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Hope	NNP
.	.
Initially	RB
we	PRP
may	MD
fantasize	VB
that	IN
there	EX
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
reconciliation	NN
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
parting	NN
is	VBZ
only	RB
temporary	JJ
,	,
that	IN
our	PRP$
partner	NN
will	MD
come	VB
back	RB
to	TO
us	PRP
.	.
As	IN
we	PRP
heal	VBP
and	CC
accept	VBP
the	DT
reality	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ending	VBG
,	,
we	PRP
may	MD
dare	VB
to	TO
hope	VB
for	IN
a	DT
newer	JJR
and	CC
better	JJR
world	NN
for	IN
ourselves	PRP
.	.
While	IN
some	DT
of	IN
these	DT
feelings	NNS
may	MD
seem	VB
overwhelming	JJ
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
all	DT
``	``
normal	JJ
''	''
reactions	NNS
and	CC
are	VBP
necessary	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
healing	NN
so	IN
that	IN
we	PRP
can	MD
eventually	RB
move	VB
on	IN
and	CC
engage	VB
in	IN
other	JJ
relationships	NNS
.	.
Be	VB
patient	NN
with	IN
yourself	PRP
.	.
And	CC
if	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
talk	VB
your	PRP$
feelings	NNS
over	IN
with	IN
someone	NN
,	,
contact	NN
the	DT
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
at	IN
645-2720	CD
.	.
Speaking	VBG
with	IN
someone	NN
can	MD
often	RB
give	VB
us	PRP
perspective	NN
.	.
We	PRP
believe	VBP
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
supervision	NN
contributes	VBZ
strongly	RB
to	TO
a	DT
positive	JJ
internship	NN
experience	NN
;	:
therefore	RB
supervision	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
primary	JJ
aspect	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
program	NN
.	.
Intern	NNP
supervision	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
so	RB
that	IN
each	DT
intern	NN
has	VBZ
exposure	NN
to	TO
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
senior	JJ
staff	NN
.	.
Interns	NNS
receive	VBP
supervision	NN
from	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
different	JJ
supervisors	NNS
and	CC
have	VBP
input	NN
into	IN
the	DT
selection	NN
of	IN
therapy	NN
supervisors	NNS
.	.
Supervision	NNP
emphasizes	VBZ
both	CC
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
skills	NNS
,	,
personal	JJ
awareness	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
integration	NN
of	IN
various	JJ
theoretical	JJ
positions	NNS
into	IN
one	NN
's	POS
own	JJ
individual	JJ
therapeutic	JJ
style	NN
.	.
Individual	JJ
Supervision	NNP
:	:
Interns	NNS
are	VBP
assigned	VBN
two	CD
supervisors	NNS
who	WP
together	RB
oversee	VBP
the	DT
intern	NN
's	POS
individual	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
training	NN
.	.
Interns	NNS
receive	VBP
a	DT
total	NN
of	IN
2	CD
hours	NNS
individual	JJ
psychotherapy	NN
supervision	NN
per	IN
week	NN
.	.
Supervision	NNP
of	IN
Group	NNP
Therapy	NNP
:	:
Interns	NNS
receive	VBP
1	CD
hour	NN
weekly	NN
of	IN
supervision	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
group	NN
therapy	NN
experiences	VBZ
from	IN
the	DT
senior	JJ
staff	NN
members	NNS
with	IN
whom	WP
they	PRP
are	VBP
co-leading	VBG
their	PRP$
groups	NNS
.	.
Interns	NNS
also	RB
participate	VB
in	IN
a	DT
group	NN
consultation	NN
meetings	NNS
for	IN
1.5	CD
hours	NNS
weekly	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
group	NN
coordinator	NN
to	TO
view	VB
tapes	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
group	NN
sessions	NNS
and	CC
give	VB
and	CC
receive	VB
feedback	NN
.	.
Case	NNP
Conferences	NNPS
and	CC
Clinical	NNP
Meetings	NNS
:	:
Interns	NNS
participate	VB
in	IN
clinical	JJ
meetings	NNS
and	CC
case	NN
conferences	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
include	VBP
the	DT
staff	NN
and	CC
the	DT
consulting	NN
psychiatrist	NN
.	.
Clinical	JJ
meetings	NNS
are	VBP
used	VBN
to	TO
discuss	VB
assessment	NN
issues	NNS
arising	VBG
from	IN
specific	JJ
clinical	JJ
assessment	NN
interviews	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
assign	VB
clients	NNS
.	.
Case	NNP
conferences	NNS
provide	VBP
the	DT
opportunity	NN
for	IN
interns	NNS
and	CC
senior	JJ
staff	NN
to	TO
present	VB
cases	NNS
informally	RB
and	CC
to	TO
discuss	VB
treatment	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
There	EX
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
few	JJ
occasions	NNS
during	IN
the	DT
year	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
intern	NN
will	MD
be	VB
asked	VBN
to	TO
do	VB
a	DT
formal	JJ
case	NN
presentation	NN
.	.
Another	DT
component	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
training	NN
program	NN
occurs	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
intern	NN
seminar	NN
,	,
which	WDT
meets	VBZ
for	IN
two	CD
hours	NNS
per	IN
week	NN
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
presented	VBN
by	IN
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
staff	NN
members	NNS
,	,
adjunct	JJ
training	NN
faculty	NN
,	,
and	CC
professionals	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
and	CC
greater	JJR
community	NN
.	.
The	DT
seminars	NNS
focus	VB
on	IN
topics	NNS
deemed	VBD
pertinent	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
a	DT
competent	JJ
,	,
well-grounded	JJ
psychologist	NN
,	,
and	CC
include	VBP
such	JJ
topics	NNS
as	IN
:	:
short-term	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
empirically	RB
supported	VBN
therapy	NN
,	,
legal	JJ
and	CC
ethical	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
risk	NN
management	NN
,	,
psycho-diagnostic	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
group	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
treatment	NN
of	IN
special	JJ
populations	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
those	DT
with	IN
eating	VBG
disorders	NNS
and	CC
adult	NN
survivors	NNS
of	IN
sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
,	,
diversity	NN
issues	NNS
in	IN
counseling	NN
,	,
assessment	NN
,	,
and	CC
consultation	NN
.	.
Input	NN
from	IN
interns	NNS
in	IN
selecting	VBG
topics	NNS
for	IN
these	DT
seminars	NNS
is	VBZ
welcomed	VBN
.	.
We	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
a	DT
firm	NN
and	CC
thorough	JJ
grounding	VBG
in	IN
developmental	JJ
theory	NN
,	,
clinical	JJ
understanding	NN
of	IN
psychopathology	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
interaction	NN
of	IN
individual	JJ
functioning	NN
with	IN
one	CD
's	POS
culture	NN
are	VBP
essential	JJ
for	IN
an	DT
understanding	NN
of	IN
human	JJ
behavior	NN
and	CC
psychotherapeutic	JJ
intervention	NN
.	.
Through	IN
clinical	JJ
meetings	NNS
,	,
supervision	NN
,	,
seminars	NNS
,	,
case	NN
conferences	NNS
,	,
and	CC
presentations	NNS
,	,
the	DT
intern	NN
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
to	TO
demonstrate	VB
a	DT
growing	VBG
ability	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
sound	JJ
theoretical	JJ
conceptualization	NN
and	CC
intervention	NN
strategies	NNS
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
though	IN
our	PRP$
staff	NN
espouse	VB
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
clinical	JJ
orientations	NNS
and	CC
approaches	NNS
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
shared	VBN
understanding	NN
and	CC
appreciation	NN
for	IN
the	DT
impact	NN
of	IN
interpersonal\/relational	JJ
dynamics	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
lives	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
clients	NNS
and	CC
within	IN
the	DT
therapy	NN
process	NN
.	.
Regardless	RB
of	IN
therapeutic	JJ
orientations	NNS
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
strong	JJ
emphasis	NN
on	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
therapeutic	JJ
relationship	NN
as	IN
a	DT
primary	JJ
therapeutic	JJ
tool	NN
.	.
Knowledge	NN
of	IN
ethical	JJ
and	CC
professional	JJ
behavior	NN
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
to	TO
anyone	NN
who	WP
plans	VBZ
to	TO
continue	VB
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
psychology	NN
.	.
Interns	NNPS
and	CC
staff	NN
need	VBP
to	TO
remain	VB
up-to-date	JJ
with	IN
changes	NNS
occurring	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
interpretation	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
issues	NNS
as	IN
managed	VBN
care	NN
,	,
confidentiality	NN
,	,
legal	JJ
rights	NNS
,	,
insurance	NN
,	,
and	CC
dual\/multiple	JJ
role	NN
conflict	NN
.	.
These	DT
topics	NNS
and	CC
others	NNS
are	VBP
addressed	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
year	NN
in	IN
supervision	NN
,	,
training	NN
seminars	NNS
,	,
clinical	JJ
meetings	NNS
,	,
staff	NN
meetings	NNS
,	,
and	CC
case	NN
conferences	NNS
.	.
Interns	NNS
are	VBP
afforded	VBN
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
gain	VB
experience	NN
as	IN
supervisors	NNS
.	.
Interns	NNS
supervise	VBP
practicum	NN
students	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
APA-accredited	NNP
Counseling	NN
,	,
School	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Educational	NNP
Psychology	NNP
Program	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
university	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
externs	NNS
from	IN
other	JJ
masters	NNS
level	NN
counseling	NN
graduate	NN
programs	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
.	.
Training	NN
and	CC
supervision	NN
of	IN
interns	NNS
on	IN
their	PRP$
supervisory	JJ
skills	NNS
is	VBZ
done	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
weekly	JJ
basis	NN
,	,
in	IN
a	DT
group	NN
format	NN
,	,
seminars	NNS
,	,
and	CC
directed	VBD
reading	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
interns	NNS
can	MD
gain	VB
supervisory	JJ
experience	NN
in	IN
planning	VBG
outreach	NN
programs	NNS
and	CC
conducting	VBG
groups	NNS
with	IN
practicum	JJ
students	NNS
.	.
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
has	VBZ
board-certified	VBN
consulting	VBG
psychiatrists	NNS
and	CC
psychiatric	JJ
residents	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
present	JJ
for	IN
our	PRP$
Clinical	JJ
Meetings	NNS
and	CC
Case	NN
Conferences	NNS
and	CC
available	JJ
for	IN
individual	JJ
consultations	NNS
about	IN
specific	JJ
clients	NNS
.	.
Interns	NNS
also	RB
have	VBP
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
attend	VB
Psychiatric	NNP
Grand	NNP
Rounds	NNPS
,	,
sponsored	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
at	IN
Buffalo	NNP
Medical	NNP
School	NNP
.	.
Interns	NNS
typically	RB
will	MD
have	VB
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
visit	VB
the	DT
Comprehensive	NNP
Psychiatric	NNP
Emergency	NNP
Program	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
psychiatric	JJ
emergency	NN
room	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
at	IN
Erie	NNP
County	NNP
Medical	NNP
Center	NNP
,	,
where	WRB
students	NNS
who	WP
need	VBP
psychiatric	JJ
evaluation	NN
for	IN
possible	JJ
hospital	NN
admission	NN
are	VBP
referred	VBN
.	.
The	DT
psychiatric	JJ
staff	NN
may	MD
also	RB
provide	VB
training	NN
through	IN
intern	NN
seminars	NNS
.	.
The	DT
initial	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
internship	NN
program	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
August	NNP
orientation	NN
.	.
Interns	NNS
are	VBP
oriented	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
campus	NN
and	CC
to	TO
Center	NNP
policies	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
through	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
presentations	NNS
,	,
workshops	NNS
,	,
and	CC
training	NN
modules	NNS
designed	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
prepare	VB
them	PRP
for	IN
the	DT
various	JJ
professional	JJ
activities	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
involved	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
succeeding	VBG
year	NN
.	.
Supervisors	NNPS
of	IN
each	DT
activity	NN
provide	VB
ongoing	JJ
evaluation	NN
of	IN
interns	NNS
.	.
All	DT
senior	JJ
staff	NN
members	NNS
who	WP
work	VBP
with	IN
interns	NNS
meet	VBP
regularly	RB
to	TO
discuss	VB
and	CC
monitor	VB
intern	NN
training	NN
experiences	NNS
.	.
Formal	JJ
evaluation	NN
occurs	VBZ
at	IN
various	JJ
points	NNS
during	IN
the	DT
internship	NN
year	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
end	NN
of	IN
fall	NN
semester	NN
,	,
end	NN
of	IN
spring\/summer	NN
semesters	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Feedback	NN
to	TO
interns	NNS
is	VBZ
written	VBN
and	CC
verbal	JJ
,	,
highlighting	VBG
both	DT
strengths	NNS
and	CC
areas	NNS
needing	VBG
improvement	NN
.	.
The	DT
internship	NN
program	NN
is	VBZ
evaluated	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
continuous	JJ
basis	NN
by	IN
means	NNS
of	IN
meetings	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
Training	NN
Director	NNP
and	CC
interns	NNS
and	CC
regular	JJ
meetings	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
training	NN
staff	NN
.	.
Interns	NNPS
and	CC
staff	NN
provide	VBP
written	VBN
mid-year	JJ
and	CC
final	JJ
evaluations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
internship	NN
.	.
Mid-year	NN
and	CC
final	JJ
evaluation	NN
meetings	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
staff	NN
and	CC
interns	NNS
focus	NN
on	IN
the	DT
effectiveness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
training	NN
program	NN
and	CC
on	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
more	JJR
effective	JJ
policies	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
.	.
Interns	NNS
also	RB
provide	VBP
ongoing	JJ
informal	JJ
and	CC
semester-end	JJ
formal	JJ
written	VBN
and	CC
verbal	JJ
evaluations	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
of	IN
their	PRP$
supervisors	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
Training	NN
Director	NNP
.	.
Attendance	NN
and	CC
presentations	NNS
at	IN
national	JJ
and	CC
regional	JJ
conventions	NNS
and	CC
training	NN
workshops	NNS
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
,	,
and	CC
professional	JJ
development	NN
time	NN
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
staff	NN
is	VBZ
active	JJ
both	DT
regionally	RB
and	CC
nationally	RB
and	CC
supports	VBZ
intern	JJ
participation	NN
in	IN
professional	JJ
organizations	NNS
and	CC
research	NN
endeavors	NNS
.	.
Currently	RB
,	,
interns	NNS
are	VBP
allotted	VBN
2	CD
hours	NNS
per	IN
week	NN
for	IN
professional	JJ
development	NN
activities	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
research	NN
,	,
dissertation	NN
work	NN
,	,
independent	JJ
readings	NNS
on	IN
topics	NNS
of	IN
professional	JJ
interest	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
during	IN
the	DT
Fall	NN
and	CC
Spring	NN
semesters	NNS
,	,
and	CC
4	CD
hours	NNS
per	IN
week	NN
during	IN
winter	NN
intercession	NN
and	CC
Summer	NNP
semester	NN
.	.
Interns	NNS
are	VBP
involved	VBN
as	IN
fully	RB
participating	VBG
members	NNS
in	IN
staff	NN
meetings	NNS
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
given	VBN
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
Counseling	NN
Services	NNPS
committees	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
Quality	NNP
Assurance	NNP
Committee	NNP
,	,
Training	NNP
Committee	NNP
,	,
Professional	NNP
Development	NNP
Committee	NNP
,	,
Suicide	NNP
Prevention	NNP
Committee	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Research	NNP
Committee	NNP
.	.
A	DT
primary	JJ
goal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internship	NN
training	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
enhance	VB
personal	JJ
and	CC
professional	JJ
growth	NN
and	CC
development	NN
.	.
An	DT
emphasis	NN
in	IN
the	DT
formal	JJ
supervisory	JJ
process	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
helping	VBG
the	DT
intern	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
greater	JJR
understanding	NN
of	IN
herself\/himself	JJ
insofar	RB
as	IN
they	PRP
affect	VBP
the	DT
clinical	JJ
and	CC
professional	JJ
roles	NNS
.	.
Interns	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
work	VB
cooperatively	RB
together	RB
,	,
sharing	VBG
information	NN
and	CC
experiences	NNS
toward	IN
greater	JJR
mutual	JJ
learning	NN
and	CC
growth	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
philosophy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internship	NN
training	NN
program	NN
that	WDT
interns	VBZ
be	VB
supported	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
pursuit	NN
of	IN
a	DT
greater	JJR
sense	NN
of	IN
independence	NN
and	CC
personal	JJ
and	CC
professional	JJ
identity	NN
.	.
As	IN
part	NN
of	IN
achieving	VBG
this	DT
goal	NN
,	,
the	DT
Training	NNP
Director	NNP
meets	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
intern	NN
group	NN
weekly	JJ
to	TO
help	VB
them	PRP
process	VB
experiences	NNS
,	,
address	NN
and	CC
deal	NN
with	IN
personal	JJ
and	CC
professional	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
generally	RB
monitor	VBP
their	PRP$
progress	NN
,	,
concerns	NNS
,	,
and	CC
needs	VBZ
.	.
The	DT
agency	NN
is	VBZ
engaged	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
continual	JJ
evaluation	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
program	NN
and	CC
procedures	NNS
to	TO
enhance	VB
the	DT
quality	NN
and	CC
effectiveness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
services	NNS
we	PRP
provide	VBP
.	.
Policies	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
are	VBP
regularly	RB
reviewed	VBN
,	,
and	CC
therapy	NN
outcome	NN
and	CC
client	NN
satisfaction	NN
data	NNS
are	VBP
routinely	RB
collected	VBN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
each	DT
staff	NN
member	NN
and	CC
trainee	NN
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
to	TO
monitor	VB
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
own	JJ
performance	NN
on	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
The	DT
professional	JJ
staff	NN
encourages	VBZ
interns	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
involved	VBN
in	IN
research	NN
activities	NNS
.	.
Efforts	NNS
are	VBP
made	VBN
to	TO
develop	VB
collaborations	NNS
between	IN
senior	JJ
staff	NN
and	CC
interns	NNS
on	IN
empirical	JJ
research	NN
,	,
theoretical	JJ
papers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
professional	JJ
presentations	NNS
.	.
How	WRB
often	RB
do	VBP
we	PRP
recreate	VBP
the	DT
wheel	NN
?	.
Every	DT
Center	NNP
has	VBZ
arrived	VBN
at	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
own	JJ
solutions	NNS
to	TO
policy	NN
and	CC
procedure	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
what	WP
better	JJR
way	NN
to	TO
avoid	VB
the	DT
wheel	NN
recreation	NN
scenario	NN
than	IN
putting	VBG
all	DT
of	IN
our	PRP$
expertise	NN
at	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
's	POS
finger	NN
tips	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
submit	VB
your	PRP$
resources	NNS
and	CC
feedback	NN
below	IN
.	.
Feminist-Friendly	NNP
Graduate	NNP
Programs	NNP
and	CC
Internships	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
source	NN
:	:
Note	VB
,	,
this	DT
site	NN
is	VBZ
no	RB
longer	RBR
active	JJ
-	:
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
link	NN
to	TO
an	DT
archive	NN
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
webpage	NN
downloaded	VBN
from	IN
http://web.archive.org	NN
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
still	RB
find	VB
some	DT
useful	JJ
information	NN
here	RB
,	,
however	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
Village	NNP
web	NN
site	NN
was	VBD
created	VBN
to	TO
bring	VB
together	RB
in	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
organized	VBN
web	NN
site	NN
the	DT
expertise	NN
and	CC
resources	NNS
of	IN
counseling	NN
center	NN
professionals	NNS
from	IN
around	IN
the	DT
country	NN
.	.
Too	RB
often	RB
we	PRP
work	VBP
in	IN
relative	JJ
isolation	NN
from	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
,	,
unaware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
work	NN
our	PRP$
colleagues	NNS
are	VBP
doing	VBG
at	IN
other	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
we	PRP
run	VBP
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
duplicating	VBG
our	PRP$
efforts	NNS
and	CC
recreating	VBG
the	DT
wheel	NN
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
building	NN
on	IN
the	DT
accomplishments	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
and	CC
collaborating	VBG
on	IN
new	JJ
projects	NNS
and	CC
initiatives	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Counseling	NN
Center	NNP
Village	NNP
web	NN
site	NN
offers	VBZ
us	PRP
an	DT
efficient	JJ
and	CC
convenient	JJ
way	NN
of	IN
overcoming	VBG
this	DT
isolation	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Village	NNP
web	NN
pages	NNS
has	VBZ
been	VBN
and	CC
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
be	VB
created	VBN
by	IN
counseling	VBG
center	NN
professionals	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
links	NNS
to	TO
non-counseling	JJ
center	NN
sites	NNS
sometimes	RB
will	MD
be	VB
included	VBN
,	,
the	DT
emphasis	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
gathering	VBG
together	RB
resources	NNS
,	,
information	NN
,	,
and	CC
services	NNS
created	VBN
by	IN
counseling	VBG
center	NN
professionals	NNS
,	,
so	RB
that	IN
we	PRP
can	MD
all	DT
benefit	NN
from	IN
each	DT
others	NNS
'	POS
efforts	NNS
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
year	NN
and	CC
a	DT
half	NN
the	DT
Counseling	NN
Center	NNP
Village	NNP
has	VBZ
already	RB
gathered	VBN
links	NNS
and	CC
materials	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
wide	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
topics	NNS
and	CC
issues	NNS
of	IN
concern	NN
to	TO
counseling	VBG
center	NN
professionals	NNS
.	.
To	TO
keep	VB
the	DT
Village	NNP
up	IN
to	TO
date	NN
and	CC
viable	JJ
,	,
we	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
continue	VB
to	TO
add	VB
new	JJ
resources	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
consider	VB
making	VBG
submissions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
encourage	VB
your	PRP$
colleagues	NNS
to	TO
do	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
.	.
Pass	VB
the	DT
word	NN
!	.
We	PRP
'd	MD
appreciate	VB
it	PRP
if	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
consider	VB
announcing	VBG
our	PRP$
project	NN
at	IN
your	PRP$
next	JJ
staff	NN
meeting	NN
,	,
posting	VBG
the	DT
enclosed	VBN
flyer	NN
,	,
or	CC
copying	VBG
the	DT
enclosed	VBN
flyer	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
staff	NN
.	.
Below	IN
is	VBZ
a	DT
typical	JJ
weekly	JJ
contract	NN
for	IN
the	DT
beginning	VBG
fall	NN
semester	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internship	NN
year	NN
.	.
Time	NNP
allocations	NNS
are	VBP
approximate	JJ
and	CC
subject	JJ
to	TO
change	VB
based	VBN
on	IN
each	DT
intern	NN
's	POS
particular	JJ
training	NN
needs	NNS
and	CC
interests	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
looking	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
counseling	NN
center	NN
professional	JJ
to	TO
coordinate	VB
this	DT
section	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Village	NNP
web	NN
project	NN
.	.
Vision	NNP
,	,
ideas	NNS
,	,
and	CC
enthusiasm	NN
are	VBP
more	RBR
important	JJ
than	IN
any	DT
particular	JJ
expertise	NN
in	IN
web	NN
page	NN
design	NN
.	.
A	DT
discussion	NN
list	NN
for	IN
directors	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
&	CC
assistant	JJ
directors	NNS
and	CC
directors	NNS
emeritus	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
university	NN
and	CC
college	NN
counseling	NN
centers	NNS
.	.
Topics	NNS
include	VBP
counseling	VBG
&	CC
clinical	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
policies	NNS
&	CC
procedures	NNS
,	,
confidentiality	NN
,	,
current	JJ
political\/economic	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
Description	NN
:	:
This	DT
list	NN
is	VBZ
focused	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
topic	NN
of	IN
university	NN
student	NN
counseling	NN
center	NN
web	NN
resources	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
.	.
The	DT
envisioned	VBN
topics	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
list	NN
include	VBP
:	:
announcements	NNS
of	IN
new	JJ
counseling	NN
center	NN
web	NN
sites	NNS
and	CC
web	NN
resources	NNS
,	,
discussion	NN
of	IN
hardware	NN
,	,
software	NN
,	,
clinical	JJ
,	,
legal	JJ
,	,
and	CC
ethical	JJ
issues	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
counseling	NN
center	NN
web	NN
resources	NNS
.	.
This	DT
list	NN
of	IN
Feminist-friendly	JJ
Graduate	NN
Programs	NNS
and	CC
Internships	NNS
is	VBZ
constantly	RB
being	VBG
updated	VBN
.	.
At	IN
present	JJ
,	,
the	DT
list	NN
concentrates	VBZ
on	IN
Psychology	NN
programs	NNS
and	CC
internships	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
below	IN
was	VBD
compiled	VBN
in	IN
October	NNP
1999	CD
.	.
More	RBR
recent	JJ
information	NN
will	MD
include	VB
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
the	DT
update	VBP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
add	VB
to	TO
or	CC
comment	VB
on	IN
this	DT
list	NN
,	,
please	VB
contact	NN
Juliette	NNP
Cutler	NNP
Page	NNP
at	IN
editor@feminista.com	NNP
.	.
Feminists	NNS
,	,
our	PRP$
students	NNS
are	VBP
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
study	VB
a	DT
wide	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
issues	NNS
and	CC
topics	NNS
,	,
and	CC
research	NN
is	VBZ
broad	JJ
and	CC
exciting	JJ
.	.
The	DT
male	NN
faculty	NN
have	VBP
always	RB
supported	VBN
me	PRP
in	IN
all	DT
my	PRP$
Feminist-oriented	JJ
courses	NNS
,	,
book	NN
choices	NNS
,	,
research	NN
,	,
etc	FW
''	''
In	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
two	CD
decades	NNS
,	,
models	NNS
of	IN
psychotherapy	NN
supervision	NN
-	:
particularly	RB
developmental	JJ
models	NNS
-	:
have	VB
increasingly	RB
been	VBN
proposed	VBN
;	:
those	DT
efforts	NNS
have	VBP
provided	VBN
us	PRP
with	IN
a	DT
useful	JJ
meta-perspective	NN
on	IN
the	DT
supervisory	JJ
process	NN
,	,
have	VBP
stimulated	VBN
some	DT
valuable	JJ
thought	NN
about	IN
intervention	NN
,	,
have	VBP
stimulated	VBN
much	JJ
research	NN
about	IN
therapist	NN
development	NN
and	CC
supervision	NN
,	,
and	CC
seemingly	RB
have	VBP
substantially	RB
advanced	VBN
supervision	NN
theory	NN
far	RB
beyond	IN
anything	NN
that	WDT
therapy-based	JJ
supervision	NN
models	NNS
have	VBP
contributed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
few	JJ
decades	NNS
.	.
As	IN
illustrated	VBN
in	IN
Figure	NN
1	CD
,	,
these	DT
styles	NNS
are	VBP
differentiated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
degree	NN
of	IN
support	NN
and	CC
direction	NN
given	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
supervisor	NN
to	TO
the	DT
supervisee	NN
,	,
based	VBN
upon	IN
supervisee	JJ
readiness	NN
.	.
The	DT
four	CD
styles	NNS
are	VBP
labeled	VBN
Technical	NNP
Director	NNP
,	,
Teaching	NNP
Mentor	NNP
,	,
Supportive	JJ
Mentor	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Delegating	VBG
Colleague	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
means	NN
of	IN
providing	VBG
a	DT
descriptive	JJ
titles	NNS
and	CC
stylistic	JJ
characterization	NN
for	IN
each	DT
quadrant	NN
.	.
This	DT
document	NN
will	MD
take	VB
you	PRP
through	IN
various	JJ
issues	NNS
that	WDT
should	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
as	IN
you	PRP
set	VBP
about	IN
designing	VBG
your	PRP$
own	JJ
web	NN
page	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
use	VB
the	DT
table	NN
of	IN
contents	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
go	VB
directly	RB
to	TO
the	DT
topic	NN
of	IN
interest	NN
to	TO
you	PRP
,	,
or	CC
read	VB
the	DT
entire	JJ
document	NN
from	IN
beginning	VBG
to	TO
end	VB
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
things	NNS
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
consider	VB
is	VBZ
who	WP
your	PRP$
intended	JJ
audience	NN
is	VBZ
.	.
If	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
clear	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
as	IN
you	PRP
begin	VBP
to	TO
design	VB
your	PRP$
web	NN
page	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
probably	RB
find	VB
yourself	PRP
eventually	RB
confronting	VBG
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
different	JJ
problems	NNS
:	:
your	PRP$
page	NN
will	MD
lack	VB
a	DT
coherent	JJ
structure	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
unable	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
clear	JJ
decisions	NNS
about	IN
what	WP
to	TO
include	VB
and	CC
what	WP
not	RB
to	TO
include	VB
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
will	MD
become	VB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
effectively	RB
publicize	VB
your	PRP$
site	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
you	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
``	``
mission	NN
statement	NN
''	''
for	IN
what	WP
you	PRP
plan	VBP
to	TO
do	VB
?	.
Is	VBZ
your	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
going	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
primarily	RB
informational	JJ
;	:
will	MD
you	PRP
be	VB
providing	VBG
self-help	JJ
materials	NNS
;	:
is	VBZ
the	DT
emphasis	NN
on	IN
prevention	NN
,	,
training	NN
,	,
consultation	NN
,	,
publicity	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
these	DT
or	CC
other	JJ
issues	NNS
?	.
This	DT
will	MD
have	VB
direct	JJ
implications	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
information	NN
you	PRP
have	VBP
at	IN
your	PRP$
site	NN
,	,
how	WRB
you	PRP
will	MD
keep	VB
it	PRP
up	RP
to	TO
date	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
way	NN
the	DT
material	NN
is	VBZ
organized	VBN
.	.
If	IN
your	PRP$
site	NN
is	VBZ
just	RB
a	DT
static	JJ
listing	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
services	NNS
,	,
then	RB
people	NNS
probably	RB
wo	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
returning	VBG
on	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
If	IN
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
you	PRP
provide	VBP
on-line	JJ
self-help	JJ
material	NN
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
probably	RB
wanting	VBG
users	NNS
to	TO
return	VB
when	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
looking	VBG
for	IN
information	NN
about	IN
a	DT
personal	JJ
concern	NN
.	.
The	DT
world	NN
wide	JJ
web	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
up	IN
of	IN
hypertext	NN
documents	NNS
,	,
or	CC
at	IN
least	JJS
that	WDT
is	VBZ
what	WP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
for	IN
.	.
Hypertext	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
type	NN
of	IN
reading	VBG
material	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
``	``
text	NN
''	''
part	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
contains	VBZ
words	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
symbols	NNS
or	CC
pictures	NNS
embedded	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
text	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
link	VB
you	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
``	``
hyper	JJ
''	''
part	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
other	JJ
sections	NNS
of	IN
that	DT
text	NN
or	CC
to	TO
entirely	RB
different	JJ
documents	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
people	NNS
put	VBD
documents	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
a	DT
self-help	JJ
brochure	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
on-line	JJ
,	,
simply	RB
transferring	VBG
a	DT
printed	VBN
version	NN
to	TO
the	DT
web	NN
as	IN
is	VBZ
,	,
with	IN
no	DT
embedded	VBN
links	NNS
.	.
For	IN
many	JJ
purposes	NNS
,	,
this	DT
works	VBZ
fine	NN
,	,
especially	RB
for	IN
smaller	JJR
documents	NNS
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
this	DT
ignores	VBZ
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
most	JJS
people	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
use	VB
the	DT
web	NN
the	DT
same	JJ
way	NN
they	PRP
use	VBP
a	DT
book	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
printed	VBN
source	NN
.	.
Very	RB
few	JJ
readers	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
web	NN
page	NN
stick	NN
around	IN
and	CC
read	VB
screen	NN
after	IN
screen	NN
of	IN
information	NN
.	.
Instead	RB
,	,
they	PRP
read	VBP
a	DT
piece	NN
here	RB
,	,
click	VBP
on	IN
a	DT
link	NN
to	TO
another	DT
portion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
document	NN
,	,
then	RB
click	VBP
on	IN
a	DT
link	NN
to	TO
another	DT
web	NN
site	NN
...	:
clicking	VBG
their	PRP$
way	NN
along	IN
from	IN
page	NN
to	TO
page	NN
,	,
in	IN
a	DT
fairly	RB
nonlinear	JJ
manner	NN
.	.
Of	IN
course	NN
,	,
creating	VBG
a	DT
link-filled	JJ
web	NN
page	NN
takes	VBZ
a	DT
lot	NN
more	JJR
time	NN
to	TO
set	VB
up	RP
than	IN
simply	RB
putting	VBG
a	DT
plain	JJ
document	NN
on-line	JJ
.	.
Whether	IN
we	PRP
like	VBP
it	PRP
or	CC
not	RB
,	,
no	DT
matter	NN
how	WRB
good	JJ
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
web	NN
page	NN
might	MD
be	VB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
as	IN
effective	JJ
if	IN
the	DT
packaging	NN
is	VBZ
unattractive	JJ
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
numerous	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
your	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
attractive	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
graphics	NNS
,	,
different	JJ
fonts	NNS
,	,
colors	NNS
,	,
eye-catching	JJ
layout	NN
,	,
intuitive	JJ
organization	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
allows	VBZ
you	PRP
to	TO
add	VB
wonderful	JJ
pictures	NNS
,	,
logos	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
graphic	JJ
images	NNS
to	TO
your	PRP$
web	NN
page	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
page	NN
can	MD
end	VB
up	RP
looking	VBG
really	RB
quite	RB
spectacular	JJ
.	.
The	DT
problem	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
graphics	NNS
can	MD
slow	VB
down	RP
the	DT
time	NN
your	PRP$
web	NN
page	NN
takes	VBZ
to	TO
load	VB
at	IN
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
machine	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
user	NN
at	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
end	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
slow	JJ
connection	NN
,	,
or	CC
if	IN
internet	NN
traffic	NN
is	VBZ
busy	JJ
at	IN
that	DT
particular	JJ
time	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
a	DT
host	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
conditions	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
take	VB
a	DT
very	RB
long	JJ
time	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
web	NN
page	NN
to	TO
appear	VB
on	IN
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
computer	NN
screen	NN
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
just	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
pictures	NNS
on	IN
your	PRP$
web	NN
page	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
lots	NNS
of	IN
different	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
include	VB
color	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
web	NN
page	NN
,	,
most	RBS
notably	RB
the	DT
background	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
page	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
color	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
text	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
different	JJ
colors	NNS
for	IN
different	JJ
fonts	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
simple	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
spruce	VB
up	RP
the	DT
look	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
page	NN
with	IN
very	RB
little	JJ
effort	NN
.	.
Not	RB
all	DT
users	NNS
have	VBP
a	DT
graphics	NNS
browser	NN
.	.
Instead	RB
,	,
they	PRP
use	VBP
a	DT
browser	NN
program	NN
that	WDT
displays	VBZ
only	RB
text	NN
--	:
no	DT
graphics	NNS
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
Have	NNP
you	PRP
taken	VBN
this	DT
into	IN
account	NN
in	IN
the	DT
design	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
page	NN
?	.
Does	NNP
your	PRP$
page	NN
make	VB
sense	NN
visually	RB
to	TO
a	DT
text-only	JJ
browser	NN
?	.
``	``
What	WP
about	IN
people	NNS
with	IN
blindness	NN
who	WP
use	VBP
alternate	JJ
Web	NNP
browsers	NNS
or	CC
who	WP
use	VBP
speech	NN
output	NN
screen	NN
reading	VBG
devices	NNS
?	.
What	WP
about	IN
persons	NNS
who	WP
use	VBP
alternative	JJ
keyboard	NN
systems	NNS
which	WDT
have	VBP
limited	VBN
mouse	NN
use	NN
.	.
In	IN
that	DT
case	NN
,	,
accessibility	NN
depends	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
Web	NNP
page	NN
design	NN
itself	PRP
.	.
Some	DT
pages	NNS
are	VBP
accessible	JJ
because	IN
they	PRP
observe	VBP
a	DT
few	JJ
simple	JJ
design	NN
principles	NNS
.	.
Borrow	VB
other	JJ
people	NNS
's	POS
ideas	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
view	VB
the	DT
``	``
source	NN
''	''
of	IN
any	DT
web	NN
page	NN
you	PRP
are	VBP
looking	VBG
at	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
usually	RB
by	IN
pulling	VBG
down	RP
the	DT
``	``
View	NNP
''	''
menu	NN
in	IN
you	PRP
browser	VBP
,	,
and	CC
selecting	VBG
``	``
Document	NNP
Source	NNP
.	.
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
way	NN
,	,
when	WRB
you	PRP
see	VBP
something	NN
on	IN
a	DT
web	NN
page	NN
you	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
use	VB
for	IN
your	PRP$
page	NN
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
see	VB
how	WRB
that	DT
author	NN
did	VBD
it	PRP
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
students	NNS
looking	VBG
to	TO
make	VB
some	DT
extra	JJ
money	NN
,	,
and	CC
pad	NN
their	PRP$
resumes	NNS
,	,
who	WP
can	MD
often	RB
do	VB
very	RB
creative	JJ
work	NN
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Or	CC
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
more	RBR
and	CC
more	RBR
private	JJ
businesses	NNS
that	WDT
specialize	VBP
in	IN
web	NN
page	NN
designing	VBG
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
software	NN
programs	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
market	NN
these	DT
days	NNS
,	,
or	CC
available	JJ
as	IN
shareware	NN
right	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
that	WDT
will	MD
help	VB
automate	VB
the	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
web	NN
page	NN
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
still	RB
control	VBP
the	DT
design	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
page	NN
,	,
but	CC
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
to	TO
get	VB
bogged	VBN
down	RP
in	IN
the	DT
arcane	JJ
html	NN
programming	NN
language	NN
.	.
The	DT
good	JJ
news	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
need	VB
to	TO
know	VB
everything	NN
there	EX
is	VBZ
to	TO
know	VB
about	IN
web	NN
design	NN
.	.
You	PRP
just	RB
need	VBP
to	TO
know	VB
someone	NN
who	WP
does	VBZ
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
want	VB
to	TO
locate	VB
someone	NN
at	IN
your	PRP$
school	NN
who	WP
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
answer	VB
your	PRP$
questions	NNS
.	.
A	DT
good	JJ
place	NN
to	TO
begin	VB
is	VBZ
at	IN
your	PRP$
school	NN
's	POS
computing	NN
center	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
office	NN
that	WDT
supports	VBZ
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
technology	NN
efforts	NNS
.	.
Begin	VB
developing	VBG
a	DT
relationship	NN
with	IN
this	DT
person	NN
early-on	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
;	:
indeed	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
good	JJ
idea	NN
to	TO
begin	VB
this	DT
relationship	NN
even	RB
before	IN
you	PRP
begin	VBP
designing	VBG
your	PRP$
page	NN
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
have	VB
questions	NNS
,	,
if	IN
not	RB
now	RB
,	,
then	RB
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
Trust	NNP
me	PRP
.	.
Lynx	NNP
-	:
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
text-based	JJ
browser	NN
...	:
do	VBP
n't	RB
forget	VB
to	TO
test	VB
your	PRP$
page	NN
via	IN
a	DT
text-only	JJ
browser	NN
!	.
If	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
access	NN
to	TO
Lynx	NNP
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
still	RB
check	VB
your	PRP$
page	NN
by	IN
going	VBG
to	TO
Lynx	NNP
Viewer	NNP
which	WDT
will	MD
let	VB
you	PRP
see	VB
what	WP
your	PRP$
pages	NNS
will	MD
look	VB
like	IN
.	.
Another	DT
concern	NN
is	VBZ
whether	IN
people	NNS
are	VBP
using	VBG
your	PRP$
site	NN
at	IN
all	DT
!	.
Most	JJS
schools	NNS
will	MD
keep	VB
statistics	NNS
on	IN
web	NN
page	NN
access	NN
--	:
how	WRB
often	RB
a	DT
page	NN
is	VBZ
accessed	VBN
,	,
from	IN
where	WRB
,	,
with	IN
what	WP
type	NN
of	IN
browser	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
check	VB
with	IN
your	PRP$
Computing	NNP
Center	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
equivalent	JJ
office	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
find	VB
out	RP
if	IN
they	PRP
keep	VBP
such	JJ
statistics	NNS
and	CC
how	WRB
you	PRP
can	MD
access	VB
them	PRP
.	.
Alternatively	RB
,	,
you	PRP
could	MD
install	VB
a	DT
counter	NN
directly	RB
on	IN
to	TO
your	PRP$
web	NN
page	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
surfing	VBG
the	DT
web	NN
at	IN
all	DT
,	,
you	PRP
have	VBP
probably	RB
already	RB
seen	VBN
these	DT
counters	NNS
,	,
with	IN
some	DT
statement	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
``	``
This	DT
web	NN
site	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
accessed	VBN
XXXX	NNP
times	NNS
.	.
''	''
Again	RB
,	,
check	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
Computing	NNP
Center	NNP
for	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
set	VB
up	RP
an	DT
individual	JJ
counter	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
page	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
CAVEAT	NN
:	:
It	PRP
is	VBZ
,	,
in	IN
fact	NN
,	,
unclear	JJ
whether	IN
such	JJ
stats	NNS
tell	VBP
you	PRP
anything	NN
meaningful	JJ
at	IN
all	DT
,	,
however	RB
they	PRP
might	MD
be	VB
generated	VBN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
various	JJ
reasons	NNS
for	IN
this	DT
,	,
rather	RB
technical	JJ
,	,
but	CC
you	PRP
should	MD
learn	VB
about	IN
these	DT
limitations	NNS
if	IN
you	PRP
intend	VBP
to	TO
look	VB
at	IN
such	JJ
statistics	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
recommend	VBP
an	DT
interesting	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
at	IN
Cranfield	NNP
University	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
Kingdom	NNP
that	IN
presents	VBZ
an	DT
argument	NN
that	WDT
web	NN
page	NN
access	NN
stats	NNS
are	VBP
,	,
in	IN
fact	NN
,	,
entirely	RB
meaningless	JJ
and	CC
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
You	PRP
might	MD
want	VB
to	TO
be	VB
explicit	JJ
about	IN
what	WP
you	PRP
will	MD
and	CC
wo	MD
n't	RB
do	VB
via	IN
e-mail	NN
.	.
Like	IN
any	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
informed	JJ
consent	NN
,	,
students	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
know	VB
what	WP
the	DT
risks	NNS
are	VBP
of	IN
communicating	VBG
with	IN
you	PRP
through	IN
e-mail	NN
.	.
The	DT
APA	NNP
's	POS
Ethics	NNP
Committee	NNP
has	VBZ
posted	VBN
this	DT
statement	NN
about	IN
services	NNS
by	IN
telephone	NN
,	,
teleconferencing	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
actually	RB
answer	VB
any	DT
questions	NNS
,	,
but	CC
at	IN
least	JJS
it	PRP
helps	VBZ
point	VB
us	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
direction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
right	JJ
questions	NNS
to	TO
consider	VB
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
've	VBP
decided	VBN
to	TO
link	VB
your	PRP$
pages	NNS
to	TO
external	JJ
sources	NNS
of	IN
information	NN
,	,
that	DT
's	VBZ
great	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
raises	VBZ
an	DT
issue	NN
about	IN
how	WRB
much	JJ
responsibility	NN
are	VBP
you	PRP
willing	JJ
to	TO
take	VB
for	IN
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
the	DT
external	JJ
source	NN
.	.
Suggestion	NNP
#	#
3	CD
:	:
Put	VB
some	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
disclaimer	NN
before	IN
links	NNS
that	WDT
lead	VBP
out	IN
of	IN
your	PRP$
site	NN
that	IN
lets	VBZ
people	NNS
know	VBP
that	IN
while	IN
you	PRP
think	VBP
the	DT
link	NN
is	VBZ
useful	JJ
,	,
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
own	VB
it	PRP
and	CC
ca	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
held	VBN
responsible	JJ
if	IN
it	PRP
changes	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
worse	JJR
.	.
Of	IN
course	NN
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
know	VBP
a	DT
lot	NN
about	IN
setting	VBG
complex	JJ
passwords	NNS
and	CC
server	NN
permissions	NNS
,	,
feel	VBP
free	JJ
to	TO
post	VB
anything	NN
you	PRP
like	VBP
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
confidential	JJ
,	,
since	IN
that	DT
opens	VBZ
a	DT
whole	JJ
new	JJ
can	NN
of	IN
worms	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Then	RB
your	PRP$
only	JJ
concern	NN
is	VBZ
hackers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
most	JJS
would	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
interested	JJ
in	IN
your	PRP$
policies	NNS
.	.
This	DT
list	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
work	NN
in	IN
progress	NN
and	CC
as	IN
Counselors	NNS
encounter	VBP
new	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
hope	VBP
to	TO
use	VB
this	DT
page	NN
as	IN
a	DT
way	NN
we	PRP
can	MD
all	DT
learn	VB
from	IN
their	PRP$
misfortunes	NNS
.	.
Exciting	JJ
it	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
does	VBZ
the	DT
basic	JJ
function	NN
of	IN
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
It	PRP
communicates	VBZ
information	NN
about	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
hook	NN
into	IN
your	PRP$
services	NNS
.	.
As	IN
several	JJ
authors	NNS
have	VBP
described	VBN
it	PRP
,	,
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
billboard	NN
''	''
style	NN
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
Perhaps	RB
you	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
include	VB
pages	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
actually	RB
useful	JJ
by	IN
themselves	PRP
,	,
much	RB
like	IN
your	PRP$
psychoeducational	JJ
handouts	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Virtual	NNP
Pamphlet	NNP
Collection	NNP
offers	VBZ
some	DT
excellent	JJ
examples	NNS
of	IN
how	WRB
these	DT
might	MD
look	VB
.	.
The	DT
other	JJ
major	JJ
changes	NNS
would	MD
involve	VB
doing	VBG
things	NNS
like	IN
changing	VBG
the	DT
look	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
pages	NNS
by	IN
changing	VBG
the	DT
background	NN
color	NN
,	,
text	NN
color	NN
,	,
or	CC
layout	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
add	VB
pictures	NNS
if	IN
you	PRP
like	VBP
.	.
Perhaps	RB
your	PRP$
university	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
logo	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
could	MD
add	VB
to	TO
your	PRP$
page	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
let	VB
the	DT
web	NN
be	VB
your	PRP$
teacher	NN
.	.
Learn	VB
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
view	NN
source	NN
option	NN
on	IN
your	PRP$
browser	NN
,	,
which	WDT
will	MD
let	VB
you	PRP
see	VB
how	WRB
anything	NN
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
is	VBZ
done	VBN
.	.
A	DT
tremendous	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
amazingly	RB
complicated	VBN
tricks	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
added	VBN
to	TO
your	PRP$
site	NN
without	IN
you	PRP
having	VBG
any	DT
depth	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
understanding	NN
.	.
Just	RB
cut	VB
and	CC
paste	VB
from	IN
the	DT
pages	NNS
you	PRP
find	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
save	VB
any	DT
page	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
find	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
using	VBG
the	DT
``	``
File	NNP
''	''
part	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
menu	NN
bar	NN
and	CC
then	RB
clicking	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
``	``
Save	NNP
as	IN
...	:
''	''
option	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
your	PRP$
right	JJ
mouse	NN
button	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
on	IN
a	DT
PC	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
holding	VBG
down	RP
your	PRP$
button	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
on	IN
a	DT
Mac	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
can	MD
do	VB
quite	RB
a	DT
bit	NN
for	IN
you	PRP
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
And	CC
remember	VB
to	TO
keep	VB
your	PRP$
entire	JJ
site	NN
or	CC
page	NN
on	IN
your	PRP$
computer	NN
locally	RB
first	RB
until	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
sure	JJ
it	PRP
looks	VBZ
good	JJ
and	CC
works	VBZ
well	RB
.	.
As	IN
more	JJR
and	CC
more	JJR
pages	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
put	VBN
up	RP
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
,	,
and	CC
as	IN
it	PRP
becomes	VBZ
easier	JJR
and	CC
easier	JJR
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
,	,
some	DT
consistent	JJ
problems	NNS
have	VBP
started	VBN
showing	VBG
up	RP
.	.
It	PRP
turns	VBZ
out	RP
that	DT
good	JJ
design	NN
--	:
making	VBG
information	NN
easy	JJ
to	TO
use	VB
and	CC
aesthetically	RB
pleasing	VBG
--	:
is	VBZ
not	RB
guaranteed	VBN
by	IN
most	JJS
WYSIWYG	NNP
editors	NNS
.	.
These	DT
resources	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
help	VB
.	.
Counseling	NN
Center	NNP
Village	NNP
has	VBZ
become	VBN
a	DT
very	RB
useful	JJ
resource	NN
for	IN
counseling	NN
center	NN
professionals	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
Colleagues	NNS
separated	VBN
by	IN
many	JJ
miles	NNS
are	VBP
easily	RB
able	JJ
to	TO
share	VB
their	PRP$
resources	NNS
and	CC
expertise	NN
.	.
Brochures	NNS
,	,
Policy	NNP
and	CC
Procedure	NNP
manuals	NNS
,	,
intake	NN
forms	NNS
,	,
workshop	NN
outlines	VBZ
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
,	,
no	RB
longer	RB
gather	VB
dust	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
offices	NNS
or	CC
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
recreated	VBN
again	RB
somewhere	RB
else	RB
.	.
Note	NN
:	:
Hit	VB
statistics	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
Village	NNP
website	NN
are	VBP
significant	JJ
under-estimates	NNS
,	,
given	VBN
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
web	NN
browser	NN
technology	NN
,	,
the	DT
manner	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
hit	VBD
statistics	NNS
are	VBP
calculated	VBN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
``	``
framing	NN
''	''
of	IN
other	JJ
sites	NNS
'	POS
webpages	NNS
used	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
Village	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
much	RB
more	RBR
accurate	JJ
to	TO
simply	RB
state	VB
that	IN
the	DT
Village	NNP
received	VBD
at	IN
least	JJS
this	DT
many	JJ
hits	NNS
,	,
and	CC
most	JJS
certainly	RB
much	RB
much	RB
more	RBR
.	.
The	DT
Counseling	NN
Center	NNP
Village	NNP
is	VBZ
overseen	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
group	NN
of	IN
counseling	NN
center	NN
professionals	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
expressed	VBN
a	DT
particular	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
guiding	VBG
its	PRP$
development	NN
.	.
Although	IN
not	RB
required	VBN
for	IN
membership	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
Board	NNP
members	NNS
typically	RB
coordinate	VBP
a	DT
particular	JJ
section	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Village	NNP
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
think	VBP
you	PRP
might	MD
be	VB
interested	JJ
in	IN
joining	VBG
the	DT
Board	NNP
,	,
contact	NN
David	NNP
L.	NNP
Gilles-Thomas	NNP
for	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
places	NNS
to	TO
find	VB
out	RP
more	JJR
about	IN
creating	VBG
web	NN
pages	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
web	NN
itself	PRP
.	.
Below	IN
we	PRP
have	VBP
listed	VBN
several	JJ
web	NN
sites	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
,	,
in	IN
all	DT
likelihood	NN
,	,
provide	VBP
everything	NN
you	PRP
could	MD
possibly	RB
want	VB
to	TO
know	VB
about	IN
web	NN
page	NN
design	NN
.	.
Special	JJ
variables	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
created	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
explicit	JJ
assumptions	NNS
,	,
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
data	NNS
easier	JJR
to	TO
use	VB
.	.
For	IN
1850-1870	CD
,	,
each	DT
household	NN
member	NN
's	POS
relationship	NN
to	TO
the	DT
head	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
ascertained	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
census	NN
,	,
but	CC
an	DT
IPUMS-constructed	JJ
variable	NN
offers	VBZ
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
guess	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
age	NN
,	,
sex	NN
,	,
and	CC
order	NN
of	IN
enumeration	NN
.	.
So	RB
how	WRB
do	VBP
we	PRP
get	VB
these	DT
magnificent	JJ
datasets	NNS
?	.
The	DT
IPUMS	NNP
Web	NNP
site	NN
provides	VBZ
two	CD
ways	NNS
.	.
The	DT
experienced	JJ
user	NN
of	IN
quantitative	JJ
data	NNS
will	MD
probably	RB
want	VB
to	TO
click	VB
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
way	NN
to	TO
complete	VB
datasets	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
data\/data	JJ
options\/download	NN
entire	JJ
raw	JJ
datasets	NNS
;	:
the	DT
Web	NNP
site	NN
discusses	VBZ
transmission	NN
time	NN
and	CC
space	NN
considerations	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
IPUMS	NNP
also	RB
offers	VBZ
an	DT
option	NN
for	IN
selecting	VBG
random	JJ
subsamples	NNS
:	:
a	DT
mini	NN
version	NN
with	IN
21,000	CD
households	NNS
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
tiny	JJ
version	NN
with	IN
2,100	CD
households	NNS
.	.
An	DT
impressive	JJ
feature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Web	NNP
site	NN
is	VBZ
documentation	NN
.	.
Census	NNP
instructions	NNS
to	TO
enumerators	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
discussions	NNS
of	IN
sampling	NN
,	,
coding	NN
,	,
and	CC
construction	NN
of	IN
variables	NNS
,	,
can	MD
all	DT
be	VB
read	VBN
online	NN
or	CC
printed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
crucial	JJ
documentation	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
over	IN
and	CC
over-variable	JJ
location	NN
and	CC
codes	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
response-are	JJ
found	VBN
in	IN
hyperlinked	JJ
form	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
easy	JJ
to	TO
use	VB
online	NN
and	CC
easy	JJ
to	TO
download	VB
to	TO
one	CD
's	POS
PC	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
personal	JJ
computer	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
use	NN
with	IN
a	DT
Web	NNP
browser	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
the	DT
extract	VB
option	NN
described	VBN
earlier	JJR
automatically	RB
provides	VBZ
programming	NN
statements	NNS
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
selected	VBN
data	NNS
files	NNS
in	IN
SAS	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
System	NNP
Application	NNP
Software	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
SPSS	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Statistical	NNP
Package	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Social	NNP
Sciences	NNPS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
or	CC
Stata	NNP
,	,
including	VBG
all	PDT
the	DT
value	NN
labels	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
features	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
time-consuming	JJ
to	TO
enter	VB
oneself	NN
but	CC
nice	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
.	.
Select	NNP
all	DT
variables	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
extract	VB
option	NN
,	,
and	CC
you	PRP
get	VBP
the	DT
fullest	JJS
programming	NN
statements	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
a	DT
dataset	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
accessed	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
analyzed	VBN
.	.
IPUMS	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
provide	VB
its	PRP$
own	JJ
shortcuts	NNS
here	RB
.	.
One	CD
option	NN
:	:
a	DT
standard	JJ
statistics	NNS
package	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
SAS	NNP
.	.
A	DT
second	JJ
:	:
IPUMS	NNS
does	VBZ
provide	VB
links	NNS
to	TO
two	CD
free	JJ
software	NN
products	NNS
for	IN
``	``
easy	JJ
''	''
generation	NN
of	IN
crosstabs	NNS
and	CC
descriptive	JJ
statistics	NNS
from	IN
IPUMS	NNP
datasets	NNS
.	.
At	IN
least	JJS
one	CD
of	IN
these	DT
-LRB-	-LRB-
by	IN
Querylogic	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
can	MD
be	VB
downloaded	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
spot	NN
to	TO
a	DT
PC	NN
for	IN
immediate	JJ
use	NN
;	:
still	RB
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
require	VB
a	DT
little	JJ
time	NN
before	IN
the	DT
inexperienced	JJ
student	NN
can	MD
use	VB
even	RB
this	DT
package	NN
.	.
More	JJR
?	.
The	DT
``	``
international	JJ
''	''
option	NN
at	IN
the	DT
home	NN
page	NN
reveals	VBZ
that	IN
IPUMS	NNP
will	MD
soon	RB
provide	VB
access	NN
to	TO
machine-readable	JJ
samples	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
censuses	NNS
of	IN
many	JJ
other	JJ
countries	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
to	TO
some	DT
additional	JJ
U.S.	NNP
data	NNS
.	.
Before	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
subscribed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
list	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
receive	VB
an	DT
email	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
see	VB
example	NN
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
from	IN
majordomo	NN
asking	VBG
you	PRP
to	TO
confirm	VB
your	PRP$
subscription	NN
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
also	RB
receive	VB
an	DT
email	NN
telling	VBG
you	PRP
to	TO
expect	VB
the	DT
first	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
see	VB
example	NN
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
which	WDT
is	VBZ
silly	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
know	VBP
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
automated	VBN
.	.
Several	JJ
Internet	NNP
information	NN
services	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
on	IN
GSULaw	NNP
OnLine	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
faculty	NN
,	,
staff	NN
,	,
and	CC
student	NN
organizations	NNS
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
take	VB
advantage	NN
of	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
these	DT
services	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
or	CC
your	PRP$
organization	NN
must	MD
have	VB
a	DT
NetWare	NNP
user	NN
account	NN
.	.
This	DT
page	NN
illustrates	VBZ
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
searchable	JJ
legal	JJ
indexes	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
.	.
Only	RB
specifically	RB
legal	JJ
indexes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
are	VBP
included	VBN
.	.
Please	VB
note	NN
that	IN
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
search	NN
tools	NNS
here	RB
have	VBP
additional	JJ
search	NN
options	NNS
available	JJ
and	CC
that	IN
to	TO
derive	VB
full	JJ
benefit	NN
from	IN
them	PRP
you	PRP
should	MD
visit	VB
the	DT
original	JJ
sites	NNS
directly	RB
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
aware	JJ
of	IN
searchable	JJ
legal	JJ
indexes	NNS
which	WDT
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
included	VBN
,	,
or	CC
have	VB
other	JJ
comments	NNS
,	,
and	CC
especially	RB
if	IN
you	PRP
discover	VBP
that	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
links	NNS
is	VBZ
broken	VBN
,	,
please	VB
send	VB
email	NN
to	TO
Patrick	NNP
Wiseman	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
pwiseman@gsu.edu	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Use	NN
of	IN
this	DT
index	NN
:	:
Each	DT
search	NN
tool	NN
starts	VBZ
with	IN
a	DT
``	``
default	NN
''	''
entry	NN
as	IN
an	DT
example	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
see	VB
the	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
information	NN
returned	VBN
by	IN
each	DT
tool	NN
,	,
simply	RB
select	VB
the	DT
Search	NNP
button	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
specific	JJ
search	NN
in	IN
mind	NN
,	,
enter	VBP
it	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
space	NN
provided	VBN
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
select	VB
the	DT
Search	NNP
button	NN
.	.
Selecting	VBG
the	DT
Default	NNP
button	NN
will	MD
return	VB
the	DT
search	NN
entry	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
default	NN
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
about	IN
each	DT
search	NN
tool	NN
,	,
select	VB
its	PRP$
link	NN
.	.
All	DT
default	NN
searches	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
``	``
Judicial	NNP
Opinions	NNS
''	''
section	NN
were	VBD
successfully	RB
completed	VBN
on	IN
03/16/2002	CD
,	,
unless	IN
otherwise	RB
noted	VBN
.	.
A	DT
few	JJ
,	,
apparently	RB
broken	VBN
,	,
search	NN
tools	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
temporarily	RB
removed	VBN
.	.
This	DT
resource	NN
will	MD
find	VB
links	NNS
to	TO
primary	JJ
legal	JJ
sources	NNS
,	,
government	NN
resources	NNS
,	,
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
,	,
publications	NNS
,	,
law	NN
school	NN
course	NN
outlines	VBZ
,	,
software	NN
,	,
mailing	NN
lists	NNS
,	,
Usenet	NNP
discussion	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
and	CC
related	JJ
FindLaw	NNP
pages	NNS
.	.
The	DT
example	NN
search	NN
is	VBZ
of	IN
``	``
Legal	NNP
Websites	NNP
.	.
''	''
Visit	VB
the	DT
site	NN
directly	RB
for	IN
many	JJ
more	JJR
options	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
receive	VB
email	NN
notification	NN
when	WRB
the	DT
Meta-Index	NNP
for	IN
U.S.	NNP
Legal	NNP
Research	NNP
is	VBZ
modified	VBN
,	,
please	VB
send	VB
an	DT
email	NN
to	TO
metaindex@gsulaw.gsu.edu	VB
If	IN
you	PRP
add	VB
your	PRP$
address	NN
to	TO
our	PRP$
list	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
only	RB
be	VB
notified	VBN
when	WRB
major	JJ
revisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Meta-Index	NNP
are	VBP
released	VBN
.	.
Prospective	JJ
employers	NNS
may	MD
fill	VB
out	RP
our	PRP$
online	JJ
job	NN
listing	NN
form	NN
to	TO
announce	VB
the	DT
availability	NN
of	IN
a	DT
position	NN
.	.
The	DT
information	NN
will	MD
be	VB
sent	VBN
to	TO
CSO	NNP
staff	NN
for	IN
review	NN
,	,
and	CC
will	MD
subsequently	RB
be	VB
posted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
page	NN
.	.
Patrick	NNP
Wiseman	NNP
,	,
in	IN
collaboration	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Career	NNP
Services	NNP
Office	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CSO	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
expressly	RB
for	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
College	NNP
of	IN
Law	NNP
graduates	NNS
and	CC
students	NNS
.	.
This	DT
service	NN
provides	VBZ
convenient	JJ
on-line	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
CSO	NNP
job	NN
listings	NNS
.	.
Utilization	NN
of	IN
this	DT
service	NN
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
to	TO
authorized	VBN
subscribers	NNS
.	.
Fill	VB
out	RP
the	DT
subscription	NN
request	NN
form	NN
to	TO
subscribe	VB
to	TO
Employment	NNP
Opportunities	NNPS
On-Line	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
EOOL	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
subscriber	NN
form	NN
requires	VBZ
specific	JJ
identification	NN
information	NN
to	TO
be	VB
completed	VBN
that	DT
will	MD
be	VB
reviewed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Career	NNP
Services	NNP
Office	NNP
.	.
Authorized	VBN
subscribers	NNS
will	MD
receive	VB
an	DT
``	``
approval	NN
message	NN
''	''
along	IN
with	IN
important	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
use	NN
and	CC
function	NN
of	IN
EOOL	NNP
.	.
There	EX
's	VBZ
a	DT
link	NN
at	IN
the	DT
top	NN
of	IN
each	DT
bulletin	NN
board	NN
allowing	VBG
you	PRP
to	TO
subscribe	VB
to	TO
it	PRP
.	.
There	EX
's	VBZ
also	RB
a	DT
link	NN
from	IN
the	DT
top	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Index	NNP
page	NN
allowing	VBG
you	PRP
to	TO
subscribe	VB
to	TO
or	CC
unsubscribe	JJ
from	IN
all	DT
or	CC
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
pages	NNS
at	IN
once	RB
.	.
This	DT
server	NN
could	MD
not	RB
verify	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
authorized	VBN
to	TO
access	VB
the	DT
document	NN
requested	VBD
.	.
Either	CC
you	PRP
supplied	VBD
the	DT
wrong	JJ
credentials	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
bad	JJ
password	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
or	CC
your	PRP$
browser	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
understand	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
supply	VB
the	DT
credentials	NNS
required	VBN
.	.
My	PRP$
son	NN
is	VBZ
dead	JJ
because	IN
the	DT
justice	NN
system	NN
was	VBD
smug	JJ
and	CC
became	VBD
a	DT
business	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
son	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
warrent	VB
a	DT
public	JJ
defender	NN
,	,
a	DT
public	JJ
defender	NN
who	WP
would	MD
not	RB
help	VB
a	DT
parent	NN
save	VB
his	PRP$
son	NN
.	.
The	DT
Park	NNP
Rangers	NNPS
set	VBD
my	PRP$
son	NN
up	RP
for	IN
arrest	NN
.	.
They	PRP
were	VBD
gung	VBN
ho	NN
.	.
...	:
and	CC
set	VBD
the	DT
stage	NN
for	IN
my	PRP$
son	NN
's	POS
ulitmate	NN
death	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
questions	NNS
which	WDT
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
answered	VBN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
questions	NNS
which	WDT
were	VBD
answered	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
self	NN
serving	VBG
.	.
Ventura	NNP
California	NNP
should	MD
be	VB
ashamed	JJ
of	IN
themselves	PRP
.	.
Despite	IN
my	PRP$
pleas	NNS
for	IN
help	NN
no	DT
one	NN
did	VBD
anything	NN
to	TO
help	VB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
interested	JJ
in	IN
starting	VBG
law	NN
school	NN
,	,
probably	RB
in	IN
the	DT
fall	NN
of	IN
2003	CD
.	.
Starting	VBG
earlier	JJR
would	MD
be	VB
better	JJR
if	IN
entrance	NN
requirements	NNS
could	MD
be	VB
completed	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
Sheriff	NNP
of	IN
Lamar	NNP
County	NNP
and	CC
am	VBP
56	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
,	,
have	VBP
a	DT
Masters	NNP
Degree	NNP
in	IN
Public	NNP
Administration	NNP
and	CC
have	VBP
taught	VBN
the	DT
CRJU	NNP
curriculum	NN
at	IN
Gordon	NNP
College	NNP
for	IN
seven	CD
years	NNS
.	.
If	IN
someone	NN
could	MD
give	VB
me	PRP
some	DT
leads	NNS
pertaining	VBG
to	TO
prep	VB
courses	NNS
for	IN
LSAT	NNP
,	,
the	DT
application	NN
process	NN
,	,
and	CC
just	RB
what	WP
to	TO
expect	VB
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
greatly	RB
appreciated	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
surfed	VBN
the	DT
internet	NN
and	CC
there	EX
is	VBZ
lots	NNS
of	IN
info	NN
,	,
but	CC
none	NN
for	IN
2003	CD
yet	RB
.	.
I	PRP
currently	RB
work	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Attorney	NNP
General	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
Florida	NNP
and	CC
have	VBP
decided	VBN
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
law	NN
school	NN
,	,
and	CC
possibly	RB
work	VB
on	IN
a	DT
joint	JJ
degree	NN
in	IN
English	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
looking	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
school	NN
in	IN
the	DT
FL\/GA	NNP
area	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
accomodate	VB
this	DT
goal	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
Registered	NNP
Nurse	NNP
and	CC
have	VBP
been	VBN
to	TO
several	JJ
seminars	NNS
given	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
nurse-attorney	NN
.	.
It	PRP
ceratainly	RB
has	VBZ
sparked	VBN
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
passing	VBG
interest	NN
.	.
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
would	MD
investigate	VB
as	IN
I	PRP
never	RB
thought	VBD
about	IN
nursing	NN
AND	CC
law	NN
.	.
I	PRP
understand	VBP
that	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
``	``
up	RB
and	CC
coming	VBG
''	''
specialty	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
know	VB
more	JJR
.	.
I	PRP
work	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
field	NN
now	RB
and	CC
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
attorneys	NNS
I	PRP
work	VBP
with	IN
have	VBP
either	DT
attended	VBD
this	DT
University	NNP
or	CC
have	VB
children	NNS
who	WP
went	VBD
here	RB
.	.
They	PRP
highly	RB
recommended	VBD
it	PRP
to	TO
me	PRP
,	,
so	IN
I	PRP
figured	VBD
I	PRP
would	MD
visit	VB
and	CC
get	VB
as	RB
much	JJ
information	NN
as	IN
I	PRP
possibly	RB
could	MD
about	IN
the	DT
school	NN
and	CC
the	DT
curriculum	NN
it	PRP
provides	VBZ
.	.
Thanks	NNS
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
hope	VBP
to	TO
see	VB
you	PRP
soon	RB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
currently	RB
attending	VBG
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Tennessee	NNP
and	CC
am	VBP
planning	VBG
on	IN
going	VBG
to	TO
law	NN
school	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Fall	NN
of	IN
2002	CD
.	.
My	PRP$
family	NN
lives	VBZ
in	IN
Atlanta	NNP
and	CC
I	PRP
would	MD
enjoy	VB
attending	VBG
school	NN
there	RB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
shopping	VBG
around	RB
and	CC
looking	VBG
at	IN
my	PRP$
options	NNS
.	.
Tifton	NNP
offers	VBZ
any	DT
paralegal	NN
courses	NNS
at	IN
night	NN
,	,
nor	CC
``	``
on	IN
line	NN
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
trying	VBG
to	TO
find	VB
a	DT
school	NN
to	TO
take	VB
a	DT
paralegal	NN
course	NN
online	NN
which	WDT
the	DT
Hope	NNP
,	,
Pell	NNP
or	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
grant	NN
will	MD
pay	VB
for	IN
or	CC
at	IN
least	JJS
pay	NN
part	NN
of	IN
.	.
East	NNP
GA.	NNP
.	.
College	NNP
in	IN
Swainsboro	NNP
has	VBZ
online	VBN
paralegal	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
grants	NNS
wo	MD
n't	RB
pay	VB
;	:
they	PRP
told	VBD
me	PRP
I	PRP
need	VBP
a	DT
``	``
State	NN
''	''
school	NN
for	IN
that	DT
.	.
Can	MD
you	PRP
give	VB
me	PRP
any	DT
information	NN
concerning	VBG
this	DT
?	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
intersting	VBG
in	IN
law	NN
school	NN
.	.
I	PRP
hope	VBP
to	TO
gratuate	VB
next	JJ
year	NN
fall	NN
2002	CD
and	CC
my	PRP$
major	JJ
is	VBZ
plitical	JJ
sciece	NN
with	IN
a	DT
legal	JJ
track	NN
emphasis	NN
and	CC
I	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
know	VB
if	IN
this	DT
major	JJ
would	MD
prepare	VB
me	PRP
for	IN
law	NN
school	NN
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
attend	VB
law	NN
school	NN
in	IN
the	DT
fall	NN
of	IN
2003	CD
if	IN
at	IN
all	DT
possible	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
interested	JJ
in	IN
law	NN
and	CC
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
know	VB
if	IN
you	PRP
could	MD
please	VB
send	VB
me	PRP
some	DT
information	NN
about	IN
your	PRP$
program	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
now	RB
enrolled	VBN
at	IN
Georgia	NNP
Perimeter	NNP
College	NNP
on	IN
te	NN
South	NNP
Campus	NNP
.	.
My	PRP$
major	JJ
is	VBZ
political	JJ
science	NN
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
know	VB
if	IN
the	DT
classes	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
now	RB
taking	VBG
will	MD
follow	VB
me	PRP
to	TO
Georgia	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
.	.
Also	RB
my	PRP$
sister	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
interested	JJ
in	IN
becoming	VBG
a	DT
tranfer	NN
student	NN
from	IN
Georgia	NNP
Southern	NNP
University	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
recieve	VB
information	NN
on	IN
what	WP
classes	NNS
will	MD
follow	VB
her	PRP
to	TO
Georgia	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
.	.
Her	PRP$
major	JJ
is	VBZ
criminal	JJ
justice	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
you	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
program	NN
tailored	VBN
to	TO
religious	JJ
law	NN
?	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
interested	JJ
in	IN
working	VBG
for	IN
such	JJ
organizations	NNS
as	IN
Americans	NNPS
United	NNP
for	IN
Separation	NNP
of	IN
Church	NNP
and	CC
State	NNP
,	,
ACLU	NNP
,	,
etc.	FW
,	,
and	CC
have	VBP
been	VBN
working	VBG
on	IN
an	DT
MDiv	JJ
toward	IN
Unitarian	JJ
Universalist	JJ
ministry	NN
but	CC
am	VBP
looking	VBG
to	TO
diversify	VB
employability	NN
.	.
Thanks	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
professional	JJ
engineer	NN
working	VBG
for	IN
may	MD
years	NNS
as	IN
VP	NNP
of	IN
engineering	NN
and	CC
dealing	VBG
on	IN
many	JJ
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
seriouslly	RB
considering	VBG
getting	VBG
a	DT
law	NN
degree	NN
with	IN
intelectual	JJ
property	NN
as	IN
the	DT
major	JJ
.	.
Part	NN
time	NN
classes	NNS
are	VBP
considered	VBN
while	IN
I	PRP
work	VBP
my	PRP$
present	JJ
job	NN
.	.
Hello	UH
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
just	RB
tried	VBN
to	TO
locate	VB
a	DT
law	NN
dictionary	NN
at	IN
this	DT
site	NN
and	CC
was	VBD
not	RB
successful	JJ
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
provide\/allow	VBP
this	DT
will	MD
you	PRP
tell	VB
me	PRP
how	WRB
its	PRP$
done	VBN
?	.
Also	RB
,	,
I	PRP
think	VBP
you	PRP
've	VBP
done	VBN
some	DT
very	RB
good	JJ
updating	VBG
since	IN
my	PRP$
last	JJ
visit	NN
.	.
Thanks	NNS
.	.
This	DT
information	NN
was	VBD
very	RB
informative	JJ
.	.
However	RB
,	,
I	PRP
am	VBP
also	RB
interested	JJ
in	IN
obtaining	VBG
a	DT
M.B.A.	NNP
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
a	DT
J.D.	NNP
Please	UH
send	VB
me	PRP
more	JJR
information	NN
via	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
about	IN
a	DT
dual	JJ
major	JJ
program	NN
in	IN
business	NN
and	CC
law	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
looking	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
basics	NNS
.	.
Fairness	NNP
,	,
equality	NN
,	,
truth	NN
,	,
justice	NN
and	CC
the	DT
American	JJ
Way	NN
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
dismissed	VBN
from	IN
a	DT
state	NN
position	NN
because	IN
I	PRP
was	VBD
no	RB
longer	RB
politically	RB
correct	JJ
.	.
In	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
my	PRP$
boss	NN
,	,
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
save	VB
his	PRP$
job	NN
,	,
sold	VBD
me	PRP
out	RP
.	.
The	DT
system	NN
was	VBD
set	VBN
up	RP
against	IN
me	PRP
,	,
due-process	NN
and	CC
appeals	NNS
are	VBP
management	NN
backing	NN
management	NN
,	,
state	NN
backing	NN
state	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
one	NN
on	IN
my	PRP$
side	NN
.	.
The	DT
University	NNP
allows	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
Risk	NNP
Management	NNP
Lawyer	NNP
at	IN
no	DT
cost	NN
to	TO
my	PRP$
supervisor	NN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
such	JJ
equality	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
me	PRP
.	.
So	RB
in	IN
essence	NN
I	PRP
,	,
m	NN
defending	VBG
myself	PRP
!	.
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
afford	VB
the	DT
thousands	NNS
of	IN
dollars	NNS
in	IN
legal	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
so	RB
my	PRP$
``	``
pro	JJ
se	FW
status	FW
does	VBZ
not	RB
excuse	VB
me	PRP
from	IN
adhering	VBG
to	TO
procedural	JJ
rules	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
time	NN
requirements	NNS
''	''
.	.
I	PRP
was	VBD
one	CD
holiday	NN
weekend	NN
short	JJ
of	IN
timely	JJ
meeting	NN
a	DT
petition	NN
for	IN
review	NN
date	NN
.	.
Of	IN
course	NN
the	DT
Risk	NNP
Management	NNP
Lawyer	NNP
issued	VBD
a	DT
motion	NN
to	TO
dismiss	VB
Petition	NN
.	.
I	PRP
'	''
being	VBG
cut	VBN
off	RP
at	IN
the	DT
pass	NN
.	.
So	RB
,	,
Im	NNP
searching	VBG
data	NNS
bases	NNS
for	IN
cases	NNS
relevent	JJ
to	TO
my	PRP$
situation	NN
so	IN
I	PRP
can	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
stand	VB
up	RP
for	IN
myself	PRP
against	IN
the	DT
unfairness	NN
,	,
the	DT
inequity	NN
and	CC
the	DT
injustice	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
taken	VBN
my	PRP$
job	NN
from	IN
me	PRP
and	CC
destroyed	VBD
my	PRP$
mandatory	JJ
persi	JJ
retirement	NN
.	.
The	DT
information	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
referenced	VBN
is	VBZ
Sammis	NNP
v.	CC
Magnetik-in	NNP
the	DT
Idaho	NNP
Reporter	NNP
and	CC
Martin	NNP
v.	CC
My	PRP$
first	JJ
question	NN
is	VBZ
when	WRB
is	VBZ
the	DT
deadline	NN
for	IN
fall	NN
applications	NNS
for	IN
law	NN
school	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
second	JJ
question	NN
is	VBZ
if	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
already	RB
taken	VBN
the	DT
LSAT	NNP
,	,
can	MD
I	PRP
send	VB
in	IN
previous	JJ
scores	NNS
and	CC
retake	VB
the	DT
test	NN
to	TO
gain	VB
a	DT
better	JJR
score	NN
?	.
If	IN
possible	JJ
,	,
please	VB
reply	NN
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
a	DT
Human	NNP
Resources	NNPS
professional	NN
.	.
I	PRP
currently	RB
have	VBP
an	DT
undergraduate	JJ
degree	NN
in	IN
Mkting	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
General	NNP
studies	NNS
MBA	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
looking	VBG
at	IN
pursuing	VBG
employment	NN
law	NN
studies	NNS
.	.
What	WP
options	NNS
do	VBP
you	PRP
have	VBP
available	JJ
?	.
If	IN
you	PRP
anticipate	VBP
needing	VBG
to	TO
edit	VB
the	DT
page	NN
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
want	VB
to	TO
create	VB
the	DT
text	NN
and	CC
popups	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
text	NN
file	NN
on	IN
your	PRP$
local	JJ
PC	NN
for	IN
copying	NN
and	CC
pasting	NN
into	IN
the	DT
form	NN
.	.
That	DT
will	MD
prove	VB
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
lot	NN
easier	JJR
than	IN
editing	NN
the	DT
page	NN
after	IN
you	PRP
've	VBP
saved	VBN
it	PRP
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
was	VBD
invoked	VBN
from	IN
a	DT
host	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
gsulaw.gsu.edu	NN
;	:
you	PRP
have	VBP
``	``
bookmarked	VBN
''	''
the	DT
URL	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
and	CC
attempted	VBN
to	TO
invoke	VB
it	PRP
from	IN
there	EX
;	:
you	PRP
entered	VBD
the	DT
program	NN
's	POS
URL	NNP
directly	RB
into	IN
your	PRP$
browser	NN
's	POS
Location	NNP
window	NN
;	:
or	CC
your	PRP$
web	NN
client	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
WebVac	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
webmaster@pita.stanford.edu	JJ
WebVac.org	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
-RRB-	-RRB-
did	VBD
not	RB
supply	VB
the	DT
necessary	JJ
referring	VBG
information	NN
.	.
Familiar	JJ
issues	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
privacy	NN
,	,
copyright	NN
,	,
libel	NN
,	,
harrassment	NN
,	,
and	CC
others	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
being	VBG
presented	VBN
in	IN
unfamiliar	JJ
ways	NNS
,	,
challenging	VBG
our	PRP$
assumptions	NNS
about	IN
how	WRB
the	DT
law	NN
operates	VBZ
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
an	DT
increasing	VBG
number	NN
of	IN
lawyers	NNS
advertising	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
raising	VBG
issues	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
virtual	JJ
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
.	.
A	DT
paper	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
:	:
the	DT
paper	NN
must	MD
be	VB
written	VBN
in	IN
HTML	NNP
,	,
and	CC
should	MD
include	VB
substantive	JJ
information	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
links	NNS
to	TO
other	JJ
sources	NNS
.	.
Final	JJ
papers	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
course	NN
website	NN
and	CC
will	MD
thus	RB
be	VB
available	JJ
to	TO
other	JJ
legal	JJ
researchers	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
A	DT
Survey	NN
of	IN
Legal	NNP
Issues	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
--	:
what	WP
are	VBP
the	DT
hot	JJ
topics	NNS
?	.
We	PRP
will	MD
use	VB
this	DT
survey	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
which	WDT
of	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
is	VBZ
worthy	JJ
of	IN
additional	JJ
attention	NN
for	IN
the	DT
rest	NN
of	IN
the	DT
course	NN
,	,
and	CC
will	MD
divide	VB
them	PRP
up	RP
accordingly	RB
.	.
You	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
individually	RB
or	CC
in	IN
groups	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
will	MD
choose	VB
the	DT
topics	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
will	MD
take	VB
the	DT
lead	NN
in	IN
later	JJ
weeks	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
'll	MD
establish	VB
an	DT
order	NN
of	IN
discussion	NN
.	.
Discussion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Topic	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
Week	NN
.	.
Each	DT
week	NN
the	DT
discussion	NN
will	MD
be	VB
led	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
designated	VBN
student	NN
or	CC
group	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
,	,
who	WP
will	MD
be	VB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
providing	VBG
me	PRP
with	IN
discussion	NN
material	NN
to	TO
introduce	VB
the	DT
topic	NN
and	CC
raise	VB
questions	NNS
about	IN
it	PRP
.	.
These	DT
discussions	NNS
will	MD
take	VB
place	NN
virtually	RB
,	,
in	IN
a	DT
web	NN
forum	NN
specifically	RB
designated	VBN
for	IN
each	DT
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
virtual	JJ
class	NN
.	.
I	PRP
reserve	VBP
the	DT
right	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
to	TO
call	VB
a	DT
physical	JJ
class	NN
meeting	NN
at	IN
our	PRP$
assigned	VBN
time	NN
if	IN
it	PRP
seems	VBZ
that	IN
virtual	JJ
discussions	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
working	VBG
,	,
so	RB
do	VB
not	RB
commit	VB
to	TO
doing	VBG
something	NN
else	RB
during	IN
our	PRP$
class	NN
time	NN
until	IN
notified	VBN
that	IN
we	PRP
shall	MD
meet	VB
neither	DT
virtually	RB
nor	CC
physically	RB
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
fairly	RB
haphazard	JJ
and	CC
incomplete	JJ
list	NN
of	IN
potential	JJ
topics	NNS
for	IN
discussion	NN
.	.
The	DT
topics	NNS
actually	RB
to	TO
be	VB
addressed	VBN
will	MD
be	VB
determined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
class	NN
at	IN
our	PRP$
first	JJ
virtual	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
Propose	VB
and	CC
discuss	VB
potential	JJ
topics	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
class	NN
forum	NN
during	IN
the	DT
time	NN
leading	VBG
up	RP
to	TO
that	DT
first	JJ
virtual	JJ
meeting	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
just	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
sources	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
which	WDT
you	PRP
might	MD
find	VB
helpful	JJ
as	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
your	PRP$
research	NN
.	.
As	IN
you	PRP
find	VBP
others	NNS
,	,
please	VB
send	VB
email	NN
to	TO
the	DT
discussion	NN
forum	NN
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
'll	MD
add	VB
some	DT
of	IN
them	PRP
here	RB
.	.
GigaLaw	NNP
,	,
a	DT
site	NN
created	VBN
and	CC
maintained	VBN
by	IN
GSU	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
Law	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Internet	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
graduate	NN
Doug	NNP
Isenberg	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
an	DT
excellent	JJ
resource	NN
;	:
and	CC
you	PRP
may	MD
subscribe	VB
to	TO
a	DT
daily	JJ
newsletter	NN
which	WDT
will	MD
keep	VB
you	PRP
up	RP
to	TO
date	NN
on	IN
internet-related	JJ
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
Analysts	NNS
predict	VBP
that	IN
commerce	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
may	MD
be	VB
worth	JJ
$	$
300	CD
billion	CD
a	DT
year	NN
by	IN
the	DT
year	NN
2000	CD
.	.
But	CC
today	NN
many	JJ
consumers	NNS
,	,
banks	NNS
,	,
and	CC
businesses	NNS
worry	VBP
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
n't	RB
a	DT
safe	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
verify	VB
the	DT
identities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
buyers	NNS
and	CC
sellers	NNS
in	IN
online	JJ
financial	JJ
transactions	NNS
.	.
Senator	NNP
Bob	NNP
Bennett	NNP
,	,
R-Utah	NNP
,	,
said	VBD
Tuesday	NNP
that	IN
he	PRP
intends	VBZ
to	TO
introduce	VB
legislation	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
federal	JJ
standard	NN
to	TO
safeguard	VB
transactions	NNS
on	IN
open	JJ
networks	NNS
early	RB
in	IN
next	JJ
year	NN
's	POS
session	NN
.	.
``	``
Over	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
few	JJ
months	NNS
,	,
my	PRP$
staff	NN
has	VBZ
worked	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
bill	NN
to	TO
govern	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
authentication	NN
in	IN
the	DT
financial	JJ
institutions	NNS
sector	NN
,	,
''	''
he	PRP
said	VBD
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
have	VBP
sought	VBN
to	TO
develop	VB
minimalist	JJ
legislation	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
technologically	RB
neutral	JJ
to	TO
avoid	VB
limiting	VBG
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
and	CC
improved	JJ
technologies	NNS
and	CC
breakthroughs	NNS
.	.
''	''
Electronic	JJ
authentication	NN
--	:
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
to	TO
validate	VB
the	DT
identity	NN
of	IN
a	DT
person	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
a	DT
transaction	NN
--	:
may	MD
come	VB
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
Personal	JJ
Identification	NN
Numbers	NNS
like	IN
those	DT
used	VBN
by	IN
banks	NNS
,	,
passwords	NNS
,	,
thumbprints	NNS
,	,
or	CC
more	RBR
sophisticated	JJ
digital	JJ
signatures	NNS
that	WDT
involve	VBP
mathematical	JJ
formulas	NNS
.	.
Signature	NNP
Trust	NNP
Co.	NNP
,	,
36	CD
states	NNS
currently	RB
have	VBP
some	DT
form	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
legislation	NN
or	CC
are	VBP
planning	VBG
to	TO
introduce	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Utah	NNP
was	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
state	NN
to	TO
pass	VB
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
law	NN
enabling	VBG
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
and	CC
digital	JJ
signatures	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
bank	NN
and	CC
business	NN
representatives	NNS
argued	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
federal	JJ
standard	NN
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
because	IN
state	NN
standards	NNS
may	MD
conflict	VB
,	,
thus	RB
interfering	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
safe	JJ
flow	NN
of	IN
online	JJ
transactions	NNS
.	.
``	``
The	DT
efficiencies	NNS
of	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
can	MD
only	RB
be	VB
realized	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
regulatory	JJ
environment	NN
that	WDT
encourages	VBZ
rather	RB
than	IN
stifles	VBZ
the	DT
geographic	JJ
breadth	NN
and	CC
architectural	JJ
openness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
Robert	NNP
D.	NNP
Kramer	NNP
,	,
vice	NN
president	NN
for	IN
policy	NN
analysis	NN
and	CC
development	NN
of	IN
Bank	NNP
of	IN
America	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Bankers	NNPS
Roundtable	NNP
,	,
an	DT
organization	NN
that	WDT
represents	VBZ
the	DT
nation	NN
's	POS
major	JJ
banking	NN
organizations	NNS
,	,
supports	VBZ
an	DT
encompassing	VBG
federal	JJ
legislation	NN
aimed	VBN
at	IN
validating	VBG
electronic	JJ
contracts	NNS
.	.
Roundtable	NNP
,	,
said	VBD
that	IN
state	NN
authentication	NN
laws	NNS
were	VBD
a	DT
first	JJ
step	NN
in	IN
the	DT
right	JJ
direction	NN
,	,
but	CC
``	``
no	DT
one	NN
wants	VBZ
to	TO
have	VB
50	CD
different	JJ
rules	NNS
.	.
''	''
Pollard	NNP
noted	VBD
that	IN
countries	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Japan	NNP
,	,
Germany	NNP
,	,
Denmark	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Italy	NNP
are	VBP
working	VBG
to	TO
provide	VB
legal	JJ
recognition	NN
for	IN
electronic	JJ
authentication	NN
agreements	NNS
.	.
The	DT
European	NNP
Union	NNP
recently	RB
released	VBD
a	DT
paper	NN
that	WDT
highlights	VBZ
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
establishing	VBG
a	DT
communitywide	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
electronic	JJ
authentication	NN
in	IN
Europe	NNP
to	TO
boost	VB
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
.	.
``	``
It	PRP
is	VBZ
too	RB
early	JJ
--	:
and	CC
we	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
know	VB
nearly	RB
enough	RB
--	:
for	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
to	TO
endorse	VB
a	DT
particular	JJ
legislative	JJ
approach	NN
,	,
''	''
Commerce	NNP
Department	NNP
general	JJ
counsel	NN
Andrew	NNP
Pincus	NNP
told	VBD
the	DT
House	NNP
Science	NNP
Committee	NNP
's	POS
technology	NN
subcommittee	NN
.	.
But	CC
industry	NN
officials	NNS
said	VBD
some	DT
limited	JJ
federal	JJ
legislation	NN
might	MD
be	VB
appropriate	JJ
to	TO
harmonize	VB
conflicting	JJ
state	NN
laws	NNS
.	.
Digital	NNP
signatures	NNS
,	,
unique	JJ
identifying	VBG
marks	NNS
generated	VBN
by	IN
computers	NNS
and	CC
attached	VBN
to	TO
electronic	JJ
documents	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
increasingly	RB
being	VBG
used	VBN
to	TO
authenticate	VB
e-mail	NN
and	CC
contractual	JJ
arrangements	NNS
made	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Without	IN
a	DT
digital	JJ
signature	NN
or	CC
similar	JJ
technology	NN
,	,
a	DT
bank	NN
could	MD
not	RB
be	VB
sure	JJ
a	DT
message	NN
it	PRP
received	VBD
from	IN
a	DT
customer	NN
was	VBD
authentic	JJ
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
.	.
Seeking	VBG
to	TO
encourage	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
signatures	NNS
and	CC
thereby	RB
encourage	VB
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
,	,
some	DT
states	NNS
may	MD
act	VB
hastily	RB
and	CC
enact	VB
undesirable	JJ
laws	NNS
,	,
Stewart	NNP
Baker	NNP
,	,
attorney	NN
at	IN
Steptoe	NNP
&	CC
Johnson	NNP
,	,
warned	VBD
.	.
A	DT
few	JJ
nations	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
Germany	NNP
and	CC
Italy	NNP
,	,
have	VBP
passed	VBN
laws	NNS
mandating	VBG
excessive	JJ
regulation	NN
,	,
Baker	NNP
added	VBD
.	.
He	PRP
urged	VBD
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
government	NN
to	TO
oppose	VB
such	JJ
laws	NNS
.	.
``	``
That	DT
is	VBZ
coming	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
crisis	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
crisis	NN
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
face	VB
,	,
''	''
Baker	NNP
said	VBD
.	.
Ken	NNP
Lieberman	NNP
,	,
senior	JJ
vice	NN
president	NN
at	IN
Visa	NNP
USA	NNP
,	,
suggested	VBD
new	JJ
laws	NNS
might	MD
be	VB
useful	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
``	``
safe	JJ
harbor	NN
''	''
assuring	VBG
the	DT
validity	NN
of	IN
digital	JJ
authentication	NN
means	VBZ
used	VBN
in	IN
private	JJ
networks	NNS
like	IN
his	PRP$
company	NN
's	POS
payment	NN
system	NN
.	.
The	DT
Clinton	NNP
Administration	NNP
plans	VBZ
to	TO
stick	VB
with	IN
its	PRP$
long-standing	JJ
policy	NN
to	TO
let	VB
the	DT
private	JJ
sector	NN
develop	VB
regulations	NNS
for	IN
digital	JJ
signatures	NNS
even	RB
as	IN
some	DT
industry	NN
leaders	NNS
and	CC
members	NNS
of	IN
Congress	NNP
prod	VBP
the	DT
government	NN
to	TO
play	VB
a	DT
stronger	JJR
role	NN
.	.
Andrew	NNP
Pincus	NNP
,	,
general	JJ
counsel	NN
of	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Commerce	NNP
,	,
reiterated	VBD
President	NNP
Clinton	NNP
's	POS
position	NN
--	:
that	IN
government	NN
should	MD
keep	VB
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
regulation	NN
to	TO
a	DT
minimum	NN
--	:
during	IN
testimony	NN
earlier	RBR
this	DT
week	NN
before	IN
the	DT
House	NNP
Subcommittee	NNP
on	IN
Technology	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
's	POS
``	``
decentralized	JJ
nature	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
rapid	JJ
technological	JJ
evolution	NN
''	''
necessitate	VB
that	IN
the	DT
private	JJ
sector	NN
take	VBP
charge	NN
,	,
Pincus	NNP
said	VBD
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
written	VBN
transcript	NN
from	IN
the	DT
hearings	NNS
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
must	MD
avoid	VB
the	DT
regulatory	JJ
paradigm	NN
that	WDT
government	NN
has	VBZ
often	RB
utilized	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
past	NN
because	IN
that	DT
would	MD
lock	VB
in	RP
certain	JJ
technological	JJ
approaches	NNS
and	CC
inevitably	RB
deter	VB
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
this	DT
new	JJ
marketplace	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
subcommittee	NN
is	VBZ
considering	VBG
issues	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
digital	JJ
signatures	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
code	VBP
data	NNS
using	VBG
electronic	JJ
bits	NNS
unique	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
individual	NN
to	TO
whom	WP
the	DT
code	NN
is	VBZ
assigned	VBN
.	.
Digital	NNP
signatures	NNS
are	VBP
used	VBN
in	IN
Internet	NNP
transactions	NNS
to	TO
verify	VB
someone	NN
's	POS
identification	NN
when	WRB
they	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
seen	VBN
and	CC
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
that	IN
unauthorized	JJ
changes	NNS
ca	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
made	VBN
to	TO
agreements	NNS
.	.
The	DT
subcommittee	NN
called	VBN
for	IN
testimony	NN
because	IN
no	DT
uniform	JJ
standard	NN
for	IN
digital	JJ
signatures	NNS
currently	RB
exists	VBZ
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
loathe	JJ
to	TO
adopt	VB
such	PDT
a	DT
standard	NN
,	,
individual	JJ
states	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
other	JJ
nations	NNS
,	,
have	VBP
moved	VBN
on	IN
such	JJ
matters	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
11	CD
states	NNS
have	VBP
widely	RB
varying	VBG
laws	NNS
,	,
and	CC
most	RBS
other	JJ
states	NNS
are	VBP
considering	VBG
digital	JJ
signature	NN
legislation	NN
.	.
Several	JJ
other	JJ
nations	NNS
have	VBP
also	RB
adopted	VBN
policies	NNS
regulating	VBG
digital	JJ
signatures	NNS
.	.
Sen.	NNP
Bob	NNP
Bennett	NNP
,	,
R-Utah	NNP
,	,
told	VBD
the	DT
subcommittee	NN
that	IN
he	PRP
plans	VBZ
to	TO
introduce	VB
legislation	NN
early	RB
next	JJ
year	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
set	VB
a	DT
uniform	JJ
standard	NN
.	.
``	``
Sending	VBG
a	DT
credit	NN
card	NN
number	NN
or	CC
bank	NN
account	VBP
information	NN
over	IN
an	DT
open	JJ
network	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
at	IN
best	JJS
,	,
unsettling	JJ
and	CC
,	,
at	IN
worst	JJS
,	,
extremely	RB
dangerous	JJ
,	,
especially	RB
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
impossible	JJ
to	TO
verify	VB
the	DT
person	NN
to	TO
whom	WP
the	DT
message	NN
is	VBZ
going	VBG
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
Bennett	NNP
,	,
who	WP
is	VBZ
chairman	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Senate	NNP
Banking	NNP
Subcommittee	NNP
on	IN
Financial	NNP
Services	NNPS
and	CC
Technology	NNP
.	.
Utah	NNP
enacted	VBN
digital	JJ
signature	NN
legislation	NN
several	JJ
years	NNS
ago	IN
that	DT
calls	VBZ
for	IN
government	NN
licensing	NN
.	.
The	DT
Utah	NNP
law	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
legal	JJ
model	NN
developed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Bar	NNP
Association	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
stopped	VBD
short	RB
of	IN
calling	VBG
for	IN
government	NN
licensing	NN
.	.
The	DT
use	NN
of	IN
digital	JJ
signatures	NNS
also	RB
raises	VBZ
liability	NN
questions	NNS
when	WRB
it	PRP
comes	VBZ
to	TO
certifying	VBG
signatures	NNS
used	VBN
in	IN
electronic	JJ
business	NN
transactions	NNS
.	.
``	``
The	DT
U.S.	NNP
needs	VBZ
to	TO
show	VB
leadership	NN
by	IN
engaging	VBG
these	DT
issues	NNS
and	CC
actively	RB
seeking	VBG
ways	NNS
to	TO
turn	VB
these	DT
developments	NNS
away	RB
from	IN
conflicting	VBG
rules	NNS
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
Stewart	NNP
Baker	NNP
,	,
a	DT
partner	NN
at	IN
Steptoe	NNP
&	CC
Johnson	NNP
,	,
a	DT
law	NN
firm	NN
in	IN
Washington	NNP
.	.
``	``
Almost	RB
everyone	NN
agrees	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
top-down	JJ
regulatory	JJ
approach	NN
would	MD
fail	VB
to	TO
work	VB
,	,
given	VBN
the	DT
changing	VBG
dynamics	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
industry	NN
and	CC
the	DT
myriad	JJ
jurisdictions	NNS
which	WDT
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
covered	VBN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
the	DT
written	VBN
hearing	NN
charter	NN
for	IN
the	DT
subcommittee	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
House	NNP
Committee	NNP
on	IN
Science	NNP
.	.
From	IN
time	NN
to	TO
time	NN
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
post	VB
relevant	JJ
articles	NNS
and	CC
issue	NN
to	TO
this	DT
discussion	NN
list	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
comment	VB
,	,
question	NN
,	,
or	CC
post	VB
your	PRP$
own	JJ
articles	NNS
or	CC
issues	NNS
,	,
please	VB
feel	VB
free	JJ
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
lively	JJ
debate	NN
begins	VBZ
,	,
then	RB
that	IN
might	MD
be	VB
nice	JJ
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
What	WP
you	PRP
will	MD
find	VB
below	IN
is	VBZ
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
webpage	NN
links	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
still	RB
living	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
paper	NN
world	NN
,	,
the	DT
links	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
as	IN
helpful	JJ
as	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
in	IN
the	DT
electronic	JJ
world	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
paper	NN
world	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
make	VB
a	DT
photocopy	VB
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
think	VBP
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
useful	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
Then	RB
you	PRP
will	MD
file	VB
the	DT
photocopy	VB
in	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
files	NNS
and	CC
hope	VBP
you	PRP
or	CC
your	PRP$
secretary	NN
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
it	PRP
one	CD
day	NN
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
How	WRB
many	JJ
times	NNS
have	VBP
you	PRP
said	VBD
to	TO
your	PRP$
assistant	NN
``	``
Remember	VB
that	DT
article	NN
on	IN
webpage	NN
links	NNS
--	:
where	WRB
did	VBD
we	PRP
file	VBP
it	PRP
?	.
''	''
This	DT
year	NN
's	POS
conference	NN
will	MD
focus	VB
on	IN
discussions	NNS
surrounding	VBG
Georgia	NNP
's	POS
opportunity	NN
for	IN
economic	JJ
growth	NN
in	IN
the	DT
dawning	VBG
global	JJ
economy	NN
.	.
Conference	NNP
highlights	VBZ
include	VBP
intergovernmental	JJ
cooperative	JJ
projects	NNS
and	CC
economic	JJ
development	NN
success	NN
stories	NNS
.	.
Participants	NNS
will	MD
have	VB
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
learn	VB
about	IN
the	DT
very	RB
latest	JJS
innovations	NNS
for	IN
internet	NN
technology	NN
.	.
The	DT
conference	NN
will	MD
also	RB
present	VB
a	DT
vision	NN
for	IN
technology	NN
tools	NNS
to	TO
facilitate	VB
the	DT
state	NN
's	POS
goals	NNS
for	IN
higher	JJR
educations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
invitation	NN
to	TO
attend	VB
the	DT
Electronic	JJ
Commerce	NNP
Study	NNP
Committee	NNP
Meeting	VBG
is	VBZ
open	JJ
to	TO
all	DT
.	.
Indeed	RB
,	,
from	IN
the	DT
RSVPs	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
received	VBN
so	RB
far	RB
it	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
attendance	NN
will	MD
be	VB
good	JJ
.	.
So	RB
,	,
if	IN
these	DT
topics	NNS
are	VBP
important	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
,	,
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
meeting	NN
you	PRP
probably	RB
do	VBP
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
miss.	VB
At	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
light	NN
turn	VB
right	RB
onto	IN
Decatur	NNP
Street	NNP
.	.
Go	VB
two	CD
blocks	NNS
,	,
turn	VB
right	JJ
onto	IN
Broad	NNP
Street	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Commerce	NNP
Building	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
first	JJ
building	NN
on	IN
your	PRP$
left	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
on	IN
the	DT
corner	NN
of	IN
Broad	NNP
and	CC
Marietta	NNP
Streets	NNPS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
parking	NN
entrance	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
your	PRP$
left	VBN
after	IN
you	PRP
turn	VBP
onto	IN
Broad	NNP
Street	NNP
.	.
Street	NNP
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
traffic	NN
light	NN
,	,
turn	VB
right	JJ
onto	IN
Decatur	NNP
Street	NNP
.	.
Go	VB
two	CD
blocks	NNS
,	,
turn	VB
right	JJ
onto	IN
Broad	NNP
Street	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Commerce	NNP
Building	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
first	JJ
building	NN
on	IN
your	PRP$
left	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
on	IN
the	DT
corner	NN
of	IN
Broad	NNP
and	CC
Marietta	NNP
Streets	NNPS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
parking	NN
entrance	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
your	PRP$
left	VBN
after	IN
you	PRP
turn	VBP
onto	IN
Broad	NNP
Street	NNP
.	.
From	IN
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Club	NNP
parking	NN
lot	NN
,	,
cross	VB
Broad	NNP
Street	NNP
and	CC
enter	VB
the	DT
College	NNP
of	IN
Business	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
Nations	NNPS
Bank	NNP
Building	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Use	NNP
the	DT
elevator	NN
in	IN
the	DT
atrium	NN
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
the	DT
7th	JJ
floor	NN
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
exit	NN
the	DT
elevator	NN
,	,
turn	VB
left	VBN
,	,
go	VB
through	IN
a	DT
doorway	NN
,	,
down	IN
the	DT
hall	NN
,	,
turn	VB
at	IN
your	PRP$
first	JJ
left	VBD
into	IN
the	DT
Atlanta	NNP
Room	NNP
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
July	NNP
1998	CD
Digital	NNP
Signature	NNP
Task	NNP
Force	NNP
meeting	NN
,	,
a	DT
strong	JJ
consensus	NN
favored	VBD
amending	VBG
Georgia	NNP
's	POS
present	JJ
Electronic	JJ
Records	NNPS
and	CC
Signatures	NNPS
Act	NNP
so	IN
that	IN
``	``
insecure	JJ
''	''
electronic	JJ
records	NNS
and	CC
signatures	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
recognized	VBN
as	IN
satisfying	VBG
``	``
writing	VBG
''	''
and	CC
``	``
signature	NN
''	''
requirements	NNS
in	IN
Georgia	NNP
.	.
Recall	VB
,	,
Georgia	NNP
's	POS
present	JJ
act	NN
recognizes	VBZ
``	``
secure	JJ
''	''
electronic	JJ
records	NNS
and	CC
signatures	NNS
,	,
but	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
recognize	VB
``	``
insecure	JJ
''	''
electronic	JJ
records	NNS
and	CC
signatures	NNS
.	.
Note	NN
also	RB
,	,
this	DT
would	MD
eliminate	VB
legal	JJ
uncertaintly	NN
caused	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
``	``
Beeps	NNS
and	CC
Chirps	VBZ
''	''
case	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
September	NNP
1998	CD
Digital	NNP
Signature	NNP
Task	NNP
Force	NNP
meeting	NN
,	,
the	DT
question	NN
was	VBD
whether	IN
both	DT
``	``
insecure	JJ
''	''
and	CC
``	``
secure	JJ
''	''
electronic	JJ
records	NNS
and	CC
signatures	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
recognized	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
and	CC
,	,
if	IN
so	RB
,	,
whether	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
should	MD
distinguish	VB
between	IN
``	``
insecure	JJ
''	''
and	CC
``	``
secure	JJ
''	''
electronic	JJ
records	NNS
and	CC
signatures	NNS
using	VBG
an	DT
evidentiary	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
rebuttable	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
presumption	NN
.	.
Treasurers	NNPS
-LRB-	-LRB-
NASACT	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
several	JJ
individual	JJ
states	NNS
,	,
sought	VBD
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
forum	NN
to	TO
explore	VB
government	NN
use	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
key	JJ
technology	NN
in	IN
collaboration	NN
with	IN
private	JJ
sector	NN
participants	NNS
.	.
Following	VBG
a	DT
competitive	JJ
solicitation	NN
of	IN
proposals	NNS
,	,
the	DT
National	NNP
Automated	NNP
Clearing	NNP
House	NNP
Association	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NACHA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
was	VBD
selected	VBN
to	TO
facilitate	VB
this	DT
effort	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
continued	VBN
and	CC
increasing	VBG
interest	NN
in	IN
using	VBG
XML	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
automation	NN
and	CC
standardization	NN
of	IN
legal	JJ
information	NN
exchange	NN
,	,
Georgia	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
's	POS
E-CT-Filing	NNP
Project	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
http://gsulaw.gsu.edu/gsuecp/	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
has	VBZ
establishing	VBG
this	DT
electronic	JJ
mailing	NN
list	NN
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
bringing	VBG
together	RB
in	IN
a	DT
common	JJ
forum	NN
parties	NNS
interested	JJ
in	IN
creating	VBG
standard\/model	JJ
legal	JJ
XML	NNP
formats	NNS
.	.
From	IN
project	NN
inception	NN
,	,
researchers	NNS
realized	VBD
that	IN
electronic	JJ
court	NN
filing	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e	SYM
-	:
ct-filing	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
implicated	VBN
far	RB
more	RBR
issues	NNS
than	IN
network	NN
security	NN
,	,
generally	RB
,	,
and	CC
digital	JJ
signatures	NNS
,	,
specifically	RB
.	.
Indeed	RB
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
at	IN
least	JJS
20-25	CD
separate	JJ
and	CC
distinct	JJ
,	,
yet	RB
interrelated	JJ
,	,
e-ct-filing	JJ
issues	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
barriers	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
which	WDT
jurists	NNS
and	CC
technologist	NN
must	MD
consider	VB
in	IN
developing	VBG
e-ct-filing	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
other	JJ
legal	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
applications	NNS
.	.
Information	NNP
Systems	NNP
plans	VBZ
to	TO
encourage	VB
legal	JJ
technical	JJ
standards	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
see	VB
http://www.abanet.org/tech/ltrc/ldirec.html	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
that	DT
call	NN
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
speaking	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
Standing	VBG
Committee	NNP
on	IN
September	NNP
25	CD
regarding	VBG
general	JJ
issues	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
exchange	NN
of	IN
legal	JJ
information	NN
and	CC
XML	NNP
and	CC
electronic	JJ
court	NN
filing	NN
standards	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
feel	VB
free	JJ
to	TO
post	VB
comments	NNS
to	TO
this	DT
list	NN
regarding	VBG
XML	NNP
for	IN
legal	JJ
documents	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
also	RB
submit	VB
relevant	JJ
news	NN
of	IN
interest	NN
to	TO
developers	NNS
of	IN
legal-XML	JJ
solutions	NNS
.	.
If	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
enough	JJ
interest	NN
,	,
perhaps	RB
we	PRP
can	MD
begin	VB
to	TO
formulate	VB
an	DT
specific	JJ
agenda	NN
for	IN
moving	VBG
forward	RB
,	,
including	VBG
a	DT
possible	JJ
IETF	NNP
charter	NN
,	,
scheduling	NN
in-person	JJ
meetings	NNS
,	,
and\/or	CC
developing	VBG
workproduct	NN
.	.
Mexico	NNP
.	.
As	IN
some	DT
on	IN
this	DT
list	NN
already	RB
know	VB
,	,
our	PRP$
court	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
working	VBG
on	IN
an	DT
electronic	JJ
filing	NN
project	NN
about	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
time	NN
as	IN
AOUSC	NNP
,	,
and	CC
these	DT
prototypes	NNS
will	MD
eventually	RB
merge	VB
into	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
generation	NN
system	NN
for	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
courts	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
current	JJ
project	NN
,	,
XML	NNP
Court	NNP
Interface	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
XCI	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
does	VBZ
n't	RB
specifically	RB
address	VB
standardization	NN
of	IN
forms	NNS
,	,
but	CC
rather	RB
the	DT
far	RB
less	RBR
ambitious	JJ
and	CC
nearer	IN
term	NN
attainable	JJ
goal	NN
of	IN
defining	VBG
how	WRB
documents	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
securely	RB
transmitted	VBN
to	TO
and	CC
from	IN
the	DT
court	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
interested	JJ
in	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
group	NN
on	IN
a	DT
standard	JJ
open	JJ
interface	NN
for	IN
courts	NNS
,	,
or	CC
at	IN
least	JJS
the	DT
sharing	NN
of	IN
ideas	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
XCI	NNP
philosophy	NN
,	,
XCI	NNP
should	MD
be	VB
as	RB
simple	JJ
as	IN
possible	JJ
,	,
the	DT
model	NN
for	IN
electronic	JJ
filing	NN
being	VBG
that	IN
it	PRP
serves	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
function	NN
as	IN
a	DT
court	NN
intake	NN
counter	NN
does	VBZ
for	IN
paper	NN
filings	NNS
.	.
XCI	NNP
also	RB
allows	VBZ
for	IN
confirmation	NN
,	,
noticing	VBG
,	,
etc.	FW
Operating	VBG
Officer	NNP
at	IN
Findlaw	NNP
,	,
Inc	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
http://www.findlaw.com	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
My	PRP$
background	NN
is	VBZ
both	DT
technical	JJ
and	CC
legal	JJ
,	,
though	IN
these	DT
days	NNS
I	PRP
am	VBP
focused	VBN
exclusively	RB
on	IN
issues	NNS
of	IN
legal	JJ
information	NN
in	IN
the	DT
online	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
recently	RB
come	VBN
across	IN
both	DT
the	DT
UELP	NNP
and	CC
Georgia	NNP
legal	JJ
XML	NNP
standards	NNS
sites	NNS
and	CC
wanted	VBD
to	TO
express	VB
my	PRP$
enthusiasm	NN
in	IN
seeing	VBG
the	DT
concept	NN
of	IN
open	JJ
,	,
interoperable	JJ
standards	NNS
begin	VB
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
presence	NN
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
of	IN
legal	JJ
information	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
time	NN
to	TO
charge	VB
the	DT
hill	NN
of	IN
creating	VBG
these	DT
standards	NNS
because	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
now	RB
that	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
profession	NN
is	VBZ
going	VBG
through	IN
the	DT
transformation	NN
to	TO
computerized	JJ
communications	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
old	JJ
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
just	RB
ran	VBD
across	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
did	VBD
a	DT
search	NN
for	IN
XML	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
register	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
following	VBG
Notice	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
register	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Dept	NNP
of	IN
Energy	NNP
asking	VBG
for	IN
comments	NNS
about	IN
electronic	JJ
filing	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
6	CD
months	NNS
old	JJ
--	:
the	DT
notice	NN
period	NN
close	RB
in	IN
June	NNP
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
thought	VBD
it	PRP
is	VBZ
an	DT
interesting	JJ
tidbit	NN
into	IN
the	DT
thoughts	NNS
of	IN
Federal	NNP
Agencies	NNPS
into	IN
the	DT
data	NNS
format	NN
issue	NN
.	.
Oversight	NNP
Committee	NNP
,	,
per	IN
the	DT
recommendation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Secretary	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Senate	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Clerk	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
House	NNP
,	,
have	VBP
approved	VBN
the	DT
establishment	NN
of	IN
a	DT
data	NN
standards	NNS
program	NN
,	,
including	VBG
standard	JJ
generalized	VBN
markup	NN
language	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
SGML	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
data	NNS
interchange	NN
of	IN
legislative	JJ
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
this	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
the	DT
preparation	NN
and	CC
exchange	NN
of	IN
legislative	JJ
information	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
more	RBR
efficient	JJ
through	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
standards	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
published	VBN
these	DT
standards	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
by	IN
all	DT
legislative	JJ
branch	NN
agencies	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
GPO	NNP
in	IN
transmitting	VBG
and	CC
producing	VBG
information	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
utilized	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
legislative	JJ
process	NN
.	.
The	DT
Secretary	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Senate	NNP
and	CC
Clerk	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
House	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
updating	VBG
and	CC
maintaining	VBG
and	CC
publishing	VBG
the	DT
data	NNS
interchange	NN
standards	NNS
for	IN
legislative	JJ
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
Clerk	NNP
has	VBZ
also	RB
indicated	VBN
that	IN
various	JJ
steps	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
taken	VBN
to	TO
establish	VB
common	JJ
standard	JJ
generalized	VBN
markup	NN
language	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
SGML	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
definitions	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
legislative	JJ
documents	NNS
in	IN
electronic	JJ
format	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
consistent	JJ
with	IN
actions	NNS
being	VBG
taken	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
Legislative	NNP
Branch	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Clerk	NNP
should	MD
seek	VB
guidance	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Committee	NNP
on	IN
House	NNP
Oversight	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Joint	NNP
Committee	NNP
on	IN
Printing	NNP
,	,
Government	NNP
Printing	NNP
Office	NNP
,	,
House	NNP
Information	NNP
Resources	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Secretary	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Senate	NNP
,	,
private	JJ
industry	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
interested	JJ
parties	NNS
,	,
in	IN
establishing	VBG
standards	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
based	VBN
upon	IN
past	JJ
and	CC
ongoing	JJ
GPO	NNP
,	,
HIR	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Senate	NNP
efforts	NNS
.	.
The	DT
overarching	JJ
objective	NN
should	MD
be	VB
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
standards	NNS
and	CC
systems	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
of	IN
common	JJ
use	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Clerk	NNP
and	CC
other	JJ
interested	JJ
Legislative	NNP
Branch	NNP
entities	NNS
.	.
Any	DT
email	NN
you	PRP
receive	VBP
as	IN
a	DT
subscriber	NN
to	TO
this	DT
site	NN
or	CC
to	TO
any	DT
of	IN
its	PRP$
pages	NNS
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
only	RB
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
agree	VBP
not	RB
to	TO
forward	RB
the	DT
email	NN
to	TO
anyone	NN
else	RB
,	,
unless	IN
the	DT
email	NN
itself	PRP
explicitly	RB
waives	VBZ
this	DT
requirement	NN
.	.
These	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
change	VB
,	,
of	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
notified	VBN
by	IN
email	NN
.	.
Continued	VBN
use	NN
of	IN
this	DT
service	NN
after	IN
notification	NN
of	IN
any	DT
change	NN
in	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
constitutes	VBZ
your	PRP$
agreement	NN
to	TO
the	DT
changed	VBN
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
.	.
Send	VB
a	DT
digitally-signed	JJ
email	NN
message	NN
to	TO
the	DT
discussion	NN
list	NN
,	,
using	VBG
GPG	NNP
,	,
the	DT
GNU	NNP
Privacy	NNP
Guard	NNP
.	.
Store	NNP
your	PRP$
public	JJ
key	NN
on	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
key	JJ
server	NN
,	,
so	RB
that	IN
your	PRP$
digitally-signed	JJ
email	NN
can	MD
be	VB
verified	VBN
by	IN
recipients	NNS
,	,
and	CC
so	RB
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
wish	VBP
,	,
exchange	NN
encrypted	VBD
email	NN
with	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
your	PRP$
predecessors	NNS
have	VBP
found	VBN
this	DT
-LRB-	-LRB-
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
required	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
task	NN
frustrating	JJ
,	,
to	TO
put	VB
it	PRP
mildly	RB
.	.
But	CC
bar	NN
associations	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
country	NN
continue	VBP
to	TO
consider	VB
requiring	VBG
that	IN
lawyers	NNS
who	WP
communicate	VBP
with	IN
clients	NNS
by	IN
email	NN
use	NN
encryption	NN
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
.	.
Requiring	VBG
this	DT
task	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
intended	VBN
to	TO
illustrate	VB
how	WRB
unrealistic	JJ
that	DT
might	MD
be	VB
.	.
Doctors	NNS
will	MD
once	RB
again	RB
make	VB
house	NN
calls	NNS
.	.
Patients	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
waiting	VBG
in	IN
their	PRP$
doctors	NNS
'	POS
offices	NNS
,	,
instead	RB
patients	NNS
will	MD
visit	VB
their	PRP$
doctors	NNS
via	IN
their	PRP$
home	NN
computers	NNS
.	.
This	DT
practice	NN
known	VBN
as	IN
telemedicine	NN
is	VBZ
quickly	RB
changing	VBG
the	DT
world	NN
as	IN
we	PRP
know	VBP
it	PRP
.	.
Second	JJ
it	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
acquire	VB
and	CC
present	VB
clinical	JJ
information	NN
,	,
store	NN
and	CC
retrieve	VB
data	NNS
,	,
and	CC
present	VB
it	PRP
in	IN
a	DT
user-friendly	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
medical	JJ
professionals	NNS
.	.
Third	NNP
,	,
the	DT
technology	NN
must	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
and	CC
reviewed	VBN
.	.
This	DT
means	VBZ
that	IN
everything	NN
from	IN
remote	JJ
interaction	NN
between	IN
physician	NN
and	CC
patient	NN
to	TO
medical	JJ
education	NN
must	MD
be	VB
constantly	RB
reviewed	VBN
to	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
system	NN
's	POS
effectiveness	NN
.	.
On	IN
September	NNP
15	CD
,	,
1999	CD
a	DT
subcommittee	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Senate	NNP
Committee	NNP
on	IN
Commerce	NNP
,	,
Science	NNP
and	CC
Transportation	NNP
held	VBD
a	DT
hearing	NN
on	IN
telemedicine	NN
technologies	NNS
.	.
Lieutenant	NN
Colonel	NNP
Ronald	NNP
K.	NNP
Poropatich	NNP
,	,
MD.	NNP
,	,
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
board	NN
of	IN
directors	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
American	JJ
Telemedicine	NNP
Association	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ATA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
testified	VBD
before	IN
the	DT
subcommittee	NN
and	CC
addressed	VBD
legal	JJ
problems	NNS
facing	VBG
telemedicine	NN
which	WDT
would	MD
require	VB
changing	VBG
existing	VBG
laws	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
.	.
Lack	NN
of	IN
payment	NN
for	IN
services	NNS
and	CC
state	NN
medical	JJ
licensure	NN
were	VBD
the	DT
two	CD
major	JJ
issues	NNS
addressed	VBD
.	.
The	DT
AMA	NNP
has	VBZ
strongly	RB
opposed	VBN
this	DT
current	JJ
practice	NN
of	IN
online	JJ
prescription	NN
sales	NNS
and	CC
has	VBZ
urged	VBN
state	NN
regulators	NNS
to	TO
take	VB
action	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
state	NN
medical	JJ
boards	NNS
are	VBP
now	RB
attempting	VBG
to	TO
monitor	VB
sales	NNS
and	CC
physician	NN
conduct	NN
by	IN
bringing	VBG
licensure	NN
actions	NNS
against	IN
online	JJ
physicians	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
legitimate	JJ
online	JJ
sales	NNS
benefit	NN
disabled	JJ
patients	NNS
and	CC
patients	NNS
without	IN
convenient	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
pharmacies	NNS
,	,
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
accountability	NN
and	CC
adequate	JJ
safeguards	NNS
render	VBP
unsuspecting	JJ
consumers	NNS
without	IN
a	DT
clear	JJ
cause	NN
of	IN
action	NN
.	.
State	NNP
and	CC
Federal	NNP
agencies	NNS
disagree	VBP
as	IN
to	TO
who	WP
has	VBZ
the	DT
authority	NN
and	CC
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
to	TO
police	NN
online	NN
pharmacies	NNS
.	.
Presently	RB
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
state	NN
or	CC
federal	JJ
regulation	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
prescription	NN
sales	NNS
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
unclear	JJ
if	IN
online	JJ
pharmaceuticals	NNS
will	MD
fall	VB
under	IN
state	NN
or	CC
federal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
Food	NNP
and	CC
Drug	NNP
Administration	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FDA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
Federal	NNP
Trade	NNP
Commission	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FTC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
American	NNP
Medical	NNP
Association	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
AMA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
all	DT
support	NN
regulation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
online	JJ
pharmaceutical	JJ
industry	NN
,	,
they	PRP
continue	VBP
to	TO
pass	VB
the	DT
regulation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
states	NNS
.	.
The	DT
use	NN
of	IN
telemedicine	NN
services	NNS
may	MD
increase	VB
liability	NN
exposure	NN
for	IN
physicians	NNS
,	,
since	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
change	VB
the	DT
local	JJ
practice	NN
standards	NNS
used	VBN
to	TO
determine	VB
medical	JJ
liability	NN
.	.
The	DT
development	NN
of	IN
a	DT
national	JJ
practice	NN
standard	NN
could	MD
reduce	VB
this	DT
liability	NN
,	,
but	CC
until	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
standard	NN
is	VBZ
developed	VBN
,	,
liability	NN
for	IN
all	DT
involved	VBN
is	VBZ
increased	VBN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
leading	VBG
cases	NNS
advocating	VBG
a	DT
national	JJ
standard	NN
of	IN
care	NN
concluded	VBD
that	IN
any	DT
purported	JJ
disparity	NN
between	IN
the	DT
skills	NNS
of	IN
practitioners	NNS
in	IN
various	JJ
urban	JJ
centers	NNS
has	VBZ
been	VBN
primarily	RB
been	VBN
eliminated	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
viii	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Medical	JJ
education	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
standardized	JJ
throughout	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
through	IN
a	DT
system	NN
of	IN
national	JJ
accreditation	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
the	DT
significant	JJ
improvements	NNS
in	IN
transportation	NN
and	CC
communication	NN
over	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
hundred	CD
years	NNS
cast	VBN
further	JJ
doubt	NN
on	IN
continued	VBN
vitality	NN
of	IN
the	DT
doctrine	NN
.	.
Increased	VBN
access	NN
to	TO
evidence-based	JJ
data	NNS
,	,
clinical	JJ
guidelines	NNS
,	,
and	CC
successful	JJ
practices	NNS
will	MD
have	VB
a	DT
far	RB
greater	JJR
impact	NN
on	IN
the	DT
standard	NN
of	IN
care	NN
than	IN
nationally	RB
accredited	VBN
medical	JJ
education	NN
and	CC
widely	RB
available	JJ
journals	NNS
did	VBD
years	NNS
ago	RB
.	.
The	DT
computerized	JJ
medical	JJ
record	NN
and	CC
medical	JJ
malpractice	NN
litigation	NN
.	.
The	DT
computerized	JJ
medical	JJ
record	NN
will	MD
be	VB
built	VBN
from	IN
self-documenting	JJ
inputs	NNS
and	CC
barcode-based	JJ
systems	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
will	MD
record	VB
and	CC
time-stamp	VB
all	DT
interactions	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
and	CC
log	VB
the	DT
identity	NN
of	IN
involved	JJ
care	NN
providers	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
information	NN
they	PRP
had	VBD
available	JJ
at	IN
an	DT
exact	JJ
point	NN
in	IN
time	NN
.	.
As	IN
provider	NN
databases	NNS
gather	VBP
more	JJR
information	NN
about	IN
their	PRP$
patients	NNS
,	,
and	CC
providers	NNS
become	VBP
more	RBR
skilled	JJ
at	IN
exploiting	VBG
new	JJ
technologically-mediated	JJ
marketing	NN
channels	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
one-to-one	JJ
marketing	NN
via	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
their	PRP$
marketing	NN
practices	NNS
will	MD
evolve	VB
and	CC
implicate	VB
liability	NN
laws	NNS
.	.
The	DT
learned	VBN
intermediary	NN
rule	NN
,	,
which	WDT
set	VBD
up	RP
the	DT
prescribing	VBG
physician	NN
as	IN
the	DT
primary	JJ
defendant	NN
in	IN
a	DT
failure	NN
to	TO
warn	VB
case	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
being	VBG
eliminated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
direct-to-consumer	NN
pharmaceutical	JJ
advertising	NN
,	,
which	WDT
will	MD
necessitate	VB
a	DT
reassessment	NN
of	IN
manufacturers	NNS
'	POS
liability	NN
.	.
Some	DT
states	NNS
have	VBP
moved	VBN
to	TO
address	VB
medical	JJ
record	NN
privacy	NN
concerns	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
citizens	NNS
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
HIPAA	NNP
Privacy	NN
Rule	NNP
establishes	VBZ
a	DT
privacy	NN
threshold	NN
that	WDT
must	MD
be	VB
met	VBN
in	IN
every	DT
U.S.	NNP
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
HIPAA	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
abbreviation	NN
for	IN
the	DT
``	``
Health	NNP
Insurance	NNP
Portability	NNP
and	CC
Accountability	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1996	CD
''	''
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
passed	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
easier	JJR
entry	NN
into	IN
employee	NN
sponsored	VBN
group	NN
health	NN
plans	NNS
for	IN
employees	NNS
with	IN
preexisting	JJ
conditions	NNS
.	.
HHS	NNP
calls	VBZ
the	DT
interim	JJ
final	JJ
rule	NN
``	``
the	DT
first	JJ
installment	NN
''	''
of	IN
a	DT
HIPAA	NNP
enforcement	NN
rule	NN
to	TO
be	VB
published	VBN
later	RB
.	.
The	DT
interim	JJ
rule	NN
establishes	VBZ
rules	NNS
of	IN
procedure	NN
``	``
for	IN
the	DT
imposition	NN
of	IN
civil	JJ
money	NN
penalties	NNS
''	''
on	IN
entities	NNS
that	WDT
violate	VBP
standards	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
format	NN
and	CC
protection	NN
of	IN
health	NN
information	NN
under	IN
HIPAA	NNP
's	POS
administrative	JJ
simplification	NN
provisions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
penalties	NNS
include	VBP
civil	JJ
fines	NNS
or	CC
exclusion	NN
from	IN
federal	JJ
health	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
department	NN
in	IN
the	DT
interim	JJ
rule	NN
reiterates	VBZ
its	PRP$
intent	NN
to	TO
enforce	VB
HIPAA	NNP
rules	NNS
through	IN
a	DT
complaint-driven	JJ
process	NN
and	CC
seek	VB
voluntary	JJ
compliance	NN
from	IN
noncompliant	JJ
entities	NNS
before	IN
moving	VBG
to	TO
impose	VB
penalties	NNS
.	.
The	DT
interim	JJ
rule	NN
becomes	VBZ
effective	JJ
on	IN
May	NNP
19	CD
,	,
2003	CD
,	,
and	CC
included	VBD
a	DT
public	JJ
comment	NN
period	NN
ending	VBG
on	IN
June	NNP
16	CD
,	,
2003	CD
.	.
The	DT
interim	JJ
final	JJ
rule	NN
will	MD
cease	VB
to	TO
be	VB
in	IN
effect	NN
on	IN
Sept.	NNP
16	CD
,	,
2003	CD
.	.
The	DT
HHS	NNP
Office	NNP
for	IN
Civil	NNP
Rights	NNP
will	MD
enforce	VB
the	DT
privacy	NN
rule	NN
;	:
the	DT
Centers	NNPS
for	IN
Medicare	NNP
and	CC
Medicaid	NNP
Services	NNPS
will	MD
enforce	VB
remaining	VBG
HIPAA	NNP
administrative	JJ
simplification	NN
rules	NNS
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
Regulation	NN
,	,
a	DT
family	NN
member	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
individual	NN
may	MD
act	VB
on	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
's	POS
behalf	NN
``	``
to	TO
pick	VB
up	RP
filled	VBN
prescriptions	NNS
,	,
medical	JJ
supplies	NNS
,	,
X-rays	NNS
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
similar	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
protected	JJ
health	NN
information	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
Regulation	NN
permits	VBZ
the	DT
health	NN
care	NN
provider	NN
to	TO
reasonably	RB
infer	VB
that	DT
doing	VBG
so	RB
is	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
's	POS
best	JJS
interest	NN
and	CC
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
professional	JJ
judgment	NN
and	CC
common	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
In	IN
response	NN
to	TO
concerns	NNS
about	IN
earlier	JJR
versions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Regulation	NN
,	,
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Health	NNP
and	CC
Human	NNP
Services	NNPS
issued	VBD
guidance	NN
materials	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
press	NN
release	NN
on	IN
July	NNP
6	CD
,	,
2001	CD
that	WDT
explicitly	RB
stated	VBD
that	IN
``	``
the	DT
rule	NN
allows	VBZ
a	DT
friend	NN
or	CC
relative	JJ
to	TO
pick	VB
up	RP
a	DT
patient	NN
's	POS
prescription	NN
at	IN
the	DT
pharmacy	NN
.	.
''	''
Therefore	RB
if	IN
pharmacies	NNS
prohibit	VBP
this	DT
common	JJ
practice	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
their	PRP$
own	JJ
policy	NN
,	,
not	RB
one	CD
mandated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
HIPAA	NNP
Privacy	NN
Regulation	NN
.	.
White	NNP
House	NNP
issued	VBD
a	DT
report	NN
in	IN
March	NNP
2002	CD
estimating	VBG
the	DT
costs	NNS
of	IN
implementing	VBG
privacy	NN
over	IN
ten	CD
years	NNS
at	IN
approximately	RB
$	$
17	CD
billion	CD
and	CC
estimating	VBG
the	DT
savings	NNS
incurred	VBN
from	IN
putting	VBG
the	DT
transaction	NN
standards	NNS
in	IN
place	NN
over	IN
ten	CD
years	NNS
at	IN
approximately	RB
$	$
29	CD
billion	CD
,	,
thus	RB
saving	VBG
the	DT
health	NN
care	NN
industry	NN
$	$
12	CD
billion	CD
overall	JJ
.	.
There	EX
will	MD
be	VB
additional	JJ
savings	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
long	JJ
term	NN
because	IN
patients	NNS
will	MD
have	VB
more	JJR
faith	NN
in	IN
the	DT
health	NN
care	NN
system	NN
,	,
so	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
less	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
withhold	VB
vital	JJ
information	NN
from	IN
their	PRP$
doctors	NNS
,	,
and	CC
will	MD
more	RBR
readily	RB
seek	VB
care	NN
.	.
A	DT
person	NN
's	POS
medical	JJ
information	NN
would	MD
be	VB
immediately	RB
available	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
attending	VBG
doctor	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
if	IN
an	DT
individual	NN
was	VBD
injured	VBN
in	IN
another	DT
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
country	NN
,	,
the	DT
attending	VBG
physicians	NNS
would	MD
have	VB
the	DT
patient	NN
's	POS
entire	JJ
medical	JJ
history	NN
at	IN
their	PRP$
fingertips	NNS
.	.
Included	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
information	NN
could	MD
be	VB
life	NN
saving	VBG
information	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
invaluable	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
attending	VBG
doctor	NN
;	:
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
large	JJ
database	NN
would	MD
allow	VB
researchers	NNS
to	TO
track	VB
certain	JJ
diseases	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
to	TO
patients	NNS
'	POS
responses	NNS
to	TO
certain	JJ
drugs	NNS
.	.
This	DT
information	NN
could	MD
be	VB
valuable	JJ
to	TO
drug	NN
companies	NNS
for	IN
research	NN
purposes	NNS
only	RB
.	.
The	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
these	DT
databases	NNS
would	MD
allow	VB
for	IN
better	JJR
organization	NN
and	CC
more	JJR
legibility	NN
of	IN
medical	JJ
files	NNS
.	.
Those	DT
who	WP
have	VBP
successfully	RB
utilized	VBN
the	DT
doctrine	NN
of	IN
trespass	NN
to	TO
chattels	NNS
in	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
cyberspace	NN
,	,
have	VBP
convinced	VBN
the	DT
courts	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
alleged	JJ
trespassers	NNS
are	VBP
either	RB
endangering	VBG
their	PRP$
computer	NN
systems	NNS
and\/or	CC
networks	NNS
,	,
or	CC
that	IN
other	JJ
indirect	JJ
harms	NNS
will	MD
inevitably	RB
result	VB
from	IN
the	DT
trespassers	NNS
?	.
activities	NNS
.	.
Verio	NNP
,	,
from	IN
using	VBG
automated	VBN
software	NN
to	TO
access	NN
and	CC
collect	VB
registrant	NN
contact	NN
information	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
database	NN
,	,
and	CC
from	IN
using	VBG
any	DT
of	IN
that	DT
information	NN
,	,
however	RB
accessed	VBN
,	,
for	IN
mass	NN
marketing	NN
purposes	NNS
.	.
Register.com	NN
sued	VBN
under	IN
Section	NN
43	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
Lanham	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Computer	NNP
Fraud	NNP
and	CC
Abuse	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
trespass	NN
to	TO
chattels	NNS
,	,
and	CC
breach	NN
of	IN
contract	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
granted	VBD
Register.com	NNP
a	DT
preliminary	JJ
injunction	NN
,	,
finding	VBG
they	PRP
were	VBD
likely	JJ
to	TO
succeed	VB
on	IN
the	DT
merits	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
claim	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
irreparable	JJ
harm	NN
would	MD
result	VB
without	IN
the	DT
injunction	NN
.	.
Tickets.com	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
TX	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
defendant	NN
,	,
moved	VBD
for	IN
summary	NN
judgment	NN
against	IN
Ticketmaster	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
TM	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
TM	NNP
's	POS
claims	NNS
against	IN
TX	NNP
were	VBD
based	VBN
on	IN
copyright	NN
,	,
trespass	NN
to	TO
chattels	NNS
,	,
and	CC
copyright	NN
theories	NNS
.	.
Both	DT
parties	NNS
were	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
business	NN
of	IN
selling	VBG
tickets	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
for	IN
various	JJ
events	NNS
,	,
and	CC
each	DT
business	NN
had	VBD
publicly	RB
accessible	JJ
web	NN
sites	NNS
for	IN
such	JJ
purpose	NN
.	.
Summary	NNP
judgment	NN
was	VBD
granted	VBN
for	IN
TX	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
claims	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
and	CC
trespass	NN
to	TO
chattels	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
summary	NN
judgment	NN
in	IN
favor	NN
of	IN
TX	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
claim	NN
was	VBD
denied	VBN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
access	NN
to	TO
TM	NNP
's	POS
web	NN
site	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
sufficient	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
trespass	NN
to	TO
chattel	VB
claim	NN
.	.
Actual	JJ
harm	NN
or	CC
damage	NN
suffered	VBD
must	MD
be	VB
shown	VBN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
recover	VB
for	IN
intermeddling	VBG
.	.
Trespass	NN
to	TO
chattels	NNS
only	RB
protects	VBZ
against	IN
actual	JJ
harm	NN
of	IN
the	DT
chattel	NN
,	,
not	RB
its	PRP$
inviolability	NN
.	.
The	DT
owner	NN
of	IN
a	DT
chattel	NN
is	VBZ
permitted	VBN
to	TO
use	VB
reasonable	JJ
force	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
chattel	NN
where	WRB
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
legal	JJ
remedy	NN
.	.
The	DT
interference	NN
must	MD
involve	VB
physical	JJ
contact	NN
with	IN
the	DT
property	NN
.	.
Trespass	NN
to	TO
land	NN
can	MD
be	VB
unintentional	JJ
involving	VBG
little	JJ
or	CC
no	DT
harm	NN
to	TO
the	DT
land	NN
.	.
Some	DT
cases	NNS
have	VBP
allowed	VBN
recovery	NN
for	IN
intangibles	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
sound	JJ
waves	NNS
,	,
microscopic	JJ
particles	NNS
,	,
dust	NN
or	CC
smoke	NN
,	,
but	CC
most	JJS
courts	NNS
treat	VB
these	DT
intangible	JJ
interferences	NNS
under	IN
nuisance	NN
law	NN
which	WDT
allows	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
balancing	NN
of	IN
interests	NNS
.	.
Trespass	NN
to	TO
chattels	NNS
has	VBZ
been	VBN
identified	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
little	JJ
brother	NN
of	IN
conversion	NN
.	.
Actual	JJ
dispossession	NN
of	IN
the	DT
chattel	NN
would	MD
give	VB
rise	VB
to	TO
both	DT
causes	NNS
of	IN
action	NN
,	,
though	IN
conversion	NN
is	VBZ
more	RBR
commonly	RB
applied	VBN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
relied	VBN
on	IN
unusual	JJ
cases	NNS
that	WDT
treated	VBD
intangible	JJ
interferences	NNS
in	IN
land	NN
as	IN
trespasses	NNS
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
intangible	JJ
interferences	NNS
in	IN
real	JJ
property	NN
are	VBP
more	RBR
commonly	RB
treated	VBN
under	IN
nuisance	NN
law	NN
.	.
Thrifty-Tel	NNP
allows	VBZ
for	IN
trespass	NN
to	TO
chattels	NNS
where	WRB
an	DT
intentional	JJ
interference	NN
has	VBZ
proximately	RB
caused	VBN
injury	NN
.	.
Spiders	NNS
are	VBP
programs	NNS
used	VBN
by	IN
search	NN
engines	NNS
to	TO
collect	VB
and	CC
create	VB
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
web	NN
.	.
Like	IN
spam	NN
,	,
spiders	NNS
affect	VBP
web	NN
sites	NNS
without	IN
discrimination	NN
.	.
But	CC
most	JJS
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
appreciate	VB
the	DT
benefits	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
spiders	NNS
.	.
Search	NN
engine	NN
databases	NNS
are	VBP
populated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
information	NN
gleaned	VBN
by	IN
spiders	NNS
crawling	VBG
the	DT
web	NN
and	CC
indexing	NN
the	DT
contents	NNS
of	IN
sites	NNS
.	.
Those	DT
web	NN
sites	NNS
who	WP
wish	VBP
not	RB
to	TO
be	VB
publicized	VBN
may	MD
invoke	VB
the	DT
Robot	NNP
Exclusion	NNP
standard	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
open	JJ
and	CC
voluntary	JJ
,	,
like	IN
most	JJS
Internet	NNP
standards	NNS
.	.
In	IN
many	JJ
cases	NNS
a	DT
user	NN
agreement	NN
defines	VBZ
what	WP
conduct	NN
is	VBZ
and	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
allowed	VBN
.	.
Where	WRB
a	DT
user	NN
agreement	NN
excludes	VBZ
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
automatic	JJ
search	NN
software	NN
,	,
a	DT
user	NN
may	MD
manually	RB
access	VB
the	DT
site	NN
.	.
But	CC
when	WRB
that	DT
same	JJ
user	NN
activates	VBZ
an	DT
automated	JJ
program	NN
to	TO
gather	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
information	NN
,	,
they	PRP
violate	VBP
the	DT
access	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
At	IN
that	DT
point	NN
the	DT
user	NN
has	VBZ
exceeded	VBN
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
consent	NN
and	CC
may	MD
be	VB
liable	JJ
for	IN
trespass	NN
to	TO
chattels	NNS
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
further	RBR
emphasized	VBD
that	IN
if	IN
BE	VB
was	VBD
allowed	VBN
to	TO
continue	VB
the	DT
activity	NN
,	,
then	RB
copycats	NNS
would	MD
begin	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
activity	NN
and	CC
eBay	NNP
would	MD
undoubtedly	RB
be	VB
harmed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
accesses	NNS
of	IN
multitudes	NNS
of	IN
companies	NNS
.	.
Contrasting	VBG
Intel	NNP
with	IN
eBay	NNP
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Northern	NNP
District	NNP
of	IN
California	NNP
had	VBD
found	VBN
that	IN
threatened	VBN
harm	NN
did	VBD
exist	VB
where	WRB
a	DT
denial	NN
of	IN
the	DT
injunction	NN
might	MD
encourage	VB
the	DT
activity	NN
sought	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
prevented	VBN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
the	DT
Intel	NNP
court	NN
noted	VBD
that	IN
Hamidi	NNP
used	VBD
the	DT
e-mail	NN
system	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
intended	JJ
purpose	NN
as	IN
a	DT
communications	NNS
tool	NN
for	IN
employees	NNS
.	.
The	DT
system	NN
transmitted	VBD
the	DT
e-mail	NN
as	IN
designed	VBN
without	IN
being	VBG
subjected	VBN
to	TO
operational	JJ
or	CC
physical	JJ
degradation	NN
or	CC
damage	NN
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
suggested	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
negative	JJ
consequences	NNS
were	VBD
overlooked	VBN
and	CC
overshadowed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
apparent	JJ
positive	JJ
impact	NN
of	IN
having	VBG
a	DT
weapon	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
to	TO
wage	VB
war	NN
against	IN
spam	NN
.	.
The	DT
flaws	NNS
in	IN
using	VBG
trespass	NN
to	TO
chattels	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
remedy	NN
for	IN
cyberspace	NN
issues	NNS
supposedly	RB
became	VBD
more	RBR
apparent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
doctrine	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
spiders	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
suggested	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
few	JJ
detrimental	JJ
effects	NNS
attributed	VBN
to	TO
spiders	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
vague	JJ
,	,
attenuated	JJ
,	,
or	CC
even	RB
disproved	VBN
;	:
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
possibility	NN
that	WDT
spiders	NNS
might	MD
overburden	VB
or	CC
crash	VB
a	DT
server	NN
,	,
can	MD
be	VB
addressed	VBN
through	IN
remedies	NNS
for	IN
nuisance	NN
like	IN
behavior	NN
,	,
even	RB
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Prior	RB
to	TO
Intel	NNP
v.	CC
Hamidi	NNP
,	,
cyberspace	NN
trespass	NN
to	TO
chattels	NNS
appeared	VBD
to	TO
treat	VB
computers	NNS
,	,
networks	NNS
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
processing	VBG
power	NN
as	IN
chattels	NNS
.	.
While	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
clearly	RB
true	JJ
for	IN
computers	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
less	RBR
clear	JJ
for	IN
networks	NNS
or	CC
processing	NN
power	NN
.	.
Yet	RB
Ticketmaster	NNP
found	VBD
no	DT
damages	NNS
and	CC
thus	RB
no	DT
trespass	NN
to	TO
chattels	NNS
.	.
Attenuated	JJ
and	CC
indirect	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
harm	NN
have	VBP
sometimes	RB
been	VBN
allowed	VBN
as	IN
evidence	NN
.	.
Only	RB
if	IN
the	DT
network	NN
or	CC
the	DT
processing	NN
power	NN
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
chattel	NN
though	RB
,	,
have	VBP
damages	NNS
been	VBN
found	VBN
.	.
The	DT
advent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
has	VBZ
provided	VBN
a	DT
new	JJ
,	,
electronic	JJ
medium	NN
that	WDT
facilitates	VBZ
the	DT
distribution	NN
of	IN
information	NN
,	,
products	NNS
,	,
services	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
that	WDT
were	VBD
traditionally	RB
distributed	VBN
through	IN
physical	JJ
mediums	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
face-to-face	JJ
meetings	NNS
,	,
hard-copies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
store-shelf	JJ
packaging	NN
.	.
The	DT
advent	NN
of	IN
this	DT
electronic	JJ
medium	NN
has	VBZ
necessitated	VBN
new	JJ
means	NNS
for	IN
providers	NNS
to	TO
form	VB
contracts	NNS
with	IN
consumers	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
users	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
regarding	VBG
the	DT
distribution	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
offerings	NNS
.	.
Click-wrap	JJ
and	CC
browse-wrap	JJ
,	,
as	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
commonly	RB
referred	VBN
to	TO
,	,
have	VBP
emerged	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
this	DT
new	JJ
means	NNS
to	TO
form	VB
contracts	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
particularly	RB
over	IN
the	DT
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
basic	JJ
purpose	NN
of	IN
click-wrap	NN
and	CC
browse-wrap	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
form	VB
a	DT
contract	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
agreement	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
between	IN
two	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
parties	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
,	,
persons	NNS
,	,
businesses	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
agreement	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
consent	NN
to	TO
them	PRP
,	,
are	VBP
communicated	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
noted	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
concept	NN
of	IN
click-wrap	NN
and	CC
browse-wrap	NN
evolved	VBD
,	,
to	TO
some	DT
extent	NN
,	,
from	IN
the	DT
concept	NN
of	IN
``	``
shrink-wrap	NN
,	,
''	''
which	WDT
is	VBZ
a	DT
continuing	VBG
practice	NN
,	,
primarily	RB
of	IN
computer	NN
games	NNS
and	CC
software	NN
providers	NNS
,	,
to	TO
present	VB
the	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
provisions	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
product	NN
within	IN
a	DT
sealed	JJ
packaging	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
in	IN
a	DT
written	VBN
or	CC
electronic	JJ
format	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
typically	RB
can	MD
only	RB
be	VB
accessed	VBN
after	IN
the	DT
product	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
purchased	VBN
and	CC
unwrapped	VBN
.	.
See	VB
the	DT
CPTech	NNP
shrink-wrap	NN
survey	NN
for	IN
some	DT
further	JJ
discussion	NN
of	IN
shrink-wrap	NN
agreements	NNS
.	.
Click-wrap	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
click-wrap	JJ
agreements	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
typically	RB
consists	VBZ
of	IN
a	DT
presentation	NN
within	IN
a	DT
web-page	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
provisions	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
agreement	NN
or	CC
contract	NN
along	IN
with	IN
a	DT
button	NN
,	,
link	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
means	NNS
that	WDT
requires	VBZ
the	DT
reader	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
user	NN
or	CC
consumer	NN
,	,
to	TO
indicate	VB
the	DT
acceptance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
provisions	NNS
before	IN
proceeding	VBG
with	IN
any	DT
further	JJ
transactions	NNS
.	.
Click-wrap	JJ
agreements	NNS
are	VBP
typically	RB
presented	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
scrolling	VBG
window	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
scroll	NN
box	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
a	DT
frame	NN
of	IN
a	DT
web-page	JJ
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
popular	JJ
means	NNS
to	TO
obtain	VB
consent	NN
from	IN
the	DT
reader	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
button	NN
or	CC
link	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
,	,
hyper-link	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
located	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
vicinity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agreement	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
labeled	VBN
``	``
I	PRP
Agree	VBP
.	.
''	''
See	VB
the	DT
Intel	NNP
license	NN
agreement	NN
for	IN
an	DT
example	NN
of	IN
a	DT
click-wrap	JJ
agreement	NN
.	.
Click-wrap	JJ
agreements	NNS
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
referred	VBN
to	TO
as	IN
``	``
click-through	JJ
''	''
or	CC
``	``
click	VBP
''	''
agreements	NNS
.	.
Notice	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
important	JJ
legal	JJ
issue	NN
in	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
enforceability	NN
of	IN
click-wrap	JJ
and	CC
browse-wrap	JJ
agreements	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
because	IN
the	DT
enforceability	NN
of	IN
most	JJS
agreements	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
contracts	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
requires	VBZ
all	DT
parties	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
expected	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
bound	VBN
by	IN
such	JJ
agreements	NNS
to	TO
knowingly	RB
agree	VB
to	TO
the	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
agreements	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
a	DT
party	NN
typically	RB
must	MD
have	VB
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
a	DT
click-wrap	NN
or	CC
browse-wrap	JJ
agreement	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
agree	VB
to	TO
its	PRP$
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
.	.
Notice	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
a	DT
click-wrap	JJ
agreement	NN
is	VBZ
usually	RB
not	RB
a	DT
problem	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
user	NN
attempts	VBZ
to	TO
obtain	VB
a	DT
service	NN
or	CC
product	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
that	WDT
involves	VBZ
a	DT
click-wrap	JJ
agreement	NN
,	,
the	DT
click-wrap	JJ
agreement	NN
is	VBZ
typically	RB
presented	VBN
up-front	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
user	NN
on	IN
an	DT
initial	JJ
web-page	NN
before	IN
the	DT
user	NN
can	MD
proceed	VB
with	IN
the	DT
transaction	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
clicking	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
text	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
take	VB
the	DT
user	NN
to	TO
the	DT
text	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agreement	NN
.	.
Nevertheless	RB
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
decided	VBD
that	IN
people	NNS
sometimes	RB
enter	VBP
into	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
by	IN
using	VBG
a	DT
service	NN
without	IN
seeing	VBG
the	DT
terms	NNS
first	RB
.	.
Using	VBG
the	DT
analogy	NN
of	IN
a	DT
person	NN
purchasing	VBG
an	DT
airline	NN
ticket	NN
stamped	VBN
with	IN
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
decided	VBD
that	IN
even	RB
without	IN
obvious	JJ
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
terms	NNS
,	,
a	DT
contract	NN
was	VBD
formed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
enforceability	NN
of	IN
browse-wrap	JJ
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
notice	VB
was	VBD
one	CD
of	IN
first	JJ
impression	NN
for	IN
the	DT
court	NN
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
.	.
In	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
basic	JJ
contract	NN
law	NN
,	,
the	DT
parties	NNS
to	TO
an	DT
agreement	NN
or	CC
contract	NN
must	MD
consent	VB
to	TO
the	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
for	IN
the	DT
agreement	NN
to	TO
be	VB
binding	JJ
upon	IN
them	PRP
.	.
This	DT
act	NN
of	IN
consent	NN
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
referred	VBN
to	TO
as	IN
assent	NN
,	,
mutual	JJ
assent	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
``	``
meeting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
minds	NNS
.	.
''	''
Although	IN
explicit	JJ
consent	NN
to	TO
an	DT
agreement	NN
is	VBZ
preferred	VBN
and	CC
most	RBS
respected	VBN
by	IN
courts	NNS
in	IN
determining	VBG
contract	NN
disputes	NNS
,	,
consent	NN
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
implied	VBN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
party	NN
is	VBZ
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
agreement	NN
and	CC
the	DT
party	NN
takes	VBZ
action	NN
that	IN
indicates	VBZ
the	DT
acceptance	NN
of	IN
them	PRP
,	,
a	DT
court	NN
may	MD
bind	NN
the	DT
party	NN
by	IN
its	PRP$
implied	JJ
consent	NN
to	TO
the	DT
agreement	NN
,	,
even	RB
thought	VBD
the	DT
party	NN
never	RB
explicitly	RB
submitted	VBN
consent	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
a	DT
court	NN
may	MD
be	VB
less	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
that	IN
a	DT
party	NN
is	VBZ
bound	VBN
to	TO
an	DT
agreement	NN
by	IN
implied	JJ
consent	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
actions	NNS
relied	VBP
on	IN
for	IN
implied	JJ
consent	NN
are	VBP
not	RB
intentional	JJ
or	CC
if	IN
the	DT
party	NN
had	VBD
no	DT
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agreement	NN
and	CC
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
could	MD
not	RB
consent	VB
.	.
Click-wrap	NN
,	,
as	IN
discussed	VBN
above	IN
,	,
typically	RB
provides	VBZ
a	DT
means	NN
to	TO
indicate	VB
consent	NN
and	CC
requires	VBZ
the	DT
user	NN
to	TO
select	VB
the	DT
means	NNS
before	IN
proceeding	VBG
with	IN
a	DT
transaction	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
the	DT
presentation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
click-wrap	JJ
agreement	NN
in	IN
a	DT
web-page	JJ
may	MD
include	VB
a	DT
button	NN
or	CC
link	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
labeled	VBN
``	``
I	PRP
agree	VBP
''	''
or	CC
``	``
I	PRP
accept	VBP
.	.
''	''
Thus	RB
,	,
click-wrap	JJ
agreements	NNS
typically	RB
provide	VBP
a	DT
sufficient	JJ
means	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
user	NN
to	TO
indicate	VB
consent	NN
to	TO
an	DT
agreement	NN
,	,
although	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
some	DT
legal	JJ
dissension	NN
over	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
particulars	NNS
for	IN
this	DT
means	VBZ
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
a	DT
click-wrap	JJ
agreement	NN
provides	VBZ
a	DT
button	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
means	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
user	NN
to	TO
select	VB
to	TO
indicate	VB
consent	NN
,	,
the	DT
legal	JJ
sufficiency	NN
of	IN
this	DT
consent	NN
may	MD
be	VB
questioned	VBN
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
clear	JJ
acknowledgement	NN
in	IN
the	DT
click-wrap	NN
that	WDT
selecting	VBG
the	DT
button	NN
will	MD
indicate	VB
consent	NN
to	TO
the	DT
agreement	NN
.	.
As	IN
another	DT
example	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
button	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
means	NNS
is	VBZ
located	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
position	NN
such	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
user	NN
can	MD
select	VB
it	PRP
without	IN
seeing	VBG
some	DT
,	,
or	CC
maybe	RB
even	RB
all	DT
,	,
of	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
agreement	NN
,	,
the	DT
legal	JJ
sufficiency	NN
of	IN
the	DT
consent	NN
may	MD
come	VB
into	IN
question	NN
.	.
As	IN
discussed	VBN
previously	RB
,	,
browse-wrap	JJ
typically	RB
does	VBZ
not	RB
even	RB
present	VB
the	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agreement	NN
to	TO
a	DT
user	NN
in	IN
an	DT
up-front	JJ
and	CC
conspicuous	JJ
manner	NN
.	.
Instead	RB
,	,
browse-wrap	JJ
agreements	NNS
are	VBP
typically	RB
drafted	VBN
to	TO
indicate	VB
that	IN
a	DT
user	NN
's	POS
consent	NN
is	VBZ
submitted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
act	NN
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
of	IN
the	DT
user	NN
browsing	VBG
a	DT
web-site	JJ
or	CC
conducting	VBG
transactions	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
web-site	JJ
.	.
I.	NN
Lan	NNP
Systems	NNP
selected	VBD
the	DT
``	``
I	PRP
Agree	VBP
''	''
box	NN
.	.
I.	NN
Lan	NNP
Systems	NNP
argued	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
had	VBD
not	RB
assented	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
license	NN
agreement	NN
,	,
since	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
not	RB
known	VBN
to	TO
it	PRP
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
the	DT
purchase	NN
and	CC
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
were	VBD
not	RB
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
bargained-for	JJ
exchange	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
rejected	VBD
this	DT
argument	NN
and	CC
held	VBD
that	IN
I.	NN
Lan	NNP
Systems	NNP
explicitly	RB
consented	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
clickwrap	NN
license	NN
agreement	NN
when	WRB
it	PRP
clicked	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
box	NN
labeled	VBN
``	``
I	PRP
Agree	VBP
.	.
''	''
Fairness	NNP
may	MD
include	VB
considerations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
conscionability	NN
of	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
condition	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agreement	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
bargaining	NN
power	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
shared	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
in	IN
making	VBG
the	DT
agreement	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
as	IN
with	IN
most	JJS
forms	NNS
of	IN
contracts	NNS
,	,
a	DT
court	NN
may	MD
find	VB
a	DT
click-wrap	NN
or	CC
browse-wrap	JJ
agreement	NN
unenforceable	JJ
to	TO
some	DT
extent	NN
if	IN
it	PRP
includes	VBZ
terms	NNS
or	CC
provisions	NNS
that	WDT
go	VBP
against	IN
public	JJ
policy	NN
or	CC
otherwise	RB
shock	NN
the	DT
conscious	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
court	NN
.	.
As	IN
another	DT
example	NN
,	,
a	DT
court	NN
may	MD
limit	VB
the	DT
enforceability	NN
of	IN
a	DT
click-wrap	NN
or	CC
browse-wrap	JJ
agreement	NN
if	IN
it	PRP
determines	VBZ
that	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
of	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
was	VBD
placed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
position	NN
of	IN
having	VBG
an	DT
insufficient	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
bargaining	NN
power	NN
to	TO
affect	VB
the	DT
formation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
binding	JJ
agreement	NN
or	CC
contract	NN
.	.
With	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
both	DT
click-wrap	JJ
and	CC
browse-wrap	JJ
,	,
fairness	NN
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
concern	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
the	DT
accepting	VBG
party	NN
of	IN
a	DT
click-wrap	NN
or	CC
browse-wrap	JJ
agreement	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
user	NN
,	,
usually	RB
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
negotiate	VB
the	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
offering	VBG
party	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agreement	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
provider	NN
,	,
since	IN
click-wrap	NN
and	CC
browse-wrap	JJ
agreements	NNS
are	VBP
presented	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
instead	RB
of	IN
person	NN
to	TO
person	NN
.	.
As	IN
another	DT
example	NN
,	,
and	CC
possibly	RB
as	IN
a	DT
consequence	NN
of	IN
the	DT
foregoing	NN
example	NN
,	,
click-wrap	JJ
and	CC
browse-wrap	JJ
agreements	NNS
tend	VBP
to	TO
include	VB
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
deemed	VBN
unconscionable	JJ
in	IN
view	NN
of	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
policy	NN
of	IN
various	JJ
jurisdictions	NNS
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
some	DT
click-wrap	JJ
and	CC
browse-wrap	JJ
agreements	NNS
may	MD
include	VB
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
that	WDT
give	VBP
the	DT
offering	VBG
party	NN
the	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
freely	RB
invade	VB
the	DT
privacy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
accepting	VBG
party	NN
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
by	IN
scanning	VBG
a	DT
user	NN
's	POS
computer	NN
or	CC
uploading	VBG
personal	JJ
information	NN
without	IN
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
explicit	JJ
consent	NN
.	.
In	IN
another	DT
instance	NN
,	,
some	DT
click-wrap	JJ
and	CC
browse-wrap	JJ
agreements	NNS
may	MD
include	VB
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
that	WDT
completely	RB
shield	VBP
the	DT
offering	VBG
party	NN
from	IN
liability	NN
for	IN
knowingly	RB
providing	VBG
a	DT
defective	JJ
product	NN
or	CC
service	NN
but	CC
hold	VBP
the	DT
user	NN
liable	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
fullest	JJS
extent	NN
for	IN
misuse	NN
of	IN
the	DT
product	NN
or	CC
service	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
instances	NNS
when	WRB
a	DT
court	NN
will	MD
limit	VB
the	DT
enforceability	NN
of	IN
click-wrap	NN
or	CC
browse-wrap	NN
because	IN
of	IN
fairness	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
allegedly	RB
did	VBD
not	RB
provide	VB
toll-free	JJ
customer	NN
service	NN
numbers	NNS
,	,
required	VBN
reporting	NN
of	IN
complaints	NNS
by	IN
e-mail	NN
without	IN
providing	VBG
an	DT
e-mail	NN
address	NN
for	IN
such	JJ
complaints	NNS
,	,
and	CC
engaged	VBD
in	IN
such	JJ
poor	JJ
customer	NN
service	NN
that	IN
the	DT
result	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
backlog	NN
of	IN
approximately	RB
100,000	CD
unanswered	JJ
customer	NN
complaints	NNS
.	.
In	IN
many	JJ
cases	NNS
,	,
PayPal	NNP
froze	VBD
disbursements	NNS
from	IN
accounts	NNS
but	CC
allowed	VBD
deposits	NNS
into	IN
accounts	NNS
.	.
Relying	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
its	PRP$
browse-wrap	JJ
user	NN
agreement	NN
,	,
PayPal	NNP
sought	VBD
to	TO
compel	VB
arbitration	NN
and	CC
prevent	VB
consolidation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
claims	NNS
.	.
A	DT
link	NN
to	TO
the	DT
text	NN
of	IN
the	DT
browse-wrap	JJ
user	NN
agreement	NN
was	VBD
provided	VBN
but	CC
the	DT
link	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
opened	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
application	NN
to	TO
be	VB
processed	VBN
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
increasing	VBG
use	NN
of	IN
click-wrap	JJ
and	CC
browse-wrap	JJ
agreements	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
issues	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
notice	NN
,	,
consent	NN
,	,
and	CC
fairness	NN
are	VBP
likely	JJ
to	TO
arise	VB
in	IN
legal	JJ
disputes	NNS
over	IN
these	DT
emerging	VBG
forms	NNS
of	IN
contracts	NNS
.	.
The	DT
last	JJ
couple	NN
of	IN
decades	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
an	DT
era	NN
of	IN
changes	NNS
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
world	NN
becoming	VBG
smaller	JJR
and	CC
smaller	JJR
because	IN
of	IN
countries	NNS
'	POS
ability	NN
to	TO
overcome	VB
many	JJ
barriers	NNS
of	IN
reach	NN
;	:
nations	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
sizes	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
able	JJ
to	TO
bridge	VB
gaps	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
utilization	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
,	,
dramatically	RB
changing	VBG
the	DT
lives	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
way	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
companies	NNS
conduct	VBP
business	NN
.	.
Although	IN
technology	NN
has	VBZ
allowed	VBN
a	DT
faster	RBR
,	,
more	RBR
efficient	JJ
way	NN
of	IN
communicating	VBG
,	,
it	PRP
has	VBZ
also	RB
instigated	VBN
many	JJ
issues	NNS
in	IN
its	PRP$
governance	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
its	PRP$
highly	RB
resistant	JJ
nature	NN
to	TO
traditional	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
governmental	JJ
regulation	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
certainly	RB
some	DT
unique	JJ
aspects	NNS
to	TO
Internet-based	JJ
e-commerce	NN
.	.
The	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
makes	VBZ
compliance	NN
with	IN
existing	VBG
laws	NNS
difficult	JJ
to	TO
enforce	VB
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
ways	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
e-commerce	NN
differs	VBZ
from	IN
other	JJ
commerce	NN
.	.
By	IN
operating	VBG
in	IN
``	``
real	JJ
time	NN
''	''
over	IN
open	JJ
networks	NNS
,	,
Internet-based	JJ
e-commerce	NN
has	VBZ
eroded	VBN
economic	JJ
and	CC
geographic	JJ
boundaries	NNS
and	CC
caused	VBD
a	DT
surge	NN
in	IN
productivity	NN
and	CC
economic	JJ
growth	NN
.	.
Although	IN
experts	NNS
may	MD
have	VB
some	DT
trouble	NN
defining	VBG
exactly	RB
what	WP
``	``
it	PRP
''	''
is	VBZ
,	,
Internet-based	JJ
e-commerce	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
different	JJ
in	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
ways	NNS
that	WDT
interact	VBP
with	IN
regulatory	JJ
issues	NNS
:	:
first	RB
,	,
in	IN
extending	VBG
the	DT
reach	NN
of	IN
commerce	NN
beyond	IN
the	DT
easy	JJ
reach	NN
of	IN
governments	NNS
,	,
and	CC
second	JJ
,	,
in	IN
creating	VBG
new	JJ
issues	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
confidence	NN
,	,
trust	NN
,	,
and	CC
verification	NN
.	.
The	DT
borderless	JJ
world	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
causing	VBG
governments	NNS
everywhere	RB
to	TO
reexamine	VB
their	PRP$
policies	NNS
and	CC
practices	NNS
toward	IN
commercial	JJ
activity	NN
.	.
This	DT
reexamination	NN
challenges	VBZ
existing	VBG
,	,
settled	VBD
assumptions	NNS
in	IN
areas	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
our	PRP$
federal	JJ
structure	NN
,	,
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
litigation	NN
as	IN
a	DT
timely	JJ
mechanism	NN
to	TO
resolve	VB
disputes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
ability	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Congress	NNP
itself	PRP
to	TO
move	VB
quickly	RB
in	IN
legislating	NN
practicable	JJ
solutions	NNS
.	.
Areas	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
as	IN
diverse	JJ
as	IN
jurisdiction	NN
,	,
patents	NNS
,	,
privacy	NN
,	,
and	CC
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
must	MD
be	VB
revisited	VBN
given	VBN
the	DT
operating	NN
challenges	VBZ
posed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
world	NN
of	IN
e-commerce	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
our	PRP$
domestic	JJ
experience	NN
in	IN
revisiting	VBG
these	DT
current	JJ
practices	NNS
is	VBZ
dramatically	RB
affected	VBN
by	IN
global	JJ
challenges	NNS
to	TO
U.S.	NNP
precedents	NNS
.	.
If	IN
Congress	NNP
is	VBZ
ill-equipped	JJ
at	IN
this	DT
point	NN
to	TO
address	VB
many	JJ
of	IN
these	DT
concerns	NNS
,	,
the	DT
situation	NN
is	VBZ
even	RB
more	RBR
complex	JJ
on	IN
a	DT
global	JJ
scale	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
institutional	JJ
frameworks	NNS
either	CC
do	VBP
not	RB
exist	VB
or	CC
are	VBP
new	JJ
and	CC
relatively	RB
untested	JJ
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
major	JJ
issues	NNS
that	WDT
has	VBZ
arisen	VBN
and	CC
alerted	VBN
many	JJ
nations	NNS
,	,
especially	RB
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
is	VBZ
that	IN
of	IN
taxation	NN
.	.
The	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
is	VBZ
questioning	VBG
,	,
``	``
Is	VBZ
e-commerce	NN
like	IN
ordinary	JJ
commerce	NN
?	.
''	''
The	DT
answer	NN
is	VBZ
both	DT
yes	RB
and	CC
no.	RB
Yes	UH
,	,
because	IN
even	RB
before	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
we	PRP
already	RB
had	VBD
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
technologies	NNS
--	:
telephone	NN
,	,
fax	NN
,	,
and	CC
private	JJ
networks	NNS
using	VBG
electronic	JJ
data	NNS
interchange	NN
,	,
which	WDT
allowed	VBD
long-distance	NN
or	CC
remote	JJ
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
firms	NNS
and	CC
individuals	NNS
already	RB
use	VBP
fast	JJ
computers	NNS
to	TO
process	VB
information	NN
and	CC
search	NN
for	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
products	NNS
and	CC
prices	NNS
,	,
especially	RB
in	IN
finance	NN
and	CC
banking	NN
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
with	IN
standardized	JJ
commodities	NNS
,	,
as	IN
in	IN
agriculture	NN
and	CC
mining	NN
.	.
No	DT
,	,
because	IN
although	IN
Internet	NNP
sales	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
relatively	RB
new	JJ
phenomenon	NN
,	,
the	DT
sales	NNS
tax	NN
issue	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
old	JJ
one	CD
,	,
as	IN
exactly	RB
the	DT
same	JJ
issue	NN
applies	VBZ
to	TO
old-fashioned	JJ
mail	NN
order	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
``	``
phone-order	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
sales	NNS
.	.
Governments	NNS
should	MD
regulate	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
in	IN
just	RB
the	DT
same	JJ
way	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
regulate	VBP
other	JJ
commerce	NN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
problems	NNS
faced	VBN
by	IN
both	DT
regulators	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
regulated	VBN
in	IN
e-commerce	NN
are	VBP
related	VBN
to	TO
ensuring	VBG
compliance	NN
with	IN
current	JJ
regulations	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
That	DT
fact	NN
,	,
by	IN
itself	PRP
,	,
indicates	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
easy	JJ
to	TO
treat	VB
e-commerce	NN
like	IN
other	JJ
commerce	NN
.	.
Nevertheless	RB
,	,
before	IN
one	CD
can	MD
assume	VB
that	DT
e-commerce	NN
requires	VBZ
different	JJ
treatment	NN
,	,
either	CC
preferential	JJ
or	CC
punitive	JJ
,	,
strong	JJ
proof	NN
that	IN
such	JJ
treatment	NN
is	VBZ
justified	JJ
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
because	IN
in	IN
many	JJ
respects	NNS
e-commerce	NN
is	VBZ
already	RB
regulated	VBN
.	.
If	IN
something	NN
is	VBZ
illegal	JJ
off	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
illegal	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
One	CD
can	MD
not	RB
engage	VB
in	IN
fraudulent	JJ
practices	NNS
,	,
transmit	VB
pornography	NN
or	CC
sell	VB
alcohol	NN
to	TO
children	NNS
,	,
or	CC
discriminate	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
race	NN
,	,
religion	NN
,	,
or	CC
sex	NN
.	.
But	CC
,	,
contrary	JJ
to	TO
popular	JJ
belief	NN
,	,
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
taxes	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
applicable	JJ
to	TO
Internet-based	JJ
transactions	NNS
.	.
U.S.	NNP
economy	NN
continues	VBZ
to	TO
squeeze	VB
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
tax	NN
revenues	NNS
,	,
pressure	NN
is	VBZ
increasing	VBG
for	IN
federal	JJ
legislation	NN
to	TO
require	VB
all	DT
retailers	NNS
to	TO
collect	VB
sales	NNS
taxes	NNS
on	IN
merchandise	NN
sold	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Even	RB
retail	JJ
real	JJ
estate	NN
landlords	NNS
are	VBP
joining	VBG
the	DT
forces	NNS
behind	IN
such	JJ
legislation	NN
,	,
as	IN
they	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
tax-free	JJ
online	JJ
shopping	NN
gives	VBZ
Internet	NNP
retailers	NNS
an	DT
unfair	JJ
advantage	NN
.	.
ICSC	NNP
newsletter	NN
-	:
Feb.	NNP
2003	CD
.	.
As	RB
early	RB
as	IN
2001	CD
in	IN
a	DT
presentation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Oversight	NNP
Subcommittee	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
House	NNP
Ways	NNPS
and	CC
Means	NNP
Committee	NNP
,	,
the	DT
International	NNP
Council	NNP
of	IN
Shopping	NNP
Centers	NNPS
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
ICSC	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
expressed	VBD
their	PRP$
position	NN
that	IN
all	DT
goods	NNS
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
method	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
are	VBP
purchased	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Internet	NNP
,	,
traditional	JJ
retail	JJ
stores	NNS
or	CC
catalog	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
should	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
taxes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
ICSC	NNP
encouraged	VBD
Congress	NNP
not	RB
to	TO
implement	VB
Internet	NNP
access	NN
charges	NNS
or	CC
new	JJ
taxes	NNS
on	IN
electronic	JJ
media	NNS
but	CC
rather	RB
allow	VB
the	DT
states	NNS
to	TO
collect	VB
the	DT
existing	VBG
charges	NNS
that	WDT
shoppers	NNS
are	VBP
already	RB
obligated	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
and	CC
are	VBP
supposed	VBN
to	TO
remit	VB
to	TO
their	PRP$
states	NNS
voluntarily	RB
.	.
Retailers	NNS
whose	WP$
only	RB
format	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
Amazon.com	NNP
,	,
remain	VBP
adamantly	RB
opposed	VBN
to	TO
taxing	VBG
on-line	JJ
sales	NNS
and	CC
are	VBP
supported	VBN
in	IN
their	PRP$
efforts	NNS
by	IN
the	DT
New	NNP
York	NNP
City	NNP
based	VBN
Direct	NNP
Marketing	NNP
Association	NNP
.	.
Both	DT
believe	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
has	VBZ
created	VBN
a	DT
venue	NN
for	IN
small	JJ
entrepreneurial	JJ
retailers	NNS
who	WP
would	MD
be	VB
over	IN
burdened	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
prospect	NN
of	IN
implementing	VBG
a	DT
tax	NN
collection	NN
process	NN
.	.
These	DT
retailers	NNS
hold	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
rule	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
only	RB
have	VBP
to	TO
collect	VB
taxes	NNS
where	WRB
they	PRP
maintain	VBP
a	DT
physical	JJ
presence	NN
and	CC
if	IN
their	PRP$
dot-com	JJ
subsidiaries	NNS
have	VBP
no	DT
physical	JJ
presence	NN
in	IN
any	DT
state	NN
then	RB
they	PRP
are	VBP
exempt	JJ
from	IN
collecting	VBG
taxes	NNS
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
Interstate	NNP
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
taxes	NNS
are	VBP
shredding	VBG
normal	JJ
partisan	JJ
boundaries	NNS
.	.
Conservative	JJ
Republicans	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Kasich	NNP
argue	VBP
that	IN
Washington	NNP
should	MD
preempt	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
powerful	JJ
tool	NN
governors	NNS
have	VBP
--	:
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
tax	NN
.	.
And	CC
liberal	JJ
Democrats	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Glendening	NNP
find	VBP
themselves	PRP
defending	VBG
the	DT
sales	NNS
tax	NN
,	,
though	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
often	RB
criticized	VBN
as	IN
being	VBG
unfair	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
poor	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
debate	NN
is	VBZ
taking	VBG
a	DT
particular	JJ
toll	NN
on	IN
the	DT
GOP	NNP
--	:
where	WRB
Republican	JJ
governors	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Leavitt	NNP
of	IN
Utah	NNP
and	CC
John	NNP
Engler	NNP
of	IN
Michigan	NNP
are	VBP
going	VBG
toe-to-toe	RB
with	IN
their	PRP$
political	JJ
brethren	NNS
,	,
like	IN
James	NNP
S.	NNP
Gilmore	NNP
III	NNP
of	IN
Virginia	NNP
.	.
And	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
splitting	JJ
business	NN
,	,
with	IN
some	DT
e-tailers	NNS
angling	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
subsidy	NN
and	CC
others	NNS
preferring	VBG
to	TO
see	VB
all	DT
merchants	NNS
collect	VBP
the	DT
tax	NN
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
their	PRP$
medium	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
7	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
John	NNP
W.	NNP
Sidgmore	NNP
,	,
vice-chairman	NN
of	IN
MCI	NNP
Worldcom	NNP
,	,
scoffs	VBZ
at	IN
the	DT
notion	NN
that	IN
taxing	VBG
online	JJ
sales	NNS
will	MD
crush	VB
the	DT
Web	NNP
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
these	DT
sales	NNS
and	CC
future	JJ
projections	NNS
,	,
The	DT
Washington	NNP
,	,
D.C.	NNP
based	VBN
National	NNP
Governors	NNP
Association	NNP
estimates	VBZ
that	IN
state	NN
governments	NNS
will	MD
lose	VB
$	$
27	CD
billion	CD
this	DT
year	NN
on	IN
uncollected	JJ
online	NN
sales	NNS
tax	NN
and	CC
$	$
41	CD
billion	CD
by	IN
2005	CD
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
14	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
fiscal	JJ
year	NN
2002	CD
,	,
state	NN
revenues	NNS
nationwide	JJ
fell	VBD
6	CD
%	NN
,	,
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
since	IN
World	NNP
War	NNP
II	NNP
that	IN
revenues	NNS
were	VBD
down	RB
for	IN
an	DT
entire	JJ
year	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
15	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
recession	NN
that	WDT
made	VBD
times	NNS
tougher	JJR
for	IN
individual	JJ
Americans	NNS
also	RB
played	VBD
havoc	NN
with	IN
state	NN
governments	NNS
.	.
Not	RB
only	RB
did	VBD
the	DT
downturn	NN
mean	VB
lower	JJR
tax	NN
collections	NNS
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
bear	NN
stock	NN
market	NN
reduced	VBD
investors	NNS
'	POS
capital	NN
gains	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
states	NNS
'	POS
share	NN
of	IN
capital	NN
gains	NNS
taxes	NNS
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
expense	NN
side	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ledger	NN
,	,
health-care	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
costs	NNS
continued	VBD
to	TO
soar	VB
.	.
In	IN
an	DT
updated	VBN
study	NN
by	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Tennessee	NNP
,	,
with	IN
data	NNS
provided	VBN
by	IN
Forrester	NNP
Research	NNP
,	,
released	VBN
by	IN
Utah	NNP
Governor	NNP
Mike	NNP
Leavitt	NNP
on	IN
October	NNP
2	CD
,	,
Donald	NNP
Bruce	NNP
and	CC
William	NNP
Fox	NNP
,	,
the	DT
authors	NNS
,	,
projected	VBD
that	IN
state	NN
revenue	NN
losses	NNS
from	IN
Internet	NNP
sales	NNS
would	MD
reach	VB
$	$
45	CD
billion	CD
by	IN
2006	CD
and	CC
nearly	RB
$	$
55	CD
billion	CD
by	IN
2011	CD
,	,
translating	VBG
into	IN
state	NN
revenue	NN
losses	NNS
in	IN
2011	CD
of	IN
between	IN
2.6	CD
to	TO
9.9	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
total	JJ
state	NN
tax	NN
collections	NNS
.	.
The	DT
entire	JJ
report	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Tennesse	NNP
's	POS
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
State	NNP
and	CC
local	JJ
governments	NNS
already	RB
may	MD
be	VB
losing	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
order	NN
of	IN
$	$
5	CD
billion	CD
in	IN
sales	NNS
tax	NN
revenues	NNS
annually	RB
from	IN
their	PRP$
inability	NN
to	TO
tax	NN
most	RBS
mail-order	JJ
sales	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
16	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
revenue	NN
could	MD
significantly	RB
impair	VB
the	DT
ability	NN
of	IN
some	DT
states	NNS
and	CC
localities	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
demands	NNS
for	IN
education	NN
funding	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
The	DT
stated	VBN
fundamental	JJ
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Agreement	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
``	``
simplify	VB
and	CC
modernize	VB
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
administration	NN
''	''
so	IN
that	IN
the	DT
burden	NN
of	IN
compliance	NN
is	VBZ
greatly	RB
reduced	VBN
and	CC
treats	VBZ
all	DT
sellers	NNS
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
their	PRP$
type	NN
of	IN
commerce	NN
,	,
equally	RB
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
25	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Agreement	NN
identifies	VBZ
ten	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
10	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
specific	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
focus	NN
,	,
including	VBG
:	:
A.	NN
administration	NN
of	IN
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
,	,
B.	NNP
uniformity	NN
in	IN
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
tax	NN
bases	NNS
,	,
C.	NNP
uniformity	NN
of	IN
major	JJ
tax	NN
base	NN
definitions	NNS
,	,
D.	NNP
a	DT
central	JJ
,	,
electronic	JJ
registration	NN
system	NN
for	IN
all	DT
member	NN
states	NNS
,	,
E.	NNP
simplification	NN
of	IN
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
tax	NN
rates	NNS
,	,
F.	NNP
uniform	JJ
sourcing	VBG
rules	NNS
for	IN
taxable	JJ
transactions	NNS
,	,
G	NNP
,	,
H	NNP
,	,
I.	NNP
simplified	VBD
exemptions	NNS
,	,
tax	NN
returns	NNS
and	CC
tax	NN
remittances	NNS
and	CC
J.	NNP
protection	NN
of	IN
consumer	NN
privacy	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
26	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Each	DT
state	NN
that	WDT
becomes	VBZ
a	DT
member	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
state	NN
level	NN
administration	NN
of	IN
all	DT
their	PRP$
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
taxes	NNS
so	RB
that	IN
sellers	NNS
only	RB
have	VBP
to	TO
register	VB
with	IN
and	CC
remit	VB
tax	NN
returns	NNS
and	CC
funds	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
state	NN
level	NN
,	,
eliminating	VBG
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
interact	VB
with	IN
the	DT
various	JJ
local	JJ
taxing	JJ
jurisdictions	NNS
within	IN
a	DT
state	NN
.	.
Online	NNP
,	,
registration	NN
systems	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
established	VBN
by	IN
each	DT
member	NN
state	NN
and	CC
no	DT
registration	NN
fees	NNS
are	VBP
allowed	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
27	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
states	NNS
are	VBP
then	RB
required	VBN
to	TO
distribute	VB
the	DT
taxes	NNS
amongst	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
taxing	VBG
jurisdictions	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
28	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
To	TO
provide	VB
for	IN
an	DT
orderly	JJ
transition	NN
,	,
the	DT
Agreement	NN
requires	VBZ
states	NNS
with	IN
local	JJ
taxing	JJ
jurisdictions	NNS
have	VBP
a	DT
common	JJ
tax	NN
base	NN
throughout	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
jurisdictions	NNS
through	IN
December	NNP
31	CD
,	,
2005	CD
.	.
After	IN
that	DT
date	NN
the	DT
local	JJ
tax	NN
bases	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
state	NN
base	NN
must	MD
be	VB
identical	JJ
,	,
excepting	VBG
the	DT
taxes	NNS
levied	VBD
on	IN
motor	NN
vehicles	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
types	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
29	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
After	IN
the	DT
December	NNP
31	CD
,	,
2005	CD
date	NN
states	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
impose	VB
different	JJ
tax	NN
rates	NNS
on	IN
personal	JJ
property	NN
,	,
except	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
impose	VB
a	DT
single	JJ
additional	JJ
rate	NN
on	IN
food	NN
and	CC
food	NN
ingredients	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
30	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Further	RB
,	,
member	NN
states	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
enact	VB
a	DT
product	NN
based	VBN
exemption	NN
if	IN
the	DT
Agreement	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
a	DT
definition	NN
for	IN
the	DT
product	NN
and	CC
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
definition	NN
,	,
then	RB
any	DT
exemption	NN
must	MD
include	VB
all	DT
items	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
definition	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
31	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
State	NN
tax	NN
holidays	NNS
must	MD
also	RB
incorporate	VB
only	RB
items	NNS
defined	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Agreement	NN
and	CC
be	VB
uniformly	RB
applied	VBN
throughout	IN
a	DT
state	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
32	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
To	TO
make	VB
tax	NN
filing	NN
simpler	JJR
for	IN
sellers	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
reduce	VB
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
errors	NNS
,	,
all	DT
tax	NN
rate	NN
changes	NNS
require	VBP
advance	NN
notice	NN
,	,
defined	VBN
as	IN
``	``
with	IN
as	RB
much	JJ
advance	NN
notice	NN
practicable	JJ
''	''
to	TO
requiring	VBG
a	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
sixty	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
60	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
days	NNS
for	IN
local	JJ
rate	NN
changes	NNS
and	CC
that	IN
all	DT
take	VBP
effect	NN
on	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
calendar	NN
day	NN
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
quarter	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
33	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Member	NNP
states	NNS
however	RB
bear	VBP
the	DT
significant	JJ
administrative	JJ
burden	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
must	MD
provide	VB
and	CC
maintain	VB
a	DT
database	NN
that	WDT
describes	VBZ
boundaries	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
taxing	VBG
jurisdiction	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
five	CD
and	CC
nine	CD
digit	NN
zip	NN
codes	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
member	NN
state	NN
further	JJ
agrees	VBZ
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
other	JJ
members	NNS
in	IN
developing	VBG
an	DT
address	NN
system	NN
for	IN
assigning	VBG
tax	NN
jurisdictions	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
34	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
trade	NN
for	IN
agreeing	VBG
to	TO
collect	VB
the	DT
taxes	NNS
,	,
sellers	NNS
are	VBP
relieved	VBN
from	IN
any	DT
liability	NN
for	IN
collecting	VBG
the	DT
wrong	JJ
amount	NN
,	,
if	IN
they	PRP
relied	VBP
upon	IN
the	DT
database	NN
established	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
member	NN
state	NN
.	.
Defining	VBG
terms	NNS
consistently	RB
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
key	JJ
objectives	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
agreement	NN
,	,
supported	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Governors	NNP
Association	NNP
in	IN
their	PRP$
Policy	NN
Position	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
35	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Agreement	NN
establishes	VBZ
a	DT
library	NN
of	IN
definitions	NNS
that	WDT
each	DT
member	NN
state	NN
agrees	VBZ
to	TO
utilize	VB
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
set	VBN
out	RP
in	IN
Appendix	NNP
C	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Agreement	NN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
more	RBR
important	JJ
definitions	NNS
is	VBZ
defining	VBG
the	DT
taxing	VBG
source	NN
.	.
Retail	JJ
sales	NNS
,	,
excluding	VBG
leases	NNS
or	CC
rentals	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
sourced	VBN
when	WRB
the	DT
products	NNS
are	VBP
received	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
purchaser	NN
at	IN
a	DT
business	NN
location	NN
of	IN
a	DT
seller	NN
,	,
a	DT
location	NN
indicated	VBD
in	IN
delivery	NN
instructions	NNS
by	IN
the	DT
purchaser	NN
or	CC
an	DT
address	NN
of	IN
the	DT
purchaser	NN
included	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
seller	NN
's	POS
business	NN
records	NNS
or	CC
ascertained	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
consummation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
.	.
If	IN
no	DT
receipt	NN
address	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
seller	NN
is	VBZ
allowed	VBN
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
``	``
shipped	VBN
from	IN
''	''
address	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
taxing	VBG
source	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
36	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Other	JJ
special	JJ
treatments	NNS
and	CC
definitions	NNS
are	VBP
established	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
telecommunication	NN
services	NNS
,	,
leased	VBN
and	CC
rental	JJ
transactions	NNS
and	CC
goods	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
subject	JJ
to	TO
multiple	JJ
points	NNS
of	IN
use	NN
.	.
Agreement	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
granted	VBN
amnesty	NN
by	IN
the	DT
member	NN
states	NNS
for	IN
uncollected	JJ
or	CC
unpaid	JJ
sales	NNS
or	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
for	IN
transactions	NNS
that	WDT
occurred	VBD
before	IN
joining	VBG
.	.
In	IN
exchange	NN
,	,
sellers	NNS
agree	VBP
to	TO
collect	VB
and	CC
remit	VB
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
taxes	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
taxable	JJ
member	NN
states	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
any	DT
that	WDT
join	VBP
after	IN
the	DT
seller	NN
has	VBZ
joined	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
39	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
With	IN
this	DT
mutual	JJ
agreement	NN
,	,
both	DT
sellers	NNS
and	CC
states	NNS
start	VBP
with	IN
a	DT
clean	JJ
slate	NN
and	CC
no	DT
fear	NN
of	IN
retroactive	JJ
legal	JJ
action	NN
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
start	VBP
with	IN
first	JJ
principles	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Constitution	NNP
creates	VBZ
a	DT
Federal	NNP
Government	NNP
of	IN
enumerated	JJ
powers	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
52	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
As	IN
James	NNP
Madison	NNP
wrote	VBD
,	,
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
t	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
he	PRP
powers	NNS
delegated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
Constitution	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
are	VBP
few	JJ
and	CC
defined	VBN
.	.
Those	DT
which	WDT
are	VBP
to	TO
remain	VB
in	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
governments	NNS
are	VBP
numerous	JJ
and	CC
indefinite	JJ
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
53	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
``	``
The	DT
powers	NNS
not	RB
delegated	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
by	IN
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
,	,
nor	CC
prohibited	VBN
by	IN
it	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
States	NNPS
,	,
are	VBP
reserved	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
States	NNPS
respectively	RB
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
the	DT
people	NNS
.	.
''	''
-	:
Tenth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
,	,
U.S.	NNP
As	IN
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
continues	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
famous	JJ
quote	NN
``	``
there	EX
are	VBP
only	RB
two	CD
things	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
certain	JJ
in	IN
life	NN
,	,
death	NN
and	CC
taxes	NNS
''	''
is	VBZ
challenged	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
complexity	NN
and	CC
uncertainty	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
sales	NNS
tax	NN
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
begs	VBZ
the	DT
question	NN
,	,
does	VBZ
the	DT
borderless	JJ
economy	NN
mean	VBP
that	IN
local	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
governments	NNS
must	MD
give	VB
way	NN
to	TO
national	JJ
authorities	NNS
when	WRB
it	PRP
comes	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
imposition	NN
of	IN
taxes	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
?	.
That	DT
remains	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
seen	VBN
,	,
as	IN
in	IN
many	JJ
respects	NNS
,	,
the	DT
debate	NN
over	IN
this	DT
question	NN
is	VBZ
just	RB
beginning	VBG
.	.
As	IN
governments	NNS
and	CC
more	JJR
specifically	RB
Congress	NNP
gain	NN
experience	NN
with	IN
new	JJ
technologies	NNS
and	CC
new	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
business	NN
,	,
they	PRP
may	MD
find	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
apply	VB
what	WP
now	RB
appear	VBP
as	IN
outdated	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
regulation	NN
more	RBR
efficiently	RB
than	IN
creating	VBG
new	JJ
means	NNS
.	.
.	.
Applying	VBG
the	DT
confusing	JJ
and	CC
sometimes	RB
inconsistent	JJ
legal	JJ
rules	NNS
and	CC
tests	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
may	MD
prove	VB
very	RB
difficult	JJ
though	IN
.	.
First	RB
,	,
if	IN
courts	NNS
follow	VBP
South	NNP
Carolina	NNP
's	POS
lead	NN
in	IN
Geoffrey	NNP
,	,
they	PRP
could	MD
find	VB
that	DT
creating	VBG
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
with	IN
metatags	NNS
that	WDT
attract	VBP
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
is	VBZ
purposefully	RB
directing	VBG
an	DT
activity	NN
at	IN
a	DT
state	NN
's	POS
forum	NN
.	.
Pop	NN
up	IN
ads	NNS
and	CC
e-mails	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
sent	VBN
to	TO
or	CC
flash	NN
on	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
screen	NN
without	IN
any	DT
affirmative	JJ
actions	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
users	NNS
part	NN
could	MD
be	VB
construed	VBN
as	IN
even	RB
more	JJR
applicable	JJ
.	.
Following	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
line	NN
of	IN
analysis	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
could	MD
find	VB
that	IN
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
is	VBZ
Intellectual	NNP
Property	NNP
and	CC
its	PRP$
presence	NN
in	IN
the	DT
homes	NNS
of	IN
state	NN
citizens	NNS
creates	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
situs	NN
''	''
within	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
,	,
requiring	VBG
the	DT
owner	NN
of	IN
that	DT
Intellectual	NNP
Property	NN
to	TO
contribute	VB
their	PRP$
support	NN
to	TO
the	DT
local	JJ
government	NN
that	WDT
protects	VBZ
its	PRP$
rights	NNS
.	.
A	DT
web	NN
site	NN
that	WDT
allows	VBZ
an	DT
individual	JJ
to	TO
communicate	VB
with	IN
it	PRP
and	CC
browse	VB
for	IN
hours	NNS
uninterrupted	JJ
could	MD
surely	RB
be	VB
viewed	VBN
as	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
``	``
slight	JJ
presence	NN
.	.
''	''
Further	RB
,	,
states	NNS
might	MD
claim	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
nexus	NN
over	IN
the	DT
activity	NN
of	IN
selling	VBG
as	IN
the	DT
actual	JJ
purchase	NN
occurs	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
,	,
through	IN
the	DT
actions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
buyer	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
computer	NN
,	,
following	VBG
the	DT
logic	NN
of	IN
National	NNP
Geographic	NNP
.	.
A	DT
web	NN
site	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
available	JJ
to	TO
customers	NNS
twenty-four	CD
hours	NNS
per	IN
day	NN
from	IN
the	DT
comfort	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
home	NN
,	,
that	IN
even	RB
provides	VBZ
answers	NNS
to	TO
questions	NNS
,	,
allows	VBZ
people	NNS
to	TO
follow	VB
their	PRP$
purchase	NN
in	IN
transit	NN
and	CC
provide	VB
feedback	NN
to	TO
the	DT
vendor	NN
would	MD
surely	RB
constitute	VB
``	``
establishing	VBG
and	CC
maintaining	VBG
''	''
a	DT
market	NN
within	IN
the	DT
home	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
located	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
a	DT
vendee	NN
.	.
Perhaps	RB
too	RB
,	,
the	DT
courts	NNS
might	MD
even	RB
move	VB
toward	IN
the	DT
opinions	NNS
expressed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
dissent	NN
of	IN
Miller	NNP
Brothers	NNPS
and	CC
agree	VBP
that	IN
states	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
raise	VB
revenue	NN
to	TO
support	VB
their	PRP$
citizens	NNS
and	CC
that	IN
vendors	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
treated	VBN
equally	RB
,	,
in	IN
state	NN
and	CC
out	IN
of	IN
state	NN
.	.
Certainly	RB
states	NNS
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
raise	VB
this	DT
issue	NN
as	IN
their	PRP$
revenue	NN
sources	NNS
are	VBP
impacted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
over	IN
all	DT
economy	NN
and	CC
e-commerce	NN
.	.
Courts	NNS
may	MD
come	VB
to	TO
acknowledge	VB
that	DT
when	WRB
an	DT
out	IN
of	IN
state	NN
vendor	NN
makes	VBZ
a	DT
sale	NN
,	,
even	RB
over	IN
the	DT
somewhat	RB
anonymous	JJ
Internet	NNP
,	,
they	PRP
know	VBP
the	DT
destination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
merchandise	NN
and	CC
the	DT
burden	NN
to	TO
add	VB
a	DT
tax	NN
is	VBZ
minimal	JJ
.	.
If	IN
states	NNS
move	VBP
to	TO
simplify	VB
their	PRP$
taxing	JJ
structures	NNS
then	RB
this	DT
argument	NN
becomes	VBZ
even	RB
stronger	JJR
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
states	NNS
could	MD
argue	VB
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
courts	NNS
agree	VBP
,	,
that	IN
if	IN
Internet	NNP
vendors	NNS
are	VBP
allowed	VBN
to	TO
avoid	VB
collecting	VBG
and	CC
paying	VBG
sales	NNS
taxes	NNS
it	PRP
will	MD
eventually	RB
discourage	VB
sticks	NNS
and	CC
bricks	NNS
retailers	NNS
,	,
further	JJ
harming	VBG
their	PRP$
revenue	NN
base	NN
.	.
Users	NNS
must	MD
log	VB
onto	IN
their	PRP$
computers	NNS
and	CC
choose	VB
to	TO
``	``
surf	NN
''	''
,	,
whether	IN
they	PRP
use	VBP
words	NNS
tied	VBN
to	TO
metatags	NNS
or	CC
not	RB
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
when	WRB
a	DT
vendor	NN
creates	VBZ
and	CC
maintains	VBZ
their	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
control	VB
nor	CC
dictate	VB
who	WP
has	VBZ
access	NN
to	TO
it	PRP
.	.
They	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
know	VB
which	WDT
forums	NNS
their	PRP$
marketing	NN
is	VBZ
directed	VBN
to	TO
and	CC
therefore	RB
their	PRP$
actions	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
construed	VBN
as	IN
purposeful	JJ
.	.
Courts	NNS
could	MD
determine	VB
that	IN
the	DT
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
owned	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
e-tailer	NN
or	CC
vendor	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
find	VB
its	PRP$
situs	NN
in	IN
a	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
but	CC
rather	RB
it	PRP
resides	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
home	NN
state	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
vendor	NN
or	CC
within	IN
the	DT
world	NN
wide	JJ
web	NN
,	,
it	PRP
merely	RB
travels	VBZ
through	IN
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
and	CC
never	RB
actually	RB
``	``
comes	VBZ
to	TO
rest	VB
.	.
''	''
As	IN
differentiated	VBN
in	IN
National	NNP
Geographic	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Internet	NNP
has	VBZ
its	PRP$
connection	NN
with	IN
a	DT
taxing	JJ
state	NN
exclusively	RB
by	IN
means	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
instruments	NNS
of	IN
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
.	.
By	IN
entering	VBG
into	IN
the	DT
agreement	NN
,	,
states	NNS
will	MD
actually	RB
begin	VB
taking	VBG
actions	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
serve	VB
them	PRP
well	RB
should	MD
Congress	NNP
ever	RB
choose	VB
to	TO
legitimize	VB
out	IN
of	IN
state	NN
sales	NNS
tax	NN
collection	NN
.	.
States	NNPS
would	MD
create	VB
simpler	JJR
tax	NN
codes	NNS
and	CC
establish	VB
software	NN
for	IN
processing	NN
,	,
remitting	VBG
and	CC
disbursing	VBG
the	DT
funds	NNS
collected	VBN
.	.
Retailers	NNS
would	MD
also	RB
gain	VB
;	:
they	PRP
would	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
fear	VBP
the	DT
liability	NN
for	IN
past	JJ
tax	NN
collection	NN
on	IN
sales	NNS
made	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
system	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
states	NNS
and	CC
retailers	NNS
open	VBP
themselves	PRP
to	TO
a	DT
court	NN
challenge	NN
by	IN
entering	VBG
into	IN
the	DT
voluntary	JJ
system	NN
.	.
They	PRP
run	VBP
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
a	DT
commerce	NN
clause	NN
challenge	NN
by	IN
a	DT
vendee	NN
or	CC
a	DT
vendor	NN
who	WP
feel	VBP
they	PRP
were	VBD
harmed	VBN
or	CC
perhaps	RB
a	DT
neighboring	VBG
state	NN
who	WP
feels	VBZ
they	PRP
were	VBD
deprived	VBN
of	IN
revenue	NN
from	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
citizens	NNS
.	.
Is	VBZ
this	DT
likely	JJ
;	:
perhaps	RB
if	IN
proponents	NNS
are	VBP
unsuccessful	JJ
in	IN
gaining	VBG
widespread	JJ
membership	NN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
citizens	NNS
that	WDT
think	VBP
they	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
harmed	VBN
must	MD
realize	VB
that	IN
the	DT
tax	NN
was	VBD
always	RB
due	JJ
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
real	JJ
issue	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
and	CC
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
be	VB
,	,
who	WP
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
collecting	VBG
and	CC
remitting	VBG
the	DT
tax	NN
,	,
the	DT
vendor	NN
or	CC
the	DT
vendee	NN
.	.
Certainly	RB
large	JJ
,	,
national	JJ
retailers	NNS
and	CC
states	NNS
gain	NN
by	IN
the	DT
voluntary	JJ
program	NN
,	,
alleviating	VBG
some	DT
uncertainty	NN
and	CC
increasing	VBG
tax	NN
revenues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
both	DT
will	MD
and	CC
should	MD
consider	VB
it	PRP
thoroughly	RB
.	.
Small	JJ
retailers	NNS
,	,
with	IN
minimal	JJ
``	``
sticks	NNS
and	CC
bricks	NNS
''	''
presence	NN
,	,
will	MD
be	VB
harmed	VBN
the	DT
most	RBS
and	CC
stand	VBP
as	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
likely	JJ
challengers	NNS
.	.
Where	WRB
does	VBZ
the	DT
answer	NN
lie	VB
?	.
Is	VBZ
the	DT
voluntary	JJ
SSTA	NNP
the	DT
solution	NN
or	CC
would	MD
it	PRP
run	VB
afoul	RB
of	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
tests	NNS
for	IN
substantial	JJ
nexus	NN
regardless	RB
of	IN
its	PRP$
good	JJ
intentions	NNS
?	.
The	DT
answer	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
lie	VB
with	IN
Congress	NNP
.	.
Just	RB
as	IN
in	IN
GEICO	NNP
,	,
if	IN
Congress	NNP
enacts	VBZ
the	DT
proposed	VBN
streamlined	JJ
sales	NNS
tax	NN
provisions	NNS
of	IN
either	DT
HR	NNP
1410	CD
or	CC
Senate	NNP
Bill	NNP
512	CD
then	RB
the	DT
courts	NNS
would	MD
focus	VB
on	IN
whether	IN
their	PRP$
delegation	NN
of	IN
taxing	VBG
authority	NN
was	VBD
valid	JJ
rather	RB
than	IN
the	DT
uncertain	JJ
tests	NNS
of	IN
substantial	JJ
nexus	NN
and	CC
due	JJ
process	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
difficult	JJ
to	TO
predict	VB
whether	IN
Internet	NNP
purchases	NNS
will	MD
remain	VB
tax	NN
free	JJ
.	.
Internet	NNP
taxing	VBG
provides	VBZ
both	DT
advantages	NNS
and	CC
disadvantages	NNS
to	TO
vendors	NNS
,	,
consumers	NNS
and	CC
government	NN
entities	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
question	NN
remains	VBZ
as	IN
to	TO
balancing	VBG
the	DT
pros	NNS
and	CC
cons	NNS
of	IN
Internet	NNP
taxation	NN
between	IN
the	DT
various	JJ
entities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
advisory	JJ
panel	NN
created	VBN
by	IN
Congress	NNP
to	TO
study	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
sales	NNS
tax	NN
issue	NN
is	VBZ
hopelessly	RB
divided	VBN
.	.
The	DT
challenge	NN
lies	VBZ
for	IN
governments	NNS
and	CC
policy	NN
makers	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
their	PRP$
sales	NNS
and	CC
tax	NN
revenue	NN
models	NNS
without	IN
adversely	RB
affecting	VBG
the	DT
continued	VBN
and	CC
diverse	JJ
growth	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
.	.
Some	DT
members	NNS
want	VBP
the	DT
Internet	NNP
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
tax-free	JJ
zone	NN
;	:
others	NNS
want	VBP
Congress	NNP
to	TO
require	VB
states	NNS
to	TO
collect	VB
sales	NNS
taxes	NNS
on	IN
out	IN
of	IN
state	NN
purchases	NNS
while	IN
states	NNS
are	VBP
simply	RB
trying	VBG
to	TO
make	VB
ends	NNS
meet	VB
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
wave	NN
of	IN
the	DT
future	NN
and	CC
e-commerce	NN
is	VBZ
continuing	VBG
to	TO
grow	VB
exponentially	RB
,	,
the	DT
deadlock	NN
between	IN
the	DT
opposing	VBG
views	NNS
is	VBZ
not	RB
necessarily	RB
a	DT
bad	JJ
thing	NN
.	.
Electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
is	VBZ
too	RB
important	JJ
an	DT
engine	NN
for	IN
economic	JJ
growth	NN
to	TO
ignore	VB
the	DT
risks	NNS
of	IN
unintended	JJ
consequences	NNS
from	IN
premature	JJ
application	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
taxation	NN
.	.
It	PRP
may	MD
well	RB
be	VB
that	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
thing	NN
for	IN
Congress	NNP
to	TO
do	VB
is	VBZ
NOTHING	NN
.	.
What	WP
follows	VBZ
is	VBZ
greatly	RB
simplified	VBN
and	CC
ignores	VBZ
subtle	JJ
variations	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
code	NN
.	.
It	PRP
only	RB
provides	VBZ
a	DT
quick	JJ
overview	NN
of	IN
p2p	JJ
networks	NNS
and	CC
software	NN
,	,
and	CC
why	WRB
p2p	JJ
is	VBZ
unique	JJ
from	IN
other	JJ
network	NN
architecture	NN
.	.
Peer-2-Peer	NN
programs	NNS
are	VBP
variations	NNS
of	IN
computer	NN
networks	NNS
for	IN
file	NN
exchange	NN
that	WDT
eschew	VBP
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
an	DT
entirely	RB
centralized	JJ
network	NN
.	.
Traditional	JJ
file	NN
exchange	NN
involves	VBZ
each	DT
individual	JJ
user	NN
,	,
called	VBD
a	DT
client	NN
or	CC
node	NN
,	,
remotely	RB
accessing	VBG
a	DT
central	JJ
location	NN
,	,
or	CC
server	NN
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
desired	VBN
software	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
.	.
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
-	:
each	DT
web	NN
browser	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
client	NN
that	WDT
accesses	VBZ
the	DT
centralized	JJ
web	NN
servers	NNS
retrieves	VBZ
the	DT
file	NN
making	VBG
up	RP
the	DT
web	NN
page	NN
.	.
Without	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
one	CD
server	NN
the	DT
many	JJ
clients	NNS
would	MD
have	VB
no	DT
practical	JJ
use	NN
.	.
In	IN
contrast	NN
,	,
p2p	JJ
software	NN
either	CC
greatly	RB
reduces	VBZ
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
a	DT
central	JJ
file	NN
server	NN
or	CC
removes	VBZ
the	DT
central	JJ
server	NN
entirely	RB
.	.
P2P	CD
distributes	VBZ
the	DT
network	NN
among	IN
many	JJ
computer	NN
clients	NNS
rather	RB
then	RB
running	VBG
from	IN
a	DT
central	JJ
server	NN
.	.
Each	DT
client	NN
can	MD
communicate	VB
directly	RB
with	IN
other	JJ
clients	NNS
and	CC
they	PRP
all	DT
send	VBP
files	NNS
to	TO
one	CD
another	DT
.	.
However	RB
,	,
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
software	NN
used	VBN
,	,
a	DT
central	JJ
sever	VBP
may	MD
exist	VB
to	TO
facilitate	VB
these	DT
exchanges	NNS
,	,
perhaps	RB
a	DT
registry	NN
of	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
files	NNS
available	JJ
;	:
this	DT
distinction	NN
is	VBZ
very	RB
important	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
developing	VBG
case	NN
law	NN
.	.
The	DT
most	RBS
notorious	JJ
of	IN
P2P	CD
applications	NNS
,	,
Napster	NNP
,	,
fell	VBD
under	IN
the	DT
category	NN
of	IN
p2p	JJ
software	NN
that	IN
,	,
despite	IN
transferring	VBG
files	NNS
client	NN
to	TO
client	NN
,	,
used	VBD
a	DT
centralized	JJ
server	NN
to	TO
facilitate	VB
these	DT
exchanges	NNS
.	.
After	IN
downloading	VBG
the	DT
Napster	NNP
client	NN
software	NN
,	,
a	DT
user	NN
would	MD
register	VB
with	IN
the	DT
company	NN
.	.
At	IN
this	DT
time	NN
the	DT
user	NN
had	VBD
the	DT
option	NN
of	IN
allowing	VBG
music	NN
files	NNS
on	IN
their	PRP$
computer	NN
to	TO
be	VB
shared	VBN
with	IN
other	JJ
Napster	NNP
users	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
user	NN
chose	VBD
to	TO
share	VB
,	,
Napster	NNP
's	POS
central	JJ
server	NN
would	MD
maintain	VB
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
the	DT
files	NNS
available	JJ
at	IN
that	DT
client	NN
to	TO
be	VB
updates	NNS
with	IN
each	DT
log-on	NN
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
user	NN
searched	VBD
for	IN
a	DT
music	NN
file	NN
,	,
Napster	NNP
searched	VBD
these	DT
lists	NNS
and	CC
reported	VBD
back	RP
an	DT
active	JJ
location	NN
of	IN
the	DT
file	NN
.	.
The	DT
two	CD
clients	NNS
then	RB
communicated	VBD
directly	RB
to	TO
transfer	VB
the	DT
file	NN
.	.
A	DT
great	JJ
majority	NN
of	IN
these	DT
files	NNS
were	VBD
of	IN
course	NN
copyrighted	VBN
music	NN
-	:
and	CC
this	DT
management	NN
of	IN
registered	VBN
song	NN
list	NN
would	MD
be	VB
critical	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
resulting	VBG
court	NN
case	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
supernodes	NNS
were	VBD
numerous	JJ
and	CC
distributed	VBN
amongst	IN
the	DT
client	NN
-	:
it	PRP
was	VBD
user	NN
who	WP
chose	VBD
to	TO
act	VB
as	IN
supernodes	NNS
.	.
For	IN
purposes	NNS
ona	NN
analyzing	VBG
current	JJ
cases	NNS
remember	VBP
FastTrack	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
licensed	JJ
software	NN
protocol	NN
used	VBN
by	IN
Grokster	NNP
and	CC
KaZaa	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
xv	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
These	DT
two	CD
new	JJ
networks	NNS
grew	VBD
fast	RB
-	:
very	RB
fast	RB
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
FastTrack	NNP
managed	VBD
20,000	CD
users	NNS
in	IN
its	PRP$
first	JJ
month	NN
.	.
The	DT
software	NN
now	RB
reports	VBZ
user	NN
statistics	NNS
between	IN
3	CD
and	CC
6	CD
million	CD
clients	NNS
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
time	NN
and	CC
day	NN
.	.
All	DT
together	RB
these	DT
computers	NNS
share	VBP
close	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
billion	CD
different	JJ
files	NNS
,	,
equaling	VBG
around	IN
7	CD
million	CD
gigabytes	NNS
of	IN
files	NNS
-	:
about	IN
8	CD
trillion	CD
floppy	JJ
disk	NN
worth	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
search	VB
and	CC
download	VB
.	.
No	DT
one	NN
denies	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
significant	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
this	DT
data	NN
is	VBZ
composed	VBN
of	IN
copyrighted	VBN
work	NN
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
no	DT
real	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
estimate	VB
the	DT
percent	NN
amount	NN
exists	VBZ
.	.
The	DT
effect	NN
is	VBZ
staggering	VBG
.	.
Two	CD
issues	NNS
arise	VB
in	IN
the	DT
p2p	JJ
controversy	NN
;	:
the	DT
first	JJ
is	VBZ
how	WRB
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
the	DT
direct	JJ
infringers	NNS
-	:
the	DT
millions	NNS
of	IN
users	NNS
who	WP
download	VBP
music	NN
from	IN
file	NN
sharing	NN
networks	NNS
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
issue	NN
is	VBZ
how	WRB
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
potential	JJ
liability	NN
of	IN
those	DT
who	WP
produce	VBP
or	CC
manage	VBP
the	DT
p2p	JJ
network	NN
software	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
this	DT
second	JJ
issue	NN
,	,
the	DT
question	NN
of	IN
if	IN
liability	NN
exists	VBZ
,	,
that	WDT
has	VBZ
given	VBN
rise	NN
to	TO
the	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
legal	JJ
controversy	NN
.	.
Napster	NNP
stated	VBD
that	IN
absent	JJ
any	DT
specific	JJ
information	NN
a	DT
computer	NN
system	NN
operator	NN
could	MD
not	RB
be	VB
liable	JJ
merely	RB
because	IN
the	DT
structure	NN
of	IN
the	DT
system	NN
allowed	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
exchange	NN
of	IN
copyrighted	VBN
material	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
xxvi	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Grokster	NN
clarified	VBD
that	IN
constructive	JJ
knowledge	NN
arising	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
mere	JJ
possibility	NN
of	IN
infringing	VBG
uses	NNS
does	VBZ
not	RB
equate	VB
to	TO
specific	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
infringement	NN
.	.
A	DT
genuine	JJ
awareness	NN
of	IN
direct	JJ
infringement	NN
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
to	TO
satisfy	VB
the	DT
first	JJ
prong	NN
of	IN
the	DT
contributory	NN
infringement	NN
test	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
xxvii	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Aimster	NNP
further	RB
clarified	VBD
that	IN
software	NN
features	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
or	CC
encryption	NN
,	,
installed	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
specific	JJ
purpose	NN
of	IN
preventing	VBG
knowledge	NN
,	,
does	VBZ
constitute	VB
willful	JJ
blindness	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
xxviii	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
Grokster	NNP
,	,
Napster	NNP
and	CC
Aimster	NNP
courts	NNS
all	DT
found	VBN
little	JJ
difficulty	NN
in	IN
attributing	VBG
actual	JJ
knowledge	NN
of	IN
end	NN
user	NN
infringement	NN
to	TO
the	DT
software	NN
providers	NNS
.	.
First	RB
one	CD
should	MD
look	VB
to	TO
centralized	JJ
control	NN
,	,
then	RB
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
of	IN
knowledge	NN
that	IN
infringement	NN
in	IN
occurring	VBG
.	.
Knowledge	NN
of	IN
each	DT
specific	JJ
act	NN
of	IN
infringement	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
needed	VBN
,	,
but	CC
more	RBR
then	RB
just	RB
the	DT
potential	JJ
knowledge	NN
of	IN
potential	JJ
infringement	NN
is	VBZ
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
affirmative	JJ
Sony	NNP
defense	NN
to	TO
be	VB
successful	JJ
,	,
actual	JJ
non-infringing	JJ
uses	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
technology	NN
must	MD
be	VB
substantial	JJ
in	IN
comparison	NN
to	TO
the	DT
known	VBN
infringement	NN
.	.
These	DT
uses	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
real	JJ
,	,
or	CC
very	RB
probable	JJ
.	.
The	DT
presence	NN
central	JJ
control	NN
underscores	VBZ
material	NN
contribution	NN
if	IN
it	PRP
includes	VBZ
some	DT
manner	NN
of	IN
inventory	NN
of	IN
search	NN
engine	NN
,	,
or	CC
otherwise	RB
may	MD
imply	VB
a	DT
requirement	NN
to	TO
modify	VB
the	DT
software	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
infringement	NN
.	.
Fifth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
violated	VBN
by	IN
this	DT
form	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
surveillance	NN
if	IN
,	,
as	IN
in	IN
Olmstead	NNP
,	,
the	DT
suspects	NNS
were	VBD
voluntarily	RB
conducting	VBG
their	PRP$
business	NN
over	IN
the	DT
telephone	NN
and	CC
were	VBD
not	RB
compelled	VBN
by	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
.	.
Title	NNP
III	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Omnibus	NNP
Crime	NNP
Control	NNP
and	CC
Safe	NNP
Streets	NNPS
Act	NNP
of	IN
1968	CD
codifies	NNS
rules	NNS
regulating	VBG
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
wiretaps	NNS
by	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
.	.
Wiretaps	NNS
may	MD
only	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
investigation	NN
of	IN
certain	JJ
offenses	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
counterfeiting	NN
,	,
fraud	NN
,	,
and	CC
offenses	NNS
punishable	JJ
by	IN
death	NN
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
only	RB
when	WRB
the	DT
government	NN
can	MD
show	VB
probable	JJ
cause	NN
that	IN
the	DT
suspect	NN
has	VBZ
committed	VBN
,	,
is	VBZ
committing	VBG
,	,
or	CC
is	VBZ
about	RB
to	TO
commit	VB
an	DT
allowable	JJ
offense	NN
and	CC
there	EX
is	VBZ
probable	JJ
cause	NN
that	IN
a	DT
wiretap	NN
will	MD
reveal	VB
communications	NNS
concerning	VBG
the	DT
offense	NN
.	.
The	DT
government	NN
must	MD
also	RB
show	VB
that	IN
other	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
obtaining	VBG
the	DT
information	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
exhausted	VBN
.	.
Court	NN
orders	NNS
may	MD
authorize	VB
surveillance	NN
for	IN
a	DT
maximum	NN
of	IN
30	CD
days	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
with	IN
the	DT
possibility	NN
for	IN
a	DT
30	CD
day	NN
extension	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
require	VB
reports	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
court	NN
every	DT
7-10	CD
days	NNS
.	.
The	DT
laws	NNS
regulating	VBG
pen\/trap	JJ
devices	NNS
are	VBP
less	RBR
restrictive	JJ
than	IN
those	DT
regulating	VBG
wiretaps	NNS
.	.
In	IN
United	NNP
States	NNPS
v.	CC
New	NNP
York	NNP
Telephone	NNP
Company	NNP
2	CD
,	,
decided	VBD
in	IN
1977	CD
,	,
the	DT
New	NNP
York	NNP
Telephone	NNP
Company	NNP
refused	VBD
to	TO
provide	VB
technical	JJ
assistance	NN
and	CC
facilities	NNS
to	TO
aid	VB
law	NN
enforcement	NN
in	IN
the	DT
installation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
pen	NN
register	NN
,	,
claiming	VBG
that	IN
it	PRP
could	MD
only	RB
be	VB
ordered	VBN
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
in	IN
connection	NN
with	IN
a	DT
Title	NN
III	NNP
wiretap	NN
order	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
,	,
because	IN
pen	NN
register	NN
devices	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
intercept	VB
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
communications	NNS
,	,
Congress	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
intend	VB
Title	NNP
III	NNP
restrictions	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
applied	VBN
to	TO
their	PRP$
use	NN
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
government	NN
has	VBZ
equated	VBN
pen\/trap	JJ
phone	NN
number	NN
tracking	NN
and	CC
pen\/trap	JJ
e-mail	NN
surveillance	NN
,	,
a	DT
telephone	NN
pen	NN
register	NN
simply	RB
collects	VBZ
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
phone	NN
numbers	NNS
dialed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
suspect	NN
,	,
information	NN
which	WDT
would	MD
automatically	RB
be	VB
recorded	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
telephone	NN
company	NN
in	IN
the	DT
normal	JJ
course	NN
of	IN
business	NN
.	.
Carnivore	NN
,	,
by	IN
contrast	NN
,	,
collects	VBZ
e-mail	NN
addresses	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
sender	NN
and	CC
recipient	JJ
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
website	NN
information	NN
,	,
internet	NN
search	NN
terms	NNS
,	,
web	NN
browsing	VBG
activities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
time	NN
spent	VBN
on	IN
various	JJ
websites	NNS
by	IN
suspects	NNS
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
PATRIOT	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
the	DT
FBI	NNP
can	MD
implement	VB
the	DT
more	RBR
intrusive	JJ
Carnivore	NN
under	IN
less-restrictive	JJ
ECPA	NNP
rules	NNS
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
the	DT
more	RBR
restrictive	JJ
Title	NN
III	NNP
requirements	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Multiple	NNP
Listing	NNP
Service	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
MLS	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
until	IN
recent	JJ
years	NNS
,	,
was	VBD
the	DT
only	JJ
``	``
internet	NN
''	''
advertising	NN
of	IN
real	JJ
estate	NN
across	IN
the	DT
country	NN
.	.
This	DT
service	NN
allowed	VBD
brokers	NNS
and	CC
real	JJ
estate	NN
agents	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
brokers	NNS
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
access	VB
a	DT
database	NN
containing	VBG
properties	NNS
for	IN
sale	NN
across	IN
the	DT
country	NN
.	.
Individuals	NNS
who	WP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
buy	VB
real	JJ
estate	NN
would	MD
contact	VB
a	DT
broker	NN
,	,
who	WP
would	MD
then	RB
access	VB
the	DT
database	NN
using	VBG
parameters	NNS
given	VBN
them	PRP
by	IN
the	DT
buyer	NN
to	TO
print	VB
out	RP
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
potential	JJ
homes	NNS
,	,
then	RB
usually	RB
drive	VBP
the	DT
individuals	NNS
to	TO
each	DT
home	NN
for	IN
a	DT
viewing	NN
.	.
Traditionally	RB
upon	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
a	DT
home	NN
using	VBG
a	DT
broker	NN
,	,
the	DT
owner	NN
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
pay	VB
roughly	RB
3	CD
%	NN
of	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
price	NN
to	TO
one	CD
agent	NN
for	IN
just	RB
placing	VBG
the	DT
home	NN
in	IN
the	DT
MLS	NNP
and	CC
another	DT
3	CD
%	NN
to	TO
the	DT
agent	NN
that	WDT
eventually	RB
found	VBD
the	DT
actual	JJ
buyer	NN
1	CD
.	.
Many	JJ
full-service	JJ
brokers	NNS
have	VBP
realized	VBN
that	IN
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
their	PRP$
overhead	NN
has	VBZ
dramatically	RB
decreased	VBN
,	,
and	CC
their	PRP$
profit	NN
margin	NN
has	VBZ
risen	VBN
,	,
but	CC
only	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
of	IN
them	PRP
now	RB
simply	RB
charge	VB
substantially	RB
less	RBR
in	IN
commissions	NNS
than	IN
their	PRP$
competitors	NNS
6	CD
.	.
Currently	RB
,	,
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
being	VBG
governed	VBN
by	IN
Federal	NNP
advertising	NN
real	JJ
estate	NN
laws	NNS
,	,
these	DT
sites	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
governed	VBN
by	IN
individual	JJ
state	NN
real	JJ
estate	NN
advertising	NN
laws	NNS
7	CD
.	.
These	DT
state	NN
laws	NNS
can	MD
regulate	VB
internet	NN
sites	NNS
doing	VBG
business	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
state	NN
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
they	PRP
meet	VBP
jurisdictional	JJ
requirements	NNS
and	CC
do	VB
not	RB
come	VB
directly	RB
into	IN
conflict	NN
with	IN
federal	JJ
law	NN
per	IN
the	DT
Supremacy	NNP
Clause	NN
of	IN
Article	NNP
VI	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Constitution	NNP
8	CD
.	.
Beyond	IN
a	DT
direct	JJ
conflict	NN
with	IN
federal	JJ
regulation	NN
,	,
the	DT
states	NNS
can	MD
regulate	VB
everything	NN
not	RB
constitutionally	RB
granted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
generally	RB
regulates	VBZ
any	DT
area	NN
of	IN
law	NN
they	PRP
deem	VBP
necessary	JJ
or	CC
the	DT
federal	JJ
court	NN
system	NN
strikes	VBZ
down	RP
any	DT
state	NN
regulation	NN
they	PRP
deem	VBP
unconstitutional	JJ
generally	RB
by	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
,	,
protection	NN
of	IN
a	DT
fundamental	JJ
right	NN
as	IN
made	VBN
out	RP
in	IN
the	DT
Bill	NNP
or	CC
Rights	NNPS
,	,
Privileges	NNPS
and	CC
Immunities	NNPS
Clause	NN
,	,
Equal	NNP
Protection	NNP
Clause	NN
or	CC
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
Clause	NN
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
explore	VB
the	DT
parameters	NNS
of	IN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
apply	VBP
to	TO
internet	NN
advertising	NN
and	CC
sales	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
lines	NNS
in	IN
between	IN
.	.
Then	RB
we	PRP
will	MD
explore	VB
some	DT
possible	JJ
constitutional	JJ
arguments	NNS
for	IN
and	CC
against	IN
state	NN
and	CC
federal	JJ
regulation	NN
of	IN
internet	NN
advertising	NN
and	CC
particularly	RB
real	JJ
estate	NN
advertising	NN
.	.
In	IN
light	NN
of	IN
this	DT
,	,
where	WRB
a	DT
company	NN
would	MD
normally	RB
weigh	VB
the	DT
benefits	NNS
and	CC
costs	NNS
before	IN
deciding	VBG
to	TO
expand	VB
their	PRP$
business	NN
on	IN
this	DT
level	NN
,	,
because	IN
of	IN
unrestricted	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
company	NN
chooses	VBZ
to	TO
have	VB
an	DT
active	JJ
website	NN
,	,
they	PRP
quite	RB
possibly	RB
choose	VB
to	TO
contract	NN
with	IN
citizens	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
and	CC
every	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
a	DT
consumer	NN
wants	VBZ
to	TO
purchase	VB
their	PRP$
product	NN
.	.
Case	NNP
law	NN
has	VBZ
set	VBN
guidelines	NNS
to	TO
establish	VB
weather	NN
or	CC
not	RB
a	DT
state	NN
has	VBZ
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
a	DT
website	NN
.	.
All	DT
current	JJ
authority	NN
on	IN
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
websites	NNS
seems	VBZ
to	TO
relate	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
weather	VB
a	DT
site	NN
is	VBZ
passive	JJ
,	,
or	CC
an	DT
information	NN
only	RB
website	NN
,	,
or	CC
weather	VB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
active	JJ
or	CC
,	,
enters	VBZ
into	IN
contracts	NNS
with	IN
customers	NNS
and	CC
allows	VBZ
downloads	NNS
,	,
transmissions	NNS
or	CC
exchange	NN
of	IN
files	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
site	NN
and	CC
customers	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
site	NN
is	VBZ
passive	JJ
,	,
courts	NNS
tend	VBP
to	TO
find	VB
that	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
states	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
the	DT
website	NN
,	,
but	CC
if	IN
a	DT
site	NN
is	VBZ
active	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
meet	VB
the	DT
minimum	NN
requirements	NNS
for	IN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
10	CD
.	.
Under	IN
current	JJ
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
law	NN
as	IN
applied	VBN
to	TO
business	NN
,	,
a	DT
company	NN
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
of	IN
a	DT
state	NN
when	WRB
they	PRP
purposefully	RB
avail	NN
themselves	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
laws	NNS
of	IN
that	DT
state	NN
.	.
A	DT
company	NN
purposefully	RB
avails	VBZ
itself	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
laws	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
state	NN
by	IN
making	VBG
certain	JJ
minimum	JJ
contacts	NNS
within	IN
a	DT
state	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
targeting	VBG
advertisements	NNS
to	TO
citizens	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
,	,
contracting	NN
in	IN
business	NN
with	IN
citizens	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
,	,
or	CC
generally	RB
having	VBG
knowledge	NN
that	IN
their	PRP$
products	NNS
will	MD
end	VB
up	RP
in	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
and	CC
could	MD
possibly	RB
do	VB
harm	VB
there	RB
11	CD
.	.
States	NNPS
may	MD
try	VB
to	TO
argue	VB
that	IN
forcing	VBG
advertisers	NNS
to	TO
carry	VB
brokerage	NN
licenses	NNS
protects	VBZ
the	DT
consumer	NN
.	.
Brokers	NNS
are	VBP
charged	VBN
with	IN
and	CC
governed	VBN
by	IN
particular	JJ
guidelines	NNS
,	,
ethics	NNS
,	,
and	CC
laws	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
advertisements	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
one	CD
clearly	RB
does	VBZ
not	RB
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
broker	NN
to	TO
become	VB
and	CC
stay	VB
educated	VBN
in	IN
these	DT
minimal	JJ
guidelines	NNS
i.e.	FW
dealing	VBG
with	IN
fair	JJ
housing	NN
laws	NNS
,	,
not	RB
offering	VBG
rebates	NNS
,	,
not	RB
offering	VBG
contests	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
Maryland	NNP
publishes	VBZ
a	DT
real	JJ
estate	NN
advertising	NN
checklist	NN
for	IN
brokers	NNS
and	CC
realtors	NNS
to	TO
follow	VB
12	CD
.	.
So	RB
why	WRB
can	MD
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
simply	RB
not	RB
do	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
thing	NN
,	,
with	IN
common	JJ
rules	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
advertising	NN
in	IN
all	DT
states	NNS
?	.
The	DT
only	JJ
items	NNS
brokers	NNS
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
add	VB
is	VBZ
their	PRP$
licensing	NN
information	NN
and	CC
organization	NN
name	NN
13	CD
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
reason	NN
for	IN
a	DT
state	NN
to	TO
publish	VB
these	DT
guidelines	NNS
is	VBZ
actually	RB
to	TO
protect	VB
consumers	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
an	DT
interest	NN
achieved	VBN
by	IN
overbroad	JJ
,	,
if	IN
not	RB
irrational	JJ
,	,
means	VBZ
by	IN
having	VBG
at	IN
least	JJS
51	CD
different	JJ
guidelines	NNS
published	VBN
for	IN
each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
states	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
them	PRP
seem	VB
that	IN
the	DT
only	JJ
possible	JJ
reason	NN
a	DT
state	NN
could	MD
have	VB
to	TO
want	VB
to	TO
regulate	VB
a	DT
service	NN
that	IN
charges	NNS
real	JJ
estate	NN
brokers	NNS
to	TO
post	VB
MLS	NNP
listings	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
appease	VB
a	DT
strong	JJ
lobby	NN
of	IN
real	JJ
estate	NN
brokers	NNS
,	,
unless	IN
the	DT
state	NN
is	VBZ
getting	VBG
something	NN
from	IN
these	DT
regulations	NNS
also	RB
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
discussed	VBN
infra	NN
,	,
see	VBP
``	``
Deprivation	NN
of	IN
Property	NN
for	IN
Public	NNP
Use	NNP
''	''
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
advertisers	NNS
are	VBP
already	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
federal	JJ
law	NN
addressing	VBG
advertising	NN
and	CC
specifically	RB
advertising	VBG
real	JJ
estate	NN
14	CD
,	,
it	PRP
seems	VBZ
unfair	JJ
and	CC
altogether	RB
unnecessary	JJ
for	IN
states	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
further	JJ
regulate	VB
websites	NNS
that	WDT
nationally	RB
advertise	VBP
real	JJ
estate	NN
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
heavy	JJ
burden	NN
on	IN
website	NN
owners	NNS
to	TO
acquire	VB
and	CC
maintain	VB
broker	NN
licenses	NNS
in	IN
all	DT
possible	JJ
states	NNS
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
heavy	JJ
burden	NN
on	IN
sellers	NNS
in	IN
that	DT
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
use	VB
a	DT
nationally	RB
reaching	VBG
website	NN
advertising	NN
medium	NN
by	IN
paying	VBG
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
advertising	NN
fee	NN
,	,
they	PRP
typically	RB
have	VBP
to	TO
enter	VB
into	IN
an	DT
exclusive	JJ
contract	NN
with	IN
a	DT
broker	NN
whom	WP
they	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
need	VB
nor	CC
want	VB
,	,
but	CC
they	PRP
also	RB
have	VBP
to	TO
pay	VB
a	DT
6	CD
%	NN
-7	CD
%	NN
commission	NN
upon	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
house	NN
to	TO
that	DT
broker	NN
.	.
This	DT
commission	NN
is	VBZ
roughly	RB
$	$
15,000	CD
on	IN
a	DT
$	$
200,000	CD
house	NN
.	.
Sellers	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
typically	RB
allowed	VBN
to	TO
simply	RB
pay	VB
an	DT
advertising	NN
fee	NN
like	IN
brokers	NNS
do	VBP
,	,
amounting	VBG
to	TO
less	JJR
than	IN
$	$
500	CD
at	IN
the	DT
present	JJ
time	NN
,	,
to	TO
advertise	VB
their	PRP$
property	NN
on	IN
Realtor.com	NNP
.	.
Keep	VB
in	IN
mind	NN
that	IN
if	IN
one	CD
is	VBZ
a	DT
licensed	JJ
broker	NN
,	,
one	CD
can	MD
place	VB
an	DT
advertisement	NN
on	IN
the	DT
MLS	NNP
and	CC
Realtor.com	NNP
for	IN
one	CD
's	POS
own	JJ
personal	JJ
residence	NN
and	CC
only	RB
have	VBP
to	TO
pay	VB
the	DT
listing	NN
fee	NN
.	.
This	DT
service	NN
is	VBZ
denied	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
average	JJ
seller	NN
by	IN
MLS	NNP
services	NNS
and	CC
Realtor.com	NNP
,	,
without	IN
going	VBG
through	IN
a	DT
broker	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
Congress	NNP
could	MD
use	VB
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
to	TO
enact	VB
common	JJ
regulations	NNS
governing	VBG
not	RB
only	RB
the	DT
advertisement	NN
of	IN
real	JJ
estate	NN
,	,
but	CC
they	PRP
could	MD
go	VB
so	RB
far	RB
as	IN
to	TO
enact	VB
common	JJ
regulations	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
actual	JJ
purchase	NN
and	CC
sale	NN
of	IN
real	JJ
estate	NN
.	.
As	IN
described	VBN
supra	NN
,	,
the	DT
current	JJ
state	NN
of	IN
the	DT
jurisdictional	JJ
issues	NNS
and	CC
current	JJ
state	NN
of	IN
having	VBG
51	CD
different	JJ
jurisdictional	JJ
laws	NNS
applying	VBG
to	TO
advertisements	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
website	NN
,	,
or	CC
in	IN
a	DT
newspaper	NN
,	,
most	JJS
certainly	RB
qualifies	VBZ
as	IN
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
and	CC
these	DT
conflicting	JJ
state	NN
laws	NNS
are	VBP
a	DT
burden	NN
.	.
The	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
state	NN
's	POS
law	NN
may	MD
apply	VB
to	TO
a	DT
website	NN
is	VBZ
by	IN
definition	NN
a	DT
least	JJS
one	CD
type	NN
of	IN
``	``
interstate	JJ
activity	NN
''	''
.	.
If	IN
Congress	NNP
has	VBZ
the	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
enact	VB
laws	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
commerce	NN
and	CC
transportation	NN
on	IN
highways	NNS
,	,
roads	NNS
and	CC
waterways	NNS
,	,
then	RB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
only	RB
a	DT
small	JJ
step	NN
for	IN
them	PRP
to	TO
extend	VB
this	DT
to	TO
the	DT
property	NN
adjacent	JJ
to	TO
highways	NNS
,	,
roads	NNS
and	CC
waterways	NNS
.	.
There	EX
may	MD
be	VB
no	RB
greater	JJR
impact	NN
of	IN
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
than	IN
those	DT
activities	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
any	DT
and	CC
all	DT
citizens	NNS
visiting	VBG
or	CC
moving	VBG
their	PRP$
residences	NNS
from	IN
state	NN
to	TO
state	NN
,	,
affecting	VBG
local	JJ
merchants	NNS
and	CC
economies	NNS
,	,
affecting	VBG
populations	NNS
and	CC
voting	VBG
districts	NNS
,	,
affecting	VBG
city	NN
,	,
county	NN
and	CC
state	NN
infrastructures	NNS
and	CC
tax	NN
bases	NNS
,	,
funding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
local	JJ
and	CC
interstate	JJ
highways	NNS
,	,
impact	NN
on	IN
national	JJ
mortgage	NN
lending	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
banks	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
affect	VB
on	IN
nationwide	JJ
construction	NN
indexes	NNS
and	CC
tourism	NN
.	.
Some	DT
typical	JJ
vacation	NN
destination	NN
states	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
Hawaii	NNP
,	,
Florida	NNP
,	,
Alaska	NNP
and	CC
North	NNP
Carolina	NNP
have	VBP
enormous	JJ
investments	NNS
in	IN
property	NN
used	VBN
to	TO
bring	VB
in	RP
money	NN
from	IN
visitors	NNS
from	IN
other	JJ
states	NNS
.	.
Clearly	RB
,	,
at	IN
least	JJS
in	IN
the	DT
aggregate	JJ
,	,
real	JJ
property	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
stream	NN
of	IN
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
state	NN
law	NN
places	VBZ
a	DT
heavy	JJ
burden	NN
on	IN
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
,	,
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
often	RB
invalidated	VBN
the	DT
laws	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
in	IN
Bibb	NNP
v	NNP
Navaho	NNP
Freight	NNP
Lines	NNP
,	,
17	CD
,	,
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
invalidated	VBD
an	DT
Illinois	NNP
law	NN
that	WDT
required	VBD
contor	NN
rear	JJ
fender	NN
mudguards	NNS
on	IN
all	DT
trucks	NNS
and	CC
trailers	NNS
on	IN
Illinois	NNP
highways	NNS
.	.
This	DT
forced	VBD
trucks	NNS
passing	VBG
through	IN
Illinois	NNP
not	RB
to	TO
use	VB
mud	NN
flaps	NNS
lawful	JJ
in	IN
45	CD
states	NNS
because	IN
it	PRP
created	VBD
too	RB
heavy	JJ
a	DT
burden	NN
on	IN
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
.	.
Iowa	NNP
statute	NN
barring	VBG
double-trailer	NN
trucks	NNS
on	IN
their	PRP$
highways	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
burden	NN
on	IN
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
,	,
reasoning	NN
that	IN
the	DT
safety	NN
concern	NN
was	VBD
illusionary	JJ
whereas	IN
the	DT
trucks	NNS
were	VBD
allowed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
surrounding	VBG
states	NNS
.	.
Here	RB
,	,
state	NN
laws	NNS
have	VBP
created	VBN
a	DT
heavy	JJ
burden	NN
on	IN
website	NN
authors\/owners	NNS
to	TO
acquire	VB
a	DT
broker	NN
's	POS
license	NN
from	IN
every	DT
such	JJ
state	NN
simply	RB
to	TO
place	VB
a	DT
photograph	NN
and	CC
some	DT
information	NN
about	IN
a	DT
house	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
To	TO
have	VB
states	NNS
competing	VBG
over	IN
cases	NNS
,	,
moving	VBG
attorneys	NNS
and	CC
documents	NNS
from	IN
state	NN
to	TO
state	NN
to	TO
state	NN
in	IN
attempting	VBG
to	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
proper	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
for	IN
contract	NN
and	CC
tort	NN
cases	NNS
dealing	VBG
with	IN
real	JJ
estate	NN
and\/or	CC
real	JJ
estate	NN
advertising	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
not	RB
only	RB
a	DT
waste	NN
of	IN
time	NN
and	CC
money	NN
,	,
but	CC
is	VBZ
very	RB
judicially	RB
inefficient	JJ
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
rule	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Rules	NNP
of	IN
Civil	NNP
Procedure	NNP
,	,
created	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
reads	VBZ
``	``
These	DT
rules	NNS
...	:
shall	MD
be	VB
construed	VBN
and	CC
administered	VBN
to	TO
secure	VB
the	DT
just	RB
,	,
speedy	JJ
,	,
and	CC
inexpensive	JJ
determination	NN
of	IN
every	DT
action	NN
''	''
Property	NN
owners	NNS
,	,
brokers	NNS
,	,
newspapers	NNS
and	CC
website	NN
owners	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
themselves	PRP
each	DT
as	IN
a	DT
group	NN
,	,
protected	VBN
classes	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
survive	VB
an	DT
equal	JJ
protection	NN
challenge	NN
,	,
the	DT
states	NNS
need	VBP
only	RB
show	VB
that	IN
the	DT
classification	NN
in	IN
the	DT
advertising	NN
laws	NNS
is	VBZ
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
reasonable	JJ
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
not	RB
arbitrary	JJ
,	,
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
bear	VBP
a	DT
rational	JJ
relationship	NN
to	TO
a	DT
permissible	JJ
governmental	JJ
objective	NN
.	.
Concerning	VBG
reasonableness	NN
,	,
the	DT
newspaper	NN
exception	NN
to	TO
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
states	NNS
'	POS
broker	NN
licensing	NN
requirements	NNS
for	IN
advertising	NN
throws	VBZ
a	DT
monkey	NN
wrench	NN
into	IN
the	DT
state	NN
's	POS
argument	NN
that	IN
their	PRP$
laws	NNS
are	VBP
valid	JJ
.	.
Before	IN
the	DT
advent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
there	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
classification	NN
between	IN
broker	NN
listings	NNS
of	IN
properties	NNS
and	CC
newspaper	NN
advertisements	NNS
.	.
Simply	RB
put	VBN
,	,
broker	NN
listings	NNS
included	VBD
extreme	JJ
detail	NN
about	IN
each	DT
property	NN
,	,
rooms	NNS
,	,
sizes	NNS
,	,
county	NN
information	NN
,	,
school	NN
information	NN
,	,
age	NN
of	IN
the	DT
home	NN
,	,
amenities	NNS
,	,
price	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
Most	JJS
newspaper	NN
advertisements	NNS
simply	RB
put	VBD
a	DT
couple	NN
of	IN
the	DT
major	JJ
characteristics	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
price	NN
,	,
type	NN
of	IN
home	NN
,	,
size	NN
and	CC
city	NN
.	.
Now	RB
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
advent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
not	RB
only	RB
do	VB
many	JJ
newspapers	NNS
include	VBP
the	DT
traditional	JJ
real	JJ
estate	NN
advertisements	NNS
,	,
but	CC
they	PRP
also	RB
have	VBP
their	PRP$
own	JJ
websites	NNS
advertising	VBG
real	JJ
estate	NN
in	IN
much	RB
more	JJR
detail	NN
22	CD
.	.
Many	JJ
websites	NNS
have	VBP
sprung	VBN
up	RP
that	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
allow	VB
consumers	NNS
to	TO
simply	RB
advertise	VB
their	PRP$
real	JJ
estate	NN
listings	NNS
without	IN
getting	VBG
overly	RB
involved	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
eventual	JJ
sales	NNS
transaction	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
many	JJ
``	``
for-sale-by-owner	NN
''	''
websites	VBZ
23	CD
.	.
Again	RB
,	,
concerning	VBG
reasonableness	NN
,	,
making	VBG
a	DT
distinction	NN
between	IN
newspaper	NN
advertisements	NNS
and	CC
these	DT
new	JJ
online	NN
services	NNS
is	VBZ
clearly	RB
difficult	JJ
,	,
if	IN
not	RB
impossible	JJ
.	.
The	DT
law	NN
then	RB
,	,
as	IN
applied	VBN
,	,
is	VBZ
clearly	RB
arbitrary	JJ
in	IN
that	IN
the	DT
newspaper	NN
advertisements	NNS
by	IN
some	DT
states	NNS
are	VBP
considered	VBN
``	``
legal	JJ
''	''
while	IN
the	DT
``	``
for-sale-by-owner	NN
''	''
website	NN
advertisements	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
under	IN
some	DT
states	NNS
'	POS
laws	NNS
.	.
Then	RB
again	RB
,	,
we	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
need	VB
to	TO
even	RB
address	VB
the	DT
last	JJ
issue	NN
of	IN
determining	VBG
if	IN
the	DT
classification	NN
bears	VBZ
a	DT
rational	JJ
relationship	NN
to	TO
the	DT
states	NNS
'	POS
objectives	NNS
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
arbitrary	JJ
application	NN
of	IN
the	DT
laws	NNS
themselves	PRP
.	.
Web	NN
sites	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
realtor.com	JJ
24	CD
that	IN
accepts	VBZ
broker	NN
listings	NNS
from	IN
across	IN
the	DT
country	NN
without	IN
allowing	VBG
consumers	NNS
to	TO
place	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
advertisements	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
an	DT
equal	JJ
protection	NN
violation	NN
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
There	EX
the	DT
website	NN
charges	VBZ
a	DT
fee	NN
ranging	VBG
usually	RB
less	JJR
than	IN
$	$
500	CD
per	IN
listing	NN
to	TO
a	DT
broker	NN
,	,
but	CC
may	MD
deny	VB
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
the	DT
same	JJ
advertising	NN
opportunity	NN
at	IN
any	DT
price	NN
.	.
States	NNPS
sanction	VBP
such	JJ
real	JJ
estate	NN
advertising	NN
websites	NNS
by	IN
providing	VBG
these	DT
brokers	NNS
with	IN
state	NN
real	JJ
estate	NN
licenses	NNS
25	CD
,	,
and	CC
,	,
by	IN
receiving	VBG
revenues	NNS
via	IN
taxes	NNS
and	CC
fees	NNS
upon	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
these	DT
properties	NNS
,	,
see	VBP
``	``
Deprivation	NN
of	IN
Property	NN
for	IN
Public	NNP
Use	NNP
''	''
under	IN
``	``
Takings	NNS
''	''
,	,
infra	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
brokers	NNS
and	CC
websites	NNS
accepting	VBG
real	JJ
estate	NN
advertisements	NNS
strictly	RB
from	IN
brokers	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
equal	JJ
protection	NN
scrutiny	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
business	NN
practices	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
state	NN
sanctioned	VBD
licensee	NN
,	,
see	VBP
Moose	NNP
Lodge	NNP
No.	NN
107	CD
v.	CC
Irvis	NNP
Et	NNP
Al	NNP
,	,
28	CD
.	.
Here	RB
,	,
although	IN
not	RB
a	DT
protected	JJ
class	NN
,	,
home	NN
owners	NNS
trying	VBG
to	TO
sell	VB
their	PRP$
property	NN
should	MD
be	VB
entitled	VBN
to	TO
,	,
at	IN
a	DT
minimum	NN
,	,
a	DT
non-arbitrarily	JJ
applied	VBN
,	,
rational	JJ
basis	NN
for	IN
denying	VBG
them	PRP
access	NN
to	TO
advertising	NN
services	NNS
.	.
Both	DT
are	VBP
merely	RB
trying	VBG
to	TO
advertise	VB
a	DT
particular	JJ
property	NN
for	IN
sale	NN
,	,
both	DT
want	VBP
to	TO
merely	RB
pay	VB
an	DT
advertising	NN
fee	NN
for	IN
the	DT
service	NN
,	,
and	CC
both	DT
want	VBP
to	TO
pay	VB
for	IN
the	DT
exact	JJ
same	JJ
service	NN
.	.
If	IN
these	DT
sites	NNS
want	VBP
to	TO
provide	VB
brokers	NNS
a	DT
discount	NN
for	IN
using	VBG
their	PRP$
listing	NN
service	NN
,	,
they	PRP
can	MD
achieve	VB
this	DT
by	IN
allowing	VBG
discounts	NNS
after	IN
some	DT
number	NN
of	IN
advertisements	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
purchased	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
broker	NN
or	CC
individual	NN
within	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
time	NN
span	NN
.	.
Individuals	NNS
who	WP
want	VBP
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
dollar	NN
can	MD
simply	RB
place	VB
advertisements	NNS
for	IN
friends	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
without	IN
getting	VBG
involved	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
sales	NNS
process	NN
,	,
having	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
advertising	NN
medium	NN
as	IN
brokers	NNS
.	.
If	IN
courts	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
consider	VB
brokers	NNS
selling	VBG
property	NN
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
business	NN
,	,
and	CC
home	NN
owners	NNS
trying	VBG
to	TO
sell	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
home	NN
to	TO
be	VB
``	``
similarly	RB
situated	VBN
''	''
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
court	NN
should	MD
consider	VB
an	DT
alternate	JJ
but	CC
very	RB
common	JJ
situation	NN
.	.
Brokers	NNS
selling	VBG
their	PRP$
own	JJ
homes	NNS
are	VBP
allowed	VBN
to	TO
advertise	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
homes	NNS
on	IN
Realtor.com	NNP
,	,
but	CC
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
to	TO
pay	VB
a	DT
sales	NNS
commission	NN
,	,
to	TO
themselves	PRP
.	.
But	CC
non-brokers	NNS
,	,
being	VBG
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
,	,
are	VBP
denied	VBN
this	DT
same	JJ
advertising	NN
medium	NN
,	,
unless	IN
they	PRP
pay	VBP
a	DT
broker	NN
a	DT
sales	NNS
commission	NN
for	IN
placing	VBG
the	DT
advertisement	NN
for	IN
them	PRP
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
respect	NN
,	,
the	DT
non-broker	NN
,	,
general	JJ
public	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
denied	VBN
equal	JJ
application	NN
and\/or	CC
equal	JJ
protection	NN
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
.	.
The	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
realtor.com	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
private	JJ
business	NN
in	IN
the	DT
traditional	JJ
sense	NN
may	MD
help	VB
the	DT
courts	NNS
or	CC
legislature	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
analysis	NN
.	.
If	IN
it	PRP
were	VBD
a	DT
private	JJ
business	NN
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
more	RBR
leeway	NN
in	IN
determining	VBG
who	WP
can	MD
and	CC
who	WP
can	MD
not	RB
advertise	VB
at	IN
its	PRP$
site	NN
.	.
Instead	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
basically	RB
a	DT
composition	NN
of	IN
listings	NNS
from	IN
not	RB
only	RB
competing	VBG
brokers	NNS
in	IN
one	CD
company	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
ReMax	FW
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
composition	NN
of	IN
listings	NNS
from	IN
competing	VBG
,	,
separate	JJ
realtor	NN
businesses	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Coldwell	NNP
Banker	NNP
,	,
ReMax	NNP
,	,
Century	NNP
21	CD
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
It	PRP
seems	VBZ
irrational	JJ
to	TO
prevent	VB
individual	JJ
homeowners	NNS
to	TO
add	VB
a	DT
single	JJ
listing	NN
to	TO
the	DT
site	NN
.	.
The	DT
current	JJ
regulation	NN
in	IN
many	JJ
states	NNS
is	VBZ
that	IN
companies	NNS
who	WP
advertise	VBP
real	JJ
estate	NN
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
have	VBP
to	TO
become	VB
licensed	JJ
real	JJ
estate	NN
brokers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
advertise	VBP
.	.
Currently	RB
,	,
FSBO.com	NNP
is	VBZ
involved	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
lawsuit	NN
,	,
29	CD
,	,
where	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
fighting	VBG
for	IN
their	PRP$
right	NN
to	TO
run	VB
their	PRP$
website	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
California	NNP
without	IN
possessing	VBG
the	DT
required	VBN
broker	NN
's	POS
license	NN
.	.
Their	PRP$
argument	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
service	NN
they	PRP
provide	VBP
is	VBZ
comparable	JJ
to	TO
that	DT
of	IN
a	DT
newspaper	NN
advertisement	NN
for	IN
real	JJ
estate	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
permissible	JJ
without	IN
the	DT
broker	NN
's	POS
license	NN
as	IN
an	DT
exception	NN
to	TO
the	DT
CA	NNP
law	NN
as	IN
we	PRP
discussed	VBD
earlier	JJR
under	IN
the	DT
equal	JJ
protection	NN
argument	NN
.	.
Their	PRP$
main	JJ
argument	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
that	IN
states	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
allowed	VBN
to	TO
regulate	VB
this	DT
type	NN
of	IN
web	NN
advertising	NN
of	IN
real	JJ
estate	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
websites	NNS
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
right	NN
to	TO
Freedom	NNP
of	IN
Speech	NNP
30	CD
.	.
The	DT
nexus	NN
of	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
Free	NNP
Speech	NNP
argument	NN
for	IN
online	JJ
real	JJ
estate	NN
advertising	NN
services	NNS
against	IN
state	NN
licensing	NN
requirements	NNS
is	VBZ
that	IN
state	NN
regulations	NNS
imposed	VBN
to	TO
enter	VB
a	DT
profession	NN
have	VBP
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
rational	JJ
relation	NN
to	TO
ones	NNS
fitness	NN
or	CC
capacity	NN
to	TO
practice	VB
the	DT
profession	NN
,	,
Taucher	NNP
v.	CC
Born	NNP
,	,
31	CD
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
state	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
the	DT
profession	NN
of	IN
real	JJ
estate	NN
brokering	VBG
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
real	JJ
estate	NN
web	NN
advertisers	NNS
,	,
the	DT
regulation	NN
's	POS
purpose	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
regulate	VB
speech	NN
,	,
not	RB
brokering	VBG
activity	NN
,	,
violating	VBG
the	DT
web	NN
advertisers	NNS
'	POS
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
right	NN
to	TO
freedom	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
32	CD
.	.
The	DT
next	JJ
question	NN
the	DT
court	NN
faces	VBZ
is	VBZ
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
the	DT
speech	NN
is	VBZ
constitutionally	RB
protected	VBN
speech	NN
or	CC
solely	RB
commercial	JJ
speech	NN
.	.
38	CD
.	.
The	DT
speech	NN
is	VBZ
deemed	VBN
commercial	JJ
if	IN
the	DT
sole	JJ
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
provided	VBN
is	VBZ
to	TO
propose	VB
a	DT
transaction	NN
between	IN
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
client	NN
.	.
In	IN
Taucher	NNP
39	CD
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
speech	NN
is	VBZ
of	IN
the	DT
type	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
protected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
constitution	NN
because	IN
the	DT
websites	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
solely	RB
propose	VB
a	DT
commercial	JJ
transaction	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
defined	VBN
here	RB
as	IN
a	DT
future	NN
's	POS
trade	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
provide	VB
any	DT
type	NN
of	IN
specialized	JJ
advice	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
clients	NNS
.	.
In	IN
Taucher	NNP
41	CD
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
regulation	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
prior	JJ
restraint	NN
on	IN
speech	NN
.	.
A	DT
prior	JJ
restraint	NN
on	IN
speech	NN
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
a	DT
regulation	NN
that	WDT
requires	VBZ
speech	NN
to	TO
be	VB
pre-approved	VBN
before	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
disclosed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
regulation	NN
that	IN
a	DT
person	NN
be	VB
licensed	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
CTA	NNP
before	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
publish	VB
their	PRP$
opinions	NNS
on	IN
future	NN
's	POS
trading	NN
provides	VBZ
a	DT
drastic	JJ
prohibition	NN
on	IN
the	DT
rights	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
publishers	NNS
to	TO
freedom	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
.	.
Prior	RB
restraints	NNS
on	IN
speech	NN
bear	NN
a	DT
presumption	NN
of	IN
invalidity	NN
except	IN
where	WRB
harm	NN
created	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
speech	NN
is	VBZ
certain	JJ
and	CC
great	JJ
and	CC
could	MD
not	RB
have	VB
been	VBN
prevented	VBN
by	IN
less	JJR
restrictive	JJ
means	NNS
.	.
In	IN
Taucher	NNP
42	CD
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
finds	VBZ
that	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
case	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
anyone	NN
who	WP
advertises	VBZ
real	JJ
estate	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
must	MD
obtain	VB
a	DT
brokers	NNS
license	NN
or	CC
face	VB
a	DT
complaint	NN
being	VBG
brought	VBN
against	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Obtaining	VBG
a	DT
license	NN
requires	VBZ
special	JJ
training	NN
either	CC
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
a	DT
college	NN
degree	NN
or	CC
more	JJR
extensive	JJ
training	NN
in	IN
lieu	NN
of	IN
a	DT
degree	NN
,	,
real	JJ
estate	NN
job	NN
experience	NN
,	,
passing	VBG
an	DT
examination	NN
and	CC
paying	VBG
certain	JJ
fees	NNS
.	.
Taucher	NNP
.	.
The	DT
penalty	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
defined	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
felony	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
as	RB
severe	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
penalty	NN
in	IN
Taucher	NNP
,	,
however	RB
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
any	DT
jail	NN
time	NN
raises	VBZ
the	DT
severity	NN
of	IN
this	DT
regulation	NN
to	TO
a	DT
critical	JJ
level	NN
as	IN
a	DT
serious	JJ
infringement	NN
on	IN
civil	JJ
rights	NNS
therefore	RB
the	DT
court	NN
may	MD
be	VB
more	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
that	IN
the	DT
speech	NN
is	VBZ
constitutionally	RB
protected	VBN
44	CD
.	.
Next	IN
we	PRP
will	MD
examine	VB
a	DT
brief	JJ
fact	NN
comparison	NN
between	IN
the	DT
services	NNS
rendered	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
licensed	JJ
real	JJ
estate	NN
broker	NN
and	CC
what	WP
services	NNS
our	PRP$
hypothetical	JJ
plaintiffs	NNS
FSBO.com	NNP
and	CC
Realtor.com	NNP
render	VBP
.	.
A	DT
licensed	JJ
broker	NN
or	CC
real	JJ
estate	NN
agent	NN
sponsored	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
broker	NN
seeks	VBZ
out	RP
his	PRP$
client	NN
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
selling	VBG
to	TO
him	PRP
or	CC
matching	VBG
him	PRP
to	TO
a	DT
buyer	NN
of	IN
real	JJ
property	NN
.	.
The	DT
real	JJ
estate	NN
broker	NN
will	MD
facilitate	VB
the	DT
transaction	NN
from	IN
listing	VBG
the	DT
home	NN
through	IN
the	DT
closing	NN
.	.
The	DT
real	JJ
estate	NN
broker	NN
will	MD
meet	VB
with	IN
the	DT
client	NN
face	NN
to	TO
face	VB
and	CC
offer	VB
advice	NN
and	CC
service	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
that	DT
particular	JJ
client	NN
's	POS
needs	NNS
and	CC
desires	NNS
suggesting	VBG
perhaps	RB
that	IN
a	DT
moving	VBG
seller	NN
drop	VB
their	PRP$
price	NN
lower	JJR
or	CC
at	IN
an	DT
earlier	JJR
date	NN
than	IN
a	DT
seller	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
merely	RB
trying	VBG
to	TO
maximize	VB
his	PRP$
investment	NN
on	IN
a	DT
rental	JJ
property	NN
through	IN
its	PRP$
sale	NN
.	.
Realtor.com	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
take	VB
place	NN
in	IN
the	DT
real	JJ
estate	NN
transaction	NN
whatsoever	RB
and	CC
the	DT
actual	JJ
service	NN
Realtor.com	NNP
sells	VBZ
is	VBZ
a	DT
listing	NN
site	NN
to	TO
licensed	JJ
real	JJ
estate	NN
brokers	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
MLS	NNP
listings	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
advertising	NN
space	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
website	NN
is	VBZ
advice	NN
and	CC
information	NN
on	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
sell	VB
a	DT
home	NN
,	,
but	CC
this	DT
advice	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
customized	VBN
but	CC
is	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
for	IN
every	DT
seller	NN
.	.
FSBO.com	NN
does	VBZ
offer	VB
a	DT
help	NN
line	NN
for	IN
sellers	NNS
to	TO
call	VB
and	CC
get	VB
more	JJR
customized	VBN
advice	NN
and	CC
will	MD
get	VB
involved	VBN
in	IN
writing	VBG
contracts	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
clients	NNS
.	.
FSBO	NNP
receives	VBZ
a	DT
flat	JJ
fee	NN
from	IN
their	PRP$
clients	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
information	NN
and	CC
service	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
provide	VBP
and	CC
they	PRP
receive	VBP
the	DT
fee	NN
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
their	PRP$
client	NN
sells	VBZ
their	PRP$
home	NN
.	.
The	DT
next	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
scrutiny	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
of	IN
whether	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
constitutionally	RB
protected	VBN
or	CC
commercial	JJ
speech	NN
.	.
The	DT
test	NN
from	IN
Taucher	NNP
is	VBZ
whether	IN
the	DT
sole	JJ
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
provided	VBN
is	VBZ
to	TO
propose	VB
a	DT
real	JJ
estate	NN
transaction	NN
between	IN
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
client	NN
45	CD
.	.
Neither	DT
of	IN
these	DT
sites	NNS
proposes	VBZ
to	TO
sell	VB
real	JJ
estate	NN
and	CC
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
Realtor.com	NNP
,	,
they	PRP
offer	VBP
to	TO
connect	VB
potential	JJ
buyers	NNS
with	IN
real	JJ
estate	NN
agents	NNS
to	TO
complete	VB
transactions	NNS
.	.
Finally	RB
the	DT
court	NN
will	MD
look	VB
to	TO
determine	VB
if	IN
the	DT
constitutionally	RB
protected	VBN
speech	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
violated	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
regulation	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
should	MD
find	VB
as	IN
it	PRP
did	VBD
in	IN
Taucher	NNP
,	,
that	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
prior	JJ
restraint	NN
on	IN
speech	NN
to	TO
require	VB
providers	NNS
of	IN
real	JJ
estate	NN
listings	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
licensed	VBN
as	IN
real	JJ
estate	NN
brokers	NNS
and	CC
therefore	RB
the	DT
requirement	NN
would	MD
be	VB
an	DT
unconstitutional	JJ
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
amendment	NN
protection	NN
of	IN
free	JJ
speech	NN
.	.
The	DT
nexus	NN
of	IN
the	DT
free	JJ
speech	NN
argument	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
regulation	NN
,	,
if	IN
regulating	VBG
speech	NN
,	,
must	MD
relate	VB
to	TO
the	DT
fitness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
one	CD
practicing	VBG
the	DT
profession	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
website	NN
is	VBZ
merely	RB
advertising	VBG
real	JJ
estate	NN
for	IN
sale	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
involved	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
actual	JJ
sale	NN
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
practicing	VBG
the	DT
profession	NN
46	CD
.	.
The	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
said	VBD
in	IN
Erznoznik	NNP
v.	CC
Jacksonville	NNP
,	,
47	CD
,	,
that	IN
an	DT
overbroad	JJ
state	NN
statute	NN
may	MD
deter	VB
the	DT
legitimate	JJ
exercise	NN
of	IN
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
rights	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
invalidating	VBG
the	DT
statute	NN
automatically	RB
may	MD
interfere	VB
with	IN
a	DT
state	NN
regulatory	JJ
program	NN
,	,
forcing	VBG
the	DT
Court	NNP
to	TO
proceed	VB
with	IN
caution	NN
in	IN
determining	VBG
if	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
could	MD
both	DT
be	VB
narrowed	VBN
and	CC
if	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
,	,
as	IN
it	PRP
stands	VBZ
,	,
has	VBZ
a	DT
substantially	RB
detrimental	JJ
effect	NN
on	IN
legitimate	JJ
expression	NN
48	CD
.	.
For	IN
advertising	NN
real	JJ
estate	NN
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
interest	NN
of	IN
consumer	NN
protection	NN
and	CC
truth	NN
in	IN
advertising	NN
could	MD
easily	RB
be	VB
narrowed	VBN
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
discusses	VBZ
,	,
supra	NN
,	,
by	IN
forcing	VBG
a	DT
common	JJ
set	NN
of	IN
real	JJ
estate	NN
advertisement	NN
disclosures	NNS
,	,
no	DT
matter	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
doing	VBG
the	DT
advertising	NN
.	.
And	CC
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
broker	NN
or	CC
agent	NN
is	VBZ
placing	VBG
the	DT
advertisement	NN
,	,
the	DT
broker	NN
's	POS
or	CC
agent	NN
's	POS
license	NN
information	NN
,	,
name	NN
and	CC
company	NN
name	NN
should	MD
also	RB
be	VB
included	VBN
.	.
Keep	VB
in	IN
mind	NN
that	IN
the	DT
situations	NNS
below	IN
only	RB
apply	VB
to	TO
property	NN
owners	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
forced	VBN
to	TO
use	VB
a	DT
selling	NN
broker	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
simply	RB
advertise	VB
their	PRP$
property	NN
in	IN
a	DT
competitive	JJ
way	NN
,	,
and	CC
therefore	RB
are	VBP
forced	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
a	DT
broker	NN
's	POS
commission	NN
upon	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
the	DT
property	NN
.	.
The	DT
situations	NNS
below	IN
do	VBP
not	RB
apply	VB
to	TO
those	DT
owners	NNS
who	WP
prefer	VBP
a	DT
traditional	JJ
full-service	JJ
broker	NN
and	CC
should	MD
pay	VB
for	IN
their	PRP$
services	NNS
as	IN
rendered	VBN
.	.
Several	JJ
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
decisions	NNS
have	VBP
given	VBN
us	PRP
a	DT
small	JJ
array	NN
of	IN
enumerated	JJ
property	NN
rights	NNS
which	WDT
,	,
when	WRB
infringed	VBN
upon	IN
by	IN
government	NN
actions	NNS
,	,
allow	VBP
landowners	NNS
to	TO
challenge	VB
as	IN
Constitutional	NNP
takings	NNS
.	.
These	DT
rights	NNS
,	,
although	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
expanded	VBN
by	IN
state	NN
law	NN
,	,
at	IN
least	JJS
involve	VB
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
exclusive	JJ
possession	NN
of	IN
the	DT
property	NN
,	,
Loretto	NNP
v.	CC
Teleprompter	NNP
Manhattan	NNP
CATV	NNP
Corp.	NNP
.	.
Et	NNP
Al	NNP
,49	CD
,	,
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
exclude	VB
others	NNS
,	,
Nollan	NNP
v.	CC
California	NNP
Coastal	NNP
Comm	NNP
`	``
n	FW
,	,
50	CD
,	,
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
property	NN
Lucas	NNP
v.	CC
South	NNP
Carolina	NNP
Coastal	NNP
Council	NNP
,	,
51	CD
and	CC
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
freely	RB
alienate	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
sell	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
property	NN
Hodel	NNP
v.	CC
Irving	NNP
,	,
52	CD
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
practical	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
last	JJ
right	NN
we	PRP
are	VBP
concerned	VBN
with	IN
here	RB
in	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
era	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
freely	RB
alienate	VB
is	VBZ
a	DT
fundamental	JJ
property	NN
right	NN
,	,
then	RB
it	PRP
would	MD
seem	VB
only	RB
appropriate	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
strike	NN
down	RB
state	NN
laws	NNS
that	WDT
put	VBP
an	DT
excessive	JJ
burden	NN
on	IN
individual	NN
's	POS
ability	NN
to	TO
freely	RB
alienate	VB
their	PRP$
property	NN
as	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
when	WRB
excessive	JJ
burdens	NNS
are	VBP
placed	VBN
on	IN
other	JJ
constitutionally	RB
protected	VBN
rights	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
in	IN
Hodgson	NNP
v.	CC
Minnesota	NNP
,	,
53	CD
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
held	VBD
unconstitutional	JJ
a	DT
Minnesota	NNP
's	POS
law	NN
requiring	VBG
notice	NN
to	TO
two	CD
adults	NNS
if	IN
a	DT
woman	NN
under	IN
18	CD
wanted	VBD
to	TO
have	VB
an	DT
abortion	NN
as	IN
an	DT
excessive	JJ
burden	NN
,	,
violating	VBG
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
.	.
In	IN
Emmett	NNP
v.	CC
Kent	NNP
Sch	NNP
.	.
Dist	NNP
.	.
No.	NN
415	CD
,	,
54	CD
,	,
where	WRB
a	DT
high	JJ
school	NN
student	NN
was	VBD
suspended	VBN
for	IN
posting	VBG
``	``
mock	JJ
obituaries	NNS
''	''
of	IN
his	PRP$
two	CD
friends	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
website	NN
was	VBD
held	VBN
as	IN
burdening	VBG
,	,
and	CC
therefore	RB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
,	,
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
right	NN
to	TO
free	JJ
speech	NN
.	.
In	IN
Loving	JJ
v	NN
Virginia	NNP
,	,
55	CD
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
held	VBD
that	IN
individual	JJ
liberty	NN
was	VBD
too	RB
heavily	RB
burdened	VBN
when	WRB
an	DT
interracial	JJ
couple	NN
violated	VBD
Virginia	NNP
's	POS
anti-miscegenation	JJ
law	NN
,	,
which	WDT
was	VBD
held	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
unconstitutional	JJ
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
internet	NN
era	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
often	RB
impossible	JJ
to	TO
compete	VB
with	IN
broker-only	JJ
websites	NNS
that	WDT
advertise	VBP
real	JJ
estate	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
``	``
realtor.com	NN
''	''
.	.
Individuals	NNS
are	VBP
free	JJ
to	TO
create	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
websites	NNS
,	,
but	CC
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
technology	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
no	DT
one	PRP
would	MD
know	VB
the	DT
website	NN
is	VBZ
there	RB
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
searchable	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
home	NN
listings	NNS
.	.
Another	DT
argument	NN
in	IN
favor	NN
of	IN
consumers	NNS
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
advertising	NN
laws	NNS
is	VBZ
that	IN
states	NNS
are	VBP
seemingly	RB
protecting	VBG
broker	NN
business	NN
privileges	NNS
and	CC
income	NN
at	IN
the	DT
expense	NN
of	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
's	POS
fundamental	JJ
right	NN
to	TO
property	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
money	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
brokers	NNS
'	POS
commission	NN
is	VBZ
arbitrary	JJ
in	IN
that	IN
the	DT
brokers	NNS
'	POS
effort	NN
involved	VBN
in	IN
advertising	VBG
a	DT
$	$
500,000	CD
home	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
effort	NN
involved	VBN
in	IN
advertising	VBG
a	DT
$	$
100,000	CD
home	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
brokers	NNS
will	MD
reap	VB
over	IN
5	CD
%	NN
of	IN
the	DT
sales	NNS
price	NN
upon	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
the	DT
home	NN
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
how	WRB
or	CC
whom	WP
homes	NNS
are	VBP
sold	VBN
56	CD
.	.
The	DT
question	NN
here	RB
is	VBZ
:	:
can	MD
state	VB
laws	NNS
requiring	VBG
broker	NN
licensing	NN
for	IN
advertising	NN
real	JJ
estate	NN
,	,
and	CC
hence	RB
,	,
broker	NN
commissions	NNS
on	IN
property	NN
sales	NNS
,	,
be	VB
considered	VBN
a	DT
taking	VBG
under	IN
the	DT
Fourteenth	NNP
or	CC
Fifth	NNP
Amendments	NNP
?	.
If	IN
we	PRP
go	VBP
beyond	IN
viewing	VBG
property	NN
as	IN
simply	RB
real	JJ
estate	NN
to	TO
also	RB
viewing	VBG
money	NN
as	IN
property	NN
as	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
on	IN
many	JJ
occasions	NNS
,	,
as	IN
in	IN
Goldberg	NNP
v.	CC
Kelly	NNP
,57	CD
and	CC
E.	NNP
Enters	NNP
.	.
v.	CC
Apfel	NNP
,	,
58	CD
,	,
then	RB
by	IN
forcing	VBG
owners	NNS
to	TO
pay	VB
a	DT
commission	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
simply	RB
advertise	VB
their	PRP$
real	JJ
estate	NN
for	IN
sale	NN
would	MD
seem	VB
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
taking	VBG
under	IN
the	DT
Fourteenth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
.	.
In	IN
Apfel	NNP
,	,
59	CD
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
said	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
federal	JJ
law	NN
that	WDT
forced	VBD
retired	VBN
coal	NN
miners	NNS
to	TO
pay	VB
more	JJR
in	IN
medical	JJ
benefits	NNS
that	WDT
what	WP
was	VBD
settled	VBN
when	WRB
they	PRP
retired	VBD
was	VBD
a	DT
constitutional	JJ
taking	NN
.	.
This	DT
ruling	NN
could	MD
then	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
extend	VB
a	DT
takings	NNS
claim	VBP
to	TO
all	DT
property	NN
owners	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
forced	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
a	DT
``	``
standard	JJ
''	''
sales	NNS
commission	NN
,	,
beyond	IN
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
advertising	NN
fee	NN
.	.
The	DT
ruling	NN
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
limited	VBN
to	TO
those	DT
who	WP
just	RB
lose	VBP
more	JJR
money	NN
than	IN
they	PRP
gain	VBP
.	.
This	DT
would	MD
be	VB
true	JJ
at	IN
least	JJS
for	IN
individuals	NNS
who	WP
purchased	VBD
their	PRP$
property	NN
before	IN
the	DT
advertising	NN
law	NN
was	VBD
enacted	VBN
,	,
taking	VBG
care	NN
of	IN
factors	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
above	RB
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
might	MD
be	VB
limited	VBN
by	IN
factor	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
:	:
owners	NNS
who	WP
bought	VBD
their	PRP$
property	NN
before	IN
the	DT
laws	NNS
were	VBD
enacted	VBN
.	.
In	IN
Cienega	NNP
Gardens	NNP
v.	CC
United	NNP
States60	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
held	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
Fifth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
taking	VBG
occurred	VBD
when	WRB
real	JJ
estate	NN
developers	NNS
were	VBD
deprived	VBN
of	IN
money	NN
from	IN
existing	VBG
mortgages	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
contract	NN
provisions	NNS
,	,
when	WRB
new	JJ
federal	JJ
laws	NNS
were	VBD
enacted	VBN
that	IN
abrogated	VBD
their	PRP$
gains	NNS
.	.
This	DT
reinforces	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
taking	VBG
may	MD
exist	VB
for	IN
all	DT
owners	NNS
who	WP
lose	VBP
money	NN
to	TO
brokers	NNS
,	,
if	IN
by	IN
force	NN
,	,
as	IN
opposed	VBN
to	TO
just	RB
those	DT
who	WP
lose	VBP
more	JJR
than	IN
they	PRP
gain	VBP
.	.
The	DT
situation	NN
with	IN
state	NN
requirements	NNS
that	WDT
advertisers	NNS
be	VB
brokers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
therefore	RB
charge	VB
broker	NN
commissions	NNS
to	TO
advertise	VB
and	CC
have	VB
exclusive	JJ
right	NN
to	TO
sell	VB
an	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
real	JJ
estate	NN
is	VBZ
most	RBS
succinctly	RB
described	VBN
by	IN
Justice	NNP
Chace	NNP
in	IN
Calder	NNP
v.	CC
Bull61	NNP
when	WRB
he	PRP
said	VBD
that	IN
presuming	VBG
the	DT
legislature	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
entrusted	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
power	NN
to	TO
make	VB
laws	NNS
that	WDT
give	VBP
all	DT
of	IN
A	DT
's	POS
property	NN
to	TO
B	NNP
``	``
is	VBZ
against	IN
all	DT
reason	NN
and	CC
justice	NN
.	.
''	''
In	IN
takings	NNS
analysis	NN
in	IN
the	DT
purest	JJS
form	NN
,	,
the	DT
Courts	NNS
look	VBP
to	TO
see	VB
if	IN
an	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
property	NN
was	VBD
taken	VBN
from	IN
them	PRP
,	,
without	IN
just	RB
compensation	NN
,	,
and	CC
basically	RB
handed	VBN
over	IN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
for	IN
public	JJ
use	NN
.	.
Forcing	VBG
individuals	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
a	DT
broker	NN
to	TO
advertise	VB
their	PRP$
home	NN
for	IN
sale	NN
,	,
and	CC
thus	RB
paying	VBG
the	DT
broker	NN
a	DT
commission	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
taking	VBG
in	RP
nearly	RB
its	PRP$
purest	JJS
form	NN
as	IN
described	VBN
.	.
The	DT
taking	NN
is	VBZ
just	RB
not	RB
immediately	RB
obvious	JJ
.	.
My	PRP$
answer	NN
is	VBZ
again	RB
,	,
the	DT
taking	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
immediately	RB
obvious	JJ
.	.
Brokers	NNS
and	CC
agents	NNS
,	,
paying	VBG
an	DT
average	NN
6	CD
%	NN
state	NN
income	NN
tax	NN
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
a	DT
%	NN
15	CD
average	JJ
federal	JJ
income	NN
tax	NN
,	,
are	VBP
paying	VBG
a	DT
combined	VBN
20	CD
%	NN
-25	CD
%	NN
of	IN
that	DT
money	NN
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
state	NN
and	CC
federal	JJ
governments	NNS
via	IN
income	NN
taxes	NNS
,	,
where	WRB
it	PRP
gets	VBZ
distributed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
through	IN
government	NN
programs	NNS
!	.
In	IN
this	DT
example	NN
,	,
that	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
roughly	RB
$	$
3	CD
million	CD
to	TO
$	$
4	CD
million	CD
per	IN
every	DT
10000	CD
homes	NNS
sold	VBN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
your	PRP$
taking	NN
in	IN
nearly	RB
its	PRP$
purest	JJS
form	NN
.	.
Using	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
figures	NNS
,	,
under	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
tax	NN
laws	NNS
,	,
for	IN
every	DT
10000	CD
homes	NNS
sold	VBN
by	IN
owner	NN
,	,
with	IN
no	DT
broker	NN
or	CC
agent	NN
commissions	NNS
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
and	CC
federal	JJ
government	NN
get	VB
zero	CD
dollars	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
$	$
0	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
income	NN
tax	NN
from	IN
the	DT
sales	NNS
.	.
The	DT
entire	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
is	VBZ
usually	RB
non-taxable	JJ
,	,
where	WRB
buyer	NN
and	CC
seller	NN
retain	VB
their	PRP$
hard-earned	JJ
money	NN
.	.
If	IN
90	CD
%	NN
of	IN
those	DT
homes	NNS
were	VBD
sold	VBN
by	IN
brokers	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
an	DT
average	JJ
combined	JJ
state	NN
and	CC
federal	JJ
income	NN
tax	NN
rate	NN
of	IN
21	CD
%	NN
,	,
the	DT
federal	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
governments	NNS
will	MD
receive	VB
a	DT
combined	JJ
income	NN
tax	NN
of	IN
roughly	RB
$	$
11	CD
billion	CD
.	.
If	IN
even	RB
10	CD
%	NN
of	IN
those	DT
sales	NNS
were	VBD
by	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
did	VBD
not	RB
wish	VB
to	TO
sell	VB
their	PRP$
home	NN
by	IN
a	DT
broker	NN
,	,
but	CC
were	VBD
forced	VBN
to	TO
just	RB
so	IN
they	PRP
could	MD
competitively	RB
advertise	VB
their	PRP$
home	NN
on	IN
realtor.com	NN
,	,
that	WDT
would	MD
come	VB
to	TO
over	IN
$	$
1	CD
billion	CD
in	IN
takings	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
Fifth	NNP
and	CC
Fourteenth	NNP
Amendments	NNP
.	.
To	TO
make	VB
matters	NNS
worse	RBR
,	,
when	WRB
using	VBG
brokers	NNS
and	CC
agents	NNS
when	WRB
one	CD
does	VBZ
not	RB
wish	VB
to	TO
,	,
they	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
increase	VB
the	DT
price	NN
of	IN
the	DT
house	NN
by	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
percentage	NN
points	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
usually	RB
accomplished	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
appraiser	NN
merely	RB
appraising	VBG
the	DT
home	NN
for	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
thousand	CD
more	JJR
than	IN
what	WP
it	PRP
was	VBD
worth	JJ
the	DT
year	NN
,	,
or	CC
two	CD
years	NNS
,	,
before	RB
,	,
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
sale	NN
go	VB
through	RB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
common	JJ
knowledge	NN
that	IN
if	IN
an	DT
appraiser	NN
starts	VBZ
valuing	VBG
homes	NNS
less	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
asking	VBG
prices	NNS
,	,
banks	NNS
will	MD
stop	VB
calling	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
handle	VB
their	PRP$
appraisals	NNS
because	IN
it	PRP
delays	VBZ
or	CC
prevents	VBZ
the	DT
closing	NN
.	.
So	RB
,	,
no	DT
matter	NN
the	DT
asking	VBG
price	NN
,	,
unless	IN
outrageous	JJ
,	,
the	DT
house	NN
will	MD
appraise	VB
for	IN
the	DT
elevated	JJ
asking	VBG
price	NN
.	.
Everybody	NN
wins	NNS
,	,
except	IN
the	DT
buyer	NN
.	.
Now	RB
,	,
the	DT
county	NN
tax	NN
assessor	NN
comes	VBZ
along	RB
and	CC
increases	VBZ
the	DT
tax	NN
value	NN
of	IN
the	DT
home	NN
for	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
buyer	NN
,	,
causing	VBG
the	DT
new	JJ
buyer	NN
to	TO
pay	VB
higher	JJR
property	NN
taxes	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
home	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
identical	JJ
in	IN
every	DT
aspect	NN
to	TO
the	DT
home	NN
the	DT
seller	NN
owned	VBD
a	DT
few	JJ
days	NNS
,	,
weeks	NNS
,	,
or	CC
months	NNS
before	IN
.	.
The	DT
property	NN
tax	NN
dollars	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
typically	RB
spread	VBN
out	RP
amongst	IN
the	DT
community	NN
for	IN
social	JJ
programs	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
So	RB
,	,
if	IN
state	NN
laws	NNS
force	VBP
sellers	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
brokers	NNS
to	TO
advertise	VB
their	PRP$
property	NN
,	,
and	CC
thus	RB
,	,
pay	VB
a	DT
commission	NN
,	,
a	DT
taking	VBG
occurs	VBZ
on	IN
every	DT
level	NN
of	IN
government	NN
including	VBG
the	DT
federal	JJ
,	,
state	NN
and	CC
county	NN
by	IN
way	NN
of	IN
income	NN
and	CC
property	NN
taxes	NNS
.	.
Fourteenth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
liberty	NN
is	VBZ
expansive	JJ
as	IN
to	TO
include	VB
``	``
the	DT
right	NN
of	IN
the	DT
citizen	NN
to	TO
be	VB
free	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
enjoyment	NN
of	IN
all	PDT
his	PRP$
faculties	NNS
;	:
to	TO
be	VB
free	JJ
to	TO
use	VB
them	PRP
in	IN
all	DT
lawful	JJ
ways	NNS
;	:
to	TO
live	VB
and	CC
work	VB
where	WRB
he	PRP
will	MD
;	:
to	TO
earn	VB
his	PRP$
livelihood	NN
by	IN
any	DT
lawful	JJ
calling	NN
;	:
to	TO
pursue	VB
any	DT
livelihood	NN
or	CC
avocation	NN
;	:
and	CC
for	IN
that	DT
purpose	NN
to	TO
enter	VB
into	IN
all	DT
contracts	NNS
which	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
proper	JJ
,	,
necessary	JJ
and	CC
essential	JJ
to	TO
his	PRP$
carrying	VBG
out	RP
to	TO
a	DT
successful	JJ
conclusion	NN
the	DT
purposes	NNS
above	IN
mentioned	VBN
.	.
''	''
Property	NN
owners	NNS
selling	VBG
their	PRP$
homes	NNS
usually	RB
give	VBP
up	RP
their	PRP$
freedom	NN
to	TO
associate	JJ
and	CC
contract	NN
directly	RB
with	IN
other	JJ
home	NN
buyers	NNS
when	WRB
they	PRP
voluntarily	RB
sign	VBP
an	DT
exclusive	JJ
listing	NN
agreement	NN
with	IN
a	DT
listing	NN
broker	NN
in	IN
exchange	NN
for	IN
the	DT
broker	NN
's	POS
services	NNS
.	.
If	IN
not	RB
given	VBN
up	RP
entirely	RB
,	,
the	DT
broker	NN
usually	RB
ensures	VBZ
that	IN
they	PRP
still	RB
receive	VBP
a	DT
commission	NN
if	IN
the	DT
owner	NN
sells	VBZ
the	DT
property	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
.	.
The	DT
broker	NN
's	POS
services	NNS
usually	RB
involve	VBP
placing	VBG
a	DT
sign	NN
in	IN
the	DT
front	NN
yard	NN
,	,
a	DT
lock	JJ
box	NN
,	,
advertising	NN
on	IN
an	DT
MLS	NNP
or	CC
other	JJ
listing	NN
service	NN
,	,
advertising	NN
on	IN
realtor.com	NN
,	,
potential	JJ
newspaper	NN
advertisements	NNS
,	,
taking	VBG
phone	NN
calls	NNS
from	IN
other	JJ
agents	NNS
wishing	VBG
to	TO
view	VB
the	DT
home	NN
,	,
showing	VBG
the	DT
home	NN
themselves	PRP
to	TO
prospective	JJ
buyers	NNS
,	,
being	VBG
active	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
negotiation	NN
for	IN
the	DT
sales	NNS
price	NN
,	,
and	CC
making	VBG
sure	JJ
the	DT
entire	JJ
transaction	NN
occurs	VBZ
smoothly	RB
.	.
By	IN
states	NNS
requiring	VBG
a	DT
broker	NN
's	POS
license	NN
to	TO
advertise	VB
real	JJ
property	NN
competitively	RB
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
and	CC
thus	RB
brokers	NNS
charge	VBP
their	PRP$
customary	JJ
commission	NN
upon	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
the	DT
property	NN
,	,
and	CC
,	,
that	IN
brokers	NNS
rules	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
state	NN
regulated	VBN
,	,
states	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
effect	NN
forcing	VBG
home	NN
owners	NNS
to	TO
pay	VB
a	DT
state	NN
mandated	VBN
,	,
out	IN
of	IN
proportion	NN
,	,
commission	NN
to	TO
brokers	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
sell	VB
real	JJ
estate	NN
,	,
states	NNS
are	VBP
effectively	RB
forcing	VBG
individuals	NNS
to	TO
involuntarily	RB
contract	NN
with	IN
brokers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
preventing	VBG
owners	NNS
from	IN
contracting	VBG
with	IN
prospective	JJ
buyers	NNS
directly	RB
.	.
Both	DT
of	IN
these	DT
situations	NNS
seem	VBP
to	TO
violate	VB
the	DT
fundamental	JJ
rights	NNS
of	IN
freedom	NN
to	TO
associate	JJ
and	CC
freedom	NN
to	TO
contract	NN
.	.
He	PRP
claims	VBZ
that	IN
when	WRB
it	PRP
comes	VBZ
down	RP
to	TO
the	DT
final	JJ
price	NN
negotiations	NNS
,	,
brokers	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
commissions	NNS
are	VBP
what	WP
really	RB
get	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
way	NN
:	:
``	``
Usually	RB
,	,
the	DT
haggling	VBG
occurs	VBZ
over	IN
a	DT
5	CD
%	NN
to	TO
10	CD
%	NN
difference	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	DT
is	VBZ
,	,
more	RBR
or	CC
less	RBR
,	,
the	DT
broker	NN
's	POS
cut	NN
of	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
price	NN
.	.
Internet	NNP
real	JJ
estate	NN
advertising	NN
offers	VBZ
nationwide	JJ
exposure	NN
to	TO
home	NN
sellers	NNS
and	CC
nationwide	JJ
accessibility	NN
to	TO
prospective	JJ
home	NN
buyers	NNS
.	.
Buyers	NNS
can	MD
quickly	RB
scan	VB
almost	RB
every	DT
home	NN
for	IN
sale	NN
in	IN
a	DT
given	VBN
area	NN
from	IN
the	DT
comfort	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
home	NN
or	CC
place	NN
of	IN
work	NN
without	IN
having	VBG
to	TO
order	VB
outdated	JJ
newspapers	NNS
or	CC
catalogs	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
towns	NNS
of	IN
interest	NN
,	,
or	CC
,	,
bother	VB
a	DT
real	JJ
estate	NN
agent	NN
until	IN
the	DT
buyer	NN
has	VBZ
narrowed	VBN
his	PRP$
selection	NN
to	TO
particular	JJ
areas	NNS
or	CC
even	RB
to	TO
particular	JJ
homes	NNS
.	.
This	DT
reduces	VBZ
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
resources	NNS
and	CC
costs	NNS
of	IN
buyers	NNS
,	,
sellers	NNS
and	CC
real	JJ
estate	NN
agents	NNS
and	CC
brokers	NNS
to	TO
affect	VB
a	DT
home	NN
purchase	NN
.	.
Along	IN
with	IN
the	DT
advantages	NNS
of	IN
online	JJ
real	JJ
estate	NN
advertising	NN
for	IN
consumers	NNS
,	,
along	IN
comes	VBZ
conflicting	VBG
interests	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
What	WP
was	VBD
once	RB
a	DT
broker	NN
controlled	VBN
advertising	NN
medium	NN
,	,
and	CC
hence	RB
broker	NN
specific	JJ
state	NN
laws	NNS
to	TO
protect	VB
consumers	NNS
from	IN
potential	JJ
misrepresentation	NN
and	CC
fraud	NN
by	IN
a	DT
state	NN
regulated	VBN
profession	NN
,	,
has	VBZ
now	RB
become	VBP
an	DT
advertising	NN
medium	NN
open	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
.	.
Now	RB
,	,
however	RB
,	,
without	IN
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
brokers	NNS
to	TO
access	NN
real	JJ
estate	NN
listings	NNS
via	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
for	IN
consumers	NNS
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
laws	NNS
``	``
protecting	VBG
''	''
consumers	NNS
are	VBP
now	RB
the	DT
same	JJ
laws	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
burdening	VBG
buyers	NNS
'	POS
and	CC
sellers	NNS
'	POS
ability	NN
to	TO
freely	RB
contract	VB
directly	RB
with	IN
other	JJ
buyers	NNS
'	POS
and	CC
sellers	NNS
to	TO
save	VB
time	NN
,	,
money	NN
and	CC
the	DT
convenience	NN
of	IN
direct	JJ
contact	NN
.	.
The	DT
trade	NN
off	RP
for	IN
consumers	NNS
is	VBZ
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
get	VB
the	DT
benefit	NN
of	IN
a	DT
professional	JJ
broker	NN
's	POS
expertise	NN
,	,
and	CC
,	,
may	MD
get	VB
fewer	JJR
disclosures	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
homeowner	NN
selling	VBG
their	PRP$
own	JJ
property	NN
,	,
but	CC
recent	JJ
state	NN
laws	NNS
requiring	VBG
disclosures	NNS
for	IN
termites	NNS
,	,
inspections	NNS
,	,
structural	JJ
and	CC
other	JJ
known	JJ
problems	NNS
have	VBP
diminished	VBN
this	DT
risk	NN
significantly	RB
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
laws	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
force	VB
advertisers	NNS
to	TO
abide	VB
by	IN
certain	JJ
disclosure	NN
requirements	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
buyers	NNS
,	,
then	RB
an	DT
option	NN
for	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Congress	NNP
would	MD
be	VB
to	TO
simply	RB
enact	VB
common	JJ
disclosure	NN
requirements	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
advertise	VB
real	JJ
estate	NN
.	.
This	DT
would	MD
also	RB
further	RB
the	DT
public	JJ
policy	NN
of	IN
providing	VBG
affordable	JJ
real	JJ
estate	NN
advertising	NN
for	IN
consumers	NNS
because	IN
advertisers	NNS
would	MD
have	VB
much	RB
lower	JJR
overhead	NN
,	,
allowing	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
charge	VB
lower	JJR
advertising	NN
fees	NNS
if	IN
advertisers	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
to	TO
acquire	VB
,	,
maintain	VB
and	CC
pay	VB
for	IN
broker	NN
licenses	NNS
from	IN
every	DT
state	NN
and	CC
district	NN
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Georgia	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
and	CC
expects	VBZ
her	PRP$
J.D.	NNP
in	IN
May	NNP
2005	CD
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Minton	NNP
has	VBZ
two	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
in	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
training	NN
industry	NN
,	,
and	CC
three	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
experience	NN
in	IN
the	DT
manufacturing	NN
industry	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
currently	RB
work	NN
at	IN
a	DT
swimming	NN
pool	NN
supply	NN
and	CC
service	NN
company	NN
as	IN
the	DT
Office	NNP
Manager	NNP
.	.
Americans	NNPS
were	VBD
surprised	VBN
when	WRB
they	PRP
turned	VBD
on	RP
the	DT
news	NN
the	DT
next	JJ
morning	NN
and	CC
realized	VBD
that	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
still	RB
without	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
President	NNP
.	.
The	DT
drama	NN
that	WDT
unfolded	VBD
over	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
several	JJ
months	NNS
had	VBD
people	NNS
clamoring	VBG
for	IN
new	JJ
voting	NN
technology	NN
.	.
With	IN
election	NN
officials	NNS
looking	VBG
to	TO
reform	VB
voting	NN
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
yet	RB
ready	JJ
to	TO
embrace	VB
Internet	NNP
voting	NN
,	,
Riverside	NNP
County	NNP
,	,
California	NNP
became	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
all	DT
electronic	JJ
voting	NN
county	NN
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
in	IN
2001	CD
.	.
6	CD
The	DT
next	JJ
year	NN
,	,
Georgia	NNP
followed	VBD
as	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
all	DT
electronic	JJ
voting	NN
state	NN
.	.
Online	NNP
voting	VBG
experiments	NNS
are	VBP
taking	VBG
place	NN
,	,
not	RB
only	RB
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
,	,
but	CC
all	DT
over	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
In	IN
response	NN
to	TO
declining	VBG
voter	NN
turnout	NN
,	,
the	DT
UK	NNP
passed	VBD
legislation	NN
that	WDT
allows	VBZ
local	JJ
authorities	NNS
to	TO
experiment	NN
with	IN
new	JJ
ways	NNS
of	IN
voting	NN
.	.
Electronic	JJ
voting	NN
was	VBD
first	JJ
employed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
London	NNP
Mayoral	NNP
election	NN
of	IN
May	NNP
2000	CD
.	.
Internet	NNP
voting	VBG
offers	NNS
greater	JJR
convenience	NN
,	,
increased	VBD
accuracy	NN
and	CC
nearly	RB
instant	JJ
results	NNS
reporting	VBG
,	,
but	CC
experts	NNS
recommend	VBP
a	DT
gradual	JJ
progression	NN
towards	IN
Internet	NNP
voting	NN
.	.
An	DT
intermediate	JJ
step	NN
is	VBZ
electronic	JJ
voting	NN
.	.
This	DT
method	NN
of	IN
voting	NN
is	VBZ
mandated	VBN
by	IN
state	NN
law	NN
in	IN
Georgia	NNP
.	.
Voters	NNS
insert	VBP
a	DT
voter	NN
identification	NN
card	NN
into	IN
ATM	NNP
style	NN
machines	NNS
located	VBN
at	IN
their	PRP$
voting	NN
precinct	NN
to	TO
cast	VB
their	PRP$
ballot	NN
.	.
Cards	NNP
are	VBP
read	VBN
and	CC
votes	NNS
are	VBP
counted	VBN
by	IN
machine	NN
.	.
Presidential	JJ
election	NN
.	.
4	CD
The	DT
report	NN
outlines	VBZ
a	DT
three	CD
part	NN
phase-in	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
voting	NN
.	.
First	RB
,	,
offer	VBP
the	DT
technology	NN
as	IN
an	DT
option	NN
at	IN
traditional	JJ
polling	NN
places	NNS
,	,
offering	VBG
convenience	NN
and	CC
efficiency	NN
,	,
while	IN
allowing	VBG
election	NN
officials	NNS
to	TO
control	VB
security	NN
and	CC
technology	NN
.	.
The	DT
next	JJ
step	NN
would	MD
include	VB
Internet	NNP
voting	NN
from	IN
kiosks	NNS
at	IN
shopping	NN
malls	NNS
and	CC
grocery	NN
stores	NNS
,	,
outside	IN
polling	NN
precincts	NNS
.	.
The	DT
third	JJ
and	CC
final	JJ
step	NN
would	MD
be	VB
remote	JJ
Internet	NNP
voting	NN
from	IN
home	NN
or	CC
work	NN
,	,
which	WDT
requires	VBZ
a	DT
much	RB
greater	JJR
level	NN
of	IN
security	NN
.	.
Experts	NNS
believe	VBP
this	DT
technology	NN
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
adequate	JJ
for	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
10	CD
years	NNS
.	.
In	IN
1965	CD
,	,
Congress	NNP
went	VBD
farther	RB
than	IN
courts	NNS
,	,
as	IN
exhibited	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Lassiter	NNP
case	NN
,	,
had	VBD
been	VBN
willing	JJ
to	TO
go	VB
by	IN
implementing	VBG
the	DT
Voting	NNP
Rights	NNP
Act	NNP
in	IN
1965	CD
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
invalidate	VB
the	DT
system	NN
of	IN
disfranchisement	NN
that	WDT
existed	VBD
in	IN
many	JJ
states	NNS
.	.
``	``
Congress	NNP
has	VBZ
found	VBN
that	IN
case-by-case	JJ
litigation	NN
was	VBD
inadequate	JJ
to	TO
combat	VB
wide-spread	JJ
and	CC
persistent	JJ
discrimination	NN
in	IN
voting	NN
,	,
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
inordinate	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
time	NN
and	CC
energy	NN
required	VBN
to	TO
overcome	VB
the	DT
obstructionist	NN
tactics	NNS
invariably	RB
encountered	VBN
in	IN
these	DT
lawsuits	NNS
.	.
After	IN
enduring	VBG
nearly	RB
a	DT
century	NN
of	IN
systematic	JJ
resistance	NN
to	TO
the	DT
15th	JJ
Amendment	NNP
,	,
Congress	NNP
might	MD
well	RB
decide	VB
to	TO
shift	VB
the	DT
advantage	NN
of	IN
time	NN
and	CC
inertia	NN
from	IN
the	DT
perpetrators	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
evil	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
victims	NNS
.	.
''	''
South	NNP
Carolina	NNP
v.	CC
Ultimately	RB
,	,
online	JJ
voting	NN
will	MD
not	RB
depend	VB
on	IN
technology	NN
,	,
but	CC
public	JJ
confidence	NN
and	CC
accessibility	NN
.	.
Online	NNP
voting	NN
has	VBZ
both	DT
technical	JJ
and	CC
social	JJ
aspects	NNS
that	WDT
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
resolved	VBN
before	IN
Americans	NNPS
can	MD
cast	VB
their	PRP$
ballot	NN
online	NN
.	.
Invidious	JJ
discrimination	NN
is	VBZ
action	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
prejudice	NN
or	CC
it	PRP
tends	VBZ
to	TO
denigrate	VB
the	DT
disfavored	JJ
class	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
to	TO
harm	VB
.	.
``	``
Discrete	JJ
and	CC
insular	JJ
''	''
minorities	NNS
are	VBP
those	DT
that	WDT
are	VBP
so	RB
disfavored	JJ
and	CC
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
political	JJ
mainstream	NN
that	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
must	MD
make	VB
extra	JJ
efforts	NNS
to	TO
protect	VB
them	PRP
because	IN
the	DT
political	JJ
system	NN
will	MD
not	RB
.	.
The	DT
group	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
much	JJ
political	JJ
power	NN
because	IN
of	IN
past	JJ
discrimination	NN
against	IN
them	PRP
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
keeping	VBG
them	PRP
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
voting	NN
system	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
recognition	NN
by	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
majority	NN
will	MD
likely	RB
vote	VB
as	IN
a	DT
block	NN
against	IN
the	DT
minority	NN
,	,
so	IN
the	DT
court	NN
acts	VBZ
as	IN
protector	NN
of	IN
the	DT
minority	NN
against	IN
successes	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
majority	NN
.	.
Carolene	NNP
Products	NNPS
Co.	NNP
v.	CC
Even	RB
though	IN
the	DT
court	NN
would	MD
use	VB
strict	JJ
scrutiny	NN
to	TO
review	VB
any	DT
laws	NNS
affecting	VBG
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
vote	VB
,	,
a	DT
state	NN
law	NN
adopting	VBG
Internet	NNP
voting	NN
would	MD
unlikely	RB
be	VB
struck	VBN
down	RP
on	IN
15th	JJ
Amendment	NNP
grounds	NNS
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
legislature	NN
would	MD
not	RB
have	VB
a	DT
discriminatory	JJ
intent	NN
and	CC
any	DT
disparate	JJ
impact	NN
would	MD
probably	RB
not	RB
amount	VB
to	TO
invidious	JJ
discrimination	NN
.	.
The	DT
24th	JJ
Amendment	NNP
establishes	VBZ
that	IN
``	``
the	DT
right	NN
of	IN
citizens	NNS
...	:
to	TO
vote	VB
in	IN
any	DT
primary	JJ
or	CC
other	JJ
election	NN
...	:
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
denied	VBN
or	CC
abridged	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
or	CC
any	DT
State	NN
by	IN
reason	NN
of	IN
failure	NN
to	TO
pay	VB
any	DT
poll	NN
tax	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
tax	NN
''	''
.	.
After	IN
slaves	NNS
gained	VBD
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
vote	VB
,	,
grandfather	NN
clauses	NNS
,	,
poll	NN
taxes	NNS
and	CC
literacy	NN
tests	NNS
were	VBD
deemed	VBN
unconstitutional	JJ
because	IN
they	PRP
directly	RB
deprived	VBD
citizens	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
right	NN
to	TO
vote	VB
.	.
Shaw	NNP
v.	CC
Reno	NNP
,	,
509	CD
U.S.	NNP
630	CD
,	,
659	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1993	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
If	IN
remote	JJ
voting	NN
were	VBD
to	TO
become	VB
a	DT
reality	NN
,	,
the	DT
argument	NN
could	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
that	IN
owning	VBG
a	DT
personal	JJ
computer	NN
and	CC
maintaining	VBG
an	DT
Internet	NNP
connection	NN
amounts	VBZ
to	TO
a	DT
poll	NN
tax	NN
.	.
The	DT
need	NN
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
use	VB
a	DT
computer	NN
could	MD
amount	VB
to	TO
a	DT
literacy	NN
test	NN
.	.
Continuing	VBG
to	TO
offer	VB
other	JJ
methods	NNS
of	IN
voting	NN
would	MD
help	VB
to	TO
eliminate	VB
such	JJ
concerns	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
Internet	NNP
voting	NN
were	VBD
adopted	VBN
as	IN
only	RB
one	CD
additional	JJ
method	NN
to	TO
cast	VB
a	DT
ballot	NN
,	,
those	DT
who	WP
have	VBP
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
vote	VB
from	IN
home	NN
or	CC
work	NN
are	VBP
more	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
an	DT
election	NN
,	,
skewing	VBG
the	DT
socio-economic	JJ
voting	NN
statistics	NNS
.	.
This	DT
may	MD
result	VB
in	IN
the	DT
votes	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
disfavored	JJ
class	NN
being	VBG
less	RBR
powerful	JJ
,	,
which	WDT
could	MD
result	VB
in	IN
a	DT
constitutional	JJ
claim	NN
.	.
Once	RB
government	NN
grants	NNS
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
vote	VB
,	,
every	DT
vote	NN
must	MD
count	VB
equally	RB
.	.
Amendment	NNP
if	IN
his	PRP$
right	NN
to	TO
vote	VB
is	VBZ
deprived	VBN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
a	DT
voter	NN
may	MD
have	VB
a	DT
vote	NN
deprivation	NN
claim	NN
if	IN
he	PRP
was	VBD
planning	VBG
to	TO
vote	VB
online	NN
waited	VBD
until	IN
shortly	RB
before	IN
the	DT
polls	NNS
close	RB
to	TO
vote	VB
and	CC
then	RB
had	VBD
problems	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
voting	NN
system	NN
,	,
causing	VBG
him	PRP
to	TO
miss	VB
the	DT
time	NN
deadline	NN
for	IN
voting	NN
.	.
Governments	NNS
could	MD
establish	VB
safeguards	NNS
to	TO
prevent	VB
this	DT
type	NN
of	IN
deprivation	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
having	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
voting	NN
cut-off	NN
earlier	RBR
in	IN
the	DT
day	NN
than	IN
voting	VBG
at	IN
the	DT
polls	NNS
.	.
That	DT
way	NN
,	,
if	IN
anyone	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
problem	NN
voting	VBG
on-line	JJ
,	,
he	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
time	NN
to	TO
go	VB
vote	NN
at	IN
the	DT
polls	NNS
.	.
Poor	NNP
security	NN
of	IN
an	DT
online	JJ
network	NN
that	WDT
allows	VBZ
hackers	NNS
to	TO
manipulate	VB
votes	NNS
or	CC
system	NN
glitches	NNS
to	TO
cause	VB
some	DT
votes	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
lost	VBN
or	CC
miscounted	VBN
could	MD
result	VB
in	IN
litigation	NN
.	.
In	IN
most	JJS
cases	NNS
,	,
security	NN
and	CC
hacking	VBG
issues	NNS
would	MD
amount	VB
to	TO
negligence	NN
or	CC
breach	NN
of	IN
contract	NN
claim	NN
with	IN
vendors	NNS
and	CC
service	NN
providers	NNS
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
a	DT
constitutional	JJ
claim	NN
for	IN
the	DT
complete	JJ
deprivation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
vote	VB
.	.
Security	NN
and	CC
system	NN
problems	NNS
could	MD
slow	VB
down	RP
the	DT
voting	NN
process	NN
or	CC
result	NN
in	IN
the	DT
votes	NNS
being	VBG
tallied	VBN
incorrectly	RB
.	.
But	CC
through	IN
access	NN
to	TO
back-up	JJ
data	NNS
and	CC
auditing	NN
procedures	NNS
,	,
the	DT
problems	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
result	VB
in	IN
any	DT
votes	NNS
being	VBG
lost	VBN
or	CC
miscalculated	VBN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
the	DT
negligence	NN
or	CC
breach	NN
of	IN
contract	NN
claim	NN
could	MD
come	VB
from	IN
the	DT
government	NN
body	NN
administering	VBG
the	DT
election	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
inconvenience	NN
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
from	IN
individual	JJ
voters	NNS
.	.
Montgomery	NNP
County	NNP
v.	CC
Microvote	NNP
Corporation	NNP
,	,
2000	CD
U.S.	NNP
Dist	NNP
.	.
LEXIS	NNP
983	CD
.	.
In	IN
Montgomery	NNP
County	NNP
,	,
standing	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
key	JJ
issue	NN
because	IN
the	DT
government	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
allowed	VBN
to	TO
bring	VB
a	DT
vote	NN
right	NN
infringement	NN
claim	NN
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
voters	NNS
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
government	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
have	VB
standing	NN
because	IN
the	DT
voters	NNS
,	,
not	RB
the	DT
government	NN
,	,
were	VBD
actually	RB
the	DT
injured	JJ
party	NN
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
elections	NNS
were	VBD
conducted	VBN
and	CC
completed	VBN
,	,
there	EX
was	VBD
technically	RB
no	DT
injury	NN
to	TO
the	DT
voters	NNS
and	CC
no	DT
one	NN
lost	VBD
his	PRP$
vote	NN
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
no	DT
voters	NNS
complained	VBD
.	.
Montgomery	NNP
County	NNP
v.	CC
Microvote	NNP
Corporation	NNP
,	,
2000	CD
U.S.	NNP
Dist	NNP
.	.
LEXIS	NNP
983	CD
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
requires	VBZ
more	JJR
than	IN
mere	JJ
inconvenience	NN
to	TO
find	VB
that	IN
there	EX
has	VBZ
been	VBN
deprivation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
vote	VB
.	.
Where	WRB
long	JJ
lines	NNS
existed	VBD
at	IN
a	DT
polling	NN
place	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
voting	VBG
machine	NN
malfunction	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
declined	VBD
to	TO
recognize	VB
a	DT
constitutional	JJ
deprivation	NN
of	IN
vote	NN
.	.
Hennings	NNS
v.	CC
Grafton	NNP
,	,
523	CD
F.	NNP
2d	CD
861	CD
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
7th	JJ
Cir	NNP
.	.
1975	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
Hennings	NNS
,	,
the	DT
refusal	NN
of	IN
voting	NN
officials	NNS
to	TO
take	VB
statutorily-prescribed	JJ
steps	NNS
to	TO
insure	VB
the	DT
voting	NN
system	NN
was	VBD
safe	JJ
from	IN
being	VBG
tampered	VBN
with	IN
and	CC
their	PRP$
refusal	NN
to	TO
recount	VB
the	DT
votes	NNS
to	TO
verify	VB
that	DT
votes	NNS
had	VBD
not	RB
been	VBN
tampered	VBN
with	IN
were	VBD
found	VBN
to	TO
fall	VB
short	JJ
of	IN
constitutional	JJ
infractions	NNS
.	.
Computerized	VBN
voting	NN
technology	NN
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
to	TO
make	VB
strides	NNS
due	JJ
to	TO
recent	JJ
federal	JJ
funding	NN
to	TO
replace	VB
punch	NN
card	NN
and	CC
lever	NN
machines	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
require	VB
at	IN
least	JJS
one	CD
machine	NN
that	WDT
allows	VBZ
blind	JJ
and	CC
disabled	JJ
voters	NNS
to	TO
cast	VB
their	PRP$
votes	NNS
without	IN
assistance	NN
.	.
Internet	NNP
voting	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
completely	RB
foreign	JJ
concept	NN
;	:
Americans	NNPS
already	RB
use	VBP
computers	NNS
in	IN
voting	VBG
process	NN
and	CC
to	TO
count	VB
ballots	NNS
.	.
Americans	NNPS
routinely	RB
move	VBP
stocks	NNS
and	CC
health	NN
records	NNS
via	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Internet	NNP
continues	VBZ
to	TO
gain	VB
popularity	NN
.	.
It	PRP
took	VBD
radio	NN
38	CD
years	NNS
to	TO
achieve	VB
50	CD
million	CD
users	NNS
.	.
The	DT
telephone	NN
took	VBD
30	CD
years	NNS
to	TO
accomplish	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
goal	NN
.	.
Personal	NNP
computers	NNS
reached	VBD
50	CD
million	CD
users	NNS
in	IN
16	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
television	NN
took	VBD
13	CD
years	NNS
.	.
MovieBuff	NNP
in	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
metatags	NNS
.	.
Metatags	NNS
are	VBP
``	``
hidden	VBN
''	''
or	CC
``	``
buried	VBN
''	''
code	NN
,	,
not	RB
visible	JJ
to	TO
web	NN
users	NNS
,	,
but	CC
``	``
used	VBN
by	IN
search	NN
engines	NNS
to	TO
determine	VB
which	WDT
sites	NNS
correspond	VBP
to	TO
keywords	NNS
entered	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
web	NN
user	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
91	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
consumer	NN
chooses	VBZ
-LRB-	-LRB-
via	IN
hyperlink	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
from	IN
the	DT
list	NN
produced	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
search	NN
engine	NN
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
user	NN
can	MD
tell	VB
where	WRB
he	PRP
is	VBZ
linking	VBG
,	,
therefore	RB
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
blatant	JJ
source	NN
confusion	NN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
infringement	NN
.	.
The	DT
Brookfield	NNP
court	NN
instead	RB
relied	VBN
on	IN
``	``
initial	JJ
interest	NN
confusion	NN
''	''
--	:
where	WRB
a	DT
mark	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
``	``
to	TO
capture	VB
initial	JJ
consumer	NN
attention	NN
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
no	DT
actual	JJ
sale	NN
is	VBZ
finally	RB
completed	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
confusion	NN
,	,
may	MD
be	VB
an	DT
infringement	NN
''	''
Finally	RB
,	,
the	DT
authors	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
webpage	NN
freely	RB
grant	NN
permission	NN
to	TO
anyone	NN
wishing	VBG
to	TO
link	VB
to	TO
this	DT
webpage	NN
without	IN
misrepresentation	NN
;	:
the	DT
owner	NN
will	MD
gladly	RB
remove	VB
any	DT
link	NN
from	IN
this	DT
webpage	NN
upon	IN
request	NN
from	IN
the	DT
linked	VBN
entity	NN
;	:
this	DT
website	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
sponsored	VBN
or	CC
associated	VBN
with	IN
any	DT
particular	JJ
linked	VBN
entity	NN
unless	IN
so	RB
stated	VBN
in	IN
truth	NN
by	IN
that	DT
entity	NN
;	:
and	CC
the	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
any	DT
particular	JJ
link	NN
is	VBZ
simply	RB
intended	VBN
to	TO
imply	VB
potential	JJ
interest	NN
to	TO
the	DT
reader	NN
.	.
Industrious	JJ
thieves	NNS
use	VBP
many	JJ
mediums	NNS
to	TO
obtain	VB
this	DT
information	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
sending	VBG
letters	NNS
to	TO
potential	JJ
victims	NNS
while	IN
masquerading	VBG
as	IN
legitimate	JJ
businesses	NNS
or	CC
government	NN
entities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
asking	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
victim	NN
's	POS
personal	JJ
information	NN
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
go	VBP
through	IN
an	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
or	CC
company	NN
's	POS
garbage	NN
in	IN
search	NN
of	IN
identity	NN
information	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
also	RB
called	VBN
``	``
dumpster	NN
diving	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
or	CC
look	VB
over	IN
their	PRP$
victim	NN
's	POS
shoulder	NN
as	IN
the	DT
victim	NN
gives	VBZ
out	RP
a	DT
credit	NN
card	NN
number	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
personal	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
someone	NN
on	IN
the	DT
phone	NN
or	CC
to	TO
a	DT
cashier	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
also	RB
called	VBN
``	``
shoulder	NN
surfing	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
gain	VB
access	NN
to	TO
many	JJ
websites	NNS
or	CC
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
purchase	VB
online	NN
,	,
consumers	NNS
are	VBP
often	RB
required	VBN
to	TO
give	VB
personal	JJ
information	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
their	PRP$
mother	NN
's	POS
maiden	JJ
name	NN
,	,
credit	NN
card	NN
number	NN
,	,
date	NN
of	IN
birth	NN
,	,
address	NN
,	,
and	CC
sometimes	RB
social	JJ
security	NN
number	NN
.	.
Hackers	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
able	JJ
to	TO
access	NN
this	DT
information	NN
by	IN
entering	VBG
the	DT
website	NN
's	POS
``	``
back	RB
door	NN
''	''
,	,
the	DT
secret	JJ
way	NN
into	IN
a	DT
website	NN
that	WDT
allows	VBZ
the	DT
hacker	NN
access	NN
into	IN
the	DT
website	NN
's	POS
confidential	JJ
administrative	JJ
files	NNS
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
industrious	JJ
hackers	NNS
and	CC
identity	NN
thieves	NNS
have	VBP
created	VBN
programs	NNS
,	,
called	VBN
``	``
worms	NNS
''	''
,	,
which	WDT
enter	VBP
the	DT
website	NN
from	IN
an	DT
infected	JJ
disk	NN
or	CC
through	IN
email	NN
and	CC
silently	RB
sneak	VB
around	IN
the	DT
server	NN
or	CC
database	NN
,	,
and	CC
send	VB
back	RB
confidential	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
host	NN
.	.
The	DT
worm	NN
shuts	VBZ
down	RP
virus	NN
security	NN
software	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
Norton	NNP
,	,
and	CC
creates	VBZ
a	DT
backdoor	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
and	CC
takes	VBZ
control	NN
of	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
's	POS
modem	NN
,	,
often	RB
attempting	VBG
to	TO
direct	VB
the	DT
computer	NN
to	TO
dial	VB
out	RP
over	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
so	RB
gathered	VBN
information	NN
can	MD
be	VB
sent	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
specific	JJ
location	NN
.	.
Only	RB
three	CD
percent	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	CD
%	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
those	DT
who	WP
complained	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
FTC	NNP
believed	VBD
that	IN
their	PRP$
information	NN
was	VBD
stolen	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
FTC	NNP
believes	VBZ
this	DT
number	NN
is	VBZ
lower	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
actual	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
thefts	NNS
that	WDT
occurred	VBD
over	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
1976	CD
amendment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Act	NNP
gives	VBZ
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
the	DT
power	NN
to	TO
punish	VB
people	NNS
who	WP
use	VBP
false	JJ
numbers	NNS
when	WRB
dealing	VBG
with	IN
licensing	NN
agencies	NNS
,	,
because	IN
states	NNS
are	VBP
allowed	VBN
to	TO
put	VB
social	JJ
security	NN
numbers	NNS
on	IN
licenses	NNS
.	.
This	DT
bill	NN
would	MD
help	VB
to	TO
protect	VB
students	NNS
from	IN
having	VBG
their	PRP$
social	JJ
security	NN
numbers	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
database	NN
that	WDT
could	MD
become	VB
compromised	VBN
.	.
The	DT
bill	NN
also	RB
would	MD
place	VB
stricter	JJR
requirements	NNS
on	IN
banks	NNS
and	CC
retailers	NNS
by	IN
requiring	VBG
the	DT
businesses	NNS
to	TO
call	VB
customers	NNS
before	IN
giving	VBG
credit	NN
or	CC
loans	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
person	NN
's	POS
name	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
discussed	VBD
the	DT
growing	VBG
problem	NN
of	IN
identity	NN
theft	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
false	JJ
social	JJ
security	NN
numbers	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
bankruptcy	NN
petiton	NN
could	MD
not	RB
only	RB
hurt	VB
an	DT
unknowing	JJ
individual	NN
,	,
but	CC
that	IN
it	PRP
could	MD
prevent	VB
a	DT
creditor	NN
from	IN
becoming	VBG
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
petition	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
offense	NN
``	``
involves	VBZ
the	DT
transfer	NN
or	CC
use	NN
of	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
means	NNS
of	IN
identification	NN
if	IN
,	,
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
offense	NN
,	,
any	DT
individual	JJ
committing	VBG
the	DT
offense	NN
obtains	VBZ
anything	NN
of	IN
value	NN
aggregating	VBG
$	$
1,000	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
during	IN
any	DT
1-year	JJ
period	NN
,	,
``	``
the	DT
offender	NN
can	MD
receive	VB
a	DT
fine	NN
or	CC
imprisonment	NN
for	IN
not	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
twenty	CD
years	NNS
,	,
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
how	WRB
or	CC
why	WRB
the	DT
crime	NN
was	VBD
committed	VBN
.	.
This	DT
Act	NNP
details	NNS
the	DT
circumstances	NNS
where	WRB
a	DT
consumer	NN
report	NN
can	MD
be	VB
released	VBN
to	TO
businesses	NNS
and	CC
gives	VBZ
consumers	NNS
a	DT
procedure	NN
to	TO
correct	VB
any	DT
mistakes	NNS
on	IN
their	PRP$
credit	NN
report	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
thief	NN
procures	VBZ
a	DT
person	NN
's	POS
identity	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
credit	NN
cards	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
financial	JJ
gain	NN
using	VBG
a	DT
person	NN
's	POS
credit	NN
,	,
the	DT
victim	NN
can	MD
notify	VB
credit	NN
bureaus	NN
of	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
,	,
which	WDT
in	IN
turn	NN
should	MD
investigate	VB
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
the	DT
information	NN
listed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
credit	NN
report	NN
is	VBZ
accurate	JJ
.	.
This	DT
statute	NN
protects	VBZ
all	DT
consumers	NNS
from	IN
abusive	JJ
debt	NN
collection	NN
practices	NNS
,	,
but	CC
is	VBZ
especially	RB
helpful	JJ
in	IN
stopping	VBG
debt	NN
collection	NN
of	IN
victims	NNS
of	IN
identity	NN
theft	NN
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
FDCPA	NNP
,	,
persons	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
victims	NNS
of	IN
identity	NN
theft	NN
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
victimized	VBN
again	RB
by	IN
debt	NN
collectors	NNS
attempting	VBG
to	TO
collect	VB
money	NN
on	IN
debt	NN
created	VBN
by	IN
identity	NN
thieves	NNS
.	.
Several	JJ
sections	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Truth	NNP
in	IN
Lending	NNP
Act	NNP
were	VBD
amended	VBN
to	TO
create	VB
the	DT
Fair	NNP
Credit	NNP
Billing	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
including	VBG
adding	VBG
procedures	NNS
to	TO
resolve	VB
billing	NN
errors	NNS
on	IN
credit	NN
card	NN
accounts	NNS
and	CC
giving	VBG
the	DT
limit	NN
a	DT
consumer	NN
is	VBZ
liable	JJ
for	IN
fraudulent	JJ
credit	NN
card	NN
charges	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
there	EX
was	VBD
little	RB
,	,
if	IN
any	DT
,	,
protection	NN
for	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
had	VBD
their	PRP$
debit	NN
card	NN
number	NN
stolen	VBN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
through	IN
this	DT
Act	NNP
,	,
the	DT
victim	NN
is	VBZ
given	VBN
greater	JJR
protection	NN
from	IN
responsibility	NN
for	IN
purchases	NNS
or	CC
transfers	NNS
he	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
authorize	VB
.	.
The	DT
Bill	NNP
's	POS
purpose	NN
details	NNS
recent	JJ
increases	NNS
in	IN
indentity	NN
theft	NN
,	,
including	VBG
statistics	NNS
that	IN
``	``
hundreds	NNS
of	IN
thousands	NNS
of	IN
Americans	NNPS
are	VBP
victims	NNS
of	IN
identity	NN
theft	NN
each	DT
year	NN
,	,
resulting	VBG
in	IN
an	DT
annual	JJ
cost	NN
to	TO
industry	NN
of	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
$	$
3,500,000,000	CD
.	.
''	''
The	DT
Bill	NNP
proposes	VBZ
another	DT
amendment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Truth	NNP
in	IN
Lending	NNP
Act	NNP
in	IN
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
make	VB
credit	NN
card	NN
holders	NNS
more	RBR
aware	JJ
when	WRB
certain	JJ
activities	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
address	NN
changes	NNS
or	CC
the	DT
ordering	VBG
of	IN
extra	JJ
cards	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
new	JJ
address	NN
,	,
occurs	VBZ
on	IN
their	PRP$
account	NN
.	.
The	DT
Bill	NNP
also	RB
proposes	VBZ
to	TO
amend	VB
the	DT
Fair	NNP
Credit	NNP
Reporting	NNP
Act	NNP
to	TO
update	VB
Fraud	NNP
Alert	NNP
,	,
an	DT
action	NN
consumers	NNS
can	MD
take	VB
once	RB
they	PRP
believe	VBP
their	PRP$
identity	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
stolen	VBN
,	,
and	CC
allows	VBZ
one	CD
free	JJ
credit	NN
report	NN
per-consumer	JJ
per-year	JJ
.	.
The	DT
amendment	NN
still	RB
proscribes	VBZ
prison	NN
time	NN
of	IN
one-to-ten	JJ
years	NNS
and	CC
restitution	NN
,	,
and	CC
adds	VBZ
a	DT
possible	JJ
fine	NN
not	RB
to	TO
exceed	VB
$	$
100,000	CD
for	IN
a	DT
first	JJ
offense	NN
.	.
This	DT
amendment	NN
seems	VBZ
evidence	NN
that	IN
Georgia	NNP
wants	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
tough	JJ
on	IN
identity	NN
theft	NN
offenders	NNS
.	.
South	NNP
Carolina	NNP
also	RB
has	VBZ
a	DT
bill	NN
before	IN
the	DT
General	NNP
Assembly	NNP
,	,
Senate	NNP
Bill	NNP
43	CD
,	,
which	WDT
specifies	VBZ
procedure	NN
on	IN
how	WRB
victims	NNS
of	IN
identity	NN
theft	NN
can	MD
quickly	RB
clear	VB
their	PRP$
name	NN
,	,
increases	VBZ
identity	NN
verification	NN
for	IN
credit	NN
card	NN
issuers	NNS
,	,
creates	VBZ
an	DT
identity	NN
theft	NN
database	NN
,	,
and	CC
blocks	NNS
bad	JJ
credit	NN
information	NN
resulting	VBG
from	IN
identity	NN
theft	NN
from	IN
credit	NN
reports	NNS
of	IN
victims	NNS
.	.
This	DT
requirement	NN
limits	VBZ
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
and	CC
those	DT
who	WP
can	MD
be	VB
prosecuted	VBN
under	IN
it	PRP
.	.
Identities	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
stolen	VBN
solely	RB
for	IN
economic	JJ
benefits	NNS
,	,
but	CC
rather	RB
can	MD
include	VB
staying	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
country	NN
illegally	RB
,	,
and	CC
Kansas	NNP
'	POS
limitation	NN
takes	VBZ
away	RP
protection	NN
from	IN
the	DT
victim	NN
and	CC
gives	VBZ
the	DT
protection	NN
to	TO
the	DT
thief	NN
.	.
If	IN
an	DT
individual	NN
has	VBZ
his	PRP$
identity	NN
used	VBN
on	IN
``	``
an	DT
application	NN
...	:
for	IN
a	DT
loan	NN
,	,
credit	NN
line	NN
or	CC
account	NN
,	,
credit	NN
card	NN
,	,
charge	NN
card	NN
,	,
public	JJ
utitlty	NN
service	NN
,	,
mail	NN
receving	NN
or	CC
forwarding	NN
service	NN
,	,
office	NN
or	CC
desk	NN
space	NN
rental	JJ
service	NN
,	,
or	CC
commercial	JJ
mobil	NN
radio	NN
service	NN
''	''
by	IN
an	DT
unauthorized	JJ
individual	JJ
then	RB
the	DT
victim	NN
is	VBZ
given	VBN
greater	JJR
rights	NNS
.	.
This	DT
statute	NN
requires	VBZ
the	DT
businesses	NNS
to	TO
turn	VB
over	RP
the	DT
information	NN
,	,
which	WDT
in	IN
turn	NN
may	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
stricter	JJR
identification	NN
standards	NNS
by	IN
the	DT
business	NN
.	.
The	DT
victim	NN
can	MD
request	VB
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
copies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
documents	NNS
,	,
proof	NN
of	IN
the	DT
methods	NNS
of	IN
identification	NN
checked	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
application	NN
.	.
The	DT
thieves	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
stole	VBD
mail	NN
,	,
garbage	NN
and	CC
recycleable	JJ
material	NN
,	,
broke	VBD
into	IN
cars	NNS
,	,
and	CC
hacked	VBD
into	IN
websites	NNS
and	CC
personal	JJ
computers	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
gain	VB
information	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
names	NNS
,	,
dates	NNS
of	IN
birth	NN
,	,
and	CC
social	JJ
security	NN
numbers	NNS
.	.
These	DT
same	JJ
individuals	NNS
used	VBN
software	NN
to	TO
hack	VB
into	IN
commercial	JJ
sites	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
mirror	VB
the	DT
keystrokes	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
allowed	VBD
them	PRP
to	TO
capture	VB
credit	NN
card	NN
account	NN
information	NN
.	.
These	DT
crimes	NNS
led	VBD
to	TO
$	$
400,000	CD
in	IN
fraudulent	JJ
purchases	NNS
.	.
One	CD
defendant	NN
was	VBD
sentenced	VBN
to	TO
forty-one	CD
months	NNS
of	IN
prison	NN
time	NN
and	CC
required	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
restitution	NN
in	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
$	$
70,025.98	CD
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
second	JJ
defendant	NN
was	VBD
sentenced	VBN
to	TO
fifteen	CD
months	NNS
in	IN
prison	NN
and	CC
was	VBD
required	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
restitution	NN
in	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
$	$
52,379.03	CD
.	.
Both	DT
defendents	NNS
pled	VBD
guilty	JJ
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
is	VBZ
found	VBN
guilty	JJ
he	PRP
can	MD
face	VB
up	RP
to	TO
thirty	CD
years	NNS
in	IN
prison	NN
,	,
one	CD
million	CD
dollar	NN
restitution	NN
,	,
and\/or	CC
an	DT
amount	NN
two-times	VBZ
the	DT
pecuniary	JJ
gain	NN
or	CC
loss	NN
if	IN
convicted	VBN
of	IN
the	DT
wire	NN
fraud	NN
charge	NN
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
conspiracy	NN
charge	NN
,	,
the	DT
defendant	NN
faces	VBZ
up	RP
to	TO
five	CD
years	NNS
in	IN
prison	NN
,	,
$	$
250,000	CD
restitution	NN
,	,
and\/or	CC
a	DT
fine	JJ
two-times	NNS
the	DT
gross	JJ
gain	NN
or	CC
loss	NN
.	.
The	DT
Plaintiff	NNP
had	VBD
her	PRP$
identity	NN
stolen	VBN
and	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
used	VBN
to	TO
obtain	VB
up	RP
to	TO
thirteen	CD
credit	NN
cards	NNS
and	CC
accounts	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
Plaintiff	NNP
learned	VBD
she	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
victim	NN
she	PRP
contacted	VBD
the	DT
Defendant	NN
to	TO
learn	VB
the	DT
proper	JJ
procedure	NN
for	IN
inquiring	VBG
into	IN
the	DT
accounts	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
be	VB
shown	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
Fraud	NNP
Alert	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Plaintiff	NNP
charged	VBD
the	DT
Defendant	NN
with	IN
negligence	NN
in	IN
the	DT
handling	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
claims	NNS
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
``	``
method	NN
of	IN
reporting	VBG
information	NN
in	IN
consumer	NN
credit	NN
reports	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
information	NN
obtained	VBN
from	IN
credit	NN
providers	NNS
is	VBZ
unreasonable	JJ
.	.
''	''
Here	RB
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
found	VBN
reasonable	JJ
procedures	NNS
were	VBD
used	VBN
and	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
reiterated	VBN
that	IN
a	DT
credit	NN
reporting	VBG
company	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
held	VBN
strictly	RB
liable	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Defendant	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
aware	JJ
there	EX
was	VBD
any	DT
reason	NN
to	TO
doubt	VB
the	DT
information	NN
,	,
and	CC
therefore	RB
was	VBD
found	VBN
to	TO
not	RB
be	VB
liable	JJ
for	IN
negligence	NN
.	.
While	IN
it	PRP
could	MD
be	VB
suggested	VBN
that	IN
personal	JJ
information	NN
should	MD
never	RB
be	VB
given	VBN
out	RP
over	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
that	IN
practice	NN
would	MD
prevent	VB
a	DT
person	NN
from	IN
being	VBG
able	JJ
to	TO
take	VB
advantage	NN
of	IN
many	JJ
activities	NNS
that	WDT
make	VBP
the	DT
internet	NN
so	RB
useful	JJ
.	.
The	DT
key	NN
to	TO
giving	VBG
out	RP
information	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
your	PRP$
name	NN
,	,
address	NN
,	,
or	CC
credit	NN
card	NN
number	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
verifying	VBG
the	DT
receiver	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
reputable	JJ
company	NN
and	CC
runs	VBZ
a	DT
secured	VBN
website	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
secured	VBN
sites	NNS
give	VBP
visitors	NNS
notification	NN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
such	JJ
a	DT
site	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
requesting	VBG
any	DT
private	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Amazon.com	NNP
,	,
a	DT
popular	JJ
retail	JJ
site	NN
,	,
uses	VBZ
the	DT
Secure	NNP
Sockets	NNPS
Layer	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
SSL	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
software	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
an	DT
internet	NN
user	NN
should	MD
never	RB
give	VB
out	RP
a	DT
social	JJ
security	NN
number	NN
online	NN
.	.
Social	NNP
security	NN
numbers	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
key	JJ
identifier	NN
of	IN
United	NNP
States	NNPS
citizens	NNS
,	,
and	CC
while	IN
having	VBG
other	JJ
personal	JJ
information	NN
stolen	VBN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
credit	NN
card	NN
numbers	NNS
,	,
theft	NN
of	IN
a	DT
person	NN
's	POS
social	JJ
security	NN
number	NN
can	MD
open	VB
the	DT
door	NN
to	TO
stealing	VBG
a	DT
person	NN
's	POS
entire	JJ
identity	NN
,	,
including	VBG
good	JJ
credit	NN
,	,
clean	JJ
criminal	JJ
record	NN
,	,
and	CC
citizenship	NN
status	NN
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
information	NN
stored	VBD
on	IN
a	DT
personal	JJ
computer	NN
from	IN
hackers	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
install	VB
a	DT
firewall	NN
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
cable	NN
modem	NN
and	CC
DSL	NNP
activity	NN
,	,
users	NNS
are	VBP
online	JJ
potentially	RB
24-hours-a-day	JJ
,	,
which	WDT
allows	VBZ
inventive	JJ
hackers	NNS
to	TO
enter	VB
computer	NN
systems	NNS
and	CC
database	NN
to	TO
retrieve	VB
information	NN
without	IN
being	VBG
detected	VBN
.	.
Firewalls	NNS
will	MD
protect	VB
computers	NNS
from	IN
hackers	NNS
,	,
dataminers	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
cite	VB
this	DT
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
footnote	NN
,	,
put	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
dataminer	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
worm	NN
that	WDT
attaches	VBZ
itself	PRP
to	TO
a	DT
personal	JJ
computer	NN
and	CC
reports	NNS
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
host	NN
server	NN
the	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
internet	NN
sites	NNS
a	DT
person	NN
visits	NNS
so	RB
that	IN
popups	NNS
and	CC
advertising	NN
can	MD
be	VB
catered	VBN
to	TO
that	DT
person	NN
's	POS
interests	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
spyware	NN
in	IN
most	JJS
circumstances	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
personal	JJ
firewalls	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
free-of-charge	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
firewall-protected	JJ
or	CC
an	DT
aggressive	JJ
hacker	NN
manages	VBZ
to	TO
break	VB
through	IN
a	DT
firewall	NN
,	,
they	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
steal	VB
what	WP
is	VBZ
not	RB
available	JJ
to	TO
them	PRP
.	.
A	DT
computer	NN
user	NN
should	MD
never	RB
inventory	NN
personal	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
computer	NN
.	.
Storing	VBG
information	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
pin	NN
numbers	NNS
,	,
credit	NN
card	NN
numbers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
passwords	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
personal	JJ
computer	NN
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
easy	JJ
for	IN
hackers	NNS
or	CC
worms	NNS
to	TO
steal	VB
an	DT
identity	NN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
vital	JJ
ways	NNS
an	DT
individual	NN
can	MD
protect	VB
himself	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
get	VB
credit	NN
reports	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
These	DT
credit	NN
reports	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
obtained	VBN
from	IN
Equifax	NNP
,	,
Experian	NNP
,	,
and	CC
TransUnion	NNP
.	.
An	DT
individual	NN
can	MD
request	VB
these	DT
companies	NNS
place	VBP
a	DT
``	``
Fraud	NNP
Alert	NNP
''	''
on	IN
their	PRP$
credit	NN
file	NN
.	.
Once	RB
it	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
determined	VBN
that	IN
a	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
victim	NN
of	IN
identity	NN
theft	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
several	JJ
steps	NNS
that	WDT
should	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
.	.
The	DT
companies	NNS
,	,
service	NN
providers	NNS
,	,
or	CC
agencies	NNS
with	IN
whom	WP
the	DT
identity	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
fraudulently	RB
used	VBN
need	NN
to	TO
be	VB
contacted	VBN
and	CC
a	DT
report	NN
filed	VBD
.	.
Many	JJ
companies	NNS
will	MD
swallow	VB
a	DT
financial	JJ
loss	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
keep	VB
hacking	NN
by	IN
outside	JJ
or	CC
inside	JJ
sources	NNS
a	DT
secret	NN
for	IN
fear	NN
of	IN
loss	NN
of	IN
customer	NN
confidence	NN
.	.
Emerging	VBG
state	NN
law	NN
,	,
like	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
enacted	VBN
in	IN
California	NNP
in	IN
2003	CD
,	,
could	MD
promote	VB
honest	JJ
reporting	NN
of	IN
potential	JJ
hacking	NN
of	IN
company	NN
computers	NNS
by	IN
providing	VBG
a	DT
civil	JJ
penalty	NN
for	IN
failure	NN
to	TO
report	VB
.	.
Federal	NNP
and	CC
state	NN
governments	NNS
are	VBP
continuously	RB
amending	VBG
and	CC
adding	VBG
laws	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
better	RBR
protect	VB
identities	NNS
and	CC
private	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Governments	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
establishing	VBG
more	RBR
stringent	JJ
penalties	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
hackers	NNS
and	CC
thieves	NNS
who	WP
steal	VBP
the	DT
private	JJ
information	NN
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
government	NN
is	VBZ
attempting	VBG
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
a	DT
greater	JJR
level	NN
of	IN
protection	NN
,	,
individuals	NNS
also	RB
need	VBP
to	TO
become	VB
more	RBR
aware	JJ
of	IN
their	PRP$
surroundings	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
things	NNS
they	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
to	TO
protect	VB
their	PRP$
identities	NNS
.	.
Identity	NN
theft	NN
will	MD
likely	RB
continue	VB
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
problem	NN
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
laws	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
created	VBN
and	CC
modified	VBN
to	TO
keep	VB
pace	NN
with	IN
increasingly	RB
advanced	JJ
technology	NN
.	.
In	IN
1998	CD
the	DT
Internet	NNP
Corporation	NNP
for	IN
Assigned	NNP
Names	NNPS
and	CC
Numbers	NNPS
,	,
ICANN	NNP
,	,
was	VBD
created	VBN
to	TO
control	VB
the	DT
system	NN
of	IN
maintaining	VBG
domain	NN
names	NNS
4	CD
.	.
ICANN	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
non-profit	JJ
corporation	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
a	DT
coalition	NN
of	IN
private	JJ
sector	NN
internet	NN
businesses	NNS
,	,
technical	JJ
,	,
noncommercial	JJ
and	CC
academic	JJ
communities	NNS
5	CD
.	.
ICANN	NNP
oversees	VBZ
the	DT
registration	NN
of	IN
all	DT
official	JJ
domain	NN
names	NNS
.	.
Through	IN
its	PRP$
system	NN
,	,
ICANN	NNP
has	VBZ
accredited	VBN
over	IN
100	CD
registrars	NNS
,	,
in	IN
many	JJ
countries	NNS
,	,
in	IN
an	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
create	VB
competition	NN
in	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
market	NN
6	CD
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
Network	NNP
Solutions	NNPS
,	,
Inc.	NNP
.	.
Registrars	NNS
,	,
Registration	NNP
Technologies	NNPS
,	,
Inc.	NNP
,	,
Dotster	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
,	,
and	CC
many	JJ
more	JJR
.	.
Each	DT
individual	JJ
registrar	NN
obtains	VBZ
the	DT
needed	VBN
information	NN
for	IN
registering	VBG
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
and	CC
then	RB
enters	VBZ
this	DT
information	NN
into	IN
the	DT
ICANN	NNP
master	NN
records	NNS
7	CD
.	.
The	DT
information	NN
submitted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
applicant	NN
is	VBZ
kept	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
database	NN
known	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
``	``
WHOIS	NNP
''	''
database	NN
8	CD
.	.
This	DT
database	NN
is	VBZ
accessible	JJ
from	IN
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
registrars	NNS
sites	NNS
and	CC
searches	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
database	NN
provide	VBP
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
owner	NN
of	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
domain	NN
name	NN
along	IN
with	IN
his\/her	NN
contact	NN
information	NN
and	CC
the	DT
dates	NNS
of	IN
registration	NN
and	CC
expiration	NN
9	CD
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
the	DT
registrars	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
check	VB
the	DT
accuracy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
provided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
owner	NN
or	CC
the	DT
patent	NN
office	NN
for	IN
trademarks	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
disputes	NNS
between	IN
trademark	NN
owners	NNS
with	IN
unknown	JJ
domain	NN
name	NN
owners	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
disputes	NNS
between	IN
domain	NN
name	NN
registrants	NNS
and	CC
trademark	NN
owners	NNS
are	VBP
settled	VBN
after	IN
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
negotiations	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
event	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
settled	VBN
,	,
the	DT
trademark	NN
owners	NNS
can	MD
turn	VB
to	TO
either	DT
traditional	JJ
trademark	NN
law	NN
,	,
anticybersquatting	JJ
law	NN
or	CC
dispute	NN
resolution	NN
systems	NNS
provided	VBN
by	IN
ICANN	NNP
10	CD
.	.
Administrative	JJ
proceedings	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
resolution	NN
of	IN
these	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
disputes	NNS
are	VBP
governed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Rules	NNP
for	IN
Uniform	NNP
Domain	NNP
Name	NN
Dispute	NNP
Resolution	NNP
Policy	NNP
,	,
better	RBR
known	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
``	``
Rules	NNS
,	,
''	''
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
some	DT
Supplemental	NNP
Rules	NNPS
16	CD
.	.
The	DT
complaint	NN
must	MD
include	VB
the	DT
name	NN
,	,
postal	JJ
and	CC
e-mail	NN
addresses	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
telephone	NN
and	CC
fax	NN
numbers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
complainant	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
trademark	NN
owner	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
complainant	NN
's	POS
representatives	NNS
,	,
Rules	NNS
.	.
The	DT
complaint	NN
must	MD
also	RB
specify	VB
the	DT
method	NN
of	IN
communication	NN
and	CC
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
Panel	NN
,	,
whether	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
single	JJ
member	NN
panel	NN
or	CC
a	DT
three-member	JJ
panel	NN
18	CD
.	.
The	DT
complaint	NN
must	MD
provide	VB
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
holder	NN
and	CC
all	PDT
the	DT
information	NN
concerning	VBG
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
holder	NN
that	IN
the	DT
complainant	NN
was	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
obtain	VB
either	RB
on	IN
his	PRP$
own	JJ
or	CC
through	IN
the	DT
WHOIS	NNP
database	NN
.	.
Next	JJ
,	,
the	DT
complaint	NN
must	MD
specify	VB
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
complaint	NN
,	,
the	DT
registrar	NN
who	WP
registered	VBD
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
actual	JJ
trademark	NN
or	CC
service	NN
mark	VBP
the	DT
complainant	NN
is	VBZ
basing	VBG
his\/her	JJR
claim	NN
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
how	WRB
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
is	VBZ
confusingly	RB
similar	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
trademark	NN
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
registrant	NN
has	VBZ
no	DT
legitimate	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
name	NN
was	VBD
registered	VBN
in	IN
bad	JJ
faith	NN
19	CD
.	.
Once	RB
the	DT
complaint	NN
is	VBZ
complete	JJ
,	,
the	DT
complainant	NN
must	MD
forwarded	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
Provider	NNP
to	TO
review	VB
for	IN
compliance	NN
.	.
Once	RB
compliance	NN
is	VBZ
established	VBN
and	CC
fees	NNS
are	VBP
paid	VBN
,	,
the	DT
Provider	NNP
has	VBZ
3	CD
days	NNS
to	TO
forward	RB
the	DT
complaint	NN
to	TO
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
holder	NN
20	CD
.	.
Once	RB
a	DT
date	NN
for	IN
the	DT
commencement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
administrative	JJ
proceeding	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
chosen	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Provider	NNP
,	,
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
holder	NN
then	RB
has	VBZ
the	DT
opportunity	NN
submit	VB
a	DT
response	NN
.	.
The	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
holder	NN
has	VBZ
up	RP
to	TO
20	CD
days	NNS
after	IN
the	DT
commencement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
administrative	JJ
proceeding	NN
to	TO
submit	VB
a	DT
response	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Provider	NNP
.	.
Like	IN
the	DT
complaint	NN
,	,
the	DT
response	NN
must	MD
be	VB
submitted	VBN
in	IN
both	DT
hard	JJ
copy	NN
and	CC
electronic	JJ
form	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
with	IN
his\/her	NN
contact	NN
information	NN
,	,
method	NN
of	IN
communication	NN
and	CC
whether	IN
he\/she	NN
agrees	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
complainant	NN
's	POS
choice	NN
of	IN
Panel	NN
.	.
The	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
holder	NN
must	MD
also	RB
identify	VB
any	DT
,	,
if	IN
any	DT
,	,
other	JJ
proceedings	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
domain	NN
name	NN
as	IN
is	VBZ
the	DT
subject	NN
of	IN
the	DT
complaint	NN
and	CC
then	RB
send	VB
a	DT
copy	NN
to	TO
the	DT
complainant	NN
21	CD
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
holder	NN
elects	VBZ
not	RB
to	TO
respond	VB
to	TO
the	DT
complaint	NN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
Panel	NN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
exceptional	JJ
circumstances	NNS
,	,
shall	MD
decide	VB
the	DT
dispute	NN
based	VBN
solely	RB
on	IN
the	DT
complaint	NN
22	CD
.	.
The	DT
Panel	NN
,	,
whether	IN
one	CD
member	NN
or	CC
three	CD
members	NNS
,	,
will	MD
decide	VB
the	DT
complaint	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
statements	NNS
and	CC
documents	NNS
submitted	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Rules	NNPS
and	CC
applicable	JJ
principles	NNS
of	IN
law	NN
23	CD
.	.
Typically	RB
,	,
the	DT
Panel	NNP
will	MD
provide	VB
a	DT
decision	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Provider	NNP
with	IN
in	IN
14	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
-LRB-	-LRB-
his	PRP$
-RRB-	-RRB-
appointment	NN
.	.
Congress	NNP
created	VBD
the	DT
Anticybersquatting	NNP
Consumer	NNP
Protection	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
ACPA	NNP
,	,
to	TO
discourage	VB
the	DT
increasing	VBG
practice	NN
of	IN
cybersquatting	NN
.	.
``	``
Cybersquatting	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
registering	VBG
brand	NN
names	NNS
as	IN
Internet	NNP
domain	NN
names	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
force	VB
the	DT
rightful	JJ
owners	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
marks	NNS
to	TO
pay	VB
for	IN
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
engage	VB
in	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
under	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
brand	NN
name	NN
,	,
''	''
27	CD
.	.
The	DT
ACPA	NNP
amends	VBZ
the	DT
Lanham	NNP
Act	NNP
43	CD
to	TO
allow	VB
trademark	NN
owners	NNS
stronger	JJR
remedies	NNS
against	IN
cybersquatting	VBG
28	CD
.	.
In	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
stronger	JJR
remedies	NNS
,	,
the	DT
ACPA	NNP
was	VBD
passed	VBN
to	TO
remedy	VB
the	DT
shortcomings	NNS
of	IN
applying	VBG
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Trademark	NNP
Dilution	NNP
Act	NNP
in	IN
cases	NNS
``	``
where	WRB
the	DT
offenders	NNS
are	VBP
often	RB
anonymous	JJ
or	CC
difficult	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
jurisdictional	JJ
purposes	NNS
''	''
Basically	RB
,	,
a	DT
trademark	NN
owner	NN
only	RB
has	VBZ
to	TO
prove	VB
three	CD
things	NNS
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
distinctive	JJ
or	CC
famous	JJ
mark	NN
entitled	VBN
to	TO
protection	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
identical	JJ
or	CC
confusingly	RB
similar	JJ
''	''
to	TO
the	DT
trademark	NN
or	CC
service	NN
mark	NN
,	,
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
holder	NN
registered	VBD
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
with	IN
the	DT
bad	JJ
faith	NN
intent	NN
to	TO
profit	VB
from	IN
the	DT
mark	NN
34	CD
.	.
When	WRB
examining	VBG
whether	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
confusingly	RB
similar	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
particular	JJ
trademark	NN
under	IN
the	DT
Anticybersquatting	NNP
Consumer	NNP
Protection	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
courts	NNS
typically	RB
ignore	VBP
the	DT
top-level	JJ
domain	NN
name	NN
,	,
''	''
.	.
com	NN
''	''
,	,
''	''
.	.
org	NN
''	''
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
court	NN
in	IN
Shields	NNP
v.	CC
Zuccardini	NNP
,	,
domain	NN
names	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
``	``
confusingly	RB
similar	JJ
''	''
are	VBP
those	DT
that	WDT
are	VBP
misspellings	NNS
of	IN
distinctive	JJ
or	CC
famous	JJ
trademarks	NNS
38	CD
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
goes	VBZ
on	IN
to	TO
state	NN
that	IN
this	DT
type	NN
of	IN
intentional	JJ
registration	NN
of	IN
a	DT
misspelled	VBN
distinctive	JJ
or	CC
famous	JJ
name	NN
,	,
which	WDT
causes	VBZ
a	DT
consumer	NN
who	WP
slightly	RB
misspells	VBZ
the	DT
trademark	NN
name	NN
to	TO
visit	VB
an	DT
unintended	JJ
site	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
within	IN
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ACPA	NNP
39	CD
.	.
Some	DT
factors	NNS
a	DT
court	NN
might	MD
examine	VB
when	WRB
considering	VBG
confusion	NN
are	VBP
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
strength	NN
of	IN
the	DT
mark	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
similarity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
mark	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
similarity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
goods	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
channels	NNS
of	IN
marketing	NN
used	VBN
40	CD
.	.
Not	RB
all	DT
factors	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
met	VBN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
find	VB
bad	JJ
faith	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
holder	NN
believed	VBD
and	CC
had	VBD
reasonable	JJ
grounds	NNS
to	TO
believe	VB
that	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
fair	JJ
use	NN
or	CC
otherwise	RB
lawful	JJ
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
courts	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
find	VB
bad	JJ
faith	NN
intent	NN
45	CD
.	.
Under	IN
this	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ACPA	NNP
,	,
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
holder	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
aggrieved	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
overreaching	VBG
trademark	NN
owner	NN
may	MD
commence	VB
an	DT
action	NN
to	TO
declare	VB
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
registration	NN
or	CC
use	NN
by	IN
the	DT
registrant	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
unlawful	JJ
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
a	DT
claim	NN
under	IN
the	DT
reverse	NN
domain	NN
name	NN
hijacking	VBG
provision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ACPA	NNP
,	,
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
holder	NN
must	MD
establish	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
registrant	NN
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	IN
its	PRP$
domain	NN
name	NN
was	VBD
suspended	VBN
,	,
disabled	JJ
,	,
or	CC
transferred	VBN
under	IN
a	DT
policy	NN
implemented	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
registrar	NN
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	IN
the	DT
owner	NN
of	IN
the	DT
mark	NN
that	WDT
prompted	VBD
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
to	TO
be	VB
suspended	VBN
,	,
disabled	JJ
,	,
or	CC
transferred	VBN
has	VBZ
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
action	NN
by	IN
service	NN
or	CC
otherwise	RB
;	:
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
holder	NN
's	POS
registration	NN
or	CC
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
unlawful	JJ
under	IN
the	DT
ACPA	NNP
50	CD
.	.
Please	VB
feel	VB
free	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
feedback	NN
on	IN
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
site	NN
contents	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
student	NN
papers	NNS
posted	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
site	NN
.	.
Feedback	NN
is	VBZ
previewed	VBN
before	IN
being	VBG
posted	VBN
to	TO
this	DT
site	NN
,	,
and	CC
may	MD
be	VB
edited	VBN
for	IN
style	NN
and	CC
length	NN
.	.
Internet	NNP
?	.
``	``
The	DT
Internet	NNP
has	VBZ
become	VBN
a	DT
valuable	JJ
research	NN
tool	NN
;	:
on-line	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
Westlaw	NNP
and	CC
Lexis	NNP
,	,
have	VBP
increased	VBN
productivity	NN
;	:
faxes	NNS
have	VBP
decreased	VBN
communication	NN
time	NN
;	:
and	CC
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e-mail	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
promises	VBZ
to	TO
enhance	VB
communication	NN
capabilities	NNS
with	IN
clients	NNS
,	,
courts	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
attorneys	NNS
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Computer	NN
technology	NN
holds	VBZ
the	DT
potential	JJ
``	``
for	IN
transforming	VBG
the	DT
way	NN
business	NN
will	MD
be	VB
done	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
twenty-first	JJ
century	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Internet	NNP
``	``
present	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
enormous	JJ
promise	NN
for	IN
addressing	VBG
the	DT
unmet	JJ
legal	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
many	JJ
Americans	NNPS
with	IN
lower	JJR
incomes	NNS
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
7	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
With	IN
this	DT
vast	JJ
potential	NN
comes	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
host	NN
of	IN
ethical	JJ
issues	NNS
''	''
touching	VBG
on	IN
areas	NNS
of	IN
confidentiality	NN
,	,
competency	NN
,	,
conflicts	NNS
of	IN
interest	NN
,	,
and	CC
negligence	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
8	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Because	IN
issues	NNS
involving	VBG
legal	JJ
professional	JJ
responsibility	NN
are	VBP
often	RB
complicated	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
even	RB
absent	JJ
the	DT
Internet	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
a	DT
lawyer	NN
will	MD
look	VB
to	TO
his	PRP$
state	NN
's	POS
model	NN
rules	NNS
to	TO
guide	VB
his	PRP$
decisions	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
minimize	VB
potential	JJ
harm	NN
to	TO
the	DT
client	NN
and	CC
to	TO
the	DT
lawyer	NN
's	POS
practice	NN
.	.
Part	NNP
I	PRP
discusses	VBZ
how	WRB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
affects	VBZ
attorney-client	JJ
confidentiality	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
ethical	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
Part	NNP
II	NNP
discusses	VBZ
the	DT
relationship	NN
of	IN
the	DT
model	NN
rules	NNS
'	POS
limitations	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
lawyer	NN
's	POS
advertising	NN
to	TO
Internet	NNP
advertisements	NNS
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
Part	NNP
III	NNP
discusses	VBZ
Internet	NNP
communications	NNS
in	IN
light	NN
of	IN
state	NN
prohibitions	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
unauthorized	JJ
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
key	JJ
elements	NNS
required	VBN
before	IN
a	DT
duty	NN
of	IN
confidentiality	NN
will	MD
be	VB
imposed	VBN
is	VBZ
the	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
an	DT
attorney-client	JJ
relationship	NN
.	.
Legal	JJ
advice	NN
may	MD
pass	VB
through	IN
the	DT
channels	NNS
of	IN
Internet	NNP
communication	NN
listed	VBN
below	RB
.	.
Part	NNP
III	NNP
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
addresses	NNS
how	WRB
and	CC
when	WRB
,	,
if	IN
at	IN
all	DT
,	,
that	IN
relationship	NN
is	VBZ
forged	VBN
through	IN
Internet	NNP
communication	NN
.	.
Also	RB
like	IN
regular	JJ
mail	NN
,	,
transmitters	NNS
send	VBP
messages	NNS
through	IN
third	JJ
parties	NNS
to	TO
reach	VB
intended	JJ
recipients	NNS
.	.
The	DT
U.S.	NNP
Post	NNP
Office	NNP
,	,
FedEx	NNP
,	,
or	CC
UPS	NNP
deliver	VBP
paper-based	JJ
mail	NN
to	TO
recipients	NNS
.	.
E-mail	NN
is	VBZ
delivered	VBN
in	IN
one	CD
of	IN
two	CD
ways	NNS
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
if	IN
the	DT
recipient	JJ
is	VBZ
located	VBN
within	IN
an	DT
internal	JJ
network	NN
like	IN
a	DT
corporate	JJ
network	NN
or	CC
within	IN
an	DT
ISP	NNP
's	POS
network	NN
,	,
the	DT
e-mail	NN
remains	VBZ
is	VBZ
delivered	VBN
only	RB
within	IN
that	DT
network	NN
or	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
if	IN
the	DT
recipient	JJ
is	VBZ
not	RB
located	VBN
within	IN
an	DT
internal	JJ
network	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
a	DT
client	NN
would	MD
often	RB
not	RB
be	VB
located	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
lawyer	NN
's	POS
network	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
e-mail	NN
travels	VBZ
through	IN
computers	NNS
connected	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
to	TO
reach	VB
the	DT
recipient	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
21	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
Section	NN
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
e-mail	NN
delivered	VBN
through	IN
third-party	JJ
computers	NNS
connected	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
L	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
awyers	NNS
who	WP
lead	VBP
their	PRP$
clients	NNS
to	TO
believe	VB
that	IN
the	DT
lawyer	NN
will	MD
always	RB
promptly	RB
receive	VB
and	CC
act	VB
upon	IN
e-mail	NN
must	MD
ensure	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
so	RB
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
61	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
prevents	VBZ
the	DT
situation	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
client	NN
reasonably	RB
sends	VBZ
an	DT
urgent	JJ
request	NN
to	TO
a	DT
lawyer	NN
who	WP
would	MD
be	VB
better	RBR
reached	VBN
through	IN
another	DT
means	NN
of	IN
communication	NN
.	.
Authenticity	NN
presents	NNS
another	DT
potential	JJ
issue	NN
with	IN
e-mail	NN
communication	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
62	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
client	NN
could	MD
receive	VB
a	DT
message	NN
that	WDT
appears	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
from	IN
their	PRP$
lawyer	NN
but	CC
is	VBZ
in	IN
reality	NN
from	IN
either	CC
someone	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
gained	VBN
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
lawyer	NN
's	POS
computer	NN
or	CC
someone	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
modified	VBN
his	PRP$
message	NN
to	TO
appear	VB
as	IN
if	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
from	IN
their	PRP$
lawyer	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
63	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
instance	NN
,	,
the	DT
lawyer	NN
should	MD
take	VB
reasonable	JJ
care	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
unauthorized	JJ
use	NN
on	IN
his	PRP$
computer	NN
:	:
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
computer	NN
should	MD
be	VB
protected	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
password	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
guess	VB
and	CC
that	DT
is	VBZ
periodically	RB
changed	VBN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
lawyer	NN
should	MD
``	``
lock	VB
down	RP
''	''
his	PRP$
computer	NN
whenever	WRB
he	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
at	IN
his	PRP$
desk	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
someone	NN
from	IN
accessing	VBG
the	DT
open	JJ
computer	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
instance	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
more	RBR
difficult	JJ
to	TO
prevent	VB
,	,
the	DT
lawyer	NN
could	MD
employ	VB
technology	NN
so	IN
that	IN
clients	NNS
confirm	VBP
the	DT
identity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
message	NN
's	POS
sender	NN
.	.
An	DT
example	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
technology	NN
is	VBZ
discussed	VBN
at	IN
this	DT
site	NN
.	.
While	IN
e-mail	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
popular	JJ
form	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
communication	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
only	JJ
form	NN
.	.
Other	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
Internet	NNP
communication	NN
exist	VBP
that	DT
are	VBP
similar	JJ
to	TO
e-mail	VB
in	IN
that	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
intend	VBP
the	DT
contents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
communication	NN
to	TO
be	VB
private	JJ
,	,
while	IN
others	NNS
provide	VBP
a	DT
more	RBR
public	JJ
forum	NN
.	.
``	``
If	IN
reasonable	JJ
precautions	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
taken	VBN
to	TO
protect	VB
access	NN
to	TO
computers	NNS
which	WDT
can	MD
access	VB
the	DT
stored	VBN
e-mail	NN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
information	NN
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
safely	RB
transmitted	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
lawyer	NN
's	POS
mailbox	NN
,	,
can	MD
be	VB
misused	VBN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
70	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
steps	NNS
a	DT
lawyer	NN
can	MD
take	VB
to	TO
prevent	VB
intrusions	NNS
into	IN
the	DT
firm	NN
's	POS
servers	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
install	VB
a	DT
firewall	NN
.	.
This	DT
Section	NN
discusses	VBZ
the	DT
ethical	JJ
obligations	NNS
that	IN
lawyers	NNS
must	MD
abide	VB
by	IN
when	WRB
advertising	NN
via	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
In	IN
particular	JJ
,	,
this	DT
Section	NN
discusses	VBZ
the	DT
ways	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
Model	NNP
Rules	NNPS
have	VBP
adapted	VBN
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
how	WRB
they	PRP
apply	VBP
to	TO
forms	NNS
of	IN
advertising	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
Websites	NNS
and	CC
attorney	NN
solicitation	NN
through	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
e-mail	NN
.	.
An	DT
argument	NN
could	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
that	IN
these	DT
practices	NNS
violate	VBP
Model	NNP
Rule	NNP
7.1	CD
,	,
which	WDT
specifically	RB
states	VBZ
that	IN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
w	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
hatever	NN
means	NNS
are	VBP
used	VBN
to	TO
make	VB
known	VBN
a	DT
lawyer	NN
's	POS
services	NNS
,	,
statements	NNS
about	IN
them	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
truthful	JJ
''	''
and	CC
also	RB
states	VBZ
that	IN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
truthful	JJ
statement	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
misleading	VBG
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
substantial	JJ
likelihood	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
lead	VB
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
person	NN
to	TO
formulate	VB
a	DT
specific	JJ
conclusion	NN
about	IN
the	DT
lawyer	NN
of	IN
the	DT
lawyer	NN
's	POS
services	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
reasonable	JJ
factual	JJ
foundation	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
106	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
When	WRB
Websites	NNS
utilize	VBP
these	DT
devices	NNS
to	TO
give	VB
them	PRP
priority	NN
placement	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
an	DT
argument	NN
to	TO
be	VB
made	VBN
that	IN
they	PRP
lead	VBP
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
person	NN
to	TO
think	VB
that	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
Website	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
visited	VBN
.	.
Currently	RB
,	,
the	DT
Model	NNP
Rules	NNPS
do	VBP
not	RB
specifically	RB
address	VB
the	DT
ethical	JJ
implications	NNS
that	WDT
using	VBG
these	DT
devices	NNS
have	VBP
,	,
instead	RB
,	,
any	DT
alleged	JJ
impropriety	NN
will	MD
be	VB
judged	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
existing	VBG
interpretations	NNS
of	IN
Model	NNP
Rule	NNP
7.1	CD
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
relative	JJ
ease	NN
and	CC
low	JJ
cost	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
spam	NN
can	MD
be	VB
sent	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
tempting	JJ
for	IN
lawyers	NNS
to	TO
solicit	VB
prospective	JJ
clients	NNS
through	IN
e-mail	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
therefore	RB
important	JJ
to	TO
understand	VB
the	DT
ethical	JJ
implications	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
arise	VB
when	WRB
lawyers	NNS
use	VBP
e-mail	NN
to	TO
solicit	VB
clients	NNS
.	.
ISPs	NNS
purchase	VBP
a	DT
specific	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
bandwidth	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
projected	VBN
usage	NN
by	IN
the	DT
ISPs	NNPS
user	NN
base	NN
.	.
For	IN
smaller	JJR
ISPs	NNS
,	,
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
acquiring	VBG
bandwidth	NN
represents	VBZ
the	DT
greatest	JJS
portion	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
budget	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
114	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Without	IN
spam	NN
,	,
greater	JJR
consumption	NN
of	IN
bandwidth	NN
would	MD
normally	RB
mean	VB
an	DT
increased	VBN
number	NN
of	IN
customers	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
115	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
,	,
when	WRB
a	DT
spammer	NN
consumes	VBZ
bandwidth	NN
,	,
the	DT
ISP	NNP
is	VBZ
forced	VBN
to	TO
either	DT
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
let	VB
the	DT
paying	VBG
customers	NNS
cope	VB
with	IN
slower	JJR
Internet	NNP
access	NN
,	,
2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
pay	NN
for	IN
increasing	VBG
bandwidth	NN
,	,
thereby	RB
lowering	VBG
profits	NNS
,	,
or	CC
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
raise	NN
rates	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
116	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Either	CC
way	NN
,	,
the	DT
costs	NNS
are	VBP
borne	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
public	NN
,	,
not	RB
the	DT
advertiser	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
consumption	NN
of	IN
bandwidth	NN
,	,
the	DT
sheer	JJ
volume	NN
of	IN
spam	NN
creates	VBZ
tremendous	JJ
burdens	NNS
on	IN
ISPs	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
117	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
volume	NN
of	IN
spam	NN
has	VBZ
undoubtedly	RB
contributed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
access	NN
,	,
speed	NN
,	,
and	CC
reliability	NN
problems	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
IPSs	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
118	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
great	JJ
volumes	NNS
of	IN
spam	NN
lead	NN
to	TO
the	DT
displacement	NN
of	IN
normal	JJ
e-mail	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
late	JJ
1980s	NNS
,	,
marketers	NNS
began	VBD
flooding	VBG
businesses	NNS
that	WDT
used	VBD
fax	NN
machines	NNS
with	IN
fax	NN
advertisements	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
119	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
These	DT
ads	NNS
contributed	VBD
to	TO
normal	JJ
business	NN
related	VBN
faxes	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
lost	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
shuffle	NN
.	.
Ultimately	RB
,	,
these	DT
uninvited	JJ
faxes	NNS
led	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
Anti-Junk-Fax	NNP
laws	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
120	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
It	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
argued	VBN
through	IN
analogy	NN
that	IN
spam	NN
can	MD
and	CC
will	MD
overwhelm	VB
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
boxes	NNS
just	RB
as	IN
junk	NN
faxes	NNS
overwhelmed	VBD
businesses	NNS
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
despite	IN
claims	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
contrary	NN
,	,
deleting	VBG
spam	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
time	NN
consuming	NN
process	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
business	NN
world	NN
,	,
time	NN
equals	VBZ
money	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
company	NN
has	VBZ
100	CD
employees	NNS
and	CC
each	DT
employee	NN
spends	VBZ
a	DT
mere	JJ
5	CD
minutes	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
sorting	VBG
through	IN
and	CC
deleting	VBG
spam	NN
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
equate	VB
to	TO
over	IN
8	CD
hours	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
.	.
Those	DT
eight	CD
hours	NNS
of	IN
otherwise	RB
productive	JJ
work	NN
time	NN
are	VBP
lost	VBN
because	IN
of	IN
spam	NN
.	.
In	IN
Shapero	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
distinguished	VBD
targeted	JJ
direct-mail	JJ
solicitation	NN
from	IN
live	JJ
,	,
in-person	JJ
solicitation	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
151	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
Court	NNP
's	POS
view	NN
,	,
advertising	VBG
through	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
direct	JJ
mail	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
have	VB
the	DT
``	``
coercive	JJ
force	NN
of	IN
the	DT
personal	JJ
presence	NN
of	IN
a	DT
trained	JJ
advocate	NN
''	''
and	CC
did	VBD
not	RB
involve	VB
the	DT
``	``
pressure	NN
on	IN
the	DT
potential	JJ
client	NN
for	IN
an	DT
immediate	JJ
yes-or-no	JJ
answer	NN
to	TO
the	DT
offer	NN
of	IN
representation	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
152	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Therefore	RB
,	,
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
e-mail	NN
is	VBZ
regarded	VBN
as	IN
``	``
targeted-mail	NN
,	,
''	''
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
appear	VB
that	IN
the	DT
strict	JJ
regulations	NNS
found	VBN
in	IN
Model	NNP
Rule	NNP
7.3	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
will	MD
apply	VB
.	.
Model	NNP
Rule	NNP
7.3	CD
currently	RB
applies	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
e-mail	NN
and	CC
state	NN
legislatures	NNS
presently	RB
consider	VBP
e-mail	RB
closer	JJR
to	TO
written	VBN
solicitation	NN
than	IN
the	DT
in-person	JJ
or	CC
telephone	NN
type	NN
of	IN
solicitation	NN
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
argued	VBN
that	IN
e-mail	NN
communications	NNS
share	VBP
characteristics	NNS
with	IN
both	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
solicitation	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
153	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
E-mail	NN
is	VBZ
arguably	RB
more	RBR
personal	JJ
than	IN
traditional	JJ
written	VBN
material	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
its	PRP$
proximity	NN
to	TO
real	JJ
time	NN
transmissions	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
154	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
e-mail	NN
is	VBZ
like	IN
written	VBN
targeted	JJ
mail	NN
in	IN
that	DT
it	PRP
is	VBZ
easily	RB
dispensable	JJ
like	IN
postal	JJ
mail	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
155	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
As	IN
most	JJS
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
know	VBP
,	,
it	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
take	VB
long	JJ
to	TO
delete	VB
spam	NN
e-mail	NN
out	IN
of	IN
an	DT
inbox	NN
.	.
Despite	IN
these	DT
conflicting	VBG
characteristics	NNS
,	,
states	NNS
'	POS
ethics	NNS
committees	NNS
and	CC
recent	JJ
scholars	NNS
indicate	VBP
that	IN
e-mail	NN
more	RBR
closely	RB
resembles	VBZ
direct	JJ
mail	NN
solicitation	NN
than	IN
real-time	JJ
in-person	JJ
or	CC
telephone	NN
solicitation	NN
.	.
The	DT
face	NN
of	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
is	VBZ
changing	VBG
,	,
yet	RB
the	DT
inherent	JJ
challenges	NNS
faced	VBN
by	IN
small	JJ
general	JJ
practitioners	NNS
continue	VBP
to	TO
exist	VB
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
160	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Internet	NNP
technology	NN
has	VBZ
given	VBN
lawyers	NNS
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
greatly	RB
expand	VB
his	PRP$
client	NN
base	NN
through	IN
practice	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
extent	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
the	DT
law	NN
should	MD
permit	VB
a	DT
lawyer	NN
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
subject	NN
of	IN
much	JJ
debate	NN
.	.
This	DT
Section	NN
identifies	VBZ
the	DT
problems	NNS
and	CC
questions	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
practicing	VBG
law	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
suggests	VBZ
possible	JJ
solutions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
fact	NN
specific	JJ
question	NN
of	IN
``	``
reasonable	JJ
reliance	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
even	RB
cloudier	JJR
with	IN
sites	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
LegalZoom	NNP
offering	VBG
to	TO
help	VB
users	NNS
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
ave	FW
time	NN
and	CC
money	NN
on	IN
common	JJ
legal	JJ
matters	NNS
!	.
''	''
The	DT
site	NN
further	RBR
claims	VBZ
it	PRP
was	VBD
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
reated	VBN
by	IN
top	JJ
attorneys	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
to	TO
-RRB-	-RRB-
helps	VBZ
you	PRP
create	VBP
reliable	JJ
legal	JJ
documents	NNS
from	IN
your	PRP$
home	NN
or	CC
office	NN
.	.
''	''
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
claim	VB
no	DT
lawyer-client	JJ
relationship	NN
exists	VBZ
because	IN
no	DT
user	NN
can	MD
reasonably	RB
rely	VB
that	IN
he	PRP
has	VBZ
established	VBN
a	DT
relationship	NN
for	IN
the	DT
receipt	NN
of	IN
legal	JJ
advice	NN
,	,
LegalZoom	NNP
must	MD
argue	VB
that	IN
such	JJ
offerings	NNS
as	IN
that	DT
of	IN
``	``
reliable	JJ
legal	JJ
documents	NNS
''	''
are	VBP
false	JJ
,	,
thus	RB
creating	VBG
potential	JJ
fraudulent	JJ
advertising	NN
claims	NNS
.	.
LegalZoom	NNP
also	RB
prepares	VBZ
legal	JJ
documents	NNS
for	IN
users	NNS
who	WP
``	``
simply	RB
answer	VB
a	DT
few	JJ
questions	NNS
online	VBP
.	.
''	''
LegalZoom	NNP
then	RB
prepares	VBZ
an	DT
answer	NN
within	IN
48	CD
hours	NNS
and	CC
even	RB
``	``
reviews	NNS
''	''
the	DT
answers	NNS
and	CC
``	``
guaranties	NNS
''	''
satisfaction	NN
.	.
Like	IN
all	DT
guaranties	NNS
,	,
this	DT
statement	NN
invites	VBZ
reliance	NN
.	.
The	DT
ABA	NNP
also	RB
makes	VBZ
clear	JJ
that	IN
``	``
any	DT
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
or	CC
rate	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fee	NN
''	''
must	MD
be	VB
articulated	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
client	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
181	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Websites	NNPS
such	JJ
as	IN
freeadvice.com	NN
,	,
LegalZoom.com	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Lawguru.com	NNP
can	MD
have	VB
problems	NNS
living	VBG
up	RP
to	TO
these	DT
standards	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
of	IN
these	DT
sites	NNS
offer	VBP
a	DT
mixture	NN
of	IN
``	``
free	JJ
''	''
services	NNS
,	,
with	IN
links	NNS
to	TO
paid	VBN
services	NNS
.	.
Where	WRB
canned	VBN
responses	NNS
and	CC
responses	NNS
to	TO
past	JJ
questions	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
,	,
the	DT
``	``
lawyer	NN
''	''
Website	NNP
's	POS
work	NN
requires	VBZ
no	DT
time	NN
and	CC
labor	NN
,	,
in	IN
no	DT
way	NN
precludes	VBZ
other	JJ
employment	NN
,	,
and	CC
takes	VBZ
no	DT
time	NN
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
difficult	JJ
to	TO
determine	VB
a	DT
fee	NN
customarily	RB
charged	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
service	NN
,	,
because	IN
Internet	NNP
legal	JJ
service	NN
is	VBZ
such	JJ
a	DT
new	JJ
device	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
in	IN
many	JJ
ways	NNS
different	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
traditional	JJ
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
182	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Because	IN
these	DT
factors	NNS
are	VBP
so	RB
unclear	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
becomes	VBZ
impossible	JJ
to	TO
determine	VB
what	WP
constitutes	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
reasonable	JJ
fee	NN
''	''
in	IN
cyberspace	NN
.	.
Internet	NNP
in	IN
its	PRP$
Model	NNP
Rules	NNP
of	IN
Professional	NNP
Conduct	NNP
.	.
Until	IN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
practice	NN
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
lack	VB
concrete	JJ
standards	NNS
of	IN
conduct	NN
for	IN
lawyers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
make	VB
it	PRP
more	RBR
difficult	JJ
for	IN
lawyers	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
without	IN
risking	VBG
dire	JJ
consequences	NNS
for	IN
actions	NNS
they	PRP
thought	VBD
were	VBD
appropriate	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Authors	NNP
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
also	RB
recommend	VB
Doug	NNP
Isenberg	NNP
's	POS
GigaLaw.com	NNP
.	.
Whether	IN
implementing	VBG
a	DT
new	JJ
technology	NN
to	TO
communicate	VB
with	IN
existing	VBG
clients	NNS
,	,
venturing	VBG
into	IN
cyberspace	NN
through	IN
a	DT
Web	NNP
presence	NN
or	CC
through	IN
advertising	NN
,	,
or	CC
acquiring	VBG
new	JJ
clients	NNS
using	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
the	DT
lawyer	NN
should	MD
be	VB
careful	JJ
in	IN
evaluating	VBG
the	DT
costs	NNS
and	CC
benefits	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
approach	NN
and	CC
understanding	VBG
the	DT
legal	JJ
and	CC
ethical	JJ
implications	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
200	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Though	IN
the	DT
Model	NNP
Rules	NNPS
are	VBP
arguably	RB
inadequate	JJ
in	IN
addressing	VBG
many	JJ
ethical	JJ
issues	NNS
created	VBN
by	IN
new	JJ
technology	NN
,	,
they	PRP
at	IN
least	JJS
provide	VB
a	DT
general	JJ
framework	NN
for	IN
guiding	VBG
a	DT
lawyer	NN
's	POS
decisions	NNS
.	.
Jurisdictional	JJ
issues	NNS
raised	VBN
by	IN
these	DT
new	JJ
technologies	NNS
remain	VBP
unresolved	JJ
,	,
complicating	VBG
the	DT
analysis	NN
of	IN
which	WDT
ethical	JJ
rules	NNS
apply	VBP
to	TO
lawyers	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN9	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Counsel	NNP
who	WP
fail	VBP
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
ethical	JJ
rules	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
jurisdiction	NN
risk	NN
being	VBG
subject	JJ
to	TO
disciplinary	JJ
action	NN
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
location	NN
of	IN
counsel	NN
's	POS
physical	JJ
office	NN
.	.
The	DT
rule	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
make	VB
any	DT
special	JJ
provision	NN
for	IN
a	DT
situation	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
a	DT
lawyer	NN
admitted	VBD
to	TO
practice	VB
in	IN
one	CD
jurisdiction	NN
engages	VBZ
in	IN
activities	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
a	DT
``	``
predominant	JJ
effect	NN
''	''
in	IN
other	JJ
jurisdictions	NNS
unless	IN
the	DT
lawyer	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
licensed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
appear	VB
that	IN
under	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
Model	NNP
Rules	NNP
,	,
a	DT
lawyer	NN
or	CC
law	NN
firm	NN
conducting	VBG
business	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
can	MD
avoid	VB
disciplinary	JJ
action	NN
so	RB
long	RB
as	IN
they	PRP
act	VBP
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
ethical	JJ
rules	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
states	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
firm	NN
's	POS
attorneys	NNS
are	VBP
admitted	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Free	NNP
Advice	NNP
Forums	NNS
are	VBP
intended	VBN
to	TO
enable	VB
consumers	NNS
to	TO
benefit	VB
from	IN
the	DT
experience	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
consumers	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
faced	VBN
similar	JJ
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
Free	NNP
Advice	NNP
does	VBZ
NOT	RB
vouch	VB
for	IN
or	CC
warrant	VB
the	DT
accuracy	NN
,	,
completeness	NN
or	CC
usefulness	NN
of	IN
any	DT
posting	VBG
or	CC
the	DT
qualifications	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
person	NN
responding	VBG
.	.
Use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Forums	NNPS
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
our	PRP$
Terms	NNS
and	CC
Conditions	NNS
which	WDT
prohibit	VBP
advertisements	NNS
,	,
solicitations	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
commercial	JJ
messages	NNS
,	,
or	CC
false	JJ
,	,
defamatory	JJ
,	,
abusive	JJ
,	,
vulgar	JJ
,	,
or	CC
harassing	VBG
messages	NNS
,	,
and	CC
subject	JJ
violators	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
fee	NN
for	IN
each	DT
improper	JJ
posting	VBG
.	.
All	DT
postings	NNS
reflect	VBP
the	DT
views	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
author	NN
but	CC
become	VB
the	DT
property	NN
of	IN
Free	NNP
Advice	NNP
.	.
Information	NN
on	IN
Free	NNP
Advice	NNP
or	CC
a	DT
Forum	NNP
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
relied	VBN
upon	IN
and	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
substitute	NN
for	IN
advice	NN
from	IN
an	DT
attorney	NN
licensed	VBN
in	IN
your	PRP$
jurisdiction	NN
who	WP
you	PRP
have	VBP
retained	VBN
to	TO
represent	VB
you	PRP
.	.
Lawguru.com	NNP
is	VBZ
one	CD
such	JJ
site	NN
,	,
and	CC
its	PRP$
terms	NNS
and	CC
acceptance	NN
page	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
at	IN
http://www.lawguru.com/cgi/bbs/user/submit.cgi	NNS
.	.
Here	RB
again	RB
,	,
the	DT
page	NN
might	MD
help	VB
avoid	VB
contract	NN
liability	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
an	DT
Internet	NNP
user	NN
clicks	VBZ
on	IN
an	DT
``	``
I	PRP
accept	VBP
''	''
icon	NN
might	MD
not	RB
indicate	VB
that	IN
the	DT
site	NN
has	VBZ
provided	VBN
a	DT
clear	JJ
rejection	NN
of	IN
the	DT
lawyer-client	JJ
relationship	NN
.	.
As	IN
far	RB
as	IN
Internet	NNP
related	JJ
business	NN
methods	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Amazon	NNP
's	POS
one-click	JJ
patent	NN
,	,
it	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
appear	VB
that	IN
the	DT
rising	VBG
costs	NNS
of	IN
development	NN
come	VBN
into	IN
play	NN
.	.
Although	IN
Amazon	NNP
's	POS
one-click	JJ
patent	NN
was	VBD
clearly	RB
novel	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
necessarily	RB
be	VB
``	``
innovative	JJ
''	''
and	CC
it	PRP
clearly	RB
was	VBD
not	RB
created	VBN
though	IN
a	DT
costly	JJ
research	NN
process	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
it	PRP
could	MD
be	VB
argued	VBN
that	IN
Amazon	NNP
was	VBD
simply	RB
the	DT
first	JJ
to	TO
utilize	VB
an	DT
otherwise	RB
simple	JJ
idea	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
eventually	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
utilized	VBN
by	IN
countless	JJ
other	JJ
companies	NNS
.	.
In	IN
theory	NN
,	,
the	DT
granting	VBG
of	IN
patents	NNS
causes	VBZ
the	DT
disclosure	NN
of	IN
useful	JJ
inventions	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
benefit	VB
society	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
disclosure	NN
rationale	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
hold	VB
much	JJ
weight	NN
when	WRB
it	PRP
comes	VBZ
to	TO
many	JJ
Internet	NNP
business	NN
methods	NNS
.	.
Internet	NNP
businesses	NNS
are	VBP
practiced	VBN
in	IN
public	JJ
,	,
available	JJ
to	TO
everyone	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
offering	VBG
patents	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
means	NN
of	IN
getting	VBG
Internet	NNP
companies	NNS
to	TO
disclose	VB
their	PRP$
business	NN
methods	NNS
seems	VBZ
almost	RB
entirely	RB
unnecessary	JJ
.	.
A	DT
final	JJ
objection	NN
to	TO
business	NN
method	NN
patents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
Internet	NNP
business	NN
patents	NNS
in	IN
particular	JJ
,	,
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
USPTO	NNP
has	VBZ
neither	CC
the	DT
administrative	JJ
experience	NN
nor	CC
the	DT
prior	JJ
art	NN
base	NN
to	TO
efficiently	RB
evaluate	VB
and	CC
patent	NN
applications	NNS
for	IN
business	NN
methods	NNS
.	.
Whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
business	NN
methods	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
patent	NN
protection	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
issue	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
never	RB
be	VB
agree	VB
upon	IN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
despite	IN
the	DT
increasing	VBG
amount	NN
of	IN
criticism	NN
,	,
the	DT
fact	NN
remains	VBZ
that	IN
business	NN
methods	NNS
are	VBP
clearly	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
patent	NN
protection	NN
.	.
If	IN
Section	NN
101	CD
ca	MD
n't	RB
keep	VB
business	NN
methods	NNS
from	IN
being	VBG
patented	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
up	RB
to	TO
other	JJ
patentability	NN
requirements	NNS
to	TO
do	VB
the	DT
job	NN
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
economic	JJ
justification	NN
for	IN
the	DT
nonobviousness	NN
doctrine	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
``	``
granting	VBG
patents	NNS
to	TO
obvious	JJ
developments	NNS
may	MD
compromise	VB
the	DT
incentives	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
patent	NN
system	NN
provides	VBZ
to	TO
develop	VB
nonobvious	JJ
inventions	NNS
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
83	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
a	DT
patent	NN
on	IN
an	DT
obvious	JJ
invention	NN
may	MD
diminish	VB
the	DT
royalties	NNS
paid	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
holders	NNS
of	IN
earlier	JJR
,	,
non-obvious	JJ
patents	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
84	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
A	DT
third	JJ
economic	JJ
justification	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
that	IN
granting	VBG
obvious	JJ
patents	NNS
may	MD
create	VB
a	DT
proliferation	NN
of	IN
economically	RB
insignificant	JJ
patents	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
expensive	JJ
to	TO
search	VB
and	CC
to	TO
license	VB
.	.
''	''
The	DT
bottom	JJ
line	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
an	DT
argument	NN
can	MD
always	RB
be	VB
made	VBN
that	IN
an	DT
invention	NN
is	VBZ
too	RB
simple	JJ
or	CC
obvious	JJ
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
most	JJS
patents	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
for	IN
ground-breaking	JJ
new	JJ
discoveries	NNS
,	,
but	CC
small	JJ
advancements	NNS
to	TO
prior	JJ
art	NN
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
recent	JJ
publicity	NN
caused	VBN
by	IN
Amazon	NNP
's	POS
one-click	JJ
patent	NN
,	,
only	RB
time	NN
will	MD
tell	VB
how	WRB
the	DT
USPTO	NNP
,	,
the	DT
courts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
Congress	NNP
will	MD
adapt	VB
the	DT
nonobviousness	NN
doctrine	NN
of	IN
Section	NN
103	CD
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
unique	JJ
characteristics	NNS
of	IN
Internet	NNP
related	JJ
business	NN
methods	NNS
.	.
Rogan	NNP
expressed	VBD
a	DT
desire	NN
to	TO
move	VB
away	RB
from	IN
the	DT
status	NN
quo	NN
and	CC
the	DT
backlogs	NNS
which	WDT
plagued	VBD
the	DT
system	NN
and	CC
were	VBD
``	``
hurting	VBG
technology	NN
''	''
and	CC
hurting	VBG
the	DT
economy	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
99	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Rogan	NNP
noted	VBD
that	IN
while	IN
the	DT
patent	NN
office	NN
was	VBD
approving	VBG
65	CD
to	TO
70	CD
%	NN
of	IN
business	NN
method	NN
patents	NNS
,	,
the	DT
office	NN
is	VBZ
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
of	IN
policies	NNS
implemented	VBN
in	IN
2002	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
approving	VBG
only	RB
30	CD
to	TO
35	CD
%	NN
of	IN
business	NN
method	NN
patents	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
100	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
While	IN
the	DT
problems	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
office	NN
are	VBP
greater	JJR
than	IN
just	RB
business	NN
method	NN
patents	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
office	NN
``	``
has	VBZ
granted	VBN
patents	NNS
for	IN
side-to-side	JJ
swinging	NN
on	IN
a	DT
swing	NN
set	NN
and	CC
for	IN
making	VBG
a	DT
peanut	NN
butter	NN
and	CC
jelly	NN
sandwich	NN
without	IN
a	DT
crust	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
101	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
changes	NNS
mentioned	VBN
above	IN
have	VBP
in	IN
fact	NN
tightened	VBD
scrutiny	NN
on	IN
business	NN
method	NN
patents	NNS
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
shopping	NN
cart	NN
model	NN
,	,
``	``
a	DT
purchaser	NN
using	VBG
a	DT
client	NN
computer	NN
system	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
personal	JJ
computer	NN
executing	VBG
a	DT
web	NN
browser	NN
program	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
could	MD
select	VB
an	DT
item	NN
from	IN
an	DT
electronic	JJ
catalog	NN
,	,
typically	RB
by	IN
clicking	VBG
on	IN
an	DT
`	``
Add	VB
to	TO
Shopping	NNP
Cart	NNP
'	POS
icon	NN
,	,
thereby	RB
placing	VBG
the	DT
item	NN
in	IN
the	DT
`	``
virtual	JJ
'	''
shopping	NN
cart	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
Finally	RB
,	,
the	DT
purchaser	NN
would	MD
`	``
click	VB
'	''
on	IN
a	DT
button	NN
displayed	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
screen	NN
or	CC
somehow	RB
issue	VB
a	DT
command	NN
to	TO
execute	VB
the	DT
completed	VBN
order	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
server	NN
computer	NN
system	NN
would	MD
verify	VB
and	CC
store	VB
the	DT
information	NN
concerning	VBG
the	DT
transaction	NN
.	.
''	''
Amazon.com	NNP
was	VBD
entitled	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
presumption	NN
of	IN
irreparable	JJ
harm	NN
in	IN
connection	NN
with	IN
its	PRP$
request	NN
for	IN
a	DT
preliminary	JJ
injunction	NN
and	CC
the	DT
company	NN
actually	RB
suffered	VBD
irreparable	JJ
injury	NN
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
balance	NN
of	IN
hardships	NNS
weighed	VBD
in	IN
favor	NN
of	IN
Amazon.com	NNP
,	,
further	JJ
supporting	VBG
the	DT
issuance	NN
of	IN
a	DT
preliminary	JJ
injunction	NN
;	:
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
public	JJ
interest	NN
would	MD
be	VB
served	VBN
by	IN
such	PDT
an	DT
injunction	NN
.	.
''	''
This	DT
litigation	NN
leaves	VBZ
an	DT
undisclosed	JJ
settlement	NN
,	,
a	DT
call	NN
for	IN
reform	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
continuing	VBG
call	NN
for	IN
a	DT
boycott	NN
.	.
All	PDT
the	DT
while	NN
,	,
Amazon	NNP
retains	VBZ
an	DT
enforceable	JJ
patent	NN
,	,
though	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
admittedly	RB
selectively	RB
enforcing	VBG
it	PRP
.	.
To	TO
provide	VB
this	DT
convenient	JJ
purchase	NN
mechanism	NN
online	NN
,	,
competitors	NNS
must	MD
obtain	VB
a	DT
license	NN
from	IN
Amazon	NNP
to	TO
avoid	VB
the	DT
potential	NN
for	IN
litigation	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
some	DT
have	VBP
:	:
see	VB
this	DT
statement	NN
from	IN
Apple	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
2000	CD
,	,
ad	NN
marketer	NN
DoubleClick	NNP
filed	VBD
suit	NN
against	IN
rival	JJ
L90	NNP
for	IN
alleged	JJ
infringement	NN
of	IN
DoubleClick	NNP
's	POS
patent	NN
``	``
related	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
technology	NN
for	IN
the	DT
delivery	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
advertising	NN
by	IN
a	DT
third-party	JJ
ad	NN
server	NN
to	TO
a	DT
network	NN
of	IN
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
or	CC
to	TO
individual	JJ
sites	NNS
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
171	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
L90	NN
filed	VBD
a	DT
countersuit	NN
,	,
claiming	VBG
that	IN
DoubleClick	NNP
``	``
used	VBN
`	``
fraudulent	JJ
procurement	NN
and	CC
unlawful	JJ
assertion	NN
'	''
to	TO
receive	VB
''	''
its	PRP$
patent	NN
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
flood	NN
of	IN
business	NN
methods	NNS
being	VBG
patented	VBN
has	VBZ
subsided	VBN
significantly	RB
over	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
year	NN
,	,
the	DT
controversy	NN
surrounding	VBG
whether	IN
such	JJ
patents	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
eligible	JJ
for	IN
patent	NN
protection	NN
at	IN
all	DT
will	MD
continue	VB
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
prior	JJ
art	NN
grows	VBZ
and	CC
the	DT
USPTO	NNP
becomes	VBZ
more	RBR
efficient	JJ
in	IN
filtering	VBG
out	RP
obvious	JJ
business	NN
methods	NNS
,	,
controversies	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
one	CD
surrounding	VBG
Amazon	NNP
's	POS
one-click	JJ
patent	NN
will	MD
become	VB
less	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
occur	VB
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
reality	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
groups	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
will	MD
always	RB
be	VB
opposed	VBN
to	TO
patents	NNS
on	IN
business	NN
methods	NNS
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
there	EX
will	MD
always	RB
be	VB
supporters	NNS
of	IN
business	NN
method	NN
protection	NN
,	,
including	VBG
those	DT
who	WP
continue	VBP
to	TO
think	VB
that	IN
Amazon	NNP
's	POS
one-click	JJ
patent	NN
is	VBZ
deserving	JJ
of	IN
protection	NN
.	.
In	IN
years	NNS
to	TO
come	VB
,	,
the	DT
question	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
remain	VB
is	VBZ
not	RB
whether	IN
business	NN
methods	NNS
deserve	VBP
patents	NNS
,	,
but	CC
how	WRB
we	PRP
dictate	VBP
which	WDT
ones	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
fact	NN
worthy	JJ
of	IN
patent	NN
protection	NN
.	.
Hopefully	RB
,	,
a	DT
middle	JJ
ground	NN
can	MD
be	VB
reached	VBN
.	.
Though	IN
this	DT
statistic	NN
is	VBZ
wholly	RB
unscientific	JJ
,	,
the	DT
organizers	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
discussion	NN
on	IN
this	DT
topic	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
two	CD
of	IN
which	WDT
are	VBP
the	DT
authors	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
Article	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
posed	VBD
the	DT
question	NN
to	TO
the	DT
participants	NNS
of	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
one-click	JJ
patent	NN
was	VBD
obvious	JJ
and	CC
thus	RB
invalid	JJ
.	.
Seven	CD
responded	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
patent	NN
was	VBD
obvious	JJ
and	CC
five	CD
responded	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
patentable	JJ
,	,
relying	VBG
primarily	RB
on	IN
the	DT
view	NN
that	IN
the	DT
process	NN
was	VBD
probably	RB
not	RB
obvious	JJ
in	IN
1997	CD
.	.
The	DT
discussion	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
published	VBN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
a	DT
similar	JJ
Internet	NNP
business	NN
method	NN
that	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
did	VBD
not	RB
discuss	VB
:	:
cookies	NNS
.	.
See	VB
commentary	NN
at	IN
http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/amazonpatent.html	NN
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
on	IN
cookies	NNS
,	,
see	VBP
here	RB
.	.
At	IN
best	JJS
,	,
the	DT
significantly	RB
different	JJ
interpretations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
district	NN
and	CC
appellate	JJ
courts	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
indicate	VBP
how	WRB
legal	JJ
evaluations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
obviousness	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
updates	NNS
can	MD
vary	VB
widely	RB
and	CC
how	WRB
uncertain	JJ
and	CC
potentially	RB
misleading	JJ
predictions	NNS
about	IN
these	DT
evaluations	NNS
can	MD
mislead	VB
patent	NN
holders	NNS
and	CC
potential	JJ
infringers	NNS
.	.
At	IN
worst	JJS
,	,
the	DT
narrowly	RB
focused	VBN
and	CC
divergent	JJ
assessments	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
courts	NNS
may	MD
reflect	VB
hidden	JJ
and	CC
varying	VBG
criteria	NNS
for	IN
evaluating	VBG
invention	NN
obviousness	NN
,	,
criteria	NNS
which	WDT
may	MD
depart	VB
materially	RB
from	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
's	POS
direction	NN
that	IN
determinations	NNS
of	IN
invention	NN
obviousness	NN
should	MD
turn	VB
on	IN
the	DT
meaning	NN
and	CC
implications	NNS
that	WDT
designers	NNS
with	IN
common	JJ
skills	NNS
would	MD
draw	VB
from	IN
prior	JJ
art	NN
when	WRB
conducting	VBG
routine	JJ
design	NN
analyses	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
or	CC
analogous	JJ
design	NN
fields	NNS
.	.
Commission	NNP
derives	VBZ
its	PRP$
powers	NNS
from	IN
Congress	NNP
through	IN
legislation	NN
.	.
It	PRP
not	RB
only	RB
is	VBZ
given	VBN
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
create	VB
regulations	NNS
for	IN
business	NN
practices	NNS
but	CC
also	RB
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
adjudicate	VB
issues	NNS
arising	VBG
under	IN
those	DT
rules	NNS
.	.
The	DT
decree	NN
is	VBZ
then	RB
posted	VBN
for	IN
public	JJ
comment	NN
for	IN
sixty	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
60	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
days	NNS
.	.
After	IN
that	DT
period	NN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
decides	VBZ
whether	IN
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
agreement	NN
final	JJ
,	,
giving	VBG
it	PRP
the	DT
force	NN
of	IN
law	NN
and	CC
subjecting	VBG
any	DT
violations	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
monetary	JJ
penalty	NN
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
Commission	NNP
Rules	NNPS
.	.
For	IN
each	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
final	JJ
order	NN
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
can	MD
enforce	VB
a	DT
civil	JJ
penalty	NN
of	IN
up	RB
to	TO
$	$
11,000	CD
.	.
Under	IN
section	NN
45	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
m	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
B	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
can	MD
also	RB
impose	VB
a	DT
fine	NN
on	IN
any	DT
party	NN
that	WDT
violates	VBZ
the	DT
final	JJ
cease	VB
and	CC
desist	VB
order	NN
if	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
show	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
actual	JJ
knowledge	NN
or	CC
knowledge	NN
fairly	RB
implied	VBD
...	:
that	IN
such	JJ
act	NN
is	VBZ
unfair	JJ
or	CC
deceptive	JJ
.	.
''	''
According	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
FTC	NNP
Office	NNP
of	IN
General	NNP
Counsel	NNP
,	,
to	TO
prove	VB
that	IN
a	DT
company	NN
had	VBD
actual	JJ
knowledge	NN
the	DT
Commission	NNP
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
show	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
had	VBD
provided	VBN
the	DT
violator	NN
with	IN
either	CC
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
final	JJ
disposition	NN
of	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
or	CC
a	DT
synopsis	NN
of	IN
that	DT
disposition	NN
.	.
Both	DT
cases	NNS
ended	VBN
in	IN
settlements	NNS
,	,
and	CC
were	VBD
only	RB
made	VBN
public	JJ
after	IN
the	DT
consent	NN
order	NN
had	VBD
been	VBN
worked	VBN
out	RP
among	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
.	.
The	DT
cloaked	JJ
manner	NN
of	IN
these	DT
proceedings	NNS
anger	NN
many	JJ
consumer	NN
advocates	NNS
who	WP
argue	VBP
that	IN
people	NNS
have	VBP
a	DT
right	NN
to	TO
know	VB
when	WRB
their	PRP$
privacy	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
violated	VBN
or	CC
is	VBZ
in	IN
danger	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
violated	VBN
.	.
Companies	NNS
and	CC
government	NN
officials	NNS
often	RB
rebut	VBP
that	DT
argument	NN
saying	VBG
that	IN
without	IN
confidential	JJ
channels	NNS
between	IN
companies	NNS
and	CC
regulators	NNS
,	,
the	DT
companies	NNS
might	MD
never	RB
report	VB
breaches	NNS
or	CC
lapses	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
information	NN
security	NN
for	IN
fear	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
victimized	VBN
before	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
make	VB
repairs	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
final	JJ
consent	NN
agreement	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
made	VBN
public	NN
until	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
resolved	VBN
,	,
the	DT
process	NN
may	MD
be	VB
uniquely	RB
helpful	JJ
in	IN
getting	VBG
other	JJ
companies	NNS
to	TO
realize	VB
their	PRP$
need	NN
for	IN
looking	VBG
at	IN
their	PRP$
promises	NNS
about	IN
privacy	NN
and	CC
work	NN
to	TO
create	VB
better	JJR
security	NN
.	.
The	DT
shocking	JJ
facts	NNS
in	IN
these	DT
cases	NNS
shed	VBD
more	RBR
light	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
debate	NN
of	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
right	NN
to	TO
know	VB
outweighs	IN
the	DT
corporations	NNS
right	RB
to	TO
protect	VB
its	PRP$
vulnerabilities	NNS
.	.
Lilly	NNP
,	,
a	DT
major	JJ
pharmaceutical	JJ
manufacturer	NN
produces	VBZ
the	DT
anti-depressant	JJ
drug	NN
Prozac	NNP
and	CC
runs	VBZ
its	PRP$
website	NN
,	,
www.prozac.com	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
promoted	VBN
as	IN
``	``
Your	PRP$
Guide	NNP
to	TO
Evaluating	VBG
and	CC
Recovering	VBG
from	IN
Depression	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
site	NN
,	,
www.lilly.com	NN
.	.
Both	DT
websites	NNS
collect	VBP
personal	JJ
information	NN
from	IN
visitors	NNS
.	.
From	IN
March	NNP
15	CD
,	,
2000	CD
until	IN
June	NNP
22	CD
,	,
2001	CD
,	,
Lilly	NNP
offered	VBD
to	TO
consumers	NNS
the	DT
``	``
Medi-messenger	NN
''	''
e-mail	NN
reminder	NN
service	NN
.	.
Customers	NNS
who	WP
used	VBD
Medi-messenger	JJR
could	MD
design	VB
and	CC
receive	VB
personal	JJ
e-mail	NN
messages	NNS
to	TO
remind	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
take	VB
or	CC
refill	VB
their	PRP$
medication	NN
.	.
Once	RB
a	DT
consumer	NN
registered	VBN
for	IN
Medi-messenger	NN
,	,
the	DT
reminder	NN
messages	NNS
were	VBD
automatically	RB
e-mailed	VBN
from	IN
Lilly	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
subscriber	NN
at	IN
the	DT
e-mail	NN
address	NN
she	PRP
or	CC
he	PRP
had	VBD
provided	VBN
,	,
and	CC
according	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
subscriber	NN
's	POS
requested	VBN
schedule	NN
.	.
These	DT
reminders	NNS
were	VBD
individualized	JJ
e-mails	NNS
and	CC
did	VBD
not	RB
identify	VB
any	DT
other	JJ
subscribers	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
service	NN
.	.
June	NNP
27	CD
,	,
2001	CD
,	,
a	DT
Lilly	NNP
employee	NN
created	VBD
a	DT
new	JJ
computer	NN
program	NN
to	TO
access	NN
Medi-messenger	NN
subscribers	NNS
'	POS
e-mail	NN
addresses	NNS
and	CC
sent	VBD
them	PRP
an	DT
e-mail	NN
message	NN
announcing	VBG
the	DT
termination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Medi-messenger	JJ
service	NN
.	.
The	DT
June	NNP
27th	JJ
e-mail	NN
message	NN
included	VBD
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
recipients	NNS
'	POS
e-mail	NN
addresses	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
``	``
To	TO
:	:
''	''
line	NN
of	IN
the	DT
message	NN
,	,
thereby	RB
unintentionally	RB
disclosing	VBG
to	TO
each	DT
individual	JJ
subscriber	NN
the	DT
e-mail	NN
addresses	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
669	CD
Medi-messenger	JJR
subscribers	NNS
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
FTC	NNP
's	POS
complaint	NN
,	,
Lilly	NNP
claimed	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
employs	VBZ
measures	NNS
and	CC
takes	VBZ
steps	NNS
appropriate	JJ
under	IN
the	DT
circumstances	NNS
to	TO
maintain	VB
and	CC
protect	VB
the	DT
privacy	NN
and	CC
confidentiality	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
information	NN
obtained	VBN
from	IN
or	CC
about	IN
consumers	NNS
through	IN
its	PRP$
Prozac.com	NNP
and	CC
Lilly.com	NNP
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
Lilly	NNP
's	POS
privacy	NN
policies	NNS
included	VBD
statements	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
,	,
``	``
Eli	NNP
Lilly	NNP
and	CC
Company	NNP
respects	VBZ
the	DT
privacy	NN
of	IN
visitors	NNS
to	TO
its	PRP$
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
feel	VBP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
maintain	VB
our	PRP$
guests	NNS
'	POS
privacy	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
take	VBP
advantage	NN
of	IN
this	DT
resource	NN
.	.
''	''
FTC	NNP
complaint	NN
alleges	VBZ
that	IN
Lilly	NNP
's	POS
claim	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
and	CC
confidentiality	NN
was	VBD
deceptive	JJ
because	IN
Lilly	NNP
failed	VBD
to	TO
maintain	VB
or	CC
implement	VB
internal	JJ
measures	NNS
appropriate	JJ
under	IN
the	DT
circumstances	NNS
to	TO
protect	VB
sensitive	JJ
consumer	NN
information	NN
,	,
which	WDT
led	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
company	NN
's	POS
unintentional	JJ
June	NNP
27th	JJ
disclosure	NN
of	IN
Medi-messenger	JJR
subscribers	NNS
'	POS
personal	JJ
information	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
complaint	NN
,	,
Lilly	NNP
failed	VBD
to	TO
:	:
provide	VB
appropriate	JJ
training	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
employees	NNS
regarding	VBG
consumer	NN
privacy	NN
and	CC
information	NN
security	NN
;	:
provide	VB
appropriate	JJ
oversight	NN
and	CC
assistance	NN
for	IN
the	DT
employee	NN
who	WP
sent	VBD
out	RP
the	DT
e-mail	NN
,	,
who	WP
had	VBD
no	DT
prior	JJ
experience	NN
in	IN
creating	VBG
,	,
testing	NN
,	,
or	CC
implementing	VBG
the	DT
computer	NN
program	NN
used	VBN
;	:
and	CC
implement	VB
appropriate	JJ
checks	NNS
and	CC
controls	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
process	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
reviewing	VBG
the	DT
computer	NN
program	NN
with	IN
experienced	JJ
personnel	NNS
and	CC
testing	VBG
the	DT
program	NN
internally	RB
before	IN
sending	VBG
out	RP
the	DT
e-mail	NN
.	.
Commission	NNP
initiated	VBD
its	PRP$
investigation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Passport	NN
services	NNS
following	VBG
a	DT
July	NNP
2001	CD
complaint	NN
from	IN
a	DT
coalition	NN
of	IN
consumer	NN
groups	NNS
led	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Electronic	NNP
Privacy	NNP
Information	NNP
Center	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
EPIC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
Microsoft	NNP
Corporation	NNP
agreed	VBD
to	TO
settle	VB
Federal	NNP
Trade	NNP
Commission	NNP
charges	VBZ
regarding	VBG
the	DT
privacy	NN
and	CC
security	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
information	NN
collected	VBN
from	IN
consumers	NNS
through	IN
its	PRP$
``	``
Passport	NN
''	''
web	NN
services	NNS
.	.
As	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
settlement	NN
,	,
Microsoft	NNP
will	MD
implement	VB
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
information	NN
security	NN
program	NN
for	IN
Passport	NN
and	CC
similar	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
The	DT
proposed	VBN
consent	NN
order	NN
prohibits	VBZ
any	DT
misrepresentation	NN
of	IN
information	NN
practices	NNS
in	IN
connection	NN
with	IN
Passport	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
similar	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
requires	VBZ
Microsoft	NNP
to	TO
implement	VB
and	CC
maintain	VB
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
information	NN
security	NN
program	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
Microsoft	NNP
must	MD
have	VB
its	PRP$
security	NN
program	NN
certified	VBN
as	IN
meeting	NN
or	CC
exceeding	VBG
the	DT
standards	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
consent	NN
order	NN
by	IN
an	DT
independent	JJ
professional	JJ
every	DT
two	CD
years	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
remains	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
seen	VBN
whether	IN
there	EX
will	MD
be	VB
enough	JJ
enforcement	NN
power	NN
behind	IN
CAN	NNP
SPAM	NNP
to	TO
act	VB
as	IN
a	DT
disincentive	NN
to	TO
spammers	NNS
or	CC
if	IN
the	DT
CAN-SPAM	NNP
action	NN
to	TO
legalize	VB
non-fraudulent	JJ
spam	NN
,	,
allowing	VBG
every	DT
business	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
to	TO
send	VB
an	DT
unspecified	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
unsolicited	JJ
e-mail	NN
repeatedly	RB
,	,
until	IN
the	DT
recipient	JJ
asks	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
removed	VBN
could	MD
create	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
spam	NN
movement	NN
among	IN
small	JJ
businesses	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
also	RB
unclear	JJ
what	WP
effect	NN
any	DT
U.S.	NNP
law	NN
might	MD
have	VB
on	IN
spam	NN
routed	VBN
internationally	RB
,	,
something	NN
that	IN
Congress	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
seem	VB
to	TO
recognize	VB
prior	RB
to	TO
passing	VBG
this	DT
bill	NN
.	.
Federal	NNP
Trade	NNP
Commission	NNP
is	VBZ
shaping	VBG
the	DT
manner	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
used	VBN
by	IN
focusing	VBG
on	IN
its	PRP$
two	CD
most	RBS
important	JJ
missions	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
enforcing	VBG
U.S.	NNP
antitrust	JJ
laws	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
competition	NN
laws	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
taking	VBG
action	NN
to	TO
end	VB
anti-competitive	JJ
behavior	NN
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
as	IN
the	DT
principle	NN
consumer	NN
protection	NN
agency	NN
,	,
going	VBG
after	IN
unfair	JJ
deceptive	JJ
trading	NN
practices	NNS
so	IN
that	IN
people	NNS
can	MD
feel	VB
safe	JJ
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
market	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
time	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
passed	VBN
since	IN
September	NNP
11	CD
,	,
2001	CD
we	PRP
have	VBP
seen	VBN
our	PRP$
way	NN
of	IN
life	NN
change	NN
in	IN
many	JJ
ways	NNS
.	.
On	IN
September	NNP
11	CD
,	,
2001	CD
,	,
we	PRP
saw	VBD
the	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
security	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
once	RB
took	VBD
for	IN
granted	VBN
destroyed	VBN
before	IN
our	PRP$
own	JJ
eyes	NNS
.	.
Americans	NNPS
were	VBD
taken	VBN
by	IN
surprise	NN
by	IN
the	DT
terrorist	JJ
attacks	NNS
on	IN
September	NNP
11	CD
,	,
2001	CD
and	CC
in	IN
some	DT
way	NN
,	,
everyone	NN
saw	VBD
that	DT
day	NN
as	IN
a	DT
wake	NN
up	IN
call	NN
.	.
We	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
feel	VB
secure	JJ
again	RB
.	.
We	PRP
felt	VBD
more	RBR
vulnerable	JJ
than	IN
perhaps	RB
we	PRP
have	VBP
ever	RB
felt	VBN
.	.
In	IN
response	NN
to	TO
these	DT
feelings	NNS
,	,
our	PRP$
leaders	NNS
declared	VBD
a	DT
``	``
War	NNP
on	IN
Terrorism	NNP
''	''
and	CC
they	PRP
enacted	VBD
legislation	NN
with	IN
names	NNS
like	IN
the	DT
USA	NNP
PATRIOT	NNP
Act	NNP
so	IN
that	IN
we	PRP
would	MD
feel	VB
like	IN
something	NN
was	VBD
being	VBG
done	VBN
.	.
We	PRP
felt	VBD
as	IN
if	IN
our	PRP$
American	JJ
way	NN
of	IN
life	NN
had	VBD
been	VBN
threatened	VBN
.	.
Our	PRP$
leaders	NNS
told	VBD
us	PRP
that	IN
the	DT
way	NN
to	TO
get	VB
back	RB
what	WP
the	DT
terrorists	NNS
tried	VBD
to	TO
take	VB
from	IN
us	PRP
was	VBD
to	TO
tighten	VB
current	JJ
security	NN
and	CC
to	TO
enact	VB
new	JJ
measures	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
help	VB
in	IN
the	DT
fight	NN
against	IN
terrorism	NN
.	.
Naturally	RB
we	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
protect	VB
America	NNP
,	,
but	CC
protecting	VBG
our	PRP$
American	JJ
way	NN
of	IN
life	NN
goes	VBZ
far	RB
beyond	IN
protecting	VBG
the	DT
lives	NNS
of	IN
Americans	NNPS
.	.
We	PRP
must	MD
not	RB
forget	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
equally	RB
,	,
if	IN
not	RB
more	RBR
important	JJ
,	,
to	TO
protect	VB
all	DT
of	IN
that	DT
which	WDT
makes	VBZ
America	NNP
a	DT
great	JJ
nation	NN
.	.
After	IN
all	DT
,	,
the	DT
terrorists	NNS
hated	VBD
and	CC
wanted	VBD
to	TO
destroy	VB
more	JJR
than	IN
just	RB
our	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
rob	VB
us	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
freedoms	NNS
and	CC
liberties	NNS
that	IN
we	PRP
enjoy	VBP
as	IN
Americans	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
seems	VBZ
that	IN
laws	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
USA	NNP
PATRIOT	NNP
Act	NNP
focus	NN
solely	RB
of	IN
the	DT
goal	NN
of	IN
protecting	VBG
American	JJ
lives	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
expense	NN
of	IN
protecting	VBG
our	PRP$
civil	JJ
liberties	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
freedoms	NNS
that	WDT
set	VBP
America	NNP
apart	RB
as	IN
a	DT
nation	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
also	RB
serious	JJ
doubts	NNS
as	IN
to	TO
whether	IN
the	DT
USAPA	NNP
accomplishes	VBZ
the	DT
narrow	JJ
goals	NNS
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
achieve	VB
.	.
But	CC
even	RB
if	IN
we	PRP
assume	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
measures	NNS
enacted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
USAPA	NNP
actually	RB
do	VBP
aid	VB
the	DT
government	NN
in	IN
the	DT
fight	NN
against	IN
terrorism	NN
,	,
we	PRP
still	RB
must	MD
question	VB
whether	IN
the	DT
price	NN
we	PRP
are	VBP
paying	VBG
for	IN
this	DT
protection	NN
is	VBZ
too	RB
high	JJ
.	.
The	DT
``	``
War	NNP
on	IN
Terrorism	NNP
''	''
will	MD
be	VB
an	DT
eternal	JJ
battle	NN
because	IN
there	EX
will	MD
always	RB
be	VB
terrorists	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
never	RB
enjoy	VB
a	DT
total	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
security	NN
because	IN
American	JJ
lives	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
lost	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
at	IN
the	DT
hands	NNS
of	IN
terrorists	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
never	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
declare	VB
an	DT
absolute	JJ
victory	NN
and	CC
say	VB
that	IN
we	PRP
beat	VBP
them	PRP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
we	PRP
refuse	VBP
to	TO
sacrifice	VB
the	DT
freedoms	NNS
we	PRP
enjoy	VBP
as	IN
Americans	NNS
,	,
no	DT
one	NN
will	MD
ever	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
say	VB
that	IN
the	DT
terrorists	NNS
beat	VBP
us	PRP
.	.
Congress	NNP
shall	MD
make	VB
no	DT
law	NN
respecting	VBG
an	DT
establishment	NN
of	IN
religion	NN
,	,
or	CC
prohibiting	VBG
the	DT
free	JJ
exercise	NN
thereof	RB
;	:
or	CC
abridging	VBG
the	DT
freedom	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
,	,
or	CC
of	IN
the	DT
press	NN
;	:
or	CC
the	DT
right	NN
of	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
peaceably	RB
to	TO
assemble	VB
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
petition	VB
the	DT
Government	NN
for	IN
a	DT
redress	NN
of	IN
grievances	NNS
.	.
The	DT
right	NN
of	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
secure	JJ
in	IN
their	PRP$
persons	NNS
,	,
houses	NNS
,	,
papers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
effect	NN
,	,
against	IN
unreasonable	JJ
searches	NNS
and	CC
seizures	NNS
,	,
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
violated	VBN
,	,
and	CC
no	DT
Warrants	NNS
shall	MD
issue	VB
,	,
but	CC
upon	IN
probable	JJ
cause	NN
,	,
supported	VBN
by	IN
Oath	NNP
or	CC
affirmation	NN
,	,
and	CC
particularly	RB
describing	VBG
the	DT
place	NN
to	TO
be	VB
searched	VBN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
persons	NNS
or	CC
things	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
seized	VBN
.	.
This	DT
provision	NN
also	RB
allows	VBZ
the	DT
``	``
reasonable	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
''	''
to	TO
be	VB
extended	VBN
for	IN
good	JJ
cause	NN
shown	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
court	NN
for	IN
any	DT
wire	NN
communication	NN
or	CC
electronic	JJ
communication	NN
or	CC
tangible	JJ
property	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN	NNP
19	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
d.	FW
Section	NN
215	CD
and	CC
505	CD
expand	VBP
the	DT
government	NN
's	POS
power	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
personal	JJ
records	NNS
without	IN
the	DT
traditional	JJ
checks	NNS
and	CC
balances	VBZ
surrounding	VBG
search	NN
warrants	NNS
and	CC
subpoenas	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN	NNP
20	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Section	NN
215	CD
allows	VBZ
the	DT
FBI	NNP
to	TO
demand	VB
business	NN
records	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
Internet	NNP
use	VBP
patterns	NNS
and	CC
gun	NN
purchases	NNS
,	,
with	IN
an	DT
order	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Foreign	NNP
Intelligence	NNP
Surveillance	NNP
Court	NNP
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
a	DT
subject	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
suspected	VBN
terrorist	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN	NNP
21	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
provision	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
called	VBN
by	IN
critics	NNS
a	DT
``	``
rubber	NN
stamp	NN
''	''
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN	NNP
22	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Justice	NNP
claims	VBZ
that	IN
Section	NN
215	CD
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
used	VBN
to	TO
obtain	VB
business	NN
records	NNS
.	.
Mark	NNP
Loveless	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
founder	NN
of	IN
Nomad	NNP
Mobile	NNP
Research	NNP
Center	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
a	DT
hacker	NN
lab	NN
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
individuals	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
anonymously	RB
discuss	VB
and	CC
share	VB
information	NN
about	IN
computer-security	JJ
issues	NNS
``	``
without	IN
fear	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
retribution	NN
from	IN
others	NNS
''	''
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN	NNP
72	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
hacker	NN
lab	NN
is	VBZ
set	VBN
up	RP
to	TO
protect	VB
hackers	NNS
from	IN
legal	JJ
action	NN
brought	VBN
by	IN
software	NN
vendors	NNS
or	CC
government	NN
agencies	NNS
.	.
Not	RB
only	RB
does	VBZ
the	DT
PATRIOT	NNP
Act	NNP
present	JJ
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
abuse	NN
,	,
it	PRP
also	RB
may	MD
mandate	VB
that	IN
the	DT
act	NN
be	VB
used	VBN
in	IN
ways	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
unconstitutional	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Justice	NNP
Department	NNP
's	POS
Goodling	NNP
said	VBD
that	IN
law	NN
enforcers	NNS
have	VBP
a	DT
responsibility	NN
to	TO
use	VB
laws	NNS
that	IN
Congress	NNP
provides	VBZ
to	TO
fight	VB
crimes	NNS
,	,
``	``
Americans	NNPS
expect	VBP
us	PRP
to	TO
use	VB
every	DT
tool	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
do	VB
our	PRP$
jobs	NNS
in	IN
enforcing	VBG
the	DT
law	NN
''	''
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN	NNP
77	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Thus	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
PATRIOT	NNP
Act	NNP
granted	VBD
any	DT
powers	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
unconstitutional	JJ
,	,
law	NN
enforcers	NNS
still	RB
have	VBP
a	DT
responsibility	NN
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
law	NN
.	.
But	CC
the	DT
most	RBS
dangerous	JJ
effect	NN
of	IN
this	DT
change	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
scare	VB
individuals	NNS
away	RB
who	WP
would	MD
normally	RB
protest	VB
.	.
The	DT
troubling	JJ
effect	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
our	PRP$
right	NN
to	TO
free	JJ
speech	NN
is	VBZ
stifled	VBN
.	.
If	IN
we	PRP
are	VBP
granted	VBN
freedom	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
but	CC
that	IN
``	``
freedom	NN
''	''
may	MD
be	VB
exercised	VBN
only	RB
under	IN
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
a	DT
serious	JJ
criminal	JJ
penalty	NN
,	,
then	RB
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
``	``
freedom	NN
''	''
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
The	DT
FBI	NNP
is	VBZ
routinely	RB
monitoring	VBG
civic	JJ
groups	NNS
it	PRP
believes	VBZ
might	MD
commit	VB
acts	NNS
of	IN
violence	NN
or	CC
terrorism	NN
in	IN
the	DT
hope	NN
of	IN
furthering	VBG
political	JJ
goals	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN	NNP
92	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
An	DT
FBI	NNP
spokesman	NN
described	VBD
the	DT
interest	NN
of	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
in	IN
the	DT
activities	NNS
of	IN
civic	JJ
groups	NNS
,	,
``	``
our	PRP$
interest	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
individuals	NNS
,	,
or	CC
groups	NNS
,	,
or	CC
terrorist	JJ
groups	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
either	RB
be	VB
committing	VBG
acts	NNS
of	IN
violence	NN
or	CC
criminal	JJ
activity	NN
in	IN
support	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
particular	JJ
cause	NN
...	:
our	PRP$
interest	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
developing	VBG
intelligence	NN
about	IN
criminal	JJ
or	CC
violent	JJ
activity	NN
that	WDT
could	MD
have	VB
an	DT
effect	NN
on	IN
individuals	NNS
who	WP
might	MD
be	VB
protesting	VBG
legally	RB
''	''
.	.
Act	NNP
expansion	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
only	JJ
controversial	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
this	DT
legislation	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
prompted	VBD
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
third	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
House	NNP
,	,
including	VBG
15	CD
conservative	JJ
Republicans	NNPS
,	,
to	TO
change	VB
what	WP
is	VBZ
normally	RB
a	DT
cakewalk	NN
vote	NN
into	IN
something	NN
truly	RB
contested	VBD
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
Timothy	NNP
Edgar	NNP
,	,
ACLU	NNP
Legislative	NNP
Counsel	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN	NNP
126	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
ACLU	NNP
Legislative	NNP
director	NN
Laura	NNP
Murphy	NNP
defends	VBZ
the	DT
organization	NN
's	POS
concerns	NNS
by	IN
stating	VBG
that	IN
historically	RB
,	,
when	WRB
the	DT
government	NN
has	VBZ
had	VBN
these	DT
powers	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
has	VBZ
abused	VBN
them	PRP
.	.
Solicitor	NNP
General	NNP
Wayne	NNP
Easter	NNP
defended	VBD
the	DT
actions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
government	NN
by	IN
appealing	VBG
to	TO
Americans	NNPS
'	POS
fear	NN
of	IN
terrorism	NN
and	CC
asserting	VBG
that	IN
national	JJ
security	NN
is	VBZ
fundamental	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
working	VBG
economy	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN	NNP
149	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Arar	RB
now	RB
seeks	VBZ
acknowledgement	NN
that	IN
U.S.	NNP
officials	NNS
violated	VBD
international	JJ
law	NN
and	CC
his	PRP$
constitutional	JJ
rights	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN	NNP
150	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
He	PRP
also	RB
wishes	VBZ
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
than	IN
no	DT
one	NN
else	RB
will	MD
be	VB
``	``
rendered	VBN
''	''
to	TO
a	DT
foreign	JJ
government	NN
for	IN
interrogation	NN
and	CC
torture	VB
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN	NNP
151	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Gore	NNP
Vidal	NNP
believes	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
USAPA	NNP
is	VBZ
just	RB
as	IN
despotic	JJ
as	IN
anything	NN
Hitler	NNP
came	VBD
up	RP
with	IN
and	CC
even	RB
used	VBN
much	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
language	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
``	``
rights	NNS
will	MD
only	RB
be	VB
suspended	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
brief	JJ
time	NN
''	''
was	VBD
precisely	RB
the	DT
language	NN
used	VBN
by	IN
Hitler	NNP
after	IN
the	DT
Reichstag	NNP
fire	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
These	DT
concerns	NNS
take	VBP
for	IN
granted	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
PATRIOT	NNP
Act	NNP
actually	RB
does	VBZ
aid	NN
in	IN
the	DT
fight	NN
against	IN
terrorism	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
proof	NN
that	IN
the	DT
act	NN
would	MD
have	VB
prevented	VBN
the	DT
attacks	NNS
on	IN
September	NNP
11	CD
,	,
and	CC
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
proof	NN
that	IN
the	DT
``	``
advances	NNS
''	''
we	PRP
have	VBP
made	VBN
since	IN
that	DT
time	NN
would	MD
prevent	VB
another	DT
attack	NN
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
proportion	NN
.	.
Assuming	VBG
constitutional	JJ
theory	NN
has	VBZ
some	DT
value	NN
in	IN
interpretation	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
several	JJ
questions	NNS
that	IN
such	JJ
theories	NNS
should	MD
address	VB
.	.
These	DT
include	VBP
questions	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
legitimacy	NN
of	IN
imposing	VBG
a	DT
given	VBN
theory	NN
to	TO
declare	VB
acts	NNS
of	IN
other	JJ
branches	NNS
of	IN
government	NN
unconstitutional	JJ
.4	CD
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
a	DT
theory	NN
must	MD
address	VB
its	PRP$
application	NN
by	IN
courts	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
5	CD
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
it	PRP
will	MD
address	VB
new	JJ
constitutional	JJ
questions	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
future	JJ
.6	CD
Application	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
and	CC
constitutional	JJ
theory	NN
to	TO
issues	NNS
raised	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
question	NN
that	WDT
should	MD
be	VB
of	IN
considerable	JJ
importance	NN
into	IN
the	DT
future	NN
,	,
given	VBN
the	DT
increasing	VBG
number	NN
of	IN
Americans	NNPS
venturing	VBG
into	IN
cyberspace	NN
.	.
As	IN
illustrated	VBN
by	IN
his	PRP$
endorsement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Brandeis	NNP
dissent	NN
in	IN
Olmstead	NNP
,	,
Professor	NNP
Lessig	NNP
believes	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
translated	VBN
constitution	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
successful	JJ
,	,
when	WRB
applied	VBN
,	,
in	IN
meeting	NN
technological	JJ
advances	NNS
brought	VBN
on	RP
by	IN
changing	VBG
times	NNS
.27	CD
However	RB
,	,
Lessig	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
different	JJ
sort	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
,	,
and	CC
,	,
as	IN
currently	RB
developed	VBN
,	,
translation	NN
can	MD
not	RB
provide	VB
an	DT
acceptable	JJ
method	NN
for	IN
applying	VBG
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
Clearly	RB
,	,
the	DT
adoption	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Fourth	JJ
Amendment	NNP
was	VBD
at	IN
least	JJS
in	IN
part	NN
a	DT
reaction	NN
to	TO
general	JJ
searches	NNS
.	.
32	CD
The	DT
worm	NN
hypothetical	JJ
presents	NNS
a	DT
general	JJ
search	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
examines	VBZ
hard	JJ
drives	NNS
on	IN
computers	NNS
absent	JJ
any	DT
suspicion	NN
that	IN
the	DT
particular	JJ
computer	NN
contains	VBZ
the	DT
contraband	NN
sought	VBD
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
values	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
framing	VBG
generation	NN
can	MD
be	VB
said	VBN
to	TO
support	VB
an	DT
argument	NN
that	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
search	NN
violates	VBZ
the	DT
Fourth	JJ
Amendment	NNP
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
no	DT
harm	NN
is	VBZ
done	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
disk	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
worm	NN
erases	VBZ
itself	PRP
if	IN
no	DT
contraband	NN
is	VBZ
found	VBN
.	.
The	DT
search	NN
produces	VBZ
no	DT
false	JJ
positives	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
essentially	RB
all	DT
that	IN
the	DT
search	NN
at	IN
issue	NN
here	RB
has	VBZ
in	IN
common	JJ
with	IN
a	DT
general	JJ
search	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
widespread	JJ
and	CC
suspicion	NN
less	RBR
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
little	JJ
effect	NN
on	IN
anyone	NN
,	,
save	VB
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
in	IN
possession	NN
of	IN
contraband	NN
.	.
Whether	IN
a	DT
``	``
worm	NN
''	''
search	NN
would	MD
survive	VB
Fourth	JJ
Amendment	NNP
scrutiny	NN
is	VBZ
unclear	JJ
.	.
Those	DT
who	WP
believe	VBP
the	DT
Fourth	JJ
Amendment	NNP
exists	VBZ
to	TO
protect	VB
against	IN
the	DT
collateral	NN
burdens	NNS
of	IN
suspicion	NN
less	RBR
searches	NNS
would	MD
find	VB
the	DT
worm	NN
acceptable	JJ
;	:
those	DT
who	WP
see	VBP
the	DT
Fourth	JJ
Amendment	NNP
as	IN
limiting	VBG
the	DT
powers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
government	NN
would	MD
probably	RB
find	VB
the	DT
law	NN
unconstitutional	JJ
.34	CD
The	DT
problem	NN
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
Lessig	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
evidence	NN
as	IN
to	TO
which	WDT
of	IN
these	DT
principles	NNS
the	DT
Fourth	JJ
Amendment	NNP
actually	RB
favors	VBZ
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
an	DT
important	JJ
question	NN
because	IN
,	,
as	IN
writers	NNS
of	IN
code	NN
,	,
we	PRP
can	MD
design	VB
searches	NNS
to	TO
remove	VB
collateral	NN
consequences	NNS
.	.
This	DT
can	MD
create	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
code	NN
search	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
more	RBR
invasive	JJ
and	CC
widespread	JJ
,	,
and	CC
which	WDT
also	RB
reduces	VBZ
the	DT
time	NN
burdens	NNS
imposed	VBN
by	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
search	NN
.	.
Little	RB
if	IN
any	DT
scholarship	NN
has	VBZ
attempted	VBN
to	TO
take	VB
issue	NN
with	IN
Lessig	NNP
's	POS
view	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
judges	NNS
in	IN
cyberspace	NN
particularly	RB
.	.
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
several	JJ
observations	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
scholarly	JJ
comment	NN
on	IN
translation	NN
generally	RB
,	,
which	WDT
apply	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
context	NN
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
First	RB
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
that	IN
translation	NN
fails	VBZ
to	TO
explain	VB
non-originalist	JJ
decisions	NNS
made	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
,	,
the	DT
prediction	NN
that	IN
the	DT
court	NN
will	MD
abstain	VB
from	IN
deciding	VBG
internet	NN
related	VBN
constitutional	JJ
questions	NNS
seems	VBZ
to	TO
lose	VB
some	DT
force	NN
.	.
If	IN
judges	NNS
have	VBP
in	IN
fact	NN
justified	JJ
decisions	NNS
on	IN
non-originalist	JJ
grounds	NNS
in	IN
other	JJ
contexts	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
more	RBR
difficult	JJ
to	TO
argue	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
simply	RB
do	VB
so	RB
again	RB
in	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
context	NN
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
Lessig	NNP
's	POS
argument	NN
that	IN
the	DT
court	NN
's	POS
non-political	JJ
view	NN
of	IN
itself	PRP
will	MD
prevent	VB
it	PRP
from	IN
translating	VBG
founding	JJ
values	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
face	NN
of	IN
democratic	JJ
majorities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
when	WRB
the	DT
translation	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
political	JJ
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
challenged	VBN
as	IN
not	RB
always	RB
accurately	RB
descriptive	JJ
.	.
Even	RB
the	DT
most	RBS
praised	VBN
constitutional	JJ
opinions	NNS
are	VBP
criticized	VBN
by	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
some	DT
as	IN
being	VBG
political	JJ
.45	CD
If	IN
the	DT
court	NN
has	VBZ
``	``
translated	VBN
''	''
in	IN
these	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
cases	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
quite	RB
possible	JJ
that	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
do	VB
so	RB
in	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
Little	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
written	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
relationship	NN
between	IN
existing	VBG
constitutional	JJ
theories	NNS
and	CC
how	WRB
they	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
incorporate	VB
or	CC
fail	VB
to	TO
incorporate	VB
cyberspace	NN
and	CC
technological	JJ
change	NN
into	IN
the	DT
analysis	NN
.	.
The	DT
work	NN
of	IN
Professor	NNP
Lessig	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
important	JJ
exception	NN
to	TO
that	DT
general	JJ
lack	NN
of	IN
scholarship	NN
.	.
In	IN
applying	VBG
his	PRP$
translation	NN
approach	NN
to	TO
constitutional	JJ
interpretation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
issues	NNS
raised	VBN
by	IN
cyberspace	NN
,	,
Lessig	NNP
challenges	VBZ
constitutional	JJ
scholars	NNS
to	TO
look	VB
forward	RB
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
backward	RB
when	WRB
approaching	VBG
constitutional	JJ
theory	NN
.	.
Though	IN
scholars	NNS
have	VBP
challenged	VBN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
assertions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
theory	NN
,	,
and	CC
raised	VBD
questions	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
necessity	NN
and	CC
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
translation	NN
approach	NN
,	,
Lessig	NNP
has	VBZ
done	VBN
a	DT
service	NN
by	IN
providing	VBG
at	IN
least	JJS
one	CD
framework	NN
from	IN
which	WDT
to	TO
view	VB
constitutional	JJ
questions	NNS
in	IN
cyberspace	NN
.	.
As	IN
our	PRP$
lives	NNS
increasingly	RB
shift	VB
toward	IN
the	DT
cyberworld	NN
,	,
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
expected	VBN
that	IN
other	JJ
constitutional	JJ
scholars	NNS
will	MD
follow	VB
Lessig	NNP
in	IN
exploring	VBG
the	DT
relationship	NN
between	IN
the	DT
constitution	NN
and	CC
cyberspace	NN
.	.
It	PRP
claims	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
was	VBD
frustrated	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
rights	NNS
granted	VBN
to	TO
it	PRP
were	VBD
rendered	VBN
utterly	RB
worthless	JJ
by	IN
the	DT
advent	NN
of	IN
file-sharing	JJ
services	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Napster	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
made	VBD
recordings	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
live	JJ
performances	NNS
they	PRP
contracted	VBD
for	IN
available	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
free	JJ
of	IN
charge	NN
.	.
People	NNS
often	RB
surf	NN
the	DT
net	NN
to	TO
find	VB
out	RP
information	NN
about	IN
their	PRP$
favorite	JJ
television	NN
shows	NNS
,	,
movies	NNS
,	,
actors	NNS
,	,
actresses	NNS
,	,
and	CC
musical	JJ
acts	NNS
.	.
Sometimes	RB
surfers	NNS
use	VBP
sites	NNS
licensed	VBD
to	TO
disseminate	VB
information	NN
about	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
person	NN
or	CC
show	VB
like	IN
People	NNS
,	,
TV	NN
Guide	NNP
or	CC
E	NNP
!	.
online	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
even	RB
many	JJ
shows	NNS
and	CC
movies	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
their	PRP$
own	JJ
in	IN
depth	NN
website	NN
offering	VBG
all	PDT
the	DT
most	RBS
current	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
show	NN
or	CC
singer	NN
like	IN
Buffy	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Vampire	NNP
Slayer	NNP
,	,
Clay	NNP
Aiken	NNP
,	,
Kelly	NNP
Clarkson	NNP
and	CC
others	NNS
.	.
But	CC
then	RB
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
those	DT
sites	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
like	IN
guilty	JJ
pleasures	NNS
.	.
The	DT
sites	NNS
that	IN
an	DT
individual	NN
can	MD
go	VB
to	TO
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
find	VB
out	RP
all	PDT
the	DT
scoop	NN
that	IN
other	JJ
sites	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
print	VB
.	.
Or	CC
maybe	RB
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
fan	NN
site	NN
that	WDT
does	VBZ
an	DT
extraordinary	JJ
job	NN
of	IN
compiling	VBG
all	PDT
the	DT
information	NN
available	JJ
on	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
person	NN
or	CC
show	NN
.	.
When	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
individual	JJ
fan	NN
site	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
always	RB
information	NN
of	IN
when	WRB
and	CC
where	WRB
did	VBD
they	PRP
get	VBP
their	PRP$
information	NN
.	.
Is	VBZ
it	PRP
original	JJ
content	NN
,	,
or	CC
is	VBZ
it	PRP
a	DT
reproduction	NN
of	IN
something	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
found	VBD
somewhere	RB
else	RB
and	CC
transcribed	VBD
or	CC
scanned	VBD
and	CC
than	IN
uploaded	JJ
onto	IN
their	PRP$
fan	NN
site	NN
?	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
these	DT
fan	NN
sites	NNS
face	VBP
copyright	NN
issues	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
content	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
a	DT
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
suit	NN
waiting	VBG
to	TO
happen	VB
.	.
Part	NNP
I	PRP
will	MD
discuss	VB
the	DT
history	NN
of	IN
copyright	NN
from	IN
early	JJ
England	NNP
to	TO
present	VB
day	NN
America	NNP
.	.
Part	NNP
II	NNP
will	MD
discuss	VB
the	DT
six	CD
exclusive	JJ
rights	NNS
afforded	VBN
to	TO
copyright	NN
owners	NNS
including	VBG
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
reproduce	VB
,	,
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
distribute	VB
,	,
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
make	VB
derivative	JJ
works	NNS
,	,
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
perform	VB
publicly	RB
,	,
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
display	VB
publicly	RB
and	CC
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
perform	VB
sound	JJ
recordings	NNS
via	IN
digital	JJ
audio	JJ
transmission	NN
.	.
Part	NNP
III	NNP
will	MD
discuss	VB
defenses	NNS
to	TO
infringement	NN
including	VBG
the	DT
statute	NN
of	IN
limitations	NNS
and	CC
estoppel	NN
,	,
abandonment	NN
,	,
innocent	JJ
infringement	NN
and	CC
fair	JJ
use	NN
.	.
Part	NNP
IV	NNP
will	MD
discuss	VB
the	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
infringement	NN
currently	RB
engaged	VBN
in	IN
by	IN
fan	NN
site	NN
operators	NNS
with	IN
their	PRP$
use	NN
of	IN
text	NN
,	,
photographs	NNS
,	,
audio	NN
,	,
video	NN
and	CC
fan	NN
fiction	NN
.	.
Part	NNP
V	NNP
will	MD
address	VB
who	WP
is	VBZ
being	VBG
infringed	VBN
,	,
and	CC
Part	NNP
VI	NNP
will	MD
talk	VB
about	IN
their	PRP$
responses	NNS
to	TO
date	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
Part	NNP
VII	NNP
will	MD
conclude	VB
the	DT
paper	NN
with	IN
a	DT
discussion	NN
as	IN
to	TO
where	WRB
we	PRP
are	VBP
presently	RB
and	CC
what	WP
the	DT
future	JJ
looks	NNS
like	IN
.	.
The	DT
fourth	JJ
exclusive	JJ
right	NN
given	VBN
to	TO
copyright	NN
holders	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
publicly	RB
perform	VB
the	DT
copyrighted	VBN
work	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
30	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
A	DT
performance	NN
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
as	IN
meaning	VBG
to	TO
``	``
recite	VB
render	VB
,	,
play	VB
,	,
dance	VB
,	,
or	CC
act	VB
it	PRP
,	,
either	CC
directly	RB
or	CC
by	IN
means	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
device	NN
or	CC
process	NN
or	CC
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
a	DT
motion	NN
picture	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
audiovisual	JJ
work	NN
,	,
to	TO
show	VB
its	PRP$
images	NNS
in	IN
any	DT
sequence	NN
or	CC
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
sounds	NNS
accompanying	VBG
it	PRP
audible	JJ
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
31	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
right	NN
only	RB
applies	VBZ
to	TO
works	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
made	VBN
public	JJ
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
restriction	NN
from	IN
performance	NN
within	IN
the	DT
confines	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
home	NN
,	,
including	VBG
members	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
family	NN
or	CC
small	JJ
circle	NN
of	IN
friends	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
found	VBN
that	IN
renting	VBG
out	RP
a	DT
room	NN
with	IN
a	DT
VCR	NNP
and	CC
multiple	JJ
seats	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
``	``
private	JJ
''	''
viewing	NN
is	VBZ
actually	RB
an	DT
infringement	NN
on	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
performance	NN
right	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
32	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Public	NNP
performances	NNS
also	RB
include	VBP
a	DT
transmission	NN
,	,
either	CC
in	IN
person	NN
or	CC
by	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
device	NN
,	,
to	TO
a	DT
substantial	JJ
group	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
outside	IN
of	IN
the	DT
normal	JJ
circle	NN
of	IN
friends	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
rights	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
actual	JJ
performances	NNS
of	IN
live	JJ
music	NN
that	WDT
are	VBP
statutorily	RB
protected	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
33	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
There	EX
are	VBP
anti-bootlegging	JJ
provisions	NNS
preventing	VBG
unauthorized	JJ
broadcasts	NNS
or	CC
fixation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
performance	NN
,	,
and	CC
provisions	NNS
preventing	VBG
the	DT
reproduction	NN
and	CC
distribution	NN
of	IN
unauthorized	JJ
fixations	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
exceptions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
performance	NN
right	NN
including	VBG
non-profit	JJ
performances	NNS
where	WRB
the	DT
money	NN
is	VBZ
going	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
charitable	JJ
use	NN
,	,
educational	JJ
use	NN
,	,
distance	NN
learning	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
and	CC
others	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
34	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
public	JJ
performance	NN
right	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
cover	VB
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
sound	JJ
recordings	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
addressed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
perform	VB
via	IN
digital	JJ
audio	JJ
transmission	NN
.	.
The	DT
fifth	JJ
exclusive	JJ
right	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
publicly	RB
display	VB
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
work	NN
,	,
using	VBG
a	DT
film	NN
,	,
slide	NN
,	,
television	NN
image	NN
or	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
device	NN
or	CC
process	NN
.	.
This	DT
right	JJ
applies	VBZ
to	TO
literary	JJ
,	,
musical	JJ
,	,
dramatic	JJ
,	,
and	CC
choreographic	JJ
works	NNS
,	,
motion	NN
pictures	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
audiovisual	JJ
works	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
35	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Owners	NNS
of	IN
lawfully	RB
purchased	VBN
copyrighted	VBN
works	NNS
may	MD
utilize	VB
either	CC
a	DT
direct	JJ
or	CC
indirect	JJ
display	NN
of	IN
no	DT
more	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
image	NN
at	IN
a	DT
time	NN
and	CC
the	DT
viewer	NN
has	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
present	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
location	NN
as	IN
the	DT
copy	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
36	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
limitation	NN
works	VBZ
similar	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
first	JJ
sale	NN
doctrine	NN
for	IN
the	DT
right	NN
of	IN
distribution	NN
.	.
The	DT
right	NN
to	TO
publicly	RB
display	VB
copyrighted	VBN
works	NNS
does	VBZ
not	RB
apply	VB
to	TO
sound	VB
recordings	NNS
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
consideration	NN
,	,
the	DT
purpose	NN
and	CC
character	NN
of	IN
the	DT
use	NN
,	,
focuses	VBZ
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
on	IN
the	DT
commercial	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
infringing	NN
work	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
fair	JJ
use	NN
for	IN
a	DT
photocopying	VBG
store	NN
to	TO
make	VB
casebooks	NNS
from	IN
copyrighted	VBN
materials	NNS
without	IN
paying	VBG
licensing	NN
fees	NNS
,	,
even	RB
where	WRB
the	DT
same	JJ
action	NN
of	IN
making	VBG
copies	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
part	NN
would	MD
be	VB
fair	JJ
use	NN
if	IN
done	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
teacher	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
52	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
If	IN
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
entity	NN
committing	VBG
the	DT
infringement	NN
is	VBZ
commercial	JJ
,	,
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
no	DT
fair	JJ
use	NN
defense	NN
,	,
even	RB
where	WRB
the	DT
reason	NN
for	IN
the	DT
infringement	NN
is	VBZ
scholarship	NN
or	CC
research	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
53	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
videotaping	VBG
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
a	DT
fair	JJ
use	NN
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
is	VBZ
time	NN
shifting	VBG
so	RB
that	IN
the	DT
item	NN
may	MD
be	VB
viewed	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
later	JJ
time	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
54	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
,	,
at	IN
that	DT
time	NN
,	,
there	EX
was	VBD
no	DT
archiving	NN
of	IN
videotapes	NNS
expected	VBN
like	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
today	NN
.	.
There	EX
was	VBD
also	RB
not	RB
the	DT
consideration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
technology	NN
that	WDT
are	VBP
present	JJ
in	IN
our	PRP$
society	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
present	JJ
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
machines	NNS
and	CC
software	NN
to	TO
transfer	VB
videotapes	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
computer	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
newest	JJS
technology	NN
includes	VBZ
Tivo	NNP
and	CC
digital	JJ
video	NN
recorders	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
will	MD
save	VB
your	PRP$
programs	NNS
to	TO
DVD	NNP
.	.
There	EX
have	VBP
been	VBN
no	DT
cases	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
further	JJ
addressed	VBD
this	DT
particular	JJ
issue	NN
.	.
The	DT
third	JJ
consideration	NN
in	IN
a	DT
fair	JJ
use	NN
analysis	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
amount	NN
and	CC
substantiality	NN
of	IN
the	DT
portion	NN
used	VBN
in	IN
relation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
copyrighted	VBN
work	NN
as	IN
a	DT
whole	NN
.	.
Over	IN
time	NN
the	DT
analysis	NN
has	VBZ
moved	VBN
from	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
quantitative	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
infringement	NN
to	TO
the	DT
qualitative	JJ
aspects	NNS
.	.
Where	WRB
the	DT
infringing	VBG
portion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
work	NN
goes	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
heart	NN
of	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
work	NN
,	,
fair	JJ
use	NN
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
found	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
56	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
Harper	NNP
and	CC
Roe	NNP
,	,
the	DT
defendant	NN
had	VBD
obtained	VBN
a	DT
pilfered	VBN
manuscript	NN
of	IN
Gerald	NNP
Ford	NNP
's	POS
biography	NN
.	.
Prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
publication	NN
,	,
the	DT
defendant	NN
used	VBD
that	DT
work	NN
in	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
own	JJ
work	NN
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
felt	VBD
that	IN
although	IN
only	JJ
300	CD
words	NNS
were	VBD
used	VBN
out	IN
of	IN
a	DT
body	NN
of	IN
work	NN
constituting	VBG
more	JJR
than	IN
220,000	CD
,	,
the	DT
defendant	NN
chose	VBD
the	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
work	NN
to	TO
include	VB
in	IN
his	PRP$
own	JJ
.	.
Even	RB
though	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
quantitatively	RB
substantial	JJ
it	PRP
was	VBD
qualitatively	RB
substantial	JJ
.	.
The	DT
final	JJ
consideration	NN
in	IN
a	DT
fair	JJ
use	NN
analysis	NN
,	,
the	DT
effect	NN
of	IN
the	DT
use	NN
upon	IN
the	DT
potential	JJ
market	NN
for	IN
or	CC
value	NN
of	IN
the	DT
copyrighted	VBN
work	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
the	DT
one	CD
that	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
have	VBP
put	VBN
the	DT
most	RBS
focus	VB
on	IN
.	.
The	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
entered	VBN
a	DT
particular	JJ
market	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
preclude	VB
them	PRP
for	IN
bringing	VBG
an	DT
infringement	NN
claim	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
57	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
Castle	NNP
Rock	NNP
,	,
the	DT
defendant	NN
made	VBD
a	DT
trivia	NNS
game	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
characters	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
television	NN
Seinfeld	NNP
.	.
The	DT
defendants	NNS
argued	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
material	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
trivia	NNS
was	VBD
precluded	VBN
from	IN
copyright	NN
protection	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
derived	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
facts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
show	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
elements	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
fictional	JJ
show	NN
are	VBP
never	RB
facts	NNS
;	:
therefore	RB
they	PRP
do	VBP
qualify	VB
for	IN
copyright	NN
protection	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
the	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
had	VBD
exploited	VBN
a	DT
potential	JJ
market	NN
is	VBZ
irrelevant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
determination	NN
of	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
infringing	NN
work	NN
could	MD
harm	VB
that	IN
potential	JJ
market	NN
.	.
The	DT
courts	NNS
have	VBP
also	RB
determined	VBN
that	IN
infringement	NN
may	MD
deny	VB
the	DT
copyright	NN
owner	NN
of	IN
monies	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
received	VBN
had	VBD
the	DT
infringement	NN
not	RB
occurred	VBD
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
58	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
the	DT
Church	NNP
of	IN
God	NNP
case	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
reprinting	VBG
of	IN
religious	JJ
materials	NNS
denied	VBD
the	DT
original	JJ
congregation	NN
of	IN
weekly	JJ
donations	NNS
they	PRP
might	MD
receive	VB
for	IN
the	DT
lawful	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
materials	NNS
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
felt	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
congregation	NN
not	RB
only	RB
utilized	VBD
infringing	VBG
documents	NNS
,	,
but	CC
that	IN
their	PRP$
use	NN
also	RB
hurt	VBD
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
potential	JJ
market	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
encouraged	VBD
members	NNS
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
the	DT
second	JJ
congregation	NN
to	TO
worship	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
several	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
possible	JJ
infringement	NN
on	IN
a	DT
fan	NN
website	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
also	RB
several	JJ
different	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
fan	NN
websites	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
websites	NNS
devoted	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
show	NN
or	CC
movie	NN
.	.
These	DT
are	VBP
the	DT
websites	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
received	VBN
the	DT
most	RBS
attention	NN
in	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
to	TO
this	DT
time	NN
.	.
Twentieth	NNP
Century	NNP
Fox	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
persistent	JJ
is	VBZ
quashing	VBG
sites	NNS
affiliated	VBN
with	IN
their	PRP$
copyrighted	VBN
works	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
late	JJ
90s	CD
,	,
the	DT
studio	NN
began	VBD
sending	VBG
cease	VB
and	CC
desist	VB
letters	NNS
to	TO
many	JJ
webmasters	NNS
demanding	VBG
that	IN
they	PRP
remove	VBP
infringing	VBG
material	NN
from	IN
their	PRP$
websites	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
59	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Fans	NNS
of	IN
shows	NNS
like	IN
The	DT
X-Files	NNP
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
60	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Buffy	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Vampire	NNP
Slayer	NNP
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
61	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
Angel	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
62	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
often	RB
set	VBN
up	RP
personal	JJ
websites	NNS
devoted	VBN
to	TO
every	DT
element	NN
of	IN
the	DT
show	NN
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
area	NN
of	IN
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
textual	JJ
offerings	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
fan	NN
website	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
both	DT
infringing	VBG
and	CC
original	JJ
contributions	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
fan	NN
website	NN
.	.
Some	DT
websites	NNS
may	MD
reproduce	VB
full	JJ
copies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
episode\/movie	NN
for	IN
individual	JJ
web	NN
surfers	NNS
to	TO
view	VB
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
68	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Others	NNS
may	MD
merely	RB
provide	VB
episode	NN
recaps	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
several	JJ
websites	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
provide	VBP
spoilers	NNS
to	TO
upcoming	JJ
episodes	NNS
of	IN
television	NN
shows	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
69	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Within	IN
many	JJ
fan	NN
sites	NNS
,	,
there	EX
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
news	NN
section	NN
providing	VBG
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
show	NN
or	CC
its	PRP$
stars	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
infringement	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
site	NN
reproduces	VBZ
news	NN
articles	NNS
by	IN
either	DT
transcription	NN
of	IN
the	DT
article	NN
or	CC
by	IN
scanning	VBG
the	DT
article	NN
and	CC
placing	VBG
it	PRP
wholesale	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
scanning	VBG
of	IN
articles	NNS
into	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
and	CC
then	RB
their	PRP$
publication	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
blatant	JJ
infringement	NN
because	IN
the	DT
reproduction	NN
is	VBZ
identical	JJ
in	IN
every	DT
respect	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
fair	JJ
use	NN
application	NN
for	IN
this	DT
because	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
total	JJ
replication	NN
both	DT
quantitatively	RB
and	CC
qualitatively	RB
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
70	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
There	EX
are	VBP
sites	NNS
that	WDT
avoid	VBP
this	DT
type	NN
of	IN
infringement	NN
.	.
Several	JJ
sites	NNS
merely	RB
link	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
online	NN
location	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
article	NN
may	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
71	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
Webmaster	NNP
avoids	VBZ
a	DT
suit	NN
for	IN
infringement	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
news	NN
may	MD
be	VB
dispersed	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
particularized	VBN
audience	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
a	DT
possibility	NN
for	IN
infringement	NN
when	WRB
the	DT
website	NN
reproduces	VBZ
and	CC
distributes	VBZ
the	DT
song	NN
lyrics	NNS
or	CC
sheet	NN
music	NN
to	TO
a	DT
particular	JJ
musical	JJ
composition	NN
.	.
The	DT
DMCA	NNP
has	VBZ
provisions	NNS
that	WDT
make	VBP
it	PRP
illegal	JJ
to	TO
remove	VB
``	``
copyright	NN
management	NN
information	NN
.	.
''	''
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
information	NN
about	IN
where	WRB
the	DT
picture	NN
comes	VBZ
from	IN
and	CC
who	WP
owns	VBZ
the	DT
copyright	NN
.	.
The	DT
Copyright	NNP
Act	NNP
states	VBZ
that	IN
no	DT
person	NN
shall	MD
provide	VB
copyright	NN
management	NN
information	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
false	JJ
or	CC
distribute	VB
information	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
false	JJ
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
no	DT
person	NN
shall	MD
intentionally	RB
remove	VB
or	CC
alter	VB
any	DT
copyright	NN
management	NN
information	NN
or	CC
distribute	VB
the	DT
copyrighted	VBN
work	NN
without	IN
that	DT
information	NN
or	CC
with	IN
altered	JJ
copyright	NN
management	NN
information	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
75	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
fan	NN
sites	NNS
that	WDT
take	VBP
copyrighted	VBN
photographs	NNS
,	,
remove	VB
the	DT
copyright	NN
management	NN
information	NN
and	CC
then	RB
put	VBD
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
fan	NN
site	NN
on	IN
the	DT
print	NN
as	IN
a	DT
signifier	NN
of	IN
where	WRB
the	DT
photograph	NN
came	VBD
from	IN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
process	NN
they	PRP
are	VBP
wiping	VBG
out	RP
all	PDT
the	DT
information	NN
about	IN
who	WP
the	DT
legal	JJ
copyright	NN
owner	NN
is	VBZ
.	.
Removing	VBG
this	DT
information	NN
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
much	RB
easier	JJR
to	TO
reproduce	VB
the	DT
photograph	NN
into	IN
infinity	NN
without	IN
any	DT
actual	JJ
idea	NN
about	IN
where	WRB
it	PRP
came	VBD
from	IN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
less	JJR
likelihood	NN
that	IN
the	DT
web	NN
surfers	NNS
perpetuating	VBG
the	DT
infringement	NN
by	IN
making	VBG
numerous	JJ
reproductions	NNS
would	MD
even	RB
be	VB
aware	JJ
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
committing	VBG
an	DT
illegal	JJ
act	NN
of	IN
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
and	CC
that	IN
they	PRP
could	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
liable	JJ
.	.
Many	JJ
websites	NNS
offer	VBP
varying	VBG
types	NNS
of	IN
audio	JJ
files	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
interviews	NNS
with	IN
celebrities	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
gotten	VBN
from	IN
other	JJ
sources	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
fan	NN
sites	NNS
offer	VBP
sound	JJ
clips	NNS
from	IN
episodes	NNS
or	CC
movies	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
popular	JJ
to	TO
viewers	NNS
and	CC
web	NN
surfers	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
also	RB
sites	NNS
that	WDT
offer	VBP
the	DT
songs	NNS
that	WDT
either	CC
appear	VB
on	IN
the	DT
show	NN
or	CC
movie	NN
or	CC
are	VBP
sung	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
celebrity	NN
.	.
A	DT
significant	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
website	NN
have	VBP
video	JJ
offerings	NNS
.	.
Just	RB
like	IN
the	DT
audio	JJ
offerings	NNS
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
several	JJ
different	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
video	NN
.	.
Some	DT
sites	NNS
offer	VBP
scenes	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
television	NN
episode	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
78	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Willow	NNP
's	POS
Alley	NNP
offers	VBZ
clips	NNS
over	IN
every	DT
scene	NN
that	IN
the	DT
character	NN
of	IN
Willow	NNP
Rosenberg	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Buffy	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Vampire	NNP
Slayer	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
appears	VBZ
.	.
Since	IN
Willow	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
principal	JJ
character	NN
in	IN
the	DT
show	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
multiple	JJ
video	NN
clips	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
show	NN
.	.
Infringement	NN
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
because	IN
when	WRB
viewed	VBN
together	RB
,	,
the	DT
clips	NNS
may	MD
divulge	VB
a	DT
substantial	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
the	DT
show	NN
both	DT
qualitatively	RB
and	CC
quantitatively	RB
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
79	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Another	DT
area	NN
of	IN
infringement	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
inclusion	NN
of	IN
interview	NN
clips	NNS
from	IN
various	JJ
sources	NNS
.	.
Usually	RB
airing	VBG
in	IN
other	JJ
television	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
these	DT
clips	NNS
provide	VBP
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
celebrity	NN
or	CC
the	DT
projects	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
working	VBG
on	IN
.	.
Although	IN
summarizing	VBG
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
the	DT
clips	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
infringement	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
that	IN
making	VBG
the	DT
clip	NN
available	JJ
could	MD
constitute	VB
infringement	NN
if	IN
directly	RB
posted	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
fan	NN
site	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
the	DT
site	NN
of	IN
the	DT
copyright	NN
owner	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
several	JJ
sites	NNS
where	WRB
fans	NNS
make	VBP
their	PRP$
own	JJ
home	NN
produced	VBD
videos	NNS
.	.
These	DT
may	MD
either	RB
be	VB
their	PRP$
versions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
trailers	NNS
of	IN
movies	NNS
or	CC
music	NN
videos	NNS
using	VBG
popular	JJ
songs	NNS
and	CC
clips	NNS
from	IN
their	PRP$
favorite	JJ
episodes	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
80	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Courts	NNS
have	VBP
held	VBN
that	IN
personally	RB
made	VBN
film	NN
clips	NNS
and	CC
trailers	NNS
placed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
infringe	VBP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
81	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
One	CD
reason	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
possibility	NN
that	IN
the	DT
information	NN
conveyed	VBN
is	VBZ
not	RB
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
light	NN
as	IN
the	DT
copyright	NN
owner	NN
may	MD
wish	VB
to	TO
show	VB
.	.
Other	JJ
reasons	NNS
are	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
the	DT
trailer	NN
might	MD
not	RB
be	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
as	IN
information	NN
that	IN
the	DT
studio	NN
would	MD
want	VB
released	VBN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
also	RB
questions	NNS
of	IN
length	NN
.	.
The	DT
studio	NN
may	MD
only	RB
release	VB
a	DT
thirty	CD
second	JJ
trailer	NN
,	,
while	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
individual	NN
may	MD
make	VB
one	CD
five	CD
minutes	NNS
or	CC
longer	JJR
if	IN
they	PRP
wished	VBD
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
the	DT
possibility	NN
that	IN
if	IN
the	DT
trailer	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
very	RB
good	JJ
,	,
the	DT
people	NNS
viewing	VBG
it	PRP
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
may	MD
mistakenly	RB
believe	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
licensed	VBN
and	CC
supported	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
studio	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
webmasters	NNS
include	VBP
disclaimers	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
copyrighted	VBN
material	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
fan	NN
fiction	NN
site	NN
.	.
Whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
disclaimer	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
site	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
lessen	VB
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
their	PRP$
reproduction	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
unauthorized	JJ
use	NN
if	IN
the	DT
copyright	NN
holder	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
license	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Meridith	NNP
McCardle	NNP
addresses	VBZ
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
many	JJ
fan	NN
fiction	NN
sites	NNS
also	RB
use	VBP
disclaimers	NNS
that	WDT
state	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
story	NN
is	VBZ
fan	NN
fiction	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
taken	VBN
from	IN
X	NNP
show	NN
,	,
the	DT
characters	NNS
are	VBP
merely	RB
borrowed	VBN
rather	RB
than	IN
taken	VBN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
fan	NN
fiction	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
fun	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
for	IN
profit	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
85	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
McCardle	NNP
goes	VBZ
on	IN
to	TO
state	NN
that	IN
many	JJ
of	IN
these	DT
authors	NNS
of	IN
unauthorized	JJ
derivative	JJ
work	NN
are	VBP
under	IN
the	DT
impression	NN
that	IN
their	PRP$
work	NN
will	MD
not	RB
infringe	VB
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
would	MD
be	VB
covered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
fair	JJ
use	NN
defense	NN
because	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
posting	VBG
the	DT
story	NN
for	IN
a	DT
profit	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
recognized	VBN
that	IN
noncommercial	JJ
use	NN
is	VBZ
still	RB
infringement	NN
and	CC
will	MD
not	RB
protect	VB
a	DT
defendant	NN
from	IN
liability	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
86	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
But	CC
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
disclaimer	NN
may	MD
make	VB
it	PRP
more	RBR
likely	JJ
that	IN
a	DT
court	NN
would	MD
reach	VB
a	DT
fair	JJ
use	NN
finding	NN
.	.
Cease-and-desist	JJ
letters	NNS
are	VBP
generally	RB
not	RB
well	RB
received	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
public	NN
.	.
Cecilia	NNP
Ogbu	NNP
discusses	VBZ
the	DT
blackouts	NNS
and	CC
protests	NNS
that	WDT
many	JJ
fan	NN
site	NN
operators	NNS
have	VBP
tried	VBN
to	TO
get	VB
organized	VBN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
many	JJ
webmasters	NNS
have	VBP
given	VBN
out	RP
the	DT
information	NN
of	IN
the	DT
studio	NN
and	CC
the	DT
address	NN
so	RB
that	IN
angry	JJ
web	NN
surfers	NNS
may	MD
fire	VB
off	RP
an	DT
angry	JJ
letter	NN
or	CC
e-mail	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
92	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
But	CC
studios	NNS
are	VBP
worried	VBN
about	IN
their	PRP$
properties	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
Fox	NNP
,	,
they	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
want	VB
their	PRP$
failure	NN
to	TO
act	VB
to	TO
preclude	VB
them	PRP
from	IN
future	JJ
actions	NNS
for	IN
infringement	NN
.	.
Also	RB
the	DT
studio	NN
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
to	TO
other	JJ
parties	NNS
for	IN
licensing	NN
agreements	NNS
and	CC
pay-per-use	NN
provisions	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
93	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Not	RB
removing	VBG
the	DT
infringing	VBG
use	NN
may	MD
impede	VB
the	DT
studio	NN
's	POS
lawful	JJ
use	NN
.	.
The	DT
other	JJ
response	NN
is	VBZ
no	DT
response	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
infringed	VBN
parties	NNS
either	CC
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
the	DT
extent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
infringement	NN
,	,
or	CC
do	VBP
n't	RB
care	VB
about	IN
the	DT
infringement	NN
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
see	VB
the	DT
infringement	NN
as	IN
increased	VBN
exposure	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
work	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
even	RB
result	VB
in	IN
higher	JJR
profits	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
copyrighted	VBN
work	NN
.	.
Meridith	NNP
McCardle	NNP
also	RB
addresses	VBZ
the	DT
point	NN
that	IN
the	DT
work	NN
often	RB
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
an	DT
effect	NN
on	IN
the	DT
market	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
the	DT
copyright	NN
owner	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
right	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
94	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
,	,
that	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
often	RB
a	DT
factor	NN
in	IN
the	DT
fair	JJ
use	NN
analysis	NN
because	IN
the	DT
focus	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
ephemeral	JJ
potential	JJ
market	NN
.	.
There	EX
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
any	DT
major	JJ
cases	NNS
dealing	VBG
with	IN
fan	NN
sites	NNS
and	CC
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
to	TO
this	DT
date	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
still	RB
a	DT
new	JJ
area	NN
of	IN
law	NN
and	CC
computer	NN
technology	NN
,	,
but	CC
shows	VBZ
promise	NN
to	TO
make	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
courts	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
few	JJ
years	NNS
as	IN
people	NNS
push	VBP
the	DT
infringement	NN
boundaries	NNS
.	.
So	RB
,	,
now	RB
we	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
online	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
The	DT
question	NN
is	VBZ
where	WRB
is	VBZ
it	PRP
going	VBG
to	TO
go	VB
from	IN
here	RB
?	.
Cease-and-desist	JJ
letters	NNS
seem	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
prevalent	JJ
method	NN
of	IN
control	NN
so	RB
far	RB
.	.
Many	JJ
fan	NN
site	NN
operators	NNS
are	VBP
teenagers	NNS
and	CC
young	JJ
adults	NNS
who	WP
can	MD
not	RB
afford	VB
the	DT
legal	JJ
costs	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
protracted	JJ
legal	JJ
battle	NN
.	.
When	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
sent	VBN
a	DT
cease-and-desist	JJ
letter	NN
,	,
many	JJ
shut	VBD
down	RP
their	PRP$
fan	NN
site	NN
or	CC
remove	VB
the	DT
infringing	VBG
material	NN
.	.
As	IN
of	IN
yet	RB
there	EX
has	VBZ
been	VBN
no	DT
David	NNP
to	TO
fight	VB
the	DT
Goliath	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
entertainment	NN
industry	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
the	DT
question	NN
of	IN
whether	IN
personal	JJ
fan	NN
sites	NNS
are	VBP
fair	JJ
use	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
fan	NN
sites	NNS
are	VBP
of	IN
a	DT
noncommercial	JJ
nature	NN
.	.
The	DT
Webmaster	NNP
runs	VBZ
the	DT
site	NN
because	IN
they	PRP
like	VBP
a	DT
particular	JJ
show	NN
,	,
movie	NN
or	CC
celebrity	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
as	IN
a	DT
brilliant	JJ
money	NN
making	VBG
scheme	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
operators	NNS
also	RB
pay	VBP
a	DT
sliding	VBG
scale	NN
monthly	JJ
web	NN
fee	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
traffic	NN
that	IN
their	PRP$
site	NN
is	VBZ
getting	VBG
.	.
But	CC
the	DT
real	JJ
issue	NN
here	RB
is	VBZ
the	DT
proliferation	NN
of	IN
material	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
If	IN
an	DT
individual	JJ
site	NN
provides	VBZ
unauthorized	JJ
and	CC
infringing	VBG
content	NN
,	,
that	IN
material	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
possibility	NN
to	TO
reach	VB
the	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
world	NN
population	NN
.	.
The	DT
issue	NN
becomes	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
control	NN
-	:
what	WP
the	DT
fan	NN
site	NN
puts	VBZ
out	RP
there	RB
versus	IN
what	WP
the	DT
copyright	NN
owner	NN
wants	VBZ
out	IN
there	RB
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
future	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
great	JJ
possibility	NN
that	IN
one	CD
of	IN
these	DT
cases	NNS
may	MD
actually	RB
make	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
court	NN
.	.
At	IN
that	DT
point	NN
,	,
the	DT
Internet	NNP
as	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
today	NN
could	MD
change	VB
remarkably	RB
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
found	VBN
that	IN
personal	JJ
fan	NN
sites	NNS
containing	VBG
infringing	VBG
material	NN
are	VBP
not	RB
covered	VBN
by	IN
fair	JJ
use	NN
.	.
Because	IN
everyone	NN
knows	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
information	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
come	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
official	JJ
site	NN
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
explains	VBZ
how	WRB
con	JJ
artists	NNS
fraudulently	RB
portray	VBP
themselves	PRP
as	IN
known	VBN
,	,
legal	JJ
corporations	NNS
to	TO
gain	VB
the	DT
trust	NN
of	IN
,	,
and	CC
sometimes	RB
take	VB
advantage	NN
of	IN
,	,
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
.	.
The	DT
nefarious	JJ
hacker	NN
may	MD
defame	VB
the	DT
corporation	NN
,	,
the	DT
first	JJ
victim	NN
,	,
by	IN
posting	VBG
information	NN
to	TO
seemingly	RB
authentic	JJ
websites	NNS
.	.
Perpetrators	NNS
then	RB
often	RB
steal	VB
usernames	NNS
,	,
passwords	NNS
,	,
credit	NN
card	NN
information	NN
,	,
social	JJ
security	NN
numbers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
personally	RB
identifying	VBG
information	NN
--	:
committing	VBG
identity	NN
fraud	NN
--	:
against	IN
their	PRP$
second	JJ
victims	NNS
,	,
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
also	RB
describes	VBZ
how	WRB
corporations	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
legal	JJ
counsel	NN
can	MD
fight	VB
back	RB
against	IN
these	DT
criminals	NNS
and	CC
protect	VB
their	PRP$
corporate	JJ
identity	NN
.	.
Several	JJ
Congressional	JJ
Acts	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
enacted	VBN
to	TO
prevent	VB
fraud	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Federal	NNP
Trade	NNP
Commission	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FTC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
1	CD
and	CC
Federal	NNP
Bureau	NNP
of	IN
Investigations	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
FBI	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
2	CD
actively	RB
hunt	NN
down	RB
and	CC
prosecute	VB
these	DT
con	NN
artists	NNS
.	.
Corporations	NNS
also	RB
have	VBP
civil	JJ
remedies	NNS
available	JJ
against	IN
Internet	NNP
identity	NN
thieves	NNS
using	VBG
statutes	NNS
including	VBG
the	DT
Computer	NN
Fraud	NNP
and	CC
Abuse	NNP
Act3	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Lanham	NNP
Act4	NNP
.	.
Understanding	VBG
these	DT
civil	JJ
actions	NNS
and	CC
knowing	VBG
about	IN
available	JJ
criminal	JJ
actions	NNS
will	MD
make	VB
corporate	JJ
counsel	NN
more	RBR
ready	JJ
to	TO
target	VB
the	DT
phishers	NNS
.	.
While	IN
personal	JJ
identity	NN
fraud	NN
may	MD
receive	VB
much	RB
of	IN
the	DT
press5	NNS
,	,
corporate	JJ
identity	NN
fraud	NN
can	MD
be	VB
much	RB
more	RBR
destructive	JJ
when	WRB
figuring	VBG
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
money	NN
at	IN
risk	NN
.	.
Marketing	NNP
effectiveness	NN
,	,
press	NN
coverage	NN
,	,
and	CC
public	JJ
perceptions	NNS
are	VBP
all	DT
affected	VBN
by	IN
identity	NN
fraud	NN
schemes	NNS
.	.
Corporations	NNS
can	MD
mitigate	VB
these	DT
damages	NNS
by	IN
protecting	VBG
themselves	PRP
and	CC
aggressively	RB
reacting	VBG
to	TO
their	PRP$
identities	NNS
being	VBG
hijacked	VBN
.	.
The	DT
word	NN
``	``
spoof	NN
''	''
,	,
which	WDT
means	VBZ
``	``
to	TO
deceive	VB
``	``
1	CD
,	,
is	VBZ
derived	VBN
from	IN
a	DT
game	NN
of	IN
trickery2	CD
,	,
invented	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
British	JJ
comedian	NN
,	,
Arthur	NNP
Roberts	NNP
.3	CD
For	IN
the	DT
purposes	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
,	,
spoofing	VBG
refers	VBZ
to	TO
intentionally	RB
deceiving	VBG
an	DT
Internet	NNP
user	NN
into	IN
believing	VBG
the	DT
website	NN
or	CC
e-mail	NN
he\/she	NN
is	VBZ
viewing	VBG
is	VBZ
authentic	JJ
as	IN
to	TO
its	PRP$
apparent	JJ
origin	NN
,	,
when	WRB
in	IN
reality	NN
it	PRP
was	VBD
developed	VBN
and\/or	CC
communicated	VBN
by	IN
another	DT
entity	NN
.	.
Websites	NNS
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
spoofed	VBN
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
site	NN
appear	VBP
to	TO
come	VB
from	IN
a	DT
trusted	VBN
source	NN
,	,
when	WRB
it	PRP
was	VBD
actually	RB
generated	VBN
by	IN
another	DT
disguised	VBN
host	NN
.	.
Often	RB
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
websites	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
easily	RB
copied	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
source	NN
code	NN
and	CC
images	NNS
on	IN
websites	NNS
available	JJ
for	IN
downloading	VBG
at	IN
the	DT
click	NN
of	IN
a	DT
mouse	NN
.	.
Unlike	IN
e-mail	NN
messages	NNS
,	,
the	DT
website	NN
address	NN
'	''
domain	NN
name	NN
will	MD
disclose	VB
the	DT
true	JJ
source	NN
of	IN
the	DT
page	NN
and	CC
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
easily	RB
altered	VBN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
reports	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
bug	NN
in	IN
Internet	NNP
Explorer	NNP
versions	NNS
5	CD
and	CC
6	CD
for	IN
Windows	NNS
have	VBP
surfaced	VBN
that	IN
allows	VBZ
falsifying	VBG
of	IN
even	RB
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
of	IN
a	DT
viewed	VBN
website	NN
because	IN
of	IN
an	DT
input	NN
validation	NN
error	NN
.12	CD
Even	RB
without	IN
this	DT
bug	NN
,	,
the	DT
rich	JJ
HTML	NNP
content	NN
available	JJ
on	IN
webpages	NNS
allows	VBZ
for	IN
robust	JJ
forgery	NN
of	IN
legitimate	JJ
websites	NNS
.	.
Spoofing	VBG
can	MD
also	RB
describe	VB
the	DT
falsifying	VBG
of	IN
an	DT
IP	NNP
address	NN
.13	CD
While	IN
this	DT
certainly	RB
represents	VBZ
a	DT
challenge	NN
in	IN
investigating	VBG
computer	NN
hacking	NN
activity	NN
,	,
its	PRP$
scope	NN
is	VBZ
beyond	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
's	POS
primary	JJ
issue	NN
of	IN
describing	VBG
corporate	JJ
identity	NN
fraud	NN
in	IN
the	DT
forms	NNS
of	IN
spoofing	VBG
and	CC
phishing	VBG
.	.
To	TO
compare	VB
the	DT
terms	NNS
another	DT
way	NN
,	,
all	DT
phishing	VBG
must	MD
practically	RB
entail	VB
some	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
spoofing	VBG
to	TO
fool	VB
the	DT
user	NN
into	IN
believing	VBG
they	PRP
are	VBP
viewing	VBG
an	DT
authentic	JJ
e-mail	NN
or	CC
website	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
not	RB
all	DT
spoofing	VBG
is	VBZ
done	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
purposes	NNS
of	IN
phishing	VBG
.	.
Whether	IN
Amazon.com	NNP
's	POS
actions	NNS
will	MD
effectively	RB
stop	VB
spoofing	VBG
of	IN
their	PRP$
identity	NN
remains	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
known	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
does	VBZ
seem	VB
this	DT
aggressive	JJ
stance	NN
against	IN
e-mail	NN
fraud	NN
would	MD
deter	VB
many	JJ
would-be	JJ
spoofers	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
still	RB
plenty	JJ
of	IN
other	JJ
famous	JJ
corporate	JJ
identities	NNS
to	TO
spoof	VB
.	.
Of	IN
Amazon.com	NNP
's	POS
defendants	NNS
,	,
Rockin	NNP
'	POS
Time	NNP
Holdings	NNPS
had	VBD
been	VBN
previously	RB
sued	VBN
by	IN
Microsoft	NNP
in	IN
June	NNP
200314	CD
for	IN
e-mail	NN
trademark	NN
infringement15	NNS
,	,
and	CC
Edward	NNP
Davidson	NNP
had	VBD
been	VBN
previously	RB
sued	VBN
by	IN
America	NNP
Online	NNP
in	IN
1998	CD
related	VBN
to	TO
adult-oriented	JJ
spam16	NNS
.	.
``	``
Dear	RB
PayPal	JJ
User	NN
,	,
Today	NN
we	PRP
had	VBD
some	DT
trouble	NN
with	IN
one	CD
of	IN
our	PRP$
computer	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
trouble	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
minor	JJ
,	,
we	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
taking	VBG
any	DT
chances	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
decided	VBD
to	TO
take	VB
the	DT
troubled	JJ
system	NN
off-line	JJ
and	CC
replace	VB
it	PRP
with	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
system	NN
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
this	DT
caused	VBD
us	PRP
to	TO
lose	VB
some	DT
member	NN
data	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
follow	VB
the	DT
link	NN
below	IN
and	CC
log	VB
into	IN
your	PRP$
account	NN
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
your	PRP$
information	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
affected	VBN
.	.
Account	NNP
balances	NNS
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
affected	VBN
.	.
''	''
Recently	RB
we	PRP
have	VBP
received	VBN
an	DT
order	NN
made	VBN
by	IN
using	VBG
your	PRP$
personal	JJ
credit	NN
card	NN
information	NN
.	.
This	DT
order	NN
was	VBD
made	VBN
online	NN
at	IN
our	PRP$
official	JJ
BestBuy	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
sic	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
Web	NNP
site	NN
on	IN
06/17/2003	CD
.	.
Our	PRP$
Fraud	NNP
Department	NNP
has	VBZ
some	DT
suspicions	NNS
regarding	VBG
this	DT
order	NN
and	CC
we	PRP
need	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
visit	VB
a	DT
special	JJ
Fraud	NNP
Department	NNP
page	NN
at	IN
our	PRP$
web	NN
store	NN
where	WRB
you	PRP
can	MD
confirm	VB
or	CC
decline	VB
this	DT
transaction	NN
by	IN
providing	VBG
us	PRP
with	IN
the	DT
correct	JJ
information	NN
.	.
''	''
As	IN
the	DT
world	NN
's	POS
largest	JJS
bank59	CD
Citigroup	NNP
's	POS
Citibank	NNP
makes	VBZ
a	DT
prominent	JJ
target	NN
for	IN
corporate	JJ
identity	NN
fraud	NN
.	.
Like	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
phishing	NN
examples	NNS
,	,
the	DT
con	NN
artist	NN
sent	VBD
out	RP
an	DT
e-mail	NN
preying	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
topic	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
and	CC
financial	JJ
institutions	NNS
that	WDT
's	VBZ
caused	VBN
a	DT
bit	NN
of	IN
confusion	NN
among	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
public	JJ
.60	CD
This	DT
e-mail	NN
message	NN
asked	VBD
the	DT
user	NN
to	TO
consent	VB
to	TO
new	JJ
Terms	NNS
and	CC
Conditions	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
Citibank	NNP
checking	NN
account	NN
.61	CD
With	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
notification	NN
announcements	NNS
sent	VBN
by	IN
financial	JJ
institutions	NNS
,	,
this	DT
request	NN
would	MD
not	RB
seem	VB
unusual	JJ
.	.
Citibank	NNP
has	VBZ
placed	VBN
copies	NNS
of	IN
many	JJ
examples	NNS
of	IN
spoofed	VBN
e-mails	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
UK	NNP
website64	CD
to	TO
notify	VB
the	DT
public	NN
of	IN
phishing	VBG
attempts	NNS
using	VBG
the	DT
Citibank	NNP
identity	NN
.	.
To	TO
view	VB
more	JJR
examples	NNS
of	IN
phishing	NN
,	,
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
valuable	JJ
resource	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
other	JJ
financial	JJ
institutions	NNS
have	VBP
had	VBN
their	PRP$
identities	NNS
fraudulently	RB
used	VBN
in	IN
furtherance	NN
of	IN
phishing	VBG
schemes	NNS
.	.
These	DT
scams	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
merely	RB
affect	VB
United	NNP
States	NNPS
banks	NNS
--	:
HSBC	NNP
of	IN
Hong	NNP
Kong	NNP
and	CC
Barclays	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
Kingdom	NNP
are	VBP
prominent	JJ
international	JJ
banks	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
been	VBN
targeted65	NNS
.	.
While	IN
any	DT
company	NN
that	WDT
handles	VBZ
personal	JJ
information	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
victim	NN
,	,
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
expect	VBP
a	DT
higher	JJR
level	NN
of	IN
trust	NN
from	IN
grant	NN
banks	NNS
and	CC
financial	JJ
institutions	NNS
.	.
For	IN
these	DT
companies	NNS
to	TO
maintain	VB
this	DT
trust	NN
with	IN
the	DT
public	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
they	PRP
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
combat	VB
the	DT
hijacking	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
identities	NNS
by	IN
online	JJ
con	NN
artists	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
of	IN
the	DT
fastest	JJS
methods	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
illegitimate	JJ
e-mail	NN
distributed	VBN
is	VBZ
by	IN
propagation	NN
through	IN
a	DT
virus	NN
or	CC
worm	NN
.	.
Spoofed	VBN
e-mail	NN
for	IN
phishing	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
distributed	VBN
using	VBG
two	CD
infamous	JJ
e-mail	NN
viruses	NNS
.	.
As	IN
of	IN
December	NNP
2003	CD
,	,
neither	CC
of	IN
these	DT
virus	NN
'	''
authors	NNS
had	VBD
been	VBN
prosecuted	VBN
.	.
Virus	NN
phishing	NN
creators	NNS
can	MD
face	VB
unique	JJ
charges	NNS
in	IN
court	NN
including	VBG
knowingly	RB
spreading	VBG
a	DT
computer	NN
virus	NN
with	IN
the	DT
intent	NN
to	TO
cause	VB
damage	NN
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
other	JJ
fraud-related	JJ
charges	NNS
.66	CD
Additionally	RB
,	,
if	IN
caught	VBN
,	,
the	DT
authors	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
viruses	NNS
could	MD
also	RB
face	VB
charges	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
phishing	VBG
.	.
Swen	NNP
's	POS
damage	NN
to	TO
Microsoft	NNP
may	MD
be	VB
more	RBR
substantial	JJ
.	.
Microsoft	NNP
had	VBD
to	TO
post	VB
information	NN
about	IN
valid	JJ
system	NN
updates	NNS
to	TO
prevent	VB
infection	NN
,	,
alerts	VBZ
about	IN
differentiating	VBG
spoofed	VBN
e-mails	NNS
from	IN
authentic	JJ
e-mails70	JJ
and	CC
defend	VB
itself	PRP
against	IN
claims	NNS
of	IN
Microsoft	NNP
Windows	NNP
'	POS
susceptibility	NN
to	TO
virus	NN
infections	NNS
.71	CD
Above	IN
all	PDT
this	DT
,	,
is	VBZ
the	DT
lost	JJ
trust	NN
between	IN
Microsoft	NNP
and	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
software	NN
customers	NNS
who	WP
rightly	RB
or	CC
wrongly	RB
associate	JJ
its	PRP$
software	NN
update	VBP
procedures	NNS
with	IN
this	DT
fraudulent	JJ
e-mail	NN
message	NN
.	.
As	IN
with	IN
any	DT
identity	NN
theft	NN
case	NN
,	,
the	DT
victim	NN
must	MD
work	VB
to	TO
affirmatively	RB
separate	JJ
themselves	PRP
from	IN
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
.	.
Notice	NNP
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
Microsoft	NNP
name	NN
,	,
colors	NNS
,	,
and	CC
fonts	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
closer	JJR
inspection	NN
reveals	VBZ
a	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
Registered	NNP
Trademark	NNP
notification	NN
on	IN
``	``
Microsoft	NNP
''	''
and	CC
an	DT
awkward	JJ
opening	NN
to	TO
the	DT
letter	NN
.	.
For	IN
novice	NN
users	NNS
,	,
or	CC
even	RB
experienced	VBD
users	NNS
not	RB
looking	VBG
for	IN
clues	NNS
,	,
this	DT
spoof	NN
could	MD
pass	VB
as	RB
authentic	JJ
.	.
For	IN
large	JJ
corporations	NNS
,	,
Lanham	NNP
Act	NNP
trademark	NN
violations	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
the	DT
best	JJS
weapon	NN
against	IN
spoofers	NNS
and	CC
hackers	NNS
.	.
By	IN
their	PRP$
very	JJ
nature	NN
,	,
spoofed	VBD
e-mails	NNS
and	CC
websites	NNS
will	MD
contain	VB
unauthorized	JJ
reproductions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
target	NN
company	NN
's	POS
trademarks	NNS
.	.
As	IN
in	IN
the	DT
aforementioned	JJ
cases	NNS
of	IN
e-mail	NN
spoofing	VBG
against	IN
Amazon.com	NNP
,	,
the	DT
trademark	NN
may	MD
even	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fraudulent	JJ
return	NN
address	NN
.	.
The	DT
victim	NN
company	NN
will	MD
usually	RB
have	VB
standing	VBG
to	TO
sue	VB
the	DT
spoofer	NN
or	CC
phisher	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
trademark	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
spoofed	VBN
e-mail	NN
or	CC
website	NN
improperly	RB
used	VBN
``	``
any	DT
reproduction	NN
,	,
counterfeit	NN
,	,
copy	NN
,	,
or	CC
colorable	JJ
imitation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
registered	JJ
mark	NN
in	IN
connection	NN
with	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
,	,
offering	VBG
for	IN
sale	NN
,	,
distribution	NN
,	,
or	CC
advertising	NN
of	IN
any	DT
goods	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
''	''
then	RB
the	DT
corporation	NN
who	WP
's	VBZ
identity	NN
was	VBD
appropriated	VBN
will	MD
have	VB
a	DT
claim	NN
for	IN
trademark	NN
infringement	NN
.17	CD
In	IN
cases	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
spoofing	NN
or	CC
phishing	NN
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
conduct	NN
harmed	VBD
the	DT
trademark	NN
owner	NN
,	,
showing	VBG
unauthorized	JJ
infringement	NN
would	MD
be	VB
relatively	RB
easy	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
targeted	JJ
company	NN
.	.
The	DT
civil	JJ
action	NN
for	IN
false	JJ
designation	NN
of	IN
origin	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
15	CD
USCA	NNP
1125	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
-RRB-	-RRB-
18	CD
goes	VBZ
after	IN
exactly	RB
what	WP
the	DT
phisher	NN
is	VBZ
attempting	VBG
when	WRB
appropriating	VBG
a	DT
company	NN
's	POS
trademark	NN
.	.
To	TO
show	VB
standing	NN
,	,
the	DT
company	NN
only	RB
must	MD
show	VB
the	DT
misuse	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
trademark	NN
``	``
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
to	TO
cause	VB
confusion	NN
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
cause	VB
mistake	NN
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
deceive	VB
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
affiliation	NN
,	,
connection	NN
,	,
or	CC
association	NN
...	:
''	''
with	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
goods	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
.19	CD
Only	RB
having	VBG
to	TO
show	VB
likelihood	NN
of	IN
confusion	NN
allows	VBZ
companies	NNS
to	TO
aggressively	RB
pursue	VB
all	DT
fraudulent	JJ
uses	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
trademarks	NNS
upon	IN
discovery	NN
,	,
not	RB
just	RB
after	IN
actual	JJ
complaints	NNS
or	CC
phished	JJ
users	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
courts	NNS
require	VBP
that	IN
competitive	JJ
injury	NN
has	VBZ
occurred	VBN
to	TO
bypass	VB
showing	VBG
actual	JJ
damages	NNS
for	IN
either	DT
monetary	JJ
relief	NN
or	CC
any	DT
relief	NN
.20	CD
However	RB
,	,
in	IN
cases	NNS
of	IN
phishing	NN
,	,
the	DT
phisher	NN
is	VBZ
acting	VBG
in	IN
direct	JJ
opposition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
goals	NNS
of	IN
developing	VBG
the	DT
public	JJ
trust	NN
through	IN
the	DT
corporation	NN
's	POS
trademarks	NNS
,	,
so	RB
competitive	JJ
injury	NN
should	MD
be	VB
an	DT
easy	JJ
element	NN
to	TO
prove	VB
.	.
Congress	NNP
passed	VBD
the	DT
Anticybersquatting	NNP
Consumer	NNP
Protection	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ACPA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
1999	CD
mainly	RB
to	TO
protect	VB
against	IN
domain	NN
name	NN
squatting	VBG
.	.
The	DT
statute	NN
in	IN
15	CD
USC	NNP
1125	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
A	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
ii	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
provides	VBZ
a	DT
civil	JJ
cause	NN
of	IN
action	NN
for	IN
an	DT
unauthorized	JJ
user	NN
who	WP
``	``
has	VBZ
a	DT
bad	JJ
faith	NN
intent	NN
to	TO
profit	VB
''	''
and	CC
``	``
registers	NNS
,	,
traffics	NNS
in	IN
,	,
or	CC
uses	VBZ
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
''	''
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
registered	VBN
trademark	NN
.21	CD
This	DT
action	NN
can	MD
benefit	VB
a	DT
corporate	JJ
victim	NN
of	IN
piracy	NN
in	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
important	JJ
ways	NNS
.	.
First	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
spoofer	NN
falsifies	VBZ
a	DT
trademarked	JJ
domain	NN
name	NN
,	,
as	IN
in	IN
the	DT
instances	NNS
with	IN
Amazon.com	NNP
,	,
they	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
liable	JJ
for	IN
cyberpiracy	NN
.	.
Notice	NNP
,	,
to	TO
fit	VB
this	DT
cause	NN
of	IN
action	NN
requires	VBZ
misuse	NN
of	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
.22	CD
Secondly	RB
,	,
often	RB
web	NN
spoofers	NNS
will	MD
register	VB
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
very	RB
similar	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
targeted	JJ
company	NN
's	POS
domain	NN
name	NN
for	IN
temporary	JJ
usage	NN
in	IN
furthuring	VBG
the	DT
illusion	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
phishing	JJ
scheme	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
see	VBP
the	DT
previously	RB
discussed	VBN
Dealertrac	NNP
Inc.	NNP
and	CC
PayPal	NNP
phishing	VBG
examples	NNS
.	.
With	IN
``	``
exceptional	JJ
cases	NNS
''	''
courts	NNS
may	MD
also	RB
provide	VB
``	``
reasonable	JJ
attorney	NN
fees	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
prevailing	VBG
party	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
1117	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Courts	NNS
define	VBP
``	``
exceptional	JJ
''	''
as	IN
``	``
malicious	JJ
,	,
fraudulent	JJ
,	,
deliberate	JJ
,	,
or	CC
willful	JJ
infringement	NN
.	.
``	``
30	CD
or	CC
with	IN
a	DT
finding	NN
of	IN
``	``
culpable	JJ
conduct	NN
on	IN
the	DT
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
losing	VBG
party	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
bad	JJ
faith	NN
,	,
fraud	NN
malice	NN
,	,
or	CC
knowing	VBG
infringement	NN
.	.
``	``
31	CD
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
either	DT
of	IN
these	DT
similar	JJ
standards	NNS
phishers	NNS
would	MD
broadly	RB
fall	VB
into	IN
the	DT
malicious	JJ
,	,
fraudulent	JJ
,	,
and	CC
bad	JJ
faith	NN
categories	NNS
.	.
In	IN
case	NN
similar	JJ
to	TO
spoofing	VBG
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
in	IN
SNA	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
v.	CC
Array	NNP
,	,
173	CD
F.	NNP
Supp	NNP
.2	CD
d.	NNP
347	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
E.D.	NNP
Pa.	NNP
2001	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
found	VBD
an	DT
``	``
exceptional	JJ
''	''
case	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
defendant	NN
acted	VBD
in	IN
bad	JJ
faith	NN
when	WRB
adding	VBG
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
trademark	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
meta	NN
tags	NNS
to	TO
fool	VB
users	NNS
into	IN
discovering	VBG
their	PRP$
website	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
court	NN
can	MD
find	VB
bad	JJ
faith	NN
with	IN
trademarks	NNS
used	VBN
in	IN
meta	NN
tags	NNS
,	,
certainly	RB
the	DT
fraudulent	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
trademarks	NNS
to	TO
steal	VB
customer	NN
information	NN
will	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
exceptional	JJ
.	.
As	IN
suggested	VBN
in	IN
earlier	JJR
examples	NNS
,	,
targeted	JJ
companies	NNS
can	MD
turn	VB
to	TO
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Trade	NNP
Commission	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FTC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
assistance	NN
in	IN
filing	NN
charges	NNS
against	IN
spoofers	NNS
and	CC
phishers	NNS
.36	CD
The	DT
Federal	NNP
Trade	NNP
Commission	NNP
Act	NNP
provides	VBZ
for	IN
civil	JJ
penalties	NNS
up	IN
to	TO
$	$
10,000	CD
per	IN
violation	NN
for	IN
cases	NNS
of	IN
unfair	JJ
competition	NN
and	CC
unfair	JJ
or	CC
deceptive	JJ
trade	NN
practices	NNS
.36	CD
By	IN
their	PRP$
nature	NN
,	,
spoofing	VBG
and	CC
phishing	VBG
attacks	NNS
against	IN
commercial	JJ
entities	NNS
will	MD
fall	VB
into	IN
these	DT
categories	NNS
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
a	DT
new	JJ
charge	NN
of	IN
``	``
pretexting	VBG
''	''
from	IN
the	DT
Gramm-Leach-Bliley	NNP
Act37	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
against	IN
phishers	NNS
dealing	VBG
in	IN
``	``
sensitive	JJ
financial	JJ
information	NN
''	''
.38	CD
The	DT
FTC	NNP
's	POS
resources	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
especially	RB
valuable	JJ
for	IN
small	JJ
businesses	NNS
without	IN
the	DT
time	NN
or	CC
money	NN
to	TO
pursue	VB
con	NN
artists	NNS
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
the	DT
CAN-SPAM	NNP
Act	NNP
makes	VBZ
unlawful	JJ
``	``
harvesting	NN
''	''
or	CC
developing	VBG
addresses	NNS
through	IN
``	``
automated	JJ
means	NNS
''	''
of	IN
e-mail	NN
addresses	NNS
off	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
These	DT
are	VBP
common	JJ
measures	NNS
used	VBN
by	IN
phishers	NNS
to	TO
gain	VB
extensive	JJ
lists	NNS
of	IN
victims	NNS
.	.
Bill	NNP
Gates42	NNP
and	CC
Microsoft42	NNP
have	VBP
called	VBN
for	IN
this	DT
provision	NN
in	IN
the	DT
past	NN
as	IN
a	DT
spoofing	VBG
prevention	NN
tactic	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
state	NN
statutes	NNS
and	CC
state-based	JJ
common	JJ
laws	NNS
exist	VBP
that	DT
may	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
in	IN
combination	NN
with	IN
federal	JJ
laws	NNS
against	IN
spoofers	NNS
and	CC
phishers	NNS
.	.
Trademark	NN
infringement	NN
,	,
unfair	JJ
trade	NN
practices	NNS
,	,
identity	NN
theft49	CD
and	CC
fraud	NN
laws	NNS
are	VBP
just	RB
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
various	JJ
laws	NNS
that	WDT
should	MD
be	VB
investigated	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
per	IN
state	NN
basis	NN
.	.
For	IN
use	NN
of	IN
various	JJ
state	NN
penalties	NNS
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
federal	JJ
causes	NNS
of	IN
action	NN
,	,
see	VBP
the	DT
previously	RB
mentioned	VBN
Amazon.com	NNP
e-mail	NN
spoofing	VBG
examples	NNS
.	.
Other	JJ
solutions	NNS
,	,
both	DT
legal	JJ
and	CC
technical	JJ
,	,
may	MD
provide	VB
even	RB
greater	JJR
strength	NN
to	TO
existing	VBG
prevention	NN
and	CC
enforcement	NN
capabilities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
FTC	NNP
has	VBZ
also	RB
proposed	VBN
legislative	JJ
and	CC
procedural	JJ
changes	NNS
for	IN
better	JJR
fighting	NN
deceptive	JJ
spam	NN
.1	CD
As	IN
presented	VBN
here	RB
,	,
though	RB
,	,
there	EX
exist	VBP
plenty	NN
of	IN
laws	NNS
against	IN
the	DT
activites	NNS
performed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
spoofing	NN
or	CC
phishing	VBG
campaign	NN
.	.
Modifying	VBG
or	CC
clarifying	VBG
these	DT
laws	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
reasonable	JJ
,	,
but	CC
more	RBR
statutes	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
required	VBN
.	.
Improved	VBN
and	CC
new	JJ
technologies	NNS
are	VBP
developing	VBG
to	TO
combat	VB
fraudulent	JJ
e-mail	NN
and	CC
websites	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
Brightmail	NNP
has	VBZ
developed	VBN
an	DT
Anti-Fraud	JJ
service	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
customers	NNS
against	IN
spoofing	VBG
and	CC
phishing	VBG
.5	CD
Tumbleweed	NNP
,	,
an	DT
electronic	JJ
communications	NNS
company	NN
,	,
supports	VBZ
digitally	RB
signed	VBN
e-mail	NN
becoming	VBG
the	DT
standard	JJ
practice	NN
,	,
so	RB
that	IN
users	NNS
know	VBP
for	IN
sure	JJ
the	DT
origin	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
received	VBN
e-mail	NN
.6	CD
With	IN
unsolicited	JJ
and	CC
fraudulent	JJ
spam	NN
becoming	VBG
so	RB
prevalent	JJ
,	,
this	DT
type	NN
of	IN
authenticated	VBN
e-mail	NN
may	MD
be	VB
the	DT
best	JJS
solution	NN
.	.
For	IN
companies	NNS
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
trusted	VBN
entities	NNS
,	,
targeted	VBN
by	IN
con	NN
artists	NNS
using	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
there	EX
exist	VBP
many	JJ
laws	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
provide	VB
remedies	NNS
against	IN
spoofing	VBG
and	CC
phishing	VBG
.	.
The	DT
costs	NNS
of	IN
sending	VBG
e-mail	NN
and	CC
establishing	VBG
hoax	NN
websites	NNS
are	VBP
so	RB
low	JJ
that	IN
victimized	VBN
companies	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
raise	VB
the	DT
stakes	NNS
for	IN
would-be	JJ
spoofers	NNS
.	.
By	IN
aggresively	JJ
pursuing	VBG
the	DT
perpetrators	NNS
using	VBG
all	DT
means	VBZ
possible	JJ
,	,
the	DT
message	NN
can	MD
be	VB
sent	VBN
out	RP
that	IN
the	DT
crime	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
pay	VB
.	.
Companies	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
rely	VB
upon	IN
government	NN
protection	NN
any	DT
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
business	NN
would	MD
normally	RB
entrust	VB
its	PRP$
identity	NN
with	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
And	CC
,	,
unfortunately	RB
,	,
technology	NN
will	MD
only	RB
improve	VB
the	DT
ability	NN
of	IN
spoofers	NNS
and	CC
phishers	NNS
to	TO
generate	VB
more	JJR
realistic	JJ
and	CC
harmful	JJ
fraudulent	JJ
e-mails	NNS
and	CC
websites	NNS
.	.
In	IN
Latin	NNP
,	,
virus	NN
means	VBZ
poison	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
biological	JJ
world	NN
,	,
``	``
a	DT
virus	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
shell	NN
that	WDT
contains	VBZ
some	DT
genetic	JJ
material	NN
.	.
A	DT
virus	NN
infects	VBZ
a	DT
cell	NN
,	,
combines	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
DNA	NN
in	IN
the	DT
cell	NN
and	CC
replicates	VBZ
to	TO
create	VB
more	JJR
viruses	NNS
.	.
Eventually	RB
the	DT
cell	NN
dies	VBZ
and	CC
the	DT
viruses	NNS
are	VBP
released	VBN
back	RB
into	IN
the	DT
environment	NN
''	''
.	.
Computer	NNP
viruses	NNS
are	VBP
``	``
the	DT
common	JJ
cold	NN
of	IN
modern	JJ
technology	NN
''	''
.	.
4	LS
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
very	RB
similar	JJ
-	:
they	PRP
are	VBP
self-replicating	JJ
computer	NN
programs	NNS
of	IN
various	JJ
types	NNS
.	.
A	DT
virus	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
written	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
sole	JJ
intent	NN
to	TO
cause	VB
damage	NN
to	TO
a	DT
machine	NN
or	CC
to	TO
invade	VB
the	DT
machine	NN
to	TO
steal	VB
information	NN
.	.
''	''
A	DT
virus	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
program	NN
that	WDT
infects	VBZ
a	DT
computer	NN
by	IN
inserting	VBG
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
itself	PRP
into	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
and	CC
harms	VBZ
the	DT
computer	NN
in	IN
some	DT
manner	NN
,	,
generally	RB
without	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
user	NN
's	POS
awareness	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
world	NN
,	,
viruses	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
divided	VBN
into	IN
4	CD
groups	NNS
based	VBN
upon	IN
these	DT
characteristics	NNS
-	:
environment	NN
,	,
Operating	VBG
system	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
OS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
different	JJ
algorithms	NNS
of	IN
work	NN
,	,
and	CC
their	PRP$
destructive	JJ
capabilities	NNS
.	.
Within	IN
the	DT
environment	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
4	CD
types	NNS
of	IN
viruses	NNS
-	:
file	NN
,	,
boot	NN
,	,
macro	NN
and	CC
network	NN
viruses	NNS
.	.
Every	DT
virus	NN
attacks	NNS
certain	JJ
parts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
OS	NNP
.	.
Concerning	VBG
their	PRP$
destructive	JJ
capabilities	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
range	VBP
from	IN
harmless	JJ
on	IN
up	RB
to	TO
very	RB
dangers	NNS
so	RB
as	IN
to	TO
actually	RB
cause	VB
damage	NN
to	TO
the	DT
computer	NN
's	POS
moving	VBG
parts	NNS
.	.
6	CD
.	.
The	DT
damage	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
cause	VBP
is	VBZ
call	VB
the	DT
``	``
payload	NN
''	''
.	.
The	DT
Melissa	NNP
virus	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
released	VBN
in	IN
2000	CD
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
discussed	VBN
below	IN
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
good	JJ
example	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
a	DT
virus	NN
works	VBZ
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
macro	NN
virus	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
propagate	VB
``	``
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
an	DT
email	NN
message	NN
containing	VBG
an	DT
infected	JJ
Word	NN
document	NN
as	IN
an	DT
attachment	NN
.	.
Where	WRB
<name>	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
full	JJ
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
user	NN
sending	VBG
the	DT
message	NN
.	.
The	DT
body	NN
of	IN
the	DT
message	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
multipart	JJ
MIME	NNP
message	NN
containing	VBG
two	CD
sections	NNS
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
section	NN
of	IN
the	DT
message	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Content-Type	NNP
:	:
text\/plain	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
contains	VBZ
the	DT
following	VBG
text	NN
.	.
The	DT
next	JJ
section	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Content-Type	NNP
:	:
application\/msword	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
was	VBD
initially	RB
reported	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
document	NN
called	VBN
``	``
list	NN
.	.
doc	NN
''	''
.	.
This	DT
document	NN
contains	VBZ
references	NNS
to	TO
pornographic	JJ
web	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
user	NN
opens	VBZ
an	DT
infected	JJ
.	.
doc	NN
file	NN
with	IN
Microsoft	NNP
Word97	NNP
or	CC
Word2000	NNP
,	,
the	DT
macro	NN
virus	NN
is	VBZ
immediately	RB
executed	VBN
if	IN
macros	NNS
are	VBP
enabled	VBN
.	.
Upon	IN
execution	NN
,	,
the	DT
virus	NN
first	RB
lowers	VBZ
the	DT
macro	NN
security	NN
settings	NNS
to	TO
permit	VB
all	DT
macros	NNS
to	TO
run	VB
when	WRB
documents	NNS
are	VBP
opened	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
user	NN
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
notified	VBN
when	WRB
the	DT
virus	NN
is	VBZ
executed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
The	DT
macro	NN
then	RB
checks	NNS
to	TO
see	VB
if	IN
the	DT
registry	NN
key	NN
``	``
HKEYCurrentUser	NNP
Software	NNP
Microsoft	NNP
Office	NNP
Melissa	NNP
?	.
''	''
has	VBZ
a	DT
value	NN
of	IN
''	''
...	:
by	IN
Kwyjibo	NNP
''	''
.	.
If	IN
that	DT
registry	NN
key	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
exist	VB
or	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
a	DT
value	NN
of	IN
''	''
...	:
by	IN
Kwyjibo	NNP
''	''
,	,
the	DT
virus	NN
proceeds	VBZ
to	TO
propagate	VB
itself	PRP
by	IN
sending	VBG
an	DT
email	NN
message	NN
in	IN
the	DT
format	NN
described	VBN
above	IN
to	TO
the	DT
first	JJ
50	CD
entries	NNS
in	IN
every	DT
Microsoft	NNP
Outlook	NNP
MAPI	NNP
address	NN
book	NN
readable	JJ
by	IN
the	DT
user	NN
executing	VBG
the	DT
macro	NN
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
successfully	RB
propagate	VB
,	,
the	DT
affected	JJ
machine	NN
must	MD
have	VB
Microsoft	NNP
Outlook	NNP
installed	VBD
;	:
however	RB
,	,
Outlook	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
mailer	NN
used	VBN
to	TO
read	VB
the	DT
message	NN
.	.
Next	JJ
,	,
the	DT
macro	NN
virus	NN
sets	VBZ
the	DT
value	NN
of	IN
the	DT
registry	NN
key	NN
to	TO
''	''
...	:
by	IN
Kwyjibo	NNP
''	''
.	.
Setting	VBG
this	DT
registry	NN
key	NN
causes	VBZ
the	DT
virus	NN
to	TO
only	RB
propagate	VB
once	RB
per	IN
session	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
registry	NN
key	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
persist	VB
through	IN
sessions	NNS
,	,
the	DT
virus	NN
will	MD
propagate	VB
as	IN
described	VBN
above	IN
once	RB
per	IN
every	DT
session	NN
when	WRB
a	DT
user	NN
opens	VBZ
an	DT
infected	JJ
document	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
registry	NN
key	JJ
persists	VBZ
through	IN
sessions	NNS
,	,
the	DT
virus	NN
will	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
attempt	VB
to	TO
propagate	VB
even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
affected	JJ
user	NN
opens	VBZ
an	DT
infected	JJ
document	NN
.	.
The	DT
macro	NN
then	RB
infects	VBZ
the	DT
Normal	NNP
.	.
dot	VB
template	NN
file	NN
.	.
By	IN
default	NN
,	,
all	DT
Word	NN
documents	NNS
utilize	VBP
the	DT
Normal	NNP
.	.
dot	VB
template	NN
;	:
thus	RB
,	,
any	DT
newly	RB
created	VBN
Word	NN
document	NN
will	MD
be	VB
infected	VBN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
minute	NN
of	IN
the	DT
hour	NN
matches	VBZ
the	DT
day	NN
of	IN
the	DT
month	NN
at	IN
this	DT
point	NN
,	,
the	DT
macro	NN
inserts	NNS
into	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
document	NN
the	DT
message	NN
``	``
Twenty-two	CD
points	NNS
,	,
plus	CC
triple-word-score	NN
,	,
plus	CC
fifty	CD
points	NNS
for	IN
using	VBG
all	DT
my	PRP$
letters	NNS
.	.
Game	NNP
's	POS
over	IN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
1980s	CD
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
legend	NN
,	,
the	DT
Amjad	NNP
brothers	NNS
of	IN
Pakistan	NNP
ran	VBD
a	DT
computer	NN
store	NN
.	.
They	PRP
were	VBD
continually	RB
frustrated	VBN
by	IN
computer	NN
piracy	NN
so	IN
they	PRP
wrote	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
computer	NN
virus	NN
,	,
a	DT
boot	NN
sector	NN
virus	NN
called	VBN
Brain	NN
.	.
The	DT
Brian	NNP
was	VBD
a	DT
tiny	JJ
3.5	CD
kilobyte	NN
virus	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
dubbed	VBN
``	``
The	DT
first	JJ
alien	JJ
assault	NN
on	IN
American	JJ
computer	NN
culture	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
interesting	JJ
thing	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
authors	NNS
did	VBD
not	RB
know	VB
they	PRP
had	VBD
created	VBN
the	DT
first	JJ
virus	NN
.	.
``	``
When	WRB
we	PRP
were	VBD
contacted	VBN
by	IN
Time	NNP
magazine	NN
,	,
we	PRP
were	VBD
extremely	RB
surprised	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
panic	NN
it	PRP
had	VBD
caused	VBN
''	''
.	.
In	IN
1988	CD
,	,
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
common	JJ
viruses	NNS
,	,
called	VBN
Jerusalem	NNP
,	,
was	VBD
unleashed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
virus	NN
was	VBD
activated	VBN
every	DT
Friday	NNP
the	DT
13th	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
virus	NN
affected	VBD
both	DT
.	.
exe	NN
and	CC
.	.
com	NN
files	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
delete	VB
any	DT
programs	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
run	VB
on	IN
that	DT
day	NN
.	.
MacMag	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Scores	NNS
virus	NN
cause	NN
the	DT
first	JJ
major	JJ
Macintosh	NNP
outbreaks	NNS
.	.
In	IN
1990	CD
,	,
Symantec	NNP
launches	VBZ
its	PRP$
anti-virus	JJ
programs	NNS
.	.
In	IN
1991	CD
,	,
Tequila	NNP
was	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
widespread	JJ
polymorphic	JJ
virus	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
found	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
wild	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
polymorphic	JJ
virus	NN
makes	VBZ
detection	NN
difficult	JJ
for	IN
virus	NN
scanners	NNS
by	IN
changing	VBG
their	PRP$
appearance	NN
with	IN
each	DT
new	JJ
infection	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
''	''
.	.
The	DT
Chernobyl	NNP
virus	NN
spreads	NNS
quickly	RB
via	IN
.	.
exe	NN
files	NNS
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
notoriety	NN
attached	VBN
to	TO
its	PRP$
name	NN
would	MD
suggest	VB
,	,
the	DT
virus	NN
is	VBZ
quite	RB
destructive	JJ
,	,
attacking	VBG
not	RB
only	RB
files	NNS
but	CC
also	RB
a	DT
certain	JJ
chip	NN
within	IN
infected	JJ
computers	NNS
''	''
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
In	IN
May	NNP
of	IN
2000	CD
,	,
the	DT
ILOVEYOU	NNP
virus	NN
was	VBD
unleashed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
It	PRP
clogged	VBD
computers	NNS
and	CC
caused	VBD
problems	NNS
all	DT
over	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
few	JJ
months	NNS
,	,
several	JJ
variants	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
virus	NN
were	VBD
released	VBN
also	RB
and	CC
many	JJ
managed	VBD
to	TO
catch	VB
out	RP
companies	NNS
and	CC
individuals	NNS
that	WDT
did	VBD
n't	RB
do	VB
enough	RB
to	TO
protect	VB
themselves	PRP
from	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
round	NN
of	IN
the	DT
virus	NN
.	.
10	CD
.	.
The	DT
Lovebug	NNP
virus	NN
was	VBD
released	VBN
in	IN
2000	CD
by	IN
Onel	NNP
De	NNP
Guzman	NNP
,	,
from	IN
the	DT
Phillipines	NNP
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
caused	VBD
over	IN
$	$
7	CD
billion	CD
in	IN
damages	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
since	IN
there	EX
were	VBD
no	DT
laws	NNS
in	IN
his	PRP$
home	NN
nation	NN
outlawing	VBG
his	PRP$
actions	NNS
,	,
he	PRP
was	VBD
set	VBN
free	JJ
.	.
1	LS
.	.
In	IN
1982	CD
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
Xerox	NNP
Park	NNP
research	NN
institute	NN
,	,
a	DT
worm	NN
was	VBD
created	VBN
that	DT
was	VBD
designed	VBN
to	TO
find	VB
idle	JJ
machines	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
used	VBN
to	TO
distribute	VB
workloads	NNS
and	CC
was	VBD
not	RB
a	DT
malicious	JJ
worm	NN
.	.
So	RB
worms	NNS
are	VBP
n't	RB
always	RB
harmful	JJ
and	CC
destructive	JJ
-	:
they	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
helpful	JJ
to	TO
their	PRP$
authors	NNS
or	CC
purchasers	NNS
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
A	DT
computer	NN
science	NN
student	NN
at	IN
Cornell	NNP
University	NNP
released	VBD
a	DT
worm	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
in	IN
November	NNP
1988	CD
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
definately	RB
malicious	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
``	``
exploited	VBN
``	``
bugs	NNS
''	''
in	IN
sendmail	NN
,	,
fingerd	NN
,	,
and	CC
rexec	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	CD
modes	NNS
of	IN
attack	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
to	TO
infect	VB
new	JJ
machines	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
used	VBD
several	JJ
techniques	NNS
to	TO
hide	VB
itself	PRP
,	,
tried	VBD
to	TO
crack	VB
password	NN
files	NNS
,	,
once	RB
a	DT
site	NN
was	VBD
infected	VBN
it	PRP
tried	VBD
to	TO
infect	VB
other	JJ
sites	NNS
,	,
if	IN
two	CD
worms	NNS
were	VBD
at	IN
a	DT
site	NN
it	PRP
would	MD
negotiate	VB
to	TO
commit	VB
suicide	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
negotiation	NN
had	VBD
a	DT
bug	NN
so	RB
sometimes	RB
both	DT
worms	NNS
would	MD
live	VB
.	.
''	''
11	CD
.	.
``	``
Worms	NNS
are	VBP
similar	JJ
to	TO
viruses	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
one	CD
major	JJ
distinction	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
worms	NNS
multiply	VBP
without	IN
any	DT
human	JJ
interaction	NN
.	.
A	DT
worm	NN
can	MD
wind	VB
its	PRP$
way	NN
through	IN
a	DT
network	NN
system	NN
without	IN
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
be	VB
attached	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
file	NN
,	,
unlike	IN
viruses	NNS
...	:
''	''
5	CD
.	.
The	DT
Sobig	NNP
worm	NN
becomes	VBZ
the	DT
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
to	TO
join	VB
the	DT
spam	NN
community	NN
.	.
Infected	VBN
computer	NN
systems	NNS
have	VBP
the	DT
potential	NN
to	TO
become	VB
spam	NN
relay	NN
points	NNS
and	CC
spamming	VBG
techniques	NNS
are	VBP
used	VBN
to	TO
mass-mail	JJ
copies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
worm	NN
to	TO
potential	JJ
victims	NNS
.	.
10	CD
.	.
All	DT
computer	NN
virus	NN
makers	NNS
are	VBP
people	NNS
-	:
they	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
write	VB
the	DT
code	NN
.	.
A	DT
computer	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
just	RB
generate	VB
a	DT
virus	NN
.	.
Virus	NN
senders	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
almost	RB
always	RB
young	JJ
,	,
leading	VBG
some	DT
to	TO
argue	VB
for	IN
restraint	NN
in	IN
punishments	NNS
.	.
1	LS
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
often	RB
a	DT
young	JJ
computer	NN
wiz	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
both	DT
curious	JJ
and	CC
eager	JJ
to	TO
show	VB
off	RP
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
expertise	NN
by	IN
pointing	VBG
out	RP
the	DT
flaws	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
``	``
system	NN
''	''
or	CC
in	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
safeguards	NNS
erected	VBN
by	IN
others	NNS
.	.
3	LS
.	.
The	DT
government	NN
is	VBZ
far	RB
behind	IN
technology	NN
in	IN
prosecuting	VBG
computer	NN
virus	NN
authors	NNS
and	CC
virus	NN
dispensers	NNS
.	.
In	IN
2002	CD
,	,
over	IN
200	CD
viruses	NNS
or	CC
worms	NNS
were	VBD
released	VBN
onto	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
but	CC
less	JJR
than	IN
10	CD
authors	NNS
were	VBD
arrested	VBN
.	.
14	CD
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
very	RB
wise	JJ
to	TO
try	VB
and	CC
protect	VB
yourself	PRP
from	IN
computer	NN
viruses	NNS
.	.
On	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
computer	NN
:	:
Antivirus	NNP
software	NN
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
,	,
as	IN
is	VBZ
a	DT
little	JJ
common	JJ
sense	NN
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
do	VBP
n't	RB
download	VB
every	DT
attachment	NN
that	WDT
comes	VBZ
to	TO
you	PRP
via	IN
email	NN
.	.
Use	NNP
a	DT
little	JJ
discretion	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
want	VB
to	TO
check	VB
with	IN
someone	NN
who	WP
sent	VBD
you	PRP
the	DT
email	NN
in	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
place	NN
.	.
Make	NNP
sure	RB
they	PRP
meant	VBD
to	TO
send	VB
it	PRP
if	IN
the	DT
file	NN
looks	VBZ
suspicious	JJ
.	.
Some	DT
big	JJ
names	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
industry	NN
are	VBP
Symantec	NNP
,	,
Network	NNP
Associates	NNPS
,	,
Computer	NNP
Associates	NNPS
,	,
and	CC
Trend	NNP
Micro	NNP
.	.
2	LS
.	.
These	DT
companies	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
many	JJ
others	NNS
,	,
offer	VBP
regular	JJ
updates	NNS
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
How	WRB
do	VBP
their	PRP$
products	NNS
work	VB
?	.
``	``
Scanning	VBG
software	NN
looks	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
virus	NN
in	IN
one	CD
of	IN
two	CD
ways	NNS
.	.
If	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
known	JJ
virus	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
one	CD
that	WDT
has	VBZ
already	RB
been	VBN
detected	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
wild	JJ
and	CC
has	VBZ
an	DT
antidote	NN
written	VBN
for	IN
it	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
software	NN
will	MD
look	VB
for	IN
the	DT
virus	NN
's	POS
signature	NN
--	:
a	DT
unique	JJ
string	NN
of	IN
bytes	NNS
that	WDT
identifies	VBZ
the	DT
virus	NN
like	IN
a	DT
fingerprint	NN
--	:
and	CC
will	MD
zap	VB
it	PRP
from	IN
your	PRP$
system	NN
.	.
Apparently	RB
fed	VBN
up	RP
with	IN
the	DT
seemingly	RB
lighthearted	JJ
investigations	NNS
and	CC
adjudications	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
computer	NN
criminals	NNS
,	,
in	IN
2003	CD
Microsoft	NNP
offered	VBD
up	RP
huge	JJ
rewards	NNS
for	IN
any	DT
information	NN
on	IN
``	``
cyberspace	NN
outlaws	NNS
''	''
.	.
Microsoft	NNP
set	VBD
up	RP
a	DT
$	$
5	CD
million	CD
fund	NN
to	TO
help	VB
catch	VB
various	JJ
criminals	NNS
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
they	PRP
offered	VBD
$	$
250,000	CD
for	IN
``	``
information	NN
leading	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
arrest	NN
and	CC
conviction	NN
of	IN
''	''
the	DT
author	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
Blaster	NNP
worm	NN
and	CC
another	DT
$	$
250,000	CD
for	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
sort	NN
of	IN
information	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
Sobig	NNP
virus	NN
creators	NNS
and	CC
distributors	NNS
.	.
16	CD
.	.
Microsoft	NNP
Senior	NNP
Vice	NNP
President	NNP
Brad	NNP
Smith	NNP
said	VBD
releasing	VBG
a	DT
computer	NN
virus	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
harmless	JJ
schoolboy	NN
prank	NN
,	,
but	CC
a	DT
very	RB
serious	JJ
crime	NN
.	.
``	``
These	DT
are	VBP
real	JJ
crimes	NNS
that	WDT
disrupt	VBP
the	DT
lives	NNS
of	IN
real	JJ
people	NNS
.	.
Every	DT
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
community	NN
suffers	VBZ
from	IN
the	DT
criminal	JJ
act	NN
of	IN
releasing	VBG
viruses	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
malicious	JJ
code	NN
-	:
businesses	NNS
,	,
governments	NNS
,	,
schools	NNS
,	,
and	CC
families	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
homes	NNS
,	,
''	''
he	PRP
said	VBD
.	.
17	CD
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
global	JJ
setting	NN
of	IN
this	DT
problem	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
also	RB
see	VB
what	WP
other	JJ
nations	NNS
are	VBP
doing	VBG
to	TO
help	VB
combat	NN
viruses	NNS
.	.
China	NNP
has	VBZ
adopted	VBN
two	CD
regulations	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
help	VB
stop	VB
future	JJ
computer	NN
virus	NN
attacks	NNS
.	.
These	DT
were	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
aftermath	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Love	NNP
Bug	NN
virus	NN
.	.
``	``
According	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
new	JJ
rules	NNS
,	,
confirmation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
virus	NN
and	CC
the	DT
effectiveness	NN
of	IN
anti-virus	JJ
software	NN
should	MD
be	VB
carried	VBN
out	RP
by	IN
organizations	NNS
designated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Ministry	NNP
of	IN
Public	NNP
Security	NNP
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
individuals	NNS
or	CC
any	DT
software	NN
producer	NN
.	.
The	DT
Ministry	NNP
of	IN
Public	NNP
Security	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
formulated	VBD
the	DT
regulations	NNS
,	,
successfully	RB
fought	VBD
the	DT
``	``
PINGPANG	NNP
''	''
,	,
the	DT
first	JJ
computer	NN
virus	NN
to	TO
appear	VB
in	IN
China	NNP
,	,
with	IN
its	PRP$
free	JJ
virus-killing	JJ
software	NN
``	``
Kill	VB
''	''
in	IN
1989	CD
.	.
The	DT
promulgation	NN
of	IN
these	DT
two	CD
rules	NNS
will	MD
help	VB
improve	VB
the	DT
legal	JJ
framework	NN
for	IN
virus	NN
fighting	VBG
efforts	NNS
in	IN
China	NNP
,	,
and	CC
put	VBD
an	DT
end	NN
to	TO
unfair	JJ
competition	NN
among	IN
virus-killing	JJ
software	NN
makers	NNS
''	''
.	.
18	CD
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
Kingdom	NNP
,	,
``	``
the	DT
Computer	NN
Misuse	NNP
Act	NNP
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
a	DT
crime	NN
to	TO
make	VB
an	DT
unauthorised	JJ
modification	NN
on	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
own	VBP
a	DT
computer	NN
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
authorise	VB
anything	NN
you	PRP
want	VBP
for	IN
that	DT
computer	NN
,	,
so	RB
you	PRP
can	MD
spread	VB
a	DT
virus	NN
on	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
you	PRP
own	VBP
.	.
A	DT
virus	NN
makes	VBZ
a	DT
modification	NN
,	,
so	RB
if	IN
someone	NN
deliberately	RB
spreads	VBZ
a	DT
virus	NN
on	IN
someone	NN
else	RB
's	POS
computer	NN
,	,
that	DT
's	VBZ
a	DT
crime	NN
.	.
Giving	VBG
a	DT
virus	NN
to	TO
someone	NN
else	RB
is	VBZ
n't	RB
a	DT
crime	NN
if	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
with	IN
his\/her	NN
knowledge	NN
and	CC
permission	NN
,	,
however	RB
.	.
So	RB
,	,
sending	VBG
a	DT
diskette	NN
with	IN
a	DT
virus	NN
on	IN
to	TO
an	DT
AV	NNP
company	NN
,	,
together	RB
with	IN
a	DT
note	NN
saying	VBG
``	``
There	EX
's	VBZ
a	DT
virus	NN
on	IN
this	DT
disk	NN
,	,
please	VB
investigate	VB
it	PRP
for	IN
me	PRP
''	''
is	VBZ
legal	JJ
.	.
One	CD
stoke	NN
of	IN
genius	NN
in	IN
this	DT
new	JJ
act	NN
,	,
albeit	IN
rare	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
government	NN
,	,
``	``
by	IN
specifically	RB
not	RB
defining	VBG
a	DT
virus	NN
,	,
and	CC
rather	RB
describing	VBG
the	DT
act	NN
,	,
the	DT
drafters	NNS
have	VBP
left	VBN
it	PRP
open	JJ
to	TO
cover	VB
the	DT
next	JJ
wave	NN
of	IN
technological	JJ
attacks	NNS
on	IN
information	NN
systems	NNS
,	,
whatever	WDT
form	VBP
that	DT
may	MD
take	VB
''	''
.	.
3	LS
.	.
In	IN
May	NNP
2000	CD
,	,
then	RB
Governor	NNP
Tom	NNP
Ridge	NNP
signed	VBD
legislation	NN
into	IN
law	NN
that	IN
outlawed	VBD
the	DT
spread	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
viruses	NNS
.	.
Those	DT
``	``
who	WP
spread	VBD
computer	NN
viruses	NNS
could	MD
face	VB
up	RP
to	TO
seven	CD
years	NNS
in	IN
jail	NN
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
forced	VBN
to	TO
reimburse	VB
virus	NN
``	``
victims	NNS
''	''
for	IN
any	DT
damages	NNS
caused	VBN
by	IN
their	PRP$
technological	JJ
terrors	NNS
''	''
.	.
21	CD
.	.
Connecticut	NNP
just	RB
introduced	VBD
a	DT
law	NN
in	IN
January	NNP
of	IN
2003	CD
concerning	VBG
the	DT
contamination	NN
of	IN
computers	NNS
.	.
Its	PRP$
stated	VBN
purpose	NN
is	VBZ
:	:
``	``
To	TO
amend	VB
the	DT
definition	NN
of	IN
``	``
computer	NN
crime	NN
''	''
in	IN
section	NN
53a-251	NN
of	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
statutes	NNS
to	TO
include	VB
the	DT
introduction	NN
of	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
virus	NN
or	CC
worm	NN
into	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
system	NN
''	''
.	.
24	CD
.	.
In	IN
Idaho	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
similar	JJ
to	TO
many	JJ
other	JJ
states	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Idaho	NNP
statue	NN
reads	VBZ
:	:
``	``
Any	DT
person	NN
who	WP
knowingly	RB
and	CC
without	IN
authorization	NN
alters	NNS
,	,
damages	NNS
,	,
or	CC
destroys	VBZ
any	DT
computer	NN
,	,
computer	NN
system	NN
,	,
or	CC
computer	NN
network	NN
described	VBN
in	IN
section	NN
18-2201	CD
,	,
Idaho	NNP
Code	NNP
,	,
or	CC
any	DT
computer	NN
software	NN
,	,
program	NN
,	,
documentation	NN
,	,
or	CC
data	NNS
contained	VBN
in	IN
such	JJ
computer	NN
,	,
computer	NN
system	NN
,	,
or	CC
computer	NN
network	NN
commits	VBZ
computer	NN
crime	NN
''	''
.	.
Louisiana	NNP
's	POS
statue	NN
reads	VBZ
as	IN
:	:
A.	NN
An	DT
offense	NN
against	IN
computer	NN
equipment	NN
or	CC
supplies	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
intentional	JJ
modification	NN
or	CC
destruction	NN
,	,
without	IN
consent	NN
,	,
of	IN
computer	NN
equipment	NN
or	CC
supplies	NNS
used	VBN
or	CC
intended	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
,	,
computer	NN
system	NN
,	,
or	CC
computer	NN
network	NN
.	.
Conclusion	NN
-	:
In	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
world	NN
of	IN
computers	NNS
,	,
the	DT
villians	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
computer	NN
viruses	NNS
.	.
Fighting	NN
this	DT
evil	JJ
takes	VBZ
common	JJ
sense	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
support	NN
from	IN
the	DT
government	NN
through	IN
the	DT
criminal	JJ
justice	NN
system	NN
.	.
The	DT
best	JJS
way	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
ourselves	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
smart	JJ
and	CC
to	TO
keep	VB
updated	VBN
on	IN
anti-virus	JJ
software	NN
.	.
Clearly	RB
,	,
as	IN
small	JJ
a	DT
percentage	NN
of	IN
total	JJ
retail	JJ
sales	NNS
as	IN
e-commerce	JJ
sales	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
,	,
the	DT
income	NN
these	DT
sales	NNS
generate	VBP
is	VBZ
by	IN
no	DT
means	NNS
negligible	JJ
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
and	CC
these	DT
figures	NNS
grow	VBP
,	,
so	RB
does	VBZ
discussion	NN
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
proper	JJ
ability	NN
,	,
method	NN
,	,
or	CC
right	RB
,	,
to	TO
tax	VB
these	DT
transactions	NNS
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
discuss	VB
the	DT
current	JJ
case	NN
law	NN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
e-commerce	JJ
purchases	NNS
,	,
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
iii	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	JJ
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
taxes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
efforts	NNS
and	CC
rationales	NNS
for	IN
including	VBG
or	CC
excluding	VBG
Internet	NNP
purchases	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
method	NN
of	IN
taxation	NN
used	VBN
to	TO
tax	NN
traditional	JJ
brick-and-mortar	JJ
and	CC
mail	NN
order	NN
purchases	NNS
presently	RB
.	.
While	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
question	NN
that	IN
this	DT
definition	NN
is	VBZ
easily	RB
applied	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
traditional	JJ
brick-and-mortar	JJ
retail	JJ
store	NN
purchase	NN
,	,
Internet	NNP
purchases	NNS
raise	VBP
new	JJ
concerns	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
imposition	NN
and	CC
collection	NN
of	IN
taxes	NNS
.	.
Already	RB
,	,
the	DT
issue	NN
arises	VBZ
as	IN
to	TO
whether	IN
the	DT
definition	NN
of	IN
taxable	JJ
property	NN
is	VBZ
adequate	JJ
to	TO
suit	VB
the	DT
new	JJ
,	,
emerging	VBG
,	,
and	CC
often-intangible	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
property	NN
for	IN
sale	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
such	JJ
as	IN
digital	JJ
media	NNS
.	.
While	IN
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
jurisdictions	NNS
have	VBP
lost	VBN
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
revenues	NNS
to	TO
mail	NN
order	NN
and	CC
out-of-state	JJ
purchases	NNS
for	IN
years	NNS
,	,
the	DT
rise	NN
in	IN
use	NN
and	CC
popularity	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
purchases	NNS
,	,
and	CC
current	JJ
confusion	NN
and	CC
misunderstanding	NN
about	IN
how	WRB
these	DT
purchases	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
taxed	VBN
,	,
or	CC
if	IN
they	PRP
should	MD
at	IN
all	DT
,	,
is	VBZ
of	IN
great	JJ
concern	NN
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
continues	VBZ
to	TO
develop	VB
as	IN
a	DT
dominant	JJ
retail	JJ
sales	NNS
source	NN
,	,
we	PRP
must	MD
question	VB
whether	IN
it	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
confined	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
current	JJ
tax	NN
laws	NNS
,	,
or	CC
if	IN
new	JJ
law	NN
should	MD
follow	VB
its	PRP$
?	.
course	NN
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
discuss	VB
this	DT
issue	NN
,	,
a	DT
brief	JJ
description	NN
of	IN
the	DT
nature	NN
,	,
and	CC
legal	JJ
conceptualization	NN
,	,
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
Internet	NNP
commerce	NN
transactions	NNS
is	VBZ
in	IN
order	NN
.	.
Internet	NNP
must	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
event	NN
that	IN
the	DT
physical	JJ
presence	NN
standard	NN
is	VBZ
overruled	VBN
.	.
Then	RB
,	,
determinations	NNS
of	IN
jurisdiction	NN
and	CC
many	JJ
courts	NNS
?	.
following	VBG
decisions	NNS
will	MD
factor	VB
heavily	RB
on	IN
their	PRP$
conceptualization	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Regarding	VBG
intrastate	JJ
retail	JJ
sales	NNS
taxes	NNS
,	,
jurisdiction	NN
is	VBZ
satisfied	VBN
when	WRB
a	DT
purchaser	NN
buys	VBZ
property	NN
within	IN
the	DT
taxing	VBG
state	NN
,	,
but	CC
use	NN
taxes	NNS
on	IN
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
are	VBP
not	RB
so	RB
easily	RB
imposed	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
collected	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
As	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
is	VBZ
almost	RB
always	RB
a	DT
question	NN
of	IN
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
,	,
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
large	JJ
limitation	NN
on	IN
the	DT
States	NNPS
?	.
power	NN
to	TO
tax	NN
certain	JJ
purchases	NNS
.	.
The	DT
substantial	JJ
nexus	NN
prong	NN
,	,
which	WDT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
interpreted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
as	IN
requiring	VBG
a	DT
physical	JJ
presence	NN
in	IN
the	DT
taxing	VBG
state	NN
,	,
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
lxxxii	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	NN
has	VBZ
proven	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
contentious	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
prongs	NNS
.	.
Courts	NNS
in	IN
some	DT
states	NNS
have	VBP
taken	VBN
advantage	NN
of	IN
this	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
definitive	JJ
federal	JJ
direction	NN
in	IN
determining	VBG
their	PRP$
requisite	JJ
levels	NNS
and	CC
types	NNS
of	IN
presence	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
nexus	NN
,	,
and	CC
without	IN
guidance	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
or	CC
legislation	NN
on	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
,	,
the	DT
potential	NN
for	IN
conflicting	VBG
rules	NNS
and	CC
interpretations	NNS
will	MD
expand	VB
.	.
Very	RB
aware	JJ
of	IN
this	DT
possibility	NN
,	,
states	NNS
want	VBP
a	DT
piece	NN
of	IN
the	DT
pie	NN
,	,
and	CC
do	VBP
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
lose	VB
the	DT
revenue	NN
from	IN
taxes	NNS
on	IN
Internet	NNP
sales	NNS
like	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
reluctantly	RB
lost	VBN
from	IN
taxes	NNS
on	IN
mail-order	JJ
sales	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
that	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
satisfy	VB
the	DT
Quill	NNP
test	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
If	IN
reform	NN
efforts	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
economic	JJ
presence	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
opposed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
current	JJ
physical	JJ
presence	NN
standard	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
considered	VBN
,	,
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
tax	NN
authorities	NNS
could	MD
impose	VB
tax	NN
collection	NN
obligations	NNS
on	IN
remote	JJ
sellers	NNS
meeting	VBG
a	DT
certain	JJ
threshold	NN
of	IN
activity	NN
,	,
but	CC
without	IN
simultaneous	JJ
efforts	NNS
to	TO
simplify	VB
this	DT
collection	NN
and	CC
administration	NN
,	,
the	DT
burden	NN
on	IN
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
may	MD
be	VB
too	RB
large	JJ
.	.
For	IN
now	RB
,	,
however	RB
,	,
states	NNS
will	MD
rely	VB
on	IN
the	DT
Quill	NNP
physical	JJ
presence	NN
test	NN
in	IN
seeking	VBG
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
Internet	NNP
vendors	NNS
and	CC
sales	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
state	NN
,	,
like	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
for	IN
mail	NN
order	NN
companies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
likely	JJ
continue	VBP
their	PRP$
efforts	NNS
at	IN
simplifying	VBG
and	CC
streamlining	VBG
their	PRP$
taxes	NNS
,	,
so	RB
that	IN
if	IN
the	DT
standards	NNS
or	CC
laws	NNS
change	VBP
,	,
they	PRP
may	MD
reasonably	RB
comply	VB
.	.
Consumers	NNS
,	,
though	RB
,	,
are	VBP
much	RB
more	RBR
difficult	JJ
to	TO
predict	VB
.	.
Some	DT
say	VBP
that	IN
taxation	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
sales	NNS
is	VBZ
only	RB
the	DT
rightful	JJ
collection	NN
of	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
rightfully	RB
owed	VBN
.	.
Some	DT
say	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
new	JJ
medium	NN
,	,
unaffected	JJ
and	CC
undefined	JJ
by	IN
current	JJ
law	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
taxing	VBG
it	PRP
in	IN
its	PRP$
infancy	NN
would	MD
stunt	NN
its	PRP$
?	.
potentially	RB
limitless	JJ
growth	NN
.	.
This	DT
growth	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
inability	NN
to	TO
harness	VB
it	PRP
as	IN
revenue	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
the	DT
biggest	JJS
concern	NN
of	IN
the	DT
States	NNPS
,	,
and	CC
as	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
continues	VBZ
to	TO
grow	VB
,	,
so	RB
too	RB
will	MD
the	DT
issue	NN
.	.
Whether	IN
the	DT
end	NN
result	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
permanent	JJ
tax	NN
moratorium	NN
on	IN
Internet	NNP
access	NN
and	CC
sales	NNS
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
compromise	NN
situation	NN
like	IN
the	DT
Streamlined	NNP
Sales	NNS
Tax	NNP
Project	NNP
where	WRB
states	NNS
may	MD
tax	VB
Internet	NNP
sales	NNS
to	TO
some	DT
degree	NN
,	,
Congress	NNP
should	MD
seek	VB
to	TO
establish	VB
rules	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
fair	JJ
to	TO
traditional	JJ
and	CC
online	JJ
retailers	NNS
,	,
state	NN
,	,
local	JJ
,	,
and	CC
municipal	JJ
taxing	JJ
jurisdictions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
easy	JJ
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
and	CC
understand	VB
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
Joe	NNP
owns	VBZ
a	DT
business	NN
called	VBD
Jet	NNP
's	POS
Hosiery	NNP
that	WDT
makes	VBZ
women	NNS
's	POS
stockings	NNS
in	IN
all	DT
sizes	NNS
and	CC
colors	NNS
.	.
Jet	NNP
's	POS
Hosiery	NNP
is	VBZ
sold	VBN
in	IN
all	DT
major	JJ
department	NN
stores	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
Joe	NNP
produces	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
superior	JJ
quality	NN
of	IN
women	NNS
's	POS
stockings	NNS
,	,
his	PRP$
business	NN
thrives	VBZ
and	CC
Jet	NNP
's	POS
Hosiery	NNP
is	VBZ
well-known	JJ
throughout	IN
the	DT
country	NN
.	.
The	DT
business	NN
's	POS
name	NN
,	,
``	``
Jet	NNP
's	POS
Hosiery	NNP
,	,
''	''
is	VBZ
now	RB
very	RB
famous	JJ
and	CC
Joe	NNP
obtains	VBZ
a	DT
tradmark	NN
.	.
Joe	NNP
decides	VBZ
to	TO
expand	VB
his	PRP$
sales	NNS
base	NN
and	CC
develops	VBZ
an	DT
Internet	NNP
site	NN
on	IN
which	WDT
his	PRP$
customers	NNS
can	MD
order	VB
hosiery	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
it	PRP
delivered	VBN
directly	RB
to	TO
their	PRP$
homes	NNS
.	.
Joe	NNP
wants	VBZ
his	PRP$
website	NN
to	TO
be	VB
named	VBN
www.JetsHosiery.com	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
when	WRB
Joe	NNP
goes	VBZ
to	TO
register	VB
his	PRP$
domain	NN
name	NN
,	,
he	PRP
is	VBZ
surprised	VBN
to	TO
learn	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
registered	VBN
to	TO
another	DT
user	NN
.	.
Will	MD
Joe	NNP
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
find	VB
another	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
?	.
What	WP
are	VBP
his	PRP$
avenues	NNS
,	,
if	IN
any	DT
,	,
of	IN
recourse	NN
against	IN
the	DT
owner	NN
of	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
?	.
This	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
examine	VB
the	DT
steps	NNS
that	WDT
Joe	NNP
should	MD
take	VB
when	WRB
deciding	VBG
on	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
and	CC
what	WP
to	TO
do	VB
if	IN
that	DT
name	NN
is	VBZ
previously	RB
registered	VBN
.	.
By	IN
using	VBG
his	PRP$
business	NN
name	NN
as	IN
the	DT
SLD	NNP
,	,
web	NN
searchers	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
looking	VBG
specifically	RB
for	IN
his	PRP$
product	NN
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
diverted	VBN
when	WRB
they	PRP
type	NN
his	PRP$
business	NN
name	NN
into	IN
their	PRP$
browser	NN
.	.
If	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
to	TO
type	NN
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
hosiery	NN
the	DT
searcher	NN
may	MD
get	VB
links	NNS
to	TO
www.nononsense.com	NNP
,	,
www.danskin.com	NN
,	,
or	CC
www.justmysize.com	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
Joe	NNP
's	POS
decision	NN
to	TO
name	VB
his	PRP$
website	NN
specifically	RB
and	CC
not	RB
generically	RB
will	MD
allow	VB
his	PRP$
customers	NNS
easier	JJR
access	NN
to	TO
his	PRP$
product	NN
and	CC
increase	VB
his	PRP$
sales	NNS
.	.
The	DT
advantage	NN
of	IN
having	VBG
a	DT
generic	JJ
trademark	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
www.Hosiery.com	NNP
,	,
will	MD
get	VB
people	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
website	NN
.	.
The	DT
drawback	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
many	JJ
generic	JJ
domain	NN
names	NNS
are	VBP
already	RB
taken	VBN
,	,
having	VBG
a	DT
generic	JJ
domain	NN
name	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
ensure	VB
additional	JJ
sales	NNS
,	,
and	CC
generic	JJ
names	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
trademarked	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
13	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Distinctive	JJ
names	NNS
allow	VBP
for	IN
trademark	NN
protection	NN
and	CC
give	VB
the	DT
customer	NN
an	DT
easy	JJ
way	NN
of	IN
gaining	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
product	NN
.	.
Joe	NNP
's	POS
website	NN
will	MD
accomplish	VB
both	DT
goals	NNS
of	IN
being	VBG
unique	JJ
enough	NN
for	IN
a	DT
trademark	NN
and	CC
specific	JJ
enough	RB
to	TO
let	VB
his	PRP$
customers	NNS
know	VBP
where	WRB
to	TO
find	VB
him	PRP
.	.
On	IN
way	NN
a	DT
potential	JJ
website	NN
launcher	NN
can	MD
check	VB
the	DT
availability	NN
of	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
search	VB
the	DT
domain	NN
records	NNS
on	IN
InterNIC	NNP
through	IN
the	DT
Registry	NNP
Whois	NNP
.	.
On	IN
Whois	NNP
,	,
a	DT
searcher	NN
can	MD
enter	VB
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
,	,
registrar	NN
,	,
or	CC
name	NN
server	NN
and	CC
obtain	VB
public	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
search	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
,	,
registrar	NN
,	,
referral	NN
URL	NNP
,	,
name	NN
server	NN
,	,
status	NN
of	IN
the	DT
site	NN
,	,
creation	NN
date	NN
,	,
and	CC
expiration	NN
date	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
25	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
simple	JJ
search	NN
gives	VBZ
quick	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
the	DT
future	JJ
website	NN
owner	NN
on	IN
the	DT
availability	NN
of	IN
potential	JJ
domain	NN
names	NNS
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
currently	RB
being	VBG
used	VBN
does	VBZ
not	RB
mean	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
available	JJ
,	,
however	RB
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
rights	NNS
to	TO
that	DT
name	NN
may	MD
be	VB
protected	VBN
by	IN
trademark	NN
laws	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Registry	NNP
Whois	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
provide	VB
information	NN
regarding	VBG
trademarks	NNS
,	,
only	RB
existing	VBG
websites	NNS
.	.
An	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
does	VBZ
hold	VB
a	DT
trademark	NN
could	MD
ensure	VB
that	IN
his\/her	JJR
trademark	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
being	VBG
infringed	VBN
by	IN
checking	VBG
the	DT
name	NN
as	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
.	.
Registering	VBG
,	,
however	RB
,	,
does	VBZ
not	RB
bestow	VB
any	DT
legal	JJ
rights	NNS
onto	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
,	,
only	RB
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
be	VB
registered	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
owner	NN
of	IN
that	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
Joe	NNP
should	MD
take	VB
further	JJ
precautions	NNS
to	TO
protect	VB
himself	PRP
and	CC
his	PRP$
domain	NN
name	NN
by	IN
way	NN
of	IN
trademarks	NNS
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
advertising	NN
one	NN
's	POS
own	JJ
products	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
service	NN
that	WDT
qualifies	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
trademark	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
34	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Third	LS
,	,
a	DT
mark	NN
composed	VBN
of	IN
merely	RB
a	DT
surname	NN
will	MD
not	RB
have	VB
any	DT
significance	NN
as	IN
to	TO
justify	VB
a	DT
trademark	NN
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
used	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
global	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
As	IN
discussed	VBN
above	IN
,	,
trademarks	NNS
are	VBP
issued	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
government	NN
.	.
This	DT
raises	VBZ
complex	JJ
issues	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
value	NN
of	IN
a	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
issued	VBD
trademark	NN
outside	IN
the	DT
country	NN
.	.
Trademark	NN
infringements	NNS
,	,
dilution	NN
claims	NNS
,	,
and	CC
cybersquatting	NN
are	VBP
only	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
problems	NNS
that	WDT
arise	VBP
when	WRB
dealing	VBG
with	IN
domain	NN
name	NN
disputes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
following	VBG
are	VBP
examples	NNS
of	IN
case	NN
law	NN
regarding	VBG
each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
above-listed	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
disputes	NNS
and	CC
how	WRB
these	DT
disputes	NNS
are	VBP
typically	RB
handled	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Statute	NNP
defines	VBZ
dilution	NN
as	IN
``	``
the	DT
lessening	VBG
of	IN
the	DT
capactity	NN
of	IN
a	DT
famous	JJ
mark	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
and	CC
distinguish	VB
goods	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
presence	NN
or	CC
absence	NN
of	IN
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
competition	NN
between	IN
the	DT
owner	NN
of	IN
the	DT
famoud	JJ
mark	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
parties	NNS
,	,
or	CC
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
likelihood	NN
of	IN
confusion	NN
,	,
mistake	NN
,	,
or	CC
deception	NN
.	.
''	''
If	IN
an	DT
entity	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
owner	NN
of	IN
a	DT
trademark	NN
and	CC
finds	VBZ
that	IN
another	DT
has	VBZ
bought	VBN
that	DT
trademark	NN
as	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
holding	VBG
it	PRP
until	IN
the	DT
trademark	NN
owner	NN
pays	VBZ
for	IN
it	PRP
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
trademark	NN
owner	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
victim	NN
of	IN
cybersquatting	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
considered	VBD
whether	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
inherent	JJ
attribute	NN
of	IN
a	DT
trademark	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
81	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Court	NNP
reasoned	VBD
that	IN
although	IN
the	DT
Defendant	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
engaging	VBG
in	IN
commercial	JJ
enterprises	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
websites	NNS
at	IN
issue	NN
,	,
he	PRP
did	VBD
intend	VB
to	TO
hold	VB
on	RP
to	TO
and	CC
profit	NN
from	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
these	DT
domain	NN
names	NNS
and	CC
that	IN
constituted	VBD
a	DT
commercial	JJ
enterprise	NN
for	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
dilution	NN
law	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
82	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
Defendant	NNP
was	VBD
liable	JJ
for	IN
trademark	NN
dilution	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
owner	NN
rightfully	RB
owns	VBZ
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
and	CC
there	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
illegalities	NNS
about	IN
how	WRB
the	DT
owner	NN
acquired	VBD
the	DT
name	NN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
only	JJ
option	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
purchase	VB
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
.	.
Individuals	NNS
can	MD
buy	VB
a	DT
generic	JJ
domain	NN
name	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
trademarked	VBN
and	CC
then	RB
sell	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
highest	JJS
bidder	NN
.	.
Another	DT
option	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
register	VB
a	DT
variation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
name	NN
.	.
This	DT
could	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
difficulties	NNS
if	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
is	VBZ
has	VBZ
a	DT
trademark	NN
because	IN
doing	VBG
business	NN
under	IN
a	DT
similar	JJ
name	NN
could	MD
be	VB
construed	VBN
as	IN
blurring	VBG
or	CC
tarnishing	VBG
the	DT
trademark	NN
owner	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
allowed	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
Lanham	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
varying	VBG
the	DT
name	NN
could	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
confusion	NN
as	IN
to	TO
where	WRB
the	DT
website	NN
for	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
business	NN
or	CC
person	NN
may	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
the	DT
person	NN
could	MD
use	VB
an	DT
alternative	JJ
TDL	NNP
such	JJ
as	IN
.	.
net	JJ
or	CC
.	.
org	NN
if	IN
their	PRP$
desired	VBN
domain	NN
name	NN
is	VBZ
taken	VBN
under	IN
.	.
com	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
Joe	NNP
wants	VBZ
to	TO
set	VB
up	RP
a	DT
page	NN
at	IN
JetsHosiery.com	NNP
.	.
Suppose	VB
he	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
a	DT
trademark	NN
on	IN
the	DT
name	NN
and	CC
someone	NN
else	RB
has	VBZ
already	RB
obtained	VBN
registration	NN
for	IN
the	DT
site	NN
.	.
An	DT
individual	JJ
should	MD
carefully	RB
select	VB
his	PRP$
domain	NN
name	NN
to	TO
optimize	VB
the	DT
benefits	NNS
,	,
financial	JJ
or	CC
otherwise	RB
,	,
received	VBD
from	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
.	.
Once	RB
the	DT
desired	VBN
domain	NN
name	NN
is	VBZ
selected	VBN
,	,
the	DT
individual	JJ
should	MD
ensure	VB
that	IN
his	PRP$
domain	NN
name	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
previously	RB
registered	VBN
by	IN
another	DT
.	.
If	IN
so	RB
,	,
the	DT
individual	NN
should	MD
either	RB
take	VB
legal	JJ
action	NN
through	IN
ICANN	NNP
if	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
is	VBZ
violating	VBG
trademark	NN
law	NN
or	CC
determine	VB
another	DT
suitable	JJ
name	NN
if	IN
that	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
is	VBZ
lawfully	RB
registered	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
grow	VB
and	CC
with	IN
that	IN
the	DT
complexity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
DNS	NNP
will	MD
increase	VB
.	.
Like	IN
most	JJS
aspects	NNS
of	IN
technology	NN
,	,
the	DT
government	NN
will	MD
be	VB
slow	JJ
to	TO
catch	VB
up	RP
leaving	VBG
areas	NNS
open	JJ
for	IN
actions	NNS
such	JJ
cybersquatting	NN
.	.
Until	IN
the	DT
laws	NNS
catch	VB
up	RP
with	IN
the	DT
technologically	RB
savvy	JJ
,	,
this	DT
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
occur	VB
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
best	JJS
option	NN
for	IN
those	DT
hoping	VBG
to	TO
obtain	VB
and	CC
maintain	VB
an	DT
Internet	NNP
website	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
use	VB
every	DT
legal	JJ
avenue	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
protect	VB
their	PRP$
rights	NNS
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
continously	RB
changing	VBG
,	,
the	DT
laws	NNS
will	MD
also	RB
continue	VB
to	TO
change	VB
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
greatest	JJS
amount	NN
of	IN
protection	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
meantime	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
trademark	NN
owner	NN
or	CC
domain	NN
name	NN
owner	NN
also	RB
works	VBZ
to	TO
protect	VB
his	PRP$
rights	NNS
then	RB
the	DT
likelihood	NN
of	IN
misconduct	NN
within	IN
the	DT
DNS	NNP
will	MD
decrease	VB
.	.
Imagine	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
well	RB
known	VBN
,	,
well	RB
respected	VBN
,	,
Atlanta	NNP
based	VBN
lawyer	NN
.	.
Imagine	VB
further	RBR
that	IN
you	PRP
also	RB
have	VBP
an	DT
excellent	JJ
speaking	NN
voice	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
landed	VBN
a	DT
well-paying	JJ
,	,
once	RB
a	DT
week	NN
,	,
hourly	JJ
radio	NN
show	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
get	VBP
to	TO
advise	VB
other	JJ
lawyers	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
questions	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
able	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
the	DT
answers	NNS
to	TO
.	.
I	PRP
represent	VBP
a	DT
Wife	NN
who	WP
wants	VBZ
a	DT
divorce	NN
from	IN
her	PRP$
Husband	NN
.	.
They	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
married	VBN
for	IN
7	CD
years	NNS
when	WRB
the	DT
relationship	NN
started	VBD
going	VBG
south	RB
.	.
Curiously	RB
,	,
that	DT
was	VBD
about	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
the	DT
couple	NN
bought	VBD
their	PRP$
first	JJ
computer	NN
and	CC
gained	VBD
Internet	NNP
access	NN
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
Wife	NN
would	MD
go	VB
to	TO
bed	NN
at	IN
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
hour	NN
,	,
her	PRP$
Husband	NN
would	MD
stay	VB
up	RP
until	IN
the	DT
late	JJ
hours	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
evening	NN
``	``
working	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
Wife	NN
was	VBD
amazed	VBN
at	IN
how	WRB
much	JJ
time	NN
the	DT
Husband	NNP
would	MD
spend	VB
online	NN
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
little	JJ
time	NN
he	PRP
would	MD
spend	VB
with	IN
her	PRP
.	.
Though	IN
she	PRP
missed	VBD
his	PRP$
company	NN
,	,
she	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
suspect	VB
anything	NN
illicit	JJ
,	,
at	IN
first	RB
.	.
One	CD
night	NN
,	,
around	IN
2	CD
in	IN
the	DT
morning	NN
,	,
the	DT
Wife	NNP
got	VBD
up	RB
and	CC
went	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
kitchen	NN
for	IN
some	DT
water	NN
.	.
As	IN
she	PRP
passed	VBD
the	DT
family	NN
room	NN
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
computer	NN
was	VBD
kept	VBN
,	,
she	PRP
noticed	VBD
her	PRP$
Husband	NN
was	VBD
working	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
``	``
intensely	RB
''	''
.	.
As	IN
time	NN
went	VBD
on	IN
he	PRP
became	VBD
more	RBR
and	CC
more	RBR
secretive	JJ
and	CC
eventually	RB
signed	VBD
up	RP
for	IN
his	PRP$
own	JJ
private	JJ
Internet	NNP
account	NN
.	.
There	EX
was	VBD
still	RB
only	RB
one	CD
computer	NN
,	,
which	WDT
they	PRP
both	DT
used	VBD
,	,
but	CC
he	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
reveal	VB
his	PRP$
password	NN
her	PRP
,	,
so	IN
she	PRP
had	VBD
no	DT
access	NN
to	TO
his	PRP$
account	NN
or	CC
E-mail	NN
.	.
This	DT
bothered	VBD
her	PRP$
and	CC
so	IN
she	PRP
decided	VBD
to	TO
pay	VB
close	JJ
attention	NN
to	TO
what	WP
he	PRP
was	VBD
doing	VBG
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
Internet	NNP
savvy	NN
,	,
though	RB
,	,
so	IN
she	PRP
started	VBD
learning	VBG
about	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
from	IN
her	PRP$
8	CD
year	NN
old	JJ
son	NN
.	.
As	IN
it	PRP
turns	VBZ
out	RP
,	,
her	PRP$
son	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
good	JJ
teacher	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Wife	NNP
learned	VBD
fast	RB
.	.
She	PRP
learned	VBD
that	IN
even	RB
though	IN
he	PRP
uses	VBZ
a	DT
different	JJ
account	NN
,	,
he	PRP
still	RB
uses	VBZ
Internet	NNP
Explorer	NNP
to	TO
browse	VB
the	DT
web	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
keeps	VBZ
track	NN
of	IN
the	DT
History	NN
of	IN
web	NN
pages	NNS
viewed	VBN
.	.
That	DT
History	NN
is	VBZ
accessible	JJ
to	TO
any	DT
user	NN
.	.
She	PRP
noticed	VBD
he	PRP
was	VBD
spending	VBG
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
time	NN
in	IN
chat	VB
rooms	NNS
,	,
so	IN
she	PRP
checked	VBD
some	DT
of	IN
them	PRP
out	RP
and	CC
found	VBD
out	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
almost	RB
all	DT
sexual	JJ
in	IN
nature	NN
.	.
She	PRP
was	VBD
concerned	VBN
that	IN
he	PRP
was	VBD
cheating	VBG
on	IN
her	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
talked	VBD
him	PRP
into	IN
putting	VBG
some	DT
security	NN
software	NN
on	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
to	TO
monitor	VB
what	WP
their	PRP$
son	NN
was	VBD
doing	VBG
on	IN
it	PRP
.	.
She	PRP
told	VBD
her	PRP
Husband	NNP
that	IN
she	PRP
had	VBD
seen	VBN
it	PRP
on	IN
Oprah	NNP
and	CC
it	PRP
looked	VBD
like	IN
a	DT
good	JJ
idea	NN
,	,
and	CC
he	PRP
told	VBD
her	PRP
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
fine	JJ
with	IN
him	PRP
.	.
The	DT
software	NN
had	VBD
a	DT
key-logger	NN
built	VBN
in	IN
that	DT
tracked	VBN
every	DT
keystroke	NN
made	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
and	CC
saved	VBD
it	PRP
to	TO
a	DT
file	NN
.	.
She	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
point	NN
that	WDT
out	RP
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
documentation	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
her	PRP$
hope	NN
that	IN
her	PRP$
Husband	NN
would	MD
chat	VB
while	IN
the	DT
program	NN
was	VBD
active	JJ
,	,
so	IN
she	PRP
could	MD
see	VB
what	WP
he	PRP
was	VBD
saying	VBG
.	.
At	IN
first	JJ
the	DT
plan	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
work	NN
because	IN
he	PRP
would	MD
turn	VB
the	DT
security	NN
off	RP
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
he	PRP
got	VBD
onto	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
,	,
but	CC
one	CD
night	NN
he	PRP
forgot	VBD
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
wife	NN
retrieved	VBD
the	DT
file	NN
the	DT
next	JJ
day	NN
she	PRP
got	VBD
much	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
she	PRP
expected	VBD
.	.
It	PRP
turned	VBD
out	RP
that	IN
her	PRP$
Husband	NN
was	VBD
chatting	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
ex-girlfriend	NN
and	CC
the	DT
discussion	NN
was	VBD
explicit	JJ
.	.
There	EX
were	VBD
innuendos	NNS
of	IN
meetings	NNS
and	CC
sexual	JJ
acts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
she	PRP
was	VBD
shocked	VBN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
the	DT
key-logger	NN
caught	VBD
the	DT
strokes	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
very	RB
sexual	JJ
email	NN
he	PRP
typed	VBD
and	CC
sent	VBD
that	DT
night	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
also	RB
caught	VBD
the	DT
passwords	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
Husband	NNP
used	VBD
to	TO
log	VB
on	IN
to	TO
his	PRP$
email	NN
and	CC
Internet	NNP
accounts	NNS
.	.
With	IN
that	DT
password	NN
she	PRP
was	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
access	VB
his	PRP$
email	NN
account	NN
and	CC
read	VB
almost	RB
a	DT
hundred	CD
emails	NNS
,	,
some	DT
which	WDT
talked	VBD
about	IN
sexual	JJ
encounters	NNS
that	WDT
either	CC
had	VBD
taken	VBN
or	CC
were	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
take	VB
place	NN
.	.
She	PRP
knew	VBD
right	JJ
then	RB
that	IN
she	PRP
wanted	VBD
a	DT
divorce	NN
.	.
The	DT
problem	NN
for	IN
her	PRP$
is	VBZ
that	IN
,	,
otherwise	RB
,	,
he	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
good	JJ
guy	NN
.	.
He	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
loving	JJ
father	NN
and	CC
he	PRP
takes	VBZ
care	NN
of	IN
the	DT
house	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
better	JJR
education	NN
than	IN
he	PRP
does	VBZ
,	,
so	IN
she	PRP
goes	VBZ
off	RB
and	CC
works	VBZ
while	IN
he	PRP
stays	VBZ
home	NN
and	CC
works	VBZ
on	IN
his	PRP$
novel	NN
.	.
Except	IN
for	IN
these	DT
affairs	NNS
,	,
of	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
only	JJ
evidence	NN
is	VBZ
electronic	JJ
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
nothing	NN
to	TO
help	VB
her	PRP
out	RP
in	IN
this	DT
divorce	NN
.	.
The	DT
bottom	JJ
line	NN
is	VBZ
:	:
Is	VBZ
this	DT
evidence	NN
admissible	JJ
and	CC
are	VBP
there	RB
any	DT
consequences	NNS
to	TO
admitting	VBG
it	PRP
?	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
answer	VB
the	DT
caller	NN
's	POS
question	NN
you	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
well-versed	JJ
with	IN
Georgia	NNP
statutes	NNS
.	.
This	DT
question	NN
may	MD
appear	VB
on	IN
the	DT
surface	NN
to	TO
be	VB
fairly	RB
simple	JJ
to	TO
answer	VB
by	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
guiding	VBG
hand	NN
of	IN
common	JJ
sense	NN
,	,
but	CC
there	EX
are	VBP
some	DT
surprises	NNS
in	IN
Georgia	NNP
law	NN
that	WDT
could	MD
come	VB
back	RB
to	TO
haunt	VB
you	PRP
if	IN
you	PRP
attempt	VBP
to	TO
admit	VB
this	DT
evidence	NN
without	IN
first	JJ
being	VBG
certain	JJ
of	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
facts	NNS
involved	VBN
.	.
Your	PRP$
best	JJS
answer	NN
would	MD
be	VB
to	TO
take	VB
the	DT
caller	NN
's	POS
number	NN
and	CC
let	VB
her	PRP
know	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
will	MD
do	VB
some	DT
additional	JJ
research	NN
before	IN
giving	VBG
her	PRP
a	DT
final	JJ
answer	NN
.	.
In	IN
beginning	VBG
your	PRP$
research	NN
you	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
surprised	VBN
to	TO
find	VB
that	DT
very	RB
little	JJ
Georgia	NNP
case	NN
law	NN
exists	VBZ
on	IN
this	DT
particular	JJ
subject	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
wealth	NN
of	IN
information	NN
available	JJ
on	IN
discovering	VBG
electronic	JJ
evidence	NN
in	IN
federal	JJ
civil	JJ
proceedings2	NN
and	CC
there	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
no	DT
shortage	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
on	IN
gathering	NN
and	CC
using	VBG
electronic	JJ
evidence	NN
in	IN
criminal	JJ
proceedings3	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
same	JJ
quantity	NN
of	IN
information	NN
when	WRB
dealing	VBG
with	IN
individuals	NNS
,	,
not	RB
law-enforcement	JJ
officials	NNS
or	CC
employers	NNS
,	,
who	WP
have	VBP
obtained	VBN
arguably	RB
private	JJ
electronic	JJ
information	NN
for	IN
use	NN
against	IN
either	CC
the	DT
sender	NN
or	CC
recipient	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
electronic	JJ
information4	NN
.	.
Discovery	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
bypassed	VBN
by	IN
directly	RB
obtaining	VBG
the	DT
electronic	JJ
evidence	NN
,	,
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
email	NN
correspondences	NNS
given	VBN
to	TO
you	PRP
by	IN
your	PRP$
client	NN
,	,
so	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
question	NN
you	PRP
should	MD
ask	VB
is	VBZ
whether	IN
email	NN
is	VBZ
admissible	JJ
as	IN
evidence	NN
in	IN
Georgia	NNP
Courts	NNPS
.	.
To	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
admissibility	NN
of	IN
email	NN
evidence	NN
,	,
you	PRP
should	MD
look	VB
to	TO
the	DT
Georgia	NNP
Electronic	NNP
Records	NNPS
and	CC
Signatures	NNPS
Act5	NNP
.	.
An	DT
effective	JJ
motion	NN
in	IN
limine	NN
to	TO
block	VB
the	DT
evidence	NN
could	MD
argue	VB
that	IN
by	IN
not	RB
allowing	VBG
this	DT
illegally	RB
obtained	VBN
electronic	JJ
evidence	NN
in	IN
the	DT
present	JJ
trial	NN
,	,
then	RB
another	DT
person	NN
in	IN
a	DT
similar	JJ
position	NN
will	MD
not	RB
attempt	VB
to	TO
illegally	RB
obtain	VB
evidence	NN
for	IN
her	PRP$
trial	NN
,	,
because	IN
such	JJ
evidence	NN
would	MD
be	VB
useless	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
could	MD
also	RB
decide	VB
to	TO
allow	VB
the	DT
evidence	NN
in	IN
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
seen	VBN
as	IN
unlikely	JJ
that	IN
someone	NN
will	MD
try	VB
to	TO
repeat	VB
the	DT
act	NN
somewhere	RB
else	RB
.	.
Though	IN
illegally	RB
obtained	VBN
evidence	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
de	IN
facto	JJ
inadmissible	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
certainly	RB
not	RB
assured	VBN
that	IN
such	JJ
evidence	NN
will	MD
be	VB
admitted	VBN
.	.
An	DT
example	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
evidence	NN
from	IN
the	DT
scenario	NN
above	IN
that	DT
does	VBZ
not	RB
contain	VB
statements	NNS
by	IN
a	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
stored	VBN
History	NN
files	NNS
from	IN
Internet	NNP
Explorer	NNP
showing	VBG
the	DT
web	NN
pages	NNS
the	DT
Husband	NNP
had	VBD
been	VBN
visiting	VBG
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
History	NN
files	NNS
are	VBP
simply	RB
a	DT
computer	NN
record	NN
of	IN
what	WP
sites	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
accessed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
,	,
that	IN
evidence	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
qualify	VB
as	IN
hearsay	NN
.	.
The	DT
primary	JJ
matter	NN
of	IN
concern	NN
should	MD
be	VB
to	TO
make	VB
certain	JJ
the	DT
electronic	JJ
evidence	NN
was	VBD
obtained	VBN
legally	RB
by	IN
your	PRP$
client	NN
.	.
This	DT
next	JJ
section	NN
will	MD
deal	VB
with	IN
making	VBG
that	DT
determination	NN
and	CC
what	WP
may	MD
happen	VB
if	IN
the	DT
evidence	NN
was	VBD
obtained	VBN
illegally	RB
.	.
Computer	NNP
Theft	NN
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
,	,
in	IN
pertinent	JJ
part	NN
,	,
as	RB
,	,
``	``
Any	DT
person	NN
who	WP
uses	VBZ
a	DT
computer	NN
...	:
with	IN
knowledge	NN
that	IN
such	JJ
use	NN
is	VBZ
without	IN
authority	NN
and	CC
with	IN
the	DT
intention	NN
of	IN
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Taking	VBG
or	CC
appropriating	VBG
any	DT
property	NN
of	IN
another	DT
,	,
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
with	IN
the	DT
intention	NN
of	IN
depriving	VBG
the	DT
owner	NN
of	IN
possession	NN
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Obtaining	VBG
property	NN
by	IN
any	DT
deceitful	JJ
means	NNS
or	CC
artful	JJ
practice	NN
;	:
...	:
''	''
24	CD
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
above	JJ
scenario	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
n't	RB
as	IN
clear	JJ
.	.
Both	DT
the	DT
Husband	NNP
and	CC
Wife	NNP
purchased	VBD
the	DT
computer	NN
together	RB
,	,
from	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
pool	NN
of	IN
funds	NNS
.	.
By	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
Wife	NNP
obtained	VBD
the	DT
evidence	NN
,	,
she	PRP
was	VBD
proficient	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
and	CC
using	VBG
it	PRP
regularly	RB
.	.
There	EX
was	VBD
never	RB
any	DT
ownership	NN
assigned	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
computer	NN
itself	PRP
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
a	DT
divorce	NN
it	PRP
would	MD
likely	RB
qualify	VB
as	IN
marital	JJ
property	NN
.	.
It	PRP
seems	VBZ
unlikely	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
Wife	NN
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
found	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
co-owner	NN
of	IN
the	DT
physical	JJ
computer	NN
.	.
Though	IN
the	DT
scenario	NN
gives	VBZ
the	DT
impression	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Wife	NNP
accessed	VBD
his	PRP$
emails	NNS
by	IN
dialing	VBG
into	IN
his	PRP$
I.S.P.	NNP
that	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
expressly	RB
stated	VBN
.	.
Some	DT
email	NN
accounts	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
Hotmail28	NNP
,	,
allow	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
either	DT
read	NN
and	CC
store	NN
your	PRP$
mail	NN
online	NN
or	CC
download	VB
it	PRP
directly	RB
to	TO
your	PRP$
computer	NN
and	CC
store	NN
it	PRP
on	IN
your	PRP$
hard-drive	JJ
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
event	NN
that	IN
that	IN
the	DT
Husband	NNP
's	POS
emails	NNS
were	VBD
stored	VBN
directly	RB
on	IN
his	PRP$
computer	NN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
unclear	JJ
whether	IN
the	DT
Wife	NN
would	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
violated	VBN
this	DT
portion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
arguments	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
two	CD
factors	NNS
are	VBP
basically	RB
the	DT
same	JJ
as	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
for	IN
Computer	NNP
Theft	NN
,	,
listed	VBN
above	RB
.	.
The	DT
third	JJ
factor	NN
,	,
intent	NN
to	TO
remove	VB
,	,
is	VBZ
noticeably	RB
different	JJ
.	.
This	DT
statute	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
define	VB
``	``
remove	VB
''	''
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
presents	VBZ
a	DT
problem	NN
for	IN
a	DT
Wife	NN
in	IN
the	DT
scenario	NN
.	.
Remove	VB
may	MD
mean	VB
to	TO
actually	RB
take	VB
out	RP
of	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
's	POS
memory	NN
so	IN
that	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
can	MD
not	RB
access	VB
the	DT
data	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
could	MD
also	RB
mean	VB
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
file	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
that	DT
copy	NN
would	MD
then	RB
be	VB
data	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
also	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
take	VB
that	DT
copy	NN
.	.
It	PRP
could	MD
reasonably	RB
be	VB
argued	VBN
that	IN
remove	VB
even	RB
means	VBZ
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
printout	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
``	``
hard	JJ
copy	NN
''	''
of	IN
the	DT
data	NNS
contained	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
or	CC
network	NN
.	.
How	WRB
the	DT
Courts	NNPS
will	MD
interpret	VB
the	DT
word	NN
``	``
remove	VB
''	''
is	VBZ
still	RB
undecided	JJ
,	,
as	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
not	RB
yet	RB
any	DT
Georgia	NNP
case	NN
law	NN
to	TO
look	VB
to	TO
.	.
This	DT
poses	VBZ
an	DT
obvious	JJ
risk	NN
to	TO
any	DT
client	NN
who	WP
wants	VBZ
to	TO
introduce	VB
such	JJ
evidence	NN
into	IN
Court	NNP
.	.
Depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
exact	JJ
definition	NN
the	DT
Court	NNP
adopts	VBZ
for	IN
``	``
remove	VB
''	''
,	,
the	DT
Wife	NNP
is	VBZ
either	RB
guilty	JJ
or	CC
innocent	JJ
of	IN
computer	NN
theft	NN
.	.
Those	DT
penalties	NNS
are	VBP
fairly	RB
severe	JJ
by	IN
anyone	NN
's	POS
standards	NNS
and	CC
are	VBP
enough	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
lawyer	NN
take	VB
pause	NN
before	IN
permitting	VBG
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
client	NN
to	TO
present	JJ
evidence	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
have	VB
possibly	RB
been	VBN
obtained	VBN
in	IN
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
factors	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
this	DT
statute	NN
,	,
that	WDT
are	VBP
pertinent	JJ
to	TO
our	PRP$
scenario	NN
,	,
are	VBP
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
Did	VBD
a	DT
person	NN
intentionally	RB
access	NN
and	CC
obtain	VB
information	NN
from	IN
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
a	DT
protected	JJ
computer	NN
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
without	IN
or	CC
exceeding	VBG
authorization	NN
?	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
doubt	NN
that	IN
the	DT
wife	NN
meant	VBD
to	TO
and	CC
was	VBD
successful	JJ
in	IN
obtaining	VBG
the	DT
electronic	JJ
evidence	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Wife	NNP
gathering	NN
information	NN
from	IN
the	DT
family	NN
computer	NN
,	,
the	DT
computer	NN
has	VBZ
likely	RB
been	VBN
used	VBN
for	IN
online	JJ
shopping	NN
or	CC
communication	NN
with	IN
some	DT
source	NN
outside	IN
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
.	.
If	IN
either	DT
spouse	NN
has	VBZ
ever	RB
received	VBN
emails	NNS
from	IN
other	JJ
states	NNS
or	CC
had	VBD
something	NN
shipped	VBN
online	NN
from	IN
another	DT
state	NN
,	,
their	PRP$
computer	NN
would	MD
qualify	VB
as	IN
a	DT
protected	JJ
computer	NN
.	.
Authorization	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
defined	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Statute	NNP
,	,
so	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
speculative	JJ
to	TO
decide	VB
whether	IN
the	DT
wife	NN
was	VBD
without	IN
authorization	NN
on	IN
her	PRP$
computer	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
she	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
exceeded	VBN
any	DT
authorization	NN
she	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
had	VBN
,	,
especially	RB
if	IN
she	PRP
accessed	VBD
the	DT
information	NN
from	IN
an	DT
online	NN
source	NN
,	,
which	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
another	DT
``	``
protected	JJ
computer	NN
''	''
.	.
The	DT
key	JJ
words	NNS
``	``
without	IN
authorization	NN
''	''
appear	VB
once	RB
more	JJR
and	CC
are	VBP
a	DT
matter	NN
to	TO
be	VB
considered	VBN
once	RB
again	RB
as	IN
a	DT
factor	NN
.	.
This	DT
statute	NN
would	MD
seem	VB
to	TO
plainly	RB
apply	VB
if	IN
the	DT
Wife	NNP
had	VBD
accessed	VBN
the	DT
email	NN
messages	NNS
from	IN
an	DT
online	JJ
database	NN
,	,
though	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
unclear	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
cases	NNS
available	JJ
nationally	RB
as	IN
to	TO
whether	IN
she	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
prosecuted	VBN
under	IN
it	PRP
.	.
Though	IN
exceptions	NNS
to	TO
this	DT
statute	NN
do	VBP
exist	VB
,48	CD
none	NN
of	IN
them	PRP
apply	VB
in	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
scenario	NN
.	.
The	DT
factors	NNS
under	IN
this	DT
statute	NN
are	VBP
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
intentionally	RB
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
intercepting	VBG
and	CC
disclosing	VBG
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
electronic	JJ
communications	NNS
.	.
This	DT
Act	NNP
was	VBD
originated	VBN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
internet	NN
and	CC
was	VBD
designed	VBN
to	TO
prohibit	VB
people	NNS
from	IN
``	``
trapping	NN
''	''
communications	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
being	VBG
sent	VBN
.	.
This	DT
Act	NNP
probably	RB
does	VBZ
not	RB
apply	VB
to	TO
searching	VBG
a	DT
non-networked	JJ
computer	NN
for	IN
files	NNS
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
may	MD
apply	VB
to	TO
using	VBG
acquired	VBN
passwords	NNS
to	TO
read	VB
mail	NN
sent	VBN
from	IN
a	DT
central	JJ
location	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
probably	RB
apply	VB
to	TO
using	VBG
keylogger	NN
software	NN
to	TO
gather	VB
information	NN
when	WRB
a	DT
person	NN
types	NNS
a	DT
message	NN
on	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
with	IN
the	DT
intent	NN
of	IN
sending	VBG
that	IN
message	NN
through	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
scenario	NN
,	,
the	DT
Wife	NNP
may	MD
have	VB
violated	VBN
the	DT
Act	NNP
by	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
keylogger	NN
software	NN
and	CC
accessing	VBG
the	DT
email	NN
from	IN
a	DT
central	JJ
server	NN
.	.
Clearly	RB
,	,
the	DT
main	JJ
issues	NNS
for	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
statutes	NNS
are	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
authorized	VBN
access	NN
and	CC
exceeding	VBG
such	JJ
authorization	NN
.	.
The	DT
likely	JJ
argument	NN
to	TO
be	VB
made	VBN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
Wife	NNP
was	VBD
authorized	VBN
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
family	NN
computer	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
marital	JJ
property	NN
and	CC
there	EX
was	VBD
no	DT
expectation	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
for	IN
unprotected	JJ
data	NNS
.	.
Had	VBD
she	PRP
simply	RB
found	VBD
a	DT
folder	NN
that	WDT
had	VBD
illicit	JJ
emails	NNS
in	IN
it	PRP
,	,
the	DT
chances	NNS
of	IN
her	PRP$
getting	VBG
into	IN
trouble	NN
would	MD
be	VB
very	RB
slim	JJ
.	.
She	PRP
did	VBD
more	JJR
than	IN
that	DT
in	IN
this	DT
scenario	NN
,	,
though	RB
.	.
She	PRP
installed	VBD
software	NN
,	,
or	CC
had	VBD
her	PRP$
Husband	NNP
do	VBP
it	PRP
,	,
that	IN
tracked	VBN
computer	NN
use	NN
.	.
Had	VBD
she	PRP
done	VBD
that	IN
without	IN
his	PRP$
knowledge	NN
,	,
it	PRP
seems	VBZ
fairly	RB
clear	JJ
that	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
number	NN
statutes	NNS
and	CC
she	PRP
could	MD
face	VB
some	DT
stiff	JJ
penalties	NNS
.	.
The	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
her	PRP$
Husband	NN
was	VBD
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
keylogger	NN
being	VBG
installed	VBN
and	CC
running	VBG
,	,
as	IN
was	VBD
evidenced	VBN
by	IN
him	PRP
turning	VBG
it	PRP
off	RP
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
might	MD
go	VB
to	TO
illustrate	VB
that	IN
the	DT
Wife	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
act	VB
by	IN
a	DT
deceitful	JJ
or	CC
artful	JJ
means	NNS
,	,
but	CC
with	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
statutory	JJ
language	NN
,	,
it	PRP
simply	RB
does	VBZ
n't	RB
matter	VB
.	.
The	DT
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
keylogger	NN
's	POS
file	NN
,	,
which	WDT
both	DT
parties	NNS
were	VBD
aware	JJ
of	IN
,	,
might	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
as	IN
authorized	VBN
,	,
and	CC
so	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
data	NNS
it	PRP
captured	VBD
would	MD
be	VB
authorized	VBN
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
Once	RB
she	PRP
used	VBD
the	DT
obtained	VBN
password	NN
to	TO
gather	VB
information	NN
,	,
she	PRP
almost	RB
definitely	RB
exceeded	VBD
her	PRP$
authority	NN
and	CC
would	MD
be	VB
in	IN
violation	NN
of	IN
both	DT
State	NNP
and	CC
Federal	NNP
law	NN
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
emails	NNS
assist	VBP
in	IN
getting	VBG
a	DT
better	JJR
judgment	NN
,	,
that	IN
judgment	NN
might	MD
be	VB
looked	VBN
at	IN
as	IN
damages	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Husband	NNP
,	,
who	WP
may	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
sue	VB
in	IN
State	NNP
Court	NNP
under	IN
the	DT
Georgia	NNP
Statute	NNP
or	CC
in	IN
Federal	NNP
Court	NNP
under	IN
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Statutes	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
worth	JJ
the	DT
risk	NN
to	TO
attempt	VB
to	TO
admit	VB
the	DT
emails	NNS
obtained	VBD
off	RP
the	DT
computer	NN
.	.
The	DT
recent	JJ
case	NN
of	IN
Rosenberg	NNP
v.	CC
Rosenberg	NNP
,	,
2002	CD
WL	NNP
15649	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2002	CD
MN	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
did	VBD
not	RB
allow	VB
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
computer	NN
database	NN
.	.
The	DT
primary	JJ
reason	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
allow	VB
discovery	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
information	NN
was	VBD
because	IN
the	DT
request	NN
was	VBD
based	VBN
on	IN
conjecture	NN
that	IN
the	DT
husband	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
reporting	VBG
all	DT
of	IN
his	PRP$
income	NN
;	:
there	EX
were	VBD
no	DT
factual	JJ
indications	NNS
that	IN
that	DT
was	VBD
the	DT
case	NN
.	.
Had	VBD
the	DT
wife	NN
had	VBD
such	JJ
evidence	NN
,	,
even	RB
just	RB
a	DT
little	JJ
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
might	MD
have	VB
granted	VBN
her	PRP$
discovery	NN
request	NN
.	.
The	DT
lesson	NN
of	IN
that	DT
case	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
state	VB
some	DT
factual	JJ
basis	NN
for	IN
a	DT
discovery	NN
request	NN
when	WRB
attempting	VBG
to	TO
access	NN
information	NN
stored	VBD
on	IN
a	DT
hard	JJ
drive	NN
.	.
None	NN
of	IN
the	DT
above	JJ
cases	NNS
are	VBP
controlling	VBG
in	IN
Georgia	NNP
,	,
but	CC
they	PRP
do	VBP
illuminate	VB
possible	JJ
interpretations	NNS
the	DT
Court	NNP
may	MD
make	VB
and	CC
potential	JJ
pitfalls	NNS
and	CC
hurdles	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
client	NN
attempting	VBG
to	TO
admit	VB
evidence	NN
.	.
To	TO
summarize	VB
:	:
Electronic	NNP
information	NN
is	VBZ
acceptable	JJ
as	IN
evidence	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
gathered	VBN
properly	RB
.	.
This	DT
means	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
collection	NN
of	IN
unprotected	JJ
data	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
community	NN
property	NN
will	MD
likely	RB
not	RB
be	VB
found	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
applicable	JJ
laws	NNS
.	.
For	IN
any	DT
password	NN
protected	VBN
or	CC
otherwise	RB
private	JJ
data	NNS
,	,
a	DT
party	NN
should	MD
gain	VB
possession	NN
of	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
so	IN
the	DT
files	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
erased	VBN
or	CC
corrupted	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
get	VB
the	DT
Court	NNP
to	TO
grant	VB
discovery	NN
of	IN
the	DT
contents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
hard	JJ
drive	NN
,	,
remembering	VBG
to	TO
state	NN
factual	JJ
reasons	NNS
for	IN
your	PRP$
request	NN
.	.
Be	VB
aware	JJ
that	IN
opposing	VBG
counsel	NN
is	VBZ
going	VBG
to	TO
threaten	VB
criminal	JJ
sanctions	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
get	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
keep	VB
the	DT
evidence	NN
out	RP
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
sanctions	NNS
would	MD
not	RB
apply	VB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
your	PRP$
responsibility	NN
to	TO
inform	VB
your	PRP$
client	NN
of	IN
the	DT
potential	JJ
risks	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
attempted	VBN
admission	NN
of	IN
this	DT
type	NN
of	IN
evidence	NN
.	.
Court	NNP
's	POS
interpretation	NN
of	IN
obscenity	NN
has	VBZ
evolved	VBN
overtime	NN
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
standard	NN
that	WDT
adjusts	VBZ
to	TO
our	PRP$
changing	VBG
society	NN
.	.
This	DT
examination	NN
will	MD
display	VB
the	DT
difficulties	NNS
the	DT
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
had	VBN
creating	VBG
a	DT
standard	NN
that	WDT
adequately	RB
protected	VBD
citizens	NNS
'	POS
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
rights	NNS
,	,
while	IN
still	RB
providing	VBG
the	DT
government	NN
with	IN
enough	JJ
power	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
its	PRP$
citizens	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
particularly	RB
concerned	VBN
with	IN
protecting	VBG
the	DT
welfare	NN
of	IN
children	NNS
.	.
This	DT
overwhelming	JJ
concern	NN
in	IN
making	VBG
sure	JJ
that	DT
children	NNS
are	VBP
protected	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
harm	NN
that	IN
pornography	NN
causes	NNS
,	,
has	VBZ
led	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
court	NN
establishing	VBG
an	DT
almost	RB
absolute	JJ
ban	NN
on	IN
child	NN
pornography	NN
.	.
But	CC
,	,
technology	NN
has	VBZ
made	VBN
it	PRP
necessary	JJ
to	TO
amend	VB
this	DT
standard	NN
.	.
And	CC
,	,
with	IN
technology	NN
advancing	VBG
everyday	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
standard	NN
is	VBZ
going	VBG
to	TO
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
set	VBN
for	IN
child	NN
pornography	NN
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
half	NN
of	IN
the	DT
paper	NN
discusses	VBZ
these	DT
issues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
attempts	VBZ
to	TO
determine	VB
who	WP
holds	VBZ
the	DT
burden	NN
of	IN
showing	VBG
the	DT
actuality	NN
of	IN
the	DT
child	NN
pornography	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
this	DT
burden	NN
is	VBZ
frustrated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
.	.
This	DT
speech	NN
,	,
unlike	IN
advocating	VBG
jay-walking	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
prohibited	VBN
because	IN
of	IN
its	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
cause	VB
imminent	JJ
danger	NN
to	TO
all	DT
those	DT
in	IN
the	DT
theater	NN
,	,
as	IN
opposed	VBN
to	TO
someday	RB
causing	VBG
a	DT
breaking	NN
of	IN
a	DT
law	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
preserves	VBZ
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
freedom	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
rights	NNS
guaranteed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
while	IN
still	RB
protecting	VBG
the	DT
community	NN
at	IN
large	JJ
.	.
Hence	RB
,	,
images	NNS
of	IN
young	JJ
children	NNS
engaged	VBN
in	IN
certain	JJ
action	NN
may	MD
be	VB
obscene	JJ
when	WRB
similar	JJ
acts	NNS
using	VBG
adults	NNS
would	MD
not	RB
.	.
But	CC
,	,
CPPA	NNP
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
go	VB
beyond	IN
the	DT
Ferber	NNP
holding	NN
by	IN
making	VBG
computer	NN
created	VBN
images	NNS
of	IN
children	NNS
obscene	JJ
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
determined	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
government	NN
's	POS
evidence	NN
was	VBD
sufficient	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
trier	NN
of	IN
fact	NN
to	TO
reasonably	RB
conclude	VB
that	IN
the	DT
government	NN
had	VBD
carried	VBN
its	PRP$
burden	NN
of	IN
proving	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
images	NNS
depicted	VBN
actual	JJ
children	NNS
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
protecting	VBG
virtual	JJ
pornography	NN
,	,
the	DT
government	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
taking	VBG
the	DT
position	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
burden	NN
of	IN
showing	VBG
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
trammeling	VBG
on	IN
this	DT
right	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
burden	NN
was	VBD
placed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
,	,
would	MD
the	DT
government	NN
be	VB
going	VBG
against	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
by	IN
constitutionally	RB
premising	VBG
legislation	NN
to	TO
control	VB
person	NN
's	POS
private	JJ
thoughts	NNS
?	.
His	PRP$
testimony	NN
that	IN
he	PRP
knew	VBD
at	IN
least	JJS
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
images	NNS
was	VBD
of	IN
``	``
somebody	NN
under	IN
18	CD
,	,
''	''
and	CC
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
pictures	NNS
were	VBD
obviously	RB
minors	NNS
,	,
led	VBD
the	DT
court	NN
to	TO
rule	VB
against	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
.111	CD
But	CC
with	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
technology	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Ashcroft	NNP
decision	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
anything	NN
obvious	JJ
any	DT
more	JJR
.	.
States	NNPS
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
is	VBZ
left	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
jurisdictional	JJ
dilemma	NN
in	IN
regulating	VBG
what	WP
is	VBZ
distributed	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
web	NN
.	.
#	#
Absent	NNP
any	DT
international	JJ
treaty	NN
,	,
the	DT
government	NN
's	POS
ability	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
speech	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
to	TO
sites	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
Even	RB
within	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
the	DT
government	NN
's	POS
ability	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
speech	NN
is	VBZ
still	RB
limited	VBN
by	IN
their	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
find	VB
the	DT
producer	NN
of	IN
the	DT
speech	NN
.	.
The	DT
speed	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
one	PRP
can	MD
create	VB
and	CC
destroy	VB
websites	NNS
enables	VBZ
one	CD
to	TO
avoid	VB
detection	NN
by	IN
government	NN
agencies	NNS
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
the	DT
government	NN
still	RB
seems	VBZ
unable	JJ
to	TO
monitor	VB
file-sharing	JJ
networks	NNS
where	WRB
members	NNS
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
distribute	VB
information	NN
between	IN
one	CD
another	DT
without	IN
establishing	VBG
a	DT
website	NN
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
the	DT
regulation	NN
was	VBD
still	RB
content	JJ
based	VBN
,	,
thus	RB
would	MD
still	RB
face	VB
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
scrutiny	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Miller	NNP
test	NN
.	.
Due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
's	POS
world-wide	JJ
nature	NN
,	,
the	DT
community	NN
standard	NN
is	VBZ
inapplicable	JJ
because	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
one	NN
community	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
a	DT
standard	NN
from	IN
.126	CD
Ultimately	RB
,	,
this	DT
bill	NN
died	VBD
in	IN
committee	NN
.	.
But	CC
,	,
this	DT
initiative	NN
may	MD
not	RB
take	VB
place	NN
without	IN
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
scrutiny	NN
and	CC
federal	JJ
legislation	NN
that	WDT
compels	VBZ
companies	NNS
to	TO
implement	VB
them	PRP
.	.
In	IN
January	NNP
of	IN
2003	CD
,	,
two	CD
computer	NN
groups	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
RIAA	NNP
established	VBD
a	DT
policy	NN
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
the	DT
government	NN
to	TO
voluntarily	RB
implement	VB
this	DT
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
doctor	NN
advised	VBD
Mr.	NNP
Chernoff	NNP
to	TO
stop	VB
taking	VBG
the	DT
medication	NN
recommended	VBN
by	IN
his	PRP$
psychiatrist	NN
and	CC
prescribed	VBD
an	DT
unorthodox	JJ
cocktail	NN
of	IN
drugs	NNS
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Chernoff	NNP
committed	VBD
suicide	NN
and	CC
many	JJ
speculate	VBP
that	IN
his	PRP$
suicide	NN
was	VBD
attributable	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
change	NN
in	IN
medication	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
84	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Tests	NNS
showed	VBD
that	IN
Mr.	NNP
X	NNP
had	VBD
normal	JJ
testosterone	NN
levels	NNS
for	IN
his	PRP$
age	NN
and	CC
the	DT
``	``
normal	JJ
''	''
levels	NNS
of	IN
testosterone	NN
advertised	VBN
on	IN
Dr.	NNP
Carruther	NNP
's	POS
web	NN
site	NN
were	VBD
higher	JJR
than	IN
those	DT
used	VBN
by	IN
testing	NN
laboratories	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
89	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Mr.	NNP
X	NNP
's	POS
general	JJ
practitioner	NN
reported	VBD
Dr.	NNP
The	DT
US	NNP
FDA	NNP
reports	VBZ
that	IN
there	EX
have	VBP
been	VBN
43	CD
arrests	NNS
and	CC
22	CD
criminal	JJ
convictions	NNS
for	IN
selling	VBG
medicines	NNS
without	IN
a	DT
valid	JJ
prescription	NN
over	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
118	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
But	CC
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
very	RB
hard	JJ
to	TO
monitor	VB
sites	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
create	VB
new	JJ
web	NN
sites	NNS
under	IN
different	JJ
names	NNS
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
traditional	JJ
regulatory	JJ
frameworks	NNS
remain	VBP
in	IN
place	NN
.	.
So	RB
,	,
one	CD
may	MD
still	RB
ask	VB
where	WRB
,	,
precisely	RB
,	,
does	VBZ
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
medicine	NN
take	VBP
place	NN
when	WRB
a	DT
cyberdoctor	NN
``	``
sees	VBZ
''	''
a	DT
patient	NN
who	WP
lives	VBZ
in	IN
another	DT
state	NN
?	.
So	RB
far	RB
,	,
no	DT
legal	JJ
precedents	NNS
exist	VBP
to	TO
answer	VB
that	DT
question	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
144	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
But	CC
there	EX
is	VBZ
still	RB
the	DT
question	NN
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
cyberdoctor	NN
``	``
sees	VBZ
''	''
a	DT
patient	NN
in	IN
another	DT
state	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
that	IN
cyberdoctor	NN
practicing	VBG
without	IN
a	DT
license	NN
?	.
Cases	NNS
used	VBN
in	IN
determining	VBG
physician-patient	JJ
relationship	NN
include	VBP
Bienz	NNP
v.	CC
Central	NNP
Suffolk	NNP
Hospital	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
184	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
where	WRB
the	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
relationship	NN
existed	VBD
between	IN
the	DT
physician	NN
and	CC
the	DT
patient	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
185	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
relationship	NN
was	VBD
created	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
telephone	NN
call	NN
to	TO
schedule	VB
an	DT
appointment	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
186	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
court	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
consider	VB
what	WP
,	,
if	IN
any	DT
,	,
advice	NN
was	VBD
given	VBN
,	,
but	CC
held	VBD
that	IN
giving	VBG
any	DT
medical	JJ
advice	NN
over	IN
the	DT
telephone	NN
would	MD
imply	VB
patient-physician	JJ
relationship	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
187	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Another	DT
case	NN
considered	VBN
was	VBD
Davis	NNP
v.	CC
Weiskopf	NNP
.	.
Internet	NNP
to	TO
formulate	VB
plans	NNS
,	,
raise	VB
funds	NNS
,	,
spread	VBN
propaganda	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
communicate	VB
securely	RB
.	.
In	IN
his	PRP$
statement	NN
on	IN
the	DT
worldwide	NN
threat	NN
in	IN
2000	CD
,	,
the	DT
Director	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Central	NNP
Intelligence	NNP
Agency	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CIA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
George	NNP
Tenet	NNP
testified	VBD
that	IN
terrorists	NNS
groups	NNS
,	,
``	``
including	VBG
Hizbollah	NNP
,	,
HAMAS	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Abu	NNP
Nidal	NNP
organization	NN
,	,
and	CC
Bin	NNP
Ladin	NNP
's	POS
Al	NNP
Qaeda	NNP
organization	NN
are	VBP
using	VBG
computerized	JJ
files	NNS
,	,
e-mail	NN
,	,
and	CC
encryption	NN
to	TO
support	VB
their	PRP$
operations	NNS
.	.
''	''
In	IN
one	CD
example	NN
,	,
convicted	VBN
terrorist	JJ
Ramzi	NNP
Yousef	NNP
,	,
the	DT
mastermind	NN
of	IN
the	DT
World	NNP
Trade	NNP
Center	NNP
bombing	NN
,	,
stored	VBN
detailed	JJ
plans	NNS
to	TO
destroy	VB
United	NNP
States	NNPS
airliners	NNS
on	IN
encrypted	JJ
files	NNS
on	IN
his	PRP$
laptop	NN
computer	NN
.	.
While	IN
we	PRP
have	VBP
not	RB
yet	RB
seen	VBN
these	DT
groups	NNS
employ	VBP
cyber	NN
tools	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
weapon	NN
to	TO
use	VB
against	IN
critical	JJ
infrastructures	NNS
,	,
their	PRP$
reliance	NN
on	IN
information	NN
technology	NN
and	CC
acquisition	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
expertise	NN
are	VBP
clear	JJ
warning	NN
signs	NNS
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
we	PRP
have	VBP
seen	VBN
other	JJ
terrorist	JJ
groups	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
Black	NNP
Tigers	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
who	WP
are	VBP
reportedly	RB
affiliated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
Tamil	NNP
Tigers	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
engage	VB
in	IN
attacks	NNS
on	IN
foreign	JJ
government	NN
web-sites	NNS
and	CC
email	NN
servers	NNS
.	.
Intelligence	NNP
Services	NNPS
-	:
Foreign	JJ
intelligence	NN
services	NNS
have	VBP
adapted	VBN
to	TO
using	VBG
cyber	NN
tools	NNS
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
espionage	NN
trade	NN
craft	NN
.	.
Even	RB
as	IN
far	RB
back	RB
as	IN
1986	CD
,	,
before	IN
the	DT
worldwide	NN
surge	NN
in	IN
Internet	NNP
use	NN
,	,
the	DT
KGB	NNP
employed	VBN
West	JJ
German	JJ
hackers	NNS
to	TO
access	NN
Department	NNP
of	IN
Defense	NNP
systems	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
notable	JJ
and	CC
well	RB
documented	VBN
``	``
Cuckoo	NN
's	POS
Egg	NN
''	''
case	NN
.	.
Foreign	NNP
intelligence	NN
services	NNS
increasingly	RB
view	VBP
computer	NN
intrusions	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
useful	JJ
tool	NN
for	IN
acquiring	VBG
sensitive	JJ
U.S.	NNP
government	NN
and	CC
private	JJ
sector	NN
information	NN
.	.
Information	NNP
Warfare	NNP
-	:
The	NNP
prospect	NN
of	IN
``	``
information	NN
warfare	NN
''	''
by	IN
foreign	JJ
militaries	NNS
against	IN
our	PRP$
critical	JJ
infrastructures	NNS
is	VBZ
perhaps	RB
the	DT
greatest	JJS
potential	JJ
cyber	NN
threat	NN
to	TO
our	PRP$
national	JJ
security	NN
.	.
We	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
several	JJ
foreign	JJ
nations	NNS
are	VBP
developing	VBG
information	NN
warfare	NN
doctrine	NN
,	,
programs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
capabilities	NNS
for	IN
use	NN
against	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
or	CC
other	JJ
nations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
effect	NN
of	IN
these	DT
viruses	NNS
and	CC
worms	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
underestimated	VBN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
the	DT
Slammer	NNP
worm	NN
shut	VBD
down	RP
the	DT
automatic	JJ
teller	NN
machine	NN
system	NN
and	CC
caused	VBD
significant	JJ
transportation	NN
delays	NNS
when	WRB
electronic	JJ
ticketing	VBG
used	VBN
for	IN
airline	NN
travel	NN
was	VBD
affected	VBN
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
viruses	NNS
and	CC
worms	NNS
we	PRP
have	VBP
seen	VBN
so	RB
far	RB
were	VBD
created	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
everyday	JJ
hacker	NN
,	,
not	RB
cyberterrorists	NNS
.	.
Hackers	NNS
are	VBP
interested	JJ
in	IN
exploiting	VBG
the	DT
detailed	JJ
underpinnings	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
its	PRP$
security	NN
ramifications	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
personal	JJ
gratification	NN
,	,
or	CC
for	IN
fame	NN
and	CC
recognition	NN
.	.
The	DT
mindset	NN
of	IN
the	DT
hacker	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
do	VB
something	NN
either	RB
for	IN
the	DT
shear	NN
thrill	NN
of	IN
the	DT
challenge	NN
or	CC
for	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
recognition	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
abilities	NNS
.	.
''	''
The	DT
cyberterrorist	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
completely	RB
different	JJ
animal	NN
.	.
Infrastructure	NN
Advisory	NNP
Council	NNP
to	TO
help	VB
develop	VB
a	DT
national	JJ
strategy	NN
for	IN
cybersecurity	NN
and	CC
suggest	VBP
standards	NNS
and	CC
best	JJS
practices	NNS
for	IN
putting	VBG
it	PRP
in	IN
place	NN
.	.
Although	IN
CIOs	NNS
wo	MD
n't	RB
officially	RB
serve	VB
on	IN
the	DT
council	NN
,	,
they	PRP
can	MD
have	VB
a	DT
critical	JJ
role	NN
behind	IN
the	DT
scenes	NNS
working	VBG
with	IN
CEOs	NNS
to	TO
identify	VB
risks	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
nation	NN
's	POS
computer	NN
infrastructure	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
developing	VBG
and	CC
deploying	VBG
information	NN
security	NN
measures	NNS
recommended	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
group	NN
.	.
Security	NNP
Law	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
was	VBD
passed	VBN
in	IN
November	NNP
of	IN
2001	CD
,	,
required	VBN
airlines	NNS
to	TO
deploy	VB
state-of-the-art	JJ
computer	NN
security	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
tampering	VBG
with	IN
passenger	NN
lists	NNS
-	:
which	WDT
law	NN
enforcement	NN
officials	NNS
used	VBD
to	TO
identify	VB
the	DT
September	NNP
11	CD
hijackers	NNS
.	.
This	DT
law	NN
paved	VBD
the	DT
way	NN
for	IN
additional	JJ
voluntary	JJ
security	NN
measures	NNS
that	WDT
could	MD
result	VB
in	IN
airlines	NNS
deploying	VBG
new	JJ
IT	PRP
systems	NNS
.	.
Investigations	NNS
and	CC
Operations	NNP
-	:
The	NNP
operational	JJ
response	NN
arm	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Center	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
supports	VBZ
and	CC
,	,
where	WRB
necessary	JJ
,	,
coordinates	VBZ
computer	NN
investigations	NNS
conducted	VBN
by	IN
FBI	NNP
field	NN
offices	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
country	NN
,	,
provides	VBZ
expert	JJ
technical	JJ
assistance	NN
to	TO
network	NN
investigations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
provides	VBZ
a	DT
cyber	NN
emergency	NN
response	NN
capability	NN
to	TO
coordinate	VB
the	DT
response	NN
to	TO
a	DT
national-level	JJ
cyber	NN
incident	NN
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
the	DT
bill	NN
would	MD
increase	VB
protection	NN
for	IN
the	DT
privacy	NN
and	CC
confidentiality	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
bill	NN
criminalizes	VBZ
those	DT
who	WP
misuse	NN
computers	NNS
to	TO
obtain	VB
Government	NN
information	NN
and	CC
,	,
where	WRB
appropriate	JJ
,	,
information	NN
held	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
private	JJ
sector	NN
,	,
subject	JJ
to	TO
prosecution	NN
.	.
The	DT
harshest	JJS
penalties	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
reserved	VBN
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
obtain	VBP
classified	VBN
information	NN
that	WDT
could	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
injure	VB
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
or	CC
assist	VB
a	DT
foreign	JJ
state	NN
.	.
Act	NNP
were	VBD
not	RB
carefully	RB
studied	VBN
by	IN
Congress	NNP
,	,
nor	CC
was	VBD
sufficient	JJ
time	NN
taken	VBN
to	TO
debate	VB
it	PRP
or	CC
to	TO
hear	VB
testimony	NN
from	IN
experts	NNS
outside	IN
of	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
in	IN
the	DT
fields	NNS
where	WRB
it	PRP
made	VBD
changes	NNS
.	.
``	``
The	DT
civil	JJ
liberties	NNS
of	IN
ordinary	JJ
Americans	NNPS
have	VBP
taken	VBN
a	DT
tremendous	JJ
blow	NN
with	IN
this	DT
law	NN
,	,
especially	RB
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
privacy	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
online	JJ
communications	NNS
and	CC
activities	NNS
.	.
''	''
Yet	CC
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
evidence	NN
that	IN
our	PRP$
previous	JJ
civil	JJ
liberties	NNS
posed	VBD
a	DT
barrier	NN
to	TO
the	DT
effective	JJ
tracking	NN
or	CC
prosecution	NN
of	IN
terrorists	NNS
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
in	IN
asking	VBG
for	IN
these	DT
broad	JJ
new	JJ
powers	NNS
,	,
the	DT
government	NN
made	VBD
no	DT
showing	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
previous	JJ
powers	NNS
of	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
and	CC
intelligence	NN
agencies	NNS
to	TO
spy	VB
on	IN
U.S.	NNP
citizens	NNS
were	VBD
insufficient	JJ
to	TO
allow	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
investigate	VB
and	CC
prosecute	VB
acts	NNS
of	IN
terrorism	NN
.	.
The	DT
process	NN
leading	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
passage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
bill	NN
did	VBD
little	RB
to	TO
ease	VB
these	DT
concerns	NNS
.	.
To	TO
the	DT
contrary	NN
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
amplified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
inclusion	NN
of	IN
so	RB
many	JJ
provisions	NNS
that	IN
,	,
instead	RB
of	IN
being	VBG
aimed	VBN
at	IN
terrorism	NN
,	,
are	VBP
aimed	VBN
at	IN
nonviolent	JJ
,	,
domestic	JJ
crime	NN
.	.
Owners	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
trademarks	NNS
have	VBP
the	DT
exclusive	JJ
rights	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
mark	NN
in	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
market	NN
on	IN
particular	JJ
kinds	NNS
of	IN
goods	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
that	DT
right	NN
is	VBZ
exclusive	JJ
,	,
trademarks	NNS
have	VBP
a	DT
way	NN
of	IN
providing	VBG
consumers	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
reliable	JJ
indication	NN
of	IN
source	NN
.	.
As	IN
an	DT
example	NN
,	,
say	VBP
someone	NN
brought	VBD
home	NN
a	DT
bag	NN
of	IN
McDonald	NNP
's	POS
fries	NNS
.	.
The	DT
McDonald	NNP
's	POS
label	NN
on	IN
the	DT
bag	NN
conveys	VBZ
to	TO
most	JJS
persons	NNS
a	DT
representation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
quality	NN
or	CC
taste	NN
of	IN
McDonald	NNP
's	POS
products	NNS
.	.
The	DT
McDonald	NNP
label	NN
protects	VBZ
consumers	NNS
from	IN
getting	VBG
confused	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
similar	JJ
copy	NN
cat	NN
of	IN
McDonald	NNP
's	POS
fries	NNS
of	IN
different	JJ
quality	NN
.	.
These	DT
trademarks	NNS
have	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
legally	RB
protected	VBN
to	TO
discourage	VB
others	NNS
from	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
logo	NN
's	POS
or	CC
symbols	NNS
of	IN
another	DT
company	NN
and	CC
mislead	VB
purchasers	NNS
who	WP
believe	VBP
they	PRP
have	VB
purchased	VBN
the	DT
products	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
organization	NN
.	.
However	RB
registration	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Patent	NNP
and	CC
Trademark	NNP
Office	NNP
has	VBZ
its	PRP$
advantages	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
bringing	VBG
the	DT
mark	NN
under	IN
protection	NN
of	IN
international	JJ
treaties	NNS
which	WDT
facilitates	VBZ
foreign	JJ
priority	NN
and	CC
recognition	NN
of	IN
the	DT
mark	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
registration	NN
prevents	VBZ
a	DT
state	NN
from	IN
requiring	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
mark	NN
be	VB
altered	VBN
prior	RB
to	TO
use	VB
in	IN
that	DT
state	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
such	JJ
other	JJ
benefits	NNS
which	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
viewed	VBN
by	IN
visiting	VBG
this	DT
Digilaw	NNP
website	NN
.	.
For	IN
years	NNS
,	,
the	DT
media	NNS
has	VBZ
been	VBN
means	NNS
of	IN
mass	NN
communications	NNS
for	IN
businesses	NNS
in	IN
advertising	NN
and	CC
developing	VBG
brand	NN
recognitions	NNS
to	TO
consumers	NNS
.	.
Examples	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
media	NNS
include	VBP
television	NN
,	,
radio	NN
,	,
newspapers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
now	RB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Over	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
has	VBZ
developed	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
has	VBZ
developed	VBN
from	IN
being	VBG
an	DT
advertising	NN
mechanism	NN
to	TO
a	DT
marketplace	NN
where	WRB
consumes	VBZ
can	MD
buy	VB
and	CC
sell	VB
goods	NNS
.	.
The	DT
internet	NN
has	VBZ
essentially	RB
changed	VBN
the	DT
way	NN
the	DT
world	NN
does	VBZ
business	NN
.	.
Millions	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
world	NN
wide	JJ
have	VBP
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
internet	NN
to	TO
shop	VB
,	,
communicate	VB
,	,
research	NN
,	,
play	VB
games	NNS
,	,
read	VBD
magazines	NNS
,	,
watch	VBP
movies	NNS
and	CC
concerts	NNS
.	.
With	IN
this	DT
expansion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
businesses	NNS
have	VBP
recognized	VBN
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
presence	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
to	TO
succeed	VB
and	CC
stay	VB
competitive	JJ
and	CC
because	IN
of	IN
that	DT
trademarks	NNS
are	VBP
as	RB
important	JJ
in	IN
cyberspace	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
conventional	JJ
media	NNS
.	.
Trademarks	NNS
are	VBP
used	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
online	JJ
services	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
yahoo.com	NN
or	CC
google.com	NN
.	.
Advertising	NN
deals	NNS
with	IN
web	NN
sites	NNS
that	WDT
operate	VBP
like	IN
television	NN
commercials	NNS
or	CC
computerized	JJ
billboards	NNS
which	WDT
offer	VBP
scrolling	VBG
advertisements	NNS
.	.
Product	NN
identification	NN
involves	VBZ
web	NN
sites	NNS
and	CC
online	JJ
channels	NNS
using	VBG
trademarks	NNS
to	TO
identify	VB
the	DT
products	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
they	PRP
offer	VBP
for	IN
sale	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
ever	RB
popular	JJ
amazon.com	NN
.	.
Domain	NN
names	NNS
have	VBP
become	VBN
a	DT
very	RB
prominent	JJ
legal	JJ
concern	NN
when	WRB
dealing	VBG
with	IN
trademarks	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
internet	NN
because	IN
trademarks	NNS
are	VBP
often	RB
used	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
as	IN
the	DT
address	NN
or	CC
domain	NN
names	NNS
of	IN
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
themselves	PRP
.	.
There	RB
,	,
a	DT
bulletin	NN
board	NN
operator	NN
distributed	VBN
unauthorized	JJ
copies	NNS
of	IN
Sega	NNP
games	NNS
online	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
there	EX
was	VBD
trademark	NN
infringement	NN
because	IN
the	DT
public	NN
would	MD
likely	RB
be	VB
confused	VBN
into	IN
believing	VBG
the	DT
games	NNS
came	VBD
from	IN
Sega	NNP
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
mark	NN
appears	VBZ
more	JJR
than	IN
once	RB
in	IN
a	DT
document	NN
or	CC
package	NN
,	,
the	DT
notice	NN
symbol	NN
is	VBZ
only	RB
needed	VBN
once	RB
and	CC
online	VB
the	DT
symbol	NN
should	MD
be	VB
displayed	VBN
at	IN
least	JJS
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
presented	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
user	NN
and	CC
in	IN
connection	NN
with	IN
digital	JJ
goods	NNS
it	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
displayed	VBN
when	WRB
the	DT
material	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
or	CC
viewed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
end-user	NN
.	.
The	DT
rights	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
domain	NN
names	NNS
has	VBZ
become	VBN
of	IN
the	DT
largest	JJS
issues	NNS
of	IN
online	JJ
trademark	NN
law	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
involves	VBZ
owners	NNS
of	IN
trademarks	NNS
who	WP
feel	VBP
that	IN
their	PRP$
trademarks	NNS
are	VBP
used	VBN
improperly	RB
by	IN
third	JJ
parties	NNS
as	IN
domain	NN
names	NNS
.	.
Wal-Mart	NNP
,	,
registers	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
wal-mart	NN
.	.
com	NN
,	,
consumers	NNS
using	VBG
the	DT
internet	NN
to	TO
seek	VB
out	RP
Wal-mart	JJ
products	NNS
may	MD
go	VB
to	TO
the	DT
site	NN
walmart.com	NN
and	CC
not	RB
find	VB
the	DT
content	NN
they	PRP
are	VBP
looking	VBG
for	IN
or	CC
become	VB
confused	JJ
about	IN
what	WP
they	PRP
find	VBP
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
domain	NN
names	NNS
play	VBP
an	DT
active	JJ
role	NN
in	IN
developing	VBG
trademark	NN
law	NN
online	NN
.	.
Domain	NN
names	NNS
are	VBP
usually	RB
combined	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
transfer	NN
protocol	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
http	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
form	VB
a	DT
uniform	JJ
resource	NN
locator	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
URL	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
person	NN
uses	VBZ
a	DT
Web	NNP
browser	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
Netscape	NNP
to	TO
access	VB
a	DT
page	NN
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
,	,
the	DT
person	NN
types	NNS
the	DT
URL	NNP
in	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
http://www.yahoo.com	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
into	IN
browser	NN
and	CC
the	DT
server	NN
then	RB
matches	VBZ
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
to	TO
the	DT
IP	NNP
address	NN
of	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
server	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
relayed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
host	NN
computer	NN
,	,
thus	RB
allowing	VBG
yahoo.com	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
wonderful	JJ
search	NN
engine	NN
to	TO
appear	VB
on	IN
your	PRP$
computer	NN
screen	NN
.	.
But	CC
as	IN
internet	NN
became	VBD
a	DT
marketplace	NN
for	IN
businesses	NNS
to	TO
advertise	VB
and	CC
operate	VB
,	,
many	JJ
companies	NNS
doing	VBG
business	NN
online	NN
wanted	VBD
domain	NN
names	NNS
that	WDT
provided	VBD
an	DT
easily	RB
identifiable	JJ
address	NN
for	IN
themselves	PRP
online	VBP
.	.
As	IN
more	JJR
companies	NNS
sought	VBD
out	RP
distinctive	JJ
domain	NN
names	NNS
,	,
conflicts	NNS
started	VBD
arising	VBG
.	.
Consumers	NNS
usually	RB
expect	VBP
to	TO
find	VB
companies	NNS
they	PRP
are	VBP
seeking	VBG
at	IN
an	DT
evident	JJ
address	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
looking	VBG
for	IN
flowers	NNS
you	PRP
may	MD
seek	VB
flowers.com	NN
.	.
Offline	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
``	``
real	JJ
''	''
world	NN
,	,
general	JJ
trademark	NN
practice	NN
allows	VBZ
organizations	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
similar	JJ
or	CC
even	RB
completely	RB
identical	JJ
marks	NNS
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
the	DT
organizations	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
distinctly	RB
different	JJ
lines	NNS
of	IN
business	NN
and	CC
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
likelihood	NN
of	IN
confusion	NN
in	IN
the	DT
marketplace	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
under	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
Internet	NNP
naming	VBG
system	NN
,	,
one	CD
of	IN
these	DT
companies	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
include	VB
its	PRP$
mark	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
domain	NN
name	NN
,	,
since	IN
there	EX
can	MD
be	VB
only	RB
one	CD
apple.com	NN
or	CC
Microsoft.com	NN
.	.
There	EX
also	RB
arose	VBD
conflicts	NNS
between	IN
businesses	NNS
that	WDT
used	VBD
similar	JJ
names	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
these	DT
cases	NNS
simply	RB
involved	VBN
persons	NNS
who	WP
had	VBD
no	DT
purpose	NN
for	IN
obtaining	VBG
the	DT
name	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
to	TO
harass	VB
the	DT
rightful	JJ
trademark	NN
owner	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
Kaplan	NNP
v.	CC
Princeton	NNP
case	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
too	RB
bad	JJ
Kaplan	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
get	VB
their	PRP$
beer	NN
,	,
so	RB
much	RB
for	IN
harassment	NN
.	.
In	IN
response	NN
to	TO
Quittner	NNP
asking	VBG
Williamson	NNP
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
anything	NN
that	WDT
could	MD
stop	VB
him	PRP
from	IN
registering	VBG
a	DT
name	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
mcdonalds.com	NN
,	,
Willamson	NNP
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
There	EX
is	VBZ
nothing	NN
that	IN
says	VBZ
I	PRP
can	MD
stop	VB
you	PRP
from	IN
doing	VBG
that	DT
.	.
We	PRP
really	RB
need	VBP
some	DT
policy	NN
.	.
Well	RB
,	,
Quittner	NNP
went	VBD
and	CC
registered	VBD
the	DT
mcdonalds.com	JJ
name	NN
himself	PRP
and	CC
asked	VBD
readers	NNS
to	TO
send	VB
him	PRP
suggestions	NNS
for	IN
extortion	NN
in	IN
case	NN
the	DT
world	NN
popular	JJ
company	NN
of	IN
McDonalds	NNP
wished	VBD
to	TO
acquire	VB
the	DT
address	NN
from	IN
him	PRP
.	.
He	PRP
also	RB
began	VBD
using	VBG
the	DT
e-mail	NN
address	NN
of	IN
Ronald@mcdonalds.com	NNP
.	.
Of	IN
course	NN
McDonalds	NNP
objected	VBD
to	TO
this	DT
use	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
name	NN
and	CC
they	PRP
ended	VBD
up	RP
acquiring	VBG
the	DT
mcdonalds.com	NN
domain	NN
name	NN
in	IN
exchange	NN
for	IN
a	DT
$	$
3,500	CD
donation	NN
to	TO
a	DT
grade	NN
school	NN
.	.
That	DT
argument	NN
concerned	VBN
the	DT
perspective	NN
that	WDT
domain	NN
names	NNS
are	VBP
simply	RB
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
required	JJ
protocol	NN
,	,
an	DT
electronic	JJ
address	NN
,	,
and	CC
therefore	RB
are	VBP
no	DT
different	JJ
from	IN
telephone	NN
numbers	NNS
or	CC
postal	JJ
addresses	NNS
.	.
From	IN
that	DT
perspective	NN
,	,
domain	NN
names	NNS
are	VBP
simply	RB
functional	JJ
or	CC
descriptive	JJ
marks	NNS
,	,
with	IN
no	DT
secondary	JJ
meaning	NN
,	,
and	CC
as	IN
such	JJ
,	,
they	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
generally	RB
be	VB
eligible	JJ
for	IN
trademark	NN
registration	NN
.	.
NSI	NNP
assigned	VBN
domain	NN
names	NNS
on	IN
first-come	NN
,	,
first	JJ
serve	VBP
basis	NN
and	CC
assigned	VBN
those	DT
domain	NN
names	NNS
to	TO
only	RB
one	CD
owner	NN
and	CC
did	VBD
not	RB
perform	VB
a	DT
trademark	NN
or	CC
service	NN
mark	NN
search	NN
before	IN
granting	VBG
these	DT
domain	NN
names	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
it	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
perform	VB
those	DT
searches	NNS
,	,
that	DT
's	VBZ
where	WRB
the	DT
domain	NN
conflicts	NNS
arose	VBD
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
search	NN
NSI	NNP
did	VBD
was	VBD
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
that	IN
no	DT
other	JJ
party	NN
registered	VBD
the	DT
name	NN
as	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
.	.
NSI	NNP
provided	VBD
an	DT
established	VBN
process	NN
through	IN
which	WDT
a	DT
party	NN
who	WP
registered	VBD
for	IN
a	DT
trademark	NN
or	CC
service	NN
mark	NN
could	MD
challenge	VB
the	DT
assignment	NN
of	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
to	TO
another	DT
party	NN
.	.
The	DT
challenging	JJ
party	NN
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
demonstrate	VB
that	IN
its	PRP$
registered	JJ
mark	NN
is	VBZ
identical	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
challenged	VBN
domain	NN
name	NN
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
first	JJ
use	NN
identified	VBN
in	IN
its	PRP$
trademark	NN
registration	NN
predates	VBZ
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
the	DT
challenged	VBN
domain	NN
name	NN
's	POS
NSO	NNP
registration	NN
.	.
The	DT
party	NN
currently	RB
using	VBG
domain	NN
name	NN
would	MD
then	RB
have	VB
right	JJ
to	TO
demonstrate	VB
its	PRP$
history	NN
of	IN
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
mark	NN
in	IN
question	NN
.	.
The	DT
National	NNP
Science	NNP
Foundation	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NSF	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
which	WDT
was	VBD
under	IN
the	DT
authority	NN
of	IN
Congress	NNP
,	,
elected	VBD
not	RB
to	TO
renew	VB
its	PRP$
contract	NN
with	IN
NSI	NNP
in	IN
1998	CD
.	.
That	DT
action	NN
removed	VBD
NSI	NNP
from	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
management	NN
role	NN
and	CC
NSI	NNP
filed	VBD
to	TO
offer	VB
its	PRP$
stock	NN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
in	IN
hopes	NNS
of	IN
expanding	VBG
its	PRP$
commercial	JJ
role	NN
.	.
There	EX
were	VBD
many	JJ
reasons	NNS
why	WRB
the	DT
government	NN
chose	VBD
to	TO
move	VB
away	RB
from	IN
allowing	VBG
NSI	NNP
to	TO
continue	VB
its	PRP$
operation	NN
in	IN
domain	NN
management	NN
.	.
One	CD
reason	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
demand	NN
for	IN
establishing	VBG
competing	VBG
domain	NN
name	NN
registries	NNS
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
competition	NN
in	IN
domain	NN
name	NN
registration	NN
.	.
The	DT
U.S.	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Commerce	NNP
and	CC
NSI	NNP
reached	VBD
an	DT
agreement	NN
that	WDT
provided	VBD
for	IN
a	DT
shared	VBN
registration	NN
system	NN
.	.
That	DT
system	NN
was	VBD
established	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
for	IN
a	DT
competing	VBG
unlimited	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
registrars	NNS
for	IN
domain	NN
name	NN
registration	NN
using	VBG
one	CD
shared	VBN
registry	NN
under	IN
NSI	NNP
administration	NN
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
Corporation	NNP
for	IN
Assigned	NNP
Names	NNPS
and	CC
Numbers	NNPS
-LRB-	-LRB-
ICANN	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
was	VBD
established	VBN
in	IN
November	NNP
1998	CD
by	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
government	NN
which	WDT
began	VBD
accepting	VBG
applications	NNS
for	IN
entities	NNS
that	WDT
wish	VBP
to	TO
become	VB
domain	NN
name	NN
registrars	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
currently	RB
many	JJ
registrars	NNS
world-wide	RB
,	,
here	RB
are	VBP
a	DT
few	JJ
of	IN
them	PRP
:	:
Domain	NNP
Purpose	NNP
,	,
Norid	NNP
,	,
&	CC
Easyspace	NNP
.	.
This	DT
law	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
without	IN
its	PRP$
critics	NNS
and	CC
has	VBZ
some	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
concern	NN
.	.
Will	MD
someone	NN
who	WP
merely	RB
registers	VBZ
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
,	,
but	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
create	VB
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
qualify	VB
be	VB
found	VBN
liable	JJ
under	IN
this	DT
act	NN
because	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
requires	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
trademark	NN
be	VB
in	IN
``	``
use	NN
in	IN
commerce	NN
.	.
''	''
After	IN
all	DT
,	,
many	JJ
cybersquatters	NNS
simply	RB
register	VBP
the	DT
names	NNS
and	CC
do	VB
not	RB
take	VB
the	DT
time	NN
to	TO
create	VB
website	NN
at	IN
their	PRP$
registered	VBN
names	NNS
.	.
Toeppen	NNP
operated	VBD
an	DT
Internet	NNP
service	NN
provider	NN
and	CC
registered	VBD
240	CD
Internet	NNP
domain	NN
names	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
sought	VBD
to	TO
sell	VB
or	CC
license	VB
the	DT
domain	NN
names	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
companies	NNS
whose	WP$
names	NNS
he	PRP
had	VBD
registered	VBN
.	.
Included	VBN
in	IN
his	PRP$
bank	NN
of	IN
names	NNS
was	VBD
intermatic.com	JJ
.	.
Intermatic	NNP
was	VBD
a	DT
manufacturer	NN
and	CC
distributor	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
products	NNS
that	WDT
had	VBD
registered	VBN
the	DT
mark	NN
``	``
Intermatic	NNP
''	''
five	CD
times	NNS
and	CC
been	VBN
in	IN
business	NN
since	IN
1941	CD
.	.
In	IN
May	NNP
2000	CD
,	,
John	NNP
Zuccarini	NNP
registered	VBD
the	DT
internet	NN
domain	NN
names	NNS
of	IN
electronicboutique.com	NN
,	,
electronicbotique.com	NN
,	,
ebwold.com	NN
,	,
and	CC
ebworl.com	NN
.	.
Back	RB
in	IN
1996	CD
,	,
Electronics	NNP
Boutique	NNP
had	VBD
registered	VBN
the	DT
internet	NN
domain	NN
name	NN
of	IN
ebworld.com	NN
and	CC
in	IN
1997	CD
they	PRP
registered	VBD
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
of	IN
electronicsboutique.com	NN
.	.
On	IN
its	PRP$
websites	NNS
,	,
Electronics	NNP
Boutique	NNP
had	VBD
sold	VBN
products	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
video	NN
games	NNS
and	CC
personal	JJ
computers	NNS
.	.
Electronics	NNP
Boutique	NNP
also	RB
sold	VBD
these	DT
products	NNS
in	IN
over	IN
600	CD
different	JJ
locations	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
The	DT
video	NN
game	NN
and	CC
software	NN
retailer	NN
had	VBD
used	VBN
the	DT
service	NN
mark	NN
``	``
Electronics	NNP
Boutique	NNP
''	''
since	IN
1977	CD
and	CC
had	VBD
obtained	VBN
several	JJ
registrations	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Patent	NN
and	CC
Trademark	NNP
Office	NNP
.	.
The	DT
company	NN
registered	VBD
the	DT
``	``
Electronics	NNP
Boutique	NNP
''	''
in	IN
1987	CD
and	CC
uses	VBZ
the	DT
mark	NN
on	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
products	NNS
and	CC
advertising	NN
.	.
Electronics	NNP
Boutique	NNP
used	VBD
its	PRP$
websites	NNS
to	TO
attract	VB
customers	NNS
and	CC
its	PRP$
revenues	NNS
increased	VBD
as	IN
it	PRP
made	VBD
$	$
1.1	CD
million	CD
in	IN
sales	NNS
from	IN
its	PRP$
website	NN
and	CC
over	IN
$	$
273	CD
million	CD
in	IN
total	JJ
sales	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
year	NN
of	IN
1999	CD
.	.
Cybersquatters	NNS
are	VBP
those	DT
who	WP
purposely	RB
register	VBP
website	NN
addresses	NNS
identical	JJ
or	CC
confusingly	RB
similar	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
company	NN
's	POS
trademark	NN
to	TO
divert	VB
business	NN
,	,
confuse	VB
customers	NNS
or	CC
stymie	VB
a	DT
company	NN
's	POS
ability	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
an	DT
easy-to-find	JJ
online	NN
location	NN
.	.
The	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
cybersquatting	VBG
began	VBD
way	NN
back	RB
in	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
few	JJ
years	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
domain	NN
conflicts	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
NSI	NNP
with	IN
cases	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Kaplan	NNP
v.	CC
Princeton	NNP
Review	NNP
.	.
Cybersquatting	VBG
harms	NNS
the	DT
integrity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
also	RB
harms	VBZ
consumers	NNS
,	,
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
goodwill	NN
equity	NN
of	IN
valuable	JJ
U.S.	NNP
brand	NN
names	NNS
,	,
upon	IN
which	WDT
consumers	NNS
increasingly	RB
rely	VBP
to	TO
locate	VB
the	DT
true	JJ
source	NN
of	IN
genuine	JJ
goods	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Cybersquatters	NNS
typically	RB
target	VBP
distinctive	JJ
and	CC
famous	JJ
trademarks	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
reasons	NNS
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
obvious	JJ
reasons	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
profit	NN
from	IN
owners	NNS
of	IN
well	RB
known	VBN
brand	NN
names	NNS
by	IN
forcing	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
pay	VB
for	IN
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
engage	VB
in	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
under	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
brand	NN
name	NN
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
prove	VB
a	DT
case	NN
of	IN
cybersquatting	VBG
under	IN
the	DT
ACPA	NNP
,	,
a	DT
trademark	NN
owner	NN
must	MD
prove	VB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
following	NN
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
registrant	NN
had	VBD
a	DT
bad	JJ
faith	NN
intent	NN
to	TO
profit	VB
from	IN
the	DT
trademark	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
trademark	NN
was	VBD
distinctive	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
was	VBD
first	JJ
registered	VBN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
is	VBZ
identical	JJ
or	CC
confusingly	RB
similar	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
trademark	NN
,	,
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
trademark	NN
qualifies	VBZ
for	IN
protection	NN
under	IN
federal	JJ
trademark	NN
laws	NNS
,	,
meaning	VBG
it	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
distinctive	JJ
and	CC
its	PRP$
owner	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
trademark	NN
in	IN
commerce	NN
.	.
To	TO
avoid	VB
a	DT
finding	VBG
a	DT
bad	JJ
faith	NN
,	,
a	DT
registrant	NN
of	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
convince	VB
the	DT
court	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
had	VBD
reasonable	JJ
grounds	NNS
to	TO
believe	VB
that	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
fair	JJ
use	NN
or	CC
otherwise	RB
lawful	JJ
.	.
Here	RB
is	VBZ
an	DT
excellent	JJ
site	NN
which	WDT
provides	VBZ
further	JJ
details	NNS
of	IN
cybersquatting	VBG
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
has	VBZ
changed	VBN
the	DT
way	NN
our	PRP$
world	NN
operates	VBZ
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
ever	RB
expanding	VBG
internet	NN
,	,
issues	NNS
arising	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
laws	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
offline	NN
''	''
world	NN
and	CC
the	DT
``	``
online	NN
''	''
world	NN
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
increase	VB
as	IN
we	PRP
are	VBP
only	RB
a	DT
decade	NN
or	CC
so	RB
into	IN
the	DT
mass	NN
communication	NN
device	NN
known	VBN
as	IN
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
.	.
As	IN
more	JJR
businesses	NNS
and	CC
individual	JJ
bring	VBP
their	PRP$
operations	NNS
online	VBP
,	,
their	PRP$
legal	JJ
rights	NNS
also	RB
come	VBP
online	NN
.	.
Trademark	NN
law	NN
offline	NN
and	CC
online	NN
are	VBP
no	DT
different	JJ
.	.
The	DT
same	JJ
guidelines	NNS
apply	VBP
whether	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
trademark	NN
infringement	NN
or	CC
trademark	NN
dilution	NN
.	.
The	DT
evolution	NN
of	IN
trademark	NN
laws	NNS
and	CC
internet	NN
domain	NN
names	NNS
has	VBZ
grown	VBN
from	IN
one	CD
without	IN
much	JJ
regulation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
early	JJ
NSI	NNP
days	NNS
to	TO
one	CD
now	RB
where	WRB
the	DT
law	NN
concentrated	VBD
on	IN
minimizing	VBG
domain	NN
name	NN
conflicts	NNS
.	.
Particularly	RB
,	,
the	DT
culprits	NNS
known	VBN
as	IN
`	``
cybersqautters	NNS
'	POS
are	VBP
being	VBG
increasingly	RB
being	VBG
held	VBN
liable	JJ
for	IN
any	DT
bad	JJ
intent	NN
to	TO
profit	VB
from	IN
or	CC
to	TO
harass	VB
companies\/individuals	NNS
for	IN
may	MD
want	VB
to	TO
bring	VB
their	PRP$
business	NN
online	NN
.	.
To	TO
stop	VB
a	DT
cybersquatter	NN
,	,
an	DT
owner	NN
of	IN
a	DT
trademark	NN
who	WP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
their	PRP$
mark	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
used	VBN
already	RB
as	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
could	MD
bring	VB
an	DT
action	NN
under	IN
the	DT
Anti-Cybersquatting	NNP
Consumer	NNP
Protection	NNP
Act	NNP
or	CC
you	PRP
can	MD
initiate	VB
arbitration	NN
proceedings	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
ICANN	NNP
process	NN
.	.
As	IN
evident	JJ
by	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
laws	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
become	VBN
enacted	VBN
since	IN
the	DT
early	JJ
days	NNS
of	IN
NSI	NNP
,	,
the	DT
law	NN
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
confront	VB
the	DT
many	JJ
issues	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
sure	JJ
to	TO
arise	VB
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
as	IN
this	DT
new	JJ
world	NN
of	IN
opportunity	NN
and	CC
communication	NN
continues	VBZ
to	TO
grow	VB
.	.
This	DT
element	NN
is	VBZ
satisfied	VBN
when	WRB
the	DT
defendant	NN
intentionally	RB
directs	VBZ
action	NN
in	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
and	CC
this	DT
action	NN
creates	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
substantial	JJ
connection	NN
''	''
with	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
element	NN
that	WDT
must	MD
be	VB
satisfied	VBN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
action	NN
directed	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
or	CC
activities	NNS
carried	VBD
on	IN
in	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
must	MD
relate	VB
to	TO
the	DT
proposed	VBN
litigation	NN
.	.
Without	IN
this	DT
relationship	NN
,	,
sufficient	JJ
``	``
minimum	JJ
contacts	NNS
''	''
do	VBP
not	RB
exist	VB
and	CC
the	DT
action	NN
in	IN
forum	NN
state	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
litigated	VBN
because	IN
of	IN
lack	NN
of	IN
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
The	DT
final	JJ
element	NN
of	IN
this	DT
common	JJ
law	NN
jurisdictional	JJ
test	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
exercise	NN
of	IN
jurisdiction	NN
must	MD
be	VB
``	``
reasonable	JJ
.	.
''	''
Some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
factors	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
used	VBN
in	IN
determining	VBG
whether	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
in	IN
fact	NN
reasonable	JJ
are	VBP
the	DT
``	``
burden	NN
placed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
,	,
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
's	POS
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
outcome	NN
of	IN
the	DT
litigation	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Plaintiff	NNP
's	POS
interest	NN
in	IN
obtaining	VBG
relief	NN
,	,
the	DT
judicial	JJ
system	NN
's	POS
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
efficient	JJ
resolution	NN
,	,
and	CC
furthering	VBG
social	JJ
policies	NNS
shared	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
states	NNS
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
25	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
order	NN
for	IN
a	DT
court	NN
to	TO
find	VB
that	IN
a	DT
person	NN
or	CC
organization	NN
has	VBZ
satisfied	VBN
the	DT
aforementioned	JJ
``	``
minimum	JJ
contacts	NNS
''	''
such	JJ
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
courts	NNS
jurisdiction	NN
,	,
the	DT
activities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
must	MD
be	VB
continuous	JJ
and	CC
systematic	JJ
.	.
This	DT
minimum	JJ
contacts	NNS
analysis	NN
can	MD
provide	VB
for	IN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
in	IN
two	CD
ways	NNS
,	,
the	DT
first	JJ
of	IN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
specific	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
a	DT
defendant	NN
``	``
where	WRB
the	DT
activities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
within	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
are	VBP
the	DT
subject	NN
of	IN
the	DT
suit	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
type	NN
mentioned	VBN
above	IN
.	.
The	DT
exercise	NN
of	IN
general	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
is	VBZ
permitted	VBN
even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
cause	NN
of	IN
action	NN
in	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
activities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
within	IN
the	DT
state	NN
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
type	NN
and	CC
volume	NN
of	IN
activity	NN
that	IN
occurs	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
case	NN
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
operator	NN
of	IN
a	DT
bar	NN
in	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
City	NNP
called	VBD
``	``
The	DT
Blue	NNP
Note	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
plaintiff	NN
owned	VBN
``	``
all	DT
rights	NNS
,	,
title	NN
,	,
and	CC
interest	NN
in	IN
and	CC
to	TO
the	DT
registered	JJ
mark	NN
for	IN
that	DT
name	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
53	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
defendant	NN
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
owned	VBD
a	DT
bar	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
Missouri	NNP
that	WDT
operated	VBD
under	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
name	NN
.	.
The	DT
Missouri	NNP
Bar	NNP
advertised	VBD
on	IN
a	DT
Web	NNP
Page	NNP
that	WDT
included	VBD
the	DT
contact	NN
and	CC
ticket	NN
information	NN
for	IN
the	DT
establishment	NN
.	.
The	DT
site	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
allow	VB
for	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
interactivity	NN
between	IN
it	PRP
and	CC
the	DT
user	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
users	NNS
ability	NN
to	TO
read	VB
the	DT
contact	NN
information	NN
.	.
It	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
allow	VB
for	IN
the	DT
purchase	NN
of	IN
tickets	NNS
on-line	JJ
but	CC
rather	RB
suggested	VBD
that	IN
customers	NNS
call	VBP
the	DT
bar	NN
directly	RB
on	IN
the	DT
telephone	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
courts	NNS
have	VBP
agreed	VBN
on	IN
an	DT
appropriate	JJ
decision	NN
regarding	VBG
passive	JJ
web	NN
sites	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
subjecting	VBG
operators	NNS
to	TO
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
They	PRP
have	VBP
determined	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
a	DT
passive	JJ
site	NN
by	IN
itself	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
satisfy	VB
the	DT
requisite	JJ
minimum	NN
contacts	NNS
required	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
exercise	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
59	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
``	``
By	IN
creating	VBG
a	DT
passive	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
a	DT
defendant	NN
has	VBZ
in	IN
no	DT
way	NN
purposefully	RB
availed	VBD
herself	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
privilege	NN
of	IN
doing	VBG
business	NN
in	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
or	CC
specifically	RB
targeted	VBN
that	IN
forum	NN
state	NN
for	IN
business	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
60	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
A	DT
defendant	NN
that	WDT
operates	VBZ
such	PDT
a	DT
site	NN
could	MD
not	RB
reasonably	RB
foresee	VB
being	VBG
haled	VBN
into	IN
court	NN
in	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
.	.
The	DT
people	NNS
who	WP
operate	VBP
these	DT
passive	JJ
sites	NNS
have	VBP
no	DT
control	NN
over	IN
who	WP
accesses	VBZ
them	PRP
.	.
Once	RB
they	PRP
are	VBP
posted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
they	PRP
are	VBP
available	JJ
for	IN
viewing	VBG
by	IN
any	DT
individual	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
.	.
These	DT
operators	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
purposefully	RB
availing	VBG
themselves	PRP
of	IN
any	DT
particular	JJ
forum	NN
and	CC
as	IN
such	JJ
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
improper	JJ
and	CC
unjust	JJ
to	TO
exercise	VB
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
them	PRP
.	.
The	DT
defendant	NN
tried	VBD
to	TO
persuade	VB
the	DT
court	NN
that	IN
its	PRP$
activities	NNS
were	VBD
not	RB
directed	VBN
particularly	RB
at	IN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
California	NNP
and	CC
as	IN
such	JJ
they	PRP
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
appear	VB
in	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
of	IN
that	DT
state	NN
.	.
They	PRP
claimed	VBD
that	IN
any	DT
injury	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
felt	VBN
occurred	VBD
in	IN
Cyberspace	NNP
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
simply	RB
registering	VBG
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
enough	JJ
to	TO
exercise	VB
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
alone	RB
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
actions	NNS
are	VBP
felt	VBN
,	,
but	CC
accompanied	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
prospect	NN
of	IN
extortion	NN
the	DT
exercise	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
was	VBD
warranted	VBN
.	.
One	CD
fact	NN
that	WDT
does	VBZ
not	RB
change	VB
in	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
context	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
basic	JJ
principles	NNS
of	IN
contract	NN
law	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
evidence	NN
of	IN
fraud	NN
,	,
duress	NN
,	,
or	CC
unconscionability	NN
will	MD
render	VB
any	DT
contract	NN
,	,
including	VBG
those	DT
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
unenforceable	JJ
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
when	WRB
inquiring	VBG
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
enforceability	NN
of	IN
an	DT
online	NN
contract	NN
,	,
the	DT
first	JJ
stop	NN
is	VBZ
always	RB
whether	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
valid	JJ
under	IN
traditional	JJ
contract	NN
law	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
three	CD
main	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
Internet	NNP
contracts	NNS
.	.
Their	PRP$
common	JJ
names	NNS
are	VBP
``	``
Shrink-Wrap	NNP
,	,
''	''
``	``
Click-Wrap	NNP
,	,
''	''
and	CC
``	``
Browse-Wrap	NNP
.	.
''	''
The	DT
distinguishing	VBG
factor	NN
between	IN
the	DT
three	CD
is	VBZ
the	DT
method	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
user	NN
agrees	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
contract	NN
.	.
The	DT
courts	NNS
have	VBP
wrestled	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
differences	NNS
between	IN
them	PRP
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
,	,
or	CC
even	RB
whether	IN
to	TO
,	,
enforce	VB
them	PRP
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
discuss	VB
the	DT
characteristics	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
agreements	NNS
,	,
their	PRP$
treatment	NN
by	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
enforceability	NN
of	IN
these	DT
agreements	NNS
today	NN
.	.
The	DT
``	``
classic	JJ
''	''
way	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
a	DT
software	NN
owner	NN
's	POS
rights	NNS
has	VBZ
been	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
shrink-wrap	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
Shrink-wrap	NN
agreements	NNS
are	VBP
either	RB
printed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
back	NN
of	IN
or	CC
included	VBD
inside	IN
a	DT
box	NN
containing	VBG
commercial	JJ
computer	NN
software	NN
.	.
The	DT
name	NN
comes	VBZ
from	IN
the	DT
method	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
software	NN
is	VBZ
packaged	VBN
.	.
Typically	RB
,	,
software	NN
comes	VBZ
in	IN
a	DT
box	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
shrink-wrapped	JJ
.	.
By	IN
opening	VBG
the	DT
box	NN
and	CC
thus	RB
breaking	VBG
the	DT
shrink-wrap	NN
,	,
the	DT
consumer	NN
is	VBZ
agreeing	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
license	NN
terms	NNS
printed	VBD
thereon	RB
.	.
The	DT
enforceability	NN
of	IN
these	DT
agreements	NNS
was	VBD
tested	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
ProCD	NNP
v.	CC
Zeidenberg	NNP
86	CD
F.	NNP
3d	CD
1447	CD
case	NN
.	.
ProCD	NNP
compiled	VBN
information	NN
from	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
3000	CD
telephone	NN
directories	NNS
into	IN
a	DT
database	NN
.	.
They	PRP
sold	VBD
a	DT
version	NN
of	IN
the	DT
database	NN
,	,
called	VBN
SelectPhone	NNP
,	,
on	IN
CD-ROM	NN
.	.
The	DT
box	NN
that	IN
the	DT
software	NN
was	VBD
packaged	VBN
in	IN
had	VBD
verbiage	NN
that	IN
stated	VBD
the	DT
software	NN
came	VBD
with	IN
restrictions	NNS
contained	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
enclosed	VBN
license	NN
.	.
The	DT
license	NN
limited	VBN
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
application	NN
to	TO
non-commercial	JJ
purposes	NNS
and	CC
was	VBD
both	DT
encoded	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
CD	NNP
and	CC
printed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
manual	NN
,	,
and	CC
appeared	VBD
every	DT
time	NN
the	DT
user	NN
ran	VBD
the	DT
software	NN
.	.
The	DT
usual	JJ
contract	NN
exceptions	NNS
apply	VBP
to	TO
shrink-wrap	JJ
agreements	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
In	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
are	VBP
objectionable	JJ
on	IN
grounds	NNS
applicable	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
contract	NN
then	RB
the	DT
agreement	NN
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
enforceable	JJ
.	.
Common	JJ
law	NN
contract	NN
exceptions	NNS
that	WDT
also	RB
might	MD
apply	VB
include	VBP
fraud	NN
,	,
duress	NN
,	,
and	CC
unconscionability	NN
.	.
The	DT
controversy	NN
over	IN
shrink-wrap	NN
agreements	NNS
has	VBZ
become	VBN
whether	IN
consumers	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
bound	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
agreement	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
will	MD
probably	RB
never	RB
read	VB
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
review	VB
in	IN
full	JJ
before	IN
purchasing	VBG
the	DT
software	NN
.	.
Does	NNP
opening	VBG
the	DT
box	NN
really	RB
constitute	VBP
an	DT
``	``
acceptance	NN
''	''
under	IN
contract	NN
law	NN
?	.
The	DT
following	JJ
cases	NNS
discuss	VBP
these	DT
issues	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
Hill	NNP
v.	CC
Gateway	NNP
105	CD
F.	NNP
3d	CD
1147	CD
case	NN
,	,
plaintiff	NN
ordered	VBD
a	DT
computer	NN
from	IN
defendant	NN
via	IN
telephone	NN
.	.
The	DT
computer	NN
arrived	VBD
in	IN
a	DT
box	NN
that	WDT
contained	VBD
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
terms	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
buyer	NN
would	MD
be	VB
bound	VBN
to	TO
unless	IN
he	PRP
returned	VBD
the	DT
computer	NN
within	IN
30	CD
days	NNS
.	.
The	DT
term	NN
at	IN
issue	NN
here	RB
was	VBD
an	DT
arbitration	NN
clause	NN
in	IN
the	DT
shrink-wrap	NN
agreement	NN
that	WDT
came	VBD
with	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
.	.
The	DT
plaintiff	NN
was	VBD
dissatisfied	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
's	POS
performance	NN
and	CC
filed	VBD
suit	NN
alleging	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
product	NN
's	POS
shortcomings	NNS
made	VBD
Gateway	NNP
a	DT
racketeer	NN
.	.
This	DT
court	NN
ruled	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
necessary	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
to	TO
actually	RB
read	VB
a	DT
contract	NN
for	IN
it	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
effective	JJ
.	.
The	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
service	NN
become	VBP
a	DT
contract	NN
upon	IN
assent	NN
by	IN
the	DT
user	NN
,	,
which	WDT
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
meant	VBD
not	RB
returning	VBG
the	DT
computer	NN
within	IN
thirty	CD
days	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
they	PRP
had	VBD
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
return	VB
the	DT
computer	NN
after	IN
reading	VBG
the	DT
terms	NNS
they	PRP
were	VBD
bound	VBN
by	IN
them	PRP
.	.
This	DT
case	NN
extends	VBZ
the	DT
shrink-wrap	NN
agreement	NN
beyond	IN
software	NN
to	TO
encompass	VB
computer	NN
equipment	NN
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
Mortenson	NNP
used	VBD
Timberline	NNP
's	POS
software	NN
to	TO
prepare	VB
a	DT
construction	NN
bid	NN
.	.
A	DT
defect	NN
in	IN
the	DT
program	NN
produced	VBD
an	DT
erroneous	JJ
bid	NN
price	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
$	$
1.95	CD
million	CD
off	IN
the	DT
mark	NN
.	.
Mortenson	NNP
sued	VBD
Timberline	NNP
for	IN
breach	NN
of	IN
implied	VBN
and	CC
express	VB
warranties	NNS
.	.
Timberline	NNP
contended	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
license	NN
agreement	NN
clause	NN
limiting	VBG
consequential	JJ
damages	NNS
would	MD
prevent	VB
Mortenson	NNP
from	IN
recouping	VBG
damages	NNS
.	.
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
affirmed	VBD
a	DT
lower	JJR
court	NN
ruling	NN
which	WDT
found	VBD
that	IN
``	``
the	DT
license	NN
terms	NNS
were	VBD
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
,	,
''	''
and	CC
``	``
the	DT
limitation	NN
of	IN
remedies	NNS
clause	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
unconscionable	JJ
and	CC
was	VBD
therefore	RB
,	,
enforceable	JJ
.	.
''	''
The	DT
click-wrap	JJ
license	NN
is	VBZ
generally	RB
an	DT
online	JJ
variation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
shrink-wrap	NN
license	NN
.	.
Typically	RB
,	,
it	PRP
displays	VBZ
an	DT
agreement	NN
to	TO
the	DT
user	NN
and	CC
there	EX
are	VBP
links	NNS
or	CC
buttons	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
bottom	NN
that	WDT
say	VBP
``	``
I	PRP
Accept	VBP
''	''
and	CC
``	``
I	PRP
Do	VBP
Not	RB
Accept	VB
.	.
''	''
This	DT
indicates	VBZ
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
willingness	NN
to	TO
be	VB
bound	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
license	NN
terms	NNS
.	.
Usually	RB
clicking	VBG
the	DT
``	``
I	PRP
Accept	VBP
''	''
button	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
before	IN
the	DT
user	NN
can	MD
download	VB
the	DT
software	NN
or	CC
begin	VB
using	VBG
whatever	WDT
service	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
offered	VBN
.	.
Corporation	NNP
v	NNP
Van	NNP
Money	NNP
Pie	NNP
Inc	NNP
1998	CD
WL	NNP
388389	CD
case	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
landmark	NN
case	NN
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
click-wraps	NNS
.	.
Hotmail	NNP
provided	VBD
free	JJ
web-based	JJ
email	NN
to	TO
millions	NNS
of	IN
subscribers	NNS
.	.
To	TO
obtain	VB
an	DT
email	NN
address	NN
,	,
the	DT
user	NN
had	VBD
to	TO
agree	VB
to	TO
Hotmail	NNP
's	POS
license	NN
terms	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
were	VBD
displayed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
click-wrap	JJ
agreement	NN
style	NN
.	.
The	DT
agreement	NN
prohibited	VBN
users	NNS
from	IN
using	VBG
Hotmail	NNP
addresses	NNS
to	TO
send	VB
``	``
spam	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
unsolicited	JJ
email	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Hotmail	NNP
came	VBD
to	TO
learn	VB
that	IN
many	JJ
users	NNS
were	VBD
indeed	RB
using	VBG
their	PRP$
services	NNS
to	TO
send	VB
spam	NN
,	,
so	IN
they	PRP
sued	VBD
the	DT
spammers	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
grounds	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
breach	NN
of	IN
contract	NN
.	.
Hotmail	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
granted	VBN
a	DT
preliminary	JJ
injunction	NN
on	IN
the	DT
grounds	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
would	MD
likely	RB
be	VB
successful	JJ
on	IN
their	PRP$
claims	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
this	DT
case	NN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
widely	RB
accepted	VBN
that	IN
click-wrap	JJ
agreements	NNS
are	VBP
legally	RB
binding	JJ
.	.
As	IN
mentioned	VBN
earlier	RBR
,	,
however	RB
,	,
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
scroll	NN
box	NN
to	TO
contain	VB
the	DT
agreement	NN
may	MD
present	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
challenge	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
addressed	VBN
yet	RB
.	.
Regarding	VBG
the	DT
timing	NN
of	IN
the	DT
acceptance	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
in	IN
1-A	NNP
Equipment	NNP
v.	CC
Icode	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
2003	CD
WL	NNP
549913	CD
held	VBD
that	DT
agreement	NN
terms	NNS
disclosed	VBN
after	IN
purchase	NN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
a	DT
click-wrap	JJ
agreement	NN
,	,
are	VBP
enforceable	JJ
.	.
1-A	NN
purchased	VBD
software	NN
from	IN
Icode	NNP
for	IN
use	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
business	NN
.	.
Icode	NNP
had	VBD
assured	VBN
1-A	NN
that	IN
the	DT
software	NN
would	MD
meet	VB
all	DT
of	IN
its	PRP$
business	NN
requirements	NNS
.	.
1-A	NN
purchased	VBD
and	CC
tested	VBD
the	DT
program	NN
,	,
concluding	VBG
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
fact	NN
not	RB
suitable	JJ
for	IN
its	PRP$
business	NN
,	,
and	CC
demanded	VBD
a	DT
refund	NN
.	.
Icode	NNP
refused	VBD
and	CC
this	DT
suit	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
result	NN
.	.
A	DT
browse-wrap	JJ
agreement	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
that	IN
a	DT
user	NN
may	MD
view	VB
online	JJ
but	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
require	VB
him	PRP
to	TO
do	VB
anything	NN
to	TO
indicate	VB
acceptance	NN
.	.
In	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
a	DT
link	NN
to	TO
the	DT
applicable	JJ
terms	NNS
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
,	,
but	CC
there	EX
is	VBZ
not	RB
an	DT
affirmative	JJ
act	NN
required	VBN
before	IN
the	DT
user	NN
can	MD
download	VB
or	CC
use	VB
the	DT
particular	JJ
services	NNS
in	IN
question	NN
.	.
Browse-wrap	JJ
agreements	NNS
were	VBD
developed	VBN
because	IN
service	NN
providers	NNS
believed	VBD
requiring	VBG
the	DT
user	NN
to	TO
click	VB
``	``
I	PRP
agree	VBP
''	''
gives	VBZ
him	PRP
one	CD
more	JJR
opportunity	NN
to	TO
decide	VB
against	IN
it	PRP
and	CC
turn	VB
back	RB
.	.
With	IN
browse-wrap	NN
a	DT
website	NN
can	MD
present	VB
a	DT
contract	NN
without	IN
requiring	VBG
users	NNS
to	TO
take	VB
action	NN
,	,
and	CC
allow	VB
users	NNS
to	TO
purchase	VB
or	CC
download	VB
the	DT
software	NN
without	IN
being	VBG
``	``
scared	VBN
off	RP
''	''
by	IN
the	DT
legalese	NN
of	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
and	CC
a	DT
red	JJ
``	``
I	PRP
Agree	VBP
''	''
button	NN
.	.
Pollstar	NNP
alleged	VBD
that	IN
by	IN
clicking	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
access	NN
button	NN
to	TO
retrieve	VB
information	NN
from	IN
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
the	DT
user	NN
is	VBZ
agreeing	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
bound	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
License	NNP
Agreement	NNP
.	.
They	PRP
alleged	VBD
Gigmania	NNP
breached	VBD
this	DT
contract	NN
by	IN
using	VBG
Pollstar	NNP
's	POS
information	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
Gigmania	NNP
's	POS
motion	NN
to	TO
dismiss	VB
was	VBD
the	DT
subject	NN
of	IN
this	DT
ruling	NN
.	.
This	DT
article	NN
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
how	WRB
the	DT
interest	NN
for	IN
instant	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
public	JJ
records	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
effects	NNS
individual	JJ
privacy	NN
interests	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
the	DT
government	NN
and	CC
courts	NNS
to	TO
balance	VB
these	DT
effects	NNS
.	.
Part	NN
I	NN
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
will	MD
introduce	VB
what	WP
is	VBZ
meant	VBN
by	IN
public	JJ
records	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
historical	JJ
roles	NNS
they	PRP
have	VBP
played	VBN
in	IN
our	PRP$
society	NN
.	.
Part	NNP
II	NNP
will	MD
discuss	VB
the	DT
current	JJ
public	JJ
policy	NN
debate	NN
regarding	VBG
how	WRB
technology	NN
is	VBZ
changing	VBG
the	DT
traditional	JJ
notions	NNS
of	IN
access	NN
to	TO
public	JJ
records	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
effect	NN
on	IN
privacy	NN
interests	NNS
this	DT
new	JJ
paradigm	NN
is	VBZ
having	VBG
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
Part	NNP
III	NNP
will	MD
look	VB
at	IN
examples	NNS
of	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
laws	NNS
,	,
regulations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
rules	NNS
regarding	VBG
public	JJ
record	NN
access	NN
that	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
adopted	VBN
,	,
or	CC
are	VBP
still	RB
being	VBG
considered	VBN
,	,
by	IN
various	JJ
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
government	NN
agencies	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
courts	NNS
.	.
This	DT
article	NN
uses	VBZ
the	DT
term	NN
``	``
Public	NNP
Records	NNPS
''	''
loosely	RB
to	TO
mean	VB
any	DT
record	NN
created	VBN
,	,
collected	VBN
,	,
maintained	VBD
,	,
or	CC
disseminated	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
properly	RB
authorized	VBN
federal	JJ
or	CC
state	NN
government	NN
agency	NN
,	,
division	NN
,	,
or	CC
department	NN
,	,
including	VBG
courts	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
made	VBN
available	JJ
in	IN
any	DT
format	NN
to	TO
individuals	NNS
,	,
organizations	NNS
,	,
or	CC
entities	NNS
outside	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
government	NN
agency	NN
.	.
In	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
for	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
discussion	NN
,	,
the	DT
distinction	NN
between	IN
open	JJ
records	NNS
and	CC
regulated	VBN
records	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
drawn	VBN
,	,
unless	IN
such	JJ
distinction	NN
is	VBZ
clearly	RB
identified	VBN
.	.
But	CC
this	DT
approach	NN
evolved	VBD
before	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
before	IN
records	NNS
were	VBD
as	IN
detailed	VBN
with	IN
private	JJ
information	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
today	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
13	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
A	DT
century	NN
ago	RB
,	,
the	DT
public	JJ
records	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
citizen	NN
contained	VBD
very	RB
limited	JJ
information	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
14	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
At	IN
that	DT
time	NN
,	,
records	NNS
would	MD
most	RBS
likely	JJ
be	VB
limited	VBN
to	TO
dates	NNS
of	IN
birth	NN
and	CC
death	NN
and	CC
a	DT
history	NN
of	IN
real	JJ
property	NN
title	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
15	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Public	NNP
records	NNS
today	NN
may	MD
contain	VB
detailed	JJ
personal	JJ
,	,
financial	JJ
,	,
and\/or	CC
medical	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Although	IN
public	JJ
records	NNS
have	VBP
enjoyed	VBN
a	DT
long	JJ
tradition	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
readily	RB
available	JJ
to	TO
many	JJ
different	JJ
parties	NNS
,	,
many	JJ
are	VBP
concerned	VBN
that	IN
this	DT
policy	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
sound	VB
in	IN
an	DT
Internet	NNP
world	NN
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
many	JJ
states	NNS
,	,
courts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
federal	JJ
agencies	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
including	VBG
the	DT
House	NNP
of	IN
Representatives	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
29	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
the	DT
Senate	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
30	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
considering	VBG
legislation	NN
,	,
rules	NNS
,	,
and	CC
regulations	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
limit	VB
the	DT
availability	NN
of	IN
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Some	DT
provisions	NNS
are	VBP
aimed	VBN
at	IN
entire	JJ
records	NNS
,	,
while	IN
others	NNS
are	VBP
aimed	VBN
at	IN
specific	JJ
pieces	NNS
of	IN
personally-identifiable	JJ
information	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
Social	NNP
Security	NNP
numbers	NNS
or	CC
home	NN
address	NN
.	.
United	NNP
Reporting	NNP
Publishing	NNP
Corp.	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
addressed	VBD
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
limiting	VBG
commercial	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
records	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
impact	NN
such	JJ
limitation	NN
would	MD
have	VB
on	IN
commercial	JJ
speech	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
36	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
California	NNP
public	NN
records	NNS
law	NN
was	VBD
on	IN
trial	NN
in	IN
United	NNP
Reporting	NNP
,	,
specifically	RB
,	,
Cal	NNP
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
uniform	JJ
policy	NN
for	IN
the	DT
way	NN
public	NN
records	NNS
are	VBP
handled	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
States	NNPS
,	,
counties	NNS
,	,
and	CC
Courts	NNS
are	VBP
moving	VBG
in	IN
conflicting	VBG
directions	NNS
.	.
Jurisdictions	NNS
have	VBP
recognized	VBN
the	DT
power	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
to	TO
fulfill	VB
the	DT
promise	NN
of	IN
open	JJ
records	NNS
and	CC
they	PRP
have	VBP
moved	VBN
forward	RB
in	IN
putting	VBG
as	RB
much	JJ
information	NN
out	IN
there	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
legislatures	NNS
are	VBP
struggling	VBG
with	IN
setting	VBG
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
balance	NN
between	IN
what	WP
information	NN
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
and	CC
what	WP
information	NN
is	VBZ
potentially	RB
dangerous	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
on	IN
the	DT
record	NN
.	.
Anyone	NN
can	MD
access	VB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
documents	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
case	NN
,	,
from	IN
the	DT
complaint	NN
to	TO
the	DT
final	JJ
decision	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
one	CD
can	MD
obtain	VB
the	DT
documents	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
Kaiser	NNP
Aluminum	NNP
v.	CC
Certain	NNP
Underwriters	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
92	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Superior	NNP
Court	NNP
of	IN
California	NNP
,	,
County	NNP
of	IN
San	NNP
Joaquin	NNP
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
provides	VBZ
only	RB
summaries	NNS
of	IN
court	NN
action	NN
.	.
Actual	JJ
court	NN
documents	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
available	JJ
.	.
District	NNP
Court	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Parish	NNP
of	IN
New	NNP
Orleans	NNP
offers	VBZ
access	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
electronic	JJ
records	NNS
for	IN
an	DT
annual	JJ
fee	NN
of	IN
$	$
250	CD
.	.
The	DT
Clerk	NNP
of	IN
Court	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Parish	NNP
of	IN
East	NNP
Baton	NNP
Rouge	NNP
allows	VBZ
access	NN
on	IN
an	DT
hourly	JJ
rate	NN
schedule	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
93	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Fourth	JJ
Judicial	NNP
District	NNP
Court	NNP
of	IN
Minnesota	NNP
offers	VBZ
criminal	JJ
defendant	NN
and	CC
civil	JJ
case	NN
information	NN
online	NN
for	IN
a	DT
one-time	JJ
setup	NN
fee	NN
of	IN
$	$
35	CD
and	CC
a	DT
monthly	JJ
access	NN
fee	NN
of	IN
$	$
31	CD
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
a	DT
charge	NN
of	IN
$	$
.10	CD
\/	CD
transaction	NN
and	CC
a	DT
fee	NN
that	WDT
varies	VBZ
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
day	NN
a	DT
user	NN
accesses	VBZ
the	DT
online	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
this	DT
model	NN
policy	NN
,	,
the	DT
term	NN
``	``
Court	NNP
Record	NNP
''	''
referred	VBD
to	TO
``	``
any	DT
document	NN
,	,
information	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
thing	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
collected	VBN
,	,
received	VBN
,	,
or	CC
maintained	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
court	NN
or	CC
clerk	NN
of	IN
court	NN
in	IN
connection	NN
with	IN
a	DT
judicial	JJ
proceeding	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
97	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
includes	VBZ
such	JJ
items	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
calendar	NN
,	,
records	NNS
of	IN
proceedings	NNS
,	,
and	CC
orders	NNS
or	CC
judgments	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
.	.
To	TO
date	NN
,	,
the	DT
model	NN
policy	NN
is	VBZ
strictly	RB
an	DT
idea	NN
of	IN
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
add	VB
structure	NN
to	TO
the	DT
problem	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
access	NN
to	TO
Court	NNP
records	NNS
.	.
The	DT
policy	NN
was	VBD
initially	RB
issued	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
draft	NN
proposal	NN
in	IN
February	NNP
2002	CD
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
open	JJ
for	IN
review	NN
and	CC
public	JJ
comments	NNS
for	IN
several	JJ
months	NNS
.	.
The	DT
final	JJ
report	NN
was	VBD
issued	VBN
on	IN
October	NNP
8	CD
,	,
2002	CD
.	.
Since	IN
that	DT
time	NN
,	,
there	EX
have	VBP
been	VBN
no	DT
further	JJ
updates	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
group	NN
's	POS
home	NN
page	NN
or	CC
the	DT
model	NN
policy	NN
.	.
Overall	RB
,	,
the	DT
Committee	NNP
seemed	VBD
to	TO
agree	VB
with	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
concepts	NNS
and	CC
recommendations	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
model	NN
policy	NN
,	,
but	CC
opted	VBD
for	IN
a	DT
``	``
Go	NNP
Slow	NNP
Approach	NNP
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
105	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
According	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
Committee	NNP
,	,
the	DT
State	NN
should	MD
allow	VB
for	IN
full	JJ
public	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
court	NN
records	NNS
,	,
but	CC
allow	VBP
this	DT
access	NN
in	IN
a	DT
slow	JJ
step-by-step	JJ
method	NN
.	.
This	DT
approach	NN
allows	VBZ
problems	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
identified	VBN
and	CC
resolved	VBN
as	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
encountered	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
process	NN
.	.
State	NNP
legislation	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
adopted	VBN
across	IN
the	DT
country	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
remove	VB
certain	JJ
personal	JJ
identifiers	NNS
from	IN
public	JJ
records	NNS
.	.
The	DT
most	RBS
common	JJ
form	NN
of	IN
this	DT
legislation	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
restrict	VB
the	DT
collection	NN
or	CC
display	NN
of	IN
Social	NNP
Security	NNP
numbers	NNS
.	.
Other	JJ
legislation	NN
has	VBZ
gone	VBN
further	JJ
and	CC
tried	VBD
to	TO
remove	VB
home	NN
addresses	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
individuals	NNS
,	,
while	IN
most	JJS
successful	JJ
legislation	NN
in	IN
this	DT
vein	NN
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
certain	JJ
groups	NNS
of	IN
individuals	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
law	NN
enforcement	NN
officials	NNS
,	,
judges	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Identity	NN
theft	NN
,	,
surveillance	NN
society	NN
,	,
personal	JJ
autonomy	NN
,	,
accountability	NN
of	IN
individuals	NNS
and	CC
governments	NNS
,	,
public	JJ
safety	NN
,	,
personal	JJ
protection	NN
,	,
ever	RB
changing	VBG
technology	NN
--	:
all	DT
of	IN
these	DT
issues	NNS
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
combine	VB
in	IN
unique	JJ
and	CC
challenging	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
increase	VB
pressures	NNS
on	IN
public	JJ
records	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
developer	NN
usually	RB
offers	VBZ
two	CD
options	NNS
:	:
shareware	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
a	DT
fee	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
freeware	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
paid	VBN
for	IN
by	IN
advertising	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Most	JJS
adware	JJ
programs	NNS
are	VBP
,	,
in	IN
fact	NN
,	,
free	JJ
programs	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
available	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
are	VBP
often	RB
very	RB
useful	JJ
tools	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
download	JJ
utilities	NNS
,	,
games	NNS
,	,
media	NNS
players	NNS
and	CC
accounting	NN
software	NN
.	.
So	RB
far	RB
so	RB
good	JJ
.	.
The	DT
user	NN
can	MD
choose	VB
between	IN
the	DT
free	JJ
software	NN
with	IN
the	DT
slight	JJ
inconvenience	NN
of	IN
a	DT
pop-up	JJ
advertisement	NN
and	CC
the	DT
paid	VBN
for	IN
software	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
free	JJ
of	IN
any	DT
advertising	NN
.	.
If	IN
things	NNS
had	VBD
remained	VBN
this	DT
way	NN
then	RB
there	EX
would	MD
be	VB
no	DT
problems	NNS
to	TO
discuss	VB
today	NN
.	.
Earthlink	NNP
also	RB
claims	VBZ
that	IN
up	RB
to	TO
90	CD
%	NN
of	IN
all	DT
Internet-connected	JJ
computers	NNS
have	VBP
some	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
spyware	NN
program	NN
installed	VBN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
government	NN
initiatives	NNS
to	TO
contain	VB
spyware	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
``	``
popping	VBG
up	RP
''	''
on	IN
both	DT
the	DT
state	NN
and	CC
national	JJ
level	NN
.	.
We	PRP
invite	VBP
them	PRP
in	IN
of	IN
course	NN
!	.
Once	RB
we	PRP
invite	VBP
them	PRP
in	IN
,	,
we	PRP
then	RB
install	VBP
them	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
although	IN
most	JJS
times	NNS
unknowingly	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Adware	NNP
and	CC
Spyware	NNP
are	VBP
not	RB
stopped	VBN
by	IN
firewall	NN
products	NNS
because	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
invited	VBN
into	IN
our	PRP$
system	NN
and	CC
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
stopped	VBN
by	IN
antivirus	NN
products	NNS
because	IN
they	PRP
claim	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
legitimate	JJ
commercial	JJ
products	NNS
.	.
Why	WRB
then	RB
would	MD
anyone	NN
agree	VBP
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
snooping	VBG
spyware	NN
program	NN
installed	VBN
on	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
computer	NN
?	.
Because	IN
most	JJS
users	NNS
accept	VB
the	DT
EULA	NNP
without	IN
even	RB
bothering	VBG
to	TO
read	VB
it	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
should	MD
read	VB
the	DT
EULA	NNP
for	IN
every	DT
application	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
install	VBP
on	IN
your	PRP$
PC	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
what	WP
you	PRP
agree	VBP
to	TO
in	IN
the	DT
EULA	NNP
that	WDT
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
legal	JJ
.	.
The	DT
ECPA	NNP
sets	VBZ
out	RP
the	DT
provisions	NNS
for	IN
access	NN
,	,
use	NN
,	,
disclosure	NN
,	,
interception	NN
and	CC
privacy	NN
protections	NNS
of	IN
electronic	JJ
communications	NNS
.	.
The	DT
law	NN
was	VBD
enacted	VBN
in	IN
1986	CD
and	CC
covers	VBZ
various	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
wire	NN
and	CC
electronic	JJ
communications	NNS
.	.
The	DT
ECPA	NNP
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
illegal	JJ
to	TO
intercept	VB
communications	NNS
without	IN
a	DT
court	NN
order	NN
or	CC
permission	NN
of	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
only	RB
covers	VBZ
communications	NNS
,	,
not	RB
data	NNS
stored	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
hard	JJ
drive	NN
of	IN
a	DT
personal	JJ
computer	NN
,	,
but	CC
collecting	VBG
click-through	JJ
data	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
web	NN
browsing	VBG
information	NN
can	MD
constitute	VB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ECPA	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
applications	NNS
that	WDT
work	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
consent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
user	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
however	RB
deeply	RB
buried	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
user	NN
agreement	NN
the	DT
terms	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
the	DT
consent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
websites	NNS
being	VBG
visited	VBD
probably	RB
do	VB
not	RB
violate	VB
the	DT
ECPA	NNP
.	.
Act	NNP
,	,
15	CD
U.S.C.	NNP
45	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
prohibits	VBZ
unfair	JJ
or	CC
deceptive	JJ
acts	NNS
or	CC
practices	NNS
in	IN
or	CC
affecting	VBG
commerce	NN
.	.
The	DT
FTC	NNP
is	VBZ
authorized	VBN
to	TO
initiate	VB
federal	JJ
district	NN
court	NN
proceedings	NNS
by	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
attorneys	NNS
to	TO
enjoin	VB
violations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
FTC	NNP
Act	NNP
and	CC
to	TO
secure	VB
such	JJ
equitable	JJ
relief	NN
as	IN
may	MD
be	VB
appropriate	JJ
in	IN
each	DT
case	NN
,	,
including	VBG
restitution	NN
for	IN
injured	JJ
consumers	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
bans	VBZ
software	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
uninstalled	JJ
or	CC
disabled	JJ
,	,
or	CC
that	DT
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
seem	VB
as	RB
if	IN
the	DT
software	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
uninstalled	JJ
or	CC
disabled	JJ
when	WRB
it	PRP
has	VBZ
not	RB
,	,
or	CC
software	NN
that	IN
blocks	NNS
or	CC
disables	VBZ
security	NN
software	NN
,	,
including	VBG
anti-spyware	JJ
and	CC
anti-virus	JJ
programs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
law	NN
sets	VBZ
forth	RB
a	DT
private	JJ
right	NN
of	IN
action	NN
whereby	WRB
a	DT
consumer	NN
could	MD
seek	VB
damages	NNS
of	IN
$	$
1,000	CD
per	IN
incident	NN
and	CC
applicable	JJ
attorney	NN
's	POS
fees	NNS
.	.
Against	IN
Computer	NNP
Spyware	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
''	''
proposes	VBZ
to	TO
prohibit	VB
anyone	NN
from	IN
providing	VBG
and	CC
using	VBG
a	DT
computer	NN
program	NN
to	TO
deceptively	RB
alter	VB
or	CC
manipulate	VB
a	DT
user	NN
's	POS
computer	NN
or	CC
online	JJ
experience	NN
.	.
The	DT
state	NN
's	POS
Attorney	NNP
General	NNP
would	MD
enforce	VB
this	DT
law	NN
by	IN
bringing	VBG
civil	JJ
actions	NNS
or	CC
instituting	VBG
equity	NN
proceedings	NNS
to	TO
obtain	VB
injunctive	JJ
relief	NN
or	CC
the	DT
lesser	JJR
of	IN
actual	JJ
damages	NNS
or	CC
fines	NNS
of	IN
up	RB
to	TO
$	$
1	CD
million	CD
for	IN
knowing	VBG
and	CC
willful	JJ
violations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
.	.
There	EX
already	RB
exist	VB
large	JJ
arrays	NNS
of	IN
programs	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
consumers	NNS
-	:
many	JJ
free	JJ
of	IN
charge	NN
-	:
that	IN
clean	JJ
PCs	NNS
of	IN
pests	NNS
and	CC
protect	VB
against	IN
future	JJ
invaders	NNS
.	.
Internet	NNP
service	NN
providers	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Earthlink	NNP
and	CC
search	NN
engines	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Yahoo	NNP
are	VBP
competing	VBG
to	TO
come	VB
up	RP
with	IN
spyware	JJ
blockers	NNS
to	TO
protect	VB
their	PRP$
customers	NNS
.	.
Such	JJ
programs	NNS
,	,
while	IN
unfamiliar	JJ
to	TO
many	JJ
consumers	NNS
today	NN
,	,
may	MD
soon	RB
become	VB
as	IN
common	JJ
as	IN
virus	NN
protection	NN
and	CC
anti-spam	JJ
programs	NNS
are	VBP
now	RB
.	.
Squared	VBD
Solutions	NNPS
LLC	NNP
,	,
a	DT
California	NNP
company	NN
that	WDT
allegedly	RB
used	VBD
an	DT
onslaught	NN
of	IN
pop-up	JJ
ads	NNS
to	TO
sell	VB
pop-up	JJ
blocking	VBG
software	NN
.	.
The	DT
settlement	NN
bans	VBZ
the	DT
company	NN
from	IN
utilizing	VBG
such	JJ
tactics	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
D	NNP
Squared	VBD
Solutions	NNPS
was	VBD
attempting	VBG
to	TO
sell	VB
software	NN
by	IN
creating	VBG
a	DT
problem	NN
that	IN
the	DT
software	NN
would	MD
purportedly	RB
repair	VB
.	.
The	DT
FTC	NNP
maintains	VBZ
that	IN
these	DT
pop-up	JJ
advertising	NN
practices	NNS
violated	VBD
the	DT
FTC	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
prohibits	VBZ
unfair	JJ
or	CC
deceptive	JJ
acts	NNS
or	CC
practices	NNS
in	IN
or	CC
affecting	VBG
commerce	NN
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
trademark	NN
infringement	NN
claim	VBP
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
show	VB
that	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
likelihood	NN
of	IN
confusion	NN
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
the	DT
consumers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
applied	VBD
an	DT
eight-factor	JJ
test	NN
set	VBN
forth	RB
by	IN
Judge	NNP
Friendly	NNP
in	IN
Polaroid	NNP
Corp.	NNP
v.	CC
WhenU	NNP
is	VBZ
now	RB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
few	JJ
advertising	NN
applications	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
certified	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
Aluria	NNP
standards	NNS
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
still	RB
too	RB
early	JJ
to	TO
tell	VB
if	IN
their	PRP$
certification	NN
will	MD
help	VB
WhenU	VB
avoid	VB
any	DT
future	JJ
adware\/spyware	JJ
litigation	NN
.	.
Netscape	NNP
Communications	NNPS
Corporation	NNP
,	,
playboy	NN
claimed	VBD
that	IN
Netscape	NNP
had	VBN
improperly	RB
keyed	VBN
the	DT
trademarked	VBN
terms	NNS
``	``
Playboy	NNP
''	''
and	CC
``	``
Playmate	NNP
''	''
along	IN
with	IN
other	JJ
adult	NN
oriented	VBN
terms	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
whenever	WRB
a	DT
computer	NN
user	NN
searched	VBD
for	IN
these	DT
terms	NNS
,	,
the	DT
search	NN
results	NNS
would	MD
display	VB
not	RB
only	RB
the	DT
relevant	JJ
trademarked	JJ
Playboy	NNP
and\/or	CC
Playmate	NNP
sites	NNS
but	CC
also	RB
display	VBP
advertisements	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
competitors	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
search	NN
result	NN
web	NN
page	NN
.	.
The	DT
verdict	NN
:	:
Playboy	NNP
wins	VBZ
!	.
The	DT
court	NN
stated	VBD
that	IN
online	JJ
advertising	NN
is	VBZ
deemed	VBN
illegal	JJ
if	IN
the	DT
company	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
being	VBG
advertised	VBN
displays	NNS
its	PRP$
advertisement	NN
by	IN
way	NN
of	IN
taking	VBG
advantage	NN
of	IN
an	DT
established	VBN
company	NN
's	POS
reputation	NN
and	CC
good	JJ
faith	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
not	RB
any	DT
current	JJ
cases	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
claimed	VBN
that	IN
spyware	NN
caused	VBD
such	JJ
a	DT
waiver	NN
but	CC
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
capable	JJ
of	IN
causing	VBG
such	PDT
a	DT
mistake	NN
to	TO
happen	VB
is	VBZ
one	CD
that	WDT
can	MD
effect	VB
many	JJ
confidential	JJ
relationships	NNS
.	.
The	DT
development	NN
of	IN
adware	NN
and	CC
spyware	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
effects	NNS
have	VBP
proven	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
concern	NN
of	IN
many	JJ
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
,	,
legislators	NNS
and	CC
commentators	NNS
.	.
While	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
currently	RB
existing	VBG
legislation	NN
and	CC
several	JJ
proposed	VBN
laws	NNS
,	,
no	DT
one	NN
is	VBZ
sure	JJ
whether	IN
these	DT
laws	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
effective	JJ
against	IN
the	DT
proliferation	NN
of	IN
this	DT
PC	NN
annoyance	NN
.	.
It	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
effective	JJ
tool	NN
may	MD
be	VB
consumer	NN
education	NN
.	.
If	IN
PC	NN
users	NNS
are	VBP
aware	JJ
of	IN
these	DT
practice	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
educated	VBN
as	IN
to	TO
how	WRB
to	TO
avoid	VB
becoming	VBG
victims	NNS
,	,
the	DT
problem	NN
may	MD
soon	RB
become	VB
much	RB
easier	JJR
to	TO
manage	VB
.	.
Have	NNP
you	PRP
ever	RB
received	VBD
an	DT
e-mail	NN
from	IN
your	PRP$
bank	NN
,	,
eBay	NNP
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
online	JJ
merchant	NN
instructing	VBG
you	PRP
to	TO
update	VB
your	PRP$
financial	JJ
information	NN
?	.
Did	VBD
that	IN
e-mail	NN
come	VBN
to	TO
you	PRP
as	IN
an	DT
ALERT	NN
that	WDT
your	PRP$
password	NN
information	NN
is	VBZ
at	IN
risk	NN
,	,
notifying	VBG
you	PRP
to	TO
immediately	RB
click	VB
the	DT
link	NN
embedded	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
message	NN
so	IN
that	IN
you	PRP
could	MD
keep	VB
your	PRP$
information	NN
safe	JJ
and	CC
your	PRP$
account	NN
active	JJ
?	.
If	IN
so	RB
,	,
you	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
a	DT
phishing	NN
target	NN
.	.
The	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
word	NN
``	``
phishing	NN
''	''
has	VBZ
been	VBN
cited	VBN
as	RB
early	RB
as	IN
1996	CD
and	CC
originated	VBN
from	IN
phone	NN
``	``
phreaking	NN
''	''
where	WRB
hackers	NNS
stole	VBD
AOL	NNP
account	NN
passwords	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
use	VB
their	PRP$
internet	NN
access	NN
minutes	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
back	RB
when	WRB
you	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
pay	VB
usage	NN
fees	NNS
per	IN
minute	NN
to	TO
be	VB
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
and	CC
the	DT
transmission	NN
rate	NN
was	VBD
measured	VBN
in	IN
something	NN
called	VBN
baud	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
to	TO
make	VB
free	JJ
long-distance	NN
phone	NN
calls	NNS
.	.
These	DT
days	NNS
you	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
keep	VB
AOL	NNP
from	IN
sending	VBG
you	PRP
CDs	NNPS
offering	VBG
free	JJ
accounts	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
mail	NN
.	.
Phishing	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
internet	NN
scam	NN
that	WDT
involves	VBZ
sending	VBG
an	DT
email	NN
to	TO
an	DT
individual	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
look	VB
like	IN
an	DT
official	JJ
email	NN
from	IN
a	DT
trusted	VBN
source	NN
.	.
Perpetrators	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
scams	NNS
mimic	VBP
companies	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
VISA	NNP
,	,
eBay	NNP
or	CC
Citibank	NNP
,	,
then	RB
instruct	VB
the	DT
unsuspecting	JJ
reader	NN
to	TO
click	VB
on	IN
a	DT
link	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
website	NN
and	CC
update	VB
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
password	NN
or	CC
account	NN
information	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
estimated	VBN
that	IN
these	DT
scams	NNS
cost	NN
businesses	NNS
and	CC
consumers	NNS
approximately	RB
$	$
2	CD
Billion	NNP
last	JJ
year	NN
alone	RB
.	.
Commercial	JJ
online	NN
e-tailers	NNS
still	RB
expect	VBP
online	JJ
fraud	NN
to	TO
rise	VB
,	,
costing	VBG
online	NN
merchants	NNS
as	RB
much	RB
as	IN
an	DT
estimated	VBN
$	$
2.6	CD
billion	CD
in	IN
2004	CD
,	,
up	RB
from	IN
the	DT
2003	CD
figure	NN
of	IN
$	$
1.9	CD
billion	CD
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
costs	NNS
are	VBP
high	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
online	NN
merchants	NNS
,	,
a	DT
study	NN
sponsored	VBN
by	IN
TrustE	NNP
found	VBD
that	IN
when	WRB
averaged	VBD
out	RP
among	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
internet	NN
population	NN
,	,
the	DT
costs	NNS
were	VBD
only	RB
around	RB
$	$
500	CD
million	CD
.	.
The	DT
actual	JJ
costs	NNS
may	MD
never	RB
be	VB
exactly	RB
pinpointed	VBN
.	.
Howard	NNP
Schmidt	NNP
,	,
former	JJ
special	JJ
adviser	NN
for	IN
cyberspace	NN
security	NN
during	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
George	NNP
W.	NNP
Bush	NNP
's	POS
-LRB-	-LRB-
White	NNP
House	NNP
website	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
term	NN
,	,
who	WP
had	VBD
also	RB
served	VBN
as	IN
security	NN
chief	NN
to	TO
Microsoft	NNP
and	CC
eBay	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
is	VBZ
confident	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
will	MD
resolve	VB
within	IN
the	DT
year	NN
,	,
despite	IN
reports	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
is	VBZ
growing	VBG
.	.
Schmidt	NNP
now	RB
works	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
board	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Cyber	NNP
Crime	NNP
Advisory	NNP
Board	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
White	NNP
Collar	NNP
Crime	NNP
Center	NNP
and	CC
hopes	VBZ
that	IN
improved	VBN
efforts	NNS
against	IN
phishing	VBG
will	MD
aid	VB
in	IN
shutting	VBG
phished	JJ
sites	NNS
down	RB
fast	RB
enough	JJ
to	TO
prevent	VB
collection	NN
of	IN
consumer	NN
data	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
because	IN
``	``
phishers	NNS
''	''
have	VBP
become	VBN
so	RB
much	RB
better	JJR
at	IN
imitating	VBG
the	DT
websites	NNS
that	IN
we	PRP
as	IN
consumers	NNS
know	VBP
and	CC
trust	NN
,	,
even	RB
the	DT
more	RBR
experienced	JJ
internet	NN
user	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
fair	JJ
chance	NN
of	IN
falling	VBG
victim	NN
to	TO
these	DT
scams	NNS
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
month	NN
of	IN
October	NNP
2004	CD
,	,
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
phishing	VBG
scams	NNS
grew	VBD
at	IN
a	DT
rate	NN
of	IN
110	CD
%	NN
.	.
The	DT
scams	NNS
grew	VBD
at	IN
a	DT
rate	NN
of	IN
33	CD
%	NN
in	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
month	NN
of	IN
November	NNP
according	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
APWG	NNP
.	.
A	DT
spoofed	VBN
address	NN
is	VBZ
simply	RB
a	DT
fraudulent	JJ
address	NN
that	WDT
appears	VBZ
valid	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
person	NN
reading	VBG
the	DT
e-mail	NN
.	.
Since	IN
the	DT
``	``
from	IN
''	''
information	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
technically	RB
this	DT
is	VBZ
referred	VBN
to	TO
as	IN
the	DT
``	``
header	NN
''	''
info	NN
of	IN
a	DT
message	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
a	DT
phishing	JJ
scam	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
spoofed	JJ
address	NN
of	IN
someone	NN
the	DT
recipient	JJ
knows	VBZ
or	CC
trusts	NNS
,	,
like	IN
the	DT
recipient	JJ
's	POS
bank	NN
or	CC
a	DT
widely-used	JJ
internet	NN
merchant	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
eBay	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
initially	RB
look	VB
suspicious	JJ
.	.
The	DT
zombie	NN
computers	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
main	JJ
problem	NN
and	CC
make	VB
it	PRP
difficult	JJ
to	TO
single	VB
the	DT
messages	NNS
sent	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
zombie	NN
out	RP
as	IN
nefarious	JJ
because	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
the	DT
origin	NN
of	IN
the	DT
message	NN
-	:
the	DT
zombie	NN
machine	NN
-	:
is	VBZ
legitimate	JJ
,	,
rather	RB
unauthorized	JJ
.	.
The	DT
contents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
message	NN
sent	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
zombie	NN
computer	NN
and	CC
the	DT
destination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
links	NNS
contained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
e-mail	NN
are	VBP
fraudulent	JJ
,	,
and	CC
any	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
confirm	VB
who	WP
the	DT
message	NN
came	VBD
from	IN
would	MD
result	VB
in	IN
a	DT
confirmation	NN
that	IN
the	DT
zombie	NN
machine	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
is	VBZ
most	RBS
often	RB
a	DT
legitimate	JJ
computer	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
was	VBD
the	DT
originating	VBG
machine	NN
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
6	CD
months	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
year	NN
,	,
it	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
estimated	VBN
that	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
30,000	CD
computers	NNS
PER	IN
DAY	NN
were	VBD
turned	VBN
into	IN
zombies	NNS
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
some	DT
phishing	JJ
organizations	NNS
have	VBP
become	VBN
so	RB
organized	VBN
that	IN
they	PRP
alternate	JJ
zombie	NN
machines	NNS
every	DT
day	NN
,	,
from	IN
one	CD
country	NN
to	TO
the	DT
next	JJ
,	,
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
evade	VB
law	NN
enforcement	NN
.	.
Nearly	RB
all	DT
of	IN
today	NN
's	POS
e-mail	NN
programs	NNS
are	VBP
either	RB
web-based	JJ
or	CC
allow	VB
users	NNS
to	TO
view	VB
mail	NN
in	IN
HTML	NNP
format	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
why	WRB
the	DT
phisher	NN
's	POS
message	NN
seems	VBZ
so	RB
compelling	JJ
-	:
it	PRP
contains	VBZ
the	DT
overall	JJ
look	NN
and	CC
feel	VB
of	IN
the	DT
websites	NNS
the	DT
user	NN
is	VBZ
familiar	JJ
with	IN
-	:
the	DT
trusted	VBN
brands	NNS
they	PRP
have	VBP
spent	VBN
money	NN
with	IN
in	IN
the	DT
past	NN
.	.
THIRD	SYM
-	:
the	DT
e-mail	NN
will	MD
ALWAYS	RB
contain	VB
either	RB
a	DT
link	NN
that	WDT
looks	VBZ
like	IN
an	DT
official	JJ
URL	NNP
or	CC
an	DT
HTML	NNP
form	NN
within	IN
the	DT
message	NN
that	WDT
directs	VBZ
the	DT
user	NN
to	TO
a	DT
website	NN
or	CC
to	TO
a	DT
thank	VB
you	PRP
page	NN
once	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
obtained	VBN
the	DT
personal	JJ
,	,
financial	JJ
or	CC
password	NN
information	NN
they	PRP
are	VBP
after	RB
.	.
The	DT
user	NN
clicks	VBZ
the	DT
link	NN
,	,
enters	VBZ
the	DT
information	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
phisher	NN
mines	NNS
that	WDT
data	NNS
into	IN
a	DT
database	NN
.	.
The	DT
websites	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
operation	NN
for	IN
an	DT
average	NN
of	IN
2.25	CD
days	NNS
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
one	CD
of	IN
APWG	NNP
's	POS
recent	JJ
status	NN
reports	NNS
.	.
Code	NNP
Kits	NNP
online	NN
for	IN
download	NN
.	.
Just	RB
as	IN
with	IN
all	DT
technology	NN
,	,
phishing	VBG
scams	NNS
are	VBP
becoming	VBG
more	RBR
and	CC
more	RBR
sophisticated	JJ
.	.
In	IN
some	DT
cases	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
only	RB
require	VB
opening	VBG
or	CC
viewing	VBG
an	DT
e-mail	NN
to	TO
become	VB
a	DT
victim	NN
of	IN
a	DT
phishing	JJ
scam	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
By	IN
viewing	VBG
an	DT
e-mail	NN
in	IN
the	DT
preview	NN
pane	NN
in	IN
MS	NNP
Outlook	NNP
,	,
the	DT
message	NN
may	MD
activate	VB
a	DT
script	NN
,	,
or	CC
piece	NN
of	IN
code	NN
,	,
which	WDT
propagates	VBZ
throughout	IN
one	CD
's	POS
bookmark	NN
file	NN
,	,
rewriting	VBG
those	DT
bookmarks	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
information	NN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
Some	DT
newer	JJR
methods	NNS
,	,
dubbed	VBN
``	``
Blended	NNP
Threats	NNP
,	,
''	''
of	IN
phishing	VBG
include	VBP
installation	NN
of	IN
``	``
keylogger	NN
''	''
programs	NNS
upon	IN
opening	VBG
a	DT
phisher	NN
's	POS
malicious	JJ
e-mail	NN
.	.
Keylogger	NN
programs	NNS
allow	VBP
the	DT
phisher	NN
to	TO
log	VB
the	DT
keystrokes	NNS
used	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
end	NN
user	NN
.	.
Others	NNS
,	,
making	VBG
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
holiday	NN
season	NN
and	CC
unsuspecting	JJ
,	,
harried	VBD
online	JJ
shoppers	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
creating	VBG
phishy	NN
,	,
fake	JJ
e-commerce	JJ
storefronts	NNS
which	WDT
sell	VBP
bogus	JJ
products	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
get	VB
the	DT
purchaser	NN
's	POS
banking	NN
information	NN
.	.
Some	DT
phishers	NNS
make	VBP
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
legitimate	JJ
website	NN
and	CC
security	NN
flaws	NNS
existing	VBG
in	IN
all	DT
browsers	NNS
to	TO
direct	VB
the	DT
activities	NNS
in	IN
pop-up	JJ
windows	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
activated	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
click	NN
in	IN
the	DT
legitimate	JJ
website	NN
,	,
making	VBG
it	PRP
nearly	RB
impossible	JJ
to	TO
tell	VB
from	IN
where	WRB
the	DT
content	NN
in	IN
the	DT
pop-up	JJ
window	NN
has	VBZ
originated	VBN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
student	NN
received	VBD
an	DT
e-mail	NN
message	NN
that	WDT
said	VBD
it	PRP
was	VBD
from	IN
Professor	NNP
Wiseman	NNP
,	,
that	IN
looked	VBD
like	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
message	NN
and	CC
entered	VBN
information	NN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
way	NN
to	TO
verify	VB
completely	RB
that	IN
the	DT
message	NN
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
truly	RB
came	VBD
from	IN
Professor	NNP
Wiseman	NNP
,	,
and	CC
2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	IN
the	DT
data	NNS
submitted	VBN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
transmitted	VBN
to	TO
Wiseman	NNP
.	.
The	DT
e-mail	NN
address	NN
header	NN
information	NN
may	MD
be	VB
invalid	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
spoofed	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
the	DT
underlying	VBG
code	NN
may	MD
direct	VB
the	DT
posted	VBN
information	NN
to	TO
a	DT
phisher	NN
's	POS
web	NN
server	NN
.	.
Of	IN
course	NN
,	,
after	IN
submitting	VBG
the	DT
relevant	JJ
information	NN
,	,
the	DT
grade	NN
is	VBZ
never	RB
sent	VBN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
fraudulent	JJ
message	NN
is	VBZ
sent	VBN
in	IN
its	PRP$
place	NN
.	.
Hello	UH
all	DT
,	,
now	RB
that	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
final	JJ
papers	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
received	VBN
,	,
grades	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
class	NN
.	.
Since	IN
GoSOLAR	NNP
will	MD
not	RB
display	VB
the	DT
grades	NNS
until	IN
January	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
made	VBN
the	DT
grades	NNS
available	JJ
via	IN
my	PRP$
website	NN
.	.
Please	VB
enter	VB
your	PRP$
exam	NN
number	NN
,	,
social	JJ
security	NN
number	NN
,	,
and	CC
last	JJ
name	NN
and	CC
your	PRP$
grade	NN
will	MD
be	VB
e-mailed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
e-mail	NN
address	NN
listed	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
College	NNP
of	IN
Law	NNP
and	CC
forwarded	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
Registrar	NNP
.	.
You	PRP
must	MD
provide	VB
the	DT
following	VBG
information	NN
,	,
else	RB
Tricia	NNP
will	MD
not	RB
receive	VB
your	PRP$
final	JJ
grade	NN
for	IN
the	DT
class	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
acts	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
punishable	JJ
by	IN
up	RB
to	TO
five	CD
years	NNS
imprisonment	NN
,	,
hefty	JJ
fines	NNS
,	,
or	CC
both	DT
.	.
The	DT
law	NN
relies	VBZ
on	IN
definitions	NNS
provided	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
CAN-SPAM	NNP
act	NN
,	,
which	WDT
initially	RB
addressed	VBD
the	DT
problems	NNS
created	VBN
by	IN
massive	JJ
sending	VBG
of	IN
unsolicited	JJ
,	,
spoofed	JJ
e-mail	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
on	IN
July	NNP
15	CD
,	,
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
Senator	NNP
Leahy	NNP
's	POS
proposal	NN
,	,
a	DT
section	NN
was	VBD
added	VBN
to	TO
an	DT
existing	VBG
law	NN
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
18	CD
U.S.C.A.	NNP
1028A	NNP
that	IN
added	VBD
the	DT
offense	NN
of	IN
``	``
aggravated	VBN
identity	NN
theft	NN
.	.
''	''
This	DT
states	VBZ
that	IN
if	IN
another	DT
's	POS
identity	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
commission	NN
of	IN
any	DT
felony	NN
,	,
a	DT
mandatory	JJ
term	NN
of	IN
two	CD
years	NNS
imprisonment	NN
will	MD
be	VB
added	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
sentences	NNS
they	PRP
incur	VBP
for	IN
the	DT
identity	NN
theft	NN
.	.
This	DT
section	NN
also	RB
includes	VBZ
a	DT
section	NN
on	IN
terrorism	NN
and	CC
identity	NN
theft	NN
which	WDT
provides	VBZ
a	DT
prison	NN
sentence	NN
of	IN
five	CD
years	NNS
.	.
The	DT
goal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Identity	NNP
Theft	NN
Penalty	NNP
Enhancement	NNP
Act	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
simply	RB
increase	VB
the	DT
penalties	NNS
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
commit	VBP
identity	NN
theft	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
past	NN
,	,
those	DT
convicted	VBN
of	IN
identity	NN
theft	NN
received	VBD
either	CC
probation	NN
or	CC
short	JJ
terms	NNS
of	IN
imprisonment	NN
.	.
However	RB
with	IN
the	DT
threat	NN
of	IN
terrorism	NN
in	IN
everyone	NN
's	POS
minds	NNS
,	,
Congress	NNP
sought	VBD
to	TO
increase	VB
the	DT
penalties	NNS
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
committed	VBD
identity	NN
theft	NN
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
committing	VBG
acts	NNS
of	IN
terrorism	NN
,	,
immigration	NN
violations	NNS
,	,
firearms	NNS
offenses	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
related	JJ
crimes	NNS
.	.
See	VB
,	,
Purpose	NNP
and	CC
Summary	NNP
of	IN
H.R.	NNP
1731	CD
.	.
The	DT
ITPEA	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
criminalize	VB
any	DT
new	JJ
activity	NN
.	.
Identity	NN
theft	NN
,	,
terrorism	NN
,	,
falsifying	VBG
documents	NNS
to	TO
enter	VB
this	DT
country	NN
and	CC
possession	NN
of	IN
firearms	NNS
by	IN
certain	JJ
individuals	NNS
are	VBP
already	RB
illegal	JJ
.	.
This	DT
Act	NNP
merely	RB
increases	VBZ
the	DT
penalties	NNS
for	IN
such	JJ
offenses	NNS
.	.
In	IN
regards	VBZ
to	TO
offenses	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
terrorism	NN
,	,
the	DT
Act	NNP
adds	VBZ
an	DT
extra	JJ
five	CD
years	NNS
in	IN
prison	NN
.	.
The	DT
act	NN
of	IN
identity	NN
theft	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
many	JJ
criminals	NNS
a	DT
precursor	NN
to	TO
even	RB
more	RBR
serious	JJ
offenses	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
most	RBS
likely	JJ
death	NN
penalty	NN
eligible	NN
.	.
Will	MD
an	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
will	MD
ultimately	RB
commits	VBZ
a	DT
crime	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
may	MD
receive	VB
the	DT
death	NN
penalty	NN
give	VBP
a	DT
second	JJ
thought	NN
to	TO
receiving	VBG
an	DT
extra	JJ
five	CD
years	NNS
in	IN
prison	NN
for	IN
obtaining	VBG
an	DT
ID	NN
which	WDT
will	MD
allow	VB
him	PRP
to	TO
enter	VB
into	IN
this	DT
country	NN
illegally	RB
?	.
Will	MD
a	DT
person	NN
who	WP
manufactures	VBZ
US	NNP
Visa	NNP
documents	NNS
,	,
birth	NN
certificates	NNS
or	CC
driver	NN
licenses	NNS
in	IN
Bangladesh	NNP
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
this	DT
Act	NN
?	.
The	DT
Federal	NNP
Trade	NNP
Commission	NNP
``	``
FTC	NNP
''	''
has	VBZ
taken	VBN
a	DT
first	JJ
step	NN
in	IN
alerting	VBG
consumers	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
hazards	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
phishing	VBG
by	IN
developing	VBG
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
tips	NNS
to	TO
follow	VB
so	RB
as	IN
not	RB
to	TO
``	``
get	VB
hooked	JJ
''	''
on	IN
an	DT
internet	NN
phishing	VBG
scam	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
these	DT
are	VBP
obvious	JJ
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
doubtful	JJ
that	IN
education	NN
alone	RB
will	MD
protect	VB
consumers	NNS
from	IN
phishing	VBG
attacks	NNS
.	.
FTC	NNP
snared	VBD
its	PRP$
first	JJ
phisher	NN
by	IN
making	VBG
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Graham-Leach-Bliley	NNP
Act	NNP
under	IN
that	DT
Act	NNP
's	POS
provision	NN
making	VBG
it	PRP
illegal	JJ
to	TO
obtain	VB
the	DT
financial	JJ
information	NN
of	IN
another	DT
.	.
The	DT
defendant	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
minor	JJ
who	WP
was	VBD
charged	VBN
with	IN
committing	VBG
fraud	NN
and	CC
identity	NN
theft	NN
in	IN
2002	CD
where	WRB
he	PRP
posed	VBD
as	IN
America	NNP
Online	NNP
and	CC
sent	VBD
consumers	NNS
e-mails	NNS
claiming	VBG
that	IN
there	EX
had	VBD
been	VBN
a	DT
problem	NN
with	IN
the	DT
billing	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
AOL	NNP
account	NN
.	.
The	DT
e-mail	NN
warned	VBD
consumers	NNS
that	IN
if	IN
they	PRP
failed	VBD
to	TO
update	VB
their	PRP$
billing	NN
information	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
would	MD
risk	VB
losing	VBG
their	PRP$
AOL	NNP
accounts	NNS
and	CC
internet	NN
access	NN
.	.
The	DT
teenager	NN
's	POS
message	NN
then	RB
directed	VBD
the	DT
consumers	NNS
to	TO
click	VB
on	IN
a	DT
hyperlink	NN
in	IN
the	DT
body	NN
of	IN
the	DT
e-mail	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
connect	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
``	``
AOL	NNP
Billing	NNP
Center	NNP
''	''
and	CC
when	WRB
the	DT
link	NN
was	VBD
selected	VBN
they	PRP
were	VBD
directed	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
sited	VBN
contained	VBD
AOL	NNP
's	POS
logo	NN
,	,
type	NN
style	NN
,	,
logo	NN
,	,
and	CC
links	NNS
to	TO
real	JJ
AOL	NNP
web	NN
pages	NNS
.	.
However	RB
it	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
AOL	NNP
's	POS
Billing	NNP
Center	NNP
but	CC
rather	RB
a	DT
site	NN
the	DT
teen	NN
had	VBD
created	VBN
for	IN
AOL	NNP
consumers	NNS
to	TO
enter	VB
their	PRP$
credit	NN
card	NN
numbers	NNS
to	TO
correct	VB
the	DT
``	``
billing	NN
problem	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
site	NN
also	RB
directed	VBD
consumers	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
their	PRP$
names	NNS
,	,
mother	NN
's	POS
maiden	JJ
names	NNS
,	,
billing	NN
address	NN
,	,
social	JJ
security	NN
numbers	NNS
,	,
bank	NN
routing	VBG
numbers	NNS
,	,
credit	NN
limits	NNS
,	,
pin	NN
numbers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
AOL	NNP
screen	NN
names	NNS
and	CC
passwords	NNS
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
FTC	NNP
,	,
the	DT
defendant	NN
used	VBD
the	DT
information	NN
to	TO
charge	VB
online	JJ
purchases	NNS
and	CC
open	JJ
accounts	NNS
with	IN
PayPal	NNP
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
he	PRP
used	VBD
consumers	NNS
'	POS
names	NNS
and	CC
passwords	NNS
to	TO
log	VB
on	IN
to	TO
AOL	NNP
in	IN
their	PRP$
names	NNS
and	CC
send	VB
more	JJR
spam	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
he	PRP
recruited	VBD
others	NNS
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
scheme	NN
by	IN
convincing	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
receive	VB
fraudulently	RB
obtained	VBN
merchandise	NN
he	PRP
had	VBD
ordered	VBN
for	IN
himself	PRP
.	.
The	DT
agency	NN
charged	VBD
the	DT
defendant	NN
's	POS
practices	NNS
were	VBD
deceptive	JJ
and	CC
unfair	JJ
,	,
in	IN
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
FTC	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
FTC	NNP
alleged	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
's	POS
practices	NNS
violated	VBD
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Gramm-Leach-Bliley	NNP
Act	NNP
designed	VBN
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
privacy	NN
of	IN
consumers	NNS
'	POS
sensitive	JJ
financial	JJ
information	NN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
latest	JJS
trends	NNS
has	VBZ
been	VBN
for	IN
industry	NN
groups	NNS
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
government	NN
agencies	NNS
to	TO
develop	VB
anti-phishing	JJ
initiative	NN
groups	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Digital	NNP
PhishNet	NNP
initiative	NN
includes	VBZ
companies	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Microsoft	NNP
,	,
America	NNP
Online	NNP
,	,
and	CC
VeriSign	NNP
teamed	VBD
with	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
FBI	NNP
,	,
Secret	NNP
Service	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Postal	JJ
Inspection	NNP
Service	NNP
to	TO
improve	VB
coordination	NN
in	IN
identifying	VBG
and	CC
shutting	VBG
down	RP
phishing	VBG
sites	NNS
.	.
The	DT
organization	NN
has	VBZ
created	VBN
an	DT
Internet	NNP
Fraud	NNP
Complaint	NNP
Center	NNP
which	WDT
will	MD
accept	VB
reports	NNS
from	IN
users	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
website	NN
to	TO
report	VB
incidents	NNS
of	IN
internet	NN
fraud	NN
of	IN
all	DT
types	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
phishing	NN
.	.
Act	NNP
,	,
in	IN
late	JJ
2003	CD
eyebrows	NNS
were	VBD
raised	VBN
when	WRB
Microsoft	NNP
offered	VBD
a	DT
$	$
250,000	CD
bounty	NN
for	IN
information	NN
leading	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
capture	NN
of	IN
the	DT
hacker	NN
who	WP
wrote	VBD
the	DT
infamous	JJ
``	``
Sasser	NNP
''	''
e-mail	NN
virus	NN
that	WDT
wreaked	VBD
havoc	NN
on	IN
users	NNS
of	IN
Microsoft	NNP
e-mail	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
In	IN
May	NNP
of	IN
this	DT
year	NN
,	,
an	DT
informant	NN
provided	VBN
information	NN
leading	VBG
authorities	NNS
and	CC
Microsoft	NNP
to	TO
Sven	NNP
Saschan	NNP
,	,
a	DT
19-year-old	JJ
German	JJ
,	,
who	WP
later	RB
confessed	VBD
to	TO
authoring	VBG
the	DT
worm	NN
.	.
Sven	NNP
's	POS
informant	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
currently	RB
a	DT
subject	NN
of	IN
investigation	NN
,	,
since	IN
authorities	NNS
believe	VBP
he	PRP
too	RB
may	MD
be	VB
involved	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Sasser	NNP
outbreak	NN
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
bounty	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Sasser	NNP
worm	NN
seemed	VBD
at	IN
first	JJ
blush	NN
to	TO
work	VB
at	IN
finding	VBG
the	DT
culprit	NN
of	IN
that	DT
crime	NN
,	,
many	JJ
more	JJR
outbreaks	NNS
of	IN
virus	NN
attacks	NNS
have	VBP
come	VBN
to	TO
pass	VB
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
year	NN
since	IN
the	DT
Microsoft	NNP
Bounty	NNP
Program	NNP
was	VBD
announced	VBN
,	,
Saschan	NNP
was	VBD
the	DT
only	JJ
person	NN
caught	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
an	DT
informant	NN
,	,
causing	VBG
some	DT
to	TO
question	VB
the	DT
effectiveness	NN
of	IN
bounty	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Even	RB
the	DT
FTC	NNP
has	VBZ
cautiously	RB
come	VBN
out	RP
in	IN
support	NN
of	IN
bounties	NNS
for	IN
hackers	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
phishers	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
Wanted	VBN
''	''
list	NN
,	,
it	PRP
does	VBZ
include	VB
those	DT
persons	NNS
wanted	VBD
by	IN
the	DT
FBI	NNP
but	CC
rather	RB
pose	VB
less	JJR
of	IN
a	DT
threat	NN
.	.
Echouafni	NNP
was	VBD
allegedly	RB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
hiring	VBG
hackers	NNS
to	TO
take	VB
down	RP
websites	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Amazon.com	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Homeland	NNP
Security	NNP
and	CC
a	DT
large	JJ
television	NN
services	NNS
company	NN
site	NN
called	VBN
weaknees.com	NNP
.	.
Act	NNP
,	,
but	CC
finding	VBG
and	CC
developing	VBG
a	DT
body	NN
of	IN
evidence	NN
is	VBZ
difficult	JJ
when	WRB
the	DT
websites	NNS
are	VBP
often	RB
taken	VBN
down	RP
quickly	RB
,	,
the	DT
servers	NNS
used	VBN
have	VBP
the	DT
data	NNS
written	VBN
over	IN
very	RB
quickly	RB
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
culprits	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
located	VBN
anywhere	RB
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
conviction	NN
under	IN
the	DT
CAN-SPAM	NNP
Act	NNP
was	VBD
handed	VBN
down	RP
on	IN
September	NNP
27	CD
,	,
2004	CD
when	WRB
a	DT
Southern	NNP
California	NNP
man	NN
pled	VBD
guilty	JJ
to	TO
using	VBG
unprotected	JJ
Wi-Fi	JJ
hotspots	NNS
to	TO
send	VB
out	RP
illegal	JJ
spam	NN
.	.
The	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
searching	VBG
for	IN
and	CC
using	VBG
unprotected	JJ
hotspots	NNS
is	VBZ
called	VBN
``	``
wardriving	NN
''	''
and	CC
phishers	NNS
are	VBP
no	DT
strangers	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
practice	NN
.	.
A	DT
suspected	VBN
phishing	NN
operation	NN
in	IN
Atlanta	NNP
is	VBZ
under	IN
investigation	NN
for	IN
wardriving	VBG
and	CC
using	VBG
unprotected	JJ
hotspots	NNS
to	TO
commit	VB
phishing	JJ
crimes	NNS
.	.
Even	RB
with	IN
the	DT
potential	JJ
jail	NN
time	NN
,	,
surely	RB
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
phishers	NNS
think	VBP
they	PRP
will	MD
never	RB
get	VB
caught	VBN
when	WRB
the	DT
odds	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
their	PRP$
favor	NN
.	.
In	IN
perhaps	RB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
largest	JJS
crackdowns	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
CAN-SPAM	NNP
act	NN
to	TO
date	NN
,	,
Operation	NNP
Slam	NNP
Spam	NNP
,	,
law	NN
enforcement	NN
officials	NNS
and	CC
internet	NN
executive	NN
industry	NN
leaders	NNS
worked	VBD
together	RB
to	TO
arrest	VB
and	CC
charge	VB
dozens	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
for	IN
phishing	VBG
and	CC
other	JJ
identity-theft	JJ
type	NN
crimes	NNS
.	.
Much	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
operation	NN
was	VBD
funded	VBN
by	IN
Direct	NNP
Marketing	NNP
Association	NNP
,	,
showing	VBG
,	,
that	IN
to	TO
make	VB
available	JJ
the	DT
resources	NNS
both	DT
in	IN
technical	JJ
talent	NN
and	CC
law	NN
enforcement	NN
skill	NN
,	,
requires	VBZ
significant	JJ
funding	NN
that	IN
most	JJS
likely	JJ
would	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
up	RP
by	IN
Washington	NNP
red	JJ
tape	NN
.	.
Phishing	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
just	RB
a	DT
crime	NN
committed	VBN
by	IN
technically	RB
savvy	JJ
hackers	NNS
on	IN
shopping	NN
sprees	NNS
with	IN
stolen	VBN
credit	NN
card	NN
numbers	NNS
.	.
Organized	NNP
crime	NN
has	VBZ
gotten	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
action	NN
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
In	IN
early	JJ
November	NNP
2004	CD
,	,
Boston	NNP
police	NN
arrested	VBD
a	DT
suspected	VBN
Russian	JJ
gangster	NN
and	CC
phishing	VBG
scam	NN
operator	NN
.	.
From	IN
the	DT
initial	JJ
investigation	NN
,	,
it	PRP
appeared	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
suspect	NN
,	,
Andrew	NNP
Schwarmkoff	NNP
,	,
28	CD
,	,
had	VBD
the	DT
identity	NN
information	NN
of	IN
over	IN
100	CD
victims	NNS
.	.
In	IN
late	JJ
October	NNP
2004	CD
,	,
in	IN
an	DT
international	JJ
sting	NN
to	TO
bring	VB
down	RP
a	DT
phishing	JJ
operation	NN
,	,
28	CD
people	NNS
in	IN
seven	CD
countries	NNS
were	VBD
arrested	VBN
in	IN
``	``
Operation	NNP
Firewall	NNP
''	''
for	IN
using	VBG
websites	NNS
to	TO
steal	VB
identities	NNS
,	,
credit	NN
cards	NNS
,	,
and	CC
identity	NN
documents	NNS
.	.
In	IN
all	DT
about	IN
1.7	CD
million	CD
stolen	VBN
credit	NN
card	NN
numbers	NNS
were	VBD
bought	VBN
or	CC
sold	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
crime	NN
ring	NN
.	.
The	DT
organization	NN
was	VBD
also	RB
successful	JJ
in	IN
creating	VBG
fraudulent	JJ
documents	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
birth	NN
certificates	NNS
.	.
The	DT
sting	NN
required	VBD
the	DT
coordinated	VBN
efforts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Secret	NNP
Service	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Justice	NNP
and	CC
Homeland	NNP
Security	NNP
Department	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Royal	NNP
Canadian	NNP
Mounted	NNP
Police	NNP
,	,
Europol	NNP
and	CC
local	JJ
police	NN
from	IN
nations	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Belarus	NNP
,	,
Sweden	NNP
and	CC
Ukraine	NNP
.	.
FTC	NNP
has	VBZ
expressed	VBN
support	NN
of	IN
private	JJ
industry	NN
development	NN
of	IN
a	DT
standard	JJ
e-mail	NN
authentication	NN
technology	NN
.	.
An	DT
independent	JJ
,	,
international	JJ
coalition	NN
called	VBD
the	DT
Internet	NNP
Engineering	NNP
Task	NNP
Force	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
IETF	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
has	VBZ
called	VBN
for	IN
industry	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
e-mail	NN
authentication	NN
standards	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
When	WRB
this	DT
forum	NN
discusses	VBZ
e-mail	NN
authentication	NN
standards	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
authenticating	VBG
,	,
from	IN
computer-to-computer	NN
,	,
within	IN
an	DT
organization	NN
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
e-mail	NN
sent	VBN
from	IN
person	NN
``	``
A	NNP
''	''
going	VBG
to	TO
person	NN
``	``
B	NNP
''	''
really	RB
did	VBD
come	VB
from	IN
person	NN
``	``
A.	NN
''	''
Currently	RB
there	EX
are	VBP
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
general	JJ
protocols	NNS
for	IN
how	WRB
the	DT
messages	NNS
are	VBP
sent	VBN
back	RB
and	CC
forth	RB
,	,
but	CC
because	IN
a	DT
hacker	NN
can	MD
gain	VB
use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
zombie	NN
machine	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
another	DT
company	NN
's	POS
computer	NN
sitting	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
data	NN
center	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
router	NN
and	CC
send	VB
out	RP
messages	NNS
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
need	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
a	DT
real	JJ
person	NN
or	CC
real	JJ
entity	NN
is	VBZ
sending	VBG
the	DT
messages	NNS
or	CC
limit	VB
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
messages	NNS
that	IN
any	DT
one	CD
computer	NN
can	MD
send	VB
in	IN
a	DT
given	VBN
timeframe	NN
.	.
Framework	NN
and	CC
How	WRB
it	PRP
Works	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
Microsoft	NNP
has	VBZ
put	VBN
forth	RB
a	DT
proposed	JJ
standard	NN
to	TO
IETF	NNP
for	IN
e-mail	NN
authentication	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
drawn	VBN
great	JJ
ire	NN
from	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
community	NN
because	IN
of	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
licensing	NN
provisions	NNS
.	.
See	VB
,	,
Apache	NNP
Says	VBZ
It	PRP
Wo	JJ
n't	RB
Support	NN
Sender	NNP
ID	NNP
.	.
In	IN
response	NN
,	,
or	CC
sheer	JJ
stubbornness	NN
,	,
Microsoft	NNP
has	VBZ
modified	VBN
its	PRP$
license	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
appease	VB
the	DT
open	JJ
source	NN
community	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
license	NN
is	VBZ
still	RB
not	RB
final	JJ
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
Microsoft	NNP
backs	VBZ
down	RP
on	IN
some	DT
of	IN
its	PRP$
licensing	NN
terms	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
the	DT
general	JJ
consensus	NN
of	IN
what	WP
will	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
before	IN
the	DT
SenderID	NNP
would	MD
be	VB
adopted	VBN
,	,
the	DT
damage	NN
may	MD
be	VB
done	VBN
to	TO
its	PRP$
intended	JJ
purpose	NN
-	:
protecting	VBG
end	NN
users	NNS
from	IN
identity	NN
theft	NN
,	,
phishing	VBG
and	CC
fraud	NN
,	,
since	IN
no	DT
one	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
at	IN
least	JJS
the	DT
companies	NNS
choosing	VBG
not	RB
to	TO
bundle	VB
it	PRP
with	IN
their	PRP$
products	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
will	MD
use	VB
it	PRP
.	.
While	IN
Microsoft	NNP
is	VBZ
pushing	VBG
its	PRP$
SenderID	NNP
technology	NN
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
adopted	VBN
standard	NN
,	,
the	DT
internet	NN
community	NN
at	IN
large	JJ
is	VBZ
pushing	VBG
back	RP
and	CC
other	JJ
companies	NNS
are	VBP
proposing	VBG
and	CC
testing	VBG
their	PRP$
own	JJ
standards	NNS
.	.
Yahoo	NNP
,	,
Microsoft	NNP
,	,
EarthLink	NNP
and	CC
AOL	NNP
have	VBP
formed	VBN
the	DT
Anti-Spam	NNP
Technical	NNP
Alliance	NNP
and	CC
published	VBD
their	PRP$
own	JJ
Technology	NN
and	CC
Policy	NN
Proposal	NN
.	.
Other	JJ
companies	NNS
are	VBP
abandoning	VBG
Microsoft	NNP
's	POS
technology	NN
before	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
even	RB
rolled	VBN
out	RP
,	,
citing	VBG
lack	NN
of	IN
support	NN
in	IN
the	DT
open	JJ
source	NN
community	NN
.	.
Before	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
friction	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Microsoft	NNP
SenderID	NNP
license	NN
broke	VBD
out	RP
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
Yahoo	NNP
!	.
,	,
mail	NN
service	NN
provider	NN
to	TO
over	IN
39	CD
million	CD
subscribers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
Sendmail	NNP
,	,
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
mega	JJ
e-mail	NN
software	NN
companies	NNS
,	,
were	VBD
in	IN
development	NN
of	IN
a	DT
technology	NN
called	VBN
Domain	NNP
Keys	NNP
.	.
Domain	NNP
Keys	NNP
attaches	VBZ
a	DT
unique	JJ
tag	NN
to	TO
each	DT
e-mail	NN
.	.
The	DT
tag	NN
on	IN
the	DT
e-mail	NN
is	VBZ
private	JJ
and	CC
it	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
counterpart	NN
that	WDT
resides	VBZ
in	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
database	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
e-mail	NN
delivery	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
keys	NNS
match	VBP
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
message	NN
is	VBZ
delivered	VBN
.	.
If	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
corroborated	VBN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
can	MD
determine	VB
what	WP
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
the	DT
message	NN
.	.
AOL	NNP
has	VBZ
recently	RB
scrapped	VBN
the	DT
idea	NN
of	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
full	JJ
version	NN
of	IN
Microsoft	NNP
's	POS
SenderID	NNP
and	CC
use	VB
a	DT
limited	JJ
portion	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
technology	NN
called	VBN
Sender	NNP
Policy	NNP
Framework	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
SPF	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
investigate	VB
more	JJR
fully	RB
using	VBG
Domain	NNP
Keys	NNP
in	IN
concert	NN
with	IN
SPF	NNP
.	.
Pennsylvania	NNP
based	VBN
,	,
TurnTide	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
recently	RB
acquired	VBN
by	IN
Symantec	NNP
,	,
those	DT
guys	NNS
who	WP
provide	VBP
the	DT
GSU	NNP
anti-virus	NN
software	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
have	VBP
developed	VBN
a	DT
hardware	NN
technology	NN
-	:
``	``
Smart	NNP
''	''
Network	NNP
Routers	NNP
-	:
that	IN
look	NN
at	IN
the	DT
network	NN
traffic	NN
coming	VBG
and	CC
going	VBG
across	IN
ISPs	NNS
.	.
Apparently	RB
the	DT
tools	NNS
used	VBN
by	IN
spammers	NNS
give	VBP
up	RP
on	IN
sending	VBG
the	DT
spam	NN
e-mails	NNS
if	IN
the	DT
message	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
go	VB
through	RB
quickly	RB
.	.
More	RBR
traditional	JJ
and	CC
authentic	JJ
e-mail	NN
servers	NNS
will	MD
try	VB
continually	RB
,	,
up	IN
to	TO
days	NNS
to	TO
send	VB
messages	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
much	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
phishing	VBG
occurs	VBZ
from	IN
web-based	JJ
e-mails	NNS
and	CC
spoofed	VBD
sites	NNS
,	,
one	CD
useful	JJ
solution	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
stop	VB
the	DT
end-user	NN
from	IN
visiting	VBG
the	DT
spoofed	VBN
site	NN
in	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
place	NN
.	.
A	DT
company	NN
called	VBD
WholeSecurity	NNP
has	VBZ
developed	VBN
a	DT
browser-based	JJ
product	NN
called	VBN
Web	NNP
Caller-ID	NNP
.	.
The	DT
product	NN
uses	VBZ
real-time	JJ
behavioral	JJ
technology	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
a	DT
potential	JJ
site	NN
the	DT
end	NN
user	NN
is	VBZ
attempting	VBG
to	TO
visit	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
phished	JJ
site	NN
.	.
Behavioral	JJ
technology	NN
differs	VBZ
from	IN
the	DT
traditional	JJ
blacklist-style	JJ
technology	NN
proposed	VBN
,	,
since	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
change	NN
in	IN
character	NN
in	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
or	CC
IP	NNP
address	NN
of	IN
a	DT
server	NN
would	MD
not	RB
appear	VB
on	IN
a	DT
blacklist	NN
.	.
Another	DT
browser-based	JJ
solution	NN
is	VBZ
Spoof-stick	JJ
,	,
a	DT
browser	NN
extension	NN
for	IN
Firefox	NNP
and	CC
IE	NNP
that	IN
explicitly	RB
tells	VBZ
the	DT
user	NN
what	WDT
website	NN
they	PRP
are	VBP
visiting	VBG
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
``	``
you	PRP
are	VBP
on	IN
E-Bay	JJ
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Yet	RB
another	DT
browser-based	JJ
solution	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
Deepnet	NNP
Explorer	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
U.K.	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
which	WDT
makes	VBZ
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
IE	NNP
rendering	VBG
engine	NN
,	,
yet	RB
allows	VBZ
end-users	NNS
to	TO
control	VB
cookies	NNS
and	CC
floating	VBG
ads	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
allegedly	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
more	RBR
effectively	RB
to	TO
keep	VB
phishers	NNS
from	IN
opening	VBG
pop-up	JJ
windows	NNS
over	IN
a	DT
legitimate	JJ
website	NN
,	,
confusing	VBG
a	DT
user	NN
into	IN
believing	VBG
the	DT
pop-up	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
actual	JJ
web	NN
page	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
bank	NN
or	CC
an	DT
e-commerce	JJ
website	NN
.	.
While	IN
many	JJ
of	IN
these	DT
technological	JJ
solutions	NNS
present	JJ
end-users	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
phished	JJ
websites	NNS
,	,
the	DT
ability	NN
and	CC
ingenuity	NN
of	IN
hackers	NNS
to	TO
circumvent	VB
browser-based	JJ
solutions	NNS
may	MD
render	VB
many	JJ
of	IN
these	DT
work-around	JJ
solutions	NNS
obsolete	JJ
very	RB
quickly	RB
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
stand	NN
off	IN
between	IN
Microsoft	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
world	NN
over	IN
SenderID	NNP
and	CC
mail	NN
authentication	NN
standards	NNS
elevates	VBZ
to	TO
a	DT
heated	JJ
pitch	NN
,	,
other	JJ
companies	NNS
are	VBP
betting	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
,	,
unifying	JJ
standard	NN
.	.
As	IN
of	IN
this	DT
writing	NN
,	,
on	IN
September	NNP
11	CD
,	,
2004	CD
the	DT
IETF	NNP
rejected	VBD
Microsoft	NNP
's	POS
proposed	VBN
SenderID	NNP
because	IN
of	IN
its	PRP$
concerns	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
patents	NNS
Microsoft	NNP
has	VBZ
applied	VBN
for	IN
on	IN
the	DT
technology	NN
included	VBD
in	IN
SenderID	NNP
.	.
A	DT
company	NN
called	VBD
Port25	NNP
Solutions	NNPS
,	,
Inc.	NNP
is	VBZ
betting	VBG
that	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
bridge	VB
the	DT
gap	NN
between	IN
the	DT
differing	VBG
standards	NNS
and	CC
be	VB
the	DT
answer	NN
to	TO
the	DT
annual	JJ
$	$
1.2	CD
billion	CD
problem	NN
facing	VBG
banks	NNS
and	CC
credit	NN
companies	NNS
.	.
Another	DT
industry	NN
group	NN
is	VBZ
throwing	VBG
its	PRP$
hat	NN
into	IN
the	DT
ring	NN
in	IN
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
create	VB
industry	NN
working	VBG
groups	NNS
to	TO
operate	VB
as	IN
a	DT
``	``
think	NN
tank	NN
''	''
developed	VBN
to	TO
combat	VB
phishing	NN
.	.
The	DT
Trusted	NNP
Electronic	NNP
Communications	NNPS
Forum	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
TECF	NNP
,	,
pronounced	VBD
``	``
tech-eff	JJ
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
consortium	NN
is	VBZ
composed	VBN
of	IN
17	CD
member	NN
companies	NNS
and	CC
includes	VBZ
four	CD
working	VBG
groups	NNS
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
groups	NNS
is	VBZ
focused	VBN
on	IN
standards	NNS
,	,
best	JJS
practices	NNS
,	,
social	JJ
engineering	NN
,	,
and	CC
governmental	JJ
affairs	NNS
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
FTC	NNP
has	VBZ
made	VBN
inroads	NNS
to	TO
educate	VB
the	DT
public	NN
,	,
some	DT
argue	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
very	JJ
companies	NNS
profiting	VBG
from	IN
online	JJ
commerce	NN
should	MD
take	VB
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
initiative	NN
to	TO
educate	VB
their	PRP$
consumers	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
dangers	NNS
of	IN
phished	JJ
messages	NNS
.	.
Given	VBN
these	DT
developing	VBG
trends	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
now	RB
appears	VBZ
that	IN
employees	NNS
'	POS
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
e-mail	NN
is	VBZ
under	IN
more	JJR
scrutiny	NN
today	NN
than	IN
ever	RB
before	RB
.	.
Each	DT
time	NN
employees	NNS
venture	NN
off	IN
work-related	JJ
sites	NNS
to	TO
pay	VB
their	PRP$
bills	NNS
,	,
catch	VB
the	DT
score	NN
of	IN
last	JJ
night	NN
's	POS
game	NN
,	,
or	CC
e-mail	NN
friends	NNS
,	,
their	PRP$
employers	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
watching	VBG
.	.
While	IN
employers	NNS
possess	VBP
legitimate	JJ
concerns	NNS
over	IN
employee	NN
abuse	NN
of	IN
workplace	JJ
computer	NN
privileges	NNS
,	,
the	DT
current	JJ
law	NN
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
employee	NN
monitoring	NN
,	,
both	DT
statutory	JJ
and	CC
common-law	NN
,	,
appears	VBZ
antiquated	JJ
and	CC
inadequate	JJ
.	.
At	IN
first	JJ
blush	NN
,	,
current	JJ
federal	JJ
laws	NNS
appear	VBP
to	TO
protect	VB
employee	NN
privacy	NN
in	IN
the	DT
wired	VBN
workplace	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
exceptions	NNS
pierce	VBP
these	DT
statutes	NNS
,	,
rendering	VBG
them	PRP
largely	RB
ineffective	JJ
in	IN
balancing	VBG
employee	NN
privacy	NN
against	IN
employer	NN
intrusions	NNS
.	.
Efforts	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
employees	NNS
further	RBR
protection	NN
following	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
Revolution	NNP
have	VBP
failed	VBN
.	.
NLRA	NNP
protects	VBZ
these	DT
rights	NNS
by	IN
prohibiting	VBG
employers	NNS
from	IN
using	VBG
intimidation	NN
or	CC
coercion	NN
to	TO
interfere	VB
with	IN
employees	NNS
'	POS
freedom	NN
of	IN
self-organization	NN
.	.
To	TO
establish	VB
a	DT
Section	NN
8	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
claim	NN
,	,
an	DT
employee	NN
must	MD
show	VB
that	IN
the	DT
employee	NN
's	POS
activity	NN
was	VBD
``	``
protected	VBN
''	''
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
's	POS
conduct	NN
was	VBD
``	``
improper	JJ
.	.
''	''
As	IN
noted	VBN
above	IN
,	,
the	DT
courts	NNS
have	VBP
typically	RB
sided	VBN
with	IN
employers	NNS
in	IN
issues	NNS
surrounding	VBG
employee	NN
monitoring	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
almost	RB
all	DT
employers	NNS
would	MD
argue	VB
that	IN
their	PRP$
monitoring	NN
of	IN
employees	NNS
does	VBZ
not	RB
merit	VB
more	RBR
stringent	JJ
regulation	NN
.	.
As	IN
many	JJ
employers	NNS
point	VBP
out	RP
,	,
their	PRP$
surveillance	NN
of	IN
employees	NNS
'	POS
electronic	JJ
activities	NNS
stems	VBZ
from	IN
concrete	NN
,	,
pecuniary	JJ
concerns	NNS
.	.
Conversely	RB
,	,
employees	NNS
argue	VBP
that	IN
their	PRP$
privacy	NN
interests	NNS
suffer	VBP
in	IN
this	DT
arena	NN
and	CC
employers	NNS
'	POS
uninhibited	JJ
ability	NN
to	TO
survey	VB
their	PRP$
every	DT
move	NN
while	IN
on	IN
work	NN
computers	NNS
deserves	VBZ
stricter	JJR
scrutiny	NN
by	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
legislatures	NNS
.	.
This	DT
section	NN
will	MD
examine	VB
the	DT
arguments	NNS
of	IN
both	DT
sides	NNS
.	.
Employers	NNS
often	RB
cite	VBP
this	DT
interference	NN
with	IN
employees	NNS
'	POS
work	NN
time	NN
as	IN
a	DT
nuisance	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
distractions	NNS
,	,
employers	NNS
claim	VBP
,	,
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
``	``
poor	JJ
customer	NN
service	NN
,	,
lost	VBD
business	NN
,	,
unnecessary	JJ
overstaffing	NN
,	,
high	JJ
overheads	NNS
,	,
and	CC
lost	VBD
profits	NNS
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
146	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
price	NN
employers	NNS
pay	VBP
for	IN
their	PRP$
employees	NNS
'	POS
distraction	NN
,	,
excess	JJ
personal	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
company	NN
's	POS
Internet	NNP
system	NN
can	MD
also	RB
place	VB
more	JJR
pressure	NN
on	IN
the	DT
corporate	JJ
bandwidth	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
147	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
in	IN
turn	NN
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
slower	JJR
network	NN
response	NN
time	NN
and	CC
may	MD
even	RB
require	VB
an	DT
expensive	JJ
upgrade	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
148	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Additionally	RB
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
expenses	NNS
involved	VBN
with	IN
repairing	VBG
a	DT
network	NN
system	NN
infected	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
virus	NN
an	DT
employee	NN
obtains	VBZ
after	IN
visiting	VBG
an	DT
unprotected	JJ
site	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
costs	NNS
involved	VBN
with	IN
employees	NNS
'	POS
free	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
computers	NNS
,	,
employers	NNS
claim	VBP
,	,
can	MD
be	VB
sizable	JJ
.	.
The	DT
issues	NNS
surrounding	VBG
electronic	JJ
monitoring	NN
of	IN
employees	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
one-sided	JJ
.	.
Employee	NN
advocates	NNS
have	VBP
often	RB
harangued	VBN
against	IN
employers	NNS
'	POS
right	NN
to	TO
watch	VB
their	PRP$
employees	NNS
unmolested	JJ
.	.
Although	IN
employer	NN
monitoring	NN
has	VBZ
garnered	VBN
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
support	NN
,	,
employee	NN
supporters	NNS
have	VBP
strong	JJ
arguments	NNS
against	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
monitoring	NN
in	IN
the	DT
workplace	NN
.	.
NLRA	NNP
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
the	DT
risk	NN
that	IN
some	DT
employers	NNS
could	MD
use	VB
electronic	JJ
monitoring	NN
to	TO
route	NN
out	RP
whistleblowers	NNS
or	CC
fabricate	VB
a	DT
reason	NN
for	IN
firing	NN
an	DT
employee	NN
that	WDT
satisfies	VBZ
just	RB
cause	VB
termination	NN
requirements	NNS
contained	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
collective	JJ
bargaining	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
182	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Further	RB
,	,
since	IN
most	JJS
monitoring	NN
systems	NNS
allow	VBP
for	IN
the	DT
detailed	JJ
recording	NN
of	IN
employees	NNS
'	POS
electronic	JJ
activity	NN
,	,
employees	NNS
'	POS
risk	NN
of	IN
becoming	VBG
victims	NNS
of	IN
theft	NN
or	CC
voyeurism	NN
is	VBZ
considerable	JJ
.	.
The	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
employers	NNS
face	VBP
little	JJ
accountability	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
no	DT
public	JJ
disclosure	NN
requirements	NNS
regarding	VBG
their	PRP$
use	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
monitoring	NN
raises	VBZ
concerns	NNS
that	IN
some	DT
employers	NNS
may	MD
misappropriate	VB
these	DT
surveillance	NN
methods	NNS
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
many	JJ
employee	NN
advocates	NNS
believe	VBP
that	IN
electronic	JJ
monitoring	NN
violates	VBZ
basic	JJ
privacy	NN
rights	NNS
and	CC
offends	VBZ
employees	NNS
'	POS
fundamental	JJ
human	JJ
dignity	NN
.	.
While	IN
employees	NNS
currently	RB
enjoy	VBP
little	JJ
protection	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
privacy	NN
in	IN
the	DT
workplace	NN
,	,
some	DT
scholars	NNS
argue	VBP
that	IN
we	PRP
should	MD
begin	VB
to	TO
rethink	VB
our	PRP$
understanding	NN
of	IN
individuals	NNS
'	POS
``	``
right	NN
to	TO
privacy	NN
.	.
''	''
One	CD
supporter	NN
of	IN
this	DT
new	JJ
conception	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
is	VBZ
Edward	NNP
Bloustein	NNP
.	.
Bloustein	NNP
has	VBZ
challenged	VBN
Prosser	NNP
's	POS
traditional	JJ
notion	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
Prosser	NNP
characterized	VBD
privacy	NN
as	IN
an	DT
``	``
intangible	JJ
property	NN
''	''
rather	RB
than	IN
a	DT
value	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
183	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Bloustein	NNP
's	POS
concept	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
that	WDT
centers	VBZ
on	IN
human	JJ
dignity	NN
and	CC
individual	JJ
rights	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
argues	VBZ
that	IN
in	IN
invasion	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
cases	NNS
the	DT
actual	JJ
harm	NN
committed	VBN
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
mental	JJ
distress	NN
that	WDT
results	VBZ
from	IN
a	DT
privacy	NN
intrusion	NN
.	.
Rather	RB
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
Bloustein	NNP
,	,
this	DT
distress	NN
is	VBZ
simply	RB
a	DT
byproduct	NN
-	:
the	DT
true	JJ
wrong	JJ
occurs	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
privacy	NN
invasion	NN
itself	PRP
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
because	IN
the	DT
invasion	NN
of	IN
one	CD
's	POS
privacy	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
intrusion	NN
into	IN
a	DT
liberty	NN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
labeled	VBN
``	``
basic	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
free	JJ
society	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
184	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Although	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
obviously	RB
given	VBN
more	JJR
credence	NN
to	TO
Fourth	JJ
Amendment	NNP
violations	NNS
than	IN
in	IN
tort	NN
cases	NNS
,	,
Bloustein	NNP
notes	VBZ
that	IN
``	``
a	DT
similar	JJ
wrong	JJ
is	VBZ
perpetrated	VBN
in	IN
both	DT
instances	NNS
.	.
''	''
Other	JJ
courts	NNS
have	VBP
also	RB
begun	VBN
connecting	VBG
privacy	NN
rights	NNS
and	CC
human	JJ
dignity	NN
.	.
In	IN
Hill	NNP
v.	CC
Thus	RB
,	,
while	IN
courts	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
often	RB
recognize	VB
invasions	NNS
of	IN
employees	NNS
'	POS
work	NN
e-mail	NN
or	CC
monitoring	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
Internet	NNP
activities	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
office	NN
as	IN
legally	RB
offensive	JJ
,	,
such	JJ
intrusions	NNS
seem	VBP
to	TO
violate	VB
basic	JJ
precepts	NNS
of	IN
human	JJ
dignity	NN
.	.
Not	RB
surprisingly	RB
,	,
employee	NN
performance	NN
often	RB
degenerates	VBZ
when	WRB
employers	NNS
begin	VBP
constant	JJ
surveillance	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
employees	NNS
.	.
Intrusion	NN
into	IN
one	CD
's	POS
privacy	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
personal	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
trespass	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
impotence	NN
most	RBS
employees	NNS
feel	VBP
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
invasion	NN
is	VBZ
only	RB
compounded	VBN
by	IN
their	PRP$
general	JJ
lack	NN
of	IN
legal	JJ
recourse	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
harming	VBG
morale	NN
and	CC
exposing	VBG
employees	NNS
to	TO
possible	JJ
crimes	NNS
,	,
electronic	JJ
monitoring	NN
in	IN
the	DT
workplace	NN
also	RB
seems	VBZ
to	TO
offend	VB
a	DT
basic	JJ
liberty	NN
inherent	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
core	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
individuality	NN
-	:
a	DT
right	NN
to	TO
seclusion	NN
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
advocates	VBZ
the	DT
modification	NN
and	CC
modernizing	VBG
of	IN
common	JJ
law	NN
and	CC
privacy	NN
statutes	NNS
to	TO
accommodate	VB
employees	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
wired	VBN
workplace	NN
in	IN
an	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
equalize	VB
the	DT
playing	NN
field	NN
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
common	JJ
law	NN
doctrine	NN
of	IN
employment-at-will	NN
permits	NNS
either	CC
party	NN
to	TO
sever	VB
an	DT
employment	NN
relationship	NN
,	,
employees	NNS
are	VBP
at	IN
an	DT
inherent	JJ
disadvantage	NN
,	,
as	IN
they	PRP
necessarily	RB
rely	VBP
upon	IN
their	PRP$
employers	NNS
for	IN
income	NN
and	CC
meeting	NN
all	DT
of	IN
their	PRP$
needs	NNS
,	,
from	IN
basics	NNS
to	TO
luxuries	NNS
.	.
Certainly	RB
employees	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
wasting	VBG
their	PRP$
employers	NNS
'	POS
resources	NNS
and	CC
should	MD
be	VB
productive	JJ
;	:
however	RB
,	,
providing	VBG
notice	NN
and	CC
bare	JJ
protections	NNS
from	IN
intrusions	NNS
into	IN
workplace	NN
privacy	NN
would	MD
provide	VB
employees	NNS
the	DT
basic	JJ
dignity	NN
they	PRP
deserve	VBP
in	IN
our	PRP$
society	NN
.	.
The	DT
current	JJ
state	NN
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
gives	VBZ
employers	NNS
a	DT
distinct	JJ
advantage	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
time	NN
for	IN
the	DT
law	NN
to	TO
adequately	RB
address	VB
employees	NNS
'	POS
needs	NNS
in	IN
today	NN
's	POS
wired	VBN
workplace	NN
is	VBZ
overdue	JJ
.	.
``	``
false	JJ
promises	NNS
''	''
because	IN
``	``
the	DT
beneficial	JJ
effects	NNS
of	IN
civil	JJ
tort	NN
litigation	NN
are	VBP
episodic	JJ
and	CC
do	VB
not	RB
generally	RB
effectuate	VB
real	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
workplace	NN
behavior	NN
of	IN
employers	NNS
,	,
''	''
and	CC
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
enefits	VBZ
...	:
are	VBP
usually	RB
short-lived	JJ
because	IN
courts	NNS
that	WDT
create	VBP
these	DT
rights	NNS
can	MD
,	,
and	CC
do	VB
,	,
limit	NN
and	CC
withdraw	VB
them	PRP
over	IN
time	NN
.	.
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Pillsbury	NNP
despite	IN
assurances	NNS
to	TO
contrary	JJ
,	,
employees	NNS
sending	VBG
sexually	RB
explicit	JJ
jokes	NNS
via	IN
work	NN
e-mail	NN
had	VBD
no	DT
expectation	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
when	WRB
warned	VBN
employer	NN
could	MD
review	VB
their	PRP$
e-mails	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
Garrity	NNP
court	NN
also	RB
noted	VBD
,	,
as	IN
in	IN
Pillsbury	NNP
,	,
``	``
Even	RB
if	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
had	VBD
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
expectation	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
work	NN
e-mail	NN
,	,
defendant	NN
's	POS
legitimate	JJ
business	NN
interest	NN
in	IN
protecting	VBG
its	PRP$
employees	NNS
from	IN
harassment	NN
in	IN
the	DT
workplace	NN
would	MD
likely	RB
trump	VB
plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
privacy	NN
interests	NNS
.	.
''	''
This	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
focus	VB
on	IN
the	DT
advantages	NNS
and	CC
disadvantages	NNS
of	IN
cookies	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
privacy	NN
implications	NNS
.	.
Specifically	RB
,	,
this	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
address	VB
the	DT
applicability	NN
of	IN
federal	JJ
privacy	NN
statutes	NNS
,	,
common	JJ
law	NN
privacy	NN
torts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
common	JJ
law	NN
trespass	NN
claims	VBZ
brought	VBN
against	IN
companies	NNS
using	VBG
cookies	NNS
.	.
Section	NN
I	PRP
describes	VBZ
what	WP
cookies	NNS
are	VBP
,	,
their	PRP$
purpose	NN
,	,
their	PRP$
advantages	NNS
and	CC
disadvantages	NNS
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
society	NN
has	VBZ
developed	VBN
new	JJ
technology	NN
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
problems	NNS
posed	VBN
by	IN
cookies	NNS
.	.
Section	NNP
II	NNP
examines	VBZ
the	DT
federal	JJ
statutes	NNS
governing	VBG
electronic	JJ
communications	NNS
and	CC
how	WRB
they	PRP
address	VBP
the	DT
privacy	NN
problems	NNS
cookies	NNS
have	VBP
created	VBN
.	.
Section	NN
III	NNP
examines	VBZ
how	WRB
common	JJ
law	NN
privacy	NN
claims	VBZ
relate	VB
to	TO
cookies	NNS
.	.
Section	NN
IV	NNP
analyzes	VBZ
whether	IN
common	JJ
law	NN
trespass	NN
claims	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
applicable	JJ
to	TO
cookies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
final	JJ
section	NN
discusses	VBZ
how	WRB
proposed	VBN
legislation	NN
and	CC
industry	NN
have	VBP
tried	VBN
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
privacy	NN
issues	NNS
surrounding	VBG
cookies	NNS
.	.
The	DT
development	NN
and	CC
proliferation	NN
of	IN
cookies	NNS
has	VBZ
led	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
formation	NN
and	CC
rise	NN
of	IN
internet	NN
marketing	NN
companies	NNS
.	.
As	IN
discussed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
previous	JJ
section	NN
,	,
these	DT
companies	NNS
monitor	VBP
a	DT
consumer	NN
's	POS
on-line	JJ
habits	NNS
by	IN
compiling	VBG
data	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
websites	NNS
that	WDT
each	DT
consumer	NN
visits	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
create	VB
individual	JJ
profiles	NNS
that	WDT
assist	VBP
in	IN
direct	JJ
marketing	NN
schemes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
internet	NN
marketing	NN
companies	NNS
compile	VBP
the	DT
data	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
individual	NN
by	IN
installing	VBG
cookies	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
hard	JJ
drive	NN
.	.
Some	DT
individual	JJ
users	NNS
,	,
upon	IN
their	PRP$
knowledge	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
cookies	NNS
,	,
then	RB
generally	RB
sue	VB
these	DT
companies	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
individual	JJ
websites	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
alleged	JJ
invasion	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
federal	JJ
statutory	JJ
violations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Stored	NNP
Communications	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Title	NNP
II	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
ECPA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Wiretap	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Title	NNP
I	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
ECPA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
the	DT
Computer	NN
Fraud	NNP
and	CC
Abuse	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
DoubleClick	NNP
alleged	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
affiliated	VBN
``	``
users	NNS
,	,
''	''
as	IN
defined	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
,	,
authorized	VBD
its	PRP$
activities	NNS
and	CC
furthermore	RB
that	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
accessed	VBN
from	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
hard	JJ
drive	NN
was	VBD
``	``
of	IN
or	CC
intended	VBN
for	IN
''	''
those	DT
users	NNS
,	,
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
the	DT
individual	JJ
websites	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
because	IN
cookies	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
temporarily	RB
placed	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
user	NN
's	POS
hard	JJ
drive	NN
they	PRP
fall	VBP
outside	IN
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Stored	NNP
Communications	NNP
Act	NNP
and	CC
internet	NN
marketing	NN
companies	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
held	VBN
liable	JJ
for	IN
installing	VBG
and	CC
accessing	VBG
them	PRP
.	.
After	IN
DoubleClick	NNP
and	CC
subsequent	JJ
litigation	NN
involving	VBG
the	DT
Stored	NNP
Communications	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
appear	VB
that	IN
internet	NN
users	NNS
must	MD
accept	VB
that	IN
certain	JJ
internet	NN
companies	NNS
have	VBP
access	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
computers	NNS
and	CC
may	MD
monitor	VB
the	DT
websites	NNS
accessed	VBN
and	CC
searches	NNS
conducted	VBN
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
's	POS
holding	NN
in	IN
DoubleClick	NNP
indicates	VBZ
that	IN
internet	NN
users	NNS
have	VBP
no	DT
privacy	NN
protection	NN
under	IN
Title	NNP
II	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
ECPA	NNP
if	IN
an	DT
internet	NN
marketing	NN
company	NN
places	VBZ
a	DT
cookie	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
hard	JJ
drive	NN
with	IN
the	DT
consent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
websites	NNS
.	.
In	IN
re	NN
Pharmatrak	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
.	.
Privacy	NN
Litigation	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
92	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
provides	VBZ
an	DT
excellent	JJ
overview	NN
of	IN
judicial	JJ
interpretation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Wiretap	NNP
Act	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
cookies	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
obstacles	NNS
that	WDT
plaintiffs	NNS
face	VBP
should	MD
they	PRP
decide	VB
to	TO
use	VB
this	DT
as	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
claim	NN
.	.
It	PRP
appears	VBZ
from	IN
the	DT
case	NN
that	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
an	DT
automatic	JJ
routing	VBG
program	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
only	JJ
way	NN
for	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
to	TO
satisfy	VB
the	DT
first	JJ
element	NN
of	IN
a	DT
prima	NN
facie	NN
case	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
program	NN
,	,
courts	NNS
are	VBP
likely	JJ
to	TO
conclude	VB
that	IN
an	DT
interception	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
occur	VB
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
success	NN
of	IN
a	DT
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
claim	NN
hinges	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
method	NN
of	IN
interception	NN
,	,
a	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
control	VB
and	CC
may	MD
have	VB
no	DT
knowledge	NN
about	IN
when	WRB
they	PRP
file	VBP
the	DT
complaint	NN
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
these	DT
facts	NNS
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
determined	VBD
that	IN
Pharmatrak	NNP
lacked	VBD
the	DT
requisite	JJ
intent	NN
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
were	VBD
unable	JJ
to	TO
prove	VB
the	DT
intent	NN
element	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
seems	VBZ
to	TO
leave	VB
open	JJ
the	DT
possibility	NN
that	WDT
under	IN
different	JJ
circumstances	NNS
with	IN
different	JJ
facts	NNS
,	,
plaintiffs	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
satisfy	VB
this	DT
element	NN
.	.
Based	VBN
upon	IN
this	DT
fact	NN
alone	RB
,	,
plaintiffs	NNS
likely	JJ
face	NN
an	DT
insurmountable	JJ
obstacle	NN
in	IN
showing	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
sole	JJ
purpose	NN
of	IN
installing	VBG
cookies	NNS
on	IN
hard	JJ
drives	NNS
was	VBD
to	TO
commit	VB
a	DT
tortious	JJ
or	CC
criminal	JJ
act	NN
and	CC
not	RB
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
profit	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
plaintiffs	NNS
must	MD
show	VB
that	IN
the	DT
installation	NN
of	IN
cookies	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
accessing	NN
of	IN
information	NN
only	RB
one	CD
time	NN
amounted	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
$	$
5,000	CD
statutory	JJ
definition	NN
of	IN
damage	NN
.	.
Repeated	VBN
access	NN
to	TO
personal	JJ
information	NN
falls	VBZ
outside	IN
of	IN
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Computer	NN
Fraud	NNP
and	CC
Abuse	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
making	VBG
it	PRP
difficult	JJ
for	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
to	TO
reach	VB
and	CC
surmount	VB
this	DT
threshold	NN
.	.
Perhaps	RB
one	PRP
might	MD
argue	VB
that	IN
a	DT
website	NN
is	VBZ
guilty	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
public	JJ
disclosure	NN
of	IN
private	JJ
facts	NNS
''	''
tort	NN
by	IN
allowing	VBG
third	JJ
parties	NNS
to	TO
intercept	VB
and	CC
place	VB
cookies	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
hard	JJ
drive	NN
which	WDT
keeps	VBZ
track	NN
of	IN
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
voluntary	JJ
communications	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
website	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
this	DT
argument	NN
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
to	TO
fail	VB
because	IN
the	DT
website	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
disclosing	VBG
the	DT
information	NN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
collected	VBN
,	,
but	CC
rather	RB
is	VBZ
allowing	VBG
the	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
to	TO
collect	VB
the	DT
information	NN
through	IN
its	PRP$
site	NN
with	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
cookies	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
discussion	NN
will	MD
address	VB
how	WRB
courts	NNS
have	VBP
dealt	VBN
with	IN
trespass	NN
claims	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
spam	NN
and	CC
software	NN
robot	NN
cases	NNS
and	CC
how	WRB
the	DT
court	NN
's	POS
reasoning	NN
in	IN
those	DT
cases	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
applied	VBN
to	TO
cases	NNS
involving	VBG
cookies	NNS
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
is	VBZ
it	PRP
reasonable	JJ
to	TO
believe	VB
that	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
users	NNS
understand	VBP
what	WP
a	DT
cookie	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
its	PRP$
commercial	JJ
purpose	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
information	NN
it	PRP
collects	VBZ
?	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
simply	RB
unlikely	JJ
that	IN
individuals	NNS
accessing	VBG
these	DT
sites	NNS
convey	VBP
a	DT
knowing	VBG
and	CC
genuine	JJ
consent	NN
to	TO
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
cookies	NNS
on	IN
their	PRP$
computers	NNS
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
information	NN
on	IN
cookies	NNS
is	VBZ
often	RB
contained	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
websites	NNS
``	``
privacy	NN
''	''
policy	NN
can	MD
be	VB
misleading	JJ
.	.
Most	JJS
internet	NN
users	NNS
probably	RB
expect	VBP
such	PDT
a	DT
policy	NN
will	MD
explain	VB
how	WRB
the	DT
website	NN
protects	VBZ
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
privacy	NN
,	,
not	RB
how	WRB
it	PRP
deliberately	RB
invades	VBZ
it	PRP
.	.
By	IN
using	VBG
a	DT
cookie	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
to	TO
differentiate	VB
between	IN
fifty	CD
unique	JJ
people	NNS
visiting	VBG
a	DT
site	NN
and	CC
one	CD
person	NN
reloading	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
webpage	NN
fifty	CD
times	NNS
.	.
To	TO
track	VB
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
users	NNS
,	,
the	DT
site	NN
creates	VBZ
a	DT
new	JJ
ID	NNP
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
a	DT
visitor	NN
arrives	VBZ
and	CC
it	PRP
sends	VBZ
the	DT
ID	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
cookie	NN
to	TO
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
hard	JJ
drive	NN
.	.
The	DT
next	JJ
time	NN
the	DT
user	NN
returns	VBZ
the	DT
site	NN
can	MD
install	VB
a	DT
counter	NN
associated	VBN
with	IN
that	DT
ID	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
database	NN
and	CC
to	TO
know	VB
many	JJ
times	NNS
that	WDT
visitor	NN
returns	NNS
.	.
Microsoft	NNP
Internet	NNP
Explorer	NNP
,	,
cookies	NNS
were	VBD
placed	VBN
anonymously	RB
and	CC
without	IN
alerting	VBG
the	DT
user	NN
,	,
but	CC
now	RB
users	NNS
can	MD
set	VB
their	PRP$
browsers	NNS
alert	JJ
users	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
being	VBG
offered	VBD
a	DT
cookie	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
formatting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
may	MD
tell	VB
the	DT
user	NN
very	RB
little	JJ
about	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
actually	RB
being	VBG
stored	VBN
.	.
The	DT
applicability	NN
of	IN
cookies	NNS
under	IN
these	DT
circumstances	NNS
assumes	VBZ
that	IN
potential	JJ
suspects	NNS
did	VBD
not	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
delete	VB
cookies	NNS
from	IN
their	PRP$
computer	NN
or	CC
were	VBD
unaware	JJ
of	IN
other	JJ
techniques	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
manage	VB
cookies	NNS
.	.
Individuals	NNS
could	MD
prevent	VB
DoubleClick	NNP
from	IN
tracking	VBG
their	PRP$
internet	NN
use	NN
by	IN
``	``
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
visiting	VBG
the	DT
DoubleClick	NNP
Web	NNP
site	NN
and	CC
requesting	VBG
an	DT
opt-out	JJ
cookie	NN
;	:
and	CC
2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
configuring	VBG
their	PRP$
browsers	NNS
to	TO
block	VB
any	DT
cookies	NNS
from	IN
being	VBG
deposited	VBN
.	.
''	''
Id	NN
.	.
at	IN
504	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
internal	JJ
quotations	NNS
omitted	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
U.S.C.	NNP
2701	CD
et	FW
seq	FW
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
time	NN
that	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
sued	VBN
for	IN
violations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
ECPA	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Trade	NNP
Commission	NNP
was	VBD
investigating	VBG
DoubleClick	NNP
for	IN
unfair	JJ
and	CC
deceptive	JJ
trade	NN
practices	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
FTC	NNP
concluded	VBD
that	IN
DoubleClick	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
engage	VB
in	IN
unfair	JJ
or	CC
deceptive	JJ
trade	NN
practices	NNS
because	IN
it	PRP
only	RB
used	VBD
or	CC
disclosed	VBD
user	NN
's	POS
personal	JJ
identifiable	JJ
information	NN
for	IN
the	DT
purposes	NNS
explicitly	RB
referenced	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
company	NN
's	POS
privacy	NN
policy	NN
.	.
In	IN
re	NN
DoubleClick	NNP
,	,
154	CD
F.	NNP
Id	NN
.	.
at	IN
20	CD
.	.
Adopting	VBG
Pharmatrak	NNP
's	POS
argument	NN
,	,
would	MD
according	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
court	NN
,	,
``	``
lead	NN
to	TO
results	NNS
inconsistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
statutory	JJ
intent	NN
''	''
because	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
undercut	VB
efforts	NNS
to	TO
protect	VB
privacy	NN
and	CC
lead	NN
to	TO
irrational	JJ
results	NNS
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
Cape	NNP
Publications	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
840	CD
So	IN
.2	CD
d	SYM
at	IN
283	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
finding	NN
that	IN
allowing	VBG
representatives	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
news	NN
and	CC
media	NNS
to	TO
enter	VB
private	JJ
property	NN
where	WRB
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
disaster	NN
of	IN
great	JJ
public	JJ
interest	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
long	JJ
standing	NN
custom	NN
accepted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Third-party	JJ
cookies	NNS
refer	VBP
to	TO
content	JJ
such	JJ
as	IN
pictures	NNS
or	CC
video	NN
,	,
weather	NN
reports	NNS
,	,
stock	NN
and	CC
share	NN
price	NN
tickers	NNS
,	,
advertising	NN
images	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
content	JJ
served	VBN
from	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
page	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
is	VBZ
embedded	VBN
.	.
The	DT
rapid	JJ
increase	NN
in	IN
the	DT
volume	NN
of	IN
unsolicited	JJ
commercial	JJ
email	NN
threatens	VBZ
the	DT
convenience	NN
and	CC
efficiency	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
.	.
Congress	NNP
found	VBD
that	IN
over	IN
half	NN
of	IN
all	DT
email	NN
is	VBZ
unsolicited	JJ
commercial	JJ
email	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
up	RP
from	IN
7	CD
percent	NN
in	IN
2001	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
most	JJS
are	VBP
fraudulent	JJ
or	CC
deceptive	JJ
in	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
respects	NNS
.	.
The	DT
local	JJ
benefits	NNS
included	VBD
alleviating	VBG
the	DT
burden	NN
on	IN
Internet	NNP
service	NN
providers	NNS
,	,
preventing	VBG
inconvenience	NN
to	TO
individuals	NNS
who	WP
can	MD
not	RB
opt-out	VB
of	IN
receiving	VBG
the	DT
emails	NNS
,	,
and	CC
cost-shifting	NN
from	IN
deceptive	JJ
spammers	NNS
to	TO
individual	JJ
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
.	.
Specifically	RB
,	,
commentators	NNS
have	VBP
hypothesized	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
two	CD
provisions	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
that	WDT
spammers	NNS
are	VBP
most	RBS
likely	JJ
to	TO
challenge	VB
,	,
the	DT
labeling	VBG
requirements	NNS
and	CC
any	DT
establishment	NN
of	IN
a	DT
national	JJ
``	``
Do	VB
Not	RB
Email	NNP
''	''
Registry	NNP
,	,
should	MD
withstand	VB
a	DT
court	NN
's	POS
scrutiny	NN
.	.
The	DT
CAN-SPAM	NNP
Act	NNP
prevents	VBZ
spammers	NNS
from	IN
labeling	VBG
their	PRP$
email	NN
messages	NNS
in	IN
such	JJ
a	DT
way	NN
as	IN
to	TO
mislead	VB
consumers	NNS
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
contents	NNS
or	CC
subject	JJ
matter	NN
of	IN
the	DT
message	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
122	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
It	PRP
also	RB
provides	VBZ
that	IN
they	PRP
must	MD
allow	VB
consumers	NNS
to	TO
opt-out	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
emails	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
spammers	NNS
must	MD
provide	VB
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
nature	NN
and	CC
origin	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
messages	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
123	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
information	NN
requirement	NN
essentially	RB
forces	VBZ
the	DT
spammers	NNS
to	TO
``	``
speak	VB
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
124	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
speech	NN
is	VBZ
what	WP
may	MD
trigger	VB
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
concerns	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
possibility	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
may	MD
not	RB
truly	RB
prevent	VB
spam	NN
,	,
consumers	NNS
and	CC
businesses	NNS
alike	RB
looking	VBG
to	TO
combat	VB
the	DT
problem	NN
of	IN
spam	NN
may	MD
have	VB
to	TO
look	VB
to	TO
alternative	JJ
causes	NNS
of	IN
action	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
140	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Two	CD
possible	JJ
causes	NNS
of	IN
action	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
address	VB
spam	NN
are	VBP
common	JJ
law	NN
trespass	NN
and	CC
nuisance	NN
claims	NNS
.	.
Trespass	NN
to	TO
chattels	NNS
occurs	VBZ
when	WRB
one	CD
intentionally	RB
dispossess	NN
another	DT
of	IN
his	PRP$
chattel	NN
or	CC
uses	VBZ
or	CC
intermeddles	VBZ
with	IN
a	DT
chattel	NN
in	IN
the	DT
possession	NN
in	IN
another	DT
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
141	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
One	CD
problem	NN
that	WDT
arises	VBZ
in	IN
these	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
cases	NNS
is	VBZ
that	IN
liability	NN
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
to	TO
when	WRB
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
can	MD
show	VB
that	IN
he	PRP
suffered	VBD
actual	JJ
damage	NN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
spammers	NNS
'	POS
actions	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
142	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
CompuServe	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
v.	CC
Cyber	NNP
Promotions	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
143	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
an	DT
Ohio	NNP
district	NN
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
sending	VBG
of	IN
electronic	JJ
signals	NNS
could	MD
constitute	VB
a	DT
trespass	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
144	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
To	TO
satisfy	VB
the	DT
actual	JJ
damage	NN
requirement	NN
,	,
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
may	MD
show	VB
that	IN
the	DT
spam	NN
emails	NNS
demanded	VBD
disk	NN
space	NN
,	,
drained	VBN
processing	NN
power	NN
,	,
risked	VBD
impairment	NN
to	TO
future	JJ
service	NN
,	,
and	CC
increased	VBD
personal	JJ
costs	NNS
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
the	DT
spam	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
145	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Similarly	RB
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
in	IN
America	NNP
Online	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
v.	CC
Although	IN
nuisance	NN
claims	NNS
have	VBP
traditionally	RB
been	VBN
applied	VBN
in	IN
cases	NNS
involving	VBG
interference	NN
with	IN
property	NN
rights	NNS
and	CC
enjoyment	NN
,	,
like	IN
a	DT
nuisance	NN
to	TO
real	JJ
property	NN
,	,
spam	NN
also	RB
constitutes	VBZ
a	DT
substantial	JJ
and	CC
unreasonable	JJ
interference	NN
with	IN
the	DT
use	NN
and	CC
enjoyment	NN
of	IN
an	DT
ISP	NNP
's	POS
property	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
150	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
difference	NN
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
between	IN
trespass	NN
and	CC
nuisance	NN
claims	NNS
is	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
trespass	NN
``	``
is	VBZ
an	DT
act	NN
that	WDT
dispossesses	VBZ
the	DT
rightful	JJ
owner	NN
from	IN
his	PRP$
land	NN
,	,
''	''
while	IN
a	DT
nuisance	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
a	DT
substantial	JJ
and	CC
unreasonable	JJ
interference	NN
with	IN
the	DT
use	NN
and	CC
enjoyment	NN
of	IN
land	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
spammer	NN
's	POS
actions	NNS
``	``
inflicted	VBD
substantial	JJ
harm	NN
,	,
including	VBG
substantial	JJ
service	NN
disruptions	NNS
,	,
lost	VBD
access	NN
to	TO
communications	NNS
,	,
lost	VBD
time	NN
,	,
lost	VBD
income	NN
and	CC
lost	VBD
opportunities	NNS
.	.
''	''
Although	IN
individuals	NNS
and	CC
businesses	NNS
can	MD
connect	VB
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
directly	RB
,	,
most	RBS
do	VB
not	RB
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
expensive	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
connection	NN
.	.
5	CD
While	IN
governments	NNS
and	CC
universities	NNS
often	RB
have	VBP
their	PRP$
own	JJ
direct	JJ
connection	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
most	JJS
individuals	NNS
,	,
households	NNS
,	,
and	CC
business	NN
require	VBP
a	DT
``	``
provider	NN
''	''
for	IN
access	NN
.	.
Enter	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
Service	NNP
Provider	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
ISP	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
America	NNP
Online	NNP
,	,
NetZero	NNP
,	,
CompuServe	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Joi	NNP
are	VBP
examples	NNS
of	IN
ISPs	NNS
.	.
6	CD
These	DT
companies	NNS
enable	VBP
the	DT
home	NN
or	CC
business	NN
user	NN
to	TO
access	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
from	IN
their	PRP$
home	NN
or	CC
place	NN
of	IN
business	NN
either	CC
through	IN
dedicated	VBN
Internet	NNP
lines	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
ISDN	NNP
,	,
DSL	NNP
,	,
or	CC
T1	CD
,	,
or	CC
through	IN
a	DT
traditional	JJ
phone	NN
line	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
dial-up	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
7	CD
The	DT
user	NN
's	POS
computer	NN
must	MD
contain	VB
certain	JJ
hardware	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
modem	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
will	MD
enable	VB
the	DT
computer	NN
to	TO
access	VB
the	DT
ISP	NNP
's	POS
local	JJ
machinery	NN
.	.
8	CD
It	PRP
is	VBZ
through	IN
the	DT
ISP	NNP
's	POS
computers	NNS
and	CC
servers	NNS
that	IN
all	DT
Internet	NNP
``	``
interaction	NN
''	''
and	CC
``	``
transaction	NN
''	''
takes	VBZ
place	NN
,	,
including	VBG
surfing	NN
,	,
downloading	VBG
,	,
uploading	VBG
,	,
and	CC
streaming	VBG
.	.
It	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
noted	VBN
that	IN
``	``
ISP	NNP
''	''
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
and	CC
understood	VBN
differently	RB
,	,
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
context	NN
.	.
9	CD
Statutes	NNS
may	MD
sometimes	RB
contain	VB
similar	JJ
,	,
yet	RB
distinct	JJ
definitions	NNS
of	IN
ISP	NNP
that	WDT
vary	VBP
by	IN
the	DT
ISP	NNP
's	POS
particular	JJ
service	NN
.	.
10	CD
While	IN
AOL	NNP
and	CC
Comcast	NNP
are	VBP
commonly	RB
understood	VBN
as	IN
ISPs	NNS
,	,
under	IN
some	DT
statutory	JJ
definitions	NNS
Internet	NNP
``	``
service	NN
''	''
providers	NNS
may	MD
include	VB
libraries	NNS
,	,
Starbucks	NNP
,	,
or	CC
Georgia	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
.	.
11	CD
Furthermore	RB
,	,
ISPs	NNS
typically	RB
provide	VBP
more	JJR
than	IN
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
12	CD
Subscribers	NNS
are	VBP
frequently	RB
provided	VBN
with	IN
free	JJ
email	NN
and	CC
a	DT
certain	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
web	NN
space	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
user	NN
is	VBZ
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
create	VB
and	CC
store	VB
her	PRP$
own	JJ
web	NN
content	NN
.	.
13	CD
The	DT
web	NN
space	NN
will	MD
typically	RB
retain	VB
its	PRP$
physical	JJ
location	NN
on	IN
the	DT
computers	NNS
or	CC
servers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
ISP	NNP
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
explore	VB
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
ISP	NNP
liability	NN
in	IN
several	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
ISP	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
central	JJ
player	NN
in	IN
almost	RB
every	DT
Internet	NNP
user	NN
's	POS
online	JJ
experience	NN
.	.
18	CD
Can	MD
we	PRP
make	VB
the	DT
argument	NN
that	IN
an	DT
ISP	NN
should	MD
be	VB
liable	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
torts	NNS
of	IN
its	PRP$
customers	NNS
?	.
19	CD
What	WP
about	IN
the	DT
crimes	NNS
of	IN
its	PRP$
customers	NNS
?	.
20	CD
Are	VBP
ISPs	NNS
capable	JJ
of	IN
supervising	VBG
and	CC
regulating	VBG
their	PRP$
customers	NNS
?	.
Or	CC
as	IN
a	DT
mere	JJ
conduit	NN
to	TO
the	DT
``	``
information	NN
superhighway	NN
,	,
''	''
should	MD
ISPs	NNPS
be	VB
exempt	JJ
from	IN
all	DT
liability	NN
for	IN
user-created	JJ
harms	NNS
?	.
Deterrence	NN
and	CC
making	VBG
the	DT
victim	NN
``	``
whole	JJ
''	''
are	VBP
two	CD
goals	NNS
of	IN
tort	NN
law	NN
.	.
35	CD
Vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
effectuates	VBZ
these	DT
two	CD
goals	NNS
differently	RB
.	.
Arguably	RB
,	,
holding	VBG
liable	JJ
someone	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
technically	RB
``	``
innocent	JJ
''	''
of	IN
causing	VBG
a	DT
harm	NN
helps	VBZ
deter	VB
future	JJ
harms	NNS
by	IN
encouraging	VBG
the	DT
innocent	JJ
party	NN
to	TO
adopt	VB
better	JJR
safety	NN
precautions	NNS
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
situation	NN
,	,
the	DT
actual	JJ
tortfeasor	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
punished	VBN
and	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
held	VBN
accountable	JJ
for	IN
his	PRP$
actions	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
then	RB
no	DT
incentive	NN
for	IN
him	PRP
to	TO
modify	VB
his	PRP$
behavior	NN
and	CC
prevent	VB
future	JJ
harm	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
is	VBZ
premised	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
idea	NN
that	IN
the	DT
innocent	JJ
entity	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
held	VBN
liable	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
tortfeasor	NN
's	POS
actions	NNS
has	VBZ
some	DT
measure	NN
of	IN
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
actor	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
is	VBZ
a	DT
parent	NN
or	CC
an	DT
employer	NN
of	IN
the	DT
actor	NN
.	.
By	IN
holding	VBG
the	DT
parent	NN
liable	JJ
,	,
courts	NNS
provide	VBP
an	DT
incentive	NN
for	IN
that	DT
entity	NN
to	TO
exert	VB
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
actor	NN
and	CC
modify	VB
his	PRP$
behavior	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
way	NN
the	DT
goal	NN
of	IN
deterrence	NN
is	VBZ
met	VBN
.	.
Vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
may	MD
be	VB
necessary	JJ
to	TO
``	``
make	VB
the	DT
victim	NN
whole	NN
''	''
when	WRB
the	DT
actual	JJ
tortfeasor	NN
is	VBZ
unable	JJ
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
.	.
A	DT
child	NN
can	MD
not	RB
satisfy	VB
a	DT
large	JJ
monetary	JJ
judgment	NN
,	,
but	CC
its	PRP$
parent	NN
might	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
.	.
Similarly	RB
,	,
an	DT
employer	NN
,	,
because	IN
of	IN
insurance	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
in	IN
a	DT
better	JJR
position	NN
to	TO
compensate	VB
a	DT
victim	NN
than	IN
an	DT
employee	NN
making	VBG
minimum	JJ
wage	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
the	DT
employer	NN
has	VBZ
benefited	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
fruits	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
employee	NN
's	POS
labor	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
at	IN
least	JJS
up	RP
until	IN
the	DT
point	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
employee	NN
's	POS
negligence	NN
exposed	VBD
him	PRP
to	TO
liability	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
ISP-user	JJ
relationship	NN
can	MD
be	VB
distinguished	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
employer-employee	NN
or	CC
the	DT
publisher-author	NN
relationship	NN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
there	EX
remains	VBZ
an	DT
aspect	NN
of	IN
control	NN
that	WDT
ISPs	VBZ
exercise	NN
that	IN
resembles	VBZ
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
in	IN
the	DT
employer-employee	JJ
relationship	NN
.	.
39	CD
The	DT
ISP	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
access	NN
point	NN
through	IN
which	WDT
end-users	NNS
both	DT
push	VBP
content	JJ
out	IN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
receive	VB
content	NN
from	IN
other	JJ
users	NNS
.	.
40	CD
When	WRB
an	DT
ISP	NNP
provides	VBZ
users	NNS
with	IN
web	NN
space	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
message	NN
board	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
forum	NN
on	IN
which	WDT
users	NNS
may	MD
post	VB
and	CC
store	VB
content	NN
,	,
the	DT
ISP	NNP
is	VBZ
arguably	RB
in	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
position-next	NN
to	TO
the	DT
user	NN
himself-to	NN
control	NN
that	WDT
content	JJ
particularly	RB
because	IN
the	DT
content	NN
is	VBZ
physically	RB
stored	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
ISP	NNP
's	POS
servers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
ISP	NNP
has	VBZ
the	DT
power	NN
and	CC
ability	NN
to	TO
quickly	RB
delete	VB
the	DT
content	NN
or	CC
turn-off	NN
the	DT
entire	JJ
account	NN
.	.
41	CD
However	RB
,	,
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
massive	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
information	NN
posted	VBD
and	CC
transferred	VBD
across	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
ISPs	NNP
understandably	RB
argue	VBP
that	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
the	DT
power	NN
or	CC
the	DT
resources	NNS
to	TO
conveniently	RB
monitor	VB
and	CC
assess	VB
each	DT
transfer	NN
,	,
posting	VBG
,	,
etc.	FW
for	IN
unlawful	JJ
behavior	NN
.	.
Holding	VBG
ISPs	NNS
liable	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
end-users	NNS
actions	NNS
may	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
the	DT
ISPs	NNPS
helping	VBG
to	TO
deter	VB
future	JJ
unlawful	JJ
acts-whether	NN
from	IN
fear	NN
of	IN
users	NNS
losing	VBG
their	PRP$
Internet	NNP
access	NN
,	,
from	IN
fines	NNS
imposed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
ISP	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
term	NN
of	IN
the	DT
service	NN
contract	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
or	CC
fear	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
ISP	NNP
will	MD
turn	VB
end-users	NNS
over	IN
to	TO
the	DT
courts	NNS
.	.
Under	IN
respondeat	NN
superior	JJ
theory	NN
,	,
this	DT
is	VBZ
accomplished	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
employer	NN
deterring	VBG
the	DT
acts	NNS
of	IN
his	PRP$
employee-by	JJ
docking	NN
his	PRP$
pay	NN
,	,
demoting	VBG
him	PRP
,	,
or	CC
possibly	RB
firing	NN
him	PRP
.	.
Here	RB
,	,
the	DT
ISP	NNP
is	VBZ
soliciting	VBG
the	DT
end-users	NNS
business	NN
and	CC
risks	NNS
alienating	VBG
his	PRP$
customers	NNS
by	IN
trying	VBG
to	TO
deter	VB
these	DT
wrongful	JJ
acts	NNS
.	.
Interestingly	RB
,	,
the	DT
ISP	NNP
often	RB
benefits	NNS
,	,
at	IN
least	JJS
indirectly	RB
,	,
from	IN
users	NNS
'	POS
unlawful	JJ
activities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
ISP	NNP
is	VBZ
being	VBG
paid	VBN
for	IN
its	PRP$
service-to	JJ
provide	VBP
Internet	NNP
access	NN
to	TO
those	DT
who	WP
download	VBP
copyrighted	VBN
music	NN
,	,
to	TO
those	DT
that	WDT
defame	VBP
others	NNS
online	JJ
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
Undeniably	RB
,	,
ISPs	NNS
have	VBP
deeper	JJR
pockets	NNS
with	IN
which	WDT
to	TO
make	VB
victims	NNS
whole	JJ
.	.
A	DT
pair	NN
of	IN
recently	RB
filed	VBN
trademark	NN
cases	NNS
may	MD
introduce	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
component	NN
to	TO
the	DT
discussion	NN
of	IN
whether	IN
vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
should	MD
be	VB
applied	VBN
to	TO
ISPs	NNS
.	.
45	CD
Both	DT
cases	NNS
are	VBP
discussed	VBN
in	IN
more	JJR
detail	NN
below	IN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
each	DT
is	VBZ
premised	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
similar	JJ
argument	NN
.	.
In	IN
each	DT
case	NN
,	,
the	DT
defendant	NN
ISP	NNP
allegedly	RB
derives	VBZ
a	DT
direct	JJ
benefit	NN
from	IN
the	DT
allegedly	RB
infringing	VBG
material	NN
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
the	DT
actual	JJ
infringer	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
ISP	NNP
.	.
Plaintiffs	NNS
allege	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
ISPs	NNP
marketing	NN
and	CC
advertising	NN
encourages	VBZ
infringement	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
safe	JJ
harbor	NN
provision	NN
for	IN
ISPs	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
Trademark	NNP
law	NN
.	.
AOL	NNP
and	CC
its	PRP$
suppliers	NNS
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
liable	JJ
for	IN
any	DT
indirect	JJ
,	,
special	JJ
,	,
incidental	JJ
,	,
consequential	JJ
or	CC
exemplary	JJ
damage	NN
arising	VBG
from	IN
your	PRP$
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
AOL	NNP
services	NNS
,	,
software	NN
,	,
the	DT
internet	NN
or	CC
for	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
claim	NN
related	VBN
in	IN
any	DT
way	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
membership	NN
with	IN
AOL	NNP
.	.
There	EX
has	VBZ
apparently	RB
been	VBN
no	DT
litigation	NN
stemming	VBG
from	IN
these	DT
provisions	NNS
;	:
however	RB
,	,
traditional	JJ
contract	NN
law	NN
analysis	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
accepting	VBG
of	IN
these	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
adhesion	NN
contracts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
therefore	RB
they	PRP
are	VBP
unlikely	JJ
to	TO
afford	VB
ISPs	NNP
any	DT
protection	NN
should	MD
litigation	NN
arise	VB
.	.
Traditional	JJ
copyright	NN
law	NN
provided	VBD
three	CD
means	NNS
of	IN
liability	NN
for	IN
infringement	NN
:	:
direct	JJ
infringement	NN
,	,
contributory	NN
infringement	NN
,	,
and	CC
vicarious	JJ
infringement	NN
.	.
The	DT
Digital	NNP
Millennium	NNP
Copyright	NNP
Act	NNP
48	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
DMCA	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
effectively	RB
insulated	VBN
ISPs	NNS
from	IN
liability	NN
by	IN
creating	VBG
four	CD
``	``
safe	JJ
harbors	NNS
''	''
for	IN
ISPs	NNS
'	POS
violation	NN
of	IN
copyright	NN
laws	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
academics	NNS
have	VBP
argued	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
actually	RB
change	VB
the	DT
underlying	VBG
law-that	NN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
still	RB
applicable	JJ
if	IN
the	DT
safe	JJ
harbor	NN
provisions	NNS
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
met	VBN
.	.
49	CD
Under	IN
direct	JJ
liability	NN
,	,
ISPs	NNS
could	MD
be	VB
liable	JJ
for	IN
merely	RB
providing	VBG
Internet	NNP
service	NN
to	TO
an	DT
infringing	NN
user	NN
or	CC
for	IN
hosting	VBG
infringing	VBG
content	NN
on	IN
its	PRP$
servers	NNS
.	.
50	CD
Under	IN
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
,	,
this	DT
approach	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
have	VB
been	VBN
eliminated	VBN
,	,
provided	VBN
ISPs	NNP
avail	NN
themselves	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
safe	JJ
harbors	NNS
.	.
For	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
limitation	NN
,	,
relating	VBG
to	TO
transitory	JJ
communications	NNS
,	,
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
defines	VBZ
ISP	NNP
as	IN
``	``
an	DT
entity	NN
offering	VBG
the	DT
transmission	NN
,	,
routing	VBG
,	,
or	CC
providing	VBG
of	IN
connections	NNS
for	IN
digital	JJ
online	NN
communications	NNS
,	,
between	IN
or	CC
among	IN
points	NNS
specified	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
user	NN
,	,
of	IN
material	NN
of	IN
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
choosing	NN
,	,
without	IN
modification	NN
to	TO
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
the	DT
material	NN
as	IN
sent	VBN
or	CC
received	VBN
.	.
''	''
For	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
three	CD
limitations	NNS
,	,
``	``
service	NN
provider	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
as	IN
``	``
a	DT
provider	NN
of	IN
online	JJ
services	NNS
or	CC
network	NN
access	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
operator	NN
of	IN
facilities	NNS
therefore	RB
.	.
''	''
This	DT
safe	JJ
harbor	NN
protects	VBZ
an	DT
ISP	NNP
where	WRB
the	DT
provider	NN
merely	RB
acts	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
data	NN
conduit	NN
,	,
transmitting	VBG
digital	JJ
information	NN
from	IN
one	CD
point	NN
on	IN
a	DT
network	NN
to	TO
another	DT
at	IN
someone	NN
else	RB
's	POS
request	NN
.	.
This	DT
limitation	NN
covers	VBZ
acts	NNS
of	IN
transmission	NN
,	,
routing	VBG
,	,
or	CC
providing	VBG
connections	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
information	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
intermediate	JJ
and	CC
transient	JJ
copies	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
made	VBN
automatically	RB
in	IN
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
network	NN
.	.
The	DT
transmission	NN
must	MD
be	VB
initiated	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
person	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
provider	NN
.	.
This	DT
safe	JJ
harbor	NN
protects	VBZ
an	DT
ISP	NNP
where	WRB
the	DT
provider	NN
``	``
retains	VBZ
copies	NNS
,	,
for	IN
a	DT
limited	JJ
time	NN
,	,
of	IN
material	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
made	VBN
available	JJ
online	NN
by	IN
a	DT
person	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
provider	NN
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
transmitted	VBD
to	TO
a	DT
subscriber	NN
at	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
direction	NN
.	.
The	DT
service	NN
provider	NN
retains	VBZ
the	DT
material	NN
so	RB
that	IN
subsequent	JJ
requests	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
material	NN
can	MD
be	VB
fulfilled	VBN
by	IN
transmitting	VBG
the	DT
retained	VBN
copy	NN
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
retrieving	VBG
the	DT
material	NN
from	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
source	NN
on	IN
the	DT
network	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
provider	NN
must	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
rules	NNS
about	IN
``	``
refreshing	JJ
''	''
material-replacing	NN
retained	VBD
copies	NNS
of	IN
material	NN
with	IN
material	NN
from	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
location	NN
-	:
when	WRB
specified	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
a	DT
generally	RB
accepted	VBN
industry	NN
standard	NN
data	NNS
communication	NN
protocol	NN
.	.
Any	DT
material	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
posted	VBN
without	IN
the	DT
copyright	NN
owner	NN
's	POS
authorization	NN
must	MD
be	VB
removed	VBN
or	CC
blocked	VBN
promptly	RB
once	RB
the	DT
service	NN
provider	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
notified	VBN
that	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
removed	VBN
,	,
blocked	VBN
,	,
or	CC
ordered	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
removed	VBN
or	CC
blocked	VBN
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
originating	VBG
site	NN
.	.
ISPs	NNS
will	MD
cache	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
store	VBP
a	DT
copy	NN
on	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
server	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
material	NN
,	,
like	IN
a	DT
web	NN
page	NN
,	,
so	RB
that	IN
download	JJ
times	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
end-user	NN
are	VBP
quicker	JJR
and	CC
so	RB
that	IN
the	DT
ISP	NNP
can	MD
save	VB
bandwidth	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
having	VBG
each	DT
user	NN
tie	VB
up	RP
bandwidth	NN
when	WRB
accessing	VBG
it	PRP
.	.
So	RB
,	,
Comcast	NNP
might	MD
cache	VB
CNN	NNP
or	CC
ESPN	NNP
's	POS
homepage	NN
,	,
since	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
frequently	RB
visited	VBN
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
benefit	NN
of	IN
both	DT
the	DT
customer	NN
and	CC
the	DT
ISP	NNP
.	.
The	DT
provider	NN
must	MD
not	RB
have	VB
the	DT
requisite	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
knowledge	NN
that	IN
the	DT
material	NN
is	VBZ
infringing	VBG
.	.
The	DT
knowledge	NN
standard	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
as	IN
under	IN
the	DT
limitation	NN
for	IN
information	NN
residing	VBG
on	IN
systems	NNS
or	CC
networks	NNS
.	.
The	DT
advent	NN
of	IN
online	JJ
file-sharing	NN
,	,
particularly	RB
of	IN
mp3	CD
and	CC
other	JJ
music	NN
files	NNS
,	,
has	VBZ
resulted	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
string	NN
of	IN
cases	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
ISP	NNP
has	VBZ
not	RB
sought	VBN
refuge	NN
in	IN
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
's	POS
safe	JJ
harbors	NNS
.	.
To	TO
qualify	VB
for	IN
the	DT
safe	JJ
harbors	NNS
an	DT
ISP	NN
must	MD
block	VB
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
infringing	VBG
material	NN
once	RB
notified	VBN
of	IN
the	DT
infringement	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
sharing	VBG
of	IN
illegal	JJ
music	NN
files	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
primary	JJ
reason	NN
users	NNS
implement	VBP
P2P	NNP
software	NN
.	.
Blocking	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
infringing	VBG
files	NNS
would	MD
effectively	RB
kill	VB
the	DT
ISP	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	RB
seen	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
fate	NN
of	IN
Napster	NNP
following	VBG
its	PRP$
loss	NN
in	IN
court	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Additionally	RB
newer	JJR
P2P	NNP
models	NNS
are	VBP
decentralized	VBN
and	CC
may	MD
not	RB
even	RB
fit	VB
within	IN
the	DT
definition	NN
of	IN
ISP	NNP
under	IN
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
.	.
Vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
for	IN
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
requires	VBZ
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
infringer	NN
;	:
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
P2P	NNP
services	NNS
have	VBP
claimed	VBN
not	RB
to	TO
have	VB
that	DT
control	NN
.	.
In	IN
Napster	NNP
,	,
Napster	NNP
actually	RB
stored	VBD
indexes	NNS
of	IN
users	NNS
'	POS
mp3s	NNS
on	IN
its	PRP$
servers	NNS
which	WDT
users	NNS
then	RB
searched	VBD
.	.
52	CD
Napster	NNP
would	MD
connect	VB
the	DT
user	NN
to	TO
the	DT
file	NN
they	PRP
wished	VBD
to	TO
download	VB
at	IN
which	WDT
point	NN
the	DT
connection	NN
became	VBD
a	DT
P2P	NNP
connection	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
issued	VBD
an	DT
injunction	NN
against	IN
Napster	NNP
to	TO
stop	VB
the	DT
file	NN
sharing	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
had	VBD
established	VBN
a	DT
prima	NN
facie	NN
case	NN
of	IN
Napster	NNP
's	POS
direct	JJ
infringement	NN
for	IN
violating	VBG
the	DT
rights	NNS
of	IN
distribution	NN
and	CC
reproduction	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
also	RB
found	VBD
that	IN
Napster	NNP
had	VBD
specific	JJ
knowledge	NN
of	IN
infringement	NN
leading	VBG
to	TO
both	DT
contributory	NN
and	CC
vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
.	.
Because	IN
Napster	NNP
indexed	VBD
files	NNS
and	CC
used	VBD
an	DT
``	``
integrated	JJ
system	NN
''	''
in	IN
which	WDT
users	NNS
searched	VBD
those	DT
indexes	NNS
and	CC
then	RB
Napster	NNP
connected	VBD
them	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
infringing	VBG
files	NNS
,	,
Napster	NNP
materially	RB
contributed	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
infringement	NN
and	CC
therefore	RB
was	VBD
contributorily	RB
negligent	JJ
.	.
To	TO
establish	VB
vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
,	,
Napster	NNP
had	VBD
to	TO
financially	RB
benefit	VB
from	IN
the	DT
infringement	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
control	NN
over	IN
its	PRP$
users	NNS
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
financial	JJ
benefit	NN
because	IN
Napster	NNP
's	POS
business	NN
plan	NN
relied	VBN
on	IN
expanding	VBG
its	PRP$
user	NN
base	NN
,	,
which	WDT
was	VBD
accomplished	VBN
by	IN
facilitating	VBG
illegal	JJ
file	NN
sharing	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
also	RB
found	VBD
that	IN
Napster	NNP
had	VBD
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
control	VB
and	CC
supervise	VB
its	PRP$
users	NNS
.	.
Napster	NNP
indexed	VBD
the	DT
files	NNS
although	IN
they	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
analyze	VB
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
the	DT
files-still	NN
Napster	NNP
had	VBD
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
locate	VB
infringing	VBG
material	NN
using	VBG
its	PRP$
own	JJ
search	NN
function	NN
and	CC
had	VBD
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
terminate	VB
the	DT
account	NN
of	IN
users	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
infringing	VBG
.	.
Because	IN
Napster	NNP
could	MD
have	VB
exercised	VBN
this	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
control	NN
over	IN
its	PRP$
users	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
content	NN
,	,
Napster	NNP
could	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
vicariously	RB
liable	JJ
.	.
In	IN
Grokster	NNP
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
looked	VBD
more	RBR
closely	RB
at	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
.	.
Citing	VBG
Napster	NNP
I	PRP
,	,
it	PRP
listed	VBD
a	DT
three	CD
prong	NN
test	NN
for	IN
vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
direct	JJ
infringement	NN
by	IN
a	DT
primary	JJ
party	NN
;	:
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
direct	JJ
financial	JJ
benefit	NN
to	TO
the	DT
defendant	NN
;	:
and	CC
3	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
right	NN
and	CC
ability	NN
to	TO
supervise	VB
the	DT
infringers	NNS
.	.
Direct	NNP
infringement	NN
by	IN
a	DT
primary	JJ
party	NN
clearly	RB
occurred	VBD
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
then	RB
focused	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
the	DT
right	NN
and	CC
ability	NN
to	TO
control	VB
and	CC
did	VBD
not	RB
look	VB
at	IN
direct	JJ
financial	JJ
benefits	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
Grokster	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
other	JJ
defendants	NNS
used	VBN
P2P	NNP
software	NN
,	,
54	CD
the	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
no	DT
right	NN
or	CC
ability	NN
to	TO
control	VB
,	,
at	IN
least	JJS
under	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
versions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
software	NN
.	.
Examining	VBG
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
contributory	NN
infringement	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
laid	VBD
out	RP
a	DT
three	CD
prong	NN
test	NN
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
direct	JJ
infringement	NN
by	IN
a	DT
primary	JJ
user	NN
;	:
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
infringement	NN
;	:
and	CC
3	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
material	NN
contribution	NN
to	TO
the	DT
infringement	NN
.	.
Again	RB
,	,
clearly	RB
there	EX
was	VBD
direct	JJ
infringement	NN
.	.
Looking	VBG
at	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
knowledge	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
relied	VBD
heavily	RB
on	IN
Sony	NNP
Corp.	NNP
of	IN
America	NNP
v.	CC
Universal	NNP
City	NNP
Studios	NNP
.	.
56	CD
There	EX
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
there	EX
would	MD
be	VB
no	DT
contributory	NN
infringement	NN
even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
defendants	NNS
knew	VBD
that	IN
their	PRP$
product	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Beta	NN
Max	NNP
recorders	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
was	VBD
being	VBG
used	VBN
to	TO
commit	VB
infringement	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
product	NN
was	VBD
capable	JJ
of	IN
significant	JJ
non-infringing	JJ
uses	NNS
.	.
In	IN
Napster	NNP
the	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
if	IN
an	DT
ISP	NNP
could	MD
show	VB
a	DT
significant	JJ
non-infringing	JJ
use	NN
,	,
then	RB
knowledge	NN
could	MD
not	RB
be	VB
imputed	JJ
,	,
but	CC
that	DT
actual	JJ
knowledge	NN
of	IN
specific	JJ
infringing	VBG
files	NNS
would	MD
still	RB
create	VB
liability	NN
.	.
The	DT
Grokster	NNP
court	NN
then	RB
found	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
software	NN
was	VBD
capable	JJ
of	IN
non-infringing	JJ
uses	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
were	VBD
decentralized	VBN
,	,
they	PRP
also	RB
did	VBD
not	RB
have	VB
specific	JJ
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
infringement	NN
nor	CC
did	VBD
they	PRP
materially	RB
contribute	VBP
to	TO
it	PRP
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
never	RB
addressed	VBD
the	DT
applicability	NN
of	IN
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
's	POS
safe	JJ
harbor	NN
provisions	NNS
to	TO
Grokster-presumably	JJ
because	IN
the	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
were	VBD
decentralized	VBN
and	CC
did	VBD
not	RB
fall	VB
within	IN
the	DT
statutory	JJ
definition	NN
of	IN
ISP	NNP
.	.
This	DT
then	RB
creates	VBZ
a	DT
catch-22	NN
for	IN
those	DT
seeking	VBG
to	TO
impose	VB
ISP	NNP
liability	NN
.	.
If	IN
an	DT
entity	NN
abides	VBZ
by	IN
the	DT
rules	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
safe	JJ
harbors	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
specifically	RB
blocking	VBG
access	NN
once	RB
notified	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
even	RB
if	IN
infringement	NN
has	VBZ
occurred	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
past	NN
and	CC
maintains	VBZ
a	DT
central	JJ
server	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
then	RB
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
liability	NN
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
entity	NN
``	``
allows	VBZ
''	''
infringement	NN
but	CC
is	VBZ
decentralized	VBN
,	,
then	RB
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
liability	NN
.	.
In	IN
Aimster	NNP
court	NN
looked	VBD
primarily	RB
at	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
contributory	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
Applying	VBG
a	DT
similar	JJ
test	NN
to	TO
that	DT
seen	VBN
in	IN
Grokster	NNP
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
Aimster	NNP
did	VBD
have	VB
non-infringing	JJ
uses	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
Aimster	NNP
failed	VBD
to	TO
offer	VB
any	DT
evidence	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
actually	RB
was	VBD
used	VBN
for	IN
those	DT
non-infringing	JJ
purposes	NNS
.	.
Considering	VBG
vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
questioned	VBD
whether	IN
Aimster	NNP
could	MD
have	VB
exerted	VBN
control	NN
over	IN
its	PRP$
users	NNS
had	VBD
it	PRP
tried	VBD
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
then	RB
concluded	VBD
that	IN
its	PRP$
failure	NN
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
was	VBD
simply	RB
more	RBR
evidence	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
had	VBD
committed	VBN
contributory	JJ
infringement	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
Aimster	NNP
,	,
while	IN
eligible	NN
for	IN
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
's	POS
safe-harbors	NNS
,	,
did	VBD
not	RB
fit	VB
within	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Rather	RB
than	IN
complying	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
take-down	NN
notices	NNS
or	CC
seeking	VBG
to	TO
prevent	VB
repeat	NN
infringement	NN
,	,
Aimster	NNP
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
court	NN
's	POS
eyes	NNS
,	,
encouraged	VBD
infringement	NN
.	.
Aimster	NNP
's	POS
tutorial	NN
focused	VBD
solely	RB
on	IN
obtaining	VBG
copyrighted	VBN
musical	JJ
works	NNS
and	CC
Aimster	NNP
's	POS
sole	JJ
source	NN
of	IN
revenue	NN
from	IN
the	DT
site	NN
was	VBD
derived	VBN
from	IN
pointing	VBG
users	NNS
to	TO
copyrighted	VBN
works	NNS
which	WDT
could	MD
be	VB
downloaded	VBN
using	VBG
its	PRP$
software	NN
.	.
The	DT
courts	NNS
in	IN
Aimster	NNP
,	,
Napster	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Grokster	NNP
have	VBP
apparently	RB
laid	VBN
out	RP
a	DT
road	NN
map	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
ISPs	NNS
from	IN
vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
for	IN
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
At	IN
least	JJS
for	IN
now	RB
,	,
a	DT
P2P	NNP
service	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
decentralized	VBN
and	CC
avoids	VBZ
exerting	VBG
any	DT
control	NN
over	IN
its	PRP$
users	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
insulated	VBN
from	IN
vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
even	RB
without	IN
the	DT
protection	NN
of	IN
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
crop	NN
of	IN
P2P	CD
providers	NNS
appear	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
following	VBG
this	DT
model	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
RIAA	NNP
,	,
the	DT
primary	JJ
vehicle	NN
so	RB
far	RB
in	IN
online	JJ
copyright	NN
litigation	NN
has	VBZ
turned	VBN
its	PRP$
attention	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
legal	JJ
muscle	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
on	IN
end-users	NNS
.	.
In	IN
Verizon	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Recording	NNP
Industry	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
America	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
RIAA	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
sought	VBD
a	DT
subpoena	NN
compelling	JJ
Verizon	NNP
to	TO
disclose	VB
the	DT
identities	NNS
of	IN
users	NNS
identified	VBN
as	IN
illegal	JJ
file-sharers	NNS
.	.
This	DT
was	VBD
part	NN
of	IN
recent	JJ
suits	NNS
against	IN
individual	JJ
users	NNS
for	IN
illegal	JJ
file-sharing	NN
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
litigation	NN
actually	RB
centered	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
issuing	VBG
of	IN
subpoenas	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
tangentially	RB
affects	VBZ
ISP	NNP
liability	NN
.	.
The	DT
issue	NN
was	VBD
technical-whether	JJ
failure	NN
to	TO
include	VB
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
material	NN
to	TO
be	VB
blocked	VBN
or	CC
removed	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
ISP	NNP
in	IN
a	DT
subpoena	NN
was	VBD
fatal	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
subpoena	NN
.	.
59	CD
Verizon	NNP
argued	VBD
that	IN
when	WRB
they	PRP
were	VBD
a	DT
mere	JJ
conduit	NN
there	EX
was	VBD
nothing	NN
to	TO
block	VB
or	CC
delete	VB
.	.
The	DT
RIAA	NNP
argued	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
ISP	NNP
could	MD
terminate	VB
an	DT
account	NN
,	,
thus	RB
disabling	VBG
or	CC
removing	VBG
offending	VBG
content	NN
.	.
While	IN
this	DT
was	VBD
a	DT
technical	JJ
issue	NN
of	IN
statutory	JJ
construction	NN
,	,
an	DT
alternate	JJ
finding	NN
by	IN
the	DT
court	NN
would	MD
have	VB
opened	VBN
a	DT
new	JJ
avenue	NN
of	IN
potential	JJ
liability	NN
for	IN
ISPs-where	NNP
an	DT
ISP	NNP
refuses	VBZ
to	TO
terminate	VB
an	DT
account	NN
of	IN
a	DT
known	VBN
infringer	NN
even	RB
when	WRB
the	DT
ISP	NNP
is	VBZ
merely	RB
acting	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
conduit	NN
of	IN
information	NN
and	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
store	VB
any	DT
offending	VBG
material	NN
on	IN
its	PRP$
servers	NNS
,	,
the	DT
ISP	NNP
is	VBZ
liable	JJ
.	.
There	EX
has	VBZ
also	RB
been	VBN
litigation	NN
concerning	VBG
whether	IN
ISPs	NNS
are	VBP
eligible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
's	POS
safe-harbors	NNS
.	.
Hendrickson	NNP
was	VBD
a	DT
filmmaker	NN
who	WP
made	VBD
a	DT
documentary	NN
called	VBN
``	``
Manson	NNP
;	:
''	''
bootleg	NN
copies	NNS
of	IN
``	``
Manson	NNP
''	''
were	VBD
being	VBG
sold	VBN
on	IN
eBay	NNP
's	POS
site	NN
.	.
Hendrickson	NNP
notified	VBD
eBay	NNP
of	IN
this	DT
fact	NN
but	CC
did	VBD
specify	VB
which	WDT
listings	NNS
were	VBD
bootleg	JJ
copies	NNS
and	CC
which	WDT
were	VBD
legitimate	JJ
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
Hendrickson	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
satisfy	VB
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
's	POS
notification	NN
provisions	NNS
;	:
therefore	RB
eBay	NNP
had	VBD
no	DT
actual	JJ
or	CC
constructive	JJ
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
infringement	NN
or	CC
duty	NN
to	TO
act	VB
to	TO
stop	VB
the	DT
infringing	NN
activity	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
also	RB
found	VBD
that	IN
eBay	NNP
's	POS
policy	NN
of	IN
voluntary	JJ
policing	VBG
to	TO
qualify	VB
for	IN
DMCA	NNP
's	POS
safe	JJ
harbors	NNS
could	MD
not	RB
cause	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
lose	VB
immunity	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
``	``
Congress	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
intend	VB
for	IN
companies	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
eBay	NNP
to	TO
be	VB
penalized	VBN
when	WRB
they	PRP
engage	VBP
in	IN
voluntary	JJ
efforts	NNS
to	TO
combat	VB
piracy	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
''	''
In	IN
a	DT
similar	JJ
case	NN
,	,
a	DT
pornographic	JJ
website	NN
sued	VBD
an	DT
online	JJ
age	NN
verification	NN
service	NN
for	IN
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
questioned	VBD
whether	IN
the	DT
age	NN
verification	NN
service	NN
was	VBD
an	DT
ISP	NNP
,	,
but	CC
assumed	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
no	DT
evidence	NN
that	IN
Cybernet	NNP
had	VBD
actually	RB
terminated	VBN
any	DT
infringers	NNS
,	,
despite	IN
its	PRP$
claims	NNS
that	IN
it	PRP
had	VBD
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
then	RB
held	VBD
that	IN
``	``
Because	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
we	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
find	VBP
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
strong	JJ
likelihood	NN
that	WDT
Cybernet	NNP
can	MD
not	RB
establish	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
`	``
reasonably	RB
implemented	VBN
'	''
a	DT
policy	NN
directed	VBD
at	IN
terminating	VBG
repeat	NN
infringers	NNS
,	,
even	RB
in	IN
`	``
appropriate	JJ
circumstances	NNS
,	,
'	''
there	EX
is	VBZ
little	JJ
likelihood	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
avail	NN
itself	PRP
of	IN
section	NN
512	CD
's	POS
safe	JJ
harbors	NNS
.	.
''	''
LoopNet	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
ISP	NNP
that	WDT
allows	VBZ
its	PRP$
users	NNS
to	TO
post	VB
real	JJ
estate	NN
listings	NNS
online	VBP
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
those	DT
postings	NNS
contained	VBD
CoStar	NNP
's	POS
copyrighted	VBN
works	NNS
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
Web	NNP
site	NN
operator	NN
that	WDT
passively	RB
and	CC
innocently	RB
posts	NNS
infringing	VBG
material	NN
received	VBN
from	IN
its	PRP$
users	NNS
is	VBZ
not	RB
strictly	RB
liable	JJ
for	IN
violations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Copyright	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
it	PRP
fails	VBZ
to	TO
qualify	VB
for	IN
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
safe	JJ
harbor	NN
.	.
The	DT
panel	NN
split	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
question	NN
of	IN
just	RB
how	WRB
passive	JJ
the	DT
operator	NN
must	MD
be	VB
to	TO
invoke	VB
this	DT
immunity	NN
.	.
Trademark	NN
litigation	NN
concerning	VBG
ISP	NNP
liability	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
emerged	VBN
as	RB
quickly	RB
as	IN
analogous	JJ
litigation	NN
under	IN
copyright	NN
law	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
Tiffany	NNP
's	POS
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
jeweler	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
has	VBZ
recently	RB
filed	VBN
suit	NN
against	IN
EBay	NNP
for	IN
trademark	NN
violations	NNS
.	.
65	CD
Unlike	IN
copyrights	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
invoke	VBP
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
law	NN
dealing	VBG
explicitly	RB
with	IN
trademarks	NNS
and	CC
ISP	NNP
liability	NN
.	.
Tiffany	NNP
's	POS
estimates	NNS
that	IN
as	RB
much	JJ
as	IN
70	CD
%	NN
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
Tiffany	NNP
's	POS
''	''
jewelry	NN
listed	VBN
on	IN
eBay	NNP
is	VBZ
fake	JJ
.	.
Tiffany	NNP
's	POS
claims	NNS
are	VBP
based	VBN
on	IN
direct	JJ
and	CC
contributory	JJ
liability-although	JJ
the	DT
direct	JJ
liability	NN
claim	NN
is	VBZ
conceptually	RB
similar	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
claim	NN
under	IN
copyright	NN
.	.
Similar	JJ
to	TO
other	JJ
contexts	NNS
,	,
eBay	JJ
argues	VBZ
that	IN
its	PRP$
practice	NN
of	IN
take-down	NN
notices	NNS
is	VBZ
an	DT
appropriate	JJ
balance	NN
of	IN
between	IN
the	DT
duties	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
injured	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
ISP	NNP
.	.
A	DT
take-down	JJ
notice	NN
occurs	VBZ
where	WRB
the	DT
copyright	NN
or	CC
trademark	NN
holder	NN
informs	VBZ
the	DT
ISP	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
infringing	VBG
web	NN
content	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
ISP	NNP
then	RB
carries	VBZ
a	DT
duty	NN
to	TO
remove	VB
the	DT
content	NN
from	IN
the	DT
website	NN
.	.
Contributory	JJ
negligence	NN
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
rests	VBZ
on	IN
whether	IN
eBay	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
duty	NN
to	TO
actively	RB
search	VB
for	IN
counterfeit	NN
auctions	NNS
.	.
75	CD
Tiffany	NNP
's	POS
claims	NNS
that	IN
eBay	NNP
should	MD
ban	VB
any	DT
user	NN
offering	VBG
more	JJR
than	IN
five	CD
pieces	NNS
of	IN
Tiffany	NNP
's	POS
jewelry	NN
.	.
Like	IN
in	IN
a	DT
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
,	,
this	DT
claim	NN
is	VBZ
most	RBS
likely	JJ
based	VBN
on	IN
eBay	NNP
's	POS
knowledge	NN
of	IN
infringement	NN
and	CC
material	NN
contribution	NN
to	TO
it	PRP
.	.
Marvel	NNP
Comics	NNPS
,	,
the	DT
company	NN
that	WDT
publishes	VBZ
comics	NNS
featuring	VBG
Spiderman	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Hulk	NNP
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
famous	JJ
superheroes	NNS
has	VBZ
filed	VBN
suit	NN
against	IN
the	DT
makers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
game	NN
City	NNP
of	IN
Heroes	NNPS
.	.
76	CD
City	NNP
of	IN
Heroes	NNPS
is	VBZ
a	DT
MMORPG	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
massive	JJ
multi-player	JJ
online	JJ
role	NN
playing	NN
game	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
a	DT
game	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
thousands	NNS
of	IN
players	NNS
design	NN
and	CC
play	NN
as	IN
superheroes	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
online	JJ
virtual	JJ
city	NN
.	.
City	NNP
of	IN
Heroes	NNPS
'	POS
software	NN
,	,
like	IN
many	JJ
contemporary	JJ
video	NN
games	NNS
,	,
allows	VBZ
players	NNS
to	TO
create	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
character	NN
in	IN
the	DT
game	NN
using	VBG
thousands	NNS
of	IN
variations	NNS
in	IN
colors	NNS
,	,
physique	NN
,	,
clothing	NN
,	,
hair	NN
styles	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
The	DT
complaint	NN
alleges	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
makers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
game	NN
,	,
NCsoft	NNP
and	CC
Cryptic	NNP
Studios	NNP
,	,
should	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
liable	JJ
for	IN
users	NNS
who	WP
create	VBP
characters	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
game	NN
that	WDT
infringe	VBP
on	IN
Marvel	NNP
's	POS
copyrights	NNS
.	.
Marvel	NN
also	RB
alleges	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
makers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
game	NN
encourage	VB
this	DT
infringement	NN
;	:
the	DT
game	NN
's	POS
marketing	NN
uses	VBZ
the	DT
tagline	NN
``	``
bring	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
ing	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
world	NN
of	IN
comic	JJ
books	NNS
alive	JJ
.	.
''	''
Marvel	NN
alleges	VBZ
that	IN
because	IN
the	DT
makers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
game	NN
own	JJ
no	DT
copyrights	NNS
in	IN
comic	JJ
book	NN
heroes	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
encouraging	VBG
users	NNS
to	TO
infringe	VB
on	IN
Marvels	NNS
'	POS
and	CC
other	JJ
's	POS
copyrights	NNS
.	.
Marvel	NNP
has	VBZ
alleged	VBN
direct	JJ
,	,
vicarious	JJ
,	,
and	CC
contributory	JJ
copyright	NN
and	CC
trademark	NN
infringement	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
suit	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
video	NN
games	NNS
now	RB
offer	VBP
this	DT
``	``
create	VB
a	DT
character	NN
''	''
feature	NN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
City	NNP
of	IN
Heroes	NNPS
,	,
while	IN
not	RB
unique	JJ
,	,
offers	VBZ
online	JJ
game	NN
play	NN
,	,
which	WDT
both	DT
potentially	RB
allows	VBZ
the	DT
makers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
game	NN
to	TO
supervise	VB
players	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
the	DT
online	NN
``	``
arena	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
hosted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
company	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
may	MD
allow	VB
the	DT
makers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
game	NN
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
's	POS
safe	JJ
harbors	NNS
.	.
The	DT
law	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
impose	VB
a	DT
duty	NN
to	TO
actively	RB
monitor	VB
or	CC
search	VB
for	IN
child	NN
pornography	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
law	NN
did	VBD
impose	VB
liability	NN
regardless	RB
of	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
ISP	NNP
or	CC
its	PRP$
users	NNS
hosted	VBD
the	DT
material	NN
and	CC
regardless	RB
of	IN
where	WRB
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
the	DT
material	NN
was	VBD
found	VBN
or	CC
published	VBN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
the	DT
law	NN
defined	VBN
ISP	NNP
as	IN
``	``
a	DT
person	NN
who	WP
provides	VBZ
a	DT
service	NN
that	WDT
enables	VBZ
users	NNS
to	TO
access	NN
content	NN
,	,
information	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
-RRB-	-RRB-
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
,	,
''	''
exposing	VBG
not	RB
just	RB
conventional	JJ
ISPs	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Comcast	NNP
or	CC
AOL	NNP
to	TO
criminal	JJ
prosecution	NN
but	CC
also	RB
libraries	NNS
,	,
schools	NNS
,	,
Starbucks	NNP
,	,
and	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
place	NN
that	WDT
offered	VBD
Internet	NNP
access	NN
to	TO
users	NNS
.	.
Civil	JJ
liberties	NNS
groups	NNS
immediately	RB
raised	VBD
due	JJ
process	NN
and	CC
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
questions	NNS
regarding	VBG
this	DT
law	NN
.	.
119	CD
The	DT
law	NN
requires	VBZ
only	RB
a	DT
showing	NN
of	IN
probable	JJ
cause	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
that	IN
the	DT
material	NN
is	VBZ
child	NN
pornography	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
an	DT
ex	FW
parte	FW
hearing	NN
before	IN
the	DT
ISP	NNP
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
disable	VB
access	NN
.	.
The	DT
law	NN
also	RB
does	VBZ
not	RB
require	VB
notice	NN
to	TO
any	DT
person	NN
whose	WP$
speech	NN
is	VBZ
potentially	RB
curtailed	VBN
and	CC
access	NN
to	TO
lawful	JJ
websites	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
blocked	VBN
if	IN
they	PRP
share	VBP
an	DT
IP	NNP
address	NN
with	IN
a	DT
site	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
child	NN
pornography	NN
.	.
These	DT
issues	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
are	VBP
not	RB
directly	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
ISP	NNP
liability	NN
.	.
The	DT
law	NN
was	VBD
soon	RB
struck	VBN
down	RP
.	.
Apparently	RB
no	DT
other	JJ
states	NNS
have	VBP
passed	VBN
similar	JJ
legislation	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
wake	NN
of	IN
copyright	NN
lawsuits	NNS
and	CC
attempts	NNS
to	TO
find	VB
out	RP
who	WP
is	VBZ
liable	JJ
,	,
there	EX
has	VBZ
emerged	VBN
a	DT
technology	NN
``	``
bounty	NN
hunter	NN
''	''
of	IN
sorts	NNS
who	WP
surfs	VBZ
the	DT
Internet	NNP
looking	VBG
for	IN
illegal	JJ
file	NN
sharing	NN
.	.
128	CD
At	IN
Stanford	NNP
,	,
private	JJ
non-University	JJ
related	JJ
companies	NNS
who	WP
monitor	VBP
file	NN
downloading	VBG
and	CC
traffic	NN
report	NN
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
when	WRB
there	EX
has	VBZ
a	DT
been	VBN
a	DT
violation	NN
,	,
thus	RB
giving	VBG
the	DT
school	NN
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
handle	VB
the	DT
issue	NN
internally	RB
.	.
129	CD
The	DT
University	NNP
then	RB
uses	VBZ
a	DT
three-strikes	JJ
method	NN
for	IN
punishing	VBG
students	NNS
,	,
ultimately	RB
resulting	VBG
in	IN
suspended	VBN
Internet	NNP
privileges	NNS
.	.
130	CD
The	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
this	DT
type	NN
of	IN
company	NN
illustrates	VBZ
that	IN
copyright	NN
holders	NNS
have	VBP
created	VBN
a	DT
market	NN
for	IN
enforcing	VBG
infringement	NN
laws	NNS
.	.
One	CD
complication	NN
to	TO
Internet	NNP
regulation	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
limited	VBN
by	IN
formal	JJ
geographic	JJ
boundaries	NNS
.	.
Instead	RB
,	,
ISPs	NNS
outside	IN
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
can	MD
post	VB
content	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
reached	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
US	NNP
.	.
What	WP
does	VBZ
this	DT
mean	NN
for	IN
ISP	NNP
liability	NN
and	CC
Internet	NNP
regulation	NN
?	.
What	WP
have	VBP
other	JJ
countries	NNS
done	VBN
to	TO
confront	VB
the	DT
problem	NN
of	IN
user	NN
's	POS
cyber-torts	NNS
?	.
Holding	VBG
ISPs	NNS
liable	JJ
for	IN
user	NN
's	POS
tortious	JJ
and	CC
criminal	JJ
actions	NNS
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
novel	JJ
legal	JJ
concept	NN
for	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
millennium	NN
.	.
While	IN
courts	NNS
originally	RB
sought	VBD
to	TO
fit	VB
ISP	NNP
liability	NN
into	IN
traditional	JJ
legal	JJ
concepts	NNS
,	,
new	JJ
legislation	NN
proved	VBD
to	TO
enact	VB
an	DT
independent	JJ
statutory	JJ
scheme	NN
.	.
The	DT
DMCA	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
CDA	NNP
are	VBP
two	CD
clear	JJ
manifestations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Congressional	JJ
policy	NN
of	IN
fostering	VBG
Internet	NNP
growth	NN
and	CC
development	NN
by	IN
providing	VBG
legal	JJ
protection	NN
for	IN
the	DT
ISPs	NNS
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
its	PRP$
technology	NN
have	VBP
quickly	RB
developed	VBN
,	,
courts	NNS
have	VBP
begun	VBN
to	TO
fill	VB
the	DT
gap	NN
between	IN
Internet	NNP
pirates	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
law	NN
.	.
Soon	RB
the	DT
technology	NN
itself	PRP
will	MD
give	VB
necessary	JJ
teeth	NNS
to	TO
court	NN
rulings	NNS
and	CC
legislation	NN
so	RB
that	IN
law	NN
can	MD
become	VB
more	RBR
established	JJ
and	CC
more	RBR
present	JJ
in	IN
user	NN
's	POS
everyday	JJ
Internet	NNP
transactions	NNS
.	.
Listed	VBN
above	IN
are	VBP
different	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
downloadable	JJ
software	NN
that	WDT
enable	VBP
an	DT
Internet	NNP
user	NN
to	TO
infringe	VB
thousands	NNS
of	IN
copyrights	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
of	IN
these	DT
applications	NNS
enables	VBZ
the	DT
user	NN
to	TO
enter	VB
into	IN
some	DT
variation	NN
of	IN
Peer-to-Peer	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
P2P	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
file	NN
sharing	NN
where	WRB
two	CD
computers	NNS
conduct	VBP
a	DT
transfer	NN
of	IN
a	DT
certain	JJ
file	NN
which	WDT
may	MD
or	CC
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
copyrighted	VBN
material	NN
.	.
Once	RB
downloaded	VBN
and	CC
installed	VBN
on	IN
your	PRP$
computer	NN
,	,
these	DT
software	NN
programs	NNS
will	MD
provide	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
a	DT
user-friendly	JJ
interface	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
can	MD
efficiently	RB
steal	VB
tens	NNS
of	IN
thousands	NNS
of	IN
dollars	NNS
worth	NN
of	IN
copyrighted	VBN
media	NNS
.	.
To	TO
download	VB
an	DT
mp3	JJ
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
Kazaa	NNP
will	MD
prompt	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
search	VB
for	IN
a	DT
specific	JJ
song	NN
,	,
movie	NN
,	,
or	CC
television	NN
show	NN
and	CC
then	RB
provide	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
potential	JJ
users	NNS
from	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
can	MD
illegally	RB
download	VB
your	PRP$
now	RB
``	``
pirated	VBN
''	''
media	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
many	JJ
are	VBP
wary	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
illegality	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
particularly	RB
after	IN
the	DT
wave	NN
of	IN
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
suits	NNS
against	IN
these	DT
users	NNS
,	,
the	DT
technology	NN
has	VBZ
sought	VBN
to	TO
reduce	VB
the	DT
trail	NN
of	IN
such	PDT
an	DT
``	``
illicit	JJ
''	''
transaction	NN
.	.
BitTorrent	NNP
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
takes	VBZ
a	DT
given	VBN
file	NN
and	CC
divides	VBZ
it	PRP
into	IN
``	``
shards	NNS
''	''
for	IN
easier	JJR
download	NN
.	.
The	DT
file	NN
is	VBZ
then	RB
downloaded	VBN
piecemeal	RB
,	,
from	IN
multiple	JJ
users	NNS
,	,
thereby	RB
avoiding	VBG
the	DT
``	``
privity	NN
''	''
of	IN
a	DT
P2P	JJ
relationship	NN
.	.
Interestingly	RB
enough	RB
,	,
the	DT
mere	JJ
existence	NN
of	IN
these	DT
hyperlinks	NNS
on	IN
this	DT
website	NN
could	MD
expose	VB
this	DT
website	NN
to	TO
contributory	JJ
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
liability	NN
.	.
Or	CC
could	MD
it	PRP
?	.
In	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
Universal	NNP
City	NNP
Studios	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
v.	CC
Reimerdes	NNP
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
suggested	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
mere	JJ
linking	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
download	NN
of	IN
copyrighted	VBN
material	NN
may	MD
expose	VB
a	DT
site	NN
to	TO
liability	NN
for	IN
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
court	NN
looked	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
nexus	NN
between	IN
the	DT
hyperlink	NN
and	CC
the	DT
actual	JJ
download	NN
in	IN
assessing	VBG
liability	NN
,	,
it	PRP
asserted	VBD
that	IN
``	``
sites	NNS
that	WDT
automatically	RB
commence	VBP
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
downloading	VBG
upon	IN
a	DT
user	NN
being	VBG
transferred	VBN
by	IN
defendants	NNS
'	POS
hyperlinks	NNS
,	,
there	EX
can	MD
be	VB
no	DT
question	NN
.	.
Defendants	NNS
are	VBP
engaged	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
functional	JJ
equivalent	NN
of	IN
transferring	VBG
the	DT
code	NN
to	TO
the	DT
user	NN
themselves	PRP
.	.
Substantially	RB
the	DT
same	JJ
is	VBZ
true	JJ
of	IN
defendants	NNS
'	POS
hyperlinks	NNS
to	TO
web	NN
pages	NNS
...	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
-RRB-	-RRB-
present	VBP
the	DT
user	NN
only	RB
with	IN
the	DT
choice	NN
of	IN
commencing	VBG
a	DT
download	NN
of	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
copyrighted	VBN
material	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
no	DT
other	JJ
content	NN
.	.
''	''
While	IN
the	DT
download	NN
of	IN
the	DT
software	NN
applications	NNS
listed	VBN
above	RB
is	VBZ
not	RB
restricted	VBN
by	IN
copyright	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
making	VBG
the	DT
download	JJ
legal	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
software	NN
enables	VBZ
users	NNS
to	TO
effectively	RB
plunder	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
of	IN
otherwise	RB
copyrighted	VBN
material	NN
.	.
Electronic	JJ
Frontier	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
called	VBN
many	JJ
things	NNS
,	,
and	CC
for	IN
children	NNS
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
virtual	JJ
playground	NN
,	,
complete	JJ
with	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
fun	NN
and	CC
excitement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
playgrounds	NNS
frequented	VBN
by	IN
children	NNS
years	NNS
ago	RB
.	.
Ever	RB
since	IN
the	DT
dawn	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
child	NN
predators	NNS
have	VBP
found	VBN
a	DT
new	JJ
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
their	PRP$
eyes	NNS
,	,
useful	JJ
tool	NN
in	IN
fulfilling	VBG
their	PRP$
illicit	JJ
sexual	JJ
desires	NNS
.	.
Law	NNP
enforcement	NN
agencies	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
forced	VBN
to	TO
play	VB
catch-up	NN
with	IN
these	DT
loathsome	JJ
creatures	NNS
lurking	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
darkness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
They	PRP
seem	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
missing	VBG
the	DT
point	NN
-	:
The	DT
only	JJ
people	NNS
who	WP
can	MD
``	``
protect	VB
''	''
the	DT
children	NNS
ARE	VBP
the	DT
parents	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
laws	NNS
in	IN
place	NN
to	TO
prosecute	VB
the	DT
offenders	NNS
after	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
arrested	VBN
,	,
but	CC
that	DT
is	VBZ
missing	VBG
the	DT
point	NN
of	IN
what	WP
can	MD
be	VB
done	VBN
to	TO
protect	VB
.	.
As	RB
will	MD
be	VB
discussed	VBN
later	RB
,	,
protection	NN
begins	VBZ
at	IN
home	NN
.	.
Whoever	WP
knowingly	RB
persuades	VBZ
,	,
induces	VBZ
,	,
entices	VBZ
,	,
or	CC
coerces	VBZ
any	DT
individual	JJ
to	TO
travel	VB
in	IN
interstate	JJ
or	CC
foreign	JJ
commerce	NN
,	,
or	CC
in	IN
any	DT
Territory	NN
or	CC
Possession	NN
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
to	TO
engage	VB
in	IN
prostitution	NN
,	,
or	CC
in	IN
any	DT
sexual	JJ
activity	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
any	DT
person	NN
can	MD
be	VB
charged	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
criminal	JJ
offense	NN
,	,
or	CC
attempts	NNS
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
,	,
shall	MD
be	VB
fined	VBN
under	IN
this	DT
title	NN
or	CC
imprisoned	VBN
not	RB
more	RBR
than	IN
20	CD
years	NNS
,	,
or	CC
both	DT
.	.
Whoever	WP
,	,
using	VBG
the	DT
mail	NN
or	CC
any	DT
facility	NN
or	CC
means	NNS
of	IN
interstate	JJ
or	CC
foreign	JJ
commerce	NN
,	,
or	CC
within	IN
the	DT
special	JJ
maritime	NN
and	CC
territorial	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
knowingly	RB
persuades	VBZ
,	,
induces	VBZ
,	,
entices	VBZ
,	,
or	CC
coerces	VBZ
any	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
not	RB
attained	VBN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
18	CD
years	NNS
,	,
to	TO
engage	VB
in	IN
prostitution	NN
or	CC
any	DT
sexual	JJ
activity	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
any	DT
person	NN
can	MD
be	VB
charged	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
criminal	JJ
offense	NN
,	,
or	CC
attempts	NNS
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
,	,
shall	MD
be	VB
fined	VBN
under	IN
this	DT
title	NN
and	CC
imprisoned	VBD
not	RB
less	JJR
than	IN
5	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
not	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
30	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Court	NNP
decided	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
irrelevant	JJ
whether	IN
he	PRP
was	VBD
actually	RB
speaking	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
minor	JJ
or	CC
a	DT
purported	JJ
minor	JJ
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
his	PRP$
intent	NN
to	TO
have	VB
sex	NN
with	IN
a	DT
minor	JJ
AND	CC
his	PRP$
actions	NNS
towards	IN
the	DT
fulfillment	NN
of	IN
that	DT
intent	NN
that	WDT
allowed	VBD
the	DT
government	NN
to	TO
secure	VB
the	DT
conviction	NN
.	.
Court	NNP
viewed	VBD
Murrell	NNP
's	POS
actions	NNS
as	IN
dispositive	JJ
of	IN
his	PRP$
intent	NN
,	,
though	IN
it	PRP
pointed	VBD
out	RP
that	IN
the	DT
government	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
carry	VB
the	DT
burden	NN
of	IN
having	VBG
to	TO
prove	VB
intent	NN
under	IN
the	DT
plain	JJ
language	NN
definition	NN
of	IN
intent	NN
coupled	VBN
with	IN
18	CD
U.S.C.	NNP
2422	CD
.	.
Phew	NNP
,	,
simply	RB
make	VB
the	DT
approach	NN
and	CC
you	PRP
are	VBP
gone	VBN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
just	RB
recently	RB
,	,
the	DT
11th	JJ
Circuit	NNP
Court	NNP
of	IN
Appeals	NNPS
ruled	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
's	POS
power	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
reach	VB
far	RB
enough	RB
to	TO
prosecute	VB
a	DT
Florida	NNP
man	NN
for	IN
possessing	VBG
child	NN
pornography	NN
on	IN
computer	NN
discs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
main	JJ
stumbling	VBG
block	NN
for	IN
the	DT
government	NN
was	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
discs	NNS
were	VBD
recorded	VBN
after	IN
he	PRP
crossed	VBD
the	DT
lines	NNS
.	.
No.	NN
03-14326	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
11th	JJ
Cir	NNP
.	.
Oct.	NNP
1	CD
,	,
2004	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
case	NN
seemed	VBD
to	TO
hinge	VB
on	IN
the	DT
inability	NN
to	TO
prove	VB
the	DT
source	NN
of	IN
the	DT
images	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
discs	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
widely	RB
accepted	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
IS	VBZ
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
decision	NN
may	MD
have	VB
troubling	JJ
ramifications	NNS
if	IN
the	DT
government	NN
can	MD
not	RB
prove	VB
clearly	RB
where	WRB
the	DT
predator	NN
met	VBD
the	DT
child	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
in	IN
the	DT
cases	NNS
of	IN
actually	RB
children	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Does	VBZ
this	DT
necessity	NN
of	IN
proving	VBG
source	NN
trouble	NN
anyone	NN
?	.
Does	VBZ
it	PRP
make	VB
investigations	NNS
to	TO
expensive	JJ
and	CC
difficult	JJ
.	.
How	WRB
hard	JJ
is	VBZ
it	PRP
now	RB
for	IN
the	DT
government	NN
to	TO
prove	VB
source	NN
given	VBN
the	DT
high-tech	JJ
encoding	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
devices	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
tech-savvy	JJ
predators	NNS
?	.
A	DT
law-enforcement	JJ
investigator	NN
posts	NNS
a	DT
profile	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
or	CC
goes	VBZ
into	IN
a	DT
chatroom	NN
posing	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
girl	NN
or	CC
boy	NN
,	,
usually	RB
in	IN
the	DT
age	NN
range	NN
of	IN
13	CD
to	TO
15	CD
and	CC
waits	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
contacted	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
adult	NN
seeking	VBG
a	DT
young	JJ
adolescent	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
sexual	JJ
encounter	NN
.	.
The	DT
investigator	NN
responds	VBZ
to	TO
a	DT
conversation	NN
initiated	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
offender	NN
and	CC
allows	VBZ
the	DT
offender	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
relationship	NN
that	WDT
culminates	VBZ
in	IN
a	DT
face-to-face	JJ
meeting	NN
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
offender	NN
is	VBZ
arrested	VBN
.	.
The	DT
offender	NN
is	VBZ
charged	VBN
with	IN
attempted	JJ
sexual	JJ
assault	NN
and	CC
,	,
in	IN
some	DT
jurisdictions	NNS
,	,
illegal	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
to	TO
solicit	VB
a	DT
minor	JJ
.	.
In	IN
some	DT
cases	NNS
other	JJ
crimes	NNS
,	,
like	IN
distribution	NN
of	IN
child	NN
pornography	NN
,	,
are	VBP
committed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
problems	NNS
faced	VBN
by	IN
these	DT
``	``
proactive	JJ
''	''
investigations	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
train	VB
police	NN
officers	NNS
in	IN
high-tech	JJ
computer	NN
work	NN
,	,
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
maintaining	VBG
evidentiary	JJ
protocols	NNS
.	.
This	DT
means	VBZ
costs	NNS
to	TO
maintain	VB
technology	NN
and	CC
technology-skill	NN
bases	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
seems	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
pay	NN
off	RP
is	VBZ
strong	JJ
given	VBN
the	DT
ease	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
arrests	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
and	CC
also	RB
with	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
offenders	NNS
are	VBP
willing	JJ
to	TO
``	``
play	VB
online	NN
.	.
''	''
Evil	NNP
,	,
by	IN
Terrence	NNP
Berg	NNP
,	,
a	DT
then	RB
assistant	JJ
attorney	NN
general	NN
and	CC
chief	NN
of	IN
the	DT
High	NNP
Tech	NNP
Crime	NNP
Unit	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Michigan	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Attorney	NNP
General	NNP
,	,
details	NNS
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
trials	NNS
and	CC
tribulations	NNS
faced	VBN
by	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
.	.
``	``
The	DT
Internet	NNP
has	VBZ
made	VBN
it	PRP
possible	JJ
for	IN
predators	NNS
to	TO
find	VB
entire	JJ
online	JJ
fraternities	NNS
of	IN
pedophiles	NNS
with	IN
which	WDT
to	TO
share	VB
experiences	NNS
,	,
to	TO
transmit	VB
child	NN
pornography	NN
instantly	RB
and	CC
anonymously	RB
to	TO
one	CD
another	DT
and	CC
experience	VB
the	DT
comfort	NN
of	IN
a	DT
reassuring	JJ
support	NN
group	NN
.	.
Worse	JJR
yet	RB
,	,
modern	JJ
encryption	NN
technology	NN
also	RB
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
possible	JJ
for	IN
all	DT
these	DT
transmissions	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
hidden	VBN
in	IN
virtually	RB
unbreakable	JJ
code	NN
.	.
''	''
Is	VBZ
there	RB
enough	JJ
funding	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
keep	VB
up	RP
with	IN
these	DT
people	NNS
?	.
Another	DT
issue	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
looking	VBG
at	IN
the	DT
statistics	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
true	JJ
``	``
pedophile	NN
''	''
who	WP
is	VBZ
lurking	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
electronic	JJ
darkness	NN
,	,
but	CC
someone	NN
more	RBR
sophisticated	JJ
and	CC
dangerous	JJ
-	:
a	DT
male	NN
with	IN
a	DT
taste	NN
for	IN
younger	JJR
women	NNS
,	,
teenagers	NNS
.	.
These	DT
teenagers	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
swayed	VBN
with	IN
talk	NN
of	IN
relationships	NNS
,	,
and	CC
presents	VBZ
etc.	FW
.	.
The	DT
statistics	NNS
hold	VBP
this	DT
out	IN
to	TO
be	VB
true	JJ
:	:
The	DT
offender	NN
gave	VBD
or	CC
offered	VBD
victim	NN
money	NN
or	CC
gifts	NNS
47	CD
%	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
52	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
victim	NN
was	VBD
in	IN
love	NN
or	CC
felt	VBD
close	RB
to	TO
offender	NN
50	CD
%	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
60	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
No	DT
parent	NN
wants	VBZ
to	TO
deny	VB
their	PRP$
child	NN
the	DT
emotional	JJ
growth	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
experienced	VBN
during	IN
adolescence	NN
,	,
but	CC
by	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
token	JJ
,	,
parents	NNS
whould	VBP
be	VB
far	RB
more	RBR
aware	JJ
of	IN
what	WP
their	PRP$
child	NN
is	VBZ
doing	VBG
and	CC
exactly	RB
how	WRB
much	RB
the	DT
odds	NNS
are	VBP
stacked	VBN
against	IN
the	DT
parents	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
regard	NN
.	.
Their	PRP$
website	NN
provides	VBZ
more	JJR
warning	NN
signs	NNS
that	IN
a	DT
child	NN
may	MD
be	VB
involved	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
online	NN
relationship	NN
-	:
a	DT
case	NN
of	IN
closing	VBG
the	DT
barn	NN
door	NN
after	IN
the	DT
horse	NN
has	VBZ
fled	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
paramount	JJ
to	TO
preempt	VB
children	NNS
and	CC
make	VB
them	PRP
aware	JJ
of	IN
their	PRP$
surroundings	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
digital	JJ
world	NN
.	.
This	DT
issue	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
easily	RB
solved	VBD
;	:
however	RB
,	,
and	CC
as	IN
with	IN
all	DT
efforts	NNS
at	IN
enforcement	NN
,	,
severe	JJ
regulation	NN
only	RB
drives	VBZ
the	DT
problem	NN
deeper	RBR
underground	JJ
and	CC
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
light	NN
.	.
The	DT
one	CD
theme	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
parents	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
become	VB
more	RBR
involved	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
front	JJ
end	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
help	VB
their	PRP$
children	NNS
learn	VBP
to	TO
spot	VB
potential	JJ
predators	NNS
,	,
and	CC
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
government	NN
and	CC
the	DT
private	JJ
sector	NN
need	VBP
to	TO
come	VB
together	RB
to	TO
create	VB
software	NN
and	CC
statutes	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
ironclad	JJ
and	CC
will	MD
withstand	VB
any	DT
attacks	NNS
by	IN
groups	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
ACLU	NNP
.	.
Lastly	RB
,	,
police	NN
forces	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
continue	VB
to	TO
train	VB
and	CC
enforce	VB
though	IN
pro-active	JJ
investigations	NNS
.	.
These	DT
investigations	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
sole	JJ
true	JJ
buffer	NN
between	IN
sex-offenders	NNS
and	CC
young	JJ
people	NNS
using	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
NOTE	VB
:	:
the	DT
court	NN
cases	NNS
cited	VBN
by	IN
this	DT
article	NN
may	MD
be	VB
accessed	VBN
via	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
by	IN
following	VBG
the	DT
hyperlink	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Footnotes	NNP
.	.
A	DT
particular	JJ
footnote	NN
may	MD
be	VB
navigated	VBN
to	TO
by	IN
clicking	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
footnote	NN
reference	NN
located	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
document	NN
.	.
Imagine	VB
that	DT
today	NN
at	IN
school	NN
Lindsey	NNP
,	,
a	DT
determined	VBN
sixth	JJ
grader	NN
,	,
had	VBD
a	DT
lesson	NN
concerning	VBG
the	DT
President	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
White	NNP
House	NNP
.	.
Her	PRP$
teacher	NN
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
lecture	NN
,	,
mentions	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
White	NNP
House	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
an	DT
area	NN
devoted	VBN
just	RB
for	IN
kids	NNS
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
can	MD
look	VB
up	RP
the	DT
site	NN
at	IN
home	NN
at	IN
http://www.whitehouse.gov	NN
.	.
The	DT
site	NN
whitehouse.com	NN
was	VBD
originally	RB
created	VBN
in	IN
1997	CD
as	IN
a	DT
place	NN
for	IN
uncensored	JJ
discussion	NN
on	IN
government	NN
policies	NNS
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
owner	NN
quickly	RB
learned	VBD
that	IN
running	VBG
a	DT
pornographic	JJ
website	NN
was	VBD
much	RB
more	RBR
profitable	JJ
than	IN
political	JJ
commentary	NN
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
has	VBZ
come	VBN
to	TO
play	VB
an	DT
ever	RB
increasing	VBG
important	JJ
role	NN
in	IN
the	DT
everyday	JJ
lives	NNS
of	IN
Americans	NNPS
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
the	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
children	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
use	VBP
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
From	IN
1997	CD
to	TO
2001	CD
,	,
the	DT
percentage	NN
of	IN
American	JJ
children	NNS
using	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
increased	VBD
from	IN
approximately	RB
one-third	JJ
to	TO
two-thirds	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
commercial	JJ
vehicle	NN
is	VBZ
projected	VBN
to	TO
increase	VB
phenomenally	RB
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
Cybersquatting	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
registration	NN
of	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
another	DT
entity	NN
's	POS
famous	JJ
mark	NN
or	CC
trademark	NN
in	IN
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
profit	VB
from	IN
selling	VBG
the	DT
mark	NN
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
owner	NN
of	IN
the	DT
trademark	NN
or	CC
rightful	JJ
user	NN
of	IN
the	DT
famous	JJ
mark	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
On	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
an	DT
ongoing	JJ
struggle	NN
between	IN
the	DT
owners	NNS
of	IN
trademarks	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
bad	JJ
faith	NN
use	NN
of	IN
confusingly	RB
similar	JJ
domain	NN
names	NNS
.	.
DNS	NNS
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
possible	JJ
to	TO
type	NN
into	IN
a	DT
browser	NN
the	DT
name	NN
``	``
www.yahoo.com	NN
''	''
instead	RB
of	IN
``	``
216.109.117.106	CD
''	''
to	TO
enable	VB
a	DT
computer	NN
to	TO
download	VB
Yahoo	NNP
!	.
's	POS
home	NN
page	NN
.	.
To	TO
register	VB
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
,	,
a	DT
fee	NN
must	MD
be	VB
paid	VBN
to	TO
any	DT
of	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
private	JJ
domain	NN
registrars	NNS
that	WDT
compete	VBP
with	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
.	.
The	DT
ubiquitous	JJ
''	''
.	.
com	NN
''	''
in	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
refers	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
top	JJ
level	NN
domain	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
TLD	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
indicates	VBZ
what	WP
zone	NN
the	DT
domain	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
in	IN
.	.
DNS	NNS
resolves	VBZ
domain	NN
names	NNS
from	IN
right	NN
to	TO
left	VBN
so	RB
that	IN
when	WRB
a	DT
request	NN
for	IN
yahoo.com	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
,	,
the	DT
DNS	NNP
server	NN
knows	VBZ
to	TO
search	VB
for	IN
``	``
yahoo	NN
''	''
in	IN
the	DT
''	''
.	.
com	NN
''	''
directory	NN
.	.
The	DT
TLD	NNP
''	''
.	.
com	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
pronounced	JJ
dot-com	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
an	DT
abbreviation	NN
for	IN
``	``
commercial	JJ
''	''
and	CC
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
by	IN
commercial	JJ
web	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
cyberpirates	NNS
are	VBP
normally	RB
free-riding	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
famous	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
a	DT
trademark	NN
and	CC
not	RB
attempting	VBG
to	TO
sell	VB
a	DT
competing	VBG
product	NN
,	,
traditional	JJ
trademark	NN
law	NN
often	RB
times	NNS
provides	VBZ
little	JJ
help	NN
to	TO
the	DT
legitimate	JJ
owner	NN
of	IN
the	DT
trademark	NN
.	.
The	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
Senate	NNP
defined	VBD
cybersquatting	VBG
as	IN
``	``
the	DT
bad-faith	NN
and	CC
abusive	JJ
registration	NN
of	IN
distinctive	JJ
marks	NNS
as	IN
Internet	NNP
domain	NN
names	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
intent	NN
to	TO
profit	VB
from	IN
the	DT
goodwill	NN
associated	VBN
with	IN
such	JJ
marks	NNS
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
13a	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Senate	NNP
cited	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
prime	JJ
example	NN
of	IN
cybersquatting	VBG
the	DT
registration	NN
of	IN
every	DT
possible	JJ
combination	NN
of	IN
``	``
mobile-exxon	JJ
''	''
by	IN
a	DT
speculator	NN
after	IN
Mobile	NNP
and	CC
Exxon	NNP
announced	VBD
a	DT
proposed	VBN
merger	NN
in	IN
1998	CD
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
13b	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
paradigmatic	JJ
case	NN
of	IN
cybersquatting	VBG
involves	VBZ
essentially	RB
a	DT
rip-off	NN
artist	NN
beating	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
punch	NN
the	DT
owner	NN
of	IN
a	DT
trademark	NN
by	IN
registering	VBG
the	DT
mark	NN
as	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
and	CC
extorting	VBG
an	DT
exorbitant	JJ
fee	NN
to	TO
transfer	VB
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
to	TO
the	DT
trademark	NN
owner	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
registrars	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Network	NNP
Solutions	NNPS
also	RB
provide	VBP
private	JJ
registrations	NNS
to	TO
registrants	NNS
where	WRB
the	DT
the	DT
personal	JJ
information	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
whois	JJ
database	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
alternative	JJ
contact	NN
-	:
not	RB
the	DT
actual	JJ
owner	NN
of	IN
the	DT
registration	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
27	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Although	IN
Network	NNP
Solutions	NNPS
touts	VBZ
this	DT
option	NN
as	IN
a	DT
means	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
a	DT
registrant	NN
's	POS
privacy	NN
,	,
it	PRP
also	RB
allows	VBZ
typosquatters	NNS
to	TO
obscure	VB
their	PRP$
identity	NN
making	VBG
it	PRP
more	RBR
difficult	JJ
for	IN
trademark	NN
owners	NNS
to	TO
take	VB
action	NN
against	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
name	NN
dizney.com	NN
does	VBZ
resolve	VB
to	TO
a	DT
server	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
when	WRB
a	DT
user	NN
navigates	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
address	NN
a	DT
blank	JJ
web	NN
page	NN
opens	VBZ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
http://www.dizney.com	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Either	CC
DHL	NNP
may	MD
have	VB
planned	VBN
on	IN
typosquatting	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
not	RB
gotten	VBN
around	IN
to	TO
it	PRP
or	CC
maybe	RB
DHL	NNP
has	VBZ
had	VBN
second	JJ
thoughts	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
.	.
The	DT
complainant	NN
submits	VBZ
the	DT
complaint	NN
to	TO
the	DT
UDRP	NNP
provider	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
complaint	NN
meets	VBZ
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
UDRP	NNP
the	DT
provider	NN
forwards	RB
the	DT
complaint	NN
to	TO
the	DT
respondent	NN
.	.
The	DT
respondent	NN
has	VBZ
20	CD
days	NNS
to	TO
submit	VB
their	PRP$
answer	NN
to	TO
the	DT
complaint	NN
after	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
forwarded	VBN
to	TO
them	PRP
.	.
The	DT
panel	NN
bases	NNS
their	PRP$
decision	NN
on	IN
the	DT
complaint	NN
and	CC
answer	NN
and	CC
may	MD
seek	VB
further	JJ
input	NN
from	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
their	PRP$
sole	JJ
discretion	NN
funneled	VBN
through	IN
a	DT
case	NN
administrator	NN
.	.
No	DT
unilateral	JJ
communications	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
panel	NN
and	CC
the	DT
parties	NNS
are	VBP
permitted	VBN
.	.
Arbitration	NN
and	CC
Mediation	NNP
Center	NNP
to	TO
offer	VB
alternative	JJ
dispute	NN
resolution	NN
services	NNS
to	TO
resolve	VB
international	JJ
commercial	JJ
disputes	NNS
,	,
especially	RB
concerning	VBG
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
services	NNS
they	PRP
offer	VBP
is	VBZ
resolving	VBG
domain	NN
name	NN
disputes	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
36	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Although	IN
only	RB
one	CD
of	IN
many	JJ
providers	NNS
authorized	VBN
by	IN
ICANN	NNP
to	TO
resolve	VB
disputes	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
UDRP	NNP
,	,
the	DT
WIPO	NNP
is	VBZ
better	RBR
situated	VBN
to	TO
resolve	VB
many	JJ
of	IN
these	DT
disputes	NNS
due	JJ
to	TO
its	PRP$
international	JJ
character	NN
.	.
JK	NNP
Rowling	NNP
,	,
author	NN
of	IN
the	DT
popular	JJ
Harry	NNP
Potter	NNP
book	NN
series	NN
,	,
successfully	RB
had	VBD
typosquatted	VBN
domain	NN
names	NNS
transferred	VBN
to	TO
her	PRP$
from	IN
Alvaro	NNP
Collazo	NNP
of	IN
Colonia	NNP
,	,
Uruguay	NNP
in	IN
a	DT
UDRP	NNP
proceeding	NN
administered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
WIPO	NNP
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Rowling	NNP
had	VBD
registered	VBN
the	DT
trademark	NN
JK	NNP
Rowling	NNP
in	IN
numerous	JJ
countries	NNS
to	TO
protect	VB
her	PRP$
rights	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
name	NN
.	.
Zuccarini	NNP
argued	VBD
that	IN
his	PRP$
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
names	NNS
were	VBD
fair	JJ
and	CC
lawful	JJ
because	IN
he	PRP
was	VBD
attempting	VBG
to	TO
exercise	VB
his	PRP$
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
rights	NNS
in	IN
protesting	VBG
the	DT
joecartoon.com	NN
website	NN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Zuccarini	NNP
's	POS
argument	NN
that	IN
he	PRP
was	VBD
making	VBG
a	DT
political	JJ
statement	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
sham	NN
.	.
Following	VBG
receipt	NN
of	IN
``	``
cease	VB
and	CC
desist	VB
''	''
letters	NNS
from	IN
Mr.	NNP
Shields	NNP
,	,
Mr.	NNP
Zuccarini	NNP
replaced	VBD
the	DT
commercial	JJ
content	NN
of	IN
the	DT
websites	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
``	``
political	JJ
statement	NN
''	''
protesting	VBG
the	DT
violent	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
joecartoon.com	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
potential	JJ
adverse	JJ
effects	NNS
upon	IN
children	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
52	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Mr.	NNP
Note	VB
that	DT
navigation	NN
through	IN
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
law	NN
and	CC
the	DT
procedure	NN
of	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
court	NN
system	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
difficult	JJ
task	NN
and	CC
quite	RB
impressive	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
layperson	NN
to	TO
execute	VB
successfully	RB
.	.
Such	JJ
effort	NN
would	MD
require	VB
a	DT
significant	JJ
investment	NN
in	IN
time	NN
and	CC
study	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
court	NN
finds	VBZ
that	IN
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
gripe	NN
site	NN
domain	NN
was	VBD
used	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
bad	JJ
faith	NN
intent	NN
to	TO
profit	VB
from	IN
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
trademark	NN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
court	NN
may	MD
find	VB
that	IN
the	DT
ACPA	NNP
applies	VBZ
and	CC
the	DT
registrant	NN
of	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
will	MD
be	VB
exposed	VBN
to	TO
its	PRP$
penalties	NNS
.	.
Such	JJ
was	VBD
the	DT
case	NN
in	IN
the	DT
lawsuit	NN
Coca-Cola	NNP
v.	CC
Purdy	NNP
decided	VBD
by	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNP
Court	NNP
of	IN
Appeals	NNPS
for	IN
the	DT
Eighth	NNP
Circuit	NNP
in	IN
2004	CD
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
69	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
defendant	NN
registered	VBN
domain	NN
names	NNS
containing	VBG
famous	JJ
trademarks	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
``	``
drinkcoke.com	NN
.	.
''	''
United	NNP
States	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
yet	RB
to	TO
hear	VB
a	DT
case	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
TDNA	NNP
and	CC
has	VBZ
only	RB
mentioned	VBN
it	PRP
in	IN
passing	VBG
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
74	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Therefore	RB
,	,
it	PRP
still	RB
remains	VBZ
an	DT
open	JJ
question	NN
of	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
will	MD
survive	VB
constitutional	JJ
scrutiny	NN
under	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Unites	NNP
States	NNP
Constitution	NNP
,	,
guaranteeing	VBG
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
free	JJ
speech	NN
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
TDNA	NNP
may	MD
provide	VB
an	DT
effective	JJ
deterrent	NN
in	IN
preventing	VBG
cyberpirates	NNS
from	IN
misdirecting	VBG
Internet	NNP
visitors	NNS
to	TO
sites	NNS
featuring	VBG
obscene	JJ
material	NN
,	,
it	PRP
still	RB
leaves	VBZ
open	JJ
to	TO
cyberpirates	NNS
any	DT
other	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
exploiting	VBG
these	DT
tactics	NNS
that	WDT
does	VBZ
not	RB
expose	VB
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
to	TO
obscenity	NN
.	.
Whether	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
may	MD
take	VB
further	JJ
action	NN
against	IN
typosquatters	NNS
other	JJ
than	IN
Mr.	NNP
Zuccarini	NNP
is	VBZ
still	RB
left	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
seen	VBN
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
popular	JJ
children	NNS
's	POS
entertainment	NN
figures	NNS
that	IN
Mr.	NNP
There	EX
exists	VBZ
today	NN
a	DT
tension	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
between	IN
the	DT
desire	NN
to	TO
make	VB
it	PRP
a	DT
safe	JJ
environment	NN
for	IN
all	DT
ages	NNS
to	TO
explore	VB
,	,
transact	VB
business	NN
and	CC
a	DT
place	NN
where	WRB
there	EX
can	MD
be	VB
the	DT
free	JJ
and	CC
open	JJ
exchange	NN
of	IN
ideas	NNS
and	CC
opinions	NNS
.	.
There	EX
will	MD
always	RB
be	VB
profiteers	NNS
willing	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
quick	JJ
buck	NN
at	IN
any	DT
cost	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
not	RB
bat	NN
an	DT
eye	NN
at	IN
exposing	VBG
children	NNS
and	CC
others	NNS
to	TO
undesirable	JJ
content	NN
.	.
The	DT
TDNA	NNP
gives	VBZ
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
the	DT
power	NN
to	TO
clamp-down	VB
on	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
worst	JJS
of	IN
these	DT
profiteers	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
free	JJ
and	CC
open	JJ
forum	NN
,	,
there	EX
will	MD
always	RB
be	VB
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
running	VBG
into	IN
unsavory	JJ
content	NN
and	CC
confusion	NN
.	.
Users	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
must	MD
come	VB
to	TO
realize	VB
the	DT
open	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
technology	NN
and	CC
be	VB
prepared	VBN
for	IN
unwanted	JJ
content	NN
.	.
To	TO
protect	VB
children	NNS
,	,
parents	NNS
must	MD
closely	RB
supervise	VB
their	PRP$
children	NNS
's	POS
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
or	CC
invest	VB
in	IN
effective	JJ
filtering	VBG
products	NNS
to	TO
prevent	VB
their	PRP$
children	NNS
from	IN
running	VBG
into	IN
objectionable	JJ
content	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
simplified	VBN
explanation	NN
of	IN
DNS	NNS
-	:
there	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
other	JJ
functionality	NN
provided	VBD
such	JJ
as	IN
providing	VBG
for	IN
aliases	NNS
and	CC
multiple	JJ
addresses	NNS
for	IN
one	CD
domain	NN
name	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
try	VB
opening	VBG
up	RP
a	DT
command	NN
prompt	JJ
on	IN
your	PRP$
PC	NN
and	CC
entering	VBG
the	DT
command	NN
``	``
nslookup	JJ
www.yahoo.com	NN
''	''
and	CC
a	DT
small	JJ
sampling	NN
of	IN
the	DT
IP	NNP
addresses	NNS
in	IN
use	NN
for	IN
Yahoo	NNP
!	.
will	MD
be	VB
displayed	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
look	VB
at	IN
what	WP
these	DT
changes	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
and	CC
how	WRB
they	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
handled	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
community	NN
.	.
Interestingly	RB
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
very	RB
little	JJ
published	JJ
case	NN
law	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
legal	JJ
implications	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
change	NN
.	.
Although	IN
little	JJ
case	NN
law	NN
exists	VBZ
,	,
many	JJ
individuals	NNS
including	VBG
,	,
physicians	NNS
and	CC
lawyers	NNS
,	,
have	VBP
written	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
topic	NN
and	CC
even	RB
developed	VBD
potential	JJ
guidelines	NNS
to	TO
structure	VB
this	DT
new	JJ
patient	NN
\/	NN
physician	NN
relationship	NN
.	.
E-Health	NN
can	MD
be	VB
divided	VBN
into	IN
telemedicine	NN
and	CC
cybermedicine	NN
although	IN
,	,
similar	JJ
,	,
each	DT
represents	VBZ
a	DT
distinct	JJ
concept	NN
,	,
with	IN
different	JJ
purposes	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
embodies	VBZ
different	JJ
legal	JJ
and	CC
policy	NN
considerations	NNS
.	.
Proper	JJ
regulatory	JJ
,	,
legal	JJ
and	CC
ethical	JJ
policies	NNS
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
developed	VBN
for	IN
both	DT
.	.
The	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
has	VBZ
also	RB
supported	VBN
the	DT
technology	NN
by	IN
the	DT
enactment	NN
of	IN
three	CD
laws	NNS
,	,
The	DT
Telecommunications	NNP
Reform	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1996	CD
,	,
the	DT
Balanced	NNP
Budget	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1997	CD
and	CC
the	DT
Food	NNP
,	,
Drug	NNP
and	CC
Cosmetic	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
These	DT
laws	NNS
were	VBD
either	RB
enacted	VBN
or	CC
amended	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
regulate	VB
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
telemedicine	NN
at	IN
the	DT
Federal	NNP
level	NN
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
look	VB
at	IN
some	DT
of	IN
these	DT
and	CC
will	MD
focus	VB
on	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
medicine	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
or	CC
via	IN
communication	NN
with	IN
patients	NNS
through	IN
e-mail	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
cybermedicine	NN
that	IN
raises	VBZ
not	RB
only	RB
the	DT
most	RBS
questions	NNS
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
has	VBZ
probably	RB
the	DT
greatest	JJS
liability	NN
.	.
Health	NNP
care	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
slow	JJ
to	TO
join	VB
this	DT
proliferation	NN
of	IN
newer	JJR
technologies	NNS
.	.
But	CC
as	IN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
join	VB
in	IN
this	DT
evolution	NN
,	,
one	CD
may	MD
hear	VB
``	``
take	VB
two	CD
aspirin	NN
and	CC
e-mail	VB
me	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
morning	NN
''	''
and	CC
the	DT
future	NN
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
to	TO
look	VB
like	IN
this	DT
:	:
``	``
sitting	VBG
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
screens	NNS
with	IN
video	JJ
cameras	NNS
attached	VBN
,	,
patients	NNS
and	CC
doctors	NNS
will	MD
converse	VB
or	CC
leave	VB
messages	NNS
.	.
The	DT
doctor	NN
will	MD
examine	VB
a	DT
rash	NN
,	,
monitor	VBP
an	DT
electrocardiogram	NN
,	,
or	CC
assess	VB
the	DT
patient	NN
's	POS
affect	VB
.	.
Voice	NNP
recognition	NN
programs	NNS
will	MD
transcribe	VB
all	DT
communications	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
interactions	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
doctor	NN
's	POS
office	NN
into	IN
an	DT
electronic	JJ
medical	JJ
record	NN
shared	VBN
by	IN
doctors	NNS
and	CC
patients	NNS
.	.
For	IN
patients	NNS
,	,
complex	JJ
medical	JJ
language	NN
in	IN
doctor	NN
's	POS
notes	NNS
will	MD
link	VB
automatically	RB
to	TO
explanations	NNS
.	.
Other	JJ
links	NNS
will	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
educational	JJ
material	NN
relevant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
diagnosis	NN
,	,
medication	NN
,	,
or	CC
test	NN
.	.
Patients	NNS
and	CC
doctors	NNS
will	MD
respond	VB
to	TO
one	CD
another	DT
's	POS
note	NN
,	,
offering	VBG
elaborations	NNS
and	CC
corrections	NNS
.	.
Doctors	NNS
will	MD
distribute	VB
reminders	NNS
about	IN
preventive	JJ
measures	NNS
and	CC
gather	VB
organized	VBN
feedback	NN
from	IN
their	PRP$
patients	NNS
.	.
Patients	NNS
will	MD
prepare	VB
,	,
rank	NN
order	NN
and	CC
forward	RB
questions	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
next	JJ
virtual	JJ
or	CC
actual	JJ
encounter	NN
.	.
With	IN
this	DT
small	JJ
glimpse	NN
into	IN
the	DT
future	NN
,	,
one	CD
can	MD
only	RB
ask	VB
what	WP
is	VBZ
the	DT
problem	NN
?	.
The	DT
problem	NN
resides	VBZ
largely	RB
with	IN
the	DT
uncharted	JJ
waters	NNS
that	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
revolution	NN
brings	VBZ
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
questions	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
ethical	JJ
,	,
financial	JJ
and	CC
legal	JJ
implications	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
medicine	NN
via	IN
these	DT
new	JJ
communication	NN
devices	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
these	DT
questions	NNS
include	VBP
:	:
Is	VBZ
it	PRP
possible	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
quality	NN
medical	JJ
care	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
standard	NN
of	IN
care	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
without	IN
being	VBG
able	JJ
to	TO
do	VB
a	DT
physical	JJ
exam	NN
,	,
take	VB
an	DT
interactive	JJ
medical	JJ
history	NN
or	CC
lay	VBD
hands	NNS
on	IN
one	NN
's	POS
patient	NN
?	.
What	WP
accountability	NN
do	VBP
patients	NNS
have	VBP
in	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
care	NN
when	WRB
accessing	VBG
these	DT
newer	JJR
technologies	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
health	NN
care	NN
?	.
Do	VBP
physicians	NNS
have	VBP
a	DT
lesser	JJR
accountability	NN
or	CC
a	DT
greater	JJR
one	NN
?	.
How	WRB
will	MD
the	DT
legal	JJ
community	NN
view	NN
this	DT
new	JJ
method	NN
of	IN
practicing	VBG
medicine	NN
?	.
Are	VBP
there	RB
greater	JJR
malpractice	NN
risks	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
cybermedicine	NN
or	CC
are	VBP
the	DT
risks	NNS
lower	JJR
?	.
Who	WP
creates	VBZ
the	DT
law	NN
,	,
the	DT
State	NNP
where	WRB
the	DT
patient	NN
is	VBZ
or	CC
where	WRB
the	DT
physician	NN
resides	VBZ
or	CC
is	VBZ
licensed	VBN
?	.
Is	VBZ
this	DT
only	RB
a	DT
State	NN
issue	NN
or	CC
is	VBZ
it	PRP
a	DT
Federal	NNP
issue	NN
crossing	VBG
multiple	JJ
national	JJ
and	CC
international	JJ
boundaries	NNS
?	.
Although	IN
these	DT
are	VBP
only	RB
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
questions	NNS
,	,
many	JJ
more	JJR
exist	VBP
.	.
These	DT
questions	NNS
and	CC
others	NNS
still	RB
wait	VB
to	TO
be	VB
answered	VBN
,	,
as	IN
clinical	JJ
outcomes	NNS
are	VBP
evaluated	VBN
and	CC
as	IN
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
arise	VB
and	CC
case	NN
law	NN
is	VBZ
created	VBN
.	.
A	DT
recent	JJ
Harris	NNP
poll	NN
revealed	VBD
that	IN
90	CD
%	NN
of	IN
surveyed	VBN
respondents	NNS
would	MD
welcome	VB
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
communicate	VB
with	IN
their	PRP$
doctors	NNS
by	IN
e-mail	NN
,	,
with	IN
56	CD
%	NN
of	IN
those	DT
surveyed	VBN
stating	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
communicate	VB
with	IN
their	PRP$
doctors	NNS
electronically	RB
would	MD
influence	VB
their	PRP$
choice	NN
of	IN
doctor	NN
.	.
CyberMedicine	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
real	JJ
issue	NN
of	IN
a	DT
large	JJ
magnitude	NN
.	.
This	DT
new	JJ
method	NN
of	IN
practicing	VBG
medicine	NN
raises	VBZ
several	JJ
questions	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
addressed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
medical	JJ
and	CC
legal	JJ
communities	NNS
if	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
CyberMedicine	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
become	VB
a	DT
transformational	JJ
technology	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
the	DT
potential	JJ
to	TO
increase	VB
access	NN
to	TO
health	NN
care	NN
for	IN
many	JJ
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
improve	VB
patient	JJ
education	NN
and	CC
adherence	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
medical	JJ
regimens	NNS
.	.
See	VB
Table	NNP
2	CD
.	.
Theoretically	RB
,	,
cybermedicine	NN
could	MD
allow	VB
for	IN
lower	JJR
costs	NNS
,	,
improved	VBN
medical	JJ
documentation	NN
and	CC
overall	JJ
improvement	NN
in	IN
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
care	NN
delivered	VBN
to	TO
patients	NNS
.	.
The	DT
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
of	IN
cybermedicine	NN
will	MD
eventually	RB
be	VB
defined	VBN
,	,
and	CC
structured	JJ
standards	NNS
will	MD
likely	RB
be	VB
developed	VBN
that	DT
will	MD
provide	VB
guidance	NN
to	TO
practitioners	NNS
.	.
These	DT
will	MD
be	VB
discussed	VBN
.	.
Similar	JJ
standards	NNS
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
developed	VBN
around	IN
ethical	JJ
issues	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
cybermedicine	NN
.	.
Ethical	JJ
standards	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
in	IN
place	NN
for	IN
many	JJ
years	NNS
in	IN
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
medical	JJ
specialties	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
easily	RB
be	VB
translated	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
cybermedicine	NN
.	.
Potential	JJ
breaches	NNS
in	IN
ethical	JJ
standards	NNS
around	IN
cybermedicine	NN
may	MD
also	RB
result	VB
in	IN
future	JJ
litigation	NN
.	.
Early	RB
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
cybermedicine	NN
it	PRP
was	VBD
recognized	VBN
that	IN
besides	IN
the	DT
potential	JJ
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
there	EX
were	VBD
clear	JJ
ethical	JJ
issues	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
medicine	NN
in	IN
this	DT
new	JJ
era	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
communication	NN
.	.
These	DT
new	JJ
ethical	JJ
challenges	NNS
arise	VBP
from	IN
differences	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
structure	NN
of	IN
the	DT
professional	JJ
relationship	NN
that	WDT
exists	VBZ
between	IN
the	DT
cyber-patient	JJ
and	CC
cyber-physician	JJ
.	.
These	DT
internet	NN
sites	NNS
provided	VBD
treatment	NN
via	IN
email	NN
.	.
Questions	NNS
are	VBP
submitted	VBN
by	IN
patients	NNS
and	CC
trained	JJ
psychologists	NNS
and	CC
psychiatrists	NNS
guarantee	VBP
short	JJ
and	CC
quick	JJ
answers	NNS
for	IN
twenty	CD
dollars	NNS
a	DT
question	NN
.	.
The	DT
question	NN
that	WDT
arises	VBZ
is	VBZ
;	:
does	VBZ
a	DT
professional	JJ
relationship	NN
exist	VBP
under	IN
such	PDT
an	DT
arrangement	NN
?	.
If	IN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
,	,
do	VBP
the	DT
patients	NNS
truly	RB
understand	VBP
what	WP
they	PRP
are	VBP
purchasing	VBG
for	IN
their	PRP$
money	NN
?	.
Neither	DT
of	IN
these	DT
sites	NNS
offered	VBN
information	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
nature	NN
and	CC
limits	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
e-mail	NN
relationship	NN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
obvious	JJ
ethical	JJ
issues	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
email	NN
in	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
psychotherapy	NN
,	,
and	CC
for	IN
that	DT
matter	NN
,	,
other	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
cybermedicine	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
awareness	NN
that	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
may	MD
have	VB
regarding	VBG
the	DT
confidentiality	NN
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
being	VBG
shared	VBN
across	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
well	RB
established	VBN
that	IN
information	NN
in	IN
electronic	JJ
formats	NNS
is	VBZ
easily	RB
accessible	JJ
by	IN
others	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
employers	NNS
unless	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
protected	VBN
.	.
Without	IN
appropriate	JJ
informed	JJ
consent	NN
and	CC
understanding	NN
by	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
of	IN
the	DT
limitations	NNS
and	CC
risk	NN
of	IN
cybermedicine	NN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
that	IN
patients	NNS
are	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
misled	VBN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
value	NN
,	,
safety	NN
and	CC
confidentiality	NN
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
they	PRP
are	VBP
receiving	VBG
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
product	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
purchasing	VBG
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
become	VBN
increasing	VBG
popular	JJ
for	IN
patients	NNS
to	TO
access	NN
health	NN
care	NN
via	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
attempt	NN
to	TO
connect	VB
via	IN
e-mail	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
physicians	NNS
.	.
Physicians	NNP
,	,
however	RB
,	,
have	VBP
been	VBN
slow	JJ
to	TO
use	VB
e-mail	NN
to	TO
communicate	VB
with	IN
their	PRP$
patients	NNS
.	.
Several	JJ
reasons	NNS
exist	VBP
for	IN
this	DT
including	VBG
concerns	NNS
regarding	VBG
confidentiality	NN
,	,
reimbursement	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
fear	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
overloaded	VBN
with	IN
email	NN
,	,
and	CC
lastly	RB
,	,
a	DT
fear	NN
of	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
implications	NNS
that	WDT
email	VBP
may	MD
bring	VB
.	.
There	EX
have	VBP
been	VBN
no	DT
published	VBN
cases	NNS
of	IN
malpractice	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
email	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
however	RB
,	,
a	DT
fear	NN
that	IN
e-mail	NN
could	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
against	IN
a	DT
physician	NN
in	IN
future	JJ
malpractice	NN
cases	NNS
.	.
Legal	JJ
issues	NNS
that	WDT
could	MD
impact	VB
cybermedicine	JJ
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
discussed	VBN
include	VBP
fraud	NN
and	CC
abuse	NN
,	,
medical	JJ
malpractice	NN
,	,
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
surrounding	VBG
Internet	NNP
Medical	NNP
Call	VB
Centers	NNPS
and	CC
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
e-mail	NN
in	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
medicine	NN
.	.
The	DT
Federal	NNP
government	NN
has	VBZ
established	VBN
a	DT
large	JJ
body	NN
of	IN
law	NN
that	IN
governs	VBZ
the	DT
financial	JJ
relationships	NNS
that	WDT
providers	NNS
can	MD
have	VB
with	IN
payers	NNS
.	.
These	DT
laws	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
place	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
conflict	NN
of	IN
interest	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
interfere	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Patient-Physician	JJ
relationship	NN
.	.
As	IN
healthcare	NN
organizations	NNS
consider	VBP
entering	VBG
into	IN
e-health	JJ
activities	NNS
like	IN
telemedicine	NN
and	CC
cybermedicine	NN
,	,
fraud	NN
and	CC
abuse	NN
laws	NNS
like	IN
the	DT
False	NNP
Claims	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Anti-Kickback	NNP
laws	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
Stark	NNP
laws	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
considered	VBN
.	.
One	CD
can	MD
see	VB
that	IN
the	DT
law	NN
does	VBZ
permit	VB
for	IN
a	DT
patient-physician	JJ
relationship	NN
to	TO
exist	VB
in	IN
cyberspace	NN
under	IN
some	DT
defined	VBN
conditions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
this	DT
permits	VBZ
the	DT
establishment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
requirement	NN
,	,
a	DT
duty	NN
by	IN
the	DT
physician	NN
to	TO
care	VB
for	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
.	.
What	WP
then	RB
are	VBP
therapist	NN
's	POS
obligations	NNS
?	.
There	EX
are	VBP
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
questions	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
arise	VB
in	IN
this	DT
scenario	NN
.	.
Without	IN
the	DT
benefit	NN
of	IN
a	DT
patient	NN
's	POS
history	NN
including	VBG
medical	JJ
,	,
psychiatric	JJ
and	CC
criminal	JJ
records	NNS
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
nearly	RB
impossible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
clinician	NN
to	TO
make	VB
an	DT
educated	VBN
assessment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
likely	JJ
risk	NN
that	IN
this	DT
patient	NN
may	MD
pose	VB
to	TO
himself	PRP
or	CC
others	NNS
.	.
Can	MD
the	DT
therapist	NN
make	VBP
an	DT
accurate	JJ
assessment	NN
without	IN
really	RB
having	VBG
established	VBN
a	DT
relationship	NN
with	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
?	.
One	CD
should	MD
always	RB
assume	VB
that	DT
e-mail	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
confidential	JJ
and	CC
can	MD
be	VB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
maintain	VB
private	JJ
without	IN
adhering	VBG
to	TO
some	DT
standard	JJ
security	NN
practices	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
insure	VB
privacy	NN
of	IN
information	NN
.	.
Some	DT
have	VBP
referred	VBN
to	TO
e-mail	VB
as	IN
electronic	JJ
postcards	NNS
since	IN
the	DT
information	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
them	PRP
is	VBZ
virtually	RB
available	JJ
for	IN
anyone	NN
to	TO
see	VB
.	.
E-mail	NN
communications	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
stored	VBN
on	IN
other	JJ
computers	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
routed	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
routinely	RB
e-mails	NNS
are	VBP
retained	VBN
indefinitely	RB
by	IN
some	DT
institutions	NNS
,	,
this	DT
virtually	RB
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
impossible	JJ
to	TO
assure	VB
the	DT
real	JJ
time	NN
or	CC
future	JJ
confidentiality	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
communications	NNS
.	.
Several	JJ
high	JJ
profile	NN
breaches	NNS
in	IN
confidentiality	NN
in	IN
electronic	JJ
communications	NNS
have	VBP
occurred	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
recent	JJ
past	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
medical	JJ
arena	NN
in	IN
June	NNP
2001	CD
Eli	NNP
Lily	NNP
and	CC
Company	NNP
sent	VBD
out	RP
the	DT
email	NN
addresses	NNS
of	IN
600	CD
patients	NNS
who	WP
were	VBD
taking	VBG
Prozac	NNP
.	.
HIPAA	NNP
has	VBZ
provided	VBN
for	IN
increased	VBN
awareness	NN
and	CC
accountability	NN
to	TO
insure	VB
confidentiality	NN
of	IN
patient	JJ
information	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
problem	NN
with	IN
the	DT
HIPAA	NNP
regulations	NNS
is	VBZ
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
to	TO
hard	JJ
to	TO
understand	VB
and	CC
difficult	JJ
to	TO
implement	VB
.	.
Non-compliance	NN
with	IN
HIPAA	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
associated	VBN
with	IN
significant	JJ
penalties	NNS
including	VBG
fines	NNS
of	IN
up	RB
to	TO
250,000	CD
dollars	NNS
and	CC
up	RB
to	TO
ten	CD
years	NNS
imprisonment	NN
.	.
So	RB
although	IN
HIPAA	NNP
has	VBZ
done	VBN
much	RB
to	TO
improve	VB
confidentiality	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
evident	JJ
that	IN
this	DT
regulation	NN
has	VBZ
also	RB
placed	VBN
a	DT
significant	JJ
obstacle	NN
to	TO
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
E-Health	NNP
.	.
In	IN
September	NNP
2004	CD
,	,
DeKalb	NNP
County	NNP
CEO	NNP
Vernon	NNP
Jones	NNP
denied	VBD
allegations	NNS
he	PRP
ordered	VBD
criminal	JJ
background	NN
checks	NNS
on	IN
political	JJ
foes	NNS
,	,
reporters	NNS
,	,
and	CC
top	JJ
police	NN
officials	NNS
.	.
The	DT
background	NN
checks	NNS
were	VBD
conducted	VBN
between	IN
March	NNP
and	CC
August	NNP
of	IN
this	DT
year	NN
.	.
These	DT
background	NN
checks	NNS
were	VBD
requested	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
Georgia	NNP
Bureau	NNP
of	IN
Investigation	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
GBI	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
online	JJ
database	NN
through	IN
a	DT
DeKalb	NNP
County	NNP
police	NN
computer	NN
terminal	NN
.	.
The	DT
type	NN
of	IN
background	NN
checks	NNS
conducted	VBN
on	IN
these	DT
individuals	NNS
,	,
a	DT
driver	NN
's	POS
query	NN
,	,
are	VBP
computerized	JJ
queries	NNS
routinely	RB
done	VBN
when	WRB
a	DT
vehicle	NN
is	VBZ
stopped	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
traffic	NN
violation	NN
.	.
The	DT
check	NN
searches	VBZ
the	DT
status	NN
of	IN
the	DT
driver	NN
's	POS
license	NN
,	,
outstanding	JJ
warrants	NNS
,	,
and	CC
probation	NN
and	CC
parole	NN
status	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
search	NN
accesses	VBZ
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Bureau	NNP
of	IN
Investigation	NNP
's	POS
-LRB-	-LRB-
FBI	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
Crime	NNP
Information	NNP
Center	NNP
.	.
County	NNP
controversy	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
only	JJ
case	NN
involving	VBG
government	NN
and	CC
police	NN
officials	NNS
conducting	VBG
background	NN
checks	NNS
on	IN
citizens	NNS
that	WDT
has	VBZ
made	VBN
headlines	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
few	JJ
years	NNS
.	.
Another	DT
line	NN
of	IN
cases	NNS
involves	VBZ
police	NN
officers	NNS
running	VBG
the	DT
tags	NNS
of	IN
attractive	JJ
females	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
their	PRP$
personal	JJ
information	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
defense	NN
attorneys	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
considered	VBN
a	DT
law	NN
enforcement	NN
agency	NN
under	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
therefore	RB
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
authorized	VBN
to	TO
receive	VB
the	DT
GCIC	NNP
reports	NNS
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
further	RB
determined	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
prosecution	NN
is	VBZ
prohibited	VBN
from	IN
releasing	VBG
the	DT
GCIC	NNP
reports	NNS
to	TO
defense	NN
attorneys	NNS
unless	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
written	VBN
consent	NN
or	CC
fingerprints	NNS
from	IN
each	DT
potential	JJ
juror	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
at	IN
least	JJS
in	IN
Georgia	NNP
,	,
prosecutors	NNS
have	VBP
unfettered	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
potential	JJ
criminal	JJ
backgrounds	NNS
of	IN
jurors	NNS
while	IN
defense	NN
attorneys	NNS
can	MD
only	RB
receive	VB
the	DT
information	NN
if	IN
they	PRP
obtain	VBP
the	DT
consent	NN
of	IN
each	DT
juror	NN
.	.
It	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
this	DT
statute	NN
blatantly	RB
favors	VBZ
the	DT
state	NN
and	CC
gives	VBZ
them	PRP
an	DT
advantage	NN
in	IN
the	DT
selection	NN
of	IN
jurors	NNS
.	.
Ann	NNP
.	.
19.-2-389	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
A	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
was	VBD
challenged	VBN
.	.
The	DT
statute	NN
authorized	VBD
criminal	JJ
background	NN
checks	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
purposes	NNS
of	IN
administration	NN
of	IN
criminal	JJ
justice	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
noted	VBD
that	IN
voir	FW
dire	FW
is	VBZ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
administration	NN
of	IN
criminal	JJ
justice	NN
and	CC
a	DT
juror	NN
's	POS
criminal	JJ
background	NN
can	MD
be	VB
relevant	JJ
in	IN
regards	VBZ
to	TO
whether	IN
he	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
unbiased	JJ
.	.
Like	IN
Williams	NNP
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
the	DT
prosecutors	NNS
could	MD
run	VB
background	NN
checks	NNS
on	IN
potential	JJ
jurors	NNS
under	IN
this	DT
statute	NN
but	CC
defense	NN
attorney	NN
may	MD
not	RB
because	IN
he	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
an	DT
officer	NN
or	CC
employee	NN
of	IN
a	DT
criminal	JJ
justice	NN
agency	NN
.	.
In	IN
Tagala	NNP
v.	CC
State	NNP
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
13	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
court	NN
noted	VBD
that	IN
Alaska	NNP
Statute	NNP
12.62.030	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
provides	VBZ
that	IN
criminal	JJ
justice	NN
information	NN
can	MD
only	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
purposes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
defense	NN
asserted	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
computer-generated	JJ
criminal	JJ
records	NNS
by	IN
a	DT
prosecutor	NN
during	IN
the	DT
jury	NN
selection	NN
process	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
for	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
purposes	NNS
because	IN
it	PRP
neither	DT
controls	NNS
nor	CC
prevents	VBZ
crime	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
disagreed	VBD
and	CC
concluded	VBD
``	``
law	NN
enforcement	NN
''	''
includes	VBZ
``	``
activities	NNS
of	IN
criminal	JJ
prosecution	NN
''	''
therefore	RB
the	DT
prosecutor	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
violate	VB
the	DT
statute	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
unlike	IN
the	DT
previous	JJ
cases	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Alaska	NNP
court	NN
also	RB
ruled	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
prosecutor	NN
must	MD
share	VB
the	DT
criminal	JJ
records	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
defense	NN
's	POS
request	NN
.	.
In	IN
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
restrict	VB
government	NN
entities	NNS
from	IN
unauthorized	JJ
use	NN
,	,
the	DT
statute	NN
states	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
governmental	JJ
agency	NN
must	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
certain	JJ
restrictions	NNS
when	WRB
collecting	VBG
personally	RB
identifiable	JJ
information	NN
.	.
These	DT
steps	NNS
include	VBP
identifying	VBG
the	DT
governmental	JJ
website	NN
operator	NN
,	,
how	WRB
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
contacted	VBN
,	,
a	DT
summary	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
the	DT
information	NN
collected	VBN
is	VBZ
going	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
procedures	NNS
a	DT
user	NN
may	MD
follow	VB
to	TO
access	NN
personally	RB
identifiable	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Utah	NNP
has	VBZ
also	RB
enacted	VBN
the	DT
Government	NN
Records	NNP
Access	NNP
and	CC
Management	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
GRAMA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
which	WDT
allows	VBZ
the	DT
public	NN
to	TO
access	NN
certain	JJ
government	NN
records	NNS
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
help	NN
of	IN
governmental	JJ
entities	NNS
,	,
subject	JJ
to	TO
restrictions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
statute	NN
also	RB
imposes	VBZ
a	DT
civil	JJ
penalty	NN
of	IN
five	CD
thousand	CD
dollars	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
misuse	NN
or	CC
unauthorized	JJ
release	NN
of	IN
records	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Washington	NNP
Statute	NNP
provides	VBZ
for	IN
strong	JJ
protection	NN
of	IN
the	DT
confidentiality	NN
of	IN
private	JJ
records	NNS
which	WDT
citizens	NNS
and	CC
businesses	NNS
may	MD
have	VB
on	IN
file	NN
in	IN
an	DT
unemployment	NN
office	NN
.	.
While	IN
there	EX
seem	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
bureaucratic	JJ
obstacles	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
application	NN
,	,
verification	NN
,	,
and	CC
service	NN
of	IN
notice	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
overcome	VB
,	,
perhaps	RB
this	DT
is	VBZ
what	WP
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
adequate	JJ
protection	NN
to	TO
citizens	NNS
and	CC
businesses	NNS
unless	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
an	DT
emergency	NN
criminal	JJ
investigation	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
the	DT
bureaucracy	NN
slows	VBZ
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
retrieving	VBG
information	NN
that	WDT
should	MD
be	VB
challenging	VBG
to	TO
access	NN
without	IN
proper	JJ
justification	NN
.	.
Although	IN
it	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
states	NNS
are	VBP
attempting	VBG
to	TO
solve	VB
the	DT
problem	NN
of	IN
unauthorized	JJ
access	NN
by	IN
government	NN
officials	NNS
,	,
if	IN
one	CD
scopes	VBZ
the	DT
daily	JJ
news	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
evident	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
being	VBG
resolved	VBN
.	.
Local	JJ
governments	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
keep	VB
a	DT
closer	RBR
eye	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
police	NN
departments	NNS
-	:
government	NN
agencies	NNS
notorious	JJ
for	IN
illegally	RB
performing	VBG
criminal	JJ
background	NN
checks	NNS
and	CC
abusing	VBG
their	PRP$
access	NN
to	TO
private	JJ
records	NNS
.	.
While	IN
most	JJS
people	NNS
would	MD
favor	VB
tighter	JJR
controls	NNS
regarding	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
private	JJ
information	NN
,	,
few	JJ
realize	VBP
that	IN
personal	JJ
information	NN
is	VBZ
so	RB
readily	RB
and	CC
easily	RB
available	JJ
.	.
In	IN
Virginia	NNP
,	,
an	DT
illegal	JJ
criminal	JJ
background	NN
check	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
misdemeanor	NN
with	IN
a	DT
maximum	NN
penalty	NN
of	IN
six	CD
months	NNS
in	IN
jail	NN
and	CC
a	DT
thousand	CD
dollar	NN
fine	NN
.	.
A	DT
second	JJ
officer	NN
,	,
Alvin	NNP
M.	NNP
Feltner	NNP
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
department	NN
,	,
was	VBD
also	RB
charged	VBN
with	IN
one	CD
count	NN
of	IN
unauthorized	JJ
dissemination	NN
of	IN
criminal	JJ
history	NN
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
police	NN
officers	NNS
in	IN
Purcellville	NNP
were	VBD
utilizing	VBG
the	DT
Virginia	NNP
Criminal	NNP
Information	NNP
Network	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
accessed	VBN
by	IN
lay	VBD
people	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
a	DT
computer	NN
system	NN
operated	VBD
through	IN
the	DT
State	NN
Police	NN
of	IN
Virginia	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
grants	NNS
access	NN
to	TO
criminal	JJ
records	NNS
.	.
As	IN
this	DT
example	NN
shows	VBZ
,	,
unauthorized	JJ
background	NN
checks	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
just	RB
happening	VBG
in	IN
large	JJ
,	,
corrupt	JJ
cities	NNS
with	IN
notoriously	RB
corrupt	JJ
police	NN
departments	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Purcellville	NNP
Police	NNP
Department	NNP
consists	VBZ
of	IN
only	RB
7	CD
policemen	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
two	CD
mentioned	VBN
above	IN
.	.
The	DT
two-square	JJ
mile	NN
town	NN
only	RB
has	VBZ
2,500	CD
residents	NNS
.	.
Even	RB
after	IN
Meneley	NNP
conducted	VBD
the	DT
criminal	JJ
background	NN
check	NN
,	,
the	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
voiced	VBD
their	PRP$
opinion	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
petition	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
they	PRP
went	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
media	NNS
and	CC
spoke	VBD
about	IN
the	DT
progression	NN
of	IN
the	DT
petition	NN
and	CC
Meneley	NNP
's	POS
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Interstate	NNP
Identification	NNP
Index	NNP
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
there	EX
was	VBD
no	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
constitutional	JJ
rights	NNS
,	,
and	CC
no	DT
basis	NN
for	IN
a	DT
1983	CD
action	NN
.	.
Encouraging	VBG
open	JJ
debate	NN
in	IN
the	DT
political	JJ
arena	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
important	JJ
aspect	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
society	NN
.	.
The	DT
threat	NN
of	IN
a	DT
lawsuit	NN
might	MD
discourage	VB
individuals	NNS
from	IN
participating	VBG
in	IN
politics	NNS
,	,
a	DT
result	NN
that	IN
society	NN
should	MD
seek	VB
to	TO
avoid	VB
.	.
If	IN
Francesca	NNP
were	VBD
alive	JJ
today	NN
she	PRP
could	MD
track	VB
her	PRP$
lover	NN
's	POS
photos	NNS
from	IN
his	PRP$
homepage	NN
instead	RB
of	IN
schlepping	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
Piggly	NNP
Wiggly	NNP
to	TO
purchase	VB
the	DT
latest	JJS
National	JJ
Geographic	NNP
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
stuck	VBN
in	IN
Peoria	NNP
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
family	NN
can	MD
gather	VB
around	IN
the	DT
key	JJ
board	NN
,	,
open	VB
up	RP
your	PRP$
Happy	JJ
Meals	NNS
and	CC
view	VB
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
Best	JJS
Photography	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
presents	VBZ
a	DT
sampling	NN
of	IN
opinions	NNS
and	CC
predictions	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
application	NN
of	IN
copyright	NN
law	NN
to	TO
Net	JJ
photos	NNS
in	IN
relation	NN
to	TO
contemporary	JJ
photographers	NNS
;	:
stock	NN
photo	NN
agencies	NNS
;	:
publishers	NNS
;	:
and	CC
Net	JJ
users	NNS
.	.
Contemporary	NNP
Photographers	NNPS
are	VBP
creating	VBG
homepages	NNS
to	TO
display	VB
portfolios	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Net	NN
to	TO
advertise	VB
for	IN
jobs	NNS
,	,
learn	VBP
new	JJ
skills	NNS
,	,
network	NN
with	IN
colleagues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
provide	VB
pleasure	NN
to	TO
the	DT
viewing	VBG
public	NN
.	.
Stacy	NNP
Rosenstock	NNP
's	POS
portfolio	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
example	NN
of	IN
the	DT
excellent	JJ
photo	NN
art	NN
available	JJ
for	IN
viewing	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
Net	NN
.	.
The	DT
Net	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
unique	JJ
medium	NN
for	IN
photographers	NNS
,	,
offering	VBG
one-on-one	JJ
feedback	NN
from	IN
viewers	NNS
,	,
fellow	JJ
photographers	NNS
and	CC
critics	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
scale	NN
not	RB
available	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
typical	JJ
art	NN
gallery	NN
or	CC
magazine	NN
venue	NN
.	.
The	DT
scale	NN
is	VBZ
larger	JJR
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
potential	JJ
viewers	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
boarderless	JJ
international	JJ
viewing	NN
audience	NN
who	WP
may	MD
choose	VB
to	TO
browse	VB
.	.
A	DT
photographer	NN
choosing	VBG
the	DT
Net	NN
as	IN
a	DT
display	NN
venue	NN
can	MD
also	RB
use	VB
the	DT
net	NN
to	TO
learn	VB
about	IN
copyrights	NNS
.	.
The	DT
American	NNP
Society	NNP
for	IN
media	NNS
Photographers	NNP
offers	VBZ
easy	JJ
to	TO
read	VB
copyright	NN
information	NN
in	IN
the	DT
that	WDT
Copyright	NNP
Guide	NNP
for	IN
Photographers	NNPS
.	.
Net	JJ
photogs	NNS
appear	VBP
generous	JJ
with	IN
fellow	JJ
internetters	NNS
when	WRB
it	PRP
comes	VBZ
to	TO
non-commercial	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
photographs	NNS
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
no	DT
one	NN
likes	VBZ
someone	NN
else	RB
making	VBG
money	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
work	NN
.	.
Photographer	NNP
Philip	NNP
Greenspun	NNP
describes	VBZ
his	PRP$
frustration	NN
with	IN
unauthorized	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
pictures	NNS
in	IN
,	,
The	DT
Somewhat	NNP
Nasty	JJ
Copyright	NNP
Notice	NNP
.	.
As	IN
an	DT
artist	NN
he	PRP
not	RB
only	RB
wants	VBZ
to	TO
get	VB
paid	VBN
,	,
but	CC
desires	NNS
a	DT
certain	JJ
quality	NN
level	NN
for	IN
his	PRP$
photos	NNS
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
Mr.	NNP
Greenspun	NNP
embraces	VBZ
the	DT
camaraderie	NN
of	IN
``	``
fellow	JJ
internetters	NNS
'	POS
`	``
by	IN
authorizing	VBG
redistribution	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
text	NN
for	IN
non	JJ
commercial	JJ
purposes	NNS
and	CC
requesting	VBG
a	DT
source	NN
attribution	NN
and	CC
hyperlink	NN
for	IN
photos	NNS
.	.
The	DT
camaraderie	NN
among	IN
photographers	NNS
is	VBZ
further	JJ
evidenced	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
wellspring	NN
of	IN
resources	NNS
for	IN
photographers	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Net	NN
.	.
The	DT
Michigan	NNP
Press	NNP
Photographers	NNPS
Association	NNP
brings	VBZ
photographers	NNS
together	RB
to	TO
share	VB
information	NN
,	,
as	IN
does	VBZ
the	DT
Atlanta	NNP
Photo	NNP
Journalism	NNP
Seminar	NNP
and	CC
numerous	JJ
other	JJ
resources	NNS
.	.
A	DT
special	JJ
note	NN
to	TO
photographers	NNS
establishing	VBG
homepages	NNS
from	IN
work	NN
.	.
Two	CD
authors	NNS
warn	VBP
of	IN
creating	VBG
works	NNS
using	VBG
an	DT
employer	NN
's	POS
Internet	NNP
connection	NN
because	IN
work-related	JJ
products	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
determined	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
property	NN
of	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
29	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
Allen	NNP
Rose	NNP
,	,
Ordinary	NNP
Photographer	NNP
is	VBZ
employed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Fort	NNP
Worth	NNP
Star-Telegram	NNP
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Rose	NNP
's	POS
weekly	JJ
photo	NN
series	NN
is	VBZ
copyrighted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
newspaper	NN
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
related	JJ
matter	NN
,	,
notice	NN
that	IN
Mr.	NNP
Rose	NNP
chose	VBD
the	DT
location	NN
``	``
arose	VBD
'	''
`	``
rather	RB
than	IN
something	NN
like	IN
``	``
telestar	NN
'	''
`	``
for	IN
his	PRP$
homepage	NN
locator	NN
.	.
Employees	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
careful	JJ
in	IN
choosing	VBG
web	NN
locators	NNS
so	RB
as	IN
to	TO
avoid	VB
trademark	NN
problems	NNS
similar	JJ
to	TO
MTV	NNP
v.	CC
Curry	NNP
,	,
see	VBP
Trademarks	NNPS
Along	IN
the	DT
Infobahn	NNP
.	.
A	DT
traditional	JJ
stock	NN
photo	NN
agency	NN
publishes	VBZ
catalogues	NNS
with	IN
thumbprint	NN
photos	NNS
which	WDT
customers	NNS
view	VBP
and	CC
then	RB
purchase	VB
camera	NN
ready	JJ
prints	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
32	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Stock	NN
agencies	NNS
publicize	VBP
photos	NNS
and	CC
also	RB
negotiate	VB
licenses	NNS
in	IN
exchange	NN
for	IN
royalties	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
33	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
See	VB
the	DT
STOCKPHOTO	NNP
web	NN
site	NN
to	TO
learn	VB
about	IN
stock	NN
agencies	NNS
.	.
One	CD
advantage	NN
of	IN
an	DT
on-line	JJ
agency	NN
may	MD
be	VB
the	DT
capacity	NN
to	TO
for	IN
customers	NNS
to	TO
download	VB
photos	NNS
immediately	RB
.	.
Another	DT
advantage	NN
to	TO
on-line	JJ
agencies	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
enhanced	JJ
research	NN
resources	NNS
for	IN
locating	VBG
the	DT
right	JJ
kind	NN
of	IN
photo	NN
among	IN
the	DT
thousands	NNS
in	IN
stock	NN
.	.
State	NNP
shootings	NNS
wherein	IN
the	DT
photo	NN
was	VBD
altered	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
shot	NN
by	IN
photographer	NN
,	,
John	NNP
Filo	NNP
on	IN
May	NNP
4	CD
,	,
1970	CD
.	.
The	DT
alteration	NN
eliminated	VBD
a	DT
pole	NN
in	IN
the	DT
center	NN
of	IN
the	DT
photograph	NN
.	.
David	NNP
Friend	NNP
,	,
Life	NNP
's	POS
Director	NNP
of	IN
Photography	NNP
says	VBZ
it	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
done	VBN
unbeknownst	NN
to	TO
the	DT
editors	NNS
.	.
MPPA	NNP
member	NN
Brian	NNP
Masck	NNP
responds	VBZ
,	,
saying	VBG
that	IN
credibility	NN
in	IN
the	DT
source	NN
of	IN
a	DT
photo	NN
is	VBZ
critical	JJ
to	TO
photojournalism	NN
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Kobre	NNP
notes	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
recent	JJ
edition	NN
of	IN
The	DT
National	NNP
Enquirer	NNP
displayed	VBD
a	DT
doctored	JJ
photo	NN
of	IN
a	DT
battered	JJ
Nicole	NNP
Brown	NNP
Simpson	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
86	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Enquirer	NNP
noted	VBD
in	IN
small	JJ
type	NN
that	IN
the	DT
photo	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
recreation	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
87	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Rather	RB
than	IN
shying	VBG
away	RB
from	IN
the	DT
technology	NN
and	CC
the	DT
potential	JJ
abuse	NN
of	IN
altering	VBG
on-line	JJ
news	NN
photos	NNS
,	,
Mr.	NNP
Kobre	NNP
believes	VBZ
that	IN
increased	VBN
photographic	JJ
access	NN
assists	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
discovery	NN
of	IN
truth	NN
.	.
With	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
replication	NN
,	,
transmission	NN
and	CC
alteration	NN
,	,
some	DT
Net	JJ
users	NNS
behave	VBP
as	IN
if	IN
all	DT
Net	JJ
information	NN
is	VBZ
up	RP
for	IN
grabs	NNS
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
the	DT
material	NN
is	VBZ
copyrighted	VBN
and	CC
has	VBZ
a	DT
copyright	NN
notice	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
95	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Celebrity	NNP
fan	NN
club	NN
postings	NNS
like	IN
the	DT
Brad	NNP
Pitt	NNP
Web	NNP
Site	NNP
are	VBP
examples	NNS
of	IN
users	NNS
posting	VBG
copyrighted	VBN
photos	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Net	NN
.	.
Internet	NNP
.	.
Children	NNS
while	IN
surfing	VBG
for	IN
rated	VBN
G	NNP
information	NN
are	VBP
finding	VBG
information	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
rated	VBN
X.	NNP
Additionally	RB
,	,
pedophiles	NNS
are	VBP
taking	VBG
advantage	NN
of	IN
children	NNS
's	POS
trust	NN
on-line	JJ
and	CC
then	RB
setting	VBG
up	RP
meetings	NNS
and	CC
raping	VBG
children	NNS
.	.
Movies	NNS
are	VBP
voluntarily	RB
rated	VBN
PG	NNP
,	,
R	NNP
and	CC
X	NNP
so	IN
that	DT
children	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
see	VB
certain	JJ
movies	NNS
without	IN
adult	NN
supervision	NN
,	,
or	CC
not	RB
until	IN
they	PRP
turn	VBP
a	DT
certain	JJ
age	NN
.	.
Yet	RB
,	,
the	DT
Internet	NNP
gives	VBZ
this	DT
free	JJ
access	NN
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
children	NNS
,	,
if	IN
parents	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
closely	RB
monitor	VB
their	PRP$
children	NNS
's	POS
activity	NN
on-line	JJ
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
parents	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
taking	VBG
responsibility	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
children	NNS
on-line	JJ
so	IN
Congress	NNP
is	VBZ
actively	RB
working	VBG
to	TO
fill	VB
the	DT
parents	NNS
'	POS
role	NN
.	.
As	IN
of	IN
October	NNP
1994	CD
,	,
the	DT
Internet	NNP
constitutes	VBZ
2.5	CD
million	CD
host	NN
computers	NNS
with	IN
7.8	CD
million	CD
users	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
These	DT
are	VBP
interconnected	VBN
computer	NN
networks	NNS
from	IN
all	DT
over	IN
the	DT
world	NN
and	CC
no	DT
one	NN
can	MD
control	VB
what	WP
anyone	NN
else	RB
sends	VBZ
or	CC
posts	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
show	NN
talked	VBD
about	IN
Internet	NNP
sex	NN
.	.
Net	JJ
sex	NN
is	VBZ
when	WRB
people	NNS
``	``
meet	VBP
''	''
on-line	JJ
and	CC
tell	VB
one	CD
another	DT
what	WP
to	TO
do	VB
to	TO
their	PRP$
bodies	NNS
and	CC
in	IN
response	NN
what	WP
they	PRP
are	VBP
doing	VBG
to	TO
their	PRP$
own	JJ
bodies	NNS
.	.
Before	IN
logging	VBG
on	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
warning	NN
saying	VBG
to	TO
log	VB
off	RP
if	IN
the	DT
user	NN
is	VBZ
under	IN
18	CD
but	CC
this	DT
does	VBZ
not	RB
prevent	VB
children	NNS
from	IN
continuing	VBG
into	IN
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
On-line	JJ
sites	NNS
exist	VBP
talking	VBG
about	IN
net	JJ
sex	NN
and	CC
sex	NN
in	IN
general	JJ
.	.
These	DT
sites	NNS
sometimes	RB
do	VBP
not	RB
even	RB
have	VB
a	DT
warning	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
children	NNS
from	IN
accessing	VBG
the	DT
information	NN
,	,
not	RB
that	IN
a	DT
mere	JJ
warning	NN
will	MD
prevent	VB
children	NNS
from	IN
continuing	VBG
surfing	NN
anyway	RB
.	.
Children	NNS
are	VBP
even	RB
trusting	VBG
enough	RB
to	TO
run	VB
away	RB
from	IN
home	NN
with	IN
the	DT
help	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
they	PRP
meet	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
chat	VBP
rooms	NNS
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
a	DT
thirteen	JJ
year-old	JJ
girl	NN
,	,
Tara	NNP
Noble	NNP
,	,
ran	VBD
away	RB
from	IN
her	PRP$
Kentucky	NNP
home	NN
to	TO
Los	NNP
Angeles	NNP
to	TO
meet	VB
someone	NN
whom	WP
she	PRP
met	VBD
on	IN
America	NNP
On-Line	NNP
through	IN
the	DT
chat	VB
line	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
24	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Thankfully	RB
,	,
she	PRP
was	VBD
fortunate	JJ
enough	JJ
to	TO
call	VB
the	DT
FBI	NNP
and	CC
is	VBZ
now	RB
home	NN
safely	RB
.	.
Another	DT
example	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
15-year-old	JJ
boy	NN
who	WP
went	VBD
from	IN
Seattle	NNP
to	TO
San	NNP
Francisco	NNP
using	VBG
a	DT
bus	NN
ticket	NN
sent	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
America	NNP
On-Line	NNP
gay	JJ
chat	VBP
room	NN
``	``
friend	NN
.	.
''	''
He	PRP
too	RB
is	VBZ
fortunate	JJ
and	CC
home	NN
safely	RB
.	.
A	DT
parent	NN
taking	VBG
responsibility	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
children	NNS
's	POS
surfing	NN
can	MD
prevent	VB
these	DT
horrible	JJ
incidents	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
information	NN
may	MD
be	VB
offensive	JJ
to	TO
some	DT
people	NNS
while	IN
others	NNS
would	MD
not	RB
screen	VB
this	DT
information	NN
out	IN
of	IN
their	PRP$
child	NN
's	POS
surfing	NN
path	NN
.	.
One	CD
possible	JJ
example	NN
are	VBP
sites	NNS
to	TO
gay	JJ
organizations	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
sexually	RB
graphic	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
27	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
If	IN
parents	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
control	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
then	RB
the	DT
government	NN
will	MD
and	CC
they	PRP
may	MD
censor	VB
information	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
otherwise	RB
have	VB
censored	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
dangerous	JJ
for	IN
children	NNS
but	CC
also	RB
has	VBZ
some	DT
wonderful	JJ
benefits	NNS
.	.
As	IN
Robert	NNP
Sudlow	NNP
,	,
a	DT
Georgia	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
law	NN
student	NN
,	,
so	RB
eloquently	RB
stated	VBN
in	IN
one	CD
e-mail	NN
message	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
p	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
arents	NNS
should	MD
remember	VB
that	IN
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
learning	VBG
and	CC
growth	NN
increase	NN
with	IN
risk	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
exposed	VBN
to	TO
POTENTIALLY	RB
harmful	JJ
materials	NNS
.	.
''	''
Furthermore	RB
,	,
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
way	NN
of	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
People	NNS
are	VBP
on-line	JJ
conducting	VBG
business	NN
,	,
doing	VBG
research	NN
,	,
networking	NN
and	CC
even	RB
financial	JJ
planning	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
36	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Children	NNS
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
use	VB
this	DT
technology	NN
in	IN
school	NN
and	CC
in	IN
their	PRP$
future	JJ
jobs	NNS
,	,
so	RB
parents	NNS
should	MD
want	VB
their	PRP$
children	NNS
educated	VBN
on	IN
this	DT
latest	JJS
technological	JJ
development	NN
.	.
Georgia	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
's	POS
College	NNP
of	IN
Law	NNP
introduced	VBD
a	DT
new	JJ
class	NN
this	DT
summer	NN
,	,
``	``
Internet	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Law	NN
.	.
''	''
Professor	NNP
Patrick	NNP
Wiseman	NNP
taught	VBD
the	DT
students	NNS
using	VBG
a	DT
private	JJ
chat	VBP
room	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
a	DT
few	JJ
times	NNS
during	IN
the	DT
semester	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
the	DT
students	NNS
were	VBD
assigned	VBN
discussion	NN
topics	NNS
on	IN
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
like	IN
encryption	NN
which	WDT
that	IN
they	PRP
led	VBD
class	NN
discussions	NNS
through	IN
e-mail	NN
with	IN
their	PRP$
classmates	NNS
.	.
In	IN
contrast	NN
,	,
Newt	NNP
Gingrich	NNP
,	,
Speaker	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
House	NNP
,	,
although	IN
against	IN
pornography	NN
,	,
does	VBZ
not	RB
support	VB
Exon	NNP
's	POS
bill	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
violate	VB
the	DT
peoples	NNS
'	POS
first	JJ
amendment	NN
right	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
59	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
subcommittees	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
House	NNP
have	VBP
held	VBN
hearings	NNS
on	IN
this	DT
issue	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
60	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
House	NNP
Science	NNP
Committee	NNP
hearing	NN
on	IN
cyber	NN
porn	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
61	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
So	IN
the	DT
freedom	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
House	NNP
of	IN
Representatives	NNPS
shoulder	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
the	DT
House	NNP
has	VBZ
not	RB
voted	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
CDA	NNP
but	CC
a	DT
wide	JJ
debate	NN
is	VBZ
occurring	VBG
on	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
House	NNP
will	MD
pass	VB
it	PRP
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
here	RB
to	TO
stay	VB
.	.
Our	PRP$
children	NNS
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
tool	NN
for	IN
education	NN
and	CC
entertainment	NN
.	.
We	PRP
,	,
as	IN
responsible	JJ
adults	NNS
,	,
must	MD
take	VB
responsibility	NN
for	IN
our	PRP$
children	NNS
and	CC
monitor	VB
their	PRP$
activities	NNS
on-line	JJ
.	.
America	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
police	NN
state	NN
and	CC
the	DT
government	NN
can	MD
not	RB
control	VB
what	WP
people	NNS
``	``
say	VBP
''	''
in	IN
cyberspace	NN
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
we	PRP
must	MD
control	VB
what	WP
our	PRP$
children	NNS
read	VBP
.	.
Every	DT
parent	NN
will	MD
monitor	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
differently	RB
;	:
each	DT
parent	NN
will	MD
differ	VB
on	IN
their	PRP$
definition	NN
of	IN
cybersmut	NN
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
of	IN
every	DT
American	JJ
to	TO
bring	VB
their	PRP$
children	NNS
up	RP
as	IN
they	PRP
see	VBP
proper	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
government	NN
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
telling	VBG
us	PRP
,	,
the	DT
American	JJ
people	NNS
,	,
what	WP
is	VBZ
cybersmut	JJ
and	CC
what	WP
is	VBZ
acceptable	JJ
for	IN
our	PRP$
children	NNS
.	.
As	IN
individuals	NNS
,	,
corporations	NNS
and	CC
governments	NNS
build	VBP
in	IN
and	CC
populate	VB
that	DT
plane	NN
of	IN
existence	NN
known	VBN
as	IN
cyberspace	NN
,	,
security	NN
becomes	VBZ
an	DT
increasingly	RB
important	JJ
issue	NN
.	.
Society	NNP
,	,
at	IN
least	JJS
in	IN
developed	JJ
countries	NNS
,	,
has	VBZ
become	VBN
dependent	JJ
on	IN
access	NN
to	TO
reliable	JJ
information	NN
for	IN
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
economic	JJ
systems	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
stock	NN
markets	NNS
,	,
banking	NN
,	,
accounting	VBG
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
almost	RB
every	DT
other	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
modern	JJ
life	NN
.	.
The	DT
internet	NN
has	VBZ
accelerated	VBN
the	DT
pace	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
these	DT
structures	NNS
grow	VBP
and	CC
become	VBP
interconnected	VBN
.	.
As	IN
societies	NNS
build	VBP
more	RBR
in	IN
cyberspace	NN
,	,
the	DT
harm	NN
resulting	VBG
from	IN
destruction	NN
of	IN
or	CC
tampering	VBG
with	IN
these	DT
structures	NNS
increases	NNS
.	.
Information	NN
and	CC
information	NN
systems	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
``	``
attacked	VBN
,	,
''	''
``	``
stolen	VBN
,	,
''	''
and	CC
``	``
destroyed	VBN
.	.
''	''
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
a	DT
person	NN
's	POS
credit	NN
card	NN
data	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
plucked	VBN
out	IN
of	IN
a	DT
transmission	NN
stream	NN
and	CC
used	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
thief	NN
.	.
Corporate	JJ
secrets	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
stolen	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
competition	NN
.	.
Military	JJ
plans	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
accessed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
spies	NNS
of	IN
other	JJ
nations	NNS
.	.
A	DT
virus	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
computer	NN
program	NN
that	WDT
attaches	VBZ
itself	PRP
to	TO
a	DT
``	``
host	NN
''	''
program	NN
and	CC
may	MD
have	VB
great	JJ
destructive	JJ
potential	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
another	DT
constant	JJ
threat	NN
to	TO
computer	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
hackers	NNS
often	RB
have	VBP
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
penetrate	VB
highly	RB
protected	VBN
computer	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
The	DT
list	NN
of	IN
risks	NNS
goes	VBZ
on	IN
.	.
In	IN
response	NN
,	,
computer	NN
scientists	NNS
have	VBP
implemented	VBN
an	DT
increasingly	RB
sophisticated	JJ
array	NN
of	IN
protection	NN
hardware	NN
and	CC
software	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
password	NN
systems	NNS
,	,
firewalls	NNS
,	,
virus	NN
detection	NN
programs	NNS
and	CC
encryption	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
future	NN
,	,
criminals	NNS
,	,
terrorists	NNS
,	,
law	NN
enforcement	NN
officials	NNS
,	,
militaries	NNS
,	,
corporations	NNS
and	CC
average	JJ
citizens	NNS
will	MD
use	VB
these	DT
things	NNS
to	TO
attack	VB
and	CC
defend	VB
information	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
Encryption	NNP
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
many	JJ
methods	NNS
of	IN
protecting	VBG
the	DT
privacy	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
the	DT
focus	NN
of	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
.	.
For	IN
some	DT
time	NN
now	RB
,	,
a	DT
debate	NN
has	VBZ
raged	VBN
concerning	VBG
the	DT
use	NN
and	CC
distribution	NN
of	IN
encryption	NN
technology	NN
.	.
Should	MD
citizens	NNS
be	VB
free	JJ
to	TO
use	VB
any	DT
type	NN
of	IN
encryption	NN
system	NN
?	.
Should	MD
government	NN
promulgate	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
``	``
standard	JJ
''	''
encryption	NN
?	.
Should	MD
government	NN
retain	VB
a	DT
key	NN
to	TO
private	JJ
systems	NNS
,	,
whereby	WRB
they	PRP
can	MD
,	,
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
warrant	NN
,	,
decode	VB
private	JJ
transmissions	NNS
for	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
purposes	NNS
?	.
Should	MD
export	VB
of	IN
encryption	NN
software	NN
be	VB
prohibited	VBN
?	.
To	TO
what	WP
extent	NN
do	VBP
encryption	NN
systems	NNS
impact	NN
on	IN
national	JJ
security	NN
?	.
This	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
explore	VB
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
debate	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
and	CC
briefly	NN
survey	NN
the	DT
debate	NN
internationally	RB
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
considers	VBZ
cryptographic	JJ
technology	NN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
threat	NN
to	TO
national	JJ
security	NN
,	,
export	NN
controls	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
put	VBN
into	IN
place	NN
,	,
preventing	VBG
software	NN
manufacturers	NNS
from	IN
exporting	VBG
many	JJ
different	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
software	NN
packages	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
accomplished	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
authority	NN
of	IN
section	NN
38	CD
of	IN
the	DT
Arms	NNS
Export	NNP
Control	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
law	NN
allows	VBZ
the	DT
State	NNP
Department	NNP
to	TO
deny	VB
export	NN
of	IN
any	DT
item	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Munitions	NNP
List	NN
,	,
and	CC
encryption	NN
technology	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
this	DT
list	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
along	IN
with	IN
grenades	NNS
,	,
warships	NNS
,	,
tanks	NNS
...	:
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
note	NN
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Breaking	VBG
this	DT
law	NN
entails	VBZ
a	DT
maximum	NN
criminal	JJ
sentence	NN
of	IN
$	$
1	CD
million	CD
and	CC
ten	CD
years	NNS
imprisonment	NN
.	.
Advocates	NNS
of	IN
export	NN
control	NN
have	VBP
three	CD
main	JJ
arguments	NNS
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
is	VBZ
that	IN
export	NN
controls	NNS
sharply	RB
limit	VBP
the	DT
availability	NN
of	IN
the	DT
highest	JJS
quality	NN
encryption	NN
software	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
type	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
only	RB
be	VB
broken	VBN
by	IN
using	VBG
many	JJ
computers	NNS
working	VBG
in	IN
concert	NN
for	IN
a	DT
period	NN
of	IN
perhaps	RB
years	NNS
...	:
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
argument	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
export	NN
control	NN
decreases	VBZ
the	DT
availability	NN
of	IN
low-level	JJ
encryption	NN
software	NN
that	WDT
hinders	VBZ
the	DT
ability	NN
of	IN
U.S.	NNP
intelligence	NN
operations	NNS
to	TO
sort	VB
out	RP
messages	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
intercepted	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
obviously	RB
,	,
intelligence	NN
agents	NNS
could	MD
more	RBR
easily	RB
deal	VB
with	IN
unencrypted	JJ
data	NNS
transmissions	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
last	JJ
argument	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
export	NN
control	NN
law	NN
results	NNS
in	IN
companies	NNS
applying	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
permit	NN
to	TO
export	VB
,	,
which	WDT
allows	VBZ
the	DT
government	NN
to	TO
survey	NN
technological	JJ
advances	NNS
by	IN
examining	VBG
the	DT
products	NNS
.	.
Export	NNP
control	NN
has	VBZ
drawbacks	NNS
,	,
especially	RB
for	IN
U.S.	NNP
software	NN
producers	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
demand	NN
for	IN
computer	NN
security	NN
in	IN
both	DT
the	DT
business	NN
and	CC
private	JJ
sectors	NNS
is	VBZ
high	JJ
,	,
software	NN
companies	NNS
have	VBP
made	VBN
encryption	NN
technology	NN
part	NN
of	IN
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
top-selling	JJ
software	NN
packages	NNS
.	.
The	DT
integration	NN
of	IN
encryption	NN
technology	NN
into	IN
popular	JJ
software	NN
compounds	NNS
the	DT
export	NN
restriction	NN
problem	NN
for	IN
the	DT
software	NN
companies	NNS
because	IN
it	PRP
increases	VBZ
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
products	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
prevented	VBN
from	IN
selling	VBG
in	IN
foreign	JJ
markets	NNS
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
most	RBS
other	JJ
countries	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
with	IN
some	DT
exceptions	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
France	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
allow	VBP
the	DT
export	NN
of	IN
encryption	NN
technology	NN
,	,
so	RB
U.S.	NNP
companies	NNS
are	VBP
at	IN
risk	NN
of	IN
losing	VBG
their	PRP$
share	NN
of	IN
foreign	JJ
markets	NNS
to	TO
software	NN
companies	NNS
in	IN
countries	NNS
with	IN
no	DT
export	NN
controls	NNS
.	.
Even	RB
so	RB
,	,
the	DT
National	NNP
Security	NNP
Agency	NNP
shows	VBZ
no	DT
signs	NNS
of	IN
changing	VBG
its	PRP$
position	NN
on	IN
the	DT
subject	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
some	DT
software	NN
companies	NNS
are	VBP
lobbying	VBG
Congress	NNP
to	TO
lift	VB
the	DT
export	NN
controls	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
note	NN
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Export	NNP
control	NN
is	VBZ
probably	RB
an	DT
ineffective	JJ
solution	NN
to	TO
the	DT
threat	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
nations	NNS
employing	VBG
encryption	NN
software	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
their	PRP$
secrets	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
viable	JJ
temporary	JJ
solution	NN
in	IN
that	DT
it	PRP
reduces	VBZ
the	DT
volume	NN
and	CC
availability	NN
of	IN
encryption	NN
products	NNS
in	IN
foreign	JJ
markets	NNS
,	,
but	CC
at	IN
what	WP
cost	NN
?	.
Foreign	NNP
software	NN
producers	NNS
are	VBP
already	RB
producing	VBG
these	DT
products	NNS
,	,
so	RB
eventually	RB
everyone	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
the	DT
money	NN
and	CC
the	DT
need	NN
will	MD
have	VB
very	RB
strong	JJ
security	NN
.	.
Meanwhile	RB
,	,
U.S.	NNP
software	NN
companies	NNS
stand	VBP
to	TO
lose	VB
market	NN
share	NN
in	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
international	JJ
markets	NNS
.	.
Intelligence	NNP
gathering	NN
operations	NNS
should	MD
concentrate	VB
on	IN
planning	NN
for	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
likely	JJ
scenario	NN
--	:
that	IN
of	IN
widespread	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
encryption	NN
products	NNS
,	,
and	CC
U.S.	NNP
policy	NN
should	MD
turn	VB
away	RB
from	IN
temporary	JJ
solutions	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
export	NN
controls	NNS
.	.
A	DT
secure	JJ
information	NN
infrastructure	NN
is	VBZ
vital	JJ
to	TO
any	DT
developed	JJ
country	NN
's	POS
national	JJ
security	NN
.	.
The	DT
U.S.	NNP
government	NN
set	VBD
up	RP
an	DT
Information	NN
Infrastructure	NNP
Task	NNP
Force	NNP
to	TO
study	VB
the	DT
situation	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
produced	VBD
a	DT
paper	NN
,	,
NII	NNP
Security	NNP
:	:
The	NNP
Federal	NNP
Role	NNP
.	.
The	DT
study	NN
reccomended	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
government	NN
research	NN
and	CC
work	NN
with	IN
industry	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
plan	NN
of	IN
action	NN
in	IN
case	NN
of	IN
an	DT
emergency	NN
impacting	VBG
the	DT
information	NN
infrastructure	NN
.	.
The	DT
study	NN
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
government	NN
agencies	NNS
go	VBP
beyond	IN
security	NN
devices	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
encryption	NN
and	CC
begin	VB
training	VBG
personel	NN
in	IN
security	NN
procedures	NNS
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
the	DT
study	NN
reccomended	VBD
developing	VBG
a	DT
public-key	JJ
encryption	NN
system	NN
for	IN
government	NN
use	NN
.	.
The	DT
Clinton	NNP
Administration	NNP
proposed	VBD
a	DT
plan	NN
to	TO
implement	VB
key-escrow	JJ
encryption	NN
as	IN
a	DT
government	NN
standard	NN
.	.
A	DT
key-escrow	JJ
system	NN
basically	RB
works	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
standard	JJ
public-key	NN
encryption	NN
system	NN
except	IN
the	DT
government	NN
will	MD
retain	VB
a	DT
key	NN
.	.
The	DT
plan	NN
proposes	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Institute	NNP
of	IN
Standards	NNPS
and	CC
Technology	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Treasury	NNP
's	POS
Automated	NNP
Systems	NNPS
Division	NNP
would	MD
be	VB
the	DT
keyholders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
key	JJ
holders	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
authorized	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
key	NN
to	TO
law	NN
enforcement	NN
agencies	NNS
only	RB
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
valid	JJ
court	NN
order	NN
.	.
The	DT
Clipper	NNP
Chip	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
version	NN
of	IN
this	DT
system	NN
that	WDT
applies	VBZ
to	TO
telecommunications	NNS
.	.
The	DT
government	NN
plans	VBZ
a	DT
seperate	JJ
system	NN
for	IN
computer	NN
data	NNS
transmissions	NNS
.	.
Both	DT
Clipper	NNP
and	CC
EES	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Escrowed	NNP
Encryption	NNP
Standard	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
would	MD
be	VB
hardware-based	JJ
to	TO
prevent	VB
tampering	VBG
and\/or	CC
discovery	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
the	DT
algorithm	NN
works	VBZ
.	.
The	DT
Clipper	NNP
uses	VBZ
the	DT
``	``
Skipjack	NN
''	''
algorithm	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
designed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Security	NNP
Agency	NNP
and	CC
is	VBZ
classified	VBN
.	.
The	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
scientists	NNS
outside	IN
the	DT
government	NN
are	VBP
unable	JJ
to	TO
test	VB
the	DT
method	NN
for	IN
reliability	NN
has	VBZ
lead	NN
to	TO
distrust	NN
of	IN
the	DT
system	NN
by	IN
many	JJ
.	.
Some	DT
have	VBP
speculated	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
system	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
as	IN
impenetrable	JJ
as	IN
claimed	VBN
,	,
or	CC
that	IN
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
key-escrow	NN
feature	NN
,	,
the	DT
government	NN
has	VBZ
designed	VBN
a	DT
secret	JJ
trapdoor	NN
into	IN
the	DT
system	NN
.	.
In	IN
answer	NN
to	TO
some	DT
of	IN
these	DT
challenges	NNS
,	,
the	DT
government	NN
allowed	VBD
a	DT
team	NN
of	IN
independent	JJ
computer	NN
scientists	NNS
to	TO
do	VB
some	DT
limited	JJ
testing	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Skipjack	NNP
algorithim	NN
.	.
Dorothy	NNP
Denning	NNP
's	POS
article	NN
,	,
Resolving	NNP
the	DT
Encryption	NNP
Dilemma	NNP
:	:
The	DT
Case	NN
for	IN
Clipper	NNP
,	,
argues	VBZ
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
significant	JJ
risk	NN
that	IN
Clipper	NNP
is	VBZ
breakable	JJ
or	CC
contains	VBZ
a	DT
trapdoor	NN
.	.
But	CC
,	,
a	DT
limited	JJ
testing	NN
of	IN
Skipjack	NNP
under	IN
controlled	JJ
conditions	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
an	DT
acceptable	JJ
substitute	NN
to	TO
rigorous	JJ
testing	NN
by	IN
independent	JJ
scientists	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
chosen	VBN
independently	RB
of	IN
the	DT
government	NN
.	.
The	DT
Electronic	JJ
Frontier	NNP
Foundation	NNP
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
more	RBR
vocal	JJ
opponents	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
government	NN
created	VBD
Escrowed	NNP
Encryption	NNP
Standard	NNP
.	.
In	IN
its	PRP$
policy	NN
statement	NN
on	IN
electronic	JJ
privacy	NN
,	,
the	DT
group	NN
enumerated	VBD
very	RB
specific	JJ
conditions	NNS
for	IN
approval	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Clipper	NNP
Chip	NNP
.	.
The	DT
EEF	NNP
would	MD
accept	VB
Clipper	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
completely	RB
voluntary	JJ
alternative	NN
to	TO
strong	JJ
encryption	NN
technology	NN
developed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
software	NN
industry	NN
.	.
An	DT
escrow	NN
requirement	NN
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
acceptable	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
EEF	NNP
.	.
Before	IN
these	DT
conditions	NNS
could	MD
possibly	RB
be	VB
met	VBN
,	,
the	DT
government	NN
would	MD
need	VB
to	TO
lift	VB
export	NN
controls	NNS
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
the	DT
EEF	NNP
advocates	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
public	JJ
debate	NN
on	IN
encryption	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
civilian	JJ
encryption	NN
standards	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
published	VBN
and	CC
exposed	VBN
to	TO
rigorous	JJ
testing	NN
and	CC
challenges	NNS
,	,
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
encryption	NN
technology	NN
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
information	NN
infrastructure	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
people	NNS
have	VBP
expressed	VBN
the	DT
opinion	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
on	IN
newsgroups	NNS
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	IN
the	DT
government	NN
is	VBZ
planning	VBG
to	TO
make	VB
Clipper	NNP
the	DT
only	JJ
alternative	NN
for	IN
encrypted	JJ
communications	NNS
.	.
The	DT
government	NN
would	MD
first	RB
flood	NN
the	DT
market	NN
with	IN
Clipper-based	JJ
encryption	NN
products	NNS
.	.
Export	NNP
controls	NNS
would	MD
operate	VB
to	TO
prevent	VB
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
competing	VBG
encryption	NN
products	NNS
.	.
Additional	JJ
pressure	NN
to	TO
use	VB
Clipper	NNP
would	MD
result	VB
when	WRB
the	DT
government	NN
adopts	VBZ
Clipper	NNP
as	IN
its	PRP$
standard	NN
for	IN
information	NN
security	NN
,	,
because	IN
companies	NNS
dealing	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
government	NN
would	MD
be	VB
forced	VBN
to	TO
use	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Even	RB
foreign	JJ
companies	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
forced	VBN
to	TO
use	VB
Clipper	NNP
when	WRB
communicating	VBG
with	IN
American	JJ
firms	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
in	IN
this	DT
scenario	NN
,	,
The	DT
U.S.	NNP
government	NN
would	MD
acquire	VB
access	NN
to	TO
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
secure	JJ
information	NN
within	IN
its	PRP$
borders	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
have	VBP
speculated	VBN
that	IN
after	IN
Clipper	NNP
gains	VBZ
some	DT
popularity	NN
,	,
Congress	NNP
will	MD
simply	RB
pass	VB
a	DT
law	NN
forbidding	VBG
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
type	NN
of	IN
encryption	NN
technology	NN
.	.
International	NNP
law	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
played	VBN
much	RB
of	IN
a	DT
role	NN
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
;	:
nevertheless	RB
,	,
the	DT
course	NN
taken	VBN
by	IN
other	JJ
countries	NNS
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
privacy	NN
and	CC
encryption	NN
may	MD
determine	VB
the	DT
value	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
as	IN
a	DT
global	JJ
forum	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Congress	NNP
decides	VBZ
to	TO
control	VB
the	DT
method	NN
and	CC
extent	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
privacy	NN
by	IN
mandating	VBG
key-escrow	JJ
encryption	NN
,	,
other	JJ
countries	NNS
may	MD
potentially	RB
follow	VB
that	DT
example	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
far	RB
,	,
most	RBS
countries	NNS
have	VBP
not	RB
begun	VBN
to	TO
regulate	VB
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
but	CC
many	JJ
are	VBP
contemplating	VBG
measures	NNS
to	TO
moderate	VB
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
A	DT
recent	JJ
survey	NN
details	NNS
specific	JJ
restrictions	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
thus	RB
far	RB
affecting	VBG
privacy	NN
.	.
Canada	NNP
allows	VBZ
free	JJ
export	NN
of	IN
strong	JJ
encryption	NN
software	NN
,	,
but	CC
is	VBZ
contemplating	VBG
legislation	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
restrict	VB
privacy	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
In	IN
Canada	NNP
,	,
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
encryption	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
allowed	VBN
on	IN
Intellec	NNP
or	CC
Fidonet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
survey	NN
also	RB
reveals	VBZ
that	IN
encryption	NN
is	VBZ
freely	RB
used	VBN
throughout	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
Europe	NNP
.	.
France	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
exception	NN
;	:
there	RB
,	,
you	PRP
must	MD
apply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
government	NN
to	TO
use	VB
encryption	NN
technology	NN
and	CC
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
government	NN
allows	VBZ
you	PRP
to	TO
use	VB
it	PRP
,	,
you	PRP
must	MD
turn	VB
over	RP
a	DT
key	NN
.	.
In	IN
Germany	NNP
,	,
right	JJ
wing	NN
parties	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
favor	NN
of	IN
restrictive	JJ
measures	NNS
,	,
although	IN
currently	RB
,	,
German	JJ
law	NN
allows	VBZ
unrestricted	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
encryption	NN
technology	NN
.	.
China	NNP
and	CC
North	NNP
Korea	NNP
do	VBP
not	RB
allow	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
encryption	NN
technology	NN
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
government	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
thus	RB
far	RB
restricted	VBN
the	DT
privacy	NN
of	IN
individuals	NNS
and	CC
corporations	NNS
through	IN
key-escrowed	JJ
encryption	NN
,	,
there	EX
remains	VBZ
a	DT
strong	JJ
possibility	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
do	VB
so	RB
in	IN
the	DT
futuure	NN
.	.
Congress	NNP
has	VBZ
already	RB
shown	VBN
a	DT
willingness	NN
to	TO
restrict	VB
speech	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
so	IN
it	PRP
seems	VBZ
likely	JJ
that	IN
many	JJ
legislators	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
willing	JJ
to	TO
enact	VB
further	JJ
restrictions	NNS
,	,
especially	RB
considering	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
arguments	NNS
involve	VBP
national	JJ
security	NN
issues	NNS
Individual	JJ
rights	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
disregarded	VBN
many	JJ
times	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
past	NN
where	WRB
national	JJ
security	NN
was	VBD
an	DT
issue	NN
.	.
The	DT
executive	JJ
branch	NN
has	VBZ
also	RB
demonstrated	VBN
it	PRP
view	VB
through	IN
the	DT
Clipper	NNP
Chip	NNP
proposal	NN
.	.
Some	DT
commentators	NNS
have	VBP
suggested	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
could	MD
potentially	RB
find	VB
unconstitutional	JJ
a	DT
law	NN
banning	VBG
encrypted	JJ
speech	NN
or	CC
even	RB
a	DT
law	NN
requiring	VBG
key-escrow	JJ
encryption	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
could	MD
find	VB
that	DT
encrypted	JJ
speech	NN
is	VBZ
protected	VBN
free	JJ
speech	NN
and	CC
that	IN
forcing	VBG
people	NNS
abandon	VBP
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
like	IN
forcing	VBG
everyone	NN
to	TO
speak	VB
one	CD
language	NN
.	.
But	CC
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
differences	NNS
between	IN
encrypted	JJ
speech	NN
and	CC
speech	NN
translated	VBN
to	TO
another	DT
language	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
court	NN
could	MD
just	RB
as	RB
easily	RB
determine	VB
that	DT
banning	VBG
encrypted	JJ
speech	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
unconstitutional	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
could	MD
also	RB
find	VB
such	JJ
laws	NNS
unconstitutional	JJ
based	VBN
on	IN
4th	JJ
Amendment	NNP
protection	NN
from	IN
unrerasonable	JJ
searches	NNS
and	CC
seizuures	NNS
.	.
A	DT
recent	JJ
law	NN
review	NN
article	NN
,	,
The	DT
Metaphor	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
Key	NNP
:	:
Cryptography	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Clipper	NNP
Chip	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
,	,
points	VBZ
out	RP
that	IN
where	WRB
a	DT
new	JJ
technology	NN
becomes	VBZ
involved	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
legal	JJ
dilemma	NN
,	,
the	DT
courts	NNS
often	RB
analogize	VBP
the	DT
new	JJ
technology	NN
to	TO
an	DT
older	JJR
one	NN
and	CC
attempt	NN
to	TO
apply	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
law	NN
to	TO
the	DT
new	JJ
one	CD
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Note	NN
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Thus	RB
far	RB
,	,
no	DT
single	JJ
metaphor	NN
dominates	VBZ
legal	JJ
thinking	VBG
about	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
So	IN
it	PRP
seems	VBZ
that	IN
U.S.	NNP
law	NN
could	MD
potentially	RB
ban	VB
encytpted	JJ
communications	NNS
or	CC
mandate	VB
government	NN
access	NN
to	TO
such	JJ
communications	NNS
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
such	JJ
laws	NNS
were	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
found	VBN
constitutional	JJ
,	,
they	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
unwise	JJ
and	CC
ineffective	JJ
as	IN
national	JJ
security	NN
measures	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
technologically	RB
infeasible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
government	NN
to	TO
monitor	VB
all	DT
communications	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
it	PRP
seems	VBZ
likely	JJ
that	IN
terrorists	NNS
and	CC
spies	NNS
would	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
use	VB
encryption	NN
to	TO
guard	VB
their	PRP$
secrets	NNS
,	,
while	IN
average	JJ
citizens	NNS
would	MD
abandon	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
encryption	NN
.	.
Similarly	RB
,	,
if	IN
key-escrowed	JJ
encryption	NN
were	VBD
mandated	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
the	DT
criminals	NNS
who	WP
would	MD
avoid	VB
registering	VBG
a	DT
key	NN
with	IN
the	DT
government	NN
.	.
Another	DT
problem	NN
with	IN
key-escrow	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
the	DT
potential	NN
for	IN
great	JJ
abuse	NN
by	IN
the	DT
key-holders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
government	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
guilty	JJ
of	IN
conducting	VBG
many	JJ
illegal	JJ
wiretaps	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
other	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
searches	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
the	DT
past	NN
,	,
and	CC
there	EX
is	VBZ
nothing	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
such	JJ
abuses	NNS
from	IN
happening	VBG
again	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
with	IN
even	RB
greater	JJR
ease	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Encryption	NNP
technology	NN
has	VBZ
progressed	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
stage	NN
to	TO
where	WRB
,	,
by	IN
means	NNS
of	IN
easily	RB
obtainable	JJ
software	NN
,	,
communications	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
protected	VBN
from	IN
all	DT
attempts	NNS
to	TO
intercept	VB
and	CC
read	VB
them	PRP
.	.
The	DT
U.S.	NNP
government	NN
has	VBZ
restricted	VBN
the	DT
export	NN
of	IN
encryption	NN
technology	NN
at	IN
the	DT
expense	NN
of	IN
the	DT
software	NN
industry	NN
,	,
arguing	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
ban	NN
will	MD
prevent	VB
the	DT
spread	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
technology	NN
and	CC
advance	NN
national	JJ
security	NN
interests	NNS
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
encryption	NN
technology	NN
is	VBZ
widely	RB
available	JJ
in	IN
other	JJ
countries	NNS
and	CC
banning	VBG
the	DT
export	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
by	IN
U.S.	NNP
software	NN
companies	NNS
only	RB
damages	VBZ
the	DT
economy	NN
.	.
The	DT
government	NN
has	VBZ
also	RB
demonstrated	VBN
that	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
willing	JJ
to	TO
require	VB
citizens	NNS
to	TO
allow	VB
government	NN
access	NN
to	TO
private	JJ
encrypted	JJ
commuunications	NNS
.	.
This	DT
also	RB
seems	VBZ
unlikely	JJ
to	TO
advance	VB
U.S.	NNP
national	JJ
security	NN
interests	NNS
.	.
People	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
a	DT
stake	NN
in	IN
hiding	VBG
information	NN
from	IN
the	DT
government	NN
will	MD
simply	RB
break	VB
the	DT
law	NN
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
getting	VBG
caught	VBN
.	.
If	IN
governments	NNS
find	VBP
that	IN
encryption	NN
technology	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
threat	NN
to	TO
national	JJ
security	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
it	PRP
probably	RB
is	VBZ
-RRB-	-RRB-
then	RB
they	PRP
must	MD
fight	VB
the	DT
problem	NN
directly	RB
--	:
by	IN
finding	VBG
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
get	VB
the	DT
information	NN
despite	IN
the	DT
protection	NN
of	IN
encryption	NN
.	.
In	IN
Georgia	NNP
,	,
``	``
a	DT
lawyer	NN
may	MD
advertise	VB
services	NNS
through	IN
public	JJ
media	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
telephone	NN
directory	NN
,	,
newspaper	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
periodical	NN
,	,
radio	NN
or	CC
television	NN
,	,
or	CC
through	IN
written	VBN
communication	NN
not	RB
involving	VBG
personal	JJ
contact	NN
''	''
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
by	IN
O.C.G.A.	NNP
10-1-427	CD
which	WDT
prohibits	VBZ
false	JJ
or	CC
misleading	JJ
legal	JJ
advertising	NN
in	IN
those	DT
media	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
what	WP
about	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
?	.
How	WRB
should	MD
web	NN
sites	NNS
,	,
home	NN
pages	NNS
,	,
or	CC
discussion	NN
group	NN
contributions	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
be	VB
classified	VBN
and	CC
regulated	VBN
?	.
Currently	RB
,	,
the	DT
Georgia	NNP
State	NNP
Bar	NNP
is	VBZ
considering	VBG
the	DT
adoption	NN
of	IN
stricter	JJR
rules	NNS
on	IN
lawyer	NN
advertising	NN
in	IN
an	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
further	JJ
harm	NN
that	WDT
bad	JJ
legal	JJ
adverting	NN
inflicts	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
profession	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
At	IN
this	DT
point	NN
,	,
the	DT
Georgia	NNP
Bar	NNP
is	VBZ
working	VBG
to	TO
draw	VB
adequate	JJ
empirical	JJ
data	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
justify	VB
restrictions	NNS
on	IN
commercial	JJ
speech	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
While	IN
states	NNS
are	VBP
taking	VBG
a	DT
renewed	VBN
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
ethics	NNS
of	IN
legal	JJ
advertising	NN
,	,
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
where	WRB
advertising	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
or	CC
``	``
Netvertising	NNP
''	''
,	,
fits	VBZ
in	IN
needs	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
included	VBN
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
discuss	VB
these	DT
questions	NNS
,	,
consider	VBP
various	JJ
judical	JJ
and	CC
legislative	JJ
efforts	NNS
to	TO
answer	VB
them	PRP
,	,
and	CC
propose	VB
rules	NNS
and	CC
statutes	NNS
that	WDT
might	MD
help	VB
states	NNS
better	JJR
regulate	VB
the	DT
growing	VBG
field	NN
of	IN
netvertising	VBG
.	.
In	IN
that	DT
case	NN
the	DT
attorney	NN
went	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
hospital	NN
to	TO
see	VB
if	IN
a	DT
recent	JJ
accident	NN
victim	NN
would	MD
consider	VB
employing	VBG
him	PRP
as	IN
her	PRP$
lawyer	NN
in	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
.	.
The	DT
prospective	JJ
client	NN
,	,
who	WP
had	VBD
not	RB
yet	RB
graduated	VBN
from	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
,	,
was	VBD
in	IN
traction	NN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
injuries	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
stated	VBD
that	IN
``	``
in-person	JJ
solicitation	NN
of	IN
professional	JJ
employment	NN
by	IN
a	DT
lawyer	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
stand	VB
on	IN
a	DT
par	NN
with	IN
truthful	JJ
advertising	NN
about	IN
the	DT
availability	NN
and	CC
terms	NNS
of	IN
routine	JJ
legal	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
16	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Court	NNP
went	VBD
on	IN
to	TO
uphold	VB
the	DT
attorney	NN
's	POS
discipline	NN
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
bar	NN
for	IN
his	PRP$
actions	NNS
.	.
If	IN
an	DT
attorney	NN
's	POS
web	NN
site	NN
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
a	DT
form	NN
of	IN
advertising	NN
,	,
then	RB
it	PRP
must	MD
conform	VB
to	TO
the	DT
lawyer	NN
advertising	NN
statutes	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
the	DT
attorney	NN
and	CC
possibly	RB
of	IN
all	DT
states	NNS
where	WRB
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
may	MD
be	VB
viewed	VBN
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
one	CD
could	MD
argue	VB
that	IN
even	RB
the	DT
submission	NN
of	IN
free	JJ
information	NN
in	IN
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
home	NN
page	NN
or	CC
discussion	NN
contribution	NN
,	,
if	IN
improperly	RB
used	VBN
,	,
is	VBZ
not	RB
only	RB
advertising	NN
,	,
but	CC
in	IN
fact	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
an	DT
illegal	JJ
,	,
bait	NN
and	CC
switch	VB
type	NN
of	IN
advertising	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
Kentucky	NNP
Bar	NNP
Assoc	NNP
.	.
v.	CC
Gangwish	NNP
,	,
bait	NN
and	CC
switch	VB
scheme	NN
was	VBD
held	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
an	DT
illegal	JJ
form	NN
of	IN
advertising	NN
that	IN
breached	VBN
ethical	JJ
rules	NNS
prohibiting	VBG
fraud	NN
and	CC
dishonesty	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
23	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
Gangwish	NNP
,	,
an	DT
attorney	NN
advertised	VBD
a	DT
service	NN
wherein	IN
he	PRP
would	MD
assist	VB
in	IN
finding	VBG
peoples	NNS
'	POS
parents	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
when	WRB
people	NNS
responded	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
newspaper	NN
ad	NN
,	,
he	PRP
would	MD
reply	VB
and	CC
only	RB
then	RB
would	MD
he	PRP
reveal	VB
himself	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
lawyer	NN
.	.
In	IN
actuality	NN
,	,
the	DT
service	NN
under	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
attorney	NN
advertised	VBD
did	VBD
not	RB
exist	VB
.	.
Similarly	RB
these	DT
web	NN
sites	NNS
or	CC
home	NN
pages	NNS
that	WDT
purely	RB
give	VBP
information	NN
may	MD
not	RB
even	RB
identify	VB
the	DT
attorney	NN
as	IN
the	DT
source	NN
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
and	CC
thus	RB
run	VB
into	IN
the	DT
Gangwish	JJ
problem	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
some	DT
web	NN
sites	NNS
or	CC
home	NN
pages	NNS
``	``
may	MD
create	VB
an	DT
image	NN
of	IN
the	DT
owner	NN
as	IN
an	DT
expert	NN
in	IN
a	DT
field	NN
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
site	NN
owner	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
lawyer	NN
,	,
thus	RB
enhancing	VBG
his\/her	NN
image	NN
having	VBG
legal	JJ
expertise	NN
in	IN
a	DT
specific	JJ
area	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
24	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
also	RB
might	MD
be	VB
construed	VBN
as	IN
misleading	JJ
,	,
unethical	JJ
,	,
and	CC
potentially	RB
illegal	JJ
.	.
The	DT
view	NN
held	VBN
by	IN
many	JJ
Internet	NNP
lawyers	NNS
that	IN
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
or	CC
home	NN
page	NN
is	VBZ
merely	RB
informative	JJ
is	VBZ
beginning	VBG
to	TO
change	VB
.	.
Web	NN
sites	NNS
and	CC
home	NN
pages	NNS
are	VBP
evolving	VBG
away	RB
from	IN
merely	RB
being	VBG
creatures	NNS
of	IN
information	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
purposes	NNS
of	IN
analogyzing	VBG
the	DT
existing	VBG
laws	NNS
and	CC
restrictions	NNS
on	IN
current	JJ
advertising	NN
mediums	NNS
like	IN
print	NN
,	,
radio	NN
,	,
television	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
they	PRP
apply	VBP
to	TO
netvertising	NN
,	,
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
web	NN
sites	NNS
,	,
home	NN
pages	NNS
and	CC
discussion	NN
contributions	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
must	MD
be	VB
examined	VBN
carefully	RB
.	.
The	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
content	JJ
found	VBN
on	IN
web	NN
sites	NNS
and	CC
home	NN
pages	NNS
fall	VBP
on	IN
a	DT
continuum	NN
.	.
At	IN
one	CD
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
continuum	NN
there	RB
exist	VBP
web	NN
sites	NNS
and	CC
home	NN
pages	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
exclusively	RB
comprised	VBN
of	IN
free	JJ
information	NN
.	.
However	RB
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
continuum	NN
,	,
there	EX
exits	NNS
the	DT
purest	JJS
form	NN
of	IN
netvertising	NN
,	,
the	DT
straight	JJ
forward	RB
ad	NN
for	IN
legal	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
Does	VBZ
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
become	VBN
advertising	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
information	NN
included	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
lawyer	NN
's	POS
home	NN
page	NN
?	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
attorney	NN
was	VBD
merely	RB
attempting	VBG
to	TO
provide	VB
free	JJ
legal	JJ
information	NN
,	,
and	CC
did	VBD
not	RB
list	VB
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
name	NN
or	CC
even	RB
the	DT
firm	NN
's	POS
name	NN
,	,
would	MD
it	PRP
be	VB
advertising	VBG
?	.
By	IN
adding	VBG
the	DT
firm	NN
name	NN
,	,
real	JJ
address	NN
,	,
and	CC
e-mail	NN
address	NN
,	,
does	VBZ
the	DT
``	``
free	JJ
information	NN
''	''
turn	VB
into	IN
legal	JJ
advertising	NN
?	.
The	DT
courts	NNS
have	VBP
not	RB
yet	RB
addressed	VBN
these	DT
issues	NNS
.	.
Another	DT
issue	NN
to	TO
consider	VB
is	VBZ
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
the	DT
informative	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
an	DT
attorney	NN
's	POS
home	NN
page	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
section	NN
which	WDT
lists	VBZ
the	DT
attorney	NN
's	POS
e-mail	NN
address	NN
,	,
guest	NN
book	NN
,	,
and	CC
qualifications	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
severable	JJ
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
so	RB
easy	JJ
on	IN
a	DT
home	NN
page	NN
.	.
What	WP
if	IN
an	DT
attorney	NN
were	VBD
to	TO
establish	VB
two	CD
separate	JJ
home	NN
pages	NNS
,	,
one	CD
with	IN
general	JJ
legal	JJ
information	NN
without	IN
their	PRP$
name	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
,	,
and	CC
one	CD
which	WDT
gave	VBD
information	NN
publicizing	VBG
the	DT
law	NN
firm	NN
,	,
listing	NN
fees	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
two	CD
pages	NNS
linked	VBN
together	RB
,	,
it	PRP
could	MD
be	VB
said	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
line	NN
between	IN
the	DT
two	CD
forms	NNS
of	IN
speech	NN
was	VBD
blurred	VBN
and	CC
could	MD
be	VB
misleading	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
This	DT
page	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
research	NN
sources	NNS
for	IN
technology	NN
lawyers	NNS
,	,
law	NN
students	NNS
,	,
businesses	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
He	PRP
has	VBZ
provided	VBN
various	JJ
hyperlinks	NNS
to	TO
places	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
where	WRB
legal	JJ
information	NN
can	MD
be	VB
obtained	VBN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
``	``
blatant	JJ
''	''
advertising	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
expertise	NN
,	,
his	PRP$
services	NNS
,	,
fees	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
Because	IN
the	DT
layperson	NN
may	MD
have	VB
read	VBN
the	DT
information	NN
Mr.	NNP
Kuester	NNP
has	VBZ
made	VBN
available	JJ
,	,
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
may	MD
consider	VB
Mr.	NNP
Kuester	NNP
an	DT
expert	NN
in	IN
this	DT
area	NN
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
and	CC
,	,
because	IN
of	IN
his	PRP$
access	NN
to	TO
this	DT
information	NN
,	,
may	MD
contact	VB
him	PRP
for	IN
legal	JJ
representation	NN
.	.
For	IN
another	DT
example	NN
,	,
see	VBP
http://www.digimark.net/radiation.law/	JJ
and	CC
http://www.benedict.com/fund.htm#fund	NN
.	.
The	DT
``	``
radiation	NN
''	''
page	NN
is	VBZ
slightly	RB
more	JJR
advertising	NN
oriented	VBN
in	IN
that	DT
it	PRP
does	VBZ
state	NN
that	IN
the	DT
attorney	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
to	TO
represent	VB
people	NNS
in	IN
areas	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
is	VBZ
experienced	JJ
and	CC
tells	VBZ
people	NNS
how	WRB
to	TO
contact	VB
him	PRP
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
URL	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
a	DT
site	NN
with	IN
information	NN
about	IN
copyright	NN
law	NN
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
only	RB
a	DT
link	NN
to	TO
the	DT
developer	NN
's	POS
resume	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
http://www.benedict.com/resume.htm#resume	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
site	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Goodman	NNP
law	NN
firm	NN
includes	VBZ
fee	NN
information	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
an	DT
internal	JJ
link	NN
from	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
the	DT
document	NN
to	TO
the	DT
paragraph	NN
that	WDT
explains	VBZ
how	WRB
to	TO
engage	VB
the	DT
services	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
firm	NN
.	.
The	DT
site	NN
of	IN
Carol	NNP
McGowan	NNP
gives	VBZ
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
six	CD
reasons	NNS
people	NNS
need	VBP
a	DT
lawyer	NN
,	,
followed	VBN
by	IN
her	PRP$
name	NN
,	,
address	NN
,	,
and	CC
phone	NN
number	NN
.	.
Also	RB
see	VB
the	DT
section	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Seamless	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
which	WDT
explains	VBZ
their	PRP$
offering	NN
and	CC
then	RB
invites	VBZ
you	PRP
to	TO
form	VB
a	DT
business	NN
relationship	NN
with	IN
the	DT
firm	NN
.	.
In	IN
conclusion	NN
,	,
it	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
home	NN
page	NN
that	WDT
only	RB
provides	VBZ
accurate	JJ
general	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
law	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
advertising	VBG
or	CC
commercial	JJ
speech	NN
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
thus	RB
not	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
regulation	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
information	NN
is	VBZ
followed	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
invitation	NN
to	TO
employ	VB
the	DT
attorney	NN
,	,
the	DT
entire	JJ
page	NN
will	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
an	DT
advertisement	NN
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
thus	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
regulation	NN
.	.
An	DT
attorney	NN
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
discipline	NN
for	IN
fraudulent	JJ
behavior	NN
if	IN
he	PRP
initially	RB
hides	VBZ
his	PRP$
identity	NN
as	IN
the	DT
author	NN
of	IN
the	DT
page	NN
and	CC
then	RB
uses	VBZ
it	PRP
to	TO
gain	VB
new	JJ
clients	NNS
.	.
The	DT
flexibility	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
in	IN
particular	JJ
,	,
forces	VBZ
a	DT
reevaluation	NN
of	IN
ethical	JJ
restrictions	NNS
.	.
Lawyers	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
equivalent	NN
of	IN
a	DT
newspaper	NN
advertisement	NN
.	.
Lawyers	NNS
also	RB
indirectly	RB
``	``
advertise	VB
''	''
by	IN
displaying	VBG
their	PRP$
expertise	NN
in	IN
discussion	NN
groups	NNS
and	CC
chat	VB
rooms	NNS
.	.
The	DT
flexibility	NN
of	IN
the	DT
medium	NN
brings	VBZ
up	RP
new	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
One	CD
evolving	VBG
issue	NN
is	VBZ
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
an	DT
attorney	NN
who	WP
offers	VBZ
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
``	``
giving	VBG
legal	JJ
advice	NN
''	''
,	,
thereby	RB
opening	VBG
himself	PRP
up	RP
to	TO
malpractice	NN
claims	NNS
,	,
the	DT
attorney-client	JJ
privilege	NN
,	,
confidentiality	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
issues	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
general	JJ
attorney-client	JJ
relationships	NNS
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
see	VBP
the	DT
``	``
Seamless	JJ
Web	NN
''	''
site	NN
.	.
.	.
At	IN
this	DT
site	NN
,	,
anyone	NN
can	MD
get	VB
free	JJ
advice	NN
on	IN
wills	NNS
,	,
trusts	NNS
and	CC
estate	NN
planning	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
disclaimer	NN
that	IN
the	DT
advice	NN
only	RB
pertains	VBZ
to	TO
California	NNP
law	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
located	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
possible	JJ
that	IN
laypersons	NNS
from	IN
other	JJ
states	NNS
may	MD
follow	VB
this	DT
advice	NN
in	IN
designing	VBG
their	PRP$
wills	NNS
,	,
but	CC
may	MD
not	RB
have	VB
noticed	VBN
the	DT
state	NN
law	NN
limitation	NN
disclaimer	NN
.	.
See	VB
also	RB
http://starbase.ingress.com/tsw/alawyer/criminal.html	RB
for	IN
a	DT
page	NN
concerning	VBG
criminal	JJ
law	NN
.	.
Would	MD
the	DT
attorneys	NNS
who	WP
provided	VBD
this	DT
information	NN
be	VB
liable	JJ
if	IN
the	DT
layperson	NN
's	POS
will	MD
were	VBD
found	VBN
invalid	JJ
in	IN
their	PRP$
state	NN
?	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
frightening	JJ
and	CC
very	RB
real	JJ
concern	NN
for	IN
many	JJ
lawyers	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
unknown	JJ
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
malpractice	NN
insurance	NN
carriers	NNS
have	VBP
addressed	VBN
theses	NNS
issues	NNS
.	.
The	DT
prudent	JJ
attorney	NN
should	MD
carefully	RB
read	VB
the	DT
exclusions	NNS
listed	VBN
in	IN
their	PRP$
insurance	NN
policy	NN
to	TO
be	VB
sure	JJ
such	JJ
communications	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
excluded	VBN
.	.
Also	RB
note	VB
the	DT
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
disclaimer	NN
recited	VBD
above	IN
which	WDT
states	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
information	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
may	MD
or	CC
may	MD
not	RB
reflect	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
current	JJ
legal	JJ
developments	NNS
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
person	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
know	VB
the	DT
law	NN
had	VBD
changed	VBN
after	IN
relying	VBG
to	TO
their	PRP$
detriment	NN
,	,
could	MD
the	DT
attorney	NN
be	VB
liable	JJ
?	.
Must	MD
attorneys	NNS
who	WP
provide	VBP
information	NN
carry	VBP
the	DT
burden	NN
of	IN
continually	RB
searching	VBG
the	DT
case	NN
law	NN
and	CC
legal	JJ
developments	NNS
to	TO
update	VB
their	PRP$
links	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
avoid	VB
liability	NN
?	.
If	IN
a	DT
person	NN
sends	VBZ
the	DT
attorney	NN
a	DT
question	NN
regarding	VBG
a	DT
particular	JJ
area	NN
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
and	CC
the	DT
attorney	NN
responds	VBZ
,	,
has	VBZ
the	DT
attorney-client	JJ
relationship	NN
been	VBN
created	VBN
?	.
If	IN
so	RB
,	,
have	VBP
the	DT
client	NN
and	CC
the	DT
attorney	NN
impliedly	RB
waived	VBD
their	PRP$
right	NN
to	TO
confidentiality	NN
by	IN
communication	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
where	WRB
access	NN
to	TO
such	JJ
information	NN
by	IN
others	NNS
is	VBZ
relatively	RB
easy	JJ
?	.
Does	VBZ
the	DT
attorney	NN
have	VBP
the	DT
duty	NN
to	TO
warn	VB
the	DT
person	NN
at	IN
the	DT
outset	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
give	VB
up	RP
their	PRP$
right	NN
to	TO
confidentiality	NN
by	IN
sending	VBG
any	DT
information	NN
to	TO
the	DT
attorney	NN
via	IN
e-mail	NN
?	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
an	DT
especially	RB
hot	JJ
topic	NN
for	IN
attorneys	NNS
in	IN
discussion	NN
groups	NNS
who	WP
receive	VBP
inquiries	NNS
from	IN
laypersons	NNS
.	.
Does	NNP
sending	VBG
a	DT
private	JJ
reply	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
to	TO
the	DT
group	NN
save	VB
any	DT
privilege	NN
?	.
Attorney	NNP
A	NNP
contacts	NNS
attorney	NN
B	NNP
requesting	VBG
advice	NN
in	IN
regards	VBZ
to	TO
attorney	NN
A	DT
's	POS
client	NN
.	.
The	DT
client	NN
's	POS
name	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
disclosed	VBN
.	.
Attorney	NNP
B	NNP
gives	VBZ
advice	NN
.	.
Is	VBZ
attorney	NN
B	NN
later	RB
foreclosed	VBN
from	IN
representing	VBG
or	CC
litigating	VBG
against	IN
attorney	NN
A	DT
's	POS
client	NN
in	IN
a	DT
separate	JJ
matter	NN
?	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
big	JJ
concern	NN
for	IN
many	JJ
attorneys	NNS
.	.
If	IN
attorney	NN
B	NN
is	VBZ
foreclosed	VBN
,	,
this	DT
tactic	NN
could	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
by	IN
sly	JJ
attorneys	NNS
with	IN
large	JJ
corporate	JJ
clients	NNS
.	.
Do	VBP
we	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
dissuade	VB
attorneys	NNS
from	IN
communicating	VBG
with	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
in	IN
discussion	NN
groups	NNS
?	.
This	DT
would	MD
seem	VB
counter	RB
to	TO
the	DT
spirit	NN
of	IN
cooperation	NN
and	CC
camaraderie	NN
of	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
profession	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
current	JJ
advertising	NN
mediums	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
newspaper	NN
,	,
radio	NN
and	CC
television	NN
have	VBP
a	DT
limited	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
or	CC
limited	VBN
receiving	VBG
audience	NN
of	IN
the	DT
advertisement	NN
.	.
In	IN
comparison	NN
,	,
the	DT
Internet	NNP
has	VBZ
no	DT
such	JJ
jurisdictional	JJ
boundaries	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
a	DT
lawyer	NN
or	CC
law	NN
firm	NN
posts	NNS
an	DT
advertisement	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
home	NN
page	NN
or	CC
discussion	NN
contribution	NN
,	,
the	DT
netvertisement	NN
is	VBZ
there	RB
to	TO
solicit	VB
clients	NNS
from	IN
all	DT
over	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
has	VBZ
no	DT
station	NN
range	NN
or	CC
circulation	NN
limitation	NN
and	CC
this	DT
possess	VB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
biggest	JJS
ethical	JJ
problems	NNS
with	IN
advertising	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
a	DT
Georgia	NNP
lawyer	NN
might	MD
place	VB
an	DT
advertisement	NN
on	IN
a	DT
local	JJ
television	NN
station	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
broadcast	NN
range	NN
of	IN
that	DT
advertisement	NN
will	MD
not	RB
go	VB
outside	IN
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
and	CC
thus	RB
not	RB
outside	IN
the	DT
area	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
lawyer	NN
is	VBZ
licensed	VBN
to	TO
practice	VB
law	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
a	DT
Georgia	NNP
lawyer	NN
placing	VBG
a	DT
netvertisement	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
will	MD
have	VB
an	DT
advertisement	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
read	VBN
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
or	CC
at	IN
the	DT
very	RB
least	JJS
,	,
outside	IN
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
lawyer	NN
is	VBZ
licensed	VBN
to	TO
practice	VB
law	NN
.	.
Not	RB
only	RB
is	VBZ
this	DT
misleading	JJ
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
potentially	RB
the	DT
unauthorized	JJ
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
.	.
This	DT
unethical	JJ
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
issue	NN
does	VBZ
arise	VB
in	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
traditional	JJ
advertising	NN
,	,
but	CC
its	PRP$
effects	NNS
on	IN
netvertising	NN
are	VBP
significantly	RB
more	RBR
prevalent	JJ
.	.
``	``
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
given	VBN
the	DT
global	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Web	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
inconceivable	JJ
that	IN
an	DT
attorney	NN
advertising	NN
via	IN
a	DT
Web	NNP
page	NN
could	MD
find	VB
his\/her	JJR
self	NN
charged	VBN
with	IN
practicing	VBG
law	NN
without	IN
a	DT
license	NN
,	,
or	CC
with	IN
misleading	JJ
advertising	NN
,	,
for	IN
a	DT
Web	NNP
advertisement	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
one	CD
state	NN
's	POS
advertising	NN
rules	NNS
yet	RB
violate	VBP
another	DT
''	''
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
39	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
in	IN
Georgia	NNP
and	CC
according	VBG
to	TO
Georgia	NNP
Bar	NNP
Standard	NNP
6	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
a	DT
written	VBN
communication	NN
to	TO
a	DT
prospective	JJ
client	NN
must	MD
be	VB
marked	VBN
``	``
advertisement	NN
''	''
on	IN
the	DT
envelope	NN
of	IN
the	DT
advertisement	NN
and	CC
on	IN
each	DT
and	CC
every	DT
page	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
any	DT
written	VBN
communication	NN
must	MD
be	VB
kept	VBN
for	IN
four	CD
years	NNS
.	.
However	RB
Georgia	NNP
's	POS
ethical	JJ
rules	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
nor	CC
comparable	JJ
to	TO
Florida	NNP
and	CC
South	NNP
Carolina	NNP
's	POS
ethical	JJ
rules	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
lawyers	NNS
run	VBP
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
violating	VBG
other	JJ
state	NN
ethical	JJ
codes	NNS
when	WRB
they	PRP
netvertise	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
So	RB
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
debate	NN
unfolds	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
issue	NN
is	VBZ
whether	IN
these	DT
strict	JJ
restrictions	NNS
or	CC
requirements	NNS
placed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
traditional	JJ
legal	JJ
advertising	NN
mediums	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
applied	VBN
to	TO
advertising	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
?	.
And	CC
if	IN
so	RB
how	WRB
?	.
Is	VBZ
such	PDT
a	DT
belief	NN
truly	RB
valid	JJ
?	.
Because	IN
one	CD
's	POS
practice	NN
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
civil	JJ
rights	NNS
and	CC
constitutional	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
the	DT
attorney	NN
must	MD
still	RB
be	VB
licensed	VBN
to	TO
practice	VB
in	IN
their	PRP$
state	NN
.	.
Simply	RB
because	IN
the	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
over	RP
the	DT
Internet	NNP
would	MD
not	RB
seem	VB
to	TO
convert	VB
their	PRP$
state	NN
license	NN
into	IN
a	DT
country-wide	JJ
license	NN
.	.
Some	DT
guidance	NN
from	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
helpful	JJ
.	.
To	TO
assist	VB
in	IN
applying	VBG
this	DT
standard	NN
to	TO
multi-media	JJ
presentations	NNS
now	RB
possible	JJ
,	,
the	DT
section	NN
states	VBZ
that	IN
``	``
The	DT
message	NN
means	VBZ
the	DT
effect	NN
in	IN
combination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
spoken	VBN
word	NN
,	,
sound	NN
,	,
background	NN
,	,
action	NN
,	,
symbols	NNS
,	,
visual	JJ
image	NN
,	,
or	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
technique	NN
employed	VBN
...	:
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
43	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Although	IN
this	DT
prohibition	NN
fully	RB
covers	VBZ
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
multimedia	NNS
advertising	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
somewhat	RB
vague	JJ
.	.
What	WP
types	NNS
of	IN
presentations	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
misleading	JJ
?	.
Would	MD
a	DT
message	NN
stating	VBG
that	IN
a	DT
firm	NN
won	VBD
twelve	CD
personal	JJ
injury	NN
claims	NNS
for	IN
over	IN
$	$
100,000	CD
each	DT
be	VB
misleading	VBG
even	RB
if	IN
it	PRP
were	VBD
true	JJ
?	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
also	RB
establishes	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
safe	JJ
harbor	NN
''	''
for	IN
electronic	JJ
advertisement	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
50	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Act	NNP
provides	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
information	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
specialization	NN
,	,
fees	NNS
for	IN
routine	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
articles	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
attorney	NN
has	VBZ
published	VBN
,	,
and	CC
foreign	JJ
language	NN
ability	NN
will	MD
be	VB
presumed	VBN
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
Bar	NN
determines	VBZ
that	IN
``	``
substantial	JJ
evidence	NN
of	IN
a	DT
violation	NN
exists	VBZ
''	''
,	,
the	DT
lawyer	NN
still	RB
has	VBZ
an	DT
additional	JJ
three	CD
days	NNS
to	TO
withdraw	VB
the	DT
advertisement	NN
and	CC
still	RB
be	VB
safeguarded	VBN
from	IN
further	JJ
action	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
53	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
practice	NN
therefore	RB
,	,
an	DT
attorney	NN
has	VBZ
31	CD
days	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
the	DT
initial	JJ
complaint	NN
to	TO
safely	RB
withdraw	VB
the	DT
advertisement	NN
.	.
If	IN
an	DT
attorney	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
take	VB
advantage	NN
of	IN
these	DT
safe	JJ
harbors	NNS
,	,
he	PRP
could	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
penalty	NN
of	IN
up	RB
to	TO
$	$
5,000	CD
per	IN
broadcast	NN
that	IN
violates	VBZ
the	DT
Act	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
54	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
money	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
paid	VBN
into	IN
a	DT
''	''
`	``
Client	NNP
Security	NNP
Fund	NNP
'	POS
maintained	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Bar	NNP
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
55	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Act	NNP
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
clear	JJ
that	IN
this	DT
remedy	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
any	DT
other	JJ
cause	NN
of	IN
action	NN
that	WDT
might	MD
exist	VB
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
56	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Act	NNP
also	RB
requires	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
all	DT
advertisements	NNS
be	VB
kept	VBN
for	IN
one	CD
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
primary	JJ
one	CD
is	VBZ
that	IN
they	PRP
establish	VBP
a	DT
category	NN
of	IN
``	``
electronic	JJ
media	NNS
''	''
that	WDT
purportedly	RB
includes	VBZ
computer	NN
networks	NNS
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
provisions	NNS
aimed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
category	NN
were	VBD
clearly	RB
developed	VBN
with	IN
an	DT
eye	NN
toward	IN
radio	NN
and	CC
television	NN
advertising	NN
.	.
Netvertising	NNP
is	VBZ
fundamentally	RB
different	JJ
from	IN
television	NN
and	CC
radio	NN
advertising	NN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
characteristics	NNS
of	IN
broadcast	NN
advertising	NN
that	WDT
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
vulnerable	JJ
to	TO
regulation	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
almost	RB
passive	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
receipt	NN
of	IN
information	NN
via	IN
the	DT
media	NNS
.	.
A	DT
person	NN
turns	VBZ
on	IN
``	``
Gilligan	NNP
's	POS
Island	NNP
''	''
and	CC
tucked	VBD
in	IN
between	IN
scenes	NNS
is	VBZ
an	DT
advertisement	NN
for	IN
a	DT
personal	JJ
injury	NN
lawyer	NN
.	.
The	DT
person	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
seek	VB
this	DT
information	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
simply	RB
broadcast	VBN
at	IN
him	PRP
.	.
The	DT
same	JJ
is	VBZ
not	RB
true	JJ
for	IN
netvertising	VBG
.	.
People	NNS
browse	VBP
web	NN
sites	NNS
looking	VBG
for	IN
information	NN
and	CC
entertainment	NN
.	.
They	PRP
actively	RB
select	VBP
locations	NNS
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
Netvertising	NNP
has	VBZ
two	CD
characteristics	NNS
which	WDT
make	VBP
it	PRP
more	RBR
dangerous	JJ
than	IN
television	NN
advertising	NN
:	:
it	PRP
's	VBZ
high	JJ
information	NN
capacity	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
worldwide	JJ
character	NN
.	.
The	DT
economics	NNS
of	IN
Netvertising	VBG
enable	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
provide	VB
much	JJ
more	JJR
information	NN
than	IN
would	MD
be	VB
feasible	JJ
via	IN
television	NN
or	CC
radio	NN
.	.
One	CD
law	NN
firm	NN
has	VBZ
summaries	NNS
of	IN
over	IN
twenty	CD
cases	NNS
that	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
won	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
http://tsw.ingress.com/tsw/talf/cases.html	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Even	RB
within	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
there	EX
are	VBP
different	JJ
methods	NNS
of	IN
communication	NN
.	.
Conversation	NN
in	IN
an	DT
IRC	NNP
channel	NN
is	VBZ
much	RB
different	JJ
than	IN
a	DT
home	NN
page	NN
or	CC
a	DT
discussion	NN
list	NN
.	.
While	IN
a	DT
strong	JJ
analogy	NN
can	MD
be	VB
drawn	VBN
between	IN
an	DT
IRC	NNP
channel	NN
exchange	NN
and	CC
a	DT
telephone	NN
conversation	NN
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
a	DT
home	NN
page	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
unique	JJ
form	NN
of	IN
communication	NN
.	.
An	DT
individual	JJ
or	CC
corporation	NN
advertises	VBZ
within	IN
the	DT
state	NN
when	WRB
he	PRP
places	VBZ
advertising	NN
material	NN
where	WRB
he	PRP
reasonably	RB
expects	VBZ
people	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
to	TO
access	VB
it	PRP
without	IN
a	DT
clear	JJ
and	CC
conspicuous	JJ
disclosure	NN
that	IN
the	DT
service	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
available	JJ
to	TO
those	DT
whose	WP$
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
pertain	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
.	.
A	DT
statement	NN
to	TO
the	DT
effect	NN
that	IN
the	DT
service	NN
is	VBZ
only	RB
available	JJ
to	TO
persons	NNS
whose	WP$
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
pertain	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
States	NNPS
of	IN
A	DT
,	,
B	NNP
,	,
and	CC
C	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
not	RB
including	VBG
Georgia	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
will	MD
suffice	VB
.	.
All	DT
advertising	NN
material	NN
must	MD
be	VB
clearly	RB
labeled	VBN
as	IN
such	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
and	CC
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
document	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
electronic	JJ
or	CC
otherwise	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
An	DT
individual	NN
is	VBZ
qualified	VBN
to	TO
perform	VB
a	DT
particular	JJ
legal	JJ
service	NN
if	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
is	VBZ
licensed	VBN
to	TO
practice	VB
law	NN
in	IN
Georgia	NNP
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
advertised	JJ
service	NN
concerns	NNS
solely	RB
issues	NNS
of	IN
federal	JJ
law	NN
,	,
will	MD
not	RB
foreseeably	RB
involve	VB
appearance	NN
in	IN
a	DT
federal	JJ
or	CC
state	NN
court	NN
within	IN
Georgia	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
attorney	NN
conducts	VBZ
no	DT
more	JJR
than	IN
25	CD
%	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
business	NN
with	IN
Georgia	NNP
clients	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
individual	NN
is	VBZ
licensed	VBN
to	TO
practice	VB
in	IN
another	DT
state	NN
.	.
A	DT
corporation	NN
is	VBZ
qualified	VBN
to	TO
perform	VB
an	DT
advertised	JJ
legal	JJ
service	NN
if	IN
an	DT
employee	NN
of	IN
the	DT
corporation	NN
is	VBZ
licensed	VBN
to	TO
practice	VB
law	NN
in	IN
Georgia	NNP
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
employee	NN
will	MD
be	VB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
performing	VBG
or	CC
directly	RB
supervising	VBG
the	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
advertised	JJ
service	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
advertised	JJ
service	NN
concerns	NNS
solely	RB
issues	NNS
of	IN
federal	JJ
law	NN
,	,
and	CC
will	MD
not	RB
foreseeably	RB
involve	VB
appearance	NN
in	IN
a	DT
federal	JJ
or	CC
state	NN
court	NN
within	IN
Georgia	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
corporation	NN
conducts	VBZ
no	DT
more	JJR
than	IN
25	CD
%	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
business	NN
with	IN
Georgia	NNP
clients	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
individual	JJ
perofrming	VBG
the	DT
work	NN
is	VBZ
licensed	VBN
to	TO
practice	VB
law	NN
in	IN
another	DT
state	NN
.	.
Advertising	NNP
material	NN
is	VBZ
any	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
sounds	NNS
,	,
images	NNS
,	,
and	CC
text	NN
which	WDT
could	MD
be	VB
reasonably	RB
expected	VBN
to	TO
increase	VB
the	DT
likelihood	NN
that	IN
the	DT
person	NN
reading	VBG
the	DT
material	NN
would	MD
select	VB
the	DT
attorney	NN
providing	VBG
the	DT
material	NN
as	IN
their	PRP$
attorney	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
rebuttable	JJ
presumption	NN
that	WDT
material	NN
which	WDT
gives	VBZ
only	RB
general	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
law	NN
,	,
and	CC
which	WDT
is	VBZ
scholarly	JJ
in	IN
tone	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
not	RB
advertising	VBG
material	NN
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
material	NN
gives	VBZ
the	DT
author	NN
's	POS
name	NN
and	CC
electronic	JJ
or	CC
postal	JJ
address	NN
and	CC
phone	NN
number	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
material	NN
should	MD
be	VB
accompanied	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
disclaimer	NN
placed	VBD
no	DT
further	RBR
down	RB
than	IN
the	DT
third	JJ
screen	NN
of	IN
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
disclaimer	NN
should	MD
state	VB
that	IN
the	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
only	RB
being	VBG
provided	VBN
for	IN
general	JJ
use	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
being	VBG
provided	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
attorney-client	JJ
relationship	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
rebuttable	JJ
presumption	NN
that	WDT
information	NN
is	VBZ
advertising	VBG
material	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
information	NN
gives	VBZ
any	DT
indication	NN
that	IN
the	DT
attorney	NN
is	VBZ
open	JJ
to	TO
establishing	VBG
a	DT
attorney	NN
client	NN
relationship	NN
or	CC
to	TO
discussing	VBG
specific	JJ
facts	NNS
,	,
or	CC
where	WRB
an	DT
expedited	JJ
way	NN
of	IN
contacting	VBG
the	DT
attorney	NN
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
a	DT
situation	NN
where	WRB
a	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
invited	VBN
to	TO
register	VB
their	PRP$
``	``
visit	NN
''	''
to	TO
a	DT
home	NN
page	NN
if	IN
the	DT
attorney	NN
ever	RB
sends	VBZ
additional	JJ
material	NN
to	TO
those	DT
registering	VBG
which	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
classified	VBN
as	IN
advertising	NN
material	NN
under	IN
this	DT
paragraph	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
already	RB
illegal	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
lawyer	NN
to	TO
include	VB
false	JJ
or	CC
misleading	JJ
material	NN
in	IN
advertisements	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
73	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
use	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
media	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
increases	VBZ
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
material	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
disseminated	VBN
and	CC
thus	RB
requires	VBZ
that	IN
more	JJR
specific	JJ
direction	NN
as	IN
to	TO
what	WP
types	NNS
of	IN
material	NN
may	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
be	VB
given	VBN
.	.
Law	NNP
Firm	NN
and	CC
California	NNP
's	POS
restrictions	NNS
.	.
How	WRB
is	VBZ
one	CD
to	TO
know	VB
whether	IN
the	DT
synopsis	NN
complies	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
restrictions	NNS
?	.
Note	VB
that	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
``	``
losing	VBG
''	''
cases	NNS
included	VBD
.	.
Unless	IN
the	DT
firm	NN
has	VBZ
never	RB
lost	VBN
a	DT
case	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
n't	RB
this	DT
in	IN
itself	PRP
inherently	RB
misleading	VBG
?	.
Direct	NNP
solicitation	NN
of	IN
clients	NNS
either	CC
in	IN
person	NN
,	,
via	IN
telephone	NN
,	,
or	CC
through	IN
real	JJ
time	NN
electronic	JJ
exchange	NN
is	VBZ
prohibited	VBN
.	.
Direct	NNP
solicitation	NN
includes	VBZ
the	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
legal	JJ
advice	NN
if	IN
the	DT
attorney	NN
subsequently	RB
establishes	VBZ
an	DT
attorney-client	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
.	.
This	DT
paragraph	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
apply	VB
if	IN
the	DT
discussion	NN
of	IN
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
is	VBZ
prompted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
prospective	JJ
client	NN
.	.
The	DT
rule	NN
which	WDT
requires	VBZ
attorneys	NNS
to	TO
keep	VB
copies	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
years	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
four	CD
years	NNS
in	IN
Georgia	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
74	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
all	DT
advertisements	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
disseminated	VBN
is	VBZ
unworkable	JJ
as	IN
to	TO
web	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
way	NN
to	TO
take	VB
a	DT
``	``
snapshot	NN
''	''
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
will	MD
,	,
of	IN
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
as	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
viewed	VBN
by	IN
persons	NNS
who	WP
use	VBP
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Generally	RB
information	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
deleted	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
site	NN
;	:
instead	RB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
added	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
site	NN
.	.
The	DT
current	JJ
rule	NN
should	MD
be	VB
amended	VBN
to	TO
require	VB
attorneys	NNS
to	TO
save	VB
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
every	DT
six	CD
months	NNS
,	,
or	CC
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
deletion	NN
of	IN
any	DT
material	NN
,	,
or	CC
prior	RB
to	TO
a	DT
substantial	JJ
change	NN
to	TO
the	DT
site	NN
.	.
The	DT
computer	NN
file	NN
copy	NN
could	MD
then	RB
be	VB
kept	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
years	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
new	JJ
a	DT
complicated	JJ
medium	NN
which	WDT
creates	VBZ
an	DT
entirely	RB
new	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
communicate	VB
and	CC
to	TO
conduct	VB
business	NN
.	.
Although	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
issues	NNS
pertaining	VBG
to	TO
Netvertising	NNP
that	WDT
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
addressed	VBN
,	,
bar	NN
associations	NNS
and	CC
lawyers	NNS
alike	RB
are	VBP
in	IN
need	NN
of	IN
guidance	NN
.	.
Gender	NN
harassment	NN
has	VBZ
received	VBN
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
press	NN
in	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
few	JJ
years	NNS
,	,
particularly	RB
since	IN
Anita	NNP
Hill	NNP
's	POS
now	RB
famous	JJ
accusations	NNS
against	IN
U.S.	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
Justice	NNP
Clarence	NNP
Thomas	NNP
.	.
Women	NNS
seem	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
becoming	VBG
increasingly	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
offensive	JJ
,	,
sometimes	RB
threatening	JJ
behavior	NN
in	IN
the	DT
workplace	NN
,	,
on	IN
campuses	NNS
,	,
and	CC
now	RB
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
net	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
it	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
overwhelming	JJ
majority	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
reporting	VBG
online	JJ
harassment	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
to	TO
universities	NNS
,	,
servers	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
women	NNS
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
examine	VB
the	DT
nature	NN
and	CC
types	NNS
of	IN
gender	NN
harassment	NN
occurring	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
net	NN
.	.
It	PRP
will	MD
explore	VB
possible	JJ
causes	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
online	NN
offense	NN
,	,
particularly	RB
characteristics	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
net	JJ
which	WDT
make	VBP
it	PRP
a	DT
fertile	JJ
ground	NN
for	IN
proliferation	NN
of	IN
offensive	JJ
contacts	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
styles	NNS
of	IN
communication	NN
vary	VBP
by	IN
gender	NN
,	,
the	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
address	VB
the	DT
effect	NN
of	IN
these	DT
different	JJ
styles	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
perceptions	NNS
of	IN
net	JJ
users	NNS
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
this	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
explore	VB
whether	IN
online	JJ
gender	NN
harassment	NN
rises	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
level	NN
of	IN
an	DT
actionable	JJ
claim	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
tort	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
will	MD
examine	VB
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
inherent	JJ
problems	NNS
in	IN
pursuing	VBG
such	JJ
claims	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
pursuing	VBG
criminal	JJ
charges	NNS
against	IN
offenders	NNS
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
several	JJ
ideas	NNS
on	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
prevent	VB
or	CC
address	VB
harassment	NN
will	MD
be	VB
identified	VBN
.	.
The	DT
legal	JJ
definition	NN
of	IN
harassment	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
a	DT
course	NN
of	IN
conduct	NN
directed	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
specific	JJ
person	NN
that	WDT
causes	VBZ
substantial	JJ
emotional	JJ
distress	NN
in	IN
such	JJ
person	NN
and	CC
serves	VBZ
no	DT
legitimate	JJ
purpose	NN
''	''
or	CC
``	``
words	NNS
,	,
gestures	NNS
,	,
and	CC
actions	NNS
which	WDT
tend	VBP
to	TO
annoy	VB
,	,
alarm	NN
and	CC
abuse	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
verbally	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
another	DT
person	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Black	NNP
's	POS
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
seemingly	RB
vague	JJ
definition	NN
provides	VBZ
little	JJ
guidance	NN
in	IN
establishing	VBG
what	WP
behavior	NN
might	MD
subjectively	RB
be	VB
construed	VBN
by	IN
another	DT
as	IN
harassment	NN
.	.
Harassment	NN
,	,
when	WRB
it	PRP
takes	VBZ
on	RP
a	DT
threatening	JJ
tenor	NN
and	CC
the	DT
subject	NN
of	IN
the	DT
harassment	NN
is	VBZ
placed	VBN
in	IN
fear	NN
,	,
may	MD
become	VB
actionable	JJ
not	RB
only	RB
in	IN
civil	JJ
courts	NNS
,	,
but	CC
criminal	JJ
courts	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
Various	JJ
state	NN
and	CC
federal	JJ
statutes	NNS
regarding	VBG
harassment	NN
and	CC
``	``
stalking	VBG
''	''
have	VBP
been	VBN
enacted	VBN
to	TO
attempt	VB
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
such	JJ
unwelcome	JJ
attention	NN
,	,
and	CC
its	PRP$
harmful	JJ
effects	NNS
.	.
As	IN
technology	NN
progresses	VBZ
,	,
so	RB
have	VB
legal	JJ
regulations	NNS
and	CC
remedies	NNS
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
the	DT
Michigan	NNP
statute	NN
specifically	RB
excludes	VBZ
``	``
constitutionally	RB
protected	JJ
activity	NN
or	CC
conduct	NN
that	WDT
serves	VBZ
a	DT
legitimate	JJ
purpose	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Michigan	NNP
statute	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
language	NN
would	MD
seem	VB
to	TO
address	VB
any	DT
concerns	NNS
of	IN
statutory	JJ
infringement	NN
on	IN
free	JJ
speech	NN
rights	NNS
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
the	DT
statute	NN
defines	VBZ
``	``
stalking	VBG
''	''
as	IN
willful	JJ
,	,
repeated	VBN
harassment	NN
of	IN
another	DT
person	NN
that	WDT
causes	VBZ
them	PRP
to	TO
feel	VB
``	``
terrorized	VBN
,	,
frightened	VBN
,	,
intimidated	VBN
,	,
threatened	VBN
,	,
harassed	VBN
,	,
or	CC
molested	VBN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Id	NN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
type	NN
of	IN
charge	NN
might	MD
be	VB
appropriate	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
multiple	JJ
hostile	JJ
e-mails	NNS
or	CC
repeated	VBN
threats	NNS
.	.
A	DT
similar	JJ
analysis	NN
made	VBD
be	VB
given	VBN
to	TO
online	VB
harassment	NN
,	,
which	WDT
one	CD
commentator	NN
has	VBZ
characterized	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
``	``
clash	NN
of	IN
two	CD
cultures	NNS
:	:
the	DT
male	NN
dominated	VBD
world	NN
of	IN
computing	NN
and	CC
women	NNS
trying	VBG
to	TO
enter	VB
that	DT
realm	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Peak	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
Seeing	VBG
cyberspace	NN
as	IN
their	PRP$
``	``
domain	NN
,	,
''	''
some	DT
men	NNS
apparently	RB
feel	VBP
that	IN
female	JJ
users	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
ready	JJ
to	TO
accept	VB
hostility	NN
as	IN
the	DT
price	NN
for	IN
online	JJ
participation	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Id	NN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
rationalization	NN
for	IN
open	JJ
hostility	NN
and	CC
harassment	NN
toward	IN
women	NNS
seems	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
analogous	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
experiences	NNS
of	IN
women	NNS
entering	VBG
traditionally	RB
male-dominated	JJ
professions	NNS
and	CC
trades	NNS
,	,
particularly	RB
during	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
three	CD
decades	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
generally	RB
two	CD
types	NNS
of	IN
harassment	NN
on	IN
the	DT
net	NN
--	:
through	IN
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e-mail	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
during	IN
``	``
chats	NNS
''	''
on	IN
an	DT
Internet	NNP
Relay	NNP
Channel	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
IRC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Vang	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
These	DT
messages	NNS
take	VBP
many	JJ
forms	NNS
:	:
inappropriate	JJ
sexually	RB
explicit	JJ
language	NN
;	:
unwelcome	JJ
questions	NNS
about	IN
one	CD
's	POS
physical	JJ
appearance	NN
or	CC
sexual	JJ
practices	NNS
;	:
or	CC
threatening	JJ
or	CC
hostile	JJ
messages	NNS
.	.
Communication	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
differs	VBZ
in	IN
many	JJ
ways	NNS
from	IN
face-to-face	JJ
or	CC
even	RB
telephone	NN
communication	NN
.	.
These	DT
differences	NNS
,	,
while	IN
attractive	JJ
to	TO
some	DT
,	,
are	VBP
believed	VBN
to	TO
contribute	VB
to	TO
the	DT
emergence	NN
of	IN
online	JJ
harassment	NN
and	CC
hostility	NN
.	.
Several	JJ
sources	NNS
have	VBP
documented	VBN
the	DT
relatively	RB
low	JJ
percentages	NNS
of	IN
women	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
sciences	NNS
and	CC
online	NN
in	IN
computer	NN
networks	NNS
.	.
This	DT
situation	NN
,	,
which	WDT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
described	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
``	``
male	JJ
dominance	NN
''	''
of	IN
the	DT
net	NN
,	,
may	MD
contribute	VB
to	TO
the	DT
frequency	NN
of	IN
harassment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
minority	NN
gender	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
See	VB
Herring	NNP
;	:
Shade	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
internet	NN
provides	VBZ
an	DT
almost	RB
unprecedented	JJ
opportunity	NN
to	TO
communicate	VB
with	IN
others	NNS
while	IN
remaining	VBG
anonymous	JJ
.	.
This	DT
aspect	NN
allows	VBZ
anyone	NN
to	TO
become	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
fantasy	NN
--	:
one	PRP
can	MD
change	VB
their	PRP$
looks	NNS
,	,
personality	NN
,	,
lifestyle	NN
,	,
income	NN
,	,
education	NN
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
their	PRP$
gender	NN
with	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
key	JJ
strokes	NNS
.	.
One	CD
commentator	NN
compares	VBZ
the	DT
``	``
faceless	JJ
world	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
''	''
to	TO
a	DT
masquerade	NN
party	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Peak	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
some	DT
users	NNS
say	VBP
this	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
attractive	JJ
feature	NN
of	IN
online	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
probably	RB
drives	VBZ
the	DT
popularity	NN
of	IN
commercial	JJ
servers	NNS
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
the	DT
anonymity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
net	JJ
fosters	NNS
an	DT
outlet	NN
for	IN
outrageous	JJ
,	,
often	RB
sexist	JJ
or	CC
degrading	JJ
humor	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
otherwise	RB
be	VB
suppressed	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Truong	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
One	CD
who	WP
is	VBZ
inexperienced	JJ
at	IN
dating	VBG
or	CC
relationships	NNS
may	MD
also	RB
,	,
even	RB
innocently	RB
,	,
act	NN
inappropriately	RB
or	CC
aggressively	RB
toward	IN
someone	NN
of	IN
the	DT
opposite	JJ
sex	NN
.	.
This	DT
seems	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
particularly	RB
true	JJ
of	IN
young	JJ
men	NNS
,	,
who	WP
are	VBP
generally	RB
believed	VBN
to	TO
disproportionately	RB
contribute	VB
to	TO
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
harassment	NN
and	CC
hostility	NN
on	IN
the	DT
net	NN
.	.
Face-to-face	JJ
communication	NN
provides	VBZ
a	DT
context	NN
for	IN
the	DT
listener	NN
,	,
giving	VBG
them	PRP
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
balance	VB
the	DT
actual	JJ
content	NN
of	IN
a	DT
message	NN
with	IN
the	DT
facial	JJ
expressions	NNS
,	,
intonations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
volume	NN
of	IN
the	DT
speaker	NN
.	.
Absent	JJ
the	DT
visual	JJ
clues	NNS
,	,
telephone	NN
communications	NNS
provide	VBP
the	DT
same	JJ
features	NNS
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
added	VBN
benefit	NN
of	IN
timing	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
a	DT
middle	NN
of	IN
the	DT
night	NN
phone	NN
call	NN
v.	CC
midday	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
contrast	NN
,	,
online	JJ
communication	NN
via	IN
written	VBN
text	NN
is	VBZ
generally	RB
one	CD
dimensional	JJ
.	.
This	DT
problem	NN
of	IN
text-only	JJ
communication	NN
often	RB
leads	VBZ
to	TO
misunderstandings	NNS
and	CC
missteps	NNS
,	,
particularly	RB
regarding	VBG
sexual	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Truong	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
While	IN
several	JJ
antidotes	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
created	VBN
by	IN
users	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
all	DT
caps	NNS
SHOUTING	VBG
to	TO
emphasize	VB
a	DT
message	NN
;	:
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
``	``
smiley	NN
''	''
faces	VBZ
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
:	:
-	:
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
to	TO
temper	VB
language	NN
;	:
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
miscommunications	NNS
will	MD
certainly	RB
continue	VB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
only	RB
the	DT
unique	JJ
characteristics	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
medium	NN
for	IN
online	JJ
communications	NNS
that	WDT
contribute	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
potential	NN
for	IN
harassment	NN
and	CC
``	``
stalking	VBG
''	''
on	IN
the	DT
net	NN
,	,
but	CC
perhaps	RB
the	DT
vulnerabilities	NNS
and	CC
desires	NNS
of	IN
those	DT
who	WP
choose	VBP
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
or	CC
an	DT
online	JJ
service	NN
,	,
for	IN
their	PRP$
social	JJ
communications	NNS
.	.
Due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
internet	NN
's	POS
global	JJ
reach	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
real	JJ
question	NN
of	IN
whether	IN
state	NN
or	CC
federal	JJ
courts	NNS
have	VBP
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
to	TO
hear	VB
and	CC
resolve	VB
cases	NNS
.	.
The	DT
issue	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
raised	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
case	NN
involving	VBG
CompuServe	NNP
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
mere	JJ
``	``
incidental	JJ
''	''
online	NN
presence	NN
of	IN
someone	NN
's	POS
software	NN
would	MD
not	RB
bring	VB
him	PRP
under	IN
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
of	IN
a	DT
state	NN
court	NN
where	WRB
no	DT
other	JJ
contacts	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
state	NN
existed	VBD
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Friedman	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
cases	NNS
involving	VBG
international	JJ
claims	NNS
,	,
the	DT
jurisdictional	JJ
issue	NN
is	VBZ
even	RB
more	RBR
complex	JJ
.	.
After	IN
extensive	JJ
online	JJ
debate	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
definitive	JJ
answer	NN
to	TO
this	DT
perplexing	JJ
question	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Id	NN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
With	IN
the	DT
potential	NN
for	IN
extensive	JJ
litigation	NN
regarding	VBG
threats	NNS
or	CC
harassment	NN
,	,
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
,	,
privacy	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
,	,
it	PRP
seems	VBZ
clear	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
jurisdictional	JJ
rules	NNS
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
established	VBN
soon	RB
.	.
Even	RB
considering	VBG
the	DT
highly	RB
offensive	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
harassment	NN
,	,
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
whether	IN
actual	JJ
harm	NN
is	VBZ
done	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
conduct	NN
is	VBZ
still	RB
hotly	RB
debated	VBN
.	.
Once	RB
again	RB
,	,
some	DT
users	NNS
stress	VBP
that	IN
much	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
conduct	NN
is	VBZ
from	IN
immature	JJ
boys	NNS
or	CC
harmless	JJ
recluses	NNS
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
targets	NNS
should	MD
simply	RB
ignore	VB
the	DT
messages	NNS
until	IN
they	PRP
go	VBP
away	RB
.	.
Again	RB
,	,
this	DT
``	``
boys	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
boys	NNS
''	''
rationalization	NN
is	VBZ
similar	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
messages	NNS
given	VBN
to	TO
women	NNS
attempting	VBG
to	TO
fight	VB
workplace	JJ
discrimination	NN
.	.
Even	RB
with	IN
the	DT
potential	NN
that	WDT
women	NNS
could	MD
be	VB
dissuaded	VBN
from	IN
online	JJ
participation	NN
,	,
become	VBN
offended	VBN
by	IN
inappropriate	JJ
and	CC
explicit	JJ
sexual	JJ
inquiries	NNS
,	,
or	CC
even	RB
become	VB
frightened	JJ
by	IN
hostile	JJ
messages	NNS
,	,
the	DT
question	NN
becomes	VBZ
whether	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
is	VBZ
significant	JJ
enough	RB
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
next	JJ
step	NN
--	:
governmental	JJ
control	NN
or	CC
censorship	NN
.	.
The	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
net	JJ
censorship	NN
is	VBZ
so	RB
hotly	RB
debated	VBN
that	IN
volumes	NNS
of	IN
material	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
produced	VBN
for	IN
publication	NN
on	IN
newsgroups	NNS
and	CC
web	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
Unique	JJ
problems	NNS
exist	VBP
when	WRB
applying	VBG
existing	VBG
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
principles	NNS
to	TO
communication	NN
on	IN
the	DT
net	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
in	IN
defining	VBG
what	WP
is	VBZ
``	``
indecent	JJ
''	''
or	CC
``	``
obscene	JJ
,	,
''	''
case	NN
law	NN
tells	VBZ
us	PRP
to	TO
look	VB
to	TO
``	``
community	NN
standards	NNS
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Miller	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
Is	VBZ
the	DT
community	NN
,	,
then	RB
,	,
the	DT
virtual	JJ
or	CC
``	``
cybercommunity	NN
,	,
''	''
a	DT
geographic	JJ
community	NN
of	IN
the	DT
sender	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
community	NN
of	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
potentially	RB
hundreds	NNS
of	IN
thousands	NNS
of	IN
recipients	NNS
?	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Branscomb	NNP
at	IN
1653	CD
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
It	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
necessary	JJ
to	TO
replace	VB
geographic	JJ
communities	NNS
with	IN
``	``
virtual	JJ
''	''
communities	NNS
,	,
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
properly	RB
identify	VB
standards	NNS
by	IN
which	WDT
to	TO
judge	VB
communication	NN
.	.
In	IN
instances	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
Jake	NNP
Baker	NNP
case	NN
,	,
a	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
analysis	NN
might	MD
involve	VB
defining	VBG
who	WP
the	DT
intended	JJ
recipient	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
communication	NN
was	VBD
.	.
In	IN
R.A.V.	NNP
v.	CC
City	NNP
of	IN
St.	NNP
Paul	NNP
,	,
112	CD
S.	NNP
Ct	NNP
.	.
2538	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1992	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
names	NNS
the	DT
reasons	NNS
for	IN
true	JJ
threats	NNS
being	VBG
outside	JJ
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
protection	NN
as	IN
``	``
protecting	VBG
individuals	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
fear	NN
of	IN
violence	NN
,	,
from	IN
the	DT
disruption	NN
that	WDT
fear	VBP
engenders	NNS
,	,
and	CC
from	IN
the	DT
possibility	NN
that	IN
the	DT
threatened	VBN
violence	NN
will	MD
occur	VB
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
RAV	NNP
at	IN
2546	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
It	PRP
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
to	TO
view	VB
a	DT
statement	NN
in	IN
light	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
foreseeable	JJ
recipients	NNS
.	.
Therfore	NNP
,	,
when	WRB
posting	VBG
on	IN
a	DT
bulletin	NN
board	NN
,	,
a	DT
public	JJ
area	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
how	WRB
many	JJ
millions	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
might	MD
that	WDT
be	VB
?	.
Finally	RB
,	,
when	WRB
balancing	VBG
personal	JJ
protection	NN
and	CC
constitutional	JJ
guarantees	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
remember	VB
that	IN
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
cyberspace	NN
,	,
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
local	JJ
ordinance	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Branscomb	NNP
at	IN
1646	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Many	JJ
other	JJ
countries	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
a	DT
constitutional	JJ
protection	NN
of	IN
free	JJ
speech	NN
,	,
and	CC
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
no	DT
such	JJ
correlative	JJ
rights	NNS
.	.
Though	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
theories	NNS
under	IN
which	WDT
tort	NN
claims	NNS
could	MD
be	VB
brought	VBN
for	IN
harassment	NN
or	CC
stalking	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
such	JJ
claims	NNS
are	VBP
most	RBS
likely	JJ
to	TO
survive	VB
under	IN
claims	NNS
of	IN
defamation	NN
,	,
invasion	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
,	,
or	CC
intentional	JJ
infliction	NN
of	IN
emotional	JJ
distress	NN
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
for	IN
intent	NN
to	TO
be	VB
proven	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
tort	NN
claim	NN
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
necessary	JJ
for	IN
claimants	NNS
to	TO
prove	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
foreseeable	JJ
recipients	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
challenged	VBN
communication	NN
.	.
This	DT
would	MD
probably	RB
not	RB
be	VB
problematic	JJ
if	IN
the	DT
communication	NN
was	VBD
by	IN
e-mail	NN
,	,
but	CC
certainly	RB
could	MD
be	VB
if	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
bulletin	NN
board	NN
posting	VBG
,	,
or	CC
done	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
area	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
for	IN
assault	NN
to	TO
be	VB
committed	VBN
,	,
no	DT
actual	JJ
contact	NN
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
;	:
rather	RB
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
must	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
placed	VBN
in	IN
apprehension	NN
that	IN
an	DT
imminent	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
immediate	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
harmful	JJ
contact	NN
would	MD
occur	VB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
distinctly	RB
a	DT
mental	JJ
or	CC
emotional	JJ
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
a	DT
physical	JJ
,	,
injury	NN
.	.
While	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
understandable	JJ
that	IN
a	DT
target	NN
of	IN
harassment	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
may	MD
suffer	VB
mental	JJ
distress	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
less	RBR
likely	JJ
that	IN
she	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
he	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
would	MD
have	VB
actual	JJ
apprehension	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
is	VBZ
different	JJ
from	IN
fear	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	IN
a	DT
harmful	JJ
contact	NN
is	VBZ
imminent	JJ
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
for	IN
battery	NN
to	TO
occur	VB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
actor	NN
make	VB
actual	JJ
contact	NN
with	IN
the	DT
target	NN
's	POS
person	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
body	NN
or	CC
that	IN
which	WDT
touches	NNS
the	DT
body	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
contact	NN
be	VB
made	VBN
without	IN
the	DT
consent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
target	NN
.	.
Since	IN
physical	JJ
contact	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
likely	JJ
that	IN
words	NNS
alone	RB
would	MD
amount	VB
to	TO
a	DT
``	``
contact	NN
.	.
''	''
In	IN
this	DT
way	NN
,	,
communication	NN
on	IN
the	DT
net	NN
might	MD
be	VB
similar	JJ
to	TO
telephone	NN
communication	NN
.	.
People	NNS
who	WP
receive	VBP
obscene	JJ
or	CC
harassing	VBG
phone	NN
calls	NNS
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
do	VBP
not	RB
generally	RB
have	VBP
a	DT
claim	NN
for	IN
battery	NN
,	,
but	CC
must	MD
seek	VB
damages	NNS
under	IN
another	DT
theory	NN
.	.
``	``
Intentional	JJ
infliction	NN
of	IN
emotional	JJ
distress	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
as	RB
,	,
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
o	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
ne	NN
who	WP
,	,
by	IN
extreme	JJ
and	CC
outrageous	JJ
conduct	NN
,	,
intentionally	RB
or	CC
recklessly	RB
causes	VBZ
severe	JJ
emotional	JJ
distress	NN
to	TO
another	DT
,	,
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
liability	NN
for	IN
such	JJ
emotional	JJ
distress	NN
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
bodily	JJ
harm	NN
results	NNS
from	IN
it	PRP
,	,
for	IN
such	JJ
bodily	JJ
harm	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Restatement	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Second	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
Torts	NNP
section	NN
46	CD
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
Though	IN
a	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
Jake	NNP
Baker	NNP
's	POS
``	``
fantasy	NN
''	''
writings	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
newsgroup	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
amount	NN
to	TO
threats	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
Court	NNP
Order	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
it	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
found	VBN
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
sufficiently	RB
``	``
reckless	JJ
''	''
to	TO
establish	VB
a	DT
claim	NN
for	IN
intentional	JJ
infliction	NN
of	IN
emotional	JJ
distress	NN
.	.
Since	IN
intent	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
requirement	NN
of	IN
this	DT
tort	NN
,	,
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
he	PRP
never	RB
intended	VBD
the	DT
named	VBN
woman	NN
to	TO
see	VB
or	CC
hear	VB
of	IN
the	DT
communication	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
necessary	JJ
fact	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
proven	VBN
in	IN
order	NN
for	IN
such	JJ
a	DT
claim	NN
to	TO
prevail	VB
.	.
Once	RB
a	DT
net	JJ
contact	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
established	VBN
as	IN
unwanted	JJ
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
sender	NN
of	IN
communication	NN
is	VBZ
aware	JJ
that	IN
further	JJ
contact	NN
is	VBZ
unwelcome	JJ
,	,
a	DT
plaintiff	NN
might	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
advance	VB
the	DT
claim	NN
that	IN
continued	VBD
unwanted	JJ
contact	NN
has	VBZ
interfered	VBN
with	IN
her	PRP$
enjoyment	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
property	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
computer	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
service	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
which	WDT
she	PRP
may	MD
need	VB
for	IN
educational	JJ
,	,
business	NN
,	,
or	CC
entertainment	NN
purposes	NNS
.	.
While	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
unlikely	JJ
that	IN
an	DT
invasion	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
claim	NN
would	MD
survive	VB
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
harassing	NN
e-mail	NN
or	CC
online	NN
``	``
chat	VB
''	''
,	,
in	IN
a	DT
case	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
Jake	NNP
Baker	NNP
case	NN
,	,
where	WRB
posting	VBG
on	IN
an	DT
electronic	JJ
bulletin	NN
board	NN
with	IN
information	NN
about	IN
individuals	NNS
being	VBG
made	VBN
known	VBN
to	TO
potentially	RB
millions	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
,	,
an	DT
invasion	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
claim	NN
might	MD
survive	VB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
doubtful	JJ
that	IN
that	IN
particular	JJ
``	``
intrusion	NN
''	''
would	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
as	IN
anything	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
``	``
highly	RB
offensive	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
person	NN
.	.
''	''
Similarly	RB
,	,
using	VBG
the	DT
above	JJ
case	NN
as	IN
an	DT
example	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
represented	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
attributes	NNS
or	CC
character	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
she	PRP
truly	RB
does	VBZ
,	,
she	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
a	DT
claim	NN
for	IN
false	JJ
light	JJ
invasion	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
young	JJ
woman	NN
in	IN
Jake	NNP
Baker	NNP
's	POS
fantasy	NN
was	VBD
n't	RB
being	VBG
portrayed	VBN
as	IN
anything	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
a	DT
potential	JJ
victim	NN
.	.
If	IN
instead	RB
she	PRP
was	VBD
represented	VBN
as	IN
seeking	VBG
such	JJ
abuse	NN
,	,
or	CC
enjoying	VBG
it	PRP
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
given	VBN
rise	NN
to	TO
a	DT
viable	JJ
claim	NN
.	.
The	DT
necessary	JJ
elements	NNS
for	IN
any	DT
claim	NN
of	IN
misrepresentation	NN
or	CC
fraud	NN
are	VBP
that	IN
it	PRP
be	VB
a	DT
material	NN
misrepresentation	NN
,	,
with	IN
knowledge	NN
of	IN
falsity	NN
,	,
an	DT
intent	NN
to	TO
induce	VB
reliance	NN
,	,
and	CC
justifiable	JJ
reliance	NN
on	IN
the	DT
misrepresentation	NN
.	.
For	IN
an	DT
example	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
courts	NNS
have	VBP
handled	VBN
similar	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
see	VBP
Daniel	NNP
v.	CC
Dow	NNP
Jones	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
discussed	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
``	``
negligence	NN
''	''
section	NN
below	IN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
seem	VB
that	IN
if	IN
a	DT
person	NN
was	VBD
harassed	VBN
online	NN
by	IN
the	DT
posting	VBG
of	IN
defamatory	JJ
material	NN
,	,
the	DT
service	NN
provider	NN
may	MD
or	CC
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
liable	JJ
,	,
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
assurances	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
extended	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
user	NN
of	IN
the	DT
service	NN
.	.
Plaintiffs	NNS
have	VBP
brought	VBN
charges	NNS
against	IN
internet	NN
providers	NNS
and	CC
individuals	NNS
dispensing	VBG
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
for	IN
making	VBG
negligent	JJ
false	JJ
statements	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
relied	VBN
on	IN
to	TO
his	PRP$
detriment	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Daniel	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
no	DT
different	JJ
analysis	NN
was	VBD
necessary	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
than	IN
for	IN
newspapers	NNS
or	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
``	``
established	VBN
means	NNS
''	''
of	IN
communication	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Id	NN
.	.
at	IN
340	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
It	PRP
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
that	IN
courts	NNS
might	MD
use	VB
a	DT
similar	JJ
analysis	NN
when	WRB
considering	VBG
harassment	NN
claims	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
negligence	NN
theory	NN
.	.
Consent	NNP
to	TO
a	DT
communication	NN
may	MD
be	VB
charged	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
defendant	NN
if	IN
he	PRP
can	MD
show	VB
that	IN
an	DT
accuser	NN
willingly	RB
responded	VBD
to	TO
his	PRP$
communications	NNS
,	,
or	CC
that	IN
she	PRP
failed	VBD
to	TO
tell	VB
him	PRP
that	IN
his	PRP$
electronic	JJ
advances	NNS
were	VBD
unwanted	JJ
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
if	IN
he	PRP
can	MD
show	VB
that	IN
an	DT
accuser	NN
repeatedly	RB
joined	VBD
him	PRP
in	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
chat	VBP
,	,
or	CC
failed	VBD
to	TO
leave	VB
a	DT
channel	NN
,	,
he	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
successfully	RB
claim	VB
that	IN
the	DT
target	NN
impliedly	RB
consented	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
contacts	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
users	NNS
assert	VBP
that	IN
women	NNS
who	WP
use	VBP
the	DT
net	NN
must	MD
accept	VB
the	DT
risk	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
harassed	VBN
,	,
stalked	VBN
,	,
or	CC
otherwise	RB
offended	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Vang	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
they	PRP
point	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
chat	VB
lines	NNS
and	CC
newsgroups	NNS
,	,
particularly	RB
singles	JJ
and	CC
sexually-oriented	JJ
groups	NNS
,	,
as	IN
instances	NNS
which	WDT
should	MD
raise	VB
warning	VBG
flags	NNS
about	IN
potential	JJ
harassment	NN
,	,
even	RB
to	TO
new	JJ
users	NNS
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
the	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
home	NN
page	NN
with	IN
suggestive	JJ
or	CC
provocative	JJ
pictures	NNS
may	MD
increase	VB
the	DT
likelihood	NN
of	IN
harassment	NN
.	.
As	IN
noted	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
``	``
Beware	VB
''	''
file	NN
on	IN
the	DT
AOL	NNP
bulletin	NN
board	NN
,	,
some	DT
women	NNS
openly	RB
acknowledged	VBD
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
``	``
meeting	NN
''	''
men	NNS
online	VBP
.	.
If	IN
any	DT
of	IN
these	DT
individuals	NNS
sought	VBD
to	TO
bring	VB
a	DT
claim	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
postings	NNS
were	VBD
subsequently	RB
downloaded	VBN
,	,
there	EX
would	MD
be	VB
ample	JJ
evidence	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
had	VBD
assumed	VBN
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
getting	VBG
into	IN
a	DT
potentially	RB
distressing	JJ
relationship	NN
.	.
Using	VBG
traditional	JJ
terms	NNS
to	TO
define	VB
``	``
computer	NN
trespass	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
problematic	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Baker	NNP
at	IN
68	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Some	DT
federal	JJ
legislation	NN
has	VBZ
changed	VBN
the	DT
scienter	NN
requirement	NN
from	IN
``	``
knowingly	RB
''	''
to	TO
``	``
intentionally	RB
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Id	NN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
It	PRP
is	VBZ
easy	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
careless	JJ
mistakes	NNS
and	CC
gain	NN
access	NN
to	TO
a	DT
computer	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
an	DT
area	NN
of	IN
the	DT
net	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
without	IN
intending	VBG
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
,	,
and	CC
only	RB
those	DT
who	WP
have	VBP
``	``
clear	JJ
intent	NN
''	''
should	MD
be	VB
liable	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Id	NN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
Similar	JJ
problems	NNS
could	MD
arise	VB
in	IN
tort	NN
litigation	NN
for	IN
trespass	NN
.	.
Obviously	RB
,	,
the	DT
offender	NN
,	,
if	IN
one	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
identified	VBN
,	,
may	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
claim	NN
,	,
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
court	NN
's	POS
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
See	VB
Jurisdiction	NN
,	,
supra	NN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
,	,
some	DT
commentators	NNS
believe	VBP
that	IN
many	JJ
harassers	NNS
are	VBP
underemployed	JJ
men	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
time	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
hands	NNS
.	.
In	IN
that	DT
circumstance	NN
,	,
one	CD
may	MD
find	VB
that	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
defendant	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
judgment-proof	JJ
,	,
''	''
meaning	VBG
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
financial	JJ
unable	JJ
to	TO
pay	VB
damages	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
victim	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
some	DT
of	IN
these	DT
defendants	NNS
would	MD
probably	RB
file	VB
for	IN
bankruptcy	NN
protection	NN
,	,
leaving	VBG
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
with	IN
no	DT
remedy	NN
.	.
Since	IN
the	DT
burden	NN
of	IN
proof	NN
falls	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
person	NN
asserting	VBG
a	DT
claim	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
critical	JJ
that	IN
one	CD
begins	VBZ
documenting	VBG
any	DT
contact	NN
with	IN
a	DT
harasser	NN
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
This	DT
may	MD
include	VB
producing	VBG
hard	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
printed	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
copies	NNS
of	IN
communications	NNS
,	,
ensuring	VBG
that	IN
others	NNS
witness	NN
the	DT
harassment	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
in	IN
newsgroups	NNS
or	CC
IRC	NNP
's	POS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
noting	VBG
any	DT
reports	NNS
made	VBD
to	TO
servers	NNS
,	,
university	NN
officials	NNS
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
agencies	NNS
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
one	CD
is	VBZ
able	JJ
to	TO
prove	VB
that	DT
harassment	NN
occurred	VBD
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
prove	VB
damages	NNS
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
common	JJ
problem	NN
in	IN
harassment	NN
cases	NNS
,	,
and	CC
one	CD
which	WDT
is	VBZ
outside	IN
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
.	.
As	IN
was	VBD
demonstrated	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Jake	NNP
Baker	NNP
case	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
difficult	JJ
to	TO
sustain	VB
criminal	JJ
charges	NNS
against	IN
an	DT
individual	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
communication	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
Since	IN
much	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
communication	NN
on	IN
the	DT
net	NN
may	MD
be	VB
regarded	VBN
as	IN
``	``
pure	JJ
speech	NN
,	,
''	''
it	PRP
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
very	RB
high	JJ
threshold	NN
of	IN
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
protection	NN
.	.
If	IN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
Jake	NNP
Baker	NNP
's	POS
e-mails	NNS
had	VBD
gone	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
young	JJ
woman	NN
,	,
or	CC
anyone	NN
who	WP
was	VBD
an	DT
object	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
``	``
fantasy	NN
,	,
''	''
rather	RB
than	IN
to	TO
another	DT
person	NN
who	WP
merely	RB
shared	VBD
his	PRP$
sexual	JJ
dreams	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
might	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
quite	RB
a	DT
different	JJ
case	NN
altogether	RB
.	.
Currently	RB
,	,
in	IN
every	DT
state	NN
but	CC
Michigan	NNP
,	,
Alaska	NNP
,	,
Oklahoma	NNP
and	CC
Wyoming	NNP
,	,
prosecution	NN
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
based	VBN
on	IN
criminal	JJ
statutes	NNS
that	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
address	VB
computer-based	JJ
communication	NN
,	,
e-mail	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
statutes	NNS
discussed	VBD
herein	RB
become	VBN
law	NN
,	,
then	RB
guidelines	NNS
for	IN
legal	JJ
electronic	JJ
communication	NN
will	MD
become	VB
clearer	JJR
.	.
Likewise	RB
,	,
the	DT
federal	JJ
anti-stalking	JJ
bill	NN
proposed	VBN
by	IN
Congressman	NNP
Mfume	NNP
is	VBZ
seen	VBN
by	IN
some	DT
as	IN
inadequate	JJ
,	,
because	IN
it	PRP
treats	VBZ
the	DT
telephone	NN
and	CC
electronic	JJ
communication	NN
identically	RB
.	.
The	DT
impact	NN
of	IN
spoken	VBN
words	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
argued	VBN
,	,
is	VBZ
different	JJ
than	IN
e-mail	JJ
messages	NNS
,	,
where	WRB
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
inflection	NN
,	,
hesitation	NN
,	,
or	CC
tone	NN
of	IN
voice	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Id	NN
.	.
at	IN
426-27	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Under	IN
this	DT
proposed	VBN
statute	NN
,	,
a	DT
user	NN
sending	VBG
a	DT
``	``
flame	NN
''	''
could	MD
be	VB
prosecuted	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
federal	JJ
crime	NN
.	.
Some	DT
harassment	NN
and	CC
stalking	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
contains	VBZ
material	NN
elements	NNS
that	WDT
should	MD
result	VB
in	IN
prosecutable	JJ
criminal	JJ
offenses	NNS
.	.
Laurie	NNP
Powell	NNP
,	,
a	DT
woman	NN
in	IN
South	NNP
Carolina	NNP
,	,
was	VBD
stalked	VBN
for	IN
two	CD
years	NNS
by	IN
a	DT
man	NN
who	WP
threatened	VBD
her	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
and	CC
threatened	VBD
to	TO
rape	NN
her	PRP$
daughter	NN
.	.
He	PRP
posted	VBD
her	PRP$
home	NN
address	NN
on	IN
an	DT
e-mail	NN
message	NN
accessible	JJ
to	TO
twenty-five	CD
million	CD
people	NNS
.	.
The	DT
FBI	NNP
,	,
Secret	NNP
Service	NNP
,	,
and	CC
local	JJ
authorities	NNS
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
able	JJ
to	TO
locate	VB
her	PRP$
stalker	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Ross	NNP
at	IN
405	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
It	PRP
is	VBZ
hopeful	JJ
that	IN
when	WRB
they	PRP
do	VBP
,	,
existing	VBG
law	NN
will	MD
allow	VB
for	IN
his	PRP$
successful	JJ
prosecution	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
some	DT
commentators	NNS
assert	VBP
that	IN
harassment	NN
will	MD
continue	VB
until	IN
user	NN
attitudes	NNS
change	VBP
regarding	VBG
what	WP
is	VBZ
acceptable	JJ
net	JJ
behavior	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Peak	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
may	MD
require	VB
women	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
increasingly	RB
involved	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
creation	NN
and	CC
enforcement	NN
of	IN
net	JJ
server	NN
policies	NNS
.	.
Until	IN
that	DT
happens	VBZ
,	,
users	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
potential	JJ
risks	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
net	NN
,	,
and	CC
encouraged	VBD
to	TO
take	VB
steps	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
reduce	VB
the	DT
likelihood	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
harassment	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
steps	NNS
include	VBP
familiarizing	VBG
oneself	NN
with	IN
the	DT
nature	NN
and	CC
scope	NN
of	IN
a	DT
newsgroup	NN
before	IN
participating	VBG
;	:
limiting	VBG
the	DT
amount	NN
and	CC
type	NN
of	IN
information	NN
included	VBN
in	IN
user	NN
profiles	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
accessible	JJ
to	TO
other	JJ
users	NNS
;	:
and	CC
choosing	VBG
gender	NN
neutral	JJ
passwords	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
harasser	NN
can	MD
be	VB
identified	VBN
,	,
the	DT
first	JJ
,	,
most	JJS
crucial	JJ
,	,
step	VB
to	TO
take	VB
to	TO
end	VB
harassment	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
tell	VB
the	DT
offender	NN
to	TO
stop	VB
.	.
This	DT
demand	NN
must	MD
be	VB
communicated	VBN
clearly	RB
,	,
with	IN
no	DT
evidence	NN
of	IN
hedging	VBG
or	CC
uncertainty	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
invalidate	VB
any	DT
claim	NN
that	IN
one	CD
has	VBZ
consented	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
ongoing	JJ
contacts	NNS
.	.
One	CD
may	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
identify	VB
witnesses	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
targets	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
harasser	NN
,	,
particularly	RB
in	IN
chat	VB
lines	NNS
or	CC
newsgroups	NNS
.	.
Besides	IN
validating	VBG
your	PRP$
claim	NN
of	IN
harassment	NN
,	,
they	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
support	NN
in	IN
efforts	NNS
to	TO
stop	VB
the	DT
offensive	JJ
behavior	NN
.	.
If	IN
this	DT
does	VBZ
n't	RB
work	VB
,	,
some	DT
regular	JJ
users	NNS
recommend	VB
simply	RB
ignoring	VBG
the	DT
harasser	NN
,	,
reasoning	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
simply	RB
attention-seekers	NNS
who	WP
will	MD
quit	VB
if	IN
ignored	VBN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
users	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
aware	JJ
that	IN
some	DT
offenders	NNS
will	MD
expand	VB
their	PRP$
efforts	NNS
if	IN
ignored	VBN
.	.
System	NNP
administrators	NNS
can	MD
often	RB
be	VB
reached	VBN
through	IN
e-mail	NN
at	IN
root	NN
@	IN
host	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Peak	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
administrator	NN
may	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
stop	VB
the	DT
harassment	NN
by	IN
notifying	VBG
or	CC
otherwise	RB
disciplining	VBG
the	DT
harasser	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
difficult	JJ
or	CC
impossible	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
target	NN
to	TO
get	VB
information	NN
about	IN
an	DT
alleged	JJ
harasser	NN
from	IN
a	DT
service	NN
,	,
which	WDT
generally	RB
keeps	VBZ
client	NN
information	NN
and	CC
identities	NNS
confidential	JJ
.	.
This	DT
situation	NN
has	VBZ
apparently	RB
hindered	VBN
police	NN
investigations	NNS
in	IN
recent	JJ
cases	NNS
of	IN
children	NNS
being	VBG
coaxed	VBN
from	IN
their	PRP$
homes	NNS
by	IN
adult	NN
predators	NNS
,	,
although	IN
servers	NNS
were	VBD
eventually	RB
forced	VBN
to	TO
release	VB
records	NNS
of	IN
communications	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
.	.
America	NNP
Online	NNP
has	VBZ
online	VBN
``	``
terms	NNS
of	IN
service	NN
''	''
that	WDT
specifies	VBZ
conduct	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
and	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
permissible	JJ
for	IN
its	PRP$
users	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Appendix	NNP
E	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
Harassment	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
form	NN
of	IN
conduct	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
permitted	VBN
.	.
If	IN
an	DT
online	JJ
user	NN
is	VBZ
experiencing	VBG
harassment	NN
from	IN
another	DT
user	NN
,	,
she	PRP
can	MD
summon	VB
a	DT
``	``
guide	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
an	DT
individual	JJ
employed	VBN
by	IN
AOL	NNP
,	,
who	WP
acts	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
monitor	NN
for	IN
offensive	JJ
conduct	NN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
guide	NN
can	MD
reprimand	VB
the	DT
offender	NN
,	,
order	NN
them	PRP
to	TO
get	VB
off-line	JJ
temporarily	RB
,	,
or	CC
permanently	RB
remove	VB
them	PRP
from	IN
service	NN
.	.
Several	JJ
other	JJ
ideas	NNS
have	VBP
emerged	VBN
regarding	VBG
technological	JJ
advances	NNS
that	WDT
could	MD
inhibit	VB
harassment	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
the	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
blocking	VBG
function	NN
,	,
similar	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
telephone	NN
company	NN
's	POS
``	``
call	NN
blocking	VBG
''	''
service	NN
,	,
could	MD
effectively	RB
stop	VB
a	DT
harasser	NN
from	IN
getting	VBG
to	TO
his	PRP$
target	NN
.	.
Once	RB
an	DT
objectionable	JJ
e-mail	NN
message	NN
pattern	NN
begins	VBZ
,	,
a	DT
user	NN
could	MD
forward	RB
a	DT
message	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
server	NN
to	TO
block	VB
all	DT
communication	NN
from	IN
the	DT
identified	VBN
source	NN
.	.
Similarly	RB
,	,
a	DT
``	``
caller	NN
I.D.	NN
''	''
-	:
type	NN
function	NN
may	MD
be	VB
helpful	JJ
in	IN
allowing	VBG
a	DT
target	NN
to	TO
immediately	RB
trace	VB
a	DT
message	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
source	NN
,	,
without	IN
the	DT
assistance	NN
of	IN
a	DT
server	NN
.	.
This	DT
would	MD
balance	VB
the	DT
benefits	NNS
of	IN
anonymity	NN
in	IN
chat	VB
groups	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
freedom	NN
from	IN
harassment	NN
--	:
only	RB
those	DT
who	WP
send	VBP
e-mail	NN
messages	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
identifiable	JJ
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
providing	VBG
a	DT
consistent	JJ
and	CC
dependable	JJ
weapon	NN
to	TO
fight	VB
harassment	NN
,	,
development	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
technology	NN
takes	VBZ
the	DT
burden	NN
for	IN
ending	VBG
harassment	NN
off	IN
of	IN
the	DT
target	NN
,	,
who	WP
is	VBZ
otherwise	RB
forced	VBN
to	TO
change	VB
her	PRP$
password	NN
,	,
address	NN
,	,
nickname	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
,	,
all	DT
in	IN
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
evade	VB
the	DT
offender	NN
.	.
It	PRP
seems	VBZ
clear	JJ
that	IN
,	,
for	IN
some	DT
users	NNS
,	,
harassment	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
has	VBZ
impaired	VBN
their	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
fully	RB
utilize	VB
its	PRP$
resources	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
extreme	NN
,	,
other	JJ
users	NNS
have	VBP
experienced	VBN
severe	JJ
emotional	JJ
distress	NN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
unwanted	JJ
contacts	NNS
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
s	VBZ
with	IN
other	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
harassment	NN
,	,
dealing	VBG
with	IN
online	JJ
offenses	NNS
often	RB
requires	VBZ
the	DT
target	NN
of	IN
the	DT
attack	NN
to	TO
make	VB
significant	JJ
,	,
inconvenient	JJ
changes	NNS
to	TO
end	VB
the	DT
problem	NN
.	.
While	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
problem	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
certainly	RB
not	RB
exclusive	JJ
to	TO
harassment	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
indeed	RB
unfortunate	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
technology	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
to	TO
equalize	VB
communication	NN
also	RB
fosters	VBZ
,	,
for	IN
some	DT
,	,
a	DT
hostile	NN
,	,
inaccessible	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
Ultimately	RB
,	,
then	RB
,	,
the	DT
issue	NN
becomes	VBZ
who	WP
should	MD
control	VB
communications	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
net	NN
--	:
the	DT
users	NNS
,	,
servers	NNS
,	,
universities	NNS
,	,
government	NN
,	,
or	CC
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
above	JJ
?	.
Clearly	RB
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
concerted	JJ
effort	NN
among	IN
net	JJ
users	NNS
and	CC
servers	NNS
to	TO
avoid	VB
any	DT
governmental	JJ
censorship	NN
of	IN
the	DT
medium	NN
.	.
Hopefully	RB
,	,
these	DT
same	JJ
forces	NNS
will	MD
work	VB
just	RB
as	IN
diligently	RB
at	IN
achieving	VBG
the	DT
internet	NN
's	POS
potential	NN
for	IN
being	VBG
gender-blind	NN
and	CC
equally	RB
accessible	JJ
for	IN
all	DT
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
was	VBD
produced	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
``	``
Law	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Internet	NNP
''	''
course	NN
,	,
taught	VBN
by	IN
Professor	NNP
Patrick	NNP
Wiseman	NNP
,	,
at	IN
Georgia	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
College	NNP
of	IN
Law	NNP
in	IN
Atlanta	NNP
,	,
Georgia	NNP
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
comments	NNS
expressed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
text	NN
were	VBD
contributed	VBN
by	IN
course	NN
participants	NNS
during	IN
the	DT
summer	NN
of	IN
1995	CD
.	.
I	PRP
always	RB
prided	VBD
meyself	NN
on	IN
being	VBG
level	JJ
headed	VBN
,	,
mature	VB
and	CC
not	RB
given	VBN
to	TO
flights	NNS
of	IN
fancy	NN
.	.
I	PRP
fell	VBD
in	IN
love	NN
deeply	RB
and	CC
hard	RB
.	.
We	PRP
shared	VBD
something	NN
special	JJ
.	.
We	PRP
were	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
meet	VB
this	DT
month	NN
for	IN
a	DT
romantic	JJ
get	VB
away	RB
.	.
Last	JJ
night	NN
,	,
when	WRB
I	PRP
logged	VBD
on	IN
to	TO
meet	VB
him	PRP
for	IN
our	PRP$
usual	JJ
midnight	NN
date	NN
online	NN
,	,
he	PRP
was	VBD
nowhere	RB
to	TO
be	VB
found	VBN
.	.
My	PRP$
e	SYM
mail	NN
would	MD
not	RB
send	VB
and	CC
he	PRP
had	VBD
erased	VBN
himself	PRP
from	IN
my	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
Maybe	RB
he	PRP
is	VBZ
online	NN
under	IN
another	DT
name	NN
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
know	VB
.	.
I	PRP
only	RB
know	VBP
my	PRP$
heart	NN
is	VBZ
broken	VBN
and	CC
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
even	RB
know	VB
why	WRB
.	.
Some	DT
holiday	NN
this	DT
is	VBZ
going	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
huh	NN
?	.
Am	VBP
I	PRP
a	DT
prize	NN
fool	NN
or	CC
what	WP
?	.
I	PRP
recently	RB
signed	VBD
onto	IN
AOL	NNP
and	CC
to	TO
be	VB
perfectly	RB
honest	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
looking	VBG
to	TO
meet	VB
some	DT
people	NNS
and	CC
find	VB
some	DT
companionship	NN
.	.
As	IN
to	TO
be	VB
expected	VBN
,	,
I	PRP
did	VBD
meet	VB
somebody	NN
and	CC
we	PRP
had	VBD
lots	NNS
and	CC
lots	NNS
of	IN
long	RB
,	,
intimate	JJ
,	,
romantic	JJ
talks	NNS
on	IN
line	NN
and	CC
on	IN
the	DT
phone	NN
.	.
All	PDT
the	DT
right	JJ
things	NNS
were	VBD
said	VBN
,	,
and	CC
although	IN
we	PRP
were	VBD
both	DT
very	RB
different	JJ
people	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
looked	VBD
very	RB
promising	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
wrote	VBD
him	PRP
letters	NNS
and	CC
sent	VBD
him	PRP
cards	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
called	VBD
all	PDT
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
wrote	VBD
lots	NNS
of	IN
e	SYM
mail	NN
,	,
sent	VBD
gorgeous	JJ
,	,
expensive	JJ
flowers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
was	VBD
very	RB
attentive	JJ
.	.
The	DT
whole	JJ
works	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
very	RB
,	,
very	RB
intense	JJ
and	CC
romantic	JJ
.	.
We	PRP
even	RB
talked	VBD
about	IN
the	DT
future	NN
with	IN
me	PRP
moving	VBG
me	PRP
and	CC
my	PRP$
kids	NNS
to	TO
Virginia	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
we	PRP
live	VBP
in	IN
Texas	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
sharing	VBG
our	PRP$
lives	NNS
together	RB
.	.
He	PRP
told	VBD
me	PRP
he	PRP
loved	VBD
me	PRP
,	,
and	CC
I	PRP
told	VBD
him	PRP
the	DT
same	JJ
.	.
He	PRP
shared	VBD
his	PRP$
dreams	NNS
with	IN
me	PRP
and	CC
what	WP
he	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
his	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
He	PRP
told	VBD
me	PRP
about	IN
his	PRP$
job	NN
,	,
his	PRP$
home	NN
,	,
his	PRP$
childhood	NN
,	,
old	JJ
girlfriends	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
It	PRP
felt	VBD
so	RB
right	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
even	RB
explain	VB
,	,
how	WRB
right	JJ
it	PRP
felt	VBD
.	.
We	PRP
made	VBD
plans	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
together	RB
and	CC
meet	VB
in	IN
October	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
meet	VB
sooner	RBR
,	,
but	CC
something	NN
told	VBD
me	PRP
to	TO
give	VB
it	PRP
time	NN
.	.
He	PRP
agreed	VBD
to	TO
this	DT
,	,
but	CC
always	RB
made	VBD
a	DT
point	NN
of	IN
saying	VBG
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
my	PRP$
choice	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
were	VBD
waiting	VBG
so	RB
long	RB
.	.
I	PRP
sent	VBD
him	PRP
a	DT
picture	NN
.	.
We	PRP
made	VBD
plans	NNS
for	IN
me	PRP
to	TO
come	VB
visit	NN
him	PRP
Thanksgiving	NNP
and	CC
meet	VB
his	PRP$
family	NN
.	.
He	PRP
said	VBD
he	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
settle	VB
down	RP
.	.
He	PRP
always	RB
insisted	VBD
on	IN
calling	VBG
me	PRP
back	RB
when	WRB
I	PRP
called	VBD
him	PRP
so	IN
I	PRP
would	MD
n't	RB
incur	VB
the	DT
long	JJ
distance	NN
charges	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
was	VBD
sweet	JJ
and	CC
kind	NN
and	CC
said	VBD
wonderful	JJ
things	NNS
online	VBP
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
on	IN
the	DT
phone	NN
.	.
Everything	NNP
seemed	VBD
really	RB
good	JJ
,	,
but	CC
something	NN
inside	IN
me	PRP
nagged	VBD
me	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
seem	VB
right	RB
.	.
Number	NN
1	CD
,	,
he	PRP
would	MD
n't	RB
send	VB
me	PRP
a	DT
picture	NN
.	.
He	PRP
kept	VBD
saying	VBG
he	PRP
had	VBD
to	TO
get	VB
some	DT
made	VBN
.	.
Then	RB
he	PRP
stopped	VBD
answering	VBG
the	DT
phone	NN
.	.
Where	WRB
at	IN
first	RB
he	PRP
would	MD
answer	VB
the	DT
phone	NN
at	IN
all	DT
hours	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
night	NN
,	,
suddenly	RB
he	PRP
just	RB
stopped	VBD
.	.
He	PRP
claimed	VBD
he	PRP
was	VBD
tired	VBN
from	IN
working	VBG
so	RB
hard	JJ
and	CC
turned	VBD
the	DT
ringer	NN
off	RP
.	.
He	PRP
started	VBD
to	TO
not	RB
answer	VB
his	PRP$
beeper	NN
.	.
And	CC
most	JJS
telling	VBG
,	,
I	PRP
started	VBD
noticing	VBG
holes	NNS
in	IN
his	PRP$
stories	NNS
.	.
Little	NNP
things	NNS
that	WDT
made	VBD
me	PRP
uneasy	JJ
.	.
Well	RB
,	,
it	PRP
all	DT
blew	VBD
up	RP
today	NN
.	.
I	PRP
came	VBD
to	TO
find	VB
out	IN
he	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
have	VB
the	DT
job	NN
he	PRP
said	VBD
he	PRP
did	VBD
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
even	RB
know	VB
if	IN
he	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
job	NN
.	.
At	IN
one	CD
point	NN
he	PRP
FedExed	VBD
me	PRP
a	DT
gift	NN
,	,
claiming	VBG
he	PRP
had	VBD
his	PRP$
secretary	NN
send	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Well	RB
,	,
today	NN
I	PRP
called	VBD
the	DT
number	NN
on	IN
it	PRP
it	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
disconnected	VBN
number	NN
.	.
I	PRP
did	VBD
an	DT
address	NN
search	NN
on	IN
the	DT
location	NN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
exist	VB
.	.
But	CC
that	DT
's	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
clincher	NN
.	.
After	IN
doing	VBG
even	RB
more	RBR
detective	NN
work	NN
I	PRP
find	VBP
out	IN
he	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
give	VB
me	PRP
his	PRP$
true	JJ
legal	JJ
name	NN
.	.
He	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
even	RB
have	VB
a	DT
home	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
own	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
apartment	NN
or	CC
otherwise	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
he	PRP
lives	VBZ
in	IN
his	PRP$
mother	NN
's	POS
basement	NN
!	.
Everything	NN
he	PRP
told	VBD
me	PRP
about	IN
himself	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
LIE	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
feel	VBP
like	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
fool	NN
.	.
He	PRP
was	VBD
such	JJ
a	DT
good	JJ
actor	NN
.	.
After	IN
reading	VBG
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
postings	NNS
on	IN
here	RB
,	,
I	PRP
recalled	VBD
all	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
horror	NN
stories	NNS
.	.
I	PRP
dated	VBD
alot	RB
,	,
both	DT
from	IN
BBS	NNP
and	CC
aol	NN
to	TO
friends	NNS
,	,
blind	JJ
dates	NNS
,	,
guys	NNS
I	PRP
met	VBD
somewhere	RB
,	,
etc.	FW
and	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
say	VB
this	DT
much	JJ
...	:
it	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
matter	VB
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
AOL	NNP
or	CC
the	DT
gas	NN
station	NN
or	CC
college	NN
where	WRB
you	PRP
met	VBD
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
psychos	NNS
,	,
nuts	NNS
,	,
freaks	NNS
and	CC
duds	NNS
everywhere	RB
...	:
I	PRP
fortunately	RB
met	VBD
someone	NN
off	IN
of	IN
here	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
you	PRP
are	VBP
looking	VBG
at	IN
a	DT
BIG	NNP
cynic	JJ
of	IN
meeting	VBG
good	JJ
people	NNS
online	VBP
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
is	VBZ
everything	NN
the	DT
other	JJ
guys	NNS
were	VBD
n't	RB
.	.
Sure	RB
,	,
I	PRP
met	VBD
a	DT
ton	NN
of	IN
the	DT
bad	JJ
ones	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
way	NN
,	,
god	NN
,	,
the	DT
war	NN
stories	NNS
I	PRP
could	MD
trade	VB
,	,
but	CC
you	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
in	IN
any	DT
case	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
or	CC
find	VB
something	NN
good	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
think	VB
of	IN
aol	NN
as	IN
the	DT
cyberspace	NN
fleamarket	NN
...	:
ahh	NN
...	:
kind	NN
of	IN
tacky	JJ
...	:
you	PRP
get	VBP
the	DT
idea	NN
!	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
All	DT
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
say	VB
is	VBZ
...	:
trust	NN
your	PRP$
gut	NN
...	:
even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
guy	NN
is	VBZ
talking	VBG
about	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
romance	NN
and	CC
ideas	NNS
he	PRP
has	VBZ
,	,
even	RB
a	DT
woman	NN
,	,
for	IN
that	DT
fact	NN
,	,
there	EX
has	VBZ
got	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
more	JJR
than	IN
that	DT
.	.
.	.
give	VB
yourself	PRP
time	NN
.	.
And	CC
another	DT
word	NN
of	IN
advice	NN
,	,
get	VB
a	DT
good	JJ
private	JJ
investigator	NN
,	,
I	PRP
use	VBP
a	DT
friend	NN
of	IN
mine	NN
to	TO
do	VB
background	NN
checks	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
worth	JJ
the	DT
money	NN
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
serious	JJ
about	IN
meeting	VBG
someone	NN
...	:
I	PRP
've	VBP
had	VBD
more	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
guy	NN
tell	VBP
me	PRP
he	PRP
was	VBD
never	RB
married	VBN
,	,
but	CC
they	PRP
were	VBD
in	IN
fact	NN
VERY	RB
married	JJ
...	:
also	RB
,	,
meet	VBP
them	PRP
on	IN
your	PRP$
terms	NNS
,	,
at	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
place	NN
and	CC
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
hotel	NN
room	NN
involved	VBN
,	,
get	VB
your	PRP$
own	JJ
...	:
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
much	JJ
worth	IN
the	DT
money	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
have	VB
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
trying	VBG
to	TO
avoid	VB
a	DT
bad	JJ
situation	NN
.	.
So	RB
just	RB
to	TO
commiserate	VB
with	IN
everyone	NN
...	:
here	RB
is	VBZ
just	RB
a	DT
sample	NN
of	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
have	VBP
met	VBN
up	RP
with	IN
...	:
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
Wicca	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
witches	NNS
coven	VBP
.	.
.	.
he	PRP
was	VBD
also	RB
a	DT
vampire	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
a	DT
self	NN
proclaimed	VBD
racist	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
yelled	VBD
racist	JJ
terms	NNS
for	IN
asians	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
chinese	JJ
restraurant	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
quite	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
``	``
married	JJ
''	''
fellas	NNS
,	,
a	DT
guy	NN
who	WP
said	VBD
he	PRP
was	VBD
physically	RB
fit	JJ
and	CC
a	DT
perfect	JJ
ten	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
neglected	VBN
to	TO
tell	VB
me	PRP
he	PRP
had	VBD
club	NN
feet	NNS
and	CC
was	VBD
200	CD
lbs	NNS
overweight	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
quite	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
guys	NNS
who	WP
were	VBD
concerned	VBN
about	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
looked	VBD
like	IN
but	CC
not	RB
about	IN
themselves	PRP
.	.
Which	WDT
comes	VBZ
to	TO
my	PRP$
other	JJ
piece	NN
of	IN
advice	NN
,	,
do	VBP
n't	RB
string	VB
someone	NN
along	RB
,	,
and	CC
be	VB
honest	JJ
with	IN
people	NNS
,	,
do	VBP
n't	RB
post	VB
someone	NN
else	RB
's	POS
picture	NN
and	CC
do	VBP
n't	RB
make	VB
yourself	PRP
up	IN
to	TO
be	VB
someone	NN
you	PRP
are	VBP
n't	RB
...	:
.	.
And	CC
by	IN
the	DT
way	NN
...	:
I	PRP
know	VBP
of	IN
the8thman	CD
...	:
and	CC
just	RB
a	DT
small	JJ
comment	NN
.	.
8th	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
resent	VBP
you	PRP
for	IN
saying	VBG
that	IN
women	NNS
are	VBP
money	NN
hungry	JJ
and	CC
do	VBP
n't	RB
want	VB
you	PRP
because	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
of	IN
another	DT
race	NN
...	:
that	DT
is	VBZ
wrong	JJ
...	:
the	DT
reason	NN
may	MD
be	VB
more	RBR
obvious	JJ
than	IN
you	PRP
think	VBP
...	:
take	VB
inventory	NN
of	IN
what	WP
people	NNS
are	VBP
saying	VBG
in	IN
response	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
ads	NNS
and	CC
stop	VB
being	VBG
so	RB
darn	RB
critical	JJ
of	IN
everything	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
said	VBN
on	IN
here	RB
.	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
brand	NN
new	JJ
to	TO
AOL	NNP
but	CC
I	PRP
thought	VBD
I	PRP
'd	MD
jump	VB
in	IN
and	CC
post	VB
a	DT
warning	NN
about	IN
a	DT
dude	NN
who	WP
goes	VBZ
by	IN
the	DT
code	NN
name	NN
of	IN
MagicMagic	NNP
.	.
Watch	NNP
out	IN
for	IN
him	PRP
.	.
He	PRP
's	VBZ
bizarre	JJ
,	,
most	RBS
likely	JJ
has	VBZ
a	DT
few	JJ
kinks	NNS
loose	JJ
and	CC
will	MD
e	SYM
mail	NN
you	PRP
relentlessly	RB
.	.
Unless	IN
sparks	VBZ
fly	NN
,	,
two	CD
meetings	NNS
in	IN
four	CD
months	NNS
is	VBZ
a	DT
platonic	JJ
vacation	NN
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
say	VB
if	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
picky	JJ
,	,
feel	VB
them	PRP
out	RP
first	RB
if	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
unwilling	JJ
to	TO
meet	VB
in	IN
a	DT
neutral	JJ
place	NN
,	,
one	CD
that	WDT
you	PRP
both	DT
know	VBP
,	,
they	PRP
're	VBP
probably	RB
not	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
want	VB
to	TO
try	VB
out	RP
a	DT
new	JJ
relationship	NN
.	.
Then	RB
,	,
I	PRP
got	VBD
this	DT
one	CD
IM	NNP
from	IN
some	DT
guy	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
suppose	VBP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
he	PRP
seemed	VBD
to	TO
know	VB
everything	NN
about	IN
me	PRP
.	.
I	PRP
hadnt	VBP
told	VBN
ANYBODY	NNP
my	PRP$
features	NNS
or	CC
had	VBD
I	PRP
even	RB
filled	VBD
out	RP
my	PRP$
profile	NN
.	.
He	PRP
started	VBD
telling	VBG
me	PRP
what	WP
he	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
do	VB
to	TO
me	PRP
and	CC
how	WRB
he	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
torture	VB
me	PRP
and	CC
all	PDT
this	DT
gruesome	JJ
,	,
gothic	JJ
stuff	NN
.	.
Anyway	RB
I	PRP
got	VBD
upset	JJ
enough	RB
that	IN
I	PRP
signed	VBD
off	RP
-LRB-	-LRB-
might	MD
i	FW
note	NN
this	DT
was	VBD
before	IN
my	PRP$
learnings	NNS
of	IN
TOS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
So	IN
it	PRP
all	DT
starts	VBZ
out	RP
harmless	JJ
enough	RB
with	IN
causual	JJ
chat	VB
and	CC
then	RB
when	WRB
he	PRP
says	VBZ
he	PRP
wants	VBZ
to	TO
crush	VB
me	PRP
in	IN
business	NN
someday	RB
and	CC
make	VB
my	PRP$
life	NN
miserable	JJ
I	PRP
figure	VBP
Ok	NNP
.	.
Here	RB
's	VBZ
a	DT
really	RB
immature	JJ
person	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
playing	VBG
games	NNS
.	.
No	DT
problem	NN
I	PRP
see	VBP
it	PRP
a	DT
lot	NN
on	IN
here	RB
.	.
Pretty	NNP
soon	RB
it	PRP
occurs	VBZ
to	TO
me	PRP
after	IN
some	DT
more	JJR
strange	JJ
statements	NNS
like	IN
:	:
you	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
liar	NN
and	CC
you	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
stopped	VBN
from	IN
causing	VBG
pain	NN
on	IN
here	RB
.	.
I	PRP
begin	VBP
to	TO
realize	VB
that	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
one	CD
messed	VBD
up	RP
person	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
in	IN
urgent	JJ
need	NN
of	IN
psychiatric	JJ
care	NN
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
a	DT
disagreement	NN
with	IN
someone	NN
's	POS
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
we	PRP
encourage	VBP
lively	JJ
discussion	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
chat	VB
rooms	NNS
and	CC
message	NN
boards	NNS
but	CC
personal	JJ
attacks	NNS
,	,
or	CC
attacks	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
person	NN
's	POS
race	NN
,	,
national	JJ
origin	NN
,	,
ethnicity	NN
,	,
religion	NN
,	,
gender	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
such	JJ
affiliation	NN
,	,
are	VBP
prohibited	VBN
.	.
``	``
Scrolling	VBG
''	''
means	VBZ
repeatedly	RB
causing	VBG
the	DT
screen	NN
to	TO
roll	VB
faster	JJR
than	IN
Members	NNS
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
type	NN
to	TO
it	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
caused	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
user	NN
entering	VBG
a	DT
set	NN
of	IN
random	JJ
characters	NNS
or	CC
by	IN
repeatedly	RB
entering	VBG
a	DT
carriage	NN
return	NN
or	CC
any	DT
such	JJ
action	NN
to	TO
a	DT
similar	JJ
disruptive	JJ
effect	NN
.	.
Scrolling	VBG
is	VBZ
an	DT
expressly	RB
prohibited	VBN
form	NN
of	IN
disruption	NN
.	.
Members	NNS
must	MD
avoid	VB
the	DT
portrayal	NN
of	IN
AOL	NNP
personnel	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
persons	NNS
in	IN
all	DT
forms	NNS
of	IN
online	JJ
communication	NN
,	,
including	VBG
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
,	,
screen	NN
names	NNS
,	,
member	NN
profiles	NNS
,	,
chat	VB
dialogue	NN
and	CC
message	NN
postings	NNS
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
purposefully	RB
interfering	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
normal	JJ
flow	NN
of	IN
dialogue	NN
in	IN
a	DT
chat	VB
room	NN
.	.
Room	NN
disruption	NN
may	MD
occur	VB
by	IN
repeatedly	RB
interrupting	VBG
conversation	NN
between	IN
Members	NNS
,	,
or	CC
by	IN
acting	VBG
in	IN
such	JJ
a	DT
way	NN
as	IN
to	TO
antagonize	VB
,	,
harass	VB
or	CC
create	VB
hostility	NN
in	IN
a	DT
chat	VB
room	NN
.	.
When	WRB
using	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
all	DT
of	IN
its	PRP$
components	NNS
,	,
Members	NNS
must	MD
conduct	VB
themselves	PRP
responsibly	RB
according	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
's	POS
own	JJ
particular	JJ
code	NN
of	IN
conduct	NN
.	.
Participating	VBG
successfully	RB
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
really	RB
a	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
common	JJ
sense	NN
.	.
Although	IN
AOL	NNP
Inc.	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
control	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
your	PRP$
conduct	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
when	WRB
using	VBG
your	PRP$
AOL	NNP
account	NN
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Terms	NNS
of	IN
Service	NNP
.	.
Internet	NNP
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
set	NN
of	IN
topics	NNS
and	CC
posts	NNS
not	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
these	DT
topics	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
welcomed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
participants	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
suggest	VBP
that	IN
all	DT
AOL	NNP
Service	NNP
Members	NNP
become	VBP
familiar	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
guidelines	NNS
,	,
themes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
culture	NN
of	IN
the	DT
specific	JJ
newsgroups	NNS
and	CC
mailing	NN
list	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
wish	VBP
to	TO
participate	VB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
for	IN
members	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
themselves	PRP
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
various	JJ
conventions	NNS
,	,
guidelines	NNS
and	CC
local	JJ
culture	NN
in	IN
newsgroups	NNS
before	IN
becoming	VBG
an	DT
active	JJ
participant	NN
.	.
Read	VB
the	DT
document	NN
titled	VBN
``	``
IMPORTANT	NNP
:	:
Please	VB
Read	VB
''	''
for	IN
general	JJ
guidelines	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
articles	NNS
posted	VBD
to	TO
aol	VB
.	.
motd	NN
,	,
news	NN
.	.
answers	NNS
and	CC
news	NN
.	.
newusers	NNS
.	.
questions	NNS
.	.
Internet	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
inappropriate	JJ
and	CC
can	MD
result	VB
in	IN
your	PRP$
account	NN
being	VBG
terminated	VBN
or	CC
your	PRP$
access	NN
to	TO
newsgroups	NNS
being	VBG
restricted	VBN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
receive	VBP
a	DT
chain	NN
letter	NN
from	IN
an	DT
America	NNP
Online	NNP
member	NN
,	,
report	NN
it	PRP
to	TO
postmaster@aol.com	VB
immediately	RB
.	.
Posts	NNS
not	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
these	DT
topics	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
appreciated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
participants	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
that	IN
America	NNP
Online	NNP
members	NNS
become	VBP
familiar	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
culture	NN
and	CC
guidelines	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
Newsgroup	NNP
BEFORE	NNP
posting	VBG
.	.
Doing	VBG
so	RB
will	MD
make	VB
your	PRP$
experience	NN
with	IN
newsgroups	NNS
much	RB
more	RBR
pleasant	JJ
.	.
Most	JJS
valid	JJ
complaints	NNS
against	IN
a	DT
member	NN
will	MD
result	VB
in	IN
the	DT
offending	VBG
article	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
being	VBG
canceled	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
America	NNP
Online	NNP
member	NN
receiving	VBG
a	DT
Terms	NNS
of	IN
Service	NNP
warning	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
your	PRP$
access	NN
to	TO
newsgroups	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
restricted	VBN
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
nature	NN
and	CC
severity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
violation	NN
.	.
Second	JJ
instances	NNS
of	IN
abuse	NN
will	MD
result	VB
in	IN
your	PRP$
account	NN
and	CC
all	DT
screen	NN
names	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
it	PRP
being	VBG
restricted	VBN
from	IN
newsgroups	NNS
access	NN
.	.
Second	JJ
instances	NNS
of	IN
commercial	JJ
abuse	NN
of	IN
newsgroups	NNS
,	,
or	CC
of	IN
commercial	JJ
chain	NN
letters	NNS
,	,
will	MD
result	VB
in	IN
your	PRP$
termination	NN
from	IN
America	NNP
Online	NNP
.	.
America	NNP
Online	NNP
also	RB
reserves	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
either	DT
restrict	VB
access	NN
to	TO
newsgroups	NNS
or	CC
terminate	VB
accounts	NNS
for	IN
severe	JJ
cases	NNS
of	IN
Newsgroup	NNP
abuse	NN
.	.
This	DT
would	MD
include	VB
what	WP
is	VBZ
known	VBN
as	IN
``	``
spamming	VBG
''	''
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
the	DT
act	NN
of	IN
posting	VBG
large	JJ
numbers	NNS
of	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
usually	RB
irrelevant	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
messages	NNS
to	TO
numerous	JJ
newsgroups	NNS
.	.
America	NNP
Online	NNP
local	JJ
newsgroups	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
those	DT
which	WDT
begin	VBP
with	IN
``	``
aol	NN
.	.
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
fully	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
America	NNP
Online	NNP
Terms	NNS
of	IN
Service	NNP
.	.
Members	NNS
should	MD
familiarize	VB
themselves	PRP
with	IN
AOL	NNP
's	POS
Terms	NNS
of	IN
Service	NNP
by	IN
going	VBG
to	TO
keyword	VB
TOS	NNP
before	IN
posting	VBG
in	IN
local	JJ
newsgroups	NNS
.	.
NewsMaster	NNP
can	MD
cancel	VB
a	DT
newsgroup	NN
article	NN
up	IN
to	TO
four	CD
days	NNS
after	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
originally	RB
posted	VBN
.	.
Due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
newsgroups	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
that	IN
cancels	VBZ
be	VB
issued	VBN
as	RB
soon	RB
after	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
posting	VBG
as	IN
possible	JJ
preferably	RB
within	IN
24	CD
hours	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
use	VB
the	DT
AOL	NNP
Service	NNP
to	TO
send	VB
unsolicited	JJ
advertising	NN
,	,
promotional	JJ
material	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
solicitation	NN
to	TO
other	JJ
Members	NNS
except	IN
in	IN
those	DT
specified	VBN
areas	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
designated	VBN
for	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
purpose	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
the	DT
classified	JJ
area	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Transmission	NNP
of	IN
chain	NN
letters	NNS
and	CC
pyramid	NN
schemes	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
kind	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
allowed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
AOL	NNP
Service	NNP
.	.
This	DT
material	NN
places	VBZ
an	DT
unnecessary	JJ
load	NN
on	IN
our	PRP$
mail	NN
system	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
a	DT
nuisance	NN
by	IN
many	JJ
Members	NNS
.	.
Letters	NNS
or	CC
messages	NNS
that	WDT
offer	VBP
a	DT
product	NN
or	CC
service	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
structure	NN
of	IN
a	DT
chain	NN
letter	NN
are	VBP
also	RB
of	IN
questionable	JJ
legality	NN
.	.
At	IN
minimum	NN
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
waste	NN
of	IN
resources	NNS
and	CC
are	VBP
not	RB
permitted	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
AOL	NNP
Service	NNP
.	.
WARNING	NN
:	:
This	DT
paper	NN
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
parents	NNS
learn	VBP
the	DT
basics	NNS
about	IN
their	PRP$
kids	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
contains	VBZ
links	NNS
to	TO
some	DT
sources	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
appropriate	JJ
for	IN
children	NNS
.	.
These	DT
links	NNS
are	VBP
provided	VBN
so	RB
that	IN
parents	NNS
can	MD
realistically	RB
evaluate	VB
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
information	NN
they	PRP
are	VBP
potentially	RB
introducing	VBG
into	IN
their	PRP$
home	NN
if	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
Internet	NNP
access	NN
.	.
The	DT
authors	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
intend	VB
to	TO
fuel	VB
the	DT
``	``
cybersmut	NN
''	''
scare	NN
by	IN
providing	VBG
this	DT
information	NN
.	.
We	PRP
hope	VBP
that	IN
parents	NNS
will	MD
weigh	VB
the	DT
bad	JJ
against	IN
the	DT
good	JJ
and	CC
follow	VB
the	DT
recommendations	NNS
provided	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
parents	NNS
guide	VB
their	PRP$
childrens	NNS
'	POS
journey	NN
on	IN
the	DT
information	NN
superhighway	NN
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
accessed	VBN
and	CC
contributed	VBN
to	TO
by	IN
anyone	NN
with	IN
a	DT
service	NN
provider	NN
,	,
available	JJ
resources	NNS
run	VBP
the	DT
gamut	NN
from	IN
Disney	NNP
to	TO
``	``
Debbie	NNP
does	VBZ
Dallas	NNP
''	''
.	.
Consequently	RB
,	,
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
both	DT
an	DT
invaluable	JJ
learning	NN
tool	NN
and	CC
a	DT
depraved	JJ
wonderland	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
parents	NNS
are	VBP
concerned	VBN
that	IN
,	,
if	IN
they	PRP
allow	VBP
their	PRP$
children	NNS
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
their	PRP$
children	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
exposed	VBN
to	TO
information	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
consider	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
inappropriate	JJ
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
issues	NNS
are	VBP
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
children	NNS
can	MD
safely	RB
``	``
surf	NN
the	DT
net	NN
''	''
and	CC
what	WP
parents	NNS
can	MD
do	VB
to	TO
help	VB
.	.
Parents	NNS
are	VBP
bombarded	VBN
with	IN
media	NNS
stories	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
dangers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
the	DT
media	NNS
attention	NN
on	IN
this	DT
issue	NN
has	VBZ
created	VBN
a	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
panic	NN
.	.
The	DT
media	NNS
has	VBZ
helped	VBN
to	TO
create	VB
the	DT
impression	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
full	JJ
of	IN
prowling	VBG
child	NN
molesters	NNS
and	CC
inappropriate	JJ
materials	NNS
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
this	DT
publicity	NN
and	CC
panic	NN
has	VBZ
prompted	VBN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
politicians	NNS
to	TO
jump	VB
on	IN
the	DT
``	``
cybersmut	NN
''	''
bandwagon	NN
.	.
At	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
proposals	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
introduced	VBN
in	IN
Congress	NNP
to	TO
regulate	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
These	DT
proposals	NNS
suffer	VBP
from	IN
a	DT
woeful	JJ
lack	NN
of	IN
information	NN
and	CC
understanding	VBG
about	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
technology	NN
.	.
The	DT
perception	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
large	JJ
quantity	NN
of	IN
both	DT
sexually	RB
explicit	JJ
and	CC
otherwise	RB
inappropriate	JJ
information	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
easily	RB
accessed	VBN
by	IN
child	NN
users	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
as	IN
if	IN
every	DT
time	NN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
accessed	VBN
,	,
a	DT
giant	JJ
pair	NN
of	IN
naked	JJ
breasts	NNS
greets	VBZ
the	DT
user	NN
.	.
While	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
certainly	RB
some	DT
problems	NNS
with	IN
pedophiles	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
net	NN
and	CC
access	NN
to	TO
other	JJ
``	``
bad	JJ
''	''
things	NNS
,	,
these	DT
problems	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
without	IN
fairly	RB
simple	JJ
remedies	NNS
.	.
This	DT
widespread	JJ
panic	NN
is	VBZ
fueled	VBN
partly	RB
by	IN
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
knowledge	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
adults	NNS
who	WP
can	MD
not	RB
even	RB
program	VB
their	PRP$
VCR	NNP
's	POS
are	VBP
terrified	VBN
by	IN
this	DT
technology	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
understand	VB
.	.
They	PRP
feel	VBP
powerless	JJ
to	TO
protect	VB
children	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
dangers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
many	JJ
have	VBP
called	VBN
for	IN
widespread	JJ
censorship	NN
which	WDT
,	,
under	IN
ordinary	JJ
circumstances	NNS
,	,
would	MD
outrage	NN
most	RBS
intelligent	JJ
adults	NNS
.	.
Parents	NNS
and	CC
politicians	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
inform	VB
themselves	PRP
before	IN
they	PRP
try	VBP
to	TO
monitor	VB
and	CC
control	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Once	RB
they	PRP
become	VBP
informed	VBN
,	,
they	PRP
will	MD
see	VB
that	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
a	DT
few	JJ
simple	JJ
,	,
unobtrusive	JJ
steps	NNS
they	PRP
can	MD
take	VB
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
a	DT
fun	NN
and	CC
safe	JJ
place	NN
for	IN
children	NNS
to	TO
play	VB
.	.
Obviously	RB
,	,
the	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
users	NNS
are	VBP
over	IN
18	CD
.	.
Consequently	RB
,	,
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
written	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
mature	JJ
audience	NN
.	.
The	DT
problem	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
unless	IN
a	DT
resource	NN
is	VBZ
password	NN
protected	VBN
,	,
all	DT
information	NN
can	MD
be	VB
accessed	VBN
by	IN
anyone	NN
with	IN
the	DT
requisite	JJ
computer	NN
skills	NNS
and	CC
equipment	NN
.	.
Penthouse	NNP
,	,
Playboy	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Hustler	NNP
all	DT
have	VBP
online	JJ
sites	NNS
.	.
The	DT
sites	NNS
contain	VBP
text	NN
and	CC
some	DT
pictures	NNS
,	,
but	CC
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
nude	JJ
pictures	NNS
have	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
downloaded	VBN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
be	VB
viewed	VBN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
a	DT
Web	NNP
site	NN
for	IN
frequently	RB
asked	VBN
questions	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
FAQ	NNP
's	POS
-RRB-	-RRB-
about	IN
sex	NN
related	VBN
newsgroups	NNS
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
links	NNS
to	TO
referenced	JJ
sites	NNS
.	.
Inappropriate	JJ
material	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
``	``
girlie	NN
''	''
magazines	NNS
and	CC
sexually	RB
explicit	JJ
images	NNS
.	.
Jake	NNP
Baker	NNP
,	,
a	DT
student	NN
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Michigan	NNP
,	,
recently	RB
posted	VBD
a	DT
homepage	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
containing	VBG
violent	JJ
sex	NN
tales	NNS
reminiscent	JJ
of	IN
``	``
snuff	JJ
films	NNS
.	.
''	''
One	CD
story	NN
in	IN
particular	JJ
detailed	VBN
the	DT
exceedingly	RB
violent	JJ
rape	NN
and	CC
murder	NN
of	IN
a	DT
female	JJ
student	NN
from	IN
one	CD
of	IN
his	PRP$
classes	NNS
.	.
Prosecutors	NNS
brought	VBD
charges	NNS
against	IN
Baker	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
were	VBD
eventually	RB
dropped	VBN
.	.
The	DT
controversy	NN
surrounding	VBG
these	DT
stories	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
subsequent	JJ
attempt	NN
at	IN
prosecution	NN
,	,
has	VBZ
only	RB
increased	VBN
the	DT
availability	NN
and	CC
popularity	NN
of	IN
Jake	NNP
Baker	NNP
's	POS
stories	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
groups	NNS
with	IN
extreme	JJ
or	CC
radical	JJ
ideas	NNS
have	VBP
home	NN
pages	NNS
where	WRB
they	PRP
can	MD
communicate	VB
with	IN
like	IN
thinkers	NNS
and	CC
attract	VB
new	JJ
converts	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
\*\*	SYM
find	VB
some	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
One	CD
racist	JJ
group	NN
from	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
Kingdom	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
site	NN
called	VBN
``	``
Saved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Bell	NNP
''	''
.	.
This	DT
site	NN
contain	VBP
their	PRP$
racist	JJ
views	NNS
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
information	NN
of	IN
the	DT
television	NN
show	NN
by	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
name	NN
,	,
as	IN
one	NN
might	MD
expect	VB
from	IN
the	DT
site	NN
title	NN
.	.
Internet	NNP
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
items	NNS
are	VBP
published	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
,	,
when	WRB
accessed	VBN
,	,
can	MD
only	RB
be	VB
responded	VBN
to	TO
by	IN
e-mailing	VBG
the	DT
site	NN
publisher	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
real	JJ
contemporaneous	JJ
or	CC
personal	JJ
interaction	NN
.	.
Chat	NN
groups	NNS
and	CC
newsgroups	NNS
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
are	VBP
interactive	JJ
by	IN
design	NN
.	.
In	IN
chat	VBP
groups	NNS
,	,
conversation	NN
is	VBZ
live	JJ
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
user	NN
joins	VBZ
a	DT
chat	VB
channel	NN
they	PRP
are	VBP
plunged	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
midst	NN
of	IN
an	DT
ongoing	JJ
discussion	NN
.	.
Topics	NNS
are	VBP
subject	JJ
only	RB
to	TO
the	DT
whims	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
participants	NNS
.	.
A	DT
number	NN
of	IN
chatgroups	NNS
are	VBP
devoted	VBN
to	TO
``	``
adult	NN
''	''
topics	NNS
,	,
but	CC
anyone	NN
can	MD
get	VB
join	VB
in	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
see	VB
,	,
FAQ	NNP
's	POS
above	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Newsgroups	NNS
are	VBP
groups	NNS
to	TO
which	WDT
interested	JJ
users	NNS
can	MD
subscribe	VB
and	CC
receive	VB
organized	VBN
e-mail	NN
discussions	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
specific	JJ
group	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
.	.
These	DT
groups	NNS
suffer	VBP
from	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
problems	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
live	JJ
chat	VBP
group	NN
,	,
except	IN
that	IN
the	DT
conversation	NN
is	VBZ
by	IN
e-mail	NN
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
discussion	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
live	VB
,	,
a	DT
parent	NN
can	MD
more	RBR
easily	RB
monitor	VB
the	DT
groups	NNS
with	IN
whom	WP
their	PRP$
child	NN
has	VBZ
contact	NN
.	.
``	``
chats	NNS
''	''
,	,
kids	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
keep	VB
adults	NNS
from	IN
trying	VBG
to	TO
befriend	VB
them	PRP
by	IN
presenting	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
other	JJ
kids	NNS
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
the	DT
only	JJ
cues	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
person	NN
's	POS
identity	NN
are	VBP
their	PRP$
written	VBN
words	NNS
.	.
The	DT
verbal	JJ
and	CC
visual	JJ
cues	NNS
usually	RB
used	VBN
to	TO
``	``
get	VB
a	DT
feel	NN
''	''
for	IN
someone	NN
are	VBP
lost	VBN
.	.
This	DT
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
difficult	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
judgments	NNS
about	IN
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
a	DT
chat	VB
pal	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
appropriate	JJ
or	CC
desirable	JJ
friend	NN
.	.
Recently	RB
,	,
hot	JJ
media	NNS
topics	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
children	NNS
accessing	VBG
sites	NNS
containing	VBG
sexually	RB
explicit	JJ
material	NN
,	,
participating	VBG
in	IN
chat	VB
or	CC
discussion	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
or	CC
encountering	VBG
material	NN
generally	RB
considered	VBN
inappropriate	JJ
for	IN
minors	NNS
.	.
In	IN
just	RB
the	DT
last	JJ
few	JJ
months	NNS
,	,
there	EX
have	VBP
been	VBN
many	JJ
stories	NNS
warning	VBG
parents	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
danger	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Information	NN
Superhighway	NNP
.	.
There	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
story	NN
about	IN
a	DT
teenager	NN
who	WP
ran	VBD
away	RB
to	TO
meet	VB
a	DT
acquaintance	NN
she	PRP
met	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
`	``
net	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
story	NN
about	IN
a	DT
boy	NN
who	WP
was	VBD
raped	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
Internet	NNP
``	``
friend	NN
''	''
.	.
Major	JJ
news	NN
magazines	NNS
have	VBP
devoted	VBN
entire	JJ
issues	NNS
to	TO
children	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Newspapers	NNS
give	VBP
these	DT
Internet	NNP
``	``
horror	NN
''	''
stories	NNS
liberal	JJ
coverage	NN
.	.
Atlanta	NNP
news	NN
stations	NNS
have	VBP
special	JJ
segments	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
dangers	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
tragic	JJ
experiences	NNS
get	VBP
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
media	NNS
coverage	NN
,	,
a	DT
climate	NN
of	IN
fear	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
created	VBN
.	.
The	DT
media	NNS
has	VBZ
done	VBN
little	JJ
to	TO
highlight	VB
the	DT
potential	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
resource	NN
for	IN
kids	NNS
.	.
The	DT
story	NN
of	IN
Tara	NNP
Noble	NNP
garnered	VBD
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
media	NNS
coverage	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
She	PRP
ran	VBD
away	RB
from	IN
home	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
a	DT
man	NN
she	PRP
had	VBD
met	VBN
on	IN
America	NNP
Online	NNP
.	.
Fortunately	RB
,	,
she	PRP
called	VBD
the	DT
FBI	NNP
a	DT
few	JJ
weeks	NNS
later	RB
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
brought	VBD
her	PRP$
home	NN
.	.
Without	IN
Internet	NNP
access	NN
,	,
the	DT
chances	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
young	JJ
teenager	NN
starting	VBG
a	DT
relationship	NN
with	IN
an	DT
older	JJR
man	NN
would	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
slim	JJ
.	.
Dateline	NNP
NBC	NNP
ran	VBD
a	DT
story	NN
about	IN
a	DT
teenage	JJ
boy	NN
who	WP
began	VBD
communicating	VBG
with	IN
a	DT
man	NN
,	,
who	WP
turned	VBD
out	RP
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
pedophile	NN
,	,
on	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
bulletin	NN
board	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
8	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
After	IN
they	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
communicating	VBG
for	IN
some	DT
time	NN
,	,
the	DT
man	NN
asked	VBD
the	DT
boy	NN
if	IN
he	PRP
could	MD
come	VB
over	RB
and	CC
help	VB
install	VB
some	DT
computer	NN
equipment	NN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
boy	NN
went	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
man	NN
's	POS
house	NN
,	,
he	PRP
was	VBD
raped	VBN
.	.
Unsolved	NNP
Mysteries	NNPS
told	VBD
the	DT
story	NN
of	IN
a	DT
High	JJ
Tech	NNP
detail	NN
set	VBD
up	RP
by	IN
the	DT
San	NNP
Jose	NNP
,	,
California	NNP
Police	NNP
Department	NNP
to	TO
catch	VB
``	``
cybercrooks	NNS
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
9	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
High	NNP
Tech	NNP
officers	NNS
posed	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
pre	NN
-	:
teen	JJ
netsurfer	NN
to	TO
catch	VB
a	DT
pedophile	NN
who	WP
had	VBD
been	VBN
trying	VBG
to	TO
lure	VB
young	JJ
boys	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
him	PRP
.	.
The	DT
officer	NN
was	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
contact	NN
with	IN
the	DT
molester	NN
,	,
establish	VB
an	DT
ongoing	JJ
discussion	NN
,	,
and	CC
eventually	RB
set	VBD
up	RP
a	DT
meeting	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
police	NN
arrested	VBD
the	DT
man	NN
.	.
A	DT
Newsweek	NNP
article	NN
printed	VBD
a	DT
story	NN
written	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
mother	NN
of	IN
a	DT
net	JJ
savvy	NN
12-year-old	JJ
year	NN
who	WP
had	VBD
been	VBN
spending	VBG
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
time	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
10	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
mother	NN
was	VBD
concerned	VBN
about	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
time	NN
that	IN
her	PRP$
child	NN
was	VBD
spending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
and	CC
decided	VBD
to	TO
read	VB
her	PRP$
daughter	NN
's	POS
e-mail	NN
.	.
She	PRP
discovered	VBD
that	IN
her	PRP$
daughter	NN
had	VBD
been	VBN
sending	VBG
sexually	RB
provocative	JJ
e-mail	NN
messages	NNS
seeking	VBG
responses	NNS
from	IN
those	DT
looking	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
``	``
hot	JJ
babe	NN
''	''
.	.
Newsweek	NNP
also	RB
featured	VBD
an	DT
article	NN
about	IN
sex	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
that	WDT
described	VBD
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
sites	NNS
where	WRB
explicit	JJ
material	NN
could	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
11	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
stated	VBN
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
article	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
make	VB
parents	NNS
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
kinds	NNS
of	IN
pornography	NN
available	JJ
online	NN
.	.
The	DT
impression	NN
left	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
article	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
was	VBD
that	IN
smut	NN
is	VBZ
widely	RB
available	JJ
and	CC
easily	RB
accessed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
media	NNS
printing	NN
article	NN
upon	IN
article	NN
about	IN
children	NNS
running	VBG
rampant	JJ
through	IN
all	DT
sorts	NNS
of	IN
sexually	RB
explicit	JJ
stories	NNS
,	,
magazines	NNS
,	,
images	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
definite	JJ
perception	NN
that	IN
sex	NN
and	CC
sexually	RB
explicit	JJ
material	NN
permeate	VBP
the	DT
`	``
net	NN
.	.
The	DT
media	NNS
helps	VBZ
create	VB
the	DT
impression	NN
that	IN
everything	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
``	``
dirty	JJ
''	''
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
little	JJ
information	NN
of	IN
value	NN
to	TO
young	JJ
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
.	.
The	DT
stories	NNS
on	IN
pedophiles	NNS
and	CC
chat	VB
pals	NNS
``	``
gone	VBN
bad	JJ
''	''
suggest	VBP
that	IN
interactive	JJ
discussion	NN
groups	NNS
are	VBP
dangerous	JJ
places	NNS
that	WDT
children	NNS
should	MD
never	RB
be	VB
allowed	VBN
to	TO
go	VB
.	.
Internet	NN
by	IN
running	VBG
frequent	JJ
and	CC
often	RB
repetitive	JJ
articles	NNS
,	,
the	DT
problems	NNS
involving	VBG
children	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
and	CC
sexual	JJ
misconduct	NN
appear	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
much	RB
more	RBR
widespread	JJ
and	CC
commonplace	JJ
than	IN
is	VBZ
actually	RB
the	DT
case	NN
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
pain	NN
suffered	VBN
by	IN
children	NNS
victimized	VBN
online	NN
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
underrated	JJ
,	,
these	DT
occurrences	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
the	DT
norm	NN
.	.
Nonetheless	RB
,	,
the	DT
impression	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
dangerous	JJ
and	CC
seedy	JJ
place	NN
has	VBZ
gripped	VBN
the	DT
nation	NN
and	CC
spawned	VBD
widespread	JJ
panic	NN
.	.
The	DT
result	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
knee-jerk	JJ
reaction	NN
by	IN
parents	NNS
demanding	VBG
that	IN
someone	NN
take	VBP
action	NN
.	.
And	CC
,	,
some	DT
one	CD
has	VBZ
...	:
Because	IN
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
more	RBR
vocal	JJ
and	CC
active	JJ
constituencies	NNS
have	VBP
demanded	VBN
a	DT
solution	NN
to	TO
the	DT
perceived	VBN
Internet	NNP
problems	NNS
,	,
politicians	NNS
have	VBP
responded	VBN
.	.
The	DT
legislative	JJ
proposals	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
based	VBN
on	IN
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
misperceptions	NNS
created	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
media	NNS
.	.
Senator	NNP
Patrick	NNP
Leahy	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
D-Vt	NNP
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
suggested	VBD
an	DT
alternative	NN
to	TO
the	DT
drastic	JJ
measures	NNS
proposed	VBN
by	IN
Sen	NNP
Exon	NNP
.	.
His	PRP$
bill	NN
have	VBP
addressed	VBN
concerns	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
by	IN
sponsoring	VBG
a	DT
study	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
assess	VB
the	DT
actual	JJ
problems	NNS
and	CC
find	VB
technical	JJ
solutions	NNS
to	TO
any	DT
problems	NNS
the	DT
study	NN
uncovered	VBN
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
his	PRP$
bill	NN
was	VBD
never	RB
even	RB
voted	VBD
on	IN
.	.
``	``
Protection	NN
of	IN
Children	NNP
From	IN
Computer	NNP
Pornography	NNP
''	''
,	,
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
prevent	VB
the	DT
transmission	NN
of	IN
pornography	NN
to	TO
children	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
uses	VBZ
such	JJ
vague	JJ
language	NN
as	IN
``	``
knowingly	RB
''	''
.	.
This	DT
proposal	NN
would	MD
also	RB
criminalize	VB
conduct	NN
that	IN
violates	VBZ
the	DT
proposed	JJ
bill	NN
.	.
Internet	NNP
and	CC
how	WRB
it	PRP
works	VBZ
before	IN
recommending	VBG
sweeping	JJ
restrictions	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
seems	VBZ
likely	JJ
that	IN
some	DT
legislation	NN
will	MD
be	VB
passed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
near	JJ
future	NN
to	TO
censor	VB
what	WP
can	MD
and	CC
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
done	VBN
online	NN
without	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
whether	IN
these	DT
measures	NNS
will	MD
actually	RB
solve	VB
the	DT
``	``
problem	NN
''	''
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
powerful	JJ
and	CC
ever	RB
changing	VBG
resource	NN
that	IN
,	,
if	IN
utilized	VBN
properly	RB
,	,
can	MD
benefit	VB
millions	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
shame	NN
that	IN
our	PRP$
elected	VBN
officials	NNS
,	,
in	IN
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
pander	VB
to	TO
a	DT
vocal	JJ
minority	NN
,	,
may	MD
cut	VB
this	DT
valuable	JJ
resource	NN
off	RP
at	IN
the	DT
knees	NNS
when	WRB
there	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
simple	JJ
,	,
unobtrusive	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
safe	JJ
for	IN
kids	NNS
.	.
The	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
aforementioned	JJ
recommendations	NNS
involve	VBP
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
some	DT
form	NN
of	IN
ratings	NNS
system	NN
.	.
The	DT
problems	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
ratings	NNS
system	NN
are	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
rating	NN
is	VBZ
subjective	JJ
and	CC
generally	RB
voluntary	JJ
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
the	DT
usual	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
verifying	VBG
age	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
presentation	NN
of	IN
identification	NN
is	VBZ
inadequate	JJ
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
any	DT
ratings	NNS
system	NN
may	MD
be	VB
easily	RB
circumvented	VBN
.	.
None	NN
of	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
solutions	NNS
measure	VB
up	RP
to	TO
what	WP
is	VBZ
probably	RB
the	DT
most	RBS
obvious	JJ
and	CC
effective	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
protecting	VBG
children	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
-	:
active	JJ
parental	JJ
involvement	NN
.	.
It	PRP
seems	VBZ
ironic	JJ
that	IN
parents	NNS
who	WP
would	MD
not	RB
allow	VB
their	PRP$
children	NNS
to	TO
venture	VB
out	RP
into	IN
the	DT
world	NN
alone	RB
would	MD
allow	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
wander	VB
unsupervised	JJ
through	IN
a	DT
virtual	JJ
world	NN
.	.
Parents	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
best	JJS
judges	NNS
of	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
or	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
appropriate	JJ
material	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
children	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
not	RB
the	DT
government	NN
,	,
are	VBP
the	DT
proper	JJ
monitors	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
child	NN
's	POS
Internet	NNP
use	NN
.	.
Hopefully	RB
,	,
this	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
help	VB
concerned	JJ
parents	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
informed	JJ
decisions	NNS
about	IN
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
they	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
bring	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
into	IN
their	PRP$
homes	NNS
.	.
While	IN
their	PRP$
is	VBZ
certainly	RB
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
information	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
inappropriate	JJ
for	IN
children	NNS
,	,
parents	NNS
who	WP
actively	RB
monitor	VBP
on-line	JJ
use	NN
can	MD
eliminate	VB
or	CC
reduce	VB
their	PRP$
child	NN
's	POS
access	NN
to	TO
such	JJ
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
valuable	JJ
resource	NN
,	,
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
to	TO
grow	VB
.	.
America	NNP
Online	NNP
has	VBZ
an	DT
Academic	NNP
Assistance	NNP
Center	NNP
with	IN
bulletin	NN
board	NN
on	IN
subjects	NNS
like	IN
math	NN
and	CC
history	NN
.	.
Kids	NNS
can	MD
post	VB
homework	NN
questions	NNS
and	CC
get	VB
detailed	VBN
responses	NNS
within	IN
a	DT
day	NN
from	IN
over	IN
800	CD
volunteer	NN
teachers	NNS
and	CC
professionals	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
chat	VBP
rooms	NNS
there	EX
are	VBP
online	JJ
monitors	NNS
who	WP
watch	VBP
for	IN
trouble	NN
and	CC
keep	VB
younger	JJR
kids	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
discussions	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
sex	NN
chatters	NNS
equate	VBP
typing	VBG
quickly	RB
,	,
writing	VBG
competently	RB
and	CC
spelling	VBG
correctly	RB
to	TO
physical	JJ
attractiveness	NN
.	.
Since	IN
visual	JJ
or	CC
non-verbal	JJ
communication	NN
are	VBP
nonexistent	JJ
,	,
introductory	JJ
lines	NNS
are	VBP
extremely	RB
important	JJ
.	.
Today	NN
's	POS
``	``
earth-bound	JJ
legislators	NNS
and	CC
courts	NNS
''	''
are	VBP
perplexed	VBN
with	IN
applying	VBG
legal	JJ
concepts	NNS
to	TO
cyberspace	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
52	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Consequently	RB
,	,
lawmakers	NNS
and	CC
law	NN
enforcers	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
expected	VBN
to	TO
create	VB
or	CC
enforce	VB
rules	NNS
compelling	JJ
social	JJ
conduct	NN
.	.
Certainly	RB
the	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
profession	NN
need	NN
to	TO
critically	RB
evaluate	VB
and	CC
monitor	VB
attorney	NN
's	POS
use	NN
of	IN
net	JJ
resources	NNS
for	IN
practices	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
advertising	NN
,	,
communication	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
,	,
advice	NN
and	CC
client	NN
representation	NN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
practical	JJ
to	TO
create	VB
,	,
monitor	VB
,	,
enforce	VB
or	CC
discipline	NN
legal	JJ
net	JJ
manners	NNS
in	IN
cyberspace	NN
.	.
First	RB
,	,
numerous	JJ
rules	NNS
and	CC
guidelines	NNS
already	RB
are	VBP
enforced	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
formally	RB
or	CC
informally	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Written	VBN
or	CC
unwritten	JJ
guides	NNS
are	VBP
enforced	VBN
through	IN
computer	NN
systems	NNS
,	,
organizations	NNS
,	,
participants	NNS
and\/or	CC
internet	NN
providers	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
53	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Specific	JJ
manners	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
profession	NN
would	MD
encumber	VB
the	DT
use	NN
and	CC
expansion	NN
of	IN
cyberspace	NN
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
regulations	NNS
mandating	VBG
manners	NNS
are	VBP
apt	JJ
to	TO
infringe	VB
on	IN
firmly	RB
rooted	VBN
constitutional	JJ
doctrines	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
Freedom	NNP
of	IN
Speech	NNP
and	CC
Right	NNP
of	IN
Association	NNP
.	.
Third	NNP
,	,
the	DT
net	NN
is	VBZ
non-invasive	JJ
medium	NN
;	:
therefore	RB
net	JJ
users	NNS
can	MD
avoid	VB
contact	NN
with	IN
unsolicited	JJ
or	CC
unwelcome	JJ
material	NN
and	CC
conduct	NN
.	.
Fourth	JJ
,	,
social	JJ
pressure	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
more	RBR
practical	JJ
mechanism	NN
to	TO
enforce	VB
net	JJ
manners	NNS
.	.
Dave	NNP
Schroeder	NNP
,	,
Ph.D.	NNP
.	.
suggests	VBZ
``	``
The	DT
network	NN
is	VBZ
like	IN
having	VBG
hundreds	NNS
of	IN
thousands	NNS
of	IN
house	NN
guests	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
being	VBG
a	DT
house	NN
guest	NN
in	IN
hundreds	NNS
of	IN
thousands	NNS
of	IN
houses	NNS
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
55	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Consequently	RB
when	WRB
determining	VBG
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
behavior	NN
for	IN
the	DT
net	JJ
activities	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
whether	IN
E-mail	NN
,	,
Usenet	NNP
or	CC
IRC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
consider	VBP
the	DT
lifestyles	NNS
and	CC
philosophies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
participants	NNS
.	.
A	DT
considerate	JJ
house	NN
guest	NN
respects	VBZ
the	DT
rules	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
house	NN
by	IN
conducting	VBG
himself	PRP
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
visit	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
business	NN
or	CC
pleasure	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
individuals	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
house	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
children	NNS
,	,
elderly	JJ
,	,
family	NN
or	CC
close	JJ
friends	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
activities	NNS
conducted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
profession	NN
on	IN
the	DT
net	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
advertising	NN
,	,
publicity	NN
,	,
practicing	VBG
law	NN
or	CC
offering	NN
advice	NN
are	VBP
currently	RB
regulated	VBN
and	CC
enforced	VBN
through	IN
non-cyberspace	JJ
laws	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
an	DT
attorney	NN
,	,
as	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
cyber-community	NN
,	,
merely	RB
needs	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
and	CC
practice	VB
the	DT
informal	JJ
or	CC
formal	JJ
rules	NNS
,	,
guidelines	NNS
and	CC
cultural	JJ
traditions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
net	JJ
resources	NNS
.	.
Cyberspace	NNP
offers	VBZ
greater	JJR
potential	NN
for	IN
interactive	JJ
communication	NN
between	IN
information	NN
senders	NNS
and	CC
receivers	NNS
than	IN
more	JJR
traditional	JJ
communication	NN
medium	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
newspaper	NN
,	,
radio	NN
and	CC
television	NN
.	.
Freedom	NNP
of	IN
speech	NN
as	IN
guaranteed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
constitution	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
an	DT
absolute	JJ
right	NN
.	.
Depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
medium	NN
through	IN
which	WDT
information	NN
is	VBZ
delivered	VBN
various	JJ
degrees	NNS
of	IN
free	JJ
speech	NN
protection	NN
is	VBZ
granted	VBN
.	.
Cyberspace	NNP
communication	NN
may	MD
be	VB
analogous	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
specific	JJ
existing	VBG
communication	NN
medium	NN
or	CC
several	JJ
at	IN
one	CD
time	NN
.	.
Current	JJ
free	JJ
speech	NN
protection	NN
approaches	VBZ
break	VB
down	RP
when	WRB
applied	VBN
to	TO
Cyberspace	NNP
.	.
A	DT
traditionalist	NN
approach	NN
to	TO
free	JJ
speech	NN
protection	NN
centers	NNS
on	IN
core	NN
values	NNS
and	CC
yields	NNS
results	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
medium	JJ
neutral	JJ
so	IN
that	IN
content	NN
allowed	VBN
via	IN
one	CD
medium	NN
is	VBZ
permissible	JJ
in	IN
all	DT
mediums	NNS
.	.
Perhaps	RB
concern	NN
for	IN
the	DT
English	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
prior	JJ
restraint	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
licensing	NN
of	IN
press	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
seditious	JJ
libel	NN
was	VBD
reason	NN
for	IN
including	VBG
the	DT
first	JJ
amendment	NN
in	IN
the	DT
bill	NN
of	IN
rights	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
first	JJ
amendment	NN
became	VBD
law	NN
the	DT
printed	VBN
page	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
main	JJ
non-verbal	JJ
medium	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
.	.
Speech	NN
involves	VBZ
more	JJR
than	IN
verbal	JJ
communication	NN
and	CC
includes	VBZ
pictures	NNS
,	,
movies	NNS
,	,
radio	NN
,	,
television	NN
and	CC
expressive	JJ
conduct	NN
.	.
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
As	IN
additional	JJ
communication	NN
medium	NN
developed	VBD
-LRB-	-LRB-
technology	NN
advanced	VBD
-RRB-	-RRB-
speech	NN
was	VBD
given	VBN
various	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
first	JJ
amendment	NN
protection	NN
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
medium	NN
through	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
information	NN
was	VBD
delivered	VBN
.	.
Cyberspace	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
matrix	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
systems	NNS
permitting	VBG
millions	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
to	TO
communicate	VB
with	IN
one	CD
another	DT
on	IN
a	DT
daily	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
Cyberspace	NNP
may	MD
mirror	VB
other	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
communication	NN
medium	NN
singularly	RB
or	CC
several	JJ
at	IN
one	CD
time	NN
.	.
Current	JJ
free	JJ
speech	NN
protection	NN
approaches	VBZ
break	VB
down	RP
when	WRB
applied	VBN
to	TO
Cyberspace	NNP
since	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
prohibit	VB
speech	NN
when	WRB
delivered	VBN
by	IN
one	CD
medium	NN
but	CC
permit	VBP
identical	JJ
speech	NN
delivered	VBN
via	IN
a	DT
different	JJ
medium	NN
.	.
.	.
A	DT
core	NN
values	VBZ
approach	NN
protects	VBZ
identical	JJ
speech	NN
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
medium	NN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
delivered	VBN
by	IN
so	RB
is	VBZ
a	DT
better	JJR
frame	NN
work	NN
for	IN
Cyberspace	NNP
and	CC
yet	RB
to	TO
develop	VB
technologies	NNS
.	.
That	DT
,	,
``	``
Congress	NNP
shall	MD
make	VB
no	DT
law	NN
...	:
,	,
or	CC
abridging	VBG
the	DT
freedom	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
''	''
,	,
suggests	VBZ
an	DT
absolute	JJ
right	NN
to	TO
speak	VB
.	.
Justice	NNP
Black	NNP
dissenting	VBG
in	IN
Konigsberg	NNP
felt	VBD
that	IN
freedom	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
was	VBD
absolute	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Justice	NNP
Harlan	NNP
writing	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
majority	NN
rejected	VBD
an	DT
absolute	JJ
right	NN
,	,
noting	VBG
that	IN
protected	VBN
freedom	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
was	VBD
less	JJR
than	IN
an	DT
unlimited	JJ
license	NN
to	TO
talk	VB
.	.
When	WRB
examining	VBG
a	DT
restriction	NN
on	IN
speech	NN
the	DT
court	NN
will	MD
look	VB
for	IN
a	DT
compelling	JJ
government	NN
interest	NN
to	TO
warrant	VB
the	DT
restraint	NN
on	IN
speech	NN
.	.
Also	RB
the	DT
court	NN
will	MD
look	VB
to	TO
determine	VB
if	IN
the	DT
regulation	NN
accomplishes	VBZ
the	DT
governmental	JJ
objective	NN
in	IN
the	DT
least	JJS
restrictive	JJ
way	NN
.	.
Miller	NNP
v	NNP
California	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
current	JJ
test	NN
a	DT
court	NN
should	MD
apply	VB
in	IN
determining	VBG
if	IN
speech	NN
is	VBZ
obscene	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
test	NN
has	VBZ
three	CD
parts	NNS
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
whether	IN
an	DT
average	JJ
person	NN
applying	VBG
contemporary	JJ
community	NN
standards	NNS
would	MD
find	VB
the	DT
work	NN
taken	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
whole	JJ
appeals	NNS
to	TO
prurient	JJ
interests	NNS
,	,
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
whether	IN
the	DT
work	NN
depicts	VBZ
or	CC
describes	VBZ
in	IN
a	DT
patently	RB
offensive	JJ
way	NN
sexual	JJ
conduct	NN
specifically	RB
defined	VBN
by	IN
applicable	JJ
state	NN
law	NN
,	,
and	CC
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
whether	IN
the	DT
work	NN
taken	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
whole	NN
,	,
lacks	VBZ
serious	JJ
literary	JJ
,	,
artistic	JJ
,	,
political	JJ
or	CC
scientific	JJ
value	NN
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
two	CD
parts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
test	NN
apply	VB
based	VBN
on	IN
standards	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
community	NN
so	IN
that	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
obscene	JJ
may	MD
vary	VB
with	IN
the	DT
locality	NN
.	.
The	DT
third	JJ
part	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
person	NN
standard	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
based	VBN
on	IN
local	JJ
community	NN
standards	NNS
.	.
For	IN
a	DT
work	NN
to	TO
be	VB
found	VBN
obscene	JJ
all	DT
three	CD
portions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
test	NN
must	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
.	.
Indecent	JJ
speech	NN
does	VBZ
receive	VB
first	JJ
amendment	NN
protection	NN
.	.
However	RB
in	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
broadcast	NN
radio	NN
and	CC
television	NN
courts	NNS
have	VBP
upheld	VBN
FCC	NNP
regulation	NN
of	IN
``	``
adult	NN
speech	NN
''	''
.	.
In	IN
Sable	NNP
v	NN
FCC	NNP
the	DT
court	NN
invalidated	VBD
a	DT
law	NN
prohibiting	VBG
indecent	JJ
Dial-a-Porn	NNP
phone	NN
messages	NNS
which	WDT
were	VBD
not	RB
obscene	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
There	EX
the	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
congress	NN
could	MD
regulate	VB
to	TO
protect	VB
minors	NNS
by	IN
requiring	VBG
use	NN
of	IN
credit	NN
cards	NNS
,	,
access	NN
codes	NNS
and	CC
scrambling	VBG
rules	NNS
.	.
Early	RB
cases	NNS
did	VBD
not	RB
give	VB
commercial	JJ
speech	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
advertising	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
first	RB
amendment	NN
protection	NN
.	.
In	IN
Pittsburgh	NNP
Press	NNP
the	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
exchange	NN
of	IN
information	NN
in	IN
commercial	JJ
speech	NN
was	VBD
important	JJ
as	IN
in	IN
other	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
speech	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
7	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Modern	NNP
cases	NNS
provide	VBP
first	JJ
amendment	NN
protection	NN
to	TO
commercial	JJ
speech	NN
.	.
Speech	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
regulated	VBN
differently	RB
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
medium	NN
over	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
communication	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
made	VBN
.	.
The	DT
printed	VBN
medium	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
found	VBN
to	TO
enjoy	VB
the	DT
broadest	JJS
freedom	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
protection	NN
.	.
When	WRB
radio	NN
and	CC
television	NN
cases	NNS
arose	VBD
the	DT
courts	NNS
upheld	VBD
the	DT
right	NN
of	IN
FCC	NNP
regulation	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
scarcity	NN
of	IN
broadcast	NN
channels	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
provide	VB
for	IN
needs	NNS
of	IN
viewers	NNS
and	CC
listeners	NNS
rather	RB
than	IN
licensed	JJ
broadcasters	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
9	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
For	IN
cable	NN
television	NN
some	DT
courts	NNS
have	VBP
held	VBN
that	IN
government	NN
has	VBZ
less	JJR
ability	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
program	NN
content	NN
than	IN
for	IN
broadcast	NN
television	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
10	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Different	JJ
FCC	NNP
regulations	NNS
apply	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
commercial	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
phone	NN
lines	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
11	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Congress	NNP
has	VBZ
applied	VBN
many	JJ
regulations	NNS
satellite	NN
broadcasts	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
earlier	JJR
applied	VBN
to	TO
broadcast	VB
television	NN
.	.
Satellite	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
suffer	VB
from	IN
limited	JJ
channels	NNS
as	IN
broadcast	NN
television	NN
does	VBZ
so	RB
courts	NNS
may	MD
permit	VB
less	JJR
regulation	NN
of	IN
satellite	NN
broadcasts	NNS
than	IN
traditional	JJ
television	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
it	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
held	VBN
that	IN
a	DT
person	NN
may	MD
possess	VB
obscene	JJ
material	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
homes	NNS
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
12	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
so	RB
while	IN
production	NN
or	CC
distribution	NN
of	IN
obscene	JJ
material	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
protected	VBN
ownership	NN
is	VBZ
at	IN
some	DT
level	NN
.	.
Tennessee	NNP
obscenity	NN
laws	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
13	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
A	DT
Tennessee	NNP
postal	JJ
inspector	NN
joined	VBD
the	DT
Thomases	NNP
'	POS
system	NN
.	.
He	PRP
downloading	VBG
sexually	RB
oriented	VBN
pictures	NNS
,	,
ordered	VBD
a	DT
video	JJ
tape	NN
and	CC
sent	VBD
the	DT
Thomases	NNP
'	POS
an	DT
unsolicited	JJ
child-porn	JJ
video	NN
.	.
A	DT
Memphis	NNP
jury	NN
found	VBD
the	DT
California	NNP
couple	NN
guilty	JJ
.	.
Here	RB
protected	VBN
speech\/activity	JJ
legal	JJ
in	IN
California	NNP
was	VBD
illegal	JJ
in	IN
Tennessee	NNP
.	.
An	DT
argument	NN
can	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
community	NN
standard	NN
of	IN
Miller	NNP
would	MD
allow	VB
a	DT
conservative	JJ
community	NN
to	TO
force	VB
their	PRP$
standards	NNS
on	IN
another	DT
state	NN
for	IN
conduct	NN
performed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
state	NN
.	.
An	DT
example	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
Cyberspace	NNP
can	MD
increase	VB
discourse	NN
of	IN
expression	NN
and	CC
ideas	NNS
involved	VBN
hate	NN
speech	NN
messages	NNS
on	IN
Prodigy	NNP
.	.
Some	DT
users	NNS
denied	VBD
Holocaust	NNP
occurred	VBD
and	CC
disparaged	VBD
Jews	NNPS
.	.
Other	JJ
users	NNS
were	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
respond	VB
,	,
disagree	VBP
with	IN
and	CC
label	NN
as	IN
bigots	NNS
the	DT
original	JJ
group	NN
.	.
In	IN
reviewing	VBG
the	DT
incident	NN
the	DT
Electronic	JJ
Frontier	NNP
Foundation	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
EFF	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
found	VBD
that	IN
on	IN
balance	NN
both	DT
sides	NNS
were	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
express	VB
their	PRP$
viewpoints	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
14	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
interactive	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
Cyberspace	NNP
more	JJR
people	NNS
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
express	VB
themselves	PRP
.	.
Unlike	IN
printed	VBN
press	NN
where	WRB
there	EX
are	VBP
publishers	NNS
and	CC
readers	NNS
or	CC
television	NN
where	WRB
there	EX
are	VBP
broadcasters	NNS
and	CC
viewers	NNS
Cyberspace	NNP
allows	VBZ
a	DT
far	RB
greater	JJR
level	NN
of	IN
interaction	NN
amongst	IN
users	NNS
.	.
In	IN
Cubby	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
v	VBD
CompuServe	NNP
,	,
CompuServe	NNP
was	VBD
found	VBN
not	RB
to	TO
be	VB
liable	JJ
for	IN
distributing	VBG
the	DT
materials	NNS
of	IN
others	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
15	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Like	IN
a	DT
real	JJ
world	NN
distributor	NN
of	IN
books	NNS
it	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
reasonable	JJ
to	TO
expect	VB
CompuServe	NNP
to	TO
review	VB
all	DT
messages	NNS
and	CC
files	NNS
passing	VBG
through	IN
their	PRP$
system	NN
.	.
Others	NNS
point	VBP
out	RP
that	IN
Cyberspace	NNP
is	VBZ
unlike	IN
other	JJ
communications	NNS
media	NNS
and	CC
therefore	RB
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
regulated	VBN
at	IN
all	DT
or	CC
should	MD
have	VB
a	DT
different	JJ
standard	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
18	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Current	JJ
politics	NNS
is	VBZ
attempting	VBG
to	TO
draft	VB
legislation	NN
to	TO
either	DT
restrain	VB
or	CC
protect	VB
from	IN
regulation	NN
from	IN
Cyberspace	NNP
.	.
Robert	NNP
Corn-Revere	NNP
has	VBZ
described	VBN
the	DT
inconsistent	JJ
protection	NN
\/	NN
regulation	NN
through	IN
an	DT
example	NN
involving	VBG
a	DT
regulator	NN
simultaneously	RB
viewing	VBG
an	DT
identical	JJ
sex	NN
scene	NN
on	IN
five	CD
televisions	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
19	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
televisions	NNS
is	VBZ
receiving	VBG
its	PRP$
signal	NN
from	IN
a	DT
broadcast	NN
tv	NN
station	NN
,	,
another	DT
from	IN
a	DT
cable	NN
television	NN
feed	NN
,	,
another	DT
from	IN
a	DT
VCR	NNP
,	,
a	DT
fourth	JJ
via	IN
satellite	NN
and	CC
the	DT
fifth	JJ
via	IN
fiber	NN
optic	JJ
phone	NN
lines	NNS
.	.
The	DT
paradox	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
identical	JJ
expression\/content	NN
on	IN
the	DT
five	CD
sets	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
five	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
types	NNS
of	IN
regulatory	JJ
schemes	NNS
and	CC
receive	VB
varying	VBG
levels	NNS
of	IN
free	JJ
speech	NN
protection	NN
.	.
Revere	NNP
describes	VBZ
three	CD
judicial	JJ
approaches	NNS
which	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
in	IN
determining	VBG
what	WP
level	NN
of	IN
free	JJ
speech	NN
is	VBZ
afforded	VBN
,	,
incrementalist	NN
,	,
revisionist	JJ
and	CC
traditionalism	NN
.	.
The	DT
incrementalist	NN
approach	NN
reflects	VBZ
current	JJ
reality	NN
where	WRB
different	JJ
standards	NNS
are	VBP
applied	VBN
to	TO
different	JJ
media	NNS
even	RB
though	IN
the	DT
speech	NN
content	NN
may	MD
be	VB
identical	JJ
.	.
The	DT
traditional	JJ
approach	NN
ignores	VBZ
the	DT
medium	NN
through	IN
which	WDT
communication	NN
is	VBZ
transmitted	VBN
and	CC
analyzes	VBZ
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
the	DT
message	NN
to	TO
test	NN
if	IN
it	PRP
warrants	VBZ
free	JJ
speech	NN
protection	NN
.	.
LaurenceTribe	NN
has	VBZ
referred	VBN
the	DT
constitution	NN
's	POS
core	NN
values	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
21	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
core	NN
values	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
universal	JJ
beliefs	NNS
and	CC
ideals	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
not	RB
change	VB
with	IN
new	JJ
technologies	NNS
.	.
Tribe	NNP
put	VBD
forth	RB
five	CD
axiom	NN
's	VBZ
that	IN
applied	VBN
to	TO
Cyberspace	NNP
issues	NNS
would	MD
maintain	VB
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
's	POS
vitality	NN
and	CC
ability	NN
to	TO
guarantee	VB
free	JJ
speech	NN
.	.
First	RB
the	DT
constitution	NN
limits	VBZ
what	WP
government	NN
may	MD
do	VB
and	CC
changes	NNS
in	IN
technology	NN
do	VBP
not	RB
expand	VB
what	WP
government	NN
may	MD
do	VB
.	.
Existing	VBG
free	JJ
speech	NN
protection	NN
devices	NNS
that	WDT
regulate	VBP
to	TO
varying	VBG
degrees	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
medium	NN
of	IN
communication	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
the	DT
content	NN
transmitted	VBD
do	VBP
not	RB
provide	VB
a	DT
suitable	JJ
framework	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
speech	NN
in	IN
Cyberspace	NNP
.	.
A	DT
core-value	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
speech	NN
protection	NN
provides	VBZ
equal	JJ
protection	NN
to	TO
identical	JJ
speech	NN
content	NN
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
medium	NN
through	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
transmitted	VBN
.	.
A	DT
core-value	JJ
approach	NN
therefore	RB
provides	VBZ
a	DT
stable	JJ
framework	NN
for	IN
addressing	VBG
free	JJ
speech	NN
issues	NNS
in	IN
Cyberspace	NNP
and	CC
technologies	NNS
yet	RB
to	TO
develop	VB
.	.
Where	WRB
child	NN
pornography	NN
is	VBZ
concerned	VBN
,	,
Miller	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
tell	VB
the	DT
whole	JJ
story	NN
.	.
Though	IN
non-violative	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
Miller	NNP
test	NN
,	,
a	DT
state	NN
can	MD
proscribe	VB
the	DT
distribution	NN
of	IN
material	NN
which	WDT
portrays	VBZ
minors	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
sexually	RB
explicit	JJ
but	CC
non-obscene	JJ
manner	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
though	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
had	VBD
previously	RB
held	VBN
in	IN
Stanley	NNP
v.	CC
Georgia	NNP
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
mere	JJ
private	JJ
possession	NN
of	IN
obscene	JJ
material	NN
by	IN
an	DT
adult	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
made	VBN
criminal	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
16	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
twenty-one	CD
years	NNS
later	RB
,	,
in	IN
Osborne	NNP
v.	CC
Ohio	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
held	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
state	NN
's	POS
interest	NN
in	IN
preventing	VBG
the	DT
sexual	JJ
exploitation	NN
and	CC
abuse	NN
of	IN
children	NNS
is	VBZ
so	RB
strong	JJ
that	IN
even	RB
the	DT
private	JJ
possession	NN
of	IN
sexually	RB
explicit	JJ
nude	JJ
pictures	NNS
of	IN
children	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
prohibited	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
17	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
A	DT
statute	NN
is	VBZ
overbroad	JJ
if	IN
,	,
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
proscribing	VBG
activities	NNS
which	WDT
may	MD
constitutionally	RB
be	VB
forbidden	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
also	RB
sweeps	VBZ
within	IN
its	PRP$
coverage	NN
speech	NN
or	CC
conduct	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
protected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
guarantees	NNS
of	IN
free	JJ
speech	NN
or	CC
free	JJ
association	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
19	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
A	DT
law	NN
must	MD
be	VB
narrowly	RB
tailored	VBN
to	TO
its	PRP$
legitimate	JJ
concerns	NNS
.	.
The	DT
doctrine	NN
of	IN
vagueness	NN
is	VBZ
similar	JJ
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
identical	JJ
,	,
to	TO
that	DT
of	IN
overbreadth	NN
.	.
A	DT
statute	NN
will	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
void	NN
for	IN
vagueness	NN
if	IN
the	DT
conduct	NN
forbidden	VBN
by	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
so	RB
unclearly	RB
defined	VBN
that	IN
persons	NNS
``	``
of	IN
common	JJ
intelligence	NN
must	MD
necessarily	RB
guess	VB
at	IN
its	PRP$
meaning	NN
and	CC
differ	VBP
as	IN
to	TO
its	PRP$
application	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
20	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
A	DT
law	NN
must	MD
be	VB
sufficiently	RB
precise	JJ
so	IN
that	IN
those	DT
bound	VBN
by	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
understand	VB
the	DT
conduct	NN
which	WDT
will	MD
subject	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
sanctions	NNS
imposed	VBN
by	IN
law	NN
.	.
Historically	NNP
,	,
the	DT
war	NN
against	IN
obscenity	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
waged	VBN
over	IN
books	NNS
,	,
newspapers	NNS
,	,
magazines	NNS
,	,
movies	NNS
and	CC
art	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
23	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
,	,
obscene	JJ
material	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
exists	VBZ
in	IN
a	DT
very	RB
different	JJ
universe	NN
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
virtual	JJ
community	NN
...	:
defined	VBN
not	RB
by	IN
geography	NN
,	,
next	JJ
door	NN
neighbors	NNS
,	,
voting	VBG
precincts	NNS
or	CC
national	JJ
borders	NNS
,	,
but	CC
by	IN
computers	NNS
linked	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
twisted	JJ
copper	NN
wires	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
fiber	NN
optics	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
modern	JJ
telephone	NN
network	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
24	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
vast	JJ
unknown	NN
,	,
inhabitable	JJ
by	IN
anyone	NN
.	.
Since	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
such	JJ
a	DT
recent	JJ
development	NN
,	,
there	EX
has	VBZ
been	VBN
little	JJ
of	IN
precedential	JJ
value	NN
to	TO
indicate	VB
how	WRB
a	DT
court	NN
should	MD
treat	VB
a	DT
case	NN
involving	VBG
the	DT
distribution	NN
of	IN
obscene	JJ
materials	NNS
on	IN
it	PRP
.	.
Perhaps	RB
the	DT
most	RBS
significant	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ruling	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
Judges	NNPS
'	POS
recognition	NN
that	IN
laws	NNS
already	RB
exist	VBP
to	TO
prohibit	VB
on-line	JJ
distribution	NN
of	IN
obscene	JJ
material	NN
.	.
The	DT
CDA	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
only	JJ
weapon	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
to	TO
defend	VB
against	IN
obscenity	NN
and	CC
pornography	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Net	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
that	IN
any	DT
statute	NN
that	WDT
does	VBZ
not	RB
distinguish	VB
between	IN
the	DT
different	JJ
methods	NNS
of	IN
communication	NN
available	JJ
on	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
network	NN
,	,
but	CC
which	WDT
attempts	VBZ
to	TO
regulate	VB
indecent	JJ
speech	NN
on	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
network	NN
,	,
will	MD
be	VB
unconstitutional	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
36	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Just	RB
as	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
different	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
constitutional	JJ
protection	NN
for	IN
speech	NN
in	IN
different	JJ
forums	NNS
,	,
so	RB
too	RB
should	MD
there	RB
be	VB
an	DT
examination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
different	JJ
forums	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
``	``
speakers	NNS
''	''
on	IN
the	DT
Net	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
37	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
on-line	JJ
forums	NNS
of	IN
e-mail	NN
,	,
chat	VBP
rooms	NNS
,	,
bulletin	NN
boards	NNS
and	CC
Web	NNP
pages	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
examined	VBN
for	IN
similarities	NNS
and	CC
dissimilarities	NNS
among	IN
themselves	PRP
and	CC
the	DT
more	JJR
traditional	JJ
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
forums	NNS
of	IN
public	JJ
streets	NNS
and	CC
parks	NNS
,	,
television	NN
,	,
books	NNS
,	,
radio	NN
,	,
telephones	NNS
,	,
newspapers	NNS
and	CC
mail	NN
.	.
On	IN
my	PRP$
first	JJ
day	NN
of	IN
law	NN
school	NN
,	,
I	PRP
was	VBD
told	VBN
the	DT
standard	JJ
adage	NN
:	:
``	``
We	PRP
will	MD
teach	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
think	VB
like	IN
a	DT
lawyer	NN
.	.
''	''
As	IN
I	PRP
near	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
law	NN
school	NN
education	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
distressing	JJ
to	TO
me	PRP
that	IN
for	IN
all	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
time	NN
and	CC
money	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
invested	VBN
in	IN
my	PRP$
legal	JJ
education	NN
,	,
no	DT
one	NN
has	VBZ
bothered	VBN
to	TO
even	RB
attempt	VB
to	TO
teach	VB
me	PRP
how	WRB
to	TO
actually	RB
act	VB
like	IN
a	DT
lawyer	NN
,	,
much	RB
less	RBR
be	VB
a	DT
lawyer	NN
.	.
I	PRP
guess	VBP
I	PRP
had	VBD
a	DT
romantic	JJ
view	NN
of	IN
what	WP
law	NN
school	NN
would	MD
be	VB
like	IN
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
pictured	VBD
it	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
more	JJR
of	IN
a	DT
trade	NN
school	NN
,	,
for	IN
lack	NN
of	IN
a	DT
better	JJR
term	NN
.	.
I	PRP
expected	VBD
that	IN
my	PRP$
professors	NNS
would	MD
put	VB
on	RP
clinics	NNS
for	IN
advocacy	NN
,	,
in	IN
essence	NN
teaching	NN
me	PRP
the	DT
law	NN
while	IN
also	RB
how	WRB
to	TO
convince	VB
others	NNS
that	WDT
my	PRP$
position	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
proper	JJ
interpretation	NN
.	.
Since	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
decidedly	RB
not	RB
the	DT
case	NN
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
noticed	VBN
that	IN
an	DT
alarming	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
lawyers	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
know	VBP
could	MD
not	RB
argue	VB
their	PRP$
way	NN
out	IN
of	IN
a	DT
paper	NN
bag	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
since	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
resources	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
my	PRP$
opinion	NN
known	VBN
,	,
I	PRP
have	VBP
decided	VBN
to	TO
discuss	VB
the	DT
lost	VBN
art	NN
of	IN
advocacy	NN
and	CC
the	DT
resources	NNS
available	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
WWW	NNP
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
act	VB
as	IN
Indiana	NNP
Jones	NNP
and	CC
play	VB
Raiders	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Lost	VBN
Art	NNP
.	.
This	DT
discussion	NN
will	MD
break	VB
down	RP
into	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
personally	RB
consider	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
three	CD
P	NNP
's	POS
of	IN
advocacy	NN
:	:
personality	NN
appeal	NN
,	,
psychological	JJ
appeal	NN
,	,
and	CC
perseverance	NN
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
use	VBP
the	DT
word	NN
``	``
subject	JJ
,	,
''	''
I	PRP
mean	VBP
the	DT
focus	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
attention	NN
,	,
the	DT
person	NN
to	TO
be	VB
ultimately	RB
convinced	JJ
or	CC
your	PRP$
position	NN
.	.
Be	VB
forewarned	JJ
,	,
this	DT
page	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
profess	VB
to	TO
be	VB
an	DT
authoritative	JJ
dissertation	NN
on	IN
this	DT
subject	NN
,	,
but	CC
only	RB
what	WP
I	PRP
have	VBP
gleaned	VBN
from	IN
my	PRP$
self-education	NN
regarding	VBG
advocacy	NN
;	:
basically	RB
just	RB
my	PRP$
opinion	NN
of	IN
what	WP
advocacy	NN
is	VBZ
.	.
But	CC
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
one	CD
overriding	VBG
theme	NN
to	TO
all	DT
of	IN
this	DT
,	,
keep	VB
it	PRP
simple	JJ
.	.
No	DT
one	NN
is	VBZ
really	RB
impressed	VBN
by	IN
how	WRB
smart	JJ
you	PRP
are	VBP
:	:
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
smarter	RBR
do	VB
not	RB
regard	VB
your	PRP$
accomplishment	NN
as	IN
anything	NN
much	JJ
while	IN
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
not	RB
as	RB
smart	JJ
simply	RB
resent	VB
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
use	VBP
words	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
understand	VB
.	.
Better	RBR
to	TO
keep	VB
it	PRP
simple	JJ
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
mainly	RB
a	DT
tool	NN
that	IN
everyone	NN
possesses	VBZ
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
everyone	NN
knows	VBZ
how	WRB
to	TO
use	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
full	JJ
advantage	NN
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
tool	NN
a	DT
successful	JJ
lawyer	NN
can	MD
master	VB
.	.
The	DT
art	NN
of	IN
persuasion	NN
,	,
and	CC
therefore	RB
successful	JJ
advocacy	NN
,	,
depends	VBZ
heavily	RB
on	IN
making	VBG
the	DT
subject	NN
,	,
a	DT
jury	NN
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
WANT	NNP
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
personally	RB
.	.
A	DT
lawyer	NN
who	WP
comes	VBZ
off	RP
as	IN
snobbish	JJ
and	CC
arrogant	JJ
stands	NNS
little	JJ
chance	NN
of	IN
appealing	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
subject	NN
on	IN
a	DT
personal	JJ
level	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
Marcia	NNP
Clark	NNP
was	VBD
successful	JJ
in	IN
alienating	VBG
the	DT
entire	JJ
jury	NN
.	.
She	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
have	VB
gotten	VBN
a	DT
conviction	NN
for	IN
a	DT
traffic	NN
violation	NN
because	IN
she	PRP
had	VBD
no	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
camaraderie	NN
with	IN
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
jurors	NNS
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
Johnny	NNP
Cochan	NNP
appealed	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
jury	NN
on	IN
many	JJ
different	JJ
levels	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
jury	NN
was	VBD
willing	JJ
to	TO
go	VB
along	RP
with	IN
him	PRP
on	IN
anything	NN
he	PRP
proposed	VBD
,	,
no	DT
matter	NN
how	WRB
outrageous	JJ
it	PRP
might	MD
otherwise	RB
seem	VB
.	.
That	DT
jury	NN
wanted	VBD
to	TO
help	VB
him	PRP
and	CC
was	VBD
willing	JJ
to	TO
give	VB
him	PRP
whatever	WDT
he	PRP
asked	VBD
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
asking	VBG
,	,
``	``
How	WRB
do	VBP
you	PRP
make	VB
someone	NN
want	VBP
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
personally	RB
?	.
''	''
Well	RB
,	,
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
really	RB
make	VB
the	DT
subject	JJ
do	VBP
anything	NN
.	.
The	DT
idea	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
appeal	VB
to	TO
the	DT
subject	NN
on	IN
a	DT
level	NN
which	WDT
each	DT
individual	NN
can	MD
readily	RB
understand	VB
and	CC
can	MD
eventually	RB
commiserate	VB
or	CC
empathize	VB
.	.
A	DT
personal	JJ
bond	NN
between	IN
lawyer	NN
and	CC
subject	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
goal	NN
,	,
and	CC
some	DT
facet	NN
of	IN
the	DT
lawyer	NN
's	POS
personality	NN
can	MD
often	RB
serve	VB
as	IN
that	DT
bond	NN
.	.
The	DT
beautiful	JJ
thing	NN
about	IN
a	DT
personality	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
none	NN
is	VBZ
single-faceted	JJ
.	.
Human	JJ
beings	NNS
are	VBP
complex	JJ
and	CC
contrary	JJ
animals	NNS
and	CC
as	IN
such	JJ
they	PRP
have	VBP
many	JJ
different	JJ
levels	NNS
to	TO
their	PRP$
personality	NN
.	.
The	DT
trick	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
control	VB
each	DT
facet	NN
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
that	WDT
might	MD
appeal	VB
to	TO
the	DT
greatest	JJS
number	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
,	,
possibly	RB
on	IN
different	JJ
levels	NNS
.	.
More	RBR
often	RB
than	IN
not	RB
,	,
this	DT
requires	VBZ
a	DT
multi-faceted	JJ
approach	NN
where	WRB
personality	NN
must	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
tool	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
a	DT
jury	NN
comprised	VBD
of	IN
12	CD
people	NNS
with	IN
different	JJ
backgrounds	NNS
and	CC
interests	NNS
.	.
Appealing	VBG
to	TO
such	PDT
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
interests	NNS
is	VBZ
like	IN
adding	VBG
and	CC
subtracting	VBG
fractions	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
must	MD
find	VB
a	DT
common	JJ
denominator	NN
,	,
a	DT
toe-hold	NN
which	WDT
will	MD
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
foundation	NN
.	.
A	DT
subject	NN
who	WP
agrees	VBZ
on	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
one	CD
facet	NN
or	CC
opinion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
lawyer	NN
will	MD
be	VB
more	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
listen	VB
and	CC
follow	VB
along	RP
on	IN
another	DT
proposition	NN
.	.
Each	DT
proposition	NN
is	VBZ
like	IN
a	DT
brick	NN
,	,
laid	VBN
upon	IN
the	DT
initial	JJ
foundation	NN
and	CC
eventually	RB
building	VBG
the	DT
lawyer	NN
's	POS
case	NN
.	.
Contrary	JJ
to	TO
what	WP
clinical	JJ
psychologists	NNS
would	MD
have	VB
you	PRP
believe	VB
,	,
each	DT
and	CC
every	DT
one	CD
of	IN
us	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
rudimentary	JJ
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
human	JJ
psyche	NN
.	.
Every	DT
child	NN
knows	VBZ
how	WRB
to	TO
appeal	VB
to	TO
the	DT
kinder	JJR
side	NN
of	IN
parents	NNS
,	,
usually	RB
before	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
walk	VB
and	CC
talk	VB
.	.
That	DT
's	VBZ
all	DT
advocacy	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
appealing	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
kinder	JJR
side	NN
of	IN
the	DT
subject	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
where	WRB
you	PRP
really	RB
go	VB
a	DT
long	JJ
way	NN
towards	IN
making	VBG
the	DT
subject	JJ
want	VBP
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
.	.
Some	DT
ideas	NNS
are	VBP
simply	RB
repugnant	JJ
.	.
That	DT
does	VBZ
n't	RB
mean	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
wo	MD
n't	RB
have	VB
to	TO
zealously	RB
advocate	VB
a	DT
repugnant	JJ
idea	NN
,	,
it	PRP
requires	VBZ
you	PRP
to	TO
make	VB
it	PRP
as	IN
palatable	JJ
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
The	DT
art	NN
of	IN
psychology	NN
and	CC
advocacy	NN
means	VBZ
that	IN
you	PRP
take	VBP
a	DT
repugnant	JJ
idea	NN
and	CC
fashion	NN
it	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
possible	JJ
light	NN
so	RB
as	IN
to	TO
make	VB
it	PRP
more	RBR
palatable	JJ
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
done	VBN
by	IN
appealing	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
psyche	NN
of	IN
the	DT
subject	NN
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
that	WDT
allows	VBZ
him\/her	NN
to	TO
digest	VB
an	DT
idea	NN
that	WDT
he\/she	VBP
would	MD
not	RB
otherwise	RB
accept	VB
.	.
Sometimes	RB
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
simple	JJ
as	IN
minimizing	VBG
the	DT
bad	JJ
while	IN
stressing	VBG
the	DT
good	JJ
.	.
Other	JJ
times	NNS
it	PRP
means	VBZ
characterizing	VBG
a	DT
repugnant	JJ
idea	NN
as	IN
something	NN
more	RBR
palatable	JJ
by	IN
way	NN
of	IN
analogy	NN
.	.
Either	DT
way	NN
,	,
you	PRP
must	MD
make	VB
your	PRP$
idea	NN
appeal	NN
to	TO
the	DT
subject	NN
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
that	IN
he\/she	NN
can	MD
rationalize	VB
agreement	NN
.	.
My	PRP$
father	NN
is	VBZ
fond	JJ
of	IN
telling	VBG
me	PRP
that	IN
a	DT
person	NN
can	MD
rationalize	VB
doing	VBG
anything	NN
,	,
it	PRP
just	RB
depends	VBZ
on	IN
how	WRB
much	JJ
he	PRP
wants	VBZ
to	TO
really	RB
do	VB
what	WP
he	PRP
is	VBZ
rationalizing	VBG
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
person	NN
can	MD
rationalize	VB
agreement	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
position	NN
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
not	RB
offend	VB
their	PRP$
conscience	NN
,	,
that	IN
person	NN
wants	VBZ
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
and	CC
is	VBZ
just	RB
looking	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
chance	NN
to	TO
do	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Sometimes	RB
delivery	NN
is	VBZ
more	RBR
important	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
message	NN
.	.
As	IN
my	PRP$
favorite	JJ
lawyer	NN
said	VBD
``	``
You	PRP
never	RB
really	RB
understand	VB
a	DT
person	NN
until	IN
you	PRP
consider	VBP
things	NNS
from	IN
his	PRP$
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
--	:
until	IN
you	PRP
climb	VBP
into	IN
his	PRP$
skin	NN
and	CC
walk	VB
around	RB
in	IN
it	PRP
.	.
''	''
You	PRP
may	MD
recognize	VB
these	DT
as	IN
the	DT
words	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
fictitious	JJ
lawyer	NN
,	,
Atticus	NNP
Finch	NNP
.	.
That	DT
ought	MD
to	TO
tell	VB
you	PRP
a	DT
little	JJ
about	IN
my	PRP$
psyche	NN
.	.
To	TO
successfully	RB
appeal	VB
to	TO
a	DT
subject	NN
on	IN
a	DT
personal	JJ
level	NN
,	,
you	PRP
must	MD
understand	VB
things	NNS
from	IN
his\/her	NN
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
.	.
Think	VB
about	IN
how	WRB
you	PRP
would	MD
react	VB
if	IN
the	DT
roles	NNS
were	VBD
reversed	VBN
.	.
Which	WDT
is	VBZ
another	DT
of	IN
my	PRP$
favorite	JJ
ideas	NNS
regarding	VBG
psychology	NN
,	,
``	``
A	DT
man	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
warm	JJ
ca	MD
n't	RB
understand	VB
a	DT
man	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
cold	JJ
.	.
''	''
Understanding	VBG
a	DT
subjects	NNS
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
is	VBZ
at	IN
least	JJS
as	RB
important	JJ
,	,
if	IN
not	RB
more	RBR
important	JJ
,	,
than	IN
the	DT
proposition	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
want	VBP
him\/her	NN
to	TO
grasp	VB
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
why	WRB
I	PRP
say	VBP
sometimes	RB
delivery	NN
is	VBZ
every	DT
bit	NN
as	IN
important	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
ultimate	JJ
message	NN
.	.
Different	JJ
points	NNS
of	IN
view	NN
demand	NN
different	JJ
delivery	NN
.	.
This	DT
last	JJ
``	``
P	NNP
''	''
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
simple	JJ
,	,
but	CC
is	VBZ
the	DT
least	JJS
flexible	JJ
.	.
No	DT
matter	NN
what	WP
you	PRP
do	VBP
in	IN
regards	VBZ
to	TO
personality	NN
appeal	NN
and	CC
psychological	JJ
appeal	NN
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
never	RB
,	,
ever	RB
waiver	NN
on	IN
perseverance	NN
.	.
This	DT
reminds	VBZ
me	PRP
of	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
year	NN
classes	NNS
in	IN
law	NN
school	NN
.	.
Often	RB
the	DT
professor	NN
would	MD
attack	VB
an	DT
answer	NN
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
correct	JJ
,	,
just	RB
to	TO
test	VB
the	DT
conviction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
student	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
student	NN
wavered	VBD
or	CC
abdicated	VBD
in	IN
his\/her	NN
conviction	NN
,	,
it	PRP
only	RB
brought	VBD
the	DT
wrath	NN
of	IN
the	DT
professor	NN
down	IN
upon	IN
them	PRP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
hope	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
successful	JJ
,	,
stick	NN
by	IN
your	PRP$
guns	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
face	NN
of	IN
adversity	NN
.	.
Now	RB
,	,
there	EX
will	MD
be	VB
times	NNS
when	WRB
advocating	VBG
a	DT
position	NN
may	MD
be	VB
frivolous	JJ
and	CC
you	PRP
may	MD
incur	VB
sanctions	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
saying	VBG
that	IN
you	PRP
should	MD
persevere	VB
in	IN
these	DT
circumstances	NNS
because	IN
that	DT
goes	VBZ
beyond	IN
zealous	JJ
advocacy	NN
into	IN
the	DT
area	NN
where	WRB
fools	NNS
rush	VBP
in	IN
,	,
but	CC
angels	NNS
fear	VBP
to	TO
tread	VB
.	.
My	PRP$
point	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
if	IN
you	PRP
hope	VBP
to	TO
win	VB
the	DT
subject	NN
over	IN
to	TO
your	PRP$
position	NN
,	,
you	PRP
must	MD
show	VB
unwavering	JJ
conviction	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
ultimate	JJ
position	NN
.	.
To	TO
show	VB
anything	NN
less	JJR
means	VBZ
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
conceding	VBG
the	DT
point	NN
.	.
Which	WDT
in	IN
some	DT
circumstances	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
minor	JJ
details	NNS
,	,
may	MD
be	VB
the	DT
best	JJS
route	NN
to	TO
take	VB
if	IN
it	PRP
avoids	VBZ
losing	VBG
credibility	NN
with	IN
the	DT
subject	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
bog	VB
down	RP
on	IN
every	DT
detail	NN
and	CC
lose	VB
sight	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ultimate	JJ
goal	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
this	DT
ultimate	JJ
goal	NN
which	WDT
requires	VBZ
unwavering	JJ
conviction	NN
.	.
Believe	NNP
in	IN
what	WP
you	PRP
want	VBP
the	DT
subject	NN
to	TO
believe	VB
and	CC
stick	VB
by	IN
it	PRP
.	.
Simple	NN
.	.
When	WRB
I	PRP
say	VBP
that	IN
,	,
I	PRP
mean	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
must	MD
zealously	RB
advocate	VB
your	PRP$
ultimate	JJ
position	NN
no	DT
matter	NN
what	WDT
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
it	PRP
becomes	VBZ
apparent	JJ
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
advocating	VBG
an	DT
idea	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
silly	JJ
or	CC
contrary	JJ
to	TO
common	JJ
sense	NN
,	,
you	PRP
must	MD
not	RB
waiver	NN
in	IN
you	PRP
conviction	NN
,	,
unless	IN
of	IN
course	NN
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
convince	VB
the	DT
subject	NN
.	.
The	DT
subject	NN
is	VBZ
going	VBG
to	TO
look	VB
to	TO
you	PRP
for	IN
guidance	NN
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
right	JJ
decision	NN
to	TO
make	VB
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
waiver	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
conviction	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
position	NN
,	,
the	DT
subject	NN
will	MD
not	RB
go	VB
along	RP
with	IN
you	PRP
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
subject	JJ
looks	VBZ
to	TO
you	PRP
,	,
and	CC
sees	VBZ
you	PRP
doubting	VBG
what	WP
you	PRP
propose	VBP
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
way	NN
the	DT
jury	NN
can	MD
rationalize	VB
agreement	NN
with	IN
you	PRP
.	.
The	DT
three	CD
P	NNP
's	POS
of	IN
advocacy	NN
:	:
personality	NN
appeal	NN
,	,
psychological	JJ
appeal	NN
,	,
and	CC
perseverance	NN
.	.
You	PRP
must	MD
appeal	VB
to	TO
the	DT
subject	NN
on	IN
a	DT
personal	JJ
level	NN
through	IN
skillful	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
you	PRP
personality	NN
.	.
You	PRP
must	MD
fashion	NN
your	PRP$
ideas	NNS
in	IN
such	JJ
a	DT
way	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
appeal	VB
to	TO
the	DT
psyche	NN
of	IN
the	DT
subject	NN
,	,
sometimes	RB
through	IN
delivery	NN
and	CC
always	RB
with	IN
the	DT
subject	NN
's	POS
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
in	IN
mind	NN
.	.
Lastly	RB
,	,
you	PRP
must	MD
not	RB
waiver	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
conviction	NN
for	IN
the	DT
proposition	NN
which	WDT
you	PRP
advocate	VBP
.	.
You	PRP
must	MD
persevere	VB
in	IN
that	DT
conviction	NN
.	.
Above	IN
all	DT
,	,
remember	VBP
to	TO
keep	VB
everything	NN
as	IN
simple	JJ
as	IN
possible	JJ
and	CC
appeal	NN
to	TO
this	DT
simplicity	NN
.	.
People	NNS
like	IN
everything	NN
to	TO
wrap	VB
up	RP
into	IN
a	DT
neat	JJ
little	JJ
package	NN
.	.
If	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
to	TO
persuade	VB
them	PRP
that	IN
everything	NN
does	VBZ
indeed	RB
fit	JJ
together	RB
neatly	RB
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
halfway	JJ
home	NN
.	.
Here	RB
are	VBP
some	DT
resources	NNS
that	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
perused	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
WWW	NNP
that	WDT
make	VBP
some	DT
sense	NN
to	TO
me	PRP
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
by	IN
no	DT
means	VBZ
a	DT
complete	JJ
list	NN
,	,
not	RB
is	VBZ
it	PRP
really	RB
even	RB
a	DT
good	JJ
partial	JJ
list	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
does	VBZ
contain	VB
some	DT
places	NNS
to	TO
find	VB
good	JJ
ideas	NNS
regarding	VBG
advocacy	NN
.	.
The	DT
explosive	JJ
growth	NN
of	IN
online	JJ
activity	NN
has	VBZ
facilitated	VBN
the	DT
advent	NN
of	IN
true	JJ
globalization	NN
for	IN
many	JJ
businesses	NNS
which	WDT
have	VBP
incorporated	VBN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
into	IN
their	PRP$
infrastructure	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
gives	VBZ
rise	NN
to	TO
significant	JJ
new	JJ
challenges	NNS
to	TO
traditional	JJ
jurisdictionally	NN
based	VBN
rules	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
.	.
One	CD
area	NN
particularly	RB
affected	VBN
by	IN
these	DT
challenges	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
tax	NN
law	NN
.	.
Current	JJ
tax	NN
laws	NNS
rely	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
presence	NN
of	IN
tangible	JJ
,	,
readily	RB
definable	JJ
geographical	JJ
boundaries	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
may	MD
in	IN
some	DT
cases	NNS
be	VB
entirely	RB
circumvented	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
online	JJ
marketplace	NN
.	.
The	DT
economy	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
redefined	VBN
by	IN
new	JJ
technologies	NNS
which	WDT
control	VBP
bits	NNS
of	IN
data	NNS
or	CC
information	NN
transferred	VBN
virtually	RB
,	,
instantaneously	RB
,	,
and	CC
inexpensively	RB
.	.
Unlike	IN
the	DT
broad	JJ
,	,
all-encompassing	JJ
provisions	NNS
defined	VBN
for	IN
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
,	,
the	DT
tax	NN
provisions	NNS
for	IN
services	NNS
are	VBP
typically	RB
narrowly	RB
drawn	VBN
,	,
with	IN
very	RB
specific	JJ
categories	NNS
of	IN
taxable	JJ
and	CC
tax-exempt	JJ
activities	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
13	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
treatment	NN
raises	VBZ
considerable	JJ
confusion	NN
for	IN
activities	NNS
which	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
fall	VB
precisely	RB
within	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
defined	VBN
categories	NNS
,	,
or	CC
which	WDT
may	MD
overlap	VB
into	IN
several	JJ
different	JJ
areas	NNS
.	.
As	IN
with	IN
transmission	NN
based	VBN
taxes	NNS
,	,
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
value-added	JJ
services	NNS
and	CC
bundling	VBG
further	JJ
complicates	VBZ
the	DT
issues	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
tax	NN
treatment	NN
of	IN
these	DT
``	``
services	NNS
''	''
.	.
States	NNP
also	RB
vary	VBP
as	IN
to	TO
whether	IN
they	PRP
include	VBP
direct	JJ
costs	NNS
,	,
indirect	JJ
costs	NNS
,	,
or	CC
both	DT
in	IN
the	DT
definition	NN
of	IN
cost	NN
of	IN
performance	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
19	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
A	DT
minority	NN
of	IN
states	NNS
attempt	VBP
to	TO
factor	VB
in	IN
an	DT
analysis	NN
of	IN
where	WRB
the	DT
benefit	NN
was	VBD
received	VBN
,	,
and	CC
tax	NN
the	DT
sale	NN
according	VBG
to	TO
that	DT
apportionment	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
20	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Typically	RB
,	,
the	DT
benefit	NN
of	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
is	VBZ
received	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
where	WRB
the	DT
service	NN
was	VBD
used	VBN
or	CC
consumed	VBN
.	.
These	DT
states	NNS
are	VBP
attempting	VBG
to	TO
force	VB
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
into	IN
an	DT
existing	VBG
regulatory	JJ
mold	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
ill-equipped	JJ
to	TO
handle	VB
the	DT
complex	JJ
new	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
The	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
the	DT
medium	NN
in	IN
these	DT
cases	NNS
is	VBZ
often	RB
insignificant	JJ
compared	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
data	NNS
or	CC
information	NN
stored	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
medium	NN
,	,
but	CC
these	DT
states	NNS
must	MD
fall	VB
back	RB
on	IN
regulations	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
physical	JJ
,	,
tangible	JJ
properties	NNS
and	CC
characteristics	NNS
.	.
Partnership	NNP
v.	CC
Groppo	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Connecticut	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
held	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
computer-based	JJ
provider	NN
which	WDT
offered	VBD
worldwide	NN
information	NN
about	IN
hotel	NN
availability	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
a	DT
taxable	JJ
computer	NN
service	NN
because	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
was	VBD
merely	RB
the	DT
method	NN
of	IN
delivery	NN
.	.
The	DT
Telecommunications	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1996	CD
promises	NNS
to	TO
further	JJ
confuse	VB
the	DT
regulatory	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
barriers	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
Regional	NNP
Bell	NNP
Operating	VBG
Companies	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
RBOCs	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
cable	NN
companies	NNS
are	VBP
eliminated	VBN
,	,
the	DT
distinctions	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
different	JJ
mediums	NNS
becomes	VBZ
increasingly	RB
unclear	JJ
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
fiercely	RB
competitive	JJ
telecom	NN
industry	NN
,	,
the	DT
different	JJ
communication	NN
channels	NNS
will	MD
combine	VB
,	,
resulting	VBG
in	IN
more	JJR
bundled	VBN
services	NNS
,	,
value-added	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
technologically	RB
inspired	VBD
issues	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
tax	NN
law	NN
trails	VBZ
considerably	RB
behind	IN
the	DT
rapidly	RB
changing	VBG
technology	NN
,	,
companies	NNS
must	MD
often	RB
rely	VB
on	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
to	TO
interpret	VB
the	DT
statutes	NNS
and	CC
apply	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
increasingly	RB
complex	JJ
technological	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
domestic	JJ
jurisdictional	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
companies	NNS
and	CC
individuals	NNS
transacting	VBG
on	IN
a	DT
global	JJ
scale	NN
must	MD
be	VB
prepared	VBN
to	TO
address	VB
international	JJ
tax	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
Global	JJ
exposure	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
affords	VBZ
companies	NNS
and	CC
individuals	NNS
numerous	JJ
advantages	NNS
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
subjects	VBZ
them	PRP
to	TO
inherent	JJ
conflicts	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
different	JJ
governments	NNS
over	IN
tax	NN
revenues	NNS
.	.
Current	JJ
tax	NN
laws	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
adequately	RB
handle	VB
the	DT
concept	NN
of	IN
a	DT
virtual	JJ
presence	NN
,	,
and	CC
are	VBP
largely	RB
rooted	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
physical	JJ
world	NN
.	.
The	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
currently	RB
determines	VBZ
whether	IN
income	NN
is	VBZ
taxable	JJ
by	IN
looking	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
source	NN
of	IN
the	DT
income	NN
and	CC
the	DT
residence	NN
of	IN
the	DT
recipient	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
29	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Under	IN
many	JJ
tax	NN
treaties	NNS
,	,
most	JJS
countries	NNS
reciprocally	RB
agree	VBP
to	TO
let	VB
residence-based	JJ
rules	NNS
take	VBP
precedence	NN
over	IN
source-based	JJ
rights	NNS
for	IN
foreign-taxation	NN
purposes	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
30	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Internal	NNP
Revenue	NNP
Code	NNP
provides	VBZ
certain	JJ
tax	NN
credit	NN
and	CC
exemption	NN
provisions	NNS
to	TO
prevent	VB
double-taxation	NN
of	IN
foreign	JJ
source	NN
income	NN
.	.
Unlike	IN
domestic	JJ
activities	NNS
,	,
the	DT
presence	NN
of	IN
an	DT
independent	JJ
agent	NN
will	MD
not	RB
in	IN
itself	PRP
trigger	VB
authority	NN
over	IN
the	DT
company	NN
absent	JJ
a	DT
significant	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
authority	NN
given	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
agent	NN
,	,
and\/or	CC
other	JJ
factors	NNS
which	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
deemed	VBN
to	TO
further	JJ
enhance	VB
the	DT
appearance	NN
of	IN
a	DT
``	``
permanent	JJ
establishment	NN
''	''
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
42	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
G.L.S.	NNP
Leasco	NNP
Inc.	NNP
,	,
McKinley	NNP
Transport	NNP
Ltd.	NNP
.	.
V.	NNP
Different	JJ
issues	NNS
also	RB
arise	VB
about	IN
the	DT
applicability	NN
of	IN
existing	VBG
laws	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
reconcile	VB
the	DT
new	JJ
communication	NN
mediums	NNS
with	IN
these	DT
laws	NNS
.	.
Electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
may	MD
share	VB
many	JJ
characteristics	NNS
with	IN
other	JJ
commonly	RB
used	VBN
business	NN
activities	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
lease	NN
of	IN
real	JJ
estate	NN
space	NN
,	,
mail	NN
order	NN
,	,
magazine	NN
advertisements	NNS
,	,
catalogs	NNS
,	,
solicitation	NN
,	,
and	CC
many	JJ
others	NNS
.	.
For	IN
intangibles	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Internal	NNP
Revenue	NNP
Service	NNP
has	VBZ
ruled	VBN
that	IN
``	``
an	DT
unqualified	JJ
transfer	NN
in	IN
perpetuity	NN
of	IN
an	DT
intangible	NN
can	MD
constitute	VB
a	DT
transfer	NN
of	IN
property	NN
under	IN
certain	JJ
circumstances	NNS
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
47	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
unclear	JJ
how	WRB
different	JJ
electronic	JJ
transactions	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
construed	VBN
and	CC
treated	VBN
since	IN
forms	NNS
of	IN
distribution	NN
can	MD
take	VB
so	RB
many	JJ
forms	NNS
and	CC
share	NN
such	JJ
different	JJ
characteristics	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
some	DT
validity	NN
to	TO
the	DT
argument	NN
that	IN
the	DT
method	NN
of	IN
delivery	NN
should	MD
not	RB
effect	VB
the	DT
characterization	NN
of	IN
the	DT
transfer	NN
and	CC
the	DT
resultant	JJ
tax	NN
consequences	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
electronic	JJ
transfers	NNS
frequently	RB
involve	VBP
the	DT
distribution	NN
or	CC
dissemination	NN
of	IN
copyrighted	VBN
information	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
frequently	RB
restrictions	NNS
on	IN
use	NN
and	CC
distribution	NN
.	.
These	DT
restrictions	NNS
may	MD
substantially	RB
effect	VB
the	DT
characterization	NN
of	IN
the	DT
property	NN
despite	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
subject	JJ
matter	NN
may	MD
not	RB
change	VB
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
particularly	RB
troublesome	JJ
for	IN
software	NN
companies	NNS
,	,
shareware	NN
distributors	NNS
,	,
Internet	NNP
service	NN
providers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
electronic	JJ
publishers	NNS
which	WDT
may	MD
have	VB
difficulty	NN
discerning	JJ
the	DT
tax	NN
consequences	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
actions	NNS
in	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
different	JJ
jurisdictions	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
the	DT
Internal	NNP
Revenue	NNP
Code	NNP
taxes	NNS
income	NN
connected	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
domestic	JJ
trade	NN
or	CC
business	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
55	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Foreign	JJ
companies	NNS
doing	VBG
business	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
must	MD
exhibit	VB
a	DT
continuous	JJ
and	CC
regular	JJ
course	NN
of	IN
economic	JJ
activity	NN
beyond	IN
``	``
casual	JJ
or	CC
incidental	JJ
transactions	NNS
''	''
before	IN
income	NN
tax	NN
liability	NN
will	MD
attach	VB
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
56	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Further	RB
,	,
the	DT
presence	NN
of	IN
an	DT
employee	NN
or	CC
contractor	NN
for	IN
a	DT
foreign	JJ
company	NN
will	MD
typically	RB
be	VB
scrutinized	VBN
according	VBG
to	TO
their	PRP$
business	NN
activities	NNS
and	CC
certain	JJ
``	``
bright	JJ
line	NN
''	''
tests	NNS
established	VBN
in	IN
applicable	JJ
treaties	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Internal	NNP
Revenue	NNP
Code	NNP
provides	VBZ
that	IN
sales	NNS
income	NN
tax	NN
can	MD
only	RB
be	VB
applied	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
nonresident	JJ
if	IN
the	DT
income	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
effectively	RB
connected	VBN
''	''
with	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
through	IN
an	DT
office	NN
or	CC
fixed	VBN
place	NN
of	IN
business	NN
which	WDT
regularly	RB
carries	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
activity	NN
which	WDT
generated	VBD
the	DT
income	NN
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
material	NN
factor	NN
''	''
in	IN
producing	VBG
the	DT
income	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
57	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
presence	NN
of	IN
an	DT
independent	JJ
agent	NN
will	MD
not	RB
alone	RB
create	VB
tax	NN
liability	NN
,	,
but	CC
a	DT
dependent	JJ
agent	NN
can	MD
only	RB
escape	VB
tax	NN
liability	NN
if	IN
the	DT
agent	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
regularly	RB
exhibit	VB
authority	NN
to	TO
contract	NN
,	,
or	CC
maintain	VB
an	DT
inventory	NN
for	IN
the	DT
company	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
58	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Arguably	RB
,	,
the	DT
lease	NN
of	IN
server	NN
space	NN
could	MD
be	VB
structured	VBN
to	TO
fall	VB
under	IN
the	DT
penumbra	NN
of	IN
the	DT
business	NN
utilization	NN
of	IN
an	DT
``	``
independent	JJ
agent	NN
''	''
,	,
and	CC
may	MD
be	VB
treated	VBN
as	IN
less	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
fixed	VBN
place	NN
of	IN
business	NN
.	.
State	NNP
authority	NN
to	TO
tax	NN
commerce	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
powers	NNS
enumerated	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
Clause	NN
and	CC
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
Constitution	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
59	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
imposes	VBZ
a	DT
more	RBR
substantial	JJ
burden	NN
on	IN
the	DT
state	NN
,	,
requiring	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
activity	NN
being	VBG
taxed	VBN
bear	NN
a	DT
``	``
substantial	JJ
nexus	NN
''	''
to	TO
the	DT
state	NN
,	,
beyond	IN
the	DT
``	``
mimimum	NN
connection	NN
''	''
required	VBN
under	IN
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
enforcement	NN
in	IN
an	DT
online	NN
forum	NN
becomes	VBZ
prohibitively	RB
difficult	JJ
when	WRB
jurisdictions	NNS
have	VBP
no	DT
established	VBN
mechanisms	NNS
for	IN
ensuring	VBG
that	IN
participating	VBG
residents	NNS
remit	VBP
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
taxes	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
states	NNS
have	VBP
not	RB
comprehensively	RB
addressed	VBD
the	DT
``	``
virtual	JJ
presence	NN
''	''
possible	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
and	CC
existing	VBG
regulations	NNS
may	MD
result	VB
in	IN
conflicting	VBG
,	,
arbitrary	JJ
,	,
and	CC
unfair	JJ
treatment	NN
to	TO
individuals	NNS
and	CC
companies	NNS
conducting	VBG
business	NN
via	IN
electronic	JJ
means	NNS
.	.
Intangible	JJ
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
tangible	JJ
properties	NNS
may	MD
give	VB
rise	VB
to	TO
sufficient	JJ
presence	NN
to	TO
satisfy	VB
the	DT
nexus	NN
requirements	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
taxing	VBG
state	NN
.	.
A	DT
number	NN
of	IN
states	NNS
have	VBP
adopted	VBN
the	DT
approach	NN
in	IN
Geoffrey	NNP
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
state	NN
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
held	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
licensing	NN
of	IN
a	DT
trademark	NN
used	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
was	VBD
sufficient	JJ
to	TO
subject	VB
the	DT
licensing	NN
company	NN
to	TO
state	NN
income	NN
tax	NN
.	.
The	DT
analysis	NN
used	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
court	NN
was	VBD
one	CD
of	IN
``	``
purposeful	JJ
availment	NN
''	''
,	,
resulting	VBG
in	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
``	``
de	FW
minimis	FW
''	''
presence	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
69	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
application	NN
of	IN
this	DT
approach	NN
could	MD
have	VB
enormous	JJ
ramifications	NNS
for	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
,	,
where	WRB
``	``
intangibles	NNS
''	''
are	VBP
readily	RB
distributable	JJ
online	NN
,	,
possibly	RB
subjecting	VBG
companies	NNS
to	TO
tax	NN
liabilities	NNS
in	IN
numerous	JJ
jurisdictions	NNS
.	.
Along	IN
the	DT
lines	NNS
of	IN
``	``
purposeful	JJ
availment	NN
''	''
,	,
some	DT
states	NNS
are	VBP
considering	VBG
whether	IN
to	TO
attribute	VB
nexus	NN
to	TO
various	JJ
financial	JJ
institutions	NNS
under	IN
a	DT
theory	NN
of	IN
commercial	JJ
exploitation	NN
sufficient	JJ
to	TO
create	VB
an	DT
economic	JJ
presence	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
70	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
To	TO
date	NN
,	,
this	DT
imputation	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
limited	VBN
to	TO
financial	JJ
institutions	NNS
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
inconceivable	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
non-physical	JJ
analysis	NN
may	MD
well	RB
be	VB
extended	VBN
to	TO
internet	NN
companies	NNS
under	IN
a	DT
similar	JJ
approach	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
71	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
One	CD
theory	NN
which	WDT
has	VBZ
already	RB
been	VBN
put	VBN
forth	RB
is	VBZ
the	DT
idea	NN
of	IN
a	DT
transactional	JJ
presence	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
occurrence	NN
of	IN
a	DT
taxable	JJ
event	NN
in	IN
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
72	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Although	IN
this	DT
approach	NN
is	VBZ
targeted	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
non-physically	JJ
based	VBN
analysis	NN
,	,
it	PRP
raises	VBZ
serious	JJ
Constitutional	NNP
questions	NNS
,	,
enforcement	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
will	MD
unquestionably	RB
meet	VB
with	IN
considerable	JJ
criticism	NN
.	.
Similarly	RB
,	,
in	IN
SFA	NNP
Folio	NNP
Collections	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
,	,
another	DT
court	NN
similarly	RB
denied	VBD
nexus	NN
to	TO
a	DT
sister	NN
corporation	NN
despite	IN
a	DT
wealth	NN
of	IN
shared	VBN
resources	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
financial	JJ
data	NNS
,	,
trademarks	NNS
,	,
officers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
directors	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
77	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Clearly	RB
,	,
the	DT
courts	NNS
are	VBP
limiting	VBG
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
's	POS
holdings	NNS
regarding	VBG
attributional	JJ
presence	NN
to	TO
solicitous	JJ
activities	NNS
,	,
barring	VBG
extraordinary	JJ
behavior	NN
on	IN
the	DT
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
affiliates	NNS
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
domestic	JJ
front	NN
,	,
the	DT
Treasury	NNP
Department	NNP
has	VBZ
released	VBN
a	DT
report	NN
stating	VBG
it	PRP
will	MD
take	VB
a	DT
``	``
neutral	JJ
stance	NN
''	''
towards	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
there	EX
will	MD
be	VB
no	DT
new	JJ
taxes	NNS
for	IN
Internet	NNP
activity	NN
.	.
Instead	RB
transactions	NNS
conducted	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
taxed	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
regulations	NNS
for	IN
non-Internet	JJ
activity	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
sales	NNS
,	,
telecommunications	NNS
,	,
and	CC
income	NN
generation	NN
.	.
The	DT
Bank	NNP
Secrecy	NNP
Act	NNP
passed	VBD
in	IN
1970	CD
imposes	VBZ
reporting	NN
requirements	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
import	NN
and	CC
export	NN
of	IN
all	DT
currency	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
91	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Act	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
arguably	RB
ineffective	JJ
because	IN
enforcement	NN
is	VBZ
largely	RB
based	VBN
on	IN
self-reporting	NN
.	.
The	DT
non-disclosure	JJ
policies	NNS
of	IN
some	DT
governments	NNS
have	VBP
hindered	VBN
past	JJ
efforts	NNS
to	TO
prevent	VB
tax	NN
evasive	JJ
behavior	NN
and	CC
money	NN
laundering	NN
,	,
and	CC
these	DT
policies	NNS
are	VBP
likely	JJ
to	TO
prove	VB
even	RB
more	RBR
problematic	JJ
as	IN
untraceable	JJ
electronic	JJ
currency	NN
transfers	NNS
across	IN
international	JJ
borders	NNS
become	VBP
more	RBR
and	CC
more	RBR
commonplace	JJ
.	.
While	IN
this	DT
argument	NN
has	VBZ
some	DT
merit	NN
,	,
it	PRP
seems	VBZ
to	TO
assume	VB
that	IN
only	JJ
government	NN
approved	VBD
institutions	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
handle	VB
e-cash	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
e-cash	NN
will	MD
not	RB
become	VB
generally	RB
transferable	JJ
,	,
barterable	JJ
,	,
and	CC
accepted	VBD
as	IN
currency	NN
which	WDT
does	VBZ
not	RB
need	VB
to	TO
flow	VB
through	IN
an	DT
institution	NN
.	.
Perhaps	RB
,	,
like	IN
cash	NN
,	,
the	DT
government	NN
will	MD
only	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
maintain	VB
control	NN
through	IN
taking	VBG
primary	JJ
control	NN
of	IN
all	DT
valid	JJ
,	,
digitally	RB
authenticated	VBN
,	,
verifiable	JJ
monetary	JJ
disbursements	NNS
.	.
The	DT
U.S.	NNP
Treasury	NNP
Department	NNP
has	VBZ
claimed	VBN
that	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
actively	RB
combat	VB
these	DT
problems	NNS
and	CC
will	MD
consider	VB
establishing	VBG
the	DT
equivalent	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
``	``
tollbooths	NNS
''	''
to	TO
monitor	VB
cross	JJ
border	NN
Internet	NNP
transactions	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
94	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
feasibility	NN
of	IN
the	DT
electronic	JJ
``	``
tollbooths	NNS
''	''
is	VBZ
still	RB
in	IN
question	NN
,	,
but	CC
is	VBZ
representative	NN
of	IN
the	DT
dilemmas	NNS
confronting	VBG
revenue	NN
collectors	NNS
now	RB
and	CC
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
The	DT
global	JJ
effects	NNS
of	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
will	MD
make	VB
it	PRP
necessary	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
different	JJ
governments	NNS
to	TO
coordinate	VB
their	PRP$
efforts	NNS
towards	IN
creating	VBG
an	DT
enforceable	JJ
tax	NN
environment	NN
which	WDT
will	MD
prevent	VB
forum	NN
shopping	NN
and	CC
tax	NN
evasion	NN
,	,
and	CC
not	RB
unduly	RB
burden	NN
business	NN
.	.
Governments	NNS
,	,
both	DT
domestic	JJ
and	CC
international	JJ
,	,
must	MD
confront	VB
a	DT
multitude	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
issues	NNS
and	CC
legal	JJ
challenges	NNS
which	WDT
transcend	VBP
traditional	JJ
physical	JJ
realities	NNS
and	CC
incorporate	VB
enough	JJ
flexibility	NN
to	TO
respond	VB
in	IN
a	DT
timely	JJ
manner	NN
to	TO
the	DT
rapid	JJ
new	JJ
developments	NNS
which	WDT
occur	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
telecommunication	NN
and	CC
technology	NN
fields	NNS
.	.
Adaptability	NN
is	VBZ
critical	JJ
to	TO
any	DT
new	JJ
tax	NN
laws	NNS
because	IN
the	DT
electronic	JJ
environment	NN
is	VBZ
highly	RB
dynamic	JJ
,	,
a	DT
constantly	RB
moving	VBG
target	NN
which	WDT
nevertheless	RB
requires	VBZ
some	DT
level	NN
of	IN
predictability	NN
and	CC
consistency	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
encourage	VB
voluntary	JJ
compliance	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
limited	VBN
resources	NNS
make	VBP
voluntary	JJ
compliance	NN
an	DT
essential	JJ
component	NN
of	IN
the	DT
tax	NN
structure	NN
,	,
and	CC
enforcement	NN
is	VBZ
largely	RB
based	VBN
on	IN
its	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
deter	VB
evasion	NN
.	.
Since	IN
the	DT
information	NN
age	NN
undermines	VBZ
the	DT
very	RB
foundational	JJ
structure	NN
on	IN
which	WDT
our	PRP$
current	JJ
laws	NNS
are	VBP
based	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
necessary	JJ
to	TO
implement	VB
a	DT
structure	NN
which	WDT
provides	VBZ
a	DT
framework	NN
for	IN
analyzing	VBG
situations	NNS
on	IN
an	DT
case-by-case	JJ
basis	NN
,	,
with	IN
an	DT
in-depth	JJ
study	NN
of	IN
specific	JJ
facts	NNS
and	CC
circumstances	NNS
in	IN
light	NN
of	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
technological	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
while	IN
this	DT
approach	NN
may	MD
satisfy	VB
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
flexibility	NN
in	IN
the	DT
tax	NN
system	NN
and	CC
prove	VB
easier	JJR
to	TO
implement	VB
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
also	RB
run	VB
afoul	RB
of	IN
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
predictability	NN
and	CC
consistency	NN
offered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
``	``
bright	JJ
line	NN
''	''
tests	NNS
,	,
and	CC
prove	VB
to	TO
be	VB
extremely	RB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
maintain	VB
.	.
Legislators	NNS
and	CC
judicial	JJ
decision-makers	NNS
would	MD
necessarily	RB
need	VB
to	TO
stay	VB
abreast	RB
of	IN
new	JJ
developments	NNS
in	IN
technology	NN
,	,
and	CC
there	EX
would	MD
be	VB
an	DT
ever	RB
increasing	VBG
need	NN
for	IN
experts	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
advise	VB
on	IN
the	DT
latest	JJS
technological	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
Leaders	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
industry	NN
could	MD
help	VB
determine	VB
the	DT
direction	NN
technology	NN
is	VBZ
following	VBG
,	,
but	CC
will	MD
obviously	RB
have	VB
certain	JJ
biases	NNS
and	CC
self-serving	JJ
interests	NNS
which	WDT
run	VBP
counter	RB
to	TO
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
objective	JJ
analyses	NNS
.	.
Perhaps	RB
an	DT
even	RB
more	RBR
insurmountable	JJ
task	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
structure	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
based	VBN
on	IN
physical	JJ
boundaries	NNS
,	,
and	CC
represents	VBZ
a	DT
collaborative	JJ
and	CC
cooperative	JJ
effort	NN
between	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
industrialized	VBN
countries	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
The	DT
Information	NN
Superhighway	NNP
is	VBZ
global	JJ
by	IN
nature	NN
,	,
and	CC
must	MD
therefore	RB
be	VB
addressed	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
global	JJ
level	NN
.	.
.	.
Despite	IN
the	DT
enormous	JJ
legal	JJ
and	CC
political	JJ
challenges	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Internet	NNP
should	MD
serve	VB
as	IN
our	PRP$
bridge	NN
to	TO
virtual	JJ
multicultural	JJ
new	JJ
worlds	NNS
unfettered	JJ
by	IN
physical	JJ
limitations	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
pen	NN
has	VBZ
always	RB
been	VBN
considered	VBN
mightier	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
sword	NN
,	,
with	IN
today	NN
's	POS
technological	JJ
revolution	NN
and	CC
an	DT
increasing	VBG
number	NN
of	IN
on-line	JJ
users	NNS
,	,
the	DT
keyboard	NN
may	MD
prove	VB
to	TO
the	DT
mightiest	JJS
of	IN
all	DT
.	.
At	IN
one	CD
time	NN
,	,
only	RB
the	DT
press	NN
had	VBD
the	DT
means	NNS
to	TO
express	VB
and	CC
disseminate	VB
ideas	NNS
to	TO
large	JJ
audience	NN
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
for	IN
a	DT
small	JJ
monthly	JJ
fee	NN
,	,
any	DT
individual	JJ
with	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
and	CC
a	DT
modem	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
power	NN
to	TO
communicate	VB
with	IN
millions	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
.	.
This	DT
power	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
is	VBZ
not	RB
unconditional	JJ
,	,
and	CC
with	IN
it	PRP
comes	VBZ
some	DT
restrictions	NNS
and	CC
responsibilities	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
society	NN
has	VBZ
always	RB
required	VBN
of	IN
civilized	JJ
men	NNS
.	.
With	IN
a	DT
rapidly	RB
growing	VBG
number	NN
of	IN
computer-communication	JJ
users	NNS
,	,
the	DT
potential	NN
for	IN
on-line	JJ
defamation	NN
increases	NNS
.	.
Electronic	JJ
mail	NN
,	,
discussion	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
and	CC
bulleting	VBG
board	NN
services	NNS
are	VBP
just	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
examples	NNS
of	IN
new	JJ
vehicles	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
defamatory	JJ
statements	NNS
can	MD
travel	VB
on	IN
the	DT
superinformation	NN
highway	NN
.	.
Unsuspecting	JJ
users	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
services	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
aware	JJ
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
``	``
publishing	NN
''	''
a	DT
defamatory	JJ
statement	NN
when	WRB
they	PRP
post	VBP
a	DT
message	NN
on	IN
a	DT
bulletin	NN
board	NN
criticizing	VBG
their	PRP$
stock	NN
broker	NN
.	.
Similarly	RB
,	,
they	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
anticipate	VB
that	DT
their	PRP$
message	NN
will	MD
be	VB
received	VBN
in	IN
distant	JJ
state	NN
or	CC
even	RB
another	DT
country	NN
.	.
Because	IN
cyberspace	NN
presents	VBZ
a	DT
host	NN
of	IN
issues	NNS
that	WDT
traditional	JJ
defamation	NN
law	NN
has	VBZ
never	RB
before	IN
addressed	VBN
,	,
some	DT
development	NN
and	CC
adaptation	NN
may	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
when	WRB
analyzing	VBG
a	DT
case	NN
.	.
Part	NN
I	NN
of	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
first	RB
overview	VB
defamation	NN
law	NN
as	IN
developed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
Part	NNP
II	NNP
will	MD
discuss	VB
liability	NN
of	IN
online	JJ
service	NN
providers	NNS
for	IN
defamatory	JJ
statements	NNS
,	,
and	CC
review	VB
how	WRB
courts	NNS
have	VBP
analyzed	VBN
cyberspace	NN
defamation	NN
cases	NNS
thus	RB
far	RB
.	.
Part	NNP
III	NNP
of	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
address	VB
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
non-resident	JJ
defendants	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
cyberspace	NN
defamation	NN
suit	NN
,	,
and	CC
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
that	WDT
arises	VBZ
therefrom	RB
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
two	CD
traditional	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
defamation	NN
:	:
libel	NN
,	,
which	WDT
generally	RB
covers	VBZ
written	VBN
or	CC
printed	VBN
defamation	NN
and	CC
slander	NN
,	,
which	WDT
traditionally	RB
covers	VBZ
oral	JJ
defamation	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Written	VBN
or	CC
printed	VBN
words	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
deemed	VBN
more	RBR
premeditated	JJ
and	CC
deliberate	JJ
,	,
are	VBP
also	RB
considered	VBN
more	JJR
harmful	JJ
than	IN
spoken	VBN
words	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
whereas	IN
spoken	VBN
words	NNS
are	VBP
gone	VBN
once	RB
uttered	VBN
,	,
printed	VBN
words	NNS
last	RB
longer	RB
because	IN
printed	VBN
words	NNS
are	VBP
put	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
form	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
can	MD
remind	VB
the	DT
auditors	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
defamation	NN
.	.
Text	NN
on	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
screen	NN
shares	NNS
more	RBR
traits	NNS
with	IN
libel	NN
than	IN
with	IN
slander	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
a	DT
message	NN
posted	VBD
on	IN
a	DT
BBS	NNP
and	CC
displayed	VBD
on	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
screen	NN
can	MD
become	VB
a	DT
printed	VBN
message	NN
immediately	RB
to	TO
an	DT
attached	VBN
printer	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
because	IN
it	PRP
takes	VBZ
more	JJR
thought	NN
and	CC
effort	NN
to	TO
type	NN
a	DT
message	NN
than	IN
to	TO
speak	VB
,	,
and	CC
because	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
message	NN
is	VBZ
more	RBR
permanent	JJ
than	IN
a	DT
spoken	VBN
one	CD
,	,
postings	NNS
on	IN
bulletin	NN
boards	NNS
more	RBR
closely	RB
resemble	VB
written	VBN
than	IN
spoken	VBN
words	NNS
.	.
Liability	NN
for	IN
bulletin	NN
board	NN
defamation	NN
should	MD
thus	RB
come	VB
from	IN
libel	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
slander	NN
law	NN
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
in	IN
a	DT
sense	NN
``	``
federalized	JJ
''	''
defamation	NN
law	NN
in	IN
those	DT
cases	NNS
involving	VBG
a	DT
public	JJ
official	NN
plaintiff	NN
.	.
Later	RB
,	,
in	IN
Curtis	NNP
Publishing	NNP
Co.	NNP
v.	CC
Butts	NNP
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
10	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
extended	VBD
the	DT
``	``
actual	JJ
malice	NN
''	''
standard	NN
to	TO
``	``
public	JJ
figures	NNS
''	''
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
Generally	RB
,	,
a	DT
public	JJ
figure	NN
is	VBZ
meant	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
person	NN
who	WP
``	``
command	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
sufficient	JJ
continuing	VBG
public	JJ
interest	NN
and	CC
ha	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
sufficient	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
means	NNS
of	IN
counterargument	NN
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
`	``
to	TO
expose	VB
through	IN
discussion	NN
the	DT
falsehood	NN
and	CC
fallacies	NNS
'	POS
of	IN
the	DT
defamatory	JJ
statements	NNS
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
11	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
definition	NN
,	,
which	WDT
relies	VBZ
on	IN
a	DT
person	NN
's	POS
``	``
access	NN
''	''
to	TO
the	DT
means	NNS
of	IN
rebuttal	JJ
,	,
contemplates	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
plaintiff	NN
who	WP
can	MD
engage	VB
in	IN
self-help	NN
requires	VBZ
less	JJR
protection	NN
from	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
.	.
In	IN
sum	NN
,	,
the	DT
requisite	JJ
degree	NN
of	IN
fault	NN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
establish	VB
a	DT
cause	NN
of	IN
action	NN
depends	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
status	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
public	JJ
figure	NN
''	''
,	,
he	PRP
must	MD
prove	VB
by	IN
``	``
clear	JJ
and	CC
convincing	JJ
evidence	NN
''	''
that	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
published	VBD
the	DT
statement	NN
with	IN
``	``
actual	JJ
malice	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
22	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
A	DT
defamation	NN
plaintiff	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
public	JJ
figure	NN
need	MD
only	RB
show	VB
that	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
acted	VBD
negligently	RB
in	IN
publishing	VBG
the	DT
defamatory	JJ
statement	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
23	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
plaintiff	NN
seeks	VBZ
presumed	VBN
or	CC
punitive	JJ
damages	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
defamatory	JJ
statement	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
a	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
concern	NN
,	,
proof	NN
of	IN
``	``
actual	JJ
malice	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
required	VBN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
secondary	JJ
publishers	NNS
,	,
who	WP
merely	RB
act	VBP
as	IN
distributors	NNS
of	IN
defamatory	JJ
material	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
bookstores	NNS
,	,
libraries	NNS
and	CC
news	NN
dealers	NNS
have	VBP
no	DT
responsibility	NN
for	IN
,	,
and	CC
usually	RB
no	DT
knowledge	NN
of	IN
,	,
the	DT
contents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
materials	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
distributors	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
liable	JJ
only	RB
if	IN
they	PRP
know	VBP
or	CC
have	VBP
reason	NN
to	TO
know	VB
about	IN
the	DT
defamatory	JJ
statement	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
27	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Restatement	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Second	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
Torts	NNP
section	NN
578	CD
provides	VBZ
that	IN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
e	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
xcept	JJ
as	IN
to	TO
those	DT
who	WP
only	RB
deliver	VBP
or	CC
transmit	VBP
defamation	NN
published	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
third	JJ
person	NN
,	,
one	CD
who	WP
repeats	VBZ
or	CC
otherwise	RB
republishes	VBZ
a	DT
defamatory	JJ
matter	NN
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
liability	NN
as	IN
if	IN
he	PRP
originally	RB
published	VBD
it	PRP
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
28	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
To	TO
be	VB
considered	VBN
a	DT
secondary	JJ
publisher	NN
,	,
the	DT
distributer	NN
must	MD
not	RB
alter	VB
,	,
recopy	NN
,	,
or	CC
otherwise	RB
exhibit	NN
direct	JJ
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
material	NN
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
the	DT
person	NN
originally	RB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
libelous	JJ
statements	NNS
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
be	VB
adequately	RB
identified	VBN
,	,
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
worth	JJ
suing	VBG
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
real	JJ
issue	NN
is	VBZ
whether	IN
the	DT
sysops	NNS
,	,
with	IN
their	PRP$
deeper	JJR
pockets	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
culpable	JJ
for	IN
words	NNS
they	PRP
had	VBD
no	DT
part	NN
in	IN
articulating	VBG
.	.
If	IN
not	RB
,	,
an	DT
injured	JJ
party	NN
may	MD
be	VB
without	IN
a	DT
remedy	NN
.	.
CompuServe	NNP
's	POS
CIS	NNP
product	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
essence	NN
an	DT
electronic	JJ
,	,
for	IN
profit	NN
library	NN
that	WDT
carries	VBZ
a	DT
vast	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
publications	NNS
and	CC
collects	VBZ
usage	NN
and	CC
membership	NN
fees	NNS
from	IN
its	PRP$
subscribers	NNS
in	IN
return	NN
for	IN
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
publications	NNS
...	:
While	IN
CompuServe	NNP
may	MD
decline	VB
to	TO
carry	VB
a	DT
given	VBN
publication	NN
altogether	RB
,	,
in	IN
reality	NN
,	,
once	IN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
decide	VB
to	TO
carry	VB
a	DT
given	VBN
publication	NN
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
have	VB
little	JJ
or	CC
no	DT
editorial	NN
control	NN
over	IN
that	DT
publication	NN
's	POS
contents	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
especially	RB
so	RB
when	WRB
CompuServe	NNP
carries	VBZ
the	DT
publication	NN
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
forum	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
managed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
company	NN
unrelated	JJ
to	TO
CompuServe	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
distinguished	VBD
the	DT
case	NN
from	IN
Cubby	NNP
v.	CC
CompuServe	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
33	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
which	WDT
ruled	VBD
that	IN
CompuServe	NNP
was	VBD
not	RB
liable	JJ
for	IN
defamatory	JJ
statements	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
publication	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
electronic	JJ
library	NN
because	IN
CompuServe	NNP
's	POS
product	NN
was	VBD
,	,
``	``
in	IN
essence	NN
,	,
an	DT
electronic-profit	JJ
library	NN
that	WDT
carried	VBD
a	DT
vast	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
publications	NNS
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
CompuServe	NNP
had	VBD
little	JJ
or	CC
no	DT
editorial	NN
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
contents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
publications	NNS
.	.
''	''
According	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
Court	NNP
,	,
``	``
Prodigy	NNP
held	VBD
itself	PRP
out	RP
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
to	TO
its	PRP$
members	NNS
as	IN
controlling	VBG
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
computer	NN
bulletin	NN
boards	NNS
.	.
''	''
Furthermore	RB
,	,
``	``
by	IN
actively	RB
utilizing	VBG
technology	NN
and	CC
manpower	NN
to	TO
delete	VB
notes	NNS
from	IN
its	PRP$
bulletin	NN
boards	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
offensive	JJ
and	CC
bad	JJ
taste	NN
,	,
Prodigy	NNP
made	VBD
decisions	NNS
as	IN
to	TO
content	JJ
and	CC
thereby	RB
,	,
exercised	VBN
editorial	NN
control	NN
.	.
''	''
However	RB
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
that	IN
an	DT
online	JJ
service	NN
markets	NNS
itself	PRP
as	IN
regulating	VBG
the	DT
contents	NNS
of	IN
its	PRP$
bulletin	NN
boards	NNS
and	CC
takes	VBZ
on	RP
a	DT
role	NN
analogous	JJ
of	IN
a	DT
newspaper	NN
or	CC
television	NN
network	NN
,	,
it	PRP
must	MD
also	RB
accept	VB
the	DT
legal	JJ
consequences	NNS
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
noted	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
may	MD
ultimately	RB
be	VB
preempted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Communications	NNPS
Decency	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1995	CD
currently	RB
pending	VBG
in	IN
Congress	NNP
.	.
DIALx	NNP
science	NN
anthropology	NN
computer	NN
bulletin	NN
board	NN
.	.
In	IN
Rindos	NNP
v.	CC
Hardwick	NNP
,	,
an	DT
American	JJ
anthropologist	NN
posted	VBD
a	DT
message	NN
criticizing	VBG
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Western	NNP
Australia	NNP
for	IN
refusing	VBG
to	TO
grant	VB
tenure	NN
to	TO
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
,	,
a	DT
professor	NN
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
,	,
and	CC
for	IN
dismissing	VBG
him	PRP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
34	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
defendant	NN
replied	VBD
to	TO
this	DT
posting	VBG
,	,
and	CC
alleged	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
academic	JJ
career	NN
``	``
has	VBZ
been	VBN
built	VBN
not	RB
on	IN
field	NN
research	NN
at	IN
allo	NN
,	,
but	CC
on	IN
his	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
berate	VB
and	CC
bully	NN
all	DT
and	CC
sundry	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
logic	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
own	JJ
evolutionary	JJ
theories	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
pub	NN
,	,
drinking	NN
and	CC
chain	NN
smoking	NN
all	PDT
the	DT
while	NN
for	IN
that	DT
matter	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
35	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
plaintiff	NN
sued	VBD
,	,
alleging	VBG
that	IN
along	IN
with	IN
this	DT
comment	NN
,	,
the	DT
defendant	NN
had	VBD
posted	VBN
a	DT
message	NN
accusing	VBG
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
of	IN
engaging	VBG
in	IN
sexual	JJ
misconduct	NN
with	IN
a	DT
local	JJ
boy	NN
and	CC
of	IN
being	VBG
a	DT
racist	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
36	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
a	DT
1994	CD
unreported	JJ
decision	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
awarded	VBD
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
$	$
40,000	CD
in	IN
damages	NNS
plus	CC
interest	NN
,	,
making	VBG
no	DT
distinction	NN
between	IN
defamation	NN
on	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
bulletin	NN
board	NN
and	CC
the	DT
more	RBR
traditional	JJ
media	NNS
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
's	POS
decision	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
criticized	VBN
for	IN
its	PRP$
failure	NN
to	TO
acknowledge	VB
the	DT
nature	NN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
the	DT
critical	JJ
question	NN
in	IN
the	DT
analysis	NN
is	VBZ
whether	IN
the	DT
sysop	NN
exercises	VBZ
editorial	NN
and	CC
supervisory	JJ
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
material	NN
.	.
This	DT
could	MD
result	VB
in	IN
a	DT
double	JJ
edged	VBD
sword	NN
for	IN
many	JJ
service	NN
providers	NNS
.	.
Legislation	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
Telecommunications	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1996	CD
,	,
which	WDT
includes	VBZ
the	DT
Communication	NNP
Decency	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1996	CD
,	,
may	MD
require	VB
the	DT
sysop	NN
to	TO
monitor	VB
and	CC
regulate	VB
indecent	JJ
materials	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
active	JJ
control	NN
and	CC
supervision	NN
could	MD
expose	VB
the	DT
sysop	NN
to	TO
liability	NN
for	IN
defamation	NN
.	.
Until	IN
the	DT
laws	NNS
become	VBP
more	RBR
user	NN
friendly	JJ
,	,
travelers	NNS
in	IN
cyberspace	NN
should	MD
take	VB
some	DT
caution	NN
when	WRB
utilizing	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
and	CC
service	NN
providers	NNS
should	MD
seek	VB
some	DT
legal	JJ
advice	NN
regarding	VBG
their	PRP$
potential	JJ
liability	NN
.	.
Cyberspace	NNP
defamation	NN
not	RB
only	RB
raises	VBZ
questions	NNS
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
who	WP
to	TO
sue	VB
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
issue	NN
as	IN
to	TO
where	WRB
to	TO
sue	VB
.	.
Generally	RB
,	,
a	DT
defamatory	JJ
statement	NN
is	VBZ
published	VBN
where	WRB
ever	RB
the	DT
statement	NN
is	VBZ
seen	VBN
,	,
heard	VBN
or	CC
read	VBN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
a	DT
cyberspace	NN
message	NN
posted	VBD
in	IN
California	NNP
can	MD
give	VB
rise	VB
to	TO
a	DT
cause	NN
of	IN
action	NN
if	IN
downloaded	VBN
in	IN
Florida	NNP
.	.
The	DT
California	NNP
user	NN
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
he	PRP
has	VBZ
never	RB
set	VBN
foot	NN
in	IN
Florida	NNP
,	,
may	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Florida	NNP
court	NN
's	POS
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
Personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
a	DT
nonresident	JJ
defendant	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
has	VBZ
constitutional	JJ
limitations	NNS
grounded	VBN
in	IN
Fifth	NNP
and	CC
Fourteenth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
.	.
In	IN
International	NNP
Shoe	NNP
Co.	NNP
v.	CC
Washington	NNP
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
38	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
established	VBD
a	DT
two-part	JJ
test	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
met	VBD
constitutional	JJ
due	JJ
process	NN
.	.
First	RB
,	,
the	DT
defendant	NN
must	MD
have	VB
sufficient	JJ
minimum	JJ
contacts	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
the	DT
exercise	NN
of	IN
jurisdiction	NN
must	MD
comport	VB
with	IN
notions	NNS
``	``
fair	JJ
play	NN
and	CC
substantial	JJ
justice	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
critical	JJ
question	NN
of	IN
jurisdictional	JJ
due	JJ
process	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
whether	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
purposefully	RB
established	VBD
`	``
minimum	JJ
contacts	NNS
'	POS
in	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
State	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
45	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Whether	IN
a	DT
defendant	NN
's	POS
actions	NNS
are	VBP
``	``
purposefully	RB
directed	VBN
''	''
toward	IN
a	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
challenging	JJ
analysis	NN
.	.
Courts	NNS
must	MD
determine	VB
whether	IN
activity	NN
that	IN
occurs	VBZ
outside	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
purposely	RB
directed	VBN
''	''
toward	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
,	,
and	CC
whether	IN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
the	DT
nonresident	JJ
defendant	NN
offends	VBZ
due	JJ
process	NN
.	.
Unlike	IN
traditional	JJ
letters	NNS
which	WDT
must	MD
include	VB
a	DT
particular	JJ
state	NN
in	IN
the	DT
address	NN
,	,
an	DT
E-mail	NN
message	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
include	VB
a	DT
destination	NN
state	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
address	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
47	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
sender	NN
of	IN
a	DT
e-mail	NN
message	NN
may	MD
not	RB
know	VB
in	IN
which	WDT
state	VBP
the	DT
recipient	JJ
resides	NNS
.	.
Similarly	RB
,	,
many	JJ
users	NNS
posting	VBG
messages	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
bulletin	NN
board	NN
do	VBP
not	RB
know	VB
in	IN
which	WDT
state	VBP
the	DT
central	JJ
computer	NN
receives	VBZ
the	DT
posting	VBG
.	.
Likewise	RB
,	,
a	DT
small	JJ
circulation	NN
newspaper	NN
that	WDT
loads	NNS
an	DT
article	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
can	MD
anticipate	VB
that	DT
individuals	NNS
in	IN
states	NNS
outside	IN
its	PRP$
circulation	NN
area	NN
may	MD
download	VB
the	DT
article	NN
.	.
Yet	RB
,	,
this	DT
newspaper	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
``	``
circulating	VBG
''	''
the	DT
article	NN
in	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
in	IN
the	DT
truest	JJS
sense	NN
of	IN
the	DT
word	NN
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
a	DT
plaintiff	NN
chooses	VBZ
to	TO
download	VB
in	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
state	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
mere	JJ
coincidence	NN
,	,
caused	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
unilateral	JJ
action	NN
of	IN
another	DT
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
true	JJ
``	``
purposeful	JJ
direction	NN
''	''
towards	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
material	NN
is	VBZ
downloaded	VBN
is	VBZ
lacking	VBG
.	.
Cyberspace	NNP
activity	NN
differs	VBZ
from	IN
traditional	JJ
publication	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
those	DT
in	IN
Calder	NNP
and	CC
Keeton	NNP
.	.
In	IN
cyberspace	NN
,	,
E-mails	NNS
are	VBP
predestined	VBN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
the	DT
sender	NN
may	MD
not	RB
have	VB
actual	JJ
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
recipient	JJ
's	POS
address	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
review	NN
and	CC
downloading	NN
of	IN
posted	VBN
BBS	NNP
messages	NNS
into	IN
another	DT
state	NN
is	VBZ
fortuitous	JJ
;	:
the	DT
``	``
publisher	NN
''	''
does	VBZ
not	RB
where	WRB
the	DT
message	NN
will	MD
be	VB
read	VBN
or	CC
if	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
read	VBN
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
absolute	JJ
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
publication	NN
's	POS
circulation	NN
in	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
forum	NN
and	CC
fair	JJ
warning	NN
that	IN
a	DT
user	NN
may	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
suit	NN
there	EX
is	VBZ
absent	JJ
in	IN
most	JJS
cyberspace	NN
activity	NN
.	.
Applying	VBG
these	DT
principles	NNS
in	IN
cyberspace	NN
,	,
court	NN
's	POS
should	MD
refrain	VB
from	IN
exercising	VBG
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
a	DT
nonresident	JJ
defendants	NNS
simply	RB
because	IN
an	DT
online	JJ
message	NN
can	MD
be	VB
read	VBN
in	IN
that	DT
state	NN
.	.
Whereas	IN
the	DT
connection	NN
between	IN
the	DT
defendants	NNS
'	POS
conduct	NN
and	CC
the	DT
automobile	NN
accident	NN
in	IN
World-Wide	NNP
Volkswagen	NNP
was	VBD
too	RB
attenuated	JJ
,	,
the	DT
nexus	NN
between	IN
a	DT
cyberspace	NN
user	NN
posting	VBG
a	DT
message	NN
in	IN
one	CD
state	NN
and	CC
the	DT
user	NN
that	WDT
ultimately	RB
downloads	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
message	NN
in	IN
another	DT
state	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
remote	JJ
.	.
In	IN
both	DT
cases	NNS
,	,
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
is	VBZ
inappropriate	JJ
because	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
purposeful	JJ
activity	NN
directed	VBD
towards	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
and	CC
because	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
certainty	NN
of	IN
the	DT
contact	NN
.	.
Because	IN
mere	JJ
awareness	NN
that	IN
one	CD
's	POS
product	NN
may	MD
travel	VB
into	IN
another	DT
state	NN
was	VBD
insufficient	JJ
to	TO
support	VB
jurisdiction	NN
,	,
mere	JJ
awareness	NN
that	IN
a	DT
message	NN
may	MD
be	VB
downloaded	VBN
in	IN
another	DT
state	NN
should	MD
also	RB
be	VB
insufficient	JJ
.	.
The	DT
factors	NNS
are	VBP
:	:
the	DT
burden	NN
on	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
;	:
the	DT
state	NN
's	POS
interest	NN
in	IN
exercising	VBG
jurisdiction	NN
;	:
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
convenience	NN
;	:
the	DT
court	NN
's	POS
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
proper	JJ
administration	NN
of	IN
justice	NN
;	:
and	CC
the	DT
application	NN
of	IN
general	JJ
policy	NN
concerns	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
these	DT
factors	NNS
will	MD
generally	RB
have	VB
little	JJ
significance	NN
for	IN
cyberspace	NN
defendants	NNS
accused	VBN
of	IN
libel	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
first	JJ
factor	NN
--	:
the	DT
defendant	NN
's	POS
burden\/inconvenience	NN
--	:
weights	NNS
heavily	RB
against	IN
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
59	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
many	JJ
cases	NNS
,	,
the	DT
burden	NN
of	IN
appearance	NN
on	IN
a	DT
cyberspace	NN
defendant	NN
will	MD
also	RB
be	VB
so	RB
onerous	JJ
that	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
render	VB
the	DT
exercise	NN
of	IN
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
the	DT
nonresident	JJ
defendant	NN
unreasonable	JJ
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
defendant	NN
's	POS
contact	NN
with	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
are	VBP
as	IN
attenuated	JJ
as	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
contacts	NNS
contemplated	VBD
...	:
,	,
the	DT
burden	NN
on	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
in	IN
defending	VBG
the	DT
suit	NN
in	IN
a	DT
distant	JJ
forum	NN
,	,
standing	VBG
alone	RB
,	,
may	MD
require	VB
that	IN
the	DT
assertion	NN
of	IN
jurisdiction	NN
on	IN
a	DT
nonresident	JJ
defendant	NN
outside	IN
the	DT
state	NN
be	VB
recognized	VBN
as	IN
patently	RB
unreasonable	JJ
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
assertion	NN
of	IN
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
persons	NNS
whose	WP$
contact	NN
with	IN
a	DT
forum	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
at	IN
best	JJS
,	,
attenuated	JJ
and	CC
fortuitous	JJ
would	MD
conflict	VB
with	IN
``	``
fair	JJ
play	NN
and	CC
substantial	JJ
justice	NN
''	''
as	IN
we	PRP
know	VBP
it	PRP
.	.
Whether	IN
online	JJ
service	NN
provider	NN
should	MD
be	VB
liable	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
defamation	NN
suit	NN
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
so	RB
,	,
in	IN
what	WP
jurisdiction	NN
are	VBP
just	RB
examples	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
that	WDT
arises	VBZ
when	WRB
the	DT
long	JJ
arm	NN
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
reaches	VBZ
into	IN
cyberspace	NN
.	.
Another	DT
question	NN
not	RB
addressed	VBD
in	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
is	VBZ
whether	IN
online	JJ
plaintiffs	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
public	JJ
figures	NNS
,	,
and	CC
held	VBD
to	TO
a	DT
higher	JJR
standard	NN
of	IN
proof	NN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
rationales	NNS
for	IN
requiring	VBG
a	DT
higher	JJR
standard	NN
for	IN
public	JJ
figures	NNS
is	VBZ
that	IN
such	JJ
persons	NNS
are	VBP
deemed	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
greater	JJR
``	``
access	NN
''	''
to	TO
the	DT
media	NNS
and	CC
greater	JJR
opportunity	NN
to	TO
rebut	VB
the	DT
statements	NNS
made	VBN
against	IN
them	PRP
.	.
In	IN
cyberspace	NN
,	,
online	JJ
plaintiffs	NNS
similarly	RB
have	VBP
easy	JJ
``	``
access	NN
''	''
to	TO
the	DT
media	NNS
--	:
assuming	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
the	DT
``	``
media	NNS
''	''
in	IN
the	DT
traditional	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
the	DT
word	NN
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
forum	NN
shopping	NN
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
addressed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
as	IN
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
online	JJ
activity	NN
expands	VBZ
.	.
These	DT
questions	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
adequately	RB
answered	VBN
with	IN
traditional	JJ
law	NN
.	.
The	DT
magnitude	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
networks	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
consequent	JJ
communications	NNS
possibilities	NNS
were	VBD
non-existent	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
this	DT
statute	NN
was	VBD
enacted	VBN
.	.
Applying	VBG
the	DT
present	JJ
libel	NN
laws	NNS
to	TO
cyberspace	NN
or	CC
computer	NN
networks	NNS
entails	VBZ
rewriting	VBG
the	DT
statutes	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
written	VBN
to	TO
manage	VB
physical	JJ
,	,
printed	VBN
objects	NNS
,	,
not	RB
computer	NN
networks	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
.	.
Consequently	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
legislature	NN
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
increasingly	RB
common	JJ
phenomenon	NN
of	IN
libel	NN
and	CC
defamation	NN
on	IN
the	DT
information	NN
superhighway	NN
.	.
``	``
out	IN
there	RB
''	''
differs	VBZ
significantly	RB
from	IN
the	DT
customary	JJ
modes	NNS
of	IN
communication	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
print	NN
or	CC
speech	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
courts	NNS
must	MD
not	RB
shy	VB
away	RB
from	IN
understanding	VBG
how	WRB
the	DT
technology	NN
works	VBZ
,	,
how	WRB
it	PRP
differs	VBZ
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
it	PRP
will	MD
impact	VB
our	PRP$
lives	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
laws	NNS
that	WDT
govern	VBP
us	PRP
.	.
Developing	VBG
the	DT
law	NN
is	VBZ
as	RB
much	JJ
within	IN
court	NN
's	POS
province	NN
as	IN
interpreting	VBG
the	DT
law	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
as	IN
defamation	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
becomes	VBZ
more	RBR
common	JJ
,	,
legislatures	NNS
must	MD
determine	VB
the	DT
applicability	NN
of	IN
current	JJ
statutes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
redeveloped	VBD
those	DT
laws	NNS
if	IN
necessary	JJ
.	.
Cyberspace	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
an	DT
easy	JJ
concept	NN
to	TO
imagine	VB
,	,
and	CC
many	JJ
are	VBP
still	RB
reluctant	JJ
to	TO
venture	VB
into	IN
unknown	JJ
territory	NN
.	.
But	CC
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
laws	NNS
are	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
extend	VB
into	IN
cyberspace	NN
,	,
then	RB
courts	NNS
and	CC
legislatures	NNS
must	MD
also	RB
be	VB
willing	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
that	DT
journey	NN
.	.
Information	NN
,	,
particularly	RB
digital	JJ
information	NN
which	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
stored	VBN
,	,
searched	VBN
and	CC
manipulated	VBN
so	RB
easily	RB
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
fundamental	JJ
economic	JJ
resource	NN
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
a	DT
powerful	JJ
weapon	NN
which	WDT
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
wrong	JJ
hands	NNS
,	,
can	MD
do	VB
incalculable	JJ
damage	NN
to	TO
individuals	NNS
.	.
Just	RB
as	IN
technology	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
stand	VB
still	RB
,	,
data	NNS
protection	NN
rules	NNS
must	MD
also	RB
continually	RB
evolve	VB
if	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
effective	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
world	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
collection	NN
and	CC
exploitation	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
data	NNS
is	VBZ
becoming	VBG
forever	RB
easier	JJR
and	CC
more	RBR
convenient	JJ
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
examine	VB
the	DT
EU	NNP
Data	NNP
Protection	NNP
Directive	NNP
,	,
look	NN
at	IN
the	DT
possible	JJ
problems	NNS
U.S.	NNP
businesses	NNS
will	MD
incur	VB
upon	IN
its	PRP$
implementation	NN
in	IN
1998	CD
,	,
and	CC
analyze	VB
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
possible	JJ
solutions	NNS
these	DT
businesses	NNS
can	MD
effect	VB
to	TO
prevent	VB
the	DT
blocking	VBG
of	IN
vital	JJ
business	NN
data	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
seems	VBZ
as	IN
if	IN
there	EX
will	MD
be	VB
no	DT
problem	NN
enacting	VBG
the	DT
Directive	NNP
in	IN
EU	NNP
Member	NNP
States	NNPS
because	IN
all	DT
of	IN
these	DT
countries	NNS
have	VBP
the	DT
same	JJ
cultural	JJ
and	CC
political	JJ
attitudes	NNS
regarding	VBG
privacy	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
foreign	JJ
privacy	NN
commissioners	NNS
have	VBP
voiced	VBN
concerns	NNS
about	IN
American	JJ
standards	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
25	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Privacy	NN
approaches	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
US	NNP
have	VBP
been	VBN
a	DT
product	NN
of	IN
many	JJ
,	,
well-recognized	JJ
fundamental	JJ
elements	NNS
in	IN
our	PRP$
national	JJ
life	NN
including	VBG
:	:
the	DT
basic	JJ
distrust	NN
of	IN
the	DT
government	NN
and	CC
emphasis	NN
on	IN
individual	JJ
rights	NNS
and	CC
choices	NNS
on	IN
which	WDT
our	PRP$
country	NN
was	VBD
founded	VBN
;	:
the	DT
immense	JJ
importance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
,	,
Fourth	JJ
and	CC
Fifth	JJ
Amendments	NNS
in	IN
framing	VBG
the	DT
ways	NNS
we	PRP
define	VBP
and	CC
implement	VBP
privacy	NN
rights	NNS
and	CC
information-handling	NN
;	:
the	DT
powerful	JJ
role	NN
of	IN
the	DT
media	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
in	IN
exposing	VBG
misconduct	NN
or	CC
abuses	NNS
by	IN
businesses	NNS
and	CC
government	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
profound	JJ
commitment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
American	JJ
people	NNS
to	TO
market-based	JJ
solutions	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
26	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
These	DT
markedly	RB
different	JJ
attitudes	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
root	NN
of	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
face	VB
American	JJ
businesses	NNS
that	WDT
rely	VBP
on	IN
information	NN
from	IN
Europe	NNP
to	TO
operate	VB
.	.
As	RB
long	RB
as	IN
the	DT
US	NNP
is	VBZ
deemed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
making	VBG
serious	JJ
efforts	NNS
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
,	,
sanctions	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
avoided	VBN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
businesses	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
begin	VB
making	VBG
efforts	NNS
at	IN
compliance	NN
early	RB
,	,
so	RB
that	IN
their	PRP$
efforts	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
evaluated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
EU	NNP
before	IN
1998	CD
.	.
Of	IN
the	DT
possible	JJ
efforts	NNS
listed	VBN
,	,
I	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
contractual	JJ
model	NN
of	IN
compliance	NN
will	MD
be	VB
the	DT
one	CD
that	WDT
works	VBZ
,	,
until	IN
or	CC
unless	IN
U.S.	NNP
business	NN
lobbies	NNS
change	VBP
their	PRP$
perspective	NN
about	IN
the	DT
power	NN
of	IN
market	NN
driven	VBN
solutions	NNS
and	CC
agree	VBP
to	TO
let	VB
Congress	NNP
enact	VB
harmonizing	VBG
legislation	NN
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
many	JJ
,	,
the	DT
single	JJ
most	RBS
important	JJ
element	NN
missing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
US	NNP
system	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
an	DT
independent	JJ
enforcement	NN
mechanism	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
provide	VB
a	DT
fair	JJ
hearing	NN
,	,
any	DT
necessary	JJ
investigation	NN
and	CC
a	DT
remedy	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
41	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Senator	NNP
Paul	NNP
Simon	NNP
once	RB
considered	VBD
introducing	VBG
a	DT
bill	NN
to	TO
enact	VB
a	DT
Data	NNP
Protection	NNP
Agency	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
42	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
body	NN
to	TO
oversee	VB
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Privacy	NNP
Act	NNP
with	IN
additional	JJ
duties	NNS
to	TO
monitor	VB
issues	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
private	JJ
sector	NN
,	,
act	NN
as	IN
a	DT
communication	NN
point	NN
with	IN
European	JJ
agencies	NNS
over	IN
concerns	NNS
they	PRP
might	MD
have	VB
about	IN
the	DT
transfer	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
from	IN
Europe	NNP
to	TO
US	NNP
companies	NNS
and	CC
run	VB
awareness	NN
campaigns	NNS
about	IN
potential	JJ
threats	NNS
to	TO
privacy	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
43	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
As	IN
far	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
know	VBP
,	,
this	DT
bill	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
introduced	VBN
.	.
Even	RB
so	RB
,	,
this	DT
need	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
recognized	VBN
for	IN
years	NNS
by	IN
leading	VBG
business	NN
and	CC
government	NN
authorities	NNS
on	IN
privacy	NN
,	,
but	CC
with	IN
no	DT
action	NN
.	.
Because	IN
we	PRP
have	VBP
no	RB
comprehensive	JJ
law	NN
and	CC
because	IN
we	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
series	NN
of	IN
sectoral	JJ
laws	NNS
that	WDT
set	VBP
out	RP
a	DT
full	JJ
set	NN
of	IN
standards	NNS
for	IN
industry	NN
,	,
I	PRP
think	VBP
that	IN
we	PRP
will	MD
see	VB
American	JJ
companies	NNS
face	VBP
the	DT
presumption	NN
that	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
standards	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
only	JJ
viable	JJ
choice	NN
businesses	NNS
have	VBP
is	VBZ
the	DT
contractual	JJ
model	NN
set	VBN
forth	RB
below	IN
.	.
Some	DT
analysts	NNS
warn	VBP
that	IN
individual	JJ
contracts	NNS
will	MD
translate	VB
into	IN
spiraling	VBG
costs	NNS
as	IN
companies	NNS
pay	VBP
attorneys	NNS
hefty	JJ
fees	NNS
to	TO
hammer	VB
out	RP
the	DT
pacts	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
66	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
,	,
once	IN
the	DT
EU	NNP
has	VBZ
determined	VBN
with	IN
some	DT
resolution	NN
what	WP
their	PRP$
test	NN
for	IN
``	``
adequacy	NN
''	''
will	MD
be	VB
,	,
U.S.	NNP
companies	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
develop	VB
standard	JJ
agreements	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
copied	VBN
by	IN
other	JJ
companies	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
,	,
or	CC
different	JJ
,	,
industries	NNS
.	.
The	DT
biggest	JJS
hurdle	NN
will	MD
be	VB
the	DT
first	JJ
few	JJ
contracts	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
the	DT
EU	NNP
gives	VBZ
its	PRP$
nod	NN
of	IN
approval	NN
to	TO
these	DT
,	,
others	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
easier	JJR
to	TO
implement	VB
.	.
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
does	VBZ
seem	VB
that	DT
multinational	JJ
corporations	NNS
,	,
like	IN
Citibank	NNP
,	,
will	MD
have	VB
an	DT
advantage	NN
over	IN
small	JJ
businesses	NNS
,	,
since	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
legal	JJ
and	CC
financial	JJ
resources	NNS
to	TO
develop	VB
these	DT
intricate	JJ
agreements	NNS
.	.
Overall	RB
,	,
though	RB
,	,
the	DT
contract	NN
model	NN
will	MD
likely	RB
become	VB
the	DT
method	NN
U.S.	NNP
businesses	NNS
use	VBP
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
EU	NNP
Directive	NNP
.	.
Ideally	RB
,	,
some	DT
framework	NN
legislation	NN
should	MD
be	VB
enacted	VBN
to	TO
lay	VB
out	RP
guidelines	NNS
for	IN
compliance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Data	NNP
Protection	NNP
Directive	NNP
for	IN
all	DT
U.S.	NNP
industries	NNS
.	.
This	DT
would	MD
give	VB
small	JJ
businesses	NNS
just	RB
as	RB
much	JJ
of	IN
a	DT
chance	NN
to	TO
continue	VB
overseas	JJ
operations	NNS
as	IN
large	JJ
mncs	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
this	DT
will	MD
probably	RB
not	RB
happen	VB
until	IN
the	DT
business	NN
lobby	NN
seeks	VBZ
it	PRP
.	.
The	DT
contract	NN
solution	NN
will	MD
force	VB
businesses	NNS
to	TO
live	VB
with	IN
their	PRP$
request	NN
for	IN
self-regulation	NN
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
costs	VBZ
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
money	NN
and	CC
will	MD
disproportionately	RB
affect	VB
smaller	JJR
U.S.	NNP
businesses	NNS
.	.
This	DT
may	MD
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
Professor	NNP
Reidenberg	NNP
,	,
provide	VBP
the	DT
incentive	NN
needed	VBN
for	IN
U.S.	NNP
businesses	NNS
to	TO
support	VB
framework	NN
legislation	NN
as	IN
a	DT
less	RBR
onerous	JJ
solution	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
68	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
But	CC
,	,
until	IN
the	DT
Directive	NNP
takes	VBZ
effect	NN
in	IN
1998	CD
,	,
we	PRP
can	MD
only	RB
wait	VB
and	CC
see	VB
.	.
Advances	NNS
in	IN
modern	JJ
technology	NN
have	VBP
continually	RB
made	VBN
doing	VBG
business	NN
across	IN
state	NN
and	CC
national	JJ
borders	NNS
easier	RBR
.	.
The	DT
internet	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
newest	JJS
advance	NN
in	IN
modern	JJ
technology	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
made	VBN
the	DT
world	NN
a	DT
much	RB
smaller	JJR
place	NN
by	IN
allowing	VBG
individuals	NNS
to	TO
ignore	VB
geographical	JJ
boundaries	NNS
and	CC
distance	NN
.	.
Like	IN
previous	JJ
advancements	NNS
in	IN
telecommunications	NNS
and	CC
transportation	NN
,	,
the	DT
internet	NN
increases	VBZ
interaction	NN
across	IN
state	NN
and	CC
national	JJ
borders	NNS
.	.
Any	DT
time	NN
this	DT
occurs	VBZ
,	,
problems	NNS
in	IN
conflict	NN
of	IN
laws	NNS
results	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
before	IN
a	DT
claim	NN
can	MD
be	VB
asserted	VBN
,	,
the	DT
defendant	NN
must	MD
be	VB
personally	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
court	NN
's	POS
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
Unless	IN
,	,
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
exists	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
lacks	VBZ
the	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
render	VB
a	DT
judgment	NN
against	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
this	DT
article	NN
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
what	WP
conduct	NN
in	IN
cyberspace	NN
may	MD
subject	VB
a	DT
person	NN
to	TO
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
in	IN
foreign	JJ
forums	NNS
.	.
This	DT
article	NN
begins	VBZ
with	IN
a	DT
preliminary	JJ
discussion	NN
of	IN
whether	IN
cyberspace	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
independent	JJ
sovereign	JJ
whose	WP$
sovereign	JJ
authority	NN
is	VBZ
infringed	VBN
upon	IN
by	IN
a	DT
``	``
foreign	JJ
''	''
court	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
any	DT
non-cyberspace	JJ
court	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
asserting	VBG
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
one	CD
of	IN
its	PRP$
citizens	NNS
or	CC
,	,
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
netizens	NNS
.	.
The	DT
conclusion	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
cyberspace	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
sovereign	JJ
and	CC
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
presents	VBZ
no	DT
independent	JJ
barrier	NN
for	IN
courts	NNS
asserting	VBG
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
The	DT
preliminary	JJ
section	NN
also	RB
finds	VBZ
little	JJ
difference	NN
between	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
modern	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
communication	NN
.	.
The	DT
next	JJ
section	NN
discusses	VBZ
the	DT
applicable	JJ
law	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
as	IN
established	VBN
through	IN
numerous	JJ
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
cases	NNS
followed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
discussion	NN
of	IN
recent	JJ
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
cases	NNS
involving	VBG
cyberspace	NN
contacts	NNS
.	.
The	DT
analysis	NN
section	NN
attempts	VBZ
to	TO
differentiate	VB
between	IN
conduct	NN
that	WDT
should	MD
and	CC
should	MD
not	RB
constitute	VB
minimum	JJ
contacts	NNS
for	IN
determining	VBG
whether	IN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
exists	VBZ
.	.
The	DT
article	NN
concludes	VBZ
that	IN
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
need	MD
not	RB
subject	VB
the	DT
user	NN
to	TO
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
worldwide	NN
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
appeared	VBD
to	TO
have	VB
focused	VBN
on	IN
two	CD
main	JJ
issues	NNS
in	IN
finding	VBG
insufficient	JJ
contacts	NNS
for	IN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
First	RB
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
defendant	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
purposefully	RB
attempt	VB
to	TO
serve	VB
the	DT
Oklahoma	NNP
market	NN
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
unilateral	JJ
action	NN
of	IN
the	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
that	WDT
brought	VBD
the	DT
car	NN
to	TO
Oklahoma	NNP
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
still	RB
left	VBD
unresolved	JJ
just	RB
how	WRB
much	RB
a	DT
defendant	NN
has	VBZ
to	TO
do	VB
to	TO
``	``
purposefully	RB
attempt	NN
''	''
to	TO
serve	VB
a	DT
market	NN
.	.
Internet	NNP
activity	NN
usually	RB
involves	VBZ
a	DT
web	NN
page	NN
,	,
e-mail	NN
,	,
or	CC
posting	VBG
to	TO
bulletin	NN
boards	NNS
or	CC
newsgroups	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
any	DT
type	NN
of	IN
action	NN
may	MD
arise	VB
from	IN
cyberspace	NN
activity	NN
,	,
advertising	NN
and	CC
solicitation	NN
of	IN
business	NN
,	,
trademark	NN
and	CC
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
,	,
and	CC
torts	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
defamation	NN
,	,
appear	VBP
to	TO
constitute	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
common	JJ
causes	NNS
of	IN
action	NN
arising	VBG
from	IN
cyberspace	NN
interaction	NN
.	.
From	IN
the	DT
previously	RB
discussed	VBN
cases	NNS
,	,
solicitation	NN
of	IN
business	NN
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
to	TO
result	VB
in	IN
a	DT
contact	NN
sufficient	JJ
for	IN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
if	IN
the	DT
action	NN
arises	VBZ
from	IN
that	DT
solicitation	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
26	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
courts	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
uniform	JJ
in	IN
determining	VBG
whether	IN
mere	JJ
advertising	NN
is	VBZ
sufficient	JJ
.	.
Placing	VBG
something	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
is	VBZ
similar	JJ
to	TO
placing	VBG
a	DT
product	NN
in	IN
the	DT
stream	NN
of	IN
commerce	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
an	DT
ad	NN
in	IN
a	DT
magazine	NN
distributed	VBN
worldwide	NN
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
cases	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
following	JJ
section	NN
indicate	VBP
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
little	JJ
difference	NN
between	IN
suits	NNS
arising	VBG
from	IN
conduct	NN
in	IN
cyberspace	NN
and	CC
those	DT
arising	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
physical	JJ
world	NN
when	WRB
defendants	NNS
purposefully	RB
direct	JJ
something	NN
at	IN
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
that	WDT
gives	VBZ
rise	NN
to	TO
the	DT
suit	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
if	IN
an	DT
e-mail	NN
is	VBZ
sent	VBN
from	IN
someone	NN
in	IN
one	CD
jurisdiction	NN
to	TO
someone	NN
else	RB
in	IN
another	DT
jurisdiction	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
will	MD
spend	VB
little	JJ
time	NN
differentiating	VBG
between	IN
an	DT
e-mail	NN
,	,
telex	NN
,	,
phone	NN
call	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
physical	JJ
letter	NN
sent	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
postal	JJ
service	NN
.	.
Regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
means	NNS
of	IN
communication	NN
,	,
the	DT
defendant	NN
purposefully	RB
sent	VBD
a	DT
message	NN
into	IN
another	DT
jurisdiction	NN
and	CC
any	DT
actionable	JJ
harm	NN
arising	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
message	NN
will	MD
likely	RB
subject	JJ
him	PRP
to	TO
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
unless	IN
he	PRP
can	MD
prove	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
directed	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
person	NN
or	CC
place	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
33	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
As	IN
with	IN
any	DT
new	JJ
technology	NN
,	,
cyberspace	NN
alters	VBZ
the	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
contacts	NNS
,	,
but	CC
this	DT
rule	NN
of	IN
purposeful	JJ
availment	NN
is	VBZ
still	RB
applicable	JJ
unless	IN
sovereigns	NNS
are	VBP
willing	JJ
to	TO
allow	VB
people	NNS
to	TO
do	VB
through	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
that	IN
which	WDT
would	MD
otherwise	RB
be	VB
illegal	JJ
.	.
As	IN
previously	RB
discussed	VBN
,	,
sovereigns	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
likely	JJ
to	TO
surrender	VB
their	PRP$
power	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
that	IN
which	WDT
occurs	VBZ
within	IN
their	PRP$
territory	NN
.	.
Of	IN
the	DT
fifteen	CD
relevant	JJ
cases	NNS
discussed	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
section	NN
,	,
only	RB
three	CD
courts	NNS
declined	VBD
to	TO
assert	VB
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
.	.
Nevertheless	RB
,	,
nearly	RB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
asserting	VBG
jurisdiction	NN
required	VBD
something	NN
more	JJR
than	IN
mere	JJ
presence	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
The	DT
cases	NNS
asserting	VBG
jurisdiction	NN
will	MD
be	VB
discussed	VBN
first	RB
beginning	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
criminal	JJ
cases	NNS
.	.
Playboy	NNP
Enterprises	NNP
v.	CC
Chuckleberry	NNP
Publishing	NNP
involved	VBD
trademark	NN
infringement	NN
,	,
but	CC
defendant	NN
's	POS
had	VBD
been	VBN
previously	RB
enjoined	VBN
from	IN
publishing	NN
or	CC
distributing	VBG
its	PRP$
``	``
Playmen	NNP
''	''
material	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
39	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Thus	RB
,	,
whether	IN
the	DT
court	NN
used	VBD
cyberspace	NN
connections	NNS
to	TO
establish	VB
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
or	CC
merely	RB
asserted	VBD
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
it	PRP
being	VBG
retained	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
previously	RB
issued	VBN
injunction	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
clear	JJ
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
asserting	VBG
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
contacts	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
passive	JJ
website	NN
would	MD
have	VB
a	DT
devastating	JJ
impact	NN
since	IN
that	DT
would	MD
subject	VB
website	NN
owners	NNS
to	TO
jurisdiction	NN
everywhere	RB
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
defendants	NNS
had	VBD
purposefully	RB
availed	VBN
themselves	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
's	POS
market	NN
.	.
Defendants	NNS
site	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
fee	NN
for	IN
service	NN
site	NN
that	IN
,	,
like	IN
Thomas	NNP
,	,
required	VBD
members	NNS
to	TO
submit	VB
an	DT
application	NN
and	CC
a	DT
fee	NN
defendant	NN
before	IN
defendant	NN
would	MD
send	VB
a	DT
password	NN
.	.
Since	IN
defendant	NN
received	VBD
an	DT
application	NN
showing	VBG
where	WRB
the	DT
applicant	NN
was	VBD
located	VBN
.	.
Defendant	NN
's	POS
purposeful	JJ
act	NN
of	IN
sending	VBG
the	DT
password	NN
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
demonstrated	VBD
his	PRP$
knowledge	NN
and	CC
intent	NN
to	TO
publish	VB
and	CC
distribute	VB
his	PRP$
material	NN
within	IN
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
for	IN
a	DT
profit	NN
and	CC
in	IN
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
injunction	NN
.	.
In	IN
Digital	NNP
Equip	NNP
.	.
v.	CC
AltaVista	NNP
Technology	NNP
,	,
defendant	NN
entered	VBD
into	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
with	IN
a	DT
Massachusetts	NNP
company	NN
and	CC
sold	VBD
software	NN
and	CC
advertising	NN
in	IN
that	DT
state	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
40	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
All	DT
of	IN
this	DT
activity	NN
was	VBD
related	VBN
to	TO
defendant	NN
's	POS
internet	NN
service	NN
which	WDT
plaintiff	NN
claimed	VBD
was	VBD
infringing	VBG
upon	IN
its	PRP$
trademark	NN
rights	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
suit	NN
arose	VBD
from	IN
defendant	NN
's	POS
contacts	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
and	CC
those	DT
contacts	NNS
were	VBD
not	RB
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
mere	JJ
presence	NN
of	IN
a	DT
passive	JJ
website	NN
.	.
Entering	VBG
into	IN
contracts	NNS
and	CC
making	VBG
sales	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
forum	NN
,	,
even	RB
a	DT
single	JJ
sale	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
purposeful	JJ
availment	NN
of	IN
that	DT
market	NN
regardless	RB
of	IN
how	WRB
the	DT
transaction	NN
is	VBZ
consummated	VBN
.	.
In	IN
Compuserve	NNP
v.	CC
Patterson	NNP
,	,
defendants	NNS
contracted	VBD
via	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
with	IN
Compuserve	NNP
,	,
an	DT
Ohio	NNP
corporation	NN
,	,
to	TO
use	VB
its	PRP$
services	NNS
and	CC
separately	RB
to	TO
sell	VB
its	PRP$
own	JJ
software	NN
through	IN
Compuserve	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
41	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Similar	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
courts	NNS
reasoning	NN
in	IN
Burger	NNP
King	NNP
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
defendant	NN
had	VBD
reached	VBN
outside	IN
his	PRP$
own	JJ
state	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
a	DT
relationship	NN
in	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
.	.
That	DT
relationship	NN
was	VBD
maintained	VBN
for	IN
three	CD
years	NNS
with	IN
defendant	NN
sending	VBG
mail	NN
,	,
e-mail	NN
,	,
and	CC
his	PRP$
product	NN
into	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
merely	RB
place	VBP
an	DT
item	NN
in	IN
the	DT
stream	NN
of	IN
commerce	NN
like	IN
a	DT
passive	JJ
web	NN
page	NN
,	,
but	CC
intentionally	RB
established	VBD
a	DT
long	JJ
term	NN
relationship	NN
in	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
that	WDT
resulted	VBD
in	IN
various	JJ
contacts	NNS
including	VBG
at	IN
least	JJS
twelve	CD
sales	NNS
of	IN
his	PRP$
software	NN
to	TO
Ohio	NNP
residents	NNS
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
recent	JJ
case	NN
,	,
Cody	NNP
v.	CC
Ward	NNP
,	,
defendant	NN
solicited	VBD
buyers	NNS
for	IN
purchase	NN
of	IN
a	DT
company	NN
's	POS
stock	NN
on	IN
chat	VB
lines	NNS
and	CC
bulletin	NN
boards	NNS
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
defendant	NN
sent	VBD
e-mails	NNS
and	CC
telephoned	VBD
Connecticut	NNP
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
lived	VBD
,	,
to	TO
induce	VB
plaintiff	NN
into	IN
buying	VBG
the	DT
stock	NN
.	.
Plaintiff	NN
's	POS
cause	NN
of	IN
action	NN
arose	VBD
from	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
this	DT
stock	NN
.	.
Although	IN
mere	JJ
solicitation	NN
or	CC
advertising	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
passive	JJ
web	NN
page	NN
,	,
should	MD
not	RB
produce	VB
minimum	JJ
contacts	NNS
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
sole	JJ
purpose	NN
of	IN
defendant	NN
's	POS
contacts	NNS
were	VBD
to	TO
induce	VB
the	DT
purchase	NN
that	WDT
resulted	VBD
.	.
The	DT
use	NN
of	IN
e-mails	NNS
,	,
regular	JJ
mail	NN
,	,
and	CC
telephone	NN
calls	VBZ
all	DT
purposefully	RB
directed	VBN
at	IN
Ohio	NNP
established	VBD
defendant	NN
's	POS
intent	NN
to	TO
avail	NN
himself	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
benefits	NNS
of	IN
soliciting	VBG
business	NN
in	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
.	.
The	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
made	VBD
clear	JJ
in	IN
World-Wide	NNP
Volkswagon	NNP
,	,
that	IN
a	DT
defendant	NN
must	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
limit	VB
where	WRB
he	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
A	DT
person	NN
must	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
conduct	VB
business	NN
in	IN
cyberspace	NN
without	IN
every	DT
corner	NN
of	IN
the	DT
globe	NN
being	VBG
able	JJ
to	TO
assert	VB
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
As	IN
in	IN
the	DT
previously	RB
discussed	VBN
cases	NNS
,	,
a	DT
sale	NN
requires	VBZ
a	DT
defendant	NN
to	TO
affirmatively	RB
accept	VB
,	,
directly	RB
or	CC
indirectly	RB
,	,
establishing	VBG
contacts	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
Affirmative	JJ
acceptance	NN
is	VBZ
indirect	JJ
when	WRB
a	DT
computer	NN
accepts	VBZ
and	CC
processes	VBZ
a	DT
payment	NN
and	CC
then	RB
sends	VBZ
the	DT
sold	VBN
item	NN
to	TO
the	DT
purchaser	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
is	VBZ
programmed	VBN
to	TO
accept	VB
sales	NNS
without	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
location	NN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
owner	NN
has	VBZ
targeted	VBN
the	DT
entire	JJ
world	NN
,	,
but	CC
should	MD
only	RB
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
if	IN
a	DT
sale	NN
was	VBD
made	VBN
since	IN
that	DT
is	VBZ
when	WRB
a	DT
benefit	NN
accrues	VBZ
from	IN
purposefully	RB
availment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
market	NN
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
court	NN
in	IN
Heroes	NNPS
,	,
Inc.	NNP
v.	CC
Heroes	NNPS
Foundation	NNP
,	,
a	DT
broader	JJR
basis	NN
for	IN
finding	VBG
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
exists	VBZ
when	WRB
a	DT
person	NN
or	CC
entity	NN
specifically	RB
targets	VBZ
a	DT
market	NN
.	.
Defendants	NNS
solicited	VBD
charitable	JJ
contributions	NNS
through	IN
a	DT
web	NN
page	NN
and	CC
an	DT
ad	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Washington	NNP
Post	NNP
.	.
Plaintiff	NN
claimed	VBD
trademark	NN
infringement	NN
and	CC
brought	VBD
suit	NN
in	IN
Washington	NNP
D.C.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
44	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
was	VBD
appropriate	JJ
because	IN
the	DT
advertisement	NN
in	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
newspaper	NN
demonstrated	VBD
defendant	NN
's	POS
intent	NN
to	TO
solicit	VB
specifically	RB
within	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
purposefully	RB
availing	VBG
itself	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
benefits	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
This	DT
case	NN
can	MD
be	VB
differentiated	VBN
from	IN
merely	RB
advertising	VBG
on	IN
a	DT
web	NN
page	NN
where	WRB
a	DT
specific	JJ
market	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
being	VBG
targeted	VBN
.	.
Targeting	VBG
a	DT
specific	JJ
market	NN
demonstrates	VBZ
intent	NN
to	TO
enter	VB
and	CC
purposeful	JJ
availment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
market	NN
.	.
Whereas	IN
,	,
a	DT
web	NN
page	NN
owner	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
demonstrated	VBN
specific	JJ
intent	NN
to	TO
enter	VB
a	DT
particular	JJ
market	NN
and	CC
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
requires	VBZ
purposeful	JJ
availment	NN
be	VB
proven	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
benefit	NN
derived	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
market	NN
.	.
In	IN
Edias	NNP
Software	NNP
Int	NNP
`	``
l.	FW
v.	CC
Basis	NNP
Int	NNP
`	``
l.	FW
.	.
defendant	NN
,	,
a	DT
New	NNP
Mexico	NNP
company	NN
,	,
terminated	VBD
its	PRP$
distribution	NN
agreement	NN
with	IN
plaintiff	NN
,	,
an	DT
Arizona	NNP
company	NN
,	,
and	CC
sent	VBD
customers	NNS
and	CC
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
employees	NNS
e-mails	NNS
explaining	VBG
why	WRB
agreement	NN
was	VBD
terminated	VBN
.	.
Plaintiff	NN
sued	VBD
for	IN
defamation	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
e-mails	NNS
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
defendant	NN
had	VBD
established	VBN
minimum	JJ
contacts	NNS
by	IN
entering	VBG
into	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
with	IN
an	DT
Arizona	NNP
company	NN
and	CC
having	VBG
carried	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
relationship	NN
that	WDT
involved	VBD
visits	NNS
to	TO
Arizona	NNP
and	CC
phone	NN
calls	NNS
,	,
faxes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
letters	NNS
being	VBG
sent	VBN
to	TO
Arizona	NNP
.	.
The	DT
defamation	NN
was	VBD
aimed	VBN
at	IN
Arizona	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
connections	NNS
were	VBD
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
claim	NN
.	.
Defendant	NN
purposefully	RB
availed	VBD
itself	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
benefits	NNS
of	IN
transacting	VBG
business	NN
in	IN
Arizona	NNP
and	CC
directed	VBD
its	PRP$
allegedly	RB
defamatory	JJ
statements	NNS
specifically	RB
at	IN
an	DT
Arizona	NNP
company	NN
.	.
This	DT
conduct	NN
produced	VBD
contacts	NNS
sufficient	JJ
to	TO
give	VB
notice	NN
that	IN
Arizona	NNP
was	VBD
a	DT
likely	JJ
forum	NN
for	IN
litigation	NN
.	.
In	IN
Panavision	NN
Int	NNP
`	``
l.	FW
v.	CC
Toeppen	NNP
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
defendant	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
cybersquater	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
45	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Defendant	NN
had	VBD
registered	VBN
numerous	JJ
domain	NN
names	NNS
that	IN
he	PRP
knew	VBD
were	VBD
protected	VBN
by	IN
trademarks	NNS
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
defendant	NN
had	VBD
no	DT
business	NN
reason	NN
for	IN
this	DT
conduct	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
to	TO
extort	VB
payment	NN
from	IN
the	DT
companies	NNS
.	.
To	TO
assert	VB
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
defendant	NN
's	POS
conduct	NN
was	VBD
targeted	VBN
at	IN
California	NNP
because	IN
he	PRP
knew	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
conduct	NN
would	MD
have	VB
a	DT
harmful	JJ
effect	NN
on	IN
a	DT
California	NNP
corporation	NN
.	.
Here	RB
,	,
defendant	NN
engaged	VBN
in	IN
non-passive	JJ
behavior	NN
that	WDT
targeted	VBD
a	DT
particular	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
and	CC
that	IN
he	PRP
knew	VBD
was	VBD
likely	JJ
to	TO
result	VB
in	IN
litigation	NN
.	.
The	DT
three	CD
courts	NNS
that	WDT
declined	VBD
to	TO
assert	VB
jurisdiction	NN
all	DT
found	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
mere	JJ
accessability	NN
of	IN
a	DT
website	NN
,	,
without	IN
more	JJR
,	,
did	VBD
not	RB
constitute	VB
sufficient	JJ
minimum	JJ
contacts	NNS
.	.
In	IN
Hearst	NNP
Corp.	NNP
v.	CC
Goldberger	NNP
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
New	NNP
Jersey	NNP
site	NN
advertising	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
attorneys	NNS
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
yet	RB
operational	JJ
,	,
could	MD
not	RB
subject	VB
the	DT
owner	NN
to	TO
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
in	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
because	IN
no	DT
sale	NN
or	CC
contracts	NNS
had	VBD
been	VBN
accepted	VBN
to	TO
demonstrate	VB
the	DT
owners	NNS
purposeful	JJ
availment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
New	NNP
York	NNP
Market	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
49	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
court	NN
further	RBR
found	VBD
that	IN
to	TO
assert	VB
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
this	DT
defendant	NN
would	MD
have	VB
a	DT
devastating	JJ
effect	NN
since	IN
defendant	NN
would	MD
then	RB
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
worldwide	NN
.	.
In	IN
Press-Kap	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
v.	CC
System	NNP
One	CD
,	,
defendants	NNS
ran	VBD
a	DT
travel	NN
agency	NN
in	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
and	CC
contracted	VBD
for	IN
a	DT
computerized	JJ
reservation	NN
system	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
50	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
All	DT
dealings	NNS
occurred	VBD
in	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
and	CC
there	EX
was	VBD
no	DT
evidence	NN
that	IN
defendant	NN
even	RB
knew	VBD
that	IN
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
main	JJ
office	NN
was	VBD
in	IN
Miami	NNP
because	IN
all	DT
transactions	NNS
occurred	VBD
through	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
system	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
asserting	VBG
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
defendants	NNS
would	MD
offend	VB
traditional	JJ
notions	NNS
of	IN
fair	JJ
play	NN
and	CC
substantial	JJ
justice	NN
because	IN
defendant	NN
had	VBD
no	DT
notice	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
transacting	VBG
business	NN
in	IN
Florida	NNP
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
contacts	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
transactions	NNS
over	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
when	WRB
defendant	NN
is	VBZ
unaware	JJ
of	IN
where	WRB
the	DT
transaction	NN
is	VBZ
taking	VBG
place	NN
can	MD
not	RB
constitute	VB
minimum	JJ
contacts	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
case	NN
in	IN
this	DT
section	NN
,	,
Bensusan	NNP
Restaurant	NNP
Group	NNP
v.	CC
King	NNP
,	,
a	DT
Missouri	NNP
business	NN
owner	NN
posted	VBD
a	DT
web	NN
page	NN
disclaiming	VBG
affiliation	NN
and	CC
linking	VBG
a	DT
New	NNP
York	NNP
business	NN
with	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
name	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
51	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
New	NNP
York	NNP
business	NN
owner	NN
brought	VBD
suit	NN
alleging	VBG
trademark	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
The	DT
defendant	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
had	VBD
no	DT
contacts	NNS
with	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
.	.
The	DT
web	NN
site	NN
was	VBD
informational	JJ
only	RB
and	CC
displayed	VBD
a	DT
Missouri	NNP
telephone	NN
number	NN
to	TO
call	VB
for	IN
tickets	NNS
.	.
No	DT
orders	NNS
were	VBD
taken	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
Defendant	NN
also	RB
required	VBD
purchasers	NNS
to	TO
pick	VB
the	DT
tickets	NNS
up	RP
in	IN
Missouri	NNP
rather	RB
than	IN
mailing	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
purchasers	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
defendant	NN
's	POS
only	JJ
contact	NN
with	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
was	VBD
through	IN
its	PRP$
passive	JJ
website	NN
that	WDT
could	MD
be	VB
accessed	VBN
by	IN
New	NNP
Yorkers	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
something	NN
more	RBR
than	IN
placing	VBG
an	DT
item	NN
in	IN
the	DT
stream	NN
of	IN
commerce	NN
to	TO
prove	VB
that	DT
defendant	NN
had	VBD
purposefully	RB
availed	VBN
itself	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
's	POS
market	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
satisfy	VB
due	JJ
process	NN
when	WRB
asserting	VBG
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
Although	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
courts	NNS
still	RB
appear	VBP
willing	JJ
to	TO
assert	VB
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
mere	JJ
advertisement	NN
placed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
stream	NN
of	IN
commerce	NN
through	IN
the	DT
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
,	,
the	DT
majority	NN
are	VBP
likely	JJ
to	TO
continue	VB
applying	VBG
basic	JJ
rules	NNS
of	IN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
which	WDT
requires	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
defendant	NN
has	VBZ
purposefully	RB
availed	VBN
himself	PRP
of	IN
some	DT
benefit	NN
,	,
more	JJR
than	IN
merely	RB
advertising	NN
,	,
of	IN
that	DT
market	NN
.	.
The	DT
law	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
as	IN
muddy	JJ
or	CC
as	IN
difficult	JJ
to	TO
extend	VB
to	TO
include	VB
cyberspace	NN
as	IN
some	DT
would	MD
argue	VB
or	CC
imply	VB
.	.
The	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
's	POS
interpretation	NN
of	IN
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
suggests	VBZ
at	IN
the	DT
very	RB
least	JJS
that	WDT
defendants	NNS
intend	VBP
to	TO
enter	VB
a	DT
market	NN
or	CC
purposefully	RB
avail	NN
themselves	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
benefits	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
market	NN
in	IN
such	JJ
a	DT
way	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
on	IN
notice	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
hailed	VBN
into	IN
court	NN
there	RB
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
defendants	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
allowed	VBN
to	TO
alter	VB
their	PRP$
conduct	NN
to	TO
limit	VB
where	WRB
they	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
hailed	VBN
into	IN
court	NN
.	.
A	DT
defendant	NN
posting	VBG
a	DT
web	NN
page	NN
on	IN
the	DT
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
certainly	RB
foresees	VBZ
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
finding	VBG
its	PRP$
way	NN
into	IN
every	DT
jurisdiction	NN
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
made	VBN
clear	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
forseeability	NN
for	IN
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
mere	JJ
likelihood	NN
that	IN
the	DT
product	NN
will	MD
find	VB
its	PRP$
way	NN
into	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
52	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Thus	RB
,	,
not	RB
all	DT
internet	NN
users	NNS
need	VBP
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
unlimited	JJ
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
A	DT
quick	JJ
review	NN
of	IN
the	DT
recent	JJ
cases	NNS
dealing	VBG
with	IN
cyberspace	NN
contacts	NNS
shows	VBZ
that	IN
certain	JJ
conduct	NN
directed	VBD
at	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
must	MD
occur	VB
before	IN
the	DT
court	NN
will	MD
assert	VB
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
The	DT
vast	JJ
majority	NN
of	IN
these	DT
cases	NNS
involved	VBN
defendants	NNS
making	VBG
a	DT
sale	NN
within	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
.	.
Whether	IN
computers	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
internet	NN
were	VBD
used	VBN
to	TO
accomplish	VB
these	DT
sales	NNS
does	VBZ
not	RB
matter	NN
.	.
A	DT
direct	JJ
sale	NN
to	TO
someone	NN
within	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
implicate	VB
the	DT
stream	NN
of	IN
commerce	NN
theory	NN
because	IN
the	DT
``	``
product	NN
''	''
was	VBD
purposely	RB
sent	VBN
,	,
not	RB
swept	VBD
,	,
into	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
a	DT
seller	NN
can	MD
not	RB
directly	RB
sell	VB
a	DT
product	NN
within	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
without	IN
purposefully	RB
availing	VBG
himself	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
benefits	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
market	NN
.	.
A	DT
number	NN
of	IN
these	DT
cases	NNS
also	RB
involved	VBD
interaction	NN
only	RB
after	IN
the	DT
site	NN
owner	NN
,	,
or	CC
its	PRP$
computer	NN
,	,
issued	VBD
a	DT
password	NN
.	.
In	IN
these	DT
cases	NNS
,	,
defendant	NN
knew	VBD
or	CC
could	MD
have	VB
known	VBN
with	IN
whom	WP
he	PRP
was	VBD
interacting	VBG
and	CC
within	IN
what	WP
jurisdictions	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
a	DT
password	NN
was	VBD
issued	VBN
,	,
the	DT
site	NN
owner	NN
made	VBD
an	DT
affirmative	JJ
decision	NN
to	TO
accept	VB
the	DT
benefits	NNS
of	IN
interacting	VBG
within	IN
that	DT
market	NN
.	.
Again	RB
,	,
defendants	NNS
intentionally	RB
entered	VBD
the	DT
market	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
being	VBG
passively	RB
pulled	VBD
into	IN
it	PRP
.	.
Entering	VBG
into	IN
contracts	NNS
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
mode	NN
of	IN
communication	NN
,	,
involves	VBZ
an	DT
affirmative	JJ
act	NN
by	IN
defendant	NN
to	TO
accept	VB
and	CC
purposefully	RB
avail	NN
himself	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
benefits	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
which	WDT
are	VBP
derived	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
.	.
E-mail	NN
sent	VBD
to	TO
a	DT
particular	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
is	VBZ
clearly	RB
an	DT
affirmative	JJ
act	NN
no	DT
different	JJ
than	IN
mailing	VBG
a	DT
letter	NN
,	,
sending	VBG
a	DT
fax	NN
,	,
or	CC
placing	VBG
a	DT
telephone	NN
call	NN
.	.
Courts	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
are	VBP
split	VBN
on	IN
whether	IN
these	DT
activities	NNS
constitute	VBP
minimum	JJ
contacts	NNS
.	.
Nevertheless	RB
,	,
they	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
with	IN
other	JJ
contacts	NNS
and	CC
may	MD
suffice	VB
on	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
in	IN
some	DT
jurisdictions	NNS
if	IN
the	DT
cause	NN
of	IN
action	NN
arises	VBZ
from	IN
the	DT
communication	NN
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
existing	VBG
law	NN
as	IN
reviewed	VBN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
things	NNS
people	NNS
can	MD
do	VB
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
to	TO
limit	VB
where	WRB
they	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
personally	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
thing	NN
would	MD
be	VB
to	TO
limit	VB
any	DT
significant	JJ
interaction	NN
with	IN
people	NNS
outside	IN
jurisdictions	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
there	EX
is	VBZ
meant	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
purposeful	JJ
availment	NN
.	.
One	CD
Author	NN
suggests	VBZ
``	``
publishing	VBG
globally	RB
,	,
but	CC
interacting	VBG
locally	RB
.	.
''	''
In	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
the	DT
more	JJR
you	PRP
interact	VBP
,	,
whether	IN
by	IN
having	VBG
automatic	JJ
e-mails	NNS
sent	VBN
,	,
responding	VBG
to	TO
requests	NNS
for	IN
catalogs	NNS
,	,
or	CC
whatever	WDT
,	,
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
owner	NN
is	VBZ
establishing	VBG
two	CD
way	NN
communications	NNS
that	WDT
is	VBZ
probative	JJ
to	TO
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
purposeful	JJ
availment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
market	NN
.	.
Another	DT
author	NN
suggests	VBZ
using	VBG
filters	NNS
to	TO
deny	VB
people	NNS
access	NN
to	TO
certain	JJ
areas	NNS
.	.
Passwords	NNS
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
and	CC
issued	VBN
only	RB
to	TO
markets	NNS
an	DT
operator	NN
wishes	VBZ
to	TO
enter	VB
.	.
Disclaimers	NNS
stating	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
site	NN
is	VBZ
only	RB
for	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
specify	VB
area	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
that	IN
nothing	NN
in	IN
the	DT
site	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
consent	NN
to	TO
any	DT
jurisdiction	NN
may	MD
or	CC
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
effective	JJ
.	.
Nevertheless	RB
,	,
all	DT
of	IN
this	DT
activity	NN
shows	VBZ
conduct	NN
intended	VBN
to	TO
limit	VB
where	WRB
one	CD
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
jurisdiction	NN
,	,
which	WDT
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
held	VBN
must	MD
be	VB
allowed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
conduct	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
subject	VB
a	DT
person	NN
to	TO
a	DT
foreign	JJ
court	NN
's	POS
jurisdiction	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
much	RB
different	JJ
whether	IN
the	DT
contacts	NNS
arise	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
virtual	JJ
or	CC
physical	JJ
world	NN
.	.
A	DT
person	NN
operating	VBG
a	DT
toll-free	JJ
order	NN
line	NN
may	MD
avail	NN
himself	PRP
of	IN
any	DT
market	NN
where	WRB
he	PRP
accepts	VBZ
and	CC
sends	VBZ
an	DT
order	NN
.	.
A	DT
computer	NN
,	,
just	RB
like	IN
a	DT
person	NN
answering	VBG
the	DT
phone	NN
,	,
can	MD
decline	VB
to	TO
transact	VB
business	NN
with	IN
people	NNS
in	IN
certain	JJ
jurisdictions	NNS
.	.
Failure	NN
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
results	NNS
in	IN
availment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
market	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
or	CC
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
sufficient	JJ
for	IN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
The	DT
net	JJ
offers	VBZ
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
transact	VB
business	NN
,	,
interact	NN
,	,
or	CC
publish	VB
and	CC
disseminate	VB
information	NN
globally	RB
.	.
The	DT
mean	NN
is	VBZ
more	RBR
efficient	JJ
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
that	IN
different	JJ
from	IN
magazines	NNS
distributed	VBN
worldwide	NN
or	CC
worldwide	JJ
toll-free	JJ
numbers	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
whether	IN
in	IN
the	DT
virtual	JJ
or	CC
physical	JJ
world	NN
,	,
people	NNS
must	MD
take	VB
steps	NNS
to	TO
limit	VB
the	DT
markets	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
in	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
be	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
their	PRP$
activities	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
purposefully	RB
availing	VBG
them	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
benefits	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
market	NN
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
issue	NN
,	,
whether	IN
passive	NN
behavior	NN
like	IN
merely	RB
posting	VBG
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
can	MD
result	VB
in	IN
worldwide	JJ
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
,	,
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
decisively	RB
determined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
.	.
Nevertheless	RB
,	,
the	DT
best	JJS
authority	NN
on	IN
the	DT
stream	NN
of	IN
commerce	NN
theory	NN
is	VBZ
World-Wide	JJ
Volkswagon	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
something	NN
more	RBR
than	IN
merely	RB
posting	VBG
a	DT
passive	JJ
website	NN
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
to	TO
confer	VB
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
a	DT
person	NN
.	.
More	JJR
people	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
in	IN
more	JJR
places	NNS
,	,
but	CC
this	DT
is	VBZ
only	RB
because	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
possible	JJ
and	CC
more	RBR
feasible	JJ
for	IN
more	JJR
people	NNS
to	TO
choose	VB
to	TO
avail	NN
themselves	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
benefits	NNS
of	IN
additional	JJ
markets	NNS
.	.
A	DT
comparison	NN
of	IN
cyberspace	NN
and	CC
non-cyberspace	JJ
cases	NNS
demonstrates	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
law	NN
applies	VBZ
well	RB
and	CC
uniformly	RB
to	TO
both	DT
with	IN
little	JJ
adaptation	NN
.	.
The	DT
internet	NN
merely	RB
increases	VBZ
transactions	NNS
across	IN
sovereign	JJ
borders	NNS
which	WDT
necessarily	RB
increases	VBZ
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
instances	NNS
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
will	MD
be	VB
asserted	VBN
over	IN
a	DT
nonresident	JJ
.	.
Individuals	NNS
using	VBG
these	DT
remailers	NNS
can	MD
openly	RB
express	VB
unpopular	JJ
ideas	NNS
or	CC
expose	VB
illegal	JJ
conduct	NN
without	IN
fear	NN
of	IN
ridicule	NN
or	CC
reprisal	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
,	,
misuse	NN
of	IN
remailers	NNS
creates	VBZ
some	DT
hardship	NN
for	IN
enforcement	NN
officials	NNS
concerned	VBN
about	IN
tortious	JJ
and	CC
criminal	JJ
activity	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
send	VB
untraceable	JJ
communications	NNS
and	CC
visit	NN
potentially	RB
illegal	JJ
sites	NNS
anonymously	RB
creates	VBZ
a	DT
tension	NN
between	IN
advocates	NNS
of	IN
privacy	NN
rights	NNS
and	CC
advocates	NNS
of	IN
accountability	NN
and	CC
control	NN
.	.
Anonymity	NN
advocates	NNS
claim	VBP
both	DT
a	DT
fundamental	JJ
right	NN
to	TO
privacy	NN
and	CC
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
be	VB
protected	VBN
from	IN
intrusive	JJ
data	NNS
collection	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
address	VB
the	DT
opposing	VBG
views	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
anonymity	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
the	DT
peculiar	JJ
technical	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
remailers	NNS
which	WDT
create	VBP
legal	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
legal	JJ
battle	NN
over	IN
a	DT
recent	JJ
Georgia	NNP
law	NN
which	WDT
limits	VBZ
anonymity	NN
in	IN
electronic	JJ
transmissions	NNS
.	.
Beyond	NNP
humor	NN
,	,
the	DT
White	NNP
House	NNP
computer	NN
systems	NNS
have	VBP
received	VBN
anonymous	JJ
e-mail	NN
death	NN
threats	NNS
against	IN
President	NNP
Clinton	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
18	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Opportunities	NNPS
abound	VBP
for	IN
obscene	JJ
speech	NN
or	CC
terroristic	JJ
threats	NNS
to	TO
proliferate	VB
without	IN
any	DT
consequences	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
instigator	NN
.	.
Professor	NNP
Lawrence	NNP
Lessig	NNP
put	VBD
it	PRP
succinctly	RB
:	:
``	``
Perfect	NNP
anonymity	NN
makes	VBZ
perfect	JJ
crime	NN
possible	JJ
.	.
The	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
appear	VB
invisibly	RB
on	IN
a	DT
network	NN
and	CC
slander	NN
,	,
or	CC
harass	VB
or	CC
assault	NN
,	,
certainly	RB
will	MD
increase	VB
the	DT
incidence	NN
of	IN
those	DT
on	IN
the	DT
network	NN
who	WP
slander	VBP
,	,
or	CC
harass	VB
or	CC
assault	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
19	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
secure	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
these	DT
altered	JJ
messages	NNS
presents	VBZ
a	DT
dilemma	NN
for	IN
regulators	NNS
when	WRB
actual	JJ
risk	NN
of	IN
harm	NN
may	MD
be	VB
low	JJ
,	,
but	CC
enforcement	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
laws	NNS
is	VBZ
,	,
with	IN
few	JJ
exceptions	NNS
,	,
impossible	JJ
.	.
Distributing	VBG
top	JJ
secret	JJ
government	NN
material	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
potentially	RB
compromises	VBZ
national	JJ
security	NN
.	.
On	IN
another	DT
front	NN
,	,
mass	NN
publishing	NN
of	IN
copyrighted	VBN
and	CC
works	VBZ
could	MD
devastate	VB
many	JJ
corporations	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
an	DT
anonymous	JJ
leak	NN
can	MD
often	RB
be	VB
traced	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
small	JJ
group	NN
with	IN
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
information	NN
leaked	VBD
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
potential	NN
for	IN
great	JJ
harm	NN
before	IN
the	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
discovered	VBN
.	.
The	DT
closing	NN
of	IN
anon	NN
.	.
penet	NN
.	.
fi	FW
served	VBD
to	TO
highlight	VB
the	DT
already	RB
increasing	VBG
numbers	NNS
of	IN
more	RBR
sophisticated	JJ
remailers	NNS
.	.
Remailers	NNS
are	VBP
divided	VBN
into	IN
two	CD
main	JJ
categories	NNS
:	:
anonymous	JJ
and	CC
pseudonymous	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
29	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
distinction	NN
originally	RB
reflected	VBD
large	JJ
security	NN
differences	NNS
beween	VBP
the	DT
two	CD
types	NNS
of	IN
remailers	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
today	NN
's	POS
pseudonymous	JJ
remailers	NNS
are	VBP
only	RB
slightly	RB
less	JJR
secure	JJ
than	IN
anonymous	JJ
remailers	NNS
and	CC
offer	VBP
unique	JJ
benefits	NNS
.	.
Anonymous	JJ
remailer	NN
users	NNS
achieve	VB
great	JJ
security	NN
through	IN
two	CD
techniques	NNS
:	:
chaining	VBG
and	CC
encryption	NN
.	.
Chaining	VBG
is	VBZ
the	DT
simple	JJ
process	NN
of	IN
forwarding	NN
a	DT
message	NN
through	IN
two	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
remailers	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
remailer	NN
changes	VBZ
the	DT
headers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
message	NN
and	CC
forwards	RB
it	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
next	JJ
stop	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
33	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Encryption	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
encoding	VBG
of	IN
data	NNS
to	TO
secure	VB
the	DT
privacy	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
contents	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
anonymous	JJ
remailers	NNS
support	VBP
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
strong	JJ
encryption	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
PGP	NNP
or	CC
other	JJ
RSAREF	NNP
technology	NN
to	TO
encrypt	VB
messages	NNS
and	CC
headers	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
34	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Used	VBN
in	IN
tandem	NN
,	,
these	DT
tools	NNS
make	VBP
anonymous	JJ
communications	NNS
exceedingly	RB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
trace	VB
.	.
In	IN
contrast	NN
to	TO
complicated	JJ
anonymous	JJ
remailers	NNS
,	,
pseudonymous	JJ
remailers	NNS
like	IN
anon	NN
.	.
penet	NN
.	.
fi	NNS
were	VBD
simple	JJ
to	TO
use	VB
because	IN
messages	NNS
were	VBD
sent	VBN
to	TO
one	CD
remailer	NN
which	WDT
attached	VBD
the	DT
pseudonym	NN
and	CC
forwarded	VBD
the	DT
message	NN
to	TO
the	DT
recipient	JJ
.	.
This	DT
provided	VBD
less	JJR
security	NN
than	IN
with	IN
an	DT
anonymous	JJ
remailer	NN
because	IN
one	CD
remailer	NN
had	VBD
access	NN
to	TO
both	DT
sender	NN
and	CC
recipient	JJ
headers	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
39	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Thus	RB
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
remailer	NN
's	POS
log	VB
was	VBD
subpoenaed	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
was	VBD
the	DT
case	NN
with	IN
anon	NN
.	.
penet	NN
.	.
fi	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
there	EX
might	MD
be	VB
evidence	NN
of	IN
a	DT
link	NN
between	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
sender	NN
and	CC
recipient	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
40	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
current	JJ
generation	NN
of	IN
pseudonymous	JJ
remailers	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
nym.alias.net	NN
,	,
supports	VBZ
encryption	NN
and	CC
allows	VBZ
for	IN
chaining	VBG
through	IN
Cypherpunk	JJ
remailers	NNS
when	WRB
establishing	VBG
a	DT
pseudonym	NN
or	CC
receiving	VBG
replies	NNS
to	TO
messages	NNS
to	TO
maintain	VB
near	IN
untraceable	JJ
communication	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
41	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
technology	NN
has	VBZ
brought	VBN
pseudonymous	JJ
communication	NN
within	IN
a	DT
small	JJ
step	NN
of	IN
anonymous	JJ
communication	NN
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
security	NN
.	.
Until	IN
recently	RB
,	,
anonymity	NN
had	VBD
been	VBN
used	VBN
only	RB
by	IN
a	DT
relatively	RB
small	JJ
group	NN
of	IN
internet	NN
users	NNS
.	.
Much	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
remailing	VBG
software	NN
,	,
like	IN
strong	JJ
encryption	NN
software	NN
,	,
was	VBD
highly	RB
technical	JJ
and	CC
designed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
strictly	RB
in	IN
UNIX	NNP
or	CC
DOS	NNP
formats	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
recent	JJ
programs	NNS
have	VBP
made	VBN
remailers	NNS
much	RB
more	RBR
accessable	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
average	JJ
computer	NN
user	NN
.	.
Joel	NNP
McNamara	NNP
's	POS
Private	JJ
Idaho	NNP
software	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
widely	RB
used	VBN
Windows	NNP
interface	NN
which	WDT
makes	VBZ
using	VBG
both	DT
anonymous	JJ
and	CC
pseudonymous	JJ
remailers	NNS
a	DT
simple	JJ
point	NN
and	CC
click	VBP
operation	NN
.	.
Chaining	VBG
and	CC
encryption	NN
operations	NNS
are	VBP
automated	VBN
negating	VBG
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
technical	JJ
knowledge	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
42	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
There	EX
are	VBP
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web-based	JJ
pseudonymous	JJ
remailers	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Replay	NN
which	WDT
remove	VBP
the	DT
necessity	NN
of	IN
software	NN
for	IN
the	DT
user	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
43	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Again	RB
,	,
with	IN
ease	NN
of	IN
use	NN
in	IN
advanced	JJ
remailers	NNS
may	MD
come	VB
the	DT
ease	NN
of	IN
abuse	NN
foreshadowed	VBN
by	IN
anon	NN
.	.
penet	NN
.	.
fi	FW
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
test	NN
case	NN
of	IN
anonymity	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
ACLU	NNP
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
v.	CC
Miller	NNP
,	,
currently	RB
pending	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
Northern	NNP
District	NNP
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
48	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
1996	CD
Georgia	NNP
legislature	NN
enacted	VBD
a	DT
law	NN
which	WDT
the	DT
ACLU	NNP
and	CC
numerous	JJ
other	JJ
privacy	NN
rights	NNS
groups	NNS
believe	VBP
prohibits	VBZ
all	DT
anonymous	JJ
communication	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
49	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
three	CD
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
cases	NNS
dealing	VBG
with	IN
anonymity	NN
,	,
the	DT
law	NN
probably	RB
does	VBZ
not	RB
pass	VB
constitutional	JJ
muster	NN
under	IN
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
analysis	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
bans	VBZ
all	DT
anonymous	JJ
speech	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
certain	JJ
illegal	JJ
segments	NNS
.	.
Applied	NNP
to	TO
Internet	NNP
anonymity	NN
regulation	NN
,	,
NAACP	NNP
provides	VBZ
precedent	NN
for	IN
the	DT
proposition	NN
that	WDT
laws	NNS
that	WDT
compel	VBP
disclosure	NN
of	IN
identity	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
violate	VBP
a	DT
persons	NNS
freedom	NN
to	TO
``	``
espouse	VB
dissident	JJ
beliefs	NNS
.	.
''	''
Expanding	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
holding	NN
that	WDT
members	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
group	NN
should	MD
be	VB
allowed	VBN
to	TO
remain	VB
anonymous	JJ
to	TO
those	DT
outside	IN
the	DT
group	NN
,	,
NAACP	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
read	VBN
to	TO
state	NN
that	IN
individuals	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
remain	VB
anonymous	JJ
within	IN
their	PRP$
group	NN
associations	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
persons	NNS
afflicted	VBN
with	IN
disease	NN
or	CC
victims	NNS
of	IN
rape	NN
or	CC
abuse	NN
,	,
can	MD
post	VB
to	TO
news	NN
groups	NNS
anonymously	RB
.	.
Requiring	VBG
such	JJ
persons	NNS
to	TO
identify	VB
themselves	PRP
would	MD
subject	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
economic	JJ
and	CC
social	JJ
reprisals	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
found	VBD
reprehensible	JJ
in	IN
NAACP	NNP
.	.
The	DT
laws	NNS
in	IN
Talley	NNP
and	CC
McIntrye	NNP
attempted	VBD
to	TO
restrict	VB
a	DT
fundamental	JJ
right	NN
and	CC
thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
applied	VBD
strict	JJ
scrutiny	NN
as	IN
the	DT
standard	NN
of	IN
review	NN
.	.
To	TO
survive	VB
strict	JJ
scrutiny	NN
,	,
legislation	NN
must	MD
be	VB
narrowly	RB
tailored	VBN
to	TO
serve	VB
a	DT
compelling	JJ
state	NN
interest	NN
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
states	NNS
argued	VBD
in	IN
both	DT
Talley	NNP
and	CC
McIntrye	NNP
that	IN
the	DT
ban	NN
on	IN
anonymous	JJ
communications	NNS
prevented	VBD
fraud	NN
and	CC
libelous	JJ
speech	NN
,	,
neither	DT
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
laws	NNS
included	VBD
language	NN
to	TO
suggest	VB
such	PDT
a	DT
conclusion	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
found	VBD
the	DT
laws	NNS
overbroad	JJ
and	CC
an	DT
infringement	NN
on	IN
free	JJ
speech	NN
.	.
Similarly	RB
,	,
a	DT
statute	NN
banning	VBG
anonymity	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Net	NN
would	MD
like	VB
fail	VB
for	IN
being	VBG
overly	RB
broad	JJ
.	.
These	DT
statements	NNS
may	MD
suggest	VB
a	DT
general	JJ
right	NN
to	TO
anonymity	NN
.	.
The	DT
McIntyre	NNP
opinion	NN
expands	VBZ
the	DT
reasoning	NN
of	IN
NAACP	NNP
to	TO
include	VB
anonymous	JJ
speech	NN
motivated	VBN
``	``
merely	RB
by	IN
a	DT
desire	NN
to	TO
preserve	VB
as	RB
much	JJ
of	IN
one	CD
's	POS
privacy	NN
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
57	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
opinion	NN
could	MD
be	VB
read	VBN
broadly	RB
to	TO
protect	VB
anonymity	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
without	IN
requiring	VBG
a	DT
showing	NN
of	IN
a	DT
fear	NN
of	IN
economic	JJ
or	CC
social	JJ
reprisal	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
narrowly	RB
construed	VBN
,	,
the	DT
speech	NN
in	IN
McIntyre	NNP
was	VBD
political	JJ
speech	NN
which	WDT
stands	VBZ
atop	IN
the	DT
hierarchy	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
protected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
case	NN
may	MD
only	RB
apply	VB
to	TO
political	JJ
speech	NN
.	.
Justice	NNP
Scalia	NNP
's	POS
disdain	NN
for	IN
an	DT
``	``
unknown	JJ
right	NN
to	TO
be	VB
unknown	JJ
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
62	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
not	RB
without	IN
supporters	NNS
.	.
Without	IN
accountability	NN
there	EX
will	MD
be	VB
no	DT
remedy	NN
for	IN
on-line	JJ
torts	NNS
or	CC
crimes	NNS
.	.
Anonymous	JJ
communications	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
are	VBP
often	RB
,	,
for	IN
all	DT
practical	JJ
purposes	NNS
,	,
untraceable	JJ
.	.
As	IN
such	JJ
,	,
harassers	NNS
,	,
libelers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
trademark	NN
infingers	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
punished	VBN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
given	VBN
that	IN
under	IN
the	DT
majority	NN
opinion	NN
in	IN
McIntyre	NNP
statutes	NNS
limited	VBD
anonymous	JJ
speech	NN
must	MD
be	VB
narrowly	RB
drawn	VBN
,	,
statutes	NNS
making	VBG
anonymous	JJ
libelous	JJ
,	,
harassing	VBG
and	CC
trademark	NN
infringing	NN
speech	NN
illegal	JJ
would	MD
probably	RB
be	VB
constitutional	JJ
since	IN
that	DT
speech	NN
is	VBZ
already	RB
outside	JJ
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
protection	NN
.	.
Legislatures	NNS
face	VBP
the	DT
problem	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
enforce	VB
a	DT
law	NN
that	WDT
allows	VBZ
some	DT
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
all	DT
anonymous	JJ
speech	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Georgia	NNP
statute	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
regulate	VB
all	DT
anonymous	JJ
speech	NN
.	.
Whether	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
upheld	VBN
is	VBZ
uncertain	JJ
.	.
This	DT
law	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
challenged	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
grounds	NNS
that	IN
its	PRP$
effect	NN
on	IN
anonymous	JJ
speech	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
overbroad	JJ
and	CC
violates	VBZ
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
guarantees	NNS
.	.
A	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
this	DT
statute	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
misdemeanor	NN
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
unofficial	JJ
legislative	JJ
history	NN
,	,
the	DT
sponsor	NN
of	IN
the	DT
legislation	NN
was	VBD
concerned	VBN
with	IN
copyright	NN
,	,
trademark	NN
,	,
and	CC
patent	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
63	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
,	,
Georgia	NNP
has	VBZ
no	DT
official	JJ
legislative	JJ
history	NN
and	CC
nothing	NN
in	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
indicates	VBZ
such	PDT
a	DT
limitation	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
evident	JJ
social	JJ
benefits	NNS
to	TO
internet	NN
anonymity	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
potential	NN
for	IN
uncontainable	JJ
abuse	NN
is	VBZ
present	JJ
and	CC
is	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
minds	NNS
of	IN
legislators	NNS
.	.
Current	JJ
technology	NN
hides	VBZ
a	DT
sender	NN
's	POS
identity	NN
from	IN
not	RB
merely	RB
the	DT
recipient	JJ
of	IN
his	PRP$
message	NN
,	,
but	CC
from	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
sophisticated	JJ
methods	NNS
of	IN
tracing	VBG
.	.
The	DT
United	NNP
States	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
ruled	VBN
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
fundamental	JJ
right	NN
to	TO
anonymity	NN
in	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
some	DT
contexts	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
any	DT
law	NN
restricting	VBG
that	IN
right	JJ
must	MD
be	VB
narrowly	RB
tailored	VBN
to	TO
serve	VB
a	DT
compelling	JJ
state	NN
interest	NN
.	.
Because	IN
it	PRP
bans	VBZ
all	DT
falsely	RB
identified	VBN
messages	NNS
,	,
Georgia	NNP
's	POS
statute	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
fail	VB
that	DT
test	NN
.	.
Justice	NNP
Scalia	NNP
's	POS
argument	NN
for	IN
accountability	NN
may	MD
be	VB
enticing	VBG
to	TO
legislators	NNS
desiring	VBG
to	TO
curb	VB
the	DT
rise	NN
of	IN
false	JJ
information	NN
and	CC
trademark	NN
infringement	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
unlikely	JJ
that	IN
a	DT
statute	NN
would	MD
pass	VB
constitutional	JJ
scrutiny	NN
if	IN
it	PRP
bans	VBZ
all	DT
anonymous	JJ
on-line	JJ
speech	NN
.	.
Scientology	NNP
v.	CC
anon	NN
.	.
penet	NN
.	.
fi	FW
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
remailer	NN
kept	VBD
a	DT
log	VB
translating	VBG
pseudonyms	NNS
to	TO
user	NN
IDs	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Finnish	JJ
police	NNS
were	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
obtain	VB
the	DT
former	JJ
Church	NNP
member	NN
's	POS
name	NN
with	IN
a	DT
warrant	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
the	DT
entire	JJ
log	VBP
.	.
Lance	NNP
Cottrell	NNP
's	POS
Mixmaster	NNP
and	CC
Remailer	NNP
Attacks	NNS
details	NNS
the	DT
functional	JJ
differences	NNS
among	IN
current	JJ
remailer	NN
types	NNS
and	CC
explains	VBZ
why	WRB
no	DT
remailed	JJ
message	NN
is	VBZ
completely	RB
untraceable	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
mathematical	JJ
certainty	NN
.	.
``	``
No	DT
person	NN
shall	MD
distribute	VB
any	DT
hand-bill	NN
in	IN
any	DT
place	NN
under	IN
any	DT
circumstances	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
printed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
cover	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
face	NN
thereof	RB
,	,
the	DT
name	NN
and	CC
address	NN
of	IN
...	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
person	NN
who	WP
printed	VBD
,	,
wrote	VBD
,	,
compiled	VBN
or	CC
manufactured	VBN
the	DT
same	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
person	NN
who	WP
caused	VBD
the	DT
same	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
distributed	VBN
;	:
provided	VBN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
that	IN
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
a	DT
fictitious	JJ
person	NN
or	CC
club	NN
,	,
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
such	JJ
fictitious	JJ
name	NN
,	,
the	DT
true	JJ
names	NNS
and	CC
addresses	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
owners	NNS
,	,
managers	NNS
or	CC
agents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
person	NN
sponsoring	VBG
said	VBD
hand-bill	NN
shall	MD
also	RB
appear	VB
thereon	RB
.	.
''	''
The	DT
ease	NN
of	IN
access	NN
and	CC
the	DT
availability	NN
of	IN
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
combined	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
advent	NN
of	IN
high	JJ
speed	NN
digital	JJ
data	NNS
transmission	NN
has	VBZ
exposed	VBN
cyberspace	NN
as	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
and	CC
vulnerable	JJ
ground	NN
for	IN
the	DT
exploitation	NN
of	IN
patents	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
.	.
Owners	NNS
of	IN
such	JJ
property	NN
have	VBP
often	RB
found	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
adaptation	NN
and	CC
extension	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
current	JJ
laws	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
to	TO
protect	VB
their	PRP$
legal	JJ
rights	NNS
in	IN
cyberspace	NN
.	.
U.S.	NNP
Constitution	NNP
,	,
Article	NNP
I	PRP
,	,
Section	NNP
8	CD
,	,
Clause	NN
8	CD
,	,
grants	NNS
to	TO
Congress	NNP
the	DT
power	NN
to	TO
``	``
promote	VB
the	DT
Progress	NNP
of	IN
Science	NNP
and	CC
useful	JJ
Arts	NNS
,	,
by	IN
securing	VBG
for	IN
limited	JJ
Times	NNP
to	TO
Authors	NNP
and	CC
Inventors	NNPS
the	DT
exclusive	JJ
Right	NNP
to	TO
their	PRP$
respective	JJ
Writings	NNS
and	CC
Discoveries	NNS
...	:
''	''
Congress	NNP
enacted	VBD
the	DT
``	``
Patent	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1952	CD
''	''
under	IN
35	CD
U.S.C.	NNP
1	CD
,	,
et	FW
.	.
seq.	NN
,	,
which	WDT
establishes	VBZ
the	DT
authority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Patent	NNP
and	CC
Trademark	NNP
Office	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
PTO	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
govern	VB
the	DT
standards	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
issuance	NN
of	IN
registered	VBN
patents	NNS
to	TO
qualified	JJ
applicants	NNS
.	.
Under	IN
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Patent	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
patent	NN
owners	NNS
are	VBP
now	RB
eligible	JJ
for	IN
patent	NN
protection	NN
beginning	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
issuance	NN
,	,
and	CC
ending	VBG
20	CD
years	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
filing	VBG
the	DT
application	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
article	NN
will	MD
outline	VB
several	JJ
Internet-related	JJ
developments	NNS
of	IN
patent	NN
law	NN
,	,
including	VBG
products	NNS
and	CC
creations	NNS
available	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
their	PRP$
effects	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
patentability	NN
standards	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
infringement	NN
and	CC
licensing	NN
issues	NNS
involving	VBG
patentable	JJ
subject-matter	NN
in	IN
cyberspace	NN
.	.
Section	NN
101	CD
as	IN
a	DT
``	``
process	NN
,	,
machine	NN
,	,
manufacture	NN
,	,
or	CC
composition	NN
of	IN
matter	NN
...	:
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
in	IN
Diamond	NNP
v.	CC
Chakrabarty	NNP
has	VBZ
judicially	RB
interpreted	VBN
this	DT
standard	NN
to	TO
mean	VB
``	``
anything	NN
under	IN
the	DT
sun	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
made	VBN
by	IN
man	NN
''	''
may	MD
be	VB
appropriate	JJ
subject-matter	NN
for	IN
a	DT
patent	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
's	POS
broad	JJ
language	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
without	IN
limitations	NNS
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
objective	NN
of	IN
traditional	JJ
and	CC
modern	JJ
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
laws	NNS
is	VBZ
not	RB
to	TO
create	VB
an	DT
unlimited	JJ
monopoly	NN
in	IN
the	DT
underlying	VBG
ideas	NNS
,	,
facts	NNS
,	,
or	CC
discoveries	NNS
,	,
but	CC
to	TO
reward	VB
an	DT
inventor	NN
's	POS
creativity	NN
and	CC
originality	NN
embodied	VBD
within	IN
an	DT
invention	NN
,	,
with	IN
a	DT
limited	JJ
set	NN
of	IN
enforceable	JJ
property	NN
rights	NNS
.	.
Such	JJ
a	DT
limited	JJ
monopoly	NN
adheres	VBZ
in	IN
subject-matter	NN
which	WDT
arguably	RB
falls	VBZ
within	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
four	CD
categories	NNS
described	VBN
in	IN
Section	NN
101	CD
.	.
The	DT
next	JJ
legal	JJ
standard	NN
is	VBZ
whether	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
invention	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
useful	JJ
''	''
under	IN
the	DT
statutory	JJ
language	NN
of	IN
Section	NN
101	CD
.	.
A	DT
low	JJ
threshold	NN
of	IN
social	JJ
utility	NN
or	CC
beneficial	JJ
purpose	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
meet	VB
this	DT
standard	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
similar	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
low	JJ
threshold	NN
``	``
spark	VB
of	IN
creativity	NN
''	''
copyright	NN
standard	NN
for	IN
works	NNS
of	IN
authorship	NN
mandated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
in	IN
Feist	NNP
Publications	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
v.	CC
Rural	NNP
Telephone	NNP
Service	NNP
Co.	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
8	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
proposed	VBN
utility	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
an	DT
illegal	JJ
or	CC
immoral	JJ
purpose	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
PTO	NNP
will	MD
deny	VB
patentability	NN
to	TO
the	DT
applicant	NN
.	.
The	DT
fourth	JJ
and	CC
final	JJ
standard	NN
of	IN
patentability	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
non-obvious	JJ
,	,
''	''
which	WDT
relies	VBZ
upon	IN
the	DT
subjective	JJ
opinion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
PTO	NNP
as	IN
to	TO
whether	IN
``	``
the	DT
subject	JJ
matter	NN
as	IN
a	DT
whole	NN
would	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
obvious	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
invention	NN
was	VBD
made	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
person	NN
having	VBG
ordinary	JJ
skill	NN
in	IN
the	DT
art	NN
...	:
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
10	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
For	IN
this	DT
inquiry	NN
,	,
the	DT
``	``
prior	JJ
art	NN
''	''
of	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
invention	NN
is	VBZ
examined	VBN
,	,
consisting	VBG
of	IN
an	DT
inquiry	NN
into	IN
all	DT
references	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
patents	NNS
,	,
publications	NNS
,	,
and	CC
knowledge	NN
in	IN
the	DT
pertinent	JJ
field	NN
addressed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
invention	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
11	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
If	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
invention	NN
would	MD
be	VB
``	``
obvious	JJ
''	''
to	TO
the	DT
ordinary	JJ
skilled	JJ
person	NN
in	IN
the	DT
pertinent	JJ
field	NN
addressed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
invention	NN
,	,
the	DT
invention	NN
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
``	``
anticipated	VBN
''	''
and	CC
the	DT
application	NN
will	MD
be	VB
denied	VBN
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
patent	NN
application	NN
is	VBZ
submitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
PTO	NNP
,	,
specific	JJ
technical	JJ
claims	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
invention	NN
are	VBP
analyzed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Patent	NNP
Examiner	NNP
for	IN
meeting	VBG
the	DT
standards	NNS
of	IN
patentability	NN
.	.
The	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
the	DT
patent	NN
claims	VBZ
define	VB
the	DT
inventor	NN
's	POS
patent	NN
,	,
against	IN
which	WDT
similar	JJ
inventions	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
judged	VBN
for	IN
direct	JJ
or	CC
contributory	JJ
infringement	NN
.	.
Either	CC
a	DT
case	NN
for	IN
literal	JJ
infringement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
patent	NN
claims	VBZ
or	CC
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
doctrine	NN
of	IN
equivalents	NNS
''	''
may	MD
be	VB
alleged	VBN
against	IN
similar	JJ
inventions	NNS
.	.
Problems	NNS
involving	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
could	MD
arise	VB
when	WRB
a	DT
user	NN
downloads	VBZ
a	DT
patented	JJ
computer	NN
program	NN
from	IN
the	DT
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
program	NN
is	VBZ
downloaded	VBN
without	IN
the	DT
permission	NN
of	IN
the	DT
patent	NN
owner	NN
,	,
the	DT
user	NN
of	IN
the	DT
unauthorized	JJ
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
program	NN
could	MD
be	VB
liable	JJ
for	IN
patent	NN
infringement	NN
,	,
by	IN
way	NN
of	IN
violating	VBG
the	DT
patent	NN
owner	NN
's	POS
exclusive	JJ
right	NN
to	TO
``	``
use	VB
''	''
the	DT
invention	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
24	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
act	NN
of	IN
downloading	VBG
unauthorized	JJ
patented	JJ
computer	NN
programs	NNS
from	IN
an	DT
overseas	JJ
website	NN
to	TO
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
computer	NN
here	RB
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
could	MD
also	RB
subject	VB
an	DT
unwary	JJ
browser	NN
to	TO
liability	NN
for	IN
patent	NN
infringement	NN
,	,
as	IN
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
patent	NN
owner	NN
's	POS
exclusive	JJ
right	NN
to	TO
``	``
import	NN
''	''
the	DT
invention	NN
would	MD
occur	VB
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
25	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
An	DT
act	NN
of	IN
contributory	NN
infringement	NN
could	MD
occur	VB
if	IN
the	DT
user	NN
downloads	VBZ
an	DT
unauthorized	JJ
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
program	NN
from	IN
a	DT
licensee	NN
of	IN
the	DT
patent	NN
owner	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
26	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Above	IN
all	DT
,	,
the	DT
user	NN
can	MD
not	RB
sell	VB
these	DT
programs	NNS
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
patent	NN
owner	NN
's	POS
exclusive	JJ
right	NN
to	TO
``	``
sell	VB
''	''
would	MD
be	VB
violated	VBN
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
27	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Finally	RB
,	,
any	DT
person	NN
``	``
actively	RB
induc	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
ing	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
infringement	NN
of	IN
a	DT
patent	NN
''	''
can	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
liable	JJ
for	IN
infringement	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
28	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
collector	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
programs	NNS
obtained	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
must	MD
be	VB
cautious	JJ
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
source	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
collected	VBN
programs	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
ultimate	JJ
usage	NN
or	CC
distribution	NN
of	IN
those	DT
programs	NNS
,	,
as	IN
severe	JJ
penalties	NNS
for	IN
patent	NN
infringement	NN
could	MD
accrue	VB
,	,
despite	IN
any	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
intent	NN
to	TO
infringe	VB
upon	IN
the	DT
owner	NN
's	POS
patent	NN
.	.
Similar	JJ
to	TO
copyright	NN
law	NN
,	,
a	DT
finding	NN
of	IN
intent	NN
to	TO
infringe	VB
is	VBZ
not	RB
required	VBN
for	IN
holding	VBG
the	DT
infringer	NN
liable	JJ
for	IN
patent	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
29	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
strict	JJ
liability	NN
principle	NN
of	IN
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
law	NN
creates	VBZ
a	DT
strong	JJ
disincentive	NN
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
contemplate	VBP
infringement	NN
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
sometimes	RB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
prove	VB
element	NN
of	IN
the	DT
infringer	NN
's	POS
state	NN
of	IN
mind	NN
is	VBZ
removed	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
owner	NN
's	POS
burden	NN
of	IN
proof	NN
.	.
A	DT
patent	NN
owner	NN
's	POS
property	NN
rights	NNS
in	IN
computer	NN
programs	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
joint	JJ
protection	NN
by	IN
copyright	NN
and	CC
patent	NN
law	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
enforcement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
owner	NN
's	POS
rights	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
difficult	JJ
if	IN
not	RB
daunting	VBG
task	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
patent	NN
and	CC
copyrighted	VBN
computer	NN
program	NN
were	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
made	VBN
available	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
to	TO
millions	NNS
of	IN
users	NNS
,	,
the	DT
simple	NN
of	IN
act	NN
of	IN
unauthorized	JJ
downloading	NN
or	CC
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
could	MD
expose	VB
many	JJ
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
to	TO
potential	JJ
liability	NN
for	IN
patent	NN
and	CC
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
30	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
An	DT
even	RB
more	RBR
innocent	JJ
act	NN
that	WDT
could	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
liability	NN
for	IN
patent	NN
and	CC
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
,	,
would	MD
be	VB
if	IN
a	DT
user	NN
logged	VBD
onto	IN
a	DT
network	NN
that	WDT
contained	VBD
unauthorized	JJ
computer	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
user	NN
could	MD
technically	RB
still	RB
be	VB
held	VBN
liable	JJ
.	.
Graphical	JJ
user	NN
interfaces	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
GUI	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
first	RB
appeared	VBD
on	IN
visual	JJ
window-type	JJ
software	NN
applications	NNS
as	IN
icons	NNS
or	CC
images	NNS
that	WDT
portrayed	VBD
a	DT
function	NN
to	TO
the	DT
computer	NN
user	NN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
famous	JJ
GUI	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
garbage	NN
can	MD
that	WDT
Apple	NNP
Computer	NNP
uses	VBZ
to	TO
delete	VB
files	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
35	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
When	WRB
the	DT
user	NN
drags	VBZ
files	NNS
onto	IN
the	DT
garbage	NN
can	MD
,	,
the	DT
can	MD
actually	RB
bulges	NNS
to	TO
indicate	VB
that	DT
files	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
garbage	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
user	NN
then	RB
has	VBZ
the	DT
option	NN
to	TO
``	``
take	VB
out	RP
the	DT
garbage	NN
''	''
or	CC
permanently	RB
delete	VB
the	DT
files	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
returns	VBZ
the	DT
garbage	NN
can	MD
back	VB
to	TO
its	PRP$
orignial	JJ
shape	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
36	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
ease	NN
of	IN
using	VBG
such	PDT
an	DT
icon	NN
for	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
user	NN
removes	VBZ
the	DT
difficulty	NN
and	CC
time	NN
of	IN
typing	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
commands	NNS
,	,
when	WRB
the	DT
user	NN
makes	VBZ
the	DT
association	NN
between	IN
a	DT
GUI	NNP
depicting	VBG
a	DT
garbage	NN
can	MD
and	CC
the	DT
series	NN
of	IN
commands	NNS
to	TO
``	``
delete	VB
a	DT
file	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
value	NN
of	IN
the	DT
inventor	NN
's	POS
innovation	NN
and	CC
creativity	NN
to	TO
save	VB
the	DT
computer	NN
time	NN
and	CC
effort	NN
deserves	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
protected	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
design	NN
patent	NN
standard	NN
of	IN
``	``
any	DT
new	JJ
,	,
original	JJ
,	,
and	CC
ornamental	JJ
design	NN
for	IN
an	DT
article	NN
of	IN
manufacture	NN
.	.
''	''
However	RB
,	,
three	CD
considerations	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
design	NN
patent	NN
standards	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
ornamental	JJ
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
design	NN
,	,
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
article	NN
of	IN
manufacture	NN
.	.
As	IN
with	IN
computer	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Internet	NNP
user	NN
must	MD
be	VB
careful	JJ
not	RB
to	TO
download	VB
patented	JJ
computer-generated	JJ
icons	NNS
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
exclusive	JJ
rights	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
patent	NN
owner	NN
could	MD
be	VB
violated	VBN
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
user	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
download	VB
a	DT
patented	JJ
icon	NN
,	,
but	CC
independently	RB
created	VBD
a	DT
patented	JJ
icon	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
Apple	NNP
Computer	NNP
's	POS
famous	JJ
``	``
garbage	NN
can	MD
''	''
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
that	WDT
Apple	NNP
invented	VBD
it	PRP
,	,
the	DT
subsequent	JJ
usage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
icon	NN
on	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
screen	NN
with	IN
similar	JJ
GUI	NNP
features	NNS
as	IN
Apple	NNP
's	POS
``	``
garbage	NN
can	MD
''	''
would	MD
violate	VB
Apple	NNP
's	POS
exclusive	JJ
rights	NNS
in	IN
its	PRP$
patent	NN
,	,
if	IN
Apple	NNP
was	VBD
indeed	RB
the	DT
first	JJ
to	TO
file	VB
a	DT
patent	NN
.	.
Interchange	NNP
Format	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
files	NNS
,	,
files	NNS
which	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
compressed	VBN
to	TO
enable	VB
the	DT
file	NN
user	NN
to	TO
transfer	VB
and	CC
store	VB
photographic	JJ
and	CC
visual	JJ
image	NN
files	NNS
quicker	JJR
.	.
The	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
GIF	NNP
format	NN
takes	VBZ
up	RP
less	JJR
space	NN
on	IN
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
storage	NN
and	CC
memory	NN
devices	NNS
,	,
thus	RB
resulting	VBG
in	IN
increased	VBN
efficiency	NN
and	CC
ultimately	RB
reduced	VBN
cost	NN
for	IN
the	DT
user	NN
.	.
The	DT
GIF	NNP
format	NN
was	VBD
developed	VBN
by	IN
Compuserve	NNP
Information	NNP
Service	NNP
in	IN
1987	CD
for	IN
use	NN
on	IN
communications	NNS
networks	NNS
,	,
and	CC
has	VBZ
become	VBN
the	DT
industry	NN
standard	NN
for	IN
transferring	VBG
and	CC
storing	VBG
graphics	NNS
files	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
47	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
GIF	NNP
format	NN
had	VBD
been	VBN
derived	VBN
from	IN
a	DT
Unisys	NNP
Corporation	NNP
software	NN
algorithm	NN
,	,
LZW	NNP
,	,
patented	VBN
in	IN
1985	CD
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
48	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Unisys	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
begin	VB
enforcing	VBG
its	PRP$
patent	NN
rights	NNS
in	IN
LZW	NNP
until	IN
1991	CD
,	,
beginning	VBG
with	IN
hardware	NN
and	CC
software	NN
companies	NNS
using	VBG
the	DT
GIF	NNP
format	NN
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
in	IN
1994	CD
demanding	VBG
patent	NN
royalties	NNS
from	IN
network	NN
providers	NNS
using	VBG
the	DT
GIF	NNP
format	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
Compuserve	NNP
.	.
If	IN
E-Data	NN
's	POS
patent	NN
claims	NNS
are	VBP
interpreted	VBN
broadly	RB
,	,
or	CC
in	IN
limited	JJ
part	NN
,	,
by	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
in	IN
pending	VBG
litigation	NN
,	,
E-Data	NNP
's	POS
demands	NNS
for	IN
licensing	NN
will	MD
be	VB
respected	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
greater	JJR
number	NN
of	IN
businesses	NNS
conducting	VBG
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
company	NN
chooses	VBZ
not	RB
to	TO
obtain	VB
a	DT
license	NN
from	IN
E-Data	JJ
,	,
that	DT
company	NN
will	MD
bear	VB
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
having	VBG
its	PRP$
electronic	JJ
distribution	NN
method	NN
scrutinized	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
patent	NN
infringement	NN
suit	NN
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
E-Data	NNP
's	POS
patent	NN
is	VBZ
interpreted	VBN
to	TO
cover	VB
limited	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
electronic	JJ
distribution	NN
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
user	NN
other	JJ
patented	JJ
encryption	NN
technology	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
distribution	NN
is	VBZ
still	RB
a	DT
tightly	RB
controlled	VBN
transaction	NN
for	IN
reasons	NNS
of	IN
national	JJ
security	NN
,	,
as	IN
cryptography	NN
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
a	DT
``	``
munition	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
72	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
PGP	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
freeware	NN
version	NN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
,	,
but	CC
to	TO
obtain	VB
a	DT
copy	NN
,	,
the	DT
user	NN
must	MD
agree	VB
to	TO
a	DT
license	NN
restricting	VBG
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
PGP	NNP
to	TO
personal	JJ
,	,
noncommercial	JJ
applications	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
73	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
unusual	JJ
license	NN
expressly	RB
allows	VBZ
the	DT
user	NN
to	TO
modify	VB
PGP	NNP
and	CC
distribute	VB
the	DT
changed	VBN
source	NN
code	NN
,	,
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
the	DT
distribution	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
violate	VB
United	NNP
States	NNPS
'	POS
export	NN
controls	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
named	VBN
so	RB
that	IN
confusion	NN
with	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
PGP	NNP
will	MD
not	RB
result	VB
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
74	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
PGP	NNP
license	NN
could	MD
subject	VB
the	DT
user	NN
to	TO
possible	JJ
liability	NN
for	IN
patent	NN
infringement	NN
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
commercial	JJ
use	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
federal	JJ
export	NN
control	NN
laws	NNS
for	IN
releasing	VBG
the	DT
domestic	JJ
version	NN
outside	IN
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
unusual	JJ
terms	NNS
of	IN
PGP	NNP
's	POS
license	NN
for	IN
noncommercial	JJ
use	NN
are	VBP
by	IN
virtue	NN
of	IN
the	DT
author	NN
's	POS
desire	NN
to	TO
encourage	VB
the	DT
public	NN
's	POS
beneficial	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
encryption	NN
for	IN
personal	JJ
security	NN
,	,
an	DT
end	NN
which	WDT
has	VBZ
drawn	VBN
the	DT
attention	NN
of	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
opposed	VBD
to	TO
unregulated	JJ
cryptography	NN
.	.
A	DT
number	NN
of	IN
procedural	JJ
issues	NNS
may	MD
arise	VB
when	WRB
a	DT
patent	NN
applicant	NN
uses	VBZ
the	DT
Internet	NNP
before	IN
filing	VBG
or	CC
in	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
a	DT
pending	VBG
patent	NN
application	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
75	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
a	DT
``	``
statutory	JJ
bar	NN
''	''
to	TO
patentability	NN
arises	VBZ
from	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
``	``
printed	VBN
publication	NN
''	''
.	.
What	WP
is	VBZ
the	DT
definition	NN
accorded	VBN
to	TO
``	``
printed	VBN
publication	NN
''	''
in	IN
35	CD
U.S.C.	NNP
102	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
when	WRB
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
an	DT
applicant	NN
discusses	VBZ
or	CC
inadvertently	RB
releases	VBZ
a	DT
description	NN
of	IN
an	DT
invention	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
more	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
year	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
the	DT
inventor	NN
's	POS
application	NN
?	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
76	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Generally	RB
,	,
the	DT
clock	NN
on	IN
the	DT
``	``
statutory	JJ
bar	NN
''	''
begins	VBZ
when	WRB
the	DT
invention	NN
is	VBZ
publicly	RB
disclosed	VBN
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
disclosure	NN
of	IN
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
widely	RB
considered	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
exposure	NN
to	TO
a	DT
public	JJ
forum	NN
.	.
Two	CD
issues	NNS
are	VBP
related	VBN
to	TO
prior	RB
Internet	NNP
discussions	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
invention	NN
,	,
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
challenging	VBG
the	DT
patent	NN
as	IN
``	``
non-obvious	JJ
''	''
and	CC
the	DT
dispute	NN
over	IN
ownership	NN
of	IN
the	DT
patent	NN
.	.
When	WRB
information	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
arguably	RB
that	IN
information	NN
is	VBZ
widely	RB
accessible	JJ
to	TO
others	NNS
.	.
An	DT
increased	VBN
scope	NN
of	IN
persons	NNS
with	IN
access	NN
to	TO
information	NN
could	MD
allow	VB
a	DT
court	NN
to	TO
broaden	VB
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
``	``
ordinary	JJ
''	''
persons	NNS
skilled	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
art	NN
,	,
when	WRB
determining	VBG
whether	IN
``	``
the	DT
subject	JJ
matter	NN
as	IN
a	DT
whole	NN
would	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
obvious	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
invention	NN
was	VBD
made	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
person	NN
having	VBG
ordinary	JJ
skill	NN
in	IN
the	DT
art	NN
...	:
''	''
The	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
medium	NN
for	IN
discussion	NN
and	CC
information	NN
exchange	NN
could	MD
pose	VB
obstacles	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
patent	NN
applicant	NN
or	CC
patent	NN
owner	NN
,	,
under	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
U.S.	NNP
patent	NN
laws	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
transacations	NNS
are	VBP
performed	VBN
via	IN
cyberspace	NN
,	,
the	DT
potential	JJ
patent	NN
holder	NN
must	MD
be	VB
careful	JJ
to	TO
avoid	VB
prejudicing	VBG
his	PRP$
rights	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
valid	JJ
and	CC
full	JJ
term	NN
patent	NN
.	.
Patent	NN
owners	NNS
should	MD
exercise	VB
ordinary	JJ
care	NN
in	IN
distributing	VBG
their	PRP$
products	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
using	VBG
adapted	VBN
forms	NNS
of	IN
notice	NN
somewhat	RB
similar	JJ
to	TO
those	DT
they	PRP
would	MD
use	VB
in	IN
distributing	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
product	NN
by	IN
more	JJR
traditional	JJ
modes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
user	NN
should	MD
be	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
patent	NN
owners	NNS
'	POS
rights	NNS
as	IN
these	DT
rights	NNS
are	VBP
no	RB
less	RBR
important	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
commonly	RB
encountered	VBN
copyright	NN
and	CC
trademark	NN
owners	NNS
'	POS
rights	NNS
.	.
Patent	NN
law	NN
affords	VBZ
a	DT
limited	JJ
monopoly	NN
of	IN
exclusive	JJ
rights	NNS
upon	IN
the	DT
patent	NN
owner	NN
,	,
who	WP
may	MD
file	VB
for	IN
patents	NNS
in	IN
computer	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
computer-generated	JJ
icons	NNS
,	,
cryptography	NN
systems	NNS
,	,
data	NNS
compression	NN
techniques	NNS
,	,
and	CC
possibly	RB
electronic	JJ
payment	NN
and	CC
distribution	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
A	DT
patent	NN
in	IN
any	DT
of	IN
these	DT
inventions	NNS
or	CC
ideas	NNS
would	MD
provide	VB
broader	JJR
protection	NN
than	IN
a	DT
copyright	NN
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
idea	NN
of	IN
the	DT
invention	NN
can	MD
be	VB
monopolized	VBN
.	.
Patent	NN
licensing	NN
allows	VBZ
the	DT
patent	NN
owner	NN
to	TO
capitalize	VB
upon	IN
the	DT
investments	NNS
that	WDT
potential	JJ
licensees	NNS
put	VBD
into	IN
the	DT
patent	NN
owner	NN
's	POS
invention	NN
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
user	NN
should	MD
be	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
licensing	NN
terms	NNS
and	CC
agreements	NNS
in	IN
place	NN
when	WRB
using	VBG
or	CC
incorporating	VBG
patentable	JJ
material	NN
into	IN
a	DT
webpage	NN
or	CC
website	NN
.	.
The	DT
advantages	NNS
of	IN
patent	NN
protection	NN
are	VBP
restricted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
limited	JJ
duration	NN
of	IN
a	DT
patent	NN
,	,
the	DT
time	NN
and	CC
monetary	JJ
costs	NNS
of	IN
filing	NN
and	CC
maintaining	VBG
a	DT
patent	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
difficulties	NNS
in	IN
marketing	VBG
the	DT
invention	NN
.	.
Pornography-filled	JJ
magazines	NNS
and	CC
films	NNS
have	VBP
existed	VBN
for	IN
years	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
censorship	NN
was	VBD
rather	RB
easy	JJ
.	.
One	CD
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
show	VB
identification	NN
of	IN
age	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
21	CD
in	IN
most	JJS
states	NNS
,	,
18	CD
in	IN
others	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
purchase	VB
a	DT
magazine	NN
or	CC
film	NN
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
invention	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
pornography	NN
can	MD
be	VB
seen	VBN
by	IN
anyone	NN
at	IN
anytime	RB
around	IN
the	DT
entire	JJ
world	NN
.	.
Likewise	RB
,	,
hate	NN
groups	NNS
have	VBP
also	RB
started	VBN
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
to	TO
show	VB
their	PRP$
propaganda	NN
.	.
Access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
obtained	VBN
quite	RB
easily	RB
for	IN
someone	NN
with	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
and	CC
a	DT
modem	NN
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
available	JJ
in	IN
many	JJ
libraries	NNS
,	,
cybercafes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
schools	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
cheap	JJ
form	NN
of	IN
advertisement	NN
for	IN
anyone	NN
interested	JJ
in	IN
using	VBG
it	PRP
to	TO
attract	VB
mass	NN
audiences	NNS
.	.
So	RB
then	RB
what	WP
form	NN
of	IN
censorship	NN
,	,
if	IN
any	DT
,	,
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
to	TO
protect	VB
people	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
harmful	JJ
information	NN
that	WDT
could	MD
be	VB
displayed	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
?	.
Children	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
required	JJ
legal	JJ
age	NN
can	MD
view	VB
pornographic	JJ
materials	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
other	JJ
people	NNS
can	MD
promote	VB
various	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
hatred	NN
and	CC
racism	NN
via	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Should	MD
these	DT
pornographic	JJ
pictures	NNS
and	CC
hate	VBP
messages	NNS
be	VB
censored	VBN
,	,
or	CC
should	MD
the	DT
viewer	NN
and	CC
the	DT
creator	NN
have	VBP
a	DT
choice	NN
?	.
This	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
discuss	VB
the	DT
various	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
current	JJ
censorship	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
controversies	NNS
of	IN
putting	VBG
limits	NNS
on	IN
free	JJ
speech	NN
.	.
It	PRP
will	MD
also	RB
discuss	VB
other	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
censorship	NN
called	VBN
``	``
self-censorship	NN
''	''
which	WDT
may	MD
provide	VB
a	DT
better	JJR
answer	NN
than	IN
government-mandated	JJ
techniques	NNS
.	.
But	CC
,	,
as	IN
many	JJ
people	NNS
are	VBP
disgusted	VBN
by	IN
such	JJ
material	NN
,	,
censorship	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
right	JJ
answer	NN
.	.
By	IN
bringing	VBG
such	JJ
issues	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
forefront	NN
,	,
we	PRP
can	MD
discuss	VB
these	DT
topics	NNS
openly	RB
.	.
What	WP
may	MD
be	VB
questionable	JJ
to	TO
some	DT
,	,
is	VBZ
not	RB
for	IN
others	NNS
.	.
The	DT
government	NN
has	VBZ
tried	VBN
to	TO
censor	VB
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
this	DT
material	NN
through	IN
various	JJ
state	NN
laws	NNS
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
this	DT
Internet	NNP
censorship	NN
has	VBZ
brought	VBN
up	RP
much	JJ
debate	NN
over	IN
the	DT
constitutionality	NN
of	IN
the	DT
censorship	NN
.	.
Below	IN
are	VBP
such	JJ
instances	NNS
of	IN
censorship	NN
.	.
Joseph	NNP
Bunkley	NNP
,	,
a	DT
former	JJ
student	NN
at	IN
Georgia	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
,	,
advocated	VBN
Neo-Nazi	NNP
material	NN
through	IN
his	PRP$
Internet	NNP
access	NN
at	IN
school	NN
.	.
He	PRP
wrote	VBD
about	IN
``	``
white	JJ
supremist	NN
''	''
views	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Holocaust	NNP
,	,
and	CC
like	IN
material	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
people	NNS
complained	VBD
about	IN
his	PRP$
distasteful	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
particularly	RB
because	IN
his	PRP$
account	NN
was	VBD
available	JJ
through	IN
Georgia	NNP
State	NNP
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
Georgia	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
was	VBD
faced	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
major	JJ
problem	NN
:	:
what	WP
will	MD
the	DT
school	NN
do	VBP
about	IN
this	DT
``	``
nuisance	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
GSU	NNP
administrators	NNS
did	VBD
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
directly	RB
infringe	VB
on	IN
Mr.	NNP
Bunkley	NNP
's	POS
1st	CD
Amendment	NNP
rights	NNS
of	IN
free	JJ
speech	NN
,	,
but	CC
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
they	PRP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
terminate	VB
the	DT
negative	JJ
press	NN
they	PRP
were	VBD
receiving	VBG
.	.
So	RB
,	,
they	PRP
found	VBD
a	DT
loophole	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
the	DT
incident	NN
,	,
Mr.	NNP
Bunkley	NNP
was	VBD
``	``
not	RB
enrolled	VBN
''	''
at	IN
GSU	NNP
.	.
So	RB
,	,
the	DT
school	NN
cut	VBD
off	RP
his	PRP$
access	NN
to	TO
email	VB
and	CC
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
law	NN
allows	VBZ
the	DT
school	NN
to	TO
terminate	VB
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
to	TO
those	DT
students	NNS
not	RB
currently	RB
enrolled	VBN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
instead	RB
of	IN
creating	VBG
some	DT
form	NN
of	IN
``	``
censorship	NN
''	''
,	,
the	DT
school	NN
was	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
avoid	VB
the	DT
problem	NN
without	IN
directly	RB
infringing	VBG
on	IN
Mr.	NNP
Alabama	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
method	NN
of	IN
censoring	VBG
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Alabama	NNP
House	NNP
Bill	NNP
100	CD
would	MD
prohibit	VB
``	``
electronic	JJ
transmission	NN
''	''
of	IN
material	NN
deemed	VBD
``	``
obscene	JJ
to	TO
minors	NNS
.	.
''	''
Since	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
already	RB
defined	VBN
obscenity	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
stated	VBN
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
protected	VBN
expression	NN
,	,
the	DT
main	JJ
argument	NN
against	IN
this	DT
bill	NN
,	,
which	WDT
has	VBZ
not	RB
come	VB
into	IN
force	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
attempting	VBG
to	TO
re-define	VB
``	``
obscene	JJ
to	TO
minors	NNS
''	''
to	TO
include	VB
Constitutionally	RB
protected	VBN
expression	NN
.	.
Pennsylvania	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
more	RBR
creative	JJ
form	NN
of	IN
censorship	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
still	RB
pending	VBG
,	,
but	CC
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
to	TO
pass	VB
.	.
Pennsylvania	NNP
House	NNP
Bill	NNP
1727	CD
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
a	DT
crime	NN
to	TO
use	VB
a	DT
computer	NN
network	NN
to	TO
transmit	VB
information	NN
describing	VBG
the	DT
production	NN
of	IN
explosives	NNS
.	.
On	IN
its	PRP$
face	NN
,	,
the	DT
law	NN
seems	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
prohibiting	VBG
information	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
content	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
already	RB
against	IN
the	DT
law	NN
to	TO
distribute	VB
information	NN
describing	VBG
the	DT
production	NN
of	IN
explosives	NNS
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
to	TO
do	VB
this	DT
should	MD
also	RB
be	VB
prohibited	VBN
,	,
and	CC
therefore	RB
would	MD
not	RB
create	VB
any	DT
serious	JJ
censorship	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
Georgia	NNP
has	VBZ
also	RB
passed	VBN
a	DT
censorship	NN
law	NN
regarding	VBG
speech	NN
.	.
House	NNP
Bill	NNP
76	CD
was	VBD
signed	VBN
into	IN
law	NN
in	IN
March	NNP
of	IN
1995	CD
.	.
It	PRP
prohibits	VBZ
the	DT
online	NN
transmission	NN
of	IN
fighting	VBG
words	NNS
,	,
obscene	JJ
or	CC
vulgar	JJ
speech	NN
to	TO
minors	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
terrorist	JJ
acts	NNS
and	CC
certain	JJ
dangerous	JJ
weapons	NNS
.	.
This	DT
law	NN
is	VBZ
quite	RB
controversial	JJ
.	.
What	WP
if	IN
two	CD
friends	NNS
,	,
both	DT
minors	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
communicating	VBG
online	NN
and	CC
they	PRP
are	VBP
using	VBG
``	``
vulgar	JJ
language	NN
.	.
''	''
Would	MD
this	DT
be	VB
prohibited	VBN
?	.
This	DT
seems	VBZ
to	TO
infringe	VB
on	IN
the	DT
1st	CD
Amendment	NNP
free	JJ
speech	NN
provision	NN
.	.
This	DT
law	NN
,	,
like	IN
the	DT
others	NNS
mentioned	VBD
above	RB
,	,
will	MD
most	RBS
likely	JJ
be	VB
under	IN
judicial	JJ
scrutiny	NN
in	IN
the	DT
near	JJ
future	NN
.	.
Groups	NNS
like	IN
the	DT
ACLU	NNP
are	VBP
already	RB
looking	VBG
into	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
.	.
Pornography	NNP
.	.
The	DT
state	NN
law	NN
in	IN
question	NN
banned	VBN
users	NNS
on	IN
state-owned	JJ
computers	NNS
from	IN
accessing	VBG
pornography	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Oklahoma	NNP
banned	VBD
campus	NN
access	NN
to	TO
almost	RB
200	CD
Internet	NNP
newsgroups	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
``	``
alt-sex	JJ
''	''
area	NN
of	IN
Usenet	NNP
.	.
Loving	NNP
failed	VBD
to	TO
prove	VB
that	IN
his	PRP$
1st	CD
Amendment	NNP
rights	NNS
were	VBD
violated	VBN
.	.
The	DT
University	NNP
computers	NNS
were	VBD
paid	VBN
with	IN
taxpayers	NNS
'	POS
money	NN
and	CC
the	DT
people	NNS
of	IN
Oklahoma	NNP
do	VBP
not	RB
want	VB
their	PRP$
money	NN
used	VBN
to	TO
distribute	VB
pornography	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
preserve	VB
its	PRP$
property	NN
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
the	DT
school	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
duel-server	NN
system	NN
:	:
one	CD
that	WDT
blocks	VBZ
obscene	JJ
material	NN
,	,
and	CC
one	CD
that	WDT
does	VBZ
not	RB
.	.
The	DT
user	NN
of	IN
the	DT
server	NN
that	WDT
does	VBZ
not	RB
block	VB
obscenity	NN
has	VBZ
to	TO
agree	VB
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
net	NN
for	IN
academic	JJ
purposes	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
age	NN
is	VBZ
verified	VBN
.	.
What	WP
about	IN
the	DT
material	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
blocked	VBN
out	RP
because	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
sexual	JJ
connotations	NNS
,	,
but	CC
in	IN
fact	NN
is	VBZ
academic	JJ
,	,
like	IN
Indian	JJ
sculptures	NNS
,	,
African	JJ
tribal	JJ
nudity	NN
,	,
and	CC
stories	NNS
on	IN
female	JJ
genital	JJ
mutilation	NN
?	.
Perhaps	RB
this	DT
case	NN
will	MD
be	VB
appealed	VBN
for	IN
further	JJ
review	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
harsh	JJ
ramifications	NNS
.	.
The	DT
CDA	NNP
prohibited	VBD
minors	NNS
from	IN
access	NN
to	TO
indecent	JJ
materials	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
court	NN
noted	VBD
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
other	JJ
material	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
prohibition	NN
that	WDT
did	VBD
not	RB
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
censored	VBN
.	.
Topics	NNS
like	IN
photographs	NNS
in	IN
National	NNP
Geographic	NNP
or	CC
a	DT
travel	NN
magazine	NN
,	,
articles	NNS
on	IN
female	JJ
genital	JJ
mutilation	NN
,	,
and	CC
Indian	JJ
sculptures	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
educations	NNS
values	NNS
were	VBD
also	RB
censored	VBN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
said	VBD
such	JJ
censorship	NN
sweeps	VBZ
more	RBR
broadly	RB
than	IN
necessary	JJ
and	CC
thereby	RB
chills	VBZ
the	DT
expression	NN
of	IN
adults	NNS
.	.
The	DT
CDA	NNP
is	VBZ
unconstitutional	JJ
on	IN
its	PRP$
face	NN
for	IN
these	DT
four	CD
reasons	NNS
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
Internet	NNP
presents	VBZ
very	RB
low	JJ
barriers	NNS
to	TO
entry	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
these	DT
barriers	NNS
to	TO
entry	NN
are	VBP
identical	JJ
for	IN
both	DT
speakers	NNS
and	CC
listeners	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
these	DT
low	JJ
barriers	NNS
,	,
astoundingly	RB
diverse	JJ
content	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
Internet	NNP
provides	VBZ
significant	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
all	DT
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
speak	VB
in	IN
the	DT
medium	NN
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
creates	VBZ
a	DT
relative	JJ
parity	NN
among	IN
speakers	NNS
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
speaker	NN
's	POS
content	NN
is	VBZ
at	IN
all	DT
indecent	JJ
,	,
then	RB
she	PRP
will	MD
face	VB
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
prosecution	NN
and	CC
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
compliance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
CDA	NNP
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
exactly	RB
why	WRB
the	DT
court	NN
chose	VBD
to	TO
hold	VB
the	DT
Act	NNP
unconstitutional	JJ
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
further	RBR
noted	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
CDA	NNP
would	MD
undermine	VB
the	DT
substantive	JJ
,	,
speech-enhancing	JJ
benefits	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
flowed	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
diversity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
content	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
would	MD
diminish	VB
,	,
and	CC
therefore	RB
,	,
defeat	VB
the	DT
very	RB
purpose	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
Internet	NNP
was	VBD
invented	VBN
.	.
Instead	RB
of	IN
having	VBG
government-sponsored	JJ
methods	NNS
of	IN
censorship	NN
,	,
people	NNS
can	MD
choose	VB
for	IN
themselves	PRP
which	WDT
Internet	NNP
sites	NNS
they	PRP
want	VBP
unviewable	JJ
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
different	JJ
services	NNS
that	WDT
provide	VBP
this	DT
option	NN
.	.
These	DT
services	NNS
require	VBP
a	DT
small	JJ
fee	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
user	NN
gets	VBZ
to	TO
decide	VB
exactly	RB
what	WP
they	PRP
want	VBP
censored	VBN
.	.
Many	JJ
choose	VB
this	DT
option	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
personal	JJ
computers	NNS
at	IN
home	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
their	PRP$
children	NNS
from	IN
questionable	JJ
Internet	NNP
content	NN
.	.
Other	JJ
users	NNS
include	VBP
schools	NNS
and	CC
libraries	NNS
.	.
Using	VBG
this	DT
method	NN
can	MD
allow	VB
the	DT
user	NN
full	JJ
control	NN
and	CC
avoid	VB
any	DT
government-mandated	JJ
censorship	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
infringe	VB
on	IN
viewers	NNS
'	POS
rights	NNS
.	.
Net	JJ
Nanny	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
service	NN
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
censorship	NN
methods	NNS
to	TO
protect	VB
children	NNS
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
subscribe	VB
to	TO
the	DT
Net	JJ
Nanny	NNP
service	NN
,	,
one	CD
can	MD
visit	VB
their	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
and	CC
fill	VB
out	RP
the	DT
necessary	JJ
form	NN
.	.
The	DT
service	NN
fee	NN
is	VBZ
$	$
39.95	CD
to	TO
order	VB
Net	JJ
Nanny	NNP
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
Net	JJ
Nanny	NNP
,	,
their	PRP$
screening	NN
lists	NNS
are	VBP
``	``
completely	RB
user-defined	JJ
''	''
and	CC
``	``
allow	VB
parents	NNS
to	TO
screen	NN
and	CC
block	VB
any	DT
words	NNS
,	,
phrases	NNS
,	,
sites	NNS
and	CC
content	JJ
according	VBG
to	TO
their	PRP$
parents	NNS
values	NNS
-	:
not	RB
a	DT
developer	NN
's	POS
arbitrary	JJ
selection	NN
or	CC
the	DT
Governments	NNS
.	.
''	''
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
parent	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
want	VB
her	PRP$
child	NN
to	TO
view	VB
any	DT
sites	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
word	NN
``	``
sex	NN
''	''
or	CC
``	``
white	JJ
supremist	NN
''	''
,	,
then	RB
Net	JJ
Nanny	NNP
could	MD
block	VB
these	DT
words	NNS
when	WRB
the	DT
child	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
Net	JJ
Nanny	NNP
can	MD
load	VB
family	NN
information	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
names	NNS
,	,
addresses	NNS
,	,
and	CC
credit	NN
card	NN
numbers	NNS
so	IN
the	DT
child	NN
or	CC
anyone	NN
else	RB
can	MD
not	RB
transmit	VB
this	DT
information	NN
through	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
helpful	JJ
option	NN
for	IN
a	DT
parent	NN
in	IN
situations	NNS
where	WRB
a	DT
child	NN
chooses	VBZ
to	TO
purchase	VB
something	NN
without	IN
permission	NN
or	CC
if	IN
the	DT
child	NN
is	VBZ
conversing	VBG
with	IN
someone	NN
who	WP
asks	VBZ
the	DT
child	NN
for	IN
her	PRP$
name	NN
and	CC
phone	NN
number	NN
.	.
Another	DT
advantage	NN
of	IN
Net	JJ
Nanny	NNP
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
blocks	VBZ
anything	NN
you	PRP
desire	VBP
,	,
whether	IN
it	PRP
be	VB
pornography	NN
,	,
hate	VBP
literature	NN
,	,
bomb-making	JJ
formulas	NNS
,	,
theft	NN
tips	NNS
,	,
Neo-Nazi	NNP
teachings	NNS
,	,
or	CC
drugs	NNS
.	.
Parents	NNS
are	VBP
concerned	VBN
about	IN
protecting	VBG
their	PRP$
children	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
usual	JJ
pornography	NN
,	,
but	CC
are	VBP
also	RB
concerned	VBN
about	IN
other	JJ
material	NN
like	IN
those	DT
mentioned	VBN
above	IN
.	.
Net	JJ
Nanny	NNP
with	IN
a	DT
password	NN
.	.
This	DT
feature	NN
is	VBZ
important	JJ
so	IN
that	IN
a	DT
family	NN
's	POS
computer	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
completely	RB
blocked	VBN
from	IN
certain	JJ
Internet	NNP
sites	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
sole	JJ
purpose	NN
of	IN
obtaining	VBG
Net	JJ
Nanny	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
children	NNS
and	CC
censor	VB
only	RB
certain	JJ
sites	NNS
from	IN
their	PRP$
eyes	NNS
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
other	JJ
family	NN
members	NNS
can	MD
disable	VB
Net	JJ
Nanny	NNP
so	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
view	VB
sites	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
otherwise	RB
questionable	JJ
for	IN
their	PRP$
children	NNS
.	.
This	DT
gives	VBZ
the	DT
users	NNS
more	RBR
control	NN
over	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
censored	VBN
and	CC
when	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
censored	VBN
.	.
Internet	NNP
without	IN
government	NN
intervention	NN
.	.
Instead	RB
of	IN
having	VBG
the	DT
government	NN
involved	VBN
in	IN
censorship	NN
,	,
the	DT
control	NN
should	MD
be	VB
left	VBN
with	IN
families	NNS
,	,
schools	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
institutions	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
worried	VBN
about	IN
questionable	JJ
content	NN
for	IN
children	NNS
.	.
Both	DT
Adult	NNP
Check	VB
and	CC
Net	JJ
Nanny	NNP
offer	VBP
a	DT
small-fee	JJ
service	NN
for	IN
restricting	VBG
material	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
questionable	JJ
for	IN
certain	JJ
viewers	NNS
.	.
These	DT
are	VBP
good	JJ
methods	NNS
of	IN
censoring	VBG
information	NN
without	IN
government	NN
intervention	NN
.	.
The	DT
owner	NN
chooses	VBZ
which	WDT
sites	NNS
to	TO
censor	VB
,	,
who	WP
has	VBZ
access	NN
to	TO
certain	JJ
sites	NNS
,	,
and	CC
when	WRB
to	TO
censor	VB
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
user	NN
has	VBZ
control	NN
over	IN
censorship	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
little	JJ
room	NN
for	IN
1st	CD
Amendment	NNP
infringement	NN
.	.
Pornography	NNP
,	,
hate	VBP
group	NN
literature	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
``	``
offensive	JJ
material	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
widely	RB
disseminated	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
provides	VBZ
a	DT
cheap	JJ
,	,
easy	JJ
,	,
and	CC
widely-viewed	JJ
forum	NN
for	IN
everyone	NN
.	.
When	WRB
these	DT
kinds	NNS
of	IN
questionable	JJ
material	NN
are	VBP
presented	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
many	JJ
viewers	NNS
are	VBP
disgusted	VBN
and	CC
want	VBP
censorship	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
people	NNS
like	IN
minors	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
states	NNS
and	CC
even	RB
Congress	NNP
passed	VBD
laws	NNS
to	TO
censor	VB
certain	JJ
material	NN
available	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Some	DT
laws	NNS
have	VBP
succeeded	VBN
,	,
while	IN
others	NNS
have	VBP
failed	VBN
.	.
Then	RB
there	EX
are	VBP
organizations	NNS
like	IN
Net	JJ
Nanny	NNP
and	CC
Adult	NNP
Check	VBP
where	WRB
viewers	NNS
have	VBP
the	DT
control	NN
to	TO
pick	VB
and	CC
choose	VB
which	WDT
sites	NNS
are	VBP
suitable	JJ
for	IN
their	PRP$
users	NNS
.	.
Such	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
self-censorship	NN
are	VBP
more	RBR
popular	JJ
than	IN
government-mandated	JJ
restrictions	NNS
.	.
Issues	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
controversial	JJ
should	MD
be	VB
openly	RB
communicated	VBN
so	IN
that	IN
people	NNS
can	MD
face	VB
the	DT
ramifications	NNS
and	CC
have	VBP
a	DT
chance	NN
to	TO
create	VB
change	NN
.	.
When	WRB
such	JJ
views	NNS
are	VBP
locked	VBN
up	RP
from	IN
society	NN
,	,
there	EX
will	MD
never	RB
be	VB
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
resolve	VB
them	PRP
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
provides	VBZ
such	JJ
a	DT
forum	NN
,	,
and	CC
this	DT
forum	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
fastest	JJS
and	CC
most	RBS
technologically-sound	JJ
method	NN
.	.
Any	DT
form	NN
of	IN
censorship	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
should	MD
be	VB
done	VBN
cautiously	RB
,	,
if	IN
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
Whatever	WDT
the	DT
form	NN
,	,
the	DT
user	NN
should	MD
have	VB
full	JJ
discretion	NN
,	,
and	CC
there	EX
should	MD
never	RB
be	VB
any	DT
unnecessary	JJ
restrictions	NNS
by	IN
the	DT
government	NN
.	.
Often	RB
overlooked	VBN
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
criminal	JJ
codes	NNS
are	VBP
sufficient	JJ
to	TO
meet	VB
these	DT
very	RB
ends	VBZ
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
ironic	JJ
that	IN
,	,
a	DT
century	NN
later	RB
,	,
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
arguments	NNS
adduced	VBN
in	IN
favor	NN
of	IN
protecting	VBG
individual	JJ
persons	NNS
?	.
privacy	NN
in	IN
the	DT
specifically	RB
electronic	JJ
media	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
adopted	VBN
by	IN
corporations	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
means	NN
of	IN
protecting	VBG
their	PRP$
own	JJ
transactions	NNS
.	.
Not	RB
only	RB
are	VBP
corporations	NNS
the	DT
first	JJ
among	IN
equals	VBZ
,	,
when	WRB
their	PRP$
rights	NNS
conflict	NN
with	IN
mere	JJ
biological	JJ
persons	NNS
,	,
but	CC
more	RBR
recently	RB
both	DT
Congress	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
courts	NNS
have	VBP
favored	VBN
corporate	JJ
interests	NNS
even	RB
above	IN
the	DT
former	JJ
trump	NN
card	NN
of	IN
national	JJ
security	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
There	EX
is	VBZ
considerable	JJ
irony	NN
in	IN
the	DT
correlative	JJ
rhetoric	NN
of	IN
preserving	VBG
freedom	NN
in	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
electronic	JJ
media	NNS
,	,
however	RB
;	:
although	IN
retaining	VBG
the	DT
language	NN
of	IN
individual	JJ
rights	NNS
,	,
the	DT
individuals	NNS
concerned	VBN
are	VBP
largely	RB
corporate	JJ
.	.
The	DT
reality	NN
of	IN
the	DT
recent	JJ
court	NN
decisions	NNS
is	VBZ
that	IN
wherever	WRB
biological	JJ
and	CC
corporate	JJ
interests	NNS
collide	VBP
,	,
the	DT
latter	JJ
win	VBP
.	.
Hence	RB
,	,
especially	RB
in	IN
the	DT
debates	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
licensing	NN
of	IN
strong	JJ
encryption	NN
software	NN
,	,
the	DT
freeware	NN
program	NN
Pretty	NNP
Good	NNP
Privacy	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
PGP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
being	VBG
touted	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
technological	JJ
guarantor	NN
of	IN
true	JJ
or	CC
enhanced	JJ
privacy	NN
by	IN
both	DT
biological	JJ
and	CC
corporate	JJ
persons	NNS
.	.
Yet	RB
in	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
possible	JJ
contexts	NNS
where	WRB
those	DT
two	CD
interests	NNS
collide	VBP
,	,
corporations	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
able	JJ
to	TO
assert	VB
their	PRP$
traditional	JJ
role	NN
as	IN
master	NN
to	TO
defeat	VB
the	DT
privacy	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
related	JJ
liberty	NN
claims	NNS
of	IN
``	``
their	PRP$
''	''
persons	NNS
or	CC
servants	NNS
.	.
In	IN
sum	NN
,	,
the	DT
dialectic	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
a	DT
right	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
originally	RB
defended	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
individual	JJ
right	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
presumed	VBN
to	TO
belong	VB
first	JJ
and	CC
foremost	JJ
to	TO
corporations	NNS
.	.
History	NN
repeats	NNS
itself	PRP
,	,
first	RB
as	IN
irony	NN
then	RB
as	IN
law	NN
.	.
But	CC
I	PRP
need	MD
not	RB
insist	VB
on	IN
even	RB
the	DT
slightest	JJS
of	IN
subliminal	JJ
plots	NNS
here	RB
.	.
As	IN
cultural	JJ
anthropologist	NN
Louis	NNP
Dumont	NNP
has	VBZ
noted	VBN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
7	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
whenever	WRB
any	DT
two	CD
cultural	JJ
elements	NNS
conflict	NN
,	,
as	IN
commerce	NN
and	CC
protection	NN
in	IN
this	DT
last	JJ
case	NN
,	,
there	EX
will	MD
always	RB
necessarily	RB
be	VB
ranked	VBN
in	IN
some	DT
sort	NN
of	IN
operative	JJ
hierarchy	NN
.	.
This	DT
ranking	NN
may	MD
be	VB
at	IN
least	JJS
partly	RB
the	DT
result	NN
of	IN
a	DT
political	JJ
debate	NN
or	CC
process	NN
,	,
but	CC
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
moreover	RB
an	DT
underlying	VBG
cultural	JJ
value	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
ranking	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
more	RBR
generally	RB
determines	VBZ
the	DT
outcome	NN
.	.
While	IN
this	DT
ranking	NN
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
influenced	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
Hollywood	NNP
process	NN
above	IN
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
simply	RB
note	VB
what	WP
that	IN
value	NN
is	VBZ
rather	RB
than	IN
insist	VBP
on	IN
any	DT
particular	JJ
explanation	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
.	.
The	DT
value	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
corporate	JJ
interests	NNS
count	VBP
more	RBR
heavily	RB
than	IN
personal	JJ
ones	NNS
.	.
The	DT
relevant	JJ
irony	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
``	``
personal	JJ
''	''
language	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
so	IN
interchangeably	RB
with	IN
the	DT
corporate	JJ
apologetics	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
takes	VBZ
these	DT
typical	JJ
cases	NNS
of	IN
conflict	NN
between	IN
the	DT
two	CD
to	TO
mark	VB
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
two	CD
rhetorics	NNS
are	VBP
so	RB
easily	RB
conflated	VBN
.	.
The	DT
question	NN
:	:
are	VBP
the	DT
current	JJ
``	``
electronic	JJ
''	''
claims	NNS
about	IN
free	JJ
speech	NN
and	CC
,	,
conversely	RB
,	,
privacy	NN
as	IN
new	JJ
as	IN
their	PRP$
proponents	NNS
stereotypically	RB
claim	VBP
?	.
Or	CC
are	VBP
they	PRP
old	JJ
,	,
moreover	RB
presupposing	VBG
the	DT
paradigm	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Santa	NNP
Clara	NNP
model	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
corporations	NNS
were	VBD
granted	VBN
at	IN
least	JJS
some	DT
powers	NNS
by	IN
federal	JJ
government	NN
license	NN
,	,
not	RB
to	TO
be	VB
unfairly	RB
taxed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
governments	NNS
?	.
If	IN
the	DT
latter	JJ
,	,
then	RB
there	EX
is	VBZ
yet	RB
another	DT
complication	NN
to	TO
the	DT
above	JJ
noted	VBD
problem	NN
of	IN
cultural	JJ
hierarchy	NN
:	:
where	WRB
do	VBP
corporate	JJ
rights	NNS
and	CC
powers	NNS
stand	VBP
in	IN
relation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
more	RBR
traditional	JJ
individual	JJ
and	CC
governmental	JJ
ones	NNS
?	.
This	DT
same	JJ
reversal	NN
however	RB
has	VBZ
only	RB
strengthened	VBD
the	DT
legal	JJ
bargaining	NN
position	NN
of	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
.	.
Next	JJ
I	PRP
will	MD
show	VB
how	WRB
this	DT
commerce-as-freedom	JJ
factor	NN
,	,
despite	IN
retaining	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
individualist	JJ
language	NN
of	IN
freedom	NN
licensed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Santa	NNP
Clara	NNP
holding	NN
,	,
actually	RB
diminishes	VBZ
the	DT
freedoms	NNS
of	IN
mere	JJ
biological	JJ
individuals	NNS
.	.
The	DT
very	RB
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
European	NNP
Union	NNP
Data	NNP
Protection	NNP
Directive	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
44	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
still	RB
proclaims	VBZ
it	PRP
a	DT
crime	NN
for	IN
companies	NNS
to	TO
invade	VB
the	DT
electronic	JJ
privacy	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
employees	NNS
indicates	VBZ
that	IN
this	DT
presupposition	NN
is	VBZ
banal	JJ
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
employee	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
has	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
protection	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
data	NNS
,	,
this	DT
will	MD
raise	VB
the	DT
information	NN
cost	NN
to	TO
the	DT
employer	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
``	``
even	RB
when	WRB
a	DT
-LRB-	-LRB-
U.S.	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
company	NN
moves	VBZ
to	TO
self-regulate	VB
''	''
in	IN
this	DT
regard	NN
,	,
``	``
by	IN
adopting	VBG
its	PRP$
own	JJ
data	NNS
protection	NN
code	NN
,	,
this	DT
does	VBZ
not	RB
give	VB
data	NNS
subjects	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
employees	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
a	DT
legal	JJ
right	NN
of	IN
recourse	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
crucial	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
European	JJ
system	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
45	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Hence	RB
the	DT
argument	NN
that	IN
whether	IN
a	DT
given	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
set	NN
of	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
employee	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
actually	RB
accorded	VBN
a	DT
privacy	NN
right	NN
in	IN
E-mail	NN
is	VBZ
answered	VBN
solely	RB
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
``	``
corporate	JJ
culture	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
46	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
crucially	RB
presupposes	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
given	VBN
corporation	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
legal	JJ
holder	NN
of	IN
the	DT
right	NN
or	CC
prerogative	NN
.	.
But	CC
the	DT
mere	JJ
assertion	NN
of	IN
this	DT
right	JJ
presupposes	VBZ
the	DT
tautologous	JJ
triumph	NN
of	IN
the	DT
efficiency	NN
definition	NN
above	IN
.	.
While	IN
not	RB
delving	NN
into	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
details	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
EU	NNP
Directive	NNP
here	RB
,	,
its	PRP$
relevance	NN
is	VBZ
obvious	JJ
.	.
The	DT
actual	JJ
is	VBZ
the	DT
possible	JJ
:	:
it	PRP
shows	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
interests	NNS
of	IN
commerce	NN
can	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
compatible	JJ
with	IN
those	DT
of	IN
employees	NNS
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
employee	NN
rights	NNS
raise	VBP
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
information	NN
.	.
This	DT
helps	VBZ
us	PRP
to	TO
narrow	VB
the	DT
question	NN
about	IN
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
employee	NN
protection	NN
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Why	WRB
this	DT
lack	NN
?	.
Pace	NNP
Dumont	NNP
:	:
in	IN
our	PRP$
culture	NN
,	,
corporate	JJ
entities	NNS
have	VBP
both	DT
the	DT
rights	NNS
of	IN
individuals	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
power	NN
of	IN
governments	NNS
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
-LRB-	-LRB-
tautologously	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
regarded	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
more	RBR
efficient	JJ
keepers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
-LRB-	-LRB-
escrow	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
keys	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
federal	JJ
court	NN
precedent	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
48	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
on	IN
whether	IN
so-called	JJ
remailers	NNS
or	CC
anonymizers	NNS
,	,
by	IN
which	WDT
E-mail	NN
users	NNS
can	MD
relay	VB
their	PRP$
electronic	JJ
communications	NNS
by	IN
way	NN
of	IN
a	DT
service	NN
that	WDT
allows	VBZ
each	DT
user	NN
to	TO
adopt	VB
a	DT
pseudonym	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
common	JJ
legal	JJ
thread	NN
running	VBG
through	IN
these	DT
phenomena	NNS
.	.
The	DT
recently	RB
passed	VBN
Georgia	NNP
Electronic	NNP
Records	NNP
and	CC
Signatures	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
49	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
makes	VBZ
electronic	JJ
signatures	NNS
legally	RB
binding	JJ
.	.
The	DT
traditional	JJ
idea	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
no	DT
contract	NN
is	VBZ
valid	JJ
without	IN
both	DT
being	VBG
reduced	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
writing	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
at	IN
least	JJS
,	,
as	IN
far	RB
as	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
of	IN
frauds	NNS
is	VBZ
concerned	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
attested	VBN
to	TO
by	IN
the	DT
relevant	JJ
parties	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
?	.
signatures	NNS
in	IN
effect	NN
constitute	VBP
their	PRP$
legal	JJ
claim	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
the	DT
individuals	NNS
named	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
act	NN
.	.
Space	NNP
precludes	VBZ
going	VBG
into	IN
this	DT
topic	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
right	NN
,	,
but	CC
essentially	RB
the	DT
spirit	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
is	VBZ
that	IN
nobody	NN
can	MD
claim	VB
legal	JJ
anonymity	NN
in	IN
the	DT
final	JJ
analysis	NN
.	.
The	DT
following	VBG
desiderata	NN
however	RB
should	MD
question	VB
whether	IN
the	DT
``	``
contract	NN
''	''
framework	NN
is	VBZ
even	RB
appropriate	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
activity	NN
that	IN
the	DT
remailer	NN
services	NNS
provide	VBP
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
will	MD
predictably	RB
raise	VB
a	DT
connected	JJ
chain	NN
of	IN
legal	JJ
questions	NNS
in	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
right	NN
.	.
UPS	NNP
,	,
for	IN
instance	NN
,	,
not	RB
only	RB
records	NNS
customers	NNS
?	.
signatures	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
electronic	JJ
pad	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
sign	VBP
,	,
but	CC
sells	VBZ
-LRB-	-LRB-
electronic	JJ
copies	NNS
of	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
them	PRP
to	TO
other	JJ
companies	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
50	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Obviously	RB
,	,
the	DT
copy	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
what	WP
the	DT
traditional	JJ
law	NN
of	IN
contracts	NNS
takes	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
legal	JJ
voucher	NN
,	,
but	CC
companies	NNS
claim	VBP
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
good	JJ
enough	JJ
replication	NN
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
to	TO
afford	VB
a	DT
pattern	NN
against	IN
which	WDT
to	TO
test	VB
subsequent	JJ
signatures	NNS
by	IN
real	JJ
persons	NNS
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
we	PRP
can	MD
return	VB
to	TO
my	PRP$
claimed	VBN
inversion	NN
of	IN
constitutionally	RB
intended	VBN
priorities	NNS
.	.
Do	VB
these	DT
distinctions	NNS
have	VBP
any	DT
implications	NNS
for	IN
prioritizing	VBG
corporate	JJ
and	CC
individual	JJ
entities	NNS
?	.
respective	JJ
interests	NNS
?	.
Is	VBZ
there	EX
a	DT
genuine	JJ
analog	NN
here	RB
to	TO
my	PRP$
paradigmatic	JJ
case	NN
of	IN
minority	NN
groups	NNS
'	POS
inability	NN
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
Fourteenth	NNP
amendment	NN
under	IN
the	DT
environmental	JJ
discrimination	NN
rubric	NN
,	,
insofar	RB
as	IN
their	PRP$
corporate	JJ
neighbors	NNS
own	VBP
the	DT
rights	NNS
to	TO
that	DT
amendment	NN
over	IN
any	DT
mere	JJ
association	NN
that	WDT
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
standing	NN
?	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
noteworthy	JJ
here	RB
that	IN
the	DT
pro-corporate	NN
advocates	NNS
use	VBP
the	DT
more	JJR
descriptive	JJ
term	NN
,	,
that	IN
Push	NNP
is	VBZ
just	RB
``	``
the	DT
next	JJ
logical	JJ
step	NN
in	IN
Internet	NNP
evolution	NN
,	,
''	''
while	IN
detractors	NNS
call	VBP
it	PRP
``	``
a	DT
pox	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Web	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
that	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
must	MD
be	VB
eradicated	VBN
at	IN
all	DT
costs	NNS
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
63	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
Or	CC
as	IN
the	DT
greatest	JJS
of	IN
all	DT
individualists	NNS
put	VBD
it	PRP
,	,
``	``
Your	PRP$
crime	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
you	PRP
tried	VBD
to	TO
steal	VB
my	PRP$
world	NN
!	.
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
64	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Not	RB
having	VBG
the	DT
corporate-strength	JJ
right	NN
to	TO
say	VB
this	DT
,	,
however	RB
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
defer	VB
to	TO
mere	JJ
confirmation	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
original	JJ
hierarchy	NN
hypothesis	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
words	NNS
of	IN
Internet	NNP
economic	JJ
seer	NN
Ted	NNP
Lewis	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
aptly	RB
named	VBN
``	``
The	DT
Year	NN
I	PRP
Shoot	VBP
my	PRP$
TV	NN
,	,
''	''
this	DT
is	VBZ
really	RB
just	RB
corporate	JJ
democracy	NN
defeating	VBG
the	DT
``	``
elite\/business	NN
users	NNS
''	''
in	IN
favor	NN
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
unwashed	JJ
masses	NNS
,	,
''	''
a	DT
process	NN
whose	WP$
market	NN
segmentation	NN
can	MD
be	VB
exploited	VBN
.	.
``	``
One	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
viz.	FW
,	,
one	CD
corporate	JJ
CEO	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
must	MD
not	RB
ignore	VB
the	DT
profit	NN
opportunities	NNS
along	IN
the	DT
value	NN
chain	NN
connecting	VBG
a	DT
consumer	NN
to	TO
a	DT
product	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
65	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
While	IN
I	PRP
believe	VBP
there	EX
is	VBZ
such	JJ
a	DT
thing	NN
as	IN
an	DT
``	``
Internet	JJ
culture	NN
''	''
that	WDT
will	MD
retain	VB
the	DT
above	JJ
``	``
sense	NN
of	IN
community	NN
and	CC
control	NN
''	''
and	CC
not	RB
let	VB
this	DT
happen	VB
on	IN
a	DT
grand	JJ
or	CC
totalitarian	JJ
scale	NN
,	,
my	PRP$
more	JJR
general	JJ
point	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Dumont	NNP
perspective	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
Lewis	NNP
?	.
``	``
value	NN
chain	NN
''	''
notion	NN
represents	VBZ
the	DT
corporatist	NN
inversion	NN
,	,
for	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
ends	NNS
,	,
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
preeminent	JJ
valuation	NN
of	IN
individualist	JJ
rhetoric	NN
in	IN
the	DT
larger	JJR
U.S.	NNP
constitutional	JJ
culture	NN
.	.
Imagine	VB
the	DT
following	VBG
scenario	NN
:	:
In	IN
a	DT
small	JJ
town	NN
in	IN
Wisconsin	NNP
,	,
a	DT
teacher	NN
at	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
high	JJ
school	NN
clears	VBZ
a	DT
paper	NN
jam	NN
in	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
lab	NN
printer	NN
.	.
She	PRP
retrieves	VBZ
an	DT
email	NN
written	VBN
by	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
high	JJ
school	NN
students	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
obviously	RB
to	TO
his	PRP$
girlfriend	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
describing	VBG
in	IN
graphic	JJ
detail	NN
the	DT
couple	NN
's	POS
prior	JJ
weekend	NN
sexual	JJ
activities	NNS
.	.
Horrified	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
computers	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
used	VBN
to	TO
transmit	VB
such	JJ
obscene	JJ
messages	NNS
,	,
the	DT
teacher	NN
notifies	VBZ
the	DT
school	NN
principal	NN
who	WP
,	,
in	IN
turn	NN
,	,
calls	VBZ
the	DT
young	JJ
man	NN
into	IN
his	PRP$
office	NN
.	.
As	IN
punishment	NN
for	IN
his	PRP$
misuse	NN
of	IN
the	DT
school	NN
property	NN
,	,
the	DT
boy	NN
's	POS
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
school	NN
computers	NNS
is	VBZ
suspended	VBN
for	IN
two	CD
weeks	NNS
.	.
In	IN
retaliation	NN
,	,
the	DT
boy	NN
and	CC
his	PRP$
parents	NNS
file	VBP
a	DT
lawsuit	NN
against	IN
the	DT
high	JJ
school	NN
officials	NNS
for	IN
violations	NNS
of	IN
his	PRP$
constitutional	JJ
right	NN
to	TO
free	JJ
speech	NN
and	CC
privacy	NN
.	.
Classrooms	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
have	VBP
increasing	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
electronic	JJ
communication	NN
and	CC
this	DT
scenario	NN
is	VBZ
fast	JJ
becoming	VBG
a	DT
practical	JJ
issue	NN
that	WDT
school	NN
administrators	NNS
,	,
school	NN
boards	NNS
,	,
and	CC
families	NNS
with	IN
children	NNS
in	IN
school	NN
must	MD
address	VB
.	.
Email	NNP
communication	NN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
setting	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
only	RB
useful	JJ
to	TO
send	VB
messages	NNS
between	IN
students	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
school	NN
,	,
community	NN
,	,
or	CC
state	NN
,	,
but	CC
Internet	NNP
sites	NNS
even	RB
encourage	VBP
communication	NN
worldwide	NN
.	.
Enhancing	VBG
communication	NN
between	IN
students	NNS
worldwide	NN
can	MD
have	VB
a	DT
tremendous	JJ
educational	JJ
benefit	NN
.	.
Students	NNS
can	MD
learn	VB
first	JJ
hand	NN
about	RB
different	JJ
cultures	NNS
,	,
customs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
traditions	NNS
.	.
Teachers	NNPS
can	MD
increase	VB
educational	JJ
expectations	NNS
beyond	IN
the	DT
knowledge	NN
available	JJ
from	IN
encyclopedias	NNS
,	,
books	NNS
,	,
and	CC
videotape	NN
.	.
Literally	RB
,	,
email	NN
can	MD
bring	VB
to	TO
life	NN
any	DT
cultural	JJ
,	,
history	NN
,	,
science	NN
,	,
or	CC
geography	NN
project	NN
.	.
Foreign	JJ
language	NN
classes	NNS
can	MD
exchange	VB
messages	NNS
with	IN
Spanish	JJ
,	,
French	JJ
,	,
German	JJ
or	CC
other	JJ
students	NNS
who	WP
do	VBP
not	RB
speak	VB
English	NNP
,	,
or	CC
who	WP
use	VBP
English	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
second	JJ
language	NN
and	CC
receive	VB
first	JJ
hand	NN
experience	NN
reading	NN
and	CC
writing	VBG
with	IN
``	``
experts	NNS
.	.
''	''
Students	NNS
studying	VBG
a	DT
particular	JJ
State	NN
or	CC
region	NN
of	IN
the	DT
country	NN
can	MD
get	VB
first	JJ
hand	NN
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
area	NN
by	IN
emailing	VBG
students	NNS
or	CC
teachers	NNS
from	IN
that	DT
region	NN
.	.
Students	NNS
can	MD
also	RB
use	VB
email	NN
to	TO
communicate	VB
with	IN
businesses	NNS
,	,
librarians	NNS
,	,
government	NN
agencies	NNS
,	,
teachers	NNS
,	,
universities	NNS
,	,
researchers	NNS
,	,
or	CC
similar	JJ
resources	NNS
about	IN
practically	RB
any	DT
issue	NN
.	.
Abuse	NN
of	IN
the	DT
email	NN
technology	NN
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
valid	JJ
concern	NN
among	IN
school	NN
administrators	NNS
.	.
Using	VBG
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
email	NN
system	NN
to	TO
send	VB
graphic	JJ
sexual	JJ
messages	NNS
like	IN
the	DT
scenario	NN
described	VBN
above	IN
can	MD
negatively	RB
impact	VB
on	IN
the	DT
education	NN
environment	NN
.	.
Students	NNS
can	MD
further	RB
abuse	VB
the	DT
technology	NN
by	IN
sending	VBG
inappropriate	JJ
messages	NNS
to	TO
other	JJ
students	NNS
at	IN
rival	JJ
schools	NNS
before	IN
sporting	VBG
events	NNS
creating	VBG
tension	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
result	VB
in	IN
violence	NN
.	.
Gang	NN
members	NNS
in	IN
schools	NNS
may	MD
use	VB
the	DT
technology	NN
to	TO
recruit	VB
members	NNS
or	CC
plan	NN
illegal	JJ
activities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
emerging	VBG
availability	NN
of	IN
user	NN
friendly	JJ
encrypting	VBG
technology	NN
can	MD
guarantee	VB
privacy	NN
with	IN
relatively	RB
minor	JJ
software	NN
additions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
schools	NNS
current	JJ
computer	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
now	RB
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
too	RB
soon	RB
to	TO
raise	VB
questions	NNS
about	IN
using	VBG
this	DT
technology	NN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
setting	VBG
or	CC
permitting	VBG
students	NNS
to	TO
have	VB
access	NN
to	TO
encrypted	JJ
email	NN
messages	NNS
.	.
Increasing	VBG
technology	NN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
setting	NN
and	CC
the	DT
potential	NN
to	TO
abuse	VB
the	DT
technology	NN
is	VBZ
making	VBG
it	PRP
necessary	JJ
for	IN
school	NN
administrators	NNS
to	TO
examine	VB
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
school	NN
policies	NNS
that	WDT
address	VBP
electronic	JJ
communication	NN
and	CC
Internet	NNP
use	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
practical	JJ
matter	NN
,	,
school	NN
administrators	NNS
have	VBP
an	DT
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
effect	NN
technology	NN
abuses	NNS
may	MD
have	VB
on	IN
the	DT
educational	JJ
process	NN
and	CC
the	DT
relative	JJ
safety	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
policies	NNS
may	MD
address	VB
safety	NN
by	IN
advising	VBG
students	NNS
how	WRB
to	TO
respond	VB
to	TO
informational	JJ
requests	NNS
from	IN
strangers	NNS
.	.
Other	JJ
policies	NNS
may	MD
establish	VB
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
for	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
email	NN
and	CC
Internet	NNP
or	CC
address	NN
censorship	NN
.	.
For	IN
schools	NNS
that	WDT
establish	VBP
policies	NNS
or	CC
subject	NN
a	DT
student	NN
to	TO
discipline	NN
for	IN
email	NN
abuse	NN
,	,
the	DT
question	NN
becomes	VBZ
whether	IN
school	NN
policies	NNS
governing	VBG
email	NN
,	,
either	CC
formal	JJ
or	CC
informal	JJ
,	,
create	VB
constitutional	JJ
questions	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
right	NN
to	TO
free	JJ
speech	NN
protected	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
amendment	NN
or	CC
privacy	NN
protected	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
due	JJ
process	NN
clause	NN
.	.
Courts	NNS
have	VBP
not	RB
reported	VBN
a	DT
decision	NN
on	IN
this	DT
emerging	VBG
topic	NN
,	,
but	CC
one	CD
commentator	NN
posted	VBD
a	DT
paper	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
that	WDT
discusses	VBZ
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
school-based	JJ
internet	NN
use	NN
policies	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
broad	JJ
discussion	NN
that	WDT
examines	VBZ
the	DT
School	NNP
Board	NNP
's	POS
role	NN
,	,
student	NN
discipline	NN
,	,
plagiarism	NN
and	CC
copyright	NN
,	,
and	CC
free	JJ
speech	NN
in	IN
general	JJ
for	IN
both	DT
students	NNS
and	CC
school	NN
staff	NN
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
focuses	VBZ
exclusively	RB
on	IN
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
use	NN
of	IN
email	NN
and	CC
the	DT
school	NN
administration	NN
's	POS
interest	NN
in	IN
monitoring	VBG
email	NN
content	NN
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
examines	VBZ
the	DT
question	NN
of	IN
students	NNS
'	POS
autonomy	NN
,	,
students	NNS
'	POS
constitutional	JJ
rights	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
interests	NNS
of	IN
school	NN
administrators	NNS
to	TO
insure	VB
their	PRP$
educational	JJ
setting	NN
is	VBZ
safe	JJ
and	CC
effective	JJ
.	.
Although	IN
case	NN
law	NN
directly	RB
on	IN
point	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
exist	VB
,	,
we	PRP
can	MD
draw	VB
from	IN
analogous	JJ
decisions	NNS
regarding	VBG
free	JJ
speech	NN
and	CC
due	JJ
process	NN
in	IN
the	DT
school	NN
setting	VBG
to	TO
discuss	VB
the	DT
balance	NN
between	IN
authority	NN
and	CC
autonomy	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
public	JJ
school	NN
environment	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
doubt	NN
that	WDT
Americans	NNPS
place	VBP
great	JJ
value	NN
on	IN
personal	JJ
freedom	NN
.	.
The	DT
right	NN
to	TO
exercise	VB
individual	JJ
choice	NN
not	RB
only	RB
has	VBZ
been	VBN
the	DT
battle	NN
cry	NN
for	IN
countless	JJ
wars	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
centuries	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
major	JJ
theme	NN
in	IN
the	DT
framing	NN
of	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Constitution	NNP
and	CC
continues	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
powerful	JJ
political	JJ
concept	NN
today	NN
.	.
The	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
again	RB
reversed	VBD
,	,
holding	VBG
that	IN
a	DT
school	NN
need	MD
not	RB
tolerate	VB
student	NN
speech	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
inconsistent	JJ
with	IN
its	PRP$
``	``
basic	JJ
educational	JJ
mission	NN
,	,
''	''
even	RB
though	IN
the	DT
government	NN
could	MD
not	RB
censor	VB
similar	JJ
speech	NN
outside	IN
the	DT
school	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
45	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Further	RB
,	,
educators	NNS
are	VBP
``	``
entitled	VBN
to	TO
exercise	VB
greater	JJR
control	NN
.	.
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
holdings	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
cases	NNS
alone	RB
should	MD
provide	VB
ample	JJ
legal	JJ
justification	NN
for	IN
any	DT
actions	NNS
taken	VBN
by	IN
school	NN
officials	NNS
,	,
another	DT
recent	JJ
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
decision	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
have	VB
given	VBN
educators	NNS
'	POS
blanket	NN
authority	NN
over	IN
students	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
Justice	NNP
Hugo	NNP
L.	NNP
Black	NNP
dissented	VBD
in	IN
Tinker	NNP
he	PRP
exclaimed	VBD
,	,
``	``
I	PRP
wish	VBP
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
...	:
to	TO
disclaim	VB
any	DT
purpose	NN
...	:
to	TO
hold	VB
that	IN
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Constitution	NNP
compels	VBZ
the	DT
teachers	NNS
,	,
parents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
elected	VBD
school	NN
officials	NNS
to	TO
surrender	VB
control	NN
of	IN
the	DT
American	JJ
public	JJ
school	NN
system	NN
to	TO
public	JJ
school	NN
students	NNS
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
78	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
warning	NN
has	VBZ
apparently	RB
been	VBN
taken	VBN
to	TO
heart	NN
by	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
wake	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
's	POS
recent	JJ
decisions	NNS
in	IN
Bethel	NNP
,	,
Hazelwood	NNP
and	CC
Vernonia	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
constitutional	JJ
rights	NNS
children	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
have	VB
shed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
schoolhouse	NN
gate	NN
are	VBP
nonetheless	RB
handed	VBN
over	IN
to	TO
the	DT
home	NN
room	NN
teacher	NN
before	IN
the	DT
bell	NN
rings	NNS
.	.
These	DT
decisions	NNS
applied	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
question	NN
of	IN
whether	IN
student	NN
email	NN
should	MD
expect	VB
a	DT
level	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
favor	VB
school	NN
administrators	NNS
'	POS
rights	NNS
to	TO
deny	VB
student	NN
access	NN
to	TO
email	VB
and	CC
further	JJ
monitor	NN
email	NN
transmission	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
content	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
applying	VBG
these	DT
analigous	JJ
decisions	NNS
school	NN
officials	NNS
can	MD
take	VB
action	NN
for	IN
student	NN
email	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
materially	RB
disruptive	JJ
or	CC
interferes	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
school	NN
's	POS
ultimate	JJ
educational	JJ
mission	NN
.	.
Since	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
's	POS
departure	NN
from	IN
T.L.O.	NNP
,	,
the	DT
school	NN
official	NN
again	RB
sits	VBZ
comfortably	RB
in	IN
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
having	VBG
a	DT
degree	NN
of	IN
supervision	NN
and	CC
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
students	NNS
.	.
This	DT
change	NN
places	VBZ
the	DT
Court	NNP
's	POS
view	NN
squarely	RB
on	IN
the	DT
premise	NN
that	WDT
learning	NN
is	VBZ
more	RBR
vital	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
classroom	NN
than	IN
free	JJ
speech	NN
,	,
and	CC
student	NN
email	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
private	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
a	DT
man	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
firm	NN
--	:
he	PRP
's	VBZ
firm	NN
in	IN
his	PRP$
pants	NNS
,	,
he	PRP
's	VBZ
firm	NN
in	IN
his	PRP$
shirt	NN
,	,
his	PRP$
character	NN
is	VBZ
firm	JJ
--	:
but	CC
most	RBS
...	:
of	IN
all	DT
,	,
his	PRP$
belief	NN
in	IN
you	PRP
,	,
the	DT
students	NNS
of	IN
Bethel	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
firm	NN
...	:
Jeff	NNP
Kuhlman	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
man	NN
who	WP
takes	VBZ
his	PRP$
point	NN
and	CC
pounds	NNS
it	PRP
in	IN
...	:
He	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
attack	VB
things	NNS
in	IN
spurts	NNS
--	:
he	PRP
drives	VBZ
hard	RB
,	,
pushing	VBG
and	CC
pushing	VBG
until	IN
finally	RB
--	:
he	PRP
succeeds	VBZ
.	.
Jeff	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
man	NN
who	WP
will	MD
go	VB
to	TO
the	DT
very	JJ
end	NN
--	:
even	RB
the	DT
climax	NN
,	,
for	IN
each	DT
and	CC
every	DT
one	CD
of	IN
you	PRP
.	.
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
prevent	VB
school	NN
board	NN
from	IN
removing	VBG
previously	RB
approved	VBN
textbook	NN
from	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
class	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
book	NN
's	POS
vulgarity	NN
and	CC
sexual	JJ
explicitness	NN
since	IN
board	NN
's	POS
methods	NNS
were	VBD
reasonably	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
legitimate	JJ
pedagogical	JJ
concerns	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
S.	NNP
Ct	NNP
.	.
518	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1995	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
holding	VBG
that	DT
teacher	NN
's	POS
refusal	NN
to	TO
allow	VB
student	NN
to	TO
write	VB
a	DT
research	NN
paper	NN
on	IN
the	DT
life	NN
of	IN
Jesus	NNP
Christ	NNP
was	VBD
not	RB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
student	NN
's	POS
right	NN
to	TO
freedom	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
since	IN
teacher	NN
has	VBZ
broad	JJ
authority	NN
over	IN
grading	NN
,	,
curriculum	NN
and	CC
course	NN
content	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
``	``
The	DT
bottom	JJ
line	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
is	VBZ
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
when	WRB
a	DT
teacher	NN
makes	VBZ
an	DT
assignment	NN
...	:
the	DT
student	NN
has	VBZ
no	DT
constitutional	JJ
right	NN
to	TO
do	VB
something	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
that	DT
assignment	NN
.	.
''	''
Settle	VB
at	IN
158	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
Batchelder	NNP
,	,
J.	NNP
,	,
concurring	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Further	JJ
aggravating	VBG
the	DT
potential	JJ
liability	NN
of	IN
sysops	NNS
are	VBP
computer	NN
systems	NNS
that	WDT
allow	VBP
users	NNS
to	TO
upload	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
download	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
7	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
various	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
files	NNS
.	.
These	DT
various	JJ
file	NN
types	NNS
include	VBP
``	``
computer	NN
software	NN
,	,
digital	JJ
images	NNS
or	CC
video	NN
,	,
digital	JJ
audio	NN
,	,
text	NN
,	,
or	CC
novel	NN
combinations	NNS
of	IN
all	PDT
these	DT
media	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
multimedia	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
8	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Many	JJ
of	IN
these	DT
files	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
copyrighted	VBN
and	CC
therefore	RB
do	VBP
not	RB
expose	VB
the	DT
sysop	NN
to	TO
any	DT
potential	JJ
liability	NN
by	IN
users	NNS
downloading	VBG
or	CC
uploading	VBG
them	PRP
.	.
Files	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
available	JJ
for	IN
uploading	VBG
or	CC
downloading	VBG
are	VBP
known	VBN
as	IN
freeware	NN
or	CC
public	JJ
domain	NN
software	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
9	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Other	JJ
software	NN
may	MD
fall	VB
into	IN
a	DT
category	NN
known	VBN
as	IN
shareware	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
10	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
,	,
despite	IN
the	DT
volume	NN
of	IN
information	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
,	,
there	EX
remains	VBZ
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
material	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
copyrighted	VBN
.	.
Many	JJ
computer	NN
systems	NNS
work	VBP
as	IN
``	``
software	NN
repositories	NNS
''	''
from	IN
which	WDT
users	NNS
can	MD
post	VB
and	CC
acquire	VB
files	NNS
.	.
The	DT
basic	JJ
concept	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
that	WDT
is	VBZ
utilized	VBN
by	IN
small	JJ
home	NN
based	VBN
bulletin	NN
board	NN
systems	NNS
to	TO
large	JJ
commercial	JJ
online	NN
systems	NNS
alike	RB
.	.
Many	JJ
systems	NNS
have	VBP
amassed	VBN
huge	JJ
file	NN
libraries	NNS
containing	VBG
thousands	NNS
of	IN
files	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
multitude	NN
of	IN
sources	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
note	VB
that	IN
each	DT
individual	JJ
file	NN
could	MD
potentially	RB
be	VB
copyrighted	VBN
and	CC
as	IN
such	JJ
,	,
open	JJ
the	DT
sysop	NN
to	TO
some	DT
form	NN
of	IN
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
Copyright	NN
law	NN
was	VBD
created	VBN
to	TO
balance	VB
the	DT
rights	NNS
of	IN
creators	NNS
of	IN
original	JJ
,	,
tangible	JJ
works	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
fixed	VBN
medium	NN
,	,
against	IN
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
society	NN
.	.
The	DT
authors	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
works	NNS
have	VBP
a	DT
right	NN
to	TO
receive	VB
credit	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
compensation	NN
,	,
if	IN
so	RB
desired	VBN
,	,
for	IN
their	PRP$
creations	NNS
;	:
while	IN
others	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
allowed	VBN
access	NN
and	CC
use	NN
of	IN
these	DT
works	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
advancement	NN
of	IN
society	NN
at	IN
large	JJ
.	.
The	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
has	VBZ
codified	VBN
copyright	NN
law	NN
in	IN
federal	JJ
statutes	NNS
under	IN
Title	NN
17	CD
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNP
Code	NNP
,	,
also	RB
known	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
Copyright	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
right	NN
of	IN
literary	JJ
property	NN
as	IN
recognized	VBN
and	CC
sanctioned	VBN
by	IN
positive	JJ
law	NN
.	.
An	DT
intangible	JJ
,	,
incorporeal	JJ
right	JJ
granted	VBN
by	IN
statute	NN
to	TO
the	DT
author	NN
or	CC
originator	NN
of	IN
certain	JJ
literary	JJ
or	CC
artistic	JJ
productions	NNS
,	,
whereby	WRB
he	PRP
is	VBZ
invested	VBN
,	,
for	IN
a	DT
specified	JJ
period	NN
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
sole	JJ
and	CC
exclusive	JJ
privilege	NN
of	IN
multiplying	VBG
copies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
and	CC
publishing	NN
and	CC
selling	VBG
them	PRP
.	.
Whenever	NNP
a	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
user	NN
accesses	VBZ
a	DT
computer	NN
system	NN
and	CC
either	CC
uploads	VBZ
or	CC
downloads	VBZ
files	NNS
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
risk	NN
that	IN
the	DT
file	NN
or	CC
information	NN
within	IN
the	DT
file	NN
was	VBD
copyrighted	VBN
material	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
uploading	VBG
or	CC
downloading	VBG
the	DT
file	NN
may	MD
have	VB
``	``
copied	VBN
,	,
displayed	VBD
,	,
distributed	VBN
,	,
or	CC
otherwise	RB
violated	VBD
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
enumerated	VBN
rights	NNS
under	IN
section	NN
106	CD
of	IN
the	DT
Copyright	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
19	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Consequently	RB
,	,
sysops	NNS
could	MD
be	VB
faced	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
claim	NN
of	IN
direct	JJ
infringement	NN
,	,
contributory	NN
infringement	NN
,	,
or	CC
vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
.	.
Assuming	VBG
the	DT
first	JJ
element	NN
,	,
a	DT
valid	JJ
copyright	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
satisfied	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
,	,
the	DT
issue	NN
becomes	VBZ
whether	IN
by	IN
virtue	NN
of	IN
running	VBG
a	DT
computer	NN
system	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
sysop	NN
liable	JJ
for	IN
direct	JJ
infringement	NN
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
decision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
District	NNP
Court	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Middle	NNP
District	NNP
of	IN
Florida	NNP
,	,
the	DT
answer	NN
is	VBZ
yes	RB
.	.
Every	DT
contributory	NN
infringement	NN
must	MD
flow	VB
from	IN
a	DT
direct	JJ
infringement	NN
.	.
The	DT
model	NN
applied	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Sega	NNP
case	NN
requires	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
sysop	NN
induce	VB
or	CC
in	IN
some	DT
manner	NN
contribute	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
infringing	NN
activity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
direct	JJ
infringer	NN
.	.
Whether	IN
a	DT
sysop	JJ
performing	VBG
his	PRP$
job	NN
of	IN
maintaining	VBG
his	PRP$
system	NN
rises	VBZ
to	TO
this	DT
level	NN
of	IN
contribution	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
question	NN
still	RB
left	VBD
unanswered	JJ
by	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
.	.
Not	RB
every	DT
instant	NN
will	MD
be	VB
as	IN
clear	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
facts	NNS
presented	VBN
in	IN
Sega	NNP
.	.
Therefore	RB
a	DT
more	RBR
workable	JJ
model	NN
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
.	.
A	DT
vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
model	NN
could	MD
satisfy	VB
this	DT
need	NN
.	.
Vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
is	VBZ
derived	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
tort	NN
theory	NN
of	IN
respondeat	NN
superior	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
44	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
It	PRP
has	VBZ
two	CD
elements	NNS
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
it	PRP
requires	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
prove	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
had	VBD
the	DT
right	NN
or	CC
ability	NN
to	TO
control	VB
or	CC
supervise	VB
the	DT
actions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
direct	JJ
infringer	NN
,	,
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
also	RB
had	VBD
a	DT
financial	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
copyrighted	VBN
work	NN
.	.
Another	DT
case	NN
type	NN
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
a	DT
vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
framework	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
landlord\/tenant	JJ
cases	NNS
.	.
These	DT
cases	NNS
present	JJ
relationships	NNS
between	IN
parties	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
unlike	IN
those	DT
between	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
sysop	NN
liability	NN
case	NN
.	.
The	DT
landlord\/tenant	JJ
cases	NNS
involve	VBP
fact	NN
patterns	NNS
where	WRB
the	DT
landlords	NNS
rent	VB
their	PRP$
property	NN
to	TO
tenants	NNS
who	WP
then	RB
commit	VBP
acts	NNS
of	IN
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
on	IN
or	CC
using	VBG
the	DT
leased	VBN
property	NN
.	.
This	DT
scenario	NN
is	VBZ
exemplified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
Deutsch	NNP
v.	CC
Arnold	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
53	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Plaintiff	NNP
had	VBD
a	DT
copyrighted	VBN
handwriting	NN
analysis	NN
chart	NN
.	.
Defendant	NN
a	DT
former	JJ
employee	NN
of	IN
plaintiff	NN
,	,
leased	VBN
property	NN
from	IN
Defendant	NNP
Dworman	NNP
for	IN
$	$
200	CD
,	,
and	CC
opened	VBD
a	DT
competing	VBG
location	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
own	JJ
using	VBG
a	DT
substantially	RB
similar	JJ
handwriting	NN
analysis	NN
chart	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
55	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
Defendant	NNP
Arnold	NNP
directly	RB
infringed	VBD
the	DT
copyright	NN
of	IN
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
56	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Plaintiff	NN
also	RB
tried	VBD
to	TO
hold	VB
Defendant	NNP
Dworman	NNP
,	,
and	CC
her	PRP$
rental	JJ
agent	NN
Bernart	NNP
,	,
liable	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
infringement	NN
since	IN
she	PRP
had	VBD
leased	VBN
the	DT
space	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
infringement	NN
occurred	VBD
to	TO
Arnold	NNP
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
omething	VBG
more	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
mere	JJ
relation	NN
of	IN
landlord	NN
and	CC
tenant	NN
must	MD
exist	VB
to	TO
give	VB
rise	NN
to	TO
a	DT
cause	NN
of	IN
action	NN
by	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
against	IN
these	DT
defendants	NNS
for	IN
infringement	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
copyright	NN
on	IN
the	DT
demised	JJ
premises	NNS
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
57	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
proof	NN
of	IN
any	DT
infringement	NN
on	IN
the	DT
part	NN
of	IN
Defendants	NNS
,	,
Dworman	NNP
and	CC
Bernart	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
received	VBD
no	DT
particular	JJ
benefits	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
infringement	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
proof	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
had	VBD
any	DT
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
infringing	VBG
activities	NNS
,	,
satisfied	VBD
the	DT
court	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
held	VBN
vicariously	RB
liable	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
acts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
direct	JJ
infringer	NN
.	.
The	DT
lessor\/lessee	JJ
relationship	NN
between	IN
defendants	NNS
Dworman	NNP
and	CC
Arnold	NNP
is	VBZ
similar	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
relationship	NN
that	WDT
exists	VBZ
between	IN
sysops	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
users	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
systems	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
instances	NNS
where	WRB
the	DT
sysop	NN
does	VBZ
nothing	NN
more	JJR
than	IN
essentially	RB
provide	VB
``	``
space	NN
''	''
on	IN
their	PRP$
BBS	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
users	NNS
to	TO
utilize	VB
.	.
If	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
infringing	NN
activity	NN
nor	CC
any	DT
benefit	NN
that	WDT
flows	VBZ
directly	RB
from	IN
the	DT
infringing	NN
activity	NN
than	IN
under	IN
the	DT
landlord\/tenant	JJ
model	NN
,	,
vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
would	MD
not	RB
attach	VB
to	TO
the	DT
sysop	NN
merely	RB
for	IN
providing	VBG
the	DT
user	NN
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
BBS	NNP
or	CC
online	JJ
system	NN
.	.
The	DT
Netcom	NNP
decision	NN
thus	RB
presents	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
recent	JJ
model	NN
of	IN
sysop	JJ
liability	NN
,	,
but	CC
is	VBZ
it	PRP
the	DT
best	JJS
?	.
The	DT
California	NNP
district	NN
court	NN
has	VBZ
given	VBN
a	DT
clear	JJ
and	CC
concise	JJ
test	NN
for	IN
vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
for	IN
sysops	NNS
,	,
but	CC
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
they	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
undermined	VBN
the	DT
direct	JJ
infringement	NN
standard	NN
set	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Playboy	NNP
decision	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
the	DT
vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
standard	JJ
outlined	VBN
in	IN
Netcom	NNP
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
for	IN
the	DT
sysop	NN
to	TO
be	VB
held	VBN
vicariously	RB
liable	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
of	IN
a	DT
user	NN
,	,
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
must	MD
prove	VB
that	IN
the	DT
sysop	NN
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
had	VBD
the	DT
right	NN
and	CC
ability	NN
to	TO
control	VB
the	DT
direct	JJ
infringer	NN
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
received	VBD
a	DT
direct	JJ
financial	JJ
benefit	NN
from	IN
the	DT
infringement	NN
.	.
While	IN
all	DT
three	CD
theories	NNS
of	IN
liability	NN
will	MD
have	VB
their	PRP$
place	NN
in	IN
future	JJ
cases	NNS
dealing	VBG
with	IN
sysop	JJ
liability	NN
,	,
the	DT
one	CD
that	WDT
best	JJS
balances	VBZ
the	DT
position	NN
of	IN
a	DT
sysop	NN
with	IN
the	DT
rights	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
copyright	NN
holder	NN
that	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
infringed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
user	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
model	NN
.	.
But	CC
even	RB
this	DT
model	NN
may	MD
prove	VB
unworkable	JJ
in	IN
assessing	VBG
liability	NN
of	IN
large	JJ
systems	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
America	NNP
Online	NNP
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
if	IN
large	JJ
online	JJ
systems	NNS
are	VBP
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
exact	JJ
liabilities	NNS
they	PRP
face	VBP
,	,
they	PRP
can	MD
purchase	VB
insurance	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
against	IN
damages	NNS
which	WDT
could	MD
flow	VB
from	IN
their	PRP$
vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
or	CC
they	PRP
could	MD
contract	VB
their	PRP$
liability	NN
away	RB
by	IN
requiring	VBG
users	NNS
who	WP
access	VBP
their	PRP$
systems	NNS
to	TO
indemnify	VB
them	PRP
against	IN
any	DT
vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
claims	NNS
.	.
In	IN
defense	NN
,	,
AOL	NNP
argued	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
suit	NN
violated	VBD
CDA	NNP
230	CD
``	``
by	IN
seeking	VBG
to	TO
treat	VB
AOL	NNP
as	IN
the	DT
`	``
publisher	NN
'	''
of	IN
third-party	JJ
content	NN
--	:
that	DT
is	VBZ
,	,
`	``
information	NN
provided	VBN
by	IN
another	DT
information	NN
content	NN
provider	NN
.	.
'	''
''	''
The	DT
court	NN
,	,
deciding	VBG
in	IN
favor	NN
of	IN
AOL	NNP
,	,
stated	VBD
that	IN
``	``
the	DT
CDA	NNP
preempts	VBZ
a	DT
negligence	NN
cause	NN
of	IN
action	NN
against	IN
an	DT
interactive	JJ
computer	NN
service	NN
provider	NN
arising	VBG
from	IN
that	DT
provider	NN
's	POS
distribution	NN
of	IN
allegedly	RB
defamatory	JJ
material	NN
provided	VBN
via	IN
its	PRP$
electronic	JJ
bulletin	NN
board	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
112	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
wide	JJ
spread	NN
adoption	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Zeran	NNP
decision	NN
would	MD
provide	VB
sysops	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
broad	JJ
federal	JJ
defense	NN
against	IN
any	DT
liability	NN
claims	VBZ
predicated	VBN
upon	IN
third	JJ
party	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
this	DT
decision	NN
,	,
if	IN
adopted	VBN
,	,
would	MD
preclude	VB
the	DT
application	NN
of	IN
either	CC
the	DT
contributory	NN
and	CC
vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
models	NNS
against	IN
system	NN
operators	NNS
in	IN
third	JJ
party	NN
user	NN
infringement	NN
cases	NNS
.	.
Such	JJ
analyses	NNS
,	,
would	MD
never	RB
be	VB
reached	VBN
.	.
Instead	RB
,	,
the	DT
critical	JJ
question	NN
becomes	VBZ
whether	IN
the	DT
sysop	NN
can	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
``	``
publisher	NN
''	''
One	CD
event	NN
which	WDT
must	MD
occur	VB
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
Copyright	NNP
Act	NNP
needs	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
revised	VBN
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
effects	NNS
that	WDT
technological	JJ
advances	NNS
are	VBP
having	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
rights	NNS
of	IN
copyright	NN
holders	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
liability	NN
faced	VBN
by	IN
those	DT
working	VBG
and	CC
utilizing	VBG
these	DT
advances	NNS
.	.
Just	RB
as	IN
copyright	NN
holders	NNS
have	VBP
rights	NNS
which	WDT
must	MD
be	VB
protected	VBN
,	,
sysops	NNS
have	VBP
a	DT
right	NN
to	TO
know	VB
what	WP
liability	NN
they	PRP
potentially	RB
face	VBP
.	.
This	DT
needs	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
codified	VBN
by	IN
Congress	NNP
into	IN
the	DT
Copyright	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
hear	VB
and	CC
decide	VB
a	DT
case	NN
that	WDT
specifically	RB
addresses	VBZ
the	DT
sysop	NN
liability	NN
issue	NN
for	IN
third	JJ
party	NN
user	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
Perhaps	RB
the	DT
Zeran	NNP
case	NN
will	MD
be	VB
that	IN
case	NN
.	.
It	PRP
seems	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
well	RB
suited	VBN
,	,
since	IN
it	PRP
involves	VBZ
the	DT
judicial	JJ
interpretation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
Congressional	JJ
act	NN
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
it	PRP
lies	VBZ
outside	IN
of	IN
the	DT
Copyright	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
bulk	NN
of	IN
case	NN
law	NN
interpreting	VBG
it	PRP
.	.
Probably	RB
the	DT
most	RBS
likely	JJ
scenario	NN
will	MD
be	VB
thean	JJ
adoption	NN
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
right	JJ
granted	VBN
to	TO
copyright	NN
holders	NNS
.	.
This	DT
new	JJ
right	NN
would	MD
grant	VB
copyright	NN
holders	NNS
exclusive	JJ
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
electronic	JJ
transmission	NN
and	CC
posting	VBG
of	IN
their	PRP$
works	NNS
.	.
Until	IN
one	CD
of	IN
these	DT
scenarios	NNS
comes	VBZ
to	TO
fruition	NN
,	,
assessing	VBG
whichat	NN
model	NN
to	TO
best	JJS
appliesy	NN
to	TO
sysop	VB
third	JJ
party	NN
liability	NN
issues	NNS
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
topic	NN
of	IN
debate	NN
and	CC
a	DT
source	NN
of	IN
inconsistency	NN
in	IN
the	DT
growing	VBG
body	NN
of	IN
online	JJ
law	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
the	DT
question	NN
of	IN
who	WP
is	VBZ
liable	JJ
for	IN
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
does	VBZ
liability	NN
stop	NN
at	IN
specific	JJ
individuals	NNS
posting	VBG
copyrighted	VBN
work	NN
in	IN
an	DT
unlawful	JJ
manner	NN
,	,
or	CC
does	VBZ
it	PRP
extend	VB
to	TO
entities	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
bulletin	NN
board	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
online	JJ
service	NN
providers	NNS
?	.
Others	NNS
contend	VBP
that	IN
new	JJ
laws	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
passed	VBN
.	.
Meanwhile	RB
,	,
courts	NNS
have	VBP
had	VBN
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
these	DT
issues	NNS
with	IN
or	CC
without	IN
new	JJ
laws	NNS
in	IN
deciding	VBG
the	DT
liability	NN
of	IN
defendants	NNS
for	IN
alleged	JJ
Internet	NNP
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
Part	NNP
III	NNP
will	MD
lay	VB
out	RP
the	DT
facts	NNS
of	IN
pertinent	JJ
Internet	NNP
cases	NNS
and	CC
discuss	VB
the	DT
reasoning	NN
of	IN
courts	NNS
in	IN
reaching	VBG
different	JJ
conclusions	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
scope	NN
and	CC
standard	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
copyright	NN
liability	NN
.	.
Part	NNP
IV	NNP
will	MD
propose	VB
a	DT
model	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
copyright	NN
liability	NN
consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
principles	NNS
behind	IN
American	JJ
copyright	NN
laws	NNS
.	.
The	DT
author	NN
's	POS
concluding	VBG
reflections	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
presented	VBN
in	IN
Part	NNP
V.	NNP
CompuServe	NNP
Incorporated	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
20	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
involved	VBN
music	NN
publishers	NNS
who	WP
commenced	VBD
suit	NN
against	IN
CompuServe	NNP
Incorporated	NNP
,	,
alleging	VBG
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
strict	JJ
liability	NN
theory	NN
like	IN
that	DT
applied	VBN
in	IN
Frena	NNP
and	CC
Sega	NNP
.	.
The	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
alleged	VBD
that	IN
CompuServe	NNP
was	VBD
liable	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
acts	NNS
of	IN
its	PRP$
subscribers	NNS
,	,
who	WP
had	VBD
uploaded	VBN
to	TO
and	CC
downloaded	VBN
from	IN
a	DT
CompuServe	NNP
Forum	NNP
sound	JJ
recordings	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
publishers	NNS
copyrighted	VBN
musical	JJ
compositions	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
21	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
case	NN
was	VBD
concluded	VBN
by	IN
use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
court-approved	JJ
settlement	NN
.	.
Under	IN
this	DT
theory	NN
many	JJ
contend	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
incentive	NN
to	TO
produce	VB
should	MD
be	VB
served	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
expansion	NN
of	IN
copyright	NN
law	NN
to	TO
offset	VB
the	DT
harmful	JJ
effects	NNS
of	IN
new	JJ
technologies	NNS
on	IN
copyright	NN
owners	NNS
'	POS
profits	NNS
.	.
Naturally	RB
,	,
anyone	NN
supporting	VBG
this	DT
theory	NN
must	MD
believe	VB
that	IN
the	DT
level	NN
of	IN
copyright	NN
protection	NN
before	IN
the	DT
rise	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
other	JJ
new	JJ
technologies	NNS
was	VBD
ideal	JJ
,	,
or	CC
,	,
alternatively	RB
,	,
lacking	VBG
even	RB
then	RB
.	.
This	DT
position	NN
is	VBZ
consistent	JJ
with	IN
traditional	JJ
copyright	NN
law	NN
and	CC
serves	VBZ
the	DT
principles	NNS
behind	IN
copyright	NN
law	NN
by	IN
protecting	VBG
a	DT
copyright	NN
owner	NN
's	POS
right	NN
to	TO
profits	NNS
and	CC
by	IN
providing	VBG
creators	NNS
incentive	NN
to	TO
produce	VB
as	IN
liability	NN
is	VBZ
strict	JJ
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
intentionally	RB
infringe	VBP
protected	JJ
works	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
author	NN
's	POS
position	NN
that	IN
,	,
consistent	JJ
with	IN
holdings	NNS
of	IN
cases	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Netcom	NNP
,	,
Internet	NNP
service	NN
providers	NNS
,	,
BBSs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
entities	NNS
accused	VBN
of	IN
indirect	JJ
copyright	NN
violation	NN
must	MD
be	VB
shown	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
either	DT
known	VBN
or	CC
should	MD
have	VB
known	VBN
of	IN
a	DT
copyright	NN
violation	NN
by	IN
one	CD
of	IN
its	PRP$
users	NNS
before	IN
liability	NN
for	IN
infringement	NN
attaches	VBZ
.	.
The	DT
reason	NN
for	IN
this	DT
known	VBN
or	CC
should	MD
have	VB
known	VBN
standard	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
direct	JJ
online	JJ
violators	NNS
of	IN
copyright	NN
are	VBP
already	RB
liable	JJ
,	,
and	CC
while	IN
the	DT
principles	NNS
behind	IN
copyright	NN
laws	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
served	VBN
by	IN
strict	JJ
liability	NN
for	IN
even	RB
indirect	JJ
online	NN
infringers	NNS
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
the	DT
competing	VBG
goal	NN
of	IN
widespread	JJ
dissemination	NN
of	IN
information	NN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
from	IN
all	DT
corners	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
world	NN
may	MD
view	VB
and	CC
download	VB
these	DT
images	NNS
at	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
discretion	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
access	NN
is	VBZ
unfiltered	JJ
and	CC
unguarded	JJ
and	CC
is	VBZ
always	RB
anonymous	JJ
.	.
The	DT
utter	JJ
ease	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
a	DT
minor	JJ
may	MD
encounter	VB
such	JJ
inappropriate	JJ
material	NN
has	VBZ
instigated	VBN
a	DT
national	JJ
outcry	NN
for	IN
censorship	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
This	DT
article	NN
will	MD
peruse	VB
the	DT
libraries	NNS
of	IN
legal	JJ
precedent	NN
in	IN
an	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
analyze	VB
the	DT
validity	NN
of	IN
censorship	NN
laws	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
applied	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
If	IN
one	CD
were	VBD
to	TO
delve	VB
further	RBR
into	IN
this	DT
proposed	VBN
solution	NN
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
clear	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
solution	NN
itself	PRP
is	VBZ
fraught	JJ
with	IN
problems	NNS
.	.
Of	IN
the	DT
foremost	JJ
concern	NN
would	MD
be	VB
ensuring	VBG
the	DT
integrity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
membership	NN
.	.
How	WRB
would	MD
one	CD
ensure	VB
that	IN
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
engaging	VBG
in	IN
community	NN
discretion	NN
are	VBP
not	RB
,	,
themselves	PRP
,	,
minors	NNS
or	CC
members	NNS
of	IN
other	JJ
protected	JJ
classes	NNS
?	.
How	WRB
could	MD
one	CD
guarantee	NN
that	IN
the	DT
membership	NN
is	VBZ
diverse	JJ
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
it	PRP
reflects	VBZ
the	DT
desires	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
entire	JJ
Internet	NNP
community	NN
?	.
Though	IN
technologically	RB
possible	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
costly	JJ
to	TO
implement	VB
the	DT
safety	NN
precautions	NNS
necessary	JJ
to	TO
authenticate	VB
the	DT
veracity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
community	NN
's	VBZ
''	''
will	MD
.	.
Whereas	IN
local	JJ
community	NN
standards	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
evidenced	VBN
by	IN
what	WP
appears	VBZ
in	IN
contemporary	JJ
magazines	NNS
,	,
books	NNS
,	,
newspapers	NNS
,	,
television	NN
,	,
motion	NN
pictures	NNS
,	,
novels	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
media	NNS
of	IN
communications	NNS
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
doubt	NN
that	IN
local	JJ
laws	NNS
carry	VBP
great	JJ
weight	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
being	VBG
a	DT
government	NN
controlled	VBD
entity	NN
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
kept	VBN
under	IN
tight	JJ
reigns	NNS
,	,
at	IN
least	JJS
until	IN
1983	CD
,	,
when	WRB
the	DT
military	JJ
division	NN
separated	VBD
an	DT
became	VBD
the	DT
MILNET	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
8	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Eventually	RB
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
increased	VBN
availability	NN
and	CC
functionality	NN
of	IN
computers	NNS
,	,
a	DT
vast	JJ
network	NN
developed	VBD
and	CC
finally	RB
became	VBD
known	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
``	``
Internet	NNP
''	''
,	,
basically	RB
swallowing	VBG
the	DT
former	JJ
ARPANET	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
9	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Now	RB
there	EX
are	VBP
tens	NNS
of	IN
thousands	NNS
of	IN
nodes	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
being	VBG
accessed	VBN
by	IN
millions	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
.	.
The	DT
two	CD
most	RBS
popular	JJ
browser	NN
store	NN
cookies	NNS
in	IN
similar	JJ
ways	NNS
.	.
Both	DT
store	VBP
a	DT
cookie	NN
in	IN
typical	JJ
text	NN
format	NN
.	.
Netscape	NNP
Navigator	NNP
uses	VBZ
one	CD
file	NN
named	VBN
cookies	NNS
.	.
txt	NN
.	.
To	TO
access	VB
the	DT
file	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
typically	RB
located	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
path	NN
``	``
C	NNP
:	:
Program	NNP
Files	NNP
Netscape	NNP
Users	NNP
username	NN
cookies	NNS
.	.
txt	NN
''	''
.	.
While	IN
this	DT
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
a	DT
major	JJ
problem	NN
for	IN
some	DT
users	NNS
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
26	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
others	NNS
may	MD
want	VB
to	TO
at	IN
least	JJS
know	VB
what	WP
type	NN
of	IN
information	NN
about	IN
them	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
accessed	VBN
and	CC
what	WP
type	NN
of	IN
information	NN
they	PRP
are	VBP
giving	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
server	NN
without	IN
there	EX
knowledge	NN
.	.
This	DT
state	NN
of	IN
affairs	NNS
is	VBZ
short-sighted	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
reasons	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
context	NN
,	,
but	CC
perhaps	RB
most	JJS
glaringly	RB
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
jurisdictional	JJ
problems	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
inevitably	RB
arise	VB
in	IN
a	DT
context	NN
where	WRB
state	NN
lines	NNS
become	VBP
blurred	VBN
if	IN
not	RB
completely	RB
obliterated	VBN
.	.
With	IN
technology	NN
evolving	VBG
at	IN
increasingly	RB
rapid	JJ
rates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
regulation	NN
failing	VBG
to	TO
keep	VB
even	RB
moderate	JJ
pace	NN
alongside	IN
it	PRP
,	,
it	PRP
seems	VBZ
likely	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
uses	NNS
of	IN
cookies	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
will	MD
become	VB
even	RB
more	RBR
clandestinely	RB
invasive	JJ
.	.
At	IN
this	DT
point	NN
in	IN
time	NN
,	,
anyone	NN
using	VBG
the	DT
internet	NN
as	IN
either	CC
a	DT
consumer	NN
or	CC
a	DT
commercial	JJ
entity	NN
should	MD
proceed	VB
at	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
risk	NN
.	.
Cookies	NNS
are	VBP
a	DT
good	JJ
illustration	NN
of	IN
this	DT
warning	NN
,	,
since	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
designed	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
limited	JJ
purpose	NN
that	IN
in	IN
practice	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
greatly	RB
expanded	VBN
and	CC
at	IN
least	JJS
to	TO
some	DT
,	,
become	VB
exploitive	JJ
of	IN
consumers	NNS
.	.
If	IN
our	PRP$
current	JJ
state	NN
of	IN
non-regulation	NN
continues	VBZ
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
difficult	JJ
to	TO
predict	VB
how	WRB
much	RB
more	RBR
clandestine	JJ
and	CC
invasive	JJ
cookies	NNS
and\/or	CC
similar	JJ
technologies	NNS
may	MD
become	VB
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
The	DT
need	NN
for	IN
electronic	JJ
court	NN
filing	NN
has	VBZ
grown	VBN
out	IN
of	IN
a	DT
desire	NN
for	IN
speed	NN
and	CC
automation	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
desire	NN
to	TO
cut	VB
down	RP
on	IN
great	JJ
amounts	NNS
of	IN
paper	NN
shuffling	VBG
through	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
.	.
Paper	NNP
filing	NN
in	IN
Georgia	NNP
courts	NNS
is	VBZ
time	NN
consuming	NN
,	,
wasteful	JJ
,	,
difficult	JJ
to	TO
store	NN
and	CC
costly	JJ
.	.
Additional	JJ
disadvantages	NNS
to	TO
paper	NN
filing	NN
are	VBP
misplaced	VBN
documents	NNS
,	,
delays	NNS
in	IN
requests	NNS
for	IN
documents	NNS
and	CC
labor	NN
costs	NNS
for	IN
staff	NN
to	TO
manage	VB
the	DT
paper	NN
.	.
Courts	NNS
can	MD
reduce	VB
costs	NNS
,	,
time	NN
and	CC
effort	NN
by	IN
converting	VBG
to	TO
electronic	JJ
filing	NN
for	IN
many	JJ
or	CC
all	DT
court	NN
proceedings	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
documents	NNS
that	WDT
attorneys	NNS
produce	VBP
and	CC
submit	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
court	NN
are	VBP
originally	RB
created	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
.	.
After	IN
printing	VBG
them	PRP
and	CC
sending	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
court	NN
,	,
these	DT
documents	NNS
are	VBP
then	RB
logged	VBN
in	IN
at	IN
the	DT
court	NN
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
a	DT
motion	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
then	RB
creates	VBZ
by	IN
computer	NN
an	DT
order	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
then	RB
printed	VBN
and	CC
sent	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
attorney	NN
.	.
This	DT
means	VBZ
that	IN
documents	NNS
go	VBP
from	IN
computer	NN
to	TO
paper	NN
,	,
to	TO
computer	NN
to	TO
paper	NN
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
growth	NN
and	CC
popularization	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
electronic	JJ
transactions	NNS
it	PRP
is	VBZ
now	RB
more	RBR
and	CC
more	RBR
rational	JJ
to	TO
skip	VB
the	DT
printing	NN
step	NN
and	CC
accomplish	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
tasks	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
electronic	JJ
format	NN
only	RB
.	.
Three	CD
barriers	NNS
to	TO
electronic	JJ
court	NN
filing	NN
are	VBP
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
``	``
sign	VB
''	''
documents	NNS
,	,
to	TO
automate	VB
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
signing	NN
and	CC
verifying	VBG
electronic	JJ
signatures	NNS
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
ensure	VB
security	NN
of	IN
those	DT
documents	NNS
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
solve	VB
these	DT
problems	NNS
and	CC
take	VB
the	DT
important	JJ
step	NN
into	IN
modern	JJ
electronic	JJ
court	NN
filing	NN
,	,
courts	NNS
,	,
lawyers	NNS
,	,
administrators	NNS
and	CC
legal	JJ
policy	NN
makers	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
examine	VB
carefully	RB
several	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
we	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
assured	VBN
first	RB
of	IN
all	PDT
that	DT
our	PRP$
electronically	RB
signed	VBN
documents	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
accepted	VBN
under	IN
Georgia	NNP
's	POS
court	NN
rules	NNS
requiring	VBG
a	DT
signing	NN
and	CC
time	NN
deadlines	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
want	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
sure	JJ
that	IN
our	PRP$
documents	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
corrupted	VBN
or	CC
changed	VBN
en	IN
route	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
if	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
changed	VBN
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
recipient	JJ
can	MD
tell	VB
and	CC
alert	VB
us	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
discrepancy	NN
.	.
In	IN
certain	JJ
cases	NNS
we	PRP
might	MD
want	VB
the	DT
motion	NN
or	CC
another	DT
document	NN
encrypted	VBD
so	RB
that	IN
the	DT
information	NN
remains	VBZ
confidential	JJ
for	IN
privilege	NN
purposes	NNS
and	CC
for	IN
general	JJ
privacy	NN
reasons	NNS
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
and	CC
most	RBS
important	JJ
,	,
we	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
certain	JJ
that	IN
when	WRB
a	DT
document	NN
bearing	NN
our	PRP$
name	NN
is	VBZ
submitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
court	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
verify	VB
that	IN
the	DT
sender	NN
really	RB
was	VBD
he	PRP
and	CC
not	RB
an	DT
imposter	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
we	PRP
may	MD
also	RB
need	VB
to	TO
file	VB
other	JJ
motions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
local	JJ
district	NN
court	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
a	DT
state	NN
court	NN
100	CD
miles	NNS
away	RB
.	.
Since	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
inconvenient	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
different	JJ
electronic	JJ
filing	NN
procedures	NNS
for	IN
each	DT
county	NN
and	CC
the	DT
three	CD
districts	NNS
in	IN
Georgia	NNP
,	,
a	DT
simple	JJ
,	,
uniform	JJ
procedure	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
to	TO
submit	VB
and	CC
electronically	RB
``	``
sign	NN
''	''
and	CC
submit	VB
our	PRP$
documents	NNS
to	TO
any	DT
court	NN
would	MD
be	VB
preferable	JJ
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
debate	NN
about	IN
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
a	DT
court	NN
needs	VBZ
all	DT
of	IN
these	DT
characteristics	NNS
in	IN
documents	NNS
submitted	VBN
to	TO
them	PRP
electronically	RB
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
takes	VBZ
the	DT
position	NN
that	IN
in	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
world	NN
all	DT
of	IN
these	DT
services	NNS
are	VBP
essential	JJ
at	IN
one	CD
time	NN
or	CC
another	DT
.	.
Confidentiality	NN
is	VBZ
perhaps	RB
the	DT
least	JJS
essential	JJ
in	IN
electronic	JJ
court	NN
filing	NN
only	RB
because	IN
most	JJS
filed	VBN
documents	NNS
are	VBP
a	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
record	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
actually	RB
encrypting	VBG
a	DT
motion	NN
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
would	MD
be	VB
rare	JJ
.	.
However	RB
,	,
adoption	NN
,	,
juvenile	JJ
records	NNS
and	CC
sensitive	JJ
discovery	NN
items	NNS
are	VBP
examples	NNS
of	IN
things	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
encrypted	VBN
to	TO
preserve	VB
confidentiality	NN
.	.
Message	NN
integrity	NN
is	VBZ
always	RB
important	JJ
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
be	VB
sure	JJ
that	IN
documents	NNS
arrive	VBP
intact	JJ
.	.
Both	DT
the	DT
sender	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
the	DT
attorney	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
the	DT
recipient	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
can	MD
use	VB
the	DT
digital	JJ
signature	NN
of	IN
a	DT
document	NN
to	TO
verify	VB
that	IN
a	DT
document	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
altered	VBN
between	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
sending	VBG
and	CC
its	PRP$
arrival	NN
.	.
Trusted	JJ
authentication	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
and	CC
difficult	JJ
to	TO
attain	VB
service	NN
in	IN
electronic	JJ
court	NN
filing	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
a	DT
complaint	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
presumed	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
been	VBN
``	``
signed	VBN
''	''
by	IN
the	DT
attorney	NN
unless	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
verify	VB
that	IN
the	DT
digital	JJ
signature	NN
attached	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
complaint	NN
belongs	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
attorney	NN
claiming	VBG
to	TO
have	VB
sent	VBN
it	PRP
.	.
Similarly	RB
,	,
non-repudiation	JJ
services	NNS
will	MD
prevent	VB
a	DT
party	NN
from	IN
claiming	VBG
he	PRP
sent	VBD
a	DT
particular	JJ
document	NN
when	WRB
he	PRP
really	RB
did	VBD
not	RB
,	,
or	CC
it	PRP
could	MD
prevent	VB
a	DT
recipient	JJ
from	IN
claiming	VBG
that	IN
he	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
receive	VB
a	DT
document	NN
when	WRB
he	PRP
really	RB
did	VBD
.	.
Time-date	JJ
stamping	VBG
is	VBZ
of	IN
course	NN
important	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
world	NN
.	.
In	IN
court	NN
filing	NN
,	,
time	NN
limits	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
filing	VBG
deadlines	NNS
and	CC
statutes	NNS
of	IN
limitation	NN
demand	NN
that	IN
an	DT
electronically	RB
filing	VBG
attorney	NN
be	VB
assured	VBN
that	IN
his	PRP$
documents	NNS
bear	VBP
an	DT
electronically	RB
generated	VBN
,	,
non-repudiable	JJ
time-date	JJ
stamp	NN
so	IN
that	IN
he	PRP
can	MD
satisfy	VB
these	DT
requirements	NNS
.	.
This	DT
fifth	JJ
characteristic	NN
is	VBZ
actually	RB
in	IN
a	DT
class	NN
by	IN
itself	PRP
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
document	NN
is	VBZ
time-date	JJ
stamped	JJ
using	VBG
digital	JJ
signature	NN
technology	NN
it	PRP
also	RB
necessarily	RB
embodies	VBZ
the	DT
characteristics	NNS
of	IN
message	NN
integrity	NN
,	,
non-repudiation	JJ
and	CC
authentication	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
explained	VBN
later	RB
in	IN
paper	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
debate	NN
about	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
full	JJ
force	NN
of	IN
these	DT
services	NNS
will	MD
actually	RB
exceed	VB
current	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
security	NN
in	IN
the	DT
paper-based	JJ
world	NN
,	,
which	WDT
might	MD
be	VB
unnecessary	JJ
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
exception	NN
of	IN
encryption	NN
,	,
all	DT
of	IN
these	DT
services	NNS
are	VBP
what	WP
we	PRP
expect	VBP
today	NN
in	IN
court	NN
--	:
timely	JJ
,	,
unaltered	JJ
documents	NNS
that	IN
all	DT
parties	NNS
can	MD
rely	VB
on	IN
.	.
But	CC
the	DT
problem	NN
remains	VBZ
that	IN
courts	NNS
are	VBP
overwhelmed	VBN
with	IN
cumbersome	JJ
quantities	NNS
of	IN
paper	NN
.	.
Electronic	JJ
court	NN
filing	NN
is	VBZ
therefore	RB
still	RB
a	DT
desirable	JJ
goal	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
with	IN
modern	JJ
computerization	NN
we	PRP
will	MD
expect	VB
a	DT
degree	NN
of	IN
automation	NN
that	WDT
allows	VBZ
for	IN
easy	JJ
data	NNS
entry	NN
,	,
an	DT
elimination	NN
of	IN
redundant	JJ
work	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
labor	NN
intensive	JJ
and	CC
error	NN
prone	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
entering	VBG
case	NN
and	CC
party	NN
names	NNS
again	RB
and	CC
again	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
quick	JJ
responses	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
may	MD
even	RB
come	VB
to	TO
expect	VB
remote	JJ
access	NN
of	IN
a	DT
case	NN
file	NN
,	,
which	WDT
will	MD
probably	RB
not	RB
be	VB
possible	JJ
without	IN
allowing	VBG
for	IN
documents	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
submitted	VBN
electronically	RB
.	.
The	DT
draft	NN
Illinois	NNP
Electronic	NNP
Commerce	NNP
Security	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
13	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
has	VBZ
a	DT
useful	JJ
set	NN
of	IN
definitions	NNS
that	WDT
subdivides	VBZ
electronic	JJ
signatures	NNS
into	IN
three	CD
main	JJ
categories	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
relevant	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
PKI	NNP
.	.
These	DT
are	VBP
explained	VBN
below	IN
and	CC
then	RB
applied	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
electronic	JJ
court	NN
filing	NN
scenario	NN
.	.
Sometimes	RB
this	DT
low	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
security	NN
is	VBZ
acceptable	JJ
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
for	IN
non-confidential	JJ
documents	NNS
sent	VBN
between	IN
attorneys	NNS
,	,
simple	JJ
notices	NNS
sent	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
court	NN
,	,
or	CC
casual	JJ
communications	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
so	RB
long	RB
as	IN
no	DT
one	NN
later	RB
repudiates	VBZ
the	DT
document	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
When	WRB
used	VBN
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
digital	JJ
signature	NN
,	,
it	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
provide	VB
unverifiable	JJ
authentication	NN
.	.
The	DT
drawback	NN
to	TO
relying	VBG
on	IN
PGP	NNP
is	VBZ
that	IN
this	DT
public	JJ
key-private	NN
key	JJ
encryption	NN
system	NN
requires	VBZ
the	DT
recipient	JJ
to	TO
trust	VB
that	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
key	NN
it	PRP
uses	VBZ
to	TO
verify	VB
a	DT
signed	VBN
message	NN
is	VBZ
indeed	RB
from	IN
the	DT
person	NN
who	WP
sent	VBD
the	DT
message	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
This	DT
is	VBZ
because	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
in-person	JJ
identity	NN
verification	NN
when	WRB
the	DT
public\/private	JJ
key	JJ
pair	NN
is	VBZ
issued	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Without	IN
a	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
to	TO
verify	VB
that	IN
the	DT
person	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
issued	VBN
this	DT
particular	JJ
key	JJ
pair	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
human	JJ
attached	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
name	NN
,	,
a	DT
recipient	JJ
can	MD
fall	VB
prey	NN
to	TO
``	``
imposters	NNS
''	''
who	WP
appropriate	JJ
others	NNS
'	POS
email	NN
addresses	NNS
and	CC
can	MD
create	VB
a	DT
public\/private	JJ
key	JJ
pairs	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
in	IN
unorthodox	JJ
ways	NNS
.	.
Another	DT
drawback	NN
to	TO
PGP	NNP
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
carries	VBZ
no	DT
date-time	JJ
stamp	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
world	NN
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
affix	VB
a	DT
time-date	JJ
stamp	NN
and	CC
to	TO
verify	VB
that	IN
the	DT
sender	NN
is	VBZ
indeed	RB
the	DT
person	NN
who	WP
he	PRP
says	VBZ
he	PRP
is	VBZ
,	,
a	DT
trusted	VBN
time-keeper	NN
with	IN
a	DT
highly	RB
secure	JJ
digital	JJ
signature	NN
are	VBP
needed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
benefit	NN
of	IN
PenOps	NNP
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
low-cost	JJ
,	,
natural	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
``	``
sign	VB
''	''
documents	NNS
.	.
On	IN
closer	JJR
look	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
PenOps	NNP
is	VBZ
unlikely	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
useful	JJ
in	IN
electronic	JJ
court	NN
filing	NN
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
inherent	JJ
lack	NN
of	IN
verification	NN
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
problem	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
since	IN
people	NNS
always	RB
change	VBP
their	PRP$
signatures	NNS
just	RB
a	DT
little	JJ
bit	NN
each	DT
time	NN
they	PRP
make	VBP
them	PRP
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
unlikely	JJ
that	IN
a	DT
100	CD
%	NN
match	NN
will	MD
ever	RB
be	VB
made	VBN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
each	DT
comparison	NN
result	NN
of	IN
less	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
100	CD
%	NN
match	NN
is	VBZ
essentially	RB
a	DT
``	``
maybe	RB
.	.
''	''
A	DT
second	JJ
problem	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
PenOps	NNP
is	VBZ
also	RB
not	RB
as	IN
good	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
digital	JJ
signature	NN
within	IN
a	DT
PKI	NNP
because	IN
although	IN
it	PRP
might	MD
link	VB
the	DT
signer	NN
to	TO
the	DT
document	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
way	NN
to	TO
link	VB
the	DT
signer	NN
to	TO
the	DT
human	JJ
without	IN
a	DT
trusted	VBN
third	JJ
party	NN
to	TO
verify	VB
identity	NN
.	.
Potentially	RB
any	DT
person	NN
could	MD
have	VB
created	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
forged	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
original	JJ
signature	NN
.	.
PGP	NNP
and	CC
PenOps	NNP
offer	VBP
some	DT
security	NN
,	,
however	RB
this	DT
security	NN
is	VBZ
inferior	JJ
because	IN
it	PRP
lacks	VBZ
a	DT
trusted	VBN
third	JJ
party	NN
to	TO
verify	VB
the	DT
identity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
person	NN
holding	VBG
the	DT
keys	NNS
that	WDT
signed	VBD
the	DT
document	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
fails	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
means	NN
for	IN
verifying	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
signer	NN
on	IN
a	DT
digitizing	VBG
pad	NN
is	VBZ
who	WP
he	PRP
claims	VBZ
he	PRP
is	VBZ
.	.
What	WP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
for	IN
court	NN
filing	NN
is	VBZ
trusted	VBN
authentication	NN
and	CC
non-repudiation	NN
,	,
which	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
accomplished	VBN
using	VBG
the	DT
other	JJ
set	NN
of	IN
keys	NNS
,	,
the	DT
digital	JJ
signing	NN
keys	NNS
.	.
These	DT
keys	NNS
are	VBP
used	VBN
to	TO
append	VB
digital	JJ
signatures	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
document	NN
by	IN
running	VBG
the	DT
encryption	NN
process	NN
``	``
in	IN
reverse	NN
.	.
''	''
However	RB
,	,
not	RB
all	DT
of	IN
these	DT
characteristics	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
achieved	VBN
without	IN
some	DT
sort	NN
of	IN
orderly	JJ
and	CC
efficient	JJ
structure	NN
to	TO
manage	VB
these	DT
services	NNS
.	.
The	DT
solution	NN
to	TO
the	DT
problem	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
develop	VB
electronic	JJ
court	NN
filing	NN
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
characteristics	NNS
lies	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
establishment	NN
of	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
key	JJ
infrastructure	NN
.	.
In	IN
electronic	JJ
court	NN
filing	NN
today	NN
,	,
the	DT
objective	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
authenticate	VB
an	DT
electronically	RB
``	``
signed	VBN
''	''
document	NN
so	IN
that	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
accepted	VBN
in	IN
court	NN
and	CC
so	RB
that	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
reliable	JJ
,	,
secure	JJ
and	CC
authentic	JJ
.	.
A	DT
public	JJ
key	JJ
infrastructure	NN
offers	VBZ
a	DT
workable	JJ
solution	NN
by	IN
providing	VBG
a	DT
system	NN
for	IN
issuing	VBG
certificates	NNS
that	WDT
attest	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
identity	NN
of	IN
a	DT
sender	NN
and	CC
the	DT
authenticity	NN
of	IN
an	DT
electronic	JJ
document	NN
.	.
This	DT
could	MD
mean	VB
limiting	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
main	JJ
computer	NN
or	CC
installing	VBG
sophisticated	JJ
network	NN
security	NN
measures	NNS
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
operating	VBG
an	DT
in-house	JJ
server	NN
also	RB
necessitates	VBZ
having	VBG
personnel	NNS
on	IN
hand	NN
who	WP
have	VBP
in-depth	JJ
knowledge	NN
of	IN
cryptography	NN
and	CC
security	NN
.	.
These	DT
scenarios	NNS
illustrate	VBP
the	DT
flexible	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
roles	NNS
they	PRP
play	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
PKI	NNP
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
above	JJ
example	NN
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
certificate	NN
issuer	NN
could	MD
be	VB
performed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
company	NN
itself	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
its	PRP$
own	JJ
CA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
or	CC
it	PRP
could	MD
be	VB
performed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
an	DT
outside	JJ
CA	NNP
.	.
The	DT
next	JJ
section	NN
examines	VBZ
what	WP
at	IN
Certification	NNP
Authority	NNP
is	VBZ
,	,
or	CC
can	MD
be	VB
.	.
The	DT
following	JJ
sections	NNS
describe	VBP
the	DT
different	JJ
services	NNS
that	IN
it	PRP
or	CC
other	JJ
companies	NNS
provide	VBP
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
they	PRP
apply	VBP
in	IN
electronic	JJ
court	NN
filing	NN
.	.
Key	NNP
generation	NN
refers	VBZ
to	TO
who	WP
actually	RB
creates	VBZ
the	DT
two	CD
key	JJ
pairs	NNS
-	:
the	DT
digital	JJ
signature	NN
pair	NN
and	CC
the	DT
encryption	NN
key	JJ
pair	NN
.	.
The	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
who	WP
generate	VBP
the	DT
key	JJ
pairs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
particular	JJ
the	DT
private	JJ
keys	NNS
,	,
is	VBZ
hotly	RB
debated	VBN
.	.
Basically	RB
,	,
key	JJ
pairs	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
digital	JJ
signatures	NNS
and	CC
\/	NN
or	CC
for	IN
encryption	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
can	MD
be	VB
generated	VBN
in	IN
one	CD
of	IN
two	CD
ways	NNS
:	:
by	IN
the	DT
person	NN
himself	PRP
or	CC
by	IN
someone	NN
else	RB
.	.
Given	VBN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
accidents	NNS
happen	VB
,	,
he	PRP
might	MD
also	RB
choose	VB
to	TO
place	VB
his	PRP$
private	JJ
key	NN
with	IN
an	DT
entity	NN
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
key	JJ
backup	NN
in	IN
case	NN
he	PRP
loses	VBZ
his	PRP$
smart	JJ
card	NN
,	,
or	CC
his	PRP$
computer	NN
with	IN
the	DT
key	NN
on	IN
it	PRP
gets	VBZ
stolen	VBN
,	,
or	CC
he	PRP
becomes	VBZ
incapacitated	JJ
and	CC
his	PRP$
company	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
access	NN
information	NN
he	PRP
has	VBZ
encrypted	VBN
.	.
Similarly	RB
,	,
the	DT
second	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
generate	VB
the	DT
key	JJ
pair	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
someone	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
user	NN
to	TO
generate	VB
them	PRP
.	.
This	DT
could	MD
be	VB
someone	NN
within	IN
the	DT
company	NN
or	CC
firm	NN
,	,
or	CC
it	PRP
could	MD
be	VB
an	DT
outside	JJ
company	NN
.	.
The	DT
advantage	NN
of	IN
using	VBG
an	DT
outside	JJ
company	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
outsourcing	VBG
key	JJ
generation	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
less	RBR
costly	JJ
initially	RB
for	IN
a	DT
person	NN
or	CC
entity	NN
to	TO
begin	VB
to	TO
use	VB
digital	JJ
certificate	NN
technology	NN
,	,
and	CC
much	JJ
simpler	JJR
technologically	RB
.	.
The	DT
disadvantage	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
not	RB
only	RB
is	VBZ
the	DT
security	NN
link	NN
weakened	VBD
because	IN
someone	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
user	NN
has	VBZ
created	VBN
and	CC
issued	VBN
the	DT
key	NN
,	,
but	CC
potentially	RB
a	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
,	,
the	DT
key	JJ
backup	NN
service	NN
provider	NN
,	,
might	MD
also	RB
be	VB
in	IN
the	DT
picture	NN
,	,
which	WDT
creates	VBZ
additional	JJ
liability	NN
risks	NNS
.	.
This	DT
tension	NN
between	IN
needing	VBG
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
a	DT
key	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
only	RB
by	IN
the	DT
person	NN
to	TO
whom	WP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
issued	VBN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
practical	JJ
need	NN
to	TO
breach	VB
that	DT
security	NN
somewhat	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
by	IN
maintaining	VBG
a	DT
back-up	JJ
or	CC
letting	VBG
someone	NN
else	RB
generate	VB
the	DT
keys	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
an	DT
inevitable	JJ
aspect	NN
of	IN
a	DT
PKI	NNP
.	.
Key	NNP
issuance	NN
is	VBZ
therefore	RB
a	DT
crucial	JJ
aspect	NN
of	IN
designing	VBG
a	DT
PKI	NNP
to	TO
fit	VB
a	DT
company	NN
's	POS
or	CC
entity	NN
's	POS
needs	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
court	NN
filing	NN
scenario	NN
,	,
key	JJ
generation	NN
and	CC
issuance	NN
could	MD
be	VB
done	VBN
either	DT
way	NN
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
that	DT
attorney	NN
's	POS
or	CC
firm	NN
's	POS
needs	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
a	DT
small	JJ
firm	NN
might	MD
want	VB
to	TO
get	VB
its	PRP$
key	JJ
pairs	NNS
from	IN
an	DT
outside	JJ
company	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
save	VB
itself	PRP
administration	NN
duties	NNS
and	CC
costs	NNS
.	.
A	DT
larger	JJR
firm	NN
might	MD
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
find	VB
it	PRP
preferable	JJ
and	CC
feasible	JJ
to	TO
issue	VB
its	PRP$
own	JJ
keys	NNS
.	.
In	IN
that	DT
case	NN
the	DT
firm	NN
would	MD
have	VB
better	JJR
control	NN
over	IN
who	WP
is	VBZ
issued	VBN
keys	NNS
;	:
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
quantity	NN
of	IN
keys	NNS
they	PRP
would	MD
issue	VB
it	PRP
would	MD
probably	RB
be	VB
cost	VBN
efficient	JJ
for	IN
them	PRP
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
This	DT
service	NN
alone	RB
,	,
however	RB
,	,
is	VBZ
much	RB
less	RBR
important	JJ
than	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
done	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
keys	NNS
,	,
namely	RB
using	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
issue	VB
certificates	NNS
.	.
Another	DT
consideration	NN
for	IN
certificate	NN
issuance	NN
is	VBZ
cost	NN
.	.
In	IN
general	JJ
,	,
setting	VBG
up	RP
certificate	NN
issuance	NN
is	VBZ
costly	JJ
and	CC
can	MD
be	VB
difficult	JJ
technologically	RB
,	,
but	CC
offers	VBZ
greater	JJR
control	NN
to	TO
the	DT
entity	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
Entrust	NNP
's	POS
CommerceCA	NNP
sells	VBZ
for	IN
$	$
110,000	CD
and	CC
includes	VBZ
5,000	CD
certificates	NNS
,	,
a	DT
LDAP	NNP
directory	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
see	VB
next	JJ
section	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
proprietary	JJ
management	NN
software	NN
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
using	VBG
an	DT
outside	JJ
company	NN
will	MD
cost	VB
less	JJR
and	CC
be	VB
less	RBR
difficult	JJ
technologically	RB
.	.
Issuing	NN
certificates	NNS
that	WDT
conform	VBP
to	TO
a	DT
widely	RB
recognized	VBN
format	NN
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
allow	VB
many	JJ
different	JJ
users	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
subscribers	NNS
or	CC
recipients	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
find	VB
and	CC
verify	VB
certificates	NNS
.	.
Verisign	NNP
describes	VBZ
the	DT
X.	NNP
509	CD
certificate	NN
format	NN
:	:
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
It	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
provides	VBZ
for	IN
certificate	NN
extensions	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
standard	JJ
extensions	NNS
and	CC
private	JJ
or	CC
community-defined	JJ
extensions	NNS
.	.
Looking	VBG
for	IN
and	CC
finding	VBG
other	JJ
subscribers	NNS
'	POS
certificates	NNS
will	MD
tell	VB
the	DT
recipient	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
private	JJ
key	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
used	VBN
to	TO
digitally	RB
sign	VB
that	IN
document	NN
does	VBZ
in	IN
fact	NN
belong	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
holder	NN
of	IN
this	DT
certificate	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
mathematically	RB
linked	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
key	NN
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
certificate	NN
.	.
In	IN
electronic	JJ
court	NN
filing	NN
,	,
attorneys	NNS
will	MD
use	VB
the	DT
certificate	NN
repository	NN
to	TO
retrieve	VB
his	PRP$
own	JJ
certificate	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
distribution	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
to	TO
look	VB
up	RP
others	NNS
'	POS
certificates	NNS
to	TO
verify	VB
a	DT
document	NN
he	PRP
has	VBZ
received	VBN
.	.
A	DT
court	NN
will	MD
use	VB
certificate	NN
repositories	NNS
to	TO
verify	VB
documents	NNS
it	PRP
has	VBZ
received	VBN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
however	RB
one	CD
more	JJR
step	NN
to	TO
accepting	VBG
that	IN
certificate	NN
.	.
The	DT
person	NN
searching	VBG
must	MD
be	VB
also	RB
assured	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
certificate	NN
is	VBZ
valid	JJ
for	IN
that	DT
time	NN
period	NN
.	.
This	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
kept	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
certification	NN
revocation	NN
list	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
next	JJ
section	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Quite	RB
conceivably	RB
these	DT
two	CD
services	NNS
could	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
list	NN
.	.
A	DT
PKI	NNP
must	MD
have	VB
a	DT
certification	NN
revocation	NN
list	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
CRL	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
which	WDT
provides	VBZ
for	IN
automatically	RB
updating	VBG
key	JJ
pairs	NNS
and	CC
certificates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
for	IN
looking	VBG
up	RP
which	WDT
certificates	NNS
are	VBP
valid	JJ
and	CC
which	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
.	.
Usually	RB
the	DT
CRL	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
maintained	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
The	DT
CRL	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
maintained	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
site	NN
as	IN
the	DT
certificate	NN
repository	NN
,	,
which	WDT
would	MD
allow	VB
for	IN
digital	JJ
signature	NN
verification	NN
and	CC
revocation\/expiration	NN
information	NN
to	TO
be	VB
in	IN
one	CD
location	NN
.	.
When	WRB
certificates	NNS
are	VBP
issued	VBN
,	,
they	PRP
should	MD
always	RB
be	VB
issued	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
finite	JJ
length	NN
of	IN
time	NN
,	,
requiring	VBG
periodic	JJ
renewal	NN
.	.
Good	JJ
software	NN
will	MD
allow	VB
for	IN
an	DT
automated	JJ
process	NN
to	TO
renew	VB
valid	JJ
certificates	NNS
.	.
Or	CC
,	,
a	DT
certificate	NN
might	MD
even	RB
be	VB
issued	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
one-time	JJ
use	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
a	DT
key	JJ
pair	NN
might	MD
be	VB
issued	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
person	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
working	VBG
temporarily	RB
at	IN
a	DT
different	JJ
company	NN
or	CC
in	IN
a	DT
different	JJ
state	NN
.	.
Certificate	NN
revocation	NN
might	MD
be	VB
necessary	JJ
when	WRB
an	DT
employee	NN
leaves	VBZ
the	DT
company	NN
.	.
Notification	NN
of	IN
this	DT
too	RB
must	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
The	DT
CRL	NNP
must	MD
also	RB
list	VB
suspended	VBN
certificates	NNS
when	WRB
the	DT
subscriber	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
leave	NN
or	CC
on	IN
vacation	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
court	NN
scenario	NN
,	,
an	DT
attorney	NN
will	MD
submit	VB
to	TO
the	DT
court	NN
a	DT
digitally	RB
signed	VBN
document	NN
which	WDT
bears	VBZ
his	PRP$
digital	JJ
signature	NN
,	,
produced	VBN
with	IN
his	PRP$
private	JJ
key	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
must	MD
then	RB
check	VB
the	DT
CRL	NNP
to	TO
verify	VB
that	IN
the	DT
attorney	NN
's	POS
public	JJ
key	NN
is	VBZ
valid	JJ
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
CRL	NNP
also	RB
serves	VBZ
as	IN
the	DT
certificate	NN
repository	NN
,	,
this	DT
one	CD
check	NN
will	MD
also	RB
prove	VB
to	TO
the	DT
court	NN
that	IN
the	DT
private-public	JJ
key	JJ
pair	NN
used	VBN
to	TO
sign	VB
that	IN
document	NN
belongs	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
named	VBN
individual	NN
.	.
This	DT
provides	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
difficult	JJ
to	TO
attain	VB
characteristic	NN
of	IN
trusted	VBN
authentication	NN
.	.
Key	NNP
backup	NN
and	CC
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
where	WRB
the	DT
CA	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
another	DT
entity	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
holds	VBZ
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
private	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
decryption	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
keys	NNS
to	TO
allow	VB
someone	NN
to	TO
decrypt	VB
a	DT
document	NN
when	WRB
that	DT
key	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
lost	VBN
,	,
broken	VBN
or	CC
corrupted	VBN
.	.
Destruction	NNP
of	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
key	NN
could	MD
occur	VB
,	,
for	IN
instance	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
key	NN
was	VBD
on	IN
a	DT
card	NN
and	CC
the	DT
card	NN
was	VBD
lost	VBN
or	CC
destroyed	VBN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
need	NN
to	TO
back	VB
up	RP
the	DT
private	JJ
key	NN
of	IN
the	DT
encryption	NN
key	JJ
pair	NN
because	IN
if	IN
a	DT
subscriber	NN
loses	VBZ
his	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
encrypt	VB
using	VBG
that	IN
key	JJ
,	,
he	PRP
should	MD
simply	RB
obtain	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
encryption	NN
key	JJ
pair	NN
.	.
Also	RB
remember	VB
the	DT
distinction	NN
between	IN
the	DT
two	CD
key	JJ
pairs	NNS
.	.
There	EX
will	MD
never	RB
be	VB
a	DT
need	NN
to	TO
back	VB
up	RP
the	DT
key	JJ
pair	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
issued	VBN
for	IN
creating	VBG
digital	JJ
signatures	NNS
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
backup	NN
would	MD
weaken	VB
the	DT
essential	JJ
characteristic	NN
of	IN
the	DT
PKI	NNP
:	:
binding	JJ
a	DT
signing	NN
key	NN
to	TO
a	DT
person	NN
and	CC
holding	VBG
that	DT
person	NN
responsible	JJ
for	IN
it	PRP
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
user	NN
loses	VBZ
his	PRP$
signing	NN
key	JJ
pair	NN
he	PRP
must	MD
simply	RB
get	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
key	JJ
pair	NN
and	CC
use	VB
it	PRP
from	IN
then	RB
on	IN
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
key	NN
that	WDT
needs	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
backed	VBN
up	RP
is	VBZ
the	DT
private	JJ
key	NN
of	IN
the	DT
encryption	NN
\/	NN
decryption	NN
key	JJ
pair	NN
.	.
In	IN
electronic	JJ
court	NN
filing	NN
each	DT
subscriber	NN
will	MD
probably	RB
want	VB
and	CC
need	VB
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
backup	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
private	JJ
decryption	NN
key	NN
.	.
The	DT
tricky	JJ
issue	NN
is	VBZ
who	WP
will	MD
hold	VB
the	DT
backups	NNS
.	.
The	DT
options	NNS
here	RB
include	VBP
having	VBG
an	DT
outside	JJ
CA	NNP
provide	VB
this	DT
service	NN
or	CC
having	VBG
them	PRP
stored	VBD
in-house	JJ
.	.
The	DT
advantage	NN
to	TO
having	VBG
someone	NN
outside	IN
hold	VBP
them	PRP
is	VBZ
that	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
more	RBR
sophisticated	JJ
security	NN
measures	NNS
,	,
but	CC
this	DT
service	NN
might	MD
be	VB
costly	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
user	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
if	IN
security	NN
breaks	NNS
down	IN
there	RB
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
potential	JJ
liability	NN
problems	NNS
because	IN
the	DT
backup	NN
provider	NN
might	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
liable	JJ
for	IN
negative	JJ
consequences	NNS
of	IN
that	DT
breach	NN
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
storing	VBG
them	PRP
in-house	JJ
may	MD
cost	VB
less	JJR
but	CC
then	RB
the	DT
subscriber	NN
must	MD
take	VB
steps	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
for	IN
safe-keeping	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
private	JJ
key	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
a	DT
smart	JJ
card	NN
a	DT
simple	JJ
solution	NN
might	MD
be	VB
for	IN
an	DT
individual	JJ
subscriber	NN
to	TO
put	VB
the	DT
backup	NN
copy	NN
in	IN
his	PRP$
safety	NN
deposit	NN
box	NN
.	.
This	DT
solution	NN
might	MD
not	RB
work	VB
for	IN
a	DT
company	NN
that	WDT
needs	VBZ
to	TO
store	VB
thousands	NNS
of	IN
private	JJ
keys	NNS
.	.
The	DT
important	JJ
thing	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
realize	VB
that	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
options	NNS
when	WRB
considering	VBG
this	DT
important	JJ
issue	NN
.	.
Another	DT
method	NN
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
time-date	JJ
stamp	NN
does	VBZ
away	RP
with	IN
the	DT
time	NN
and	CC
expense	NN
of	IN
publishing	VBG
the	DT
hash	NN
value	NN
by	IN
relying	VBG
on	IN
a	DT
CA	NNP
to	TO
attest	VB
that	IN
a	DT
subscriber	NN
sent	VBD
a	DT
hash	NN
value	NN
of	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
document	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
case	NN
the	DT
CA	NNP
could	MD
automate	VB
the	DT
process	NN
by	IN
sending	VBG
a	DT
digitally	RB
signed	VBN
and	CC
dated	VBN
certificate	NN
to	TO
the	DT
subscriber	NN
and\/or	CC
to	TO
the	DT
intended	JJ
recipient	JJ
each	DT
time	NN
a	DT
subscriber	NN
sends	VBZ
it	PRP
a	DT
hash	NN
value	NN
.	.
The	DT
subscriber	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
sender	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
would	MD
then	RB
send	VB
the	DT
original	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
intended	JJ
recipient	JJ
,	,
maintaining	VBG
confidentiality	NN
.	.
To	TO
verify	VB
when	WRB
the	DT
hash	NN
was	VBD
created	VBN
the	DT
recipient	JJ
would	MD
then	RB
run	VB
the	DT
hash	NN
on	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
document	NN
and	CC
compare	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
hash	NN
published	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
CA	NNP
.	.
This	DT
would	MD
also	RB
provide	VB
document	NN
integrity	NN
and	CC
non-repudiation	NN
because	IN
the	DT
sender\/subscriber	NN
could	MD
then	RB
never	RB
claim	VBP
he	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
send	VB
the	DT
document	NN
.	.
This	DT
entire	JJ
procedure	NN
can	MD
be	VB
automated	VBN
to	TO
allow	VB
for	IN
ease	NN
of	IN
use	NN
for	IN
the	DT
recipient	JJ
.	.
However	RB
,	,
this	DT
procedure	NN
will	MD
only	RB
work	VB
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
the	DT
CA	NNP
is	VBZ
trustworthy	JJ
and	CC
there	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
security	NN
breaches	NNS
.	.
Digital	NNP
Notary	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
software	NN
program	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
then	RB
hashes	VBZ
that	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
those	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
documents	NNS
together	RB
with	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
other	JJ
documents	NNS
it	PRP
has	VBZ
received	VBN
up	RP
to	TO
that	DT
point	NN
in	IN
time	NN
.	.
It	PRP
creates	VBZ
this	DT
``	``
superhash	NN
''	''
each	DT
second	NN
of	IN
the	DT
day	NN
of	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
documents	NNS
it	PRP
has	VBZ
received	VBN
up	RP
to	TO
that	DT
point	NN
in	IN
time	NN
.	.
This	DT
superhash	NN
is	VBZ
published	VBN
on	IN
web	NN
sites	NNS
,	,
on	IN
CD-ROM	NN
,	,
and	CC
for	IN
a	DT
time	NN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
New	NNP
York	NNP
Times	NNP
.	.
Digital	NNP
Notary	NNP
also	RB
issues	VBZ
an	DT
authenticating	VBG
certificate	NN
for	IN
the	DT
document	NN
;	:
the	DT
document	NN
and	CC
the	DT
certificate	NN
are	VBP
then	RB
stored	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
subscriber	NN
's	POS
computer	NN
or	CC
elsewhere	RB
,	,
either	RB
together	RB
or	CC
separately	RB
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
subscriber	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
authenticate	VB
a	DT
time-date	JJ
stamp	NN
Digital	NNP
Notary	NNP
will	MD
compare	VB
a	DT
newly	RB
created	VBN
hash	NN
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
document	NN
with	IN
that	DT
which	WDT
is	VBZ
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
certificate	NN
.	.
If	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
match	NN
then	RB
the	DT
document	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
changed	VBN
,	,
ensuring	VBG
integrity	NN
.	.
To	TO
verify	VB
the	DT
time	NN
and	CC
date	NN
Digital	NNP
Notary	NNP
then	RB
looks	VBZ
at	IN
the	DT
superhash	JJ
corresponding	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
time-date	JJ
stamp	NN
as	IN
it	PRP
appears	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
certificate	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
superhash	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
created	VBN
the	DT
second	JJ
the	DT
subscriber	NN
's	POS
hash	NN
was	VBD
first	JJ
hashed	VBN
by	IN
Digital	NNP
Notary	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
compares	VBZ
it	PRP
to	TO
what	WP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
published	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
on	IN
the	DT
Web	NNP
,	,
on	IN
CD-ROM	NN
or	CC
in	IN
newspaper	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Thus	RB
Digital	NNP
Notary	NNP
provides	VBZ
the	DT
services	NNS
of	IN
integrity	NN
,	,
non-repudiation	NN
,	,
time-date	JJ
stamping	VBG
and	CC
confidentiality	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
because	IN
Digital	NNP
Notary	NNP
never	RB
sees	VBZ
the	DT
original	JJ
document	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
service	NN
can	MD
be	VB
done	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
CA	NNP
or	CC
can	MD
be	VB
done	VBN
independently	RB
of	IN
the	DT
CA	NNP
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
court	NN
filing	NN
scenario	NN
,	,
any	DT
of	IN
these	DT
procedures	NNS
would	MD
work	VB
.	.
However	RB
,	,
since	IN
the	DT
arrival	NN
time	NN
of	IN
a	DT
document	NN
is	VBZ
what	WP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
in	IN
court	NN
filing	NN
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
logical	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
the	DT
time-date	JJ
stamp	NN
applied	VBN
when	WRB
the	DT
document	NN
reaches	VBZ
the	DT
court	NN
's	POS
network	NN
server	NN
.	.
This	DT
process	NN
could	MD
certainly	RB
be	VB
automated	VBN
so	RB
that	IN
no	DT
personnel	NNS
need	VBP
be	VB
bothered	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
procedure	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
a	DT
receipt	NN
could	MD
also	RB
be	VB
automatically	RB
be	VB
sent	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
filing	NN
attorney	NN
,	,
giving	VBG
him	PRP
proof	NN
that	IN
he	PRP
filed	VBD
that	IN
document	NN
at	IN
that	DT
time	NN
.	.
This	DT
proof	NN
would	MD
rarely	RB
be	VB
needed	VBN
but	CC
might	MD
be	VB
needed	VBN
if	IN
the	DT
court	NN
's	POS
server	NN
is	VBZ
compromised	VBN
by	IN
fire	NN
,	,
security	NN
breakdown	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
Another	DT
consideration	NN
for	IN
date-time	JJ
stamping	VBG
in	IN
electronic	JJ
court	NN
filing	NN
is	VBZ
batch	NN
processing	NN
.	.
For	IN
simplicity	NN
and	CC
cost	NN
considerations	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
might	MD
be	VB
effective	JJ
for	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
documents	NNS
filed	VBD
that	DT
day	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
hour	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
be	VB
time-date	JJ
stamped	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
moment	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
certainly	RB
a	DT
technical	JJ
issue	NN
but	CC
it	PRP
might	MD
be	VB
useful	JJ
to	TO
consider	VB
it	PRP
when	WRB
deciding	VBG
what	WP
kind	NN
of	IN
date-time	JJ
stamping	VBG
service	NN
Georgia	NNP
courts	NNS
want	VBP
.	.
The	DT
value	NN
of	IN
a	DT
PKI	NNP
in	IN
Georgia	NNP
electronic	JJ
court	NN
filing	NN
will	MD
be	VB
tied	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
ease	NN
of	IN
use	NN
for	IN
attorneys	NNS
to	TO
encrypt	VB
their	PRP$
documents	NNS
,	,
to	TO
digitally	RB
sign	VB
and	CC
send	VB
documents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
have	VB
them	PRP
time-date	JJ
stamped	VBN
.	.
Attorneys	NNS
and	CC
courts	NNS
will	MD
need	VB
well-written	JJ
,	,
easy-to-use	JJ
``	``
client-side	JJ
software	NN
''	''
to	TO
actually	RB
encrypt	VB
the	DT
documents	NNS
and	CC
run	VB
the	DT
hash	NN
functions	NNS
for	IN
digital	JJ
signatures	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
Georgia	NNP
decides	VBZ
to	TO
establish	VB
a	DT
PKI	NNP
for	IN
electronic	JJ
court	NN
filing	VBG
an	DT
important	JJ
issue	NN
will	MD
be	VB
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
PKI	NNP
structure	NN
for	IN
electronic	JJ
court	NN
filing	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
and	CC
federal	JJ
branches	NNS
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
posits	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
advantages	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
common	JJ
PKI	NNP
structure	NN
for	IN
both	DT
court	NN
systems	NNS
is	VBZ
desirable	JJ
because	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
efficient	JJ
.	.
PKI	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
companies	NNS
assigned	VBN
to	TO
perform	VB
each	DT
service	NN
do	VBP
not	RB
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
for	IN
each	DT
firm	NN
or	CC
court	NN
,	,
but	CC
there	EX
needs	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
common	JJ
overall	JJ
structure	NN
and	CC
interoperability	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
several	JJ
advantages	NNS
to	TO
coordinating	VBG
the	DT
state	NN
and	CC
federal	JJ
courts	NNS
'	POS
PKI	NNP
.	.
Politically	RB
,	,
a	DT
barrier	NN
will	MD
be	VB
some	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
autonomy	NN
for	IN
individual	JJ
court	NN
systems	NNS
,	,
by	IN
county	NN
or	CC
at	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
level	NN
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
one	CD
county	NN
may	MD
not	RB
wish	VB
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
CA	NNP
than	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
counties	NNS
use	VBP
.	.
This	DT
could	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
a	DT
delay	NN
in	IN
implementation	NN
,	,
training	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
higher	JJR
expenses	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
consistency	NN
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
gain	VB
the	DT
advantages	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
coordinated	VBN
PKI	NNP
,	,
each	DT
county	NN
must	MD
be	VB
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
adopt	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
or	CC
a	DT
compatible	JJ
CA	NNP
.	.
A	DT
second	JJ
barrier	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
potential	JJ
loss	NN
of	IN
a	DT
large	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
private	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
decryption	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
keys	NNS
that	WDT
might	MD
be	VB
stored	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
central	JJ
location	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
CA	NNP
holds	VBZ
the	DT
backups	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
private	JJ
keys	NNS
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
CA	NNP
's	POS
security	NN
is	VBZ
breached	VBN
,	,
potentially	RB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
keys	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
compromised	VBN
and	CC
in	IN
need	NN
of	IN
reissuance	NN
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
if	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
entity	NN
holds	VBZ
key	JJ
pairs	NNS
then	RB
this	DT
problem	NN
is	VBZ
lessened	VBN
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
unlikelihood	NN
that	IN
all	DT
of	IN
those	DT
systems	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
breached	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
.	.
A	DT
third	JJ
barrier	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
decrease	NN
in	IN
performance	NN
if	IN
one	CD
vendor	NN
does	VBZ
the	DT
entire	JJ
job	NN
of	IN
key	JJ
issuance	NN
,	,
certificate	NN
issuance	NN
,	,
repositories	NNS
,	,
CRLs	NNS
,	,
backup	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
time-date	JJ
stamping	VBG
because	IN
a	DT
company	NN
without	IN
any	DT
competition	NN
may	MD
allow	VB
itself	PRP
to	TO
raise	VB
prices	NNS
over	IN
time	NN
without	IN
bettering	VBG
service	NN
.	.
It	PRP
therefore	RB
might	MD
be	VB
desirable	JJ
to	TO
choose	VB
one	CD
CA	NNP
who	WP
will	MD
serve	VB
as	IN
the	DT
root	NN
CA	NNP
,	,
and	CC
choose	VB
other	JJ
vendors	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
some	DT
or	CC
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
This	DT
would	MD
allow	VB
for	IN
some	DT
competition	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
to	TO
result	VB
in	IN
lower	JJR
prices	NNS
and	CC
some	DT
innovation	NN
at	IN
the	DT
user	NN
level	NN
.	.
Since	IN
the	DT
job	NN
of	IN
setting	VBG
up	RP
a	DT
PKI	NNP
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
by	IN
attorneys	NNS
and	CC
across	IN
the	DT
state	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
difficult	JJ
one	CD
,	,
it	PRP
seems	VBZ
more	RBR
logical	JJ
to	TO
work	VB
on	IN
one	CD
,	,
efficient	JJ
system	NN
that	IN
all	DT
can	MD
learn	VB
to	TO
use	VB
.	.
A	DT
single	JJ
PKI	NNP
in	IN
all	DT
Georgia	NNP
courts	NNS
would	MD
simplify	VB
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
making	VBG
a	DT
smooth	JJ
transition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
world	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
court	NN
filing	NN
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
wise	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
knowledgeable	JJ
group	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
committee	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
survey	NN
the	DT
products	NNS
available	JJ
from	IN
Verisign	NNP
,	,
GTE	NNP
Cybertrust	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
like	JJ
,	,
and	CC
have	VBP
them	PRP
decide	VB
if	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
best	JJS
for	IN
the	DT
state	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
practically	RB
and	CC
financially	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
outsource	VB
the	DT
job	NN
of	IN
CA	NNP
server	NN
.	.
This	DT
group	NN
also	RB
needs	VBZ
to	TO
consider	VB
if	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
better	JJR
to	TO
build	VB
its	PRP$
own	JJ
server	NN
software	NN
and	CC
have	VB
a	DT
local	JJ
group	NN
serve	VBP
as	IN
certificate	NN
issuer	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
state	NN
bar	NN
association	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Given	VBN
the	DT
prevalence	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
communications	NNS
today	NN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
practically	RB
inevitable	JJ
that	IN
electronic	JJ
court	NN
filing	NN
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
attorneys	NNS
'	POS
lives	NNS
and	CC
courts	NNS
'	POS
practices	NNS
.	.
Electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
is	VBZ
already	RB
here	RB
today	NN
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
simple	JJ
business	NN
by	IN
fax	NN
transactions	NNS
and	CC
more	RBR
complicated	JJ
secure	JJ
transactions	NNS
involving	VBG
money	NN
transfers	NNS
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
these	DT
technologies	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
benefits	NNS
they	PRP
bring	VBP
are	VBP
relevant	JJ
to	TO
electronic	JJ
court	NN
filing	NN
.	.
When	WRB
electronic	JJ
court	NN
filing	NN
becomes	VBZ
commonplace	JJ
,	,
attorneys	NNS
and	CC
courts	NNS
will	MD
spend	VB
less	JJR
time	NN
managing	VBG
their	PRP$
paperwork	NN
and	CC
more	JJR
time	NN
on	IN
the	DT
substantive	JJ
issues	NNS
at	IN
hand	NN
.	.
They	PRP
will	MD
also	RB
get	VB
better	JJR
security	NN
,	,
easier	JJR
access	NN
to	TO
court	NN
files	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
remote	JJ
access	NN
is	VBZ
allowed	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
fewer	JJR
misplaced	VBN
documents	NNS
and	CC
hopefully	RB
faster	RBR
service	NN
.	.
Of	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
technologies	NNS
,	,
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
digital	JJ
signatures	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
best	JJS
way	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
the	DT
trusted	VBN
authentication	NN
,	,
integrity	NN
,	,
confidentiality	NN
,	,
non-repudiation	JJ
and	CC
time-date	JJ
stamping	VBG
of	IN
an	DT
electronically	RB
filed	VBN
court	NN
document	NN
because	IN
all	DT
of	IN
these	DT
services	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
automated	VBN
and	CC
because	IN
all	DT
of	IN
these	DT
services	NNS
are	VBP
provided	VBN
with	IN
exact	JJ
full	JJ
credibility	NN
.	.
This	DT
system	NN
will	MD
not	RB
work	VB
,	,
however	RB
,	,
unless	IN
a	DT
trusted	VBN
third	JJ
party	NN
binds	VBZ
that	IN
digital	JJ
signature	NN
to	TO
the	DT
person	NN
claiming	VBG
to	TO
have	VB
sent	VBN
the	DT
document	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
the	DT
PKI	NNP
:	:
it	PRP
will	MD
manage	VB
those	DT
certificates	NNS
that	WDT
prove	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
recipient	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
digital	JJ
signature	NN
attached	VBN
to	TO
that	DT
document	NN
belongs	VBZ
to	TO
a	DT
particular	JJ
person	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
since	IN
establishing	VBG
Georgia	NNP
's	POS
first	JJ
PKI	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
big	JJ
task	NN
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
logical	JJ
to	TO
start	VB
off	RP
using	VBG
one	CD
PKI	NNP
system	NN
for	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
in	IN
Georgia	NNP
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
Federal	NNP
level	NN
and	CC
in	IN
each	DT
county	NN
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
lend	VB
some	DT
simplicity	NN
to	TO
a	DT
complex	JJ
thing	NN
.	.
A	DT
common	JJ
PKI	NNP
for	IN
all	DT
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
's	POS
courts	NNS
will	MD
cut	VB
down	RP
on	IN
the	DT
initial	JJ
costs	NNS
,	,
training	NN
,	,
certificate	NN
prices	NNS
and	CC
certificate	NN
maintenance	NN
.	.
These	DT
advantages	NNS
will	MD
benefit	VB
attorneys	NNS
and	CC
all	DT
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
's	POS
courts	NNS
.	.
Information	NNP
Technology	NNP
Policy	NNP
Council	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
has	VBZ
several	JJ
powers	NNS
and	CC
duties	NNS
including	VBG
:	:
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Provide	VB
strategic	JJ
planning	NN
and	CC
direction	NN
for	IN
information	NN
technology	NN
deployment	NN
and	CC
development	NN
;	:
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Set	VBP
information	NN
technology	NN
policy	NN
for	IN
the	DT
executive	JJ
branch	NN
of	IN
state	NN
government	NN
including	VBG
all	DT
state	NN
agencies	NNS
,	,
the	DT
board	NN
of	IN
regents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
all	DT
authorities	NNS
.	.
''	''
``	``
electronic	JJ
signature	NN
''	''
as	IN
``	``
any	DT
identifier	NN
or	CC
authentication	NN
technique	NN
attached	VBN
to	TO
or	CC
logically	RB
associated	VBN
with	IN
an	DT
electronic	JJ
record	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
person	NN
using	VBG
it	PRP
to	TO
have	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
force	NN
and	CC
effect	NN
as	IN
a	DT
manual	NN
signature	NN
.	.
''	''
This	DT
definition	NN
parallels	VBZ
what	WP
this	DT
paper	NN
defines	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
``	``
digital	JJ
signature	NN
,	,
''	''
although	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
conceivable	JJ
that	IN
``	``
any	DT
...	:
authentication	NN
technique	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
broad	JJ
enough	RB
to	TO
include	VB
biometrics	NNS
verification	NN
technology	NN
.	.
Text	NN
of	IN
Massachusetts	NNP
Act	NNP
available	JJ
at	IN
<http://www.state.ma.us/itd/legal>	NNP
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
data	NNS
encryption	NN
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
are	VBP
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
network	NN
security	NN
.	.
Common	JJ
types	NNS
include	VBP
Data	NNP
Encryption	NNP
Standard	NNP
and	CC
public-key	JJ
encryption	NN
.	.
''	''
CertCo	NNP
<http://certco.com/resource/glossary/glossary.htm>	NNP
.	.
Despite	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
government	NN
dropping	VBG
its	PRP$
investigation	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
investigation	NN
``	``
sent	VBD
a	DT
powerful	JJ
message	NN
to	TO
those	DT
who	WP
would	MD
dare	VB
to	TO
challenge	VB
the	DT
government	NN
's	POS
regime	NN
of	IN
export	NN
control	NN
regulations	NNS
.	.
''	''
Edward	NNP
J.	NNP
Radlo	NNP
,	,
Legal	NNP
Issues	NNP
in	IN
Cryptography	NNP
,	,
The	NNP
Computer	NNP
Lawyer	NNP
,	,
May	NNP
1996	CD
,	,
at	IN
7	CD
.	.
Some	DT
writers	NNS
use	VBP
this	DT
term	NN
to	TO
refer	VB
to	TO
lower	VB
level	NN
CAs	NNS
who	WP
perform	VBP
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
necessary	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
The	DT
advantages	NNS
of	IN
using	VBG
a	DT
LRA	NNP
for	IN
certificate	NN
issuance	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
less	RBR
costly	JJ
for	IN
an	DT
entity	NN
to	TO
use	VB
certificates	NNS
because	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
lower	JJR
start	VB
up	RP
costs	NNS
and	CC
outsourcing	NN
requires	VBZ
less	JJR
in-house	JJ
expertise	NN
.	.
These	DT
third-party	JJ
CAs	NNS
should	MD
have	VB
large	JJ
storage	NN
vaults	NNS
for	IN
storing	VBG
and	CC
tracking	VBG
certificates	NNS
.	.
Rather	RB
than	IN
focusing	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
traditional	JJ
Internet	NNP
issues	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
pornography	NN
,	,
this	DT
law	NN
focused	VBD
on	IN
fraud	NN
.	.
The	DT
law	NN
criminalized	VBD
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
misleading	JJ
names	NNS
for	IN
email	NN
addresses	NNS
,	,
domain	NN
names	NNS
,	,
and	CC
hyperlinks	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
Web	NNP
page	NN
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
protect	VB
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
trademarks	NNS
and	CC
logos	NNS
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
avoid	VB
fraudulent	JJ
misrepresentation	NN
to	TO
consumers	NNS
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
an	DT
April	NNP
17	CD
,	,
1996	CD
editorial	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Augusta	NNP
Chronicle	NNP
,	,
the	DT
law	NN
may	MD
stem	VB
from	IN
Democratic	JJ
reaction	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Web	NNP
page	NN
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
Representative	NNP
Mitchell	NNP
Kaye	NNP
,	,
who	WP
was	VBD
a	DT
Republican	JJ
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Kaye	NNP
used	VBD
an	DT
official	JJ
seal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
State	NN
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
on	IN
his	PRP$
Home	NN
page	NN
.	.
Opponents	NNS
of	IN
Kaye	NNP
argued	VBD
that	IN
he	PRP
intended	VBD
to	TO
mislead	VB
readers	NNS
into	IN
thinking	VBG
that	IN
they	PRP
had	VBD
reached	VBN
the	DT
official	JJ
House	NNP
Web	NNP
page	NN
.	.
In	IN
response	NN
to	TO
this	DT
,	,
Representative	NNP
Don	NNP
Parsons	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
R-Marietta	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
introduced	VBD
House	NNP
Bill	NNP
1630	CD
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
Mr.	NNP
Parsons	NNP
,	,
he	PRP
introduced	VBD
the	DT
bill	NN
to	TO
``	``
make	VB
the	DT
Net	NN
into	IN
a	DT
safer	JJR
,	,
or	CC
at	IN
least	JJS
more	RBR
legal	JJ
,	,
place	NN
for	IN
businesses	NNS
and	CC
consumers	NNS
.	.
''	''
However	RB
,	,
Representative	NNP
Kaye	NNP
believed	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
bill	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
product	NN
of	IN
Parson	NNP
's	POS
ignorance	NN
about	IN
the	DT
Net	NN
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
law	NN
's	POS
passage	NN
will	MD
taint	NN
Georgia	NNP
's	POS
reputation	NN
among	IN
high-tech	JJ
companies	NNS
.	.
Web	NN
page	NN
publishers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
businesses	NNS
launched	VBD
an	DT
all	DT
out	IN
attack	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
.	.
On	IN
September	NNP
24	CD
,	,
1997	CD
,	,
this	DT
diverse	JJ
coalition	NN
of	IN
fourteen	CD
plaintiffs	NNS
filed	VBD
suit	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Northern	NNP
District	NNP
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
,	,
seeking	VBG
both	DT
injunctive	JJ
and	CC
declaratory	JJ
relief	NN
in	IN
a	DT
challenge	NN
to	TO
the	DT
new	JJ
law	NN
.	.
They	PRP
felt	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
with	IN
the	DT
law	NN
was	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
entirely	RB
too	RB
restrictive	JJ
.	.
Scholars	NNS
have	VBP
claimed	VBN
that	IN
courts	NNS
could	MD
interpret	VB
the	DT
law	NN
to	TO
criminalize	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
any	DT
e-mail	NN
address	NN
that	WDT
does	VBZ
not	RB
include	VB
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
mailbox	NN
owner	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
domain	NN
names	NNS
and	CC
Web	NNP
page	NN
hyperlinks	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
permission	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
obtained	VBN
first	RB
by	IN
the	DT
owner	NN
of	IN
any	DT
included	VBN
trademark	NN
,	,
trade	NN
name	NN
,	,
logo	NN
,	,
legal	JJ
or	CC
official	JJ
seal	NN
,	,
or	CC
copyrighted	VBN
symbol	NN
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
argued	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
law	NN
was	VBD
too	RB
vague	JJ
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
the	DT
group	NN
argued	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
violated	VBD
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
because	IN
it	PRP
attempted	VBD
to	TO
regulate	VB
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
occurring	VBG
entirely	RB
outside	IN
the	DT
State	NN
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
achieved	VBN
a	DT
victory	NN
in	IN
Georgia	NNP
,	,
other	JJ
states	NNS
are	VBP
likely	JJ
to	TO
attempt	VB
to	TO
pass	VB
similar	JJ
statutes	NNS
.	.
After	IN
all	DT
,	,
fraud	NN
,	,
trademark	NN
infringement	NN
,	,
and	CC
misrepresentation	NN
are	VBP
damaging	JJ
behaviors	NNS
to	TO
consumers	NNS
and	CC
states	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
any	DT
more	JJR
tolerant	NN
in	IN
cyberspace	NN
than	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
in	IN
real	JJ
space	NN
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
landmark	NN
victory	NN
for	IN
advocates	NNS
of	IN
free	JJ
speech	NN
rights	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
struck	VBD
down	RP
the	DT
Communications	NNPS
Decency	NNP
Act	NNP
in	IN
Reno	NNP
v.	CC
ACLU	NNP
in	IN
June	NNP
1997	CD
,	,
finding	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
's	POS
guarantees	NNS
of	IN
freedom	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
and	CC
of	IN
the	DT
press	NN
apply	VB
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
In	IN
doing	VBG
do	VB
,	,
The	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
granted	VBD
the	DT
highest	JJS
level	NN
of	IN
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
protection	NN
to	TO
communications	NNS
in	IN
cyberspace	NN
.	.
The	DT
Communications	NNPS
Decency	NNP
Act	NNP
was	VBD
rejected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
because	IN
governmental	JJ
regulation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
was	VBD
found	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
inappropriate	JJ
as	IN
it	PRP
interferes	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
free	JJ
exchange	NN
of	IN
ideas	NNS
.	.
Two	CD
specific	JJ
exceptions	NNS
were	VBD
made	VBN
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
the	DT
drafting	VBG
of	IN
the	DT
language	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
;	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
``	``
patently	RB
offensive	JJ
''	''
and	CC
``	``
indecent	JJ
''	''
are	VBP
overly	RB
broad	JJ
;	:
and	CC
2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
penalties	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
were	VBD
criminal	JJ
and	CC
not	RB
civil	JJ
.	.
Given	VBN
the	DT
Reno	NNP
v.	CC
ACLU	NNP
and	CC
ACLU	NNP
v.	CC
Miller	NNP
cases	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
back	JJ
drop	NN
,	,
many	JJ
states	NNS
seem	VBP
to	TO
believe	VB
that	IN
regulation	NN
of	IN
communications	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
still	RB
possible	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
vast	JJ
majority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
legislative	JJ
activity	NN
is	VBZ
aimed	VBN
at	IN
keeping	VBG
obscene	JJ
material	NN
away	RB
from	IN
minors	NNS
.	.
The	DT
following	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
brief	JJ
synopsis	NN
of	IN
,	,
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Present	NNP
State	NNP
Laws	NNP
governing	VBG
Internet	NNP
censorship	NN
,	,
and	CC
2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Pending	NNP
State	NNP
legislation	NN
.	.
Overturned	VBN
in	IN
ACLU	NNP
v.	CC
Miller	NNP
,	,
this	DT
case	NN
struck	VBD
down	RP
on	IN
free	JJ
speech	NN
grounds	NNS
a	DT
Georgia	NNP
state	NN
law	NN
that	WDT
made	VBD
it	PRP
a	DT
crime	NN
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
communicate	VB
anonymously	RB
or	CC
using	VBG
a	DT
pseudonym	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
;	:
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
create	VB
links	NNS
to	TO
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
that	WDT
use	VBP
tradenames	NNS
,	,
trademarks	NNS
,	,
or	CC
logos	NNS
.	.
Bill	NNP
670	CD
,	,
Requires	VBZ
the	DT
mandatory	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
blocking	VBG
software	NN
by	IN
all	DT
users	NNS
on	IN
Internet	NNP
terminals	NNS
at	IN
state	NN
funded	VBN
public	JJ
libraries	NNS
,	,
school	NN
districts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
educational	JJ
institutions	NNS
,	,
colleges	NNS
and	CC
universities	NNS
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
criminalizes	VBZ
the	DT
transmission	NN
of	IN
``	``
indecent	JJ
material	NN
''	''
to	TO
minors	NNS
and	CC
requires	VBZ
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
``	``
mechanism	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
labeling	VBG
,	,
segregation	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
means	NNS
that	WDT
enables	VBZ
the	DT
indecent	JJ
material	NN
to	TO
be	VB
automatically	RB
blocked	VBN
or	CC
screened	VBN
by	IN
software	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
capability	NN
reasonably	RB
available	JJ
''	''
.	.
Present	JJ
Law	NN
:	:
Senate	NNP
Bill	NNP
210E	NNP
,	,
passed	VBD
7\/96	CD
.	.
Criminalized	VBN
the	DT
transmission	NN
of	IN
``	``
indecent	JJ
''	''
materials	NNS
to	TO
minors	NNS
.	.
Overturned	VBN
,	,
ALA	NNP
v.	CC
Pataki	NNP
,	,
.	.
in	IN
a	DT
precedent	NN
setting	VBG
opinion	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
struck	VBD
down	RP
a	DT
New	NNP
York	NNP
State	NNP
online	NN
``	``
indecency	NN
''	''
law	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
violated	VBD
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
prohibits	VBZ
states	NNS
from	IN
regulating	VBG
speech	NN
wholly	RB
outside	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
borders	NNS
and	CC
from	IN
imposing	VBG
inconsistent	JJ
state	NN
burdens	NNS
on	IN
speakers	NNS
.	.
Bill	NNP
2864	CD
,	,
Makes	VBZ
it	PRP
a	DT
felony	NN
to	TO
transmit	VB
by	IN
computer	NN
``	``
any	DT
notice	NN
,	,
statement	NN
,	,
advertisement	NN
,	,
or	CC
minor	JJ
's	POS
name	NN
,	,
telephone	NN
number	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
-RRB-	-RRB-
place	NN
of	IN
residence	NN
...	:
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
engaging	VBG
,	,
facilitating	VBG
,	,
encouraging	VBG
,	,
offering	VBG
,	,
or	CC
soliciting	VBG
unlawful	JJ
sexual	JJ
conduct	NN
and\/or	CC
any	DT
felony	NN
or	CC
misdemeanor	NN
.	.
''	''
Bill	NNP
3353	CD
,	,
Requires	VBZ
the	DT
mandatory	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
blocking	VBG
software	NN
by	IN
all	DT
users	NNS
on	IN
Internet	NNP
terminals	NNS
at	IN
public	JJ
schools	NNS
and	CC
libraries	NNS
.	.
Holds	VBZ
Internet	NNP
service	NN
providers	NNS
strictly	RB
liable	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
dissemination	NN
of	IN
``	``
obscene	JJ
material	NN
,	,
child	NN
pornography	NN
,	,
or	CC
pornographic	JJ
materials	NNS
harmful	JJ
to	TO
youth	NN
.	.
''	''
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
it	PRP
calls	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
US	NNP
Congress	NNP
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
domain	NN
code	NN
for	IN
adult	NN
sites	NNS
to	TO
facilitate	VB
the	DT
management	NN
of	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
of	IN
uncontrolled	JJ
access	NN
by	IN
minors	NNS
.	.
Present	JJ
Law	NN
:	:
House	NNP
Bill	NNP
7	CD
,	,
enacted	VBN
3\/96	CD
,	,
Prohibits	VBZ
any	DT
government	NN
employee	NN
from	IN
using	VBG
state	NN
owned	VBN
computer	NN
systems	NNS
to	TO
send	VB
or	CC
access	VB
sexually	RB
explicit	JJ
material	NN
.	.
Overturned	VBN
,	,
Urofsky	NNP
v.	CC
Allen	NNP
,	,
this	DT
case	NN
struck	VBD
down	RP
a	DT
Virginia	NNP
law	NN
that	WDT
forbade	VBD
state	NN
employees	NNS
--	:
including	VBG
university	NN
professors	NNS
--	:
from	IN
using	VBG
state	NN
owned	VBD
computers	NNS
to	TO
access	NN
or	CC
transmit	VB
sexually	RB
explicit	JJ
material	NN
.	.
Bill	NNP
348	CD
,	,
Requires	VBZ
the	DT
mandatory	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
blocking	VBG
software	NN
by	IN
all	DT
users	NNS
on	IN
Internet	NNP
terminals	NNS
at	IN
state	NN
funded	VBN
libraries	NNS
.	.
Imposes	VBZ
criminal	JJ
penalties	NNS
for	IN
communicating	VBG
online	NN
material	NN
at	IN
libraries	NNS
that	WDT
is	VBZ
``	``
harmful	JJ
to	TO
minors	NNS
.	.
''	''
Given	VBN
the	DT
legislative	JJ
difficulties	NNS
the	DT
Internet	NNP
has	VBZ
caused	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
come	VB
as	IN
no	DT
surprise	NN
that	IN
the	DT
rest	NN
of	IN
the	DT
world	NN
is	VBZ
experiencing	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
From	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
of	IN
pornography	NN
and	CC
free	JJ
speech	NN
to	TO
privacy	NN
and	CC
encryption	NN
,	,
each	DT
country	NN
must	MD
try	VB
to	TO
devise	VB
a	DT
legislative	JJ
strategy	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
allow	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
leverage	NN
the	DT
resources	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
without	IN
sacrificing	VBG
the	DT
safety	NN
and	CC
rights	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
citizens	NNS
.	.
These	DT
strategies	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
devised	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
watchful	JJ
eyes	NNS
of	IN
organizations	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
Electronic	JJ
Frontiers	NNP
Foundation	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Global	JJ
Internet	NNP
Liberty	NNP
Campaign	NNP
.	.
Comprised	VBN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
,	,
the	DT
organizations	NNS
attempt	VBP
to	TO
police	VB
government	NN
regulation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
in	IN
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
insure	VB
that	IN
all	DT
people	NNS
have	VBP
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
that	IN
their	PRP$
use	NN
is	VBZ
as	IN
restriction	NN
free	JJ
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
The	DT
following	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
summary	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
related	JJ
legislation	NN
and	CC
mandates	NNS
occurring	VBG
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
today	NN
.	.
Some	DT
other	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
regulated	JJ
speech	NN
include	VBP
:	:
promoting	VBG
gambling	NN
,	,
violence	NN
,	,
murder	NN
,	,
sexually	RB
suggestive	JJ
material	NN
,	,
slander	NN
,	,
rumor	NN
spreading	VBG
,	,
inciting	VBG
hatred	NN
among	IN
nationalities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
defaming	VBG
the	DT
government	NN
.	.
These	DT
regulations	NNS
are	VBP
backed	VBN
up	RP
by	IN
stiff	JJ
penalties	NNS
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
caught	VBN
breaking	VBG
them	PRP
.	.
The	DT
diversity	NN
of	IN
issues	NNS
caused	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
rise	NN
in	IN
popularity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
highlighted	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
recent	JJ
announcement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Videsh	NNP
Sanchar	NNP
Nigam	NNP
Limited	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
VSNL	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
overseas	JJ
telecommunications	NN
arm	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Indian	JJ
government	NN
.	.
It	PRP
found	VBD
that	IN
people	NNS
were	VBD
using	VBG
Internet	NNP
telephony	NN
to	TO
make	VB
overseas	JJ
calls	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
much	JJ
cheaper	JJR
rate	NN
than	IN
direct	JJ
dialing	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
VSNL	NNP
announced	VBD
that	IN
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
,	,
all	DT
long	JJ
distance	NN
calls	VBZ
using	VBG
Internet	NNP
telephony	NN
would	MD
be	VB
automatically	RB
disconnected	VBN
.	.
Like	IN
most	JJS
countries	NNS
,	,
Ireland	NNP
is	VBZ
concerned	VBN
with	IN
child	NN
pornography	NN
.	.
Towards	IN
this	DT
end	NN
,	,
the	DT
Irish	NNP
Minister	NNP
of	IN
Justice	NNP
has	VBZ
proposed	VBN
the	DT
Child	NNP
Trafficking	NN
and	CC
Pornography	NNP
Bill	NNP
.	.
This	DT
bill	NN
would	MD
make	VB
it	PRP
a	DT
crime	NN
to	TO
possess	VB
sexually	RB
explicit	JJ
material	NN
involving	VBG
children	NNS
under	IN
17	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
age	NN
.	.
``	``
Possession	NN
''	''
for	IN
the	DT
purposes	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
bill	NN
includes	VBZ
information	NN
stored	VBD
on	IN
computer	NN
hard	JJ
drives	NNS
,	,
diskettes	NNS
,	,
CDs	NNS
...	:
etc.	FW
In	IN
an	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
keep	VB
pornography	NN
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
cyber-cafes	NNS
that	WDT
cater	VBP
primarily	RB
to	TO
teen-agers	NNS
,	,
the	DT
government	NN
has	VBZ
instituted	VBN
a	DT
new	JJ
policy	NN
requiring	VBG
cafe	NN
owners	NNS
to	TO
pay	VB
what	WP
amounts	NNS
to	TO
about	IN
$	$
5100	CD
as	IN
a	DT
porn-free	JJ
deposit	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
government	NN
finds	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
cafe	NN
owner	NN
has	VBZ
allowed	VBN
access	NN
to	TO
pornographic	JJ
sites	NNS
,	,
the	DT
deposit	NN
will	MD
be	VB
confiscated	VBN
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
Boston	NNP
Globe	NNP
article	NN
,	,
the	DT
government	NN
has	VBZ
promised	VBN
to	TO
raise	VB
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
the	DT
deposit	NN
if	IN
the	DT
problems	NNS
persist	VBP
.	.
Privacy	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
latest	JJS
victim	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Dutch	JJ
government	NN
.	.
Concern	NN
about	IN
the	DT
deregulation	NN
and	CC
privatization	NN
of	IN
the	DT
telecommunications	NN
industry	NN
has	VBZ
prompted	VBN
the	DT
Dutch	NNP
Parliament	NNP
to	TO
propose	VB
and	CC
approve	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
Telecommunication	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
Article	NNP
13.1	CD
says	VBZ
,	,
``	``
Providers	NNS
of	IN
public	JJ
telecommunications	NNS
networks	NNS
and	CC
public	JJ
telecommunications	NNS
services	NNS
shall	MD
not	RB
make	VB
their	PRP$
telecommunications	NNS
networks	NNS
and	CC
telecommunications	NNS
services	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
users	NNS
unless	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
wiretapped	VBN
.	.
''	''
Article	NNP
13.6	CD
goes	VBZ
on	IN
to	TO
say	VB
``	``
The	DT
investment	NN
,	,
exploitation	NN
and	CC
maintenance	NN
costs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
technical	JJ
provisions	NNS
which	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
incurred	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
providers	NNS
of	IN
public	JJ
telecommunications	NNS
networks	NNS
...	:
shall	MD
be	VB
borne	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
aforementioned	JJ
providers	NNS
,	,
''	''
Essentially	RB
then	RB
,	,
ISPs	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Netherlands	NNP
will	MD
not	RB
only	RB
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
use	VB
equipment	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
allow	VB
the	DT
government	NN
to	TO
intercept	VB
any	DT
communication	NN
but	CC
they	PRP
will	MD
also	RB
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
for	IN
this	DT
equipment	NN
.	.
A	DT
recent	JJ
article	NN
in	IN
the	DT
New	NNP
York	NNP
Times	NNP
provides	VBZ
more	JJR
details	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
incredible	JJ
legislation	NN
.	.
The	DT
Philippines	NNPS
primary	JJ
concern	NN
so	RB
far	RB
is	VBZ
blocking	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
pornographic	JJ
material	NN
.	.
Towards	IN
that	DT
end	NN
,	,
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Justice	NNP
recently	RB
sent	VBD
a	DT
letter	NN
to	TO
the	DT
ISPs	NNP
operating	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Philippines	NNPS
attempting	VBG
to	TO
persuade	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
block	VB
pornographic	JJ
material	NN
voluntarily	RB
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
solicited	VBD
ideas	NNS
for	IN
further	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
filtering	VBG
harmful	JJ
content	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
government	NN
is	VBZ
considering	VBG
amendments	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
redefine	VB
``	``
mass	NN
media	NNS
''	''
to	TO
include	VB
information	NN
distributed	VBN
via	IN
computer	NN
networks	NNS
.	.
In	IN
Russia	NNP
,	,
distributors	NNS
of	IN
mass	NN
media	NNS
must	MD
register	VB
with	IN
the	DT
government	NN
and	CC
obtain	VB
a	DT
license	NN
.	.
The	DT
proposed	VBN
license	NN
fee	NN
is	VBZ
$	$
1,000	CD
.	.
This	DT
means	VBZ
that	IN
anyone	NN
with	IN
a	DT
home	NN
Page	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
register	VB
with	IN
the	DT
government	NN
as	IN
if	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
a	DT
television	NN
broadcaster	NN
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
here	RB
is	VBZ
treated	VBN
like	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
medium	NN
and	CC
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
books	NNS
and	CC
movies	NNS
,	,
is	VBZ
severely	RB
censored	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
government	NN
.	.
A	DT
recent	JJ
article	NN
in	IN
the	DT
on-line	JJ
magazine	NN
Wired	VBN
related	VBN
the	DT
Singapore	NNP
government	NN
's	POS
latest	JJS
step	NN
in	IN
that	DT
direction	NN
.	.
By	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
1998	CD
,	,
all	DT
ISPs	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
install	VB
``	``
filtering	VBG
''	''
software	NN
at	IN
the	DT
server	NN
level	NN
.	.
The	DT
filtering	VBG
software	NN
will	MD
be	VB
aimed	VBN
at	IN
sites	NNS
containing	VBG
pornography	NN
,	,
violence	NN
and	CC
racial	JJ
or	CC
religious	JJ
hatred	NN
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
disconnected	VBN
several	JJ
Internet	NNP
IDs	NNP
and	CC
deleted	VBD
hundreds	NNS
of	IN
sites	NNS
without	IN
previous	JJ
notice	NN
to	TO
the	DT
user	NN
.	.
The	DT
actions	NNS
are	VBP
rooted	VBN
in	IN
Articles	NNPS
16	CD
and	CC
53	CD
of	IN
the	DT
Telecommunications	NNP
Business	NNP
Law	NNP
which	WDT
defines	VBZ
``	``
threatening	JJ
telecommunications	NN
''	''
as	IN
any	DT
that	WDT
are	VBP
``	``
injurious	JJ
to	TO
public	JJ
morals	NNS
or	CC
social	JJ
order	NN
''	''
and	CC
directs	VBZ
the	DT
Minister	NNP
of	IN
Information	NNP
and	CC
Communication	NNP
to	TO
``	``
reject	VB
,	,
stop	VB
or	CC
restrict	VB
''	''
such	JJ
telecommunications	NNS
.	.
Offering	VBG
further	JJ
evidence	NN
of	IN
South	NNP
Korea	NNP
's	POS
policy	NN
,	,
the	DT
CNet	NNP
news	NN
service	NN
reported	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
government	NN
has	VBZ
totally	RB
blocked	VBN
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
GeoCities	NNP
online	NN
community	NN
because	IN
of	IN
a	DT
page	NN
that	WDT
espouses	VBZ
North	JJ
Korean	JJ
beliefs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
government	NN
is	VBZ
considering	VBG
a	DT
new	JJ
law	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
regulate	VB
speech	NN
and	CC
content	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Article	NNP
11	CD
of	IN
the	DT
draft	NN
prohibits	VBZ
certain	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
information	NN
from	IN
being	VBG
disseminated	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Prohibited	VBN
information	NN
includes	VBZ
pornography	NN
,	,
political	JJ
issues	NNS
which	WDT
impact	VBP
the	DT
nation	NN
's	POS
security	NN
,	,
inappropriate	JJ
information	NN
concerning	VBG
the	DT
Royal	NNP
Family	NNP
,	,
support	NN
of	IN
gambling	NN
,	,
immoral	JJ
information	NN
,	,
and	CC
information	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
against	IN
the	DT
peacefulness	NN
of	IN
society	NN
.	.
A	DT
new	JJ
plan	NN
for	IN
legislation	NN
of	IN
encryption	NN
was	VBD
recently	RB
released	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
UK	NNP
.	.
The	DT
plan	NN
calls	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
method	NN
of	IN
``	``
key	JJ
recovery	NN
''	''
that	WDT
would	MD
allow	VB
law	NN
enforcement	NN
agencies	NNS
to	TO
obtain	VB
decryption	NN
keys	NNS
when	WRB
they	PRP
deem	VBP
it	PRP
necessary	JJ
.	.
As	IN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
any	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
dilute	VB
the	DT
security	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
privacy	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
met	VBN
with	IN
strong	JJ
opposition	NN
.	.
The	DT
GILC	NNP
has	VBZ
issued	VBN
a	DT
statement	NN
criticizing	VBG
the	DT
new	JJ
plan	NN
and	CC
urging	VBG
the	DT
UK	NNP
to	TO
reconsider	VB
its	PRP$
future	JJ
legislation	NN
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
operate	VB
in	IN
Vietnam	NNP
,	,
they	PRP
must	MD
agree	VB
to	TO
inspections	NNS
by	IN
Vietnam	NNP
officials	NNS
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
the	DT
language	NN
in	IN
the	DT
preliminary	JJ
rules	NNS
release	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Vietnam	NNP
government	NN
says	VBZ
that	IN
online	JJ
service	NN
providers	NNS
must	MD
``	``
absolutely	RB
obey	VB
the	DT
government	NN
's	POS
decision	NN
on	IN
mobilizing	VBG
parts	NNS
of	IN
or	CC
the	DT
entire	JJ
network	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
use	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
regulations	NNS
contain	VBP
provisions	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
censorship	NN
of	IN
``	``
information	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
appropriate	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
culture	NN
,	,
morality	NN
,	,
and	CC
traditional	JJ
customs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Vietnamese	JJ
people	NNS
.	.
''	''
Naturally	RB
,	,
the	DT
government	NN
decides	VBZ
what	WP
information	NN
falls	VBZ
into	IN
that	DT
category	NN
.	.
Justice	NNP
Department	NNP
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
a	DT
host	NN
of	IN
State	NNP
Attorney	NNP
General	NNP
's	POS
,	,
filed	VBD
a	DT
broad	JJ
antitrust	JJ
action	NN
against	IN
Microsoft	NNP
Corporation	NNP
.	.
This	DT
filing	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
latest	JJS
result	NN
of	IN
a	DT
investigation	NN
of	IN
Microsoft	NNP
's	POS
business	NN
practices	NNS
that	WDT
stretch	VBP
back	RB
into	IN
the	DT
early	JJ
1990	CD
's	POS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
certainly	RB
not	RB
the	DT
first	JJ
legal	JJ
scuffle	NN
between	IN
the	DT
Washington	NNP
based	VBN
software	NN
maker	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Justice	NNP
Department	NNP
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
by	IN
far	RB
the	DT
most	RBS
serious	JJ
.	.
Microsoft	NNP
has	VBZ
responded	VBN
by	IN
waging	VBG
a	DT
carefully	RB
crafted	VBN
public	JJ
relations	NNS
campaign	NN
against	IN
the	DT
government	NN
.	.
Is	VBZ
Microsoft	NNP
attempting	VBG
to	TO
confuse	VB
the	DT
issues	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
public	NN
's	POS
mind	NN
through	IN
slick	JJ
sound	JJ
bites	VBZ
and	CC
patriotic	JJ
appeals	NNS
?	.
How	WRB
strong	JJ
is	VBZ
the	DT
government	NN
's	POS
case	NN
and	CC
what	WP
specific	JJ
relief	NN
is	VBZ
it	PRP
seeking	VBG
?	.
To	TO
understand	VB
and	CC
answer	VB
these	DT
questions	NNS
if	IN
is	VBZ
first	RB
necessary	JJ
to	TO
past	JJ
litigation	NN
between	IN
Microsoft	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Justice	NNP
department	NN
from	IN
which	WDT
this	DT
suit	NN
derives	VBZ
.	.
The	DT
Justice	NNP
Department	NNP
filed	VBD
a	DT
lawsuit	NN
alleging	VBG
that	IN
Microsoft	NNP
was	VBD
violating	VBG
section	NN
2	CD
of	IN
the	DT
Sherman	NNP
Antitrust	NNP
act	NN
by	IN
attempting	VBG
to	TO
unlawfully	RB
maintain	VB
it	PRP
's	VBZ
monopoly	NN
over	IN
personal	JJ
computer	NN
operating	VBG
systems	NNS
.	.
Specially	RB
the	DT
government	NN
alleged	VBD
that	IN
Microsoft	NNP
was	VBD
engaging	VBG
in	IN
anti-competitive	JJ
agreements	NNS
and	CC
marking	VBG
practices	NNS
with	IN
Original	NNP
Equipment	NNP
Manufacturers	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
OEM	NNP
's	POS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
suit	NN
alleged	VBD
that	IN
Microsoft	NNP
was	VBD
conditioning	NN
the	DT
licensing	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
operating	VBG
system	NN
on	IN
OEMs	NNS
agreeing	VBG
to	TO
limit	VB
the	DT
installation	NN
of	IN
competing	VBG
operating	VBG
systems	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
like	IN
OS\/2	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
on	IN
their	PRP$
products	NNS
.	.
The	DT
case	NN
was	VBD
resolved	VBN
on	IN
August	NNP
21	CD
,	,
1995	CD
.	.
Microsoft	NNP
agreed	VBD
to	TO
final	JJ
judgment	NN
.	.
This	DT
judgment	NN
is	VBZ
usually	RB
referred	VBN
to	TO
in	IN
the	DT
press	NN
as	IN
the	DT
1995	CD
Consent	NNP
Decree	NNP
.	.
The	DT
consent	NN
decree	NN
prevented	VBD
Microsoft	NNP
form	NN
entering	VBG
into	IN
anti-competitive	JJ
agreements	NNS
with	IN
OEM	NNP
in	IN
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
condition	NN
or	CC
protect	VB
access	NN
to	TO
it	PRP
's	VBZ
operating	VBG
system	NN
.	.
The	DT
petition	NN
alleged	VBD
that	IN
Microsoft	NNP
had	VBD
violated	VBN
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
that	DT
agreement	NN
by	IN
requiring	VBG
OEMs	NNS
to	TO
include	VB
Microsoft	NNP
's	POS
Internet	NNP
Explorer	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
condition	NN
for	IN
licensing	VBG
the	DT
Windows	NNP
95	CD
operating	VBG
system	NN
.	.
On	IN
December	NNP
11th	JJ
the	DT
Court	NNP
issued	VBD
a	DT
preliminary	JJ
injunction	NN
against	IN
Microsoft	NNP
.	.
This	DT
injunction	NN
prohibited	VBN
Microsoft	NNP
from	IN
licensing	VBG
Windows	NNP
95	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
any	DT
successor	NN
versions	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
on	IN
the	DT
condition	NN
that	IN
the	DT
licensee	NN
also	RB
license	NN
or	CC
include	VBP
Microsoft	NNP
Internet	NNP
Explorer	NNP
in	IN
their	PRP$
products	NNS
.	.
On	IN
December	NNP
15th	JJ
,	,
Microsoft	NNP
announced	VBD
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
's	POS
order	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
make	VB
available	JJ
to	TO
OEM	NNP
's	POS
who	WP
did	VBD
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
also	RB
license	VB
Internet	NNP
Explorer	NNP
two	CD
choices	NNS
,	,
either	CC
a	DT
current	JJ
version	NN
of	IN
Windows	NNP
95	CD
in	IN
which	WDT
any	DT
files	NNS
containing	VBG
Internet	NNP
Explorer	NNP
functionality	NN
had	VBD
been	VBN
wholly	RB
removed	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
operating	NN
system	NN
or	CC
a	DT
two	CD
year	NN
old	JJ
version	NN
of	IN
Windows	NNP
95	CD
.	.
The	DT
problem	NN
with	IN
this	DT
was	VBD
that	IN
neither	DT
option	NN
was	VBD
commercially	RB
viable	JJ
to	TO
OEMs	NNS
.	.
Microsoft	NNP
had	VBD
strictly	RB
construed	VBN
the	DT
court	NN
's	POS
order	NN
and	CC
completely	RB
removed	VBN
any	DT
files	NNS
containing	VBG
Internet	NNP
Explorer	NNP
functionally	RB
from	IN
Windows	NNP
95	CD
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
whether	IN
those	DT
files	NNS
contained	VBD
other	JJ
instructions	NNS
necessary	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
functioning	NN
of	IN
the	DT
operating	NN
system	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
the	DT
removal	NN
of	IN
these	DT
files	NNS
severely	RB
compromised	VBD
the	DT
functioning	NN
of	IN
the	DT
operating	NN
system	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
the	DT
older	JJR
version	NN
of	IN
Windows	NNP
95	CD
was	VBD
of	IN
no	DT
use	NN
to	TO
the	DT
OEMs	NNS
because	IN
it	PRP
contained	VBD
none	NN
of	IN
the	DT
bug	NN
fixes	NNS
or	CC
software	NN
improvement	NN
added	VBD
over	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
two	CD
years	NNS
to	TO
handle	VB
new	JJ
hardware	NN
.	.
The	DT
Justice	NNP
Department	NNP
enters	VBZ
into	IN
a	DT
detailed	JJ
proof	NN
that	WDT
Microsoft	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
monopoly	NN
in	IN
operating	VBG
systems	NNS
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
a	DT
discussion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
market	NN
share	NN
held	VBN
by	IN
Microsoft	NNP
and	CC
comments	NNS
by	IN
OEM	NNP
executives	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
commercial	JJ
alternative	NN
to	TO
Windows	NNP
to	TO
install	VB
on	IN
their	PRP$
computers	NNS
.	.
Also	RB
discussed	VBN
it	PRP
the	DT
so	RB
called	VBN
``	``
network	NN
effect	NN
''	''
of	IN
the	DT
operating	NN
system	NN
market	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
snowballing	JJ
effect	NN
that	WDT
aids	VBZ
Microsoft	NNP
's	POS
monopoly	NN
and	CC
makes	VBZ
entry	NN
in	IN
the	DT
operating	NN
system	NN
market	NN
very	RB
difficult	JJ
.	.
The	DT
more	JJR
machines	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
Windows	NNS
installed	VBN
encourages	VBZ
more	RBR
software	NN
developers	NNS
to	TO
write	VB
applications	NNS
for	IN
that	DT
operating	NN
system	NN
which	WDT
in	IN
turn	NN
stimulates	VBZ
the	DT
purchase	NN
an	DT
installation	NN
of	IN
Windows	NNP
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
a	DT
fascinating	JJ
discussion	NN
regarding	VBG
Microsoft	NNP
's	POS
recognition	NN
of	IN
the	DT
threat	NN
which	WDT
Internet	NNP
browsers	NNS
generally	RB
and	CC
Netscape	NNP
Navigator	NNP
and	CC
Sun	NNP
's	POS
JAVA	NNP
programming	NN
language	NN
in	IN
particular	JJ
pose	VBP
to	TO
Microsoft	NNP
's	POS
domination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
operating	NN
system	NN
market	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
several	JJ
quotations	NNS
from	IN
Microsoft	NNP
internal	JJ
communications	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
especially	RB
interesting	JJ
,	,
especially	RB
so	RB
to	TO
the	DT
rabid	JJ
anti-microsoftite	NN
.	.
These	DT
quotations	NNS
begin	VB
on	IN
page	NN
21	CD
of	IN
the	DT
memorandum	NN
.	.
There	EX
would	MD
seem	VB
to	TO
be	VB
little	JJ
doubt	NN
that	IN
the	DT
government	NN
will	MD
prevail	VB
on	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
contention	NN
that	IN
Microsoft	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
monopoly	NN
on	IN
operating	VBG
systems	NNS
and	CC
that	IN
it	PRP
views	VBZ
Netscape	NNP
and	CC
JAVA	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
threat	NN
to	TO
that	DT
position	NN
.	.
``	``
Most	JJS
of	IN
IEUs	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
focus	NN
group	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
were	VBD
Navigator	NNP
users	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
said	VBD
they	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
switch	VB
,	,
would	MD
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
download	VB
IE4	NNP
to	TO
replace	VB
their	PRP$
Navigator	NNP
browser	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
once	RB
everything	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
OS	NNP
and	CC
right	RB
there	RB
,	,
integrated	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
OS	NNP
,	,
in	IN
their	PRP$
face	NN
so	RB
to	TO
speak	VB
,	,
then	RB
they	PRP
said	VBD
they	PRP
would	MD
use	VB
it	PRP
because	IN
there	EX
would	MD
be	VB
no	RB
more	RBR
need	VB
to	TO
use	VB
something	NN
``	``
separate	JJ
.	.
''	''
Microsoft	NNP
's	POS
anticompetitive	JJ
conduct	NN
.	.
Microsoft	NNP
has	VBZ
refused	VBN
to	TO
let	VB
OEMs	NNS
alter	VB
Windows	NNP
``	``
boot	NN
up	RP
''	''
screens	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
default	NN
Windows	NNP
desktop	NN
.	.
These	DT
agreement	NN
prevent	VBP
OEMs	NNS
from	IN
altering	VBG
what	WP
a	DT
new	JJ
user	NN
sees	VBZ
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
boots	NNS
up	IN
Windows	NNP
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
only	RB
Microsoft	NNP
's	POS
Internet	NNP
Connection	NN
Wizard	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
prominently	RB
displayed	VBN
.	.
Microsoft	NNP
has	VBZ
further	RB
entered	VBN
into	IN
exclusionary	JJ
agreements	NNS
with	IN
ISP	NNP
's	POS
and	CC
Online	NNP
Service	NNP
Providers	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
collectively	RB
referred	VBN
to	TO
as	IN
Internet	NNP
Access	NNP
Providers	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
IAP	NNP
's	POS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
Internet	NNP
Content	NNP
Providers	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ICP	NNP
's	POS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
these	DT
agreements	NNS
Microsoft	NNP
refuses	VBZ
to	TO
list	VB
an	DT
IAP	NNP
it	PRP
's	VBZ
Internet	NNP
Connection	NN
Wizard	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
Windows	NNP
applet	NN
to	TO
assist	VB
in	IN
creating	VBG
an	DT
internet	NN
account	NN
and	CC
connection	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
unless	IN
these	DT
companies	NNS
agree	VBP
to	TO
provide	VB
Internet	NNP
Explorer	NNP
as	IN
their	PRP$
primary	JJ
browser	NN
.	.
These	DT
IAP	NNP
's	POS
are	VBP
prohibited	VBN
from	IN
providing	VBG
their	PRP$
customers	NNS
with	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
fixed	JJ
percentage	NN
of	IN
alternate	JJ
browsers	NNS
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
customer	NN
requests	NNS
another	DT
browser	NN
.	.
Rather	RB
than	IN
risk	VB
deletion	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
Connection	NN
Wizard	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
resultant	JJ
loss	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
customers	NNS
,	,
most	JJS
IAP	NNP
's	POS
have	VBP
consented	VBN
to	TO
these	DT
agreements	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
utilizes	VBZ
``	``
Push	JJ
''	''
technology	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
anytime	RB
your	PRP$
modem	NN
is	VBZ
inactive	JJ
it	PRP
downloads	VBZ
information	NN
from	IN
these	DT
``	``
channels	NNS
''	''
enabling	VBG
the	DT
user	NN
to	TO
get	VB
information	NN
from	IN
these	DT
sites	NNS
in	IN
seemingly	RB
much	JJ
fast	JJ
rate	NN
than	IN
a	DT
straight	JJ
download	NN
.	.
Cir	NNP
.	.
1978	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Much	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
arguments	NNS
cited	VBD
to	TO
sustain	VB
this	DT
charge	NN
are	VBP
the	DT
same	JJ
or	CC
similar	JJ
to	TO
those	DT
cited	VBN
in	IN
support	NN
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
charge	NN
.	.
First	RB
it	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
proved	VBN
that	IN
Windows	NNP
98	CD
and	CC
Internet	NNP
Explorer	NNP
are	VBP
separate	JJ
and	CC
distinguishable	JJ
products	NNS
.	.
Microsoft	NNP
contends	VBZ
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
single	JJ
``	``
integrated	VBN
''	''
product	NN
but	CC
the	DT
memorandum	NN
provides	VBZ
several	JJ
examples	NNS
of	IN
why	WRB
this	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
case	NN
.	.
Consent	NNP
Decree	NNP
.	.
Furthermore	RB
Microsoft	NNP
continues	VBZ
to	TO
market	VB
Internet	NNP
Explorer	NNP
separately	RB
and	CC
in	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
products	NNS
other	JJ
than	IN
Windows	NNP
.	.
The	DT
final	JJ
evidence	NN
cited	VBD
to	TO
support	VB
this	DT
contention	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
Microsoft	NNP
does	VBZ
intends	VBZ
to	TO
continue	VB
offering	VBG
Internet	NNP
Explorer	NNP
for	IN
use	NN
with	IN
other	JJ
operating	VBG
systems	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Apple	NNP
Macintosh	NNP
,	,
Sun	NNP
's	POS
Solaris	NNP
,	,
Windows	NNP
3.1	CD
,	,
and	CC
various	JJ
versions	NNS
of	IN
UNIX	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
clear	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
earlier	JJR
cited	VBD
examples	NNS
of	IN
exclusionary	JJ
agreements	NNS
between	IN
Microsoft	NNP
and	CC
OEM	NNP
's	POS
,	,
IAP	NNP
's	POS
,	,
and	CC
ICP	NNP
's	POS
that	WDT
Microsoft	NNP
possesses	VBZ
sufficient	JJ
market	NN
power	NN
to	TO
compel	VB
acceptance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
tied	VBN
products	NNS
of	IN
Windows	NNP
98	CD
and	CC
Internet	NNP
Explorer	NNP
.	.
Fourth	JJ
and	CC
last	JJ
,	,
to	TO
prove	VB
per	IN
se	FW
illegality	NN
,	,
the	DT
Justice	NNP
Department	NNP
must	MD
show	VB
the	DT
foreclosure	NN
of	IN
a	DT
not	RB
insubstantial	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
commerce	NN
in	IN
the	DT
tied	VBN
product	NN
market	NN
.	.
Since	IN
the	DT
tying	VBG
of	IN
Windows	NNP
98	CD
and	CC
Internet	NNP
Explorer	NNP
will	MD
effect	VB
the	DT
future	NN
of	IN
entire	JJ
computer	NN
industry	NN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
clear	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
tying	VBG
will	MD
foreclose	VB
a	DT
not	RB
insubstantial	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
commerce	NN
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
condition	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
met	VBN
from	IN
material	NN
already	RB
sited	VBN
above	IN
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
condition	NN
is	VBZ
proved	VBN
with	IN
statements	NNS
from	IN
competitors	NNS
and	CC
Microsoft	NNP
personnel	NNS
.	.
From	IN
the	DT
deposition	NN
of	IN
Netscape	NNP
Vice-president	NNP
Marc	NNP
Andreessen	NNP
,	,
in	IN
July	NNP
1995	CD
Microsoft	NNP
executives	NNS
met	VBD
with	IN
Netscape	NNP
and	CC
proposed	VBD
that	IN
Microsoft	NNP
and	CC
Netscape	NNP
not	RB
compete	VB
.	.
Microsoft	NNP
proposed	VBD
that	IN
if	IN
Netscape	NNP
would	MD
agree	VB
to	TO
get	VB
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
Windows	NNP
browser	NN
market	NN
that	WDT
Microsoft	NNP
would	MD
agree	VB
not	RB
to	TO
compete	VB
with	IN
Netscape	NNP
to	TO
provide	VB
browsers	NNS
to	TO
non-Windows	JJ
operating	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Justice	NNP
Department	NNP
contends	VBZ
that	IN
this	DT
was	VBD
a	DT
blatantly	RB
illegal	JJ
proposal	NN
to	TO
form	VB
a	DT
cartel	NN
in	IN
restraint	NN
of	IN
trade	NN
.	.
But	CC
more	RBR
importantly	RB
it	PRP
demonstrates	VBZ
Microsoft	NNP
's	POS
intent	NN
to	TO
monopolize	VB
the	DT
Windows	NNP
browser	NN
market	NN
.	.
Department	NNP
's	POS
complaint	NN
.	.
They	PRP
have	VBP
however	RB
been	VBN
engaging	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
long	JJ
running	VBG
public	JJ
relations	NNS
campaign	NN
against	IN
the	DT
government	NN
's	POS
action	NN
.	.
Microsoft	NNP
first	RB
claimed	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
industry	NN
is	VBZ
so	RB
competitive	JJ
and	CC
fast	JJ
changing	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
allegations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Justice	NNP
Department	NNP
were	VBD
completely	RB
unfounded	JJ
.	.
they	PRP
essential	JJ
were	VBD
claiming	VBG
that	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
only	RB
just	RB
holding	VBG
their	PRP$
own	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
industry	NN
and	CC
could	MD
be	VB
decimated	VBN
in	IN
short	JJ
order	NN
by	IN
an	DT
new	JJ
development	NN
.	.
This	DT
strategy	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
seem	VB
to	TO
resonate	VB
,	,
possibly	RB
because	IN
Microsoft	NNP
's	POS
incredible	JJ
ubiquity	NN
in	IN
computing	VBG
seemed	VBD
to	TO
belie	VB
such	PDT
a	DT
claim	NN
.	.
Microsoft	NNP
then	RB
changed	VBD
tactics	NNS
and	CC
claimed	VBD
that	IN
any	DT
delay	NN
or	CC
interference	NN
in	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
release	NN
of	IN
Windows	NNP
98	CD
would	MD
have	VB
a	DT
drastic	JJ
domino	NN
effect	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
industry	NN
.	.
This	DT
strategy	NN
was	VBD
couple	NN
with	IN
a	DT
flag	NN
waving	VBG
campaign	NN
that	IN
the	DT
government	NN
was	VBD
threatening	JJ
America	NNP
's	POS
worldwide	JJ
dominance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
software	NN
industry	NN
by	IN
interfering	VBG
with	IN
Microsoft	NNP
.	.
This	DT
sounded	VBD
oddly	RB
similar	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
1960	CD
's	POS
refrain	NN
that	IN
what	WP
was	VBD
good	JJ
for	IN
General	NNP
Motors	NNPS
was	VBD
good	JJ
for	IN
America	NNP
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
implication	NN
that	WDT
what	WP
was	VBD
bad	JJ
for	IN
GM	NNP
was	VBD
bad	JJ
for	IN
America	NNP
.	.
Microsoft	NNP
also	RB
appealed	VBD
to	TO
anti-regulatory	JJ
forces	NNS
that	WDT
believe	VBP
that	IN
virtually	RB
any	DT
regulation	NN
of	IN
business	NN
by	IN
government	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
in	IN
the	DT
``	``
interest	NN
''	''
of	IN
the	DT
American	JJ
people	NNS
,	,
or	CC
alternately	RB
that	IN
it	PRP
socialist	JJ
or	CC
possibly	RB
morally	RB
reprehensible	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
Justice	NNP
Department	NNP
has	VBZ
outlined	VBN
a	DT
very	RB
strong	JJ
case	NN
.	.
Doubtlessly	RB
Microsoft	NNP
will	MD
offer	VB
an	DT
different	JJ
interpretation	NN
in	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
answer	NN
to	TO
the	DT
complaint	NN
.	.
The	DT
public	JJ
relations	NNS
campaign	NN
of	IN
Microsoft	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
adroitly	RB
avoiding	VBG
the	DT
legal	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
case	NN
,	,
preferring	VBG
allegorical	JJ
comparisons	NNS
and	CC
emotional	JJ
appeals	NNS
to	TO
patriotism	NN
and	CC
the	DT
pocket	NN
book	NN
.	.
Which	WDT
side	NN
will	MD
prevail	VB
?	.
I	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
Justice	NNP
Department	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
successful	JJ
in	IN
obtaining	VBG
preliminary	JJ
relief	NN
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
Justice	NNP
Department	NNP
stated	VBD
in	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
memorandum	NN
the	DT
success	NN
of	IN
this	DT
action	NN
will	MD
largely	RB
turn	VB
on	IN
the	DT
question	NN
of	IN
the	DT
preliminary	JJ
injunction	NN
.	.
Without	IN
it	PRP
,	,
Microsoft	NNP
would	MD
have	VB
months	NNS
to	TO
consolidate	VB
it	PRP
's	VBZ
position	NN
in	IN
the	DT
market	NN
,	,
making	VBG
many	JJ
available	JJ
remedies	NNS
unworkable	JJ
.	.
Judge	NNP
Thomas	NNP
Jackson	NNP
has	VBZ
already	RB
ruled	VBN
against	IN
Microsoft	NNP
several	JJ
times	NNS
and	CC
has	VBZ
threatened	VBN
them	PRP
with	IN
contempt	NN
.	.
Judge	NNP
Jackson	NNP
called	VBD
for	IN
a	DT
hearing	NN
Friday	NNP
to	TO
review	VB
a	DT
timetable	NN
to	TO
consider	VB
the	DT
request	NN
for	IN
preliminary	JJ
relief	NN
.	.
Only	RB
time	NN
will	MD
tell	VB
.	.
The	DT
assignment	NN
and	CC
use	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
domain	NN
names	NNS
has	VBZ
occasioned	VBN
great	JJ
concern	NN
recently	RB
,	,
partly	RB
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
phenomenal	JJ
growth	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
transition	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
to	TO
a	DT
commercially-used	JJ
medium	NN
of	IN
communication	NN
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
is	VBZ
going	VBG
to	TO
give	VB
an	DT
overview	NN
of	IN
the	DT
international	JJ
organizations	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
protection	NN
of	IN
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
documents	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
try	VBP
to	TO
find	VB
the	DT
solutions	NNS
to	TO
problems	NNS
connected	VBN
with	IN
trademarks	NNS
and	CC
domain	NN
names	NNS
in	IN
Internet	NNP
.	.
Internet	NNP
community	NN
,	,
working	VBG
to	TO
satisfy	VB
the	DT
requirement	NN
for	IN
enhancements	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
's	POS
global	JJ
Domain	NNP
Name	NN
System	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
DNS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Membership	NN
in	IN
the	DT
IAHC	NNP
comprises	VBZ
a	DT
broad	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
legal	JJ
,	,
administrative	JJ
,	,
operations	NNS
and	CC
technical	JJ
constituencies	NNS
.	.
Representatives	NNPS
come	VBP
from	IN
organizations	NNS
that	WDT
sponsor	VBP
TLD	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Top	NNP
Level	NNP
Domain	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
administration	NN
,	,
sponsor	NN
similar	JJ
international	JJ
activities	NNS
,	,
review	NN
and	CC
define	VB
relevant	JJ
international	JJ
legal	JJ
matters	NNS
,	,
provide	VBP
Internet	NNP
service	NN
,	,
and	CC
develop	VB
Internet	NNP
technologies	NNS
and	CC
products	NNS
.	.
``	``
design	NN
team	NN
''	''
,	,
formulating	VBG
criteria	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
but	CC
seeking	VBG
review	NN
,	,
modification	NN
and	CC
consensus	NN
from	IN
the	DT
rest	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
community	NN
.	.
Internet	NNP
standards	NNS
are	VBP
developed	VBN
according	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
principal	NN
of	IN
``	``
rough	JJ
consensus	NN
''	''
which	WDT
means	VBZ
a	DT
strongly	RB
dominant	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
preference	NN
within	IN
the	DT
community	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
seeking	VBG
to	TO
achieve	VB
forward	RB
progress	NN
,	,
in	IN
spite	NN
of	IN
differing	VBG
opinions	NNS
.	.
Trademarks	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
in	IN
what	WP
they	PRP
said	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
approach	NN
to	TO
creating	VBG
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
domain	NN
name	NN
dispute	NN
policy	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
to	TO
create	VB
one	CD
at	IN
all	DT
,	,
but	CC
instead	RB
to	TO
propose	VB
a	DT
sui	NN
generis	VBZ
approach	NN
which	WDT
would	MD
permit	VB
a	DT
workable	JJ
procedural	JJ
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
substantive	JJ
,	,
system	NN
for	IN
domain	NN
name	NN
registration	NN
and	CC
dispute	NN
resolution	NN
.	.
Substantive	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
whether	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
``	``
in	IN
commerce	NN
''	''
,	,
whether	IN
an	DT
extortion	NN
had	VBD
occurred	VBN
,	,
and	CC
whether	IN
one	CD
party	NN
is	VBZ
entitled	VBN
to	TO
domain	NN
name	NN
registration	NN
while	IN
another	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
,	,
should	MD
be	VB
left	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
courts	NNS
and	CC
trademark	NN
tribunals	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
deem	VBP
fit	NN
.	.
There	EX
already	RB
is	VBZ
a	DT
growing	VBG
body	NN
of	IN
domain	NN
name	NN
dispute	NN
jurisprudence	NN
which	WDT
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
these	DT
substantive	JJ
trademark	NN
law-related	JJ
issues	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
and	CC
are	VBP
best	JJS
resolved	VBN
by	IN
these	DT
tribunals	NNS
.	.
The	DT
involvement	NN
of	IN
WIPO	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
discussions	NNS
concerning	VBG
trademarks	NNS
and	CC
Internet	NNP
domain	NN
names	NNS
came	VBD
from	IN
the	DT
conviction	NN
,	,
held	VBD
within	IN
the	DT
International	NNP
Bureau	NNP
of	IN
WIPO	NNP
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
itself	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
means	NN
of	IN
global	JJ
commerce	NN
,	,
and	CC
domain	NN
name	NN
difficulties	NNS
in	IN
particular	JJ
,	,
would	MD
drive	VB
forward	RB
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
a	DT
rethinking	VBG
of	IN
the	DT
international	JJ
trademark	NN
legal	JJ
system	NN
,	,
to	TO
make	VB
that	DT
system	NN
more	RBR
compatible	JJ
with	IN
commercial	JJ
needs	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
international	JJ
organization	NN
responsible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
promotion	NN
of	IN
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
world	NN
,	,
WIPO	NNP
thought	VBD
it	PRP
prudent	JJ
to	TO
educate	VB
itself	PRP
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
present	VB
trademark	NN
difficulties	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
domain	NN
names	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
that	DT
self-education	NN
,	,
the	DT
WIPO	NNP
International	NNP
Bureau	NNP
found	VBD
itself	PRP
providing	VBG
information	NN
and	CC
insight	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
community	NN
on	IN
ways	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
existing	VBG
trademark	NN
system	NN
could	MD
interface	VB
with	IN
the	DT
globalization	NN
of	IN
commerce	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
WIPO	NNP
has	VBZ
undertaken	VBN
discussions	NNS
with	IN
its	PRP$
Member	NNP
States	NNPS
concerning	VBG
the	DT
dispute	NN
resolution	NN
procedures	NNS
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
Internet	NNP
domain	NN
names	NNS
.	.
In	IN
particular	JJ
,	,
one	CD
week	NN
after	IN
the	DT
release	NN
of	IN
the	DT
IAHC	NNP
Final	NNP
Report	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
included	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
public	JJ
mention	NN
of	IN
the	DT
dispute	NN
resolution	NN
procedures	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
a	DT
WIPO	NNP
Meeting	VBG
of	IN
Consultants	NNS
on	IN
Trademarks	NNPS
and	CC
Internet	NNP
Domain	NNP
Names	NNPS
was	VBD
held	VBN
from	IN
February	NNP
12	CD
to	TO
14	CD
,	,
1997	CD
,	,
at	IN
WIPO	NNP
Headquarters	NNP
in	IN
Geneva	NNP
to	TO
discuss	VB
issues	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
trademarks	NNS
and	CC
Internet	NNP
domain	NN
names	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Sixteen	CD
consultants	NNS
participated	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
,	,
including	VBG
individuals	NNS
from	IN
national	JJ
trademark	NN
offices	NNS
and	CC
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
International	NNP
Ad	NNP
Hoc	NNP
Committee	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
IAHC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
WIPO	NNP
officials	NNS
.	.
A	DT
full	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
issues	NNS
dealing	VBG
with	IN
trademarks	NNS
and	CC
Internet	NNP
domain	NN
names	NNS
were	VBD
discussed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Consultants	NNPS
over	IN
the	DT
three	CD
days	NNS
.	.
There	EX
was	VBD
no	DT
report	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meeting	NN
.	.
The	DT
discussions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Consultants	NNPS
highlighted	VBD
that	IN
there	EX
were	VBD
many	JJ
important	JJ
and	CC
pressing	VBG
issues	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
trademarks	NNS
and	CC
Internet	NNP
domain	NN
names	NNS
which	WDT
needed	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
addressed	VBN
immediately	RB
in	IN
the	DT
international	JJ
context	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
WIPO	NNP
was	VBD
an	DT
appropriate	JJ
forum	NN
to	TO
carry	VB
on	IN
such	JJ
discussions	NNS
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
discussions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
consultants	NNS
,	,
the	DT
International	NNP
Bureau	NNP
determined	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
appropriate	JJ
to	TO
convene	VB
the	DT
present	JJ
Consultative	NNP
Meeting	VBG
,	,
to	TO
which	WDT
all	DT
WIPO	NNP
Member	NNP
States	NNPS
and	CC
interested	JJ
intergovernmental	JJ
organizations	NNS
and	CC
non-governmental	JJ
organizations	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
invited	VBN
,	,
to	TO
further	RB
discuss	VB
issues	NNS
of	IN
trademarks	NNS
and	CC
Internet	NNP
domain	NN
names	NNS
.	.
The	DT
WIPO	NNP
Center	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
administer	VB
procedures	NNS
for	IN
resolution	NN
of	IN
disputes	NNS
among	IN
States	NNPS
.	.
Rather	RB
,	,
it	PRP
performs	VBZ
private	JJ
sector	NN
services	NNS
,	,
providing	VBG
procedures	NNS
for	IN
settling	VBG
commercial	JJ
disputes	NNS
among	IN
private	JJ
parties	NNS
.	.
Importantly	RB
,	,
the	DT
WIPO	NNP
Center	NNP
administers	VBZ
procedures	NNS
only	RB
.	.
It	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
set	VBN
law	NN
,	,
nor	CC
does	VBZ
it	PRP
create	VB
substantive	JJ
rules	NNS
.	.
The	DT
relevant	JJ
law	NN
to	TO
be	VB
applied	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
ADR	NNP
comes	VBZ
from	IN
other	JJ
sources	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
relevant	JJ
national	JJ
or	CC
regional	JJ
law	NN
.	.
The	DT
WIPO	NNP
Center	NNP
itself	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
jurisdiction	NN
to	TO
settle	VB
disputes	NNS
,	,
but	CC
rather	RB
to	TO
administer	VB
procedures	NNS
which	WDT
facilitate	VBP
the	DT
settling	NN
of	IN
disputes	NNS
.	.
ACPs	NNS
.	.
These	DT
procedures	NNS
were	VBD
established	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
gTLD-MoU	NN
,	,
to	TO
implement	VB
a	DT
policy	NN
,	,
stated	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
MoU	NNP
,	,
that	IN
domain	NN
names	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
infringe	VB
certain	JJ
demonstrable	JJ
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
rights	NNS
.	.
The	DT
WIPO	NNP
Center	NNP
will	MD
provide	VB
the	DT
procedures	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
panels	NNS
themselves	PRP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
on-line	JJ
services	NNS
to	TO
facilitate	VB
the	DT
proceedings	NNS
.	.
The	DT
WIPO	NNP
Center	NNP
will	MD
not	RB
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
decision-making	JJ
process	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
a	DT
clause	NN
of	IN
the	DT
MoU	NNP
itself	PRP
prohibits	VBZ
any	DT
WIPO	NNP
staff	NN
member	NN
from	IN
being	VBG
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
an	DT
ACP	NNP
.	.
ACP	NNP
procedures	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
initiated	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
,	,
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
conducted	VBN
on-line	JJ
.	.
Extensive	JJ
due	JJ
process	NN
safeguards	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
put	VBN
into	IN
place	NN
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
be	VB
heard	VBN
,	,
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
appeal	VB
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
Significantly	RB
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
ACP	NNP
process	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
administrative	JJ
procedure	NN
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
preclude	VB
recourse	NN
by	IN
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
participants	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
relevant	JJ
national	JJ
or	CC
regional	JJ
court	NN
which	WDT
would	MD
otherwise	RB
have	VB
jurisdiction	NN
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
procedures	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
faster	RBR
,	,
cheaper	JJR
and	CC
more	RBR
convenient	JJ
that	IN
court	NN
action	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
that	IN
in	IN
many	JJ
cases	NNS
these	DT
procedures	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
chosen	VBN
over	IN
court	NN
actions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
ACP	NNP
procedures	NNS
deal	VBP
with	IN
many	JJ
existing	VBG
domain	NN
name	NN
conflict	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
so-called	JJ
``	``
reverse	JJ
hijacking	NN
''	''
has	VBZ
been	VBN
much	JJ
discussed	VBN
,	,
in	IN
which	WDT
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
holder	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
using	VBG
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
legitimately	RB
for	IN
a	DT
long	JJ
time	NN
is	VBZ
challenged	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
trademark	NN
holder	NN
who	WP
wants	VBZ
to	TO
take	VB
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
away	RB
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
ACP	NNP
procedures	NNS
and	CC
procedural	JJ
guidelines	NNS
,	,
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
holder	NN
is	VBZ
protected	VBN
in	IN
two	CD
ways	NNS
.	.
First	RB
,	,
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
suspended	VBN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
conclusion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
challenge	NN
proceedings	NNS
,	,
unless	IN
the	DT
challenge	NN
is	VBZ
filed	VBN
within	IN
30	CD
days	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
registration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
situation	NN
very	RB
different	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
``	``
reverse	JJ
hijacking	NN
''	''
situation	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
the	DT
gTLD-MoU	JJ
policy	NN
recognizes	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
holder	NN
may	MD
have	VB
sufficient	JJ
rights	NNS
to	TO
withstand	VB
a	DT
challenge	NN
by	IN
a	DT
trademark	NN
holder	NN
.	.
A	DT
New	NNP
York	NNP
Trial	NNP
Court	NNP
held	VBD
Prodigy	NNP
could	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
liable	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
unanimous	JJ
posting	VBG
to	TO
one	CD
of	IN
its	PRP$
bulletin	NN
boards	NNS
.	.
The	DT
issue	NN
was	VBD
whether	IN
Prodigy	NNP
would	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
a	DT
publisher	NN
or	CC
distributor	NN
for	IN
the	DT
purposes	NNS
of	IN
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
liable	JJ
claims	NNS
.	.
Still	RB
,	,
while	IN
those	DT
who	WP
opt	VBP
to	TO
visit	VB
online	JJ
gambling	NN
sites	NNS
enjoy	VBP
the	DT
convenience	NN
of	IN
waging	VBG
from	IN
their	PRP$
bedroom	NN
,	,
serious	JJ
threats	NNS
of	IN
consumer	NN
fraud	NN
loom	VBP
as	IN
bettors	NNS
possess	VBP
no	DT
means	VBZ
to	TO
confirm	VB
casino	NN
operators	NNS
are	VBP
playing	VBG
fair	JJ
.	.
Lottery	NN
site	NN
was	VBD
being	VBG
accessed	VBN
by	IN
Missouri	NNP
citizens	NNS
located	VBN
other	JJ
than	IN
on	IN
tribal	JJ
lands	NNS
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
the	DT
geographical	JJ
scope	NN
of	IN
the	DT
tribe	NN
's	POS
lottery	NN
need	MD
not	RB
be	VB
decided	VBN
because	IN
the	DT
tribe	NN
was	VBD
entitled	VBN
to	TO
sovereign	JJ
immunity	NN
even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
's	POS
view	NN
of	IN
the	DT
lottery	NN
's	POS
geographical	JJ
scope	NN
was	VBD
correct	JJ
.	.
Only	RB
Congress	NNP
can	MD
limit	VB
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
tribal	JJ
immunity	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
has	VBZ
not	RB
done	VBN
so	RB
,	,
even	RB
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
extra-territorial	JJ
activities	NNS
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
with	IN
casino	NN
gambling	NN
outside	IN
its	PRP$
scope	NN
,	,
the	DT
1961	CD
law	NN
covers	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
narrow	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
online	JJ
wagering	NN
.64	CD
Thus	RB
,	,
both	DT
houses	NNS
of	IN
Congress	NNP
have	VBP
embarked	VBN
on	IN
efforts	NNS
to	TO
outright	RB
prohibit	VB
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
.	.
The	DT
lines	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
drawn	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
camps	NNS
divided	VBN
on	IN
either	DT
side	NN
of	IN
the	DT
online	JJ
gambling	NN
issue	NN
.	.
This	DT
issue	NN
has	VBZ
created	VBN
strange	JJ
bedfellows	NNS
,	,
some	DT
historical	JJ
adversaries	NNS
joining	VBG
forces	NNS
toward	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
goal	NN
,	,
often	RB
for	IN
very	RB
different	JJ
reasons	NNS
.	.
The	DT
law	NN
on	IN
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
is	VBZ
far	RB
from	IN
clear	JJ
,	,
but	CC
after	IN
the	DT
Justice	NNP
Department	NNP
's	POS
recent	JJ
change	NN
of	IN
heart	NN
,	,
wagering	NN
online	NN
is	VBZ
becoming	VBG
increasingly	RB
riskier	JJR
.	.
U.S.	NNP
Attorney	NNP
General	NNP
Janet	NNP
Reno	NNP
has	VBZ
unequivocally	RB
stated	VBN
,	,
``	``
The	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
an	DT
electronic	JJ
sanctuary	NN
for	IN
illegal	JJ
betting	VBG
.113	CD
And	CC
to	TO
Internet	NNP
betting	VBG
operators	NNS
everywhere	RB
we	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
simple	JJ
message	NN
:	:
You	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
hide	VB
online	NN
and	CC
you	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
hide	VB
offshore	RB
.	.
``	``
114	CD
With	IN
arrests	NNS
and	CC
criminal	JJ
charges	NNS
of	IN
online	JJ
betting	VBG
parlors	NNS
already	RB
carried	VBD
out	RP
,	,
the	DT
Feds	NNS
have	VBP
joined	VBN
several	JJ
states	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
fight	NN
to	TO
outlaw	VB
betting	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
Net	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
with	IN
a	DT
pair	NN
of	IN
bills	NNS
making	VBG
their	PRP$
way	NN
through	IN
Congress	NNP
and	CC
national	JJ
exposure	NN
of	IN
the	DT
controversial	JJ
issue	NN
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
is	VBZ
sure	JJ
to	TO
change	VB
.	.
Still	RB
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
legislation	NN
makes	VBZ
the	DT
practice	NN
unlawful	JJ
,	,
serious	JJ
concerns	NNS
of	IN
enforcement	NN
linger	VBP
.	.
Extradition	NN
of	IN
off	JJ
shore	NN
operators	NNS
is	VBZ
unlikely	JJ
,	,
and	CC
policing	VBG
bettors	NNS
presents	NNS
another	DT
legitimate	JJ
challenge	NN
for	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
.	.
Nevertheless	RB
,	,
other	JJ
considerations	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
Western	NNP
Union	NNP
's	POS
recent	JJ
decision	NN
to	TO
discontinue	VB
money	NN
transfers	NNS
to	TO
offshore	JJ
bookmakers	NNS
,116	CD
could	MD
impact	VB
the	DT
new	JJ
industry	NN
.	.
With	IN
offshore	JJ
casino	NN
startup	NN
and	CC
licensing	NN
costs	NNS
estimated	VBN
at	IN
$	$
1.5	CD
million	CD
,117	CD
exactly	RB
who	WP
is	VBZ
it	PRP
that	IN
the	DT
odds	NNS
favor	VBP
?	.
Internet	NNP
payment	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
The	DT
concerns	NNS
of	IN
individual	JJ
consumers	NNS
,	,
corporations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
financial	JJ
institutions	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
addressed	VBN
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
modern	JJ
payment	NN
systems	NNS
and	CC
corresponding	JJ
protocols	NNS
recognize	VBP
this	DT
as	IN
they	PRP
promote	VBP
their	PRP$
security	NN
and	CC
user	NN
privacy	NN
features	NNS
along	IN
with	IN
the	DT
actual	JJ
payment	NN
and	CC
transaction	NN
functions	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
today	NN
's	POS
electronic	JJ
commerc	JJ
programs	NNS
focus	VB
on	IN
security	NN
measures	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
digital	JJ
signatures	NNS
and	CC
encryption	NN
technology	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
liability	NN
insurance	NN
.	.
Hash	NN
functions	NNS
are	VBP
similar	JJ
to	TO
encryption	NN
functions	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
operate	VBP
by	IN
grabbing	VBG
a	DT
block	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
time	NN
and	CC
by	IN
repeatedly	RB
using	VBG
a	DT
simple	JJ
scrambling	VBG
function	NN
,	,
modify	VBP
the	DT
bits	NNS
.	.
If	IN
this	DT
scrambling	VBG
is	VBZ
done	VBN
repeatedly	RB
,	,
then	RB
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
known	JJ
practical	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
predict	VB
the	DT
outcome	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
possible	JJ
for	IN
someone	NN
to	TO
modify	VB
the	DT
document	NN
in	IN
any	DT
way	NN
and	CC
ensure	VB
that	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
output	NN
will	MD
emerge	VB
from	IN
the	DT
hash	NN
function	NN
.	.
CyberCoin	NNP
.	.
A	DT
CyberCoin	NNP
user	NN
receives	VBZ
a	DT
secret	JJ
key	NN
when	WRB
she	PRP
signs	NNS
up	IN
.	.
This	DT
key	NN
is	VBZ
known	VBN
only	RB
to	TO
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
computer	NN
and	CC
to	TO
the	DT
central	JJ
computer	NN
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
transaction	NN
is	VBZ
ready	JJ
,	,
a	DT
file	NN
containing	VBG
the	DT
amount	NN
and	CC
the	DT
details	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
transaction	NN
is	VBZ
put	VBN
together	RB
by	IN
the	DT
user	NN
and	CC
then	RB
signed	VBD
with	IN
her	PRP$
secret	JJ
key	NN
.	.
The	DT
central	JJ
bank	NN
can	MD
check	VB
this	DT
transaction	NN
by	IN
repeating	VBG
the	DT
computation	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
knows	VBZ
the	DT
secret	JJ
value	NN
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
While	IN
,	,
the	DT
hash-based	JJ
signature	NN
may	MD
be	VB
the	DT
least	JJS
known	VBN
of	IN
the	DT
signature	NN
algorithms	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
rapidly	RB
becoming	VBG
popular	JJ
because	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
less	RBR
computationally	RB
intensive	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
algorithms	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
microcash	JJ
payment	NN
systems	NNS
,	,
like	IN
DEC	NNP
's	POS
Millicent	NNP
or	CC
CyberCoin	NNP
utilize	VBP
hash-based	JJ
signatures	NNS
to	TO
reduce	VB
the	DT
processing	NN
costs	NNS
and	CC
make	VB
smaller	JJR
transactions	NNS
feasible	JJ
.	.
This	DT
could	MD
allow	VB
the	DT
receiver	NN
to	TO
forge	VB
a	DT
signature	NN
.	.
The	DT
other	JJ
two	CD
signature	NN
algorithms	NNS
,	,
DSS	NNP
and	CC
RSA	NNP
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
this	DT
limitation	NN
since	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
public-key	JJ
algorithms	NNS
whereby	WRB
two	CD
keys	NNS
exist	VBP
for	IN
each	DT
user	NN
.	.
One	CD
key	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
private	JJ
key	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
creates	VBZ
the	DT
signature	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
kept	VBN
secret	JJ
while	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
public	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
key	JJ
verifies	NNS
the	DT
signature	NN
.	.
Both	DT
hash-based	JJ
and	CC
public-key	JJ
algorithms	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
adjusted	VBN
to	TO
increase	VB
security	NN
by	IN
ensuring	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
keys	NNS
use	VBP
a	DT
sufficient	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
bits	NNS
to	TO
resist	VB
all	DT
known	VBN
attacks	NNS
.	.
Hash-based	JJ
signatures	NNS
are	VBP
inherently	RB
easier	JJR
to	TO
attack	VB
because	IN
the	DT
secret	NN
used	VBN
to	TO
create	VB
the	DT
signature	NN
is	VBZ
known	VBN
to	TO
both	DT
sides	NNS
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
earliest	JJS
security	NN
protocols	NNS
for	IN
Internet	NNP
transactions	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
Secure	NNP
Socket	NNP
Layer	NNP
Protocol	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
SSL	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
a	DT
protocol-independent	JJ
encryption	NN
scheme	NN
developed	VBN
by	IN
Netscape	NNP
.	.
SSL	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
payment	NN
system	NN
,	,
rather	RB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
secure	JJ
transmission	NN
protocol	NN
which	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
security	NN
for	IN
not	RB
only	JJ
payments	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
many	JJ
other	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
communications	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
provides	VBZ
channel	NN
security	NN
between	IN
the	DT
application	NN
layer	NN
and	CC
the	DT
transport	NN
layer	NN
of	IN
the	DT
network	NN
by	IN
allowing	VBG
encrypted	JJ
transactions	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
transparent	JJ
to	TO
HTML	NNP
or	CC
CGI	NNP
to	TO
travel	VB
by	IN
the	DT
server	NN
``	``
behind	IN
the	DT
scenes	NNS
''	''
.	.
SSL	NNP
supports	VBZ
but	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
mandate	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
public-key	JJ
encryption	NN
or	CC
certification	NN
techniques	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Secure	NNP
Electronic	NNP
Transactions	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
SET	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
protocol	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
collection	NN
of	IN
encryption	NN
and	CC
security	NN
specifications	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
used	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
industry-wide	JJ
open	JJ
standard	NN
for	IN
ensuring	VBG
secure	JJ
payment	NN
transactions	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Developed	VBN
by	IN
MasterCard	NNP
International	NNP
and	CC
Visa	NNP
International	NNP
,	,
the	DT
primary	JJ
goal	NN
of	IN
SET	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
credit	NN
card	NN
system	NN
,	,
establish	VB
consumer	NN
confidence	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
marketplace	NN
,	,
and	CC
build	VB
commercial	JJ
transaction	NN
volume	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
SET	NNP
establishes	VBZ
a	DT
method	NN
for	IN
interoperabillity	NN
of	IN
secure	JJ
transaction	NN
software	NN
over	IN
multiple	JJ
popular	JJ
hardware	NN
platforms	NNS
and	CC
operating	VBG
systems	NNS
.	.
The	DT
SET	NNP
Consumer	NNP
Wallet	NNP
enables	VBZ
consumers	NNS
to	TO
shop	VB
safely	RB
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
through	IN
such	JJ
features	NNS
as	IN
one-time	JJ
entry	NN
of	IN
account	NN
information	NN
,	,
multiple	JJ
payment	NN
options	NNS
,	,
transaction	NN
receipt	NN
log	VB
,	,
and	CC
Web-based	JJ
customer	NN
service	NN
.	.
The	DT
SET	NNP
Merchant	NN
Cash	NN
Register	NNP
enables	VBZ
payment	NN
card	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
secure	JJ
sales	NNS
of	IN
goods	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
SET	NNP
Payment	NN
Gateway	NNP
Service	NNP
enables	VBZ
banks	NNS
and	CC
processors	NNS
to	TO
process	VB
Internet	NNP
payments	NNS
.	.
SET	NNP
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
confidentiality	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
and	CC
financial	JJ
information	NN
.	.
It	PRP
uses	VBZ
digital	JJ
certificates	NNS
to	TO
authenticate	VB
the	DT
parties	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
payment	NN
card	NN
transaction	NN
.	.
The	DT
SET	NNP
standard	NN
for	IN
security	NN
procedures	NNS
and	CC
technology	NN
ensures	VBZ
consistent	JJ
implementation	NN
among	IN
vendors	NNS
,	,
credit	NN
card	NN
companies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
financial	JJ
institutions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
SET	NNP
protocol	NN
authenticates	VBZ
cardholders	NNS
,	,
merchants	NNS
,	,
and	CC
banks	NNS
;	:
assures	VBZ
confidentiality	NN
of	IN
payment	NN
information	NN
;	:
ensures	VBZ
that	IN
messages	NNS
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
corrupted	VBN
during	IN
transit	NN
;	:
and	CC
provides	VBZ
for	IN
interoperability	NN
among	IN
different	JJ
software	NN
and	CC
hardware	NN
platforms	NNS
.	.
Consumers	NNS
are	VBP
protected	VBN
from	IN
merchant	NN
imposters	NNS
and	CC
theft	NN
of	IN
credit	NN
card	NN
numbers	NNS
.	.
A	DT
stored-value	JJ
card	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
SVC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
a	DT
smart	JJ
card	NN
may	MD
operate	VB
much	RB
the	DT
same	JJ
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
the	DT
loading	VBG
and	CC
disbursement	NN
of	IN
value	NN
.	.
Typically	RB
,	,
an	DT
SVC	NNP
holds	VBZ
value	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
encoded	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
magnetic	JJ
strip	NN
on	IN
the	DT
back	NN
of	IN
the	DT
card	NN
.	.
Generally	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
used	VBN
only	RB
in	IN
a	DT
closed	JJ
system	NN
and	CC
,	,
very	RB
often	RB
,	,
the	DT
card	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
reusable	JJ
or	CC
reloadable	JJ
.	.
A	DT
smart	JJ
card	NN
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
performs	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
functions	NNS
but	CC
uses	VBZ
a	DT
microprocessor	NN
chip	NN
in	IN
the	DT
card	NN
.	.
The	DT
chip	NN
adds	VBZ
an	DT
interactive	JJ
memory	NN
feature	NN
to	TO
smart	JJ
card	NN
capabilities	NNS
that	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
present	JJ
in	IN
magnetic	JJ
strip	NN
SVCs	NNS
.	.
Usually	RB
,	,
a	DT
smart	JJ
card	NN
is	VBZ
reloadable	JJ
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
the	DT
value	NN
and	CC
information	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
carries	VBZ
and	CC
communicates	VBZ
.	.
The	DT
Open	NNP
Buying	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
OBI	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
standard	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
open	JJ
,	,
flexible	JJ
protocol	NN
for	IN
business-to-business	NN
Internet	NNP
commerce	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
high-volume	JJ
,	,
low-dollar	JJ
transactions	NNS
that	WDT
account	VBP
for	IN
80	CD
%	NN
of	IN
most	JJS
organizations	NNS
'	POS
purchasing	VBG
activities	NNS
.	.
OBI	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
product	NN
or	CC
a	DT
service	NN
;	:
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
freely	RB
available	JJ
standard	NN
which	WDT
any	DT
organization	NN
or	CC
individual	NN
can	MD
obtain	VB
and	CC
use	VB
to	TO
build	VB
a	DT
product	NN
,	,
service	NN
or	CC
solution	NN
.	.
The	DT
Roundtable	NNP
was	VBD
composed	VBN
of	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
Fortune	NNP
500	CD
organizations	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
primary	JJ
suppliers	NNS
of	IN
office	NN
supplies	NNS
,	,
laboratory	NN
supplies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
temporary	JJ
help	NN
.	.
The	DT
goal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Roundtable	NNP
was	VBD
to	TO
provide	VB
access	NN
to	TO
easy	JJ
to	TO
use	VB
,	,
open	JJ
,	,
standards-based	JJ
Internet	NNP
purchasing	VBG
solutions	NNS
in	IN
1997	CD
.	.
Through	IN
a	DT
consensus-based	JJ
process	NN
,	,
that	WDT
included	VBD
close	RB
consultation	NN
with	IN
technology	NN
providers	NNS
and	CC
financial	JJ
institutions	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Roundtable	NNP
participants	NNS
developed	VBD
a	DT
generic	JJ
set	NN
of	IN
requirements	NNS
,	,
an	DT
architecture	NN
,	,
and	CC
detailed	JJ
technical	JJ
specifications	NNS
and	CC
guidelines	NNS
and	CC
compliance	NN
and	CC
implementation	NN
information	NN
.	.
When	WRB
deciding	VBG
matters	NNS
of	IN
security	NN
,	,
the	DT
Roundtable	NNP
participants	NNS
sought	VBD
a	DT
design	NN
which	WDT
reflected	VBD
the	DT
degree	NN
of	IN
risks	NNS
typically	RB
associated	VBN
with	IN
business	NN
purchases	NNS
.	.
The	DT
OBI	NNP
standard	JJ
uses	NNS
Secure	VBP
Sockets	NNPS
Layer	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
SSL	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
protocol	NN
to	TO
secure	VB
communications	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
OBI	NNP
requires	VBZ
Digital	NNP
certificates	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
authentication	NN
of	IN
purchasers	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
servers	NNS
.	.
Digital	NNP
Signatures	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
applied	VBN
to	TO
OBI	NNP
Order	NNP
Requests	NNPS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
high	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
assurance	NN
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
identity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
originator	NN
of	IN
an	DT
order	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
integrity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
order	NN
.	.
Open	NNP
Trading	NNP
Protocol	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
OTP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
an	DT
international	JJ
standard	NN
for	IN
retail	JJ
trade	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
OTP	NNP
standard	NN
enables	VBZ
a	DT
consistent	JJ
framework	NN
for	IN
multiple	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
,	,
ensuring	VBG
a	DT
consistent	JJ
,	,
easy	JJ
to	TO
use	VB
consumer	NN
purchasing	VBG
experience	NN
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
payment	NN
instrument	NN
or	CC
software	NN
and	CC
hardware	NN
product	NN
used	VBN
.	.
The	DT
protocol	NN
is	VBZ
freely	RB
available	JJ
to	TO
developers	NNS
and	CC
users	NNS
.	.
OTP	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
owned	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
one	CD
company	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
managed	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
independent	JJ
organization	NN
.	.
The	DT
OTP	NNP
standard	NN
was	VBD
designed	VBN
to	TO
support	VB
and	CC
complement	VB
other	JJ
specifications	NNS
like	IN
SET	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Secure	NNP
Electronic	NNP
Transactions	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
the	DT
EMV	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Europay	NNP
,	,
MasterCard	NNP
and	CC
Visa	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
chip	NN
card	NN
specification	NN
to	TO
offer	VB
a	DT
consistent	JJ
online	NN
interaction	NN
for	IN
consumers	NNS
,	,
merchants	NNS
,	,
and	CC
banks	NNS
using	VBG
any	DT
number	NN
of	IN
payment	NN
options	NNS
.	.
The	DT
OTP	NNP
standard	NN
specifies	VBZ
how	WRB
Internet	NNP
trading	NN
transactions	NNS
can	MD
occur	VB
easily	RB
,	,
safely	RB
,	,
and	CC
efficiently	RB
for	IN
all	DT
parties	NNS
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
method	NN
of	IN
payment	NN
,	,
thereby	RB
making	VBG
it	PRP
very	RB
similar	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
trading	NN
environment	NN
in	IN
the	DT
physical	JJ
world	NN
.	.
The	DT
OTP	NNP
standard	NN
compliments	NNS
but	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
replace	VB
these	DT
protocols	NNS
.	.
OTP	NNP
provides	VBZ
a	DT
clearly	RB
understood	VBN
set	NN
of	IN
rules	NNS
that	WDT
covers	VBZ
the	DT
following	NN
:	:
offers	NNS
for	IN
sale	NN
;	:
agreements	NNS
to	TO
purchase	VB
;	:
payment	NN
by	IN
using	VBG
existing	VBG
payment	NN
protocols	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
SET	NNP
,	,
Mondex	NNP
,	,
CyberCash	NNP
,	,
GeldKarte	NNP
,	,
etc.	FW
;	:
the	DT
transfer	NN
of	IN
goods	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
;	:
delivery	NN
;	:
receipts	NNS
for	IN
purchases	NNS
;	:
multiple	JJ
methods	NNS
of	IN
payment	NN
;	:
support	NN
for	IN
problem	NN
resolution	NN
and	CC
;	:
payment	NN
brand	NN
and	CC
protocol	NN
selection	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
providing	VBG
consumers	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
consistent	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
trading	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
consumers	NNS
will	MD
also	RB
have	VB
records	NNS
of	IN
purchases	NNS
which	WDT
could	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
tax	NN
purposes	NNS
,	,
making	VBG
expense	NN
claims	NNS
,	,
feeding	VBG
into	IN
financial	JJ
management	NN
software	NN
,	,
or	CC
sending	VBG
a	DT
claim	NN
back	RB
to	TO
a	DT
merchant	NN
to	TO
solve	VB
a	DT
problem	NN
.	.
The	DT
OTP	NNP
website	NN
gives	VBZ
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
OTP	NNP
specification	NN
,	,
information	NN
material	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
an	DT
e-mail	NN
forum	NN
to	TO
facilitate	VB
the	DT
exchange	NN
of	IN
comments	NNS
and	CC
recommendations	NNS
by	IN
merchants	NNS
,	,
vendors	NNS
,	,
and	CC
financial	JJ
institutions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
website	NN
also	RB
provides	VBZ
any	DT
updates	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
specification	NN
that	WDT
come	VBP
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
this	DT
exchange	NN
.	.
CyberCash	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
leader	NN
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
major	JJ
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
payments	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
CyberCash	NNP
's	POS
primary	JJ
focus	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
providing	VBG
secure	JJ
financial	JJ
transactions	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
via	IN
multiple	JJ
payment	NN
types	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
credit	NN
,	,
cash	NN
,	,
and	CC
check	NN
.	.
CyberCash	NNP
enables	VBZ
merchants	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
to	TO
accept	VB
multiple	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
payment	NN
around	IN
the	DT
clock	NN
,	,
including	VBG
CyberCoin	NNP
,	,
and	CC
PayNow	NNP
electronic	JJ
check	NN
.	.
Recently	RB
,	,
CyberCash	NNP
adopted	VBD
the	DT
new	JJ
SET	NNP
protocol	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
secure	JJ
,	,
open	JJ
standard-based	JJ
solutions	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
many	JJ
merchants	NNS
,	,
banks	NNS
,	,
processors	NNS
and	CC
consumers	NNS
who	WP
use	VBP
CyberCash	NNP
's	POS
services	NNS
.	.
The	DT
CyberCash	NNP
credit	NN
card	NN
payment	NN
system	NN
consists	VBZ
of	IN
three	CD
parts	NNS
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
CyberCash	NNP
Wallet	NNP
which	WDT
is	VBZ
installed	VBN
from	IN
software	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
distributed	VBN
free	JJ
to	TO
consumers	NNS
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Secure	NNP
Merchant	NN
Payment	NN
System	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
SMPS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
the	DT
seller	NN
's	POS
web	NN
server	NN
which	WDT
communicates	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
customer	NN
's	POS
Wallet	NNP
software	NN
,	,
and	CC
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
CyberCash	NNP
Gateway	NNP
Servers	NNP
for	IN
banks	NNS
which	WDT
links	VBZ
the	DT
seller	NN
's	POS
server	NN
to	TO
existing	VBG
financial	JJ
networks	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
bank	NN
in	IN
safe	JJ
manner	NN
for	IN
the	DT
bank	NN
by	IN
acting	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
firewall	NN
.	.
CyberCash	NNP
offers	VBZ
real-time	JJ
transactions	NNS
and	CC
secure	JJ
credit	NN
card	NN
authentication	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
digital	JJ
signatures	NNS
and	CC
RSA-encryption	NN
.	.
CyberCash	NNP
's	POS
PayNow	NNP
Service	NNP
provides	VBZ
for	IN
payments	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
made	VBN
directly	RB
from	IN
a	DT
checking	NN
account	NN
.	.
This	DT
service	NN
can	MD
be	VB
applied	VBN
to	TO
both	DT
consumer	NN
and	CC
business	NN
purchases	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
hard	JJ
goods	NNS
,	,
digital	JJ
goods	NNS
,	,
or	CC
even	RB
as	IN
an	DT
online	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
present	VB
and	CC
pay	VB
real	JJ
world	NN
bills	NNS
online	VBP
.	.
Electronic	JJ
cash	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
also	RB
known	VBN
as	IN
digital	JJ
cash	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
the	DT
electronic	JJ
equivalent	NN
of	IN
real	JJ
cash	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
implemented	VBN
by	IN
using	VBG
public-key	JJ
cryptography	NN
,	,
digital	JJ
signatures	NNS
,	,
and	CC
blind	JJ
signatures	NNS
.	.
In	IN
an	DT
electronic	JJ
cash	NN
system	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
usually	RB
a	DT
bank	NN
,	,
responsible	JJ
for	IN
issuing	VBG
currency	NN
,	,
customers	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
accounts	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
bank	NN
and	CC
can	MD
withdraw	VB
and	CC
deposit	VB
currency	NN
,	,
and	CC
merchants	NNS
who	WP
will	MD
accept	VB
currency	NN
in	IN
exchange	NN
for	IN
goods	NNS
or	CC
a	DT
service	NN
.	.
Every	DT
customer	NN
,	,
merchant	NN
,	,
and	CC
bank	NN
has	VBZ
its	PRP$
own	JJ
public\/private	JJ
key	JJ
pair	NN
.	.
The	DT
keys	NNS
are	VBP
used	VBN
to	TO
encrypt	VB
,	,
for	IN
security	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
digitally	RB
sign	VB
,	,
for	IN
authentication	NN
,	,
blocks	NNS
of	IN
data	NNS
that	WDT
represent	VBP
coins	NNS
.	.
A	DT
bank	NN
digitally	RB
signs	NNS
coins	NNS
using	VBG
its	PRP$
private	JJ
key	NN
.	.
Consumers	NNS
and	CC
merchants	NNS
verify	VBP
the	DT
coins	NNS
using	VBG
the	DT
bank	NN
's	POS
widely-available	JJ
public	JJ
key	NN
.	.
Customers	NNS
sign	VBP
bank	NN
deposits	NNS
and	CC
withdrawals	NNS
with	IN
their	PRP$
private	JJ
key	NN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
bank	NN
uses	VBZ
the	DT
customers	NNS
'	POS
public	JJ
keys	NNS
to	TO
verify	VB
the	DT
signature	NN
.	.
Ecash	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
fully	RB
anonymous	JJ
electronic	JJ
cash	NN
system	NN
,	,
using	VBG
numbered	VBD
bank	NN
accounts	NNS
and	CC
blind	JJ
signatures	NNS
produced	VBN
by	IN
Digicash	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
an	DT
online	JJ
software	NN
program	NN
which	WDT
provides	VBZ
fully	RB
anonymous	JJ
electronic	JJ
cash	NN
by	IN
using	VBG
blind	JJ
signature	NN
techniques	NNS
.	.
Ecash	NNP
is	VBZ
implemented	VBN
using	VBG
RSA	NNP
public-key	JJ
cryptography	NN
.	.
Every	DT
user	NN
in	IN
the	DT
system	NN
has	VBZ
her	PRP$
own	JJ
public\/private	JJ
key	JJ
pair	NN
.	.
Special	JJ
client	NN
and	CC
merchant	NN
software	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
Ecash	NNP
system	NN
.	.
The	DT
client	NN
software	NN
is	VBZ
called	VBN
a	DT
``	``
cyberwallet	NN
''	''
and	CC
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
withdrawing	VBG
and	CC
depositing	VBG
coins	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
bank	NN
,	,
and	CC
paying	VBG
or	CC
receiving	VBG
coins	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
merchant	NN
.	.
With	IN
Ecash	NNP
,	,
the	DT
user	NN
purchases	NNS
digital	JJ
money	NN
from	IN
an	DT
Ecash-licensed	JJ
bank	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
she	PRP
has	VBZ
an	DT
existing	VBG
account	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
coins	NNS
are	VBP
then	RB
stored	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
hard	JJ
drive	NN
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
user	NN
makes	VBZ
a	DT
purchase	NN
at	IN
an	DT
Ecash-enabled	JJ
site	NN
,	,
the	DT
system	NN
software	NN
deducts	VBZ
the	DT
coins	NNS
from	IN
her	PRP$
hard	JJ
drive	NN
and	CC
forwards	RB
them	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
vendor	NN
.	.
The	DT
vendor	NN
then	RB
sends	VBZ
the	DT
coins	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
bank	NN
for	IN
verification	NN
.	.
The	DT
vendor	NN
then	RB
chooses	VBZ
whether	IN
to	TO
be	VB
issued	VBN
new	JJ
Ecash	NNP
or	CC
to	TO
have	VB
the	DT
Ecash	NNP
deposited	VBD
into	IN
an	DT
Ecash	JJ
account	NN
.	.
The	DT
strengths	NNS
of	IN
Ecash	NNP
are	VBP
its	PRP$
full	JJ
anonymity	NN
and	CC
security	NN
along	IN
with	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
Ecash	NNP
allows	VBZ
for	IN
direct	JJ
person-to-person	JJ
transactions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
electronic	JJ
cash	NN
used	VBN
is	VBZ
untraceable	JJ
.	.
Through	IN
the	DT
employment	NN
of	IN
security	NN
protocols	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
RSA	NNP
public-key	JJ
cryptography	NN
,	,
the	DT
Ecash	NNP
system	NN
is	VBZ
safe	JJ
from	IN
message	NN
tampering	VBG
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
coins	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
stolen	VBN
while	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
in	IN
transit	NN
.	.
The	DT
main	JJ
problem	NN
with	IN
Ecash	NNP
,	,
however	RB
,	,
may	MD
be	VB
the	DT
size	NN
of	IN
the	DT
database	NN
of	IN
spent	VBN
coins	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Ecash	NNP
system	NN
keeps	VBZ
a	DT
database	NN
of	IN
every	DT
coin	NN
ever	RB
spent	VBN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
large	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
start	VBP
using	VBG
the	DT
system	NN
,	,
the	DT
database	NN
could	MD
become	VB
unmanageable	JJ
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
the	DT
task	NN
of	IN
maintaining	VBG
a	DT
database	NN
of	IN
spent	VBN
coins	NNS
is	VBZ
probably	RB
beyond	IN
the	DT
capabilities	NNS
of	IN
today	NN
's	POS
state-of-the-art	JJ
database	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
NetCash	NNP
uses	VBZ
identified	VBN
electronic	JJ
cash	NN
,	,
thereby	RB
making	VBG
it	PRP
less	RBR
anonymous	JJ
than	IN
Ecash	NNP
.	.
Developed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Southern	NNP
California	NNP
,	,
the	DT
system	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
distributed	VBN
currency	NN
servers	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
insured	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
central	JJ
certification	NN
authority	NN
.	.
The	DT
currency	NN
server	NN
mints	NNS
coins	NNS
and	CC
keeps	VBZ
track	NN
of	IN
th	JJ
serial	NN
numbers	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
unspent	JJ
coins	NNS
.	.
Electronic	JJ
checks	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
exchanged	VBN
for	IN
NetCash	NNP
.	.
Mondex	NNP
in	IN
partnership	NN
with	IN
AT&T	NNP
has	VBZ
moved	VBN
their	PRP$
smart	JJ
card	NN
system	NN
into	IN
the	DT
realm	NN
of	IN
micropayments	NNS
.	.
User	NN
's	POS
purchase	NN
and	CC
download	NN
``	``
coins	NNS
''	''
in	IN
bulk	NN
from	IN
their	PRP$
Mondex	NNP
participating	VBG
bank	NN
onto	IN
their	PRP$
smartcard	NN
.	.
When	WRB
users	NNS
wish	VB
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
purchase	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
from	IN
a	DT
Mondex-enabled	JJ
vendor	NN
,	,
they	PRP
swipe	NN
their	PRP$
card	NN
though	IN
their	PRP$
reader	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
hardware	NN
purchased	VBD
separately	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
the	DT
coins	NNS
are	VBP
transferred	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
vendor	NN
.	.
The	DT
vendors	NNS
settle	VBP
the	DT
funds	NNS
transfer	NN
with	IN
the	DT
users	NNS
'	POS
bank	NN
.	.
The	DT
advantages	NNS
of	IN
Mondex	NNP
are	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
system	NN
permits	VBZ
purchases	NNS
as	IN
small	JJ
as	IN
three	CD
cents	NNS
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
one	CD
card	NN
will	MD
work	VB
in	IN
both	DT
the	DT
online	NN
and	CC
offline	NN
worlds	NNS
.	.
Mondex	NNP
's	POS
security	NN
relies	VBZ
on	IN
a	DT
digital	JJ
signature	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
generated	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
chip	NN
on	IN
the	DT
card	NN
and	CC
which	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
recognized	VBN
by	IN
other	JJ
genuine	JJ
Mondex	NNP
cards	NNS
.	.
This	DT
security	NN
process	NN
also	RB
identifies	VBZ
the	DT
party	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
cash	NN
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
so	RB
that	IN
funds	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
intercepted	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
without	IN
detection	NN
.	.
These	DT
emerging	VBG
forms	NNS
of	IN
electronic	JJ
payment	NN
systems	NNS
raise	VBP
several	JJ
issues	NNS
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
interpretation	NN
and	CC
application	NN
of	IN
existing	VBG
FDIC	NNP
laws	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
.	.
Whether	IN
deposit	NN
insurance	NN
covers	VBZ
the	DT
new	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
electronic	JJ
payment	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
prominent	JJ
concern	NN
for	IN
depositors	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
consumers	NNS
of	IN
stored-value	JJ
products	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
banks	NNS
,	,
non-banks	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
entire	JJ
financial	JJ
system	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
advantages	NNS
and	CC
disadvantages	NNS
to	TO
having	VBG
FDIC	NNP
deposit	NN
insurance	NN
coverage	NN
for	IN
stored-value	JJ
and	CC
other	JJ
Internet	NNP
payment	NN
products	NNS
.	.
One	CD
advantage	NN
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
the	DT
bank	NN
issuer	NN
of	IN
an	DT
insured	JJ
SVC	NNP
could	MD
use	VB
FDIC	NNP
coverage	NN
as	IN
a	DT
marketing	NN
tool	NN
,	,
allowing	VBG
its	PRP$
products	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
promoted	VBN
as	IN
government-insured	JJ
.	.
Customers	NNS
wishing	VBG
to	TO
purchase	VB
goods	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
would	MD
enter	VB
into	IN
an	DT
agreement	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Company	NN
.	.
The	DT
Company	NN
plans	VBZ
to	TO
establish	VB
agency	NN
accounts	NNS
at	IN
insured	JJ
depository	NN
institutions	NNS
.	.
These	DT
accounts	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
entitled	VBN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
CyberCash	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
as	IN
agent	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
customers	NNS
.	.
''	''
Upon	IN
establishing	VBG
a	DT
relationship	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Company	NN
,	,
customers	NNS
would	MD
transfer	VB
funds	NNS
from	IN
their	PRP$
personal	JJ
accounts	NNS
o	VBP
the	DT
agency	NN
account	NN
.	.
Once	RB
a	DT
customer	NN
has	VBZ
established	VBN
a	DT
relationship	NN
with	IN
he	PRP
Company	NN
and	CC
funded	VBD
their	PRP$
CyberCash	NNP
account	NN
or	CC
``	``
wallet	NN
''	''
,	,
the	DT
customer	NN
may	MD
purchase	VB
an	DT
item	NN
offered	VBD
for	IN
sale	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
by	IN
selecting	VBG
the	DT
CyberCash	NNP
payment	NN
option	NN
on	IN
the	DT
customer	NN
's	POS
computer	NN
screen	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
IPP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
as	IN
agent	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
customers	NNS
''	''
satisfied	VBN
the	DT
first	JJ
condition	NN
of	IN
expressly	RB
disclosing	VBG
a	DT
fiduciary	JJ
relationship	NN
.	.
The	DT
FDIC	NNP
then	RB
determined	VBD
that	IN
CyberCash	NNP
's	POS
proposal	NN
to	TO
maintain	VB
records	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
normal	JJ
course	NN
of	IN
business	NN
,	,
indicating	VBG
the	DT
name	NN
,	,
ownership	NN
capacity	NN
,	,
and	CC
address	NN
of	IN
the	DT
customer	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
parties	NNS
of	IN
interest	NN
satisfied	VBD
the	DT
second	JJ
requirement	NN
.	.
Because	IN
CyberCash	NNP
's	POS
creation	NN
of	IN
agency	NN
accounts	NNS
to	TO
which	WDT
customers	NNS
transfer	VB
funds	NNS
fell	VBD
precisely	RB
within	IN
the	DT
deposit	NN
broker	NN
definition	NN
,	,
the	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
FDIC	NNP
's	POS
analysis	NN
focused	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
exemption	NN
and	CC
CyberCash	NNP
's	POS
primary	JJ
purpose	NN
for	IN
the	DT
placement	NN
of	IN
funds	NNS
with	IN
an	DT
insured	JJ
depository	NN
institution	NN
.	.
CyberCash	NNP
's	POS
statement	NN
that	IN
the	DT
agency	NN
accounts	NNS
would	MD
receive	VB
no	DT
interest	NN
satisfied	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
criteria	NNS
of	IN
no	DT
payment	NN
for	IN
fund	NN
placement	NN
.	.
CyberCash	NNP
's	POS
stated	VBN
business	NN
purpose	NN
of	IN
providing	VBG
an	DT
Internet	JJ
payment	NN
mechanism	NN
satisfied	VBD
the	DT
second	JJ
criteria	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
business	NN
be	VB
established	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
purpose	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
placing	VBG
funds	NNS
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
the	DT
FDIC	NNP
noted	VBD
that	IN
CyberCash	NNP
's	POS
substantial	JJ
purpose	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
provide	VB
an	DT
Internet	JJ
payment	NN
system	NN
,	,
not	RB
to	TO
establish	VB
agency	NN
accounts	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
electronic	JJ
authentication	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
prerequisite	NN
for	IN
binding	JJ
Internet	NNP
transactions	NNS
and	CC
payments	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
for	IN
electronic	JJ
documents	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
hold	VB
up	RP
in	IN
court	NN
,	,
Digital	NNP
Signature	NNP
Trust	NNP
Co.	NNP
will	MD
operate	VB
an	DT
accessible	JJ
data	NN
base	NN
for	IN
storing	VBG
,	,
retrieving	VBG
,	,
and	CC
verifying	VBG
the	DT
current	JJ
validity	NN
of	IN
a	DT
digital	JJ
certificate	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
36	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
It	PRP
will	MD
also	RB
provide	VB
escrow	NN
services	NNS
for	IN
cryptographic	JJ
keys	NNS
used	VBN
for	IN
encryption	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
authentication	NN
.	.
The	DT
OCC	NNP
's	POS
legal	JJ
analysis	NN
declared	VBD
that	IN
acting	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
CA	NNP
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
engaging	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
intertwined	VBN
function	NN
of	IN
key	JJ
repository	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
business	NN
of	IN
banking	NN
regardless	RB
of	IN
whether	IN
bank-issued	JJ
digital	JJ
certificates	NNS
are	VBP
used	VBN
for	IN
financial	JJ
transactions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
OCC	NNP
determined	VBD
that	IN
CA	NNP
activities	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
functional	JJ
equivalent	NN
of	IN
notary	JJ
services	NNS
long	RB
offered	VBN
by	IN
banks	NNS
and	CC
,	,
consequentially	RB
,	,
are	VBP
a	DT
logical	JJ
outgrowth	NN
of	IN
bank	NN
identification	NN
and	CC
verification	NN
skills	NNS
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
CA	NNP
activities	NNS
respond	VBP
to	TO
bank	NN
customer	NN
needs	NNS
and	CC
involve	VB
risks	NNS
similar	JJ
in	IN
nature	NN
to	TO
those	DT
already	RB
assumed	VBN
by	IN
banks	NNS
.	.
Similarly	RB
,	,
the	DT
key	JJ
escrow	NN
service	NN
was	VBD
approved	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
the	DT
functional	JJ
equivalent	NN
and	CC
logical	JJ
extension	NN
of	IN
traditional	JJ
bank	NN
safekeeping	NN
services	NNS
.	.
Initially	RB
,	,
Digital	NNP
Signature	NNP
Trust	NNP
will	MD
issue	VB
only	RB
fairly	RB
high	JJ
level	NN
certificates	NNS
to	TO
persons	NNS
who	WP
physically	RB
present	VBP
themselves	PRP
at	IN
a	DT
designated	VBN
registration	NN
office	NN
and	CC
provide	VB
a	DT
reliable	JJ
photo	NN
ID	NNP
and	CC
other	JJ
indicia	NN
of	IN
identity	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
in	IN
recognition	NN
of	IN
the	DT
crucial	JJ
role	NN
that	IN
a	DT
CA	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
play	VB
in	IN
the	DT
prevention	NN
of	IN
identity	NN
theft	NN
.	.
While	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
issue	VB
certificates	NNS
to	TO
Utah	NNP
residents	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
primarily	RB
interact	VB
with	IN
wholesale	JJ
customers	NNS
,	,
both	DT
within	IN
and	CC
outside	IN
the	DT
state	NN
,	,
providing	VBG
certificates	NNS
for	IN
use	NN
within	IN
closed	JJ
systems	NNS
where	WRB
pre-existing	JJ
contractual	JJ
relationships	NNS
bind	NN
the	DT
relying	VBG
parties	NNS
.	.
Utah	NNP
law	NN
attempts	VBZ
to	TO
attract	VB
CA	NNP
's	POS
by	IN
significantly	RB
insulating	VBG
them	PRP
from	IN
legal	JJ
liability	NN
,	,
and	CC
by	IN
shifting	VBG
certain	JJ
legal	JJ
burdens	NNS
onto	IN
the	DT
CA	NNP
's	POS
subscribers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
event	NN
that	IN
a	DT
digital	JJ
signature	NN
is	VBZ
disputed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
current	JJ
popularity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
a	DT
natural	JJ
site	NN
for	IN
an	DT
international	JJ
marketplace	NN
.	.
Individuals	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
purchase	VB
goods	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
with	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
convenience	NN
as	IN
catalog	NN
ordering	VBG
.	.
Corporations	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
conduct	VB
business	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Lawyers	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
file	VB
documents	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
court	NN
and	CC
make	VB
the	DT
necessary	JJ
payments	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
.	.
Of	IN
course	NN
,	,
none	NN
of	IN
this	DT
will	MD
happen	VB
without	IN
the	DT
support	NN
of	IN
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
The	DT
public	JJ
needs	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
assured	VBN
that	IN
their	PRP$
transactions	NNS
are	VBP
safe	JJ
and	CC
private	JJ
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
succeed	VB
,	,
consumers	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
assured	VBN
that	IN
their	PRP$
information	NN
is	VBZ
kept	VBN
confidential	JJ
between	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
tot	NN
he	PRP
transaction	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
someone	NN
must	MD
be	VB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
failures	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
systems	NNS
.	.
Banks	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
logical	JJ
choice	NN
for	IN
insuring	VBG
payment	NN
providers	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
for	IN
performing	VBG
the	DT
functions	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
Certificate	NNP
Authority	NNP
.	.
Bank	NNP
's	POS
capital	NN
strength	NN
,	,
fiduciary	JJ
tradition	NN
,	,
and	CC
long	RB
involvement	NN
with	IN
electronic	JJ
services	NNS
and	CC
data	NNS
base	NN
management	NN
create	VB
a	DT
natural	JJ
affinity	NN
for	IN
providing	VBG
these	DT
electronic	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
banks	NNS
are	VBP
real	JJ
world	NN
institutions	NNS
that	IN
people	NNS
trust	NN
,	,
thereby	RB
creating	VBG
the	DT
necessary	JJ
link	NN
between	IN
the	DT
cyber	NN
world	NN
and	CC
the	DT
real	JJ
world	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
instill	VB
confidence	NN
in	IN
all	DT
users	NNS
.	.
As	IN
users	NNS
become	VBP
familiar	JJ
with	IN
and	CC
confident	JJ
in	IN
these	DT
systems	NNS
,	,
a	DT
new	JJ
era	NN
of	IN
transactions	NNS
will	MD
take	VB
hold	NN
,	,
thereby	RB
creating	VBG
a	DT
truly	RB
global	JJ
,	,
and	CC
perhaps	RB
,	,
paperless	JJ
marketplace	NN
.	.
The	DT
power	NN
to	TO
tax	NN
Online	NNP
Electronic	NNP
Commerce	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
continuing	VBG
``	``
nexus	NN
''	''
question	NN
as	IN
it	PRP
relates	VBZ
to	TO
both	DT
the	DT
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
clause	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
Constitution	NNP
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
Fifth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
,	,
no	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
deprived	VBN
of	IN
life	NN
,	,
liberty	NN
,	,
or	CC
property	NN
without	IN
due	JJ
process	NN
of	IN
law	NN
.	.
The	DT
Fourteenth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
applies	VBZ
this	DT
same	JJ
restraint	NN
upon	IN
the	DT
states	NNS
.	.
The	DT
evolution	NN
of	IN
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
doctrine	NN
limits	VBZ
the	DT
authority	NN
of	IN
a	DT
State	NN
to	TO
assess	VB
or	CC
impose	VB
a	DT
duty	NN
to	TO
collect	VB
taxes	NNS
arising	VBG
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
economic	JJ
activity	NN
of	IN
a	DT
foreign	JJ
business	NN
engaged	VBD
in	IN
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
.	.
The	DT
constitutional	JJ
limitations	NNS
on	IN
such	JJ
authority	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
derived	VBN
from	IN
two	CD
sources	NNS
:	:
the	DT
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
Clause	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
.	.
Transaction	NN
taxes	NNS
are	VBP
taxes	NNS
like	IN
a	DT
sales	NNS
tax	NN
.	.
These	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
taxes	NNS
are	VBP
unmanageable	JJ
to	TO
collect	VB
from	IN
the	DT
buyer	NN
of	IN
the	DT
goods	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
next	JJ
to	TO
impossible	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
state	NN
to	TO
seek	VB
each	DT
buyer	NN
to	TO
remit	VB
the	DT
tax	NN
owed	VBN
from	IN
each	DT
sale	NN
.	.
Rather	RB
,	,
the	DT
in-state	JJ
resident	NN
vendors	NNS
collect	VBP
the	DT
tax	NN
and	CC
remit	VB
the	DT
collected	VBN
amount	NN
to	TO
State	NNP
tax	NN
authority	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
state	NN
vendors	NNS
refuse	VBP
to	TO
collect	VB
and	CC
remit	VB
taxes	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
true	JJ
for	IN
mail	NN
order	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
.	.
The	DT
seminal	JJ
United	NNP
States	NNPS
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
case	NN
on	IN
establishing	VBG
the	DT
``	``
minimum	JJ
contacts	NNS
''	''
and	CC
``	``
substantial	JJ
nexus	NN
''	''
as	IN
it	PRP
relates	VBZ
to	TO
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
is	VBZ
Quill	NNP
Corp.	NNP
v.	CC
North	NNP
Dakota	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
9	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Here	RB
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
defined	VBD
physical	JJ
presence	NN
to	TO
include	VB
such	JJ
things	NNS
as	IN
office	NN
,	,
equipment	NN
,	,
employees	NNS
,	,
independent	JJ
contractors	NNS
,	,
agents	NNS
or	CC
affiliates	NNS
.	.
North	NNP
Dakota	NNP
filed	VBD
an	DT
action	NN
in	IN
state	NN
court	NN
to	TO
require	VB
petitioner	NN
Quill	NNP
Corporation	NNP
to	TO
collect	VB
and	CC
pay	VB
a	DT
use	NN
tax	NN
on	IN
goods	NNS
purchased	VBN
for	IN
use	NN
in	IN
the	DT
State	NN
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
found	VBD
in	IN
Quill	NNP
's	POS
favor	NN
finding	VBG
the	DT
case	NN
indistinguishable	JJ
from	IN
National	NNP
Bellas	NNP
Hess	NNP
in	IN
holding	VBG
that	IN
a	DT
similar	JJ
Illinois	NNP
statute	NN
violated	VBD
the	DT
Fourteenth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
's	POS
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
Clause	NN
and	CC
created	VBD
an	DT
unconstitutional	JJ
burden	NN
on	IN
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
10	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Bellas	NNP
Hess	NNP
court	NN
concluded	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
``	``
seller	NN
whose	WP$
only	RB
connection	NN
with	IN
customers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
State	NN
is	VBZ
by	IN
common	JJ
carrier	NN
or	CC
the	DT
...	:
mail	NN
''	''
lacked	VBD
the	DT
requisite	JJ
minimum	NN
contacts	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
State	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
11	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
North	JJ
Dakota	NNP
State	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
reversed	VBD
the	DT
decision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
trial	NN
court	NN
.	.
The	DT
state	NN
supreme	NN
court	NN
applied	VBD
the	DT
rationale	NN
that	WDT
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
Complete	JJ
Auto	NN
Transit	NNP
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
12	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
its	PRP$
progeny	NN
,	,
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
no	RB
longer	RB
mandated	VBN
t	IN
he	PRP
sort	NN
of	IN
physical	JJ
presence	NN
nexus	NN
suggested	VBD
in	IN
Bellas	NNP
Hess	NNP
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
Clause	NN
,	,
cases	NNS
following	VBG
Bellas	NNP
Hess	NNP
had	VBD
not	RB
construed	VBN
minimum	JJ
contacts	NNS
to	TO
require	VB
physical	JJ
presence	NN
within	IN
a	DT
State	NN
as	IN
a	DT
prerequisite	NN
to	TO
the	DT
legitimate	JJ
exercise	NN
o	NN
f	SYM
state	NN
power	NN
.	.
The	DT
United	NNP
States	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
reversed	VBD
the	DT
North	NNP
Dakota	NNP
Supreme	NNP
court	NN
and	CC
held	VBD
that	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
Clause	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
bar	NN
enforcement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
's	POS
use	NN
tax	NN
against	IN
Quill	NNP
and	CC
that	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
State	NNP
's	POS
enforcement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
use	NN
tax	NN
against	IN
Quill	NNP
places	VBZ
an	DT
unconstitutional	JJ
burden	NN
on	IN
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
.	.
The	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
's	POS
due	JJ
process	NN
jurisprudence	NN
has	VBZ
grown	VBN
wherein	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
abandoned	VBN
formalistic	JJ
tests	NNS
focused	VBD
on	IN
a	DT
defendant	NN
's	POS
presence	NN
within	IN
a	DT
state	NN
to	TO
a	DT
more	RBR
flexible	JJ
inquiry	NN
into	IN
whether	IN
a	DT
defendant	NN
's	POS
contacts	NNS
made	VBD
it	PRP
reasonable	JJ
to	TO
require	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
defend	VB
the	DT
suit	NN
in	IN
that	DT
State	NN
.	.
To	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
that	IN
this	DT
Court	NNP
's	POS
decisions	NNS
have	VBP
indicated	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
clause	NN
requires	VBZ
a	DT
physical	JJ
presence	NN
in	IN
a	DT
State	NN
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
overruled	VBN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
Quill	NNP
has	VBZ
purposefully	RB
directed	VBN
its	PRP$
activities	NNS
at	IN
North	NNP
Dakota	NNP
residents	NNS
,	,
the	DT
magnitude	NN
of	IN
those	DT
contacts	NNS
are	VBP
more	RBR
than	IN
sufficient	JJ
for	IN
due	JJ
process	NN
purposes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
tax	NN
is	VBZ
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
benefits	NNS
Quill	NNP
receives	VBZ
from	IN
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
State	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
13	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Moreover	RB
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
went	VBD
on	IN
to	TO
hold	VB
that	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
's	POS
enforcement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
use	NN
tax	NN
against	IN
Quill	NNP
places	VBZ
an	DT
unconstitutional	JJ
burden	NN
on	IN
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
found	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Bellas	NNP
Hess	NNP
holding	VBG
was	VBD
not	RB
rendered	VBN
obsolete	JJ
by	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
's	POS
subsequent	JJ
decision	NN
in	IN
Complete	JJ
Auto	NN
.	.
which	WDT
set	VBD
forth	RB
the	DT
four	CD
part	NN
test	NN
that	WDT
continues	VBZ
to	TO
govern	VB
the	DT
validity	NN
of	IN
state	NN
taxes	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
.	.
Although	IN
Complete	JJ
Auto	NN
renounced	VBD
an	DT
analytical	JJ
approach	NN
that	WDT
looked	VBD
to	TO
a	DT
statute	NN
's	POS
formal	JJ
language	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
its	PRP$
practical	JJ
effect	NN
in	IN
determining	VBG
a	DT
state	NN
tax	NN
statute	NN
's	POS
validity	NN
,	,
the	DT
Bellas	NNP
Hess	NNP
decision	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
rely	VB
on	IN
such	JJ
formalism	NN
.	.
Nor	CC
is	VBZ
Bellas	NNP
Hess	NNP
inconsistent	JJ
with	IN
Complete	JJ
Auto	NN
.	.
It	PRP
concerns	VBZ
the	DT
first	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Complete	JJ
Auto	NN
test	NN
and	CC
stands	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
proposition	NN
that	IN
a	DT
vendor	NN
whose	WP$
only	RB
contacts	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
taxing	VBG
State	NN
are	VBP
by	IN
mail	NN
or	CC
common	JJ
carrier	NN
lacks	VBZ
the	DT
``	``
substantial	JJ
nexus	NN
''	''
required	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
14	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Contrary	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
State	NNP
's	POS
argument	NN
,	,
a	DT
mail	NN
order	NN
house	NN
may	MD
have	VB
the	DT
``	``
minimum	JJ
contacts	NNS
''	''
with	IN
a	DT
taxing	VBG
State	NN
as	IN
required	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
Clause	NN
,	,
and	CC
yet	RB
lack	VBP
the	DT
``	``
substantial	JJ
nexus	NN
''	''
with	IN
the	DT
State	NN
required	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
.	.
This	DT
nexus	NN
can	MD
be	VB
established	VBN
when	WRB
affiliated	VBN
companies	NNS
create	VBP
presence	NN
for	IN
the	DT
vendor	NN
.	.
Separating	VBG
sales	NNS
from	IN
service	NN
and	CC
support	NN
,	,
even	RB
through	IN
separate	JJ
corporate	JJ
entities	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
insufficient	JJ
to	TO
negate	VB
the	DT
physical	JJ
presence	NN
nexus	NN
.	.
Courts	NNS
look	VBP
to	TO
common	JJ
control	NN
for	IN
finance	NN
,	,
policies	NNS
,	,
business	NN
practice	NN
,	,
common	JJ
corporate	JJ
officers	NNS
,	,
directors	NNS
,	,
employees	NNS
and	CC
common	JJ
telephone	NN
numbers	NNS
.	.
While	IN
focusing	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
degree	NN
of	IN
separate	JJ
``	``
public	JJ
''	''
identity	NN
in	IN
name	NN
and	CC
advertising	NN
a	DT
court	NN
will	MD
also	RB
look	VB
toward	IN
the	DT
intent	NN
when	WRB
creating	VBG
separate	JJ
corporation	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
If	IN
to	TO
evade	VB
state	NN
tax	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Income	NNP
Taxes	NNS
have	VBP
a	DT
due	JJ
process	NN
analysis	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
based	VBN
upon	IN
similar	JJ
attributes	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
analysis	NN
.	.
Obviously	RB
the	DT
state	NN
is	VBZ
seeking	VBG
to	TO
tax	NN
income	NN
derived	VBN
from	IN
sources	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
state	NN
Under	IN
this	DT
analysis	NN
a	DT
physical	JJ
presence	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
,	,
usually	RB
an	DT
office	NN
or	CC
property	NN
located	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
This	DT
property	NN
can	MD
be	VB
real	JJ
property	NN
or	CC
just	RB
personal	JJ
property	NN
.	.
Also	RB
required	VBN
are	VBP
continuous	JJ
,	,
systematic	JJ
or	CC
regular	JJ
contacts	NNS
by	IN
employee	NN
or	CC
agent	NN
.	.
Here	RB
the	DT
courts	NNS
have	VBP
extended	VBN
the	DT
physical	JJ
presence	NN
nexus	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
an	DT
employee	NN
who	WP
had	VBD
a	DT
home	NN
office	NN
.	.
Telecommuting	VBG
from	IN
home	NN
by	IN
the	DT
employee	NN
established	VBN
physical	JJ
presence	NN
for	IN
the	DT
business	NN
and	CC
brought	VBD
the	DT
revenue	NN
from	IN
in-state	JJ
sales	NNS
subject	NN
to	TO
state	NN
income	NN
tax	NN
.	.
Sales	NNS
of	IN
goods	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
state	NN
are	VBP
treated	VBN
slightly	RB
differently	RB
.	.
Services	NNP
like	IN
advertising	NN
,	,
direct	JJ
mail	NN
and	CC
catalogs	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
normally	RB
subject	JJ
a	DT
business	NN
to	TO
income	NN
taxation	NN
unless	IN
an	DT
employee	NN
visits	VBZ
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
true	JJ
for	IN
electronically	RB
performed	VBN
services	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
usually	RB
do	VBP
not	RB
create	VB
the	DT
physical	JJ
presence	NN
nexus	NN
unless	IN
an	DT
employee	NN
visits	VBZ
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
With	IN
sales	NNS
of	IN
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
's	POS
ability	NN
to	TO
tax	NN
is	VBZ
narrowed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
.	.
As	RB
long	RB
as	IN
the	DT
vendor	NN
fills	VBZ
the	DT
orders	NNS
from	IN
outside	IN
the	DT
state	NN
,	,
a	DT
nexus	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
established	VBN
.	.
Any	DT
physical	JJ
presence	NN
or	CC
visits	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
state	NN
by	IN
company	NN
representatives	NNS
will	MD
make	VB
the	DT
revenue	NN
subject	NN
to	TO
state	NN
income	NN
taxation	NN
.	.
Intangible	JJ
property	NN
sales	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
broadly	RB
construed	VBN
where	WRB
a	DT
company	NN
licenses	VBZ
its	PRP$
property	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
software	NN
,	,
trademark	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
another	DT
.	.
Electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
has	VBZ
worldwide	JJ
implications	NNS
for	IN
taxation	NN
.	.
Countries	NNP
around	IN
the	DT
globe	NN
will	MD
seek	VB
to	TO
gain	VB
a	DT
share	NN
in	IN
the	DT
revenues	NNS
generated	VBD
.	.
Two	CD
primary	JJ
nexus	NN
are	VBP
sustained	VBN
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
tax	NN
liability	NN
for	IN
a	DT
company	NN
doing	VBG
business	NN
around	IN
the	DT
globe	NN
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
nexus	NN
is	VBZ
source	NN
jurisdiction	NN
wherein	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
revenue	NN
generated	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
in-country	JJ
company	NN
location	NN
is	VBZ
taxable	JJ
by	IN
that	DT
country	NN
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
buyer	NN
's	POS
location	NN
.	.
State	NNP
and	CC
local	JJ
taxation	NN
may	MD
occur	VB
on	IN
sales	NNS
made	VBD
within	IN
these	DT
respective	JJ
jurisdictions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
nexus	NN
is	VBZ
called	VBN
residence	NN
jurisdiction	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
applied	VBN
by	IN
most	JJS
countries	NNS
on	IN
their	PRP$
citizen	NN
's	POS
income	NN
regardless	RB
of	IN
where	WRB
the	DT
income	NN
was	VBD
earned	VBN
.	.
Most	JJS
countries	NNS
have	VBP
tax	NN
treaties	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
which	WDT
eliminate	VBP
double	JJ
taxation	NN
by	IN
countries	NNS
by	IN
giving	VBG
credit	NN
for	IN
taxes	NNS
paid	VBN
to	TO
foreign	JJ
governments	NNS
.	.
The	DT
different	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
tax	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
most	RBS
likely	JJ
affect	VB
online	JJ
commercial	JJ
transactions	NNS
and	CC
activities	NNS
include	VBP
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
,	,
excise	JJ
tax	NN
,	,
and	CC
customs	NNS
duties	NNS
.	.
Geography	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
where	WRB
the	DT
company	NN
or	CC
business	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
physicality	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
what	WP
tangible	JJ
things	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
sold	VBN
or	CC
what	WP
services	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
provided	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
the	DT
basis	NN
for	IN
tax	NN
laws	NNS
.	.
In	IN
online	JJ
commerce	NN
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
normal	JJ
concepts	NNS
of	IN
geography	NN
and	CC
physicality	NN
are	VBP
transcended	VBN
,	,
governments	NNS
are	VBP
having	VBG
difficulty	NN
applying	VBG
current	JJ
tax	NN
laws	NNS
to	TO
goods	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
``	``
sold	VBN
''	''
online	NN
.	.
Sales	NNS
tax	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
tax	NN
imposed	VBN
by	IN
states	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
property	NN
and	CC
services	NNS
and	CC
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
gross	JJ
sales	NNS
price	NN
of	IN
that	DT
property	NN
.	.
Sales	NNS
tax	NN
is	VBZ
imposed	VBN
on	IN
intrastate	JJ
transactions	NNS
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
goods	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
are	VBP
used	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
state	NN
as	IN
sold	VBN
.	.
The	DT
seller	NN
of	IN
the	DT
property	NN
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
collecting	VBG
the	DT
applicable	JJ
sales	NNS
tax	NN
.	.
The	DT
consumer	NN
or	CC
purchaser	NN
of	IN
the	DT
property	NN
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
business	NN
entity	NN
purchasing	VBG
a	DT
product	NN
,	,
which	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
consumed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
making	VBG
products	NNS
or	CC
an	DT
individual	JJ
buying	VBG
a	DT
product	NN
at	IN
the	DT
retail	JJ
level	NN
for	IN
individual	JJ
use	NN
.	.
Conversely	RB
,	,
use	VBP
tax	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
tax	NN
imposed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
use	NN
or	CC
consumption	NN
of	IN
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
and	CC
services	NNS
in	IN
interstate	JJ
transactions	NNS
.	.
``	``
Use	NNP
Tax	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
defined	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
tax	NN
on	IN
the	DT
storage	NN
,	,
use	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
consumption	NN
of	IN
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
not	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
sales	NNS
tax	NN
or	CC
otherwise	RB
exempt	JJ
from	IN
tax	NN
,	,
usually	RB
because	IN
the	DT
property	NN
was	VBD
purchased	VBN
outside	IN
of	IN
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
.	.
''	''
Transactions	NNS
are	VBP
generally	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
sales	NNS
or	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
and	CC
payment	NN
is	VBZ
generally	RB
self-imposed	JJ
by	IN
the	DT
buyer	NN
or	CC
user	NN
.	.
A	DT
state	NN
sales	NNS
tax	NN
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
are	VBP
complimentary	JJ
,	,
that	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
transaction	NN
would	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
one	CD
or	CC
the	DT
other	JJ
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
both	DT
,	,
and	CC
both	DT
increase	VB
the	DT
final	JJ
cost	NN
to	TO
the	DT
buyer	NN
.	.
States	NNPS
normally	RB
impose	VB
a	DT
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
on	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
.	.
The	DT
definition	NN
of	IN
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
is	VBZ
determined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
state	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
general	JJ
rule	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
as	IN
any	DT
personal	JJ
property	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
seen	VBN
,	,
weighed	VBD
,	,
measured	VBN
,	,
felt	VBD
,	,
touched	VBD
,	,
or	CC
perceived	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
senses	NNS
.	.
States	NNPS
occasionally	RB
include	VBP
non-tangible	JJ
goods	NNS
within	IN
their	PRP$
list	NN
of	IN
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
or	CC
will	MD
alternately	RB
indicate	VB
a	DT
non-tangible	JJ
is	VBZ
taxable	JJ
regardless	RB
.	.
A	DT
common	JJ
example	NN
is	VBZ
software	NN
products	NNS
.	.
For	IN
those	DT
goods	NNS
which	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
delivered	VBN
electronically	RB
online	NN
or	CC
in	IN
tangible	JJ
form	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
a	DT
compact	JJ
disk	NN
or	CC
diskette	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
software	NN
,	,
photographs	NNS
,	,
books	NNS
,	,
sound	JJ
recordings	NNS
,	,
artwork	NN
,	,
the	DT
method	NN
of	IN
delivery	NN
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
factor	NN
in	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
product	NN
is	VBZ
taxed	VBN
.	.
Some	DT
states	NNS
may	MD
impose	VB
a	DT
tax	NN
only	RB
if	IN
the	DT
product	NN
is	VBZ
delivered	VBN
in	IN
tangible	JJ
form	NN
,	,
while	IN
other	JJ
states	NNS
may	MD
impose	VB
a	DT
tax	NN
on	IN
those	DT
products	NNS
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
method	NN
of	IN
delivery	NN
.	.
States	NNS
often	RB
apply	VBP
the	DT
laws	NNS
they	PRP
have	VBP
developed	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
taxation	NN
of	IN
software	NN
products	NNS
to	TO
other	JJ
goods	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
delivered	VBN
in	IN
either	DT
an	DT
electronic	JJ
or	CC
tangible	JJ
format	NN
.	.
With	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
taxation	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
,	,
most	JJS
states	NNS
impose	VBP
a	DT
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
on	IN
certain	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
more	JJR
variation	NN
between	IN
states	NNS
as	IN
to	TO
what	WP
types	NNS
of	IN
services	NNS
are	VBP
taxed	VBN
than	IN
exists	VBZ
in	IN
taxation	NN
of	IN
tangible	JJ
goods	NNS
.	.
In	IN
contrast	NN
to	TO
goods	NNS
,	,
states	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
tax	NN
all	DT
services	NNS
;	:
rather	RB
they	PRP
indicate	VBP
which	WDT
specific	JJ
services	NNS
are	VBP
taxable	JJ
.	.
Inconsistencies	NNS
arise	VBP
between	IN
states	NNS
because	IN
of	IN
differences	NNS
in	IN
state	NN
's	POS
tax	NN
statutes	NNS
,	,
different	JJ
language	NN
and	CC
terms	NNS
in	IN
those	DT
statutes	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
information	NN
services	NNS
''	''
versus	IN
``	``
computer	NN
services	NNS
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
constant	JJ
change	NN
in	IN
computer	NN
technology	NN
that	WDT
outdates	VBZ
those	DT
tax	NN
statutes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
end-user	NN
of	IN
a	DT
good	JJ
or	CC
service	NN
ultimately	RB
pays	VBZ
the	DT
sales	NNS
tax	NN
.	.
Even	RB
though	IN
states	NNS
may	MD
require	VB
the	DT
vendor	NN
who	WP
sells	VBZ
the	DT
goods	NNS
or	CC
provides	VBZ
the	DT
service	NN
to	TO
actually	RB
pay	VB
the	DT
tax	NN
to	TO
the	DT
state	NN
,	,
those	DT
vendors	NNS
are	VBP
generally	RB
allowed	VBN
to	TO
pass	VB
the	DT
tax	NN
through	IN
to	TO
the	DT
end	NN
user	NN
.	.
Conversely	RB
,	,
the	DT
end-user	JJ
most	RBS
often	RB
does	VBZ
not	RB
pay	VB
a	DT
use	NN
tax	NN
.	.
For	IN
simplicity	NN
,	,
states	VBZ
most	RBS
often	RB
impose	VB
the	DT
duty	NN
to	TO
pay	VB
a	DT
use	NN
tax	NN
on	IN
the	DT
out	NN
of	IN
state	NN
vendor	NN
.	.
Though	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
several	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
exemptions	NNS
from	IN
sales	NNS
tax	NN
,	,
the	DT
most	RBS
common	JJ
exemption	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
purchase	NN
of	IN
an	DT
item	NN
for	IN
resale	NN
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
a	DT
retail	JJ
company	NN
making	VBG
an	DT
out-of-state	JJ
sale	NN
is	VBZ
usually	RB
not	RB
liable	JJ
for	IN
sales	NNS
tax	NN
in	IN
the	DT
retail	JJ
company	NN
's	POS
home	NN
state	NN
,	,
and	CC
unless	IN
the	DT
retailer	NN
has	VBZ
nexus	NN
in	IN
that	DT
state	NN
,	,
neither	CC
is	VBZ
the	DT
retailer	NN
liable	JJ
for	IN
sales	NNS
tax	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
customer	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
for	IN
out-of-state	JJ
sales	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
completely	RB
free	JJ
of	IN
sales	NNS
tax	NN
.	.
Focusing	VBG
on	IN
one	CD
type	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
sale	NN
is	VBZ
often	RB
exempt	JJ
from	IN
sales	NNS
tax	NN
in	IN
the	DT
seller	NN
's	POS
home	NN
state	NN
,	,
the	DT
exemption	NN
for	IN
a	DT
sale	NN
to	TO
an	DT
out-of-state	JJ
buyer	NN
,	,
lets	VBZ
take	VB
a	DT
look	NN
at	IN
California	NNP
as	IN
an	DT
example	NN
.	.
State	NNP
,	,
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
contract	NN
of	IN
sale	NN
,	,
and	CC
delivered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
retailer	NN
to	TO
such	JJ
point	NN
by	IN
means	NNS
of	IN
facilities	NNS
operated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
retailer	NN
,	,
delivery	NN
by	IN
the	DT
retailer	NN
to	TO
a	DT
carrier	NN
for	IN
shipment	NN
to	TO
a	DT
consignee	NN
at	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
point	NN
,	,
or	CC
delivery	NN
by	IN
the	DT
retailer	NN
to	TO
a	DT
customs	NNS
broker	NN
or	CC
forwarding	NN
agent	NN
for	IN
shipment	NN
outside	IN
this	DT
State	NN
.	.
''	''
California	NNP
's	POS
rules	NNS
are	VBP
fairly	RB
typical	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
way	NN
out-of-state	JJ
sales	NNS
are	VBP
treated	VBN
.	.
''	''
A	DT
problem	NN
is	VBZ
created	VBN
when	WRB
a	DT
sale	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
sales	NNS
tax	NN
to	TO
either	CC
the	DT
seller	NN
or	CC
purchase	NN
.	.
The	DT
use	NN
tax	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
states	NNS
attempt	VBP
to	TO
remedy	VB
this	DT
problem	NN
.	.
Except	IN
for	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
a	DT
use	NN
tax	NN
is	VBZ
charged	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
buyer	NN
of	IN
the	DT
good	JJ
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
good	JJ
is	VBZ
used	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
basically	RB
is	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
as	IN
sales	NNS
tax	NN
.	.
Looking	VBG
at	IN
an	DT
example	NN
may	MD
distinguish	VB
the	DT
two	CD
;	:
for	IN
instance	NN
,	,
a	DT
mail-order	JJ
company	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
collect	VB
a	DT
sales	NNS
tax	NN
for	IN
goods	NNS
sold	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
purchaser	NN
in	IN
another	DT
state	NN
.	.
The	DT
purchaser	NN
of	IN
the	DT
good	JJ
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
figure	VB
the	DT
applicable	JJ
use	NN
tax	NN
due	JJ
and	CC
pay	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
state	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
good	JJ
is	VBZ
used	VBN
.	.
Use	NNP
tax	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
collect	VB
tax	NN
on	IN
those	DT
sales	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
exempt	JJ
from	IN
sales	NNS
tax	NN
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
imposed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
buyer	NN
of	IN
the	DT
goods	NNS
,	,
as	IN
opposed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
sellers	NNS
.	.
Sellers	NNS
located	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
different	JJ
state	NN
than	IN
the	DT
ultimate	JJ
user	NN
but	CC
that	WDT
have	VBP
nexus	NN
in	IN
a	DT
state	NN
may	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
collect	VB
the	DT
use	NN
tax	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
basic	JJ
premise	NN
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
tax	NN
is	VBZ
imposed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
buyer	NN
,	,
remains	VBZ
unchanged	JJ
.	.
The	DT
biggest	JJS
problem	NN
with	IN
the	DT
collection	NN
of	IN
the	DT
use	NN
tax	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
most	JJS
buyers	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
aware	JJ
that	IN
they	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
paying	VBG
a	DT
use	NN
tax	NN
,	,
and	CC
therefore	RB
,	,
most	RBS
sales	JJ
subject	NN
to	TO
use	VB
tax	NN
go	VB
unpaid	JJ
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
seller	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
collect	VB
the	DT
use	NN
tax	NN
from	IN
the	DT
buyer	NN
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
the	DT
tax	NN
is	VBZ
due	JJ
can	MD
attempt	VB
to	TO
collect	VB
it	PRP
directly	RB
from	IN
the	DT
buyer	NN
.	.
Some	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
sales	NNS
subject	NN
to	TO
use	VB
tax	NN
can	MD
not	RB
go	VB
unpaid	JJ
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
large	JJ
purchases	NNS
like	IN
cars	NNS
and	CC
boats	NNS
,	,
because	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
registration	NN
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
is	VBZ
collected	VBN
at	IN
registration	NN
time	NN
.	.
Even	RB
though	IN
states	NNS
have	VBP
attempted	VBN
to	TO
enforce	VB
the	DT
payment	NN
of	IN
use	NN
tax	NN
through	IN
audits	NN
of	IN
mail	NN
order	NN
companies	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
subsequent	JJ
mailing	NN
of	IN
tax	NN
remittal	JJ
forms	NNS
to	TO
buyers	NNS
of	IN
mail-order	JJ
products	NNS
,	,
the	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
applicable	JJ
use	NN
tax	NN
goes	VBZ
unremitted	JJ
.	.
An	DT
excise	JJ
tax	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
tax	NN
imposed	VBN
by	IN
either	DT
a	DT
state	NN
or	CC
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
on	IN
a	DT
specific	JJ
product	NN
or	CC
transaction	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
telecommunications	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
gasoline	NN
and	CC
fuels	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
percentage	NN
federal	JJ
or	CC
state	NN
tax	NN
.	.
The	DT
method	NN
of	IN
delivery	NN
of	IN
the	DT
product	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
factor	NN
in	IN
the	DT
imposition	NN
of	IN
the	DT
tax	NN
.	.
The	DT
provider	NN
or	CC
sell	NN
of	IN
the	DT
service	NN
or	CC
product	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
collect	VB
the	DT
tax	NN
and	CC
remit	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
government	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
purchaser	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
the	DT
excise	JJ
tax	NN
.	.
Customs	NNP
duties	NNS
are	VBP
taxes	NNS
imposed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
on	IN
goods	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
imported	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
and	CC
vary	VBP
by	IN
commodity	NN
.	.
Duties	NNS
vary	VBP
by	IN
country	NN
of	IN
origin	NN
of	IN
the	DT
product	NN
and	CC
the	DT
international	JJ
treaty	NN
that	WDT
governs	VBZ
trade	NN
with	IN
that	DT
country	NN
.	.
The	DT
tariff	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
schedule	NN
that	WDT
indicates	VBZ
the	DT
rate	NN
or	CC
amount	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
tax	NN
is	VBZ
calculated	VBN
.	.
A	DT
notable	JJ
exception	NN
to	TO
customs	NNS
duties	NNS
is	VBZ
telecommunications	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
exempt	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
Tariff	NN
Schedules	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
an	DT
advantage	NN
to	TO
electronic	JJ
delivery	NN
over	IN
tangible	JJ
good	JJ
method	NN
of	IN
delivery	NN
,	,
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
software	NN
for	IN
example	NN
.	.
In	IN
contrast	NN
,	,
original	JJ
artwork	NN
,	,
sheet	NN
music	NN
and	CC
books	NNS
are	VBP
duty	NN
free	JJ
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
method	NN
of	IN
delivery	NN
.	.
The	DT
importer	NN
of	IN
the	DT
goods	NNS
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
payment	NN
of	IN
applicable	JJ
customs	NNS
duties	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
U.S	NNP
Customs	NNP
Service	NNP
.	.
Many	JJ
states	NNS
attempt	VBP
to	TO
tax	NN
income	NN
that	WDT
non-resident	JJ
companies	NNS
make	VBP
from	IN
sales	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
sources	NNS
derived	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
The	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
impose	VB
this	DT
tax	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
whether	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
nexus	NN
between	IN
the	DT
non-resident	JJ
company	NN
and	CC
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
Nexus	NN
can	MD
be	VB
defined	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
seller	NN
's	POS
minimum	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
physical	JJ
presence	NN
within	IN
a	DT
state	NN
that	WDT
permits	VBZ
the	DT
taxing	VBG
authority	NN
to	TO
require	VB
the	DT
seller	NN
to	TO
register	VB
,	,
collect	VB
and	CC
remit	VB
sales\/use	JJ
tax	NN
and	CC
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
state	NN
's	POS
taxing	VBG
statutes	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
.	.
Traditionally	RB
,	,
nexus	NN
is	VBZ
created	VBN
when	WRB
a	DT
seller	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
`	``
physical	JJ
presence	NN
'	''
in	IN
a	DT
location	NN
,	,
or	CC
has	VBZ
an	DT
`	``
agent	NN
'	''
of	IN
the	DT
company	NN
conducting	VBG
business	NN
in	IN
a	DT
location	NN
.	.
With	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
services	NNS
,	,
while	IN
almost	RB
any	DT
activity	NN
that	WDT
results	VBZ
in	IN
a	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
can	MD
create	VB
a	DT
nexus	NN
,	,
services	NNS
solely	RB
delivered	VBN
electronically	RB
over	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
generally	RB
do	VBP
not	RB
create	VB
nexus	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
keep	VB
in	IN
mind	NN
that	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
generally	RB
speaking	VBG
,	,
and	CC
states	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
able	JJ
to	TO
impose	VB
income	NN
tax	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
nexus	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
service	NN
provided	VBD
was	VBD
only	RB
an	DT
electronic	JJ
one	CD
.	.
The	DT
ability	NN
of	IN
a	DT
state	NN
to	TO
impose	VB
a	DT
tax	NN
on	IN
a	DT
non-resident	JJ
company	NN
for	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
tangible	JJ
goods	NNS
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
by	IN
federal	JJ
law	NN
,	,
which	WDT
provides	VBZ
``	``
that	IN
a	DT
state	NN
has	VBZ
no	DT
power	NN
to	TO
impose	VB
income	NN
tax	NN
on	IN
income	NN
derived	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
interstate	JJ
sale	NN
of	IN
goods	NNS
if	IN
the	DT
company	NN
's	POS
only	JJ
business	NN
activities	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
are	VBP
soliciting	VBG
-LRB-	-LRB-
but	CC
not	RB
accepting	VBG
or	CC
filling	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
orders	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
''	''
Software	NNP
sales	NNS
can	MD
either	RB
be	VB
considered	VBN
sales	NNS
of	IN
tangible	JJ
or	CC
intangible	JJ
property	NN
depending	VBG
on	IN
its	PRP$
form	NN
.	.
In	IN
its	PRP$
tangible	JJ
property	NN
form	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
shrink-wrapped	JJ
software	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
usually	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
,	,
conditioned	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
premise	NN
that	IN
the	DT
seller	NN
has	VBZ
nexus	NN
with	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
Software	NNP
in	IN
its	PRP$
intangible	JJ
property	NN
form	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
electronically	RB
downloaded	VBN
software	NN
,	,
may	MD
or	CC
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
taxable	JJ
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
rules	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
is	VBZ
sold	VBN
.	.
Software	NNP
delivered	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
physical	JJ
form	NN
may	MD
be	VB
treated	VBN
differently	RB
from	IN
software	NN
delivered	VBN
electronically	RB
,	,
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
state	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
sale	NN
takes	VBZ
place	NN
.	.
The	DT
internet	NN
can	MD
be	VB
analogously	RB
compared	VBN
to	TO
an	DT
on-line	JJ
mail-order	NN
catalogue	NN
,	,
in	IN
that	DT
it	PRP
serves	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
marketing	NN
and	CC
order-taking	NN
mechanism	NN
for	IN
products	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
viewed	VBN
,	,
ordered	VBN
and	CC
then	RB
mailed	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
purchaser	NN
.	.
Software	NNP
and	CC
information	NN
downloads	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
delivered	VBN
via	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
electronically	RB
.	.
Internet	NNP
access	NN
or	CC
downloading	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
or	CC
software	NN
purchased	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
might	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
tax	NN
under	IN
some	DT
states	NNS
'	POS
utility	NN
tax	NN
laws	NNS
.	.
A	DT
utility	NN
tax	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
tax	NN
on	IN
the	DT
consumption	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
utilities	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
electricity	NN
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
some	DT
states	NNS
,	,
telecommunications	NNS
services	NNS
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
utility	NN
tax	NN
.	.
Often	RB
the	DT
taxability	NN
of	IN
a	DT
transaction	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
there	EX
is	VBZ
an	DT
exchange	NN
of	IN
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
.	.
States	NNPS
differ	VBP
in	IN
their	PRP$
specific	JJ
definition	NN
of	IN
what	WP
constitutes	VBZ
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
and	CC
in	IN
their	PRP$
application	NN
of	IN
tax	NN
law	NN
.	.
Tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
can	MD
be	VB
defined	VBN
as	IN
something	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
seen	VBN
and\/or	CC
touched	VBN
.	.
Some	DT
states	NNS
consider	VBP
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
or	CC
software	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
downloaded	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
to	TO
be	VB
an	DT
exchange	NN
of	IN
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
,	,
and	CC
therefore	RB
subject	JJ
it	PRP
to	TO
sales	NNS
tax	NN
.	.
The	DT
exact	JJ
transaction	NN
in	IN
another	DT
state	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
considered	VBN
to	TO
involve	VB
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
,	,
and	CC
therefore	RB
not	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
sales	NNS
tax	NN
.	.
Generally	RB
,	,
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
is	VBZ
usually	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
.	.
A	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
physical	JJ
shrink-wrapped	JJ
or	CC
canned	JJ
software	NN
is	VBZ
usually	RB
considered	VBN
a	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
and	CC
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
almost	RB
all	DT
states	NNS
impose	VBP
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
these	DT
sales	NNS
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
know	VB
whether	IN
a	DT
state	NN
subjects	NNS
such	PDT
a	DT
sale	NN
to	TO
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
,	,
one	CD
would	MD
need	VB
to	TO
consult	VB
the	DT
state	NN
tax	NN
law	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
sale	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
state	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
address	VB
the	DT
issue	NN
with	IN
specific	JJ
rules	NNS
,	,
a	DT
company	NN
can	MD
look	VB
to	TO
the	DT
rules	NNS
defining	VBG
tangible	JJ
and	CC
intangible	JJ
software	NN
or	CC
goods	NNS
.	.
Examples	NNS
of	IN
intangible	JJ
goods	NNS
include	VBP
software	NN
,	,
CDs	NNS
,	,
magazine	NN
articles	NNS
,	,
news	NN
broadcasts	NNS
,	,
stocks	NNS
,	,
airline	NN
tickets	NNS
and	CC
insurance	NN
policies	NNS
.	.
These	DT
are	VBP
items	NNS
whose	WP$
value	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
rely	VB
on	IN
a	DT
physical	JJ
form	NN
.	.
Much	JJ
of	IN
today	NN
's	POS
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
is	VBZ
produced	VBN
,	,
packaged	VBN
,	,
and	CC
stored	VBD
somewhere	RB
and	CC
then	RB
physically	RB
delivered	VBN
to	TO
its	PRP$
final	JJ
destination	NN
.	.
The	DT
technology	NN
exists	VBZ
in	IN
some	DT
aspects	NNS
or	CC
soon	RB
will	MD
exist	VB
to	TO
transfer	VB
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
these	DT
products	NNS
in	IN
digital	JJ
form	NN
over	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
Custom	NNP
software	NN
is	VBZ
usually	RB
not	RB
considered	VBN
tangible	JJ
property	NN
.	.
In	IN
most	JJS
cases	NNS
it	PRP
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
services	NNS
.	.
In	IN
states	NNS
that	WDT
subject	JJ
services	NNS
to	TO
sales	NNS
tax	NN
,	,
custom	NN
software	NN
may	MD
be	VB
taxable	JJ
.	.
Shrink-wrapped	JJ
or	CC
canned	JJ
software	NN
delivered	VBN
electronically	RB
may	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
tangible	JJ
or	CC
intangible	JJ
property	NN
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
state	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
is	VBZ
sold	VBN
.	.
States	NNPS
have	VBP
different	JJ
rules	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
liability	NN
to	TO
collect	VB
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
on	IN
canned	JJ
software	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
transferred	VBN
electronically	RB
.	.
Some	DT
states	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
tax	NN
electronically	RB
transferred	VBD
software	NN
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
tax	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
software	NN
sold	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
box	NN
.	.
California	NNP
,	,
Maryland	NNP
,	,
Massachusetts	NNP
,	,
Missouri	NNP
,	,
South	NNP
Carolina	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Utah	NNP
are	VBP
all	DT
states	NNS
that	WDT
exempt	VBP
from	IN
sales	NNS
tax	NN
canned	VBN
software	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
transmitted	VBN
electronically	RB
.	.
California	NNP
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
will	MD
not	RB
tax	VB
canned	JJ
software	NN
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
``	``
transferred	VBN
electronically	RB
from	IN
the	DT
seller	NN
's	POS
place	NN
of	IN
business	NN
,	,
to	TO
or	CC
through	IN
the	DT
purchaser	NN
's	POS
computer	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
purchaser	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
obtain	VB
possession	NN
of	IN
any	DT
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
storage	NN
media	NNS
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
transaction	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
internet	NN
has	VBZ
emerged	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
provider	NN
of	IN
information	NN
by	IN
consumer	NN
demand	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
transformed	VBN
into	IN
an	DT
effective	JJ
distribution	NN
channel	NN
,	,
similar	JJ
to	TO
other	JJ
more	RBR
traditional	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
media	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
radio	NN
,	,
television	NN
and	CC
print	NN
media	NNS
.	.
``	``
News	NN
from	IN
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
is	VBZ
now	RB
available	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
usually	RB
free	JJ
of	IN
charge	NN
.	.
More	JJR
than	IN
2,700	CD
newspapers	NNS
have	VBP
online	JJ
businesses	NNS
,	,
of	IN
which	WDT
over	IN
60	CD
percent	NN
are	VBP
U.S.-based	JJ
.	.
More	JJR
than	IN
800	CD
TV	NN
stations	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
have	VBP
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
.	.
AudioNet	NNP
calls	VBZ
itself	PRP
the	DT
leader	NN
in	IN
Internet	NNP
broadcasting	NN
,	,
with	IN
live	JJ
continuous	JJ
broadcasts	NNS
of	IN
over	IN
175	CD
radio	NN
and	CC
television	NN
stations	NNS
,	,
play-by-play	NN
of	IN
thousands	NNS
of	IN
college	NN
and	CC
professional	JJ
sporting	VBG
events	NNS
,	,
live	VBP
music	NN
,	,
on-demand	JJ
music	NN
from	IN
the	DT
CD	NNP
Jukebox	NNP
,	,
live	JJ
and	CC
on-demand	JJ
shows	NNS
and	CC
Internet-only	JJ
Webcasts	NNS
and	CC
live	VB
and	CC
on-demand	JJ
corporate	JJ
and	CC
special	JJ
events	NNS
.	.
''	''
Service	NNP
Providers	NNP
or	CC
ISPs	NNP
,	,
that	IN
maintain	VBP
computers	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
servers	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
which	WDT
are	VBP
directly	RB
connected	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Their	PRP$
customers	NNS
can	MD
access	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
through	IN
a	DT
modem	NN
connection	NN
or	CC
direct	JJ
line	NN
from	IN
their	PRP$
computers	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
ISP	NNP
server	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
states	NNS
source	NN
revenues	NNS
from	IN
services	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
income	NN
producing	VBG
activity	NN
is	VBZ
performed	VBN
.	.
ISP	NNP
services	NNS
should	MD
follow	VB
this	DT
basic	JJ
model	NN
.	.
ISPs	NNS
with	IN
customers	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
country	NN
may	MD
start	VB
to	TO
see	VB
states	NNS
moving	VBG
to	TO
source	NN
revenues	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
the	DT
customer	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
in	IN
.	.
This	DT
does	VBZ
not	RB
make	VB
the	DT
ISP	NNP
taxable	JJ
in	IN
each	DT
state	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
has	VBZ
customers	NNS
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
ISP	NNP
still	RB
has	VBZ
to	TO
have	VB
nexus	NN
.	.
Internet	NNP
companies	NNS
furnishing	VBG
content	JJ
should	MD
be	VB
taxable	JJ
as	IN
service	NN
companies	NNS
though	IN
some	DT
states	NNS
may	MD
provide	VB
special	JJ
rules	NNS
for	IN
newspapers	NNS
and	CC
publications	NNS
,	,
with	IN
internet	NN
publications	NNS
possibly	RB
being	VBG
subject	JJ
to	TO
any	DT
such	JJ
rules	NNS
.	.
Companies	NNS
offering	VBG
business	NN
and	CC
personal	JJ
services	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
most	RBS
likely	JJ
will	MD
have	VB
sales	NNS
based	VBN
for	IN
tax	NN
purposes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
income	NN
producing	VBG
activity	NN
takes	VBZ
place	NN
.	.
Specific	JJ
industries	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
financial	JJ
services	NNS
industry	NN
,	,
may	MD
face	VB
new	JJ
rules	NNS
addressing	VBG
particular	JJ
industries	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
relate	VBP
to	TO
internet	VB
services	NNS
'	POS
taxation	NN
.	.
Service	NNP
Providers	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ISPs	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
basic	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and\/or	CC
additional	JJ
services	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
.	.
These	DT
charges	NNS
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
in	IN
some	DT
states	NNS
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
telecommunications	NN
taxes	NNS
in	IN
others	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
telecom	NN
provider	NN
the	DT
internet	NN
service	NN
provider	NN
may	MD
actually	RB
collect	VB
the	DT
tax	NN
.	.
In	IN
some	DT
other	JJ
states	NNS
,	,
internet	NN
access	NN
and	CC
related	JJ
fees	NNS
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
service	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
generally	RB
tax-exempt	JJ
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
case	NN
where	WRB
goods	NNS
are	VBP
sold	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
the	DT
internet	NN
serves	VBZ
as	IN
an	DT
electronic	JJ
order	NN
taking	VBG
service	NN
similar	JJ
to	TO
mail	NN
order	NN
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
physical	JJ
goods	NNS
delivered	VBN
through	IN
traditional	JJ
channels	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
US	NNP
Mail	NNP
,	,
UPS	NNP
and	CC
Federal	NNP
Express	NNP
.	.
The	DT
application	NN
of	IN
the	DT
rules	NNS
of	IN
nexus	NN
usually	RB
determines	VBZ
the	DT
taxability	NN
of	IN
these	DT
transactions	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
seller	NN
is	VBZ
determined	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
nexus	NN
in	IN
the	DT
buyer	NN
's	POS
jurisdiction	NN
,	,
the	DT
purchase	NN
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
sales	NNS
tax	NN
same	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
mail-order	JJ
catalogue	NN
.	.
Two	CD
questions	NNS
have	VBP
arisen	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
business	NN
conducted	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
i	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
Does	VBZ
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
hosted	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
server	NN
create	VB
physical	JJ
presence	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
server	NN
resides	VBZ
,	,
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
ii	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
can	MD
the	DT
ISP	NNP
which	WDT
hosts	VBZ
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
on	IN
its	PRP$
servers	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
company	NN
be	VB
deemed	VBN
an	DT
agent	NN
of	IN
that	DT
company	NN
for	IN
the	DT
purposes	NNS
of	IN
determining	VBG
nexus	NN
.	.
The	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
allows	VBZ
it	PRP
to	TO
not	RB
only	JJ
act	NN
as	IN
a	DT
purchasing	VBG
mechanism	NN
,	,
but	CC
as	IN
a	DT
delivery	NN
channel	NN
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
case	NN
with	IN
electronic	JJ
goods	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
software	NN
,	,
games	NNS
,	,
documentation	NN
,	,
data	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
taxability	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
transactions	NNS
is	VBZ
determined	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
jurisdiction	NN
's	POS
stance	NN
on	IN
tangible	JJ
vs.	NN
intangible	JJ
goods	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
states	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
tax	VB
those	DT
items	NNS
that	IN
it	PRP
considers	VBZ
intangible	JJ
.	.
Some	DT
states	NNS
will	MD
only	RB
consider	VB
physical	JJ
goods	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
touch	VB
and	CC
see	VB
as	IN
tangible	JJ
.	.
These	DT
states	NNS
would	MD
consider	VB
downloads	NNS
a	DT
transfer	NN
of	IN
an	DT
intangible	JJ
,	,
and	CC
would	MD
therefore	RB
consider	VB
it	PRP
tax	NN
exempt	JJ
.	.
Other	JJ
states	NNS
have	VBP
broadened	VBN
their	PRP$
definition	NN
of	IN
tangible	JJ
goods	NNS
to	TO
include	VB
software	NN
,	,
with	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
of	IN
them	PRP
making	VBG
a	DT
distinction	NN
between	IN
`	``
canned	VBN
'	''
,	,
or	CC
pre-written	JJ
software	NN
and	CC
custom	NN
software	NN
.	.
These	DT
states	NNS
would	MD
consider	VB
a	DT
download	NN
a	DT
transfer	NN
of	IN
a	DT
tangible	JJ
good	JJ
and	CC
therefore	RB
taxable	JJ
.	.
Sales	NNS
of	IN
Goods	NNP
Purchased	NNP
Over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
:	:
In	IN
Georgia	NNP
,	,
sales	NNS
of	IN
goods	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
are	VBP
treated	VBN
the	DT
same	JJ
as	IN
sales	NNS
of	IN
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
through	IN
more	JJR
traditional	JJ
channels	NNS
and	CC
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
rules	NNS
of	IN
nexus	NN
and	CC
Georgia	NNP
's	POS
sales\/use	NN
tax	NN
laws	NNS
.	.
The	DT
most	RBS
complicated	JJ
analysis	NN
for	IN
determining	VBG
whether	IN
sales\/use	NN
taxes	NNS
should	MD
apply	VB
may	MD
be	VB
whether	IN
nexus	NN
exists	VBZ
.	.
While	IN
states	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
seem	VB
to	TO
be	VB
enacting	VBG
a	DT
bunch	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
taxes	NNS
specifically	RB
geared	VBN
to	TO
tax	VB
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
perhaps	RB
they	PRP
are	VBP
trying	VBG
to	TO
expand	VB
the	DT
stretch	NN
of	IN
nexus	NN
to	TO
cover	VB
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
companies	NNS
whose	WP$
businesses	NNS
reach	VBP
into	IN
many	JJ
states	NNS
.	.
This	DT
may	MD
be	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
adjudicated	VBN
aspect	NN
of	IN
determining	VBG
who	WP
can	MD
tax	VB
internet	NN
companies	NNS
.	.
In	IN
New	NNP
Mexico	NNP
,	,
legislation	NN
was	VBD
pending	VBG
that	IN
deemed	VBD
an	DT
out-of-state	JJ
business	NN
who	WP
maintains	VBZ
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
on	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
physically	RB
located	VBN
in	IN
New	NNP
Mexico	NNP
to	TO
not	RB
have	VB
sufficient	JJ
nexus	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Similarly	RB
,	,
in	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
,	,
nexus	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
created	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
non-resident	JJ
company	NN
advertising	NN
on	IN
an	DT
in-state	JJ
server	NN
or	CC
ISP	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Other	JJ
states	NNS
requires	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
transaction	NN
start	NN
and	CC
end	NN
within	IN
the	DT
state	NN
for	IN
it	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
any	DT
tax	NN
.	.
Once	RB
it	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
determined	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
constitutional	JJ
nexus	NN
threshold	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
met	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
state	NN
,	,
then	RB
one	CD
must	MD
determine	VB
if	IN
the	DT
state	NN
has	VBZ
laws	NNS
that	WDT
apply	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
particular	JJ
transaction	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
they	PRP
apply	VBP
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
also	RB
not	RB
an	DT
easy	JJ
task	NN
,	,
at	IN
least	JJS
in	IN
the	DT
more	JJR
nebulous	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
purchase	NN
of	IN
information	NN
and\/or	CC
software	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
internet	JJ
access	NN
charges	NNS
.	.
In	IN
other	JJ
states	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Iowa	NNP
,	,
Tennessee	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Wisconsin	NNP
,	,
whether	IN
a	DT
sales\/use	JJ
tax	NN
is	VBZ
levied	VBN
upon	IN
access	NN
charges	NNS
depends	VBZ
on	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
service	NN
begins	VBZ
and	CC
ends	VBZ
within	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
9	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Other	JJ
states	NNS
base	VBP
their	PRP$
taxes	NNS
on	IN
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
the	DT
access	NN
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
an	DT
information	NN
,	,
computer	NN
,	,
and	CC
\/	NN
or	CC
data	NNS
service	NN
and	CC
whether	IN
tangible	JJ
property	NN
was	VBD
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
.	.
The	DT
National	NNP
League	NNP
of	IN
Cities	NNPS
maintains	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
,	,
not	RB
the	DT
states	NNS
and	CC
localities	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
enacting	VBG
new	JJ
taxes	NNS
,	,
referring	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
tax	NN
increase	NN
that	WDT
affects	VBZ
airline	NN
ticket	NN
prices	NNS
when	WRB
purchased	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
19	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Thus	RB
,	,
while	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
seem	VB
that	IN
the	DT
states	NNS
are	VBP
clamoring	VBG
for	IN
another	DT
source	NN
of	IN
income	NN
by	IN
taxing	VBG
internet	NN
activities	NNS
,	,
the	DT
states	NNS
seem	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
aware	JJ
that	IN
they	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
encourage	VB
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
net	NN
by	IN
not	RB
taxing	VBG
it	PRP
,	,
for	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
counting	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
possible	JJ
revenues	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Multistate	NNP
Tax	NNP
Commission	NNP
,	,
composed	VBN
of	IN
Business	NN
and	CC
State	NN
representatives	NNS
and	CC
aided	VBN
by	IN
academic	JJ
consultants	NNS
,	,
is	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
drafting	VBG
the	DT
Nexus	NNP
Guideline	NNP
for	IN
Application	NNP
of	IN
a	DT
State	NN
's	POS
Sales	NNS
Tax	NNP
and	CC
Use	NNP
Tax	NNP
on	IN
Out-of-State	NNP
Business	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
57	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
If	IN
implemented	VBN
,	,
this	DT
guideline	NN
would	MD
provide	VB
uniformity	NN
among	IN
the	DT
states	NNS
'	POS
application	NN
of	IN
nexus	NN
in	IN
levying	VBG
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
taxes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
guideline	NN
provides	VBZ
examples	NNS
to	TO
clarify	VB
specifically	RB
how	WRB
the	DT
nexus	NN
analysis	NN
would	MD
apply	VB
to	TO
various	JJ
transactions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
MTC	NNP
is	VBZ
still	RB
attempting	VBG
to	TO
address	VB
perhaps	RB
the	DT
trickiest	JJS
issue	NN
regarding	VBG
nexus	NN
:	:
determining	VBG
``	``
physical	JJ
presence	NN
''	''
when	WRB
intangible	JJ
property	NN
is	VBZ
involved	VBN
.	.
''	''
...	:
buyers	NNS
will	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
believe	VB
that	IN
purchasing	VBG
from	IN
a	DT
vendor	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
not	RB
required	VBN
to	TO
collect	VB
use	NN
tax	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
good	JJ
bargain	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
lack	NN
of	IN
taxes	NNS
will	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
selling	NN
point	NN
in	IN
mail	NN
or	CC
Internet\/Online	VB
purchased	VBN
of	IN
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
purchaser	NN
realized	VBD
that	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
pay	VB
the	DT
tax	NN
anyway	RB
,	,
they	PRP
will	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
seek	VB
out	RP
`	``
tax-free	JJ
'	''
vendors	NNS
.	.
This	DT
version	NN
would	MD
impose	VB
a	DT
three-year	JJ
moratorium	NN
on	IN
new	JJ
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
taxes	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
65	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
It	PRP
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
that	IN
some	DT
form	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
Tax	NNP
Freedom	NNP
Act	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
passed	VBN
this	DT
year	NN
.	.
And	CC
the	DT
debate	NN
about	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
treat	VB
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
taxes	NNS
imposed	VBN
on	IN
internet	NN
transactions	NNS
will	MD
continue	VB
.	.
Stay	NNP
tuned	VBD
...	:
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
have	VBP
classified	VBN
media	NNS
into	IN
three	CD
categories	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
is	VBZ
unique	JJ
in	IN
character	NN
and	CC
therefore	RB
each	DT
is	VBZ
uniquely	RB
regulated	VBN
.	.
The	DT
current	JJ
models	NNS
of	IN
media	NNS
regulation	NN
include	VBP
print	NN
,	,
broadcast	NN
and	CC
cable	NN
.	.
The	DT
Federal	NNP
Communications	NNP
Commission	NNP
has	VBZ
no	DT
province	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
the	DT
print	NN
media	NNS
since	IN
traditional	JJ
printers	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
rely	VB
on	IN
any	DT
technology	NN
over	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
FCC	NNP
exercises	VBZ
control	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
.	.
airwaves	NNS
or	CC
telephony	NN
lines	NNS
.	.
Herald	NNP
Pub	NNP
.	.
Co.	NNP
v.	CC
Tornillo	NNP
418	CD
U.S.	NNP
241	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1974	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
owner	NN
of	IN
a	DT
newspaper	NN
had	VBD
the	DT
exclusive	JJ
right	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
which	WDT
messages	NNS
to	TO
carry	VB
and	CC
which	WDT
to	TO
refuse	VB
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
based	VBN
its	PRP$
decision	NN
on	IN
the	DT
right	NN
of	IN
the	DT
newspaper	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
how	WRB
it	PRP
speaks	VBZ
-LRB-	-LRB-
intrusion	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Congress	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
courts	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
satisfied	VBN
to	TO
allow	VB
the	DT
market	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
the	DT
print	NN
media	NNS
.	.
In	IN
1984	CD
,	,
Congress	NNP
the	DT
first	JJ
Cable	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
The	DT
biggest	JJS
impact	NN
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
act	NN
was	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
allowed	VBD
municipalities	NNS
to	TO
grant	VB
exclusive	JJ
franchises	NNS
to	TO
cable	NN
companies	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
city	NN
of	IN
Atlanta	NNP
was	VBD
allowed	VBN
to	TO
grant	VB
one	CD
company	NN
the	DT
exclusive	JJ
right	NN
to	TO
offer	VB
cable	NN
services	NNS
within	IN
city	NN
limits	NNS
.	.
In	IN
1992	CD
,	,
Congress	NNP
passed	VBD
the	DT
second	JJ
Cable	NNP
Act	NNP
which	WDT
eliminated	VBD
exclusive	JJ
franchises	NNS
.	.
The	DT
internet	NN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
most	JJS
basic	JJ
sense	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
global	JJ
network	NN
of	IN
interconnected	VBN
computers	NNS
and	CC
servers	NNS
which	WDT
can	MD
exchange	VB
information	NN
in	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
seconds	NNS
.	.
The	DT
internet	NN
allows	VBZ
people	NNS
to	TO
communicate	VB
almost	RB
instantly	RB
with	IN
others	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
globe	NN
at	IN
millions	NNS
of	IN
computers	NNS
on	IN
virtually	RB
every	DT
continent	NN
.	.
Unlike	IN
cable	NN
and	CC
broadcasting	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
intermediary	NN
between	IN
message	NN
senders	NNS
and	CC
receivers	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
monitoring	NN
,	,
the	DT
internet	NN
poses	VBZ
a	DT
serious	JJ
threat	NN
to	TO
the	DT
well-being	NN
of	IN
children	NNS
.	.
The	DT
internet	NN
raises	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
concerns	NNS
to	TO
Congress	NNP
today	NN
that	IN
the	DT
printing	NN
press	NN
raised	VBD
to	TO
European	JJ
kings	NNS
over	IN
300	CD
years	NNS
ago	RB
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
,	,
the	DT
general	JJ
populace	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
educate	VB
themselves	PRP
or	CC
spread	VB
their	PRP$
points	NNS
of	IN
view	NN
without	IN
an	DT
overseer	NN
.	.
While	IN
using	VBG
an	DT
electronic	JJ
pen	NN
to	TO
transmit	VB
his	PRP$
signature	NN
over	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
the	DT
president	NN
stated	VBD
,	,
``	``
Today	NN
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
stroke	NN
of	IN
a	DT
pen	NN
,	,
our	PRP$
laws	NNS
will	MD
catch	VB
up	RP
with	IN
our	PRP$
future	NN
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
help	VB
to	TO
create	VB
an	DT
open	JJ
marketplace	NN
where	WRB
competition	NN
and	CC
innovation	NN
can	MD
move	VB
as	RB
quickly	RB
as	IN
light	NN
.	.
''	''
Senator	NNP
Exon	NNP
blasted	VBD
opponents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
bill	NN
saying	VBG
,	,
``	``
Those	DT
who	WP
cry	VBP
censorship	NN
hide	VB
behind	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
to	TO
make	VB
defense	NN
of	IN
those	DT
who	WP
would	MD
give	VB
pornography	NN
to	TO
children	NNS
and	CC
engage	VB
in	IN
sexual	JJ
conversations	NNS
.	.
What	WP
a	DT
travesty	NN
.	.
''	''
Its	PRP$
open-ended	JJ
prohibitions	NNS
embrace	VBP
all	DT
nonprofit	JJ
organizations	NNS
and	CC
individuals	NNS
posting	VBG
indecent	JJ
messages	NNS
or	CC
displaying	VBG
them	PRP
in	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
computers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
presence	NN
of	IN
minors	NNS
.	.
The	DT
general	JJ
unqualified	JJ
term	NN
indecent	JJ
and	CC
patently	RB
offensive	JJ
cover	NN
large	JJ
amounts	NNS
of	IN
non-pornographic	JJ
material	NN
with	IN
serious	JJ
educational	JJ
or	CC
other	JJ
value	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
board	NN
should	MD
be	VB
drawn	VBN
by	IN
lottery	NN
with	IN
two-year	JJ
terms	NNS
.	.
Before	IN
creation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
actual	JJ
board	NN
,	,
there	EX
should	MD
be	VB
an	DT
interim	JJ
board	NN
to	TO
decide	VB
minimum	JJ
qualifications	NNS
for	IN
future	JJ
board	NN
members	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
agency	NN
has	VBZ
industry	NN
professionals	NNS
there	RB
will	MD
enough	RB
experience	VB
to	TO
adequately	RB
formulate	VB
policy	NN
decisions	NNS
.	.
These	DT
decisions	NNS
would	MD
then	RB
have	VB
to	TO
pass	VB
muster	NN
with	IN
the	DT
non-professional	JJ
board	NN
of	IN
directors	NNS
.	.
This	DT
allows	VBZ
the	DT
industry	NN
control	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
policies	NNS
but	CC
gives	VBZ
the	DT
public	JJ
the	DT
power	NN
of	IN
veto	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
still	RB
somewhat	RB
a	DT
political	JJ
process	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
minimizes	VBZ
political	JJ
pressure	NN
and	CC
completely	RB
removes	VBZ
the	DT
state	NN
from	IN
private	JJ
concerns	NNS
.	.
After	IN
paying	VBG
hefty	JJ
fees	NNS
to	TO
operate	VB
services	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
place	NN
,	,
isp	NN
's	POS
will	MD
be	VB
hesitant	JJ
to	TO
invite	VB
further	JJ
fines	NNS
and	CC
penalties	NNS
.	.
Individual	JJ
publishers	NNS
who	WP
violate	VBP
the	DT
policies	NNS
could	MD
be	VB
removed	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
service	NN
.	.
In	IN
light	NN
of	IN
the	DT
penalties	NNS
and	CC
fines	NNS
service	NN
providers	NNS
and	CC
publishers	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
compelled	VBN
to	TO
govern	VB
themselves	PRP
properly	RB
.	.
This	DT
system	NN
makes	VBZ
regulating	VBG
their	PRP$
practices	NNS
and	CC
any	DT
sanctions	NNS
taken	VBN
are	VBP
,	,
in	IN
a	DT
sense	NN
,	,
self-imposed	JJ
.	.
I.	NN
Introduction	NNP
In	IN
recent	JJ
years	NNS
,	,
society	NN
has	VBZ
experienced	VBN
a	DT
technological	JJ
advancement	NN
in	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
access	NN
to	TO
information	NN
like	IN
no	DT
other	JJ
time	NN
period	NN
in	IN
history	NN
.	.
Federal	NNP
and	CC
state	NN
court	NN
systems	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
country	NN
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
immune	JJ
from	IN
this	DT
technological	JJ
development	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
begun	VBN
to	TO
utilize	VB
the	DT
advancements	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
cultivated	VBN
to	TO
make	VB
their	PRP$
professional	JJ
vocations	NNS
adaptable	JJ
,	,
organized	VBN
,	,
and	CC
efficient	JJ
.	.
Attorneys	NNS
,	,
judges	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
court	NN
systems	NNS
themselves	PRP
have	VBP
taken	VBN
advantage	NN
of	IN
this	DT
information	NN
explosion	NN
by	IN
capitalizing	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
word	NN
processing	NN
systems	NNS
,	,
CD-ROMs	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
federal	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
court	NN
systems	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
country	NN
have	VBP
begun	VBN
to	TO
publish	VB
their	PRP$
decisions	NNS
through	IN
new	JJ
technological	JJ
mediums	NNS
like	IN
electronic	JJ
bulletin	NN
boards	NNS
,	,
CD-ROMs	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
law	NN
schools	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
small	JJ
publishers	NNS
efforts	NNS
,	,
decisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
,	,
all	PDT
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Courts	NNPS
of	IN
Appeals	NNPS
,	,
and	CC
over	IN
a	DT
third	JJ
of	IN
all	DT
state	NN
supreme	NN
courts	NNS
can	MD
now	RB
be	VB
found	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Even	RB
though	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
there	RB
for	IN
the	DT
taking	NN
,	,
the	DT
fact	NN
remains	VBZ
that	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
useless	JJ
because	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
impossible	JJ
to	TO
cite	VB
to	TO
this	DT
information	NN
in	IN
a	DT
court	NN
document	NN
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
proposes	VBZ
a	DT
single	JJ
change	NN
for	IN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
.	.
That	DT
change	NN
deals	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
adopting	VBG
a	DT
new	JJ
citation	NN
system	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
simple	JJ
,	,
straightforward	JJ
and	CC
manageable	JJ
.	.
The	DT
new	JJ
citation	NN
system	NN
will	MD
be	VB
effective	JJ
for	IN
both	DT
case	NN
law	NN
in	IN
both	DT
the	DT
print	NN
and	CC
the	DT
electronic	JJ
formats	NNS
.	.
Part	NN
I	NN
of	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
discuss	VB
the	DT
medium-neutral	JJ
,	,
vendor	NN
neutral	JJ
and	CC
public	JJ
domain	NN
citation	NN
forms	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
focus	VB
on	IN
which	WDT
states	NNS
have	VBP
adopted	VBN
uniform	JJ
citation	NN
systems	NNS
and	CC
will	MD
then	RB
discuss	VB
why	WRB
Georgia	NNP
should	MD
adopt	VB
a	DT
similar	JJ
system	NN
.	.
Part	NNP
II	NNP
of	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
address	VB
the	DT
initial	JJ
public	JJ
awareness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
changes	NNS
that	WDT
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
made	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
legal	JJ
citation	NN
and	CC
which	WDT
entity	NN
was	VBD
at	IN
the	DT
forefront	NN
of	IN
this	DT
endeavor	NN
.	.
The	DT
American	NNP
Bar	NNP
Association	NNP
recommendations	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
uniform	JJ
citation	NN
system	NN
will	MD
be	VB
examined	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
recent	JJ
changes	NNS
the	DT
Bluebook	NNP
has	VBZ
made	VBN
concerning	VBG
citations	NNS
and	CC
technical	JJ
advances	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
reviewed	VBN
.	.
Part	NNP
III	NNP
of	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
expound	VB
on	IN
the	DT
criticisms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
uniform	NN
and	CC
electronic	JJ
citation	NN
system	NN
and	CC
will	MD
specifically	RB
discuss	VB
where	WRB
West	NNP
Publishing	NNP
and	CC
others	NNS
stand	VBP
on	IN
changes	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
current	JJ
citation	NN
system	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
reasons	NNS
why	WRB
Georgia	NNP
should	MD
adopt	VB
a	DT
medium-neutral	JJ
and	CC
vendor-neutral	JJ
citation	NN
system	NN
.	.
The	DT
main	JJ
reason	NN
would	MD
be	VB
that	IN
Georgia	NNP
,	,
like	IN
so	RB
many	JJ
other	JJ
states	NNS
,	,
can	MD
not	RB
afford	VB
to	TO
be	VB
left	VBN
behind	RP
.	.
Many	JJ
states	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
country	NN
currently	RB
have	VBP
in	IN
place	NN
or	CC
are	VBP
developing	VBG
new	JJ
citation	NN
systems	NNS
to	TO
aid	VB
them	PRP
in	IN
their	PRP$
pursuit	NN
of	IN
automated	JJ
court	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
But	CC
the	DT
reasons	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
adoption	NN
of	IN
a	DT
uniform	JJ
citation	NN
system	NN
for	IN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
are	VBP
a	DT
little	RB
more	RBR
specific	JJ
and	CC
should	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
individually	RB
.	.
First	RB
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
age	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
banging	NN
at	IN
the	DT
door	NN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
that	IN
Georgia	NNP
move	VB
away	RB
from	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
citation	NN
system	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
comprised	VBN
of	IN
page	NN
numbering	VBG
and	CC
should	MD
redirect	VB
it	PRP
's	VBZ
attention	NN
towards	IN
a	DT
uniform	JJ
citation	NN
system	NN
which	WDT
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
paragraph	NN
numbering	NN
.	.
As	IN
technology	NN
moves	VBZ
forward	RB
our	PRP$
society	NN
will	MD
move	VB
farther	RB
away	RB
from	IN
print	NN
publishing	NN
and	CC
will	MD
become	VB
more	RBR
and	CC
more	RBR
a	DT
society	NN
that	WDT
does	VBZ
not	RB
use	VB
paper	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
to	TO
say	VB
that	IN
case	NN
reporters	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
ever	RB
again	RB
,	,
it	PRP
just	RB
means	VBZ
that	IN
Georgia	NNP
must	MD
consider	VB
a	DT
uniform	JJ
citation	NN
system	NN
which	WDT
will	MD
enable	VB
lawyers	NNS
and	CC
judges	NNS
to	TO
cite	VB
to	TO
case	NN
law	NN
which	WDT
exist	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
technology	NN
,	,
like	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
CD	NNP
ROMs	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
reason	NN
Georgia	NNP
should	MD
consider	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
uniform	JJ
citation	NN
system	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
cut	VB
down	RP
the	DT
lag	NN
time	NN
between	IN
when	WRB
a	DT
decision	NN
is	VBZ
handed	VBN
down	RP
and	CC
when	WRB
a	DT
decision	NN
is	VBZ
actually	RB
published	VBN
.	.
In	IN
many	JJ
instances	NNS
,	,
cases	NNS
appear	VBP
in	IN
advance	NN
sheets	NNS
weeks	NNS
after	IN
the	DT
opinions	NNS
are	VBP
first	JJ
issued	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
.	.
The	DT
third	JJ
reason	NN
why	WRB
Georgia	NNP
should	MD
consider	VB
a	DT
uniform	JJ
system	NN
of	IN
citation	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
of	IN
copyright	NN
.	.
Currently	RB
West	NNP
Publishing	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
only	JJ
publisher	NN
which	WDT
issues	NNS
case	NN
law	NN
for	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
state	NN
and	CC
federal	JJ
appellate	JJ
jurisdictions	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
publishers	NNS
like	IN
LEXIS	NNP
have	VBP
complained	VBN
about	IN
West	NNP
's	POS
licensing	NN
fees	NNS
and	CC
how	WRB
such	JJ
fees	NNS
have	VBP
kept	VBN
them	PRP
from	IN
competing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
open	JJ
market	NN
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
uniform	JJ
citation	NN
system	NN
such	JJ
licensing	NN
fees	NNS
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
necessary	JJ
.	.
The	DT
uniform	JJ
citation	NN
debate	NN
began	VBD
with	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Justice	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
DOJ	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
1995	CD
when	WRB
it	PRP
tried	VBD
to	TO
obtain	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
federal	JJ
case	NN
law	NN
data	NNS
base	NN
which	WDT
could	MD
be	VB
utilized	VBN
by	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
attorney	NN
's	POS
.	.
The	DT
DOJ	NNP
looked	VBD
into	IN
obtaining	VBG
a	DT
public	JJ
domain	NN
database	NN
which	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
comprised	VBN
of	IN
federal	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
court	NN
opinions	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
considered	VBD
using	VBG
a	DT
non-proprietary	JJ
method	NN
for	IN
case	NN
citation	NN
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
the	DT
elimination	NN
of	IN
certain	JJ
publications	NNS
or	CC
the	DT
utilization	NN
of	IN
old	JJ
citation	NN
formats	NNS
.	.
The	DT
DOJ	NNP
wanted	VBD
to	TO
take	VB
into	IN
account	NN
the	DT
new	JJ
technology	NN
in	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
citation	NN
system	NN
and	CC
therefore	RB
,	,
focused	VBD
on	IN
citation	NN
systems	NNS
which	WDT
could	MD
cite	VB
to	TO
Internet	NNP
and	CC
CD-ROM	NN
court	NN
opinions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
DOJ	NNP
wanted	VBD
a	DT
citation	NN
system	NN
which	WDT
would	MD
not	RB
require	VB
a	DT
parallel	JJ
citation	NN
or	CC
an	DT
internal	JJ
page	NN
reference	NN
.	.
The	DT
DOJ	NNP
and	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
ideas	NNS
sparked	VBD
a	DT
huge	JJ
political	JJ
controversy	NN
and	CC
,	,
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
the	DT
DOJ	NNP
discontinued	VBN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
pursuit	NN
of	IN
uniform	JJ
citation	NN
system	NN
.	.
Fortunately	RB
,	,
the	DT
pursuit	NN
of	IN
a	DT
uniform	JJ
citation	NN
system	NN
continues	VBZ
and	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
just	RB
the	DT
participants	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
changed	VBN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
future	NN
,	,
more	JJR
changes	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
necessary	JJ
to	TO
take	VB
into	IN
consideration	NN
the	DT
changes	NNS
in	IN
technology	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
changes	NNS
in	IN
these	DT
rules	NNS
acknowledge	VBP
the	DT
move	NN
in	IN
legal	JJ
citations	NNS
towards	IN
a	DT
more	RBR
uniform	JJ
system	NN
that	WDT
takes	VBZ
into	IN
consideration	NN
the	DT
new	JJ
age	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
.	.
They	PRP
publish	VB
all	PDT
the	DT
National	NNP
Reporter	NNP
Systems	NNPS
,	,
the	DT
federal	JJ
court	NN
reports	NNS
,	,
a	DT
few	JJ
official	JJ
state	NN
reports	NNS
,	,
some	DT
jurisdictional	JJ
digests	NNS
and	CC
maintains	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
widely	RB
used	VBN
computer	NN
legal	JJ
research	NN
tools	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
,	,
WESTLAW	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
easily	RB
be	VB
stated	VBN
that	IN
West	NNP
's	POS
main	JJ
problem	NN
with	IN
a	DT
uniform	JJ
citation	NN
system	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
deathly	RB
afraid	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
potential	JJ
loss	NN
of	IN
revenues	NNS
.	.
West	NNP
contends	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
change	NN
in	IN
the	DT
citation	NN
system	NN
to	TO
a	DT
public	JJ
domain	NN
system	NN
will	MD
open	VB
the	DT
door	NN
for	IN
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
the	DT
government	NN
to	TO
censor	VB
opinions	NNS
and	CC
even	RB
restrict	VB
access	NN
;	:
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
West	NNP
also	RB
thinks	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
domain	NN
database	NN
will	MD
stifle	VB
competition	NN
in	IN
the	DT
open	JJ
market	NN
place	NN
,	,
which	WDT
will	MD
in	IN
the	DT
end	NN
injure	VBP
the	DT
consumer	NN
;	:
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
West	NNP
also	RB
thinks	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
database	NN
will	MD
only	RB
help	VB
those	DT
with	IN
better	JJR
than	IN
average	JJ
computer	NN
knowledge	NN
and	CC
libraries	NNS
already	RB
offer	VBP
access	NN
to	TO
court	NN
opinions	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
public	NN
;	:
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
A	DT
new	JJ
citation	NN
system	NN
will	MD
only	RB
increase	VB
competition	NN
in	IN
the	DT
already	RB
competitive	JJ
legal	JJ
publishing	NN
market	NN
;	:
5	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Creation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
public	JJ
domain	NN
database	NN
would	MD
only	RB
waste	VB
tax	NN
payers	NNS
dollars	NNS
;	:
and	CC
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
It	PRP
the	DT
system	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
broke	VBN
why	WRB
fix	NN
it	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
33	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
minor	JJ
technical	JJ
changes	NNS
would	MD
have	VB
very	RB
little	JJ
effect	NN
on	IN
paragraph	NN
numbering	VBG
any	DT
way	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
many	JJ
critics	NNS
state	VBP
that	IN
if	IN
each	DT
state	NN
was	VBD
free	JJ
to	TO
conduct	VB
it	PRP
's	VBZ
own	JJ
system	NN
the	DT
result	NN
would	MD
be	VB
out	RB
right	RB
confusing	JJ
and	CC
difficult	JJ
to	TO
manage	VB
.	.
Most	JJS
states	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
country	NN
are	VBP
beginning	VBG
to	TO
adopt	VB
uniform	JJ
citation	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
The	DT
idea	NN
of	IN
a	DT
uniform	JJ
citation	NN
system	NN
is	VBZ
enhanced	VBN
by	IN
organizations	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Bar	NNP
Association	NNP
and	CC
their	PRP$
recommendations	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
adoption	NN
of	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
system	NN
.	.
In	IN
time	NN
,	,
all	DT
states	NNS
will	MD
have	VB
uniform	JJ
citation	NN
systems	NNS
which	WDT
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
identical	JJ
but	CC
will	MD
have	VB
the	DT
basic	JJ
premises	NNS
in	IN
place	NN
so	RB
that	IN
legal	JJ
business	NN
in	IN
each	DT
states	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
conducted	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
faster	RBR
and	CC
more	RBR
efficient	JJ
pace	NN
.	.
The	DT
basic	JJ
need	NN
for	IN
a	DT
uniform	JJ
citation	NN
system	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
is	VBZ
clear	JJ
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
system	NN
stands	NNS
,	,
when	WRB
federal	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
opinions	NNS
are	VBP
necessary	JJ
their	PRP$
is	VBZ
basically	RB
only	RB
one	CD
source	NN
from	IN
which	WDT
attorneys	NNS
and	CC
judges	NNS
can	MD
cite	VB
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
.	.
West	NNP
Publishing	NNP
and	CC
Lexis	NNP
have	VBP
control	NN
over	IN
federal	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
cases	NNS
and	CC
in	IN
most	JJS
circumstances	NNS
are	VBP
necessary	JJ
if	IN
a	DT
lawyers	NNS
wishes	VBZ
to	TO
cite	VB
to	TO
a	DT
court	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
main	JJ
problem	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
West	NNP
Publishing	NNP
claims	VBZ
a	DT
copyright	NN
to	TO
the	DT
page	NN
numbering	VBG
systems	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
used	VBN
in	IN
most	JJS
opinions	NNS
.	.
This	DT
prevents	VBZ
other	JJ
publishing	NN
companies	NNS
from	IN
being	VBG
able	JJ
to	TO
publish	VB
and	CC
print	VB
legal	JJ
opinions	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
West	NNP
Publishing	NNP
maintains	VBZ
a	DT
virtual	JJ
monopoly	NN
on	IN
the	DT
so	RB
called	VBN
proper	JJ
citations	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
currently	RB
being	VBG
used	VBN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
an	DT
attorney	NN
may	MD
find	VB
a	DT
court	NN
opinion	NN
in	IN
another	DT
publication	NN
but	CC
will	MD
not	RB
have	VB
any	DT
way	NN
to	TO
properly	RB
cite	VB
to	TO
this	DT
opinion	NN
without	IN
including	VBG
the	DT
internal	JJ
page	NN
numbers	NNS
in	IN
there	EX
case	NN
citations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
state	NN
or	CC
federal	JJ
courts	NNS
.	.
Companies	NNS
like	IN
Versuslaw	NNP
enable	VBP
the	DT
attorneys	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
judges	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
easier	JJR
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
law	NN
and	CC
take	VB
away	RP
form	NN
West	NNP
's	POS
virtual	JJ
monopoly	NN
of	IN
the	DT
case	NN
law	NN
that	WDT
belongs	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
in	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
place	NN
.	.
The	DT
adoption	NN
of	IN
a	DT
uniform	JJ
citation	NN
system	NN
would	MD
further	RB
help	VB
stop	VB
West	NNP
from	IN
monopolizing	VBG
the	DT
case	NN
law	NN
in	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
profession	NN
and	CC
would	MD
open	VB
the	DT
market	NN
to	TO
more	JJR
reasonable	JJ
legal	JJ
research	NN
costs	NNS
.	.
As	IN
it	PRP
stands	VBZ
today	NN
,	,
unless	IN
the	DT
court	NN
systems	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
country	NN
adopt	VB
a	DT
more	RBR
uniform	JJ
citation	NN
system	NN
and	CC
put	VB
these	DT
uniform	JJ
citations	NNS
on	IN
opinions	NNS
before	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
published	VBN
West	NNP
will	MD
have	VB
no	DT
reason	NN
to	TO
adopt	VB
a	DT
uniform	JJ
citation	NN
system	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
Georgia	NNP
should	MD
adopt	VB
a	DT
uniform	JJ
citation	NN
system	NN
because	IN
there	EX
will	MD
be	VB
little	JJ
or	CC
no	DT
cost	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
adoption	NN
of	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
system	NN
.	.
These	DT
days	NNS
,	,
most	JJS
opinions	NNS
and	CC
draft	NN
legislation	NN
are	VBP
created	VBN
using	VBG
some	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
word	NN
processing	NN
software	NN
on	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
opinions	NNS
written	VBN
by	IN
judges	NNS
are	VBP
done	VBN
on	IN
Word	NN
or	CC
Word	NN
perfect	JJ
.	.
These	DT
programs	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
,	,
most	RBS
other	JJ
programs	NNS
can	MD
automatically	RB
number	NN
paragraphs	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
opinions	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
written	VBN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
a	DT
set	NN
of	IN
macros	NNS
can	MD
easily	RB
be	VB
created	VBN
to	TO
number	NN
paragraphs	NNS
after	IN
the	DT
opinions	NNS
are	VBP
written	VBN
.	.
If	IN
by	IN
chance	NN
,	,
paragraph	NN
numbers	NNS
had	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
placed	VBN
manually	RB
before	IN
each	DT
paragraph	NN
the	DT
additional	JJ
effort	NN
by	IN
the	DT
typist	NN
would	MD
be	VB
minimal	JJ
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
there	EX
should	MD
be	VB
very	RB
little	JJ
concern	NN
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
for	IN
any	DT
added	VBN
expense	NN
for	IN
putting	VBG
court	NN
opinions	NNS
in	IN
sequential	JJ
order	NN
.	.
In	IN
Georgia	NNP
it	PRP
would	MD
take	VB
very	RB
little	JJ
additional	JJ
effort	NN
on	IN
the	DT
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
Clerk	NNP
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
that	IN
opinions	NNS
are	VBP
numbered	VBN
when	WRB
the	DT
opinions	NNS
are	VBP
handed	VBN
down	RP
form	NN
the	DT
court	NN
.	.
Third	NNP
,	,
every	DT
day	NN
more	RBR
and	CC
more	RBR
primary	JJ
authority	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
transmitted	VBN
to	TO
publishers	NNS
in	IN
electronic	JJ
form	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
court	NN
and	CC
legislatures	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
country	NN
are	VBP
releasing	VBG
their	PRP$
decisions	NNS
and	CC
statutes	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
to	TO
other	JJ
judges	NNS
and	CC
attorneys	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
an	DT
electronic	JJ
form	NN
by	IN
way	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
or	CC
via	IN
bulletin	NN
boards	NNS
.	.
Currently	RB
,	,
all	DT
the	DT
Circuit	NNP
Courts	NNPS
for	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Court	NNP
of	IN
Appeals	NNPS
have	VBP
URL	NNP
's	POS
which	WDT
publish	VBP
their	PRP$
most	RBS
recent	JJ
decisions	NNS
handed	VBN
down	RP
by	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
jurisdictions	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
more	JJR
and	CC
more	JJR
state	NN
supreme	NN
courts	NNS
have	VBP
URL	NNP
's	POS
which	WDT
publish	VBP
their	PRP$
most	RBS
recent	JJ
decisions	NNS
.	.
A	DT
uniform	JJ
citation	NN
system	NN
would	MD
further	RB
increase	VB
the	DT
speed	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
Georgia	NNP
could	MD
publish	VB
it	PRP
's	VBZ
courts	NNS
opinions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
the	DT
attorneys	NNS
and	CC
judges	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
would	MD
have	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
recent	JJ
decisions	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
state	NN
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
proper	JJ
informed	JJ
legal	JJ
decisions	NNS
.	.
Fourth	JJ
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
must	MD
accept	VB
that	IN
the	DT
print	NN
medium	NN
is	VBZ
no	RB
longer	RB
the	DT
primary	JJ
medium	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
attorneys	NNS
and	CC
judges	NNS
obtain	VB
their	PRP$
legal	JJ
research	NN
and	CC
most	RBS
recent	JJ
case	NN
law	NN
information	NN
.	.
Attorneys	NNS
want	VBP
the	DT
most	RBS
recent	JJ
case	NN
decisions	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
fastest	JJS
way	NN
possible	JJ
so	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
help	VB
their	PRP$
clients	NNS
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
future	JJ
approaches	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
devastating	JJ
pace	NN
electronic	JJ
publication	NN
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
can	MD
be	VB
seen	VBN
more	RBR
and	CC
more	RBR
in	IN
commercial	JJ
online	NN
databases	NNS
.	.
These	DT
databases	NNS
contain	VBP
both	DT
primary	JJ
and	CC
secondary	JJ
authority	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
CD-ROM	NN
products	NNS
which	WDT
contain	VBP
both	DT
primary	JJ
and	CC
secondary	JJ
authority	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
electronic	JJ
bulletin	NN
boards	NNS
which	WDT
contain	VBP
the	DT
full	JJ
text	NN
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
recent	JJ
decisions	NNS
and	CC
statutes	NNS
for	IN
certain	JJ
jurisdictions	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
country	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
the	DT
Internet	NNP
which	WDT
contains	VBZ
an	DT
ever	RB
increasing	VBG
amount	NN
of	IN
up	RB
to	TO
date	NN
primary	JJ
authority	NN
information	NN
.	.
Georgia	NNP
should	MD
move	VB
immediately	RB
to	TO
adopt	VB
a	DT
uniform	JJ
system	NN
of	IN
citation	NN
that	IN
demonstrates	VBZ
the	DT
opinions	NNS
by	IN
the	DT
year	NN
and	CC
the	DT
sequential	JJ
order	NN
of	IN
the	DT
release	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
provides	VBZ
for	IN
precise	JJ
location	NN
markers	NNS
within	IN
each	DT
opinion	NN
by	IN
utilizing	VBG
a	DT
paragraph	NN
numbering	VBG
system	NN
within	IN
each	DT
opinion	NN
.	.
LEXIS	NN
or	CC
CD-ROM	NN
.	.
A	DT
parallel	JJ
citation	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
necessary	JJ
unless	IN
the	DT
reader	NN
has	VBZ
only	RB
the	DT
print	NN
version	NN
of	IN
the	DT
South	NNP
West	NNP
Reporter	NNP
.	.
If	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
case	NN
,	,
the	DT
reader	NN
can	MD
simply	RB
use	VB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
charts	NNS
or	CC
tables	NNS
provided	VBN
by	IN
West	NNP
Publishing	NNP
.	.
The	DT
medium	NN
neutral	JJ
citation	NN
has	VBZ
many	JJ
benefits	NNS
when	WRB
compared	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
old	JJ
citation	NN
method	NN
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
system	NN
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
necessary	JJ
for	IN
publishers	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
star	NN
paging	NN
and	CC
there	EX
will	MD
never	RB
be	VB
any	DT
need	NN
to	TO
pay	VB
licensing	NN
fees	NNS
to	TO
West	NNP
Publishing	NNP
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
utilize	VB
there	RB
pinpoint	VB
citations	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
medium-neutral	JJ
citation	NN
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
the	DT
case	NN
is	VBZ
actually	RB
issued	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
court	NN
in	IN
Georgia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
courts	NNS
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
,	,
the	DT
attorneys	NNS
that	WDT
practice	VBP
law	NN
within	IN
the	DT
state	NN
will	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
have	VBP
to	TO
wait	VB
for	IN
advance	NN
sheets	NNS
because	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
unnecessary	JJ
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
there	EX
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
a	DT
need	NN
to	TO
look	VB
up	RP
page	NN
numbers	NNS
in	IN
two	CD
print	NN
versions	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
case	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
the	DT
cases	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
put	VBN
directly	RB
into	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
domain	NN
for	IN
the	DT
viewing	NN
of	IN
judges	NNS
,	,
attorneys	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
As	IN
we	PRP
enter	VBP
into	IN
the	DT
year	NN
2000	CD
states	NNS
,	,
companies	NNS
and	CC
professionals	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
70	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
must	MD
change	VB
and	CC
develop	VB
with	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
technology	NN
.	.
The	DT
state	NN
court	NN
systems	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
immune	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
technological	JJ
changes	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
taking	VBG
place	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
society	NN
on	IN
a	DT
daily	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
for	IN
these	DT
reasons	NNS
and	CC
for	IN
the	DT
reasons	NNS
previously	RB
stated	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
that	WDT
Georgia	NNP
adopt	VB
the	DT
American	NNP
Bar	NNP
Associations	NNPS
recommendations	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
uniform	JJ
citation	NN
system	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
Georgia	NNP
courts	NNS
that	WDT
should	MD
determine	VB
the	DT
actual	JJ
citations	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
opinions	NNS
not	RB
the	DT
private	JJ
publishers	NNS
like	IN
West	NNP
.	.
The	DT
legal	JJ
citation	NN
in	IN
Georgia	NNP
will	MD
cite	VB
to	TO
the	DT
case	NN
number	NN
assigned	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
clerk	NN
and	CC
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
paragraphs	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
numbered	VBN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
the	DT
new	JJ
citation	NN
system	NN
will	MD
allow	VB
attorneys	NNS
in	IN
Georgia	NNP
to	TO
locate	VB
the	DT
law	NN
in	IN
printed	VBN
editions	NNS
,	,
CD-ROMS	NN
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
in	IN
all	DT
the	DT
new	JJ
technologies	NNS
that	WDT
our	PRP$
society	NN
will	MD
benefit	VB
from	IN
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
In	IN
time	NN
,	,
Georgia	NNP
will	MD
have	VB
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
adopt	VB
a	DT
fully	RB
vendor-neutral	JJ
and	CC
medium-neutral	JJ
case	NN
citation	NN
and	CC
could	MD
eventually	RB
develop	VB
it	PRP
's	VBZ
own	JJ
form	NN
of	IN
case	NN
archives	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
71	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
to	TO
late	RB
,	,
for	IN
Georgia	NNP
to	TO
take	VB
it	PRP
's	VBZ
place	NN
as	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
leaders	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
automation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
profession	NN
.	.
Could	MD
the	DT
goal	NN
of	IN
improved	VBN
productivity	NN
and	CC
efficiency	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
realized	VBN
if	IN
new	JJ
tools	NNS
were	VBD
incorrectly	RB
used	VBN
?	.
Not	RB
likely	JJ
.	.
Forklifts	NNS
make	VBP
first	JJ
rate	NN
entertainment	NN
in	IN
drag	NN
races	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
really	RB
big	JJ
warehouse	NN
,	,
but	CC
drag	NN
races	NNS
do	VBP
n't	RB
move	VB
product	NN
out	IN
the	DT
door	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
Employer	NNP
may	MD
have	VB
paid	VBN
compensation	NN
when	WRB
Employee-Speed-Racer	NNP
lost	VBD
his	PRP$
foot	NN
to	TO
a	DT
hungry	JJ
lift-claw	NN
.	.
Georgia	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
early	JJ
1970	CD
's	POS
,	,
office	NN
workers	NNS
in	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
one	CD
department	NN
were	VBD
instructed	VBN
to	TO
turn	VB
their	PRP$
heads	NNS
away	RB
from	IN
the	DT
paper	NN
rolls	NNS
to	TO
avoid	VB
the	DT
noxious	JJ
,	,
chemical	JJ
smell	NN
.	.
This	DT
occurred	VBD
during	IN
training	NN
on	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
equipment	NN
.	.
Shortly	RB
after	IN
the	DT
machine	NN
was	VBD
put	VBN
into	IN
use	NN
,	,
those	DT
same	JJ
office	NN
workers	NNS
were	VBD
instructed	VBN
to	TO
refrain	VB
from	IN
placing	VBG
their	PRP$
faces	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
glass	NN
and	CC
blinding	VBG
themselves	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
scientific	JJ
experimentation	NN
,	,
thus	RB
rendering	VBG
themselves	PRP
useless	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
afternoon	NN
and	CC
potentially	RB
causing	VBG
retinal	JJ
damage	NN
.	.
This	DT
instruction	NN
was	VBD
given	VBN
in	IN
response	NN
to	TO
certain	JJ
behaviors	NNS
exhibited	VBN
by	IN
said	VBD
office	NN
workers	NNS
.	.
Such	JJ
uses	NNS
steal	VBP
time	NN
from	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
,	,
wastes	VBZ
the	DT
employer	NN
's	POS
resources	NNS
and	CC
creates	VBZ
potential	JJ
for	IN
liability	NN
for	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
.	.
Pretty	NNP
easy	JJ
to	TO
distinguish	VB
what	WP
the	DT
employer	NN
wants	VBZ
and	CC
does	VBZ
n't	RB
want	VB
.	.
However	RB
,	,
without	IN
sitting	VBG
at	IN
each	DT
employee	NN
's	POS
shoulder	NN
throughout	IN
their	PRP$
shift	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
so	RB
easy	JJ
to	TO
distinguish	VB
the	DT
beneficial	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
bad	JJ
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
standard	NN
to	TO
find	VB
sexual	JJ
harassment	NN
cited	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
sufficiently	RB
severe	JJ
or	CC
pervasive	JJ
to	TO
alter	VB
the	DT
conditions	NNS
of	IN
employment	NN
and	CC
create	VB
an	DT
abusive	JJ
working	NN
environment	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
unwelcome	JJ
conduct	NN
must	MD
be	VB
repeated	VBN
and	CC
continuous	JJ
rather	RB
than	IN
consist	VBP
of	IN
isolated	JJ
and	CC
occasional	JJ
acts	NNS
,	,
''	''
it	PRP
is	VBZ
interesting	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
three	CD
cases	NNS
cited	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
court	NN
all	DT
include	VBP
physical	JJ
contact	NN
.	.
It	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
seem	VB
likely	JJ
that	IN
a	DT
Bowman-like	JJ
plaintiff	NN
would	MD
be	VB
successful	JJ
unless	IN
the	DT
behavior	NN
culminated	VBD
in	IN
touch	NN
.	.
Nor	CC
would	MD
success	NN
seem	VB
likely	RB
in	IN
cases	NNS
involving	VBG
e-mail	NN
and	CC
the	DT
internet	NN
i	FW
this	DT
court	NN
.	.
Currently	RB
lower	JJR
courts	NNS
are	VBP
split	VBN
with	IN
various	JJ
interpretations	NNS
of	IN
how	WRB
an	DT
employer	NN
's	POS
responsibility	NN
should	MD
be	VB
determined	VBN
.	.
Employment	NNP
attorneys	NNS
are	VBP
waiting	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
's	POS
decision	NN
in	IN
Faragher	NNP
v.	CC
City	NNP
of	IN
Boca	NNP
Raton	NNP
,	,
No.	NN
97-282	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
U.S.	NNP
argued	VBD
March	NNP
25	CD
,	,
1998	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
see	VB
if	IN
employers	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
strictly	RB
liable	JJ
for	IN
acts	NNS
of	IN
sexual	JJ
harassment	NN
by	IN
their	PRP$
employees	NNS
or	CC
if	IN
a	DT
show	NN
of	IN
negligence	NN
on	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
's	POS
part	NN
will	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
before	IN
employer	NN
liability	NN
is	VBZ
found	VBN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
employers	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
strictly	RB
liable	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
sexually	RB
harassing	VBG
acts	NNS
of	IN
its	PRP$
employees	NNS
,	,
what	WP
do	VB
employers	NNS
fear	VBP
their	PRP$
employees	NNS
will	MD
do	VB
to	TO
create	VB
that	DT
liability	NN
?	.
Send	VB
sexually	RB
offensive	JJ
e-mails	NNS
,	,
download	NN
sexual	JJ
materials	NNS
and	CC
pictures	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
using	VBG
them	PRP
as	IN
screen	NN
savers	NNS
and	CC
backgrounds	NNS
and	CC
forward	RB
same	JJ
via	IN
e-mail	NN
to	TO
co-workers	NNS
.	.
As	IN
an	DT
employee	NN
told	VBD
me	PRP
,	,
``	``
it	PRP
's	VBZ
just	RB
e-mail	NN
;	:
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
time	NN
to	TO
put	VB
that	DT
much	JJ
consideration	NN
into	IN
it	PRP
.	.
''	''
That	DT
same	JJ
employee	NN
would	MD
never	RB
send	VB
a	DT
business	NN
letter	NN
without	IN
asking	VBG
me	PRP
to	TO
review	VB
it	PRP
for	IN
overextended	JJ
commitments	NNS
.	.
The	DT
information	NN
relayed	VBD
in	IN
,	,
and	CC
attached	VBN
to	TO
,	,
an	DT
e-mail	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
for	IN
printing	NN
,	,
downloading	VBG
,	,
forwarding	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
no	DT
restrictive	JJ
device	NN
is	VBZ
put	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
e-mail	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
stored	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
company	NN
's	POS
server	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
at	IN
least	JJS
for	IN
some	DT
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Each	DT
of	IN
those	DT
uses	NNS
are	VBP
beneficial	JJ
:	:
printed	VBN
information	NN
can	MD
be	VB
hand	NN
carried	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
place	NN
where	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
most	RBS
needed	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
directions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
office	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
downloaded	VBD
files	NNS
enable	VB
the	DT
recipient	JJ
to	TO
manipulate	VB
the	DT
data	NNS
,	,
forwarded	VBN
information	NN
can	MD
be	VB
gotten	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
party	NN
,	,
lost	VBD
files	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
recovered	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
server	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
such	JJ
uses	NNS
of	IN
e-mail	NN
can	MD
be	VB
threatening	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
company	NN
when	WRB
an	DT
employee	NN
's	POS
use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
conversational	JJ
tone	NN
introduces	VBZ
personal	JJ
comments	NNS
about	IN
or	CC
to	TO
others	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
better	JJR
left	VBD
unsaid	RB
,	,
much	RB
less	JJR
written	VBN
,	,
or	CC
commits	VBZ
the	DT
company	NN
to	TO
unachievable	JJ
promises	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
anticipates	VBZ
potential	JJ
liability	NN
,	,
and	CC
dutifully	RB
creates	VBZ
policies	NNS
to	TO
prevent	VB
sexual	JJ
harassment	NN
,	,
the	DT
policies	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
administered	VBN
or	CC
the	DT
employer	NN
is	VBZ
still	RB
without	IN
control	NN
and	CC
protection	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
employer	NN
must	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
withstand	VB
challenges	NNS
best	RB
on	IN
invasion	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
claims	NNS
.	.
Business	NN
use	NN
may	MD
be	VB
an	DT
even	RB
broader	JJR
exception	NN
as	IN
the	DT
provider	NN
of	IN
the	DT
communications	NNS
service	NN
is	VBZ
authorized	VBN
to	TO
intercept	VB
messages	NNS
.	.
No	DT
notice	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
provider	NN
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
within	IN
the	DT
ordinary	JJ
course	NN
of	IN
business	NN
and	CC
the	DT
subject	JJ
matter	NN
of	IN
the	DT
intercepted	VBN
communication	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
interceptor	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
legal	JJ
interest	NN
.	.
The	DT
potential	JJ
difficulty	NN
for	IN
employers	NNS
here	RB
is	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
language	NN
of	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
-	:
the	DT
prohibited	VBN
interception	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
performed	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
``	``
electronic	JJ
...	:
device	NN
''	''
.	.
Any	DT
device	NN
furnished	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
user	NN
by	IN
the	DT
provider	NN
of	IN
the	DT
wire	NN
or	CC
electronic	JJ
communication	NN
service	NN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
ordinary	JJ
course	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
business	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
exempt	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
interception	NN
prohibition	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
22	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Although	IN
numerous	JJ
writers	NNS
conclude	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
furnisher	NN
,	,
it	PRP
remains	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
seen	VBN
if	IN
that	DT
determination	NN
will	MD
be	VB
so	RB
easily	RB
made	VBN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
where	WRB
employer	NN
is	VBZ
using	VBG
outside	JJ
service	NN
provider	NN
equipment	NN
to	TO
host	NN
and	CC
manage	VB
its	PRP$
network	NN
and	CC
connections	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
deemed	VBN
the	DT
furnisher	NN
.	.
The	DT
legal	JJ
issue	NN
to	TO
be	VB
resolved	VBN
is	VBZ
a	DT
balance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
employee	NN
's	POS
reasonable	JJ
expectation	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
and	CC
the	DT
employer	NN
's	POS
right	NN
to	TO
access	NN
and	CC
monitor	NN
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
for	IN
legitimate	JJ
business	NN
reasons	NNS
.	.
An	DT
employee	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
a	DT
`	``
right	NN
'	''
to	TO
privacy	NN
,	,
but	CC
simply	RB
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
expectation	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
in	IN
the	DT
workplace	NN
.	.
Software	NNP
to	TO
monitor	VB
employee	NN
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
.	.
Employers	NNS
may	MD
choose	VB
software	NN
that	IN
blocks	NNS
specific	JJ
sites	NNS
,	,
block	NN
incoming	JJ
files	NNS
,	,
flags	NNS
incoming	JJ
mail	NN
with	IN
certain	JJ
sensitive	JJ
word	NN
cominations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
monitors	VBZ
how	WRB
much	JJ
time	NN
employees	NNS
spend	VBP
at	IN
sites	NNS
.	.
Employees	NNS
'	POS
keys	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
universe	NN
of	IN
the	DT
web	NN
need	MD
not	RB
be	VB
withdrawn	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
if	IN
clear	JJ
policies	NNS
are	VBP
established	VBN
,	,
relayed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
employees	NNS
and	CC
then	RB
put	VBD
into	IN
practice	NN
.	.
Then	RB
leave	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
employees	NNS
to	TO
practice	VB
thoughtful	JJ
self-restraint	NN
,	,
while	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
determine	VB
where	WRB
liability	NN
for	IN
employees	NNS
'	POS
actions	NNS
will	MD
lie	VB
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
.	.
Const	NNP
.	.
amend	VB
.	.
IV	NNP
The	NNP
right	NN
of	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
secure	JJ
in	IN
their	PRP$
persons	NNS
,	,
houses	NNS
,	,
papers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
effects	NNS
,	,
against	IN
unreasonable	JJ
searches	NNS
and	CC
seizures	NNS
,	,
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
violated	VBN
,	,
and	CC
no	DT
Warrants	NNS
shall	MD
issue	VB
,	,
but	CC
upon	IN
probable	JJ
cause	NN
,	,
supported	VBN
by	IN
Oath	NNP
or	CC
affirmation	NN
,	,
and	CC
particularly	RB
describing	VBG
the	DT
place	NN
to	TO
be	VB
searched	VBN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
persons	NNS
or	CC
things	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
seized	VBN
.	.
United	NNP
States	NNPS
and	CC
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
thereof	RB
,	,
are	VBP
citizens	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
and	CC
of	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
wherein	IN
they	PRP
reside	VBP
.	.
No	DT
State	NN
shall	MD
make	VB
or	CC
enforce	VB
any	DT
law	NN
which	WDT
shall	MD
abridge	VB
the	DT
privileges	NNS
or	CC
immunities	NNS
of	IN
citizens	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
;	:
nor	CC
shall	MD
any	DT
State	NN
deprive	VB
any	DT
person	NN
of	IN
life	NN
,	,
liberty	NN
,	,
or	CC
property	NN
,	,
without	IN
due	JJ
process	NN
of	IN
law	NN
;	:
nor	CC
deny	VBP
to	TO
any	DT
person	NN
within	IN
its	PRP$
jurisdiction	NN
the	DT
equal	JJ
protection	NN
of	IN
the	DT
laws	NNS
.	.
Monitors	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Mouse	NNP
Program	NNP
tracks	VBZ
Internet	NNP
use	NN
,	,
block	NN
smut	NN
and	CC
hate	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
New	NNP
software	NN
from	IN
Equitrac	NNP
called	VBD
E.P.I.C.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Equitrac	NNP
Professional	NNP
Internet	NNP
Client	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
allow	VBP
businesses	NNS
to	TO
block	VB
access	NN
to	TO
certain	JJ
sites	NNS
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
to	TO
track	VB
time	NN
on	IN
line	NN
,	,
monitor	NN
on-line	JJ
research	NN
an	DT
track	NN
e-mail	NN
.	.
Recent	JJ
studies	NNS
show	VBP
that	IN
incidents	NNS
of	IN
academic	JJ
misconduct	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
are	VBP
steadily	RB
increasing	VBG
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
Donald	NNP
McCabe	NNP
,	,
a	DT
professor	NN
of	IN
business	NN
ethics	NNS
at	IN
Rutgers	NNP
University	NNP
who	WP
has	VBZ
conducted	VBN
extensive	JJ
research	NN
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
cheating	NN
at	IN
colleges	NNS
and	CC
universities	NNS
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
may	MD
offer	VB
students	NNS
easier	JJR
ways	NNS
to	TO
cheat	VB
,	,
technology	NN
may	MD
offer	VB
a	DT
more	RBR
sophisticated	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
detect	VB
academic	JJ
misconduct	NN
.	.
One	CD
particular	JJ
mechanism	NN
,	,
the	DT
Stanford	NNP
Copy	VBP
Analysis	NNP
Mechanism	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
SCAM	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
was	VBD
created	VBN
to	TO
find	VB
illegal	JJ
copying	NN
of	IN
documents	NNS
in	IN
digital	JJ
libraries	NNS
using	VBG
a	DT
registration	NN
server	NN
approach	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
likelihood	NN
that	IN
a	DT
student	NN
will	MD
cheat	VB
is	VBZ
much	RB
lower	JJR
,	,
because	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
not	RB
waited	VBN
to	TO
write	VB
their	PRP$
papers	NNS
until	IN
the	DT
night	NN
before	IN
the	DT
due	JJ
date	NN
,	,
which	WDT
produces	VBZ
the	DT
panic	NN
that	WDT
often	RB
leads	VBZ
to	TO
incidents	NNS
of	IN
academic	JJ
misconduct	NN
.	.
READ	VBN
THIS	NNPS
NOTE	VBP
:	:
While	IN
PaperSure	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
research	NN
service	NN
for	IN
hire	NN
,	,
we	PRP
intend	VBP
for	IN
our	PRP$
product	NN
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
information	NN
resource	NN
only	RB
.	.
Students	NNS
in	IN
particular	JJ
are	VBP
warned	VBN
that	IN
using	VBG
this	DT
research	NN
material	NN
verbatim	JJ
and	CC
representing	VBG
it	PRP
as	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
work	NN
constitutes	VBZ
plagiarism	NN
and	CC
violates	VBZ
the	DT
honor	NN
code	NN
of	IN
any	DT
educational	JJ
institution	NN
.	.
Several	JJ
states	NNS
have	VBP
statutes	NNS
regarding	VBG
obtaining	VBG
research	NN
material	NN
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
academic	JJ
credit	NN
.	.
Students	NNS
are	VBP
urged	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
their	PRP$
state	NN
regulations	NNS
on	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
permissible	JJ
.	.
If	IN
in	IN
doubt	NN
,	,
check	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
teacher	NN
or	CC
professor	NN
.	.
PaperSure	NN
assumes	VBZ
no	DT
responsibility	NN
for	IN
how	WRB
the	DT
information	NN
we	PRP
provide	VBP
is	VBZ
used	VBN
and	CC
we	PRP
make	VBP
no	DT
guarantees	NNS
that	WDT
using	VBG
this	DT
information	NN
will	MD
result	VB
in	IN
a	DT
better	JJR
job	NN
,	,
a	DT
good	JJ
grade	NN
or	CC
even	RB
make	VB
your	PRP$
teeth	NNS
whiter	VB
.	.
These	DT
warnings	NNS
may	MD
helpful	JJ
in	IN
deterring	VBG
acts	NNS
of	IN
accidental	JJ
plagiarism	NN
,	,
but	CC
,	,
are	VBP
these	DT
term	NN
paper	NN
and	CC
research	NN
sites	NNS
really	RB
trying	VBG
to	TO
stop	VB
academic	JJ
misconduct	NN
,	,
or	CC
are	VBP
they	PRP
merely	RB
trying	VBG
to	TO
avoid	VB
legal	JJ
liability	NN
for	IN
themselves	PRP
?	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
medical	JJ
degrees	NNS
and	CC
licenses	NNS
obtained	VBD
fraudulently	RB
would	MD
undermine	VB
the	DT
public	NN
's	POS
confidence	NN
in	IN
the	DT
health	NN
care	NN
system	NN
.	.
This	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
confidence	NN
could	MD
lead	VB
citizens	NNS
to	TO
forego	VB
or	CC
delay	VB
treatment	NN
or	CC
attempt	NN
to	TO
self	NN
treat	NN
,	,
resulting	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
unnecessary	JJ
suffering	NN
of	IN
patients	NNS
and	CC
exacerbation	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
ailments	NNS
at	IN
an	DT
increased	VBN
cost	NN
to	TO
all	DT
consumers	NNS
paying	VBG
the	DT
freight	NN
for	IN
health	NN
care	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
fraudulently	RB
obtained	VBN
medical	JJ
degrees	NNS
and	CC
licenses	NNS
result	VBP
in	IN
incompetent	JJ
physicians	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
end	NN
result	NN
.	.
Federal	NNP
judges	NNS
have	VBP
mostly	RB
been	VBN
unwilling	JJ
to	TO
let	VB
stand	VB
piecemeal	RB
state	NN
statutes	NNS
,	,
reasoning	NN
that	IN
such	JJ
patchwork	NN
regulation	NN
by	IN
states	NNS
could	MD
cripple	VB
the	DT
power	NN
of	IN
a	DT
seamless	JJ
Internet	NNP
structure	NN
,	,
as	IN
illustrated	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
two	CD
landmark	JJ
cases	NNS
.	.
The	DT
statute	NN
also	RB
prohibited	VBD
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
``	``
embedded	VBN
links	NNS
''	''
to	TO
corporate	JJ
logos	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
copyrighted	VBN
material	NN
without	IN
permission	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
reasoned	VBD
that	IN
this	DT
would	MD
chill	NN
``	``
non-commercial	JJ
educational	JJ
speech	NN
,	,
news	NN
,	,
and	CC
commentary	NN
--	:
a	DT
prohibition	NN
with	IN
well-recognized	JJ
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
problems	NNS
.	.
''	''
ALA	NNP
v.	CC
Pataki	NNP
teaches	VBZ
us	PRP
that	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
much	RB
like	IN
a	DT
railway	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
transmission	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
information	NN
is	VBZ
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
,	,
which	WDT
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
impermissibly	RB
burdened	VBN
absent	JJ
a	DT
local	JJ
interest	NN
that	WDT
outweighs	VBZ
the	DT
interest	NN
of	IN
the	DT
government	NN
in	IN
maintaining	VBG
an	DT
open	JJ
information	NN
highway	NN
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
interest	NN
is	VBZ
substantial	JJ
,	,
a	DT
court	NN
could	MD
readily	RB
decide	VB
that	IN
pedagogical	JJ
,	,
technological	JJ
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
solutions	NNS
to	TO
academic	JJ
misconduct	NN
that	WDT
key	VBP
more	JJR
directly	RB
into	IN
students	NNS
'	POS
and	CC
educators	NNS
'	POS
responsibilities	NNS
are	VBP
more	RBR
conducive	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
result	NN
desired	VBN
with	IN
far	RB
less	JJR
potential	JJ
burden	NN
on	IN
the	DT
interstate	JJ
transmission	NN
of	IN
information	NN
across	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
in	IN
light	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
defendants	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
BU	NNP
suit	NN
was	VBD
``	``
permanently	RB
''	''
enjoined	VBN
from	IN
doing	VBG
business	NN
in	IN
Massachusetts	NNP
in	IN
1981	CD
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
96	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
local	JJ
benefit	NN
of	IN
an	DT
injunction	NN
here	RB
may	MD
be	VB
relatively	RB
minor	JJ
compared	VBN
to	TO
its	PRP$
imposition	NN
on	IN
interstate	JJ
Internet	NNP
commerce	NN
.	.
Georgia	NNP
law	NN
in	IN
Miller	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
99	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
because	IN
it	PRP
prohibits	VBZ
sales	NNS
of	IN
term	NN
papers	NNS
with	IN
knowledge	NN
that	IN
the	DT
buyer	NN
intends	VBZ
to	TO
pass	VB
the	DT
work	NN
off	RP
as	IN
his	PRP$
own	JJ
.	.
These	DT
two	CD
elements	NNS
would	MD
seemingly	RB
narrow	VB
the	DT
statute	NN
within	IN
acceptable	JJ
parameters	NNS
if	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
was	VBD
not	RB
implicated	VBN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
two	CD
are	VBP
inextricably	RB
linked	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
term	NN
paper	NN
mills	NNS
have	VBP
flourished	VBN
exponentially	RB
with	IN
the	DT
ease	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
transmission	NN
and	CC
research	NN
capabilities	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
100	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
district	NN
court	NN
hearing	NN
this	DT
case	NN
may	MD
be	VB
unwilling	JJ
to	TO
veer	VB
from	IN
existing	VBG
precedent	NN
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
result	NN
would	MD
make	VB
state	NN
inroads	NNS
into	IN
the	DT
seamless	JJ
unity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
superhighway	NN
.	.
Rice	NNP
v	NNP
Paladin	NNP
Enterprises	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
readily	RB
analogous	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
law	NN
cases	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
BU	NNP
case	NN
,	,
although	IN
the	DT
underlying	VBG
illegal	JJ
acts	NNS
are	VBP
morally	RB
incomparable	JJ
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
focus	NN
of	IN
Rice	NNP
was	VBD
not	RB
Internet-related	JJ
,	,
the	DT
Fourth	JJ
Circuit	NN
court	NN
readily	RB
found	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
publisher	NN
civilly	RB
liable	JJ
for	IN
aiding	VBG
and	CC
abetting	VBG
a	DT
triple	JJ
homicide	NN
,	,
by	IN
virtue	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
publication	NN
and	CC
sales	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
manual	NN
written	VBN
for	IN
contract	NN
killers	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
no	DT
exaggeration	NN
to	TO
say	VB
that	IN
this	DT
fulfills	VBZ
a	DT
dream	NN
that	IN
humankind	NN
has	VBZ
had	VBN
for	IN
thousands	NNS
years	NNS
,	,
the	DT
library	NN
at	IN
Alexandria	NNP
writ	NN
very	RB
,	,
very	RB
large	JJ
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
,	,
of	IN
course	NN
,	,
not	RB
there	RB
yet	RB
;	:
searching	VBG
for	IN
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
still	RB
relatively	RB
crude	JJ
,	,
the	DT
ability	NN
of	IN
`	``
customized	VBN
'	''
information	NN
requests	NNS
still	RB
in	IN
a	DT
primitive	JJ
state	NN
.	.
But	CC
one	PRP
would	MD
hope	VB
that	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
system	NN
would	MD
be	VB
...	:
at	IN
least	JJS
,	,
not	RB
discouraging	VBG
--	:
the	DT
continued	VBN
development	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
and	CC
improved	JJ
methods	NNS
for	IN
making	VBG
this	DT
information	NN
available	JJ
...	:
The	DT
B.U.	NNP
lawsuit	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
moves	NNS
in	IN
precisely	RB
the	DT
wrong	JJ
direction	NN
.	.
Academic	NNP
institutions	NNS
promulgate	VBP
rules	NNS
and	CC
expect	VBP
their	PRP$
students	NNS
to	TO
abide	VB
by	IN
them	PRP
,	,
or	CC
face	NN
serious	JJ
consequences	NNS
.	.
If	IN
we	PRP
analogize	VBP
these	DT
``	``
school	NN
rules	NNS
''	''
to	TO
laws	NNS
in	IN
general	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
apparent	JJ
that	IN
they	PRP
exist	VBP
to	TO
keep	VB
order	NN
and	CC
integrity	NN
in	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
rules\/laws	NNS
are	VBP
merely	RB
on	IN
paper	NN
,	,
and	CC
not	RB
enforced	VBN
,	,
the	DT
result	NN
is	VBZ
total	JJ
chaos	NN
.	.
While	IN
academic	JJ
misconduct	NN
has	VBZ
always	RB
existed	VBN
,	,
the	DT
introduction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
into	IN
the	DT
classroom	NN
opens	VBZ
up	RP
a	DT
new	JJ
world	NN
of	IN
possibilities	NNS
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
want	VBP
to	TO
cheat	VB
.	.
Not	RB
only	RB
does	VBZ
this	DT
technology	NN
foster	VBP
the	DT
``	``
seasoned	JJ
''	''
cheater	NN
's	POS
ability	NN
to	TO
get	VB
away	RP
with	IN
this	DT
behavior	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
also	RB
gives	VBZ
students	NNS
who	WP
would	MD
n't	RB
normally	RB
cheat	VB
an	DT
easier	JJR
excuse	NN
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
,	,
because	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
harder	JJR
to	TO
get	VB
caught	VBN
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
virtual	JJ
world	NN
continues	VBZ
to	TO
expand	VB
so	RB
rapidly	RB
,	,
there	EX
will	MD
be	VB
an	DT
increasing	VBG
number	NN
of	IN
ways	NNS
for	IN
students	NNS
to	TO
apply	VB
the	DT
technology	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
education	NN
.	.
The	DT
critical	JJ
issue	NN
is	VBZ
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
these	DT
students	NNS
will	MD
use	VB
the	DT
resource	NN
properly	RB
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
examine	VB
the	DT
topic	NN
of	IN
defamatory	JJ
speech	NN
as	IN
it	PRP
relates	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
quickly	RB
emerging	VBG
and	CC
rapidly	RB
expanding	VBG
resource	NN
known	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
WWW	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
We	PRP
will	MD
present	VB
the	DT
concept	NN
of	IN
defamatory	JJ
speech	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
elements	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
historical	JJ
perspective	NN
,	,
discuss	VB
current	JJ
treatment	NN
of	IN
internet	NN
defamation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
and	CC
survey	NN
the	DT
international	JJ
treatment	NN
of	IN
``	``
cyberdefamation	NN
''	''
.	.
Defamation	NN
,	,
when	WRB
in	IN
a	DT
written	VBN
permanent	JJ
form	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
known	VBN
as	IN
libel	NN
,	,
and	CC
oral	JJ
defamation	NN
is	VBZ
known	VBN
as	IN
slander	NN
.	.
While	IN
web	NN
pages	NNS
can	MD
include	VB
sound	JJ
files	NNS
which	WDT
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
sound	JJ
card	NN
and	CC
speakers	NNS
,	,
can	MD
reproduce	VB
sounds	NNS
,	,
words	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
,	,
the	DT
overwhelming	JJ
majority	NN
of	IN
content	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
is	VBZ
graphical	JJ
in	IN
nature	NN
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
at	IN
least	JJS
for	IN
the	DT
time	NN
being	VBG
,	,
is	VBZ
primarily	RB
a	DT
visual	JJ
medium	NN
,	,
and	CC
considering	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
view	NN
from	IN
a	DT
screen	NN
is	VBZ
readily	RB
printable	JJ
into	IN
a	DT
more	RBR
permanent	JJ
form	NN
,	,
defamatory	JJ
speech	NN
over	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
most	RBS
probably	RB
falls	VBZ
under	IN
the	DT
rubric	NN
of	IN
libel	NN
.	.
That	DT
pronouncement	NN
established	VBD
a	DT
nearly	RB
insurmountable	JJ
bar	NN
to	TO
a	DT
public	JJ
official	NN
bringing	VBG
a	DT
successful	JJ
action	NN
for	IN
defamation	NN
and	CC
signaled	VBD
a	DT
sea	NN
change	NN
in	IN
defamation	NN
law	NN
vis	FW
a	DT
vis	FW
public	JJ
official	NN
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
as	IN
shall	MD
be	VB
shown	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
``	``
famous	JJ
''	''
persons	NNS
in	IN
general	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Curtis	NNP
Publishing	NNP
Company	NNP
case	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
progeny	NN
established	VBN
and	CC
solidified	VBN
the	DT
requirement	NN
that	IN
``	``
public	JJ
figures	NNS
''	''
must	MD
meet	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
standard	NN
as	IN
public	JJ
officials	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
successfully	RB
bring	VB
defamation	NN
actions	NNS
.	.
This	DT
decision	NN
,	,
taken	VBN
to	TO
its	PRP$
logical	JJ
conclusion	NN
,	,
created	VBD
the	DT
circular	JJ
argument	NN
that	WDT
whatever	WDT
the	DT
media	NNS
felt	VBD
was	VBD
newsworthy	JJ
thus	RB
became	VBD
newsworthy	JJ
,	,
since	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
being	VBG
reported	VBN
on	IN
and	CC
which	WDT
,	,
by	IN
virtue	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
news	NN
worthiness	NN
would	MD
bar	VB
most	RBS
recoveries	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
nearly	RB
impenetrable	JJ
New	NNP
York	NNP
Times	NNP
``	``
actual	JJ
malice	NN
''	''
standard	NN
.	.
The	DT
Rosenbloom	NNP
decision	NN
represented	VBD
the	DT
Court	NNP
's	POS
high	JJ
water	NN
mark	NN
on	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
.	.
The	DT
US	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
veered	VBD
back	RB
from	IN
the	DT
Rosenbloom	NNP
precipice	NN
in	IN
Gertz	NNP
v.	CC
Robert	NNP
Welch	NNP
Inc.	NNP
.	.
Rather	RB
then	RB
retaining	VBG
this	DT
bootstrap	JJ
theory	NN
as	IN
a	DT
bar	NN
to	TO
a	DT
private	JJ
party	NN
's	POS
recovery	NN
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
ruled	VBD
that	IN
even	RB
in	IN
matters	NNS
of	IN
public	JJ
concern	NN
,	,
a	DT
publisher	NN
of	IN
defamatory	JJ
material	NN
may	MD
not	RB
hide	VB
behind	IN
the	DT
shield	NN
of	IN
``	``
actual	JJ
malice	NN
''	''
where	WRB
a	DT
private	JJ
person	NN
is	VBZ
concerned	VBN
.	.
``	``
The	DT
first	JJ
remedy	NN
of	IN
any	DT
victim	NN
of	IN
defamation	NN
is	VBZ
self-help	JJ
-	:
using	VBG
available	JJ
opportunities	NNS
to	TO
contradict	VB
the	DT
lie	NN
or	CC
correct	VB
the	DT
error	NN
and	CC
thereby	RB
to	TO
minimize	VB
its	PRP$
adverse	JJ
impact	NN
on	IN
reputation	NN
.	.
Public	NNP
officials	NNS
and	CC
public	JJ
figures	NNS
usually	RB
enjoy	VBP
significantly	RB
greater	JJR
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
channels	NNS
of	IN
effective	JJ
communication	NN
and	CC
hence	RB
have	VBP
a	DT
more	RBR
realistic	JJ
opportunity	NN
to	TO
counteract	VB
false	JJ
statements	NNS
than	IN
private	JJ
individuals	NNS
normally	RB
enjoy	VBP
.	.
Group	NNP
two	CD
is	VBZ
also	RB
prevented	VBN
from	IN
recovery	NN
if	IN
the	DT
statements	NNS
made	VBN
are	VBP
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
narrow	JJ
facet	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
are	VBP
considered	VBN
public	JJ
persons	NNS
,	,
and	CC
group	NN
3	CD
enjoys	VBZ
the	DT
greatest	JJS
protection	NN
,	,
only	RB
needing	VBG
to	TO
contend	VB
with	IN
a	DT
mere	JJ
negligence	NN
standard	NN
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
these	DT
foundation	NN
cases	NNS
were	VBD
relatively	RB
entrenched	JJ
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
advent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
at	IN
least	JJS
as	IN
a	DT
major	JJ
conduit	NN
of	IN
communication	NN
among	IN
lay	VBD
persons	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
unique	JJ
characteristics	NNS
it	PRP
represents	VBZ
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
against	IN
this	DT
backdrop	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
examine	VBP
the	DT
current	JJ
state	NN
of	IN
affairs	NNS
within	IN
defamation	NN
law	NN
as	IN
it	PRP
relates	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
As	IN
noted	VBN
above	IN
,	,
the	DT
CDA	NNP
Section	NNP
230	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
takes	VBZ
this	DT
further	JJ
by	IN
simply	RB
stating	VBG
that	IN
``	``
no	DT
provider	NN
or	CC
user	NN
of	IN
or	CC
user	NN
of	IN
an	DT
interactive	JJ
computer	NN
service	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
treated	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
publisher	NN
or	CC
speaker	NN
of	IN
any	DT
information	NN
provided	VBN
by	IN
another	DT
information	NN
content	NN
provider	NN
.	.
''	''
Congress	NNP
,	,
knowing	VBG
that	IN
historically	RB
the	DT
party	NN
responsible	JJ
for	IN
offensive	JJ
publications	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
publishing	VBG
party	NN
,	,
as	IN
opposed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
author	NN
or	CC
distributor	NN
,	,
gave	VBD
blanket	NN
protection	NN
to	TO
Internet	NNP
Service	NNP
Providers	NNP
by	IN
refusing	VBG
to	TO
allow	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
labeled	VBN
publishers	NNS
.	.
Unlike	IN
Sections	NNS
223	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
223	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
Section	NNP
230	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
CDA	NNP
survived	VBD
its	PRP$
first	JJ
real	JJ
test	NN
in	IN
America	NNP
's	POS
Courts	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Zeran	NNP
case	NN
began	VBD
on	IN
April	NNP
25	CD
,	,
1995	CD
when	WRB
a	DT
notice	NN
appeared	VBD
on	IN
an	DT
America	NNP
OnLine	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
AOL	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
bulletin	NN
board	NN
advertising	VBG
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
T-shirts	NNS
containing	VBG
logos	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
Oklahoma	NNP
City	NNP
bombing	NN
.	.
The	DT
notice	NN
requested	VBD
that	IN
interested	JJ
parties	NNS
contact	VBP
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
,	,
Kenneth	NNP
Zeran	NNP
.	.
Zeran	NNP
was	VBD
not	RB
an	DT
AOL	NNP
subscriber	NN
and	CC
had	VBD
no	DT
involvement	NN
in	IN
the	DT
notices	NNS
,	,
nevertheless	RB
,	,
Zeran	NNP
received	VBD
threatening	JJ
phone	NN
calls	NNS
and	CC
death	NN
threats	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
.	.
Zeran	JJ
promptly	RB
complained	VBD
to	TO
AOL	NNP
and	CC
AOL	NNP
removed	VBD
the	DT
offending	VBG
message	NN
.	.
Similar	JJ
messages	NNS
were	VBD
posted	VBN
multiple	JJ
times	NNS
thereafter	RB
,	,
with	IN
each	DT
occurrence	NN
resulting	VBG
in	IN
Zeran	NNP
receiving	VBG
additional	JJ
threats	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
Eventually	RB
,	,
a	DT
broadcaster	NN
at	IN
a	DT
radio	NN
station	NN
in	IN
Oklahoma	NNP
City	NNP
read	VBD
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
notices	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
air	NN
and	CC
encouraged	VBD
listeners	NNS
to	TO
call	VB
Zeran	NNP
and	CC
express	VB
their	PRP$
displeasure	NN
.	.
Zeran	NNP
sued	VBD
AOL	NNP
negligence	NN
under	IN
state	NN
law	NN
,	,
contending	VBG
that	IN
AOL	NNP
should	MD
not	RB
have	VB
allowed	VBN
similar	JJ
messages	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
posted	VBN
after	IN
having	VBG
been	VBN
made	VBN
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
.	.
The	DT
main	JJ
objective	NN
of	IN
the	DT
defamation	NN
victim	NN
is	VBZ
probably	RB
to	TO
have	VB
the	DT
information	NN
deleted	VBD
,	,
so	RB
future	JJ
litigation	NN
may	MD
focus	VB
on	IN
actual	JJ
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ISP	NNP
.	.
The	DT
greatest	JJS
risk	NN
for	IN
the	DT
ISP	NNP
for	IN
liability	NN
may	MD
be	VB
in	IN
cases	NNS
where	WRB
the	DT
defamed	VBN
party	NN
requests	NNS
that	IN
an	DT
offending	VBG
message	NN
is	VBZ
deleted	VBN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
ISP	NNP
fails	VBZ
or	CC
refuses	VBZ
to	TO
comply	VB
.	.
In	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
situation	NN
,	,
the	DT
control	NN
over	IN
content	NN
may	MD
be	VB
irrelevant	JJ
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
ISP	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
notified	VBN
of	IN
the	DT
content	NN
.	.
We	PRP
saw	VBD
in	IN
Zeran	NNP
that	IN
the	DT
CDA	NNP
protects	VBZ
the	DT
ISP	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Judge	NNP
Shoob	NNP
revealed	VBD
the	DT
difficulty	NN
in	IN
drafting	VBG
a	DT
criminal	JJ
statute	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
another	DT
Zeran	JJ
scenario	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
ISP	NNP
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
held	VBN
responsible	JJ
and	CC
criminal	JJ
legislation	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
solution	NN
,	,
what	WP
is	VBZ
?	.
Jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
the	DT
offending	VBG
party	NN
is	VBZ
another	DT
angle	NN
to	TO
be	VB
considered	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
type	NN
of	IN
analysis	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
questions	NNS
of	IN
internet	NN
law	NN
have	VBP
hardly	RB
been	VBN
answered	VBN
,	,
this	DT
approach	NN
may	MD
be	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
unpredictable	JJ
.	.
ISP	NNP
liability	NN
issue	NN
for	IN
defamatory	JJ
material	NN
was	VBD
determined	VBN
by	IN
how	WRB
much	JJ
control	NN
the	DT
ISP	NNP
exercised	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
content	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
distributed	VBN
through	IN
its	PRP$
service	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
n46	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
liability	NN
was	VBD
greater	JJR
if	IN
a	DT
great	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
control	NN
was	VBD
exercised	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
content	NN
.	.
If	IN
little	JJ
control	NN
was	VBD
exercised	VBN
,	,
the	DT
provider	NN
was	VBD
similar	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
mere	JJ
distributor	NN
and	CC
was	VBD
not	RB
held	VBN
liable	JJ
without	IN
actual	JJ
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
content	NN
.	.
Ideally	RB
,	,
the	DT
actual	JJ
author	NN
of	IN
the	DT
defamatory	JJ
material	NN
should	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
primarily	RB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
its	PRP$
publication	NN
,	,
but	CC
as	RB
was	VBD
the	DT
case	NN
in	IN
Zeran	NNP
,	,
the	DT
party	NN
ultimately	RB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
harm	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
readily	RB
available	JJ
for	IN
prosecution	NN
.	.
Even	RB
where	WRB
the	DT
actual	JJ
author	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
unheard	JJ
of	IN
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
even	RB
common	JJ
to	TO
see	VB
the	DT
person	NN
controlling	VBG
the	DT
object	NN
on	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
defamatory	JJ
statement	NN
is	VBZ
displayed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
held	VBN
responsible	JJ
if	IN
the	DT
person	NN
had	VBD
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
statement	NN
and	CC
failed	VBD
to	TO
make	VB
reasonable	JJ
efforts	NNS
to	TO
remove	VB
it	PRP
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
done	VBN
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
defamed	VBN
person	NN
.	.
By	IN
holding	VBG
the	DT
publisher	NN
or	CC
distributor	NN
responsible	JJ
,	,
the	DT
law	NN
encourages	VBZ
the	DT
party	NN
to	TO
promptly	RB
remove	VB
the	DT
material	NN
and	CC
discourages	VBZ
future	JJ
reckless	JJ
publications	NNS
.	.
What	WP
makes	VBZ
law	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
so	RB
different	JJ
that	IN
historical	JJ
defamation	NN
law	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
apply	VB
?	.
What	WP
great	JJ
harm	NN
would	MD
result	VB
from	IN
holding	VBG
ISP	NNP
liable	JJ
as	IN
distributors	NNS
or	CC
even	RB
as	IN
publishers	NNS
of	IN
defamatory	JJ
material	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
it	PRP
sound	JJ
public	JJ
policy	NN
to	TO
immunize	VB
ISP	NNP
from	IN
such	JJ
liability	NN
?	.
These	DT
are	VBP
questions	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
drafters	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
CDA	NNP
need	NN
to	TO
reconsider	VB
when	WRB
analyzing	VBG
the	DT
usefulness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
CDA	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
clear	JJ
that	IN
being	VBG
exposed	VBN
to	TO
distributor	NN
liability	NN
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
disaster	NN
for	IN
an	DT
ISP	NNP
.	.
As	IN
was	VBD
stated	VBN
above	IN
,	,
the	DT
liability	NN
for	IN
an	DT
ISP	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
attach	VB
until	IN
the	DT
ISP	NNP
has	VBZ
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
offensive	JJ
material	NN
.	.
Recent	JJ
commentators	NNS
suggest	VBP
that	IN
such	JJ
liability	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
``	``
open	VB
the	DT
floodgates	NNS
''	''
for	IN
defamation	NN
lawsuits	NNS
against	IN
ISP	NNP
.	.
The	DT
facts	NNS
in	IN
Zeran	NNP
illustrate	VBP
this	DT
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
Zeran	NNP
,	,
the	DT
first	JJ
defamatory	JJ
message	NN
was	VBD
posted	VBN
on	IN
April	NNP
25	CD
,	,
1995	CD
,	,
and	CC
after	IN
he	PRP
notified	VBD
AOL	NNP
,	,
was	VBD
removed	VBN
the	DT
next	JJ
day	NN
.	.
On	IN
April	NNP
26	CD
,	,
1995	CD
,	,
a	DT
new	JJ
posting	VBG
appeared	VBD
.	.
AOL	NNP
asserts	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
removed	VBD
this	DT
posting	VBG
not	RB
later	RB
than	IN
April	NNP
27	CD
,	,
1995	CD
.	.
On	IN
April	NNP
29	CD
,	,
1995	CD
,	,
someone	NN
contacted	VBD
an	DT
Oklahoma	NNP
City	NNP
radio	NN
station	NN
concerning	VBG
the	DT
April	NNP
25	CD
posting	VBG
.	.
The	DT
Oklahoma	NNP
City	NNP
radio	NN
station	NN
thereafter	RB
broadcast	VBN
material	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
the	DT
subject	NN
of	IN
a	DT
separate	JJ
suit	NN
by	IN
Zeran	NNP
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
Zeran	NNP
's	POS
complaint	NN
against	IN
AOL	NNP
had	VBD
not	RB
been	VBN
dismissed	VBN
,	,
he	PRP
might	MD
not	RB
have	VB
been	VBN
able	JJ
to	TO
prove	VB
that	IN
any	DT
tortious	JJ
act	NN
of	IN
AOL	NNP
caused	VBD
him	PRP
substantial	JJ
damages	NNS
.	.
AOL	NNP
arguably	RB
committed	VBD
no	DT
tort	NN
at	IN
all	DT
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
the	DT
April	NNP
25	CD
posting	VBG
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
any	DT
damages	NNS
to	TO
Zeran	NNP
may	MD
well	RB
have	VB
resulted	VBN
from	IN
redistribution	NN
of	IN
the	DT
April	NNP
25	CD
posting	VBG
before	IN
AOL	NNP
had	VBD
reason	NN
to	TO
know	VB
it	PRP
was	VBD
defamatory	JJ
,	,
and	CC
therefore	RB
before	IN
AOL	NNP
committed	VBD
any	DT
tort	NN
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
that	DT
posting	VBG
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
crosses	VBZ
almost	RB
all	DT
national	JJ
boundaries	NNS
,	,
defamatory	JJ
speech	NN
transmitted	VBN
online	NN
is	VBZ
potentially	RB
actionable	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
sovereign	JJ
jurisdictions	NNS
.	.
Just	RB
as	IN
certain	JJ
tort	NN
situations	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
allow	VBP
a	DT
plaintiff	NN
to	TO
``	``
forum	NN
shop	NN
''	''
for	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
sympathetic	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
to	TO
hear	VB
her	PRP$
case	NN
,	,
so	RB
might	MD
an	DT
aggrieved	JJ
party	NN
seek	VB
a	DT
country	NN
with	IN
a	DT
more	RBR
liberal	JJ
stance	NN
regarding	VBG
what	WP
constitutes	VBZ
defamation	NN
when	WRB
deciding	VBG
where	WRB
to	TO
bring	VB
suit	NN
.	.
The	DT
result	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
patchwork	NN
of	IN
differing	VBG
laws	NNS
for	IN
speech	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
perfectly	RB
legal	JJ
in	IN
its	PRP$
country	NN
of	IN
origin	NN
yet	RB
quite	RB
illegal	JJ
in	IN
others	NNS
.	.
Such	JJ
a	DT
situation	NN
demonstrates	VBZ
the	DT
potential	NN
for	IN
one	CD
government	NN
to	TO
push	VB
its	PRP$
laws	NNS
beyond	IN
its	PRP$
geographic	JJ
boundaries	NNS
and	CC
project	NN
its	PRP$
values	NNS
worldwide	NN
.	.
The	DT
question	NN
of	IN
enforceability	NN
of	IN
a	DT
judgment	NN
aside	RB
,	,
this	DT
leads	VBZ
to	TO
considerable	JJ
uncertainty	NN
both	DT
on	IN
the	DT
part	NN
of	IN
concerned	JJ
authors	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
service	NN
providers	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
ISP	NNP
'S	POS
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
n49	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
who	WP
service	VBP
them	PRP
.	.
The	DT
concern	NN
for	IN
the	DT
ISP	NNP
's	POS
is	VBZ
particularly	RB
urgent	JJ
as	IN
several	JJ
are	VBP
multi-national	JJ
and	CC
maintain	VB
property	NN
in	IN
these	DT
foreign	JJ
jurisdictions	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
could	MD
be	VB
seized	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
damages	NNS
.	.
France	NNP
is	VBZ
also	RB
an	DT
attractive	JJ
venue	NN
for	IN
bringing	VBG
suit	NN
under	IN
its	PRP$
favorable	JJ
right	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
laws	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
n56	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
right	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
is	VBZ
quite	RB
broadly	RB
construed	VBN
and	CC
,	,
like	IN
England	NNP
,	,
no	DT
distinction	NN
between	IN
public	JJ
&	CC
private	JJ
persons	NNS
is	VBZ
made	VBN
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
if	IN
attachable	JJ
property	NN
can	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
country	NN
or	CC
its	PRP$
possessions	NNS
,	,
France	NNP
would	MD
be	VB
another	DT
viable	JJ
alternative	NN
for	IN
defamation	NN
litigation	NN
.	.
China	NNP
is	VBZ
apparently	RB
constructing	VBG
its	PRP$
internet	NN
access	NN
under	IN
a	DT
vast	JJ
intra-net	JJ
model	NN
which	WDT
would	MD
not	RB
provide	VB
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
entire	JJ
wealth	NN
of	IN
the	DT
actual	JJ
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
,	,
rather	RB
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
the	DT
``	``
CWW	NNP
''	''
-	:
China	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
.	.
Access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
global	JJ
internet	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
ideas	NNS
would	MD
still	RB
exist	VB
,	,
but	CC
would	MD
be	VB
limited	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
select	JJ
inner	JJ
circle	NN
of	IN
persons	NNS
,	,
presumably	RB
those	DT
considered	VBN
impervious	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
dangers	NNS
which	WDT
free	JJ
access	NN
would	MD
hold	VB
for	IN
the	DT
masses	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
a	DT
thorough	JJ
analysis	NN
of	IN
the	DT
global	JJ
landscape	NN
is	VBZ
beyond	IN
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
,	,
the	DT
disparate	JJ
treatment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
topic	NN
may	MD
help	VB
to	TO
guide	VB
policy	NN
makers	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
country	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
grapple	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
concept	NN
here	RB
.	.
``	``
Congress	NNP
shall	MD
make	VB
no	DT
law	NN
respecting	VBG
an	DT
establishment	NN
of	IN
religion	NN
,	,
or	CC
prohibiting	VBG
the	DT
free	JJ
exercise	NN
thereof	RB
;	:
or	CC
abridging	VBG
the	DT
freedom	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
,	,
or	CC
of	IN
the	DT
press	NN
;	:
or	CC
the	DT
right	NN
of	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
peaceably	RB
to	TO
assemble	VB
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
petition	VB
the	DT
Government	NN
for	IN
a	DT
redress	NN
of	IN
grievances	NNS
.	.
''	''
This	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
review	VB
the	DT
current	JJ
anti-stalking	JJ
statutes	NNS
and	CC
examine	VB
how	WRB
they	PRP
apply	VBP
to	TO
stalking	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
discuss	VB
possible	JJ
problems	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
anti-stalking	JJ
statutes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
examine	VB
the	DT
problems	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
enforcement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
anti-stalking	JJ
statutes	NNS
against	IN
cyberstalkers	NNS
.	.
While	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
argued	VBN
that	IN
stalking	VBG
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
problem	NN
for	IN
hundreds	NNS
of	IN
years	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
it	PRP
has	VBZ
only	RB
been	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
decade	NN
that	IN
state	NN
laws	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
passed	VBN
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
.	.
Prior	RB
to	TO
enacting	VBG
specific	JJ
anti-stalking	JJ
statutes	NNS
,	,
stalking	VBG
was	VBD
often	RB
prosecuted	VBN
under	IN
harassment	NN
,	,
assault	NN
,	,
or	CC
domestic	JJ
violence	NN
statutes	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
However	RB
,	,
in	IN
1990	CD
after	IN
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
tragic	JJ
deaths	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
California	NNP
passed	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
anti-stalking	JJ
statute	NN
.	.
This	DT
law	NN
made	VBD
it	PRP
a	DT
crime	NN
to	TO
willfully	RB
,	,
maliciously	RB
,	,
and	CC
repeatedly	RB
harass	VB
or	CC
follow	VB
another	DT
person	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
a	DT
``	``
credible	JJ
threat	NN
''	''
with	IN
the	DT
intent	NN
to	TO
place	VB
that	DT
person	NN
in	IN
reasonable	JJ
fear	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
safety	NN
or	CC
the	DT
safety	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
immediate	JJ
family	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Since	IN
California	NNP
passed	VBD
its	PRP$
anti-stalking	JJ
statute	NN
,	,
all	DT
other	JJ
states	NNS
have	VBP
either	RB
passed	VBN
similar	JJ
statutes	NNS
or	CC
revised	VBN
other	JJ
statutes	NNS
to	TO
include	VB
stalking	VBG
activities	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
7	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Anti-stalking	JJ
statutes	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
grouped	VBN
in	IN
to	TO
three	CD
general	JJ
categories	NNS
,	,
the	DT
credible	JJ
threat	NN
model	NN
,	,
the	DT
two-tiered	JJ
,	,
non-credible	JJ
threat	NN
model	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
literal	JJ
stalking	VBG
,	,
non-credible	JJ
threat	NN
model	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
8	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
While	IN
each	DT
state	NN
law	NN
may	MD
differ	VB
slightly	RB
,	,
these	DT
three	CD
categories	NNS
are	VBP
representative	NN
of	IN
the	DT
anti-stalking	JJ
laws	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
whole	NN
.	.
The	DT
California	NNP
anti-stalking	JJ
law	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
9	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
an	DT
example	NN
of	IN
the	DT
credible	JJ
threat	NN
model	NN
.	.
California	NNP
criminalized	VBD
intentional	JJ
obsessive	JJ
harassment	NN
by	IN
someone	NN
who	WP
makes	VBZ
a	DT
credible	JJ
threat	NN
.	.
The	DT
statute	NN
has	VBZ
two	CD
actus	NN
reus	NN
elements	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
separate	JJ
means	NNS
rea	NN
requirements	NNS
.	.
First	RB
,	,
the	DT
statute	NN
requires	VBZ
willful	JJ
,	,
malicious	JJ
,	,
and	CC
repeated	VBD
following	VBG
or	CC
harassment	NN
.	.
The	DT
statute	NN
further	RBR
defines	VBZ
``	``
harass	VB
''	''
as	IN
a	DT
``	``
knowing	VBG
and	CC
willful	JJ
course	NN
of	IN
conduct	NN
directed	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
specific	JJ
person	NN
that	WDT
seriously	RB
alarms	VBZ
,	,
annoys	VBZ
,	,
torments	VBZ
,	,
or	CC
terrorizes	VBZ
the	DT
person	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
serves	VBZ
no	DT
legitimate	JJ
purpose	NN
.	.
This	DT
course	NN
of	IN
conduct	NN
must	MD
be	VB
such	JJ
as	IN
would	MD
cause	VB
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
person	NN
to	TO
suffer	VB
substantial	JJ
emotional	JJ
distress	NN
,	,
and	CC
must	MD
actually	RB
cause	VB
substantial	JJ
emotional	JJ
distress	NN
to	TO
the	DT
person	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
10	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
statute	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
define	VB
following	VBG
,	,
but	CC
rather	RB
assumes	VBZ
that	IN
its	PRP$
meaning	NN
is	VBZ
clear	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
11	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
requirement	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
conduct	NN
results	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
credible	JJ
threat	NN
.	.
A	DT
credible	JJ
threat	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
12	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
requires	VBZ
the	DT
victim	NN
to	TO
reasonably	RB
fear	VB
for	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
safety	NN
and	CC
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
must	MD
have	VB
intent	NN
and	CC
ability	NN
to	TO
complete	VB
the	DT
threat	NN
.	.
The	DT
statute	NN
further	RBR
defines	VBZ
aggravated	VBN
stalking	VBG
as	IN
willful	JJ
,	,
malicious	JJ
,	,
and	CC
repeated	VBD
following	VBG
or	CC
harassment	NN
of	IN
another	DT
person	NN
and	CC
making	VBG
a	DT
credible	JJ
threat	NN
with	IN
the	DT
intent	NN
to	TO
place	VB
that	DT
person	NN
in	IN
reasonable	JJ
fear	NN
of	IN
death	NN
or	CC
bodily	JJ
injury	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
17	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
Florida	NNP
statute	NN
,	,
stalking	VBG
is	VBZ
a	DT
misdemeanor	NN
in	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
degree	NN
and	CC
aggravated	VBN
stalking	VBG
is	VBZ
a	DT
felony	NN
of	IN
the	DT
third	JJ
degree	NN
.	.
This	DT
statute	NN
differs	VBZ
from	IN
the	DT
California	NNP
statute	NN
in	IN
two	CD
major	JJ
ways	NNS
.	.
First	RB
,	,
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
require	VB
that	IN
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
have	VBP
the	DT
apparent	JJ
ability	NN
to	TO
carry	VB
out	RP
the	DT
threat	NN
.	.
Secondly	RB
,	,
it	PRP
provides	VBZ
an	DT
exception	NN
to	TO
the	DT
credible	JJ
threat	NN
if	IN
the	DT
person	NN
commits	VBZ
stalking	VBG
-LRB-	-LRB-
lesser	JJR
offense	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
violation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
court	NN
order	NN
.	.
Although	IN
,	,
the	DT
Florida	NNP
and	CC
California	NNP
statutes	NNS
are	VBP
similar	JJ
,	,
the	DT
Florida	NNP
statute	NN
reaches	VBZ
further	RBR
than	IN
the	DT
California	NNP
Statute	NNP
because	IN
it	PRP
creates	VBZ
immediate	JJ
criminal	JJ
liability	NN
without	IN
physical	JJ
attack	NN
or	CC
threat	NN
of	IN
attack	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
18	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
the	DT
Connecticut	NNP
anti-stalking	JJ
law	NN
defines	VBZ
stalking	VBG
in	IN
literal	JJ
terms	NNS
rather	RB
than	IN
harassing	VBG
behavior	NN
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
,	,
stalking	VBG
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
as	IN
intentional	JJ
and	CC
willful	JJ
following	VBG
or	CC
lying	VBG
in	IN
wait	NN
for	IN
such	JJ
other	JJ
person	NN
and	CC
causes	VBZ
such	JJ
other	JJ
person	NN
to	TO
reasonably	RB
fear	VB
for	IN
his	PRP$
physical	JJ
safety	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
19	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
Connecticut	NNP
law	NN
is	VBZ
much	JJ
narrower	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
California	NNP
or	CC
Florida	NNP
statute	NN
in	IN
that	DT
it	PRP
only	RB
includes	VBZ
literal	JJ
stalking	VBG
behavior	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
20	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
However	RB
,	,
where	WRB
there	EX
are	VBP
situations	NNS
of	IN
literal	JJ
stalking	VBG
,	,
it	PRP
reaches	VBZ
further	RBR
than	IN
the	DT
California	NNP
or	CC
Florida	NNP
statutes	NNS
because	IN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
require	VB
a	DT
credible	JJ
threat	NN
.	.
Whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
current	JJ
state	NN
stalking	VBG
statutes	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
prosecute	VB
persons	NNS
who	WP
commit	VBP
cyberstalking	NN
will	MD
generally	RB
depend	VB
on	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
state	NN
statute	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
being	VBG
considered	VBN
.	.
While	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
statutes	NNS
do	VBP
specifically	RB
deal	VB
with	IN
computer	NN
contact	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
number	NN
more	RBR
are	VBP
broad	JJ
enough	RB
to	TO
allow	VB
an	DT
argument	NN
that	WDT
cyberstalking	VBG
should	MD
apply	VB
,	,
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
statutes	NNS
simply	RB
were	VBD
not	RB
written	VBN
with	IN
cyberstalking	VBG
in	IN
mind	NN
and	CC
thus	RB
can	MD
not	RB
easily	RB
be	VB
applied	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
cyberstalking	VBG
situation	NN
.	.
Although	IN
,	,
these	DT
statutes	NNS
do	VBP
assist	VB
in	IN
combating	VBG
the	DT
stalking	VBG
problem	NN
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
very	RB
much	RB
limited	VBN
in	IN
their	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
combat	VB
cyberstalking	NN
.	.
The	DT
Interstate	NNP
Stalking	NNP
Act	NNP
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
because	IN
it	PRP
requires	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
cross	NN
state	NN
lines	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
one	CD
could	MD
make	VB
the	DT
argument	NN
that	WDT
Internet	NNP
communication	NN
does	VBZ
cross	VB
state	NN
lines	NNS
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
18	CD
USC	NNP
875	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
requires	VBZ
an	DT
actual	JJ
threat	NN
be	VB
made	VBN
against	IN
the	DT
victim	NN
.	.
As	IN
demonstrated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Baker	NNP
case	NN
,	,
anything	NN
less	RBR
that	IN
a	DT
direct	JJ
threat	NN
made	VBN
against	IN
the	DT
victim	NN
may	MD
fall	VB
short	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
needed	VBN
to	TO
prosecute	VB
cyberstalking	NN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
concerns	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
state	NN
laws	NNS
that	WDT
cover	VBP
Internet	NNP
communication	NN
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
anti-stalking	JJ
statutes	NNS
is	VBZ
whether	IN
the	DT
laws	NNS
will	MD
hold	VB
up	RP
to	TO
a	DT
constitutional	JJ
challenge	NN
.	.
In	IN
Grayned	NNP
v.	CC
City	NNP
of	IN
Rockford	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
33	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
held	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
criminal	JJ
law	NN
must	MD
clearly	RB
define	VB
what	WP
conduct	VB
it	PRP
prohibits	VBZ
,	,
otherwise	RB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
void	NN
for	IN
vagueness	NN
under	IN
the	DT
Fourteenth	NNP
and	CC
Fifth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
right	NN
to	TO
due	JJ
process	NN
of	IN
law	NN
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
for	IN
requiring	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
be	VB
clearly	RB
defined	VBN
is	VBZ
to	TO
allow	VB
people	NNS
of	IN
ordinary	JJ
intelligence	NN
notice	NN
of	IN
what	WP
conduct	NN
is	VBZ
illegal	JJ
and	CC
to	TO
eliminate	VB
arbitrary	JJ
and	CC
discriminatory	JJ
enforcement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
by	IN
police	NNS
officers	NNS
,	,
judges	NNS
,	,
and	CC
juries	NNS
.	.
The	DT
anti-stalking	JJ
statutes	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
challenged	VBN
because	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
too	RB
broad	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
required	JJ
notice	NN
to	TO
ordinary	JJ
citizens	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
provide	VB
specific	JJ
application	NN
by	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
officials	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
34	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
statutes	NNS
prohibit	VBP
conduct	NN
intended	VBN
to	TO
harass	VB
,	,
annoy	NN
or	CC
alarm	NN
another	DT
person	NN
.	.
What	WP
exactly	RB
constitutes	VBZ
harassment	NN
or	CC
alarm	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
specific	JJ
enough	JJ
to	TO
survive	VB
the	DT
vagueness	NN
doctrine	NN
.	.
The	DT
other	JJ
extreme	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
laws	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
drafted	VBN
too	RB
narrow	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
effective	JJ
against	IN
the	DT
activity	NN
which	WDT
they	PRP
wish	VBP
to	TO
control	VB
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
constitutional	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
other	JJ
specific	JJ
problems	NNS
that	WDT
surround	VBP
cyberstalking	VBG
.	.
These	DT
problems	NNS
include	VBP
what	WP
is	VBZ
a	DT
credible	JJ
threat	NN
in	IN
an	DT
Internet	NNP
situation	NN
or	CC
can	MD
an	DT
E-mail	NN
result	NN
in	IN
reasonable	JJ
fear	NN
of	IN
physical	JJ
harm	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
39	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
problem	NN
with	IN
these	DT
requirements	NNS
has	VBZ
a	DT
lot	NN
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
the	DT
unique	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
communication	NN
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
allows	VBZ
persons	NNS
from	IN
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
to	TO
communicate	VB
directly	RB
with	IN
one	CD
another	DT
without	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
person	NN
knowing	VBG
their	PRP$
physical	JJ
location	NN
.	.
Credible	JJ
threat	NN
is	VBZ
generally	RB
defined	VBN
as	IN
having	VBG
the	DT
intent	NN
and	CC
ability	NN
to	TO
carry	VB
out	RP
the	DT
threat	NN
.	.
Under	IN
this	DT
definition	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
very	RB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
a	DT
threat	NN
received	VBN
is	VBZ
credible	JJ
.	.
The	DT
victim	NN
is	VBZ
unaware	JJ
of	IN
who	WP
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
is	VBZ
and	CC
where	WRB
he	PRP
is	VBZ
physically	RB
located	VBN
.	.
Along	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
lines	NNS
,	,
is	VBZ
it	PRP
reasonable	JJ
to	TO
fear	VB
someone	NN
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
know	VB
and	CC
can	MD
not	RB
locate	VB
?	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
is	VBZ
it	PRP
reasonable	JJ
to	TO
fear	VB
someone	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
in	IN
another	DT
country	NN
?	.
These	DT
are	VBP
the	DT
factual	JJ
issues	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
determined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
in	IN
looking	VBG
at	IN
cyberstalking	VBG
cases	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
has	VBZ
begun	VBN
to	TO
present	VB
seemingly	RB
complex	JJ
and	CC
intricate	JJ
issues	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
law	NN
today	NN
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
understand	VB
these	DT
issues	NNS
we	PRP
must	MD
first	RB
understand	VB
what	WP
is	VBZ
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
complex	JJ
series	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
networks	NNS
upon	IN
computer	NN
networks	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
connected	VBN
by	IN
telephone	NN
lines	NNS
,	,
satellites	NNS
and	CC
computer	NN
terminals	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
40	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
When	WRB
a	DT
person	NN
accesses	VBZ
the	DT
Internet	NNP
she	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
entering	VBG
the	DT
``	``
third	JJ
dimension	NN
''	''
but	CC
rather	RB
is	VBZ
connecting	VBG
her	PRP$
computer	NN
to	TO
another	DT
computer	NN
in	IN
another	DT
location	NN
via	IN
the	DT
linkages	NNS
of	IN
telephone	NN
lines	NNS
and	CC
satellite	NN
communications	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
actual	JJ
physical	JJ
locations	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
with	IN
the	DT
exception	NN
of	IN
satellites	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
where	WRB
each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
communication	NN
links	NNS
are	VBP
located	VBN
.	.
These	DT
physical	JJ
locations	NNS
are	VBP
unknown	JJ
to	TO
an	DT
end	NN
user	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
seamless	JJ
transition	NN
from	IN
one	CD
computer	NN
network	NN
which	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
grounded	VBN
in	IN
Los	NNP
Angeles	NNP
to	TO
another	DT
computer	NN
network	NN
grounded	VBN
in	IN
Tokyo	NNP
,	,
Japan	NNP
.	.
These	DT
seamless	JJ
and	CC
invisible	JJ
transitions	NNS
present	JJ
unique	JJ
jurisdictional	JJ
issues	NNS
involving	VBG
crimes	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
events	NNS
occurring	VBG
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
understand	VB
how	WRB
these	DT
new	JJ
issues	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
treated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
first	JJ
understand	VB
how	WRB
the	DT
courts	NNS
have	VBP
applied	VBN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
under	IN
traditional	JJ
mechanisms	NNS
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
section	NN
will	MD
provide	VB
a	DT
brief	JJ
overview	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Courts	NNPS
treatment	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
employing	VBG
traditional	JJ
mechanisms	NNS
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
section	NN
will	MD
provide	VB
some	DT
a	DT
brief	JJ
overview	NN
of	IN
recent	JJ
developments	NNS
in	IN
courts	NNS
treatment	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
involving	VBG
events	NNS
and	CC
crimes	NNS
other	JJ
than	IN
cyberstalking	VBG
.	.
The	DT
third	JJ
and	CC
final	JJ
section	NN
will	MD
discuss	VB
recent	JJ
developments	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
involving	VBG
cyberstalking	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
obvious	JJ
to	TO
see	VB
the	DT
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
issues	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
arise	VB
through	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Does	VBZ
an	DT
Internet	NNP
user	NN
establish	VB
minimum	JJ
contacts	NNS
by	IN
merely	RB
logging	VBG
onto	IN
Internet	NNP
and	CC
sending	VBG
an	DT
e-mail	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
transmitted	VBN
from	IN
Georgia	NNP
through	IN
Utah	NNP
into	IN
California	NNP
?	.
Has	VBZ
an	DT
Internet	NNP
user	NN
purposefully	RB
availed	VBD
herself	PRP
to	TO
a	DT
foreign	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
by	IN
posting	VBG
a	DT
website	NN
on	IN
a	DT
local	JJ
network	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
accessed	VBN
by	IN
users	NNS
in	IN
foreign	JJ
jurisdictions	NNS
?	.
What	WP
constitutes	VBZ
physical	JJ
presence	NN
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
of	IN
cyberspace	NN
?	.
The	DT
cases	NNS
below	IN
attempt	NN
to	TO
address	VB
some	DT
of	IN
these	DT
issues	NNS
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
``	``
minimum	JJ
contacts	NNS
''	''
were	VBD
insufficient	JJ
,	,
that	IN
suit	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
reasonably	RB
foreseeable	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
and	CC
that	IN
jurisdiction	NN
would	MD
violate	VB
``	``
traditional	JJ
notions	NNS
of	IN
fair	JJ
dealing	NN
and	CC
substantial	JJ
justice	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
65	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
merely	RB
accessing	VBG
the	DT
server	NN
and	CC
mailing	NN
payments	NNS
to	TO
Florida	NNP
were	VBD
insufficient	JJ
contacts	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
totality	NN
of	IN
circumstances	NNS
did	VBD
not	RB
demonstrate	VB
the	DT
necessary	JJ
``	``
presence	NN
''	''
for	IN
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
66	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Finally	RB
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
warned	VBD
that	IN
finding	VBG
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
would	MD
herald	VB
a	DT
substantial	JJ
danger	NN
to	TO
the	DT
livelihood	NN
of	IN
on-line	JJ
communications	NNS
and	CC
legal	JJ
power	NN
over	IN
those	DT
who	WP
utilized	VBD
them	PRP
.	.
This	DT
case	NN
will	MD
have	VB
a	DT
dramatic	JJ
impact	NN
upon	IN
future	JJ
prosecution	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
related	JJ
crimes	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
vast	JJ
majority	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
messages	NNS
are	VBP
transmitted	VBN
across	IN
state	NN
lines	NNS
into	IN
centralized	JJ
repositories	NNS
,	,
prosecutors	NNS
will	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
have	VBP
to	TO
address	VB
inconsistent	JJ
or	CC
poorly	RB
written	VBN
state	NN
statutes	NNS
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
utilize	VB
stronger	JJR
and	CC
clearer	JJR
federal	JJ
statutes	NNS
.	.
While	IN
criminal	JJ
protsecution	NN
may	MD
be	VB
the	DT
best	JJS
alternative	NN
for	IN
protection	NN
from	IN
cyberstalking	VBG
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
possible	JJ
to	TO
bring	VB
a	DT
successful	JJ
claim	NN
under	IN
civil	JJ
tort	NN
claims	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
75	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Specifically	RB
,	,
assault	NN
,	,
intentional	JJ
infliction	NN
of	IN
emotional	JJ
distress	NN
,	,
and	CC
invasion	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
may	MD
provide	VB
recourse	NN
to	TO
the	DT
victim	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
76	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
While	IN
these	DT
alternatives	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
result	VB
in	IN
the	DT
criminal	JJ
punishment	NN
for	IN
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
,	,
the	DT
economic	JJ
penalties	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
available	JJ
may	MD
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
deterrent	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
the	DT
stalker	NN
from	IN
continuing	VBG
in	IN
his	PRP$
stalking	VBG
.	.
Assault	NN
requires	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
intend	VBP
to	TO
cause	VB
harmful	JJ
or	CC
offensive	JJ
physical	JJ
contact	NN
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
victim	NN
be	VB
put	VBN
in	IN
apprehension	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
contact	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
77	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
cyberstalking	NN
,	,
this	DT
would	MD
pose	VB
similar	JJ
problem	NN
as	IN
the	DT
credible	JJ
threat	NN
requirement	NN
from	IN
the	DT
anti-stalking	JJ
statutes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
victim	NN
will	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
prove	VB
that	IN
the	DT
stalker	NN
had	VBD
the	DT
ability	NN
and	CC
intent	NN
to	TO
carry	VB
out	RP
his	PRP$
threats	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
78	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
an	DT
easy	JJ
task	NN
if	IN
the	DT
two	CD
persons	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
located	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
geographical	JJ
location	NN
.	.
A	DT
second	JJ
tort	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
apply	VB
to	TO
cyberstalking	VBG
activities	NNS
is	VBZ
intentional	JJ
infliction	NN
of	IN
emotional	JJ
distress	NN
.	.
Generally	RB
,	,
intentional	JJ
infliction	NN
of	IN
emotional	JJ
distress	NN
requires	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
conduct	NN
of	IN
the	DT
actor	NN
intentionally	RB
or	CC
recklessly	RB
takes	VBZ
a	DT
course	NN
of	IN
action	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
extreme	JJ
,	,
outrageous	JJ
,	,
and	CC
causes	VBZ
severe	JJ
emotional	JJ
distress	NN
to	TO
the	DT
victim	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
79	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
applying	VBG
this	DT
standard	NN
to	TO
a	DT
cyberstalking	VBG
situation	NN
,	,
the	DT
burden	NN
of	IN
the	DT
victim	NN
is	VBZ
very	RB
high	JJ
.	.
Courts	NNS
are	VBP
very	RB
reluctant	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
conduct	NN
``	``
outrageous	JJ
''	''
under	IN
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
person	NN
standard	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
80	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
situation	NN
will	MD
support	VB
such	PDT
a	DT
claim	NN
,	,
this	DT
tort	NN
claim	NN
may	MD
provide	VB
adequate	JJ
recourse	NN
to	TO
a	DT
stalking	VBG
victim	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
invasion	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
may	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
in	IN
situations	NNS
of	IN
cyberstalking	VBG
.	.
The	DT
general	JJ
standard	NN
to	TO
be	VB
applied	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
tort	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
conduct	NN
must	MD
be	VB
something	NN
in	IN
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
prying	JJ
or	CC
intrusion	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
offensive	JJ
or	CC
objectionable	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
person	NN
.	.
The	DT
subject	JJ
matter	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
being	VBG
intruded	VBD
upon	IN
must	MD
be	VB
of	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
nature	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
81	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
tort	NN
may	MD
offer	VB
another	DT
alternative	NN
to	TO
combat	VB
the	DT
actions	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
stalker	NN
.	.
This	DT
tort	NN
would	MD
especially	RB
be	VB
useful	JJ
in	IN
situations	NNS
where	WRB
the	DT
stalker	NN
is	VBZ
using	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
to	TO
collect	VB
data	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
through	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
using	VBG
that	DT
information	NN
to	TO
harass	VB
or	CC
threaten	VB
the	DT
victim	NN
.	.
While	IN
these	DT
tort	NN
actions	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
as	IN
an	DT
alternative	NN
to	TO
anti-stalking	JJ
laws	NNS
,	,
courts	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
hesitant	JJ
to	TO
extend	VB
the	DT
application	NN
of	IN
tort	NN
theories	NNS
to	TO
new	JJ
crimes	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
82	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
circumstances	NNS
of	IN
cyberstalking	NN
activity	NN
allow	VBP
for	IN
a	DT
claim	NN
under	IN
the	DT
standards	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
through	IN
the	DT
common	JJ
law	NN
,	,
the	DT
economic	JJ
penalties	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
useful	JJ
tool	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
a	DT
victim	NN
from	IN
the	DT
harassment	NN
of	IN
a	DT
stalker	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
while	IN
trademark	NN
owners	NNS
rightfully	RB
expect	VBP
to	TO
have	VB
their	PRP$
marks	NNS
protected	VBN
from	IN
all	DT
damaging	JJ
use	NN
by	IN
others	NNS
,	,
the	DT
case	NN
law	NN
only	RB
involves	VBZ
the	DT
unauthorized	JJ
commercial	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
trademarks	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
one	CD
problem	NN
with	IN
the	DT
enforcement	NN
of	IN
trademark	NN
rights	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
limitation	NN
of	IN
particular	JJ
enforcement	NN
mechanisms	NNS
to	TO
commercial	JJ
use	NN
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
user	NN
attempted	VBN
to	TO
trade	VB
on	IN
the	DT
value	NN
of	IN
the	DT
mark	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
the	DT
user	NN
to	TO
be	VB
engaged	VBN
in	IN
commerce	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
user	NN
prevented	VBD
the	DT
trademark	NN
owner	NN
from	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
mark	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
thereby	RB
lessening	VBG
the	DT
selling	NN
power	NN
of	IN
the	DT
mark	NN
for	IN
the	DT
owner	NN
,	,
and	CC
found	VBD
him	PRP
liable	JJ
for	IN
trademark	NN
dilution	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
for	IN
any	DT
number	NN
of	IN
reasons	NNS
,	,
a	DT
company	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
purchase	VB
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
from	IN
an	DT
unauthorized	JJ
user	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
company	NN
has	VBZ
multiple	JJ
trademarks	NNS
,	,
all	DT
or	CC
most	JJS
of	IN
which	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
registered	VBN
as	IN
domain	NN
names	NNS
by	IN
someone	NN
else	RB
,	,
purchasing	VBG
the	DT
names	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
costly	JJ
.	.
Likewise	RB
,	,
a	DT
small	JJ
company	NN
with	IN
only	RB
one	CD
trademark	NN
possibly	RB
can	MD
not	RB
afford	VB
to	TO
purchase	VB
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
from	IN
an	DT
unauthorized	JJ
user	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
meantime	NN
,	,
the	DT
company	NN
is	VBZ
unable	JJ
to	TO
use	VB
its	PRP$
trademark	NN
as	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
to	TO
market	VB
its	PRP$
products	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
the	DT
selling	NN
power	NN
of	IN
the	DT
trademark	NN
for	IN
the	DT
company	NN
is	VBZ
diminished	VBN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
while	IN
the	DT
Lanham	NNP
Act	NNP
has	VBZ
proven	VBN
effective	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
enforcement	NN
of	IN
trademark	NN
rights	NNS
in	IN
commercial	JJ
use	NN
,	,
the	DT
Act	NNP
is	VBZ
ineffective	JJ
when	WRB
non-commercial	JJ
use	NN
prevents	VBZ
trademark	NN
owners	NNS
from	IN
using	VBG
their	PRP$
marks	NNS
.	.
Intellectual	NNP
Property	NNP
Organization	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
WIPO	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
an	DT
arm	NN
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
Nations	NNPS
,	,
is	VBZ
developing	VBG
uniform	JJ
guidelines	NNS
to	TO
address	VB
disputes	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
trademarks	NNS
and	CC
Internet	NNP
domain	NN
names	NNS
.	.
One	CD
significant	JJ
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
guidelines	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
prevent	VB
jurisdictional	JJ
issues	NNS
from	IN
interfering	VBG
with	IN
international	JJ
enforcement	NN
of	IN
trademark	NN
rights	NNS
.	.
Agreement	NN
to	TO
follow	VB
the	DT
guidelines	NNS
is	VBZ
made	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
voluntary	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
The	DT
U.S.	NNP
House	NNP
of	IN
Representatives	NNPS
passed	VBD
a	DT
bill	NN
to	TO
amend	VB
the	DT
Lanham	NNP
Act	NNP
to	TO
incorporate	VB
WIPO	NNP
's	POS
guidelines	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
bill	NN
is	VBZ
now	RB
pending	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Senate	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
appears	VBZ
,	,
however	RB
,	,
that	IN
application	NN
of	IN
the	DT
guidelines	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
limited	VBN
to	TO
commercial	JJ
usage	NN
of	IN
trademarks	NNS
.	.
The	DT
act	NN
sought	VBD
to	TO
criminalize	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
any	DT
trademark	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
where	WRB
the	DT
use	NN
implied	VBD
permission	NN
by	IN
the	DT
trademark	NN
owner	NN
.	.
Notwithstanding	IN
the	DT
goal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
,	,
the	DT
protection	NN
of	IN
trademarks	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
from	IN
unauthorized	JJ
use	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
the	DT
law	NN
appeared	VBD
to	TO
also	RB
encompass	VB
the	DT
non-commercial	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
hyperlinks	NNS
and	CC
anonymous	JJ
e-mail	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
although	IN
the	DT
legislature	NN
intended	VBD
the	DT
statute	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
fraud	NN
and	CC
the	DT
presence	NN
of	IN
misleading	VBG
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
challengers	NNS
argued	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
overly	RB
broad	JJ
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
plaintiffs	NNS
argued	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
law	NN
was	VBD
overly	RB
broad	JJ
and	CC
vague	JJ
,	,
and	CC
violated	VBD
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
had	VBD
the	DT
effect	NN
of	IN
regulating	VBG
commerce	NN
outside	IN
the	DT
state	NN
boundaries	NNS
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
agreed	VBD
with	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
and	CC
enjoined	VBD
the	DT
state	NN
from	IN
enforcing	VBG
the	DT
law	NN
.	.
Despite	IN
the	DT
court	NN
's	POS
injunction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Georgia	NNP
statute	NN
,	,
Georgia	NNP
's	POS
concerns	NNS
about	IN
trademark	NN
protection	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
are	VBP
valid	JJ
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
after	IN
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
states	NNS
'	POS
efforts	NNS
to	TO
draft	VB
similar	JJ
laws	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
dampened	VBN
.	.
One	CD
problem	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
uniformity	NN
.	.
One	CD
state	NN
's	POS
law	NN
may	MD
be	VB
very	RB
narrow	JJ
while	IN
another	DT
state	NN
's	POS
effort	NN
may	MD
be	VB
overly	RB
broad	JJ
like	IN
the	DT
Georgia	NNP
statute	NN
.	.
Another	DT
problem	NN
exists	VBZ
where	WRB
individuals	NNS
will	MD
have	VB
no	DT
notice	NN
of	IN
what	WP
can	MD
and	CC
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
done	VBN
from	IN
state	NN
to	TO
state	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
interstate	JJ
medium	NN
,	,
a	DT
state	NN
statute	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
enforced	VBN
without	IN
violating	VBG
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
.	.
A	DT
company	NN
may	MD
discover	VB
that	IN
an	DT
unauthorized	JJ
user	NN
has	VBZ
registered	VBN
its	PRP$
trademark	NN
as	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
after	IN
attempting	VBG
to	TO
register	VB
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
itself	PRP
or	CC
locating	VBG
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
using	VBG
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
.	.
Network	NNP
Solutions	NNPS
,	,
Inc.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NSI	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
federally	RB
contracted	VBN
company	NN
responsible	JJ
for	IN
registering	VBG
Internet	NNP
domain	NN
names	NNS
,	,
has	VBZ
a	DT
policy	NN
to	TO
register	VB
names	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
first	JJ
come	VBN
,	,
first	JJ
served	VBD
basis	NN
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
registration	NN
process	NN
,	,
NSI	NNP
requires	VBZ
registrants	NNS
to	TO
indicate	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
legal	JJ
right	NN
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
desired	VBN
domain	NN
names	NNS
,	,
but	CC
does	VBZ
nothing	NN
to	TO
verify	VB
any	DT
rights	NNS
.	.
Where	WRB
a	DT
trademark	NN
owner	NN
could	MD
suffer	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
fate	NN
when	WRB
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
registrant	NN
uses	VBZ
a	DT
trademark	NN
for	IN
non-commercial	JJ
purposes	NNS
,	,
the	DT
trademark	NN
owner	NN
also	RB
should	MD
be	VB
accorded	VBN
protection	NN
from	IN
the	DT
unauthorized	JJ
use	NN
.	.
Meta-tags	NNS
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
do	VBP
not	RB
appear	VB
on	IN
web	NN
pages	NNS
.	.
Rather	RB
,	,
meta-tags	NNS
are	VBP
embedded	VBN
within	IN
in	IN
the	DT
language	NN
used	VBN
to	TO
create	VB
web	NN
pages	NNS
and	CC
consist	VBP
of	IN
key	JJ
words	NNS
with	IN
which	WDT
search	NN
engines	NNS
locate	VBP
web	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
an	DT
Internet	NNP
user	NN
searching	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
with	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
trademark	NN
actually	RB
may	MD
locate	VB
a	DT
site	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
no	DT
real	JJ
affiliation	NN
with	IN
the	DT
trademark	NN
holder	NN
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
the	DT
Internet	NNP
user	NN
may	MD
not	RB
search	VB
any	DT
further	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
originally	RB
intended	VBD
to	TO
visit	VB
.	.
A	DT
trademark	NN
holder	NN
may	MD
view	VB
the	DT
language	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
an	DT
individual	JJ
or	CC
another	DT
entity	NN
created	VBD
a	DT
web	NN
page	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
its	PRP$
trademark	NN
is	VBZ
embedded	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
meta-tag	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
unless	IN
the	DT
trademark	NN
holder	NN
has	VBZ
become	VBN
aware	JJ
of	IN
infringing	VBG
or	CC
diluting	VBG
use	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
trademark	NN
,	,
the	DT
holder	NN
potentially	RB
could	MD
never	RB
discover	VB
the	DT
damaging	JJ
use	NN
.	.
Once	RB
again	RB
,	,
the	DT
laws	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
protect	VB
trademark	NN
holders	NNS
are	VBP
applicable	JJ
only	RB
to	TO
unauthorized	JJ
commercial	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
trademarks	NNS
.	.
Trademark	NN
holders	NNS
have	VBP
significantly	RB
less	JJR
protection	NN
from	IN
potentially	RB
damaging	JJ
non-commercial	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
trademarks	NNS
.	.
Registration	NNP
Services	NNPS
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
several	JJ
companies	NNS
that	WDT
manage	VBP
domain	NN
name	NN
databases	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
information	NN
maintained	VBN
by	IN
these	DT
organizations	NNS
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
to	TO
trademarks	NNS
registered	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
PTO	NNP
and	CC
domain	NN
names	NNS
listed	VBN
with	IN
InterNIC	NNP
.	.
Sophisticated	JJ
web	NN
page	NN
developers	NNS
have	VBP
access	NN
to	TO
tools	NNS
that	WDT
allow	VBP
easy	JJ
access	NN
and	CC
exploitation	NN
of	IN
trademarks	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
pure	JJ
forms	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
more	JJR
than	IN
ever	RB
before	RB
,	,
potentially	RB
damaging	JJ
non-commercial	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
trademarks	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
to	TO
create	VB
confusion	NN
among	IN
consumers	NNS
and	CC
decrease	VB
the	DT
value	NN
of	IN
marks	NNS
to	TO
their	PRP$
owners	NNS
.	.
Until	IN
Congress	NNP
acts	VBZ
,	,
both	DT
the	DT
PTO	NNP
and	CC
NSI	NNP
should	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
work	VB
more	RBR
closely	RB
to	TO
assure	VB
better	JJR
policing	VBG
of	IN
potentially	RB
infringing	VBG
or	CC
diluting	VBG
Internet	NNP
domain	NN
names	NNS
.	.
Perhaps	RB
the	DT
cross-referencing	NN
of	IN
databases	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
the	DT
starting	VBG
point	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
as	IN
a	DT
condition	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
contract	NN
,	,
the	DT
government	NN
should	MD
require	VB
NSI	NNP
to	TO
become	VB
more	RBR
involved	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
prevention	NN
and	CC
resolution	NN
of	IN
domain	NN
name	NN
disputes	NNS
.	.
Infrastructure	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
NII	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
its	PRP$
popular	JJ
public	JJ
part	NN
,	,
the	DT
``	``
Internet	NNP
,	,
''	''
has	VBZ
created	VBN
unprecedented	JJ
opportunities	NNS
for	IN
government	NN
and	CC
private	JJ
industry	NN
to	TO
collect	VB
,	,
organize	VB
,	,
and	CC
share	NN
information	NN
on	IN
individuals	NNS
.	.
Yet	RB
to	TO
many	JJ
the	DT
danger	NN
seems	VBZ
remote	JJ
and	CC
diffused	VBD
:	:
a	DT
few	JJ
extra	JJ
pieces	NNS
of	IN
targeted	JJ
junk	NN
mail	NN
,	,
another	DT
telemarketer	NN
calling	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
evening	NN
,	,
another	DT
on-line	JJ
form	NN
to	TO
fill	VB
out	RP
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
then	RB
ask	VB
whether	IN
Foucault	NNP
's	POS
panopticism	NN
does	VBZ
indeed	RB
describe	VBP
modern	JJ
information	NN
surveillance	NN
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
consider	VB
a	DT
utilitarian	JJ
counterargument	NN
to	TO
the	DT
idea	NN
that	IN
a	DT
pervasive	JJ
modern	JJ
panopticism	NN
is	VBZ
something	NN
to	TO
be	VB
feared	VBN
and	CC
avoided	VBN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
suggest	VB
technological	JJ
and	CC
legal	JJ
bulwarks	NNS
against	IN
an	DT
emerging	VBG
panoptic	JJ
dataveillance	NN
.	.
I	PRP
will	MD
review	VB
American	JJ
data	NNS
privacy	NN
law	NN
,	,
concluding	VBG
that	IN
in	IN
general	JJ
it	PRP
is	VBZ
inadequate	JJ
and	CC
unprincipled	JJ
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
symbol	NN
of	IN
manipulation	NN
,	,
it	PRP
crystallizes	VBZ
the	DT
sinister	JJ
side	NN
of	IN
modern	JJ
dataveillance	NN
,	,
that	IN
vague	JJ
aspect	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Information	NNP
Age	NNP
that	WDT
makes	VBZ
us	PRP
uneasy	JJ
without	IN
knowing	VBG
exactly	RB
why	WRB
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
paradigm	NN
of	IN
manipulation	NN
,	,
it	PRP
focuses	VBZ
technological	JJ
and	CC
legal	JJ
efforts	NNS
to	TO
protect	VB
personal	JJ
data	NNS
privacy	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
technology	NN
and	CC
law	NN
must	MD
now	RB
weigh	VB
the	DT
benefits	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Information	NNP
Age	NNP
against	IN
both	DT
Big	JJ
Brother	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Panopticon	NNP
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
know	VBP
the	DT
principle	NN
:	:
at	IN
the	DT
periphery	NN
,	,
an	DT
annular	JJ
building	NN
;	:
at	IN
the	DT
center	NN
,	,
a	DT
tower	NN
;	:
this	DT
tower	NN
is	VBZ
pierced	VBN
with	IN
wide	JJ
windows	NNS
that	WDT
open	VBP
onto	IN
the	DT
inner	JJ
side	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ring	NN
;	:
the	DT
peripheric	JJ
building	NN
is	VBZ
divided	VBN
into	IN
cells	NNS
,	,
each	DT
of	IN
which	WDT
extends	VBZ
the	DT
whole	JJ
width	NN
of	IN
the	DT
building	NN
;	:
they	PRP
have	VBP
two	CD
windows	NNS
,	,
one	CD
on	IN
the	DT
inside	NN
,	,
corresponding	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
windows	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
tower	NN
;	:
the	DT
other	JJ
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
outside	JJ
,	,
allows	VBZ
the	DT
light	NN
to	TO
cross	VB
the	DT
cell	NN
from	IN
one	CD
end	NN
to	TO
the	DT
other	JJ
.	.
All	DT
that	WDT
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
,	,
then	RB
,	,
is	VBZ
to	TO
place	VB
a	DT
supervisor	NN
in	IN
a	DT
central	JJ
tower	NN
and	CC
to	TO
confine	VB
in	IN
each	DT
cell	NN
a	DT
madman	NN
,	,
someone	NN
sick	JJ
,	,
someone	NN
condemned	VBN
,	,
a	DT
worker	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
schoolboy	NN
.	.
By	IN
the	DT
effect	NN
of	IN
backlighting	NN
,	,
one	CD
can	MD
observe	VB
from	IN
the	DT
tower	NN
,	,
standing	VBG
out	RP
precisely	RB
against	IN
the	DT
light	NN
,	,
the	DT
small	JJ
captive	JJ
silhouettes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
cells	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
periphery	NN
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
like	IN
so	RB
many	JJ
cages	NNS
,	,
so	RB
many	JJ
small	JJ
theaters	NNS
,	,
in	IN
which	WDT
each	DT
actor	NN
is	VBZ
alone	RB
,	,
perfectly	RB
individualized	JJ
and	CC
constantly	RB
visible	JJ
.	.
''	''
``	``
The	DT
fundamental	JJ
advantage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Panopticon	NNP
is	VBZ
so	RB
evident	JJ
that	IN
one	CD
is	VBZ
in	IN
danger	NN
of	IN
obscuring	VBG
it	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
desire	NN
to	TO
prove	VB
it	PRP
.	.
To	TO
be	VB
incessantly	RB
under	IN
the	DT
eyes	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
inspector	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
lose	VB
in	IN
effect	NN
the	DT
power	NN
to	TO
do	VB
evil	JJ
and	CC
almost	RB
the	DT
thought	NN
of	IN
wanting	VBG
to	TO
do	VB
it	PRP
.	.
''	''
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
A	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
n	JJ
investigation	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
extended	VBN
without	IN
limit	NN
to	TO
a	DT
meticulous	JJ
and	CC
ever	RB
more	RBR
analytical	JJ
observation	NN
,	,
a	DT
judgment	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
be	VB
the	DT
constitution	NN
of	IN
a	DT
file	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
never	RB
closed	VBN
,	,
the	DT
calculated	JJ
leniency	NN
of	IN
a	DT
penalty	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
interlaced	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
ruthless	JJ
curiosity	NN
of	IN
an	DT
examination	NN
...	:
''	''
Here	RB
I	PRP
will	MD
suggest	VB
technological	JJ
and	CC
legal	JJ
bulwarks	NNS
against	IN
an	DT
emerging	VBG
panoptic	JJ
dataveillance	NN
.	.
In	IN
particular	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
review	VB
American	JJ
data	NNS
privacy	NN
law	NN
,	,
concluding	VBG
that	IN
in	IN
general	JJ
it	PRP
is	VBZ
inadequate	JJ
and	CC
unprincipled	JJ
.	.
Public	NNP
key	JJ
encryption	NN
technology	NN
offers	VBZ
a	DT
technological	JJ
response	NN
to	TO
some	DT
important	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
panoptic	JJ
society	NN
.	.
Philip	NNP
Zimmerman	NNP
's	POS
publicly	RB
distributable	JJ
encryption	NN
program	NN
,	,
PGP	NNP
,	,
implements	VBZ
the	DT
RSA	NNP
encryption	NN
standard	NN
.	.
I	PRP
think	VBP
if	IN
one	CD
reads	VBZ
Orwell	NNP
and	CC
Huxley	NNP
carefully	RB
,	,
one	CD
realizes	VBZ
that	IN
'	''
1984	CD
'	''
is	VBZ
a	DT
state	NN
of	IN
mind	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
past	NN
,	,
dictatorships	NNS
always	RB
have	VBP
come	VBN
with	IN
hobnailed	JJ
boots	NNS
and	CC
tanks	NNS
and	CC
machine-guns	NNS
,	,
but	CC
a	DT
dictatorship	NN
of	IN
dossiers	NNS
,	,
a	DT
dictatorship	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
banks	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
just	RB
as	IN
repressive	JJ
,	,
just	RB
as	IN
chilling	VBG
and	CC
just	RB
as	IN
debilitating	VBG
on	IN
our	PRP$
constitutional	JJ
protections	NNS
.	.
The	DT
law	NN
characterizes	VBZ
the	DT
claim	NN
for	IN
control	NN
of	IN
the	DT
collection	NN
and	CC
disclosure	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
information	NN
as	IN
a	DT
right	NN
to	TO
``	``
privacy	NN
.	.
''	''
This	DT
right	NN
to	TO
data	NNS
privacy	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
should	MD
be	VB
distinguished	VBN
from	IN
another	DT
legal	JJ
right	NN
also	RB
characterized	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
right	NN
to	TO
``	``
privacy	NN
:	:
''	''
the	DT
right	NN
of	IN
autonomy	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
control	VB
intimate	JJ
decisions	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
marriage	NN
,	,
child-bearing	NN
,	,
sex	NN
,	,
pregnancy	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
right	NN
of	IN
autonomy	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
fundamental	JJ
right	NN
''	''
entitled	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
protection	NN
of	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
constitution	NN
's	POS
Fourteenth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
,	,
little	JJ
constitutional	JJ
or	CC
tort	NN
law	NN
protection	NN
exists	VBZ
for	IN
data	NNS
privacy	NN
.	.
What	WP
protection	NN
exists	VBZ
is	VBZ
statutory	JJ
,	,
as	IN
Congress	NNP
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
to	TO
a	DT
lesser	JJR
extent	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
state	NN
legislatures	NNS
have	VBP
stepped	VBN
in	IN
to	TO
fill	VB
what	WP
appears	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
gap	NN
.	.
Congress	NNP
has	VBZ
also	RB
addressed	VBN
the	DT
problem	NN
of	IN
``	``
matching	VBG
''	''
one	CD
governmental	JJ
database	NN
against	IN
another	DT
with	IN
a	DT
general	JJ
statute	NN
.	.
The	DT
Computer	NNP
Matching	NNP
and	CC
Privacy	NNP
Protection	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1988	CD
regulates	VBZ
such	JJ
database	NN
matching	NN
,	,
requiring	VBG
reports	NNS
by	IN
agencies	NNS
that	WDT
do	VBP
match	VB
records	NNS
,	,
and	CC
simultaneously	RB
setting	VBG
up	RP
procedural	JJ
requirements	NNS
for	IN
notifying	VBG
individuals	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
right	NN
to	TO
a	DT
hearing	NN
before	IN
the	DT
termination	NN
of	IN
federal	JJ
benefits	NNS
.	.
Database	NN
matching	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
prohibited	VBN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
because	IN
it	PRP
increases	VBZ
the	DT
efficiency	NN
of	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
.	.
Statutes	NNS
restrict	VBP
the	DT
release	NN
of	IN
information	NN
pertaining	VBG
to	TO
an	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
prior	JJ
treatment	NN
in	IN
an	DT
alcohol	NN
treatment	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
40	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
drug	NN
rehabilitation	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
41	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
program	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Health	NNP
and	CC
Human	NNP
Services	NNPS
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
protect	VB
social	JJ
security	NN
records	NNS
.	.
In	IN
summary	NN
,	,
except	IN
where	WRB
federal	JJ
government	NN
information	NN
gathering	NN
is	VBZ
concerned	VBN
,	,
the	DT
law	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
data	NNS
protection	NN
is	VBZ
spotty	JJ
and	CC
reactionary	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
52	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Federal	NNP
and	CC
state	NN
legislatures	NNS
are	VBP
essentially	RB
putting	VBG
out	RP
fires	NNS
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
pursuing	VBG
any	DT
principled	JJ
pattern	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
privacy	NN
legislation	NN
.	.
Identity	NN
theft	NN
involves	VBZ
the	DT
wrongful	JJ
acquiring	VBG
and	CC
use	NN
of	IN
an	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
personal	JJ
information	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
impersonate	VB
him	PRP
or	CC
her	PRP
.	.
Typically	RB
,	,
stolen	VBN
information	NN
includes	VBZ
,	,
name	NN
,	,
address	NN
,	,
telephone	NN
number	NN
,	,
social	JJ
security	NN
number	NN
,	,
driver	NN
's	POS
license	NN
number	NN
,	,
credit	NN
card	NN
numbers	NNS
,	,
bank	NN
account	NN
numbers	NNS
,	,
mother	NN
's	POS
maiden	JJ
name	NN
,	,
PINs	NNS
,	,
telephone	NN
calling	VBG
card	NN
numbers	NNS
,	,
birth	NN
certificates	NNS
,	,
and	CC
passports	NNS
.	.
The	DT
identity	NN
thief	NN
uses	VBZ
various	JJ
combinations	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
pieces	NNS
of	IN
information	NN
to	TO
buy	VB
goods	NNS
,	,
take	VBP
financial	JJ
accounts	NNS
,	,
open	JJ
new	JJ
accounts	NNS
,	,
divert	VB
mail	NN
,	,
apply	VB
for	IN
loans	NNS
,	,
apply	VB
for	IN
credit	NN
cards	NNS
,	,
acquire	VB
employment	NN
,	,
rent	VB
apartments	NNS
,	,
all	DT
in	IN
the	DT
victim	NN
's	POS
name	NN
.	.
To	TO
obtain	VB
copies	NNS
of	IN
credit	NN
reports	NNS
consumer	NN
can	MD
contact	VB
Equifax	NNP
,	,
TransUnion	NNP
,	,
or	CC
Experian	JJ
.34	CD
After	IN
obtaining	VBG
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
credit	NN
report	NN
consumers	NNS
should	MD
look	VB
for	IN
unknown	JJ
accounts	NNS
,	,
changes	NNS
of	IN
address	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
wrong	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Recordkeeping	NN
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
.	.
Victims	NNS
should	MD
keep	VB
a	DT
log	VB
of	IN
all	DT
conversations	NNS
and	CC
correspondence	NN
,	,
note	NN
time	NN
spent	VBD
and	CC
expenses	NNS
incurred	VBN
,	,
confirm	VBP
conversations	NNS
in	IN
writing	VBG
,	,
send	VB
all	DT
correspondence	NN
by	IN
certified	JJ
mail	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
return	NN
receipt	NN
requested	VBD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
keep	VB
copies	NNS
of	IN
everything	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
other	JJ
agencies	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
notified	VBN
,	,
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
victim	NN
's	POS
situation	NN
and	CC
the	DT
extent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
theft	NN
.	.
Cyber	NNP
Hacking	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
act	NN
punishable	JJ
only	RB
when	WRB
the	DT
hacker	NN
caused	VBD
serious	JJ
consequence	NN
or	CC
damage	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
a	DT
Massachusetts	NNP
teen-ager	NN
was	VBD
accused	VBN
of	IN
crippling	JJ
an	DT
airport	NN
control	NN
tower	NN
has	VBZ
become	VBN
the	DT
first	JJ
juvenile	JJ
charged	VBN
in	IN
federal	JJ
court	NN
with	IN
computer	NN
hacking	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
judge	NN
accepts	VBZ
the	DT
plea	NN
bargain	NN
,	,
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
will	MD
get	VB
two	CD
years	NNS
'	POS
probation	NN
,	,
a	DT
fine	NN
and	CC
community	NN
service	NN
.	.
He	PRP
will	MD
also	RB
be	VB
banned	VBN
from	IN
using	VBG
a	DT
computer	NN
with	IN
a	DT
modem	NN
for	IN
two	CD
years	NNS
.	.
The	DT
boy	NN
broke	VBD
into	IN
a	DT
Bell	NNP
Atlantic	NNP
computer	NN
system	NN
on	IN
March	NNP
10	CD
,	,
1997	CD
,	,
causing	VBG
a	DT
system	NN
crash	NN
that	WDT
knocked	VBD
out	RP
power	NN
at	IN
Worcester	NNP
Airport	NNP
.	.
Communication	NNP
between	IN
the	DT
tower	NN
and	CC
aircraft	NN
was	VBD
disrupted	VBN
for	IN
six	CD
hours	NNS
.	.
A	DT
CyberTerrorist	NNP
will	MD
remotely	RB
access	VB
the	DT
processing	NN
control	NN
systems	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
cereal	NN
manufacturer	NN
,	,
change	VB
the	DT
levels	NNS
of	IN
iron	NN
supplement	NN
,	,
and	CC
sicken	VB
and	CC
kill	VB
the	DT
children	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
nation	NN
enjoying	VBG
their	PRP$
food	NN
.	.
That	DT
CyberTerrorist	NNP
will	MD
then	RB
perform	VB
similar	JJ
remote	JJ
alterations	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
processor	NN
of	IN
infant	NN
formula	NN
.	.
A	DT
CyberTerrorist	NNP
will	MD
place	VB
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
computerized	JJ
bombs	NNS
around	IN
a	DT
city	NN
,	,
all	DT
simultaneously	RB
transmitting	VBG
unique	JJ
numeric	JJ
patterns	NNS
,	,
each	DT
bomb	NN
receiving	VBG
each	DT
other	JJ
's	POS
pattern	NN
.	.
If	IN
bomb	NN
one	CD
stops	VBZ
transmitting	VBG
,	,
all	PDT
the	DT
bombs	NNS
detonate	VBP
simultaneously	RB
.	.
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
CyberTerrorist	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
strapped	VBN
to	TO
any	DT
of	IN
these	DT
bombs	NNS
;	:
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
no	DT
large	JJ
truck	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
;	:
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
bombs	NNS
and	CC
urban	JJ
dispersion	NN
are	VBP
extensive	JJ
;	:
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
encrypted	JJ
patterns	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
predicted	VBN
and	CC
matched	VBN
through	IN
alternate	JJ
transmission	NN
;	:
and	CC
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
bombs	NNS
prevents	VBZ
disarming	VBG
them	PRP
all	DT
simultaneously	RB
.	.
The	DT
bombs	NNS
will	MD
detonate	VB
.	.
A	DT
CyberTerrorist	NNP
will	MD
disrupt	VB
the	DT
banks	NNS
,	,
the	DT
international	JJ
financial	JJ
transactions	NNS
,	,
the	DT
stock	NN
exchanges	NNS
.	.
The	DT
people	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
country	NN
will	MD
lose	VB
all	DT
confidence	NN
in	IN
the	DT
economic	JJ
system	NN
.	.
A	DT
CyberTerrorist	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
even	RB
attempt	VB
to	TO
gain	VB
entry	NN
to	TO
the	DT
building	NN
since	IN
otherwise	RB
arrest	NN
would	MD
be	VB
immediate	JJ
.	.
A	DT
CyberTerrorist	NNP
will	MD
attack	VB
the	DT
next	JJ
generation	NN
of	IN
air	NN
traffic	NN
control	NN
systems	NNS
,	,
and	CC
collide	VB
two	CD
large	JJ
civilian	JJ
aircraft	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
realistic	JJ
scenario	NN
,	,
since	IN
the	DT
CyberTerrorist	NNP
will	MD
also	RB
crack	VB
the	DT
aircraft	NN
's	POS
in-cockpit	JJ
sensors	NNS
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
bred	VBD
some	DT
tough	JJ
cyber	NN
crimes	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
also	RB
provides	VBZ
a	DT
potentially	RB
efficient	JJ
vehicle	NN
for	IN
the	DT
global	JJ
community	NN
to	TO
fight	VB
crimes	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
cyber	NN
crimes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
following	JJ
organizations	NNS
have	VBP
taken	VBN
the	DT
initiative	NN
to	TO
utilize	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
as	IN
the	DT
virtual	JJ
battleground	NN
to	TO
stimulate	VB
and	CC
encourage	VB
international	JJ
cooperation	NN
on	IN
crime	NN
control	NN
.	.
Centre	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Prevention	NNP
of	IN
Crime	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ICPC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
an	DT
international	JJ
non	JJ
governmental	JJ
organization	NN
created	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
mission	NN
of	IN
assisting	VBG
cities	NNS
and	CC
countries	NNS
to	TO
reduce	VB
delinquency	NN
,	,
violent	JJ
crime	NN
and	CC
insecurity	NN
.	.
It	PRP
collaborates	VBZ
with	IN
local	JJ
,	,
national	JJ
,	,
regional	JJ
and	CC
specialized	JJ
entities	NNS
to	TO
harness	VB
prevention	NN
experience	NN
and	CC
know	VB
how	WRB
from	IN
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
to	TO
solve	VB
local	JJ
crime	NN
problems	NNS
.	.
Homicide	NNP
Investigators	NNS
Association	NNP
asks	VBZ
,	,
Anyone	NN
,	,
anywhere	RB
who	WP
believes	VBZ
they	PRP
have	VBP
information	NN
pertaining	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
homicide	NN
investigation	NN
may	MD
give	VB
the	DT
information	NN
to	TO
them	PRP
,	,
with	IN
total	JJ
anonymity	NN
.	.
That	DT
information	NN
will	MD
then	RB
be	VB
passed	VBN
on	IN
to	TO
the	DT
proper	JJ
authorities	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
I.H.I.A.	NNP
network	NN
.	.
Above	IN
are	VBP
just	RB
some	DT
examples	NNS
found	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Although	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
these	DT
websites	NNS
of	IN
international	JJ
organizations	NNS
are	VBP
built	VBN
or	CC
used	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
purposes	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
information	NN
exchange	NN
or	CC
crimes	NNS
data	NNS
reporting	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
very	RB
limited	JJ
binding	JJ
effect	NN
on	IN
actual	JJ
law	NN
enforcement	NN
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
playing	VBG
a	DT
important	JJ
role	NN
calling	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
international	JJ
effort	NN
or	CC
cooperation	NN
on	IN
crime	NN
control	NN
as	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
increasingly	RB
significant	JJ
communication	NN
media	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
global	JJ
community	NN
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
harder	RBR
for	IN
the	DT
prosecution	NN
of	IN
crimes	NNS
.	.
As	IN
stated	VBN
in	IN
Part	NNP
II	NNP
,	,
crimes	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
committed	VBN
without	IN
national	JJ
boundary	NN
limits	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
creates	VBZ
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
problems	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
criminal	JJ
justice	NN
systems	NNS
in	IN
all	DT
countries	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
jurisdictional	JJ
disputes	NNS
among	IN
the	DT
country	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
criminal	JJ
information	NN
was	VBD
transmitted	VBN
,	,
the	DT
country	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
service	NN
provider	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
,	,
the	DT
country	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
criminal	JJ
information	NN
is	VBZ
received	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
country	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
offender\/suspect	NN
is	VBZ
found	VBN
or	CC
caught	VBN
.	.
And	CC
the	DT
jurisdictional	JJ
problem	NN
become	VBN
more	RBR
complicated	JJ
and	CC
unsolved	JJ
if	IN
the	DT
criminal	JJ
information	NN
was	VBD
transmitted	VBN
from	IN
several	JJ
countries	NNS
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
criminal	JJ
information	NN
is	VBZ
simultaneously	RB
received	VBN
by	IN
several	JJ
countries	NNS
or	CC
the	DT
offenders	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
different	JJ
countries	NNS
.	.
Even	RB
the	DT
jurisdictional	JJ
issue	NN
is	VBZ
solved	VBN
,	,
the	DT
prosecution	NN
may	MD
still	RB
have	VB
problem	NN
gathering	VBG
sufficient	JJ
evidence	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
digital	JJ
evidence	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
convict	VB
the	DT
offender	NN
beyond	IN
reasonable	JJ
doubt	NN
.	.
Just	RB
for	IN
this	DT
reason	NN
,	,
the	DT
international	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
creates	VBZ
a	DT
great	JJ
deed	NN
for	IN
international	JJ
cooperation	NN
on	IN
crime	NN
control	NN
.	.
Proposal	NN
for	IN
a	DT
International	NNP
Criminal	NNP
Court	NNP
that	IN
dealt	VBN
with	IN
cybercrimes	NNS
sounds	VBZ
like	IN
a	DT
good	JJ
idea	NN
and	CC
noteworthy	JJ
efforts	NNS
,	,
but	CC
how	WRB
practical	JJ
or	CC
realistic	JJ
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
is	VBZ
still	RB
a	DT
question	NN
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
have	VB
international	JJ
justice	NN
,	,
the	DT
International	NNP
Criminal	NNP
Court	NNP
that	WDT
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
adopted	VBN
must	MD
have	VB
universal	JJ
powers	NNS
,	,
i.e.	FW
the	DT
court	NN
must	MD
be	VB
empowered	VBN
the	DT
exclusive	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
when	WRB
the	DT
international	JJ
crimes	NNS
was	VBD
committed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
This	DT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
long	JJ
time	NN
an	DT
unsolved	JJ
issue	NN
in	IN
the	DT
international	JJ
community	NN
.	.
But	CC
the	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
such	PDT
a	DT
court	NN
is	VBZ
no	DT
doubt	NN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
approaches	NNS
for	IN
international	JJ
cooperation	NN
on	IN
fighting	VBG
crimes	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
185	CD
members	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
legislate	VB
like	IN
a	DT
national	JJ
parliament	NN
or	CC
congress	NN
,	,
representatives	NNS
of	IN
almost	RB
all	DT
countries	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
world	NN
-	:
large	JJ
and	CC
small	JJ
,	,
rich	JJ
and	CC
poor	JJ
,	,
with	IN
varying	VBG
political	JJ
views	NNS
and	CC
social	JJ
systems	NNS
can	MD
have	VB
a	DT
voice	NN
and	CC
vote	NN
in	IN
shaping	VBG
the	DT
policies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
international	JJ
community	NN
.	.
The	DT
UN	NNP
will	MD
still	RB
be	VB
an	DT
ideal	JJ
existing	JJ
international	JJ
organization	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
international	JJ
cooperation	NN
on	IN
crime	NN
control	NN
may	MD
take	VB
place	NN
.	.
In	IN
response	NN
to	TO
the	DT
rapid	JJ
development	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
existing	VBG
or	CC
potential	JJ
serious	JJ
problems	NNS
of	IN
high	JJ
tech	JJ
crimes	NNS
created	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
advent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
The	DT
UN	NNP
should	MD
take	VB
the	DT
initiative	NN
and	CC
effort	NN
to	TO
facilitate	VB
or	CC
undertake	VB
the	DT
international	JJ
cooperation	NN
on	IN
crime	NN
control	NN
.	.
Establish	VB
a	DT
specialized	VBN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
agency	NN
,	,
like	IN
its	PRP$
existing	VBG
14	CD
specialized	JJ
agencies	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
undertakes	VBZ
the	DT
responsibilities	NNS
of	IN
general	JJ
law	NN
enforcement	NN
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
investigating	VBG
complex	JJ
international	JJ
crimes	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
cybercrimes	NNS
,	,
that	WDT
go	VBP
beyond	IN
the	DT
national	JJ
borders	NNS
or	CC
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
of	IN
each	DT
member	NN
state	NN
,	,
extraditing	VBG
criminals	NNS
per	IN
the	DT
request	NN
from	IN
members	NNS
,	,
coordinating	VBG
any	DT
law	NN
enforcement	NN
affairs	NNS
;	:
even	RB
prosecuting	VBG
international	JJ
criminals	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
those	DT
not	RB
falling	VBG
within	IN
any	DT
specific	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
before	IN
the	DT
International	NNP
Court	NNP
of	IN
Justice	NNP
,	,
providing	VBG
law	NN
enforcement	NN
information	NN
exchange	NN
services	NNS
to	TO
member	NN
nations	NNS
.	.
Set	VB
up	RP
a	DT
global	JJ
law	NN
enforcement	NN
website	NN
for	IN
the	DT
global	JJ
community	NN
to	TO
report	VB
crimes	NNS
,	,
provide	VBP
investigation	NN
clues	NNS
,	,
notify	VBP
whereabouts	NN
of	IN
notorious	JJ
criminals	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
The	DT
law	NN
enforcement	NN
agency	NN
's	POS
information	NN
unit	NN
shall	MD
timely	JJ
forward	RB
the	DT
information	NN
to	TO
respective	JJ
nation	NN
or	CC
even	RB
dispatch	VB
personnel	NNS
within	IN
its	PRP$
authority	NN
to	TO
apprehend	VB
the	DT
suspect	NN
.	.
The	DT
site	NN
will	MD
work	VB
mainly	RB
as	IN
the	DT
Information	NNP
Exchange	NNP
Hub	NNP
or	CC
Channel	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
so	RB
that	IN
member	NN
nations	NNS
'	POS
law	NN
enforcement	NN
agencies	NNS
can	MD
obtain	VB
extra	JJ
useful	JJ
information	NN
from	IN
all	DT
outside	JJ
sources	NNS
,	,
the	DT
world	NN
citizens	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
individuals	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
also	RB
can	MD
freely	RB
visit	VB
the	DT
portion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Information	NN
Hub	NNP
that	WDT
is	VBZ
open	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
communicate	VBP
freely	RB
with	IN
the	DT
Hub	NNP
.	.
Charter	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
include	VB
new	JJ
terms	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
``	``
Internet	NNP
''	''
,	,
``	``
Cyber	NNP
Crimes	NNP
''	''
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
adapt	VB
to	TO
the	DT
new	JJ
wave	NN
of	IN
the	DT
high	JJ
technology	NN
revolution	NN
.	.
Revising	VBG
related	JJ
extradition	NN
treaties	NNS
to	TO
cover	VB
crimes	NNS
committed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
making	VBG
some	DT
relatively	RB
common	JJ
cyber	NN
crimes	NNS
extraditable	JJ
crimes	NNS
.	.
Respect	NN
for	IN
national	JJ
sovereignty	NN
-	:
Co-operation	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
actions	NNS
taken	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
police	NN
forces	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
various	JJ
Member	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
operating	VBG
within	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
national	JJ
boundaries	NNS
and	CC
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
national	JJ
laws	NNS
.	.
Enforcement	NN
of	IN
ordinary	JJ
criminal	JJ
law	NN
-	:
The	DT
Organization	NNP
's	POS
field	NN
of	IN
activity	NN
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
to	TO
crime	NN
prevention	NN
and	CC
law	NN
enforcement	NN
in	IN
connection	NN
with	IN
ordinary	JJ
criminal	JJ
offenses	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
only	JJ
basis	NN
on	IN
which	WDT
there	EX
can	MD
be	VB
agreement	NN
between	IN
all	DT
Member	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
uncontrollable	JJ
Internet	NNP
brings	VBZ
the	DT
global	JJ
community	NN
together	RB
and	CC
closer	RB
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
``	``
without	IN
national	JJ
boundary	NN
''	''
does	VBZ
not	RB
belong	VB
to	TO
any	DT
single	JJ
organization	NN
or	CC
country	NN
.	.
The	DT
development	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
also	RB
goes	VBZ
beyond	IN
the	DT
control	NN
of	IN
any	DT
organization	NN
or	CC
country	NN
.	.
Just	RB
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
unique	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
international	JJ
cooperation	NN
on	IN
crime	NN
control	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
has	VBZ
come	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
agenda	NN
for	IN
the	DT
global	JJ
community	NN
to	TO
action	NN
.	.
A	DT
new	JJ
era	NN
for	IN
international	JJ
cooperation	NN
has	VBZ
come	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
International	NNP
cooperation	NN
will	MD
create	VB
an	DT
environment	NN
where	WRB
international	JJ
dialogue	NN
,	,
remedies	NNS
and	CC
solutions	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
achieved	VBN
between	IN
the	DT
global	JJ
communities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
will	MD
educate	VB
and	CC
create	VB
awareness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
vulnerabilities	NNS
to	TO
cybercrime	VB
for	IN
the	DT
ultimate	JJ
protection	NN
against	IN
any	DT
financial	JJ
,	,
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
loss	NN
and	CC
even	RB
loss	NN
of	IN
human	JJ
lives	NNS
;	:
International	NNP
cooperation	NN
will	MD
certainly	RB
provide	VB
an	DT
international	JJ
network	NN
of	IN
expertise	NN
from	IN
the	DT
global	JJ
communities	NNS
where	WRB
talent	NN
and	CC
broad-based	JJ
practical	JJ
knowledge	NN
and	CC
skill	NN
is	VBZ
immediately	RB
accessible	JJ
to	TO
all	DT
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
community	NN
.	.
``	``
thrive	VB
''	''
with	IN
it	PRP
unless	IN
the	DT
international	JJ
community	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
work	VB
together	RB
to	TO
control	VB
it	PRP
.	.
In	IN
seeking	VBG
solutions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
problems	NNS
,	,
the	DT
international	JJ
community	NN
should	MD
strive	VB
for	IN
maximizing	VBG
cooperation	NN
between	IN
nations	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
potential	NN
for	IN
tremendous	JJ
economic	JJ
losses	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
general	JJ
threat	NN
to	TO
the	DT
safety	NN
,	,
privacy	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
fundamental	JJ
values	NNS
that	WDT
near-instantaneous	JJ
cross-border	JJ
electronic	JJ
transactions	NNS
may	MD
create	VB
.	.
A	DT
feasible	JJ
scheme	NN
,	,
taking	VBG
into	IN
account	NN
the	DT
international	JJ
reality	NN
,	,
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
Nations	NNPS
take	VBP
the	DT
initiative	NN
to	TO
formally	RB
launch	VB
the	DT
international	JJ
cooperation	NN
program	NN
on	IN
crime	NN
control	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
although	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
some	DT
international	JJ
organizations	NNS
building	VBG
their	PRP$
own	JJ
websites	NNS
educating	VBG
and	CC
encouraging	VBG
the	DT
community	NN
to	TO
fighting	VBG
crimes	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
United	NNP
Nations	NNPS
can	MD
establish	VB
a	DT
specialized	VBN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
agency	NN
in	IN
charge	NN
of	IN
controlling	VBG
crimes	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
modifying	VBG
relevant	JJ
documents	NNS
to	TO
include	VB
and	CC
punish	VB
cyber	NN
crimes	NNS
.	.
Before	IN
a	DT
specialized	VBN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
agency	NN
comes	VBZ
to	TO
work	VB
,	,
the	DT
international	JJ
community	NN
can	MD
turn	VB
to	TO
the	DT
International	NNP
Criminal	NNP
Police	NNP
Organization	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Interpol	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
alternative	NN
solutions	NNS
,	,
although	IN
Interpol	NNP
also	RB
has	VBZ
to	TO
amend	VB
its	PRP$
constitution	NN
to	TO
cover	VB
such	JJ
new	JJ
terms	NNS
as	IN
Internet	NNP
,	,
Cybercrimes	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
internet	NN
is	VBZ
changing	VBG
the	DT
way	NN
the	DT
world	NN
does	VBZ
business	NN
at	IN
a	DT
mind	NN
numbing	JJ
pace	NN
.	.
Traditional	JJ
commercial	JJ
law	NN
is	VBZ
outdated	JJ
and	CC
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
efficiently	RB
applied	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
world	NN
of	IN
e-commerce	NN
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
takes	VBZ
a	DT
glimpse	NN
at	IN
two	CD
aspects	NNS
of	IN
internet	NN
business	NN
which	WDT
are	VBP
currently	RB
under	IN
scrutiny	NN
by	IN
consumer	NN
advocates	NNS
and	CC
policy	NN
makers	NNS
.	.
Taxation	NNP
of	IN
internet	NN
revenue	NN
is	VBZ
our	PRP$
first	JJ
subject	NN
of	IN
analysis	NN
,	,
followed	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
examination	NN
of	IN
proposed	VBN
Article	NNP
2B	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Uniform	NNP
Commercial	NNP
Code	NNP
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
several	JJ
proposals	NNS
to	TO
keep	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
a	DT
free	JJ
trade	NN
environment	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
promote	VB
more	RBR
business	NN
worldwide	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
some	DT
people	NNS
believe	VBP
free	JJ
trade	NN
is	VBZ
good	JJ
because	IN
the	DT
countries	NNS
divide	VBP
their	PRP$
labors	NNS
,	,
each	DT
producing	VBG
the	DT
things	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
better	RB
at	IN
,	,
whether	IN
absolutely	RB
or	CC
relatively	RB
,	,
and	CC
gains	NNS
grow	VBP
cumulatively	RB
.	.
The	DT
following	VBG
are	VBP
some	DT
developments	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
e-commerce	JJ
taxation	NN
at	IN
the	DT
interstate	NN
and	CC
international	JJ
level	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
states	NNS
currently	RB
seek	VBP
to	TO
tax	NN
online	NN
transactions	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
goods	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
digital	JJ
content	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
clear	JJ
that	IN
a	DT
state	NN
may	MD
impose	VB
such	PDT
a	DT
tax	NN
on	IN
a	DT
buyer	NN
residing	VBG
within	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
logistics	NNS
of	IN
ensuring	VBG
that	IN
every	DT
buyer	NN
remits	NNS
such	PDT
a	DT
tax	NN
to	TO
the	DT
state	NN
is	VBZ
unmanageable	JJ
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
result	NN
,	,
states	NNS
seek	VBP
to	TO
require	VB
the	DT
vendor	NN
to	TO
collect	VB
the	DT
tax	NN
from	IN
the	DT
buyer	NN
and	CC
then	RB
pay	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
vendor	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
state	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
problem	NN
.	.
But	CC
when	WRB
the	DT
buyer	NN
engages	VBZ
in	IN
an	DT
online	JJ
transaction	NN
with	IN
an	DT
out-of-state	JJ
vendor	NN
,	,
a	DT
state	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
the	DT
power	NN
to	TO
require	VB
an	DT
out-of	JJ
state	NN
vendor	NN
to	TO
collect	VB
and	CC
pay	VB
tax	NN
on	IN
transactions	NNS
with	IN
its	PRP$
residents	NNS
unless	IN
the	DT
vendor	NN
has	VBZ
physical	JJ
presence	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
Like	IN
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
mail-order	NN
,	,
a	DT
state	NN
may	MD
impose	VB
a	DT
tax	NN
on	IN
an	DT
online	JJ
transaction	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
there	EX
must	MD
be	VB
some	DT
connection	NN
between	IN
the	DT
tax	NN
payer	NN
or	CC
the	DT
taxpayer	NN
's	POS
activities	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
state	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
sufficient	JJ
to	TO
allow	VB
the	DT
state	NN
to	TO
exercise	VB
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
the	DT
person	NN
.	.
This	DT
connection	NN
called	VBN
nexus	NN
.	.
Some	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
tax	NN
law	NN
require	VBP
that	IN
a	DT
person	NN
be	VB
physically	RB
present	JJ
before	IN
nexus	NN
is	VBZ
established	VBN
.	.
3	CD
In	IN
1992	CD
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
Quill	NNP
Corporation	NNP
v.	CC
North	NNP
Dakota	NNP
,	,
4	CD
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
addressed	VBD
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
whether	IN
North	NNP
Dakota	NNP
could	MD
require	VB
an	DT
out-of-state	JJ
vendor	NN
to	TO
collect	VB
tax	NN
on	IN
mail-order	JJ
sales	NNS
made	VBD
to	TO
its	PRP$
residents	NNS
.	.
In	IN
that	DT
case	NN
,	,
the	DT
vendor	NN
sold	VBD
office	NN
products	NNS
to	TO
North	NNP
Dakota	NNP
residents	NNS
through	IN
mail	NN
order	NN
and	CC
over	IN
the	DT
telephone	NN
.	.
The	DT
vendor	NN
refused	VBD
to	TO
collect	VB
tax	NN
on	IN
its	PRP$
sales	NNS
to	TO
customers	NNS
in	IN
North	NNP
Dakota	NNP
because	IN
it	PRP
felt	VBD
it	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
have	VB
sufficient	JJ
nexus	NN
with	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
North	NNP
Dakota	NNP
argued	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
vendor	NN
did	VBD
have	VB
a	DT
sufficient	JJ
business	NN
connection	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
taking	VBG
full	JJ
advantage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
business	NN
market	NN
that	IN
the	DT
state	NN
had	VBD
nurtured	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
prohibits	VBZ
a	DT
state	NN
or	CC
local	JJ
government	NN
from	IN
imposing	VBG
,	,
assessing	VBG
,	,
or	CC
attempting	VBG
to	TO
collect	VB
any	DT
tax	NN
or	CC
fee	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
or	CC
interactive	JJ
computer	NN
services	NNS
or	CC
on	IN
their	PRP$
use	NN
.	.
It	PRP
preserves	VBZ
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
taxing	VBG
authority	NN
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
income	NN
,	,
license	NN
,	,
and	CC
sales	NNS
taxes	NNS
.	.
Finance	NNP
Committee	NNP
's	POS
version	NN
of	IN
the	DT
bill	NN
differs	VBZ
significantly	RB
from	IN
those	DT
passed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
House	NNP
and	CC
by	IN
the	DT
Senate	NNP
Commerce	NNP
Committee	NNP
.	.
The	DT
House	NNP
version	NN
calls	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
three-year	JJ
moratorium	NN
,	,
while	IN
the	DT
Senate	NNP
Commerce	NNP
Committee	NNP
's	POS
version	NN
would	MD
keep	VB
the	DT
six-year	JJ
moratorium	NN
.	.
Both	DT
the	DT
House	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Senate	NNP
Commerce	NNP
Committee	NNP
versions	NNS
would	MD
block	VB
states	NNS
from	IN
citing	VBG
the	DT
presence	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
servers	NNS
to	TO
establish	VB
a	DT
company	NN
's	POS
physical	JJ
presence	NN
within	IN
a	DT
state	NN
.	.
The	DT
Senate	NNP
Finance	NNP
Committee	NNP
's	POS
version	NN
is	VBZ
silent	JJ
on	IN
this	DT
issue	NN
.	.
``	``
Since	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
is	VBZ
now	RB
the	DT
world	NN
leader	NN
in	IN
provision	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
naturally	RB
interested	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
WTO	NNP
maintaining	VBG
the	DT
present	JJ
system	NN
of	IN
duty-free	JJ
international	JJ
commerce	NN
.	.
One	CD
argument	NN
of	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
is	VBZ
that	IN
if	IN
global	JJ
telephone	NN
and	CC
fax	NN
services	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
subjected	VBN
to	TO
payment	NN
of	IN
import	NN
duties	NNS
,	,
why	WRB
should	MD
international	JJ
e-commerce	NN
not	RB
be	VB
exempt	JJ
from	IN
tariffs	NNS
.	.
But	CC
others	NNS
feel	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
so	RB
simple	JJ
and	CC
straightforward	JJ
.	.
If	IN
no	DT
customs	NNS
duty	NN
is	VBZ
now	RB
imposed	VBN
on	IN
cross-border	JJ
e-commerce	NN
,	,
this	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
because	IN
governments	NNS
have	VBP
decided	VBN
not	RB
to	TO
,	,
but	CC
because	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
yet	RB
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
rapidly	RB
changing	VBG
technology	NN
.	.
The	DT
purchase	NN
and	CC
sale	NN
of	IN
digitalised	JJ
information	NN
may	MD
seem	VB
like	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
transaction	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
could	MD
be	VB
seen	VBN
as	IN
either	DT
a	DT
service	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
medical	JJ
diagnosis	NN
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
a	DT
physical	JJ
product	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
book	NN
in	IN
electronic	JJ
form	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
many	JJ
cases	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
goods	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
are	VBP
already	RB
covered	VBN
by	IN
existing	VBG
WTO	NNP
rules	NNS
on	IN
tariffs	NNS
.	.
''	''
17	CD
The	DT
U.S.	NNP
administration	NN
has	VBZ
strongly	RB
proposed	VBN
a	DT
free	JJ
trade	NN
environment	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
following	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
extract	VB
from	IN
A	DT
Framework	NN
For	IN
Global	JJ
Electronic	JJ
Commerce	NNP
by	IN
President	NNP
William	NNP
J.	NNP
Clinton	NNP
and	CC
Vice	NNP
President	NNP
Albert	NNP
Gore	NNP
,	,
Jr.	NNP
``	``
For	IN
over	IN
50	CD
years	NNS
,	,
nations	NNS
have	VBP
negotiated	VBN
tariff	NN
reductions	NNS
because	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
recognized	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
economies	NNS
and	CC
citizens	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
nations	NNS
benefit	VBP
from	IN
freer	JJR
trade	NN
.	.
Given	VBN
this	DT
recognition	NN
,	,
and	CC
because	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
truly	RB
a	DT
global	JJ
medium	NN
,	,
it	PRP
makes	VBZ
little	JJ
sense	NN
to	TO
introduce	VB
tariffs	NNS
on	IN
goods	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
delivered	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
while	IN
it	PRP
remains	VBZ
possible	JJ
to	TO
administer	VB
tariffs	NNS
for	IN
products	NNS
ordered	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
but	CC
ultimately	RB
delivered	VBN
via	IN
surface	NN
or	CC
air	NN
transport	NN
,	,
the	DT
structure	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
difficult	JJ
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
when	WRB
the	DT
product	NN
or	CC
service	NN
is	VBZ
delivered	VBN
electronically	RB
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
believes	VBZ
that	IN
no	DT
new	JJ
taxes	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
imposed	VBN
on	IN
Internet	NNP
commerce	NN
.	.
The	DT
taxation	NN
of	IN
commerce	NN
conducted	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
should	MD
be	VB
consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
established	VBN
principles	NNS
of	IN
international	JJ
taxation	NN
,	,
should	MD
avoid	VB
inconsistent	JJ
national	JJ
tax	NN
jurisdictions	NNS
and	CC
double	JJ
taxation	NN
,	,
and	CC
should	MD
be	VB
simple	JJ
to	TO
administer	VB
and	CC
easy	JJ
to	TO
understand	VB
.	.
The	DT
system	NN
should	MD
be	VB
simple	JJ
and	CC
transparent	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
capable	JJ
of	IN
capturing	VBG
the	DT
overwhelming	JJ
majority	NN
of	IN
appropriate	JJ
revenues	NNS
,	,
be	VB
easy	JJ
to	TO
implement	VB
,	,
and	CC
minimize	VB
burdensome	JJ
record	NN
keeping	VBG
and	CC
costs	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
parties	NNS
.	.
Any	DT
such	JJ
taxation	NN
system	NN
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
accomplish	VB
these	DT
goals	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
's	POS
special	JJ
characteristics	NNS
--	:
the	DT
potential	JJ
anonymity	NN
of	IN
buyer	NN
and	CC
seller	NN
,	,
the	DT
capacity	NN
for	IN
multiple	JJ
small	JJ
transactions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
difficulty	NN
of	IN
associating	VBG
online	JJ
activities	NNS
with	IN
physically	RB
defined	VBN
locations	NNS
.	.
To	TO
achieve	VB
global	JJ
consensus	NN
on	IN
this	DT
approach	NN
,	,
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
through	IN
the	DT
Treasury	NNP
Department	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
participating	VBG
in	IN
discussions	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
taxation	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
through	IN
the	DT
Organization	NNP
for	IN
Economic	NNP
Cooperation	NNP
and	CC
Development	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
OECD	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
primary	JJ
forum	NN
for	IN
cooperation	NN
in	IN
international	JJ
taxation	NN
.	.
The	DT
Administration	NNP
believes	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
broad	JJ
principles	NNS
applicable	JJ
to	TO
international	JJ
taxation	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
not	RB
hindering	VBG
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
and	CC
neutrality	NN
between	IN
conventional	JJ
and	CC
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
,	,
should	MD
be	VB
applied	VBN
to	TO
subfederal	JJ
taxation	NN
.	.
No	DT
new	JJ
taxes	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
applied	VBN
to	TO
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
,	,
and	CC
states	NNS
should	MD
coordinate	VB
their	PRP$
allocation	NN
of	IN
income	NN
derived	VBN
from	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
.	.
Of	IN
course	NN
,	,
implementation	NN
of	IN
these	DT
principles	NNS
may	MD
differ	VB
at	IN
the	DT
subfederal	JJ
level	NN
where	WRB
indirect	JJ
taxation	NN
plays	VBZ
a	DT
larger	JJR
role	NN
.	.
From	IN
a	DT
recent	JJ
report	NN
,	,
``	``
World	NNP
Trade	NNP
Organisation	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
WTO	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
members	NNS
have	VBP
agreed	VBN
not	RB
to	TO
impose	VB
tariff	NN
on	IN
international	JJ
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
.	.
They	PRP
have	VBP
also	RB
agreed	VBN
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
plan	NN
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
In	IN
conclusion	NN
,	,
the	DT
Congress	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
WTO	NNP
have	VBP
taken	VBN
the	DT
standstill	JJ
position	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
taxation	NN
issue	NN
.	.
The	DT
Congress	NNP
and	CC
WTO	NNP
need	VBP
more	JJR
time	NN
to	TO
study	NN
of	IN
the	DT
impact	NN
of	IN
the	DT
online	NN
business	NN
and	CC
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
taxation	NN
system	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
more	RBR
suitable	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
ecommerce	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
anyone	NN
doing	VBG
business	NN
electronically	RB
should	MD
review	VB
the	DT
statutes	NNS
,	,
regulations	NNS
,	,
rulings	NNS
and	CC
case	NN
law	NN
of	IN
each	DT
jurisdiction	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
nexus	NN
with	IN
that	DT
jurisdiction	NN
and	CC
whether	IN
its	PRP$
activities	NNS
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
tax	NN
.	.
Throughout	IN
the	DT
UCC	NNP
2B	NNP
drafting	VBG
process	NN
consumer	NN
advocates	NNS
have	VBP
complained	VBN
about	IN
unfair	JJ
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
rule	NN
.	.
As	IN
recently	RB
as	IN
March	NNP
10	CD
,	,
1998	CD
attorney	NN
Todd	NNP
Paglia	NNP
from	IN
Ralph	NNP
Nader	NNP
's	POS
Consumer	NNP
Project	NNP
on	IN
Technology	NNP
,	,
wrote	VBD
,	,
``	``
Article	NNP
2B	NNP
suffers	VBZ
from	IN
a	DT
strong	JJ
software	NN
industry\/publisher	NN
bias	NN
.	.
First	JJ
time	NN
observers	NNS
attending	VBG
the	DT
2B	JJ
process	NN
often	RB
have	VBP
the	DT
same	JJ
reaction	NN
:	:
it	PRP
seems	VBZ
like	IN
the	DT
industry	NN
is	VBZ
getting	VBG
together	RB
to	TO
write	VB
its	PRP$
own	JJ
law	NN
.	.
''	''
23Contrary	JJ
to	TO
this	DT
opinion	NN
shared	VBN
by	IN
lawyers	NNS
and	CC
journalists	NNS
about	IN
art	NN
.	.
2B	CD
,	,
I	PRP
discovered	VBD
that	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
their	PRP$
concerns	NNS
were	VBD
evaluated	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
proposed	VBN
law	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
changed	VBN
accordingly	RB
.	.
Carol	NNP
Morrissey	NNP
is	VBZ
concerned	VBN
that	IN
consumer	NN
protections	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
compromised	VBN
not	RB
only	RB
by	IN
the	DT
inconspicuous	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
licenses	NNS
but	CC
also	RB
if	IN
manufacturer	NN
's	POS
use	NN
shrinkwrap	NN
licenses	NNS
to	TO
limit	VB
a	DT
product	NN
's	POS
warranty	NN
.	.
Traditionally	RB
,	,
under	IN
the	DT
UCC	NNP
a	DT
seller	NN
can	MD
disclaim	VB
implied	JJ
warranties	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
an	DT
implied	VBN
warranty	NN
that	IN
this	DT
product	NN
is	VBZ
fit	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
designed	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
but	CC
the	DT
disclaimer	NN
must	MD
be	VB
conspicuous	JJ
.	.
When	WRB
software	NN
is	VBZ
purchased	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
telephone	NN
or	CC
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
difficult	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
disclaimer	NN
conspicuous	JJ
because	IN
the	DT
consumer	NN
never	RB
sees	VBZ
the	DT
product	NN
before	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
purchased	VBN
.	.
The	DT
drafters	NNS
of	IN
art	NN
.	.
2B	CD
therefore	RB
contemplated	JJ
dropping	VBG
the	DT
conspicuous	JJ
requirement	NN
.	.
If	IN
done	VBN
however	RB
,	,
consumer	NN
advocates	NNS
argued	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
disclaim	VB
implied	JJ
warranties	NNS
should	MD
also	RB
be	VB
dropped	VBN
.	.
By	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
1997	CD
the	DT
draft	NN
no	RB
longer	RB
allowed	VBN
manufacturer	NN
's	POS
to	TO
disclaim	VB
implied	JJ
warranties	NNS
in	IN
mass-market	JJ
contracts	NNS
.	.
Article	NNP
2B	NN
permits	VBZ
a	DT
licensor	NN
to	TO
disclaim	VB
implied	JJ
warranties	NNS
in	IN
most	JJS
situations	NNS
but	CC
regulates	VBZ
its	PRP$
right	NN
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
in	IN
mass-market	JJ
licenses	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
negotiated	VBN
.	.
In	IN
mass-market	JJ
transactions	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
more	RBR
closely	RB
resemble	VB
the	DT
purchase	NN
of	IN
goods	NNS
,	,
Article	NNP
2B	NNP
applies	VBZ
the	DT
perfect	JJ
tender	NN
rule	NN
and	CC
the	DT
implied	VBN
warranties	NNS
of	IN
merchantability	NN
and	CC
fitness	NN
for	IN
ordinary	JJ
purpose	NN
.	.
From	IN
shrinkwrap	NN
licenses	NNS
to	TO
conflict	NN
of	IN
law	NN
,	,
the	DT
UCC	NNP
Article	NNP
2B	NNP
drafting	VBG
process	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
prime	JJ
example	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
consumers	NNS
,	,
manufacturers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
legislators	NNS
can	MD
work	VB
together	RB
to	TO
forge	VB
efficient	JJ
rules	NNS
for	IN
internet	NN
commerce	NN
.	.
The	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
information	NN
products	NNS
is	VBZ
being	VBG
regulated	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
fair	JJ
,	,
and	CC
open	JJ
manner	NN
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
has	VBZ
briefly	RB
touched	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
unique	JJ
issues	NNS
presented	VBN
by	IN
this	DT
task	NN
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
notes	VBZ
the	DT
effective	JJ
way	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
UCC	NNP
drafters	NNS
are	VBP
creating	VBG
cyberlaw	NN
.	.
Committees	NNS
are	VBP
listening	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
concerns	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
involved	VBN
and	CC
deliberate	JJ
,	,
careful	JJ
drafting	VBG
has	VBZ
produced	VBN
a	DT
document	NN
that	WDT
might	MD
meet	VB
those	DT
needs	NNS
.	.
As	IN
intimidating	VBG
as	IN
the	DT
task	NN
may	MD
seem	VB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
to	TO
halt	VB
the	DT
potential	JJ
chaos	NN
that	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
invites	VBZ
.	.
List	NN
if	IN
the	DT
institution	NN
is	VBZ
involved	VBN
in	IN
research	NN
with	IN
military	JJ
or	CC
nuclear	JJ
applications	NNS
.	.
The	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
an	DT
individual	JJ
or	CC
company	NN
appears	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
Entity	NNP
List	NN
means	VBZ
a	DT
license	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
export	VB
to	TO
that	DT
entity	NN
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
product	NN
or	CC
service	NN
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
country	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
entity	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
.	.
The	DT
CCL	NNP
entry	NN
will	MD
also	RB
refer	VB
to	TO
applicable	JJ
licensing	NN
exceptions	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
locations	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
regulations	NNS
.	.
Allowing	VBG
criminals	NNS
to	TO
``	``
communicate	VB
with	IN
impunity	NN
,	,
safe	JJ
from	IN
wiretaps	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
surveillance	NN
,	,
''	''
certainly	RB
will	MD
interfere	VB
with	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
efforts	NNS
.	.
These	DT
very	RB
considerations	NNS
were	VBD
the	DT
reason	NN
that	IN
,	,
until	IN
recently	RB
,	,
cryptography	NN
was	VBD
classified	VBN
under	IN
export	NN
law	NN
as	IN
a	DT
munition	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
export	NN
generally	RB
prohibited	VBN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Arms	NNS
Export	NNP
Control	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
By	IN
restricting	VBG
encryption	NN
technology	NN
exports	NNS
,	,
current	JJ
U.S.	NNP
regulations	NNS
restrict	VBP
the	DT
export	NN
of	IN
all	DT
software	NN
applications	NNS
that	WDT
contain	VBP
encryption	NN
technology	NN
as	IN
a	DT
secondary	JJ
,	,
but	CC
important	JJ
,	,
marketing	VBG
component	NN
.	.
The	DT
SAFE	NNP
Act	NNP
would	MD
place	VB
the	DT
key	NN
with	IN
some	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
apart	RB
from	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
or	CC
manufacturers	NNS
.	.
Neither	DT
side	NN
will	MD
be	VB
satisfied	VBN
with	IN
this	DT
proposal	NN
,	,
which	WDT
offers	VBZ
neither	DT
quick	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
law	NN
enforcement	NN
in	IN
case	NN
of	IN
emergency	NN
,	,
nor	CC
restricts	VBZ
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
parties	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
decrypt	VB
ciphertext	NN
.	.
Like	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
SAFE	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
the	DT
bill	NN
would	MD
allow	VB
the	DT
export	NN
of	IN
encryption	NN
software	NN
generally	RB
already	RB
available	JJ
abroad	RB
without	IN
the	DT
necessity	NN
for	IN
a	DT
key	JJ
recovery	NN
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
bill	NN
also	RB
proposes	VBZ
a	DT
one-time	JJ
review	NN
for	IN
all	DT
encryption	NN
software	NN
exports	NNS
,	,
the	DT
establishment	NN
of	IN
a	DT
center	NN
for	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
to	TO
research	NN
encryption	NN
issues	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
Net	JJ
Center	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
classification	NN
as	IN
a	DT
felony	NN
of	IN
any	DT
crime-related	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
encryption	NN
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
elimination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
key	JJ
recovery	NN
requirement	NN
will	MD
appeal	VB
to	TO
software	NN
manufacturers	NNS
,	,
the	DT
establishment	NN
of	IN
a	DT
Net	JJ
Center	NNP
,	,
the	DT
National	NNP
Electronic	NNP
Technology	NNP
Center	NNP
,	,
fails	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
any	DT
resolution	NN
to	TO
the	DT
issues	NNS
in	IN
conflict	NN
.	.
To	TO
effectively	RB
address	VB
the	DT
concerns	NNS
of	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
,	,
the	DT
center	NN
's	POS
activities	NNS
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
focus	VB
on	IN
cracking	VBG
strong	JJ
encryption	NN
algorithms	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
Center	NNP
is	VBZ
successful	JJ
in	IN
cracking	VBG
the	DT
codes	NNS
,	,
the	DT
concern	NN
of	IN
commercial	JJ
users	NNS
and	CC
software	NN
developers	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
privacy	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
communication	NN
will	MD
be	VB
renewed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
E-Privacy	NN
converts	VBZ
an	DT
issue	NN
properly	RB
resolved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
legislative	JJ
body	NN
representing	VBG
the	DT
interests	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
U.S.	NNP
citizens	NNS
,	,
to	TO
a	DT
race	NN
between	IN
the	DT
scientists	NNS
employed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
government	NN
and	CC
those	DT
employed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
software	NN
industry	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
software	NN
developer	NN
's	POS
operator	NN
action	NN
framework	NN
provides	VBZ
no	RB
better	JJR
solution	NN
.	.
U.S.	NNP
government	NN
decision-makers	NNS
are	VBP
,	,
at	IN
least	JJS
,	,
ultimately	RB
answerable	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
people	NNS
,	,
not	RB
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
.	.
Power	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
necessarily	RB
less	RBR
dangerous	JJ
when	WRB
entrusted	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
coalition	NN
of	IN
already	RB
powerful	JJ
corporations	NNS
than	IN
when	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
entrusted	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
government	NN
.	.
Releasing	VBG
strong	JJ
encryption	NN
to	TO
financial	JJ
institutions	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
demonstrated	VBN
cooperative	JJ
efforts	NNS
to	TO
combat	VB
crime	NN
effectively	RB
rewards	VBZ
responsibility	NN
with	IN
privacy	NN
and	CC
all	DT
its	PRP$
market	NN
advantages	NNS
.	.
Policymakers	NNS
should	MD
endeavor	VB
to	TO
incorporate	VB
the	DT
elements	NNS
of	IN
multilateral	JJ
cooperation	NN
and	CC
self-regulation	NN
into	IN
future	JJ
laws	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
achieve	VB
effective	JJ
,	,
lasting	JJ
solutions	NNS
.	.
In	IN
April	NNP
1998	CD
,	,
the	DT
FCC	NNP
issued	VBD
a	DT
decision	NN
on	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
emerging	VBG
technology	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
telephony	NN
was	VBD
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
taxes	NNS
and	CC
regulation	NN
as	IN
regular	JJ
long	JJ
distance	NN
telephone	NN
companies	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
seemingly	RB
an	DT
obscure	JJ
opinion	NN
,	,
a	DT
closer	RBR
look	VB
at	IN
the	DT
decision	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
two	CD
year	NN
battle	NN
waged	VBD
before	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
rendered	VBN
,	,
may	MD
reveal	VB
the	DT
way	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
endless	JJ
services	NNS
it	PRP
provides	VBZ
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
regulation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
the	DT
decision	NN
and	CC
the	DT
politics	NNS
surrounding	VBG
it	PRP
also	RB
demonstrate	VBP
the	DT
complexity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
any	DT
regulation	NN
of	IN
this	DT
new	JJ
industry	NN
.	.
At	IN
first	JJ
blush	NN
,	,
in	IN
fact	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
surprising	JJ
to	TO
see	VB
such	JJ
power	NN
players	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
such	JJ
a	DT
seemingly	RB
small	JJ
fight	NN
.	.
In	IN
an	DT
industry	NN
which	WDT
garnered	VBD
less	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
half	NN
of	IN
one	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
market	NN
before	IN
the	DT
decision	NN
,	,
the	DT
FCC	NNP
quickly	RB
saw	VBD
intense	JJ
pressure	NN
not	RB
only	RB
from	IN
consumers	NNS
and	CC
big	JJ
business	NN
on	IN
both	DT
sides	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
fence	NN
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
felt	VBD
the	DT
squeeze	NN
from	IN
numerous	JJ
influential	JJ
Congressmen	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
White	NNP
House	NNP
.	.
The	DT
controversy	NN
,	,
over	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
technology	NN
which	WDT
allows	VBZ
users	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
cheap	JJ
long	JJ
distance	NN
calls	VBZ
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
if	IN
nothing	NN
else	RB
,	,
reveals	VBZ
the	DT
high	JJ
stakes	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
decisions	NNS
regarding	VBG
Internet	NNP
business	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
one	CD
the	DT
first	JJ
attempts	NNS
to	TO
regulate	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
although	IN
the	DT
FCC	NNP
's	POS
pronouncement	NN
has	VBZ
far	RB
from	IN
settled	VBN
the	DT
matter	NN
,	,
a	DT
study	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fight	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
conclusions	NNS
that	WDT
resulted	VBD
may	MD
shed	VB
some	DT
light	NN
as	IN
to	TO
how	WRB
futures	NNS
battles	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
waged	VBN
and	CC
won	VBN
.	.
Telephony	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
word	NN
used	VBN
to	TO
describe	VB
the	DT
new	JJ
technology	NN
that	WDT
allows	VBZ
users	NNS
to	TO
place	VB
real	JJ
time	NN
long	JJ
distance	NN
phone	NN
calls	VBZ
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
system	NN
.	.
Sound	NN
is	VBZ
just	RB
another	DT
form	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
sent	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
digitally	RB
transferred	VBN
into	IN
data	NNS
packets	NNS
just	RB
like	IN
the	DT
words	NNS
from	IN
an	DT
e-mail	NN
message	NN
.	.
Of	IN
course	NN
,	,
sound	NN
sent	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
like	IN
video	NN
,	,
requires	VBZ
much	RB
more	JJR
bandwidth	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
space	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
than	IN
simple	JJ
written	VBN
transmissions	NNS
.	.
In	IN
most	JJS
cases	NNS
The	DT
telephony	NN
call	NN
is	VBZ
routed	VBN
through	IN
a	DT
local	JJ
telephone	NN
switch	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
back	RB
out	RB
over	IN
a	DT
local	JJ
switch	NN
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
end	NN
.	.
Users	NNS
can	MD
place	VB
a	DT
call	NN
from	IN
anywhere	RB
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
and	CC
yet	RB
only	RB
be	VB
charged	VBN
the	DT
price	NN
of	IN
a	DT
local	JJ
call	NN
.	.
Before	IN
a	DT
regulated	JJ
long	JJ
distance	NN
carrier	NN
can	MD
offer	VB
telecommunications	NNS
services	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
,	,
they	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
certified	VBN
by	IN
and	CC
pay	VB
tariffs	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
FCC	NNP
and	CC
state	NN
regulatory	JJ
commissions	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
rules	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
1934	CD
Communications	NNP
Act	NNP
and	CC
must	MD
pay	VB
filing	NN
fees	NNS
and	CC
annual	JJ
dues	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
state	NN
and	CC
federal	JJ
level	NN
to	TO
remain	VB
in	IN
business	NN
.	.
ACTA	NNP
argued	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
two	CD
tier	NN
system	NN
of	IN
rates	NNS
where	WRB
one	CD
industry	NN
had	VBD
a	DT
decidedly	RB
financial	JJ
and	CC
regulatory	JJ
advantage	NN
over	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
would	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
a	DT
deterioration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
telecommunications	NNS
infrastructure	NN
maintained	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
more	JJR
burdened	VBN
regulated	VBN
carriers	NNS
.	.
VON	NNP
also	RB
waged	VBD
an	DT
effective	JJ
media	NNS
campaign	NN
.	.
There	EX
was	VBD
quickly	RB
a	DT
landslide	NN
of	IN
protest	NN
over	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
regulation	NN
and	CC
in	IN
the	DT
flurry	NN
of	IN
controversy	NN
that	WDT
followed	VBD
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
quietly	RB
put	VBD
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
telephony	NN
regulations	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
back	RB
burner	NN
until	IN
1998	CD
when	WRB
ACTA	NNP
again	RB
brought	VBD
the	DT
petition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
FCC	NNP
's	POS
attention	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
heart	NN
of	IN
the	DT
debate	NN
over	IN
telephony	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
telephone	NN
industries	NNS
required	VBN
contributions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Universal	NNP
Fund	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Universal	NNP
Fund	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
tax	NN
on	IN
the	DT
industry	NN
that	WDT
helps	VBZ
assure	VB
affordable	JJ
service	NN
for	IN
all	DT
US	NNP
citizens	NNS
by	IN
paying	VBG
for	IN
telephone	NN
infrastructure	NN
in	IN
rural	JJ
and	CC
hard	JJ
to	TO
reach	VB
areas	NNS
.	.
The	DT
goal	NN
of	IN
universal	JJ
service	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
founding	NN
mandates	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
FCC	NNP
and	CC
they	PRP
consider	VBP
it	PRP
a	DT
extremely	RB
important	JJ
issue	NN
.	.
The	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
the	DT
service	NN
is	VBZ
significant	JJ
and	CC
can	MD
easily	RB
double	VB
the	DT
price	NN
of	IN
a	DT
long	JJ
distance	NN
call	NN
.	.
The	DT
Universal	NNP
Service	NNP
obligation	NN
is	VBZ
currently	RB
split	VBN
with	IN
states	NNS
paying	VBG
75	CD
per	IN
cent	NN
and	CC
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
picking	VBG
up	RP
the	DT
remaining	VBG
25	CD
per	IN
cent	NN
.	.
More	RBR
importantly	RB
,	,
however	RB
,	,
ACTA	NNP
pointed	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
1996	CD
Telecommunications	NNP
Act	NNP
and	CC
said	VBD
the	DT
providers	NNS
of	IN
long	JJ
distance	NN
Internet	NNP
services	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
classified	VBN
as	IN
interstate	JJ
telecommunications	NNS
carriers	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
and	CC
therefore	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
regulation	NN
requirements	NNS
.	.
VON	NNP
also	RB
pointed	VBD
out	RP
that	IN
section	NN
223	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
e	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
states	VBZ
`	``
nothing	NN
in	IN
this	DT
section	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
concerning	VBG
restrictions	NNS
on	IN
obscene	JJ
communications	NNS
via	IN
telephone	NN
facilities	NNS
or	CC
interactive	JJ
computer	NN
services	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
shall	MD
be	VB
construed	VBN
to	TO
treat	VB
interactive	JJ
computer	NN
services	NNS
as	IN
common	JJ
carriers	NNS
or	CC
telecommunication	NN
carriers	NNS
'	POS
47	CD
U.S.C.	NNP
223	CD
9	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
e	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
VON	NNP
thought	VBD
the	DT
argument	NN
that	IN
the	DT
FCC	NNP
had	VBD
authority	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
the	DT
telephony	NN
software	NN
manufacturers	NNS
was	VBD
absurd	JJ
.	.
One	CD
commentator	NN
explained	VBD
``	``
its	PRP$
like	IN
arguing	VBG
that	IN
instead	RB
of	IN
regulating	VBG
FedEx	NNP
or	CC
Airborn	NNP
Express	NNP
like	IN
the	DT
postal	JJ
service	NN
,	,
we	PRP
should	MD
instead	RB
regulate	VB
the	DT
manufacturer	NN
of	IN
mail	NN
boxes	NNS
.	.
''	''
19\/VON	CD
pushed	VBD
hard	RB
to	TO
get	VB
the	DT
FCC	NNP
to	TO
reject	VB
the	DT
ACTA	NNP
petition	NN
.	.
Although	IN
only	RB
a	DT
narrow	JJ
class	NN
of	IN
providers	NNS
of	IN
telephony	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
carved	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
opinion	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
FCC	NNP
regulation	NN
,	,
the	DT
door	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
opened	VBN
for	IN
regulation	NN
.	.
The	DT
FCC	NNP
has	VBZ
said	VBN
that	IN
while	IN
the	DT
Telecommunications	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1996	CD
clearly	RB
intended	VBN
that	IN
information	NN
services	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
regulated	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
has	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
sentence	NN
said	VBD
that	IN
if	IN
a	DT
service	NN
being	VBG
provided	VBN
acts	NNS
exactly	RB
like	IN
other	JJ
regulated	JJ
industries	NNS
,	,
then	RB
they	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Also	RB
significant	JJ
,	,
was	VBD
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
FCC	NNP
chose	VBD
not	RB
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
telephony	NN
's	POS
effect	NN
on	IN
the	DT
limited	JJ
resources	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
net	NN
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
stated	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
concern	NN
over	IN
bandwidth	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
legitimate	JJ
one	CD
,	,
but	CC
that	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
was	VBD
already	RB
under	IN
consideration	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Access	NNP
Reform	NNP
Hearings	NNS
.	.
26a	JJ
\/	NN
The	DT
significance	NN
of	IN
this	DT
issue	NN
remaining	VBG
alive	JJ
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
underestimated	VBN
.	.
The	DT
FCC	NNP
has	VBZ
initiated	VBN
many	JJ
far	RB
reaching	VBG
policies	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
television	NN
,	,
radio	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
industries	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
limited	JJ
spectrum	NN
.	.
The	DT
argument	NN
has	VBZ
cut	VBN
both	DT
ways	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
changing	VBG
technologies	NNS
have	VBP
warranted	VBN
.	.
The	DT
vast	JJ
power	NN
of	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
is	VBZ
demonstrated	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
extreme	JJ
regulation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
infant	NN
cable	NN
industry	NN
in	IN
the	DT
early	JJ
70	CD
's	POS
versus	CC
the	DT
subsequent	JJ
almost	RB
total	JJ
de-regulation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
industry	NN
a	DT
decade	NN
later	RB
as	RB
channel	NN
capabilities	NNS
improved	VBN
.	.
Time	NNP
will	MD
tell	VB
if	IN
the	DT
money	NN
generated	VBD
from	IN
the	DT
line	NN
charges	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
especially	RB
those	DT
that	WDT
ISPs	NNP
now	RB
must	MD
indirectly	RB
pay	VB
as	IN
they	PRP
use	VBP
telecommunications	NNS
carriers	NNS
to	TO
increase	VB
capacity	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
will	MD
make	VB
up	RP
for	IN
the	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
monies	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
market	NN
shifts	NNS
to	TO
telephony	NN
carriers	NNS
.	.
30\/The	JJ
FCC	NNP
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
congress	NN
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
find	VB
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
balance	VB
the	DT
two	CD
very	RB
important	JJ
policy	NN
initiatives	NNS
of	IN
supporting	VBG
universal	JJ
access	NN
for	IN
all	DT
citizens	NNS
and	CC
keeping	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
free	JJ
from	IN
regulation	NN
.	.
Telephony	NN
remains	VBZ
unregulated	JJ
today	NN
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
intense	JJ
pressures	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
FCC	NNP
from	IN
a	DT
wide	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
interested	JJ
parties	NNS
.	.
ACTA	NNP
's	POS
petition	NN
contained	VBD
legitimate	JJ
legal	JJ
arguments	NNS
that	WDT
fell	VBD
only	RB
in	IN
the	DT
face	NN
of	IN
the	DT
overwhelming	JJ
counter	NN
arguments	NNS
in	IN
regards	VBZ
to	TO
policy	NN
.	.
The	DT
battle	NN
that	WDT
VON	NNP
waged	VBD
was	VBD
won	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
media	NNS
and	CC
on	IN
the	DT
hill	NN
,	,
not	RB
in	IN
the	DT
courtroom	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
battle	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
that	IN
leaves	VBZ
immense	JJ
power	NN
to	TO
decide	VB
the	DT
fate	NN
of	IN
the	DT
telephony	NN
industry	NN
in	IN
the	DT
hands	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
administrative	JJ
agency	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
an	DT
important	JJ
lesson	NN
on	IN
how	WRB
fights	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
regulation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
played	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
and	CC
a	DT
reminder	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
quickly	RB
those	DT
decisions	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
changed	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
pronouncement	NN
of	IN
administrative	JJ
policy	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
significant	JJ
that	IN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
end	NN
,	,
the	DT
decision	NN
not	RB
to	TO
regulate	VB
telephony	NN
was	VBD
based	VBN
on	IN
policy	NN
and	CC
not	RB
legality	NN
.	.
From	IN
a	DT
legal	JJ
sense	NN
,	,
the	DT
FCC	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
exempt	JJ
the	DT
new	JJ
technology	NN
from	IN
regulation	NN
.	.
Clearly	RB
the	DT
FCC	NNP
has	VBZ
left	VBN
the	DT
decision	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
the	DT
industry	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
discretion	NN
.	.
A	DT
challenge	NN
to	TO
telephony	NN
regulation	NN
in	IN
court	NN
might	MD
encounter	VB
an	DT
uphill	JJ
battle	NN
because	IN
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
face	NN
of	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
,	,
some	DT
forms	NNS
of	IN
telephony	NN
can	MD
clearly	RB
be	VB
considered	VBN
telecommunications	NNS
service	NN
.	.
This	DT
fact	NN
,	,
combined	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
traditional	JJ
deference	NN
the	DT
court	NN
has	VBZ
given	VBN
administrative	JJ
agencies	NNS
show	VBP
that	IN
battles	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
industry	NN
might	MD
be	VB
better	RBR
waged	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
congress	NN
than	IN
at	IN
the	DT
courthouse	NN
.	.
Insurance	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
has	VBZ
traditionally	RB
been	VBN
regulated	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
state	NN
level	NN
.	.
Until	IN
earlier	RBR
this	DT
century	NN
,	,
in	IN
fact	NN
,	,
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
have	VB
the	DT
Constitutional	NNP
authority	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
insurance	NN
,	,
since	IN
insurance	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
a	DT
power	NN
delegated	VBD
to	TO
it	PRP
under	IN
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
had	VBD
held	VBN
that	IN
insurance	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
considered	VBN
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
McCarran-Ferguson	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
Congress	NNP
left	VBD
virtually	RB
all	DT
insurance	NN
regulation	NN
up	IN
to	TO
the	DT
individual	JJ
states	NNS
.1	CD
Section	NN
1012	CD
of	IN
McCarran-Ferguson	NNP
contains	VBZ
an	DT
extremely	RB
strong	JJ
presumption	NN
in	IN
favor	NN
of	IN
state	NN
regulation	NN
,	,
requiring	VBG
that	IN
any	DT
federal	JJ
law	NN
that	WDT
does	VBZ
not	RB
explicitly	RB
state	NN
it	PRP
applies	VBZ
to	TO
insurance	NN
is	VBZ
pre-empted	VBN
by	IN
applicable	JJ
state	NN
insurance	NN
regulations	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
there	EX
have	VBP
been	VBN
some	DT
recent	JJ
efforts	NNS
to	TO
federalize	VB
the	DT
regulation	NN
of	IN
automobile	NN
insurance	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
see	VB
,	,
e.g.	VB
the	DT
recently	RB
proposed	VBN
Auto	NN
Choice	NNP
Reform	NNP
Act2	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
would	MD
superimpose	VB
a	DT
federally	RB
imposed	VBN
tort	NN
election	NN
for	IN
personal	JJ
automobile	NN
insurance	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
this	DT
area	NN
of	IN
law	NN
continues	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
regulated	VBN
almost	RB
exclusively	RB
on	IN
the	DT
state	NN
level	NN
.	.
Every	DT
state	NN
regulates	VBZ
insurance	NN
differently	RB
,	,
but	CC
most	JJS
have	VBP
the	DT
same	JJ
basic	JJ
concerns	NNS
:	:
financially	RB
secure	JJ
insurers	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
complying	VBG
with	IN
state	NN
regulations	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
knowledgeable	JJ
sales	NNS
force	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
state	NN
regulation	NN
and	CC
discipline	NN
.	.
Here	RB
is	VBZ
a	DT
broad	JJ
overview	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
most	RBS
states	NNS
view	VBP
their	PRP$
role	NN
in	IN
insurance	NN
regulation	NN
,	,
with	IN
links	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Utah	NNP
Insurance	NNP
Department	NNP
's	POS
webpage	NN
for	IN
demonstrative	JJ
purposes	NNS
.	.
Note	VB
that	DT
individual	JJ
state	NN
regulations	NNS
do	VBP
vary	VB
substantially	RB
from	IN
state	NN
to	TO
state	NN
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
an	DT
agent	NN
's	POS
license	NN
one	CD
must	MD
take	VB
and	CC
pass	VB
an	DT
insurance	NN
exam	NN
,	,
pass	VB
a	DT
background	NN
check	NN
,	,
and	CC
pay	VB
the	DT
registration	NN
fee	NN
.	.
In	IN
many	JJ
cases	NNS
,	,
a	DT
prospective	JJ
agent	NN
must	MD
have	VB
a	DT
sponsoring	VBG
company	NN
.	.
The	DT
meaning	NN
of	IN
``	``
sell	NN
insurance	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
often	RB
not	RB
clearly	RB
defined	VBN
,	,
but	CC
usually	RB
includes	VBZ
soliciting	VBG
insurance	NN
,	,
describing	VBG
coverage	NN
,	,
binding	JJ
coverage	NN
,	,
and	CC
accepting	VBG
insurance	NN
premiums	NNS
.	.
All	DT
states	NNS
have	VBP
some	DT
process	NN
under	IN
which	WDT
companies	NNS
must	MD
file	VB
the	DT
rates	NNS
they	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
use	VB
and	CC
the	DT
policy	NN
forms	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
the	DT
insurance	NN
contracts	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
they	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
issue	VB
.	.
Automobile	NNP
insurers	NNS
generally	RB
get	VBP
more	JJR
scrutiny	NN
here	RB
than	IN
other	JJ
insurers	NNS
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
mandatory	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
automobile	NN
insurance	NN
.	.
State	NN
requirements	NNS
vary	VBP
from	IN
laissez-faire	FW
-LRB-	-LRB-
automobile	NN
rates	NNS
in	IN
Wyoming	NNP
need	MD
not	RB
be	VB
filed	VBN
at	IN
all	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
state	NN
mandated	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
policy	NN
forms	NNS
in	IN
Texas	NNP
must	MD
conform	VB
to	TO
statutory	JJ
language	NN
;	:
rates	NNS
in	IN
Massachusetts	NNP
are	VBP
set	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
also	RB
where	WRB
Departments	NNP
make	VBP
sure	JJ
that	IN
coverage	NN
offerings	NNS
conform	VB
with	IN
specific	JJ
state	NN
statutory	JJ
requirements	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
most	JJS
states	NNS
require	VBP
that	IN
drivers	NNS
purchase	NN
Bodily	NNP
Injury	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
insurance	NN
for	IN
personal	JJ
injuries	NNS
one	CD
causes	VBZ
to	TO
others	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
Property	NNP
Damage	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
insurance	NN
for	IN
property	NN
damage	NN
one	CD
causes	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
but	CC
Florida	NNP
has	VBZ
adopted	VBN
a	DT
``	``
no-fault	NN
''	''
insurance	NN
model	NN
that	WDT
requires	VBZ
that	IN
all	DT
drivers	NNS
purchase	NN
Personal	JJ
Injury	NNP
Protection	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
insurance	NN
for	IN
people	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
driver	NN
's	POS
car	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
Property	NNP
Damage	NN
.	.
State	NNP
coverage	NN
definitions	NNS
vary	VBP
substantially	RB
from	IN
state	NN
to	TO
state	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
basically	RB
three	CD
ways	NNS
that	WDT
insurers	NNS
sell	VBP
automobile	NN
insurance	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
today	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
companies	NNS
use	VBP
agents	NNS
-	:
licensed	JJ
sales	NNS
people	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
company	NN
employees	NNS
.	.
Direct	NNP
writers	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
State	NNP
Farm	NNP
,	,
Allstate	NNP
and	CC
Nationwide	NNP
use	VBP
``	``
captive	JJ
''	''
agency	NN
forces	NNS
,	,
meaning	VBG
that	IN
their	PRP$
agency	NN
contracts	NNS
require	VBP
exclusivity	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
the	DT
agent	NN
can	MD
not	RB
contract	VB
with	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
insurance	NN
company	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
as	IN
a	DT
condition	NN
of	IN
getting	VBG
the	DT
contract	NN
.	.
In	IN
return	NN
,	,
direct	JJ
writers	NNS
generally	RB
help	VBP
pay	VB
some	DT
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agent	NN
's	POS
overhead	NN
,	,
provide	VB
much	JJ
stronger	JJR
advertising	NN
and	CC
``	``
brand	NN
''	''
recognition	NN
,	,
and	CC
usually	RB
pay	VB
large	JJ
new	JJ
business	NN
commissions	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
but	CC
smaller	JJR
renewal	NN
commissions	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
These	DT
companies	NNS
contract	NN
with	IN
agents	NNS
like	IN
the	DT
direct	JJ
writers	NNS
,	,
but	CC
their	PRP$
agents	NNS
are	VBP
free	JJ
to	TO
contract	NN
with	IN
multiple	JJ
companies	NNS
.	.
Generally	RB
,	,
these	DT
insurers	NNS
compensate	VBP
their	PRP$
agents	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
straight	JJ
commission	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
percentage	NN
of	IN
sales	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
all	DT
insurance	NN
the	DT
agent	NN
sells	VBZ
,	,
whether	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
new	JJ
business	NN
or	CC
renewal	NN
.	.
State	NNP
legislatures	NNS
and	CC
state	NN
insurance	NN
departments	NNS
have	VBP
not	RB
addressed	VBN
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
online	JJ
automobile	NN
insurance	NN
sales	NNS
.	.
A	DT
comprehensive	JJ
search	NN
of	IN
all	DT
50	CD
states	NNS
'	POS
Insurance	NN
Related	VBN
Regulations3	JJ
revealed	VBD
only	RB
18	CD
documents	NNS
that	WDT
contained	VBD
the	DT
word	NN
``	``
internet	NN
''	''
and	CC
pertained	VBD
to	TO
any	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
insurance	NN
.	.
Of	IN
these	DT
18	CD
documents	NNS
,	,
six	CD
pertain	NN
to	TO
life	NN
&	CC
health	NN
insurance	NN
,	,
two	CD
to	TO
surplus	JJ
lines	NNS
insurance	NN
,	,
one	CD
to	TO
workers	NNS
'	POS
compensation	NN
insurance	NN
,	,
and	CC
one	CD
pertains	NNS
to	TO
residential	JJ
property	NN
insurance	NN
.	.
Of	IN
the	DT
remaining	VBG
eight	CD
documents	NNS
,	,
all	DT
eight	CD
were	VBD
insurance	NN
department	NN
bulletins	NNS
.	.
There	EX
were	VBD
no	DT
insurance	NN
statutes	NNS
containing	VBG
the	DT
word	NN
``	``
internet	NN
''	''
and	CC
no	DT
administrative	JJ
regulations	NNS
addressing	VBG
insurance	NN
that	IN
contained	VBD
the	DT
word	NN
``	``
internet	NN
''	''
.	.
Of	IN
the	DT
eight	CD
bulletins	NNS
,	,
the	DT
only	RB
one	CD
that	WDT
directly	RB
addresses	VBZ
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
discussed	VBN
herein	RB
is	VBZ
Administrative	JJ
Letter	NN
1997-1	CD
``	``
Insurance	NNP
activities	NNS
requiring	VBG
persons	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
licensed	VBN
''	''
,	,
published	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Virginia	NNP
Bureau	NNP
of	IN
Insurance	NNP
on	IN
March	NNP
10th	JJ
of	IN
1997	CD
.	.
The	DT
code	NN
further	RBR
clarifies	VBZ
that	IN
acting	VBG
as	IN
an	DT
agent	NN
means	VBZ
,	,
''	''
...	:
soliciting	VBG
,	,
negotiating	VBG
,	,
procuring	VBG
or	CC
effecting	VBG
contracts	NNS
of	IN
insurance	NN
...	:
''	''
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
``	``
receiving	VBG
or	CC
sharing	VBG
,	,
directly	RB
or	CC
indirectly	RB
,	,
any	DT
commission	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
valuable	JJ
consideration	NN
arising	VBG
therefrom	RB
''	''
.	.
As	IN
noted	VBN
above	IN
,	,
the	DT
Virginia	NNP
Commissioner	NNP
of	IN
Insurance	NNP
,	,
Alfred	NNP
W.	NNP
Gross	NNP
,	,
issued	VBD
a	DT
bulletin	NN
in	IN
March	NNP
of	IN
1997	CD
,	,
Administrative	NNP
Letter	NNP
1997-1	CD
,	,
attempting	VBG
to	TO
clarify	VB
who	WP
needs	VBZ
to	TO
licensed	VBN
.	.
In	IN
his	PRP$
bulletin	NN
,	,
he	PRP
states	VBZ
,	,
``	``
We	PRP
have	VBP
,	,
over	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
,	,
noted	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
insurers	NNS
and	CC
agencies	NNS
,	,
especially	RB
large	JJ
agencies	NNS
located	VBN
outside	IN
of	IN
Virginia	NNP
...	:
do	VBP
not	RB
appear	VB
to	TO
be	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
this	DT
licensing	NN
requirement	NN
.	.
''	''
Lastly	RB
,	,
Commissioner	NNP
Gross	NNP
states	VBZ
that	IN
Virginia	NNP
takes	VBZ
''	''
...	:
the	DT
position	NN
that	IN
those	DT
who	WP
,	,
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
an	DT
insurer	NN
,	,
are	VBP
making	VBG
or	CC
receiving	VBG
telephone	NN
calls	NNS
or	CC
sending	VBG
or	CC
receiving	VBG
telefaxes	NNS
,	,
or	CC
utilizing	VBG
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
must	MD
,	,
if	IN
they	PRP
fall	VBP
within	IN
the	DT
parameters	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
this	DT
administrative	JJ
letter	NN
,	,
be	VB
properly	RB
licensed	VBN
and	CC
appointed	VBN
in	IN
Virginia	NNP
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
whether	IN
they	PRP
reside	VBP
in	IN
Virginia	NNP
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Emphasis	NN
added	VBD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
define	VB
what	WP
constitutes	VBZ
``	``
utilizing	VBG
the	DT
internet	NN
''	''
in	IN
this	DT
context	NN
.	.
Florida	NNP
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
requires	VBZ
every	DT
application	NN
for	IN
insurance	NN
to	TO
have	VB
the	DT
agent	NN
's	POS
state	NN
licensing	NN
number	NN
on	IN
the	DT
application	NN
of	IN
insurance	NN
.	.
To	TO
ensure	VB
compliance	NN
with	IN
this	DT
regulation	NN
,	,
presumably	RB
the	DT
agent	NN
's	POS
license	NN
number	NN
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
appear	VB
on	IN
the	DT
quote	NN
screen	NN
of	IN
a	DT
web	NN
page	NN
and	CC
on	IN
any	DT
print-out	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
available	JJ
.	.
Other	JJ
states	NNS
may	MD
require	VB
that	IN
an	DT
agent	NN
's	POS
license	NN
number	NN
appear	VBP
on	IN
business	NN
cards	NNS
and	CC
printed	VBN
advertisements	NNS
,	,
but	CC
these	DT
statutes	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
address	VB
whether	IN
electronic	JJ
advertisements	NNS
are	VBP
covered	VBN
by	IN
these	DT
requirements	NNS
.	.
Historically	NNP
,	,
all	DT
states	NNS
required	VBN
policies	NNS
of	IN
insurance	NN
to	TO
be	VB
``	``
countersigned	VBN
''	''
by	IN
an	DT
authorized	VBN
resident	NN
agent	NN
.	.
This	DT
countersignature	NN
requirement	NN
was	VBD
designed	VBN
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
complied	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
rules	NNS
and	CC
laws	NNS
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
and	CC
process	NN
had	VBD
been	VBN
properly	RB
explained	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
insured	VBN
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
advent	NN
of	IN
Long	NNP
Arm	NN
Statutes	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
and	CC
changes	NNS
in	IN
technology	NN
,	,
most	JJS
states	NNS
have	VBP
either	RB
removed	VBN
their	PRP$
countersignature	NN
requirements	NNS
,	,
or	CC
specifically	RB
allow	VB
``	``
countersignature	NN
in	IN
blank	JJ
''	''
or	CC
``	``
countersignature	NN
by	IN
facsimile	JJ
''	''
.	.
This	DT
change	NN
allows	VBZ
the	DT
policy	NN
to	TO
be	VB
generated	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
insurer	NN
's	POS
computer	NN
and	CC
mailed	VBD
or	CC
transmitted	VBD
directly	RB
to	TO
the	DT
insured	VBN
,	,
without	IN
the	DT
additional	JJ
cost	NN
and	CC
time	NN
of	IN
mailing	VBG
the	DT
policy	NN
to	TO
a	DT
local	JJ
agent	NN
for	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
signature	NN
and	CC
remailing	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
insured	VBN
.	.
About	IN
ten	CD
states	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
still	RB
retain	VB
``	``
wet	JJ
countersignature	NN
''	''
laws	NNS
requiring	VBG
an	DT
original	JJ
,	,
hand	NN
signed	VBD
countersignature	NN
for	IN
a	DT
policy	NN
to	TO
be	VB
properly	RB
valid	JJ
.	.
Georgia	NNP
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
recently	RB
amended	VBD
its	PRP$
countersignature	NN
law	NN
,	,
but	CC
still	RB
requires	VBZ
a	DT
wet	JJ
countersignature	NN
if	IN
the	DT
company	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
independent	JJ
agency	NN
company	NN
.	.
This	DT
means	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
ultimate	JJ
``	``
electronic	JJ
''	''
transaction	NN
including	VBG
returning	VBG
a	DT
file	NN
with	IN
the	DT
final	JJ
contract	NN
in	IN
it	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
insured	VBN
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
possible	JJ
under	IN
current	JJ
Georgia	NNP
law	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
insurers	NNS
are	VBP
starting	VBG
to	TO
rate	NN
or	CC
underwrite	VBP
automobile	NN
policies	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
credit	NN
attributes	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
insured	VBN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
an	DT
applicant	NN
who	WP
holds	VBZ
a	DT
credit	NN
card	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
no	DT
bankruptcies	NNS
on	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
record	NN
in	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
seven	CD
years	NNS
may	MD
receive	VB
a	DT
lower	JJR
rate	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
insurers	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
using	VBG
``	``
credit	NN
scores	NNS
''	''
to	TO
predict	VB
loss	NN
history	NN
.	.
These	DT
scores	NNS
are	VBP
usually	RB
bought	VBN
from	IN
a	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
vendor	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
Fair	NNP
Isaac	NNP
,	,
and	CC
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
predict	VB
automobile	NN
insurance	NN
loss	NN
propensity	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
complicated	JJ
analysis	NN
of	IN
the	DT
insured	NN
's	POS
credit	NN
attributes	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
one	CD
goes	VBZ
online	JJ
with	IN
Progressive	NNP
and	CC
purchase	VB
an	DT
automobile	NN
insurance	NN
policy	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
see	VB
below	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
it	PRP
will	MD
ask	VB
the	DT
prospective	JJ
customer	NN
for	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
social	JJ
security	NN
number	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
along	IN
with	IN
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
information	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
not	RB
seem	VB
directly	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
automobile	NN
insurance	NN
,	,
like	IN
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
the	DT
inquirer	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
college	NN
graduate	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Progressive	JJ
asks	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
social	JJ
security	NN
number	NN
for	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
reasons	NNS
-	:
it	PRP
will	MD
order	VB
a	DT
credit	NN
report	NN
and	CC
a	DT
credit	NN
score	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
major	JJ
fraud	NN
database	NN
maintained	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Insurance	NNP
Crime	NNP
Bureau	NNP
is	VBZ
indexed	VBN
by	IN
social	JJ
security	NN
number	NN
.	.
A	DT
related	JJ
issue	NN
,	,
but	CC
one	CD
on	IN
which	WDT
there	EX
is	VBZ
little	JJ
information	NN
available	JJ
,	,
is	VBZ
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
Progressive	NNP
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
companies	NNS
,	,
should	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
information	NN
they	PRP
collect	VBP
online	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
marketing	NN
analyses	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
someone	NN
goes	VBZ
online	JJ
and	CC
get	VB
a	DT
quote	NN
from	IN
Progressive	NNP
,	,
Progressive	NNP
collects	VBZ
and	CC
saves	VBZ
all	PDT
the	DT
information	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
asks	VBZ
for	IN
.	.
Progressive	NNP
will	MD
then	RB
use	VB
that	DT
information	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
competitive	JJ
analysis	NN
,	,
because	IN
it	PRP
gives	VBZ
them	PRP
an	DT
accurate	JJ
,	,
current	JJ
snapshot	NN
of	IN
the	DT
automobile	NN
insurance	NN
market	NN
.	.
Web	NNP
Site	NNP
.	.
Note	VB
that	DT
D.	NNP
Brown	NNP
identifies	VBZ
the	DT
agency	NN
name	NN
,	,
address	NN
,	,
phone	NN
number	NN
,	,
fax	NN
number	NN
,	,
email	NN
address	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
one	CD
principle	NN
owner	NN
.	.
A	DT
prospective	JJ
customer	NN
has	VBZ
more	JJR
than	IN
enough	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
inquiry	NN
about	IN
the	DT
agency	NN
's	POS
status	NN
with	IN
an	DT
insurance	NN
department	NN
or	CC
Better	NNP
Business	NNP
Bureau	NNP
.	.
Note	NN
also	RB
that	IN
D.	NNP
Brown	NNP
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
clear	JJ
that	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
only	RB
provide	VB
quotes	NNS
in	IN
Oregon	NNP
or	CC
Washington	NNP
State	NNP
,	,
presumably	RB
because	IN
those	DT
are	VBP
the	DT
only	JJ
two	CD
states	NNS
where	WRB
it	PRP
holds	VBZ
licenses	NNS
.	.
Note	VB
that	DT
Progressive	NNP
is	VBZ
easily	RB
identifiable	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
web-surfer	NN
knows	VBZ
who	WP
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
dealing	VBG
with	IN
.	.
Progressive	NNP
's	POS
web-page	JJ
may	MD
not	RB
comply	VB
with	IN
agency	NN
licensing	NN
laws	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
and	CC
definitely	RB
would	MD
not	RB
comply	VB
with	IN
a	DT
wet	JJ
countersignature	NN
law	NN
.	.
Progressive	NNP
also	RB
lets	VBZ
current	JJ
insureds	NNS
and	CC
agents	NNS
access	VBP
their	PRP$
information	NN
online	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
another	DT
innovative	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
This	DT
service	NN
provides	VBZ
instantaneous	JJ
premium	NN
comparisons	NNS
for	IN
dozens	NNS
of	IN
companies	NNS
in	IN
California	NNP
only	RB
.	.
The	DT
web-site	JJ
makes	VBZ
fairly	RB
clear	JJ
that	IN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
represent	VB
all	PDT
these	DT
companies	NNS
or	CC
sell	VB
insurance	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
makes	VBZ
no	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
distinguish	VB
among	IN
various	JJ
policy	NN
forms	NNS
,	,
e.g.	FW
and	CC
the	DT
quotes	NNS
may	MD
therefore	RB
be	VB
misleading	VBG
.	.
The	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Insurance	NNP
Commissioners	NNPS
-LRB-	-LRB-
NAIC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
should	MD
exert	VB
leadership	NN
in	IN
this	DT
area	NN
of	IN
insurance	NN
regulation	NN
.	.
The	DT
NAIC	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
organization	NN
of	IN
state	NN
insurance	NN
regulators	NNS
that	IN
``	``
provides	VBZ
a	DT
forum	NN
for	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
uniform	JJ
policy	NN
when	WRB
uniformity	NN
is	VBZ
appropriate	JJ
.	.
''	''
Due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
unique	JJ
jurisdictional	JJ
and	CC
control	NN
issues	NNS
surrounding	VBG
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
uniformity	NN
of	IN
state	NN
regulation	NN
is	VBZ
appropriate	JJ
and	CC
highly	RB
desirable	JJ
.	.
Other	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
that	WDT
present	JJ
unique	JJ
jurisdictional	JJ
and	CC
related	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
regulation	NN
of	IN
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
and	CC
child	NN
support	NN
enforcement	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
successfully	RB
and	CC
uniformly	RB
regulated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
states	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
model	NN
laws	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
See	VB
the	DT
UCC	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
UIFSA	NNP
,	,
respectively	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
NAIC	NNP
has	VBZ
an	DT
accreditation	NN
process	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
encourage	VB
states	NNS
to	TO
implement	VB
its	PRP$
model	NN
laws	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
most	RBS
active	JJ
in	IN
providing	VBG
model	NN
laws	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
insurer	NN
solvency	NN
regulation	NN
,	,
an	DT
important	JJ
issue	NN
that	WDT
clearly	RB
crosses	VBZ
state	NN
lines	NNS
.	.
In	IN
reality	NN
,	,
the	DT
NAIC	NNP
has	VBZ
proven	VBN
largely	RB
ineffective	JJ
at	IN
its	PRP$
attempts	NNS
to	TO
promote	VB
uniform	JJ
regulation	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
and	CC
some	DT
federal	JJ
involvement	NN
is	VBZ
probably	RB
necessary	JJ
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
accomplish	VB
uniform	JJ
rules	NNS
among	IN
the	DT
states	NNS
.	.
Substantive	JJ
issues	NNS
underlying	VBG
automobile	NN
insurance	NN
regulation	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
what	WP
limits	NNS
of	IN
insurance	NN
are	VBP
required	VBN
,	,
what	WP
types	NNS
of	IN
coverages	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
substantive	JJ
law	NN
issues	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
left	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
individual	JJ
states	NNS
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
the	DT
NAIC	NNP
has	VBZ
not	RB
yet	RB
taken	VBN
a	DT
leadership	NN
role	NN
in	IN
this	DT
area	NN
.	.
In	IN
March	NNP
of	IN
1998	CD
it	PRP
issued	VBD
a	DT
White	NNP
Paper	NNP
entitled	VBD
``	``
The	DT
Marketing	NNP
of	IN
Insurance	NNP
Over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
''	''
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
addressed	VBD
above	IN
were	VBD
discussed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
White	NNP
Paper	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
ironically	RB
is	VBZ
not	RB
available	JJ
on-line	JJ
.	.
The	DT
White	NNP
Paper	NNP
provides	VBZ
16	CD
recommendations	NNS
,	,
none	NN
of	IN
which	WDT
involve	VBP
a	DT
model	NN
law	NN
.	.
The	DT
White	NNP
Paper	NNP
does	VBZ
recognize	VB
that	IN
some	DT
''	''
...	:
jurisdictions	NNS
have	VBP
enacted	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
other	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
statutes	NNS
or	CC
regulations	NNS
that	WDT
tend	VBP
to	TO
limit	VB
the	DT
viability	NN
or	CC
efficiency	NN
of	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
distribution	NN
channel	NN
because	IN
the	DT
statues	NNS
or	CC
regulations	NNS
introduce	VBP
logistical	JJ
or	CC
other	JJ
barriers	NNS
.	.
''	''
and	CC
specifically	RB
mentions	VBZ
``	``
wet	JJ
''	''
countersignature	NN
laws	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Conclusion	NN
9	CD
,	,
p.	VB
29	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
question	NN
that	WDT
pornography	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
no	DT
question	NN
that	WDT
children	NNS
have	VBP
access	NN
to	TO
this	DT
material	NN
.	.
How	WRB
society	NN
addresses	NNS
this	DT
unfortunate	JJ
reality	NN
is	VBZ
at	IN
the	DT
heart	NN
of	IN
the	DT
cyberporn	NN
debate	NN
.	.
While	IN
some	DT
believe	VBP
the	DT
most	RBS
effective	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
this	DT
problem	NN
is	VBZ
through	IN
regulation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
others	NNS
believe	VBP
the	DT
responsibility	NN
of	IN
shielding	VBG
children	NNS
from	IN
cyberporn	NN
rests	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
parents	NNS
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
proliferation	NN
of	IN
pornography	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
and	CC
children	NNS
's	POS
increased	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
at	IN
schools	NNS
,	,
libraries	NNS
,	,
and	CC
at	IN
home	NN
,	,
Congress	NNP
has	VBZ
begun	VBN
to	TO
assert	VB
its	PRP$
lawmaking	JJ
powers	NNS
towards	IN
pornography	NN
providers	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Congress	NNP
's	POS
first	JJ
major	JJ
attempt	NN
at	IN
regulating	VBG
pornography	NN
ran	VBD
into	IN
a	DT
roadblock	NN
known	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
.	.
Section	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
prohibited	VBD
the	DT
knowing	VBG
transmission	NN
of	IN
obscene	JJ
or	CC
indecent	JJ
messages	NNS
to	TO
any	DT
recipient	JJ
under	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
18	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Section	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
prohibited	VBD
the	DT
knowing	VBG
sending	VBG
or	CC
displaying	VBG
of	IN
patently	RB
offensive	JJ
messages	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
manner	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
available	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
person	NN
under	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
18	CD
.	.
Following	VBG
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
's	POS
finding	NN
that	IN
the	DT
CDA	NNP
was	VBD
unconstitutional	JJ
,	,
both	DT
Congress	NNP
and	CC
many	JJ
states	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
busy	JJ
writing	VBG
new	JJ
laws	NNS
to	TO
regulate	VB
pornographic	JJ
and	CC
other	JJ
material	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
Senate	NNP
has	VBZ
passed	VBN
two	CD
bills	NNS
dealing	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
subject	NN
,	,
Congress	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
whole	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
passed	VBN
any	DT
legislation	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
civil	JJ
libertarian	JJ
groups	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Civil	NNP
Liberties	NNP
Union	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ACLU	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
the	DT
Electronic	JJ
Frontier	NNP
Foundation	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
EFF	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
have	VBP
already	RB
denounced	VBN
the	DT
legislation	NN
saying	VBG
it	PRP
flies	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
face	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
's	POS
ruling	NN
and	CC
will	MD
restrict	VB
Constitutionally	RB
protected	VBN
free	JJ
speech	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
16	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Bill	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
departments	NNS
of	IN
Commerce	NNP
,	,
Justice	NNP
,	,
and	CC
State	NN
that	WDT
purport	VBP
to	TO
regulate	VB
online	JJ
content	NN
and	CC
schools	NNS
and	CC
libraries	NNS
receiving	VBG
federal	JJ
funds	NNS
for	IN
Internet	NNP
access	NN
.	.
The	DT
Appropriation	NNP
Bill	NNP
was	VBD
then	RB
passed	VBN
on	IN
July	NNP
23	CD
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
press	NN
release	NN
Senator	NNP
McCain	NNP
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
As	IN
Internet	NNP
use	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
schools	NNS
and	CC
libraries	NNS
continues	VBZ
to	TO
grow	VB
,	,
children	NNS
's	POS
potential	JJ
exposure	NN
to	TO
harmful	JJ
online	NN
content	NN
will	MD
only	RB
increase	VB
.	.
Schools	NNS
and	CC
libraries	NNS
can	MD
select	VB
the	DT
technology	NN
that	WDT
best	JJS
suits	NNS
their	PRP$
community	NN
standards	NNS
.	.
The	DT
prevention	NN
lies	VBZ
,	,
not	RB
in	IN
censoring	VBG
what	WP
goes	VBZ
onto	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
but	CC
rather	RB
in	IN
filtering	VBG
what	WP
comes	VBZ
out	IN
of	IN
it	PRP
onto	IN
the	DT
computers	NNS
our	PRP$
children	NNS
use	VBP
outside	IN
the	DT
home	NN
.	.
''	''
Senator	NNP
Ernest	NNP
Hollings	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
D-SC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
a	DT
co-sponsor	NN
of	IN
the	DT
bill	NN
,	,
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
This	DT
legislation	NN
protects	VBZ
children	NNS
from	IN
being	VBG
exposed	VBN
to	TO
explicit	JJ
material	NN
while	IN
they	PRP
're	VBP
using	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
at	IN
school	NN
or	CC
the	DT
local	JJ
library	NN
.	.
It	PRP
gives	VBZ
schools	NNS
and	CC
libraries	NNS
an	DT
added	VBN
financial	JJ
incentive	NN
to	TO
filter	NN
children	NNS
's	POS
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
when	WRB
children	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
under	IN
parental	JJ
supervision	NN
.	.
We	PRP
must	MD
tackle	VB
this	DT
problem	NN
of	IN
children	NNS
innocently	RB
stumbling	VBG
onto	IN
indecent	JJ
material	NN
while	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
web	NN
for	IN
legitimate	JJ
research	NN
purposes	NNS
or	CC
face	NN
dire	JJ
consequences	NNS
.	.
''	''
The	DT
letter	NN
from	IN
the	DT
ACLU	NNP
and	CC
EFF	NNP
also	RB
addressed	VBD
this	DT
bill	NN
.	.
The	DT
organizations	NNS
argued	VBD
that	IN
under	IN
Reno	NNP
v.	CC
ACLU	NNP
,	,
the	DT
censorship	NN
that	IN
the	DT
blocking	VBG
software	NN
creates	VBZ
is	VBZ
a	DT
blatant	JJ
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
.	.
The	DT
software	NN
blocks	NNS
access	NN
to	TO
valuable	JJ
,	,
protected	JJ
online	NN
speech	NN
about	IN
such	JJ
topics	NNS
as	IN
AIDS	NNP
,	,
safe	JJ
sex	NN
,	,
news	NN
articles	NNS
,	,
religious	JJ
groups	NNS
,	,
and	CC
gay	JJ
and	CC
lesbian	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
they	PRP
stated	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
letter	NN
that	IN
the	DT
bill	NN
is	VBZ
contrary	JJ
to	TO
public	JJ
policy	NN
.	.
They	PRP
said	VBD
that	IN
parents	NNS
and	CC
teachers	NNS
should	MD
provide	VB
guidance	NN
to	TO
children	NNS
about	IN
material	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
not	RB
he	PRP
government	NN
.	.
Blocking	VBG
software	NN
puts	VBZ
into	IN
the	DT
hands	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
manufacturer	NN
what	WDT
should	MD
be	VB
restricted	VBN
,	,
instead	RB
of	IN
allowing	VBG
parents	NNS
,	,
teachers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
librarians	NNS
the	DT
decision	NN
of	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
acceptable	JJ
.	.
Between	IN
Congress	NNP
's	POS
desire	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
to	TO
protect	VB
children	NNS
from	IN
harmful	JJ
material	NN
and	CC
the	DT
ACLU	NNP
's	POS
demand	NN
for	IN
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
free	JJ
speech	NN
rights	NNS
,	,
an	DT
ongoing	JJ
battle	NN
has	VBZ
ensued	VBN
and	CC
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
not	RB
to	TO
be	VB
settled	VBN
anytime	RB
soon	RB
.	.
The	DT
law	NN
has	VBZ
always	RB
been	VBN
slow	JJ
to	TO
develop	VB
into	IN
a	DT
happy	JJ
medium	NN
that	IN
all	DT
sides	NNS
can	MD
agree	VB
to	TO
,	,
and	CC
such	JJ
will	MD
be	VB
the	DT
case	NN
here	RB
.	.
Although	IN
more	JJR
government	NN
regulation	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
necessarily	RB
better	RBR
,	,
a	DT
completely	RB
unrestricted	JJ
internet	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
in	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
interest	NN
of	IN
children	NNS
,	,
who	WP
already	RB
are	VBP
bombarded	VBN
through	IN
other	JJ
mediums	NNS
with	IN
more	JJR
adult	NN
issues	NNS
and	CC
situations	NNS
than	IN
previous	JJ
generations	NNS
.	.
Blocking	VBG
software	NN
programs	NNS
are	VBP
very	RB
distinct	JJ
.	.
Some	DT
filtering	VBG
programs	NNS
block	NN
specific	JJ
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
while	IN
others	NNS
enable	VBP
parents	NNS
to	TO
choose	VB
the	DT
material	NN
they	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
filter	NN
out	RP
.	.
Given	VBN
the	DT
variety	NN
and	CC
features	NNS
available	JJ
with	IN
blocking	VBG
software	NN
,	,
parents	NNS
may	MD
want	VB
to	TO
familiarize	VB
themselves	PRP
with	IN
what	WP
the	DT
market	NN
has	VBZ
to	TO
offer	VB
before	IN
making	VBG
a	DT
selection	NN
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
safe	JJ
or	CC
dangerous	JJ
haven	NN
for	IN
children	NNS
.	.
Our	PRP$
government	NN
,	,
while	IN
legitimately	RB
concerned	VBN
about	IN
the	DT
well-being	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
nation	NN
's	POS
children	NNS
,	,
has	VBZ
failed	VBN
to	TO
realize	VB
the	DT
implications	NNS
of	IN
passing	VBG
laws	NNS
which	WDT
seek	VBP
to	TO
restrict	VB
our	PRP$
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
rights	NNS
to	TO
freedom	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
and	CC
expression	NN
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
spoken	VBN
on	IN
this	DT
issue	NN
and	CC
upheld	VBD
the	DT
transmission	NN
of	IN
cyberporn	NN
as	IN
constitutionally	RB
protected	VBN
free	JJ
speech	NN
,	,
federal	JJ
,	,
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
governments	NNS
continue	VBP
to	TO
push	VB
for	IN
more	JJR
legislation	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
curtail	VB
cyberporn	NN
.	.
A	DT
website	JJ
sponsor	NN
must	MD
be	VB
concerned	VBN
with	IN
specifying	VBG
and	CC
receiving	VBG
the	DT
deliverable	JJ
desired	VBN
,	,
retaining	VBG
rights	NNS
of	IN
ownership	NN
and	CC
transferability	NN
,	,
and	CC
avoiding	VBG
exposure	NN
to	TO
liability	NN
for	IN
misuse	NN
of	IN
the	DT
works	NNS
of	IN
others	NNS
.	.
Allowing	VBG
the	DT
chips	NNS
to	TO
fall	VB
where	WRB
they	PRP
may	MD
leave	VB
the	DT
Sponsor3	NNP
of	IN
a	DT
website	NN
in	IN
a	DT
compromised	VBN
legal	JJ
and	CC
competitive	JJ
position	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
Sponsor	NNP
has	VBZ
not	RB
solidified	VBN
its	PRP$
rights	NNS
to	TO
important	JJ
elements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
site	NN
,	,
additional	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
potentially	RB
exorbitant	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
costs	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
incurred	VBN
later	RB
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
event	NN
that	IN
a	DT
need	NN
for	IN
rights	NNS
arises	VBZ
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
Developer4	JJ
or	CC
third-party	JJ
subsequently	RB
elects	VBZ
to	TO
use	VB
a	DT
particular	JJ
graphic	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
manner	NN
inconsistent	JJ
with	IN
a	DT
Sponsor	NNP
's	POS
competitive	JJ
position	NN
,	,
that	IN
Sponsor	NNP
may	MD
have	VB
to	TO
pay	VB
the	DT
Developer	NNP
to	TO
refrain	VB
.	.
Frequently	RB
,	,
a	DT
designer	NN
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
creating	VBG
web	NN
pages	NNS
,	,
and	CC
thus	RB
may	MD
have	VB
a	DT
library	NN
of	IN
content	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
uses	VBZ
over	IN
and	CC
over	IN
for	IN
different	JJ
clients	NNS
--	:
this	DT
can	MD
thwart	VB
an	DT
Sponsor	NN
's	POS
desire	NN
for	IN
a	DT
competitively	RB
unique	JJ
website	NN
.	.
In	IN
Animation	NNP
Station	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Bulls	NNPS
displayed	VBD
third-party	JJ
animated	JJ
content	NN
on	IN
its	PRP$
website	NN
among	IN
other	JJ
places	NNS
,	,
when	WRB
its	PRP$
contract	NN
with	IN
the	DT
third-party	JJ
copyright	NN
holders	NNS
did	VBD
not	RB
authorize	VB
such	JJ
use	NN
.	.
That	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
could	MD
fairly	RB
bring	VB
suit	NN
for	IN
injury	NN
suffered	VBN
.	.
As	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
Bulls	NNPS
'	POS
co-defendants	NNS
,	,
Starwave	NNP
Corporation	NNP
--	:
the	DT
developer	NN
of	IN
the	DT
website	NN
,	,
faces	VBZ
action	NN
for	IN
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
,	,
unfair	JJ
competition	NN
,	,
and	CC
conversion	NN
.	.
Realistically	RB
,	,
developers	NNS
want	VBP
to	TO
use	VB
chunks	NNS
of	IN
code	NN
over	IN
and	CC
over	IN
,	,
to	TO
reduce	VB
the	DT
time	NN
and	CC
expense	NN
reinventing	VBG
basic	JJ
segments	NNS
of	IN
typical	JJ
website	NN
programming	NN
.	.
The	DT
Contract	NNP
should	MD
create	VB
a	DT
license	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Sponsor	NNP
that	WDT
gives	VBZ
the	DT
Sponsor	NNP
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
software	NN
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
rights	NNS
of	IN
ownership	NN
.	.
The	DT
Contract	NNP
should	MD
specify	VB
portions	NNS
and	CC
types	NNS
of	IN
code	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
copyright	NN
will	MD
be	VB
retained	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Sponsor	NNP
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
code	NN
in	IN
question	NN
is	VBZ
routine	JJ
,	,
mathematical	JJ
,	,
and	CC
standard	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
probably	RB
does	VBZ
not	RB
pose	VB
a	DT
competitive	JJ
threat	NN
,	,
but	CC
should	MD
be	VB
reflected	VBN
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
benefit	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Sponsor	NNP
's	POS
bargain	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
Developer	NNP
will	MD
want	VB
to	TO
use	VB
it	PRP
in	IN
later	JJ
projects	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
Developer	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
contract	NN
right	NN
to	TO
maintain	VB
the	DT
site	NN
,	,
the	DT
Sponsor	NNP
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
move	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
another	DT
server	NN
at	IN
will	NN
.	.
Without	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
clause	NN
,	,
a	DT
Sponsor	NN
that	WDT
finds	VBZ
itself	PRP
dissatisfied	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
reliability	NN
of	IN
the	DT
web	NN
server	NN
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
would	MD
only	RB
have	VB
to	TO
obtain	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
host	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
extensive	JJ
application	NN
of	IN
telemedicine	NN
.	.
Radiologists	NNS
review	VBP
X-ray	NN
images	NNS
,	,
sonograms	NNS
,	,
CAT	NNP
scans	VBZ
and	CC
MRIs	VBZ
that	DT
are	VBP
sent	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
's	POS
hospital	NN
or	CC
clinic	NN
to	TO
the	DT
physician	NN
who	WP
may	MD
be	VB
located	VBN
at	IN
home	NN
or	CC
at	IN
another	DT
hospital	NN
.	.
This	DT
capability	NN
is	VBZ
particularly	RB
important	JJ
for	IN
small	JJ
facilities	NNS
that	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
full-time	JJ
radiologists	NNS
on	IN
staff	NN
.	.
All	DT
sites	NNS
were	VBD
supplied	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
conference	NN
telephone	NN
,	,
fax	NN
,	,
and	CC
freeze-frame	JJ
transceivers	NNS
.	.
Evaluation	NN
for	IN
the	DT
project	NN
showed	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
technology	NN
did	VBD
improve	VB
the	DT
health	NN
care	NN
of	IN
these	DT
remote	JJ
residents	NNS
.	.
While	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
impossible	JJ
to	TO
calculate	VB
the	DT
operating	NN
costs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
telemedicine	NN
network	NN
separate	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
functions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
network	NN
,	,
some	DT
healthcare	NN
costs	NNS
were	VBD
reduced	VBN
.	.
An	DT
offer	NN
was	VBD
extended	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
to	TO
the	DT
Soviet	NNP
Union	NNP
for	IN
medical	JJ
consultation	NN
from	IN
the	DT
site	NN
of	IN
the	DT
disaster	NN
in	IN
Armenia	NNP
to	TO
several	JJ
medical	JJ
centers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Under	IN
the	DT
auspices	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
\/	NN
U.S.S.R	NNP
Joint	NNP
Working	NNP
Group	NNP
on	IN
Space	NNP
Biology	NNP
,	,
telemedicine	NN
consultations	NNS
were	VBD
conducted	VBN
using	VBG
one-way	JJ
video	NN
,	,
voice	NN
,	,
and	CC
facsimile	JJ
between	IN
a	DT
medical	JJ
center	NN
in	IN
Yerevan	NNP
,	,
Armenia	NNP
and	CC
four	CD
medical	JJ
centers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
The	DT
program	NN
was	VBD
extended	VBN
to	TO
Ufa	NNP
,	,
Russia	NNP
to	TO
facilitate	VB
burn	VBP
victims	NNS
after	IN
a	DT
terrible	JJ
railway	NN
accident	NN
.	.
The	DT
report	NN
indicated	VBD
that	IN
state	NN
regulation	NN
of	IN
these	DT
issues	NNS
was	VBD
necessary	JJ
because	IN
federal	JJ
protection	NN
of	IN
medical	JJ
records	NNS
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
to	TO
governmental	JJ
intrusions	NNS
involving	VBG
substance	NN
abuse	NN
and	CC
mental	JJ
health	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
requirement	NN
of	IN
written	VBN
consent	NN
from	IN
individuals	NNS
in	IN
most	JJS
circumstances	NNS
to	TO
release	VB
medical	JJ
records	NNS
.	.
Yet	RB
,	,
when	WRB
a	DT
patient	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
one	CD
state	NN
while	IN
medical	JJ
records	NNS
are	VBP
transferred	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
second	JJ
state	NN
via	IN
video	NN
imaging	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
interception	NN
or	CC
tampering	VBG
of	IN
records	NNS
occurs	VBZ
in	IN
a	DT
third	JJ
state	NN
,	,
the	DT
necessity	NN
of	IN
federal	JJ
regulation	NN
of	IN
transfers	NNS
of	IN
medical	JJ
records	NNS
in	IN
telemedicine	NN
is	VBZ
heightened	VBN
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
different	JJ
state	NN
requirements	NNS
,	,
physicians	NNS
should	MD
verify	VB
that	IN
their	PRP$
malpractice	NN
liability	NN
insurer	NN
carriers	NNS
cover	VBP
telemedicine	NN
interaction	NN
for	IN
any	DT
electronic	JJ
interaction	NN
with	IN
out-of-state	JJ
physicians	NNS
.	.
This	DT
mammoth	JJ
problem	NN
stems	VBZ
from	IN
the	DT
very	JJ
simple	JJ
practice	NN
of	IN
using	VBG
only	RB
the	DT
last	JJ
two	CD
digits	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
year	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
the	DT
entire	JJ
four	CD
digits	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
an	DT
example	NN
of	IN
saving	VBG
a	DT
little	JJ
then	RB
and	CC
having	VBG
to	TO
spend	VB
a	DT
tremendous	JJ
amounts	NNS
of	IN
money	NN
now	RB
.	.
For	IN
years	NNS
,	,
dates	NNS
in	IN
computers	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
expressed	VBN
by	IN
using	VBG
only	RB
the	DT
last	JJ
two	CD
digits	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
year	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
the	DT
date	NN
1998	CD
is	VBZ
known	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
as	IN
98	CD
.	.
On	IN
January	NNP
1	CD
,	,
2000	CD
,	,
the	DT
computer	NN
will	MD
read	VB
the	DT
date	NN
as	IN
January	NNP
1	CD
,	,
1900	CD
because	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
only	RB
recognize	VB
the	DT
last	JJ
two	CD
digits	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
year	NN
date	NN
,	,
00	CD
.	.
The	DT
computer	NN
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
distinguish	VB
between	IN
the	DT
different	JJ
centuries	NNS
.	.
Several	JJ
reasons	NNS
are	VBP
offered	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
.	.
The	DT
main	JJ
one	CD
is	VBZ
the	DT
expense	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
space	NN
and	CC
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
conserve	VB
space	NN
on	IN
its	PRP$
drives	NNS
.	.
A	DT
compromise	NN
was	VBD
made	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
between	IN
the	DT
expense	NN
of	IN
storing	VBG
all	DT
four	CD
digits	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
store	VB
all	DT
four	CD
digits	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
seen	VBN
as	IN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
use	VB
up	RP
valuable	JJ
expensive	JJ
computer	NN
space	NN
by	IN
storing	VBG
the	DT
entire	JJ
four-digit	JJ
date	NN
when	WRB
two	CD
digits	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
adequate	JJ
.	.
A	DT
second	JJ
reason	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
common	JJ
accepted	VBN
practice	NN
of	IN
indicating	VBG
dates	NNS
with	IN
two	CD
digits	NNS
rather	RB
than	IN
all	DT
four	CD
.	.
Very	RB
seldom	RB
in	IN
our	PRP$
everyday	JJ
lives	NNS
is	VBZ
it	PRP
necessary	JJ
to	TO
distinguish	VB
the	DT
century	NN
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
assumed	VBN
the	DT
nineteenth	JJ
century	NN
was	VBD
meant	VBN
,	,
therefore	RB
the	DT
19	CD
before	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
two	CD
digits	NNS
,	,
98	CD
,	,
were	VBD
seldom	RB
used	VBN
.	.
One	CD
effect	NN
this	DT
will	MD
have	VB
on	IN
our	PRP$
businesses	NNS
and	CC
lives	NNS
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
will	MD
date	VB
everything	NN
as	IN
1900	CD
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
2000	CD
.	.
Therefore	RB
all	DT
date	NN
calculations	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
incorrect	JJ
.	.
Examples	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
problem	NN
which	WDT
effect	NN
our	PRP$
daily	JJ
lives	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
calculation	NN
of	IN
late	JJ
payments	NNS
and	CC
interest	NN
charges	NNS
and	CC
payments	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
all	DT
computer-based	JJ
systems	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
affected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
coming	VBG
of	IN
the	DT
year	NN
2000	CD
.	.
The	DT
sheer	JJ
magnitude	NN
and	CC
widespread	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
will	MD
have	VB
a	DT
tremendious	JJ
effect	NN
on	IN
our	PRP$
everyday	JJ
lives	NNS
.	.
As	IN
examples	NNS
,	,
traffic	NN
lights	NNS
are	VBP
programmed	VBN
by	IN
computers	NNS
,	,
entry	NN
into	IN
parking	NN
lots	NNS
using	VBG
debit	JJ
cards	NNS
are	VBP
computer	NN
controlled	VBN
,	,
utilities	NNS
for	IN
our	PRP$
homes	NNS
and	CC
businesses	NNS
are	VBP
computer	NN
controlled	VBN
.	.
The	DT
list	NN
seems	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
endless	JJ
.	.
The	DT
expiration	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
drivers	NNS
license	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
credit	NN
card	NN
,	,
when	WRB
are	VBP
your	PRP$
bills	NNS
due	JJ
or	CC
are	VBP
they	PRP
100	CD
years	NNS
overdue	JJ
?	.
If	IN
someone	NN
owns	VBZ
stock	NN
in	IN
a	DT
publicly	RB
traded	VBN
company	NN
,	,
what	WP
will	MD
happen	VB
to	TO
the	DT
company	NN
record	NN
showing	VBG
stock	NN
ownership	NN
?	.
Will	MD
the	DT
dividend	NN
check	NN
be	VB
mailed	VBN
properly	RB
?	.
Records	NNP
of	IN
social	JJ
security	NN
benefits	NNS
,	,
other	JJ
government	NN
benefits	NNS
or	CC
retirement	NN
benefits	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
effected	VBN
.	.
The	DT
year	NN
2000	CD
problem	NN
affects	VBZ
each	DT
of	IN
us	PRP
.	.
Each	DT
of	IN
us	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
vital	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
solution	NN
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
step	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
become	VB
informed	VBN
of	IN
just	RB
how	WRB
your	PRP$
company	NN
will	MD
be	VB
effected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
.	.
Begin	VB
with	IN
discovering	VBG
and	CC
listing	VBG
each	DT
piece	NN
of	IN
equipment	NN
within	IN
the	DT
company	NN
with	IN
its	PRP$
manufacturer	NN
and	CC
model	NN
.	.
Evaluate	VB
each	DT
piece	NN
of	IN
equipment	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
just	RB
how	WRB
far	RB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
from	IN
being	VBG
year	NN
2000	CD
compliant	JJ
.	.
Also	RB
inventory	NN
the	DT
systems	NNS
,	,
hardware	NN
and	CC
software	NN
,	,
that	WDT
may	MD
have	VB
problems	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
evaluate	VB
their	PRP$
effectiveness	NN
.	.
Using	VBG
your	PRP$
inventory	NN
list	NN
and	CC
your	PRP$
priority	NN
list	NN
,	,
develop	VB
a	DT
plan	NN
as	IN
to	TO
which	WDT
systems	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
tackled	VBN
first	RB
.	.
The	DT
decision	NN
is	VBZ
whether	IN
to	TO
repair	VB
the	DT
systems	NNS
or	CC
replace	VB
them	PRP
.	.
The	DT
company	NN
may	MD
have	VB
enough	JJ
inside	IN
employees	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
expertise	NN
to	TO
handle	VB
various	JJ
parts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
repair	NN
.	.
It	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
possible	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
manufacturer	NN
of	IN
that	DT
equipment	NN
at	IN
issue	NN
is	VBZ
equipped	VBN
with	IN
its	PRP$
specialists	NNS
to	TO
handle	VB
the	DT
problem	NN
involving	VBG
that	IN
piece	NN
.	.
And	CC
,	,
alas	UH
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
necessary	JJ
to	TO
employ	VB
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
of	IN
the	DT
vendors	NNS
that	WDT
specialize	VBP
in	IN
year	NN
2000	CD
compliance	NN
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
the	DT
computer-based	JJ
system	NN
.	.
In	IN
today	NN
's	POS
business	NN
world	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
much	RB
more	RBR
interdependence	NN
between	IN
computer-based	JJ
systems	NNS
than	IN
we	PRP
might	MD
be	VB
willing	JJ
to	TO
recognize	VB
.	.
If	IN
your	PRP$
systems	NNS
are	VBP
compliant	JJ
and	CC
there	EX
's	VBZ
are	VBP
not	RB
,	,
you	PRP
still	RB
have	VBP
a	DT
problem	NN
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
liable	JJ
for	IN
problems	NNS
arising	VBG
out	IN
of	IN
a	DT
company	NN
's	POS
failure	NN
to	TO
be	VB
year	NN
2000	CD
compliant	JJ
.	.
Generally	RB
the	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
has	VBZ
a	DT
fiduciary	JJ
duty	NN
to	TO
act	VB
in	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
interests	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
company	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
shareholders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Board	NNP
of	IN
Directors	NNS
has	VBZ
a	DT
duty	NN
to	TO
see	VB
that	IN
a	DT
business	NN
's	POS
plans	NNS
are	VBP
carried	VBN
out	RP
to	TO
become	VB
year	NN
2000	CD
compliant	JJ
.	.
The	DT
year	NN
2000	CD
problem	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
specific	JJ
and	CC
known	JJ
problem	NN
making	VBG
the	DT
directors	NNS
liable	JJ
for	IN
its	PRP$
resolvment	NN
.	.
Bankers	NNP
making	VBG
loans	NNS
to	TO
companies	NNS
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
know	VB
the	DT
status	NN
of	IN
the	DT
company	NN
's	POS
compliance	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
intelligently	RB
and	CC
rationally	RB
make	VB
loans	NNS
to	TO
them	PRP
.	.
Among	IN
other	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
their	PRP$
compliance	NN
or	CC
plans	NNS
for	IN
such	JJ
will	MD
affect	VB
their	PRP$
business	NN
stability	NN
and	CC
profits	NNS
and	CC
therefore	RB
their	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
repay	VB
loans	NNS
.	.
Investment	NN
advisors	NNS
who	WP
advise	VBP
individuals	NNS
to	TO
invest	VB
in	IN
companies	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
know	VB
of	IN
the	DT
company	NN
's	POS
status	NN
in	IN
becoming	VBG
compliant	JJ
and	CC
in	IN
turn	NN
notify	VBP
their	PRP$
investment	NN
customers	NNS
.	.
This	DT
falls	VBZ
under	IN
his	PRP$
duty	NN
of	IN
due	JJ
diligence	NN
in	IN
advising	VBG
his	PRP$
clients	NNS
.	.
The	DT
investment	NN
advisor	NN
who	WP
advises	VBZ
an	DT
individual	JJ
to	TO
invest	VB
in	IN
a	DT
company	NN
that	IN
he	PRP
knows	VBZ
or	CC
should	MD
know	VB
is	VBZ
not	RB
taking	VBG
appropriate	JJ
steps	NNS
to	TO
become	VB
year	NN
2000	CD
complient	NN
could	MD
be	VB
liable	JJ
for	IN
mal-practice	NN
.	.
The	DT
advisor	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
duty	NN
to	TO
investigate	VB
the	DT
stability	NN
of	IN
the	DT
company	NN
he	PRP
suggests	VBZ
which	WDT
includes	VBZ
the	DT
year	NN
2000	CD
problem	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
advisor	NN
fails	VBZ
to	TO
adequately	RB
inform	VB
the	DT
investor	NN
,	,
mal-practice	NN
could	MD
be	VB
an	DT
issue	NN
.	.
Investors	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
company	NN
have	VBP
a	DT
right	NN
under	IN
disclosure	NN
laws	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
made	VBN
aware	JJ
of	IN
liabilities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
company	NN
.	.
Disclose	VB
your	PRP$
status	NN
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
year	NN
2000	CD
compliance	NN
and	CC
state	NN
clearly	RB
and	CC
honestly	RB
where	WRB
the	DT
company	NN
stands	VBZ
and	CC
what	WDT
measures	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
taken	VBN
to	TO
become	VB
year	NN
2000	CD
compliant	JJ
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
are	VBP
your	PRP$
software	NN
vendors	NNS
liable	JJ
for	IN
making	VBG
their	PRP$
software	NN
year	NN
2000	CD
compliant	JJ
?	.
What	WP
types	NNS
of	IN
escape	NN
clauses	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
contracts	NNS
you	PRP
have	VBP
with	IN
them	PRP
?	.
Also	RB
consider	VB
those	DT
who	WP
maintain	VBP
your	PRP$
software	NN
applications	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
liability	NN
.	.
Not	RB
only	RB
is	VBZ
this	DT
a	DT
problem	NN
from	IN
the	DT
perspective	NN
of	IN
the	DT
company	NN
as	IN
a	DT
business	NN
,	,
but	CC
from	IN
the	DT
business	NN
as	IN
a	DT
customer	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
customer	NN
depend	VBP
on	IN
delivery	NN
of	IN
products	NNS
from	IN
other	JJ
companies	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
concerned	VBN
about	IN
their	PRP$
compliance	NN
so	IN
that	IN
you	PRP
will	MD
receive	VB
the	DT
products	NNS
properly	RB
and	CC
in	IN
a	DT
timely	JJ
fashion	NN
.	.
Otherwise	RB
you	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
liable	JJ
to	TO
your	PRP$
customers	NNS
for	IN
not	RB
supplying	VBG
a	DT
finished	JJ
product	NN
because	IN
your	PRP$
supplier	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
compliance	NN
problem	NN
.	.
The	DT
intertwining	VBG
of	IN
companies	NNS
in	IN
today	NN
's	POS
world	NN
makes	VBZ
compliance	NN
of	IN
one	CD
company	NN
dependent	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
compliance	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
companies	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
companies	NNS
that	WDT
specialize	VBP
in	IN
addressing	VBG
and	CC
finding	VBG
solutions	NNS
to	TO
this	DT
tremendous	JJ
problem	NN
.	.
These	DT
companies	NNS
are	VBP
known	VBN
as	IN
vendors	NNS
and	CC
provide	VB
products	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
problem	NN
.	.
www.year2000.com/y2k-vendors.html	JJ
Management	NN
Support	NN
Technology	NN
publishes	VBZ
a	DT
book	NN
that	WDT
profiles	NNS
over	IN
forty	CD
vendors	NNS
and	CC
one	CD
hundred	CD
software	NN
programs	NNS
aimed	VBN
at	IN
solving	VBG
the	DT
problem	NN
.	.
Just	RB
as	IN
businesses	NNS
and	CC
companies	NNS
will	MD
have	VB
a	DT
problem	NN
at	IN
the	DT
onset	NN
of	IN
the	DT
year	NN
2000	CD
,	,
so	RB
will	MD
government	NN
.	.
The	DT
State	NN
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
spared	VBN
this	DT
tremendous	JJ
problem	NN
.	.
Its	PRP$
computer-based	JJ
systems	NNS
are	VBP
vulnerable	JJ
to	TO
all	PDT
the	DT
same	JJ
problems	NNS
faced	VBN
by	IN
businesses	NNS
and	CC
companies	NNS
.	.
The	DT
problems	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
manifested	VBN
through	IN
disruptions	NNS
of	IN
government	NN
services	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
benefits	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
average	JJ
citizen	NN
may	MD
be	VB
most	RBS
unhappy	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
disruption	NN
of	IN
benefits	NNS
,	,
he	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
so	RB
intimately	RB
unhappy	JJ
about	IN
the	DT
disruptions	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
different	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
tax	NN
collections	NNS
.	.
However	RB
in	IN
the	DT
long	JJ
run	NN
,	,
the	DT
inability	NN
to	TO
collect	VB
and	CC
process	VB
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
taxes	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
income	NN
taxes	NNS
,	,
property	NN
taxes	NNS
,	,
automobile	NN
tags	NNS
and	CC
taxes	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
sales	NNS
tax	NN
will	MD
have	VB
a	DT
direct	JJ
impact	NN
on	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
.	.
The	DT
governor	NN
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
,	,
Zell	NNP
Miller	NNP
,	,
has	VBZ
recommended	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
state	NN
implement	VB
a	DT
``	``
fast	JJ
track	NN
''	''
approach	NN
to	TO
the	DT
solving	VBG
of	IN
this	DT
problem	NN
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
152	CD
million	CD
dollars	NNS
allocated	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
project	NN
.	.
The	DT
state	NN
has	VBZ
established	VBN
a	DT
Georgia	NNP
year	NN
2000	CD
office	NN
to	TO
coordinate	VB
the	DT
efforts	NNS
.	.
This	DT
office	NN
has	VBZ
established	VBN
standards	NNS
and	CC
criteria	NNS
for	IN
becoming	VBG
year	NN
2000	CD
compliant	JJ
.	.
These	DT
are	VBP
listed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
website	NN
.	.
The	DT
office	NN
has	VBZ
also	RB
established	VBN
a	DT
scale	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
to	TO
rate	VB
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
making	VBG
different	JJ
systems	NNS
year	NN
2000	CD
compliant	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Legislation	NN
directly	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
year	NN
2000	CD
compliance	NN
project	NN
is	VBZ
House	NNP
Bill	NNP
1166	CD
and	CC
senate	NN
Bill	NNP
638	CD
.	.
House	NNP
Bill	NNP
1166	CD
provides	VBZ
for	IN
supplemental	JJ
appropriations	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
1998	CD
fiscal	JJ
year	NN
in	IN
excess	NN
of	IN
152	CD
million	CD
dollars	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
administration	NN
and	CC
efforts	NNS
required	VBN
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
Year	NN
2000	CD
computer	NN
compliance	NN
problem	NN
.	.
Senate	NNP
Bill	NNP
638	CD
protects	VBZ
political	JJ
subdivisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
from	IN
liability	NN
from	IN
failures	NNS
caused	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Year	NN
2000	CD
problem	NN
.	.
Also	RB
found	VBN
at	IN
this	DT
web	NN
site	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
agency	NN
heads	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
Year	NN
2000	CD
Project	NN
manager	NN
assigned	VBN
to	TO
that	DT
agency	NN
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
promises	VBZ
to	TO
become	VB
a	DT
completely	RB
new	JJ
way	NN
of	IN
conducting	VBG
business	NN
with	IN
3-D	JJ
conferencing	NN
and	CC
24	CD
hour	NN
cyber-cams	NNS
that	WDT
transmit	VBP
pay-per-view	JJ
images	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
continuous	JJ
basis	NN
into	IN
your	PRP$
home	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
applications	NNS
will	MD
become	VB
more	RBR
commonplace	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
allows	VBZ
the	DT
dissemination	NN
of	IN
ideas	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
anywhere	RB
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
cheaply	RB
and	CC
immediately	RB
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
category	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
form	NN
of	IN
telecommunication	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
taxed	VBN
similar	JJ
to	TO
existing	VBG
telecommunication	NN
sales	NNS
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
category	NN
is	VBZ
traditional	JJ
remote	JJ
sales	NNS
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
only	JJ
difference	NN
being	VBG
the	DT
medium	NN
used	VBN
-	:
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
social	JJ
impact	NN
of	IN
allowing	VBG
e-commerce	JJ
taxation	NN
to	TO
bypass	VB
state	NN
regulation	NN
poses	VBZ
a	DT
potentially	RB
devastating	JJ
dilemma	NN
for	IN
local	JJ
governments	NNS
.	.
This	DT
anticipated	JJ
loss	NN
in	IN
revenue	NN
would	MD
deprive	VB
local	JJ
communities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
resources	NNS
necessary	JJ
to	TO
pay	VB
for	IN
police	NN
,	,
fire	NN
,	,
health	NN
,	,
and	CC
particularly	RB
education	NN
services	NNS
.	.
The	DT
ethnic	JJ
and	CC
economic	JJ
division	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
use	NN
also	RB
impacts	VBZ
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
taxation	NN
.	.
A	DT
recent	JJ
study	NN
noted	VBD
that	IN
80	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
homes	NNS
with	IN
income	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
$	$
75,000	CD
have	VBP
personal	JJ
computers	NNS
as	IN
compared	VBN
to	TO
only	RB
16	CD
percent	NN
for	IN
families	NNS
making	VBG
-LRB-	-LRB-
$	$
20,000	CD
.	.
A	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Commerce	NNP
report	NN
noted	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
revolution	NN
is	VBZ
bypassing	VBG
the	DT
poor	JJ
,	,
minorities	NNS
and	CC
those	DT
who	WP
live	VBP
in	IN
inner	JJ
cities	NNS
or	CC
rural	JJ
areas	NNS
.	.
This	DT
division	NN
in	IN
use	NN
will	MD
result	VB
in	IN
a	DT
heavier	JJR
burden	NN
on	IN
the	DT
poor	JJ
and	CC
minorities	NNS
in	IN
supporting	VBG
the	DT
local	JJ
tax	NN
base	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
tax	NN
base	NN
declines	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
the	DT
poor	JJ
and	CC
minorities	NNS
who	WP
will	MD
be	VB
paying	VBG
more	RBR
for	IN
less	JJR
.	.
Tax	NNP
schemes	NNS
are	VBP
theoretically	RB
supposed	VBN
to	TO
tax	VB
those	DT
taxpayers	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
pay	VB
and	CC
tax	VB
to	TO
a	DT
much	JJ
lessor	NN
extent	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
not	RB
at	IN
all	PDT
-RRB-	-RRB-
those	DT
taxpayers	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
incapable	JJ
of	IN
paying	VBG
.	.
Commission	NNP
on	IN
Electronic	NNP
CommerceFN16will	NNP
study	NN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
tax	NN
issues	NNS
and	CC
report	NN
back	RB
to	TO
Congress	NNP
after	IN
18	CD
months	NNS
on	IN
whether	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
should	MD
be	VB
taxed	VBN
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
so	RB
,	,
how	WRB
they	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
taxed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
manner	NN
that	WDT
ensures	VBZ
such	JJ
commerce	NN
wo	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
special	JJ
,	,
multiple	JJ
,	,
or	CC
discriminatory	JJ
taxes	NNS
.	.
State	NNP
and	CC
local	JJ
elected	VBN
officials	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
a	DT
prominent	JJ
voice	NN
on	IN
this	DT
commission	NN
.	.
Congress	NNP
,	,
of	IN
course	NN
,	,
retains	VBZ
full	JJ
authority	NN
to	TO
change	VB
or	CC
discard	VB
the	DT
Commission	NNP
's	POS
proposals	NNS
.	.
Commerce	NNP
FN18	NNP
to	TO
endorse	VB
the	DT
following	NN
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Competitive	JJ
neutrality	NN
-	:
all	DT
transactions	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
treated	VBN
equally	RB
,	,
whether	IN
that	DT
transaction	NN
is	VBZ
done	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
phone	NN
,	,
b	NN
mail	NN
,	,
or	CC
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Expanded	JJ
Duty	NN
to	TO
Collect	VB
-	:
Encourage	VB
congress	NN
to	TO
authorize	VB
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
governments	NNS
to	TO
require	VB
remittance	NN
of	IN
out-of-state	JJ
sales	NNS
tax	NN
.	.
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Federalism	SYM
-	:
Congress	NNP
should	MD
reaffirm	VB
a	DT
states	NNS
sovereign	JJ
right	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
tax	NN
policies	NNS
.	.
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Tax	NNP
Simplification	NNP
-	:
Encourage	VB
simplification	NN
and	CC
uniformity	NN
among	IN
that	DT
states	NNS
.	.
This	DT
commission	NN
also	RB
published	VBN
criterion	NN
for	IN
evaluating	VBG
proposed	VBN
regulations	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
see	VB
included	VBN
criteria	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
FN19	CD
.	.
The	DT
destination-based	JJ
tax	NN
system	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
one	CD
we	PRP
are	VBP
currently	RB
using	VBG
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
,	,
in	IN
Quill	NNP
,	,
prohibited	VBD
states	NNS
from	IN
collecting	VBG
tax	NN
on	IN
a	DT
destination-based	JJ
system	NN
unless	IN
the	DT
seller	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
physical	JJ
presence	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
This	DT
requirement	NN
has	VBZ
certainly	RB
put	VBN
many	JJ
Internet	NNP
sellers	NNS
out	IN
of	IN
reach	NN
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
how	WRB
much	JJ
they	PRP
are	VBP
selling	VBG
into	IN
a	DT
state	NN
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
the	DT
major	JJ
government	NN
assessments	NNS
concerning	VBG
the	DT
future	JJ
promise	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
have	VBP
recognized	VBN
that	IN
private	JJ
sector	NN
leadership	NN
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
and	CC
the	DT
realization	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
Economy	NNP
.	.
Governments	NNS
also	RB
have	VBP
acknowledged	VBN
that	IN
regulatory	JJ
forbearance	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
necessary	JJ
corollary	NN
to	TO
industry	NN
self-regulation	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
for	IN
governments	NNS
to	TO
forbear	VB
from	IN
direct	JJ
regulation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
industry	NN
must	MD
move	VB
beyond	IN
the	DT
rhetoric	NN
of	IN
self-regulation	NN
and	CC
demonstrate	VB
that	IN
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
consumers	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
public	NN
at	IN
large	JJ
can	MD
be	VB
met	VBN
effectively	RB
by	IN
industry	NN
initiatives	NNS
.	.
Georgia	NNP
Tech	NNP
was	VBD
sued	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Police	NNP
Court	NNP
of	IN
Paris	NNP
over	IN
the	DT
English	NNP
language	NN
content	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
Web	NNP
page	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
reach	VB
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
whether	IN
French	JJ
law	NN
can	MD
mandate	VB
that	IN
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
be	VB
bilingual	JJ
to	TO
include	VB
French	NNP
.	.
The	DT
European	NNP
Union	NNP
,	,
for	IN
instance	NN
,	,
has	VBZ
considered	VBN
and	CC
adopted	VBN
various	JJ
proposals	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
e-commerce	NNP
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
taxation	NN
,	,
tariffs	NNS
,	,
property	NN
rights	NNS
,	,
and	CC
privacy	NN
interests	NNS
.	.
These	DT
proposals	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
at	IN
http://www.cordis.lu/esprit/src/ecomcom.htm	NN
.	.
The	DT
European	NNP
Union	NNP
favors	VBZ
taxation	NN
of	IN
e-commerce	NN
so	RB
long	RB
as	IN
tax	NN
obligations	NNS
are	VBP
clear	JJ
and	CC
predictable	JJ
.	.
Like	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
,	,
however	RB
,	,
the	DT
European	NNP
Union	NNP
and	CC
its	PRP$
member	NN
states	NNS
have	VBP
not	RB
adopted	VBN
any	DT
specific	JJ
tax	NN
schemes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
European	NNP
Union	NNP
's	POS
view	NN
on	IN
taxation	NN
is	VBZ
very	RB
similar	JJ
to	TO
that	DT
of	IN
the	DT
Clinton	NNP
Administration	NNP
's	POS
view	NN
.	.
Compare	VB
http://www.cordis.lu/esprit/src/ecomcom3.htm	JJ
with	IN
http://www.ecommerce.gov/framewrk.htm	NN
.	.
In	IN
December	NNP
1996	CD
,	,
the	DT
-LRB-	-LRB-
UNCITRAL	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
issued	VBD
the	DT
UNCITRAL	NNP
Model	NNP
Law	NNP
on	IN
Electronic	NNP
Commerce	NNP
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
legal	JJ
principles	NNS
that	WDT
cut	VBD
across	IN
different	JJ
legal	JJ
systems	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
deals	VBZ
with	IN
legal	JJ
signatures	NNS
and	CC
recognition	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
messages	NNS
the	DT
formation	NN
and	CC
validity	NN
of	IN
e-commerce	JJ
contracts	NNS
and	CC
establishes	VBZ
general	JJ
principles	NNS
for	IN
certain	JJ
specific	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
international	JJ
trade	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
carriage	NN
of	IN
goods	NNS
.	.
To	TO
apply	VB
and	CC
place	VB
in	IN
context	NN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
proceeding	VBG
issues	NNS
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
important	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
brief	JJ
review	NN
of	IN
cases	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
applicable	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
regualtion	NN
issue	NN
.	.
Below	IN
is	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
brief	JJ
review	NN
of	IN
some	DT
cases	NNS
and	CC
constitutional	JJ
issues	NNS
that	WDT
impact	VBP
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
attempts	NNS
to	TO
regulate	VB
and\/or	CC
tax	NN
Internet	NN
activity	NN
.	.
A	DT
remaining	VBG
question	NN
is	VBZ
how	WRB
would	MD
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
treat	VB
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
in	IN
relation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
a	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
.	.
There	EX
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
trend	NN
away	RB
from	IN
the	DT
`	``
old	JJ
formalism	NN
'	''
starting	VBG
with	IN
Western	JJ
Live	NNP
Stock	NNP
v.	CC
Bureau	NNP
of	IN
Revenue	NN
,	,
303	CD
US	NNP
250	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1938	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
culminating	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
internal	JJ
and	CC
external	JJ
consistency	NN
tests	NNS
under	IN
which	WDT
a	DT
sales	NNS
tax	NN
levied	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
buyer	NN
at	IN
point	NN
of	IN
origin	NN
of	IN
a	DT
service	NN
is	VBZ
evaluated	VBN
.	.
The	DT
internal	JJ
consistency	NN
test	NN
evaluates	VBZ
the	DT
consequences	NNS
of	IN
every	DT
state	NN
adopting	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
tax	NN
and	CC
whether	IN
multiple	JJ
taxation	NN
would	MD
occur	VB
.	.
In	IN
Jefferson	NNP
Lines	NNP
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
`	``
if	IN
every	DT
State	NN
were	VBD
to	TO
impose	VB
a	DT
tax	NN
identical	JJ
to	TO
Oklahoma	NNP
's	POS
,	,
that	DT
is	VBZ
,	,
a	DT
tax	NN
on	IN
ticket	NN
sales	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
Sate	NNP
for	IN
travel	NN
originating	VBG
there	RB
,	,
no	DT
sale	NN
would	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
more	RBR
than	IN
one	CD
State	NN
's	POS
tax	NN
.	.
Jefferson	NNP
Lines	NNP
,	,
514	CD
U.S.	NNP
at	IN
185	CD
.	.
The	DT
external	JJ
consistency	NN
test	NN
looks	VBZ
`	``
to	TO
the	DT
economic	JJ
justification	NN
for	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
's	POS
claim	NN
upon	IN
the	DT
value	NN
taxed	VBN
,	,
that	DT
is	VBZ
fairly	RB
attributable	JJ
to	TO
economic	JJ
activity	NN
within	IN
the	DT
taxing	VBG
State	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
court	NN
in	IN
Western	JJ
Live	NNP
Stock	NNP
characterized	VBD
a	DT
local	JJ
state	NN
taxing	VBG
event	NN
as	IN
an	DT
,	,
``	``
agreement	NN
,	,
payment	NN
,	,
and	CC
delivery	NN
of	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
service	NN
in	IN
the	DT
taxing	VBG
State	NN
;	:
no	DT
other	JJ
state	NN
can	MD
claim	VB
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
site	NN
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
combination	NN
.	.
''	''
In	IN
discussing	VBG
remote	JJ
mail	NN
order	NN
sales	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
burdens	NNS
faced	VBN
by	IN
business	NN
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
in	IN
National	NNP
Bellas	NNP
Hess	NNP
v.	CC
DOR	NNP
of	IN
Illinois	NNP
,	,
386	CD
US	NNP
753	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1967	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
noted	VBD
,	,
``	``
the	DT
many	JJ
variations	NNS
in	IN
rates	NNS
of	IN
tax	NN
,	,
in	IN
allowable	JJ
exemptions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
administrative	JJ
record	NN
keeping	VBG
requirements	NNS
could	MD
entangle	VB
National	NNP
's	POS
interstate	JJ
business	NN
in	IN
a	DT
virtual	JJ
welter	NN
of	IN
complicated	JJ
obligations	NNS
to	TO
local	JJ
jurisdictions	NNS
with	IN
no	DT
legitimate	JJ
claim	NN
to	TO
impose	VB
a	DT
fair	JJ
share	NN
of	IN
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
government	NN
.	.
''	''
National	NNP
Bellas	NNP
Hess	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
stands	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
principle	NN
that	WDT
out-of-state	JJ
sales	NNS
companies	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
to	TO
collect	VB
and	CC
remit	VB
a	DT
use	NN
tax	NN
without	IN
having	VBG
a	DT
legal	JJ
nexus	NN
for	IN
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
purposes	NNS
.	.
By	IN
far	RB
the	DT
most	RBS
immediate	JJ
need	NN
for	IN
uniform	JJ
national	JJ
standards	NNS
is	VBZ
in	IN
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
tax	NN
policies	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
discrimination	NN
against	IN
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
is	VBZ
unconstitutional	JJ
under	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
's	POS
jurisprudence	NN
,	,
the	DT
unfortunate	JJ
fact	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
legal	JJ
environment	NN
provides	VBZ
little	JJ
real	JJ
remedies	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
taxpayer	NN
against	IN
the	DT
imposition	NN
of	IN
unconstitutional	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
taxes	NNS
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
the	DT
reality	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
live	VB
up	RP
to	TO
its	PRP$
reputation	NN
.	.
By	IN
far	RB
the	DT
most	RBS
immediate	JJ
need	NN
for	IN
uniform	JJ
national	JJ
standards	NNS
is	VBZ
in	IN
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
tax	NN
policies	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
discrimination	NN
against	IN
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
is	VBZ
unconstitutional	JJ
under	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
's	POS
jurisprudence	NN
interpreting	VBG
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
of	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Constitution	NNP
,	,
the	DT
unfortunate	JJ
fact	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
legal	JJ
environment	NN
provides	VBZ
little	JJ
real	JJ
remedies	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
taxpayer	NN
against	IN
the	DT
imposition	NN
of	IN
unconstitutional	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
taxes	NNS
.	.
Examples	NNS
of	IN
decade-long	JJ
litigation	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
refunds	NNS
of	IN
illegally	RB
imposed	VBN
taxes	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
uncommon	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
See	VB
the	DT
June	NNP
1999	CD
Commerce	NNP
Net	NNP
Public	NNP
Policy	NNP
Report	NNP
article	NN
States	NNP
Behaving	NNP
Badly	RB
.	.
A	DT
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
evaluation	NN
will	MD
require	VB
the	DT
court	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
the	DT
exercise	NN
of	IN
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
would	MD
violate	VB
constitutional	JJ
principles	NNS
of	IN
due	JJ
process	NN
.	.
The	DT
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
Clause	NN
imposes	VBZ
a	DT
limit	NN
on	IN
a	DT
states	NNS
power	NN
to	TO
tax	NN
.	.
Wisconsin	NNP
v.	CC
Penny	NNP
Co.	NNP
,	,
311	CD
U.S.	NNP
435	CD
,	,
445	CD
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
for	IN
a	DT
state	NN
to	TO
impose	VB
a	DT
tax	NN
there	RB
must	MD
be	VB
a	DT
`	``
nexus	NN
'	''
between	IN
the	DT
state	NN
and	CC
the	DT
person	NN
,	,
property	NN
or	CC
transaction	NN
.	.
Nexus	NN
is	VBZ
predicated	VBN
on	IN
physical	JJ
presence	NN
,	,
business	NN
activity	NN
generating	VBG
revenue	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
and	CC
the	DT
business	NN
utilization	NN
of	IN
state	NN
benefits	NNS
.	.
The	DT
application	NN
of	IN
`	``
nexus	NN
'	''
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
has	VBZ
caused	VBN
great	JJ
debate	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
its	PRP$
unique	JJ
attributes	NNS
.	.
Application	NN
of	IN
the	DT
principles	NNS
set	VBN
out	RP
by	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
in	IN
International	NNP
Shoe	NNP
have	VBP
proved	VBN
difficult	JJ
,	,
if	IN
not	RB
impossible	JJ
,	,
in	IN
application	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Altogether	RB
,	,
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
taxation	NN
and	CC
Internet	NNP
regulation	NN
by	IN
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
governments	NNS
is	VBZ
constantly	RB
changing	VBG
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
set	NN
standards	NNS
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
could	MD
provide	VB
no	DT
definitive	JJ
consensus	NN
on	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
method	NN
to	TO
use	VB
for	IN
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
regulation	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
business	NN
because	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
consensus	NN
.	.
Actually	RB
,	,
the	DT
most	RBS
beneficial	JJ
aspect	NN
of	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
links	NNS
provided	VBD
within	IN
its	PRP$
pages	NNS
.	.
No	DT
matter	NN
what	WDT
area	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
regulation	NN
you	PRP
wish	VBP
to	TO
examine	VB
,	,
the	DT
links	NNS
included	VBD
her	PRP
provide	VB
,	,
at	IN
a	DT
minimum	NN
,	,
a	DT
place	NN
to	TO
begin	VB
.	.
This	DT
Note	NN
discusses	VBZ
three	CD
important	JJ
e-commerce	JJ
issues	NNS
facing	VBG
societies	NNS
and	CC
governments	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
First	RB
,	,
e-commerce	JJ
controversy	NN
,	,
how	WRB
is	VBZ
society	NN
to	TO
grapple	VB
with	IN
unfettered	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
gambling	NN
,	,
sex	NN
and	CC
propaganda	NN
?	.
Second	NNP
,	,
e-commerce	JJ
privacy	NN
,	,
who	WP
will	MD
protect	VB
your	PRP$
privacy	NN
?	.
Is	VBZ
the	DT
Internet	NNP
a	DT
safe	JJ
place	NN
to	TO
do	VB
business	NN
?	.
Third	NNP
,	,
e-commerce	JJ
taxation	NN
,	,
how	WRB
will	MD
governments	NNS
protect	VB
their	PRP$
local	JJ
retailers	NNS
and	CC
collect	VB
funds	NNS
necessary	JJ
to	TO
support	VB
their	PRP$
public	JJ
welfare	NN
?	.
These	DT
are	VBP
the	DT
issues	NNS
facing	VBG
the	DT
world	NN
today	NN
with	IN
the	DT
explosive	JJ
growth	NN
of	IN
e-commerce	NN
.	.
Despite	IN
continued	VBN
debate	NN
and	CC
uncertainty	NN
over	IN
the	DT
legality	NN
of	IN
on-line	JJ
gambling	NN
sites	NNS
,	,
currently	RB
anyone	NN
with	IN
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
can	MD
easily	RB
turn	VB
his	PRP$
PC	NN
into	IN
a	DT
slot	NN
machine	NN
,	,
horse	NN
race	NN
,	,
sports	NNS
betting	VBG
parlor	NN
,	,
or	CC
lottery	NN
terminal	NN
.	.
Internet	NNP
play	NN
is	VBZ
easy	JJ
;	:
often	RB
a	DT
player	NN
need	MD
only	RB
open	VB
an	DT
account	NN
and	CC
answer	VB
several	JJ
questions	NNS
before	IN
he	PRP
can	MD
begin	VB
placing	VBG
bets	NNS
on-line	JJ
.	.
Once	RB
the	DT
on-line	JJ
player	NN
places	VBZ
his	PRP$
bet	NN
,	,
a	DT
website	NN
operator	NN
conducts	VBZ
a	DT
simulated	JJ
game	NN
of	IN
chance	NN
and	CC
reports	VBZ
the	DT
results	NNS
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
player	NN
.	.
Some	DT
gambling	VBG
sites	NNS
will	MD
mail	VB
winnings	NNS
checks	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
player	NN
,	,
but	CC
most	JJS
sites	NNS
credit	NN
the	DT
players	NNS
on-line	JJ
accounts	NNS
to	TO
encourage	VB
more	JJR
playing	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
many	JJ
Internet	NNP
gamblers	NNS
are	VBP
finding	VBG
out	RP
that	IN
cashing	VBG
in	IN
on	IN
winnings	NNS
is	VBZ
often	RB
difficult	JJ
if	IN
not	RB
impossible	JJ
.	.
As	IN
many	JJ
players	NNS
have	VBP
realized	VBN
,	,
``	``
Lady	NNP
Luck	NNP
''	''
takes	VBZ
on	RP
a	DT
different	JJ
meaning	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
arena	NN
where	WRB
operators	NNS
can	MD
cheat	VB
and	CC
defraud	VB
home	NN
users	NNS
.	.
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
has	VBZ
become	VBN
a	DT
huge	JJ
industry	NN
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
FBI	NNP
,	,
he	PRP
number	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
gambling	VBG
sites	NNS
now	RB
exceeds	VBZ
300	CD
,	,
and	CC
this	DT
number	NN
is	VBZ
growing	VBG
at	IN
an	DT
astounding	JJ
rate	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
1997	CD
,	,
the	DT
Justice	NNP
Department	NNP
estimates	VBZ
that	IN
nearly	RB
$	$
600	CD
million	CD
was	VBD
illegally	RB
wagered	VBN
on	IN
Internet	NNP
gambling	VBG
sites	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Some	DT
analysts	NNS
predict	VBP
that	IN
on-line	JJ
gambling	NN
will	MD
generate	VB
$	$
10	CD
billion	CD
a	DT
year	NN
by	IN
the	DT
year	NN
2002	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN3	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
enormity	NN
of	IN
both	DT
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
gambling	VBG
sites	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
money	NN
being	VBG
spent	VBN
on	IN
on-line	JJ
gambling	NN
transactions	NNS
has	VBZ
,	,
understandably	RB
,	,
led	VBD
lawmakers	NNS
to	TO
question	VB
whether	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
policed	VBN
by	IN
existing	VBG
legislation	NN
enacted	VBN
before	IN
the	DT
emergence	NN
of	IN
current	JJ
Internet	NNP
challenges	NNS
.	.
Lacking	VBG
the	DT
funding	NN
,	,
technical	JJ
capability	NN
,	,
and	CC
often	RB
legal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
the	DT
on-line	JJ
gaming	NN
industry	NN
,	,
state	NN
governments	NNS
increasingly	RB
have	VBP
looked	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
gambling	NN
activity	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
National	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
Attorneys	NNP
General	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NAAG	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
has	VBZ
repeatedly	RB
urged	VBN
Congress	NNP
to	TO
take	VB
action	NN
at	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
level	NN
.	.
To	TO
this	DT
affect	VB
,	,
Congress	NNP
does	VBZ
have	VB
several	JJ
gaming	NN
statutes	NNS
predating	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
in	IN
its	PRP$
arsenal	NN
of	IN
resources	NNS
that	WDT
could	MD
be	VB
interpreted	VBN
to	TO
ban	VB
on-line	JJ
gambling	NN
operations	NNS
.	.
Among	IN
these	DT
are	VBP
the	DT
Travel	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN	NNP
4	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
Interstate	NNP
Transportation	NNP
of	IN
Wagering	NNP
Paraphernalia	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN5	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Interstate	NNP
Professional	NNP
and	CC
Amateur	JJ
Sports	NNP
Protection	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN6	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Although	IN
Congress	NNP
could	MD
tailor	VB
any	DT
of	IN
these	DT
acts	NNS
to	TO
implicate	VB
on-line	JJ
gambling	NN
,	,
Congress	NNP
has	VBZ
focused	VBN
its	PRP$
attention	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Wire	NNP
Act	NNP
as	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
appropriate	JJ
weapon	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
to	TO
combat	VB
the	DT
challenges	NNS
of	IN
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
.	.
Whoever	WP
being	VBG
engaged	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
business	NN
of	IN
betting	VBG
or	CC
wagering	NN
knowingly	RB
uses	VBZ
a	DT
wire	NN
communication	NN
facility	NN
for	IN
the	DT
transmission	NN
in	IN
interstate	JJ
or	CC
foreign	JJ
commerce	NN
of	IN
bets	NNS
or	CC
wagers	NNS
or	CC
information	NN
assisting	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
placing	NN
of	IN
bets	NNS
or	CC
wagers	NNS
on	IN
any	DT
sporting	VBG
event	NN
or	CC
contest	NN
,	,
or	CC
for	IN
the	DT
transmission	NN
of	IN
a	DT
wire	NN
communication	NN
which	WDT
entitled	VBD
the	DT
recipient	JJ
to	TO
receive	VB
money	NN
or	CC
credit	NN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
bets	NNS
or	CC
wagers	NNS
,	,
or	CC
for	IN
information	NN
assisting	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
placing	NN
of	IN
bets	NNS
or	CC
wagers	NNS
...	:
Although	IN
these	DT
bills	NNS
are	VBP
alive	JJ
in	IN
both	DT
houses	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Internet	NNP
Prohibition	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1999	CD
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
the	DT
complete	JJ
answer	NN
to	TO
regulating	VBG
the	DT
growing	VBG
Internet	NNP
gambling	VBG
industry	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
companies	NNS
that	WDT
host	VBP
Internet	NNP
gambling	VBG
sites	NNS
are	VBP
located	VBN
offshore	RB
and	CC
not	RB
amenable	JJ
to	TO
jurisdiction	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
And	CC
,	,
should	MD
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
pass	VBP
comprehensive	JJ
legislation	NN
to	TO
prohibit	VB
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
,	,
many	JJ
businesses	NNS
currently	RB
providing	VBG
gambling	NN
services	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
will	MD
simply	RB
move	VB
their	PRP$
operations	NNS
offshore	RB
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
a	DT
major	JJ
hurdle	NN
in	IN
the	DT
potency	NN
of	IN
any	DT
legislation	NN
that	WDT
prohibits	VBZ
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
is	VBZ
its	PRP$
inability	NN
to	TO
reach	VB
many	JJ
Internet	NNP
offenders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Untitled	NNP
States	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Commerce	NNP
estimates	VBZ
that	IN
by	IN
the	DT
year	NN
2001	CD
,	,
businesses	NNS
will	MD
conduct	VB
$	$
300	CD
billion	CD
annually	RB
in	IN
commerce	NN
via	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN11	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Despite	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
most	JJS
Internet	NNP
commerce	NN
uses	VBZ
a	DT
security	NN
protocol	NN
like	IN
secure	JJ
sockets	NNS
layer	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
SSL	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
which	WDT
encrypts	VBZ
electronic	JJ
data	NNS
to	TO
prevent	VB
fraudulent	JJ
interception	NN
,	,
or	CC
secure	JJ
electronic	JJ
transaction	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
SET	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
which	WDT
operates	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
assistance	NN
of	IN
a	DT
financial	JJ
institute	NN
as	IN
a	DT
3rd	JJ
party	NN
to	TO
the	DT
transaction	NN
,	,
completing	VBG
commercial	JJ
transactions	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
risk	VB
free	JJ
.	.
Scam	NN
artists	NNS
,	,
offering	VBG
fraudulent	JJ
business	NN
opportunities	NNS
,	,
shabby	JJ
products	NNS
,	,
and	CC
phony	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
have	VBP
been	VBN
able	JJ
to	TO
infiltrate	VB
these	DT
security	NN
protocols	NNS
and	CC
capitalize	VB
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
by	IN
masquerading	VBG
as	IN
legitimate	JJ
businesses	NNS
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
an	DT
official	NN
at	IN
Visa	NNP
International	NNP
recently	RB
opined	VBD
that	IN
nearly	RB
half	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
transactions	NNS
from	IN
online	JJ
sales	NNS
are	VBP
disputed	VBN
or	CC
full-fledged	JJ
frauds	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN12	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
many	JJ
consumer	NN
experts	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
perfect	JJ
arena	NN
for	IN
retail	JJ
scams	NNS
since	IN
it	PRP
enables	VBZ
a	DT
Cyber	NNP
swindler	NN
to	TO
easily	RB
and	CC
inexpensively	RB
reach	VB
a	DT
large	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
potential	JJ
customers	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN13	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
A	DT
scam	NN
artist	NN
willing	JJ
to	TO
invest	VB
in	IN
developing	VBG
a	DT
sophisticated	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
can	MD
easily	RB
disguise	VB
a	DT
boileroom	NN
operation	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
maintain	VB
anonymity	NN
while	IN
cheating	VBG
customers	NNS
.	.
Two	CD
popular	JJ
scams	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
FTC	NNP
recently	RB
cracked	VBD
involved	VBN
a	DT
credit-repair	JJ
scheme	NN
and	CC
email	NN
fraud	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
former	JJ
,	,
an	DT
Internet	NNP
consumer	NN
is	VBZ
lured	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
site	NN
promising	JJ
relief	NN
from	IN
bad	JJ
credit	NN
.	.
The	DT
consumer	NN
is	VBZ
then	RB
sold	VBN
a	DT
``	``
kit	NN
''	''
containing	VBG
instructions	NNS
on	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
apply	VB
for	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
social	JJ
security	NN
number	NN
or	CC
tax	NN
identification	NN
number	NN
and	CC
then	RB
use	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
credit	NN
profile	NN
.	.
In	IN
cracking	VBG
down	RP
on	IN
and	CC
closing	VBG
these	DT
cites	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
FTC	NNP
also	RB
warns	VBZ
consumers	NNS
that	WDT
using	VBG
a	DT
false	JJ
social	JJ
security	NN
number	NN
in	IN
applying	VBG
for	IN
credit	NN
violates	VBZ
federal	JJ
law	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN14	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
the	DT
FDIC	NNP
has	VBZ
responded	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
growing	VBG
number	NN
of	IN
illegitimate	JJ
online	JJ
banks	NNS
misrepresenting	VBG
themselves	PRP
as	IN
legitimately-chartered	JJ
,	,
or	CC
federally-insured	JJ
depository	NN
institutions	NNS
through	IN
its	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
where	WRB
consumers	NNS
can	MD
report	VB
such	JJ
suspicious	JJ
banking	NN
activities	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN18	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Consumers	NNS
can	MD
also	RB
report	VB
suspected	VBN
Internet	NNP
fraud	NN
to	TO
the	DT
proper	JJ
state	NN
securities	NNS
regulator	NN
by	IN
contacting	VBG
North	JJ
American	JJ
Securities	NNPS
Administrators	NNPS
Association	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NASAA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN19	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Private	JJ
enforcement	NN
groups	NNS
have	VBP
also	RB
responded	VBN
to	TO
this	DT
new	JJ
medium	NN
of	IN
scam	NN
artists	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN20	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
Cyberveillance.com	NNP
,	,
a	DT
Virginia-based	JJ
company	NN
,	,
monitors	VBZ
the	DT
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
for	IN
its	PRP$
retail	JJ
clients	NNS
and	CC
scours	VBZ
the	DT
Internet	NNP
for	IN
fraudulent	JJ
sites	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN21	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
fraudulent	JJ
site	NN
is	VBZ
detected	VBN
,	,
the	DT
firm	NN
sends	VBZ
a	DT
warning	NN
letter	NN
to	TO
the	DT
site	NN
and	CC
notifies	VBZ
the	DT
Internet	NNP
site	NN
provider	NN
.	.
The	DT
firm	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
successful	JJ
at	IN
halting	VBG
web	NN
sites	NNS
peddling	VBG
designer	NN
knockoffs	NNS
,	,
shoddy	JJ
imitations	NNS
,	,
gray-market	JJ
goods	NNS
destined	VBN
for	IN
foreign	JJ
markets	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
goods	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
simply	RB
``	``
fallen	VBN
off	IN
the	DT
back	NN
of	IN
the	DT
truck	NN
.	.
''	''
According	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
American	JJ
Internet	NNP
User	NNP
Survey	NNP
,	,
sixteen	CD
million	CD
children	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
eighteen	CD
were	VBD
using	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
year	NN
1998	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN22	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Over	IN
six	CD
million	CD
of	IN
these	DT
children	NNS
were	VBD
age	NN
twelve	CD
and	CC
under	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN23	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
What	WP
is	VBZ
more	JJR
astounding	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
children	NNS
accessing	VBG
the	DT
Web	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
adult	NN
information	NN
and	CC
products	NNS
that	WDT
children	NNS
can	MD
readily	RB
access	NN
with	IN
the	DT
click	NN
of	IN
a	DT
mouse	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
an	DT
estimated	VBN
30,000	CD
``	``
adult	NN
''	''
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
that	WDT
feature	VBP
and	CC
sell	VBP
pornographic	JJ
materials	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN24	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
As	IN
of	IN
date	NN
,	,
the	DT
government	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
able	JJ
to	TO
effectively	RB
traffic	NN
these	DT
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
cybersmut	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
reach	VB
non-adult	JJ
consumers	NNS
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
recognized	VBN
that	IN
governments	NNS
can	MD
regulate	VB
the	DT
geographic	JJ
location	NN
of	IN
adult	NN
establishments	NNS
in	IN
``	``
real	JJ
space	NN
''	''
to	TO
afford	VB
safe	JJ
neighborhoods	NNS
and	CC
communities	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
high	JJ
quality	NN
of	IN
life	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN25	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
struggled	VBN
with	IN
Congress	NNP
?	.
ability	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
``	``
red	JJ
light	NN
''	''
districts	NNS
in	IN
cyberspace	NN
where	WRB
geographical	JJ
boundaries	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
exist	VB
.	.
In	IN
Reno	NNP
v.	CC
ACLU	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN26	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
struck	VBD
down	RP
portions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Communications	NNPS
Decency	NNP
Act	NNP
which	WDT
criminalized	VBD
the	DT
distribution	NN
of	IN
``	``
indecent	JJ
''	''
or	CC
``	``
patently	RB
offensive	JJ
''	''
materials	NNS
to	TO
children	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
eighteen	CD
.	.
Applying	VBG
a	DT
strict	JJ
scrutiny	NN
test	NN
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
found	VBD
that	IN
Congress	NNP
had	VBD
gone	VBN
too	RB
far	RB
in	IN
zoning	VBG
the	DT
entire	JJ
Internet	NNP
since	IN
CDA	NNP
would	MD
also	RB
effectively	RB
bar	NN
adults	NNS
from	IN
engaging	VBG
in	IN
constitutionally	RB
protected	VBN
speech	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
Reno	NNP
Court	NNP
did	VBD
acknowledge	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
recognize	VB
a	DT
similar	JJ
cyberzoning	NN
plan	NN
once	RB
technological	JJ
advances	NNS
afforded	VBD
Congress	NNP
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
enact	VB
zoning	VBG
legislation	NN
without	IN
also	RB
impacting	VBG
the	DT
free	JJ
speech	NN
of	IN
adults	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
no	DT
secret	NN
that	WDT
ebusiness	VBZ
is	VBZ
booming	VBG
,	,
but	CC
to	TO
illustrate	VB
its	PRP$
popularity	NN
,	,
a	DT
new	JJ
crop	NN
of	IN
catch	NN
phrases	NNS
and	CC
nicknames	NNS
have	VBP
sprung	VBN
up	RP
to	TO
describe	VB
various	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
trade	NN
.	.
Among	IN
the	DT
ones	NNS
in	IN
common	JJ
use	NN
are	VBP
ebusiness	NN
,	,
ecommerce	NN
,	,
etail	NN
,	,
ecash	NN
,	,
and	CC
my	PRP$
personal	JJ
favorite	NN
,	,
used	VBN
to	TO
describe	VB
the	DT
new	JJ
crop	NN
of	IN
wealthy	JJ
young	JJ
entrepreneurs	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
made	VBN
their	PRP$
fortunes	NNS
online	VBP
,	,
the	DT
digerati	NNS
.	.
With	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
field	NN
comes	VBZ
a	DT
new	JJ
set	NN
of	IN
challenges	NNS
for	IN
consumers	NNS
,	,
merchants	NNS
,	,
and	CC
for	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
system	NN
that	WDT
governs	VBZ
them	PRP
.	.
The	DT
changes	NNS
in	IN
merchant	NN
\/	NN
consumer	NN
relationship	NN
that	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
brought	VBN
about	RB
with	IN
the	DT
increased	VBN
popularity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
cross	NN
many	JJ
legal	JJ
disciplines	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
Banking	NNP
Law	NNP
,	,
Securities	NNP
,	,
Privacy	NNP
Rights	NNPS
,	,
and	CC
any	DT
number	NN
of	IN
Criminal	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
the	DT
continued	VBN
changes	NNS
have	VBP
brought	VBN
more	RBR
questions	NNS
than	IN
answers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
question	NN
will	MD
arise	VB
more	RBR
frequently	RB
as	IN
Internet	NNP
consumers	NNS
demand	VBP
better	JJR
security	NN
and	CC
more	JJR
privacy	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
Internet	NNP
transactions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
market	NN
seems	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
responding	VBG
to	TO
these	DT
demands	NNS
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
constantly	RB
coming	VBG
up	RP
with	IN
new	JJ
and	CC
better	RBR
solutions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
problem	NN
.	.
One	CD
such	JJ
new	JJ
product	NN
bounces	VBZ
user	NN
information	NN
around	IN
one	CD
hundred	CD
and	CC
fifty	CD
or	CC
so	RB
servers	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
transmission	NN
reaches	VBZ
its	PRP$
destination	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN31	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
effect	NN
of	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
that	IN
no	DT
two	CD
servers	NNS
are	VBP
ever	RB
in	IN
possession	NN
of	IN
both	DT
the	DT
identity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
sender	NN
and	CC
that	IN
of	IN
the	DT
receiver	NN
.	.
Total	JJ
anonymity	NN
as	IN
the	DT
user	NN
surfs	VBZ
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
achieved	VBN
effect	NN
.	.
To	TO
some	DT
of	IN
us	PRP
,	,
the	DT
demand	NN
for	IN
this	DT
degree	NN
of	IN
web-anonymity	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
so	RB
easy	JJ
to	TO
understand	VB
.	.
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
obvious	JJ
to	TO
most	JJS
of	IN
us	PRP
why	WRB
ebusinesses	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
do	VB
business	NN
in	IN
this	DT
setting	NN
:	:
the	DT
inability	NN
of	IN
an	DT
etailer	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
the	DT
purchaser	NN
either	RB
by	IN
physical	JJ
or	CC
electronic	JJ
recognition	NN
makes	VBZ
verification	NN
of	IN
payment	NN
source	NN
next	IN
to	TO
impossible	JJ
.	.
Because	IN
econsumers	NNS
want	VBP
to	TO
preserve	VB
their	PRP$
privacy	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
anonymity	NN
when	WRB
making	VBG
online	JJ
purchases	NNS
,	,
the	DT
market	NN
has	VBZ
sought	VBN
to	TO
respond	VB
by	IN
creating	VBG
methods	NNS
of	IN
payment	NN
that	WDT
resemble	VBP
cash	NN
transactions	NNS
as	RB
much	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
To	TO
that	DT
end	NN
,	,
various	JJ
businesses	NNS
have	VBP
sprung	VBN
up	RP
offering	VBG
digital	JJ
cash	NN
,	,
or	CC
electronic	JJ
cash	NN
services	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN32	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
These	DT
services	NNS
act	VBP
like	IN
a	DT
bank	NN
;	:
a	DT
consumer	NN
opens	VBZ
an	DT
account	NN
with	IN
them	PRP
,	,
transfers	NNS
money	NN
into	IN
it	PRP
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
can	MD
transfer	VB
money	NN
from	IN
that	DT
account	NN
into	IN
a	DT
purse	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
hard	JJ
drive	NN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
consumer	NN
is	VBZ
online	JJ
,	,
she	PRP
can	MD
conduct	VB
transactions	NNS
without	IN
the	DT
bank	NN
ever	RB
knowing	VBG
where	WRB
she	PRP
is	VBZ
spending	VBG
her	PRP$
money	NN
,	,
unlike	IN
the	DT
records	NNS
kept	VBN
by	IN
banks	NNS
regarding	VBG
credit	NN
card	NN
transactions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
use	NN
of	IN
this	DT
medium	NN
does	VBZ
promise	VB
a	DT
lot	NN
more	JJR
privacy	NN
in	IN
web	NN
transactions	NNS
,	,
but	CC
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
for	IN
long	RB
.	.
The	DT
reason	NN
this	DT
works	VBZ
is	VBZ
that	IN
for	IN
the	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
now	RB
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
get	VB
online	JJ
though	IN
a	DT
dial-up	JJ
connection	NN
with	IN
an	DT
Internet	NNP
Service	NNP
Provider	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ISP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
with	IN
whom	WP
they	PRP
have	VBP
contracted	VBN
.	.
These	DT
ISPs	NNS
assign	VBP
a	DT
new	JJ
Internet	NNP
Protocol	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
I.P.	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
address	NN
or	CC
identity	NN
to	TO
the	DT
user	NN
each	DT
time	NN
she	PRP
logs	VBZ
onto	IN
the	DT
server	NN
.	.
For	IN
this	DT
reason	NN
,	,
any	DT
purchases	NNS
made	VBD
online	NN
will	MD
be	VB
shipped	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
purchaser	NN
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
a	DT
download	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
directed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
temporary	JJ
I.P.	NNP
address	NN
the	DT
user	NN
received	VBD
for	IN
that	DT
online	NN
session	NN
.	.
An	DT
online	JJ
purchaser	NN
using	VBG
some	DT
form	NN
of	IN
digital	JJ
cash	NN
need	MD
not	RB
take	VB
any	DT
other	JJ
steps	NNS
to	TO
protect	VB
her	PRP$
identity	NN
or	CC
her	PRP$
private	JJ
information	NN
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
I.P.	NNP
address	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
the	DT
merchandise	NN
was	VBD
directed	VBN
dissolves	VBZ
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
she	PRP
goes	VBZ
offline	NN
,	,
and	CC
an	DT
new	JJ
one	CD
is	VBZ
assigned	VBN
for	IN
her	PRP$
next	JJ
session	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
the	DT
source	NN
of	IN
the	DT
payment	NN
is	VBZ
untraceable	JJ
once	IN
the	DT
user	NN
logs	NNS
off	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
main	JJ
difficulty	NN
in	IN
involving	VBG
the	DT
government	NN
in	IN
Internet	NNP
commerce	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
propriety	NN
of	IN
Congressional	JJ
regulation	NN
.	.
Article	NNP
I	PRP
,	,
section	NN
8	CD
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
Constitution	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN35	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
states	VBZ
that	IN
Congress	NNP
has	VBZ
the	DT
power	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
commerce	NN
among	IN
the	DT
several	JJ
states	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
commerce	NN
clause	NN
,	,
but	CC
lacks	VBZ
the	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
intrastate	JJ
commerce	NN
.	.
Although	IN
neither	DT
Congress	NNP
nor	CC
the	DT
courts	NNS
has	VBZ
addressed	VBN
how	WRB
to	TO
tell	VB
the	DT
difference	NN
between	IN
ebusinesses	NNS
that	WDT
engage	VBP
in	IN
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
,	,
and	CC
those	DT
that	WDT
are	VBP
engaged	VBN
in	IN
intrastate	JJ
commerce	NN
,	,
some	DT
courts	NNS
have	VBP
taken	VBN
steps	NNS
toward	IN
making	VBG
the	DT
demarcation	NN
simpler	JJR
to	TO
find	VB
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
in	IN
Compuserve	NNP
Inc.	NNP
,	,
v.	CC
Patterson	NNP
,	,
89	CD
F.	NNP
3d	CD
125	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
6th	JJ
Cir	NNP
.	.
1996	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
Sixth	NNP
Circuit	NNP
held	VBD
that	IN
interactive	JJ
web	NN
sites	NNS
which	WDT
allow	VBP
consumers	NNS
to	TO
place	VB
orders	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
company	NN
,	,
and	CC
thus	RB
form	VB
a	DT
contract	NN
with	IN
them	PRP
over	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
will	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
court	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
consumer	NN
complaint	NN
arises	VBZ
.	.
Conversely	RB
,	,
in	IN
Mieczkowski	NNP
v.	CC
Masco	NNP
Corp.	NNP
,	,
297	CD
F.	NNP
Supp	NNP
.	.
782	CD
,	,
E.D.	NNP
TX	NNP
1998	CD
,	,
that	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
website	NN
where	WRB
passive	JJ
advertising	NN
was	VBD
done	VBN
,	,
and	CC
there	EX
was	VBD
no	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
form	VB
a	DT
contract	NN
,	,
the	DT
business	NN
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
complaint	NN
arose	VBD
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
reflection	NN
of	IN
the	DT
longarm	NN
statute	NN
of	IN
each	DT
of	IN
these	DT
states	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
will	MD
not	RB
permit	VB
jurisdiction	NN
where	WRB
a	DT
business	NN
primarily	RB
located	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
neighbor	NN
state	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
made	VBN
certain	JJ
minimum	JJ
contacts	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
state	NN
in	IN
question	NN
.	.
Following	VBG
this	DT
reasoning	NN
,	,
if	IN
and	CC
when	WRB
Congress	NNP
decides	VBZ
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
regulation	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
that	IN
any	DT
regulations	NNS
imposed	VBN
will	MD
stand	VB
up	RP
in	IN
court	NN
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
affect	VB
those	DT
kinds	NNS
of	IN
ebusinesses	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
only	RB
engaged	VBN
in	IN
passive	JJ
advertising	NN
over	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
Who	WP
exactly	RB
is	VBZ
affected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
legislation	NN
will	MD
likely	RB
be	VB
hashed	VBN
out	RP
in	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
,	,
but	CC
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
it	PRP
seems	VBZ
inevitable	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
proprietors	NNS
of	IN
ebusinesses	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
never	RB
set	VBN
foot	NN
outside	IN
their	PRP$
home	NN
state	NN
,	,
and	CC
never	RB
specifically	RB
intended	VBN
to	TO
conduct	VB
business	NN
with	IN
anyone	NN
outside	IN
of	IN
their	PRP$
locale	NN
will	MD
find	VB
themselves	PRP
subject	JJ
to	TO
federal	JJ
regulations	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
operation	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
businesses	NNS
.	.
As	IN
to	TO
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
total	JJ
anonymity	NN
and	CC
cash	NN
versus	CC
credit	NN
cards	NNS
,	,
these	DT
will	MD
find	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
equilibrium	NN
within	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
marketplace	NN
.	.
It	PRP
seems	VBZ
likely	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
step	NN
in	IN
consumer	NN
driven	VBN
Internet	NNP
privacy	NN
\/	NN
security	NN
will	MD
be	VB
the	DT
digital	JJ
equivalent	NN
of	IN
walking	VBG
into	IN
a	DT
store	NN
wearing	VBG
sunglasses	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
wig	NN
.	.
The	DT
bottom	JJ
line	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
for	IN
some	DT
users	NNS
,	,
convenience	NN
will	MD
always	RB
outweigh	VB
concealment	NN
,	,
and	CC
perhaps	RB
the	DT
solution	NN
will	MD
be	VB
,	,
as	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
physical	JJ
world	NN
,	,
alternate	JJ
personas	NNS
available	JJ
for	IN
each	DT
user	NN
depending	VBG
on	IN
what	WP
purchase	NN
she	PRP
makes	VBZ
.	.
Why	WRB
is	VBZ
their	PRP$
well	NN
running	VBG
dry	JJ
?	.
Because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
competitive	JJ
advantage	NN
that	IN
some	DT
retailers	NNS
,	,
e.g.	FW
e-commerce	FW
vendors	NNS
and	CC
mail-order	JJ
vendors	NNS
,	,
enjoy	VB
.	.
This	DT
competitive	JJ
advantage	NN
is	VBZ
their	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
sell	VB
products	NNS
without	IN
taxing	VBG
the	DT
purchaser	NN
.	.
The	DT
reason	NN
that	IN
these	DT
vendors	NNS
can	MD
do	VB
this	DT
is	VBZ
because	IN
they	PRP
lack	VBP
``	``
nexus	NN
''	''
with	IN
many	JJ
states	NNS
where	WRB
their	PRP$
ultimate	JJ
purchaser	NN
resides	VBZ
.	.
Nexus	NN
simply	RB
means	VBZ
``	``
physical	JJ
presence	NN
''	''
in	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
.	.
The	DT
states	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
happy	JJ
about	IN
this	DT
and	CC
are	VBP
increasingly	RB
demanding	VBG
that	IN
Congress	NNP
do	VBP
something	NN
to	TO
relax	VB
the	DT
``	``
nexus	NN
''	''
requirement	NN
that	WDT
currently	RB
prevents	VBZ
states	NNS
from	IN
taxing	VBG
all	DT
goods	NNS
purchased	VBN
by	IN
their	PRP$
citizenry	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
this	DT
segment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Note	NN
begins	VBZ
by	IN
discussing	VBG
the	DT
current	JJ
status	NN
of	IN
laws	NNS
governing	VBG
states	NNS
?	.
rights	NNS
to	TO
tax	NN
out-of-state	JJ
vendors	NNS
.	.
The	DT
segment	NN
then	RB
discusses	VBZ
three	CD
possible	JJ
solutions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
current	JJ
problems	NNS
with	IN
taxing	VBG
e-commerce	NN
and	CC
concludes	VBZ
by	IN
embracing	VBG
the	DT
national	JJ
uniform	JJ
sales	NNS
tax	NN
method	NN
as	IN
the	DT
method	NN
most	RBS
equitable	JJ
to	TO
e-commerce	JJ
retailers	NNS
and	CC
local	JJ
retailers	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
Currently	RB
,	,
most	JJS
states	NNS
levy	VBP
a	DT
tax	NN
on	IN
goods	NNS
sold	VBN
to	TO
their	PRP$
residents	NNS
in	IN
one	CD
of	IN
two	CD
ways	NNS
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
way	NN
is	VBZ
through	IN
a	DT
sales	NNS
tax	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
a	DT
tax	NN
on	IN
gross	JJ
receipts	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
or	CC
lease	NN
of	IN
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
certain	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
The	DT
tax	NN
is	VBZ
usually	RB
imposed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
consumer	NN
,	,
but	CC
collected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
seller	NN
.	.
Typically	RB
,	,
the	DT
sales	NNS
tax	NN
is	VBZ
only	RB
collected	VBN
from	IN
those	DT
sellers	NNS
having	VBG
``	``
nexus	NN
''	''
with	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
To	TO
illustrate	VB
the	DT
application	NN
of	IN
a	DT
sales	NNS
tax	NN
and	CC
the	DT
nexus	NN
of	IN
a	DT
vendor	NN
,	,
think	VB
about	IN
a	DT
trip	NN
to	TO
the	DT
department	NN
store	NN
for	IN
the	DT
purchase	NN
of	IN
an	DT
article	NN
of	IN
clothing	NN
.	.
The	DT
clothing	NN
costs	VBZ
$	$
19.99	CD
and	CC
the	DT
sales	NNS
tax	NN
is	VBZ
7	CD
%	NN
.	.
The	DT
department	NN
store	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
tax	NN
jurisdiction	NN
where	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
shopping	VBG
and	CC
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
the	DT
store	NN
has	VBZ
nexus	NN
with	IN
the	DT
state	NN
and	CC
must	MD
collect	VB
the	DT
7	CD
%	NN
sales	NNS
tax	NN
imposed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
on	IN
the	DT
article	NN
of	IN
clothing	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
purchasing	VBG
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
simple	JJ
example	NN
of	IN
a	DT
sales	NNS
tax	NN
on	IN
a	DT
good	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
nexus	NN
or	CC
physical	JJ
presence	NN
that	IN
a	DT
store	NN
has	VBZ
in	IN
its	PRP$
locale	NN
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
way	NN
that	IN
states	NNS
levy	VBP
a	DT
tax	NN
on	IN
goods	NNS
is	VBZ
through	IN
a	DT
use	NN
tax	NN
levied	VBN
on	IN
goods	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
purchased	VBN
outside	IN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
,	,
but	CC
brought	VBD
into	IN
the	DT
state	NN
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
.	.
A	DT
``	``
use	NN
tax	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
tax	NN
on	IN
the	DT
``	``
privilege	NN
of	IN
using	VBG
,	,
consuming	NN
,	,
distributing	NN
or	CC
storing	VBG
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
after	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
brought	VBN
into	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
state	NN
from	IN
without	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
state	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN40	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
a	DT
use	NN
tax	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
make	VB
all	DT
purchases	NNS
neutral	JJ
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
taxation	NN
.	.
To	TO
illustrate	VB
the	DT
use	NN
tax	NN
,	,
imagine	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
Georgia	NNP
resident	NN
and	CC
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
buy	VB
a	DT
car	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
purchase	VB
your	PRP$
car	NN
in	IN
Georgia	NNP
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
6	CD
%	NN
tax	NN
on	IN
the	DT
purchase	NN
.	.
If	IN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
you	PRP
drive	VBP
for	IN
one	CD
hour	NN
to	TO
Alabama	NNP
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
only	RB
pay	VB
a	DT
4	CD
%	NN
sales	NNS
tax	NN
on	IN
the	DT
car	NN
in	IN
Alabama	NNP
.	.
The	DT
incentive	NN
to	TO
purchase	VB
your	PRP$
car	NN
in	IN
Alabama	NNP
is	VBZ
obvious	JJ
.	.
Now	RB
Georgia	NNP
applies	VBZ
a	DT
use	NN
tax	NN
.	.
The	DT
use	NN
tax	NN
will	MD
require	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
pay	VB
Georgia	NNP
the	DT
6	CD
%	NN
tax	NN
on	IN
the	DT
car	NN
for	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
car	NN
in	IN
Georgia	NNP
,	,
however	RB
the	DT
6	CD
%	NN
tax	NN
will	MD
be	VB
reduced	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
4	CD
%	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
already	RB
paid	VBN
in	IN
Alabama	NNP
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
pay	VB
Alabama	NNP
4	CD
%	NN
and	CC
Georgia	NNP
2	CD
%	NN
for	IN
a	DT
total	NN
of	IN
6	CD
%	NN
making	VBG
your	PRP$
purchase	NN
decision	NN
neutral	JJ
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
differing	VBG
tax	NN
rate	NN
in	IN
the	DT
two	CD
states	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
how	WRB
the	DT
use	NN
tax	NN
works	NNS
.	.
While	IN
this	DT
problem	NN
has	VBZ
existed	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
long	JJ
time	NN
,	,
it	PRP
has	VBZ
never	RB
been	VBN
enough	RB
of	IN
problem	NN
for	IN
states	NNS
to	TO
go	VB
on	IN
the	DT
offensive	NN
to	TO
change	VB
the	DT
status	NN
quo	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
advent	NN
of	IN
e-commerce	NN
and	CC
an	DT
increasingly	RB
large	JJ
chunk	NN
of	IN
state	NN
revenues	NNS
being	VBG
siphoned	VBN
away	RB
by	IN
the	DT
out-of-state	JJ
vendors	NNS
.	.
States	NNS
are	VBP
beginning	VBG
to	TO
lobby	VB
Congress	NNP
to	TO
make	VB
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
nexus	NN
definition	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
traditionally	RB
kept	VBN
states	NNS
from	IN
extending	VBG
there	RB
taxing	VBG
authority	NN
outside	IN
of	IN
their	PRP$
borders	NNS
.	.
Currently	RB
,	,
states	NNS
are	VBP
bound	VBN
by	IN
two	CD
principles	NNS
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
collecting	VBG
taxes	NNS
from	IN
out-of-state	JJ
vendors	NNS
.	.
These	DT
barriers	NNS
to	TO
taxation	NN
are	VBP
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
Constitution	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
Clause	NN
of	IN
the	DT
14th	JJ
Amendment	NNP
.	.
The	DT
United	NNP
States	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
in	IN
Quill	NNP
addressed	VBD
these	DT
issues	NNS
and	CC
set	VBN
forth	RB
some	DT
guidance	NN
as	IN
to	TO
what	WP
questions	NNS
states	NNS
and	CC
e-commerce	JJ
retailers	NNS
must	MD
ask	VB
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
Quill	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
clear	JJ
that	IN
as	RB
long	JJ
as	IN
Congress	NNP
remains	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
sideline	NN
and	CC
takes	VBZ
no	DT
action	NN
to	TO
relax	VB
the	DT
current	JJ
physical	JJ
presence	NN
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
,	,
retailers	NNS
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
escape	VB
taxation	NN
in	IN
states	NNS
where	WRB
they	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
physical	JJ
operations	NNS
.	.
While	IN
states	NNS
have	VBP
tolerated	VBN
the	DT
status	NN
quo	NN
thus	RB
far	RB
,	,
once	RB
their	PRP$
revenue	NN
collection	NN
is	VBZ
sufficiently	RB
eroded	VBN
by	IN
non-taxable	JJ
e-commerce	JJ
sales	NNS
,	,
there	EX
will	MD
be	VB
state	NN
action	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
any	DT
such	JJ
action	NN
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
the	DT
states	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
ineffectual	JJ
until	IN
after	IN
October	NNP
2001	CD
.	.
On	IN
October	NNP
21	CD
,	,
1998	CD
,	,
Congress	NNP
passed	VBD
the	DT
Internet	NNP
Tax	NNP
Freedom	NNP
Act	NNP
which	WDT
prohibits	VBZ
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
governments	NNS
from	IN
imposing	VBG
taxes	NNS
on	IN
Internet	NNP
access	NN
and	CC
discriminatory	JJ
or	CC
multiple	JJ
taxes	NNS
on	IN
e-commerce	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN47	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
moratorium	NN
on	IN
taxation	NN
began	VBD
on	IN
October	NNP
21	CD
,	,
1998	CD
and	CC
expires	VBZ
on	IN
October	NNP
21	CD
,	,
2001	CD
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
also	RB
created	VBD
a	DT
commission	NN
to	TO
study	VB
the	DT
issues	NNS
surrounding	VBG
taxation	NN
of	IN
e-commerce	NN
.	.
Recommendations	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
committee	NN
are	VBP
expected	VBN
in	IN
early	JJ
2000	CD
.	.
An	DT
important	JJ
aspect	NN
of	IN
the	DT
committee	NN
is	VBZ
its	PRP$
membership	NN
,	,
which	WDT
includes	VBZ
many	JJ
state	NN
representatives	NNS
.	.
These	DT
state	NN
representatives	NNS
are	VBP
likely	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
partial	JJ
to	TO
tax	NN
losses	NNS
suffered	VBN
by	IN
states	NNS
.	.
This	DT
constituency	NN
will	MD
probably	RB
call	VB
for	IN
some	DT
form	NN
of	IN
broadened	VBN
taxation	NN
collection	NN
to	TO
be	VB
imposed	VBN
on	IN
e-commerce	JJ
retailers	NNS
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
the	DT
moratorium	NN
expires	VBZ
.	.
First	RB
,	,
under	IN
the	DT
source	NN
model	NN
,	,
the	DT
purchaser	NN
could	MD
pay	VB
the	DT
sales	NNS
tax	NN
for	IN
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
vendor	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN49	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
model	NN
would	MD
be	VB
easy	JJ
to	TO
implement	VB
.	.
The	DT
seller	NN
would	MD
simply	RB
add	VB
in	IN
the	DT
tax	NN
imposed	VBN
in	IN
his	PRP$
jurisdiction	NN
on	IN
his	PRP$
Internet	NNP
site	NN
and	CC
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
problems	NNS
are	VBP
solved	VBN
,	,
right	RB
?	.
Wrong	JJ
,	,
this	DT
method	NN
would	MD
produce	VB
unwanted	JJ
economic	JJ
effects	NNS
.	.
These	DT
unwanted	JJ
economic	JJ
effects	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
foresee	VB
because	IN
sales	NNS
tax	NN
rates	NNS
vary	VBP
wildly	RB
from	IN
jurisdiction	NN
to	TO
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
Internet	NNP
retailers	NNS
will	MD
have	VB
an	DT
incentive	NN
to	TO
locate	VB
in	IN
jurisdiction	NN
that	WDT
have	VBP
the	DT
lowest	JJS
tax	NN
rates	NNS
.	.
This	DT
model	NN
leads	VBZ
to	TO
states	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
lowest	JJS
tax	NN
rates	NNS
getting	VBG
a	DT
disproportional	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
total	JJ
Internet	NNP
revenue	NN
taxes	NNS
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
model	NN
solves	VBZ
the	DT
problem	NN
of	IN
giving	VBG
Internet	NNP
businesses	NNS
an	DT
advantage	NN
over	IN
local	JJ
retailers	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
also	RB
creates	VBZ
a	DT
new	JJ
inequity	NN
between	IN
jurisdictions	NNS
with	IN
low	JJ
tax	NN
rates	NNS
and	CC
those	DT
with	IN
high	JJ
tax	NN
rates	NNS
.	.
Commentators	NNS
are	VBP
split	VBN
as	IN
to	TO
whether	IN
compliance	NN
is	VBZ
really	RB
an	DT
expensive	JJ
,	,
unfair	JJ
burden	NN
on	IN
e-commerce	JJ
retailers	NNS
or	CC
whether	IN
computer	NN
software	NN
technology	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
that	WDT
will	MD
make	VB
the	DT
compliance	NN
cost	NN
argument	NN
moot	NN
.	.
Regardless	RB
,	,
the	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
commentators	NNS
do	VBP
believe	VB
that	IN
the	DT
compliance	NN
costs	NNS
are	VBP
very	RB
high	JJ
and	CC
could	MD
be	VB
devastating	VBG
for	IN
small	JJ
e-commerce	JJ
retailers	NNS
.	.
Hence	RB
,	,
some	DT
suggest	VBP
a	DT
safe	JJ
harbor	NN
for	IN
small	JJ
e-commerce	JJ
retailers	NNS
.	.
In	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
an	DT
exemption	NN
from	IN
sales	NNS
tax	NN
collection	NN
for	IN
small	JJ
e-commerce	JJ
retailers	NNS
that	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
reach	VB
a	DT
certain	JJ
threshold	NN
amount	NN
of	IN
sales	NNS
.	.
Again	RB
,	,
this	DT
proposal	NN
results	NNS
in	IN
small	JJ
Internet	NNP
retailers	NNS
obtaining	VBG
an	DT
unfair	JJ
advantage	NN
over	IN
local	JJ
retailers	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
this	DT
model	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
appear	VB
to	TO
effectively	RB
resolve	VB
the	DT
taxation	NN
challenges	NNS
currently	RB
facing	VBG
most	RBS
states	NNS
.	.
Third	NNP
,	,
Congress	NNP
could	MD
pass	VB
a	DT
law	NN
subjecting	VBG
e-commerce	NN
to	TO
a	DT
uniform	JJ
federal	JJ
sales	NNS
tax	NN
.	.
The	DT
sales	NNS
tax	NN
would	MD
in	IN
turn	NN
be	VB
distributed	VBN
pro	JJ
rata	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
states	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
states	NNS
Internet	NNP
consumption	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN52	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
model	NN
is	VBZ
by	IN
no	DT
means	NNS
perfect	JJ
,	,
however	RB
,	,
it	PRP
significantly	RB
reduces	VBZ
the	DT
problems	NNS
that	WDT
arise	VBP
in	IN
both	DT
the	DT
source	NN
and	CC
destination	NN
models	NNS
.	.
The	DT
uniform	JJ
federal	JJ
tax	NN
would	MD
act	VB
to	TO
help	VB
level	VB
the	DT
playing	NN
field	NN
with	IN
local	JJ
retailers	NNS
by	IN
imposing	VBG
a	DT
tax	NN
on	IN
all	DT
e-commerce	JJ
retailers	NNS
.	.
While	IN
some	DT
jurisdictions	NNS
with	IN
high	JJ
sales	NNS
tax	NN
rates	NNS
would	MD
still	RB
be	VB
disadvantaged	JJ
,	,
the	DT
shipping	NN
costs	VBZ
that	IN
e-commerce	JJ
retailers	NNS
incur	VBP
would	MD
also	RB
act	VB
as	IN
an	DT
equalizer	NN
.	.
The	DT
uniform	JJ
sales	NNS
tax	NN
would	MD
significantly	RB
lessen	VB
the	DT
undesirable	JJ
effects	NNS
of	IN
collecting	VBG
taxes	NNS
only	RB
at	IN
their	PRP$
source	NN
.	.
The	DT
uniform	JJ
federal	JJ
tax	NN
also	RB
speaks	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
problem	NN
of	IN
high	JJ
compliance	NN
costs	NNS
that	WDT
result	VBP
from	IN
the	DT
destination	NN
model	NN
.	.
Instead	RB
of	IN
e-commerce	JJ
retailers	NNS
having	VBG
to	TO
collect	VB
and	CC
remit	VB
hundreds	NNS
of	IN
different	JJ
taxes	NNS
to	TO
hundreds	NNS
of	IN
different	JJ
authorities	NNS
,	,
e-commerce	JJ
retailers	NNS
would	MD
only	RB
have	VB
to	TO
collect	VB
one	CD
uniform	JJ
tax	NN
amount	NN
and	CC
remit	NN
to	TO
one	CD
government	NN
body	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
federal	JJ
uniform	JJ
sales	NNS
tax	NN
model	NN
effectively	RB
resolves	VBZ
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
problems	NNS
arising	VBG
from	IN
both	DT
the	DT
destination	NN
and	CC
source	NN
models	NNS
.	.
The	DT
potential	JJ
drawbacks	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
uniform	JJ
national	JJ
sales	NNS
tax	NN
model	NN
are	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
could	MD
waste	VB
much	RB
of	IN
the	DT
tax	NN
money	NN
through	IN
bureaucratic	JJ
inefficiency	NN
when	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
collected	VBN
and	CC
apportioned	VBN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
some	DT
wealthy	JJ
states	NNS
may	MD
have	VB
some	DT
of	IN
their	PRP$
revenues	NNS
reapportioned	VBN
to	TO
poorer	JJR
states	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN53	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
While	IN
none	NN
of	IN
the	DT
models	NNS
are	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
make	VB
everyone	NN
happy	JJ
,	,
the	DT
national	JJ
sales	NNS
tax	NN
model	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
least	JJS
costly	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
most	RBS
equitable	JJ
.	.
While	IN
no	DT
one	NN
can	MD
predict	VB
with	IN
absolute	JJ
certainty	NN
how	WRB
Congress	NNP
will	MD
deal	VB
with	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
surrounding	VBG
e-commerce	JJ
taxation	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
becoming	VBG
increasingly	RB
evident	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
question	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
whether	IN
states	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
tax	NN
e-commerce	NN
retailers	NNS
,	,
but	CC
rather	RB
how	WRB
states	NNS
will	MD
tax	VB
e-commerce	JJ
retailers	NNS
.	.
At	IN
present	JJ
,	,
the	DT
most	RBS
likely	JJ
scheme	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
federal	JJ
collection	NN
method	NN
with	IN
apportionment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
states	NNS
.	.
This	DT
uniform	JJ
collection	NN
method	NN
should	MD
result	VB
in	IN
a	DT
much	RB
more	RBR
level	JJ
playing	NN
field	NN
for	IN
e-commerce	JJ
retailers	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
traditional	JJ
local	JJ
retailers	NNS
.	.
Congress	NNP
now	RB
has	VBZ
the	DT
power	NN
to	TO
make	VB
this	DT
happen	VB
under	IN
Quill	NNP
,	,
and	CC
most	JJS
commentators	NNS
agree	VBP
that	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
system	NN
for	IN
collection	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
only	RB
needed	VBN
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
necessary	JJ
.	.
E-commerce	NN
is	VBZ
clearly	RB
here	RB
to	TO
stay	VB
;	:
however	RB
,	,
e-commerce	JJ
retailers	NNS
can	MD
expect	VB
their	PRP$
taxation	NN
advantage	NN
over	IN
local	JJ
retailers	NNS
to	TO
dissipate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
not	RB
too	RB
distant	JJ
future	NN
.	.
It	PRP
shall	MD
be	VB
unlawful	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
government	NN
entity	NN
to	TO
sponsor	VB
,	,
operate	VB
,	,
advertise	VB
,	,
promote	VB
,	,
license	NN
,	,
or	CC
authorize	VB
by	IN
law	NN
or	CC
compact	JJ
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
person	NN
to	TO
sponsor	VB
,	,
operate	VB
,	,
advertise	VB
,	,
or	CC
promote	VB
,	,
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
law	NN
or	CC
compact	NN
of	IN
a	DT
governmental	JJ
entity	NN
,	,
a	DT
lottery	NN
,	,
sweepstakes	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
betting	VBG
,	,
gambling	VBG
,	,
or	CC
wagering	NN
scheme	NN
based	VBN
,	,
directly	RB
or	CC
indirectly	RB
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
through	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
geographical	JJ
references	NNS
or	CC
otherwise	RB
,	,
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
on	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
competitive	JJ
games	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
amateur	JJ
or	CC
professional	JJ
athletes	NNS
participate	VB
,	,
or	CC
are	VBP
intended	VBN
to	TO
participate	VB
,	,
on	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
performances	NNS
of	IN
such	JJ
athletes	NNS
in	IN
such	JJ
games	NNS
.	.
Cunard	NNP
et	FW
al	FW
.	.
have	VB
addressed	VBN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
developments	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
law	NN
,9	CD
and	CC
other	JJ
students	NNS
for	IN
this	DT
course	NN
,	,
in	IN
previous	JJ
years	NNS
,	,
have	VBP
addressed	VBN
such	JJ
issues	NNS
as	IN
ownership	NN
rights	NNS
for	IN
web	NN
sites10	CD
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
trademark	NN
issues	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.11	CD
While	IN
these	DT
previous	JJ
articles	NNS
have	VBP
focused	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
state	NN
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
,	,
they	PRP
have	VBP
not	RB
addressed	VBN
traditional	JJ
causes	NNS
of	IN
action	NN
that	WDT
could	MD
be	VB
brought	VBN
against	IN
future	JJ
offending	VBG
users	NNS
of	IN
``	``
cyberspace	NN
.	.
''	''
This	DT
paper	NN
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
go	VB
that	IN
extra	JJ
step	NN
by	IN
analyzing	VBG
traditional	JJ
causes	NNS
of	IN
action	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
applicable	JJ
to	TO
``	``
cyberspace	NN
.	.
''	''
Specifically	RB
,	,
the	DT
focus	NN
of	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
traditional	JJ
property	NN
torts	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
trespass	NN
,	,
nuisance	NN
,	,
and	CC
conversion	NN
,	,
and	CC
their	PRP$
possible	JJ
applicability	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
These	DT
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
other	JJ
precedents	NNS
,	,
suggest	VBP
that	IN
a	DT
traditional	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
may	MD
not	RB
only	RB
be	VB
feasible	JJ
,	,
but	CC
in	IN
certain	JJ
situations	NNS
,	,
preferable	JJ
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
address	VB
some	DT
possibilities	NNS
along	IN
with	IN
the	DT
advantages	NNS
and	CC
disadvantages	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
traditional	JJ
causes	NNS
of	IN
action	NN
.	.
Applying	VBG
these	DT
traditional	JJ
definitions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
distinguishing	VBG
the	DT
two	CD
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
little	RB
more	RBR
difficult	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
`	``
non-land	JJ
'	''
context	NN
like	IN
cyberspace	NN
.	.
One	CD
must	MD
begin	VB
by	IN
re-framing	JJ
her	PRP$
definition	NN
of	IN
what	WP
one	PRP
can	MD
`	``
own	VB
'	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
what	WP
is	VBZ
property	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
then	RB
what	WP
can	MD
be	VB
`	``
interfered	VBN
with	IN
'	''
by	IN
another	DT
.	.
Once	RB
that	IN
re-framing	JJ
occurs	VBZ
and	CC
includes	VBZ
the	DT
domain	NN
of	IN
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
IP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,21	CD
it	PRP
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
to	TO
apply	VB
traditional	JJ
legal	JJ
concepts	NNS
to	TO
what	WP
may	MD
be	VB
violations	NNS
or	CC
infringements	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
domain	NN
.	.
Everyone	NN
that	IN
spends	VBZ
time	NN
in	IN
the	DT
land	NN
of	IN
cyberspace	NN
has	VBZ
at	IN
least	JJS
two	CD
things	NNS
happen	VB
to	TO
them	PRP
:	:
they	PRP
learn	VBP
the	DT
lingo	NN
of	IN
the	DT
`	``
net	JJ
'	''
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
survive	VB
and	CC
they	PRP
get	VBP
`	``
spammed	VBN
.	.
'	''
In	IN
Internet	NNP
lingo	NN
,	,
`	``
spam	NN
'	''
is	VBZ
an	DT
unwanted	JJ
``	``
delivery	NN
''	''
to	TO
a	DT
user	NN
-	:
usually	RB
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
advertisements	NNS
-	:
of	IN
bulk	NN
e-mailings	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
take	VB
long	RB
for	IN
the	DT
`	``
spammers	NNS
'	POS
to	TO
figure	VB
out	RP
how	WRB
to	TO
ply	VB
their	PRP$
trade	NN
;	:
it	PRP
has	VBZ
taken	VBN
a	DT
little	RB
longer	RBR
for	IN
the	DT
cure	NN
to	TO
become	VB
available	JJ
.	.
Combating	VBG
what	WP
was	VBD
viewed	VBN
by	IN
both	DT
creators	NNS
and	CC
users	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
net	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
products	NNS
as	IN
an	DT
infringement	NN
began	VBD
with	IN
legal	JJ
attacks	NNS
.	.
These	DT
attacks	NNS
first	RB
took	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
flavor	NN
of	IN
a	DT
Constitutional	NNP
battle	NN
with	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
providing	VBG
the	DT
grist	NN
for	IN
the	DT
controversy	NN
.24	CD
Legislation	NN
slowly	RB
emerged	VBD
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
Federal	NNP
level	NN
,	,
the	DT
Lanham	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
noted	VBN
example	NN
,25	CD
and	CC
the	DT
Computer	NN
Fraud	NNP
and	CC
Abuse	NNP
Act26	NNP
are	VBP
serving	VBG
as	IN
foundations	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
protection	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
and	CC
materials	NNS
creators	NNS
.	.
State	NNP
statutes	NNS
exist	VBP
,	,
more	RBR
so	RB
in	IN
some	DT
states	NNS
than	IN
others	NNS
,	,
but	CC
regulations	NNS
and	CC
statutes	NNS
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
sufficient	JJ
to	TO
curb	VB
abuse	NN
.	.
There	EX
have	VBP
been	VBN
three	CD
other	JJ
decisions	NNS
resting	VBG
,	,
in	IN
large	JJ
part	NN
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
assertion	NN
of	IN
trespass	NN
as	IN
the	DT
cause	NN
of	IN
action	NN
.	.
These	DT
three	CD
decisions	NNS
,	,
reached	VBD
almost	RB
simultaneously	RB
in	IN
October-November	NNP
,	,
1998	CD
,	,
firmly	RB
establish	VB
the	DT
tenets	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
age-old	JJ
doctrine	NN
of	IN
trespass	NN
as	IN
a	DT
valuable	JJ
tool	NN
in	IN
the	DT
judicial	JJ
circles	NNS
of	IN
cyberspace	NN
.	.
The	DT
undisputed	JJ
facts	NNS
establish	VB
that	DT
defendant	NN
committed	VBD
a	DT
trespass	NN
to	TO
chattels	NNS
in	IN
violation	NN
of	IN
Virginia	NNP
Common	NNP
Law	NNP
.	.
Although	IN
authority	NN
under	IN
Virginia	NNP
law	NN
respecting	VBG
an	DT
action	NN
for	IN
trespass	NN
to	TO
chattels	NNS
is	VBZ
sparse	JJ
,	,
case	NN
law	NN
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
trespass	NN
to	TO
chattels	NNS
is	VBZ
indeed	RB
actionable	JJ
in	IN
Virginia	NNP
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
purposes	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
,	,
the	DT
legitimate	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
domain	NN
names	NNS
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
trademark	NN
conflicts	NNS
,	,
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
referred	VBN
to	TO
as	IN
``	``
cybersquatting	NN
,	,
''	''
while	IN
illegitimate	JJ
uses	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
including	VBG
``	``
cyberpiracy	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
will	MD
be	VB
referred	VBN
to	TO
as	IN
``	``
cybersquatting	NN
.	.
''	''
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
shortcomings	NNS
of	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
Lanham	NNP
Act66	NNP
to	TO
enjoin	VB
``	``
cybersquatters	NNS
''	''
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
only	RB
protects	VBZ
a	DT
name	NN
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
registered	VBN
trademark	NN
.67	CD
Thus	RB
,	,
no	DT
protection	NN
is	VBZ
offered	VBN
for	IN
famous	JJ
names	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
trademarks	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
``	``
whitehouse.com	NN
''	''
or	CC
``	``
thevatican.com	NN
''	''
would	MD
not	RB
qualify	VB
for	IN
protection	NN
under	IN
the	DT
Lanham	NNP
Act	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Black	NNP
's	POS
Law	NN
Dictionary	NNP
defines	VBZ
a	DT
nuisance	NN
as	IN
``	``
that	IN
activity	NN
which	WDT
arises	VBZ
from	IN
unreasonable	JJ
,	,
unwarranted	JJ
or	CC
unlawful	JJ
use	NN
by	IN
a	DT
person	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
own	JJ
property	NN
,	,
working	VBG
obstruction	NN
or	CC
injury	NN
to	TO
right	NN
of	IN
another	DT
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
,	,
and	CC
producing	VBG
such	JJ
material	NN
annoyance	NN
,	,
inconvenience	NN
and	CC
discomfort	NN
that	WDT
law	NN
will	MD
presume	VB
resulting	VBG
damage	NN
.	.
``	``
70	CD
Also	RB
,	,
courts	NNS
have	VBP
defined	VBN
nuisance	NN
as	IN
broadly	RB
as	RB
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
A	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
n	JJ
offensive	NN
,	,
annoying	JJ
,	,
unpleasant	JJ
,	,
or	CC
obnoxious	JJ
thing	NN
or	CC
practice	NN
;	:
a	DT
cause	NN
or	CC
source	NN
of	IN
annoyance	NN
,	,
especially	RB
a	DT
continuing	VBG
or	CC
repeated	VBN
invasion	NN
or	CC
disturbance	NN
of	IN
another	DT
's	POS
right	NN
,	,
or	CC
anything	NN
that	WDT
works	VBZ
a	DT
hurt	NN
,	,
inconvenience	NN
or	CC
damage	NN
.	.
``	``
71	CD
These	DT
definitions	NNS
encompass	VBP
activities	NNS
that	WDT
harm	VBP
more	JJR
than	IN
merely	RB
property	NN
.	.
The	DT
whole	JJ
purpose	NN
behind	IN
a	DT
nuisance	NN
suit	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
enjoin	VB
a	DT
harmful	JJ
activity	NN
.	.
Given	VBN
the	DT
above	JJ
factors	NNS
for	IN
nuisance	NN
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
seem	VB
a	DT
natural	JJ
application	NN
to	TO
``	``
cybersquatting	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
social	JJ
value	NN
of	IN
``	``
cybersquatting	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
very	RB
low	JJ
compared	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
social	JJ
utility	NN
of	IN
a	DT
legitimate	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
used	VBN
for	IN
commercial	JJ
purposes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
activity	NN
of	IN
``	``
cybersquatting	NN
''	''
can	MD
be	VB
easily	RB
avoided	VBN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
``	``
cybersquatting	NN
''	''
takes	VBZ
up	RP
bandwidth	NN
and	CC
,	,
if	IN
traffic	NN
to	TO
that	DT
site	NN
is	VBZ
heavy	JJ
,	,
slows	VBZ
access	NN
to	TO
other	JJ
legitimate	JJ
sites	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
share	VB
hosts	NNS
with	IN
that	DT
``	``
cybersquatter	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
factor	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
is	VBZ
the	DT
harm	NN
sustained	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
legitimate	JJ
owner	NN
of	IN
the	DT
name	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
name	NN
is	VBZ
recognized	VBN
and	CC
associated	VBN
with	IN
good	JJ
will	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
Pope	NNP
John	NNP
Paul	NNP
II	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
using	VBG
that	IN
name	NN
to	TO
siphon	VB
unwary	JJ
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
to	TO
unrelated	JJ
sites	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
pornographic	JJ
sites	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
would	MD
severely	RB
compromise	VB
the	DT
integrity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
name	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
name	NN
is	VBZ
associated	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
reliable	JJ
product	NN
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
harmful	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
legitimate	JJ
owner	NN
of	IN
the	DT
name	NN
if	IN
others	NNS
were	VBD
to	TO
unwittingly	RB
conduct	VB
business	NN
with	IN
the	DT
``	``
cybersquatter	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
potential	JJ
harm	NN
is	VBZ
unfathomable	JJ
.	.
In	IN
almost	RB
all	DT
situations	NNS
,	,
the	DT
courts	NNS
would	MD
reach	VB
similar	JJ
results	NNS
under	IN
nuisance	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
would	MD
by	IN
using	VBG
a	DT
``	``
smell	NN
test	NN
''	''
under	IN
other	JJ
causes	NNS
of	IN
action	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
two	CD
main	JJ
advantages	NNS
with	IN
nuisance	NN
suits	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
available	JJ
with	IN
other	JJ
causes	NNS
of	IN
action	NN
.	.
First	RB
,	,
unlike	IN
trademarks	NNS
,	,
a	DT
plaintiff	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
necessarily	RB
have	VB
to	TO
predate	VB
the	DT
``	``
cybersquatter	NN
''	''
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
can	MD
show	VB
that	IN
``	``
cybersquatting	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
a	DT
nuisance	NN
.77	CD
This	DT
allows	VBZ
for	IN
owners	NNS
of	IN
famous	JJ
marks	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
MTV	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
enjoin	VB
preexisting	JJ
domain	NN
names	NNS
from	IN
using	VBG
their	PRP$
mark	NN
.	.
Secondly	RB
,	,
if	IN
nuisance	NN
bars	NNS
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
by	IN
one	CD
illegitimate	JJ
owner	NN
,	,
most	RBS
likely	JJ
,	,
all	DT
other	JJ
illegitimate	JJ
owners	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
barred	VBN
from	IN
using	VBG
that	IN
name	NN
.	.
Since	IN
,	,
under	IN
nuisance	NN
,	,
the	DT
activity	NN
itself	PRP
is	VBZ
enjoined	VBN
,	,
the	DT
identity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
offender	NN
should	MD
be	VB
irrelevant	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
if	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
owner	NN
ca	MD
n't	RB
operate	VB
a	DT
cement	NN
factory	NN
,	,
then	RB
future	JJ
owners	NNS
ca	MD
n't	RB
operate	VB
a	DT
cement	NN
factory	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
An	DT
enduring	VBG
aspect	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Anglo-American	NNP
common	JJ
law	NN
system	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
its	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
adapt	VB
legal	JJ
concepts	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
centuries	NNS
old	JJ
to	TO
new	JJ
,	,
emerging	VBG
situations	NNS
and	CC
technologies	NNS
.	.
As	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
trend	NN
in	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
system	NN
to	TO
look	VB
at	IN
Internet	NNP
domain	NN
issues	NNS
as	IN
analogous	JJ
to	TO
real	JJ
property	NN
matters	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
reasonable	JJ
to	TO
consider	VB
the	DT
potential	JJ
application	NN
of	IN
the	DT
tort	NN
of	IN
conversion	NN
as	IN
a	DT
basis	NN
for	IN
a	DT
claim	NN
for	IN
remedies	NNS
in	IN
Internet-domain	NN
related	VBN
conflicts	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
claims	NNS
are	VBP
related	VBN
to	TO
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
,	,
many	JJ
courts	NNS
have	VBP
held	VBN
that	IN
attempts	NNS
to	TO
invoke	VB
conversion	NN
claims	NNS
were	VBD
preempted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Copyright	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
In	IN
Garrido	NNP
v.	CC
Burger	NNP
King	NNP
,84	CD
a	DT
Florida	NNP
appellate	JJ
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
claim	NN
alleging	VBG
conversion	NN
and	CC
misappropriation	NN
of	IN
advertising	NN
ideas	NNS
was	VBD
preempted	VBN
because	IN
the	DT
elements	NNS
required	VBN
to	TO
prove	VB
each	DT
of	IN
these	DT
claims	NNS
was	VBD
not	RB
qualitatively	RB
different	JJ
from	IN
those	DT
required	VBN
to	TO
prove	VB
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
in	IN
Rasmussen	NNP
v.	CC
Kalitta	NNP
Flying	NNP
Service	NNP
,85	CD
the	DT
Ninth	NNP
Circuit	NNP
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
engineer	NN
who	WP
developed	VBD
modifications	NNS
for	IN
cargo	NN
planes	NNS
was	VBD
entitled	VBN
to	TO
pursue	VB
a	DT
claim	NN
for	IN
conversion	NN
against	IN
the	DT
owner	NN
of	IN
the	DT
aircraft	NN
because	IN
the	DT
engineer	NN
had	VBD
a	DT
property	NN
right	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Supplemental	NNP
Type	NNP
Certificate	NNP
issued	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
FAA	NNP
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
California	NNP
elements	NNS
for	IN
conversion	NN
were	VBD
met	VBN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
this	DT
property	NN
interest	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
preempted	VBN
by	IN
Federal	NNP
copyright	NN
,	,
patent	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
statutes	NNS
.	.
Existing	VBG
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
statutes	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
inadequate	JJ
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
the	DT
problems	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
arise	VB
in	IN
Internet	NNP
situations	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
in	IN
U.S.	NNP
v.	CC
LaMacchia	NNP
,86	CD
an	DT
MIT	NNP
student	NN
set	VBD
up	RP
an	DT
Internet	NNP
bulletin	NN
board	NN
which	WDT
allowed	VBD
users	NNS
to	TO
download	VB
software	NN
applications	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Excel	NNP
5.0	CD
and	CC
WordPerfect	NNP
6.0	CD
.	.
LaMacchia	NNP
's	POS
scheme	NN
was	VBD
estimated	VBN
to	TO
cost	VB
the	DT
software	NN
copyright	NN
holders	NNS
more	RBR
than	IN
$	$
1	CD
million	CD
in	IN
lost	VBN
revenue	NN
.	.
The	DT
application	NN
of	IN
conversion	NN
in	IN
an	DT
Internet	NNP
setting	NN
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
involve	VB
a	DT
dispossession	NN
or	CC
disruption	NN
of	IN
another	DT
party	NN
's	POS
lawful	JJ
exercise	NN
of	IN
rights	NNS
,	,
as	IN
opposed	VBN
to	TO
trespass	VB
to	TO
chattels	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
may	MD
involve	VB
a	DT
lesser	JJR
degree	NN
of	IN
interference	NN
with	IN
such	JJ
rights	NNS
.	.
The	DT
distinction	NN
between	IN
conversion	NN
and	CC
trespass	NN
in	IN
an	DT
Internet	NNP
context	NN
was	VBD
considered	VBN
in	IN
CompuServe	NNP
v.	CC
Cyber	NNP
Promotions	NNP
,88	CD
where	WRB
the	DT
court	NN
ruled	VBD
that	IN
unsolicited	JJ
e-mail	NN
advertising	NN
was	VBD
more	RBR
appropriately	RB
an	DT
actionable	JJ
trespass	NN
to	TO
chattels	NNS
that	WDT
was	VBD
unprotected	JJ
by	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
.	.
A	DT
claim	NN
for	IN
conversion	NN
based	VBN
upon	IN
the	DT
alleged	JJ
misappropriation	NN
of	IN
trade	NN
secrets	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
allowable	JJ
in	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
some	DT
jurisdictions	NNS
.	.
In	IN
Prudential94	NNP
a	DT
court	NN
denied	VBD
a	DT
defense	NN
motion	NN
for	IN
summary	NN
judgement	NN
under	IN
Pennsylvania	NNP
law	NN
in	IN
a	DT
case	NN
alleging	VBG
the	DT
misappropriation	NN
of	IN
trade	NN
secrets	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
customer	NN
lists	NNS
and	CC
files	NNS
,	,
by	IN
a	DT
former	JJ
agent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
insurance	NN
company	NN
.	.
Claims	NNS
for	IN
conversion	NN
for	IN
corporate	JJ
assets	NNS
and	CC
trade	NN
secrets	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
actionable	JJ
in	IN
some	DT
jurisdictions	NNS
.	.
In	IN
Patient	NNP
Transfer	NNP
Systems	NNPS
v.	CC
Patient	NNP
Handling	NNP
Systems	NNPS
,95	CD
a	DT
defense	NN
motion	NN
for	IN
summary	NN
judgement	NN
was	VBD
denied	VBN
and	CC
a	DT
claim	NN
allowed	VBN
to	TO
proceed	VB
where	WRB
a	DT
defendant	NN
former	JJ
employee	NN
allegedly	RB
retained	VBD
and	CC
used	VBD
files	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
demonstration	NN
kit	NN
belonging	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
company	NN
.	.
At	IN
least	JJS
some	DT
jurisdictions	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
allow	VB
claims	NNS
for	IN
conversion	NN
involving	VBG
intangible	JJ
property	NN
.	.
A	DT
claim	NN
of	IN
conversion	NN
was	VBD
dismissed	VBN
in	IN
Frink	NNP
America	NNP
v.	CC
Champion	NNP
Road	NNP
Machinery	NNP
,	,
Ltd.	NNP
,97	CD
where	WRB
the	DT
court	NN
ruled	VBD
that	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
law	NN
limited	JJ
actions	NNS
for	IN
conversion	NN
to	TO
tangible	JJ
property	NN
in	IN
a	DT
case	NN
alleging	VBG
the	DT
misappropriation	NN
and	CC
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
engineering	NN
and	CC
production	NN
drawings	NNS
by	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
competitor	NN
.	.
Misappropriation	NNP
of	IN
trade	NN
secrets	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
actionable	JJ
under	IN
a	DT
tort	NN
claim	NN
for	IN
conversion	NN
.	.
In	IN
Homenexus	NNP
v.	CC
Directweb	NNP
,98	CD
a	DT
defense	NN
motion	NN
to	TO
dismiss	VB
was	VBD
denied	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
claim	NN
of	IN
conversion	NN
of	IN
trade	NN
secrets	NNS
involving	VBG
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
company	NN
's	POS
business	NN
plan	NN
and	CC
Internet	NNP
system	NN
.	.
The	DT
most	RBS
promising	JJ
precedent	NN
for	IN
conversion	NN
claims	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
context	NN
may	MD
arise	VB
from	IN
Rasmussen113	NNP
where	WRB
no	DT
preemption	NN
was	VBD
found	VBN
because	IN
of	IN
a	DT
different	JJ
quality	NN
of	IN
property	NN
rights	NNS
created	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
government	NN
license	NN
,	,
apart	RB
from	IN
the	DT
copyright	NN
concerns	NNS
.	.
Especially	RB
if	IN
future	JJ
judicial	JJ
trends	NNS
move	VBP
towards	IN
a	DT
recognition	NN
of	IN
real	JJ
property	NN
rights	NNS
in	IN
domain	NN
names	NNS
,	,
and	CC
away	RB
from	IN
strict	JJ
copyright\/trademark	NN
concerns	NNS
,	,
then	RB
a	DT
window	NN
of	IN
opportunity	NN
may	MD
expand	VB
for	IN
conversion	NN
claims	NNS
in	IN
Internet	NNP
domain	NN
dispute	NN
resolution	NN
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
has	VBZ
attempted	VBN
to	TO
analyze	VB
the	DT
viability	NN
of	IN
several	JJ
common	JJ
law	NN
property	NN
torts	NNS
to	TO
disputes	NNS
in	IN
``	``
cyberspace	NN
.	.
''	''
As	IN
``	``
cyberspace	NN
''	''
becomes	VBZ
more	RBR
sophisticated	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
becomes	VBZ
more	RBR
akin	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
physical	JJ
world	NN
.	.
Even	RB
now	RB
,	,
the	DT
virtual	JJ
businesses	NNS
are	VBP
striving	VBG
to	TO
mimic	VB
the	DT
physical	JJ
world	NN
by	IN
making	VBG
the	DT
``	``
visual	JJ
perusing	NN
experience	NN
''	''
an	DT
experience	NN
that	WDT
stimulates	VBZ
all	PDT
the	DT
human	JJ
senses	NNS
.	.
As	IN
these	DT
virtual	JJ
environments	NNS
move	VBP
closer	RBR
to	TO
the	DT
physical	JJ
world	NN
,	,
it	PRP
becomes	VBZ
easier	JJR
to	TO
apply	VB
traditional	JJ
causes	NNS
of	IN
action	NN
to	TO
the	DT
virtual	JJ
world	NN
.	.
History	NN
shows	VBZ
that	IN
with	IN
the	DT
advent	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
technology	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
television	NN
,	,
radio	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
law	NN
has	VBZ
repeatedly	RB
attempted	VBN
to	TO
apply	VB
old	JJ
categories	NNS
to	TO
new	JJ
technology	NN
.	.
Here	RB
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
there	EX
seems	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
more	RBR
applicability	NN
of	IN
the	DT
old	JJ
laws	NNS
than	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
technological	JJ
advances	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
there	EX
may	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
a	DT
need	NN
for	IN
new	JJ
legislation	NN
at	IN
the	DT
birth	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
given	VBN
the	DT
current	JJ
trend	NN
of	IN
the	DT
virtual	JJ
world	NN
becoming	VBG
more	RBR
and	CC
more	RBR
like	IN
the	DT
physical	JJ
world	NN
,	,
it	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
old	JJ
laws	NNS
are	VBP
becoming	VBG
more	RBR
amenable	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
''	''
...	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
w	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
e	SYM
may	MD
define	VB
trespass	NN
as	IN
any	DT
intrusion	NN
which	WDT
invades	VBZ
the	DT
possessor	NN
's	POS
protected	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
exclusive	JJ
possession	NN
,	,
whether	IN
that	DT
intrusion	NN
is	VBZ
by	IN
visible	JJ
or	CC
invisible	JJ
pieces	NNS
of	IN
matter	NN
or	CC
by	IN
energy	NN
which	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
measured	VBN
only	RB
by	IN
the	DT
mathematical	JJ
language	NN
of	IN
the	DT
physicist	NN
.	.
''	''
This	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
address	VB
another	DT
of	IN
these	DT
issues	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
will	MD
contend	VB
that	IN
,	,
despite	IN
its	PRP$
inconsistent	JJ
legal	JJ
roots	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
print	NN
media	NNS
,	,
framing	VBG
--	:
also	RB
sometimes	RB
known	VBN
as	IN
``	``
in-line	JJ
''	''
linking	VBG
--	:
creates	VBZ
a	DT
derivative	JJ
work	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
,	,
thus	RB
,	,
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
derivative	JJ
work	NN
was	VBD
created	VBN
without	IN
permission	NN
of	IN
the	DT
copyright	NN
owner	NN
.	.
No	DT
``	``
bright	JJ
line	NN
''	''
rule	NN
exists	VBZ
as	IN
to	TO
how	WRB
much	JJ
originality	NN
,	,
``	``
spark	VB
''	''
of	IN
creativity	NN
,	,
or	CC
independent	JJ
creation	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
enough	RB
to	TO
distinguish	VB
the	DT
finished	VBN
derivative	NN
work	NN
from	IN
the	DT
pre-existing	JJ
material	NN
used	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
derivative	JJ
work	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
8	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Fixation	NN
,	,
of	IN
course	NN
,	,
may	MD
even	RB
be	VB
so	RB
transient	JJ
to	TO
include	VB
storage	NN
in	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
's	POS
random-access	JJ
memory	NN
or	CC
on	IN
its	PRP$
hard	JJ
disk	NN
drive	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
9	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
To	TO
fulfill	VB
the	DT
``	``
lawfully	RB
made	VBN
''	''
requirement	NN
,	,
permission	NN
must	MD
be	VB
given	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
copyright	NN
owner	NN
of	IN
the	DT
material	NN
used	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
source	NN
of	IN
the	DT
derivative	JJ
work	NN
.	.
Bonding	NN
,	,
gluing	NN
,	,
or	CC
mounting	VBG
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
court	NN
's	POS
opinion	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
thus	RB
a	DT
transformation	NN
or	CC
material	NN
alteration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
work	NN
,	,
without	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
whether	IN
any	DT
new	JJ
copyrightable	JJ
expression	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
added	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
process	NN
.	.
Da	NNP
Vinci	NNP
may	MD
sell	VB
his	PRP$
painting	NN
if	IN
he	PRP
chooses	VBZ
.	.
The	DT
fortunate	JJ
buyer	NN
may	MD
then	RB
enjoy	VB
the	DT
painting	NN
as	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
or	CC
,	,
if	IN
he	PRP
chooses	VBZ
,	,
may	MD
enjoy	VB
it	PRP
displayed	VBD
in	IN
a	DT
very	RB
ugly	JJ
frame	NN
he	PRP
himself	PRP
designs	VBZ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
See	VB
Illustration	NNP
3	CD
,	,
below	IN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
All	DT
of	IN
the	DT
Albuquerque	NNP
A.R.T.	NNP
decisions	NNS
support	VBP
this	DT
conclusion	NN
.	.
What	WP
the	DT
buyer	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
may	MD
not	RB
do	VB
is	VBZ
to	TO
change	VB
it	PRP
,	,
alter	VB
it	PRP
,	,
or	CC
re-package	VB
it	PRP
in	IN
some	DT
way	NN
the	DT
author	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
intend	VB
,	,
or	CC
misrepresent	VB
the	DT
author	NN
's	POS
work	NN
in	IN
some	DT
way	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
attributing	VBG
the	DT
work	NN
to	TO
someone	NN
else	RB
or	CC
attributing	VBG
a	DT
creation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
author	NN
that	IN
the	DT
author	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
produce	VB
.	.
What	WP
makes	VBZ
the	DT
Web	NNP
so	RB
popular	JJ
and	CC
functional	JJ
is	VBZ
its	PRP$
use	NN
of	IN
``	``
hyper-text	JJ
''	''
links	NNS
--	:
often	RB
represented	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
Web	NNP
``	``
page	NN
''	''
by	IN
colored	VBN
text	NN
or	CC
a	DT
graphic	JJ
images	NNS
--	:
which	WDT
allow	VBP
viewers	NNS
to	TO
link	VB
to	TO
and	CC
view	VB
related	JJ
Web	NNP
``	``
pages	NNS
''	''
with	IN
little	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
``	``
click	NN
''	''
of	IN
a	DT
mouse	NN
button	NN
,	,
without	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
geographic	JJ
location	NN
of	IN
the	DT
computers	NNS
on	IN
which	WDT
these	DT
other	JJ
``	``
pages	NNS
''	''
are	VBP
physically	RB
housed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
information	NN
from	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
site	NN
--	:
which	WDT
could	MD
be	VB
a	DT
document	NN
,	,
image	NN
,	,
or	CC
audio	NN
or	CC
video	NN
clip	NN
,	,
or	CC
even	RB
the	DT
full	JJ
Web	NNP
``	``
page	NN
''	''
itself	PRP
--	:
is	VBZ
``	``
pulled	VBN
in	IN
''	''
and	CC
appears	VBZ
in	IN
a	DT
smaller	JJR
window	NN
or	CC
frame	NN
within	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
site	NN
's	POS
Web	NNP
``	``
page	NN
''	''
.	.
The	DT
Web	NNP
address	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Uniform	NN
Resource	NNP
Locator	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
displayed	VBD
just	RB
below	IN
the	DT
browser	NN
's	POS
function	NN
command	NN
buttons	NNS
still	RB
contains	VBZ
the	DT
address	NN
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
Web	NNP
site	NN
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
the	DT
information	NN
from	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
site	NN
is	VBZ
currently	RB
displayed	VBN
--	:
altered	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
in	IN
that	DT
,	,
most	RBS
likely	JJ
,	,
the	DT
advertising	NN
and	CC
source	NN
identifiers	NNS
which	WDT
appear	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
site	NN
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
imported	VBN
and	CC
``	``
framed	VBN
''	''
to	TO
appear	VB
on	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
site	NN
with	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
parts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
page	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
surrounded	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
frame	NN
created	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
author	NN
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
Web	NNP
site	NN
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
first	JJ
Web	NNP
site	NN
's	POS
logo	NN
.	.
This	DT
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
appear	VB
to	TO
the	DT
computer	NN
user	NN
that	IN
``	``
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
the	DT
external	JJ
site	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
offered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
framing	VBG
site	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
29	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
the	DT
computer	NN
user	NN
may	MD
not	RB
even	RB
be	VB
aware	JJ
that	IN
he	PRP
has	VBZ
changed	VBN
``	``
locations	NNS
.	.
''	''
The	DT
outcome	NN
of	IN
what	WP
little	RB
litigation	NN
there	EX
has	VBZ
been	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
framing	VBG
and	CC
in-line	JJ
linking	VBG
,	,
however	RB
,	,
does	VBZ
not	RB
necessarily	RB
support	VB
this	DT
statement	NN
.	.
Though	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
of	IN
these	DT
cases	NNS
was	VBD
settled	VBN
out	IN
of	IN
court	NN
and	CC
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
arguably	RB
has	VBZ
no	DT
value	NN
as	IN
precedent	NN
,	,
its	PRP$
resolution	NN
lends	VBZ
support	NN
to	TO
the	DT
argument	NN
that	WDT
framing	NN
of	IN
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
creates	VBZ
an	DT
infringing	VBG
derivative	JJ
work	NN
.	.
The	DT
parties	NNS
settled	VBN
in	IN
June	NNP
1997	CD
,	,
with	IN
Total	NNP
News	NNP
agreeing	VBG
not	RB
to	TO
frame	VB
the	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
,	,
but	CC
retaining	VBG
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
hyper-link	JJ
connections	NNS
to	TO
those	DT
sites	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
46	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Some	DT
news	NN
services	NNS
still	RB
listed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Total	NNP
News	NNP
Web	NNP
site	NN
have	VBP
programmed	VBN
their	PRP$
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
not	RB
to	TO
allow	VB
framing	NN
but	CC
to	TO
open	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
,	,
separate	JJ
browser	NN
window	NN
when	WRB
a	DT
user	NN
arrives	VBZ
at	IN
their	PRP$
sites	NNS
through	IN
a	DT
Total	NNP
News	NNP
link	NN
.	.
Though	IN
not	RB
argued	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
copyright	NN
case	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
clear	JJ
from	IN
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
previous	JJ
cases	NNS
,	,
that	IN
framing	VBG
changes	NNS
a	DT
framed	VBN
Web	NNP
site	NN
,	,
alters	VBZ
it	PRP
,	,
re-packages	VBZ
it	PRP
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
its	PRP$
author	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
intend	VB
,	,
transforms	VBZ
it	PRP
,	,
misrepresenting	VBG
the	DT
author	NN
's	POS
work	NN
in	IN
the	DT
process	NN
,	,
either	CC
by	IN
attributing	VBG
the	DT
work	NN
to	TO
someone	NN
else	RB
or	CC
attributing	VBG
a	DT
creation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
author	NN
that	IN
the	DT
author	NN
himself	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
produce	VB
.	.
``	``
Link	NNP
Disclaimer	NNP
''	''
should	MD
address	VB
the	DT
issues	NNS
that	WDT
your	PRP$
Web	NNP
site	NN
can	MD
not	RB
control	VB
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
third	JJ
party-owned	JJ
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
that	WDT
link	VBP
to	TO
your	PRP$
Web	NNP
site	NN
,	,
and	CC
inform	VB
the	DT
user	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
Web	NNP
site	NN
that	IN
if	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
he	PRP
visits	VBZ
-RRB-	-RRB-
your	PRP$
Web	NNP
site	NN
through	IN
a	DT
link	NN
from	IN
a	DT
third-party	JJ
Web	NNP
site	NN
and	CC
find	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
that	DT
Web	NNP
site	NN
inappropriate	JJ
or	CC
offensive	JJ
that	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
he	PRP
should	MD
contact	VB
you	PRP
so	IN
that	IN
you	PRP
may	MD
evaluate	VB
this	DT
matter	NN
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
when	WRB
your	PRP$
Web	NNP
site	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
``	``
Linking	NNP
Page	NNP
''	''
you	PRP
should	MD
notify	VB
your	PRP$
Web	NNP
site	NN
users	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
find	VB
links	NNS
from	IN
your	PRP$
Web	NNP
site	NN
to	TO
third-party	JJ
owned	VBN
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
that	WDT
contain	VBP
content	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
find	VB
to	TO
be	VB
of	IN
interest	NN
.	.
You	PRP
might	MD
also	RB
want	VB
to	TO
inform	VB
your	PRP$
Web	NNP
site	NN
users	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
initially	RB
visited	VBD
these	DT
third-party	JJ
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
before	IN
linking	VBG
to	TO
them	PRP
but	CC
that	IN
they	PRP
must	MD
understand	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
control	VB
their	PRP$
content	NN
and	CC
that	IN
such	JJ
content	JJ
frequently	RB
changes	NNS
.	.
''	''
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
B	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
ecause	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
gambling	NN
can	MD
be	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
done	VBN
in	IN
private	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
,	,
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
t	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
he	PRP
barriers	NNS
to	TO
addiction	NN
are	VBP
lowered	VBN
:	:
The	DT
social	JJ
stigma	NN
of	IN
gambling	NN
is	VBZ
removed	VBN
;	:
no	DT
one	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
family	NN
or	CC
community	NN
has	VBZ
to	TO
know	VB
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
gambling	VBG
;	:
access	NN
is	VBZ
greatly	RB
increased	VBN
.	.
In	IN
Upjohn	NNP
Co.	NNP
v.	CC
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
recognized	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
attorney\/client	JJ
privilege	NN
``	``
was	VBD
to	TO
encourage	VB
full	JJ
and	CC
frank	JJ
communications	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
attorneys	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
clients	NNS
and	CC
thereby	RB
promote	VB
broader	JJR
public	JJ
interests	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
observance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
and	CC
the	DT
administration	NN
of	IN
justice	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Today	NN
,	,
the	DT
increased	VBN
viability	NN
of	IN
practicing	VBG
law	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
gives	VBZ
rise	NN
to	TO
concerns	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
protection	NN
of	IN
privileged	JJ
information	NN
and	CC
the	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
attorney\/client	JJ
privilege	NN
.	.
As	IN
more	JJR
and	CC
more	JJR
attorneys	NNS
and	CC
legal	JJ
service	NN
providers	NNS
try	VBP
to	TO
take	VB
advantage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
tool	NN
to	TO
reach	VB
a	DT
wider	JJR
client	NN
base	NN
,	,
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
structure	VB
the	DT
medium	NN
of	IN
exchange	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
valuable	JJ
attorney\/client	JJ
privilege	NN
is	VBZ
of	IN
major	JJ
concern	NN
.	.
The	DT
perception	NN
to	TO
many	JJ
seemed	VBD
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
some	DT
cases	NNS
still	RB
seems	VBZ
,	,
to	TO
be	VB
that	IN
Internet	NNP
technology	NN
and	CC
email	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
a	DT
safe	JJ
medium	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
to	TO
interact	VB
with	IN
clients	NNS
regarding	VBG
privileged	JJ
material	NN
.	.
The	DT
concern	NN
was	VBD
that	IN
since	IN
e-mail	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
new	JJ
medium	NN
of	IN
exchange	NN
,	,
perhaps	RB
using	VBG
it	PRP
would	MD
make	VB
privileged	JJ
communications	NNS
between	IN
attorney\/client	NN
more	RBR
susceptible	JJ
to	TO
being	VBG
breached	VBN
.	.
The	DT
ABA	NNP
Rules	NNPS
of	IN
Professional	NNP
Conduct	NNP
state	NN
:	:
``	``
A	DT
lawyer	NN
shall	MD
not	RB
reveal	VB
information	NN
relating	VBG
to	TO
representation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
client	NN
unless	IN
the	DT
client	NN
consents	NNS
after	IN
consultation	NN
?	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN3	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Most	JJS
Bar	NN
associations	NNS
have	VBP
issued	VBN
opinions	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
interpret	VB
this	DT
rule	NN
with	IN
regards	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
reliability	NN
of	IN
e-mail	NN
.	.
The	DT
Alaska	NNP
State	NNP
Bar	NNP
takes	VBZ
a	DT
liberal	JJ
standard	NN
and	CC
permits	VBZ
lawyers	NNS
to	TO
communicate	VB
with	IN
clients	NNS
on	IN
all	DT
topics	NNS
using	VBG
e-mail	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Overall	RB
,	,
the	DT
current	JJ
trend	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
embrace	VB
e-mail	NN
as	IN
a	DT
reliable	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
communicate	VB
privileged	JJ
information	NN
between	IN
attorney	NN
and	CC
client	NN
.	.
The	DT
expectation	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
attorney\/client	JJ
privilege	NN
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
waived	VBN
through	IN
judicious	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
e-mail	NN
.	.
In	IN
U.S.	NNP
v.	CC
Maxwell	NNP
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
ruled	VBD
on	IN
this	DT
issue	NN
by	IN
affirming	VBG
that	DT
e-mail	NN
users	NNS
have	VBP
an	DT
expectation	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
With	IN
the	DT
force	NN
of	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
affirming	VBG
the	DT
sentiment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Bar	NN
associations	NNS
,	,
the	DT
overall	JJ
view	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
e-mail	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
fact	NN
a	DT
reliable	JJ
manner	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
to	TO
communicate	VB
with	IN
clients	NNS
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
online	JJ
legal	JJ
service	NN
provider	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
not	RB
to	TO
conduct	VB
private	JJ
conversation	NN
within	IN
a	DT
``	``
chat	VB
room	NN
''	''
type	NN
of	IN
environment	NN
.	.
Obviously	RB
,	,
any	DT
private	JJ
communications	NNS
discussed	VBN
in	IN
front	NN
of	IN
non-privileged	JJ
witnesses	NNS
leads	VBZ
to	TO
a	DT
waiver	NN
of	IN
the	DT
attorney\/client	JJ
privilege	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
best	RB
to	TO
restrict	VB
use	NN
of	IN
chat	VB
rooms	NNS
to	TO
discuss	VB
only	RB
the	DT
most	RBS
generalized	VBN
of	IN
legal	JJ
topics	NNS
.	.
The	DT
overall	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
e-mail	NN
in	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
environment	NN
to	TO
advise	VB
clients	NNS
will	MD
become	VB
more	RBR
and	CC
more	RBR
prevalent	JJ
hundreds	NNS
on	IN
millions	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
become	VBP
accustomed	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
many	JJ
legal	JJ
service	NN
providers	NNS
operate	VBP
completely	RB
online	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
potential	JJ
market	NN
that	WDT
could	MD
utilize	VB
this	DT
type	NN
of	IN
service	NN
is	VBZ
vast	JJ
,	,
almost	RB
untapped	JJ
.	.
While	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
careful	JJ
when	WRB
using	VBG
any	DT
type	NN
of	IN
communication	NN
to	TO
speak	VB
with	IN
a	DT
client	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
even	RB
more	RBR
important	JJ
to	TO
take	VB
precautions	NNS
when	WRB
using	VBG
e-mail	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
given	VBN
that	IN
warning	NN
,	,
e-mail	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Internet	NNP
will	MD
revolutionize	VB
the	DT
online	JJ
legal	JJ
services	NNS
industry	NN
.	.
A	DT
company	NN
or	CC
law	NN
firm	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
conduct	VB
legal	JJ
business	NN
online	NN
securely	RB
,	,
efficiently	RB
and	CC
effectively	RB
will	MD
keep	VB
their	PRP$
clients	NNS
satisfied	JJ
and	CC
build	VB
their	PRP$
practice	NN
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
.	.
A	DT
perusal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Model	NNP
Code	NNP
also	RB
reveals	VBZ
no	DT
such	JJ
express	JJ
prohibition	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
ethics	NNS
boards	NNS
and	CC
courts	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
considered	VBN
the	DT
issue	NN
analogize	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
to	TO
telephone	NN
or	CC
fax	NN
communication	NN
,	,
and	CC
seem	VBP
to	TO
have	VB
little	JJ
trouble	NN
applying	VBG
the	DT
ethics	NNS
rules	NNS
that	WDT
apply	VBP
to	TO
those	DT
forms	NNS
of	IN
communications	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Testimonials	NNS
and	CC
endorsements	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
avoided	VBN
,	,
since	IN
some	DT
states	NNS
prohibit	VBP
them	PRP
under	IN
Rule	NNP
7.1	CD
as	IN
being	VBG
inherently	RB
misleading	JJ
.	.
Descriptions	NNS
of	IN
firm	NN
practice	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
promotional	JJ
material	NN
must	MD
not	RB
be	VB
false	JJ
or	CC
misleading	JJ
.	.
The	DT
on-line	JJ
attorney	NN
should	MD
also	RB
be	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
all	DT
rules	NNS
particular	JJ
to	TO
any	DT
state	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
she	PRP
is	VBZ
licensed	VBN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
New	NNP
York	NNP
requires	VBZ
that	IN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
e	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
very	RB
attorney	NN
`	``
with	IN
an	DT
office	NN
'	''
located	VBN
in	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
to	TO
post	VB
`	``
in	IN
that	DT
office	NN
'	''
a	DT
Statement	NN
of	IN
Clients	NNS
Rights	NNS
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN20	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
prudent	JJ
attorney	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
licensed	VBN
and	CC
solicits	VBZ
in	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
would	MD
post	VB
the	DT
full	JJ
text	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Statement	NN
of	IN
Clients	NNS
Rights	NNPS
conspicuously	RB
on	IN
his	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
avoiding	VBG
any	DT
potential	JJ
argument	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
one	CD
he	PRP
would	MD
likely	RB
lose	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
about	IN
whether	IN
his	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
comes	VBZ
within	IN
the	DT
rule	NN
.	.
In	IN
Georgia	NNP
,	,
Standard	NNP
13	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
generally	RB
prohibits	VBZ
compensation	NN
for	IN
referrals	NNS
,	,
but	CC
does	VBZ
allow	VB
lawyers	NNS
to	TO
pay	VB
a	DT
fee	NN
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
a	DT
bona	NN
fide	NN
lawyer	NN
referral	NN
service	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
some	DT
on-line	JJ
referral	NN
services	NNS
in	IN
operation	NN
in	IN
Georgia	NNP
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN26	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
Georgia	NNP
lawyers	NNS
may	MD
participate	VB
so	RB
long	RB
as	IN
the	DT
referral	NN
service	NN
otherwise	RB
complies	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
Standard	NNP
13	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Whether	IN
an	DT
on-line	JJ
legal	JJ
association	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
firm	NN
''	''
under	IN
Model	NNP
Rule	NNP
10.1	CD
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
comment	NN
says	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
``	``
firm	NN
''	''
also	RB
includes	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
legal	JJ
services	NNS
organization	NN
,	,
''	''
may	MD
be	VB
partially	RB
dependent	JJ
upon	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
site	NN
presents	VBZ
the	DT
attorneys	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
in	IN
such	JJ
a	DT
way	NN
that	IN
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
firm	NN
or	CC
they	PRP
conduct	VBP
themselves	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
firm	NN
.	.
After	IN
an	DT
attorney	NN
tackles	VBZ
the	DT
logistical	JJ
,	,
privacy	NN
and	CC
ethical	JJ
issues	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
providing	VBG
legal	JJ
advice	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
she	PRP
must	MD
still	RB
deal	VB
with	IN
jurisdictional	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
Under	IN
their	PRP$
police	NN
powers	NNS
reserved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
Constitution	NNP
,	,
states	NNS
have	VBP
a	DT
legitimate	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
regulating	VBG
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
and	CC
can	MD
take	VB
action	NN
against	IN
lawyers	NNS
not	RB
authorized	VBN
in	IN
their	PRP$
state	NN
who	WP
give	VBP
legal	JJ
advice	NN
to	TO
residents	NNS
of	IN
that	DT
state	NN
.	.
Under	IN
ABA	NNP
Model	NNP
Rule	NNP
5.5	CD
,	,
a	DT
lawyer	NN
may	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
discipline	NN
for	IN
practicing	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
jurisdiction	NN
without	IN
being	VBG
licensed	VBN
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
advent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
the	DT
traditional	JJ
geographic	JJ
boundary	NN
lines	NNS
have	VBP
not	RB
only	RB
been	VBN
blurred	VBN
,	,
they	PRP
have	VBP
completely	RB
disappeared	VBN
.	.
When	WRB
an	DT
attorney	NN
dispenses	VBZ
legal	JJ
advice	NN
over	IN
the	DT
``	``
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
''	''
by	IN
definition	NN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
reaching	VBG
beyond	IN
the	DT
borders	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
she	PRP
is	VBZ
licensed	VBN
.	.
This	DT
question	NN
remains	VBZ
largely	RB
unanswered	JJ
.	.
However	RB
,	,
in	IN
a	DT
January	NNP
1998	CD
decision	NN
the	DT
California	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
opined	VBD
in	IN
dicta	NNS
that	IN
a	DT
lawyer	NN
may	MD
engage	VB
in	IN
the	DT
``	``
unauthorized	JJ
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
''	''
when	WRB
he	PRP
advises	VBZ
a	DT
California	NNP
client	NN
on	IN
California	NNP
law	NN
by	IN
means	NNS
of	IN
``	``
telephone	NN
,	,
fax	NN
,	,
computer	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
modern	JJ
technological	JJ
means	NNS
.	.
''	''
There	RB
,	,
a	DT
New	NNP
York	NNP
law	NN
firm	NN
represented	VBD
a	DT
California	NNP
company	NN
in	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
dispute	NN
.	.
While	IN
representing	VBG
the	DT
client	NN
,	,
two	CD
lawyers	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
New	NNP
York	NNP
firm	NN
performed	VBD
``	``
substantial	JJ
work	NN
''	''
in	IN
California	NNP
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
representation	NN
.	.
They	PRP
traveled	VBD
to	TO
California	NNP
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
times	NNS
to	TO
advise	VB
the	DT
client	NN
on	IN
a	DT
proposed	VBN
settlement	NN
agreement	NN
and	CC
on	IN
the	DT
potential	NN
for	IN
arbitration	NN
.	.
Ultimately	RB
the	DT
contract	NN
dispute	NN
was	VBD
settled	VBN
but	CC
the	DT
client	NN
sued	VBD
the	DT
law	NN
firm	NN
for	IN
legal	JJ
malpractice	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
claims	NNS
in	IN
California	NNP
state	NN
court	NN
.	.
The	DT
client	NN
argued	VBD
that	IN
,	,
by	IN
practicing	VBG
law	NN
without	IN
a	DT
license	NN
in	IN
California	NNP
and	CC
failing	VBG
to	TO
retain	VB
California	NNP
counsel	NN
,	,
the	DT
law	NN
firm	NN
had	VBD
violated	VBN
6125	CD
of	IN
California	NNP
Code	NNP
,	,
thus	RB
making	VBG
the	DT
fee	NN
agreement	NN
unenforceable	JJ
.	.
The	DT
California	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
found	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
New	NNP
York	NNP
lawyers	NNS
had	VBD
engaged	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
unauthorized	JJ
practice	NN
in	IN
California	NNP
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
concluded	VBD
that	IN
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
Firm	NN
was	VBD
``	``
not	RB
admitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
in	IN
California	NNP
''	''
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
``	``
did	VBD
not	RB
associate	JJ
California	NNP
counsel	NN
''	''
,	,
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
``	``
provided	VBN
legal	JJ
services	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
state	NN
''	''
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
concluded	VBD
that	IN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
t	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
he	PRP
law	NN
is	VBZ
clear	JJ
that	IN
no	DT
one	NN
may	MD
recover	VB
compensation	NN
for	IN
services	NNS
as	IN
an	DT
attorney	NN
in	IN
this	DT
state	NN
unless	IN
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
bar	NN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
those	DT
services	NNS
were	VBD
performed	VBN
.	.
''	''
Thus	RB
,	,
following	VBG
Birbrower	NNP
,	,
a	DT
cyber-lawyer	NN
not	RB
licensed	VBN
in	IN
California	NNP
who	WP
``	``
virtually	RB
''	''
enters	VBZ
the	DT
state	NN
to	TO
give	VB
legal	JJ
advice	NN
should	MD
be	VB
wary	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
wise	JJ
to	TO
retain	VB
in-state	JJ
counsel	NN
or	CC
at	IN
a	DT
minimum	JJ
provide	VBP
a	DT
disclaimer	NN
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
important	JJ
to	TO
state	NN
in	IN
the	DT
disclaimer	NN
that	IN
the	DT
attorney	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
licensed	VBN
in	IN
California	NNP
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
advice	NN
given	VBN
is	VBZ
just	RB
general	JJ
legal	JJ
advice	NN
and	CC
the	DT
communication	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
form	VB
a	DT
attorney\/client	JJ
relationship	NN
.	.
In	IN
Illinois	NNP
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
gone	VBN
a	DT
step	NN
farther	RBR
and	CC
proposed	VBN
rules	NNS
to	TO
govern	VB
Internet	NNP
legal	JJ
advice	NN
across	IN
state	NN
boundaries	NNS
.	.
The	DT
proposed	VBN
rules	NNS
would	MD
require	VB
legal	JJ
web	NN
sites	NNS
to	TO
register	VB
in	IN
a	DT
jurisdiction	NN
before	IN
they	PRP
could	MD
provide	VB
legal	JJ
advice	NN
to	TO
clients	NNS
in	IN
that	DT
state	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
reiterated	VBD
the	DT
point	NN
that	IN
a	DT
legal	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
can	MD
only	RB
be	VB
run	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
attorney	NN
licensed	VBD
and	CC
in	IN
good	JJ
standing	NN
otherwise	RB
it	PRP
will	MD
constitute	VB
the	DT
unauthorized	JJ
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN32	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Conversely	RB
the	DT
Arizona	NNP
State	NNP
Bar	NNP
seems	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
taking	VBG
a	DT
hands	NNS
off	IN
approach	NN
.	.
On	IN
July	NNP
7	CD
,	,
1999	CD
Mr.	NNP
Hirschfeld	NNP
,	,
a	DT
former	JJ
Arizona	NNP
attorney	NN
who	WP
was	VBD
disbarred	VBN
in	IN
1985	CD
,	,
launched	VBN
Lexstrat	NNP
,	,
a	DT
site	NN
which	WDT
offers	VBZ
online	JJ
legal	JJ
advice	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
interesting	JJ
that	IN
while	IN
the	DT
Arizona	NNP
State	NNP
Bar	NNP
ethics	NNS
opinion	NN
limits	VBZ
what	WP
a	DT
licensed	JJ
attorney	NN
may	MD
do	VB
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
address	VB
what	WP
an	DT
unlicensed	JJ
person	NN
may	MD
do	VB
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
a	DT
criminal	JJ
statute	NN
banning	VBG
the	DT
unauthorized	JJ
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
in	IN
Arizona	NNP
expired	VBD
in	IN
1984	CD
and	CC
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
re-enacted	VBN
.	.
As	IN
we	PRP
have	VBP
seen	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
unclear	JJ
what	WP
constitutes	VBZ
the	DT
unauthorized	JJ
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
courts	NNS
provide	VBP
little	JJ
guidance	NN
and	CC
the	DT
state	NN
bar	NN
regulations	NNS
are	VBP
sparse	JJ
and	CC
inconsistent	JJ
.	.
Some	DT
states	NNS
are	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
verge	NN
of	IN
requiring	VBG
legal	JJ
web	NN
sites	NNS
to	TO
register	VB
in	IN
their	PRP$
jurisdiction	NN
while	IN
others	NNS
allow	VBP
unlicensed	JJ
people	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
legal	JJ
advice	NN
online	NN
.	.
Cyber-attorneys	NNS
should	MD
treat	VB
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
on-line	JJ
as	IN
they	PRP
would	MD
treat	VB
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
through	IN
traditional	JJ
means	NNS
.	.
The	DT
cautious	JJ
attorney	NN
will	MD
use	VB
disclaimers	NNS
to	TO
notify	VB
clients	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
state	NN
licensure	NN
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
site	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
providing	VBG
legal	JJ
advice	NN
in	IN
certain	JJ
states	NNS
.	.
The	DT
option	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
either	DT
be	VB
licensed	VBN
in	IN
that	DT
state	NN
or	CC
retain	VB
in-state	JJ
counsel	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
evident	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
speed	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
changing	VBG
and	CC
developing	VBG
the	DT
legal	JJ
landscape	NN
is	VBZ
out-pacing	VBG
the	DT
various	JJ
regulatory	JJ
bodies	NNS
?	.
ability	NN
to	TO
react	VB
.	.
Here	RB
is	VBZ
where	WRB
attorneys	NNS
are	VBP
well-suited	JJ
to	TO
apply	VB
their	PRP$
legal	JJ
training	NN
,	,
to	TO
think	VB
,	,
reason	NN
,	,
consider	VB
the	DT
policy	NN
implications	NNS
,	,
and	CC
develop	VB
the	DT
law	NN
and	CC
ethical	JJ
guidelines	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
for	IN
legal	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
obvious	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
here	RB
to	TO
stay	VB
.	.
In	IN
many	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
,	,
the	DT
Web	NNP
can	MD
provide	VB
an	DT
efficient	JJ
and	CC
cost-effective	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
serve	VB
the	DT
legal	JJ
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
the	DT
prudent	JJ
lawyer	NN
must	MD
proceed	VB
,	,
but	CC
carefully	RB
.	.
One	CD
should	MD
consider	VB
the	DT
privacy	NN
issues	NNS
inherent	JJ
in	IN
electronic	JJ
data	NNS
transfer	NN
,	,
while	IN
always	RB
keeping	VBG
in	IN
mind	NN
the	DT
ethical	JJ
considerations	NNS
of	IN
client	NN
solicitation	NN
and	CC
conflict	NN
of	IN
interests	NNS
and	CC
avoiding	VBG
any	DT
potential	JJ
liability	NN
for	IN
engaging	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
unauthorized	JJ
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
.	.
FN10	CD
.	.
N.Y	NNP
State	NNP
709	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
internet	NN
practice	NN
not	RB
inherently	RB
prohibited	VBN
where	WRB
an	DT
attorney	NN
who	WP
wished	VBD
to	TO
conduct	VB
trademark	NN
searches	NNS
,	,
render	VB
legal	JJ
opinions	NNS
on	IN
trademark	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
file	NN
and	CC
prosecute	VB
trademark	NN
applications	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Following	VBG
is	VBZ
a	DT
summary	NN
and	CC
analysis	NN
of	IN
the	DT
laws	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
various	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
monitoring	VBG
an	DT
employee	NN
,	,
touching	VBG
on	IN
federal	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
responses	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
problem	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
in	IN
the	DT
workplace	NN
.	.
As	IN
these	DT
materials	NNS
will	MD
show	VB
,	,
legislators	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
slow	JJ
in	IN
fashioning	VBG
effective	JJ
laws	NNS
that	WDT
address	VBP
this	DT
particular	JJ
problem	NN
,	,
and	CC
courts	NNS
are	VBP
reluctant	JJ
to	TO
extend	VB
to	TO
e-mail	VB
privacy	NN
the	DT
protection	NN
given	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
present	JJ
laws	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
more	RBR
traditional	JJ
modes	NNS
of	IN
communication	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
telephone	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
to	TO
the	DT
more	RBR
traditional	JJ
,	,
``	``
physical	JJ
''	''
protections	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
lockers	NNS
and	CC
desks	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
However	RB
,	,
with	IN
its	PRP$
numerous	JJ
exceptions	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
effectively	RB
protect	VB
a	DT
right	NN
to	TO
e-mail	VB
privacy	NN
in	IN
the	DT
workplace	NN
.	.
The	DT
three	CD
most	RBS
relevant	JJ
exceptions	NNS
to	TO
private	JJ
employers	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
consent	NN
exception	NN
,	,
the	DT
provider	NN
exception	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
business	NN
extension	NN
exception	NN
.	.
If	IN
employers	NNS
fit	VBP
one	CD
of	IN
these	DT
exceptions	NNS
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
ECPA	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
apply	VB
.	.
Hence	RB
,	,
an	DT
employer	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
its	PRP$
employees	NNS
sign	VB
an	DT
employment	NN
agreement	NN
stating	VBG
that	IN
their	PRP$
communications	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
including	VBG
e-mail	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
will	MD
be	VB
monitored	VBN
will	MD
avoid	VB
application	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ECPA	NNP
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
an	DT
agreement	NN
of	IN
this	DT
sort	NN
would	MD
diminish	VB
an	DT
employee	NN
's	POS
expectation	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
.	.
In	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
fits	VBZ
the	DT
provider	NN
definition	NN
,	,
it	PRP
has	VBZ
to	TO
prove	VB
that	DT
its	PRP$
interception	NN
was	VBD
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
normal	JJ
course	NN
of	IN
business	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
difficult	JJ
,	,
considering	VBG
that	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
meet	VB
these	DT
provisions	NNS
by	IN
showing	VBG
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
that	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
interception	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
protect	VB
property	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
improper	JJ
uses	NNS
or	CC
theft	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
service	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
quality	NN
checks	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Hence	RB
,	,
section	NN
2511	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
i	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
which	WDT
includes	VBZ
not	RB
only	RB
common	JJ
carriers	NNS
but	CC
also	RB
any	DT
service	NN
provider	NN
,	,
offers	VBZ
today	NN
's	POS
employers	NNS
a	DT
means	NN
of	IN
escaping	VBG
the	DT
prohibitions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
ECPA	NNP
.	.
Similarly	RB
,	,
e-mail	NN
privacy	NN
is	VBZ
afforded	VBN
less	JJR
protection	NN
than	IN
physical	JJ
intrusions	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
employee	NN
's	POS
work	NN
environment	NN
.	.
As	IN
previously	RB
mentioned	VBN
,	,
an	DT
employer	NN
can	MD
initiate	VB
workplace	NN
searches	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
ferret	VB
out	RP
evidence	NN
of	IN
employee	NN
violations	NNS
.	.
What	WP
are	VBP
the	DT
parameters	NNS
of	IN
such	JJ
physical	JJ
searches	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
work	NN
place	NN
?	.
As	IN
in	IN
e-mail	NN
situations	NNS
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
assesses	VBZ
the	DT
facts	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
expectation	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
standard	NN
.	.
In	IN
viewing	VBG
claims	NNS
of	IN
privacy	NN
violation	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
monitoring	NN
of	IN
employees	NNS
'	POS
communications	NNS
,	,
state	NN
courts	NNS
have	VBP
generally	RB
--	:
as	IN
in	IN
other	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
workplace	NN
monitoring	NN
and	CC
searches	NNS
--	:
utilized	VBD
a	DT
sort	NN
of	IN
balancing	VBG
test	NN
,	,
comparing	VBG
an	DT
employee	NN
's	POS
expectation	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
with	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
's	POS
business-related	JJ
justification	NN
for	IN
monitoring	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
regarding	VBG
e-mail	NN
suits	NNS
,	,
plaintiffs	NNS
have	VBP
found	VBN
it	PRP
difficult	JJ
in	IN
proving	VBG
that	IN
they	PRP
hold	VBP
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
expectation	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
they	PRP
were	VBD
assured	VBN
that	IN
their	PRP$
e-mails	NNS
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
intercepted	VBN
and	CC
used	VBN
as	IN
grounds	NNS
for	IN
termination	NN
.	.
Michael	NNP
Smyth	NNP
,	,
a	DT
operations	NNS
manager	NN
,	,
had	VBD
used	VBN
his	PRP$
home	NN
computer	NN
to	TO
exchange	VB
e-mails	NNS
with	IN
his	PRP$
supervisor	NN
.	.
Guardian	NNP
provide	VBP
state-of-the-art	JJ
encryption	NN
software	NN
.	.
For	IN
those	DT
who	WP
find	VBP
encryption	NN
software	NN
cumbersome	JJ
or	CC
difficult-to-install	JJ
,	,
ZipLip	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
and	CC
Hush	NNP
Communications	NNPS
offer	VBP
free	JJ
Web-based	JJ
email	NN
accounts	NNS
equipped	VBN
with	IN
encryption	NN
software	NN
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
above	JJ
cases	NNS
show	VBP
,	,
courts	NNS
are	VBP
reluctant	JJ
to	TO
construe	VB
the	DT
old	JJ
statutes	NNS
to	TO
apply	VB
to	TO
the	DT
problems	NNS
caused	VBN
by	IN
e-mail	NN
technology	NN
.	.
All	DT
hope	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
lost	VBN
for	IN
privacy	NN
advocates	NNS
,	,
however	RB
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
article	NN
notes	NNS
,	,
new	JJ
societal	JJ
demands	NNS
engender	VB
new	JJ
laws	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
Senator	NNP
Debra	NNP
Bowen	NNP
,	,
who	WP
is	VBZ
cultivating	VBG
a	DT
reputation	NN
as	IN
being	VBG
a	DT
privacy	NN
activist	NN
,	,
has	VBZ
recently	RB
introduced	VBN
SB1016	NNP
,	,
a	DT
California	NNP
bill	NN
,	,
which	WDT
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
a	DT
misdemeanor	NN
for	IN
employers	NNS
to	TO
go	VB
through	IN
employees	NNS
'	POS
e-mails	NNS
without	IN
notice	NN
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
this	DT
new	JJ
bill	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
amend	VB
the	DT
Labor	NNP
Code	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
benefit	NN
of	IN
employees	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
not	RB
knowledgeable	JJ
about	IN
computer	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
The	DT
bill	NN
,	,
said	VBD
Beth	NNP
Givens	NNP
,	,
director	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Privacy	NNP
Clearinghouse	NNP
,	,
may	MD
be	VB
the	DT
first	JJ
of	IN
its	PRP$
type	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
39	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
And	CC
if	IN
these	DT
new	JJ
laws	NNS
are	VBP
slow	JJ
to	TO
appear	VB
,	,
another	DT
option	NN
is	VBZ
still	RB
available	JJ
to	TO
those	DT
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
privacy	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
e-mails	NNS
from	IN
their	PRP$
employers	NNS
:	:
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
encryption	NN
.	.
If	IN
technology	NN
provides	VBZ
the	DT
means	NNS
of	IN
intrusion	NN
,	,
then	RB
other	JJ
technology	NN
can	MD
provide	VB
the	DT
means	NNS
of	IN
protection	NN
.	.
Imagine	VB
opening	VBG
your	PRP$
local	JJ
newspaper	NN
tomorrow	NN
morning	NN
and	CC
finding	VBG
that	IN
front-page	JJ
story	NN
names	NNS
you	PRP
as	IN
the	DT
lead	NN
suspect	NN
in	IN
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
unsolved	JJ
murders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
story	NN
has	VBZ
listed	VBN
your	PRP$
name	NN
,	,
age	NN
,	,
address	NN
and	CC
occupation	NN
,	,
somehow	RB
confusing	VBG
you	PRP
with	IN
the	DT
real	JJ
suspect	NN
who	WP
lives	VBZ
across	IN
the	DT
street	NN
from	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
defamation	NN
law	NN
in	IN
this	DT
country	NN
,	,
you	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
hold	VB
both	DT
the	DT
author	NN
of	IN
the	DT
article	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
its	PRP$
publisher	NN
,	,
liable	JJ
for	IN
defamation	NN
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
Telecommunications	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
however	RB
,	,
if	IN
this	DT
``	``
story	NN
''	''
were	VBD
released	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
only	RB
the	DT
author	NN
of	IN
the	DT
text	NN
could	MD
be	VB
sued	VBN
for	IN
defamation	NN
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
service	NN
provider	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
ISP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
has	VBZ
been	VBN
shielded	VBN
by	IN
Congress	NNP
from	IN
publisher	NN
's	POS
liability	NN
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
discuss	VB
the	DT
legal	JJ
differences	NNS
between	IN
publishers	NNS
and	CC
distributors	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
of	IN
defamation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
especially	RB
in	IN
relationship	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
will	MD
then	RB
look	VB
at	IN
how	WRB
other	JJ
nations	NNS
treat	VBP
ISPs	NNS
in	IN
defamation	NN
suits	NNS
.	.
In	IN
conclusion	NN
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
discuss	VB
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
federal	JJ
law	NN
should	MD
be	VB
revised	VBN
to	TO
allow	VB
ISPs	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
held	VBN
liable	JJ
as	IN
publishers	NNS
in	IN
defamation	NN
cases	NNS
.	.
Who	WP
,	,
then	RB
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
publisher	NN
?	.
The	DT
dictionary	JJ
answer	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
someone	NN
who	WP
makes	VBZ
something	NN
known	VBN
.3	CD
A	DT
publisher	NN
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
speaker	NN
,	,
a	DT
writer	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
corporation	NN
that	WDT
produces	VBZ
radio	NN
and\/or	CC
TV	NN
programs	NNS
or	CC
newspapers	NNS
,	,
books	NNS
and\/or	CC
magazines	NNS
.	.
A	DT
publisher	NN
can	MD
be	VB
addressing	VBG
one	CD
person	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
recipient	JJ
of	IN
a	DT
personal	JJ
letter	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
a	DT
million	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
those	DT
watching	VBG
the	DT
national	JJ
evening	NN
news	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
publisher	NN
,	,
those	DT
who	WP
publish	VBP
owe	VBP
a	DT
duty	NN
of	IN
care	NN
to	TO
convey	VB
information	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
false	JJ
or	CC
defamatory	JJ
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
example	NN
above	IN
,	,
the	DT
journalist	NN
and	CC
newspaper	NN
that	IN
publish	VB
an	DT
incorrect	JJ
story	NN
claiming	VBG
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
believed	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
committed	VBN
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
murders	NNS
,	,
both	DT
publishers	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
journalist	NN
and	CC
newspaper	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
have	VBP
violated	VBN
their	PRP$
duty	NN
of	IN
care	NN
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
prove	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
at	IN
least	JJS
negligent4	JJ
and	CC
that	IN
your	PRP$
reputation	NN
was	VBD
harmed	VBN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
publishers	NNS
could	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
liable	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
damages	NNS
you	PRP
sustained	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
story	NN
.	.
In	IN
Blumenthal	NNP
v.	CC
Drudge	NNP
,16	CD
the	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
attempted	VBD
to	TO
maneuver	VB
around	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
immunity	NN
granted	VBN
in	IN
230	CD
by	IN
arguing	VBG
that	IN
AOL	NNP
was	VBD
,	,
in	IN
fact	NN
,	,
a	DT
publisher	NN
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
fiduciary	JJ
relationship	NN
between	IN
the	DT
ISP	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
author	NN
of	IN
the	DT
defamatory	JJ
publication	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
even	RB
when	WRB
there	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
contract	NN
between	IN
the	DT
author	NN
of	IN
defamatory	JJ
material	NN
and	CC
the	DT
ISP	NNP
providing	VBG
it	PRP
to	TO
its	PRP$
members	NNS
,	,
the	DT
ISP	NNP
is	VBZ
still	RB
not	RB
a	DT
publisher	NN
.	.
The	DT
new	JJ
law	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
make	VB
the	DT
defendant	NN
's	POS
burden	NN
any	DT
lighter	JJR
.	.
The	DT
defendant	NN
still	RB
bears	VBZ
the	DT
burden	NN
of	IN
proof	NN
under	IN
the	DT
Defamation	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
Now	RB
,	,
while	IN
proving	VBG
that	DT
s\/he	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
the	DT
author	NN
,	,
editor	NN
or	CC
publisher	NN
of	IN
the	DT
defamatory	JJ
material	NN
the	DT
defendant	NN
must	MD
show	VB
also	RB
show	VBP
that	IN
reasonable	JJ
care	NN
was	VBD
taken	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
publishing	NN
of	IN
the	DT
material	NN
at	IN
issue	NN
.	.
Service	NNP
providers	NNS
are	VBP
only	RB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
third-party	JJ
content	NN
which	WDT
they	PRP
make	VBP
available	JJ
for	IN
use	NN
if	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
knowledge	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
content	NN
and	CC
blocking	VBG
its	PRP$
use	NN
is	VBZ
both	DT
technically	RB
possible	JJ
and	CC
can	MD
be	VB
reasonably	RB
expected	VBN
.	.
Service	NNP
providers	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
third-party	JJ
content	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
they	PRP
merely	RB
provide	VBP
access	NN
for	IN
use	NN
.	.
The	DT
automatic	JJ
and	CC
temporary	JJ
storage	NN
of	IN
third	JJ
party	NN
content	NN
because	IN
of	IN
a	DT
user	NN
access	NN
constitutes	VBZ
the	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
access	NN
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
law	NN
purports	VBZ
to	TO
free	JJ
ISPs	NNS
from	IN
liability	NN
if	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
the	DT
authors	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
content	NN
at	IN
issue	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
catch	NN
,	,
as	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
in	IN
England	NNP
's	POS
Defamation	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
Providers	NNS
must	MD
not	RB
know	VB
about	IN
the	DT
speech	NN
in	IN
question	NN
,	,
otherwise	RB
they	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
liable	JJ
unless	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
technically	RB
feasible	JJ
or	CC
reasonably	RB
possible	JJ
to	TO
block	VB
it	PRP
.	.
This	DT
could	MD
leave	VB
ISPs	NNS
that	WDT
wish	VBP
to	TO
self-regulate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
awkward	JJ
position	NN
.	.
What	WP
happens	VBZ
when	WRB
and	CC
ISP	NNP
misses	VBZ
something	NN
considered	VBN
offensive	NN
,	,
defamatory	JJ
or	CC
illegal	JJ
?	.
British	JJ
and	CC
German	JJ
methods	NNS
of	IN
holding	VBG
ISPs	NNS
as	IN
publishers	NNS
unless	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
prove	VB
they	PRP
were	VBD
merely	RB
distributors	NNS
can	MD
leave	VB
the	DT
government	NN
with	IN
the	DT
job	NN
of	IN
regulating	VBG
a	DT
vast	JJ
network	NN
with	IN
no	DT
national	JJ
boundaries	NNS
to	TO
insure	VB
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
illegal	JJ
material	NN
allowed	VBN
into	IN
their	PRP$
countries	NNS
via	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
punishment	NN
is	VBZ
much	RB
more	RBR
likely	JJ
for	IN
ISPs	NNS
who	WP
,	,
like	IN
AOL	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
Zeran	NNP
case	NN
,	,
allow	VBP
defamatory	JJ
material	NN
to	TO
remain	VB
on	IN
their	PRP$
servers	NNS
after	IN
being	VBG
informed	VBN
of	IN
its	PRP$
defamatory	JJ
content	NN
.	.
This	DT
knowledge	NN
could	MD
lead	VB
ISPs	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
more	RBR
willing	JJ
to	TO
retract	VB
or	CC
remove	VB
defamatory	JJ
material	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
servers	NNS
quickly	RB
and	CC
efficiently	RB
.	.
This	DT
knowledge	NN
could	MD
also	RB
have	VB
a	DT
dangerous	JJ
chilling	VBG
effect	NN
on	IN
free	JJ
speech	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Fear	NN
of	IN
swift	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
German	JJ
providers	NNS
,	,
harsh	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
penalties	NNS
could	MD
force	VB
international	JJ
providers	NNS
,	,
like	IN
CompuServe	NNP
,	,
into	IN
blocking	VBG
all	DT
users	NNS
'	POS
access	NN
to	TO
any	DT
sites	NNS
that	WDT
could	MD
potentially	RB
be	VB
attacked	VBN
as	IN
defamatory	JJ
.	.
This	DT
would	MD
have	VB
the	DT
effect	NN
of	IN
eliminating	VBG
one	CD
the	DT
most	RBS
impressive	JJ
and	CC
useful	JJ
characteristics	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
-	:
the	DT
breadth	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
content	NN
.	.
Nevertheless	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
obvious	JJ
from	IN
just	RB
the	DT
Zeran	NNP
case	NN
that	IN
the	DT
congressional	JJ
goal	NN
of	IN
promoting	VBG
self-regulation	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
likely	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
achieved	VBN
just	RB
because	IN
of	IN
a	DT
federal	JJ
immunity	NN
.	.
This	DT
immunity	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
just	RB
protect	VB
those	DT
ISPs	NNS
who	WP
want	VBP
to	TO
actively	RB
attempt	VB
to	TO
regulate	VB
themselves	PRP
;	:
it	PRP
protects	VBZ
ISPs	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
unwilling	JJ
to	TO
take	VB
even	RB
the	DT
simplest	JJS
steps	NNS
to	TO
remove	VB
harmful	JJ
and	CC
defamatory	JJ
materials	NNS
from	IN
their	PRP$
servers	NNS
.	.
What	WP
then	RB
is	VBZ
the	DT
solution	NN
?	.
Unfortunately	RB
there	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
easy	JJ
ones	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
an	DT
adjustment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Telecommunications	NNP
Act	NNP
could	MD
serve	VB
the	DT
purposes	NNS
of	IN
Congress	NNP
while	IN
protecting	VBG
ordinary	JJ
citizens	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
defamation	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
If	IN
Congress	NNP
required	VBD
ISPs	NNS
to	TO
show	VB
a	DT
good-faith	NN
effort	NN
to	TO
remove	VB
defamatory	JJ
materials	NNS
from	IN
their	PRP$
servers	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
qualify	VB
for	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
immunity	NN
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
enable	VB
citizens	NNS
from	IN
Kenneth	NNP
Zeran	NNP
to	TO
Sidney	NNP
Blumenthal	NNP
to	TO
receive	VB
swift	JJ
responses	NNS
from	IN
ISPs	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
publishing	VBG
defamatory	JJ
material	NN
about	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Would	MD
adjusting	VBG
the	DT
Telecommunications	NNP
Act	NNP
in	IN
this	DT
manner	NN
assist	VB
you	PRP
at	IN
all	DT
if	IN
you	PRP
were	VBD
face	NN
with	IN
a	DT
situation	NN
like	IN
that	DT
set	VBN
out	RP
in	IN
the	DT
hypothetical	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
?	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
that	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
promptly	RB
notified	VBD
the	DT
ISP	NNP
that	IN
its	PRP$
newsgroup	NN
was	VBD
publishing	VBG
a	DT
false	JJ
and	CC
defamatory	JJ
statement	NN
about	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
the	DT
ISP	NNP
responded	VBD
in	IN
a	DT
swift	NN
and	CC
satisfactory	JJ
way	NN
would	MD
largely	RB
depend	VB
on	IN
the	DT
ISP	NNP
in	IN
question	NN
,	,
but	CC
if	IN
no	DT
response	NN
were	VBD
forthcoming	JJ
,	,
you	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
recourse	NN
to	TO
the	DT
courts	NNS
for	IN
damages	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
tort	NN
action	NN
.	.
I	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
inform	VB
the	DT
reader	NN
right	RB
up	RB
front	JJ
what	WP
this	DT
article	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
about	RB
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
discussing	VBG
legal	JJ
advertising	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
or	CC
communications	NNS
between	IN
attorney	NN
and	CC
client	NN
via	IN
email	NN
as	IN
activities	NNS
law	NN
firms	NNS
might	MD
engage	VB
in	IN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
What	WP
I	PRP
am	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
discuss	VB
is	VBZ
the	DT
actual	JJ
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
what	WP
you	PRP
are	VBP
thinking	VBG
;	:
this	DT
is	VBZ
as	IN
blasphemous	JJ
as	IN
anything	NN
imaginable	JJ
.	.
However	RB
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
Confederacy	NNP
slowly	RB
realized	VBD
,	,
an	DT
eventuality	NN
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
ignored	VBN
because	IN
of	IN
its	PRP$
inherent	JJ
destructive	JJ
impact	NN
on	IN
a	DT
way	NN
of	IN
life	NN
,	,
but	CC
rather	RB
should	MD
be	VB
embraced	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
soon	RB
to	TO
be	VB
reality	NN
that	WDT
must	MD
be	VB
addressed	VBN
and	CC
appropriately	RB
dealt	VBN
with	IN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
spent	VBN
any	DT
time	NN
online	JJ
you	PRP
will	MD
have	VB
already	RB
witnessed	VBN
first	JJ
hand	NN
the	DT
extent	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
law	NN
firms	NNS
are	VBP
represented	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
.	.
The	DT
overwhelming	JJ
majority	NN
of	IN
these	DT
firms	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
are	VBP
only	RB
attempting	VBG
to	TO
create	VB
awareness	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
firms	NNS
;	:
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
attempting	VBG
to	TO
actual	JJ
engage	VB
in	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
online	NN
.	.
Lawyers	NNS
should	MD
want	VB
to	TO
internetize	VB
their	PRP$
livelihoods	NNS
or	CC
else	RB
risk	VB
the	DT
continued	VBN
erosion	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
illusory	JJ
monopoly	NN
in	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
.	.
This	DT
erosion	NN
is	VBZ
taking	VBG
place	NN
at	IN
a	DT
faster	JJR
pace	NN
today	NN
than	IN
many	JJ
attorneys	NNS
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
admit	VB
.	.
First	RB
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
more	RBR
legal	JJ
software	NN
packages	NNS
available	JJ
today	NN
then	RB
ever	RB
before	IN
.	.
Nolo	NNP
Press	NNP
,	,
Parsons	NNP
Technology	NNP
,	,
and	CC
many	JJ
other	JJ
companies	NNS
sell	VBP
software	NN
applications	NNS
that	WDT
help	VBP
individuals	NNS
prepare	VBP
legal	JJ
documents	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
living	NN
will	MD
,	,
a	DT
power	NN
of	IN
attorney	NN
,	,
a	DT
bill	NN
of	IN
sale	NN
,	,
a	DT
living	NN
trust	NN
or	CC
a	DT
non-compete	JJ
agreement	NN
.	.
Practice	NN
of	IN
Law	NNP
Committee	NNP
for	IN
allegedly	RB
engaging	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
unauthorized	JJ
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
UPL	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
suit	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
Committee	NNP
claimed	VBD
that	IN
Nolo	NNP
had	VBD
engaged	VBN
in	IN
UPL	NNP
by	IN
selling	VBG
software	NN
that	WDT
created	VBD
legal	JJ
documents	NNS
.	.
Ultimately	RB
the	DT
Committee	NNP
dropped	VBD
the	DT
suit	NN
because	IN
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
legislative	JJ
enactment	NN
allowing	VBG
such	PDT
a	DT
practice	NN
to	TO
occur	VB
.	.
The	DT
legislation	NN
clearly	RB
states	VBZ
certain	JJ
activities	NNS
that	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
rise	VB
to	TO
the	DT
level	NN
of	IN
practicing	VBG
law	NN
.	.
How	WRB
are	VBP
we	PRP
to	TO
prevent	VB
individuals	NNS
from	IN
having	VBG
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
resolved	VBN
using	VBG
these	DT
alternative	JJ
providers	NNS
?	.
Perhaps	RB
the	DT
more	RBR
appropriate	JJ
question	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
can	MD
we	PRP
prevent	VB
individuals	NNS
from	IN
solving	VBG
their	PRP$
legal	JJ
problems	NNS
using	VBG
these	DT
alternative	JJ
providers	NNS
?	.
Clients	NNS
will	MD
benefit	VB
from	IN
this	DT
type	NN
of	IN
practice	NN
for	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
obvious	JJ
reasons	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
will	MD
have	VB
a	DT
larger	JJR
pool	NN
of	IN
potential	JJ
providers	NNS
to	TO
obtain	VB
legal	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
the	DT
available	JJ
services	NNS
should	MD
cost	VB
less	JJR
through	IN
this	DT
medium	NN
.	.
If	IN
we	PRP
as	IN
attorneys	NNS
have	VBP
a	DT
difficult	JJ
time	NN
articulating	VBG
what	WP
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
how	WRB
do	VBP
we	PRP
expect	VBP
non-lawyers	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
they	PRP
are	VBP
engaging	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
unauthorized	JJ
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
we	PRP
really	RB
believe	VBP
that	IN
non-lawyers	NNS
can	MD
properly	RB
distinguish	VB
between	IN
legal	JJ
and	CC
non-legal	JJ
activities	NNS
?	.
Oh	UH
,	,
I	PRP
forgot	VBD
,	,
as	IN
attorneys	NNS
we	PRP
expect	VBP
every	DT
client	NN
to	TO
come	VB
to	TO
us	PRP
for	IN
every	DT
problem	NN
so	IN
that	IN
we	PRP
can	MD
tell	VB
them	PRP
the	DT
difference	NN
.	.
That	DT
way	NN
we	PRP
can	MD
bill	VB
them	PRP
no	DT
matter	NN
what	WP
the	DT
outcome	NN
.	.
This	DT
attitude	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
many	JJ
reasons	NNS
why	WRB
lawyers	NNS
are	VBP
universally	RB
mistrusted	VBN
and	CC
generally	RB
not	RB
liked	VBN
.	.
If	IN
an	DT
individual	JJ
walks	VBZ
into	IN
a	DT
business	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
named	VBN
Wills-R-Us	NNP
,	,
do	VBP
we	PRP
believe	VBP
that	IN
that	DT
individual	JJ
believes	VBZ
that	IN
she	PRP
is	VBZ
going	VBG
to	TO
see	VB
a	DT
lawyer	NN
or	CC
a	DT
non-lawyer	JJ
?	.
Do	VBP
we	PRP
think	VBP
that	IN
that	DT
individual	NN
would	MD
care	VB
if	IN
a	DT
non-lawyer	NN
prepared	VBD
the	DT
document	NN
?	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
express	JJ
provision	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Lawyer	NNP
's	POS
Code	NNP
of	IN
Professional	NNP
Responsibility	NNP
that	IN
addresses	NNS
practicing	VBG
law	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Committee	NNP
believes	VBZ
that	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
to	TO
take	VB
orders	NNS
for	IN
trademark	NN
searches	NNS
,	,
conduct	NN
trademark	NN
searches	NNS
,	,
render	VB
legal	JJ
opinions	NNS
and	CC
file	NN
trademark	NN
applications	NNS
is	VBZ
analogous	JJ
to	TO
conducting	VBG
a	DT
law	NN
practice	NN
by	IN
telephone	NN
or	CC
facsimile	JJ
machine	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
likewise	RB
permissible	JJ
,	,
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
restrictions	NNS
applicable	JJ
to	TO
communication	NN
by	IN
those	DT
means	NNS
...	:
''	''
The	DT
group	NN
sponsors	VBZ
a	DT
law	NN
course	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
represent	VB
themselves	PRP
in	IN
legal	JJ
matters	NNS
.	.
The	DT
course	NN
is	VBZ
taught	VBN
via	IN
videotape	NN
that	IN
students	NNS
may	MD
rent	VB
.	.
The	DT
course	NN
is	VBZ
augmented	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
instructor	NN
,	,
here	RB
the	DT
defendant	NN
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
student	NN
has	VBZ
any	DT
questions	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
two	CD
important	JJ
outcomes	NNS
to	TO
understand	VB
regarding	VBG
Kaltenbach	NNP
.	.
One	CD
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
used	VBD
the	DT
non	JJ
payment	NN
for	IN
services	NNS
rendered	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
key	JJ
factor	NN
in	IN
determining	VBG
that	IN
Mr.	NNP
Kaltenbach	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
engage	VB
in	IN
the	DT
unlawful	JJ
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
.	.
As	IN
attorneys	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
certain	JJ
professional	JJ
standards	NNS
expect	VBP
us	PRP
to	TO
provide	VB
legal	JJ
assistance	NN
each	DT
year	NN
free	JJ
of	IN
charge	NN
or	CC
at	IN
a	DT
substantially	RB
reduced	VBN
rate	NN
.	.
No	DT
attorney	NN
would	MD
accept	VB
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
this	DT
pro	FW
bono	FW
work	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
constitute	VB
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
merely	RB
because	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
rendered	VBN
free	JJ
of	IN
charge	NN
.	.
In	IN
Kaltenbach	NNP
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
would	MD
like	VB
us	PRP
to	TO
believe	VB
that	IN
payment	NN
,	,
or	CC
lack	VBP
thereof	RB
,	,
was	VBD
a	DT
material	NN
factor	NN
in	IN
determining	VBG
if	IN
the	DT
unlawful	JJ
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
took	VBD
place	NN
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
states	VBZ
that	IN
because	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
represent	VB
anyone	NN
in	IN
``	``
any	DT
pending	VBG
or	CC
prospective	JJ
proceedings	NNS
''	''
that	IN
the	DT
unlawful	JJ
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
take	VB
place	NN
.	.
The	DT
list	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
rendered	VBN
to	TO
clients	NNS
that	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
include	VB
representation	NN
in	IN
``	``
any	DT
pending	VBG
or	CC
prospective	JJ
proceedings	NNS
''	''
is	VBZ
too	RB
long	JJ
to	TO
mention	VB
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
has	VBZ
effectively	RB
declared	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
representation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
client	NN
in	IN
a	DT
legal	JJ
proceeding	NN
for	IN
pay	NN
.	.
This	DT
definition	NN
is	VBZ
far	RB
too	RB
narrow	JJ
to	TO
adequately	RB
define	VB
what	WP
it	PRP
means	VBZ
to	TO
practice	VB
law	NN
.	.
In	IN
my	PRP$
opinion	NN
,	,
the	DT
Kaltenbach	NNP
court	NN
has	VBZ
opened	VBN
the	DT
door	NN
very	RB
wide	JJ
and	CC
potentially	RB
allowed	VBN
non-lawyers	NNS
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
flexibility	NN
in	IN
engaging	VBG
in	IN
activities	NNS
that	IN
most	JJS
attorneys	NNS
would	MD
consider	VB
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
.	.
Another	DT
issue	NN
to	TO
think	VB
about	IN
when	WRB
considering	VBG
practicing	VBG
law	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
what	WP
does	VBZ
it	PRP
mean	VB
to	TO
practice	VB
law	NN
in	IN
state	NN
?	.
States	NNPS
usually	RB
have	VBP
two	CD
key	JJ
arguments	NNS
for	IN
in	IN
state	NN
licensing	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
safeguarding	VBG
clients	NNS
,	,
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
familiarity	NN
with	IN
state	NN
law	NN
.	.
How	WRB
are	VBP
States	NNP
adequately	RB
safeguarding	VBG
clients	NNS
when	WRB
admittance	NN
to	TO
a	DT
state	NN
bar	NN
can	MD
be	VB
by	IN
mere	JJ
motion	NN
?	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
few	JJ
requirements	NNS
under	IN
a	DT
motion	NN
admittance	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
attorney	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
admitted	VBN
in	IN
another	DT
state	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
practiced	VBN
there	RB
for	IN
roughly	RB
five	CD
to	TO
seven	CD
years	NNS
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
A	DT
state	NN
may	MD
also	RB
require	VB
that	IN
the	DT
out	NN
of	IN
state	NN
attorney	NN
take	VB
and	CC
pass	VB
the	DT
MPRE	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Multi	NNP
State	NNP
Professional	NNP
Responsibility	NNP
Exam	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
out	IN
of	IN
state	NN
attorney	NN
has	VBZ
probably	RB
already	RB
completed	VBN
this	DT
requirement	NN
,	,
as	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
often	RB
a	DT
standard	JJ
requirement	NN
in	IN
most	JJS
states	NNS
.	.
Neither	CC
the	DT
motion	NN
admittance	NN
nor	CC
the	DT
MPRE	NNP
requirement	NN
adequately	RB
addresses	VBZ
the	DT
states	NNS
concern	NN
for	IN
safeguarding	VBG
in	IN
state	NN
clients	NNS
.	.
States	NNP
also	RB
argue	VBP
that	IN
an	DT
attorney	NN
must	MD
be	VB
licensed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
to	TO
insure	VB
that	IN
the	DT
attorney	NN
is	VBZ
familiar	JJ
enough	RB
with	IN
that	DT
state	NN
's	POS
laws	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
adequate	JJ
representation	NN
to	TO
that	DT
state	NN
's	POS
clients	NNS
.	.
Motion	NNP
admittance	NN
and	CC
successful	JJ
completion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
MPRE	NNP
are	VBP
both	DT
rather	RB
generic	JJ
in	IN
nature	NN
.	.
Neither	DT
hurdle	NN
properly	RB
addresses	VBZ
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
that	DT
out	IN
of	IN
state	NN
attorney	NN
is	VBZ
even	RB
familiar	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
peculiarities	NNS
of	IN
that	DT
state	NN
's	POS
ethical	JJ
standards	NNS
and	CC
disciplinary	JJ
quirks	NNS
,	,
let	VB
alone	RB
that	IN
state	NN
's	POS
law	NN
.	.
Further	JJ
eroding	VBG
a	DT
state	NN
's	POS
argument	NN
that	IN
an	DT
attorney	NN
must	MD
be	VB
familiar	JJ
with	IN
that	DT
state	NN
's	POS
laws	NNS
to	TO
adequately	RB
represent	VB
in	IN
state	NN
clients	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
federal	JJ
argument	NN
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Rules	NNP
of	IN
Appellate	NNP
Procedure	NNP
,	,
rule	NN
46	CD
,	,
any	DT
attorney	NN
admitted	VBD
to	TO
practice	VB
in	IN
any	DT
state	NN
can	MD
be	VB
admitted	VBN
to	TO
any	DT
federal	JJ
appellate	JJ
court	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
certain	JJ
standards	NNS
that	WDT
must	MD
be	VB
met	VBN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
certain	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
appellate	JJ
arguments	NNS
or	CC
substantive	JJ
motions	NNS
,	,
but	CC
once	RB
these	DT
standards	NNS
are	VBP
met	VBN
,	,
the	DT
out	NN
of	IN
state	NN
versus	CC
in	IN
state	NN
distinction	NN
is	VBZ
virtually	RB
irrelevant	JJ
.	.
This	DT
federal	JJ
appellate	JJ
loophole	NN
creates	VBZ
a	DT
potentially	RB
large	JJ
opportunity	NN
for	IN
out	IN
of	IN
state	NN
attorneys	NNS
to	TO
practice	VB
law	NN
in	IN
and	CC
among	IN
the	DT
states	NNS
.	.
There	RB
,	,
the	DT
New	NNP
York	NNP
firm	NN
had	VBD
visited	VBN
California	NNP
on	IN
several	JJ
occasions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
had	VBD
clear	JJ
and	CC
convincing	JJ
evidence	NN
that	IN
the	DT
firm	NN
had	VBD
sufficient	JJ
physical	JJ
presence	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
to	TO
justify	VB
a	DT
holding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
unauthorized	JJ
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
did	VBD
state	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
that	DT
physical	JJ
presence	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
necessary	JJ
to	TO
answer	VB
the	DT
``	``
in	IN
state	NN
''	''
question	NN
but	CC
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
factor	NN
to	TO
be	VB
considered	VBN
.	.
What	WP
it	PRP
means	VBZ
to	TO
practice	VB
law	NN
``	``
in	IN
state	NN
''	''
,	,
why	WRB
and	CC
to	TO
what	WP
extent	NN
we	PRP
regulate	VBP
it	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
re-addressed	JJ
using	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
as	IN
a	DT
backdrop	NN
.	.
This	DT
medium	NN
has	VBZ
resulted	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
fundamental	JJ
change	NN
in	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
profession	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
forced	VBN
us	PRP
to	TO
reevaluate	VB
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
basic	JJ
legal	JJ
tenets	NNS
we	PRP
have	VBP
operated	VBN
under	IN
for	IN
so	RB
long	JJ
.	.
Suing	VBG
these	DT
organizations	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
stop	VB
them	PRP
from	IN
engaging	VBG
in	IN
activities	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
arguably	RB
the	DT
unauthorized	JJ
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
is	VBZ
foolish	JJ
for	IN
two	CD
reasons	NNS
.	.
First	RB
,	,
these	DT
organizations	NNS
are	VBP
very	RB
capable	JJ
of	IN
withstanding	VBG
the	DT
legal	JJ
assault	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
eventually	RB
be	VB
waged	VBN
by	IN
lawyers	NNS
and	CC
bar	NN
associations	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
hope	NN
of	IN
preventing	VBG
this	DT
practice	NN
.	.
These	DT
non-law	JJ
organizations	NNS
have	VBP
the	DT
financial	JJ
where	WRB
with	IN
all	DT
to	TO
debate	VB
this	DT
issue	NN
in	IN
court	NN
from	IN
now	RB
until	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
time	NN
.	.
These	DT
non-law	JJ
organizations	NNS
earn	VBP
very	RB
large	JJ
revenues	NNS
by	IN
engaging	VBG
in	IN
these	DT
activities	NNS
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
law	NN
firms	NNS
and	CC
bar	NN
associations	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
the	DT
time	NN
or	CC
financial	JJ
resources	NNS
to	TO
win	VB
this	DT
war	NN
.	.
The	DT
monetary	JJ
drain	NN
on	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
community	NN
will	MD
be	VB
too	RB
heavy	JJ
a	DT
toll	NN
to	TO
bear	VB
.	.
Perhaps	RB
more	RBR
importantly	RB
is	VBZ
the	DT
brain	NN
drain	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
occur	VB
.	.
The	DT
best	JJS
and	CC
brightest	JJS
lawyers	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
at	IN
the	DT
forefront	NN
of	IN
these	DT
suits	NNS
.	.
As	IN
attorneys	NNS
,	,
our	PRP$
efforts	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
expended	VBN
on	IN
clients	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
billable	CD
hours	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
not	RB
futile	JJ
causes	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
examples	NNS
in	IN
other	JJ
industries	NNS
that	WDT
we	PRP
can	MD
compare	VB
with	IN
this	DT
problem	NN
.	.
The	DT
big	JJ
car	NN
manufacturers	NNS
ignored	VBD
the	DT
Japanese	JJ
threat	NN
in	IN
the	DT
1960	CD
's	POS
and	CC
early	JJ
1970	CD
's	POS
and	CC
paid	VBD
a	DT
heavy	JJ
price	NN
to	TO
win	VB
back	RP
the	DT
confidence	NN
of	IN
the	DT
American	JJ
consumer	NN
.	.
Likewise	RB
,	,
American	JJ
steel	NN
companies	NNS
ignored	VBN
foreign	JJ
competition	NN
and	CC
were	VBD
almost	RB
put	VBN
entirely	RB
out	IN
of	IN
business	NN
.	.
Likewise	RB
,	,
law	NN
firms	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
dismiss	VB
the	DT
threat	NN
posed	VBN
by	IN
non-law	JJ
organizations	NNS
.	.
These	DT
organizations	NNS
will	MD
continue	VB
their	PRP$
invasion	NN
of	IN
what	WP
was	VBD
traditionally	RB
considered	VBN
the	DT
sole	JJ
dominion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
community	NN
.	.
Perhaps	RB
the	DT
most	RBS
appropriate	JJ
comparison	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
of	IN
the	DT
advent	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
computers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
early	JJ
1980	CD
's	POS
and	CC
their	PRP$
impact	NN
on	IN
IBM	NNP
.	.
IBM	NNP
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
many	JJ
other	JJ
large	JJ
hardware	NN
and	CC
software	NN
manufacturers	NNS
,	,
did	VBD
not	RB
understand	VB
the	DT
threat	NN
that	IN
the	DT
lowly	JJ
personal	JJ
computer	NN
posed	VBD
to	TO
their	PRP$
very	RB
existence	NN
.	.
The	DT
established	VBN
computer	NN
companies	NNS
felt	VBD
that	IN
this	DT
innovation	NN
had	VBD
nothing	NN
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
their	PRP$
businesses	NNS
.	.
As	IN
far	RB
as	IN
these	DT
companies	NNS
were	VBD
concerned	VBN
,	,
the	DT
PC	NN
was	VBD
an	DT
entirely	RB
different	JJ
industry	NN
.	.
History	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
clearly	RB
shows	VBZ
that	IN
their	PRP$
thinking	NN
was	VBD
seriously	RB
flawed	VBN
.	.
Although	IN
today	NN
IBM	NNP
has	VBZ
resumed	VBN
its	PRP$
role	NN
as	IN
a	DT
major	JJ
market	NN
force	NN
,	,
it	PRP
suffered	VBD
greatly	RB
during	IN
the	DT
late	JJ
1980	CD
's	POS
and	CC
early	JJ
1990	CD
's	POS
due	JJ
to	TO
its	PRP$
inability	NN
to	TO
recognize	VB
the	DT
paradigm	NN
shift	NN
in	IN
the	DT
industry	NN
.	.
The	DT
question	NN
for	IN
every	DT
lawyer	NN
to	TO
consider	VB
is	VBZ
twofold	RB
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
will	MD
the	DT
legal	JJ
community	NN
recognize	VBP
the	DT
dramatic	JJ
impact	NN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
will	MD
have	VB
on	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
,	,
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
will	MD
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
online	NN
be	VB
recognized	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
effective	JJ
means	NN
of	IN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
every	DT
increasing	VBG
threat	NN
from	IN
non-lawyers	NNS
?	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
listed	VBN
below	IN
several	JJ
links	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
relevance	NN
regarding	VBG
this	DT
topic	NN
.	.
I	PRP
have	VBP
attached	VBN
them	PRP
here	RB
so	RB
as	IN
not	RB
to	TO
perpetuate	VB
the	DT
often	RB
haphazard	JJ
and	CC
schizophrenic	JJ
approach	NN
taken	VBN
when	WRB
researching	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
.	.
I	PRP
hope	VBP
after	IN
reading	VBG
this	DT
article	NN
in	IN
full	JJ
you	PRP
can	MD
use	VB
these	DT
links	NNS
to	TO
further	VB
your	PRP$
understanding	NN
of	IN
this	DT
topic	NN
.	.
Personal	NNP
jurisdiction	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
power	NN
of	IN
a	DT
court	NN
to	TO
decide	VB
a	DT
matter	NN
in	IN
controversy	NN
and	CC
the	DT
control	NN
by	IN
that	DT
court	NN
over	IN
the	DT
subject	JJ
matter	NN
and	CC
the	DT
parties	NNS
involved	VBN
.	.
A	DT
court	NN
can	MD
not	RB
assert	VB
its	PRP$
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
a	DT
non-resident	JJ
defendant	NN
unless	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
statutory	JJ
authority	NN
that	WDT
allows	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
exercise	NN
of	IN
that	DT
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
A	DT
Federal	NNP
district	NN
court	NN
must	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
``	``
long	JJ
arm	NN
''	''
statute	NN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
district	NN
court	NN
sits	VBZ
.	.
This	DT
statutory	JJ
authorization	NN
is	VBZ
constrained	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
Clause	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Fourteenth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
Constitution	NNP
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
not	RB
set	VBN
a	DT
clear	JJ
standard	NN
for	IN
the	DT
level	NN
and	CC
nature	NN
of	IN
contacts	NNS
required	VBN
to	TO
trigger	VB
general	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
fair	JJ
to	TO
state	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
takes	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
high	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
activity	NN
within	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
.	.
Specific	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
arises	VBZ
from	IN
a	DT
defendant	NN
's	POS
contact	NN
with	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
.	.
These	DT
conflicting	VBG
interpretations	NNS
of	IN
Asahi	NNP
,	,
however	RB
,	,
should	MD
not	RB
create	VB
additional	JJ
confusion	NN
for	IN
courts	NNS
determining	VBG
Internet	NNP
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
newness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
allows	VBZ
courts	NNS
to	TO
develop	VB
the	DT
law	NN
in	IN
this	DT
area	NN
.	.
Even	RB
under	IN
O'Connor	NNP
's	POS
tougher	JJR
standard	NN
,	,
a	DT
court	NN
could	MD
find	VB
that	DT
Internet	NNP
activities	NNS
accessible	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
are	VBP
the	DT
same	JJ
as	IN
activities	NNS
directed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
.	.
One	CD
approach	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
view	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
giant	JJ
spider	NN
web	NN
.	.
Under	IN
this	DT
virtual	JJ
presence	NN
approach	NN
,	,
when	WRB
an	DT
Internet	NNP
user	NN
places	NNS
information	NN
in	IN
Cyberspace	NNP
,	,
he	PRP
becomes	VBZ
present	JJ
at	IN
each	DT
point	NN
that	WDT
information	NN
touches	NNS
.	.
This	DT
approach	NN
is	VBZ
similar	JJ
to	TO
Brennan	NNP
's	POS
concurrence	NN
in	IN
Asahi	NNP
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
carries	VBZ
information	NN
into	IN
every	DT
jurisdiction	NN
,	,
a	DT
person	NN
who	WP
puts	VBZ
information	NN
on	IN
a	DT
website	NN
should	MD
anticipate	VB
being	VBG
haled	VBN
into	IN
court	NN
wherever	WRB
that	DT
information	NN
flows	VBZ
.	.
This	DT
approach	NN
would	MD
require	VB
courts	NNS
to	TO
determine	VB
who	WP
initiated	VBD
the	DT
conduct	NN
that	WDT
gives	VBZ
rise	NN
to	TO
the	DT
suit	NN
.	.
The	DT
highway	NN
approach	NN
is	VBZ
consistent	JJ
with	IN
O'Connor	NNP
's	POS
opinion	NN
in	IN
Asahi	NNP
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
placement	NN
of	IN
a	DT
product	NN
into	IN
the	DT
``	``
stream	NN
of	IN
commerce	NN
''	''
alone	RB
does	VBZ
not	RB
constitute	VB
``	``
purposeful	JJ
availment	NN
.	.
''	''
Additional	JJ
conduct	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
.	.
Compuserve	NNP
then	RB
sought	VBD
a	DT
declaratory	JJ
judgment	NN
in	IN
Ohio	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
was	VBD
dismissed	VBN
for	IN
lack	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
by	IN
the	DT
district	NN
court	NN
.	.
The	DT
Sixth	NNP
Circuit	NNP
reversed	VBD
the	DT
decision	NN
,	,
finding	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
had	VBD
purposefully	RB
directed	VBN
his	PRP$
business	NN
activities	NNS
toward	IN
Ohio	NNP
by	IN
knowingly	RB
entering	VBG
into	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
with	IN
an	DT
Ohio	NNP
resident	NN
and	CC
``	``
deliberately	RB
and	CC
repeatedly	RB
''	''
transmitting	VBG
files	NNS
to	TO
Ohio	NNP
.	.
In	IN
Bensusan	NNP
,	,
a	DT
New	NNP
York	NNP
jazz	NN
club	NN
owner	NN
sued	VBD
a	DT
Missouri	NNP
jazz	NN
club	NN
owner	NN
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
name	NN
for	IN
trademark	NN
infringement	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Missourian	NNP
's	POS
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
name	NN
on	IN
a	DT
website	NN
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
website	NN
did	VBD
contain	VB
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
's	POS
club	NN
,	,
the	DT
site	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
interactive	JJ
.	.
Thus	RB
the	DT
court	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
assert	VB
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
,	,
reasoning	NN
that	IN
passive	JJ
websites	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
rise	VB
to	TO
purposeful	JJ
availment	NN
standard	NN
required	VBN
under	IN
a	DT
traditional	JJ
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
analysis	NN
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
service	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
operational	JJ
,	,
users	NNS
were	VBD
receiving	VBG
status	NN
reports	NNS
once	IN
they	PRP
provided	VBD
their	PRP$
email	NN
address	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
although	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
had	VBD
yet	RB
to	TO
earn	VB
any	DT
money	NN
or	CC
send	VB
any	DT
advertisement	NN
to	TO
a	DT
user	NN
,	,
the	DT
defendant	NN
was	VBD
``	``
doing	VBG
business	NN
''	''
as	IN
the	DT
website	NN
provided	VBN
information	NN
about	IN
an	DT
upcoming	JJ
service	NN
and	CC
solicited	VBD
for	IN
personal	JJ
information	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
at	IN
some	DT
future	JJ
date	NN
.	.
The	DT
defendant	NN
's	POS
argument	NN
that	IN
the	DT
website	NN
was	VBD
passive	NN
was	VBD
rejected	VBN
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
court	NN
weighted	VBD
heavily	RB
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
website	NN
was	VBD
designed	VBN
for	IN
future	JJ
commercial	JJ
activity	NN
.	.
Those	DT
``	``
interactive	JJ
''	''
sites	NNS
as	IN
defined	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Zippo	NNP
middle	NN
ground	NN
send	VBP
responses	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
user	NN
.	.
In	IN
doing	VBG
so	RB
,	,
the	DT
website	NN
owner	NN
``	``
travels	VBZ
''	''
to	TO
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
forum	NN
state	NN
.	.
The	DT
more	JJR
interactive	JJ
the	DT
site	NN
,	,
the	DT
more	JJR
they	PRP
contact	VBP
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
more	JJR
contact	NN
they	PRP
make	VBP
,	,
the	DT
more	RBR
likely	JJ
the	DT
court	NN
will	MD
find	VB
that	IN
``	``
minimum	JJ
contacts	NNS
''	''
exist	VBP
.	.
Absent	JJ
a	DT
clear	JJ
showing	NN
that	WDT
uniform	JJ
regulation	NN
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
,	,
state	NN
courts	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
allowed	VBN
to	TO
strike	VB
the	DT
balance	NN
in	IN
determining	VBG
who	WP
should	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
their	PRP$
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
event	NN
that	IN
the	DT
states	NNS
go	VBP
too	RB
far	RB
,	,
our	PRP$
Federal	NNP
system	NN
of	IN
government	NN
is	VBZ
equipped	VBN
to	TO
step	VB
in	IN
and	CC
address	VB
the	DT
issue	NN
.	.
Sullivan	NNP
the	DT
Montgomery	NNP
Alabama	NNP
police	NN
chief	NN
argued	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
advertisement	NN
giving	VBG
an	DT
erroneous	JJ
account	NN
of	IN
police	NN
activity	NN
against	IN
civil	JJ
rights	NNS
activists	NNS
damaged	VBD
his	PRP$
reputation	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
felt	VBD
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
free	JJ
speech	NN
and	CC
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
publish	VB
without	IN
fear	NN
outweighed	VBD
the	DT
damage	NN
to	TO
the	DT
police	NN
chief	NN
's	POS
reputation	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
court	NN
feared	VBD
any	DT
regulation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
amendment	NN
with	IN
regards	VBZ
to	TO
public	JJ
officials	NNS
and	CC
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
paved	VBD
the	DT
way	NN
for	IN
future	JJ
defamation	NN
liability	NN
debate	NN
.	.
CompuServe	NNP
provided	VBD
for	IN
a	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
to	TO
edit	VB
and	CC
monitor	VB
information	NN
posted	VBN
on	IN
this	DT
forum	NN
known	VBN
as	IN
Rumorville	NNP
USA	NNP
.	.
The	DT
defamatory	JJ
message	NN
was	VBD
edited	VBN
and	CC
posted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
forum	NN
without	IN
CompuServe	NNP
actually	RB
reviewing	VBG
the	DT
material	NN
.	.
In	IN
essence	NN
,	,
the	DT
providers	NNS
which	WDT
ignore	VBP
damaging	JJ
material	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
responsible	JJ
because	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
defense	NN
of	IN
lack	NN
of	IN
knowledge	NN
.	.
This	DT
contradiction	NN
becomes	VBZ
more	RBR
complicated	VBN
when	WRB
one	CD
analyzes	VBZ
the	DT
effort	NN
involved	VBN
in	IN
actually	RB
policing	VBG
all	DT
material	NN
hosted	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
provider	NN
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
as	RB
simple	JJ
as	IN
monitoring	NN
and	CC
regulating	VBG
the	DT
conversations	NNS
between	IN
individuals	NNS
in	IN
every	DT
home	NN
and	CC
office	NN
across	IN
America	NNP
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
inability	NN
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
uniformed	JJ
policy	NN
the	DT
legislature	NN
took	VBD
action	NN
with	IN
the	DT
implementation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Communications	NNPS
Decency	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1996	CD
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
Congress	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
courts	NNS
hastily	RB
attack	VBP
internet	NN
authors	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
guise	NN
of	IN
defamation	NN
they	PRP
are	VBP
creating	VBG
the	DT
one	CD
thing	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
destroy	VB
free	JJ
speech-FEAR	NN
.	.
No	RB
longer	RBR
can	MD
a	DT
person	NN
feel	VB
secure	JJ
in	IN
publishing	VBG
an	DT
opinion	NN
of	IN
whistle	VBP
blowing	VBG
on	IN
corruption	NN
because	IN
while	IN
protecting	VBG
the	DT
internet	NN
services	NNS
the	DT
courts	NNS
have	VBP
offered	VBN
subpoena	NN
power	NN
to	TO
those	DT
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
expose	VB
persons	NNS
whom	WP
do	VBP
not	RB
agree	VB
with	IN
.	.
Trying	VBG
to	TO
borrow	VB
money	NN
and	CC
being	VBG
turned	VBD
down	RP
because	IN
his\/her	NN
credit	NN
report	NN
was	VBD
bad	JJ
;	:
attempting	VBG
to	TO
find	VB
employment	NN
and	CC
being	VBG
denied	VBD
a	DT
job	NN
opportunity	NN
because	IN
either	DT
his\/her	NN
credit	NN
history	NN
was	VBD
bad	JJ
,	,
or	CC
there	EX
were	VBD
traffic	NN
or	CC
criminal	JJ
violations	NNS
on	IN
his	PRP$
record	NN
;	:
having	VBG
to	TO
prove	VB
to	TO
his	PRP$
creditors	NNS
and\/or	CC
business	NN
associates	NNS
that	WDT
he\/she	VBP
did	VBD
not	RB
declare	VB
bankruptcy	NN
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
31	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
being	VBG
arrested	VBN
at	IN
gunpoint	NN
and	CC
thrown	VBN
in	IN
jail	NN
for	IN
a	DT
crime	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
commit	VB
...	:
all	DT
while	IN
the	DT
identity	NN
thief	NN
is	VBZ
enjoying	VBG
the	DT
fruits	NNS
of	IN
his	PRP$
labor	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
32	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
uncommon	JJ
that	IN
a	DT
victim	NN
of	IN
identity	NN
theft	NN
not	RB
even	RB
realize	VB
that	IN
his	PRP$
information	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
misappropriated	VBN
until	IN
years	NNS
have	VBP
passed	VBN
and	CC
much	JJ
damage	NN
to	TO
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
credit	NN
and\/or	CC
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
personal	JJ
reputation	NN
has	VBZ
occurred	VBN
.	.
Just	RB
as	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
victim	NN
of	IN
identity	NN
theft	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
have	VB
much	JJ
assistance	NN
under	IN
the	DT
old	JJ
laws	NNS
,	,
the	DT
criminal	JJ
did	VBD
not	RB
have	VB
much	JJ
fear	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
caught	VBN
or	CC
of	IN
a	DT
harsh	JJ
punishment	NN
in	IN
the	DT
event	NN
he	PRP
was	VBD
caught	VBN
.	.
The	DT
theft	NN
of	IN
someone	NN
's	POS
identity	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
even	RB
viewed	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
crime	NN
under	IN
the	DT
law	NN
;	:
it	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
fraud	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
committed	VBN
using	VBG
the	DT
stolen	VBN
identity	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
deemed	VBN
criminal	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
33	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Furthermore	RB
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
identity	NN
theft	NN
frauds	NNS
are	VBP
relatively	RB
small	JJ
in	IN
amount	NN
,	,
federal	JJ
agencies	NNS
would	MD
not	RB
pursue	VB
them	PRP
,	,
and	CC
most	JJS
state	NN
or	CC
local	JJ
agencies	NNS
ignored	VBD
them	PRP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
34	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
,	,
in	IN
1998	CD
,	,
President	NNP
Clinton	NNP
signed	VBD
into	IN
law	NN
the	DT
Identity	NNP
Theft	NN
and	CC
Assumption	NN
Deterrence	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
making	VBG
the	DT
theft	NN
of	IN
identity	NN
information	NN
a	DT
crime	NN
and	CC
establishing	VBG
restitution	NN
provisions	NNS
for	IN
individual	JJ
victims	NNS
.	.
Nevertheless	RB
,	,
many	JJ
victims	NNS
of	IN
identity	NN
theft	NN
say	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
law	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
do	VB
enough	RB
.	.
Section	NN
I	NN
of	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
discuss	VB
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Identity	NNP
Theft	NN
and	CC
Assumption	NN
Deterrence	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1998	CD
.	.
Section	NNP
II	NNP
will	MD
discuss	VB
the	DT
effectiveness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
law	NN
.	.
Section	NN
III	NNP
will	MD
discuss	VB
pending	VBG
legislation	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
Section	NNP
IV	NNP
will	MD
suggest	VB
possible	JJ
changes	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
current	JJ
system	NN
.	.
Punishment	NN
for	IN
this	DT
newly	RB
created	VBN
crime	NN
ranges	NNS
from	IN
fines	NNS
to	TO
imprisonment	NN
for	IN
three	CD
to	TO
25	CD
years	NNS
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
wealth	NN
or	CC
property	NN
aggregated	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
one	CD
year	NN
period	NN
and	CC
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
the	DT
identity	NN
theft	NN
offense	NN
is	VBZ
committed	VBN
in	IN
connection	NN
with	IN
drug	NN
trafficking	NN
,	,
organized	VBN
crime	NN
,	,
a	DT
prior	JJ
conviction	NN
under	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
,	,
or	CC
terrorism	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
40	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Specifically	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
act	NN
involves	VBZ
the	DT
``	``
transfer	NN
or	CC
use	NN
of	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
means	NNS
of	IN
identification	NN
...	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
-RRB-	-RRB-
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
offense	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
obtains	VBZ
anything	NN
of	IN
value	NN
aggregating	VBG
$	$
1,000	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
during	IN
any	DT
1-year	JJ
period	NN
,	,
''	''
then	RB
the	DT
convicted	VBN
criminal	NN
may	MD
receive	VB
a	DT
fine	NN
or	CC
imprisonment	NN
for	IN
not	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
three	CD
years	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
41	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
If	IN
the	DT
act	NN
involves	VBZ
the	DT
transfer	NN
of	IN
``	``
an	DT
identification	NN
document	NN
issued	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
authority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
''	''
or	CC
of	IN
a	DT
birth	NN
certificate	NN
,	,
driver	NN
's	POS
license	NN
or	CC
personal	JJ
identification	NN
card	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
act	NN
involves	VBZ
creating	VBG
false	JJ
identification	NN
documents	NNS
,	,
the	DT
convicted	VBN
criminal	NN
may	MD
be	VB
fined	VBN
or	CC
may	MD
receive	VB
up	IN
to	TO
fifteen	CD
years	NNS
imprisonment	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
42	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
offense	NN
is	VBZ
committed	VBN
to	TO
facilitate	VB
a	DT
drug	NN
trafficking	NN
crime	NN
,	,
in	IN
connection	NN
with	IN
a	DT
crime	NN
of	IN
violence	NN
,	,
or	CC
after	IN
a	DT
prior	JJ
conviction	NN
under	IN
this	DT
law	NN
,	,
the	DT
punishment	NN
will	MD
range	VB
from	IN
a	DT
mere	JJ
fine	NN
to	TO
up	RB
to	TO
20	CD
years	NNS
imprisonment	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
``	``
offense	NN
is	VBZ
committed	VBN
to	TO
facilitate	VB
an	DT
act	NN
of	IN
international	JJ
terrorism	NN
,	,
''	''
then	RB
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
could	MD
be	VB
fined	VBN
or	CC
be	VB
placed	VBN
in	IN
prison	NN
for	IN
up	RB
to	TO
25	CD
years	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
43	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Actual	JJ
sentencing	NN
is	VBZ
of	IN
course	NN
applied	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Sentencing	VBG
Guidelines	NNS
,	,
and	CC
any	DT
departure	NN
,	,
either	CC
upward	RB
or	CC
downward	RB
,	,
must	MD
be	VB
supported	VBN
by	IN
mitigating	VBG
factors	NNS
or	CC
the	DT
lack	NN
thereof	RB
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
44	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Thus	RB
,	,
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
creating	VBG
a	DT
new	JJ
law	NN
whereby	WRB
the	DT
thief	NN
of	IN
identifying	VBG
information	NN
may	MD
be	VB
prosecuted	VBN
,	,
the	DT
Act	NNP
provides	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
heavy	JJ
deterrence	NN
to	TO
would	MD
be	VB
violators	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
true	JJ
notwithstanding	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
a	DT
lucrative	JJ
market	NN
has	VBZ
developed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
``	``
collect	VB
,	,
store	NN
,	,
and	CC
disseminate	VB
''	''
vast	JJ
amounts	NNS
of	IN
private	JJ
,	,
personal	JJ
data	NNS
referred	VBD
to	TO
as	IN
``	``
data	NNS
mining	NN
''	''
making	VBG
it	PRP
even	RB
easier	RBR
for	IN
a	DT
identity	NN
thief	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
identifying	VBG
information	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
64	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Compounding	VBG
this	DT
problem	NN
,	,
many	JJ
industries	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
banking	NN
,	,
have	VBP
long	RB
used	VBN
personal	JJ
identifying	VBG
information	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
social	JJ
security	NN
number	NN
as	IN
a	DT
security	NN
measure	NN
for	IN
transactions	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
ironic	JJ
attempt	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
consumer	NN
and	CC
themselves	PRP
from	IN
fraudulent	JJ
transactions	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
65	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
many	JJ
security	NN
measures	NNS
are	VBP
keyed	VBN
off	IN
of	IN
such	JJ
personal	JJ
identifying	VBG
information	NN
as	IN
the	DT
social	JJ
security	NN
number	NN
makes	VBZ
identity	NN
theft	NN
even	RB
easier	JJR
now	RB
that	IN
the	DT
social	JJ
security	NN
number	NN
of	IN
most	JJS
any	DT
individual	NN
can	MD
now	RB
be	VB
obtained	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
touch	NN
of	IN
a	DT
button	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
victims	NNS
of	IN
identity	NN
theft	NN
argue	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
legislature	NN
should	MD
enact	VB
proactive	JJ
laws	NNS
to	TO
prevent	VB
or	CC
limit	VB
the	DT
use	NN
and	CC
sale	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
identifying	VBG
information	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
66	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
,	,
supporters	NNS
of	IN
such	JJ
uses	NNS
of	IN
personal	JJ
information	NN
argue	VBP
against	IN
any	DT
type	NN
of	IN
legislation	NN
insisting	VBG
that	IN
their	PRP$
businesses	NNS
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
unfairly	RB
incur	VB
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
implementation	NN
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
67	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
they	PRP
prefer	VBP
self-regulation	NN
.	.
History	NN
of	IN
voter	NN
registration	NN
;	:
or	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
13	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Other	JJ
similar	JJ
information	NN
,	,
as	IN
determined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
FTC	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
80	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Specifically	RB
,	,
individual	JJ
reference	NN
services	NNS
providers	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
disclose	VB
to	TO
the	DT
consumer	NN
,	,
upon	IN
request	NN
,	,
the	DT
``	``
nature	NN
,	,
content	NN
,	,
and	CC
substance	NN
of	IN
all	DT
information	NN
''	''
in	IN
the	DT
consumer	NN
's	POS
file	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
81	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Such	PDT
a	DT
requirement	NN
would	MD
force	VB
consumers	NNS
to	TO
become	VB
more	RBR
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
vast	JJ
amounts	NNS
of	IN
personal	JJ
information	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
gathered	VBN
about	IN
them	PRP
by	IN
such	JJ
businesses	NNS
and	CC
would	MD
allow	VB
them	PRP
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
monitor	VB
the	DT
use	NN
and	CC
better	JJR
prevent	VBP
the	DT
abuse	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
information	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
individual	JJ
reference	NN
services	NNS
providers	NNS
would	MD
have	VB
a	DT
tremendous	JJ
increase	NN
in	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
time	NN
and	CC
money	NN
spent	VBD
monitoring	VBG
their	PRP$
accounts	NNS
and	CC
communicating	VBG
information	NN
to	TO
consumers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
penalty	NN
for	IN
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
regulations	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Trade	NNP
Commission	NNP
Act	NNP
regarding	VBG
unfair	JJ
or	CC
deceptive	JJ
acts	NNS
or	CC
practices	NNS
and\/or	CC
criminal	JJ
sanctions	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
Social	NNP
Security	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
95	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
attorney	NN
general	NN
for	IN
any	DT
state	NN
may	MD
bring	VB
a	DT
civil	JJ
action	NN
as	IN
parens	NNS
patriae	VBP
on	IN
behalf	NN
of	IN
the	DT
residents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
State	NN
in	IN
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
enjoin	VB
the	DT
act	NN
or	CC
practice	NN
,	,
enforce	VB
compliance	NN
,	,
obtain	VB
damages	NNS
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
obtain	VB
any	DT
other	JJ
legal	JJ
or	CC
equitable	JJ
relief	NN
deemed	VBD
appropriate	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
96	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Currently	RB
,	,
the	DT
proposed	VBN
bill	NN
remains	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
House	NNP
Committee	NNP
on	IN
Commerce	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Ways	NNP
and	CC
Means	NNP
Committee	NNP
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
,	,
the	DT
Senate	NNP
Committee	NNP
on	IN
Finance	NNP
.	.
The	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
legislature	NN
has	VBZ
proposed	VBN
several	JJ
bills	NNS
addressing	VBG
identity	NN
theft	NN
confirms	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
crime	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
growing	VBG
rapidly	RB
.	.
The	DT
current	JJ
Identity	NN
Theft	NN
Deterrence	NNP
Act	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
go	VB
far	RB
enough	RB
in	IN
combating	VBG
this	DT
growing	VBG
area	NN
of	IN
crime	NN
,	,
and	CC
with	IN
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
the	DT
potential	NN
for	IN
harm	NN
to	TO
innocent	JJ
victims	NNS
only	RB
increases	NNS
.	.
First	NNP
and	CC
foremost	JJ
,	,
the	DT
current	JJ
law	NN
should	MD
be	VB
amended	VBN
to	TO
place	VB
the	DT
responsibility	NN
of	IN
cleaning	VBG
up	RP
a	DT
victims	NNS
's	POS
credit	NN
or	CC
criminal	JJ
record	NN
on	IN
the	DT
FTC	NNP
.	.
Specifically	RB
,	,
there	EX
should	MD
be	VB
personnel	NNS
trained	VBN
to	TO
assist	VB
the	DT
identity	NN
theft	NN
victim	NN
in	IN
every	DT
step	NN
of	IN
the	DT
process	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
credit	NN
history	NN
is	VBZ
cleared	VBN
of	IN
any	DT
fraudulent	JJ
activity	NN
,	,
bankruptcies	NNS
filed	VBN
are	VBP
dismissed	VBN
and	CC
cleared	VBN
off	IN
of	IN
their	PRP$
record	NN
,	,
and	CC
any	DT
criminal	JJ
history	NN
compiled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
is	VBZ
immediately	RB
erased	VBN
.	.
A	DT
person	NN
whose	WP$
identity	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
stolen	VBN
has	VBZ
already	RB
been	VBN
victimized	VBN
by	IN
definition	NN
;	:
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
reason	NN
that	IN
the	DT
clean	JJ
up	RP
process	NN
has	VBZ
to	TO
perpetuate	VB
this	DT
victimization	NN
.	.
Secondly	RB
,	,
the	DT
current	JJ
law	NN
should	MD
be	VB
amended	VBN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
identity	NN
theft	NN
cases	NNS
,	,
no	DT
matter	NN
how	WRB
small	JJ
,	,
are	VBP
investigated	VBN
thoroughly	RB
by	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
,	,
either	DT
federal	JJ
or	CC
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
.	.
Identity	NN
thefts	NNS
notoriously	RB
involve	VBP
small	JJ
financial	JJ
transactions	NNS
.	.
Identity	NN
thieves	NNS
take	VBP
advantage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
current	JJ
law	NN
enforcement	NN
authorities	NNS
ignore	VBP
crimes	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
small	JJ
monetary	JJ
nature	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
advent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
one	CD
determined	VBD
identity	NN
thief	NN
could	MD
literally	RB
victimized	VBN
thousands	NNS
of	IN
individuals	NNS
even	RB
though	IN
each	DT
separate	JJ
transaction	NN
was	VBD
only	RB
a	DT
small	JJ
amount	NN
.	.
The	DT
current	JJ
law	NN
allows	VBZ
for	IN
penalties	NNS
if	IN
the	DT
identity	NN
thief	NN
obtains	VBZ
anything	NN
of	IN
value	NN
greater	JJR
than	IN
$	$
1,000	CD
in	IN
the	DT
aggregate	NN
in	IN
a	DT
given	VBN
year	NN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
be	VB
penalized	VBN
,	,
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
must	MD
first	RB
be	VB
prosecuted	VBN
.	.
The	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
investigation	NN
and	CC
prosecution	NN
of	IN
identity	NN
theft	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
grave	JJ
problem	NN
which	WDT
needs	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
aggressively	RB
addressed	VBN
.	.
.	.
Third	NNP
,	,
the	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Identity	NNP
Theft	NN
and	CC
Protection	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
2000	CD
requiring	VBG
credit	NN
reporting	NN
agencies	NNS
to	TO
notify	VB
the	DT
consumer	NN
immediately	RB
upon	IN
any	DT
request	NN
for	IN
changes	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
accounts	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
enacted	VBN
.	.
Notification	NN
to	TO
the	DT
consumer	NN
at	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
and	CC
old	JJ
addresses	NNS
after	IN
a	DT
request	NN
for	IN
a	DT
change	NN
in	IN
address	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
made	VBN
would	MD
provide	VB
the	DT
consumer	NN
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
a	DT
potential	JJ
fraudulent	JJ
transaction	NN
before	IN
it	PRP
ever	RB
occurs	VBZ
thereby	RB
preventing	VBG
much	JJ
harm	NN
to	TO
him	PRP
or	CC
herself	PRP
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
financial	JJ
institution	NN
.	.
Granted	VBN
,	,
such	JJ
notification	NN
requirements	NNS
would	MD
necessarily	RB
entail	VB
in	IN
increase	NN
in	IN
personnel	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
credit	NN
reporting	NN
agencies	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
correlating	NN
increase	NN
in	IN
cost	NN
of	IN
operations	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
as	IN
prevalent	JJ
as	IN
identity	NN
theft	NN
is	VBZ
becoming	VBG
,	,
this	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
cost	NN
could	MD
be	VB
recovered	VBN
by	IN
reducing	VBG
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
financial	JJ
loss	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
criminal	JJ
act	NN
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
banking	NN
and	CC
financial	JJ
industries	NNS
are	VBP
vehemently	RB
opposed	VBN
to	TO
any	DT
regulation	NN
and	CC
continue	VB
to	TO
insist	VB
that	IN
self-regulation	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
better	JJR
route	NN
,	,
the	DT
self-regulation	NN
offered	VBD
to	TO
date	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
insufficient	JJ
to	TO
combat	VB
the	DT
growing	VBG
crime	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
107	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Further	RB
,	,
self-regulation	NN
offers	VBZ
third	JJ
party	NN
victims	NNS
no	DT
avenue	NN
of	IN
enforcement	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
a	DT
possible	JJ
civil	JJ
contract	NN
action	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
any	DT
privacy	NN
policies	NNS
issued	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
consumer	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
108	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
only	JJ
answer	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
legislature	NN
to	TO
enact	VB
laws	NNS
requiring	VBG
businesses	NNS
to	TO
act	VB
responsibly	RB
and	CC
providing	VBG
for	IN
enforcement	NN
provisions	NNS
if	IN
the	DT
laws	NNS
are	VBP
violated	VBN
.	.
Government	NN
for	IN
tax	NN
identification	NN
purposes	NNS
.	.
Originally	RB
,	,
this	DT
was	VBD
probably	RB
a	DT
good	JJ
idea	NN
as	IN
it	PRP
made	VBD
the	DT
processing	NN
of	IN
millions	NNS
of	IN
tax	NN
returns	NNS
and	CC
claims	NNS
much	RB
easier	JJR
and	CC
probably	RB
more	RBR
accurate	JJ
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
social	JJ
security	NN
number	NN
has	VBZ
now	RB
become	VBN
a	DT
second	JJ
name	NN
for	IN
every	DT
individual	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
used	VBN
by	IN
most	JJS
every	DT
business	NN
entity	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
that	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
is	VBZ
who	WP
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
claims	VBZ
.	.
Ironically	RB
,	,
such	JJ
use	NN
by	IN
businesses	NNS
began	VBD
as	IN
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
consumer	NN
with	IN
an	DT
added	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
and	CC
protection	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
the	DT
bank	NN
uses	VBZ
the	DT
social	JJ
security	NN
account	NN
number	NN
as	IN
verification	NN
that	IN
the	DT
person	NN
wishing	VBG
to	TO
withdraw	VB
funds	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
true	JJ
account	NN
holder	NN
in	IN
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
fraud	NN
.	.
The	DT
problem	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
social	JJ
security	NN
number	NN
has	VBZ
become	VBN
so	RB
commonly	RB
used	VBN
by	IN
all	DT
businesses	NNS
for	IN
these	DT
purposes	NNS
that	IN
if	IN
an	DT
identity	NN
thief	NN
acquires	VBZ
someone	NN
's	POS
social	JJ
security	NN
number	NN
,	,
he	PRP
then	RB
has	VBZ
access	NN
to	TO
almost	RB
every	DT
private	JJ
account	NN
belonging	VBG
to	TO
that	DT
person	NN
.	.
As	IN
such	JJ
,	,
the	DT
provisions	NNS
proposed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Social	NNP
Security	NNP
Number	NNP
Protection	NNP
Act	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Privacy	NN
and	CC
Identity	NNP
Protection	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
2000	CD
prohibiting	VBG
the	DT
sale	NN
or	CC
purchase	NN
of	IN
a	DT
social	JJ
security	NN
number	NN
should	MD
be	VB
enacted	VBN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
the	DT
social	JJ
security	NN
number	NN
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
displayed	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
person	NN
's	POS
driver	NN
's	POS
license	NN
,	,
an	DT
employee	NN
's	POS
checks	NNS
,	,
an	DT
employee	NN
's	POS
identification	NN
card	NN
,	,
a	DT
college	NN
identification	NN
card	NN
,	,
or	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
publicly	RB
viewable	JJ
device	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
act	NN
of	IN
venders	NNS
asking	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
social	JJ
security	NN
number	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
doing	VBG
business	NN
with	IN
a	DT
consumer	NN
should	MD
be	VB
prohibited	VBN
.	.
Any	DT
vendor	NN
who	WP
refuses	VBZ
to	TO
do	VB
business	NN
with	IN
a	DT
consumer	NN
because	IN
that	DT
consumer	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
share	VB
their	PRP$
social	JJ
security	NN
number	NN
should	MD
lose	VB
their	PRP$
business	NN
license	NN
and\/or	CC
be	VB
heavily	RB
fined	VBN
.	.
While	IN
in	IN
the	DT
past	NN
,	,
one	CD
could	MD
argue	VB
that	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
social	JJ
security	NN
number	NN
actually	RB
helped	VBD
to	TO
prevent	VB
fraud	NN
,	,
current	JJ
crime	NN
trends	NNS
show	VBP
that	IN
it	PRP
now	RB
merely	RB
perpetuates	VBZ
the	DT
crime	NN
of	IN
identity	NN
theft	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
usage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
social	JJ
security	NN
number	NN
should	MD
be	VB
severely	RB
restricted	VBN
and\/or	CC
eliminated	VBN
.	.
Picture	NNP
identification	NN
should	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
with	IN
every	DT
transaction	NN
.	.
Encrypted	NNP
photo	NN
identification	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
possible	JJ
solution	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
e-businesses	NNS
;	:
however	RB
,	,
any	DT
file	NN
on	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
theft	NN
and	CC
misuse	NN
.	.
A	DT
study	NN
should	MD
be	VB
performed	VBN
to	TO
identify	VB
the	DT
best	JJS
possible	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
accurate	JJ
verification	NN
of	IN
identity	NN
during	IN
online	JJ
transactions	NNS
with	IN
only	RB
a	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
risk	NN
of	IN
abuse	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
most	RBS
businesses	NNS
now	RB
use	VBP
computers	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
daily	JJ
operations	NNS
which	WDT
undoubtedly	RB
contain	VBP
a	DT
database	NN
of	IN
every	DT
customer	NN
with	IN
each	DT
customer	NN
's	POS
name	NN
,	,
address	NN
,	,
telephone	NN
number	NN
,	,
social	JJ
security	NN
number	NN
,	,
mother	NN
's	POS
maiden	JJ
name	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
Along	IN
with	IN
the	DT
growth	NN
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
has	VBZ
come	VBN
the	DT
ability	NN
of	IN
many	JJ
to	TO
break	VB
into	IN
these	DT
databases	NNS
,	,
steal	VBP
the	DT
identifying	VBG
information	NN
,	,
and	CC
either	RB
sell	VB
it	PRP
or	CC
use	VB
for	IN
fraudulent	JJ
purposes	NNS
.	.
Indeed	RB
,	,
some	DT
business	NN
actually	RB
exist	VBP
solely	RB
to	TO
accumulate	VB
and	CC
sell	VB
personal	JJ
identifying	VBG
information	NN
.	.
While	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
clearly	RB
a	DT
market	NN
for	IN
such	JJ
information	NN
,	,
most	JJS
consumers	NNS
would	MD
argue	VB
that	IN
both	DT
the	DT
gathering	NN
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
ultimate	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
marketers	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
an	DT
invasion	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
legislature	NN
should	MD
enact	VB
a	DT
law	NN
to	TO
prohibit	VB
the	DT
gathering	NN
and	CC
sale	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
identifying	VBG
information	NN
.	.
Business	NN
that	WDT
deal	VBP
only	RB
in	IN
the	DT
gathering	NN
and	CC
disseminating	VBG
of	IN
personal	JJ
information	NN
should	MD
be	VB
banned	VBN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
good	JJ
purpose	NN
for	IN
having	VBG
such	JJ
information	NN
made	VBN
available	JJ
to	TO
any	DT
and	CC
everyone	NN
who	WP
wishes	VBZ
to	TO
acquire	VB
it	PRP
.	.
These	DT
information	NN
brokers	NNS
argue	VBP
that	IN
consumers	NNS
actually	RB
benefit	VBP
from	IN
the	DT
improved	VBN
accuracy	NN
of	IN
information	NN
given	VBN
to	TO
marketers	NNS
because	IN
they	PRP
receive	VBP
less	JJR
solicitation	NN
as	IN
every	DT
sales	NNS
call	NN
is	VBZ
more	RBR
targeted	JJ
.	.
Most	JJS
consumers	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
would	MD
probably	RB
argue	VB
that	IN
even	RB
a	DT
well	RB
targeted	JJ
sales	NNS
call	NN
is	VBZ
harassment	NN
,	,
and	CC
solicitations	NNS
by	IN
mail	NN
are	VBP
mere	JJ
nuisances	NNS
which	WDT
ultimately	RB
only	RB
cause	VB
harm	NN
to	TO
the	DT
environment	NN
.	.
Personal	NNP
identifying	VBG
information	NN
is	VBZ
just	RB
that	DT
-	:
personal	JJ
-	:
and	CC
it	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
kept	VBN
that	DT
way	NN
unless	IN
a	DT
consumer	NN
chooses	VBZ
to	TO
release	VB
his	PRP$
information	NN
.	.
Consent	NNP
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
assumed	VBN
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
advent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
identity	NN
theft	NN
has	VBZ
become	VBN
the	DT
fastest	JJS
growing	VBG
crime	NN
today	NN
.	.
Advocates	NNS
of	IN
identity	NN
theft	NN
prevention	NN
insist	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
mining	NN
and	CC
on-line	JJ
databases	NNS
filled	VBN
with	IN
personal	JJ
information	NN
invite	VBP
hackers	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
unethical	JJ
employees	NNS
to	TO
snoop	VB
and	CC
take	VB
all	PDT
the	DT
personal	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
unsuspecting	JJ
individuals	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
download	VB
or	CC
print	VB
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
109	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Accordingly	RB
,	,
they	PRP
insist	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
way	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
identity	NN
theft	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
legislate	VB
limitations	NNS
on	IN
those	DT
profiting	VBG
from	IN
selling	VBG
personal	JJ
information	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
110	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Indeed	RB
,	,
most	RBS
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
agree	VB
that	IN
unrestricted	JJ
trade	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
information	NN
in	IN
the	DT
private	JJ
sector	NN
has	VBZ
helped	VBN
create	VB
the	DT
identity	NN
theft	NN
epidemic	NN
.	.
Nonetheless	RB
,	,
current	JJ
laws	NNS
do	VBP
nothing	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
identity	NN
theft	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
the	DT
current	JJ
Identity	NN
Theft	NN
and	CC
Deterrence	NNP
Act	NNP
has	VBZ
just	RB
now	RB
made	VBN
identity	NN
theft	NN
itself	PRP
a	DT
crime	NN
.	.
Businesses	NNS
who	WP
compile	VBP
,	,
use	VBP
and	CC
sell	VBP
personal	JJ
identifying	VBG
information	NN
admit	VBP
that	IN
such	JJ
technologically	RB
accessible	JJ
databases	NNS
are	VBP
a	DT
growing	VBG
source	NN
of	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
,	,
but	CC
these	DT
same	JJ
business	NN
argue	VBP
that	IN
self-regulation	NN
is	VBZ
better	JJR
than	IN
forced	VBN
legislation	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
as	IN
is	VBZ
evident	JJ
by	IN
the	DT
rapid	JJ
increase	NN
in	IN
identity	NN
theft	NN
,	,
self-regulation	NN
to	TO
date	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
sufficient	JJ
to	TO
curb	VB
the	DT
growing	VBG
crime	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
while	IN
everyone	NN
can	MD
agree	VB
on	IN
the	DT
source	NN
of	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
,	,
not	RB
everyone	NN
agrees	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
cure	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
one	CD
thing	NN
is	VBZ
certain	JJ
,	,
unless	IN
some	DT
action	NN
is	VBZ
taken	VBN
to	TO
reduce	VB
the	DT
access	NN
and	CC
public	JJ
sale	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
identifying	VBG
information	NN
,	,
including	VBG
social	JJ
security	NN
numbers	NNS
,	,
identity	NN
theft	NN
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
thrive	VB
,	,
and	CC
no	DT
one	NN
will	MD
be	VB
safe	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
devious	JJ
criminal	NN
who	WP
rapes	VBZ
,	,
steals	VBZ
,	,
kills	VBZ
and	CC
lies	VBZ
all	DT
while	IN
claiming	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
you	PRP
.	.
``	``
The	DT
consumer	NN
's	POS
social	JJ
security	NN
number	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
form	NN
of	IN
information	NN
for	IN
a	DT
thief	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
opens	VBZ
up	RP
an	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
financial	JJ
life	NN
by	IN
providing	VBG
easy	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
bank	NN
accounts	NNS
,	,
brokerage	NN
accounts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
important	JJ
and	CC
private	JJ
information	NN
.	.
''	''
Id	NN
.	.
Toward	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
period	NN
between	IN
1500	CD
and	CC
1800	CD
,	,
pornography	NN
lost	VBD
its	PRP$
political	JJ
role	NN
and	CC
instead	RB
,	,
began	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
produced	VBN
only	RB
for	IN
individual	JJ
sexual	JJ
gratification	NN
.	.
An	DT
industry	NN
was	VBD
created	VBN
that	IN
produced	VBN
mass	NN
quantities	NNS
of	IN
publications	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
not	RB
intended	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
political	JJ
or	CC
cultural	JJ
critiques	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
political	JJ
pornography	NN
evolved	VBD
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
devolved	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
this	DT
phase	NN
,	,
it	PRP
ceased	VBD
being	VBG
political	JJ
and	CC
began	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
profit-making	JJ
.	.
The	DT
political	JJ
history	NN
of	IN
pornography	NN
has	VBZ
shaped	VBN
the	DT
postmodern	JJ
definition	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
understand	VBP
today	NN
.	.
This	DT
change	NN
is	VBZ
what	WP
lead	NN
to	TO
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
pornography	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
are	VBP
most	RBS
familiar	JJ
with	IN
today	NN
.	.
To	TO
understand	VB
today	NN
's	POS
pornography	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
to	TO
understand	VB
and	CC
incorporate	VB
the	DT
political	JJ
history	NN
that	WDT
pornography	NN
has	VBZ
and	CC
the	DT
influence	NN
that	IN
its	PRP$
history	NN
contributed	VBD
to	TO
our	PRP$
understanding	NN
of	IN
pornography	NN
in	IN
this	DT
post-modern	JJ
period	NN
.	.
Since	IN
that	DT
time	NN
,	,
various	JJ
developments	NNS
in	IN
technology	NN
have	VBP
changed	VBN
the	DT
way	NN
pornography	NN
is	VBZ
disseminated	VBN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
until	IN
the	DT
advancement	NN
in	IN
internet	NN
technology	NN
that	WDT
access	NN
to	TO
pornography	NN
was	VBD
virtually	RB
unlimited	JJ
.	.
Before	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
one	CD
wishing	VBG
to	TO
purchase	VB
or	CC
view	VB
pornographic	JJ
material	NN
had	VBD
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
a	DT
facility	NN
which	WDT
housed	VBD
such	JJ
material	NN
and	CC
provide	VB
photo	NN
identification	NN
.	.
This	DT
allowed	VBD
the	DT
government	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
children	NNS
's	POS
access	NN
to	TO
pornography	NN
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
provided	VBD
the	DT
government	NN
with	IN
an	DT
enforceable	JJ
method	NN
of	IN
ensuring	VBG
that	IN
illegal	JJ
pornographic	JJ
material	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
sold	VBN
.	.
By	IN
reviewing	VBG
the	DT
material	NN
sold	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
establishments	NNS
selling	VBG
pornography	NN
,	,
and	CC
by	IN
requiring	VBG
publishers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
pornographic	JJ
materials	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
proof	NN
of	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
the	DT
subjects	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
photographs	NNS
,	,
illegal	JJ
pornographic	JJ
materials	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
child	NN
pornography	NN
and	CC
bestiality	NN
could	MD
be	VB
monitored	VBN
.	.
Now	RB
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
the	DT
regulation	NN
of	IN
pornographic	JJ
material	NN
has	VBZ
become	VBN
much	RB
more	RBR
difficult	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Children	NNS
can	MD
access	VB
pornographic	JJ
materials	NNS
from	IN
their	PRP$
homes	NNS
or	CC
even	RB
from	IN
public	JJ
libraries	NNS
,	,
and	CC
illegal	JJ
materials	NNS
can	MD
easily	RB
be	VB
disseminated	VBN
.	.
Anyone	NN
with	IN
a	DT
scanner	NN
and	CC
a	DT
modem	NN
can	MD
post	VB
obscene	JJ
photographs	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
available	JJ
to	TO
millions	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
.	.
Indeed	RB
,	,
each	DT
day	NN
additional	JJ
sites	NNS
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
pornography	NN
are	VBP
created	VBN
.	.
The	DT
numbers	NNS
,	,
discussed	VBN
below	IN
,	,
indicate	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
pornography	NN
industry	NN
is	VBZ
experiencing	VBG
record	NN
growth	NN
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
examine	VB
various	JJ
approaches	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
government	NN
's	POS
attempts	NNS
at	IN
regulation	NN
of	IN
pornography	NN
and	CC
will	MD
explore	VB
several	JJ
alternatives	NNS
to	TO
government	NN
regulation	NN
.	.
A	DT
recent	JJ
study	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
library	NN
computers	NNS
released	VBN
March	NNP
2	CD
,	,
1999	CD
by	IN
the	DT
American	JJ
Family	NNP
Association	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
an	DT
admittedly	RB
biased	VBN
group	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
found	VBD
that	IN
of	IN
503	CD
incidents	NNS
where	WRB
pornography	NN
was	VBD
accessed	VBN
from	IN
public	JJ
library	NN
computers	NNS
,	,
245	CD
incidents	NNS
involved	JJ
children	NNS
and	CC
20	CD
involved	JJ
child	NN
pornography	NN
.	.
The	DT
report	NN
documents	NNS
195	CD
incidents	NNS
of	IN
children	NNS
accessing	VBG
pornography	NN
,	,
at	IN
an	DT
average	JJ
age	NN
of	IN
12-years-old	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
study	NN
shows	VBZ
the	DT
serious	JJ
need	NN
for	IN
regulation	NN
of	IN
pornographic	JJ
materials	NNS
,	,
or	CC
at	IN
least	JJS
regulation	NN
of	IN
where	WRB
pornographic	JJ
materials	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
viewed	VBN
.	.
Clearly	RB
,	,
a	DT
public	JJ
library	NN
funded	VBN
with	IN
tax	NN
payer	NN
dollars	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
facilitate	VB
a	DT
child	NN
's	POS
illegal	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
pornographic	JJ
material	NN
,	,
or	CC
an	DT
adult	NN
's	POS
access	NN
to	TO
illegal	JJ
child	NN
pornography	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
reasons	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
cautious	JJ
of	IN
library	NN
use	NN
of	IN
filtering	VBG
software	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
discussed	VBN
below	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Mr.	NNP
President	NNP
,	,
Georgetown	NNP
University	NNP
Law	NNP
School	NNP
has	VBZ
released	VBN
a	DT
remarkable	JJ
study	NN
conducted	VBN
by	IN
researchers	NNS
at	IN
Carnegie	NNP
Mellon	NNP
University	NNP
.	.
This	DT
study	NN
raises	VBZ
important	JJ
questions	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
availability	NN
and	CC
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
cyberporn	NN
.	.
...	:
As	IN
with	IN
any	DT
new	JJ
technology	NN
there	EX
are	VBP
dangers	NNS
and	CC
concerns	NNS
that	WDT
must	MD
be	VB
addressed	VBN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
first	JJ
cars	NNS
were	VBD
put	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
streets	NNS
many	JJ
cyclists	NNS
were	VBD
killed	VBN
before	IN
traffic	NN
laws	NNS
were	VBD
modified	VBN
.	.
When	WRB
electronic	JJ
pagers	NNS
first	RB
were	VBD
introduced	VBN
,	,
drug	NN
dealers	NNS
used	VBD
the	DT
technology	NN
to	TO
further	VB
their	PRP$
drug	NN
business	NN
.	.
Soon	RB
after	IN
the	DT
invention	NN
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
airplane	NN
came	VBD
the	DT
horror	NN
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
air	NN
crash	NN
.	.
The	DT
same	JJ
is	VBZ
true	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
For	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
development	NN
that	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
has	VBZ
furthered	VBN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
still	RB
dangers	NNS
which	WDT
must	MD
be	VB
addressed	VBN
.	.
One	CD
such	JJ
danger	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
effect	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
on	IN
the	DT
effective	JJ
regulation	NN
of	IN
pornography	NN
.	.
In	IN
many	JJ
ways	NNS
the	DT
laws	NNS
governing	VBG
the	DT
internet	NN
have	VBP
not	RB
caught	VBN
up	RP
with	IN
the	DT
developments	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
technology	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
story	NN
of	IN
virtual	JJ
``	``
wild	JJ
west	NN
''	''
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
law	NN
is	VBZ
n't	RB
so	RB
much	RB
a	DT
set	NN
of	IN
government	NN
mandated	VBD
rules	NNS
as	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
what	WP
technology	NN
has	VBZ
developed	VBN
.	.
Underlying	JJ
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
arguments	NNS
outlined	VBN
below	IN
is	VBZ
the	DT
notion	NN
that	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
provides	VBZ
a	DT
shield	NN
for	IN
criminals	NNS
to	TO
view	VB
violent	JJ
,	,
crude	JJ
and	CC
offensive	JJ
materials	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
arguments	NNS
are	VBP
stated	VBN
in	IN
ways	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
produce	VB
emotional	JJ
and	CC
charged	VBD
responses	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
reader	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
,	,
both	DT
for	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
and	CC
for	IN
the	DT
sake	NN
of	IN
freedom	NN
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
reader	NN
fully	RB
explore	VB
each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
solutions	NNS
''	''
outlined	VBN
below	IN
.	.
The	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
is	VBZ
often	RB
cited	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
Amendment	NNP
which	WDT
gives	VBZ
America	NNP
its	PRP$
character	NN
.	.
Indeed	RB
,	,
when	WRB
many	JJ
people	NNS
think	VBP
of	IN
freedom	NN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
America	NNP
's	POS
expression	NN
and	CC
acceptance	NN
of	IN
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
ideas	NNS
which	WDT
comes	VBZ
to	TO
mind	VB
.	.
The	DT
reader	NN
is	VBZ
urged	VBN
to	TO
consider	VB
carefully	RB
any	DT
solution	NN
which	WDT
at	IN
its	PRP$
core	NN
aims	VBZ
to	TO
strip	VB
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
from	IN
our	PRP$
cherished	VBN
Bill	NNP
of	IN
Rights	NNPS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
final	JJ
analysis	NN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
our	PRP$
freedom	NN
of	IN
expression	NN
which	WDT
allows	VBZ
us	PRP
to	TO
express	VB
our	PRP$
freedom	NN
.	.
One	CD
study	NN
which	WDT
purported	JJ
to	TO
shed	VB
some	DT
light	NN
on	IN
the	DT
true	JJ
extent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
saturation	NN
of	IN
pornography	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
is	VBZ
known	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
``	``
Rimm	NNP
study	NN
''	''
or	CC
the	DT
``	``
Carnegie	NNP
Mellon	NNP
University	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CMU	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
study	NN
''	''
,	,
as	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
sometimes	RB
called	VBN
.	.
The	DT
author	NN
of	IN
the	DT
study	NN
,	,
Martin	NNP
Rimm	NNP
,	,
was	VBD
not	RB
an	DT
attorney	NN
or	CC
even	RB
a	DT
sociologist	NN
but	CC
instead	RB
was	VBD
an	DT
electrical	JJ
engineering	NN
undergraduate	JJ
student	NN
interested	JJ
in	IN
examining	VBG
the	DT
extent	NN
of	IN
pornography	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
His	PRP$
study	NN
was	VBD
published	VBN
in	IN
Georgetown	NNP
Law	NNP
Journal	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Rimm	NNP
,	,
1995b	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
has	VBZ
received	VBN
extensive	JJ
criticism	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
22	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
Rimm	NNP
study	NN
has	VBZ
now	RB
been	VBN
greatly	RB
discredited	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
23	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
It	PRP
is	VBZ
cited	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
not	RB
for	IN
its	PRP$
statistical	JJ
accuracy	NN
or	CC
for	IN
its	PRP$
conclusions	NNS
.	.
Rather	RB
,	,
the	DT
study	NN
is	VBZ
relevant	JJ
in	IN
that	IN
it	PRP
shows	VBZ
the	DT
fear	NN
and	CC
alarmist	JJ
attitude	NN
set	VBN
forth	RB
by	IN
various	JJ
individuals	NNS
and	CC
groups	NNS
regarding	VBG
pornography	NN
and	CC
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
issues	NNS
.	.
This	DT
author	NN
in	IN
no	DT
way	NN
approves	VBZ
of	IN
the	DT
Rimm	NNP
study	NN
or	CC
its	PRP$
conclusions	NNS
and	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
purport	VB
to	TO
rely	VB
on	IN
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
Rimm	NNP
study	NN
statistics	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
basis	NN
either	CC
for	IN
or	CC
against	IN
pornography	NN
.	.
Following	VBG
the	DT
summary	NN
of	IN
the	DT
study	NN
are	VBP
just	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
criticisms	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
study	NN
has	VBZ
received	VBN
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
sample	NN
size	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
several	JJ
orders	NNS
of	IN
magnitude	NN
larger	JJR
than	IN
previously	RB
published	VBN
studies	NNS
of	IN
either	DT
pornography	NN
content	NN
or	CC
consumption	NN
,	,
''	''
Rimm	NNP
maintains	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
findings	NNS
``	``
may	MD
have	VB
serious	JJ
implications	NNS
for	IN
legal	JJ
theory	NN
and	CC
public	JJ
policy	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
pornography	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Ibid	NNP
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Rimm	NNP
writes	VBZ
:	:
The	DT
best	JJS
data	NN
concerning	VBG
network	NN
pornography	NN
consumption	NN
comes	VBZ
from	IN
the	DT
Usenet	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
itself	PRP
constitutes	VBZ
only	RB
11.5	CD
%	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
traffic	NN
.	.
Of	IN
this	DT
11.5	CD
%	NN
,	,
approximately	RB
3	CD
%	NN
by	IN
message	NN
count	NN
,	,
but	CC
22	CD
%	NN
by	IN
byte	NN
count	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
2.5	CD
%	NN
of	IN
total	JJ
Internet	NNP
backbone	NN
traffic	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
associated	VBN
with	IN
Usenet	NNP
newsgroups	NNS
containing	VBG
pornographic	JJ
imagery	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
p.	FW
1869	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
by	IN
Rimm	NNP
's	POS
own	JJ
figures	NNS
then	RB
,	,
fewer	JJR
than	IN
one-half	NN
of	IN
1	CD
%	NN
of	IN
the	DT
messages	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	CD
%	NN
of	IN
11.5	CD
%	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
``	``
associated	VBN
with	IN
''	''
newsgroups	NNS
that	WDT
contain	VBP
pornographic	JJ
imagery	NN
;	:
since	IN
some	DT
of	IN
those	DT
messages	NNS
are	VBP
,	,
presumably	RB
,	,
not	RB
themselves	PRP
pornographic	JJ
,	,
the	DT
actual	JJ
proportion	NN
of	IN
pornographic	JJ
messages	NNS
is	VBZ
therefore	RB
even	RB
smaller	JJR
than	IN
that	DT
.	.
``	``
However	RB
,	,
as	IN
this	DT
study	NN
makes	VBZ
clear	JJ
,	,
studying	VBG
pornography	NN
according	VBG
to	TO
consumption	NN
,	,
as	IN
opposed	VBN
to	TO
availability	NN
,	,
provides	VBZ
a	DT
much	RB
more	RBR
revealing	JJ
picture	NN
of	IN
the	DT
marketplace	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
p.	FW
1869	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Although	IN
Rimm	NNP
's	POS
figures	NNS
show	VBP
that	IN
of	IN
the	DT
forty	CD
most	RBS
popular	JJ
newsgroups	NNS
worldwide	VBP
``	``
only	RB
one	CD
,	,
alt	NN
.	.
binaries	NNS
.	.
pictures	NNS
.	.
erotica	NN
,	,
contained	VBD
encoded	VBN
pornographic	JJ
images	NNS
,	,
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
p.	FW
1871	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
he	PRP
claims	VBZ
that	IN
``	``
when	WRB
the	DT
data	NN
is	VBZ
-LRB-	-LRB-
sic	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
classified	VBN
by	IN
percent	NN
of	IN
news	NN
readers	NNS
who	WP
subscribe	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
newsgroups	NNS
,	,
three	CD
of	IN
the	DT
five	CD
most	RBS
popular	JJ
newsgroups	NNS
are	VBP
pornographic	JJ
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
20,644	CD
of	IN
the	DT
101,211	CD
monthly	JJ
Usenet	NNP
posts	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
top	JJ
forty	CD
newsgroups	NNS
,	,
or	CC
20.4	CD
%	NN
,	,
are	VBP
pornographic	JJ
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
p.	FW
1873	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Oddly	RB
,	,
no	DT
data	NNS
are	VBP
presented	VBN
to	TO
support	VB
this	DT
claim	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
no	DT
data	NNS
classify	VBP
newsgroups	NNS
by	IN
``	``
percent	NN
of	IN
newsreaders	NNS
who	WP
subscribe	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
newsgroups	NNS
.	.
''	''
Nor	CC
is	VBZ
it	PRP
clear	JJ
whether	IN
Rimm	NNP
,	,
as	IN
he	PRP
appears	VBZ
to	TO
claim	VB
,	,
actually	RB
looked	VBD
at	IN
101,211	CD
Usenet	NNP
posts	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
top	JJ
forty	CD
newsgroups	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
that	DT
20.4	CD
%	NN
of	IN
the	DT
postings	NNS
``	``
are	VBP
pornographic	JJ
.	.
''	''
The	DT
CDA	NNP
was	VBD
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
attempts	NNS
to	TO
regulate	VB
internet	NN
pornography	NN
.	.
The	DT
legislation	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
survive	VB
a	DT
constitutional	JJ
analysis	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
.	.
Writing	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
majority	NN
,	,
Justice	NNP
Stevens	NNP
explained	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
restrictions	NNS
prohibiting	VBG
the	DT
transmission	NN
of	IN
obscene	JJ
or	CC
indecent	JJ
materials	NNS
were	VBD
content-based	JJ
blanket	NN
restrictions	NNS
on	IN
speech	NN
,	,
and	CC
could	MD
not	RB
survive	VB
a	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
challenge	NN
as	IN
a	DT
form	NN
of	IN
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
and	CC
manner	NN
regulation	NN
.	.
The	DT
provisions	NNS
were	VBD
also	RB
deemed	VBN
over	IN
broad	JJ
on	IN
their	PRP$
face	NN
.	.
The	DT
decision	NN
in	IN
Reno	NNP
was	VBD
reached	VBN
on	IN
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
grounds	NNS
,	,
obviating	VBG
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
conduct	VB
a	DT
fifth	JJ
amendment	NN
analysis	NN
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
pointed	VBD
out	RP
,	,
when	WRB
a	DT
government	NN
regulation	NN
proposes	VBZ
to	TO
limit	VB
speech	NN
,	,
strict	JJ
scrutiny	NN
is	VBZ
applied	VBN
.	.
This	DT
level	NN
of	IN
scrutiny	NN
requires	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
government	NN
's	POS
ends	NNS
,	,
or	CC
what	WP
the	DT
government	NN
is	VBZ
attempting	VBG
to	TO
protect	VB
,	,
be	VB
compelling	JJ
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
means	NNS
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
method	NN
of	IN
regulating	VBG
,	,
be	VB
narrowly	RB
tailored	VBN
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
need	NN
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
's	POS
analysis	NN
,	,
this	DT
burden	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
met	VBN
because	IN
the	DT
CDA	NNP
``	``
effectively	RB
suppresse	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
a	DT
large	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
that	IN
adults	NNS
have	VBP
a	DT
constitutional	JJ
right	NN
to	TO
receive	VB
and	CC
to	TO
address	VB
to	TO
one	CD
another	DT
.	.
The	DT
burden	NN
on	IN
adult	NN
speech	NN
is	VBZ
unacceptable	JJ
if	IN
less	JJR
restrictive	JJ
alternatives	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
at	IN
least	JJS
as	IN
effective	JJ
...	:
''	''
Id	NN
.	.
at	IN
2346	CD
.	.
There	EX
was	VBD
no	DT
doubt	NN
that	IN
the	DT
government	NN
's	POS
ends	NNS
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
legislation	NN
was	VBD
legitimate	JJ
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
government	NN
clearly	RB
had	VBD
an	DT
interest	NN
in	IN
protecting	VBG
children	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
in	IN
its	PRP$
attempt	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
children	NNS
,	,
the	DT
government	NN
infringed	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
rights	NNS
of	IN
adults	NNS
.	.
One	CD
question	NN
left	VBD
open	JJ
by	IN
Reno	NNP
v.	CC
ACLU	NNP
is	VBZ
how	WRB
the	DT
government	NN
can	MD
properly	RB
regulate	VB
pornography	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
if	IN
indeed	RB
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
without	IN
violating	VBG
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
criticized	VBD
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
alternatives	NNS
available	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
and	CC
seemed	VBD
to	TO
believe	VB
that	IN
in	IN
the	DT
near	JJ
future	JJ
technology	NN
would	MD
provide	VB
better	JJR
methods	NNS
of	IN
protecting	VBG
children	NNS
.	.
The	DT
government	NN
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
devise	VB
a	DT
scheme	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
restrict	VB
children	NNS
's	POS
access	NN
to	TO
pornographic	JJ
materials	NNS
without	IN
overly	RB
burdening	VBG
consenting	VBG
adults	NNS
,	,
and	CC
those	DT
posting	VBG
the	DT
pornographic	JJ
material	NN
.	.
One	CD
suggestion	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
analyzed	VBN
was	VBD
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
credit	NN
card	NN
verification	NN
.	.
Using	VBG
this	DT
method	NN
,	,
web	NN
hosts	NNS
,	,
or	CC
those	DT
who	WP
operate	VBP
the	DT
web	NN
sites	NNS
,	,
would	MD
require	VB
a	DT
credit	NN
card	NN
number	NN
before	IN
allowing	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
pornographic	JJ
materials	NNS
.	.
The	DT
credit	NN
card	NN
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
charged	VBN
,	,
but	CC
rather	RB
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
the	DT
viewer	NN
would	MD
be	VB
verified	VBN
by	IN
use	NN
of	IN
an	DT
electronic	JJ
data	NN
base	NN
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
was	VBD
not	RB
satisfied	VBN
with	IN
this	DT
proposal	NN
.	.
For	IN
one	CD
thing	NN
,	,
this	DT
method	NN
may	MD
cause	VB
an	DT
undue	JJ
burden	NN
to	TO
non-commercial	JJ
web	NN
hosts	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
was	VBD
of	IN
the	DT
opinion	NN
that	IN
this	DT
method	NN
may	MD
unduly	RB
restrict	VB
individuals	NNS
'	POS
expression	NN
.	.
Another	DT
option	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
discussed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
was	VBD
parental	JJ
control	NN
of	IN
what	WP
a	DT
minor	JJ
could	MD
access	VB
.	.
This	DT
method	NN
involved	VBD
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
software	NN
that	IN
restricts	VBZ
access	NN
to	TO
web	NN
sites	NNS
containing	VBG
certain	JJ
words	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
29	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
``	``
Companies	NNS
like	IN
America	NNP
Online	NNP
and	CC
Walt	NNP
Disney	NNP
have	VBP
released	VBN
tools	NNS
that	WDT
help	VBP
parents	NNS
screen	NN
out	IN
what	WP
can	MD
be	VB
seen	VBN
on	IN
their	PRP$
computers	NNS
while	IN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
30	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Others	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
calling	VBG
for	IN
self	NN
-	:
regulation	NN
,	,
Seth	NNP
Warshavksy	NNP
,	,
the	DT
owner	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
Entertainment	NNP
Group	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
IEG	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
lwhich	VBP
runs	NNS
over	IN
30	CD
pornographic	JJ
sites	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
suggested	VBD
during	IN
a	DT
Senate	NNP
Committee	NNP
meeting	NN
on	IN
Internet	NNP
pornography	NN
that	WDT
adult	NN
sites	NNS
should	MD
only	RB
be	VB
viewed	VBN
by	IN
adults	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
proposed	VBD
his	PRP$
method	NN
of	IN
ensuring	VBG
that	IN
only	RB
adults	NNS
were	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
access	NN
adult	NN
material	NN
;	:
what	WP
he	PRP
termed	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
``	``
adult	NN
only	RB
''	''
Internet	NNP
area	NN
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
labeled	VBN
''	''
.	.
adult	NN
''	''
,	,
instead	RB
of	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
names	NNS
we	PRP
are	VBP
so	RB
familiar	JJ
with	IN
-	:
''	''
.	.
com	NN
,	,
.	.
org	NN
and	CC
.	.
edu	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
31	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
this	DT
manner	NN
,	,
one	CD
would	MD
know	VB
when	WRB
adult	NN
material	NN
was	VBD
going	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
accessed	VBN
,	,
thereby	RB
avoiding	VBG
the	DT
problem	NN
of	IN
accidental	JJ
exposure	NN
.	.
Another	DT
problem	NN
with	IN
this	DT
method	NN
is	VBZ
enforcement	NN
.	.
Specifically	RB
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
virtually	RB
no	DT
way	NN
that	IN
the	DT
government	NN
can	MD
ensure	VB
that	IN
everyone	NN
complies	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
tagging	NN
requirements	NNS
.	.
With	IN
literally	RB
millions	NNS
of	IN
new	JJ
web	NN
sites	NNS
added	VBD
yearly	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
monumental	JJ
task	NN
to	TO
attempt	VB
to	TO
document	VB
what	WP
each	DT
site	NN
contains	VBZ
,	,
much	RB
less	JJR
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
tagging	NN
requirements	NNS
exists	VBZ
.	.
This	DT
sort	NN
of	IN
enforcement	NN
would	MD
require	VB
a	DT
huge	JJ
expenditure	NN
by	IN
the	DT
government	NN
and	CC
the	DT
results	NNS
are	VBP
anything	NN
but	CC
guaranteed	VBN
.	.
Simply	RB
put	VBN
,	,
the	DT
tagging	VBG
method	NN
would	MD
place	VB
demands	NNS
on	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
much	RB
like	IN
the	DT
``	``
war	NN
on	IN
drugs	NNS
''	''
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
arrest	NN
of	IN
one	CD
perpetrator	NN
simply	RB
creates	VBZ
room	NN
in	IN
the	DT
market	NN
for	IN
one	CD
more	JJR
entrepreneur	NN
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
the	DT
solutions	NNS
so	RB
far	RB
presented	VBN
can	MD
be	VB
categorized	VBN
into	IN
one	CD
of	IN
two	CD
categories	NNS
:	:
zoning	VBG
solutions	NNS
and	CC
filtering	VBG
solutions	NNS
.	.
Lessig	NNP
points	VBZ
out	RP
the	DT
differences	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
two	CD
systems	NNS
well	RB
in	IN
his	PRP$
law	NN
review	NN
article	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
see	VB
footnote	NN
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
zoning	VBG
solution	NN
,	,
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
peakers	NNS
are	VBP
zoned	VBN
into	IN
a	DT
space	NN
from	IN
which	WDT
children	NNS
are	VBP
excluded	VBN
.	.
''	''
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
model	NN
adopted	VBN
both	DT
by	IN
the	DT
Communications	NNPS
Decency	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
Under	IN
these	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
statutes	NNS
,	,
sites	NNS
offering	VBG
pornographic	JJ
must	MD
deny	VB
unless	IN
and	CC
until	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
wishing	VBG
to	TO
view	VB
the	DT
material	NN
can	MD
prove	VB
that	IN
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
an	DT
adult	NN
.	.
A	DT
sub-category	NN
of	IN
the	DT
zoning	VBG
solution	NN
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
requirement	NN
that	WDT
minors	NNS
configure	VBP
their	PRP$
browsers	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
identify	VB
them	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
minor	JJ
to	TO
all	DT
other	JJ
computers	NNS
,	,
possibly	RB
through	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
``	``
cookies	NNS
''	''
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
34	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
this	DT
manner	NN
,	,
minors	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
telling	VBG
the	DT
world	NN
not	RB
to	TO
allow	VB
them	PRP
access	NN
to	TO
pornographic	JJ
materials	NNS
.	.
And	CC
web	NN
sites	NNS
offering	VBG
the	DT
material	NN
would	MD
simply	RB
block	VB
the	DT
minor	JJ
's	POS
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
material	NN
.	.
The	DT
zoning	VBG
scheme	NN
requires	VBZ
the	DT
government	NN
to	TO
censor	VB
items	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
considered	VBN
pornographic	JJ
,	,
while	IN
the	DT
filtering	VBG
system	NN
allows	VBZ
individuals	NNS
to	TO
determine	VB
what	WP
they	PRP
should	MD
and	CC
should	MD
not	RB
see	VB
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
Lessig	NNP
,	,
zoning	VBG
solutions	NNS
are	VBP
akin	JJ
to	TO
censorship	NN
whereas	IN
filtering	VBG
solutions	NNS
resemble	VBP
choice	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
35	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
For	IN
this	DT
reason	NN
,	,
filtering	VBG
solutions	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
go	VB
far	RB
enough	RB
,	,
while	IN
zoning	VBG
solutions	NNS
may	MD
indeed	RB
go	VB
too	RB
far	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
at	IN
least	JJS
in	IN
a	DT
constitutional	JJ
analysis	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
already	RB
much	JJ
evidence	NN
that	DT
children	NNS
can	MD
easily	RB
bypass	VB
parental	JJ
controls	NNS
on	IN
computers	NNS
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
a	DT
recent	JJ
TV	NN
program	NN
documented	VBD
a	DT
child	NN
who	WP
boasted	VBD
of	IN
his	PRP$
abilities	NNS
to	TO
vie	VB
pornography	NN
without	IN
his	PRP$
parents	NNS
finding	VBG
out	RP
,	,
despite	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
his	PRP$
parents	NNS
had	VBD
a	DT
filtering	VBG
software	NN
on	IN
the	DT
home	NN
computer	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
36	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Further	RB
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
parents	NNS
restrict	VBP
children	NNS
's	POS
access	NN
from	IN
home	NN
computers	NNS
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
control	VB
what	WP
the	DT
children	NNS
view	VBP
outside	IN
the	DT
home	NN
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
focus	VB
on	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
disclaimers	NNS
to	TO
avoid	VB
the	DT
existence	NN
or	CC
establishment	NN
of	IN
an	DT
attorney	NN
client	NN
relationship	NN
on	IN
attorney	NN
operated	VBD
websites	NNS
.	.
After	IN
a	DT
brief	JJ
discussion	NN
on	IN
the	DT
law	NN
of	IN
attorney	NN
disclaimers	NNS
in	IN
general	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
related	JJ
public	JJ
policy	NN
concerns	NNS
,	,
this	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
address	VB
two	CD
types	NNS
of	IN
attorney	NN
operated	VBD
websites	NNS
,	,
first	RB
,	,
advertisement	NN
sites	NNS
,	,
then	RB
interactive	JJ
websites	NNS
.	.
Restatement	NN
to	TO
apply	VB
,	,
nor	CC
does	VBZ
it	PRP
require	VB
that	IN
a	DT
person	NN
share	NN
confidential	JJ
information	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
many	JJ
state	NN
bars	NNS
have	VBP
warned	VBN
its	PRP$
members	NNS
against	IN
providing	VBG
advice	NN
in	IN
certain	JJ
public	JJ
settings	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
seminars	NNS
and	CC
radio	NN
talk	NN
shows	NNS
.	.
These	DT
bars	NNS
feel	VBP
that	IN
laypeople	NNS
are	VBP
likely	JJ
to	TO
rely	VB
on	IN
such	JJ
advice	NN
on	IN
the	DT
mistaken	JJ
assumption	NN
that	IN
this	DT
advice	NN
applies	VBZ
specifically	RB
to	TO
them	PRP
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
when	WRB
a	DT
person	NN
does	VBZ
communicate	VB
confidential	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
an	DT
attorney	NN
,	,
either	CC
in	IN
a	DT
personal	JJ
or	CC
public	JJ
setting	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
often	RB
powerful	JJ
evidence	NN
that	IN
the	DT
person	NN
intended	VBN
to	TO
form	VB
an	DT
attorney-client	JJ
relationship	NN
.	.
This	DT
communication	NN
then	RB
may	MD
impose	VB
a	DT
duty	NN
upon	IN
a	DT
lawyer	NN
even	RB
if	IN
he	PRP
clearly	RB
indicates	VBZ
that	IN
representation	NN
is	VBZ
declined	VBN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
under	IN
the	DT
Restatement	NNP
's	POS
definition	NN
a	DT
request	NN
for	IN
legal	JJ
advice	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
received	VBN
through	IN
an	DT
attorney	NN
's	POS
website	NN
will	MD
probably	RB
begin	VB
the	DT
formation	NN
of	IN
an	DT
attorney-client	JJ
relationship	NN
,	,
based	VBN
upon	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
client	NN
has	VBZ
expressed	VBN
a	DT
desire	NN
for	IN
legal	JJ
advice	NN
.	.
In	IN
conclusion	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
imperative	JJ
that	IN
an	DT
attorney	NN
pay	NN
particular	JJ
close	JJ
attention	NN
to	TO
online	VB
communication	NN
with	IN
another	DT
since	IN
the	DT
Restatement	NN
only	RB
requires	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
person	NN
intend	VBP
to	TO
ask	VB
for	IN
legal	JJ
advice	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
indication	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
very	RB
little	JJ
is	VBZ
required	VBN
for	IN
them	PRP
to	TO
express	VB
this	DT
intent	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
probably	RB
reasonable	JJ
to	TO
assume	VB
that	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
will	MD
error	NN
on	IN
the	DT
side	NN
of	IN
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
find	VB
that	IN
the	DT
linchpin	NN
for	IN
the	DT
analysis	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
attorney	NN
giving	VBG
legal	JJ
advice	NN
of	IN
any	DT
kind	NN
to	TO
another	DT
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
to	TO
be	VB
conservative	JJ
,	,
an	DT
attorney	NN
should	MD
assume	VB
that	IN
every	DT
time	NN
he	PRP
responds	VBZ
to	TO
a	DT
question	NN
online	NN
,	,
he	PRP
has	VBZ
provided	VBN
legal	JJ
advice	NN
and	CC
intended	VBN
to	TO
form	VB
a	DT
confidential	JJ
attorney-client	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
person	NN
.	.
Presumably	RB
,	,
advertising	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
may	MD
be	VB
included	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
list	NN
of	IN
available	JJ
yet	RB
restricted	VBN
advertising	NN
venues	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
attorney	NN
advertising	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
should	MD
be	VB
permitted	VBN
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
:	:
there	EX
is	VBZ
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
keep	VB
a	DT
recorded	VBN
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
advertisement	NN
for	IN
two	CD
years	NNS
,	,
that	IN
any	DT
lawyer	NN
not	RB
give	VB
anything	NN
of	IN
value	NN
for	IN
recommendations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
website	NN
include	VBP
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
at	IN
one	CD
attorney	NN
responsible	JJ
for	IN
its	PRP$
content	NN
.	.
Even	RB
on	IN
webpages	NNS
attorneys	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
careful	JJ
of	IN
stating	VBG
a	DT
specialty	NN
unless	IN
certified	VBN
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
ambiguity	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
within	IN
Rule	NNP
7.4	CD
it	PRP
has	VBZ
guidelines	NNS
for	IN
jurisdictions	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
a	DT
regulatory	JJ
authority	NN
granting	VBG
certification	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
for	IN
jurisdictions	NNS
where	WRB
there	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
procedures	NNS
for	IN
any	DT
certifications	NNS
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
very	RB
least	JJS
,	,
a	DT
data	NN
flow	NN
diagram	NN
of	IN
an	DT
interactive	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
must	MD
contain	VB
at	IN
least	JJS
and	CC
one	CD
conditional	JJ
branch	NN
.	.
The	DT
very	RB
simplest	JJS
could	MD
be	VB
some	DT
version	NN
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
I	PRP
accept	VBP
''	''
button	NN
found	VBD
on	IN
many	JJ
commercial	JJ
web	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
which	WDT
returns	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
user	NN
an	DT
answer	NN
to	TO
``	``
a	DT
specific	JJ
legal	JJ
question	NN
''	''
#	#
-LRB-	-LRB-
77	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
a	DT
contract	NN
,	,
will	MD
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
legal	JJ
document	NN
has	VBZ
provided	VBN
a	DT
legal	JJ
service	NN
.	.
This	DT
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
direct	JJ
answer	NN
or	CC
an	DT
e-mail	NN
reply	NN
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
a	DT
lawyer	NN
can	MD
roll	VB
out	IN
of	IN
bed	NN
at	IN
home	NN
,	,
unshowered	JJ
,	,
pull	VB
up	RP
to	TO
a	DT
PC	NN
in	IN
pajamas	NNS
and	CC
bunny	NN
slippers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
initiate	NN
settlement	NN
proceedings	NNS
.	.
Counsel	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
notified	VBN
of	IN
a	DT
settlement	NN
offer	NN
while	IN
stepping	VBG
,	,
dripping	VBG
wet	JJ
,	,
from	IN
the	DT
shower	VB
an	DT
hour	NN
later	RB
.	.
Will	MD
--	:
or	CC
should	MD
--	:
lawyers	NNS
be	VB
arguing	VBG
the	DT
issues	NNS
discussed	VBN
in	IN
those	DT
virtual	JJ
courtrooms	NNS
?	.
If	IN
disputing	VBG
parties	NNS
flock	NN
to	TO
a	DT
more	RBR
casual	JJ
,	,
convenient	JJ
,	,
and	CC
user-friendly	JJ
forum	NN
than	IN
the	DT
traditional	JJ
courthouse	NN
has	VBZ
provided	VBN
,	,
will	MD
lawyers	NNS
contribute	VBP
chiefly	RB
as	IN
behind-the-scene	JJ
legal	JJ
coaches	NNS
and	CC
consultants	NNS
?	.
MIRC	NNP
maintains	VBZ
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
information	NN
about	IN
mediation	NN
generally	RB
,	,
and	CC
articles	NNS
and	CC
discussions	NNS
about	IN
online	NN
mediation	NN
specifically	RB
.	.
See	VB
the	DT
Mediation	NNP
Information	NNP
and	CC
Resource	NNP
Center	NNP
.	.
When	WRB
electronic	JJ
communication	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
,	,
the	DT
neutral	JJ
shuttles	NNS
back	RB
and	CC
forth	RB
,	,
communicating	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
and	CC
passing	VBG
on	IN
information	NN
as	IN
permitted	VBN
,	,
calling	VBG
joint	JJ
sessions	NNS
as	IN
appropriate	JJ
,	,
just	RB
as	IN
in	IN
offline	NN
mediation	NN
.	.
Reliability	NNP
Seal	NNP
hopes	VBZ
to	TO
convey	VB
to	TO
consumers	NNS
a	DT
level	NN
of	IN
assurance	NN
that	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
legitimate	JJ
vendor	NN
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
BBB	NNP
ready	JJ
to	TO
assist	VB
the	DT
customer	NN
if	IN
the	DT
vendor	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
live	VB
up	RP
to	TO
expectations	NNS
;	:
and	CC
with	IN
arbitration	NN
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
customer	NN
's	POS
option	NN
,	,
available	JJ
to	TO
resolve	VB
unsettled	JJ
matters	NNS
.	.
While	IN
pointing	VBG
out	RP
the	DT
benefits	NNS
of	IN
``	``
eliminating	VBG
missed	VBN
telephone	NN
calls	NNS
,	,
keeping	VBG
the	DT
negotiations	NNS
moving	VBG
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
-RRB-	-RRB-
saving	VBG
litigation	NN
costs	NNS
''	''
SettlementOnline	JJ
states	NNS
its	PRP$
service	NN
helps	VBZ
with	IN
``	``
most	RBS
importantly	RB
,	,
getting	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
number	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
People	NNS
in	IN
virtual	JJ
communities	NNS
use	VBP
words	NNS
on	IN
screens	NNS
to	TO
exchange	VB
pleasantries	NNS
and	CC
argue	VBP
,	,
engage	VBP
in	IN
intellectual	JJ
discourse	NN
,	,
conduct	NN
commerce	NN
,	,
exchange	NN
knowledge	NN
,	,
share	NN
emotional	JJ
support	NN
,	,
make	VB
plans	NNS
,	,
brainstorm	NN
,	,
gossip	NN
,	,
feud	NN
,	,
fall	NN
in	IN
love	NN
,	,
find	VB
friends	NNS
and	CC
lose	VB
them	PRP
,	,
play	VB
games	NNS
flirt	VBP
,	,
create	VBP
a	DT
little	JJ
high	JJ
art	NN
and	CC
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
idle	JJ
talk	NN
.	.
People	NNS
in	IN
virtual	JJ
communities	NNS
do	VBP
just	RB
about	RB
everything	NN
people	NNS
do	VBP
in	IN
real	JJ
life	NN
,	,
but	CC
we	PRP
leave	VBP
our	PRP$
bodies	NNS
behind	IN
.	.
''	''
Some	DT
scholars	NNS
have	VBP
asserted	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
can	MD
not	RB
reach	VB
its	PRP$
full	JJ
potential	NN
without	IN
a	DT
carefully	RB
crafted	VBN
model	NN
of	IN
dispute	NN
resolution	NN
that	WDT
encourages	VBZ
cooperation	NN
and	CC
collaboration	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
reinforces	VBZ
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
community	NN
.	.
Both	DT
parties	NNS
to	TO
online	JJ
transactions	NNS
are	VBP
familiar	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
know	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
use	VB
it	PRP
;	:
both	DT
generally	RB
have	VBP
email	NN
capability	NN
;	:
and	CC
the	DT
parties	NNS
have	VBP
already	RB
established	VBN
a	DT
financial	JJ
relationship	NN
,	,
making	VBG
financial	JJ
settlements	NNS
easier	JJR
to	TO
implement	VB
.	.
Unlike	IN
oral	JJ
communications	NNS
,	,
email	NN
messages	NNS
kept	VBD
in	IN
an	DT
electronic	JJ
archive	NN
can	MD
be	VB
retrieved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
,	,
who	WP
may	MD
look	VB
at	IN
them	PRP
frequently	RB
and	CC
renew	VB
their	PRP$
anger	NN
over	IN
past	JJ
statements	NNS
,	,
even	RB
when	WRB
the	DT
other	JJ
party	NN
has	VBZ
since	IN
moved	VBN
away	RB
from	IN
that	DT
position	NN
.	.
``	``
No	DT
shows	NNS
''	''
and	CC
getting	VBG
both	DT
parties	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
-LRB-	-LRB-
virtual	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
table	NN
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
real	JJ
problem	NN
in	IN
ODR	NNP
.	.
Cybertribunal	NNP
,	,
a	DT
site	NN
founded	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Montreal	NNP
law	NN
professor	NN
,	,
closed	VBD
because	RB
in	IN
over	IN
half	NN
of	IN
the	DT
500	CD
cases	NNS
Cybertribunal	NNP
attempted	VBD
to	TO
resolve	VB
,	,
the	DT
``	``
defendant	NN
''	''
never	RB
responded	VBD
to	TO
email	VB
requests	NNS
for	IN
information	NN
.	.
Full	NNP
disclosure	NN
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
.	.
Yet	RB
visitors	NNS
to	TO
web	NN
sites	NNS
are	VBP
accustomed	VBN
to	TO
browsing	VBG
quickly	RB
through	IN
information	NN
and	CC
may	MD
jump	VB
right	RB
into	IN
the	DT
processes	NNS
offered	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
site	NN
without	IN
reading	VBG
through	IN
the	DT
preliminary	JJ
information	NN
and	CC
instructions	NNS
.	.
ODR	NNP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
currently	RB
create	VB
an	DT
even	RB
informal	JJ
body	NN
of	IN
precedent	NN
from	IN
its	PRP$
resolutions	NNS
;	:
this	DT
makes	VBZ
accountability	NN
and	CC
predictability	NN
of	IN
consequences	NNS
for	IN
behavior	NN
,	,
particularly	RB
by	IN
merchants	NNS
,	,
more	RBR
difficult	JJ
.	.
Encryption	NNP
technology	NN
and	CC
digital	JJ
signature	NN
protocols	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
yet	RB
standardized	JJ
;	:
parties	NNS
who	WP
need	VBP
to	TO
keep	VB
their	PRP$
business	NN
confidential	JJ
and	CC
their	PRP$
agreements	NNS
untampered	JJ
with	IN
run	VBP
a	DT
greater	JJR
risk	NN
when	WRB
they	PRP
handle	VBP
a	DT
dispute	NN
online	NN
instead	RB
of	IN
face-to-face	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
Neutral	NNP
glibly	RB
notes	VBZ
that	IN
participants	NNS
``	``
should	MD
have	VB
a	DT
Pentium	NNP
II	NNP
computer	NN
with	IN
a	DT
direct	JJ
Internet	NNP
connection	NN
of	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
56K	CD
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
technologies	NNS
are	VBP
already	RB
included	VBN
in	IN
commercially	RB
available	JJ
browsers	NNS
or	CC
are	VBP
easily	RB
downloadable	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
as	IN
plug-ins	NNS
to	TO
your	PRP$
browser	NN
or	CC
as	IN
`	``
standalone	NN
'	''
programs	NNS
.	.
''	''
The	DT
Federal	NNP
Trade	NNP
Commission	NNP
has	VBZ
had	VBN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
responsibility	NN
for	IN
regulating	VBG
commerce	NN
ever	RB
since	IN
the	DT
agency	NN
was	VBD
formed	VBN
in	IN
1914	CD
by	IN
Congress	NNP
to	TO
prevent	VB
``	``
unfair	JJ
methods	NNS
of	IN
competition	NN
...	:
and	CC
unfair	JJ
or	CC
deceptive	JJ
acts	NNS
or	CC
practices	NNS
in	IN
or	CC
affecting	VBG
commerce	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
Because	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
makes	VBZ
direct	JJ
links	NNS
of	IN
communication	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
anyone	NN
,	,
it	PRP
empowers	VBZ
its	PRP$
users	NNS
to	TO
bypass	VB
existing	VBG
legal	JJ
institutions	NNS
.	.
Decision	NN
making	NN
in	IN
cyberspace	NN
is	VBZ
already	RB
private	JJ
and	CC
decentralized	JJ
.	.
''	''
Magistrate	NN
was	VBD
one	CD
of	IN
two	CD
dispute	NN
resolution	NN
programs	NNS
pioneered	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
in	IN
a	DT
collaboration	NN
by	IN
organizations	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
The	DT
National	NNP
Conference	NNP
of	IN
Automated	NNP
Information	NNP
Research	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NCAIR	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
the	DT
Cyberspace	NNP
Law	NNP
Institute	NNP
.	.
See	VB
id	NN
.	.
at	IN
1325	CD
.	.
Eisen	NNP
argues	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
near-sole	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
written	VBN
communication	NN
in	IN
online	NN
mediation	NN
not	RB
only	RB
makes	VBZ
communication	NN
more	RBR
difficult	JJ
;	:
it	PRP
actively	RB
contributes	VBZ
to	TO
communication	NN
breakdowns	NNS
.	.
See	VB
id	NN
.	.
at	IN
1308	CD
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
CD	NNP
you	PRP
receive	VBP
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
one	CD
you	PRP
ordered	VBD
.	.
A	DT
dispute	NN
arises	VBZ
between	IN
you	PRP
and	CC
the	DT
CD	NNP
vendor	NN
via	IN
email	NN
over	IN
getting	VBG
the	DT
original	JJ
CD	NNP
you	PRP
wanted	VBD
.	.
Words	NNS
are	VBP
exchanged	VBN
and	CC
become	VBN
more	RBR
heated	JJ
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
during	IN
the	DT
climax	NN
of	IN
these	DT
exchanges	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
lose	VBP
your	PRP$
cool	JJ
and	CC
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
heat	NN
of	IN
the	DT
moment	NN
,	,
write	VB
:	:
``	``
You	PRP
Kraut	NNP
bastard	NN
!	.
I	PRP
'm	VBP
sure	JJ
when	WRB
you	PRP
're	VBP
not	RB
spending	VBG
your	PRP$
time	NN
goose-stepping	VBG
down	RP
to	TO
the	DT
local	JJ
beer	NN
hall	NN
,	,
you	PRP
're	VBP
figuring	VBG
out	RP
some	DT
way	NN
to	TO
rip	VB
off	RP
the	DT
average	JJ
customer	NN
.	.
If	IN
it	PRP
were	VBD
n't	RB
for	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
an	DT
ocean	NN
separates	VBZ
you	PRP
,	,
I	PRP
'd	MD
find	VB
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
burn	VB
your	PRP$
damn	JJ
store	NN
down	IN
!	.
''	''
Only	RB
after	IN
cooling	VBG
down	RP
do	VBP
you	PRP
realize	VB
you	PRP
made	VBD
a	DT
mistake	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
you	PRP
think	VBP
nothing	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
outburst	NN
because	IN
over	IN
4,000	CD
miles	NNS
separates	VBZ
you	PRP
from	IN
Germany	NNP
.	.
In	IN
four	CD
days	NNS
time	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
knock	VB
on	IN
your	PRP$
door	NN
and	CC
,	,
surprised	JJ
,	,
you	PRP
see	VBP
two	CD
police	NNS
officers	NNS
standing	VBG
there	RB
,	,
arrest	NN
warrant	NN
in	IN
hand	NN
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
charged	VBN
with	IN
making	VBG
terroristic	JJ
threats	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
are	VBP
now	RB
subject	JJ
either	CC
to	TO
deportation	NN
to	TO
stand	VB
trial	NN
for	IN
the	DT
offense	NN
in	IN
Germany	NNP
,	,
or	CC
domestic	JJ
prosecution	NN
for	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
offense	NN
in	IN
federal	JJ
court-all	NN
under	IN
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Multinational	NNP
Treaty	NNP
on	IN
Cybercrime	NNP
.	.
A	DT
great	JJ
degree	NN
of	IN
controversy	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
generated	VBN
about	IN
this	DT
agreement	NN
to	TO
date	NN
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
discourse	NN
was	VBD
generated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
allegation	NN
that	WDT
19	CD
drafts	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
agreement	NN
were	VBD
generated	VBN
before	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Justice	NNP
ever	RB
admitted	VBD
the	DT
document	NN
's	POS
existence	NN
.	.
2	CD
The	DT
2000	CD
Libertarian	NNP
Party	NNP
candidate	NN
for	IN
President	NNP
,	,
Harry	NNP
Browne	NNP
,	,
described	VBD
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
manner	NN
:	:
``	``
This	DT
treaty	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
attack	VB
crime	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
uniform	JJ
standards	NNS
governing	VBG
Internet	NNP
behavior	NN
and	CC
criminal	JJ
conduct	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
frequent	JJ
cry	NN
by	IN
computer	NN
users	NNS
globally	RB
.	.
The	DT
potential	JJ
harm	NN
that	IN
one	CD
computer	NN
can	MD
wreak	VB
globally	RB
over	IN
the	DT
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
has	VBZ
already	RB
been	VBN
demonstrated	VBN
and	CC
,	,
until	IN
uniform	JJ
standards	NNS
exists	VBZ
to	TO
bring	VB
the	DT
perpetrators	NNS
of	IN
``	``
cybercrimes	NNS
''	''
to	TO
justice	NN
,	,
serious	JJ
doubts	NNS
exist	VBP
whether	IN
Internet	NNP
wrongdoers	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
punished	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
acts	NNS
they	PRP
carry	VBP
out	RP
across	IN
international	JJ
boundaries	NNS
and	CC
over	IN
the	DT
Web	NNP
.	.
Guzman	NNP
's	POS
case	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
visible	JJ
example	NN
of	IN
the	DT
problems	NNS
facing	VBG
international	JJ
oversight	NN
and	CC
jurisdictional	JJ
issues	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
other	JJ
less-publicized	JJ
examples	NNS
have	VBP
arisen	VBN
.	.
In	IN
February	NNP
2000	CD
,	,
a	DT
huge	JJ
denial-of-service	NN
attack	NN
crippled	VBD
many	JJ
large	JJ
websites	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
Yahoo	NNP
!	.
,	,
Amazon.com	NNP
and	CC
eBay.com	NNP
.	.
Investigators	NNS
believe	VBP
this	DT
attack	NN
was	VBD
coordinated	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
group	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
criminals	NNS
working	VBG
in	IN
concert	NN
.	.
Responsibility	NN
for	IN
tracking	NN
and	CC
prosecuting	VBG
cyber-criminals	NNS
has	VBZ
predictably	RB
fallen	VBN
upon	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
Department	NNP
of	IN
Justice	NNP
.	.
In	IN
1991	CD
,	,
the	DT
Justice	NNP
Department	NNP
formed	VBD
the	DT
Computer	NN
Crime	NN
Unit	NN
,	,
which	WDT
has	VBZ
presently	RB
evolved	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
Computer	NN
Crime	NN
and	CC
Intellectual	NNP
Property	NNP
Section	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CCIPS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
unit	NN
encompasses	VBZ
virtually	RB
every	DT
aspect	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
and	CC
Internet	NNP
communications	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
electronic	JJ
privacy	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
encryption	NN
and	CC
e-commerce	NN
investigations	NNS
.	.
This	DT
group	NN
also	RB
coordinates	VBZ
with	IN
other	JJ
law	NN
enforcement	NN
agencies	NNS
and	CC
officials	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
responsibility	NN
for	IN
investigating	VBG
computer-related	JJ
crimes	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Bureau	NNP
of	IN
Investigations	NNPS
operates	VBZ
the	DT
National	NNP
Infrastructure	NNP
Protection	NNP
Center	NNP
,	,
part	NN
of	IN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
organized	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
crime	NN
unit	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
this	DT
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
the	DT
unit	NN
that	WDT
operates	VBZ
the	DT
notorious	JJ
``	``
Carnivore	NN
''	''
email	NN
interception	NN
software	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
10	CD
The	DT
Computer	NN
Crime	NN
and	CC
Intellectual	NNP
Property	NNP
Section	NNP
is	VBZ
also	RB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
international	JJ
coordination	NN
of	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
investigations	NNS
and	CC
helping	VBG
draft	NN
legislation	NN
with	IN
other	JJ
countries	NNS
to	TO
create	VB
cybercrime	NN
laws	NNS
and	CC
prosecute	VB
cybercriminals	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
probably	RB
the	DT
section	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Justice	NNP
most	RBS
responsible	JJ
for	IN
helping	VBG
write	VB
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
on	IN
Cybercrime	NNP
.	.
United	NNP
States	NNPS
'	POS
success	NN
at	IN
passing	VBG
federal	JJ
legislation	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
regulated	VBN
large	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
interstate	JJ
Internet	NNP
behavior	NN
,	,
the	DT
nation	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
unsuccessful	JJ
at	IN
coordinating	VBG
international	JJ
cooperation	NN
to	TO
criminalize	VB
certain	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
Web	NNP
activity	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
a	DT
search	NN
of	IN
any	DT
international	JJ
agreement	NN
between	IN
any	DT
two	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
countries	NNS
agreeing	VBG
to	TO
outlaw	VB
any	DT
form	NN
of	IN
cybercrime	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
presently	RB
exist	VBP
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
on	IN
Cybercrime	NNP
was	VBD
simply	RB
an	DT
event	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
waiting	VBG
for	IN
its	PRP$
time	NN
to	TO
arrive	VB
.	.
However	RB
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
at	IN
least	JJS
four	CD
types	NNS
of	IN
international	JJ
agreements	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
President	NNP
can	MD
form	VB
that	DT
do	VBP
not	RB
need	VB
the	DT
advice	NN
and	CC
consent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Senate	NNP
.	.
14	CD
Even	RB
though	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
already	RB
mentioned	VBN
these	DT
agreements	NNS
have	VBP
no	DT
basis	NN
within	IN
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
,	,
the	DT
High	NNP
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
otherwise	RB
ruled	VBN
these	DT
``	``
pseudo-treaties	NNS
''	''
are	VBP
consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
,	,
but	CC
has	VBZ
likewise	RB
criticized	VBN
them	PRP
within	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
breath	NN
.	.
See	VB
Weinberger	NNP
v.	CC
Rossi	NNP
,	,
456	CD
U.S.	NNP
20	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1982	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Title	NNP
4	CD
outlaws	NNS
infringement	NN
of	IN
copyright	NN
and	CC
relies	VBZ
upon	IN
pre-existing	JJ
international	JJ
agreements	NNS
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
guideposts	NNS
to	TO
define	VB
protected	JJ
materials	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
Bern	NNP
Convention	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Protection	NN
of	IN
Literary	NNP
and	CC
Artistic	NNP
Works	NNP
,	,
the	DT
WIPO	NNP
Copyright	NNP
Treaty	NNP
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
and	CC
Title	NNP
5	CD
provides	VBZ
for	IN
added	VBN
party	NN
liability	NN
by	IN
defining	VBG
and	CC
outlining	VBG
the	DT
standards	NNS
for	IN
aiding	VBG
and	CC
abetting	VBG
criminal	JJ
behavior	NN
,	,
corporate	JJ
liability	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
Section	NN
2	CD
of	IN
the	DT
Draft	NN
outlines	VBZ
the	DT
procedural	JJ
elements	NNS
signatory	JJ
nations	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
legislate	VB
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
uniform	JJ
set	NN
of	IN
standards	NNS
whereby	WRB
law	NN
enforcement	NN
agencies	NNS
can	MD
search	VB
and	CC
seize	VB
computer	NN
equipment	NN
used	VBN
for	IN
illegal	JJ
purposes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
remainder	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Draft	NN
provides	VBZ
for	IN
measures	NNS
signatory	JJ
nations	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
undertake	VB
to	TO
have	VB
jurisdiction	NN
for	IN
the	DT
named	VBN
offenses	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
principles	NNS
to	TO
foster	JJ
international	JJ
cooperation	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
's	POS
terms	NNS
and	CC
expedited	JJ
investigations	NNS
of	IN
computer-related	JJ
offenses	NNS
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
nowhere	RB
in	IN
the	DT
text	NN
of	IN
the	DT
document	NN
are	VBP
the	DT
words	NNS
,	,
``	``
substantive	JJ
due	JJ
process	NN
''	''
or	CC
``	``
procedural	JJ
due	JJ
process	NN
''	''
used	VBN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
no	DT
synonymous	JJ
terms	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
entire	JJ
Draft	NN
.	.
The	DT
closest	JJS
the	DT
Draft	NN
writers	NNS
came	VBD
to	TO
actually	RB
addressing	VBG
these	DT
points	NNS
were	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
preamble	NN
,	,
when	WRB
they	PRP
wrote	VBD
of	IN
``	``
ensuring	VBG
a	DT
proper	JJ
balance	NN
between	IN
the	DT
interests	NNS
of	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
and	CC
respect	NN
for	IN
fundamental	JJ
human	JJ
rights	NNS
.	.
''	''
However	RB
,	,
``	``
fundamental	JJ
human	JJ
rights	NNS
''	''
is	VBZ
an	DT
ambiguous	JJ
term	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
multiple	JJ
interpretations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
United	NNP
States	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
already	RB
demonstrated	VBN
that	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
articulate	VB
fundamental	JJ
rights	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
Clause	NN
,	,
as	IN
evidenced	VBN
in	IN
Palko	NNP
v.	CC
Connecticut	NNP
,	,
302	CD
U.S.	NNP
319	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1937	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
Adamson	NNP
v.	CC
California	NNP
,	,
332	CD
U.S.	NNP
46	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1947	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
But	CC
domestic	JJ
definitions	NNS
of	IN
what	WP
are	VBP
fundamental	JJ
human	JJ
rights	NNS
can	MD
vary	VB
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
from	IN
a	DT
state	NN
with	IN
a	DT
criminal	JJ
justice	NN
system	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
Russia	NNP
,	,
where	WRB
present	JJ
legal	JJ
standards	NNS
hold	VBP
the	DT
accused	VBN
is	VBZ
actually	RB
guilty	JJ
until	IN
proven	JJ
innocent	JJ
.	.
Such	JJ
inherent	JJ
conflicts	NNS
between	IN
American	JJ
standards	NNS
of	IN
constitutionality	NN
and	CC
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
on	IN
Cybercrime	NNP
lead	NN
to	TO
the	DT
central	JJ
hypothesis	NN
of	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
:	:
that	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
signature	NN
on	IN
this	DT
document	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
symbolic	JJ
but	CC
hollow	JJ
act	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
ultimately	RB
lead	VB
to	TO
either	DT
Congress	NNP
not	RB
ratifying	VBG
the	DT
treaty	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
invalidating	VBG
many	JJ
of	IN
its	PRP$
provisions	NNS
as	IN
unconstitutional	JJ
because	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
's	POS
legislative	JJ
terms	NNS
trample	VBP
on	IN
many	JJ
fundamental	JJ
individual	JJ
liberties	NNS
enjoyed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
accused	VBN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
responsibility	NN
for	IN
fighting	VBG
cybercrime	NN
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
rest	VB
upon	IN
domestic	JJ
law	NN
enforcement	NN
using	VBG
new	JJ
investigative	JJ
techniques	NNS
within	IN
constitutional	JJ
bounds	NNS
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
private	JJ
sector	NN
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
increase	VB
its	PRP$
vigilance	NN
of	IN
online	JJ
activities	NNS
to	TO
intercept	VB
and	CC
catch	VB
cyber-criminals	NNS
at	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
game	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
three	CD
key	JJ
areas	NNS
where	WRB
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
on	IN
Cybercrime	NNP
will	MD
have	VB
insurmountable	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
ensuring	VBG
the	DT
document	NN
is	VBZ
either	RB
not	RB
ratified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Senate	NNP
or	CC
is	VBZ
overturned	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
:	:
first	RB
,	,
the	DT
non-self-executing	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
treaty	NN
will	MD
render	VB
it	PRP
unenforceable	JJ
;	:
second	JJ
,	,
certain	JJ
portions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
's	POS
plain	JJ
text	NN
create	VB
constitutional	JJ
conflicts	NNS
;	:
and	CC
third	JJ
,	,
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
interpretation	NN
of	IN
treaties	NNS
and	CC
international	JJ
law	NN
will	MD
establish	VB
barriers	NNS
that	WDT
prevent	VBP
the	DT
Draft	NN
from	IN
ever	RB
having	VBG
the	DT
force	NN
and	CC
effect	NN
of	IN
law	NN
.	.
United	NNP
States	NNPS
courts	NNS
have	VBP
increasingly	RB
adopted	VBN
the	DT
dualist	NN
doctrine	NN
interpreting	VBG
how	WRB
international	JJ
law	NN
should	MD
apply	VB
within	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
's	POS
legal	JJ
system	NN
.	.
A	DT
dualist	JJ
doctrine	NN
holds	VBZ
that	IN
national	JJ
and	CC
international	JJ
legal	JJ
systems	NNS
operate	VBP
within	IN
wholly	RB
individual	JJ
contexts	NNS
.	.
Convention	NNP
on	IN
Cybercrime	NNP
indicates	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
treaty	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
self-executing	JJ
.	.
Multiple	JJ
portions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
specifically	RB
state	NN
that	IN
signatory	JJ
nations	NNS
should	MD
enact	VB
legislation	NN
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
Draft	NNP
's	POS
provisions	NNS
effective	JJ
within	IN
the	DT
sovereign	JJ
state	NN
's	POS
borders	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
the	DT
first	JJ
sentence	NN
of	IN
Title	NNP
5	CD
,	,
Article	NNP
13	CD
states	NNS
that	WDT
:	:
``	``
Each	DT
Party	NNP
shall	MD
take	VB
the	DT
necessary	JJ
measures	NNS
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
the	DT
criminal	JJ
offense	NN
established	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
Articles	NNPS
2-11	CD
are	VBP
punishable	JJ
by	IN
effective	JJ
,	,
proportionate	JJ
and	CC
dissuasive	JJ
sanctions	NNS
and	CC
measures	NNS
.	.
''	''
Alternatively	RB
,	,
under	IN
the	DT
section	NN
titled	VBN
``	``
Jurisdiction	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Title	NNP
5	CD
,	,
Article	NNP
19	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
Draft	NN
calls	VBZ
upon	IN
signatory	JJ
nations	NNS
to	TO
,	,
``	``
take	VB
such	JJ
legislative	JJ
and	CC
other	JJ
measures	NNS
as	IN
may	MD
be	VB
necessary	JJ
to	TO
establish	VB
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
any	DT
offense	NN
established	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
Article	NNP
2-11	CD
of	IN
this	DT
Convention	NNP
,	,
when	WRB
the	DT
offense	NN
is	VBZ
committed	VBN
?	.
''	''
It	PRP
is	VBZ
axiomatic	JJ
that	IN
Congress	NNP
can	MD
only	RB
enact	VB
legislation	NN
within	IN
constitutionally	RB
permissible	JJ
grounds	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
Draft	NN
were	VBD
to	TO
call	VB
upon	IN
the	DT
signatory	NN
nations	NNS
to	TO
enact	VB
legislation	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
either	RB
a.	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
unconstitutional	JJ
upon	IN
its	PRP$
face	NN
,	,
or	CC
b.	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
contradictory	NN
of	IN
existing	VBG
national	JJ
law	NN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
Draft	NN
could	MD
not	RB
possibly	RB
be	VB
self-executing	JJ
and	CC
would	MD
have	VB
no	DT
legal	JJ
force	NN
and	CC
effect	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
exactly	RB
the	DT
situation	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
developing	VBG
.	.
As	IN
explained	VBN
in	IN
greater	JJR
detail	NN
below	IN
,	,
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
on	IN
Cybercrime	NNP
outlaws	NNPS
behavior	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
presently	RB
criminal	JJ
activity	NN
,	,
it	PRP
calls	VBZ
upon	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
to	TO
enact	VB
search	NN
and	CC
seizure	NN
methods	NNS
that	WDT
contradict	VBP
existing	VBG
Fourth	JJ
and	CC
Fifth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
law	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
further	JJ
unenforceable	JJ
under	IN
existing	VBG
treaty	NN
interpretation	NN
principles	NNS
.	.
Congress	NNP
could	MD
not	RB
possibly	RB
enforce	VB
the	DT
Draft	NNP
's	POS
provisions	NNS
without	IN
major	JJ
rewriting	VBG
of	IN
the	DT
Fourth	JJ
and	CC
Fifth	JJ
Amendments	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
courts	NNS
reversing	VBG
numerous	JJ
decisions	NNS
involving	VBG
international	JJ
criminal	JJ
law	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
what	WP
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
would	MD
call	VB
on	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
to	TO
do	VB
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
at	IN
least	JJS
part	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
legal	JJ
system	NN
to	TO
the	DT
``	``
supranationality	NN
''	''
and	CC
doctrine	NN
of	IN
direct	JJ
effects	NNS
that	WDT
is	VBZ
presently	RB
seen	VBN
in	IN
Europe	NNP
among	IN
nations	NNS
who	WP
belong	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
Council	NNP
of	IN
Europe	NNP
.	.
The	DT
doctrine	NN
of	IN
direct	JJ
effects	NNS
calls	VBZ
upon	IN
nations	NNS
who	WP
ally	VBP
with	IN
one	CD
another	DT
either	RB
by	IN
treaty	NN
or	CC
common	JJ
interest	NN
to	TO
concede	VB
part	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
sovereignty	NN
to	TO
the	DT
umbrella	NN
alliance	NN
or	CC
union	NN
.	.
19	CD
However	RB
,	,
as	IN
has	VBZ
already	RB
been	VBN
argued	VBN
,	,
major	JJ
structural	JJ
changes	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
American	JJ
constitutional	JJ
system	NN
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
occur-changes	NNS
so	IN
drastic	JJ
that	IN
their	PRP$
chances	NNS
of	IN
happening	VBG
are	VBP
negligible	JJ
.	.
England	NNP
's	POS
highest	JJS
court	NN
,	,
the	DT
House	NNP
of	IN
Lords	NNPS
,	,
declared	VBD
the	DT
court	NN
lacked	VBD
jurisdiction	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Crown	NNP
to	TO
grant	VB
injunctive	JJ
relief	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
further	RB
stated	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
English	JJ
law	NN
is	VBZ
valid	JJ
unless	IN
Parliament	NNP
declares	VBZ
otherwise	RB
by	IN
repeal	NN
legislation	NN
.	.
20	CD
The	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
'	POS
experience	NN
would	MD
be	VB
similar	JJ
under	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
.	.
Only	RB
an	DT
act	NN
of	IN
Congress	NNP
and	CC
major	JJ
constitutional	JJ
amendments	NNS
would	MD
create	VB
the	DT
necessary	JJ
framework	NN
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
Draft	NNP
have	VBP
its	PRP$
full	JJ
force	NN
and	CC
effect	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
on	IN
Cybercrime	NNP
will	MD
have	VB
no	DT
profound	JJ
effect	NN
on	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
criminal	JJ
code	NN
,	,
nor	CC
will	MD
it	PRP
enhance	VB
domestic	JJ
law	NN
enforcement	NN
's	POS
ability	NN
to	TO
``	``
crack	VB
down	RP
''	''
on	IN
cybercriminals	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
this	DT
only	RB
becomes	VBZ
clearer	JJR
by	IN
further	JJ
examining	VBG
what	WP
exact	JJ
constitutional	JJ
conflicts	NNS
and	CC
treaty	NN
interpretation	NN
principles	NNS
conflict	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
distinction	NN
in	IN
these	DT
two	CD
provisions	NNS
that	WDT
might	MD
create	VB
an	DT
exception	NN
whereby	WRB
a	DT
sovereign	JJ
government	NN
can	MD
compel	VB
a	DT
person	NN
to	TO
produce	VB
the	DT
computer	NN
information	NN
.	.
These	DT
two	CD
sections	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Draft	NN
are	VBP
attempting	VBG
to	TO
compel	VB
a	DT
person	NN
to	TO
produce	VB
data	NNS
or	CC
information	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
more	RBR
analogous	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
subpoena	NN
duces	VBZ
tecum	NN
,	,
calling	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
production	NN
of	IN
documents	NNS
or	CC
things	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
court	NN
.	.
Consequently	RB
,	,
the	DT
government	NN
could	MD
argue	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
interested	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
contents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
subpoenaed	VBN
items	NNS
,	,
nd	NN
not	RB
the	DT
person	NN
per	IN
se	FW
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
a	DT
scenario	NN
not	RB
covered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Fifth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
.	.
The	DT
fatal	JJ
flaw	NN
in	IN
this	DT
argument	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
is	VBZ
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
an	DT
inseparable	JJ
act	NN
of	IN
production	NN
that	WDT
must	MD
occur	VB
for	IN
the	DT
accused	VBN
person	NN
to	TO
produce	VB
the	DT
requested	VBN
data	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
under	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
's	POS
terms	NNS
.	.
Under	IN
these	DT
conditions	NNS
,	,
the	DT
accused	VBN
person	NN
could	MD
invoke	VB
the	DT
Fifth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
privilege	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
an	DT
``	``
implied	JJ
authentication	NN
.	.
''	''
A	DT
simple	JJ
stretch	NN
of	IN
facts	NNS
and	CC
circumstances	NNS
reveals	VBZ
the	DT
Doe	NNP
holding	NN
has	VBZ
applicability	NN
to	TO
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
Articles	NNPS
14	CD
and	CC
15	CD
of	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
.	.
A	DT
person	NN
under	IN
government	NN
order	NN
to	TO
produce	VB
data	NNS
or	CC
computer	NN
information	NN
,	,
if	IN
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
were	VBD
to	TO
produce	VB
such	JJ
items	NNS
,	,
would	MD
be	VB
admitting	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
items	NNS
existed	VBD
,	,
were	VBD
on	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
hard	JJ
drive	NN
and	CC
were	VBD
the	DT
items	NNS
sought	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
government	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
reasonable	JJ
to	TO
believe	VB
the	DT
accused	VBN
could	MD
invoke	VB
the	DT
Fifth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
to	TO
oppose	VB
such	PDT
a	DT
request	NN
for	IN
evidence	NN
.	.
One	CD
interesting	JJ
challenge	NN
to	TO
a	DT
Doe	NNP
immunity	NN
claim	NN
under	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
's	POS
provisions	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
that	IN
,	,
since	IN
most	JJS
computer	NN
users	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
actually	RB
own	VB
the	DT
software	NN
or	CC
operating	VBG
systems	NNS
within	IN
their	PRP$
computers	NNS
and	CC
are	VBP
only	RB
licensing	VBG
these	DT
items	NNS
,	,
any	DT
incriminating	VBG
images	NNS
or	CC
programs	NNS
the	DT
operators	NNS
create	VBP
are	VBP
actually	RB
the	DT
property	NN
of	IN
the	DT
operating	NN
system	NN
owner\/distributor	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
consequently	RB
discoverable	JJ
.	.
In	IN
Fisher	NNP
v.	CC
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
425	CD
U.S.	NNP
Court	NNP
's	POS
finding	VBG
two	CD
Philippine	JJ
nationals	NNS
in	IN
contempt	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
refusal	NN
to	TO
testify	VB
in	IN
the	DT
Marcos	NNP
corruption	NN
investigation	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
further	RBR
ruled	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Fifth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
bind	NN
other	JJ
nations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
testimony	NN
compelled	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
domestic	JJ
court	NN
but	CC
used	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
foreign	JJ
nation	NN
in	IN
accord	NN
with	IN
their	PRP$
laws	NNS
does	VBZ
not	RB
violate	VB
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
.	.
22	CD
However	RB
,	,
this	DT
decision	NN
would	MD
have	VB
only	RB
partial	JJ
applicability	NN
to	TO
a	DT
prosecution	NN
carried	VBD
out	RP
under	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
.	.
Theoretically	RB
,	,
a	DT
national	JJ
investigative	JJ
service	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
FBI	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
would	MD
be	VB
called	VBN
upon	IN
to	TO
assist	VB
another	DT
nation	NN
's	POS
investigative	JJ
arm	NN
with	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
crime	NN
having	VBG
its	PRP$
origins	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
but	CC
its	PRP$
effects	NNS
in	IN
another	DT
sovereign	JJ
state	NN
.	.
More	JJR
than	IN
likely	JJ
,	,
domestic	JJ
law	NN
enforcement	NN
agents	NNS
must	MD
still	RB
act	VB
within	IN
constitutional	JJ
boundaries	NNS
in	IN
such	JJ
a	DT
case	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
confusion	NN
may	MD
arise	VB
whether	IN
the	DT
fruits	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
investigation	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
unconstitutional	JJ
within	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
can	MD
still	RB
be	VB
released	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
foreign	JJ
court	NN
because	IN
these	DT
items	NNS
are	VBP
within	IN
the	DT
foreign	JJ
state	NN
's	POS
courts	NNS
'	POS
evidentiary	JJ
standards	NNS
.	.
Line	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
calls	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
passage	NN
of	IN
laws	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
further	RB
permit	VB
a	DT
law	NN
enforcement	NN
agency	NN
to	TO
,	,
``	``
render	VB
inaccessible	JJ
or	CC
remove	VB
those	DT
computer	NN
data	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
accessed	VBN
computer	NN
file	NN
.	.
''	''
Basically	RB
,	,
it	PRP
calls	VBZ
for	IN
police	NN
agencies	NNS
to	TO
destroy	VB
personal	JJ
files	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
accused	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
an	DT
investigation	NN
and	CC
prior	RB
to	TO
trial	NN
and	CC
adjudication	NN
.	.
Facially	RB
,	,
this	DT
appears	VBZ
to	TO
contradict	VB
the	DT
plain	JJ
language	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Fourth	JJ
Amendment	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
provides	VBZ
that	IN
,	,
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
T	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
he	PRP
right	RB
of	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
secure	JJ
in	IN
their	PRP$
persons	NNS
,	,
houses	NNS
,	,
papers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
effects	NNS
,	,
against	IN
unreasonable	JJ
searches	NNS
and	CC
seizures	NNS
,	,
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
violated	VBN
?	.
''	''
Also	RB
,	,
the	DT
Fifth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
states	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
person	NN
,	,
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
shall	MD
-RRB-	-RRB-
not	RB
be	VB
deprived	VBN
of	IN
life	NN
,	,
liberty	NN
and	CC
property	NN
,	,
without	IN
due	JJ
process	NN
of	IN
law	NN
;	:
nor	CC
shall	MD
private	JJ
property	NN
be	VB
taken	VBN
for	IN
public	JJ
use	NN
,	,
without	IN
just	RB
compensation	NN
.	.
''	''
In	IN
Katz	NNP
v.	CC
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
389	CD
U.S.	NNP
347	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1967	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
defendant	NN
was	VBD
convicted	VBN
of	IN
illegal	JJ
gambling	NN
based	VBN
upon	IN
wagering	NN
information	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
intercepted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
FBI	NNP
from	IN
tap	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
telephone	NN
booth	NN
.	.
Recognizing	VBG
that	DT
Fourth	JJ
Amendment	NNP
protections	NNS
attach	VBP
to	TO
persons	NNS
and	CC
not	RB
places	NNS
,	,
the	DT
High	NNP
Court	NNP
held	VBD
this	DT
search	NN
unconstitutional	JJ
and	CC
outlined	VBD
its	PRP$
standards	NNS
for	IN
what	WP
constituted	VBD
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
search	NN
utilizing	VBG
electronic	JJ
eavesdropping	NN
.	.
A	DT
cursory	JJ
examination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
reveals	VBZ
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
provide	VB
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
protections	NNS
provided	VBN
by	IN
these	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
decisions	NNS
and	CC
federal	JJ
law	NN
precedents	NNS
.	.
These	DT
apparent	JJ
voids	NNS
make	VBP
it	PRP
very	RB
suspect	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
act	NN
will	MD
have	VB
anywhere	RB
near	IN
the	DT
impact	NN
its	PRP$
preamble	NN
states	VBZ
it	PRP
should	MD
within	IN
domestic	JJ
law	NN
.	.
Constitutional	NNP
issues	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
ambiguity	NN
and	CC
do	VB
not	RB
readily	RB
lend	VB
themselves	PRP
to	TO
easy	JJ
analysis	NN
.	.
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
opinions	NNS
on	IN
difficult	JJ
statutes	NNS
that	WDT
invoke	VBP
the	DT
Bill	NNP
of	IN
Rights	NNPS
are	VBP
usually	RB
not	RB
the	DT
most	RBS
simple	JJ
of	IN
opinions	NNS
to	TO
read	VB
.	.
Article	NNP
9	CD
,	,
Subsection	NNP
2	CD
,	,
Line	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
calls	VBZ
for	IN
signatory	NN
states	NNS
to	TO
define	VB
child	NN
pornography	NN
as	IN
including	VBG
visual	JJ
depictions	NNS
of	IN
,	,
``	``
a	DT
person	NN
appearing	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
minor	JJ
engaged	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
sexually	RB
explicit	JJ
conduct	NN
.	.
''	''
It	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
state	NN
that	IN
the	DT
subjects	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
image	NN
must	MD
be	VB
a	DT
minor	JJ
under	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
18	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
.	.
Subsection	NNP
3	CD
of	IN
this	DT
same	JJ
provision	NN
permits	VBZ
signatory	JJ
states	NNS
to	TO
define	VB
the	DT
term	NN
``	``
minor	JJ
,	,
''	''
for	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
Subsection	NNP
2	CD
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
their	PRP$
own	JJ
individual	JJ
laws	NNS
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
must	MD
still	RB
include	VB
anyone	NN
under	IN
18	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
.	.
However	RB
,	,
this	DT
exception	NN
still	RB
does	VBZ
not	RB
eliminate	VB
ambiguity-this	JJ
particular	JJ
code	NN
section	NN
would	MD
make	VB
possession	NN
of	IN
visual	JJ
images	NNS
of	IN
adults	NNS
who	WP
appear	VBP
as	IN
minors	NNS
a	DT
crime	NN
under	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
on	IN
Cybercrime	NNP
.	.
The	DT
crime	NN
as	IN
defined	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
act	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
specific	JJ
intent	NN
crime	NN
,	,
and	CC
also	RB
requires	VBZ
knowledge	NN
of	IN
attendant	JJ
circumstances-i.e.	NN
,	,
the	DT
person	NN
downloading	VBG
images	NNS
off	IN
the	DT
web	NN
must	MD
believe	VB
the	DT
graphics	NNS
are	VBP
of	IN
minors	NNS
engaging	VBG
in	IN
sexual	JJ
conduct	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
facts	NNS
and	CC
circumstances	NNS
indicate	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
subjects	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
picture	NN
are	VBP
not	RB
minors	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
accused	VBN
knows	VBZ
the	DT
people	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
image	NN
are	VBP
not	RB
minors	NNS
,	,
then	RB
a	DT
person	NN
can	MD
not	RB
possess	VB
and\/or	CC
distribute	VB
child	NN
pornography	NN
.	.
Simply	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
adult	JJ
pornography	NN
that	WDT
looks	VBZ
like	IN
minors	NNS
.	.
A	DT
similar	JJ
scenario	NN
exists	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
person	NN
prosecuted	VBD
for	IN
obtaining	VBG
child	NN
pornography	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
actually	RB
adults	NNS
depicting	VBG
minors	NNS
.	.
A	DT
person	NN
might	MD
simply	RB
have	VB
a	DT
fetish	NN
for	IN
young	JJ
looking	VBG
-LRB-	-LRB-
emphasis	NN
added	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
adults	NNS
,	,
but	CC
have	VBP
no	DT
interest	NN
in	IN
actual	JJ
minors	NNS
engaged	VBN
in	IN
sexual	JJ
conduct	NN
.	.
Even	RB
though	IN
this	DT
might	MD
raise	VB
eyebrows	NNS
as	IN
an	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
concern	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
illegal	JJ
conduct	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
a	DT
website	NN
might	MD
offer	VB
a	DT
disclaimer	NN
that	IN
all	DT
persons	NNS
depicted	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
sexual	JJ
graphics	NNS
it	PRP
holds	VBZ
are	VBP
over	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
18	CD
years	NNS
old	JJ
.	.
Convention	NNP
on	IN
Cybercrime	NNP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
complete	JJ
without	IN
mention	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
does	VBZ
incorporate	VB
some	DT
safeguards	NNS
for	IN
sovereign	JJ
nations	NNS
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
its	PRP$
laws	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
compliance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
's	POS
provisions	NNS
.	.
Subsection	NNP
7	CD
,	,
which	WDT
states	VBZ
,	,
``	``
The	DT
powers	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
referred	VBD
to	TO
in	IN
the	DT
present	JJ
Article	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
conditions	NNS
and	CC
safeguards	NNS
as	IN
provided	VBN
for	IN
under	IN
national	JJ
law	NN
.	.
''	''
Also	RB
,	,
Article	NNP
23	CD
,	,
which	WDT
provides	VBZ
for	IN
mutual	JJ
assistance	NN
of	IN
states	NNS
in	IN
international	JJ
criminal	JJ
investigations	NNS
involving	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
has	VBZ
codified	VBN
two	CD
subsections	NNS
that	WDT
maintain	VBP
the	DT
integrity	NN
and	CC
supremacy	NN
of	IN
a	DT
signatory	JJ
nation	NN
's	POS
laws	NNS
.	.
Subsection	NNP
3	CD
permits	VBZ
a	DT
nation	NN
to	TO
refuse	VB
assistance	NN
with	IN
an	DT
investigation	NN
request	NN
when	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
,	,
``	``
incompatible	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
law	NN
of	IN
the	DT
requested	VBN
party	NN
.	.
''	''
Also	RB
,	,
Subsection	NNP
4	CD
states	NNS
:	:
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
T	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
he	PRP
requested	VBD
Party	NNP
may	MD
,	,
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
conditions	NNS
or	CC
grounds	NNS
for	IN
refusal	NN
available	JJ
under	IN
Article	NNP
22	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
refuse	VBP
assistance	NN
if	IN
it	PRP
believes	VBZ
that	IN
compliance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
request	NN
would	MD
prejudice	NN
its	PRP$
sovereignty	NN
,	,
security	NN
,	,
ordre	JJ
public	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
essential	JJ
interests	NNS
.	.
''	''
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
would	MD
still	RB
retain	VB
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
not	RB
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
's	POS
stipulations	NNS
if	IN
it	PRP
found	VBD
portions	NNS
wholly	RB
incompatible	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
this	DT
point	NN
just	RB
begs	VBZ
a	DT
question-should	NN
the	DT
Senate	NNP
ratify	VB
and	CC
the	DT
President	NNP
sign	NN
an	DT
agreement	NN
that	IN
,	,
facially	RB
,	,
has	VBZ
so	RB
many	JJ
flaws	NNS
and	CC
contradicts	VBZ
so	RB
many	JJ
fundamental	JJ
rights	NNS
now	RB
understood	VBN
,	,
enjoyed	VBN
by	IN
and	CC
enforced	VBD
among	IN
American	JJ
citizens	NNS
?	.
Clearly	RB
,	,
if	IN
this	DT
international	JJ
agreement	NN
were	VBD
to	TO
proceed	VB
towards	IN
ratification	NN
within	IN
the	DT
Congress	NNP
,	,
severe	JJ
alterations	NNS
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
occur	VB
to	TO
make	VB
it	PRP
comply	VB
with	IN
basic	JJ
constitutional	JJ
principles	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
highly	RB
doubtful	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
,	,
after	IN
such	JJ
changes	NNS
were	VBD
made	VBN
,	,
would	MD
retain	VB
its	PRP$
full	JJ
force	NN
and	CC
effect	NN
in	IN
the	DT
final	JJ
product	NN
.	.
The	DT
force	NN
and	CC
effect	NN
of	IN
treaties	NNS
,	,
once	RB
ratified	VBD
,	,
is	VBZ
they	PRP
are	VBP
the	DT
supreme	JJ
law	NN
of	IN
the	DT
land	NN
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
Tenth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Supremacy	NNP
Clause	NN
ensure	VB
the	DT
individual	JJ
states	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
create	VB
conflicting	JJ
or	CC
superceding	JJ
laws	NNS
to	TO
any	DT
treaty	NN
,	,
a	DT
binding	JJ
international	JJ
agreement	NN
will	MD
apply	VB
to	TO
a	DT
state	NN
's	POS
laws	NNS
and	CC
citizens	NNS
just	RB
as	IN
any	DT
domestic	JJ
law	NN
would	MD
.	.
See	VB
Hauenstein	NNP
v.	CC
Lynham	NNP
,	,
100	CD
U.S.	NNP
At	IN
first	JJ
glance	NN
,	,
it	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
if	IN
the	DT
Senate	NNP
were	VBD
to	TO
approve	VB
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
on	IN
Cybercrime	NNP
,	,
its	PRP$
force	NN
and	CC
effect	NN
would	MD
be	VB
binding	JJ
on	IN
each	DT
American	JJ
state	NN
.	.
Any	DT
new	JJ
laws	NNS
or	CC
procedures	NNS
created	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
passed	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
federal	JJ
scheme	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
state	NN
and	CC
municipal	JJ
law	NN
enforcement	NN
agencies	NNS
,	,
by	IN
preemption	NN
principles	NNS
,	,
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
honor	VB
its	PRP$
provisions	NNS
when	WRB
carrying	VBG
out	RP
cybercrime	NN
investigations	NNS
.	.
First	RB
,	,
it	PRP
violates	VBZ
the	DT
principle	NN
that	WDT
international	JJ
agreements	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
conflict	VB
with	IN
express	JJ
Constitutional	NNP
provisions	NNS
.	.
In	IN
Reid	NNP
v.	CC
Covert	NNP
,	,
354	CD
U.S.	NNP
1	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1957	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
government	NN
argued	VBD
that	IN
two	CD
independent	JJ
bases	NNS
permitted	VBD
military	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
civilian	JJ
dependents	NNS
overseas	RB
:	:
Article	NNP
1	CD
,	,
Section	NN
8	CD
of	IN
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
,	,
and	CC
an	DT
international	JJ
agreement	NN
with	IN
a	DT
foreign	JJ
state	NN
.	.
While	IN
addressing	VBG
the	DT
latter	JJ
issue	NN
,	,
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
's	POS
plurality	NN
opinion	NN
in	IN
Reid	NNP
held	VBD
there	EX
was	VBD
nothing	NN
in	IN
the	DT
language	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
permitting	VBG
a	DT
treaty	NN
or	CC
foreign	JJ
executive	NN
agreement	NN
to	TO
not	RB
comply	VB
with	IN
existing	VBG
constitutional	JJ
standards	NNS
.	.
As	IN
already	RB
explained	VBN
,	,
select	JJ
portions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Agreement	NNP
,	,
as	IN
presently	RB
written	VBN
,	,
facially	RB
conflict	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Fourth	JJ
and	CC
Fifth	JJ
Amendments	NNS
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
the	DT
principles	NNS
elucidated	VBD
within	IN
these	DT
Amendments	NNS
are	VBP
such	JJ
bedrock	NN
foundations	NNS
to	TO
constitutional	JJ
criminal	JJ
law	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
widely	RB
recognized	VBN
by	IN
lay	VBD
people	NNS
throughout	IN
American	JJ
society	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
would	MD
likely	RB
not	RB
survive	VB
scrutiny	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
when	WRB
challenged	VBN
,	,
and	CC
major	JJ
portions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
would	MD
be	VB
either	RB
heavily	RB
amended	VBN
or	CC
deleted	VBN
in	IN
their	PRP$
entirety	NN
.	.
This	DT
reading	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
's	POS
possible	JJ
future	JJ
course	NN
of	IN
conduct	NN
is	VBZ
consistent	JJ
with	IN
that	DT
body	NN
's	POS
longstanding	JJ
principle	NN
when	WRB
examining	VBG
treaties	NNS
called	VBD
the	DT
``	``
Charming	JJ
Betsy	NNP
Rule	NNP
.	.
''	''
Basically	RB
,	,
this	DT
rule	NN
states	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
will	MD
try	VB
to	TO
construe	VB
domestic	JJ
laws	NNS
so	RB
as	IN
not	RB
to	TO
avoid	VB
international	JJ
agreements	NNS
.	.
Charming	JJ
Betsy	NNP
Rule	NNP
when	WRB
applying	VBG
it	PRP
to	TO
federal	JJ
criminal	JJ
law	NN
.	.
A	DT
reviewing	VBG
court	NN
will	MD
give	VB
full	JJ
force	NN
and	CC
effect	NN
to	TO
a	DT
treaty	NN
so	RB
long	RB
as	IN
the	DT
international	JJ
agreement	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
interpretations	NNS
are	VBP
consistent	JJ
with	IN
constitutional	JJ
principles	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
in	IN
Ma	NNP
v.	CC
Reno	NNP
,	,
208	CD
F.	NNP
3d	CD
815	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
9th	JJ
Cir	NNP
.	.
2000	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
Appeals	NNP
Court	NNP
held	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
indefinite	JJ
detention	NN
of	IN
an	DT
extraditable	JJ
resident	NN
alien	NN
was	VBD
unconstitutional	JJ
because	IN
it	PRP
violated	VBD
his	PRP$
due	JJ
process	NN
rights	NNS
.	.
The	DT
plaintiff	NN
was	VBD
subject	JJ
to	TO
deportation	NN
to	TO
Cambodia	NNP
after	IN
serving	VBG
a	DT
prison	NN
sentence	NN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
had	VBD
no	DT
extradition	NN
treaty	NN
with	IN
Cambodia	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
INS	NNP
detained	VBD
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
indefinitely	RB
until	IN
it	PRP
could	MD
arrange	VB
his	PRP$
deportation	NN
.	.
The	DT
Ninth	NNP
Circuit	NNP
held	VBD
this	DT
violated	VBD
his	PRP$
substantive	JJ
due	JJ
process	NN
rights	NNS
that	IN
he	PRP
was	VBD
granted	VBN
once	RB
resident	JJ
alien	JJ
status	NN
was	VBD
conferred	VBN
upon	IN
him	PRP
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
separate	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
opinion	NN
,	,
the	DT
Ninth	NNP
Circuit	NNP
favorably	RB
commented	VBD
on	IN
an	DT
amicus	NN
curiae	NN
argument	NN
that	WDT
indefinitely	RB
detaining	VBG
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
would	MD
violate	VB
the	DT
Charming	NNP
Betsy	NNP
Rule	NNP
and	CC
directly	RB
conflict	NN
with	IN
United	NNP
States	NNPS
'	POS
international	JJ
agreements	NNS
on	IN
fundamental	JJ
human	JJ
rights	NNS
that	WDT
banned	VBD
arbitrary	JJ
detention	NN
.	.
The	DT
Charming	NNP
Betsy	NNP
Rule	NNP
has	VBZ
applicability	NN
to	TO
the	DT
brewing	NN
conflict	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
on	IN
Cybercrime	NNP
.	.
A	DT
likely	JJ
government	NN
argument	NN
to	TO
any	DT
private	JJ
citizen	NN
's	POS
challenge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
is	VBZ
that	IN
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
Rule	NNP
,	,
courts	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
interpret	VB
domestic	JJ
laws	NNS
to	TO
violate	VB
international	JJ
agreements	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
,	,
if	IN
passed	VBN
by	IN
Congress	NNP
,	,
would	MD
constructively	RB
agree	VB
with	IN
constitutional	JJ
principles	NNS
of	IN
substantive	JJ
and	CC
procedural	JJ
due	JJ
process	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
accused	VBN
would	MD
have	VB
an	DT
equally	RB
valid	JJ
counterpart	NN
argument	NN
under	IN
the	DT
Charming	NNP
Betsy	NNP
Rule	NNP
as	IN
explained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Ma	NNP
opinion	NN
.	.
He	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
could	MD
claim	VB
that	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
'	POS
signature	NN
on	IN
assorted	JJ
treaties	NNS
upholding	VBG
fundamental	JJ
human	JJ
rights	NNS
binds	VBZ
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
to	TO
recognize	VB
both	DT
substantive	JJ
and	CC
procedural	JJ
due	JJ
process	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
can	MD
not	RB
enforce	VB
a	DT
prosecution	NN
under	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
when	WRB
it	PRP
violates	VBZ
existing	VBG
federal	JJ
law	NN
on	IN
these	DT
two	CD
basic	JJ
principles	NNS
.	.
Called	VBN
``	``
the	DT
doctrine	NN
of	IN
rebus	NN
sic	JJ
stantibus	NN
,	,
''	''
this	DT
doctrine	NN
stands	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
principle	NN
that	IN
a	DT
nation	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
party	NN
to	TO
a	DT
treaty	NN
can	MD
invoke	VB
changed	JJ
circumstances	NNS
as	IN
an	DT
excuse	NN
for	IN
invalidating	VBG
its	PRP$
obligations	NNS
under	IN
a	DT
treaty	NN
.	.
This	DT
principle	NN
was	VBD
explained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
court	NN
case	NN
Trans	NNP
World	NNP
Airlines	NNPS
v.	CC
Franklin	NNP
Mint	NNP
,	,
466	CD
U.S.	NNP
243	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1984	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
There	RB
,	,
the	DT
respondent	NN
sought	VBD
compensation	NN
for	IN
lost	VBN
cargo	NN
shipped	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
petitioner	NN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
the	DT
petitioner	NN
shipper	NN
said	VBD
its	PRP$
valuation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
cargo	NN
was	VBD
fixed	VBN
under	IN
a	DT
1927	CD
treaty	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
substantially	RB
less	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
claimed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
respondent	NN
.	.
The	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
upheld	VBD
the	DT
lesser	JJR
valuation	NN
,	,
finding	VBG
that	IN
changed	VBN
domestic	JJ
valuation	NN
standards	NNS
had	VBD
no	DT
effect	NN
on	IN
still-enforceable	JJ
international	JJ
standards	NNS
.	.
Convention	NNP
on	IN
Cybercrime	NNP
would	MD
,	,
theoretically	RB
,	,
have	VBP
an	DT
argument	NN
that	WDT
pending	VBG
judicial	JJ
review	NN
of	IN
the	DT
constitutionality	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
's	POS
provision	NN
may	MD
preclude	VB
enforcing	VBG
its	PRP$
terms	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
doctrine	NN
of	IN
rebus	NN
sic	JJ
stantibus	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
's	POS
ruling	NN
in	IN
Reid	NNP
,	,
the	DT
modification	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Charming	NNP
Betsy	NNP
Rule	NNP
as	IN
explained	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Ninth	NNP
Circuit	NNP
in	IN
Ma	NNP
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
challenge	NN
to	TO
enforcing	VBG
the	DT
treaty	NN
under	IN
rebus	NN
sic	JJ
stantibus	NN
all	DT
highlight	NN
that	WDT
international	JJ
agreements	NNS
,	,
simply	RB
because	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
passed	VBN
and	CC
enforced	VBN
by	IN
separate	JJ
sections	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
,	,
can	MD
not	RB
escape	VB
conforming	VBG
with	IN
basic	JJ
Constitutional	NNP
principles	NNS
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
the	DT
provisions	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Treaty	NNP
on	IN
Cybercrime	NNP
addressing	VBG
extradition	NN
of	IN
suspects	NNS
across	IN
international	JJ
boundaries	NNS
hold	VBP
substantial	JJ
enforceability	NN
problems	NNS
because	IN
these	DT
also	RB
violate	VBP
both	DT
constitutional	JJ
and	CC
international	JJ
principles	NNS
.	.
Extradition	NN
of	IN
cybercriminals	NNS
is	VBZ
generally	RB
addressed	VBN
by	IN
Chapter	NN
III	NNP
,	,
Article	NNP
21	CD
of	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
.	.
This	DT
portion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
basically	RB
states	VBZ
that	IN
all	DT
crimes	NNS
highlighted	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
are	VBP
extraditable	JJ
offenses	NNS
.	.
Two	CD
clauses	NNS
within	IN
this	DT
section	NN
do	VBP
preserve	VB
state	NN
's	POS
sovereignty	NN
over	IN
its	PRP$
citizens	NNS
.	.
Article	NNP
21	CD
,	,
Subsection	NNP
4	CD
does	VBZ
require	VB
extradition	NN
to	TO
conform	VB
to	TO
the	DT
legal	JJ
standards	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
requested	VBN
nation	NN
,	,
and	CC
Subsection	NNP
5	CD
does	VBZ
reserve	VB
the	DT
right	NN
of	IN
a	DT
requested	VBN
nation	NN
to	TO
refuse	VB
extradition	NN
,	,
provided	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
carry	VB
out	RP
domestic	JJ
prosecution	NN
of	IN
the	DT
suspect	NN
for	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
offense	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
multiple	JJ
aspects	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
extradition	NN
problem	NN
that	WDT
complicate	VBP
interpretation	NN
of	IN
this	DT
issue	NN
.	.
First	RB
,	,
a	DT
suspect	JJ
wanted	VBD
within	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
can	MD
either	RB
be	VB
a	DT
foreigner	NN
,	,
a	DT
resident	NN
alien	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
U.S.	NNP
citizen	NN
.	.
These	DT
classifications	NNS
create	VBP
distinctions	NNS
relative	JJ
to	TO
extradition	NN
and	CC
the	DT
law	NN
that	WDT
applies	VBZ
to	TO
each	DT
category	NN
of	IN
person	NN
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
foreign	JJ
warrant	NN
and	CC
whether	IN
it	PRP
conforms	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
principles	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Fourth	JJ
Amendment	NNP
.	.
Last	JJ
,	,
the	DT
rule	NN
of	IN
judicial	JJ
non-inquiry	JJ
factors	NNS
into	IN
the	DT
analysis	NN
by	IN
precluding	VBG
courts	NNS
from	IN
investigating	VBG
the	DT
general	JJ
fairness	NN
of	IN
a	DT
foreign	JJ
arrest	NN
warrant	NN
.	.
Certain	JJ
constitutional	JJ
principles	NNS
apply	VBP
to	TO
all	DT
persons	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
'	POS
borders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Fourth	JJ
Amendment	NNP
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
applies	VBZ
to	TO
all	DT
persons	NNS
present	VBP
within	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
citizenship	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
in	IN
Parretti	NNP
v.	CC
Constitutional	NNP
protections	NNS
apply	VBP
,	,
obviously	RB
,	,
to	TO
all	DT
Americans	NNPS
who	WP
are	VBP
citizens	NNS
by	IN
birth	NN
or	CC
have	VB
been	VBN
naturalized	JJ
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
also	RB
true	JJ
of	IN
foreign	JJ
nationals	NNS
who	WP
enter	VBP
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
and	CC
become	VB
resident	JJ
aliens	NNS
.	.
29	CD
However	RB
,	,
resident	JJ
aliens	NNS
come	VBN
under	IN
an	DT
added	VBN
scrutiny	NN
by	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
once	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
accused	VBN
of	IN
crimes	NNS
because	IN
their	PRP$
legal	JJ
status	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
becomes	VBZ
at	IN
risk	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
a	DT
two-step	JJ
trial	NN
arises	VBZ
to	TO
see	VB
if	IN
the	DT
resident	NN
alien	NN
is	VBZ
guilty	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
accused	VBN
crime	NN
and	CC
,	,
if	IN
so	RB
,	,
do	VBP
they	PRP
become	VBP
deportable	JJ
after	IN
prosecution	NN
.	.
The	DT
category	NN
of	IN
resident	NN
aliens	NNS
will	MD
likely	RB
present	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
problematic	JJ
challenge	NN
for	IN
any	DT
extradition	NN
order	NN
processed	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
on	IN
Cybercrime	NNP
.	.
Courts	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
faced	VBN
with	IN
an	DT
allegedly	RB
valid	JJ
extradition	NN
order	NN
issued	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
competent	JJ
court	NN
of	IN
another	DT
nation	NN
.	.
In	IN
certain	JJ
instances	NNS
,	,
the	DT
charges	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
clear-cut	JJ
violations	NNS
of	IN
law	NN
in	IN
most	JJS
sovereign	JJ
states	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
treaty	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
-	:
computer	NN
fraud	NN
or	CC
violation	NN
of	IN
international	JJ
copyrighted	VBN
material	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
However	RB
,	,
a	DT
certain	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
these	DT
cases	NNS
might	MD
fall	VB
under	IN
the	DT
categories	NNS
where	WRB
the	DT
laws	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
reflect	VB
true	JJ
criminal	JJ
conduct	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
viewing	VBG
adults	NNS
,	,
depicted	VBN
as	IN
minors	NNS
,	,
engaged	VBN
in	IN
sexual	JJ
conduct	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
where	WRB
the	DT
evidence	NN
may	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
obtained	VBN
by	IN
standards	NNS
that	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
conform	VB
with	IN
American	JJ
constitutional	JJ
protections	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
Forth	NNP
and	CC
Fifth	NNP
Amendments	NNP
.	.
At	IN
this	DT
point	NN
,	,
the	DT
rule	NN
of	IN
judicial	JJ
non-inquiry	JJ
factors	NNS
into	IN
the	DT
analysis	NN
and	CC
complicates	VBZ
the	DT
issue	NN
greatly	RB
.	.
However	RB
,	,
this	DT
rule	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
absolute	JJ
and	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
bar	VB
all	DT
judicial	JJ
inquiry	NN
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
court	NN
in	IN
Parretti	NNP
explained	VBD
,	,
certain	JJ
fact-specific	JJ
cases	NNS
or	CC
controversies	NNS
can	MD
still	RB
be	VB
decided	VBN
by	IN
courts	NNS
when	WRB
evaluating	VBG
extradition	NN
requests	NNS
.	.
Cir	NNP
.	.
1986	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
refused	VBD
to	TO
invoke	VB
judicial	JJ
non-inquiry	JJ
because	IN
the	DT
alien	NN
's	POS
offense	NN
in	IN
his	PRP$
foreign	JJ
nation	NN
was	VBD
based	VBN
upon	IN
political	JJ
speech	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
expected	VBN
treatment	NN
awaiting	VBG
him	PRP
would	MD
violate	VB
basic	JJ
humanitarian	JJ
principles	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
courts	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
stuck	VBN
between	IN
the	DT
proverbial	JJ
``	``
rock	NN
and	CC
a	DT
hard	JJ
place	NN
''	''
when	WRB
trying	VBG
to	TO
evaluate	VB
an	DT
extradition	NN
request	NN
for	IN
a	DT
resident	NN
alien	NN
under	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
on	IN
Cybercrime	NNP
.	.
First	RB
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
the	DT
inquiry	NN
of	IN
whether	IN
an	DT
alien	NN
can	MD
be	VB
stripped	VBN
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
constitutional	JJ
protections	NNS
for	IN
offenses	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
crimes	NNS
,	,
or	CC
be	VB
extradited	VBN
to	TO
stand	VB
trial	NN
for	IN
offenses	NNS
that	WDT
utilized	VBD
investigative	JJ
techniques	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
that	WDT
facially	RB
violate	VBP
the	DT
Fourth	JJ
and	CC
Fifth	JJ
Amendments	NNS
.	.
An	DT
alien	JJ
fighting	VBG
such	JJ
a	DT
request	NN
could	MD
reasonably	RB
claim	VB
the	DT
doctrine	NN
of	IN
judicial	JJ
non-inquiry	JJ
does	VBZ
not	RB
apply	VB
because	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
is	VBZ
unconstitutional	JJ
and	CC
,	,
thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
exception	NN
as	IN
explained	VBN
in	IN
Quinn	NNP
applies	VBZ
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
perform	VB
an	DT
independent	JJ
evaluation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
merits	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
foreign	JJ
warrant	NN
.	.
As	IN
explained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Parretti	NNP
decision	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
can	MD
ignore	VB
the	DT
rule	NN
of	IN
judicial	JJ
non-inquiry	JJ
to	TO
examine	VB
whether	IN
a	DT
warrant	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
sufficient	JJ
probable	JJ
cause	NN
.	.
A	DT
defendant	NN
can	MD
make	VB
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
argument	NN
that	IN
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
warrant	NN
issued	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
crime	NN
that	WDT
does	VBZ
not	RB
fit	VB
the	DT
definition	NN
of	IN
an	DT
offense	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	PDT
a	DT
child	NN
pornography	NN
when	WRB
the	DT
depicted	VBN
image	NN
shows	VBZ
two	CD
consenting	VBG
adults	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
evidence	NN
obtained	VBN
by	IN
patently	RB
unconstitutional	JJ
methods	NNS
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
foreign	JJ
warrant	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
satisfy	VB
the	DT
probable	JJ
cause	NN
standards	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Fourth	JJ
Amendment	NNP
.	.
Judicial	NNP
non-inquiry	NN
will	MD
not	RB
apply	VB
under	IN
such	JJ
circumstances	NNS
and	CC
may	MD
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
basis	NN
to	TO
defeat	VB
an	DT
extradition	NN
request	NN
.	.
Cybercrime	NNP
has	VBZ
severe	JJ
constitutional	JJ
issues	NNS
that	WDT
greatly	RB
inhibit	VBP
the	DT
document	NN
's	POS
chances	NNS
of	IN
ever	RB
becoming	VBG
enforceable	JJ
domestic	JJ
law	NN
.	.
Its	PRP$
blatant	JJ
conflicts	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
Fourth	JJ
and	CC
Fifth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
problems	NNS
the	DT
document	NN
would	MD
have	VB
conforming	VBG
with	IN
existing	VBG
treaty	NN
law	NN
,	,
preclude	VB
its	PRP$
incorporation	NN
into	IN
existing	VBG
federal	JJ
criminal	JJ
and	CC
telecommunications	NNS
law	NN
.	.
This	DT
begs	VBZ
a	DT
question	NN
:	:
why	WRB
even	RB
bother	VB
presenting	VBG
such	JJ
legislation	NN
for	IN
the	DT
advice	NN
and	CC
consent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Senate	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
place	NN
?	.
Simply	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
controversial	JJ
area	NN
that	WDT
demands	VBZ
public	JJ
attention	NN
and	CC
activity	NN
on	IN
politicians	NNS
'	POS
parts	NNS
.	.
Computer	NNP
crime	NN
,	,
fraud	NN
and	CC
online	NN
decency	NN
standards	NNS
are	VBP
all	DT
``	``
hot	JJ
topics	NNS
''	''
that	WDT
are	VBP
frequently	RB
seen	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
press	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
computer	NN
users	NNS
tend	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
higher	JJR
educated	VBN
,	,
relatively	RB
more	RBR
affluent	JJ
individuals	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
more	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
vote	VB
.	.
This	DT
increases	VBZ
the	DT
likelihood	NN
that	WDT
politicians	NNS
will	MD
want	VB
to	TO
be	VB
more	RBR
proactive	JJ
about	IN
computer	NN
crime	NN
to	TO
appear	VB
responsive	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
prospective	JJ
voters	NNS
.	.
Press	NNP
attention	NN
on	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
further	RB
fueled	VBD
this	DT
growing	VBG
societal	JJ
worry	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
an	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
suburban	JJ
drug	NN
use	NN
further	JJ
incited	VBD
the	DT
public	NN
's	POS
anxiety	NN
about	IN
a	DT
growing	VBG
epidemic	NN
.	.
In	IN
response	NN
,	,
the	DT
federal	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
governments	NNS
enacted	VBN
a	DT
``	``
get	VB
tough	JJ
''	''
stance	NN
on	IN
drugs	NNS
and	CC
drug	NN
dealers	NNS
,	,
with	IN
well-known	JJ
laws	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
``	``
three	CD
strikes	NNS
and	CC
you	PRP
're	VBP
out	RP
''	''
law	NN
or	CC
``	``
death	NN
penalty	NN
for	IN
drug	NN
kingpins	NNS
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
supposedly	RB
acting	VBG
as	IN
the	DT
``	``
cure	NN
''	''
for	IN
America	NNP
's	POS
drug	NN
problem	NN
.	.
Internet	NNP
criminals	NNS
.	.
``	``
Cybercriminals	NNS
''	''
are	VBP
often	RB
personified	VBN
within	IN
news	NN
articles	NNS
as	IN
``	``
shadowy	JJ
''	''
figures	NNS
who	WP
dwell	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
outer	JJ
limits	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
,	,
as	RB
far	RB
removed	VBN
from	IN
mainstream	JJ
American	JJ
society	NN
as	IN
the	DT
Medellin	NNP
cartel	NN
cocaine	NN
dealers	NNS
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
the	DT
``	``
worldliness	NN
''	''
of	IN
the	DT
Web	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
ability	NN
of	IN
nations	NNS
to	TO
communicate	VB
within	IN
seconds	NNS
heightens	VBZ
fears	NNS
of	IN
truly	RB
international	JJ
criminals	NNS
reaching	VBG
into	IN
local	JJ
neighborhoods	NNS
.	.
Computer	NNP
based	VBN
crimes	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
``	``
I	PRP
Love	NNP
You	PRP
''	''
virus	NN
or	CC
the	DT
denial	NN
service	NN
attacks	NNS
on	IN
major	JJ
Internet	NNP
vendors	NNS
,	,
receive	VBP
front	JJ
page	NN
press	NN
.	.
An	DT
obvious	JJ
societal	JJ
response	NN
would	MD
be	VB
for	IN
enactment	NN
of	IN
more	JJR
rigorous	JJ
criminal	NN
statutes	NNS
to	TO
combat	VB
such	JJ
offenses	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Draft	NNP
Convention	NNP
on	IN
Cybercrime	NNP
fits	VBZ
the	DT
mold	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
legislation	NN
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
use	VBP
the	DT
Internet	NNP
to	TO
make	VB
purchases	NNS
,	,
do	VBP
you	PRP
really	RB
know	VBP
what	WP
you	PRP
are	VBP
getting	VBG
yourself	PRP
into	IN
?	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
click	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
final	JJ
``	``
submit	VB
''	''
button	NN
,	,
have	VBP
you	PRP
made	VBD
an	DT
offer	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Seller	NN
to	TO
purchase	VB
these	DT
goods	NNS
,	,
or	CC
have	VB
you	PRP
instead	RB
accepted	VBD
an	DT
offer	NN
made	VBD
to	TO
you	PRP
by	IN
the	DT
Seller	NN
on	IN
its	PRP$
website	NN
?	.
Or	CC
,	,
alternatively	RB
,	,
have	VBP
you	PRP
done	VBN
neither	DT
of	IN
these	DT
things	NNS
?	.
Is	VBZ
this	DT
the	DT
electronic	JJ
version	NN
of	IN
``	``
battle	NN
of	IN
the	DT
forms	NNS
,	,
''	''
yet	RB
made	VBN
even	RB
more	RBR
confusing	JJ
and	CC
muddled	VBD
because	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
laws	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
adequately	RB
address	VB
these	DT
issues	NNS
?	.
And	CC
what	WP
is	VBZ
the	DT
significance	NN
of	IN
an	DT
email	NN
confirmation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
realm	NN
of	IN
contract	NN
formation	NN
?	.
When	WRB
do	VBP
you	PRP
,	,
as	IN
the	DT
Buyer	NNP
,	,
become	VBN
bound	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
set	VBN
out	RP
by	IN
the	DT
Seller	NNP
,	,
and	CC
what	WP
exactly	RB
are	VBP
the	DT
terms	NNS
by	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
are	VBP
bound	VBN
?	.
Are	VBP
you	PRP
aware	JJ
of	IN
these	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
when	WRB
they	PRP
become	VBP
binding	JJ
as	IN
you	PRP
shop	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
?	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
clearly	RB
defined	VBN
answers	NNS
to	TO
any	DT
of	IN
these	DT
questions	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
Internet	NNP
merchants	NNS
all	DT
may	MD
have	VB
different	JJ
design	NN
features	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
ordering	VBG
process	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
different	JJ
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
as	IN
to	TO
when	WRB
contract	NN
formation	NN
occurs	VBZ
,	,
many	JJ
Internet	NNP
consumers	NNS
never	RB
know	VBP
what	WP
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
they	PRP
are	VBP
being	VBG
bound	VBN
by	IN
,	,
or	CC
when	WRB
exactly	RB
they	PRP
become	VBP
bound	VBN
by	IN
these	DT
terms	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
none	NN
of	IN
us	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
adequate	JJ
consumer	NN
protection	NN
for	IN
the	DT
contracts	NNS
we	PRP
make	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
the	DT
laws	NNS
that	WDT
currently	RB
govern	VBP
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
goods	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
contract	NN
law	NN
and	CC
Article	NN
2	CD
of	IN
the	DT
Uniform	NNP
Commercial	NNP
Code	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
may	MD
not	RB
adequately	RB
relate	VB
to	TO
Internet	NNP
contracts	NNS
and	CC
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
do	VBP
not	RB
fully	RB
protect	VB
Internet	NNP
consumers	NNS
.	.
Law	NN
reform	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Law	NNP
Institute	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
ALI	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
have	VBP
been	VBN
making	VBG
efforts	NNS
to	TO
tailor	VB
the	DT
law	NN
to	TO
accommodate	VB
Internet	NNP
transactions	NNS
.	.
Two	CD
of	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
laws	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
Proposed	NNP
Revision	NNP
to	TO
Article	NNP
2	CD
of	IN
the	DT
Uniform	NNP
Commercial	NNP
Code	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
UCC	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
the	DT
Uniform	NNP
Computer	NNP
Information	NNP
Transaction	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
UCITA	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
Paper	NN
will	MD
present	VB
an	DT
overview	NN
of	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
law	NN
governing	VBG
contracts	NNS
,	,
the	DT
proposed	VBN
laws	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
adequacy	NN
of	IN
these	DT
tools	NNS
in	IN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
contracting	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Part	NNP
II	NNP
will	MD
explore	VB
the	DT
issues	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
raised	VBN
when	WRB
consumers	NNS
contract	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Part	NNP
III	NNP
will	MD
discuss	VB
the	DT
current	JJ
contract	NN
laws	NNS
,	,
Article	NNP
2	CD
of	IN
the	DT
UCC	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Second	JJ
Restatement	NN
of	IN
Contracts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
their	PRP$
applicability	NN
to	TO
Internet	NNP
contracting	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
Part	NNP
III	NNP
will	MD
discuss	VB
how	WRB
case	NN
law	NN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
``	``
shrink-wrap	NN
''	''
licensing	NN
may	MD
be	VB
relevant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
discussion	NN
on	IN
solutions	NNS
in	IN
Internet	NNP
contracting	NN
.	.
Part	NNP
IV	NNP
will	MD
evaluate	VB
the	DT
proposed	VBN
laws	NNS
,	,
Revised	VBN
Article	NNP
2	CD
of	IN
the	DT
UCC	NNP
and	CC
UCITA	NNP
,	,
asking	VBG
whether	IN
these	DT
laws	NNS
present	JJ
answers	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
questions	NNS
raised	VBN
in	IN
Part	NNP
II	NNP
.	.
Part	NNP
V	NNP
will	MD
address	VB
the	DT
arguments	NNS
for	IN
industry	NN
self-regulation	NN
.	.
This	DT
Paper	NN
concludes	VBZ
that	IN
more	JJR
government	NN
regulation	NN
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
laws	NNS
that	WDT
provide	VBP
better	JJR
protection	NN
for	IN
consumers	NNS
.	.
Contracts	NNS
made	VBD
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
are	VBP
called	VBN
``	``
click-through	JJ
''	''
contracts	NNS
,	,
because	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
formed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
consumer	NN
's	POS
clicks	NNS
as	IN
she	PRP
navigates	VBZ
the	DT
website	NN
of	IN
merchant	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Because	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
uniformity	NN
requirement	NN
for	IN
merchants	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
design	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
websites	NNS
,	,
each	DT
click-through	JJ
contract	NN
a	DT
consumer	NN
makes	VBZ
may	MD
be	VB
logistically	RB
different	JJ
.	.
This	DT
logistical	JJ
difference	NN
is	VBZ
generally	RB
known	VBN
and	CC
accepted	VBN
as	IN
commonplace	JJ
by	IN
consumers	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
people	NNS
recognize	VBP
and	CC
accept	VBP
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
requiring	VBG
all	DT
merchants	NNS
to	TO
follow	VB
the	DT
exact	JJ
same	JJ
design	NN
for	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
goods	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
stifle	VB
creativity	NN
and	CC
innovation	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
downside	NN
to	TO
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
uniformity	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
,	,
while	IN
a	DT
consumer	NN
navigates	VBZ
through	IN
a	DT
merchant	NN
's	POS
website	NN
,	,
she	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
know	VB
when	WRB
she	PRP
has	VBZ
reached	VBN
``	``
the	DT
point	NN
of	IN
no	DT
return	NN
''	''
and	CC
has	VBZ
actually	RB
purchased	VBN
the	DT
items	NNS
in	IN
her	PRP$
cart	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
difference	NN
in	IN
navigability	NN
between	IN
sites	NNS
,	,
a	DT
consumer	NN
may	MD
not	RB
know	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
remove	VB
items	NNS
from	IN
her	PRP$
shopping	NN
cart	NN
or	CC
may	MD
place	VB
an	DT
order	NN
thinking	VBG
that	IN
she	PRP
removed	VBD
certain	JJ
items	NNS
from	IN
her	PRP$
cart	NN
,	,
but	CC
did	VBD
not	RB
,	,
in	IN
fact	NN
,	,
actually	RB
do	VBP
so	RB
.	.
Most	JJS
websites	NNS
are	VBP
fairly	RB
clear	JJ
in	IN
their	PRP$
design	NN
to	TO
allow	VB
a	DT
consumer	NN
to	TO
understand	VB
when	WRB
her	PRP$
selections	NNS
are	VBP
considered	VBN
complete	JJ
,	,
and	CC
her	PRP$
order	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
transmitted	VBN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
many	JJ
merchants	NNS
may	MD
use	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
language	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
sites	NNS
to	TO
mean	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
thing	NN
.	.
A	DT
button	NN
labeled	VBN
``	``
Send	VB
''	''
or	CC
a	DT
similar	JJ
phrase	NN
is	VBZ
probably	RB
``	``
universally	RB
''	''
known	VBN
to	TO
mean	VB
that	IN
clicking	VBG
that	DT
button	NN
means	VBZ
transmitting	VBG
your	PRP$
order	NN
to	TO
the	DT
merchant	NN
,	,
while	IN
a	DT
button	NN
labeled	VBN
``	``
complete	JJ
''	''
or	CC
``	``
proceed	VB
''	''
is	VBZ
not	RB
quite	RB
as	IN
clear	JJ
.	.
These	DT
same	JJ
buttons	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
on	IN
one	CD
site	NN
to	TO
mean	VB
that	IN
,	,
by	IN
clicking	VBG
,	,
one	CD
has	VBZ
completed	VBN
an	DT
order	NN
or	CC
is	VBZ
ready	JJ
to	TO
move	VB
on	IN
to	TO
the	DT
next	JJ
screen	NN
;	:
on	IN
another	DT
site	NN
,	,
clicking	VBG
these	DT
same	JJ
buttons	NNS
may	MD
constitute	VB
one	CD
's	POS
transmittal	JJ
of	IN
an	DT
order	NN
to	TO
the	DT
merchant	NN
.	.
Another	DT
issue	NN
in	IN
Internet	NNP
contract	NN
formation	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
significance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
consumer	NN
's	POS
order	NN
and	CC
when	WRB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
contract	NN
is	VBZ
actually	RB
formed	VBN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
consumer	NN
clicks	VBZ
the	DT
``	``
send	VB
''	''
button	NN
and	CC
transmits	VBZ
her	PRP$
order	NN
to	TO
the	DT
merchant	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
she	PRP
making	VBG
an	DT
offer	NN
to	TO
the	DT
merchant	NN
to	TO
buy	VB
the	DT
goods	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
displayed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
website	NN
,	,
or	CC
is	VBZ
she	PRP
instead	RB
accepting	VBG
the	DT
seller	NN
's	POS
offer	NN
of	IN
goods	NNS
made	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
website	NN
?	.
Many	JJ
merchants	NNS
differ	VBP
in	IN
their	PRP$
terms	NNS
of	IN
what	WP
the	DT
transmittal	JJ
of	IN
a	DT
consumer	NN
's	POS
order	NN
actually	RB
means	VBZ
,	,
so	RB
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
difficult	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
customer	NN
to	TO
know	VB
if	IN
and	CC
when	WRB
a	DT
contract	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
formed	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
fairly	RB
clear	JJ
when	WRB
one	CD
shops	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
``	``
bricks	NNS
and	CC
mortar	NN
''	''
store	NN
that	IN
the	DT
merchant	NN
is	VBZ
making	VBG
an	DT
offer	NN
,	,
and	CC
when	WRB
one	CD
tenders	NNS
payment	NN
for	IN
an	DT
item	NN
,	,
that	IN
constitutes	VBZ
acceptance	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
without	IN
information	NN
on	IN
when	WRB
the	DT
contract	NN
between	IN
Internet	NNP
merchant	NN
and	CC
consumer	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
formed	VBN
,	,
the	DT
consumer	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
know	VB
when	WRB
the	DT
agreement	NN
between	IN
herself	PRP
and	CC
the	DT
merchant	NN
becomes	VBZ
binding	JJ
.	.
When	WRB
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
if	IN
at	IN
all	DT
,	,
can	MD
the	DT
consumer	NN
make	VB
changes	NNS
to	TO
an	DT
order	NN
she	PRP
has	VBZ
already	RB
transmitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
merchant	NN
?	.
As	IN
stated	VBN
before	RB
,	,
some	DT
merchants	NNS
state	VBP
that	IN
no	DT
changes	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
to	TO
an	DT
order	NN
once	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
electronically	RB
submitted	VBN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
for	IN
merchants	NNS
who	WP
do	VBP
not	RB
clearly	RB
explain	VB
this	DT
,	,
is	VBZ
the	DT
consumer	NN
entitled	VBN
to	TO
email	VB
or	CC
call	VB
the	DT
merchant	NN
to	TO
change	VB
or	CC
cancel	VB
the	DT
order	NN
once	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
placed	VBN
,	,
but	CC
before	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
shipped	VBN
?	.
Again	RB
,	,
this	DT
is	VBZ
unclear	JJ
,	,
and	CC
these	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
adequately	RB
explained	VBN
or	CC
even	RB
addressed	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
merchant	NN
's	POS
website	NN
.	.
Or	CC
possibly	RB
,	,
they	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
addressed	VBN
,	,
but	CC
``	``
hidden	VBN
''	''
in	IN
links	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
difficult	JJ
to	TO
see	VB
or	CC
navigate	VB
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
consumer	NN
does	VBZ
find	VB
the	DT
``	``
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
''	''
page	NN
,	,
she	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
print	VB
the	DT
page	NN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
consumer	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
a	DT
hard	JJ
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
difficult	JJ
for	IN
her	PRP$
to	TO
contest	VB
or	CC
enforce	VB
the	DT
conditions	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
consumer	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
``	``
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
''	''
of	IN
a	DT
purchase	NN
,	,
or	CC
did	VBD
not	RB
have	VB
access	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
poor	JJ
navigability	NN
on	IN
the	DT
website	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
that	IN
consumer	NN
still	RB
bound	VBN
by	IN
those	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
.	.
Another	DT
problem	NN
with	IN
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
uniformity	NN
in	IN
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
between	IN
merchants	NNS
'	POS
web	NN
sites	NNS
is	VBZ
that	IN
they	PRP
often	RB
have	VBP
different	JJ
terms	NNS
on	IN
how	WRB
they	PRP
deal	VBP
with	IN
fraudulent	JJ
or	CC
unauthorized	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
consumer	NN
's	POS
credit	NN
card	NN
.	.
And	CC
once	RB
again	RB
,	,
most	RBS
sites	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
even	RB
offer	VB
their	PRP$
terms	NNS
on	IN
these	DT
matters	NNS
to	TO
consumers	NNS
,	,
other	JJ
than	IN
explaining	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
transaction	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
transmittal	NN
of	IN
credit	NN
card	NN
information	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
will	MD
occur	VB
over	IN
a	DT
secure	JJ
line	NN
.	.
Of	IN
the	DT
merchant	NN
sites	NNS
that	WDT
do	VBP
offer	VB
terms	NNS
on	IN
their	PRP$
websites	NNS
,	,
or	CC
links	NNS
to	TO
them	PRP
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
two	CD
common	JJ
guarantees	NNS
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
guarantee	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
merchant	NN
will	MD
protect	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
not	RB
hold	VB
the	DT
cardholder	NN
liable	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
against	IN
fraudulent	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
consumer	NN
's	POS
credit	NN
card	NN
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
kind	NN
of	IN
guarantee	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
merchant	NN
will	MD
protect	VB
against	IN
unauthorized	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
consumer	NN
's	POS
credit	NN
card	NN
.	.
The	DT
distinction	NN
between	IN
the	DT
two	CD
is	VBZ
important	JJ
.	.
Fraud	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
legal	JJ
term	NN
and	CC
a	DT
tort	NN
action	NN
;	:
unauthorized	JJ
use	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
much	JJ
broader	JJR
term	NN
and	CC
may	MD
provide	VB
more	JJR
consumer	NN
protection	NN
.	.
And	CC
as	IN
aforementioned	JJ
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
customer	NN
can	MD
not	RB
or	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
see	VB
the	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
regarding	VBG
fraudulent\/unauthorized	VBN
use	NN
,	,
do	VBP
those	DT
terms	NNS
become	VBP
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
bargain	NN
?	.
One	CD
last	JJ
issue	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
problem	NN
of	IN
bringing	VBG
a	DT
consumer	NN
claim	NN
against	IN
an	DT
Internet	NNP
vendor	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
ambiguities	NNS
and	CC
problems	NNS
for	IN
consumers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
contracts	NNS
,	,
one	CD
would	MD
expect	VB
to	TO
find	VB
myriad	JJ
lawsuits	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
area	NN
.	.
But	CC
because	IN
the	DT
amounts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
claims	NNS
are	VBP
relatively	RB
low	JJ
,	,
particularly	RB
compared	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
litigation	NN
,	,
most	JJS
claims	NNS
are	VBP
never	RB
brought	VBN
,	,
and	CC
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
very	RB
little	JJ
precedent	NN
is	VBZ
set	VBN
.	.
Even	RB
when	WRB
claims	NNS
are	VBP
brought	VBN
,	,
what	WP
is	VBZ
the	DT
forum	NN
?	.
Article	NNP
2	CD
may	MD
provide	VB
some	DT
answers	NNS
for	IN
questions	NNS
regarding	VBG
which	WDT
terms	NNS
will	MD
control	VB
in	IN
a	DT
Web	NNP
site	NN
user	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
24	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
two	CD
relevant	JJ
provisions	NNS
are	VBP
warranty	NN
disclaimers	NNS
and	CC
choice	NN
of	IN
forum	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
25	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Article	NN
2	CD
may	MD
strike	VB
down	RP
the	DT
former	JJ
,	,
while	IN
upholding	VBG
the	DT
latter	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
26	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
U.C.C.	NNP
section	NN
2-316	CD
requires	VBZ
that	IN
warranty	NN
disclaimers	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
effective	JJ
through	IN
writing	VBG
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
writing	NN
must	MD
be	VB
conspicuous	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
27	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
U.C.C.	NNP
defines	VBZ
``	``
conspicuous	JJ
''	''
as	IN
``	``
written	VBN
that	IN
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
person	NN
against	IN
whom	WP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
operate	VB
ought	MD
to	TO
have	VB
noticed	VBN
it	PRP
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
28	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
requirement	NN
of	IN
conspicuous	JJ
writing	NN
was	VBD
included	VBN
in	IN
Article	NNP
2	CD
to	TO
protect	VB
buyers	NNS
from	IN
``	``
unexpected	JJ
and	CC
unbargained	JJ
language	NN
of	IN
disclaimer	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
29	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
a	DT
Web	NNP
site	NN
user	NN
agreement	NN
,	,
the	DT
disclaimer	NN
itself	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
hidden	VBN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
link	NN
to	TO
view	VB
the	DT
disclaimer	NN
may	MD
be	VB
inconspicuous	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
30	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
While	IN
section	NN
2-316	CD
does	VBZ
not	RB
specify	VB
whether	IN
notice	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
here	RB
,	,
the	DT
link	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
disclaimer	NN
must	MD
be	VB
conspicuous	JJ
,	,
such	JJ
a	DT
requirement	NN
is	VBZ
consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
behind	IN
section	NN
2-316	CD
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
31	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
A	DT
reasonable	JJ
person	NN
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
review	VB
the	DT
disclaimer	NN
if	IN
she	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
notice	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
provision	NN
or	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
click	VB
on	IN
the	DT
link	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
32	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
defining	VBG
``	``
conspicuous	JJ
,	,
''	''
section	NN
1-201	CD
provides	VBZ
several	JJ
ways	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
merchant	NN
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
warranty	NN
disclaimer	NN
clause	NN
known	VBN
to	TO
buyers	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
33	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
language	NN
could	MD
be	VB
in	IN
larger	JJR
type	NN
,	,
or	CC
it	PRP
could	MD
be	VB
in	IN
a	DT
different	JJ
type	NN
font	NN
or	CC
color	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
34	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Using	VBG
this	DT
definition	NN
,	,
a	DT
link	NN
at	IN
the	DT
bottom	NN
of	IN
the	DT
page	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
buried	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
middle	NN
of	IN
several	JJ
other	JJ
links	NNS
in	IN
small	JJ
type	NN
would	MD
probably	RB
violate	VB
the	DT
``	``
conspicuous	JJ
''	''
requirement	NN
of	IN
Article	NNP
2	CD
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
35	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
warranty	NN
disclaimers	NNS
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
enforceable	JJ
against	IN
the	DT
consumers	NNS
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
reasons	NNS
,	,
many	JJ
commentators	NNS
feel	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
Restatement	NNP
approach	NN
is	VBZ
inadequate	JJ
law	NN
to	TO
guide	VB
the	DT
uncharted	JJ
territory	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
transactions	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
55	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Restatement	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
does	VBZ
raise	VB
the	DT
additional	JJ
question	NN
of	IN
when	WRB
a	DT
consumer	NN
purchasing	VBG
goods	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
should	MD
know	VB
that	DT
her	PRP$
conduct	NN
constitutes	VBZ
an	DT
offer	NN
and	CC
acceptance	NN
.	.
Of	IN
course	NN
,	,
this	DT
begs	VBZ
the	DT
question	NN
for	IN
the	DT
critics	NNS
who	WP
want	VBP
legislation	NN
to	TO
answer	VB
this	DT
question	NN
.	.
Using	VBG
a	DT
mouse	NN
to	TO
click	VB
on	IN
the	DT
button	NN
is	VBZ
analogous	JJ
to	TO
opening	VBG
the	DT
software	NN
envelope	NN
.	.
Like	IN
shrinkwrap	NN
contracts	NNS
,	,
click-wrap	JJ
contracts	NNS
are	VBP
fraught	JJ
with	IN
similar	JJ
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
and	CC
,	,
hence	RB
,	,
similar	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
much	RB
of	IN
the	DT
uncertainty	NN
present	NN
in	IN
e-commerce	JJ
transactions	NNS
is	VBZ
caused	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
peculiar	JJ
characteristics	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Often	RB
the	DT
web	NN
page	NN
that	WDT
contains	VBZ
the	DT
``	``
I	PRP
accept	VBP
''	''
button	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
a	DT
print	NN
button	NN
handy	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
74	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
can	MD
make	VB
it	PRP
difficult	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
consumer	NN
to	TO
contest	VB
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
a	DT
perpetually	RB
changing	VBG
page	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
75	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Therefore	RB
,	,
while	IN
the	DT
following	JJ
cases	NNS
may	MD
provide	VB
some	DT
guidance	NN
to	TO
click-wrap	JJ
contracts	NNS
,	,
Internet	NNP
contracting	NN
may	MD
have	VB
some	DT
unique	JJ
problems	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
present	JJ
in	IN
shrinkwrap	NN
contracts	NNS
.	.
Perhaps	RB
ProCD	NNP
and	CC
Gateway	NNP
can	MD
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
model	NN
for	IN
Internet	NNP
contracting	NN
.	.
One	CD
commentator	NN
has	VBZ
suggested	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
ProCD	NNP
approach	NN
of	IN
requiring	VBG
the	DT
consumer	NN
to	TO
assent	NN
to	TO
the	DT
terms	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
consumer	NN
has	VBZ
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
goods	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
in	IN
ProCD	NNP
,	,
the	DT
software	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
should	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
by	IN
legislation	NN
.	.
More	RBR
commonly	RB
,	,
however	RB
,	,
lawyers	NNS
and	CC
academics	NNS
interpret	VB
these	DT
cases	NNS
as	IN
standing	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
proposition	NN
that	IN
``	``
click-wrap	JJ
''	''
contracts	NNS
are	VBP
valid	JJ
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
uncertainty	NN
about	IN
when	WRB
the	DT
contract	NN
was	VBD
formed	VBN
and	CC
even	RB
what	WP
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
may	MD
be	VB
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
101	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Prior	RB
to	TO
these	DT
cases	NNS
,	,
court	NN
have	VBP
held	VBN
that	IN
shrinkwrap	NN
licenses	NNS
are	VBP
unenforceable	JJ
,	,
under	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
theories	NNS
.	.
License	NN
terms	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
presented	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
consumer	NN
in	IN
a	DT
conspicuous	JJ
manner	NN
,	,
either	CC
before	IN
or	CC
after	IN
the	DT
order	NN
is	VBZ
placed	VBN
and	CC
submitted	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
105	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
terms	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
presented	VBN
prior	RB
to	TO
payment	NN
but	CC
may	MD
be	VB
presented	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
consumer	NN
upon	IN
receipt	NN
of	IN
the	DT
goods	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
106	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Additionally	RB
,	,
it	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
clear	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
consumer	NN
what	WP
she	PRP
needs	VBZ
to	TO
do	VB
to	TO
indicate	VB
her	PRP$
acceptance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
.	.
The	DT
proposed	VBN
revision	NN
would	MD
have	VB
codified	VBN
the	DT
outcome	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ProCD	NNP
case	NN
and	CC
would	MD
have	VB
provided	VBN
a	DT
model	NN
for	IN
enforceable	JJ
shrinkwrap	NN
and	CC
click-wrap	JJ
contracts	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
122	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Consider	VB
ongoing	JJ
contract	NN
relationships	NNS
between	IN
Internet	NNP
merchants	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
Internet	NNP
Service	NNP
Providers	NNP
or	CC
``	``
ISPs	NNS
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
consumers	NNS
.	.
May	NNP
these	DT
merchants	NNS
change	VBP
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
service	NN
without	IN
your	PRP$
consent	NN
?	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
the	DT
revision	NN
inserts	NNS
much	JJ
needed	VBN
language	NN
,	,
reflecting	VBG
the	DT
changes	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
come	VBN
about	RB
in	IN
Internet	NNP
contracting	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
the	DT
revision	NN
would	MD
authorize	VB
offer	NN
and	CC
acceptance	NN
by	IN
an	DT
``	``
electronic	JJ
agent	NN
,	,
''	''
which	WDT
is	VBZ
``	``
a	DT
computer	NN
program	NN
,	,
or	CC
electronic	JJ
or	CC
other	JJ
automated	VBN
means	NNS
,	,
used	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
person	NN
to	TO
initiate	VB
action	NN
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
respond	VB
to	TO
electronic	JJ
record	NN
or	CC
performances	NNS
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
person	NN
's	POS
behalf	NN
without	IN
review	NN
or	CC
action	NN
by	IN
an	DT
individual	NN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
the	DT
action	NN
,	,
response	NN
,	,
or	CC
performance	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
128	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Further	RB
,	,
the	DT
revision	NN
allows	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
an	DT
``	``
electronic	JJ
record	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
129	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Many	JJ
of	IN
these	DT
helpful	JJ
provisions	NNS
are	VBP
now	RB
wrapped	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
proposed	VBN
legislation	NN
:	:
the	DT
Uniform	NNP
Computer	NNP
Information	NNP
Transactions	NNS
Act	NNP
or	CC
UCITA	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
130	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
legislation	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
more	RBR
narrow	JJ
focus	NN
than	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
Article	NN
2B	NN
and	CC
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
may	MD
be	VB
more	RBR
helpful	JJ
and	CC
relevant	JJ
to	TO
e-commerce	VB
.	.
Although	IN
it	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
using	VBG
UCITA	NNP
would	MD
help	VB
to	TO
force	VB
Internet	NNP
merchants	NNS
to	TO
inform	VB
consumers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
contracts	NNS
,	,
UCITA	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
without	IN
criticism	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
opponents	NNS
feel	VBP
that	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
in	IN
UCITA	NNP
actually	RB
limit	VBP
consumer	NN
rights	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
UCITA	NNP
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
protect	VB
consumers	NNS
and	CC
business	NN
mass-market	JJ
licensees	NNS
,	,
some	DT
feel	VBP
that	IN
it	PRP
creates	VBZ
a	DT
disadvantage	NN
for	IN
those	DT
consumers	NNS
who	WP
individually	RB
contract	NN
with	IN
software	NN
publishers	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
particularly	RB
true	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
European	NNP
Union	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
very	RB
consumer	NN
protection	NN
oriented	VBN
,	,
and	CC
feels	VBZ
that	IN
there	EX
should	MD
bee	VB
stricter	JJR
government	NN
regulation	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
less	RBR
powerful	JJ
transacting	VBG
parties	NNS
in	IN
contract	NN
situation	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
147	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
systems	NNS
of	IN
other	JJ
nations	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
accept	VB
the	DT
laissez-faire	FW
principals	NNS
advocated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
-LRB-	-LRB-
particularly	RB
evident	JJ
in	IN
UCITA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
may	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
problems	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
global	JJ
marketplace	NN
;	:
if	IN
other	JJ
nations	NNS
impose	VBP
different	JJ
standards	NNS
on	IN
their	PRP$
merchants	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
leave	VB
US	NNP
businesses	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
disadvantage	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
148	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Commercial	JJ
law	NN
reform	NN
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
e-commerce	NN
may	MD
therefore	RB
begin	VB
to	TO
inhibit	VB
innovation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
global	JJ
electronic	JJ
marketplace	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
some	DT
critics	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
legislation	NN
who	WP
believe	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
law	NN
is	VBZ
sufficiently	RB
flexible	JJ
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
Internet	NNP
transactions	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
fact	NN
,	,
some	DT
believe	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
open-ended	JJ
structure	NN
of	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
Restatement	NN
and	CC
the	DT
U.C.C.	NNP
is	VBZ
preferable	JJ
to	TO
more	RBR
government	NN
regulation	NN
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
law	NN
currently	RB
stands	VBZ
,	,
both	DT
merchants	NNS
and	CC
consumers	NNS
are	VBP
contracting	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
state	NN
of	IN
uncertainty	NN
.	.
While	IN
this	DT
does	VBZ
not	RB
allow	VB
a	DT
business	NN
to	TO
plan	VB
and	CC
limit	VB
its	PRP$
liability	NN
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
produce	VB
a	DT
desirable	JJ
result	NN
:	:
fear	NN
on	IN
the	DT
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
merchants	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
law	NN
is	VBZ
vague	JJ
and	CC
fuzzy	JJ
around	IN
the	DT
edges	NNS
,	,
businesses	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
overcautious	JJ
in	IN
their	PRP$
behavior	NN
because	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
confident	JJ
about	IN
the	DT
location	NN
of	IN
``	``
the	DT
line	NN
.	.
''	''
Perhaps	RB
consumers	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
protected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
blurry	JJ
state	NN
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
the	DT
case	NN
law	NN
method	NN
will	MD
allow	VB
development	NN
of	IN
principles	NNS
,	,
without	IN
freezing	NN
the	DT
law	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
current	JJ
state	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
,	,
which	WDT
inevitably	RB
will	MD
be	VB
different	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
year	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
businesses	NNS
have	VBP
an	DT
interest	NN
in	IN
promoting	VBG
Internet	NNP
transactions	NNS
,	,
as	IN
these	DT
contracts	NNS
may	MD
provide	VB
an	DT
additional	JJ
source	NN
of	IN
revenue	NN
for	IN
the	DT
companies	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
interest	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
businesses	NNS
to	TO
secure	VB
consumer	NN
confidence	NN
,	,
by	IN
structuring	VBG
transactions	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
fair	JJ
to	TO
consumers	NNS
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
some	DT
critics	NNS
feel	VBP
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
preferable	JJ
to	TO
let	VB
e-commerce	JJ
develop	VB
with	IN
very	RB
little	JJ
government	NN
regulation	NN
,	,
so	RB
that	IN
the	DT
nascent	JJ
Internet	NNP
marketplace	NN
can	MD
fully	RB
develop	VB
.	.
Instead	RB
of	IN
legislation	NN
providing	VBG
for	IN
contract	NN
avoidance	NN
because	IN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
error	NN
,	,
a	DT
way	NN
for	IN
companies	NNS
to	TO
handle	VB
software	NN
downloads	NNS
to	TO
avoid	VB
consumer	NN
mistake	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
include	VB
a	DT
suicide	NN
program	NN
with	IN
the	DT
software	NN
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
will	MD
automatically	RB
erase	VB
or	CC
disable	VB
itself	PRP
if	IN
a	DT
code	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
provided	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
software	NN
within	IN
a	DT
certain	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
time	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
a	DT
program	NN
would	MD
eliminate	VB
any	DT
doubt	NN
about	IN
the	DT
intention	NN
of	IN
the	DT
consumer	NN
.	.
While	IN
this	DT
solution	NN
may	MD
be	VB
effective	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
provide	VB
that	IN
all	DT
software	NN
companies	NNS
will	MD
include	VB
the	DT
suicide	NN
program	NN
.	.
Indeed	RB
,	,
the	DT
issue	NN
is	VBZ
whether	IN
the	DT
government	NN
should	MD
mandate	VB
such	PDT
a	DT
solution	NN
or	CC
whether	IN
businesses	NNS
can	MD
voluntarily	RB
implement	VB
solutions	NNS
if	IN
they	PRP
so	RB
desire	NN
.	.
In	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
the	DT
bargaining	NN
power	NN
between	IN
the	DT
consumer	NN
and	CC
the	DT
businesses	NNS
contracting	VBG
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
so	RB
great	JJ
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
appropriate	JJ
legislation	NN
is	VBZ
even	RB
more	RBR
urgent	JJ
.	.
UCITA	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
step	NN
in	IN
the	DT
right	JJ
direction	NN
,	,
as	IN
research	NN
continues	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
possible	JJ
solutions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
questions	NNS
raised	VBN
by	IN
Internet	NNP
contracting	NN
.	.
Uniform	NNP
Domain	NNP
Name	NN
Dispute	NNP
Resolution	NNP
Policy	NNP
to	TO
address	VB
conflicts	NNS
between	IN
domain	NN
name	NN
holders	NNS
and	CC
trademark	NN
owners	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
9	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
in	IN
November	NNP
,	,
1999	CD
,	,
Congress	NNP
enacted	VBD
the	DT
Anti-cybersquatting	JJ
Consumer	NNP
Protection	NNP
Act	NNP
to	TO
combat	VB
cybersquatters	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
10	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
notes	VBZ
explores	VBZ
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
trademark	NN
protection	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Part	NN
I	NN
of	IN
this	DT
note	NN
introduces	VBZ
concepts	NNS
relevant	JJ
to	TO
traditional	JJ
trademark	NN
law	NN
.	.
Part	NNP
II	NNP
examines	VBZ
the	DT
pinnacle	NN
case	NN
analyzing	VBG
``	``
cybersquatting	NN
''	''
through	IN
dilution	NN
.	.
Part	NNP
III	NNP
details	NNS
the	DT
new	JJ
Anti-cybersquatting	JJ
Consumer	NN
Protection	NNP
Act	NNP
and	CC
recent	JJ
cases	NNS
decided	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
law	NN
.	.
Part	NNP
IV	NNP
describes	VBZ
the	DT
Uniform	NNP
Domain	NNP
Name	NN
Dispute	NNP
Resolution	NNP
Policy	NNP
and	CC
examines	VBZ
decisions	NNS
following	VBG
the	DT
policy	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
defense	NN
,	,
under	IN
the	DT
ACPA	NNP
,	,
the	DT
alleged	JJ
cybersquatter	NN
may	MD
show	VB
reasonable	JJ
grounds	NNS
for	IN
its	PRP$
fair	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
73	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Remarkably	RB
,	,
the	DT
ACPA	NNP
may	MD
not	RB
aid	VB
all	DT
trademark	NN
owners	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
74	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Trademark	NN
rights	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
an	DT
absolute	JJ
property	NN
right	NN
;	:
consequently	RB
,	,
several	JJ
companies	NNS
own	VBP
concurrent	JJ
rights	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
mark	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
75	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
if	IN
two	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
individuals	NNS
own	JJ
rights	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
trademark	NN
,	,
a	DT
finding	NN
of	IN
``	``
bad	JJ
faith	NN
registration	NN
''	''
will	MD
be	VB
unlikely	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
76	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Nevertheless	RB
,	,
the	DT
ACPA	NNP
remains	VBZ
an	DT
important	JJ
tool	NN
in	IN
protecting	VBG
trademark	NN
owner	NN
's	POS
rights	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
77	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Moreover	RB
,	,
the	DT
Uniform	NNP
Domain	NNP
Name	NN
Dispute	NNP
Resolution	NNP
Policy	NNP
provides	VBZ
yet	RB
another	DT
powerful	JJ
weapon	NN
to	TO
combat	VB
cybersquatting	NN
.	.
Consequently	RB
,	,
several	JJ
companies	NNS
and	CC
celebrities	NNS
have	VBP
used	VBN
the	DT
ICANN	NNP
procedure	NN
to	TO
resolve	VB
their	PRP$
domain	NN
name	NN
disputes	NNS
.	.
Only	RB
months	NNS
ago	RB
,	,
famed	JJ
singer	NN
Madonna	NNP
secured	VBN
her	PRP$
personal	JJ
name	NN
as	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
109	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
One	CD
wonders	NNS
whether	IN
the	DT
``	``
real	JJ
''	''
Madonna	NNP
,	,
should	MD
she	PRP
resurrect	VB
,	,
may	MD
have	VB
a	DT
legitimate	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
In	IN
any	DT
event	NN
,	,
for	IN
trademark	NN
owners	NNS
,	,
the	DT
ICANN	NNP
procedure	NN
has	VBZ
become	VBN
a	DT
favorite	JJ
weapon	NN
against	IN
cybersquatters	NNS
;	:
however	RB
,	,
the	DT
unauthorized	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
trademarks	NNS
as	IN
domain	NN
names	NNS
is	VBZ
only	RB
one	CD
source	NN
of	IN
Internet-related	JJ
trademark	NN
litigation	NN
.	.
To	TO
navigate	VB
the	DT
immense	JJ
and	CC
complex	JJ
waters	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
world	NN
wide	JJ
web	NN
,	,
users	NNS
can	MD
locate	VB
websites	NNS
by	IN
either	DT
typing	VBG
a	DT
specific	JJ
web	NN
address	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Uniform	NN
Resource	NNP
Locator	NNP
or	CC
``	``
URL	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
into	IN
a	DT
web	NN
browser	NN
to	TO
access	VB
a	DT
site	NN
directly	RB
,	,
or	CC
they	PRP
can	MD
utilize	VB
a	DT
``	``
search	NN
engine	NN
''	''
available	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
to	TO
search	VB
for	IN
sites	NNS
by	IN
keywords	NNS
and	CC
phrases	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
110	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Search	NN
engines	NNS
use	VBP
software	NN
called	VBN
``	``
web	NN
crawlers	NNS
''	''
to	TO
search	VB
for	IN
web	NN
pages	NNS
by	IN
reading	VBG
their	PRP$
source	NN
code	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Hypertext	NNP
Markup	NNP
Language	NN
or	CC
``	``
HTML	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
111	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
After	IN
a	DT
user	NN
enters	VBZ
particular	JJ
keywords	NNS
or	CC
phrases	NNS
,	,
a	DT
search	NN
engine	NN
scans	VBZ
the	DT
world	NN
wide	JJ
web	NN
for	IN
sites	NNS
that	WDT
contain	VBP
those	DT
terms	NNS
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
returns	VBZ
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
web	NN
addresses	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
search	NN
engine	NN
found	VBD
a	DT
match	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
112	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
criteria	NNS
or	CC
algorithms	NNS
used	VBN
to	TO
rank	VB
and	CC
sort	VB
search	NN
results	NNS
vary	VBP
among	IN
search	NN
engines	NNS
and	CC
may	MD
include	VB
such	JJ
factors	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
frequency	NN
of	IN
words	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
web	NN
page	NN
,	,
the	DT
location	NN
of	IN
the	DT
words	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
page	NN
,	,
the	DT
HTML	NNP
title	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
text	NN
used	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
title	NN
of	IN
a	DT
page	NN
in	IN
search	NN
engine	NN
listings	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
meta-tags	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
terms	NNS
used	VBN
describe	VBP
contents	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
page	NN
,	,
see	VBP
discussion	NN
infra	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
113	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Search	NN
engines	NNS
often	RB
sell	VBP
advertising	NN
space	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
search	NN
result	NN
pages	NNS
;	:
these	DT
``	``
banner	NN
ads	NNS
''	''
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
entice	VB
users	NNS
to	TO
link	VB
to	TO
a	DT
site	NN
operated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
advertiser	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
114	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
To	TO
guaranty	VB
the	DT
effectiveness	NN
of	IN
advertising	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
result	NN
pages	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
to	TO
charge	VB
a	DT
premium	NN
for	IN
advertising	NN
space	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
search	NN
engines	NNS
program	VBP
their	PRP$
servers	NNS
to	TO
display	VB
preselected	JJ
banner	NN
ads	NNS
in	IN
correlation	NN
with	IN
``	``
key	JJ
''	''
search	NN
terms	NNS
,	,
or	CC
keywords	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
115	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
a	DT
search	NN
engine	NN
might	MD
be	VB
programmed	VBN
to	TO
display	VB
a	DT
particular	JJ
car	NN
manufacturer	NN
's	POS
banner	NN
ad	NN
on	IN
the	DT
results	NNS
page	NN
of	IN
any	DT
search	NN
for	IN
``	``
new	JJ
cars	NNS
.	.
''	''
Trademark	NN
issues	NNS
arise	VBP
when	WRB
search	NN
engines	NNS
program	VBP
their	PRP$
servers	NNS
to	TO
identify	VB
trademarks	NNS
used	VBN
as	IN
search	NN
terms	NNS
and	CC
display	NN
particular	JJ
banner	NN
ads	NNS
sponsored	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
party	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
trademark	NN
owner	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
in	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
keyword	VB
advertising	NN
,	,
where	WRB
search	NN
engines	NNS
use	VBP
terms	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
identified	VBN
with	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
goods	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
and	CC
are	VBP
also	RB
used	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
English	NNP
language	NN
,	,
a	DT
finding	NN
of	IN
infringement	NN
is	VBZ
unlikely	JJ
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
a	DT
finding	NN
of	IN
dilution	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
unlikely	JJ
where	WRB
keywords	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
goods	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
search	NN
engine	NN
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
explosive	JJ
growth	NN
of	IN
the	DT
world	NN
wide	JJ
web	NN
,	,
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
locate	VB
and	CC
sort	VB
web	NN
pages	NNS
among	IN
the	DT
millions	NNS
in	IN
existence	NN
is	VBZ
paramount	JJ
.	.
Luckily	RB
,	,
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
web	NN
pages	NNS
lends	VBZ
itself	PRP
to	TO
relatively	RB
quick	JJ
and	CC
easy	JJ
sorting	VBG
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
web	NN
sites	NNS
are	VBP
constructed	VBN
using	VBG
words	NNS
,	,
specifically	RB
HTML	NNP
code	NN
.	.
This	DT
source	NN
code	NN
provides	VBZ
display	NN
commands	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
web	NN
browser	NN
that	IN
in	IN
turn	NN
converts	VBZ
the	DT
code	NN
into	IN
viewable	JJ
web	NN
pages	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
124	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Among	IN
the	DT
lines	NNS
of	IN
code	NN
that	WDT
provide	VBP
the	DT
structure	NN
of	IN
a	DT
web	NN
page	NN
are	VBP
words	NNS
called	VBN
``	``
meta-tags	NNS
.	.
``	``
Meta-tags	NNS
are	VBP
merely	RB
identifiers	NNS
that	WDT
provide	VBP
information	NN
about	IN
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
's	POS
content	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
not	RB
visible	JJ
when	WRB
normally	RB
viewing	VBG
a	DT
web	NN
page	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
although	IN
users	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
see	VB
a	DT
site	NN
's	POS
metatags	NNS
by	IN
utilizing	VBG
a	DT
web	NN
browser	NN
's	POS
built-in	JJ
function	NN
for	IN
viewing	VBG
source	NN
code	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
125	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Web	NN
page	NN
designers	NNS
use	VBP
meta-tags	NNS
as	IN
tools	NNS
of	IN
association	NN
,	,
providing	VBG
descriptive	JJ
words	NNS
so	IN
that	IN
search	NN
engines	NNS
can	MD
identify	VB
their	PRP$
sites	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
126	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Search	NN
engines	NNS
in	IN
turn	NN
provide	VBP
web	NN
addresses	NNS
to	TO
users	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
used	VBN
the	DT
corresponding	JJ
meta-tag	NN
word	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
search	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
127	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Thus	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
word	NN
playboy	NN
is	VBZ
included	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
site	NN
's	POS
HTML	NNP
code	NN
as	IN
a	DT
meta-tag	NN
,	,
though	IN
not	RB
visible	JJ
as	IN
text	NN
,	,
a	DT
search	NN
using	VBG
the	DT
word	NN
playboy	NN
will	MD
come	VB
up	RP
with	IN
that	DT
particular	JJ
web	NN
page	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
granted	VBD
a	DT
preliminary	JJ
injunction	NN
prohibiting	VBG
Calvin	NNP
Design	NNP
Label	NNP
from	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
trademarks	NNS
on	IN
several	JJ
grounds	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
134	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
On	IN
the	DT
meta-tag	JJ
issue	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
Playboy	NNP
Enterprises	NNP
was	VBD
likely	JJ
to	TO
succeed	VB
in	IN
proving	VBG
trademark	NN
infringement	NN
and	CC
unfair	JJ
competition	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
``	``
repeated	VBN
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
PLAYBOY	NNP
trademark	NN
in	IN
machine	NN
readable	JJ
code	NN
in	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Calvin	NNP
Design	NNP
Label	NNP
's	POS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Internet	NNP
Web	NNP
pages	NNS
,	,
so	RB
that	IN
the	DT
PLAYBOY	NNP
trademark	NN
is	VBZ
accessible	JJ
to	TO
individuals	NNS
or	CC
Internet	NNP
search	NN
engines	NNS
which	WDT
attempt	VBP
to	TO
access	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Playboy	NNP
Enterprises	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
under	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Playboy	NNP
Enterprises	NNP
'	POS
-RRB-	-RRB-
PLAYBOY	NNP
registered	VBD
trademark	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
135	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
unauthorized	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
trademarks	NNS
to	TO
divert	VB
users	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
operated	VBN
by	IN
someone	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
trademark	NN
owner	NN
was	VBD
likely	JJ
to	TO
confuse	VB
consumers	NNS
.	.
Web	NN
surfers	NNS
looking	VBG
for	IN
Brookfield	NNP
's	POS
``	``
MovieBuff	NNP
''	''
products	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
taken	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
search	NN
engine	NN
to	TO
``	``
westcoastvideo.com	VB
''	''
will	MD
find	VB
a	DT
database	NN
similar	JJ
enough	JJ
to	TO
``	``
MovieBuff	NNP
''	''
such	JJ
that	IN
a	DT
sizeable	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
consumers	NNS
who	WP
were	VBD
originally	RB
looking	VBG
for	IN
Brookfield	NNP
's	POS
product	NN
will	MD
simply	RB
decide	VB
to	TO
utilize	VB
West	NNP
Coast	NNP
's	POS
offerings	NNS
instead	RB
.	.
In	IN
general	JJ
,	,
trademarks	NNS
used	VBD
as	IN
meta-tags	NNS
will	MD
constitute	VB
infringement	NN
where	WRB
they	PRP
divert	VBP
users	NNS
to	TO
web	NN
sites	NNS
operated	VBN
by	IN
someone	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
trademark	NN
owner	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Playboy	NNP
Enterprises	NNP
v.	CC
Calvin	NNP
Design	NNP
Label	NNP
,	,
Niton	NNP
Corp.	NNP
v.	CC
Radiation	NNP
Monitoring	NN
Devices	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
where	WRB
their	PRP$
use	NN
causes	VBZ
``	``
initial	JJ
interest	NN
confusion	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Brookfield	NNP
Communications	NNPS
,	,
Inc.	NNP
v.	CC
West	NNP
Coast	NNP
Entertainment	NNP
Corp.	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
use	NN
of	IN
trademarks	NNS
as	IN
meta-tags	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
permitted	VBN
where	WRB
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
descriptive	JJ
use	NN
or	CC
fair	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
mark	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Playboy	NNP
Enterprises	NNP
v.	CC
Over	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
two	CD
years	NNS
,	,
trademark	NN
owners	NNS
have	VBP
gained	VBN
several	JJ
new	JJ
methods	NNS
of	IN
enforcing	VBG
their	PRP$
trademark	NN
rights	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Uniform	NNP
Domain	NNP
Name	NN
Dispute	NNP
Resolution	NNP
Policy	NNP
addresses	NNS
conflicts	NNS
between	IN
domain	NN
name	NN
holders	NNS
and	CC
trademark	NN
owners	NNS
regardless	RB
of	IN
jurisdictional	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Anti-cybersquatting	JJ
Consumer	NNP
Protection	NNP
Act	NNP
allows	VBZ
for	IN
both	DT
in	IN
persona	NN
and	CC
in	IN
rem	NN
jurisdiction	NN
and	CC
provides	VBZ
greater	JJR
protection	NN
than	IN
dilution	NN
by	IN
shielding	VBG
``	``
famous	JJ
''	''
and	CC
``	``
distinctive	JJ
''	''
marks	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
two	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
individuals	NNS
own	JJ
rights	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
trademark	NN
,	,
these	DT
two	CD
new	JJ
legal	JJ
weapons	NNS
will	MD
provide	VB
little	JJ
guidance	NN
.	.
Nevertheless	RB
,	,
traditional	JJ
trademark	NN
laws	NNS
are	VBP
useful	JJ
to	TO
trademark	NN
owners	NNS
when	WRB
resolving	VBG
Internet-related	JJ
trademark	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
Courts	NNS
have	VBP
found	VBN
that	IN
by	IN
``	``
squatting	VBG
''	''
on	IN
a	DT
famous	JJ
mark	NN
,	,
a	DT
cybersquatter	NN
eliminates	VBZ
the	DT
mark	NN
's	POS
use	NN
by	IN
its	PRP$
owner	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
goods	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
dilutes	VBZ
the	DT
mark	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
trademarks	NNS
used	VBD
as	IN
meta-tags	NNS
will	MD
constitute	VB
infringement	NN
where	WRB
they	PRP
divert	VBP
users	NNS
to	TO
web	NN
sites	NNS
operated	VBN
by	IN
someone	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
trademark	NN
owner	NN
and	CC
where	WRB
their	PRP$
use	NN
causes	VBZ
``	``
initial	JJ
interest	NN
confusion	NN
.	.
''	''
However	RB
,	,
a	DT
finding	NN
of	IN
dilution	NN
will	MD
be	VB
unlikely	JJ
where	WRB
keywords	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
search	NN
engine	NN
are	VBP
not	RB
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
goods	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
search	NN
engine	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
good	JJ
faith	NN
and	CC
descriptive	JJ
uses	NNS
of	IN
trademarks	NNS
as	IN
meta-tags	NNS
does	VBZ
not	RB
amount	VB
to	TO
infringement	NN
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
traditional	JJ
trademark	NN
doctrines	NNS
and	CC
Internet	NNP
specific	JJ
laws	NNS
merge	VBP
as	IN
weapons	NNS
against	IN
trademark	NN
infringement	NN
,	,
dilution	NN
,	,
and	CC
cybersquatting	NN
.	.
While	IN
trademark	NN
owners	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
somewhat	RB
successful	JJ
in	IN
protecting	VBG
their	PRP$
trademark	NN
rights	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
trademark	NN
rights	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
absolute	JJ
.	.
By	IN
operation	NN
of	IN
law	NN
,	,
more	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
entity	NN
may	MD
have	VB
rights	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
mark	NN
or	CC
a	DT
fair	JJ
use	NN
to	TO
use	VB
a	DT
trademark	NN
owned	VBN
by	IN
another	DT
.	.
Therefore	RB
some	DT
disputes	NNS
will	MD
ultimately	RB
be	VB
resolved	VBN
outside	IN
of	IN
the	DT
courtroom	NN
and	CC
without	IN
the	DT
aid	NN
of	IN
arbitrators	NNS
.	.
Nonetheless	RB
,	,
courts	NNS
havebeen	VBP
hesitant	JJ
to	TO
outlaw	VB
new	JJ
technology	NN
''	''
merely	RB
because	RB
many	JJ
people	NNS
use	VBP
itas	FW
a	DT
tool	NN
for	IN
infringement	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
Only	RB
when	WRB
the	DT
technology	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
capableof	JJ
legitimate	JJ
uses	NNS
does	VBZ
it	PRP
make	VB
sense	NN
to	TO
outlaw	VB
it	PRP
.	.
''	''
Though	IN
the	DT
Copyright	NNP
Act	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
expressly	RB
provide	VB
for	IN
contributory	NN
or	CC
vicarious	JJ
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
,	,
courts	NNS
have	VBP
long	RB
recognized	VBN
such	JJ
claims	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
means	NN
for	IN
holding	VBG
third	JJ
parties	NNS
liable	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
directly	RB
infringing	VBG
acts	NNS
of	IN
others	NNS
.	.
The	DT
act	NN
also	RB
shields	NNS
the	DT
manufacturers	NNS
and	CC
distributors	NNS
of	IN
taping	VBG
equipment	NN
from	IN
claims	NNS
of	IN
contributory	NN
infringement	NN
,	,
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
they	PRP
pay	VBP
royalties	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
music	NN
industry	NN
as	IN
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
and	CC
include	VBP
serial	JJ
copy	NN
management	NN
systems	NNS
that	WDT
prevent	VBP
the	DT
devices	NNS
from	IN
making	VBG
copies	NNS
from	IN
copies	NNS
.	.
The	DT
statute	NN
provides	VBZ
``	``
safe	JJ
harbors	NNS
``	``
for	IN
ISPs	NNS
in	IN
four	CD
situations	NNS
.	.
First	RB
,	,
section	NN
512	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
limits	VBZ
liability	NN
in	IN
a	DT
transitory	JJ
digital	JJ
network	NN
``	``
when	WRB
the	DT
ISP	NNP
is	VBZ
acting	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
data	NN
conduit	NN
,	,
that	WDT
is	VBZ
,	,
merely	RB
transferring	VBG
...	:
infringing	VBG
material	NN
through	IN
the	DT
network	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
42	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Second	LS
,	,
section	NN
512	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
limits	VBZ
liability	NN
for	IN
system	NN
caching	VBG
``	``
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
the	DT
ISP	NNP
is	VBZ
uninvolved	JJ
inthe	NN
selection	NN
,	,
modification	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
interference	NN
with	IN
the	DT
transmitted	JJ
material	NN
.	.
''	''
As	IN
mentioned	VBN
above	IN
,	,
the	DT
music	NN
industry	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
dramatically	RB
affected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
recent	JJ
advances	NNS
in	IN
digital	JJ
technology	NN
and	CC
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
though	IN
potentially	RB
all	DT
copyrighted	VBN
works	NNS
are	VBP
at	IN
risk	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
unlawfully	RB
copiedand	VBN
disseminated	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
allows	VBZ
artists	NNS
to	TO
distribute	VB
their	PRP$
music	NN
electronically	RB
at	IN
significantly	RB
lower	JJR
costs	NNS
than	IN
the	DT
distribution	NN
methods	NNS
traditionally	RB
used	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
also	RB
allows	VBZ
for	IN
easy	JJ
infringementof	NN
their	PRP$
copyrighted	VBN
works	NNS
,	,
with	IN
little	JJ
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
infringing	VBG
behavior	NN
.	.
These	DT
technologies	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
create	VB
more	JJR
control	NN
over	IN
a	DT
copyrighted	VBN
work	NN
than	IN
the	DT
Copyright	NNP
Act	NNP
intended	VBD
to	TO
provide	VB
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
63	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
rights	NNS
management	NN
systems	NNS
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
allow	VB
for	IN
fair	JJ
uses	NNS
and	CC
will	MD
haveto	VB
provide	VB
free	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
works	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
since	IN
fallen	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
domain	NN
.	.
Napster	NNP
willfully	RB
engaged	VBD
in	IN
contributory	NN
and	CC
vicarious	JJ
infringement	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
copyrighted	VBN
works	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
76	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Not	RB
only	RB
does	VBZ
Napster	VB
make	VB
available	JJ
,	,
through	IN
its	PRP$
system	NN
and	CC
services	NNS
,	,
plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
copyrighted	VBN
sound	NN
recordings	NNS
for	IN
copying	NN
and	CC
downloading	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
company	NN
is	VBZ
fully	RB
aware	JJ
that	IN
``	``
virtually	RB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
reproductions	NNS
and	CC
distributions	NNS
it	PRP
enables	VBZ
and	CC
encourages	VBZ
are	VBP
infringingand	NN
in	IN
violation	NN
of	IN
federal	JJ
copyright	NN
...	:
laws	NNS
.	.
''	''
These	DT
web	NN
sites	NNS
engage	VBP
in	IN
online	JJ
piracy	NN
by	IN
using	VBG
compression	NN
technologies	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
MP3	NNP
technology	NN
,	,
that	IN
compress	VBP
the	DT
size	NN
of	IN
the	DT
music	NN
file	NN
so	IN
that	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
easily	RB
and	CC
quickly	RB
be	VB
copied	VBN
and	CC
downloaded	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
to	TO
avail	NN
itself	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
safe	JJ
harbor	NN
protections	NNS
,	,
Napster	NNP
must	MD
first	RB
prove	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
service	NN
provider	NN
.	.
''	''
Once	RB
proven	VBN
,	,
Napster	NNP
must	MD
then	RB
establish	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
satisfies	VBZ
the	DT
five	CD
requirements	NNS
of	IN
section	NN
512	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Napster	NNP
alleges	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
service	NN
provider	NN
for	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
safe	JJ
harbor	NN
in	IN
section	NN
512	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
124	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
First	RB
,	,
Napster	NNP
maintains	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
transmits	VBZ
,	,
routes	NNS
,	,
or	CC
provides	VBZ
``	``
connections	NNS
for	IN
digital	JJ
online	NN
communications	NNS
,	,
''	''
as	IN
required	VBN
by	IN
section	NN
512	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
because	IN
it	PRP
acts	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
browser	NN
and	CC
connects	VBZ
the	DT
users	NNS
'	POS
hard	JJ
drives	NNS
to	TO
one	CD
another	DT
for	IN
the	DT
transmission	NN
of	IN
MP3	NNP
files	NNS
.	.
Service	NNP
providers	NNS
found	VBD
within	IN
this	DT
safe	JJ
harbor	NN
are	VBP
exempt	JJ
from	IN
``	``
monetary	JJ
liability	NN
''	''
and	CC
are	VBP
shielded	VBN
from	IN
injunctions	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
134	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Napster	NNP
contends	VBZ
that	IN
since	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
service	NN
provider	NN
''	''
and	CC
since	IN
it	PRP
satisfies	VBZ
the	DT
five	CD
requirements	NNS
of	IN
section	NN
512	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
it	PRP
should	MD
fall	VB
within	IN
the	DT
safe	JJ
harbor	NN
,	,
and	CC
thus	RB
,	,
remain	VBP
exempt	JJ
from	IN
monetary	JJ
liability	NN
and	CC
shielded	VBD
from	IN
injunctions	NNS
.	.
Napster	NNP
alleges	VBZ
that	IN
section	NN
512	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
applies	VBZ
to	TO
its	PRP$
entire	JJ
system	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
thefact	VB
that	DT
its	PRP$
``	``
information	NN
location	NN
tools	NNS
...	:
are	VBP
incidental	JJ
to	TO
its	PRP$
corefunction	NN
of	IN
automatically	RB
transmitting	VBG
,	,
routing	VBG
,	,
or	CC
providing	VBG
connectionsfor	NN
the	DT
MP3	NNP
files	VBZ
users	NNS
select	VB
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
136	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
a	DT
search	NN
engine	NN
like	IN
``	``
Yahoo	NNP
!	.
''	''
would	MD
fit	VB
under	IN
section	NN
512	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
not	RB
section512	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
because	IN
its	PRP$
search	NN
engines	NNS
rely	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
``	``
human	JJ
judgment	NN
and	CC
editorialdiscretion	NN
''	''
of	IN
its	PRP$
editorial	NN
staff	NN
,	,
and	CC
thus	RB
,	,
are	VBP
not	RB
incidental	JJ
to	TO
its	PRP$
corefunctions	NNS
.	.
In	IN
response	NN
to	TO
Napster	NNP
's	POS
motion	NN
for	IN
summary	NN
adjudication	NN
of	IN
the	DT
safe	JJ
harbor	NN
provision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
,	,
the	DT
record	NN
companies	NNS
argue	VBP
that	IN
Napster	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
fall	VB
within	IN
the	DT
section	NN
512	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
safe	JJ
harbor	NN
provision	NN
on	IN
two	CD
grounds	NNS
.	.
As	IN
required	VBN
by	IN
section	NN
512	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
n	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
each	DT
function	NN
performed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
service	NN
provider	NN
must	MD
be	VB
analyzed	VBN
separately	RB
to	TO
determine	VB
if	IN
it	PRP
``	``
meets	VBZ
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
safe	JJ
harbor	NN
provision	NN
applicable	JJ
to	TO
that	DT
function	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
the	DT
Napster	NNP
server	NN
conveys	VBZ
-LRB-	-LRB-
Internet	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
address	NN
information	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
a	DT
connection	NN
between	IN
the	DT
requesting	VBG
and	CC
host	NN
users	NNS
,	,
the	DT
connection	NN
itself	PRP
occurs	VBZ
through	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
174	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
contrast	NN
,	,
the	DT
legislative	JJ
history	NN
of	IN
section	NN
512	CD
``	``
demonstrates	VBZ
that	IN
Congress	NNP
intended	VBD
the	DT
512	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
safe	JJ
harbor	NN
to	TO
apply	VB
onto	IN
to	TO
activities	NNS
`	``
in	IN
which	WDT
a	DT
service	NN
provider	NN
plays	VBZ
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
a	DT
conduit	NN
'	''
for	IN
the	DT
communications	NNS
of	IN
others	NNS
.	.
''	''
The	DT
record	NN
companies	NNS
submitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
court	NN
a	DT
listing	NN
of	IN
over	IN
two	CD
hundred	CD
sound	NN
recordings	NNS
that	WDT
remain	VBP
available	JJ
for	IN
download	NN
on	IN
Napster	NNP
that	WDT
are	VBP
copies	NNS
of	IN
sound	JJ
recordings	NNS
commercially	RB
released	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
record	NN
companies	NNS
.	.
One	CD
moderator	NN
questioned	VBD
whether	IN
stating	VBG
``	``
Napster	NNP
was	VBD
about	IN
`	``
free	JJ
music	NN
'	''
''	''
was	VBD
a	DT
wise	JJ
thing	NN
to	TO
do	VB
:	:
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
A	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
dmitting	VBG
that	IN
we	PRP
know	VBP
Napster	NNP
is	VBZ
used	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
transfer	NN
of	IN
illegal	JJ
MP3	NNP
files	NNS
might	MD
not	RB
be	VB
the	DT
best	JJS
thing	NN
to	TO
do	VB
...	:
I	PRP
mean	VBP
...	:
obviously	RB
people	NNS
are	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
use	VB
it	PRP
forthat	JJ
purpose	NN
...	:
but	CC
...	:
we	PRP
might	MD
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
actually	RB
say	VB
we	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
...	:
\*	SYM
shrug	VB
\*	SYM
just	RB
semantics	NNS
I	PRP
guess	VBP
...	:
but	CC
eh	VB
...	:
being	VBG
sued	VBN
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
bitch	NN
...	:
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
206	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Shawn	NNP
Fanning	NNP
replied	VBD
that	IN
this	DT
was	VBD
an	DT
``	``
excellent	JJ
point	NN
''	''
and	CC
that	IN
moderators	NNS
should	MD
``	``
try	VB
to	TO
avoid	VB
discussions	NNS
similar	JJ
to	TO
this	DT
...	:
you	PRP
should	MD
all	RB
be	VB
very	RB
aware	JJ
of	IN
what	WP
you	PRP
say	VBP
...	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
it	PRP
appears	VBZ
my	PRP$
hypocrisy	NN
knows	VBZ
no	DT
bounds	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
''	''
``	``
receives	VBZ
from	IN
the	DT
infringement	NN
of	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
music	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Napster	NNP
service	NN
is	VBZ
both	DT
enormous	JJ
and	CC
quantifiable	JJ
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
216	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
it	PRP
has	VBZ
already	RB
received	VBN
over	IN
$	$
13	CD
million	CD
form	NN
a	DT
venture	NN
capital	NN
firm	NN
.	.
Napster	NNP
's	POS
growth	NN
has	VBZ
arisen	VBN
from	IN
what	WP
economists	NNS
call	VBP
``	``
network	NN
effects	NNS
''	''
and	CC
``	``
positive	JJ
feedback	NN
''	''
...	:
the	DT
more	RBR
users	NNS
who	WP
log	VBP
on	IN
to	TO
Napster	NNP
and	CC
offer	VBP
their	PRP$
own	JJ
MP3music	JJ
collections	NNS
for	IN
others	NNS
to	TO
copy	VB
,	,
the	DT
greater	JJR
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
desirable	JJ
files	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
available	JJ
to	TO
others	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
more	RBR
Napster	JJ
becomes	VBZ
attractive	JJ
to	TO
otherprospective	JJ
users	NNS
...	:
Napster	NNP
intends	VBZ
to	TO
build	VB
a	DT
massive	JJ
user	NN
base	NN
``	``
community	NN
``	``
that	IN
,	,
once	RB
drawn	VBN
into	IN
``	``
the	DT
Napster	NNP
community	NN
''	''
by	IN
the	DT
attractiveness	NN
of	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
`	``
copyrighted	VBN
works	NNS
,	,
can	MD
be	VB
commercially	RB
exploited	VBN
by	IN
Napster	NNP
...	:
Thus	RB
,	,
Napster	NNP
`	``
sgrowth	NN
has	VBZ
largely	RB
if	IN
not	RB
exclusively	RB
been	VBN
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
facilitatesthe	JJ
unauthorized	JJ
trading	NN
of	IN
the	DT
valuable	JJ
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
of	IN
plaintiffsand	NN
the	DT
content	NN
holders	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
vast	JJ
scale	NN
.	.
Napster	NNP
``	``
specifically	RB
reserves	NNS
`	``
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
refuse	VB
service	NN
and	CC
terminate	VB
accounts	NNS
of	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
its	PRP$
-RRB-	-RRB-
direction	NN
,	,
including	VBG
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
,	,
if	IN
Napster	NNP
believes	VBZ
that	IN
user	NN
conduct	NN
violates	VBZ
applicable	JJ
law	NN
or	CC
is	VBZ
harmful	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
interestsof	NN
Napster	NNP
,	,
its	PRP$
affiliates	NNS
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
users	NNS
,	,
or	CC
for	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
reason	NN
in	IN
Napster	NNP
`	``
ssole	JJ
discretion	NN
,	,
with	IN
or	CC
without	IN
cause	NN
.	.
''	''
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
one	CD
expert	NN
survey	NN
indicate	VBP
that	IN
22	CD
%	NN
of	IN
Napster	NNP
users	NNS
no	RB
longer	RB
buy	VB
CDs	NNS
or	CC
buy	VB
fewer	JJR
CDs	NNS
,	,
while	IN
41	CD
%	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
users	NNS
seemed	VBD
to	TO
indicate	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
using	VBG
Napster	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
substitute	NN
to	TO
buying	VBG
CDs	NNS
.	.
Studios	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
staple	NN
article	NN
of	IN
commerce	NN
and	CC
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
enjoined	VBN
,	,
this	DT
doctrine	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
apply	VB
to	TO
Napster	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
256	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
First	RB
,	,
the	DT
doctrine	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
extend	VB
``	``
to	TO
products	NNS
specifically	RB
manufactured	VBN
for	IN
counterfeiting	NN
activity	NN
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
such	JJ
products	NNS
have	VBP
substantial	JJ
noninfringing	NN
uses	NNS
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
257	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Here	RB
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
system	NN
was	VBD
created	VBN
to	TO
allow	VB
users	NNS
to	TO
engaged	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
exchange	NN
of	IN
pirated	VBN
music	NN
,	,
the	DT
doctrine	NN
can	MD
not	RB
apply	VB
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
258	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Moreover	RB
,	,
unlike	IN
Sony	NNP
,	,
Napster	NNP
's	POS
``	``
contribution	NN
to	TO
the	DT
infringement	NN
is	VBZ
more	JJR
than	IN
solely	RB
manufacturing	VBG
a	DT
product	NN
,	,
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
259	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
courts	NNS
have	VBP
``	``
rejected	VBD
the	DT
expansion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
doctrine	NN
beyond	IN
mere	JJ
manufacturers	NNS
.	.
''	''
Record	NNP
Companies	NNS
,	,
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
properly	RB
established	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
282	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Hence	RB
,	,
Napster	NNP
argues	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
Plaintiffs	NNS
have	VBP
``	``
failed	VBD
to	TO
carry	VB
their	PRP$
burden	NN
of	IN
proof	NN
by	IN
establishing	VBG
that	IN
every	DT
substantial	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
Napster	NNP
will	MD
harm	VB
their	PRP$
markets	NNS
.	.
''	''
Napster	NNP
argues	VBZ
that	IN
under	IN
Sony	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
held	VBD
that	IN
``	``
where	WRB
a	DT
technology	NN
functioned	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
tool	NN
for	IN
infringement	NN
but	CC
was	VBD
capable	JJ
of	IN
significant	JJ
non-infringing	JJ
uses	NNS
...	:
supplying	VBG
the	DT
technology	NN
to	TO
consumers	NNS
does	VBZ
not	RB
violate	VB
the	DT
law	NN
.	.
''	''
In	IN
its	PRP$
appeal	NN
,	,
Napster	NNP
alleges	VBZ
that	IN
its	PRP$
services	NNS
fall	VB
within	IN
the	DT
``	``
safe	JJ
harbor	NN
''	''
protection	NN
afforded	VBN
by	IN
section	NN
512	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
313	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Section	NN
512	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
C	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
provides	VBZ
that	IN
``	``
even	RB
if	IN
a	DT
service	NN
provider	NN
obtains	VBZ
actual	JJ
or	CC
constructive	JJ
knowledge	NN
of	IN
an	DT
infringement	NN
,	,
the	DT
safe	JJ
harbor	NN
is	VBZ
still	RB
available	JJ
if	IN
the	DT
service	NN
provider	NN
act	NN
expeditiously	RB
to	TO
remove	VB
,	,
or	CC
disable	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
,	,
the	DT
particular	JJ
allegedly	RB
infringing	VBG
activity	NN
or	CC
material	NN
.	.
''	''
On	IN
appeal	NN
,	,
the	DT
record	NN
companies	NNS
argue	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
district	NN
court	NN
was	VBD
correct	JJ
in	IN
finding	VBG
that	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
likely	JJ
to	TO
succeed	VB
on	IN
their	PRP$
contributory	NN
and	CC
vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
claims	NNS
and	CC
that	IN
a	DT
preliminary	JJ
injunction	NN
was	VBD
necessary	JJ
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
reasserting	VBG
its	PRP$
previous	JJ
arguments	NNS
made	VBN
before	IN
the	DT
lower	JJR
court	NN
,	,
the	DT
record	NN
companies	NNS
also	RB
argue	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
stay	NN
of	IN
the	DT
preliminary	JJ
injunctionshould	NN
be	VB
lifted	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
317	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
``	``
District	NNP
Court	NNP
did	VBD
notenjoin	VB
a	DT
technology	NN
-	:
it	PRP
enjoined	VBD
a	DT
business	NN
practice	NN
that	WDT
adapts	VBZ
and	CC
implementsa	NN
routine	JJ
file	NN
transfer	NN
system	NN
to	TO
violate	VB
the	DT
law	NN
on	IN
an	DT
unprecedented	JJ
scale	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
318	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Contrary	JJ
to	TO
Napster	NNP
's	POS
claim	NN
,	,
it	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
create	VB
the	DT
peer-to-peertechnology	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
319	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Rather	RB
,	,
that	IN
infrastructure	NN
has	VBZ
existedsince	NN
the	DT
``	``
inception	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
...	:
''	''
Web	NN
entrepreneurs	NNS
have	VBP
long	RB
been	VBN
touting	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
significant	JJ
money-making	JJ
force	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
329	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
What	WP
remains	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
seen	VBN
is	VBZ
whether	IN
the	DT
major	JJ
recording	NN
labels	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
``	``
get	VB
over	IN
their	PRP$
fear	NN
that	IN
online	JJ
piracy	NN
will	MD
destroy	VB
the	DT
industry	NN
''	''
and	CC
recognize	VB
the	DT
vast	JJ
power	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
agreement	NN
,	,
Bertelsmann	NNP
will	MD
loan	VB
Napster	NNP
an	DT
undisclosed	JJ
sum	NN
of	IN
money	NN
to	TO
convert	VB
the	DT
company	NN
to	TO
a	DT
new	JJ
secure	JJ
,	,
membership-based	JJ
distribution	NN
service	NN
``	``
that	WDT
will	MD
compensate	VB
recording	NN
artists	NNS
,	,
record	NN
companies	NNS
,	,
songwriters	NNS
and	CC
music	NN
publishers	NNS
for	IN
swapping	VBG
their	PRP$
works	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
''	''
Napster	NN
officials	NNS
have	VBP
also	RB
mentioned	VBN
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
placing	VBG
new	JJ
``	``
time-limit	NN
''	''
technologyondownloadedrecordings	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
351	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
If	IN
this	DT
new	JJ
technology	NN
is	VBZ
implemented	VBN
,	,
members	NNS
who	WP
pay	VBP
their	PRP$
subscription	NN
fee	NN
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
permanently	RB
download	VB
files	NNS
,	,
while	IN
time	NN
limits	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
imposed	VBN
on	IN
digitized	JJ
recordings	NNS
downloaded	VBN
by	IN
non-members	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
would	MD
then	RB
cause	VB
the	DT
recordings	NNS
to	TO
``	``
lose	VB
their	PRP$
utility	NN
after	IN
a	DT
certain	JJ
period	NN
.	.
''	''
Internet	NNP
industry	NN
has	VBZ
,	,
perhaps	RB
unsurprisingly	RB
,	,
been	VBN
quick	JJ
to	TO
voice	VB
its	PRP$
skepticism	NN
that	IN
the	DT
deal	NN
will	MD
work	VB
.	.
First	RB
,	,
industry	NN
analysts	NNS
claim	VBP
Napster	NNP
wo	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
any	DT
money	NN
off	IN
the	DT
$	$
4.95	CD
monthly	JJ
subscription	NN
fee	NN
,	,
which	WDT
will	MD
allow	VB
members	NNS
to	TO
download	VB
all	PDT
the	DT
music	NN
they	PRP
want	VBP
.	.
``	``
initiatives	NNS
that	WDT
allow	VBP
legal	JJ
file	NN
sharing	VBG
which	WDT
respects	VBZ
the	DT
artists	NNS
,	,
record	NN
companies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
rights	NNS
owners	NNS
,	,
''	''
privately	RB
some	DT
were	VBD
quite	RB
upset	JJ
that	IN
their	PRP$
co-plaintiff	NN
``	``
had	VBD
broken	VBN
rank	NN
without	IN
warning	NN
.	.
.	.
.	.
and	CC
breathed	VBD
new	JJ
life	NN
into	IN
Napster	NNP
just	RB
as	IN
its	PRP$
legal	JJ
fortunes	NNS
seemed	VBD
so	RB
precarious	JJ
.	.
''	''
Despite	IN
these	DT
critics	NNS
'	POS
concerns	NNS
,	,
some	DT
industry	NN
insiders	NNS
are	VBP
saying	VBG
the	DT
Bertelsmann-Napster	NNP
deal	NN
``	``
could	MD
turn	VB
out	RP
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
model	NN
''	''
for	IN
the	DT
four	CD
other	JJ
major	JJ
record	NN
labels	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
maintained	VBN
their	PRP$
suit	NN
against	IN
Napster	NNP
to	TO
follow	VB
their	PRP$
example	NN
.	.
Although	IN
Napster	NNP
attorney	NN
Laurence	NNP
Pulgram	NNP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
think	VB
the	DT
Bertelsmann-Napster	NNP
dealwill	NN
affect	VB
what	WP
the	DT
Ninth	NNP
Circuit	NNP
ultimately	RB
decides	VBZ
to	TO
do	VB
,	,
he	PRP
does	VBZ
think	VB
``	``
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
the	DT
basis	NN
to	TO
have	VB
more	RBR
productive	JJ
talks	NNS
with	IN
other	JJ
people	NNS
.	.
''	''
Ever	RB
since	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
full-length	JJ
song	NN
was	VBD
distributed	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
sixyears	NNS
ago	RB
,	,
the	DT
five	CD
major	JJ
record	NN
labels	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
``	``
worrying	VBG
about	IN
the	DT
potential	NN
for	IN
piracy	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
-RRB-	-RRB-
arguing	VBG
among	IN
themselves	PRP
about	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
technology	NN
for	IN
selling	VBG
music	NN
as	IN
downloadable	JJ
software	NN
files	NNS
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
388	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
response	NN
,	,
nearly	RB
two	CD
years	NNS
ago	RB
,	,
the	DT
recording	NN
industry	NN
announced	VBD
the	DT
Secure	NNP
Digital	NNP
Music	NNP
Initiative	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
SDMI	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
389	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
as	IN
an	DT
``	``
effort	NN
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
technologycompanies	NNS
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
standard	NN
for	IN
delivering	VBG
music	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
withoutfear	NN
of	IN
piracy	NN
or	CC
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
''	''
This	DT
technology	NN
serves	VBZ
two	CD
important	JJ
functions	NNS
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
user	NN
attempts	VBZ
to	TO
make	VB
an	DT
illegal	JJ
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
work	NN
,	,
a	DT
large	JJ
message	NN
stating	VBG
``	``
unauthorizedcopy	JJ
''	''
will	MD
be	VB
attached	VBN
to	TO
it	PRP
,	,
thus	RB
``	``
destroy	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
ing	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
marketability	NN
of	IN
the	DT
work	NN
.	.
''	''
As	IN
such	JJ
,	,
many	JJ
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
mistakenly	RB
believe	VBP
that	IN
``	``
everything	NN
availableover	NN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
including	VBG
music	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
free	JJ
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
397	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
recording	NN
industry	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
highly	RB
dependent	JJ
upon	IN
record	NN
sales	NNS
for	IN
revenue	NN
,	,
necessarily	RB
has	VBZ
reason	NN
to	TO
fear	VB
that	IN
``	``
music	NN
fans	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
accustomed	VBN
to	TO
utilizing	VBG
the	DT
vast	JJ
resources	NNS
,	,
products	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
at	IN
no	DT
cost	NN
,	,
will	MD
chooseto	VB
obtain	VB
unauthorized	JJ
music	NN
for	IN
free	JJ
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
paying	VBG
for	IN
legitimate	JJ
copies	NNS
.	.
''	''
``	``
solution	NN
''	''
not	RB
only	RB
seems	VBZ
rather	RB
simplistic	JJ
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
appears	VBZ
to	TO
do	VB
nothing	NN
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
root	NN
of	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
.	.
Indeed	RB
,	,
some	DT
are	VBP
saying	VBG
that	IN
even	RB
if	IN
Napster	NNP
's	POS
ingenious	JJ
system	NN
had	VBD
n't	RB
come	VB
on	IN
the	DT
scene	NN
,	,
``	``
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
in	IN
the	DT
digital	JJ
age	NN
is	VBZ
so	RB
widespread	JJ
that	IN
enforcement	NN
is	VBZ
nearly	RB
impossible	JJ
.	.
''	''
In	IN
what	WP
appears	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
discourage	VB
its	PRP$
users	NNS
from	IN
downloading	VBG
songs	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
n't	RB
been	VBN
licensed	VBN
by	IN
artists	NNS
or	CC
recording	VBG
companies	NNS
,	,
the	DT
online	JJ
music	NN
company	NN
EMusic	NNP
Inc.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
438	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
recently	RB
announced	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
soon	RB
begin	VB
using	VBG
new	JJ
technology	NN
``	``
designed	VBN
to	TO
hamper	VB
distribution	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
songs	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
controversial	JJ
song-swapping	JJ
service	NN
Napster	NNP
.	.
''	''
Ultimately	RB
,	,
many	JJ
believe	VBP
that	IN
although	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
MP3	NNP
technology	NN
``	``
may	MD
have	VB
momentarily	RB
escaped	VBD
the	DT
purview	NN
of	IN
copyright	NN
law	NN
,	,
''	''
this	DT
area	NN
of	IN
law	NN
``	``
remain	VBP
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
resilient	JJ
to	TO
recenttechnological	JJ
advances	NNS
by	IN
constantly	RB
modifying	VBG
itself	PRP
.	.
''	''
No	DT
action	NN
may	MD
be	VB
brought	VBN
under	IN
this	DT
title	NN
alleging	VBG
infringement	NN
of	IN
copyright	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
manufacture	NN
,	,
importation	NN
,	,
or	CC
distribution	NN
of	IN
a	DT
digital	JJ
audio	JJ
recording	NN
device	NN
,	,
a	DT
digital	JJ
audio	JJ
recording	NN
medium	NN
,	,
an	DT
analog	NN
recording	VBG
device	NN
,	,
or	CC
an	DT
analog	NN
recording	NN
medium	NN
,	,
or	CC
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
noncommercial	JJ
use	NN
by	IN
a	DT
consumer	NN
of	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
device	NN
or	CC
medium	NN
for	IN
making	VBG
digital	JJ
musical	JJ
recordings	NNS
or	CC
analog	NN
musical	JJ
recordings	NNS
.	.
A	DT
``	``
service	NN
provider	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
``	``
entity	NN
offering	VBG
the	DT
transmission	NN
,	,
routing	VBG
,	,
or	CC
providing	VBG
of	IN
connections	NNS
for	IN
digital	JJ
online	NN
communications	NNS
,	,
between	IN
or	CC
among	IN
points	NNS
specified	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
user	NN
,	,
of	IN
material	NN
or	CC
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
choosing	NN
,	,
withoutmodification	NN
to	TO
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
the	DT
material	NN
sent	VBN
or	CC
received	VBN
.	.
''	''
Under	IN
these	DT
additional	JJ
requirements	NNS
a	DT
service	NN
provider	NN
must	MD
have	VB
:	:
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
A	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
adopted	VBN
and	CC
reasonably	RB
implemented	VBD
,	,
and	CC
informs	VBZ
subscribers	NNS
and	CC
accountholders	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
service	NN
provider	NN
's	POS
systems	NNS
or	CC
network	NN
of	IN
,	,
a	DT
policy	NN
that	WDT
providesfor	VBP
the	DT
termination	NN
in	IN
appropriate	JJ
circumstances	NNS
of	IN
subscriber	NN
and	CC
accountholdersof	NN
the	DT
service	NN
provider	NN
's	POS
system	NN
or	CC
network	NN
who	WP
are	VBP
repeat	NN
infringers	NNS
;	:
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
B	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
accommodates	VBZ
and	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
interfere	VB
with	IN
standard	JJ
technical	JJ
measures	NNS
.	.
''	''
``	``
Napster	VB
itself	PRP
provides	VBZ
no	DT
MP3	JJ
files	NNS
directly	RB
to	TO
any	DT
of	IN
its	PRP$
users	NNS
.	.
Napster	NNP
's	POS
servers	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
store	VB
any	DT
MP3	JJ
files	NNS
and	CC
do	VB
not	RB
copy	VB
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
MP3	NNP
files	VBZ
transferred	VBN
among	IN
its	PRP$
users	NNS
.	.
Transmission	NNP
of	IN
MP3	NNP
files	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
even	RB
pass	VB
through	IN
Napster	NNP
's	POS
servers	NNS
.	.
Instead	RB
,	,
files	NNS
reside	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
computers	NNS
of	IN
Napster	NNP
users	NNS
,	,
and	CC
are	VBP
transmitted	VBN
directly	RB
between	IN
those	DT
computers	NNS
.	.
''	''
See	VB
id	NN
.	.
``	``
The	DT
music	NN
piracy	NN
on	IN
Napster	NNP
is	VBZ
such	JJ
common	JJ
knowledge	NN
that	WDT
virtually	RB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
countless	JJ
news	NN
articles	NNS
about	IN
Napster	NNP
recount	VBP
how	WRB
easy	JJ
it	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
find	VB
all	PDT
the	DT
works	NNS
of	IN
world	NN
's	POS
leading	VBG
recording	NN
artists	NNS
.	.
''	''
See	VB
id	NN
.	.
at	IN
12	CD
.	.
See	VB
id	NN
.	.
at	IN
26	CD
.	.
Napster	NNP
executives	NNS
have	VBP
written	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
internal	JJ
strategy	NN
document	NN
under	IN
its	PRP$
Goals	NNS
section	NN
:	:
``	``
Napster	NNP
brings	VBZ
about	IN
death	NN
of	IN
the	DT
CD	NNP
...	:
Record	NNP
industry	NN
may	MD
be	VB
unwilling	JJ
to	TO
support	VB
this	DT
transition	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
gut	NN
their	PRP$
bottom	JJ
line	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
...	:
Record	NNP
stores	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
Tower	NNP
Records	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
obsolete	JJ
.	.
''	''
Id	NN
.	.
Hilary	NNP
Rosen	NNP
,	,
presidentand	NN
CEO	NN
of	IN
the	DT
RIAA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
are	VBP
suing	VBG
a	DT
company	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
stealing	VBG
work	NN
that	WDT
does	VBZ
not	RB
belong	VB
to	TO
them	PRP
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
build	VB
a	DT
multi-billion	JJ
dollar	NN
business	NN
on	IN
the	DT
backs	NNS
of	IN
other	JJ
people	NNS
's	POS
works	NNS
.	.
''	''
Segal	NNP
,	,
supra	NN
note	NN
329	CD
.	.
HillaryRosen	NNP
,	,
President	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
RIAA	NNP
,	,
warns	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
Bertelsmann-Napster	NNP
deal	NN
``	``
should	MD
n'tbe	VB
seen	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
company	NN
breaking	VBG
with	IN
its	PRP$
fellow	JJ
major	JJ
record	NN
labels	NNS
.	.
Rather	RB
...	:
the	DT
deal	NN
is	VBZ
consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
industry	NN
's	POS
ongoing	JJ
position	NN
that	IN
labelsshould	JJ
be	VB
compensated	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
exchange	NN
of	IN
music	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
hold	NN
the	DT
copyrights	NNS
.	.
''	''
According	VBG
to	TO
Ms.	NNP
Rosen	NNP
,	,
if	IN
anything	NN
,	,
``	``
the	DT
deal	NN
indicated	VBD
hypocrisy	NN
on	IN
the	DT
part	NN
of	IN
Napster	NNP
for	IN
arguing	VBG
in	IN
court	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
need	VB
to	TO
obtain	VB
licenses	NNS
from	IN
copyright	NN
holders	NNS
,	,
but	CC
then	RB
signing	VBG
a	DT
deal	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
those	DT
licenses	NNS
.	.
''	''
Holson	NNP
,	,
supra	NN
note	NN
333	CD
.	.
Manymembers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
on-line	JJ
community	NN
are	VBP
critical	JJ
of	IN
SDMI	NNP
copyright	NN
management	NN
specifications	NNS
and	CC
fear	VBP
that	IN
``	``
the	DT
music	NN
industry	NN
will	MD
use	VB
SDMI	NNP
standards	NNS
toleverage	VBP
its	PRP$
distribution	NN
power	NN
and	CC
to	TO
maintain	VB
control	NN
.	.
Previously	RB
,	,
a	DT
publisher	NN
had	VBD
limited	VBN
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
content	NN
once	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
distributed	VBN
.	.
But	CC
digital	JJ
rights	NNS
management	NN
allows	VBZ
the	DT
publisher	NN
to	TO
impose	VB
certain	JJ
limitations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
recipient	JJ
of	IN
a	DT
forwarded	JJ
newsletter	NN
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
might	MD
not	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
toread	NN
it	PRP
without	IN
being	VBG
prompted	VBN
to	TO
subscribe	VB
.	.
Or	CC
the	DT
publisher	NN
might	MD
chose	VBD
to	TO
disallow	VB
the	DT
forwarding	NN
or	CC
printing	NN
of	IN
the	DT
newsletter	NN
altogether	RB
and	CC
allowaccess	RB
only	RB
to	TO
the	DT
subscriber	NN
-	:
and	CC
for	IN
a	DT
limited	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
.	.
The	DT
digitalrights	NNS
management	NN
,	,
the	DT
publisher	NN
can	MD
specify	VB
usage	NN
conditions	NNS
and	CC
change	VB
themat	IN
any	DT
time	NN
.	.
Even	RB
Hilary	NNP
Rosen	NNP
,	,
Presidentof	NNP
RIAA	NNP
,	,
has	VBZ
pointed	VBN
out	RP
that	IN
the	DT
recording	NN
companies	NNS
'	POS
attempts	NNS
to	TO
collectroyalties	NNS
for	IN
its	PRP$
artists	NNS
but	CC
yet	RB
``	``
still	RB
allow	VB
consumers	NNS
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
Napster-likeexperience	NN
''	''
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
quite	RB
a	DT
balancing	VBG
act	NN
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
They	PRP
include	VBP
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
domain	NN
names	NNS
,	,
Meta	NNP
tags	NNS
,	,
hyperlinks	NNS
,	,
framing	VBG
and	CC
good	JJ
old	JJ
fashioned	VBN
cases	NNS
of	IN
false	JJ
designation	NN
,	,
sponsorship	NN
,	,
origin	NN
,	,
unfair	JJ
competition	NN
,	,
and	CC
dilution	NN
.	.
Traditional	JJ
trademark	NN
infringement	NN
actions	NNS
are	VBP
brought	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
Lanham	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
Section	NN
32	CD
provides	VBZ
a	DT
cause	NN
of	IN
action	NN
for	IN
infringement	NN
of	IN
registered	VBN
marks	NNS
,	,
while	IN
Section	NN
43	CD
covers	NNS
unregistered	JJ
marks	NNS
,	,
claims	NNS
for	IN
dilution	NN
and	CC
now	RB
cybersquatting	VBG
.	.
A	DT
usual	JJ
instance	NN
of	IN
trademark	NN
infringement	NN
with	IN
regards	VBZ
to	TO
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
is	VBZ
where	WRB
a	DT
person	NN
establishes	VBZ
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
usually	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
that	WDT
is	VBZ
another	DT
's	POS
famous	JJ
trademark	NN
,	,
all	DT
along	IN
hoping	VBG
that	IN
he	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
sell	VB
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
mark	NN
's	POS
owner	NN
at	IN
a	DT
large	JJ
profit	NN
.	.
A	DT
typical	JJ
case	NN
is	VBZ
Panavision	NN
Int	NNP
`	``
l	NN
,	,
L.P.	NNP
v.	CC
Toeppen	NNP
,	,
141	CD
F.	NNP
3d	CD
1316	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
9th	JJ
Cir	NNP
.	.
1998	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
where	WRB
the	DT
defendant	NN
had	VBD
registered	VBN
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
registered	VBN
Panavision	NN
trademark	NN
as	IN
www.panavision.com	NN
.	.
The	DT
same	JJ
defendant	NN
had	VBD
also	RB
registered	VBN
dot	VBP
coms	NNS
for	IN
Delta	NNP
Airlines	NNPS
,	,
Neiman	NNP
Marcus	NNP
,	,
Eddie	NNP
Bauer	NNP
,	,
Lufthansa	NNP
and	CC
others	NNS
.	.
Similar	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
activity	NN
described	VBD
above	RB
,	,
which	WDT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
referred	VBN
to	TO
as	IN
cybersquatting	NN
,	,
some	DT
are	VBP
engaging	VBG
in	IN
an	DT
activity	NN
dubbed	VBN
typosquatting	NN
.	.
Typosquatting	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
registration	NN
of	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
typographical	JJ
error	NN
entered	VBN
by	IN
someone	NN
attempting	VBG
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
a	DT
specific	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
ayhoo.com	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
likely	JJ
typographical	JJ
error	NN
if	IN
you	PRP
were	VBD
attempting	VBG
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
yahoo.com	VB
.	.
The	DT
ACPA	NNP
,	,
the	DT
amendment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
federal	JJ
trademark	NN
act	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
discussed	VBN
fully	RB
below	IN
,	,
was	VBD
enacted	VBN
by	IN
Congress	NNP
in	IN
1999	CD
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
additional	JJ
remedies	NNS
to	TO
trademark	NN
holders	NNS
and	CC
celebrities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
key	NN
to	TO
prosecuting	VBG
an	DT
ACPA	NNP
claim	NN
however	RB
,	,
rests	VBZ
with	IN
a	DT
finding	NN
of	IN
bad	JJ
faith	NN
.	.
Trademark	NN
holders	NNS
who	WP
can	MD
not	RB
show	VB
bad	JJ
faith	NN
must	MD
resort	VB
to	TO
traditional	JJ
methods	NNS
of	IN
trademark	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
It	PRP
appeared	VBD
to	TO
Congress	NNP
that	IN
infringement	NN
actions	NNS
based	VBN
upon	IN
dilution	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
create	VB
a	DT
sufficient	JJ
remedy	NN
for	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
registration	NN
abuses	NNS
.	.
The	DT
ACPA	NNP
basically	RB
provides	VBZ
for	IN
protection	NN
of	IN
trademark	NN
holders	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
bad-faith	NN
registration	NN
or	CC
use	NN
of	IN
domain	NN
names	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
confusingly	RB
similar	JJ
or	CC
identical	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
registered	JJ
mark	NN
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
provides	VBZ
for	IN
in-rem	NN
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
,	,
where	WRB
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
ca	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
obtained	VBN
.	.
The	DT
ACPA	NNP
was	VBD
intended	VBN
to	TO
aid	VB
trademark	NN
holders	NNS
and	CC
celebrities	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
attempts	NNS
to	TO
enforce	VB
their	PRP$
rights	NNS
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
domain	NN
name	NN
violations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
cornerstone	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ACPA	NNP
is	VBZ
bad	JJ
faith	NN
.	.
Without	IN
it	PRP
,	,
a	DT
trademark	NN
holder	NN
is	VBZ
left	VBN
with	IN
traditional	JJ
methods	NNS
of	IN
trademark	NN
infringement	NN
that	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
as	IN
friendly	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
trademark	NN
holder	NN
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
in	IN
rem	NN
jurisdiction	NN
and	CC
a	DT
statutory	JJ
fine	NN
.	.
The	DT
ACPA	NNP
suggests	VBZ
,	,
but	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
limit	VB
the	DT
ways	NNS
the	DT
courts	NNS
may	MD
find	VB
bad	JJ
faith	NN
.	.
As	IN
noted	VBN
below	IN
in	IN
Sections	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
B	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
i	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
A	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
-	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
IX	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
act	NN
identifies	VBZ
nine	CD
factors	NNS
that	WDT
aid	VBP
the	DT
court	NN
in	IN
determining	VBG
the	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
bad	JJ
faith	NN
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
is	VBZ
whether	IN
the	DT
alleged	JJ
offender	NN
has	VBZ
any	DT
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
rights	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
trademark	NN
.	.
This	DT
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
if	IN
a	DT
person	NN
has	VBZ
some	DT
legitimate	JJ
right	NN
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
mark	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
should	MD
decline	VB
to	TO
find	VB
bad	JJ
faith	NN
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
factor	NN
is	VBZ
where	WRB
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
consists	VBZ
of	IN
the	DT
registrants	NNS
name	NN
or	CC
nickname	NN
.	.
This	DT
was	VBD
the	DT
case	NN
in	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
dispute	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
recording	NN
artist	NN
Sting	NNP
and	CC
another	DT
person	NN
who	WP
had	VBD
always	RB
been	VBN
called	VBN
Sting	NNP
who	WP
had	VBD
registered	VBN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
www.sting.com	NN
.	.
The	DT
arbitration	NN
panel	NN
found	VBN
in	IN
favor	NN
the	DT
non-famous	JJ
Sting	NN
and	CC
allowed	VBD
him	PRP
to	TO
keep	VB
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
.	.
The	DT
third	JJ
factor	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
defendant	NN
's	POS
prior	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
in	IN
connection	NN
with	IN
the	DT
goods	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
trademark	NN
.	.
A	DT
finding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
third	JJ
factor	NN
may	MD
not	RB
appear	VB
to	TO
weigh	VB
heavily	RB
one	CD
way	NN
or	CC
the	DT
other	JJ
.	.
The	DT
gist	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
times	NNS
when	WRB
a	DT
registrant	NN
may	MD
have	VB
lawfully	RB
used	VBN
the	DT
mark	NN
legitimately	RB
,	,
but	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
doing	VBG
so	RB
now	RB
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
really	RB
must	MD
determine	VB
what	WP
effect	NN
the	DT
prior	JJ
lawful	JJ
use	NN
may	MD
have	VB
on	IN
the	DT
registrant	NN
's	POS
intent	NN
.	.
The	DT
fourth	JJ
factor	NN
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
if	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
is	VBZ
allowed	VBN
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
mark	NN
itself	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
then	RB
it	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
appropriate	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
bad	JJ
faith	NN
.	.
This	DT
could	MD
come	VB
up	RP
where	WRB
a	DT
descriptive	JJ
trademark	NN
has	VBZ
acquired	VBN
secondary	JJ
meaning	NN
and	CC
become	VB
registerable	JJ
.	.
The	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
acquired	VBD
secondary	JJ
meaning	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
preclude	VB
others	NNS
from	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
mark	NN
in	IN
a	DT
non-trademark	JJ
descriptive	JJ
sense	NN
.	.
As	IN
such	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
bad	JJ
faith	NN
to	TO
register	VB
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
identical	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
mark	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
permission	NN
to	TO
use	VB
.	.
The	DT
fifth	JJ
factor	NN
really	RB
gets	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
heart	NN
of	IN
bad	JJ
faith	NN
.	.
It	PRP
involves	VBZ
the	DT
offender	NN
's	POS
state	NN
of	IN
mind	NN
and	CC
if	IN
the	DT
court	NN
were	VBD
to	TO
find	VB
that	IN
he	PRP
intended	VBD
to	TO
divert	VB
customers	NNS
or	CC
tarnish	VB
the	DT
trademark	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
then	RB
bad	JJ
faith	NN
would	MD
most	RBS
likely	JJ
be	VB
found	VBN
.	.
The	DT
sixth	JJ
factor	NN
allows	VBZ
the	DT
court	NN
to	TO
find	VB
bad	JJ
faith	NN
by	IN
analyzing	VBG
what	WP
the	DT
registrant	NN
has	VBZ
done	VBN
or	CC
attempted	VBN
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
itself	PRP
.	.
Should	MD
the	DT
registrant	NN
offer	NN
to	TO
sell	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
either	CC
the	DT
mark	NN
owner	NN
or	CC
a	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
without	IN
ever	RB
having	VBG
used	VBN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
can	MD
infer	VB
bad	JJ
faith	NN
.	.
Interestingly	RB
enough	RB
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
may	MD
also	RB
consider	VB
the	DT
registrant	NN
's	POS
prior	JJ
conduct	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
allow	VB
the	DT
court	NN
to	TO
conclude	VB
what	WP
his	PRP$
intentions	NNS
were	VBD
.	.
The	DT
seventh	JJ
factor	NN
is	VBZ
related	VBN
to	TO
quasi	VB
fraudulent	JJ
conduct	NN
by	IN
the	DT
registrant	NN
in	IN
providing	VBG
false	JJ
or	CC
misleading	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
the	DT
domain	NN
registrar	NN
.	.
Again	RB
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
can	MD
consider	VB
the	DT
defendant	NN
's	POS
prior	JJ
conduct	NN
in	IN
this	DT
regard	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
bad	JJ
faith	NN
.	.
The	DT
eight	CD
factor	NN
is	VBZ
very	RB
telling	VBG
and	CC
not	RB
likely	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
problem	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
in	IN
the	DT
opinion	NN
of	IN
this	DT
author	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
It	PRP
stems	VBZ
from	IN
domain	NN
name	NN
speculation	NN
,	,
where	WRB
at	IN
the	DT
onset	NN
of	IN
the	DT
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
,	,
people	NNS
would	MD
register	VB
multiple	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
sometimes	RB
hundreds	NNS
of	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
domain	NN
names	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
identical	JJ
or	CC
confusingly	RB
similar	JJ
to	TO
existing	VBG
famous	JJ
trademarks	NNS
.	.
The	DT
ninth	JJ
and	CC
final	JJ
factor	NN
allows	VBZ
the	DT
court	NN
to	TO
consider	VB
the	DT
strength	NN
of	IN
the	DT
mark	NN
.	.
It	PRP
refers	VBZ
to	TO
that	DT
section	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Lanham	NNP
Act	NNP
that	IN
deals	NNS
with	IN
famous	JJ
marks	NNS
.	.
This	DT
means	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
court	NN
can	MD
and	CC
should	MD
consider	VB
whether	IN
the	DT
mark	NN
is	VBZ
widely	RB
known	VBN
and	CC
easily	RB
recognizable	JJ
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
ACPA	NNP
lists	NNS
factors	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
court	NN
can	MD
and	CC
should	MD
consider	VB
to	TO
assist	VB
in	IN
making	VBG
a	DT
determination	NN
of	IN
bad	JJ
faith	NN
,	,
the	DT
act	NN
forbids	VBZ
the	DT
court	NN
from	IN
making	VBG
a	DT
finding	NN
of	IN
bad	JJ
faith	NN
should	MD
it	PRP
determines	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
had	VBD
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
subjective	JJ
belief	NN
that	IN
he	PRP
was	VBD
entitled	VBN
to	TO
use	VB
of	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
ACPA	NNP
,	,
the	DT
owner	NN
of	IN
a	DT
trademark	NN
``	``
may	MD
file	VB
an	DT
in	IN
rem	NN
civil	JJ
action	NN
against	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
in	IN
the	DT
judicial	JJ
district	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
registrar	NN
,	,
domain	NN
name	NN
registry	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
domain	NN
name	NN
authority	NN
that	WDT
registered	VBD
or	CC
assigned	VBN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
if	IN
certain	JJ
conditions	NNS
are	VBP
present	JJ
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
condition	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
itself	PRP
infringe	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
trademark	NN
owners	NNS
rights	NNS
in	IN
that	DT
trademark	NN
.	.
Once	RB
the	DT
first	JJ
condition	NN
is	VBZ
met	VBN
,	,
the	DT
trademark	NN
holder	NN
must	MD
then	RB
demonstrate	VB
either	RB
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
able	JJ
to	TO
obtain	VB
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
a	DT
proper	JJ
defendant	NN
or	CC
the	DT
defendant	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
located	VBN
after	IN
due	JJ
diligence	NN
.	.
Basically	RB
,	,
an	DT
in	IN
rem	NN
proceeding	NN
under	IN
the	DT
ACPA	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
brought	VBN
in	RP
any	DT
judicial	JJ
district	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
registrar	NN
or	CC
registry	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
or	CC
where	WRB
the	DT
documents	NNS
that	WDT
indicate	VBP
control	NN
and	CC
authority	NN
over	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
are	VBP
deposited	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
court	NN
.	.
This	DT
allows	VBZ
a	DT
plaintiff	NN
to	TO
bring	VB
an	DT
action	NN
anywhere	RB
if	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
registrar	NN
is	VBZ
willing	JJ
to	TO
deposit	VB
the	DT
documents	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
court	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
action	NN
is	VBZ
brought	VBN
.	.
The	DT
act	NN
of	IN
depositing	VBG
the	DT
documents	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
court	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
essence	NN
a	DT
submission	NN
to	TO
the	DT
court	NN
's	POS
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
Once	RB
the	DT
in	IN
rem	NN
complaint	NN
is	VBZ
filed	VBN
and	CC
provided	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
registrar	NN
,	,
the	DT
registrar	NN
must	MD
deposit	VB
the	DT
documents	NNS
that	WDT
establish	VBP
its	PRP$
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
with	IN
the	DT
court	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
then	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
sort	NN
of	IN
standing	VBG
order	NN
that	IN
precludes	VBZ
the	DT
registrar	NN
from	IN
transferring	VBG
,	,
suspending	VBG
,	,
or	CC
otherwise	RB
modifying	VBG
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
registrar	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
liable	JJ
for	IN
injunctive	JJ
or	CC
monetary	JJ
relief	NN
unless	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
acted	VBN
in	IN
bad	JJ
faith	NN
or	CC
reckless	JJ
disregard	NN
,	,
which	WDT
would	MD
include	VB
a	DT
willful	JJ
failure	NN
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
previously	RB
issued	VBN
court	NN
order	NN
.	.
A	DT
trademark	NN
holder	NN
may	MD
elect	VB
between	IN
actual	JJ
damages	NNS
and	CC
statutory	JJ
damages	NNS
.	.
The	DT
statutory	JJ
damages	NNS
are	VBP
an	DT
amount	NN
between	IN
$	$
1,000.00	CD
and	CC
$	$
100,000.00	CD
per	IN
domain	NN
name	NN
,	,
once	RB
the	DT
requisite	JJ
findings	NNS
are	VBP
made	VBN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
monetary	JJ
damages	NNS
,	,
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
may	MD
be	VB
entitled	VBN
to	TO
an	DT
injunction	NN
and	CC
the	DT
defendant	NN
will	MD
likely	RB
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
transfer	VB
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
to	TO
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
.	.
A	DT
closer	JJR
look	NN
at	IN
the	DT
statistics	NNS
provided	VBN
by	IN
ICANN	NNP
may	MD
suggest	VB
a	DT
problem	NN
with	IN
the	DT
process	NN
.	.
Out	IN
of	IN
1,486	CD
proceedings	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
decided	VBN
,	,
only	RB
307	CD
have	VBP
been	VBN
decided	VBN
in	IN
favor	NN
of	IN
the	DT
registrant	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
there	EX
have	VBP
been	VBN
2,585	CD
domain	NN
names	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
challenged	VBN
and	CC
only	RB
395	CD
have	VBP
been	VBN
favorable	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
registrant	NN
.	.
The	DT
article	NN
also	RB
points	VBZ
out	RP
that	IN
there	EX
were	VBD
more	JJR
than	IN
twenty	CD
federal	JJ
trademark	NN
registrations	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
not	RB
owned	VBN
by	IN
Hearst	NNP
.	.
The	DT
problem	NN
with	IN
this	DT
decision	NN
lies	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
non-infringing	JJ
manner	NN
that	IN
``	``
esquire	FW
''	''
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
.	.
Several	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
decisions	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
UDRP	NNP
have	VBP
involved	VBN
celebrities	NNS
.	.
One	CD
in	IN
particular	JJ
involved	VBN
the	DT
registration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
www.sting.com	NN
.	.
The	DT
musician	NN
Sting	NN
filed	VBD
a	DT
complaint	NN
against	IN
the	DT
person	NN
who	WP
had	VBD
registered	VBN
Sting.com	NNP
in	IN
1995	CD
.	.
The	DT
panel	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
40	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
then	RB
went	VBD
on	IN
to	TO
find	VB
in	IN
favor	NN
of	IN
the	DT
respondent	NN
who	WP
had	VBD
been	VBN
using	VBG
the	DT
nickname	NN
Sting	VBG
for	IN
several	JJ
years	NNS
.	.
Madonna	NNP
was	VBD
later	RB
awarded	VBN
www.madonna.com	NN
.	.
The	DT
Sting	NNP
and	CC
Madonna	NNP
cases	NNS
are	VBP
distinguishable	JJ
really	RB
only	RB
in	IN
that	IN
the	DT
registrant	NN
of	IN
sting	NN
could	MD
show	VB
legitimate	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
sting	NN
nickname	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
registration	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
Madonna	NNP
had	VBD
registered	VBN
that	IN
name	NN
as	IN
a	DT
trademark	NN
with	IN
the	DT
USPTO	NNP
.	.
In	IN
another	DT
case	NN
involving	VBG
a	DT
celebrity	NN
,	,
the	DT
panel	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
actress	NN
Julia	NNP
Roberts	NNP
had	VBD
common	JJ
law	NN
trademark	NN
rights	NNS
in	IN
her	PRP$
name	NN
was	VBD
entitled	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
www.juliaroberts.com	NN
domain	NN
name	NN
.	.
One	CD
example	NN
of	IN
this	DT
was	VBD
in	IN
another	DT
case	NN
involving	VBG
Playboy	NNP
.	.
An	DT
Italian	JJ
magazine	NN
publisher	NN
distributed	VBN
a	DT
magazine	NN
titled	VBN
Playmen	NNP
.	.
Playboy	NNP
filed	VBD
suit	NN
for	IN
trademark	NN
infringement	NN
and	CC
asked	VBD
for	IN
an	DT
injunction	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
Playmen	NNP
from	IN
being	VBG
distributed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
Playboy	NNP
was	VBD
awarded	VBN
an	DT
injunction	NN
in	IN
1981	CD
.	.
Enter	VB
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
In	IN
1996	CD
,	,
the	DT
Italian	JJ
publisher	NN
posted	VBD
the	DT
Playmen	NNP
mark	NN
on	IN
its	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
in	IN
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
1981	CD
injunction	NN
.	.
The	DT
judge	NN
,	,
in	IN
discussing	VBG
the	DT
ramifications	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
case	NN
stated	VBD
``	``
The	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
world-wide	JJ
phenomenon	NN
,	,
accessible	JJ
from	IN
every	DT
corner	NN
of	IN
the	DT
globe	NN
.	.
Tattilo	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
The	DT
Italian	JJ
Publisher	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
prohibited	VBN
from	IN
operating	VBG
its	PRP$
Internet	NNP
site	NN
merely	RB
because	IN
the	DT
site	NN
is	VBZ
accessible	JJ
from	IN
within	IN
one	CD
country	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
its	PRP$
product	NN
is	VBZ
banned	VBN
.	.
To	TO
hold	VB
otherwise	RB
``	``
would	MD
be	VB
tantamount	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
declaration	NN
that	IN
this	DT
Court	NNP
,	,
and	CC
every	DT
other	JJ
court	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
world	NN
,	,
may	MD
assert	VB
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
all	DT
information	NN
providers	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
global	JJ
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
.	.
''	''
Such	PDT
a	DT
holding	NN
would	MD
have	VB
a	DT
devastating	JJ
impact	NN
on	IN
those	DT
who	WP
use	VBP
this	DT
global	JJ
service	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
then	RB
found	VBD
that	IN
``	``
while	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
neither	CC
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
nor	CC
the	DT
desire	NN
to	TO
prohibit	VB
the	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
sites	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
globe	NN
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
prohibit	VB
access	NN
to	TO
those	DT
sites	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
country	NN
.	.
This	DT
certainly	RB
illustrates	VBZ
what	WP
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
future	JJ
problem	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
dealt	VBN
with	IN
in	IN
courts	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
Trademarks	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
infringed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
by	IN
those	DT
who	WP
seek	VBP
to	TO
profit	VB
from	IN
the	DT
goodwill	NN
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
trademark	NN
of	IN
others	NNS
.	.
This	DT
can	MD
be	VB
accomplished	VBN
by	IN
trying	VBG
to	TO
pirate	VB
domain	NN
names	NNS
,	,
using	VBG
trademarks	NNS
as	IN
meta	NN
tags	NNS
,	,
improperly	RB
linking	VBG
,	,
and	CC
framing	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
a	DT
web	NN
developer	NN
could	MD
just	RB
put	VB
a	DT
trademark	NN
logo	NN
right	JJ
smack	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
middle	NN
of	IN
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
that	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
no	RB
different	JJ
than	IN
if	IN
the	DT
site	NN
owner	NN
had	VBD
put	VBN
the	DT
logo	NN
on	IN
his	PRP$
front	JJ
door	NN
.	.
The	DT
laws	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
amended	VBN
to	TO
alleviate	VB
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
issues	NNS
and	CC
traditional	JJ
actions	NNS
for	IN
infringement	NN
,	,
unfair	JJ
competition	NN
and	CC
dilution	NN
should	MD
be	VB
sufficient	JJ
protection	NN
for	IN
trademark	NN
owners	NNS
.	.
A	DT
possible	JJ
solution	NN
may	MD
lie	VB
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
software	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
capable	JJ
of	IN
searching	VBG
the	DT
internet	NN
for	IN
registered	VBN
trademarks	NNS
.	.
The	DT
bottom	JJ
line	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
remains	VBZ
in	IN
its	PRP$
infancy	NN
and	CC
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
discussed	VBN
above	IN
must	MD
be	VB
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
dealt	VBN
with	IN
in	IN
a	DT
manner	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
fair	JJ
and	CC
balanced	JJ
for	IN
all	DT
involved	VBN
.	.
In	IN
recent	JJ
years	NNS
patients	NNS
have	VBP
become	VBN
increasingly	RB
concerned	JJ
about	IN
their	PRP$
medical	JJ
care	NN
.	.
A	DT
1999	CD
study	NN
indicated	VBD
that	IN
as	IN
many	JJ
at	IN
98,000	CD
people	NNS
die	VBP
due	JJ
to	TO
medical	JJ
mistakes	NNS
each	DT
year	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
figure	NN
caused	VBD
an	DT
uproar	NN
among	IN
both	DT
patients	NNS
and	CC
medical	JJ
personnel	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
medical	JJ
field	NN
is	VBZ
almost	RB
entirely	RB
self-regulating	JJ
,	,
the	DT
exception	NN
being	VBG
medical	JJ
malpractice	NN
claims	NNS
,	,
with	IN
physicians	NNS
relying	VBG
on	IN
peer	VB
review	NN
to	TO
critique	NN
their	PRP$
colleagues	NNS
actions	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
With	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
figures	NNS
regarding	VBG
medial	JJ
errors	NNS
,	,
Congress	NNP
and	CC
state	NN
legislatures	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
forced	VBN
to	TO
revisit	VB
options	NNS
to	TO
decrease	VB
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
mistakes	NNS
.	.
One	CD
potential	NN
option	NN
would	MD
be	VB
to	TO
require	VB
the	DT
patient	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
the	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
a	DT
doctor	NN
patient	NN
relationship	NN
before	IN
access	NN
is	VBZ
permitted	VBN
.	.
This	DT
would	MD
confirm	VB
the	DT
necessity	NN
of	IN
having	VBG
the	DT
information	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
give	VB
informed	JJ
consent	NN
.	.
And	CC
such	PDT
a	DT
remedy	NN
would	MD
limit	VB
the	DT
disclosure	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
only	RB
those	DT
persons	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
legitimate	JJ
need	NN
for	IN
the	DT
data	NNS
.	.
The	DT
problem	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
is	VBZ
the	DT
difficulty	NN
in	IN
creating	VBG
a	DT
system	NN
to	TO
monitor	VB
this	DT
.	.
One	CD
thing	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
clear	JJ
:	:
there	EX
needs	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
better	JJR
definition	NN
of	IN
what	WP
information	NN
is	VBZ
relevant	JJ
and	CC
what	WP
should	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
to	TO
balance	VB
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
patients	NNS
to	TO
give	VB
informed	JJ
consent	NN
with	IN
some	DT
respect	NN
for	IN
the	DT
physician	NN
's	POS
privacy	NN
.	.
Any	DT
changes	NNS
must	MD
recognize	VB
the	DT
influence	NN
telemedicine	NN
and	CC
cybermedicine	NN
will	MD
have	VB
on	IN
the	DT
future	NN
of	IN
medical	JJ
care	NN
and	CC
access	NN
to	TO
medical	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
state	NN
statutes	NNS
presently	RB
address	VBP
only	RB
off-line	JJ
stalking	VBG
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
21	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
yet	RB
the	DT
emerging	VBG
trend	NN
is	VBZ
toward	IN
modernizing	VBG
statutes	NNS
to	TO
address	VB
on-line	JJ
stalking	VBG
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
For	IN
a	DT
more	RBR
complete	JJ
discussion	NN
of	IN
existing	VBG
laws	NNS
,	,
see	VBP
Cyberstalking	NNP
Legislation	NNP
,	,
infra	NN
.	.
Soon	RB
after	IN
California	NNP
enacted	VBD
its	PRP$
legislation	NN
,	,
the	DT
other	JJ
49	CD
states	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
followed	VBD
with	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
version	NN
of	IN
stalking	VBG
laws	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
states	NNS
enacted	VBN
laws	NNS
similar	JJ
to	TO
California	NNP
's	POS
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
credible	JJ
threat	NN
,	,
intent	NN
and	CC
ability	NN
,	,
and	CC
causation	NN
of	IN
fear	NN
elements	NNS
.	.
The	DT
reaction	NN
by	IN
both	DT
state	NN
and	CC
federal	JJ
legislators	NNS
to	TO
high	JJ
profile	NN
stalking	VBG
incidents	NNS
has	VBZ
been	VBN
swift	JJ
.	.
Within	IN
three	CD
years	NNS
all	DT
states	NNS
had	VBD
enacted	VBN
legislation	NN
that	WDT
criminalized	VBD
stalking	VBG
,	,
and	CC
within	IN
six	CD
years	NNS
Congress	NNP
enacted	VBD
federal	JJ
laws	NNS
making	VBG
interstate	JJ
stalking	VBG
a	DT
federal	JJ
crime	NN
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
early	JJ
1990	CD
's	POS
the	DT
Internet	NNP
was	VBD
less	JJR
prolific	JJ
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
focus	NN
of	IN
initial	JJ
anti-stalking	JJ
legislation	NN
failed	VBD
to	TO
encompass	VB
on-line	JJ
threats	NNS
.	.
The	DT
language	NN
in	IN
most	JJS
statutes	NNS
was	VBD
not	RB
broad	JJ
enough	RB
to	TO
cover	VB
the	DT
online	JJ
threats	NNS
described	VBN
in	IN
Section	NN
I.	NN
,	,
supra	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
by	IN
the	DT
late	JJ
1990	CD
's	POS
cyberstalking	NN
was	VBD
becoming	VBG
a	DT
well-known	JJ
phenomenon	NN
and	CC
states	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
Federal	NNP
government	NN
began	VBD
to	TO
enact	VB
legislation	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
fill	VB
in	IN
the	DT
gaps	NNS
in	IN
existing	VBG
stalking	VBG
legislation	NN
.	.
These	DT
expanded	VBN
versions	NNS
have	VBP
merely	RB
broadened	VBN
the	DT
definition	NN
of	IN
credible	JJ
threat	NN
to	TO
include	VB
those	DT
communications	NNS
made	VBD
via	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
exception	NN
of	IN
the	DT
broadened	VBN
definition	NN
,	,
the	DT
laws	NNS
have	VBP
remained	VBN
the	DT
same	JJ
,	,
and	CC
all	DT
previous	JJ
elements	NNS
of	IN
stalking	VBG
remain	VBP
necessary	JJ
to	TO
prove	VB
guilt	NN
.	.
First	RB
,	,
a	DT
person	NN
sent	VBD
a	DT
message	NN
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
the	DT
person	NN
's	POS
intent	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
intimidate	VB
the	DT
retailer	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
threat	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
cause	VB
damage	NN
to	TO
property	NN
of	IN
the	DT
person	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
the	DT
money	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
property	NN
of	IN
the	DT
retailer	NN
and	CC
returning	VBG
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
damaging	JJ
.	.
These	DT
provisions	NNS
afforded	VBD
stalking	VBG
victims	NNS
a	DT
higher	JJR
level	NN
of	IN
protection	NN
than	IN
is	VBZ
found	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
law	NN
.	.
Experts	NNS
and	CC
legislators	NNS
assert	VBP
that	IN
these	DT
provisions	NNS
are	VBP
especially	RB
important	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
stalking	VBG
victims	NNS
because	IN
after	IN
arrest	NN
in	IN
cases	NNS
like	IN
these	DT
``	``
the	DT
stalker	NN
may	MD
become	VB
more	RBR
dangerous	JJ
.	.
''	''
Section	NN
264	CD
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
a	DT
crime	NN
,	,
among	IN
other	JJ
things	NNS
,	,
to	TO
repeatedly	RB
harass	VB
another	DT
person	NN
,	,
or	CC
anyone	NN
known	VBN
to	TO
them	PRP
,	,
through	IN
either	DT
direct	JJ
or	CC
indirect	JJ
communications	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
140	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
interpreting	VBG
the	DT
law	NN
,	,
both	CC
the	DT
Manitoba	NNP
Court	NNP
of	IN
Appeals	NNPS
and	CC
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
of	IN
Canada	NNP
have	VBP
recognized	VBN
``	``
that	IN
the	DT
offense	NN
created	VBN
by	IN
section	NN
264	CD
is	VBZ
complete	JJ
when	WRB
a	DT
threat	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
141	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
courts	NNS
defined	VBD
a	DT
threat	NN
as	IN
``	``
a	DT
tool	NN
of	IN
intimidation	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
instill	VB
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
fear	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
recipient	JJ
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
142	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Thus	RB
a	DT
person	NN
who	WP
sends	VBZ
emails	NNS
to	TO
another	DT
person	NN
that	WDT
instill	VBP
fear	NN
and	CC
intimidation	NN
in	IN
that	DT
person	NN
would	MD
be	VB
guilty	JJ
of	IN
``	``
criminal	JJ
harassment	NN
.	.
''	''
Cyberstalking	NNP
is	VBZ
just	RB
one	CD
of	IN
many	JJ
issues	NNS
that	WDT
governments	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
will	MD
tackle	VB
in	IN
the	DT
21st	JJ
century	NN
.	.
As	IN
with	IN
any	DT
issue	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
understand	VB
the	DT
magnitude	NN
of	IN
cyberstalking	VBG
so	RB
that	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
officials	NNS
and	CC
legislators	NNS
can	MD
effectively	RB
deal	VB
with	IN
it	PRP
.	.
As	IN
was	VBD
discussed	VBN
supra	NN
,	,
statistics	NNS
on	IN
cyberstalking	NN
and	CC
stalking	VBG
are	VBP
unreliable	JJ
.	.
Anecdotal	JJ
evidence	NN
suggests	VBZ
the	DT
problem	NN
is	VBZ
real	JJ
and	CC
growing	VBG
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
organizations	NNS
like	IN
CyberAngels	NNPS
claim	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
fielding	VBG
as	IN
many	JJ
as	IN
500	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
complaints	NNS
daily	RB
.	.
Rather	RB
than	IN
guessing	VBG
or	CC
using	VBG
unreliable	JJ
extrapolations	NNS
,	,
an	DT
effort	NN
on	IN
a	DT
state	NN
and\/or	CC
federal	JJ
basis	NN
should	MD
be	VB
conducted	VBN
to	TO
learn	VB
of	IN
the	DT
true	JJ
magnitude	NN
of	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
solutions	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
more	RBR
effective	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
seems	VBZ
appropriate	JJ
to	TO
address	VB
computerized	JJ
communications	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
intended	VBN
to	TO
threaten	VB
,	,
harass	VB
,	,
intimidate	VB
and	CC
harm	VB
individuals	NNS
given	VBN
the	DT
widespread	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
computers	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
expansion	NN
of	IN
existing	VBG
stalking	VBG
laws	NNS
has	VBZ
been	VBN
the	DT
most	RBS
widely	RB
used	JJ
approach	NN
by	IN
states	NNS
,	,
and	CC
perhaps	RB
the	DT
most	RBS
effective	JJ
solution	NN
to	TO
the	DT
cyberstalking	NN
problem	NN
.	.
Those	DT
states	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
crafted	VBN
new	JJ
computer	NN
communications	NNS
laws	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
particularly	RB
careful	JJ
not	RB
to	TO
run	VB
afoul	RB
of	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
.	.
Cyberstalking	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
far	RB
reaching	VBG
problem	NN
that	IN
exists	VBZ
well	RB
beyond	IN
the	DT
borders	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
Jurisdictional	JJ
issues	NNS
may	MD
confront	VB
states	NNS
and	CC
victims	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
try	VBP
to	TO
thwart	VB
cyberstalkers	NNS
.	.
Hopefully	RB
,	,
many	JJ
of	IN
these	DT
jurisdictional	JJ
issues	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
resolved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
federal	JJ
cyberstalking	NN
law	NN
.	.
As	IN
jurisdictions	NNS
work	VBP
together	RB
,	,
the	DT
end-result	NN
should	MD
be	VB
a	DT
reduction	NN
in	IN
the	DT
prohibited	VBN
use	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
communications	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
threats	NNS
or	CC
harass	VB
others	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
good	JJ
for	IN
victims	NNS
,	,
good	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
society	NN
.	.
Research	NNP
has	VBZ
shown	VBN
that	IN
some	DT
stalkers	NNS
remain	VBP
interested	JJ
in	IN
their	PRP$
target	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
years	NNS
,	,
even	RB
after	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
prosecuted	VBN
,	,
convicted	VBN
and	CC
incarcerated	VBN
for	IN
stalking	VBG
.	.
A	DT
civil	JJ
protection	NN
order	NN
would	MD
permit	VB
a	DT
Federal	JJ
court	NN
to	TO
maintain	VB
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
a	DT
convicted	VBN
stalker	NN
after	IN
the	DT
completion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
sentence	NN
imposed	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
crime	NN
,	,
both	DT
to	TO
reduce	VB
the	DT
threat	NN
of	IN
future	JJ
stalking	VBG
by	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
and	CC
to	TO
provide	VB
an	DT
enforcement	NN
mechanism	NN
should	MD
the	DT
order	NN
be	VB
violated	VBN
.	.
For	IN
many	JJ
years	NNS
,	,
the	DT
courts	NNS
have	VBP
recognized	VBN
that	IN
Freedom	NNP
of	IN
Speech	NNP
has	VBZ
some	DT
limits	NNS
.	.
With	IN
apologies	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
esteemed	VBN
Justice	NNP
Holmes	NNP
,	,
the	DT
title	NN
of	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
refers	VBZ
to	TO
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
earliest	JJS
cases	NNS
that	WDT
addressed	VBD
this	DT
recognition	NN
.	.
In	IN
1919	CD
,	,
Justice	NNP
Holmes	NNP
offered	VBD
the	DT
opinion	NN
that	IN
``	``
the	DT
most	RBS
stringent	JJ
protection	NN
of	IN
free	JJ
speech	NN
would	MD
not	RB
protect	VB
a	DT
man	NN
in	IN
falsely	RB
shouting	VBG
fire	NN
in	IN
a	DT
theater	NN
and	CC
causing	VBG
a	DT
panic	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Since	IN
that	DT
decision	NN
,	,
the	DT
courts	NNS
have	VBP
struggled	VBN
with	IN
what	WP
limits	NNS
,	,
if	IN
any	DT
,	,
should	MD
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
free	JJ
speech	NN
in	IN
the	DT
face	NN
of	IN
changing	VBG
technologies	NNS
and	CC
social	JJ
values	NNS
.	.
The	DT
question	NN
that	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
explores	VBZ
is	VBZ
whether	IN
questions	NNS
of	IN
free	JJ
speech	NN
online	NN
;	:
a.k.a.	VB
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
should	MD
be	VB
treated	VBN
differently	RB
than	IN
free	JJ
speech	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
treated	VBN
off	RP
line	NN
.	.
In	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
is	VBZ
there	EX
something	NN
so	RB
unique	JJ
about	IN
the	DT
``	``
clicks	NNS
''	''
world	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
that	WDT
would	MD
warrant	VB
different	JJ
treatment	NN
of	IN
1st	CD
Amendment	NNP
Freedom	NNP
of	IN
Speech	NNP
issues	NNS
than	IN
that	DT
found	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
``	``
bricks	NNS
''	''
world	NN
?	.
To	TO
fully	RB
explore	VB
this	DT
question	NN
,	,
Part	NNP
One	CD
of	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
briefly	RB
review	VB
the	DT
history	NN
and	CC
tools	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
;	:
Part	NNP
Two	CD
will	MD
review	VB
1st	CD
Amendment	NNP
Freedom	NNP
of	IN
Speech	NNP
issues	NNS
and	CC
limits	NNS
to	TO
it	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
bricks	NNS
world	NN
;	:
Part	NNP
Three	CD
will	MD
review	VB
the	DT
current	JJ
issues	NNS
and	CC
case	NN
law	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
Freedom	NNP
of	IN
Speech	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
clicks	NNS
world	NN
including	VBG
the	DT
policy	NN
concerns	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
those	DT
issues	NNS
;	:
Part	NNP
Four	NNP
will	MD
review	VB
potential	JJ
legislative	JJ
and	CC
non-legislative	JJ
solutions	NNS
to	TO
those	DT
policy	NN
concerns	NNS
;	:
and	CC
Part	NNP
Five	CD
will	MD
offer	VB
a	DT
conclusion	NN
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
began	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
late	JJ
1960	CD
's	POS
as	IN
a	DT
means	NN
to	TO
facilitate	VB
communications	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
military	JJ
and	CC
those	DT
conducting	VBG
military	JJ
research	NN
in	IN
the	DT
event	NN
normal	JJ
channels	NNS
of	IN
communication	NN
were	VBD
interrupted	VBN
due	JJ
to	TO
nuclear	JJ
war	NN
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
network	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
networks	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN3	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
network	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
up	RP
personal	JJ
computers	NNS
and	CC
computers	NNS
that	WDT
function	VBP
as	IN
servers	NNS
or	CC
high-capacity	JJ
information	NN
storers	NNS
.	.
Companies	NNS
,	,
called	VBN
Internet	NNP
Service	NNP
Providers	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ISP	NNP
's	POS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
institutions	NNS
lease	NN
phone	NN
lines	NNS
and	CC
maintain	VB
servers	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
connected	VBN
to	TO
other	JJ
servers	NNS
via	IN
phone	NN
lines	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN4	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
free	JJ
or	CC
the	DT
ISP	NNP
can	MD
charge	VB
a	DT
monthly	JJ
fee	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
real	JJ
physical	JJ
boundaries	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Once	RB
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
an	DT
individual	NN
can	MD
send	VB
and	CC
receive	VB
information	NN
to	TO
and	CC
from	IN
all	DT
over	IN
this	DT
country	NN
and	CC
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
Websites	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
also	RB
called	VBN
webpages	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
set	VBN
up	RP
in	IN
the	DT
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
which	WDT
is	VBZ
a	DT
hypertext	NN
system	NN
,	,
without	IN
boundaries	NNS
,	,
providing	VBG
unlimited	JJ
links	NNS
to	TO
other	JJ
websites	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN7	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Websites	NNS
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
directly	RB
accessed	VBN
by	IN
entering	VBG
specific	JJ
Web	NNP
addresses	NNS
,	,
known	VBN
as	IN
Uniform	NNP
Resource	NNP
Locators	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
URL	NNP
's	POS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
into	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
's	POS
browser	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN8	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
When	WRB
an	DT
individual	JJ
accesses	VBZ
a	DT
website	NN
,	,
they	PRP
can	MD
get	VB
text	NN
documents	NNS
,	,
pictures	NNS
,	,
forms	NNS
,	,
sounds	VBZ
,	,
files	NNS
,	,
and	CC
multimedia	NNS
applications	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN9	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Websites	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
foreign	JJ
or	CC
domestic	JJ
;	:
commercial	JJ
or	CC
non-commercial	JJ
;	:
they	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
set	VBN
up	RP
and	CC
maintained	VBN
by	IN
individuals	NNS
,	,
educational	JJ
institutions	NNS
,	,
charitable	JJ
groups	NNS
,	,
political	JJ
groups	NNS
,	,
companies	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
As	IN
important	JJ
and	CC
fundamental	JJ
as	IN
freedom	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
Americans	NNPS
and	CC
our	PRP$
ideals	NNS
of	IN
democracy	NN
,	,
not	RB
all	DT
speech	NN
is	VBZ
protected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
1st	CD
Amendment	NNP
.	.
Many	JJ
years	NNS
ago	RB
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
recognized	VBD
that	IN
limitations	NNS
are	VBP
allowed	VBN
on	IN
``	``
speech	NN
that	WDT
advocates	VBZ
conduct	NN
inimical	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
welfare	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN13	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
More	RBR
recently	RB
,	,
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
held	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
``	``
in	IN
different	JJ
contexts	NNS
,	,
has	VBZ
consistently	RB
held	VBN
that	IN
government	NN
may	MD
directly	RB
regulate	VB
speech	NN
to	TO
address	VB
extraordinary	JJ
problems	NNS
;	:
where	WRB
its	PRP$
regulations	NNS
are	VBP
appropriately	RB
tailored	VBN
to	TO
resolve	VB
those	DT
problems	NNS
without	IN
imposing	VBG
an	DT
unnecessarily	RB
great	JJ
restriction	NN
on	IN
speech	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN14	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
dilemma	NN
the	DT
courts	NNS
face	VBP
is	VBZ
to	TO
determine	VB
what	WP
speech	NN
falls	VBZ
under	IN
the	DT
protection	NN
of	IN
the	DT
1st	CD
Amendment	NNP
and	CC
what	WP
speech	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
.	.
In	IN
general	JJ
,	,
limits	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
in	IN
the	DT
bricks	NNS
world	NN
center	NN
around	IN
cases	NNS
which	WDT
involve	VBP
laws	NNS
against	IN
obscenity	NN
or	CC
indecency	NN
,	,
threats	NNS
of	IN
violence	NN
,	,
and	CC
defamation	NN
.	.
Even	RB
though	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
different	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
cases	NNS
involved	VBN
with	IN
widely	RB
different	JJ
fact	NN
patterns	NNS
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
some	DT
commonalities	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
court	NN
's	POS
approach	NN
to	TO
the	DT
constitutional	JJ
issues	NNS
posed	VBD
in	IN
them	PRP
.	.
For	IN
one	CD
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
well	RB
settled	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
standard	JJ
courts	NNS
must	MD
use	VB
to	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
constitutionality	NN
of	IN
a	DT
law	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
a	DT
content-based	JJ
restriction	NN
on	IN
speech	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
strict	JJ
scrutiny	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
laws	NNS
that	WDT
restrict	VBP
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
are	VBP
presumptively	RB
invalid	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN15	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
To	TO
survive	VB
strict	JJ
scrutiny	NN
,	,
the	DT
government	NN
must	MD
show	VB
a	DT
legitimate	JJ
,	,
compelling	JJ
interest	NN
or	CC
objective	NN
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
law	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
in	IN
place	NN
is	VBZ
sufficiently	RB
tailored	VBN
to	TO
achieve	VB
that	DT
legitimate	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
least	JJS
restrictive	JJ
way	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN16	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
If	IN
the	DT
law	NN
is	VBZ
overbroad	JJ
or	CC
vague	JJ
or	CC
there	EX
are	VBP
other	JJ
alternatives	NNS
which	WDT
will	MD
achieve	VB
the	DT
government	NN
's	POS
objective	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
less	RBR
restrictive	JJ
,	,
the	DT
law	NN
will	MD
be	VB
declared	VBN
unconstitutional	JJ
.	.
Another	DT
legitimate	JJ
government	NN
interest	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
protection	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
citizens	NNS
from	IN
violence	NN
.	.
This	DT
legitimate	JJ
government	NN
interest	NN
has	VBZ
translated	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
passage	NN
of	IN
laws	NNS
designed	VBN
to	TO
punish	VB
those	DT
who	WP
make	VBP
threats	NNS
of	IN
violence	NN
.	.
As	IN
with	IN
restrictions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
of	IN
a	DT
sexual	JJ
nature	NN
,	,
the	DT
courts	NNS
have	VBP
struggled	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
standard	NN
to	TO
use	VB
to	TO
determine	VB
what	WP
is	VBZ
a	DT
threat	NN
,	,
unprotected	JJ
by	IN
the	DT
1st	CD
Amendment	NNP
,	,
and	CC
what	WP
is	VBZ
pure	JJ
speech	NN
protected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
1st	CD
Amendment	NNP
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
Watts	NNP
Court	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
really	RB
define	VB
what	WP
a	DT
true	JJ
threat	NN
was	VBD
,	,
lower	JJR
courts	NNS
have	VBP
basically	RB
defined	VBN
it	PRP
in	IN
one	CD
of	IN
two	CD
ways	NNS
,	,
using	VBG
Watts	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
blueprint	NN
.	.
The	DT
Second	NNP
Circuit	NNP
held	VBD
that	IN
``	``
so	RB
long	RB
as	IN
the	DT
threat	NN
on	IN
its	PRP$
face	NN
and	CC
in	IN
the	DT
circumstances	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
is	VBZ
made	VBN
is	VBZ
so	RB
unequivocal	JJ
,	,
unconditional	JJ
,	,
immediate	JJ
,	,
and	CC
specific	JJ
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
person	NN
threatened	VBD
,	,
as	IN
to	TO
convey	VB
a	DT
gravity	NN
of	IN
purpose	NN
and	CC
imminent	JJ
prospect	NN
of	IN
execution	NN
,	,
the	DT
defendant	NN
may	MD
be	VB
punished	VBN
for	IN
his	PRP$
speech	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN44	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
the	DT
Ninth	NNP
Circuit	NNP
has	VBZ
said	VBN
that	IN
speech	NN
is	VBZ
outside	JJ
1st	CD
Amendment	NNP
protection	NN
if	IN
a	DT
``	``
reasonable	JJ
person	NN
would	MD
foresee	VB
that	IN
the	DT
statement	NN
would	MD
be	VB
interpreted	VBN
by	IN
those	DT
to	TO
whom	WP
the	DT
maker	NN
communicates	VBZ
the	DT
statement	NN
as	IN
a	DT
serious	JJ
expression	NN
of	IN
intent	NN
to	TO
harm	VB
or	CC
assault	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN45	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Second	NNP
Circuit	NNP
holding	VBG
appears	VBZ
to	TO
place	VB
more	JJR
emphasis	NN
on	IN
the	DT
proximity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
words	NNS
spoken	VBN
to	TO
some	DT
sort	NN
of	IN
action	NN
taken	VBN
than	IN
that	DT
of	IN
the	DT
Ninth	NNP
Circuit	NNP
.	.
The	DT
1st	CD
Circuit	NN
was	VBD
followed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
4th	JJ
and	CC
11th	JJ
Circuits	NNS
in	IN
upholding	VBG
the	DT
constitutionality	NN
of	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
.	.
The	DT
4th	JJ
Circuit	NN
,	,
on	IN
November	NNP
22	CD
,	,
held	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
law	NN
was	VBD
tailored	VBN
as	IN
narrowly	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
government	NN
's	POS
compelling	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
banning	VBG
child	NN
pornography	NN
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
noted	VBD
that	IN
,	,
whether	IN
virtual	JJ
or	CC
real	JJ
,	,
child	NN
pornography	NN
had	VBD
the	DT
same	JJ
effect	NN
on	IN
child	NN
molesters	NNS
so	IN
that	IN
the	DT
government	NN
's	POS
interest	NN
was	VBD
just	RB
as	IN
compelling	JJ
whether	IN
the	DT
child	NN
pornography	NN
was	VBD
virtual	JJ
or	CC
real	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN98	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
With	IN
this	DT
split	NN
among	IN
the	DT
Circuits	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
that	IN
this	DT
statute	NN
will	MD
eventually	RB
end	VB
up	RP
before	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
for	IN
a	DT
final	JJ
determination	NN
on	IN
its	PRP$
constitutionality	NN
.	.
The	DT
California	NNP
penal	JJ
code	NN
,	,
in	IN
Section	NN
288.2	CD
,	,
prohibits	VBZ
sending	VBG
harmful	JJ
material	NN
to	TO
a	DT
known	JJ
minor	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
intent	NN
to	TO
seduce	VB
the	DT
minor	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN100	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
statute	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
upheld	VBN
as	IN
constitutional	JJ
by	IN
California	NNP
appellate	JJ
courts	NNS
because	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
aimed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
act	NN
of	IN
attempting	VBG
to	TO
seduce	VB
a	DT
minor	JJ
not	RB
at	IN
regulating	VBG
any	DT
speech	NN
involved	VBN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
strict	JJ
scrutiny	NN
analysis	NN
,	,
the	DT
appellate	JJ
court	NN
noted	VBD
that	IN
``	``
the	DT
only	JJ
chilling	JJ
effect	NN
of	IN
Section	NN
288.2	CD
is	VBZ
on	IN
pedophiles	NNS
who	WP
intend	VBP
that	IN
their	PRP$
statements	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
acted	VBN
upon	IN
by	IN
children	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN101	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
another	DT
case	NN
,	,
the	DT
California	NNP
appellate	JJ
court	NN
,	,
in	IN
rejecting	VBG
a	DT
constitutional	JJ
challenge	NN
to	TO
the	DT
statute	NN
,	,
found	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
had	VBD
knowledge	NN
and	CC
intent	NN
elements	NNS
which	WDT
ensured	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
impermissively	RB
overbroad	JJ
.	.
In	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
the	DT
statute	NN
was	VBD
written	VBN
so	RB
that	IN
it	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
infringe	VB
on	IN
adult	NN
's	POS
rights	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
to	TO
transmit	VB
and	CC
receive	VB
constitutionally	RB
protected	VBN
material	NN
.	.
Before	IN
an	DT
adult	NN
could	MD
violate	VB
the	DT
law	NN
,	,
``	``
the	DT
sender	NN
must	MD
know	VB
the	DT
recipient	JJ
is	VBZ
a	DT
minor	JJ
,	,
must	MD
know	VB
the	DT
transmitted	JJ
material	NN
is	VBZ
harmful	JJ
,	,
must	MD
intend	VB
to	TO
arouse	VB
the	DT
minor	JJ
's	POS
sexual	JJ
desires	NNS
,	,
and	CC
must	MD
intend	VB
to	TO
seduce	VB
the	DT
minor	JJ
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN102	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
California	NNP
statute	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
faced	VBN
a	DT
challenge	NN
in	IN
Federal	NNP
court	NN
as	IN
yet	RB
.	.
New	NNP
York	NNP
state	NN
law	NN
prohibits	VBZ
the	DT
knowing	VBG
transmission	NN
of	IN
sexually	RB
explicit	JJ
communications	NNS
to	TO
minors	NNS
with	IN
an	DT
intent	NN
to	TO
lure	VB
them	PRP
into	IN
sexual	JJ
activity	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN103	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
New	NNP
York	NNP
Court	NNP
of	IN
Appeals	NNPS
found	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
violate	VB
the	DT
1st	CD
Amendment	NNP
because	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
narrowly	RB
tailored	VBN
enough	RB
to	TO
meet	VB
its	PRP$
compelling	JJ
objective	NN
of	IN
preventing	VBG
the	DT
sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
of	IN
children	NNS
without	IN
going	VBG
too	RB
far	RB
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
determined	VBD
that	IN
``	``
an	DT
invitation	NN
or	CC
enticement	NN
is	VBZ
distinguishable	JJ
from	IN
pure	JJ
speech	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN104	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
statute	NN
has	VBZ
also	RB
not	RB
faced	VBD
a	DT
challenge	NN
in	IN
Federal	NNP
court	NN
.	.
A	DT
Wisconsin	NNP
statute	NN
made	VBD
it	PRP
a	DT
crime	NN
to	TO
transmit	VB
harmful	JJ
material	NN
to	TO
a	DT
minor	JJ
which	WDT
the	DT
state	NN
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
determined	VBD
impermissibly	RB
chilled	VBN
protected	JJ
adult	NN
speech	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN105	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Using	VBG
Federal	NNP
case	NN
law	NN
,	,
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
recipient	JJ
's	POS
age	NN
must	MD
be	VB
an	DT
element	NN
of	IN
the	DT
offense	NN
since	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
covers	VBZ
material	NN
that	IN
adults	NNS
have	VBP
a	DT
right	NN
to	TO
send	VB
and	CC
receive	VB
to	TO
each	DT
other	JJ
;	:
i.e.	FW
everything	NN
but	CC
obscene	JJ
material	NN
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
found	VBD
that	IN
this	DT
very	RB
simply	RB
written	VBN
statute	NN
,	,
chilled	VBN
1st	CD
Amendment	NNP
protected	VBN
speech	NN
by	IN
shifting	VBG
the	DT
burden	NN
to	TO
the	DT
defendant	NN
to	TO
prove	VB
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
recipient	JJ
's	POS
age	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN106	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Under	IN
Wisconsin	NNP
law	NN
,	,
lack	NN
of	IN
knowledge	NN
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
affirmative	JJ
defense	NN
but	CC
only	RB
in	IN
cases	NNS
where	WRB
the	DT
defendant	NN
has	VBZ
personally	RB
met	VBN
the	DT
recipient	JJ
face	NN
to	TO
face	VB
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
noted	VBD
that	IN
Internet	NNP
contact	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
face-to-face	JJ
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
age	NN
verification	NN
needed	VBN
to	TO
satisfy	VB
the	DT
affirmative	JJ
defense	NN
was	VBD
difficult	JJ
,	,
if	IN
not	RB
impossible	JJ
,	,
to	TO
get	VB
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN107	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
Without	IN
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
satisfy	VB
the	DT
affirmative	JJ
defense	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
prove	VB
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
who	WP
they	PRP
are	VBP
communicating	VBG
with	IN
,	,
adults	NNS
could	MD
be	VB
forced	VBN
to	TO
radically	RB
limit	VB
their	PRP$
rights	NNS
to	TO
communicate	VB
about	IN
non-obscene	JJ
material	NN
with	IN
other	JJ
adults	NNS
to	TO
avoid	VB
criminal	JJ
prosecution	NN
.	.
It	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
are	VBP
giving	VBG
such	JJ
deference	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
that	IN
any	DT
new	JJ
legislation	NN
that	WDT
attempts	VBZ
to	TO
limit	VB
its	PRP$
content	NN
to	TO
any	DT
substantial	JJ
degree	NN
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
to	TO
fail	VB
.	.
But	CC
,	,
even	RB
as	IN
most	JJS
federal	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
efforts	NNS
to	TO
limit	VB
harmful	JJ
material	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
drop	NN
like	IN
flies	VBZ
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
still	RB
important	JJ
to	TO
remember	VB
that	DT
obscenity	NN
laws	NNS
and	CC
child	NN
pornography	NN
laws	NNS
are	VBP
still	RB
in	IN
place	NN
and	CC
apply	VB
in	IN
full	JJ
force	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Federal	NNP
statutes	NNS
have	VBP
also	RB
criminalized	VBN
certain	JJ
behaviors	NNS
using	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
that	WDT
may	MD
include	VB
pure	JJ
speech	NN
or	CC
expression	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
18	CD
U.S.C.	NNP
875	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
a	DT
federal	JJ
crime	NN
to	TO
transmit	VB
any	DT
communication	NN
in	IN
interstate	JJ
or	CC
foreign	JJ
commerce	NN
creating	VBG
a	DT
threat	NN
to	TO
injure	VB
the	DT
person	NN
of	IN
another	DT
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN114	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
statute	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
used	VBN
to	TO
prosecute	VB
a	DT
man	NN
in	IN
Maryland	NNP
for	IN
sending	VBG
threatening	JJ
emails	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
school	NN
official	NN
and	CC
another	DT
man	NN
who	WP
was	VBD
found	VBN
guilty	JJ
of	IN
sending	VBG
threatening	JJ
emails	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
federal	JJ
judge	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN115	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
law	NN
was	VBD
challenged	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
case	NN
with	IN
a	DT
claim	NN
that	IN
the	DT
man	NN
's	POS
email	NN
communications	NNS
were	VBD
protected	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
1st	CD
Amendment	NNP
.	.
The	DT
9th	JJ
Circuit	NNP
Court	NNP
of	IN
Appeals	NNPS
found	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
trial	NN
court	NN
had	VBD
properly	RB
applied	VBN
the	DT
true	JJ
threat	NN
analysis	NN
found	VBN
in	IN
Watts	NNP
and	CC
upheld	VBD
the	DT
conviction	NN
.	.
In	IN
another	DT
case	NN
,	,
a	DT
California	NNP
man	NN
was	VBD
prosecuted	VBN
under	IN
a	DT
Federal	NNP
civil	JJ
rights	NNS
statute	NN
for	IN
sending	VBG
``	``
hate	NN
''	''
messages	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
to	TO
specifically	RB
targeted	JJ
individuals	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN116	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Again	RB
,	,
careful	JJ
drafting	VBG
that	IN
tied	VBN
the	DT
speech	NN
to	TO
specifically	RB
defined	VBN
criminal	JJ
conduct	NN
that	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
sought	VBD
to	TO
eliminate	VB
or	CC
punish	VB
resulted	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
law	NN
being	VBG
upheld	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
has	VBZ
also	RB
become	VB
a	DT
prime	JJ
mechanism	NN
for	IN
certain	JJ
hate	NN
groups	NNS
to	TO
spread	VB
their	PRP$
message	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
web	NN
sites	NNS
,	,
chatrooms	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
dedicated	VBN
solely	RB
to	TO
this	DT
goal	NN
.	.
The	DT
content	NN
of	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
these	DT
communications	NNS
is	VBZ
protected	VBN
because	IN
blanket	NN
statements	NNS
that	WDT
express	VBP
ethnic	JJ
hatred	NN
or	CC
bias	NN
are	VBP
n't	RB
actionable	JJ
unless	IN
they	PRP
rise	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
occasion	NN
of	IN
threats	NNS
or	CC
intimidation	NN
that	WDT
are	VBP
prohibited	VBN
by	IN
Federal	NNP
civil	JJ
rights	NNS
laws	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN117	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
While	IN
government	NN
efforts	NNS
to	TO
regulate	VB
``	``
hate	NN
''	''
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
have	VBP
been	VBN
largely	RB
unsuccessful	JJ
because	IN
of	IN
1st	CD
Amendment	NNP
guarantees	NNS
,	,
watchdog	NN
groups	NNS
have	VBP
achieved	VBN
some	DT
success	NN
and	CC
these	DT
will	MD
be	VB
discussed	VBN
more	RBR
fully	RB
in	IN
Part	NNP
Four	NNP
.	.
Some	DT
doubt	NN
that	IN
the	DT
holding	NN
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
will	MD
survive	VB
if	IN
the	DT
1st	CD
Amendment	NNP
challenge	NN
is	VBZ
ever	RB
heard	VBN
before	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
.	.
Specifically	RB
,	,
the	DT
jury	NN
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
given	VBN
a	DT
``	``
speech-protective	JJ
instruction	NN
consistent	JJ
with	IN
Brandenburg	NNP
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN124	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
That	DT
instruction	NN
would	MD
have	VB
required	VBN
the	DT
jury	NN
to	TO
consider	VB
whether	IN
the	DT
speech	NN
in	IN
question	NN
incited	VBD
or	CC
produced	VBD
imminent	JJ
lawless	JJ
action	NN
and	CC
was	VBD
likely	JJ
to	TO
actually	RB
incite	VB
or	CC
produce	VB
such	JJ
action	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN125	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
That	DT
standard	NN
would	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
much	RB
harder	JJR
to	TO
reach	VB
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
than	IN
the	DT
Watts	NNP
``	``
reasonable	JJ
person	NN
''	''
standard	NN
and	CC
a	DT
different	JJ
outcome	NN
would	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
likely	JJ
under	IN
Brandenburg	NNP
.	.
While	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
has	VBZ
focused	VBN
on	IN
government	NN
efforts	NNS
inside	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
to	TO
regulate	VB
the	DT
content	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
worth	JJ
looking	VBG
at	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
going	VBG
on	IN
outside	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
In	IN
doing	VBG
so	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
critical	JJ
to	TO
keep	VB
in	IN
mind	NN
that	IN
most	JJS
countries	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
constitutional	JJ
guarantees	NNS
of	IN
freedom	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
and	CC
expression	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
do	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
.	.
No	DT
where	WRB
has	VBZ
this	DT
become	VBN
more	RBR
apparent	JJ
than	IN
in	IN
the	DT
recent	JJ
legal	JJ
battle	NN
between	IN
Yahoo	NNP
and	CC
France	NNP
over	IN
the	DT
content	NN
on	IN
Yahoo	NNP
that	WDT
is	VBZ
available	JJ
to	TO
citizens	NNS
of	IN
France	NNP
;	:
content	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
illegal	JJ
under	IN
French	JJ
law	NN
but	CC
no	DT
where	WRB
near	IN
illegal	JJ
under	IN
U.S.	NNP
law	NN
.	.
The	DT
elements	NNS
of	IN
defamation	NN
are	VBP
no	DT
different	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
than	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
bricks	NNS
world	NN
.	.
Libel	NN
is	VBZ
still	RB
libel	NN
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
paraphrase	VB
how	WRB
one	CD
author	NN
put	VBD
it	PRP
,	,
a	DT
lie	NN
is	VBZ
still	RB
a	DT
lie	NN
whether	IN
published	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
or	CC
by	IN
some	DT
other	JJ
means	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN137	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
three	CD
general	JJ
areas	NNS
that	WDT
make	VBP
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
defamation	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
a	DT
little	JJ
different	JJ
.	.
First	RB
,	,
the	DT
ease	NN
of	IN
communication	NN
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
can	MD
make	VB
it	PRP
easier	JJR
to	TO
commit	VB
libel	NN
,	,
especially	RB
in	IN
a	DT
chatroom	NN
,	,
bulletin	NN
board	NN
,	,
or	CC
message	NN
board	NN
environment	NN
.	.
If	IN
one	CD
thinks	VBZ
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
earlier	JJR
discussion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
different	JJ
standards	NNS
applied	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
analysis	NN
depending	VBG
on	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
person	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
public	JJ
or	CC
a	DT
private	JJ
figure	NN
,	,
this	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
hard	JJ
to	TO
see	VB
.	.
For	IN
a	DT
private	JJ
figure	NN
,	,
the	DT
standard	NN
is	VBZ
reasonable	JJ
care	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
an	DT
ordinary	JJ
reasonable	JJ
person	NN
would	MD
use	VB
to	TO
insure	VB
the	DT
accuracy	NN
of	IN
material	NN
presented	VBN
as	IN
fact	NN
-	:
mere	JJ
negligence	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN138	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Unless	IN
you	PRP
guarantee	VBP
that	IN
everyone	NN
you	PRP
say	VBP
something	NN
about	RB
is	VBZ
a	DT
public	JJ
figure	NN
or	CC
everything	NN
you	PRP
say	VBP
can	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
harmless	JJ
or	CC
parody	NN
or	CC
satire	NN
,	,
the	DT
ease	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
can	MD
publish	VB
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
should	MD
give	VB
cause	NN
for	IN
concern	NN
to	TO
those	DT
who	WP
make	VBP
possibly	RB
defamatory	JJ
statements	NNS
.	.
Cases	NNS
involving	VBG
domain	NN
names	NNS
can	MD
also	RB
have	VB
1st	CD
Amendment	NNP
implications	NNS
.	.
Network	NNP
Solutions	NNPS
has	VBZ
faced	VBN
suits	NNS
for	IN
denying	VBG
requests	NNS
for	IN
both	DT
top	JJ
level	NN
and	CC
second	JJ
level	NN
domain	NN
names	NNS
.	.
In	IN
Name	NN
.	.
space	NN
,	,
Inc.	NNP
v.	CC
Network	NNP
Solutions	NNPS
,	,
Inc.	NNP
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
three	CD
letter	NN
generic	JJ
Top	NNP
Level	NNP
Domains	NNPS
were	VBD
too	RB
short	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
considered	VBN
protected	JJ
speech	NN
but	CC
the	DT
court	NN
pointed	VBD
out	RP
that	IN
future	JJ
,	,
longer	RBR
ones	NNS
might	MD
be	VB
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN156	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
More	RBR
recently	RB
,	,
in	IN
National	NNP
A-1	NNP
Advertising	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
held	VBD
that	IN
second	JJ
-	:
level	NN
domain	NN
names	NNS
,	,
unlike	IN
web	NN
sites	NNS
,	,
chatrooms	NNS
,	,
and	CC
newsgroups	NNS
,	,
were	VBD
not	RB
public	JJ
forums	NNS
for	IN
debate	NN
and	CC
were	VBD
not	RB
entitled	VBN
to	TO
1st	CD
Amendment	NNP
protection	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN157	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
Based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
reasoning	NN
of	IN
these	DT
two	CD
different	JJ
courts	NNS
,	,
this	DT
does	VBZ
not	RB
appear	VB
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
settled	VBN
issue	NN
.	.
It	PRP
should	MD
come	VB
as	IN
no	DT
surprise	NN
that	WDT
major	JJ
policy	NN
concerns	NNS
and	CC
goals	NNS
still	RB
exist	VBP
today	NN
when	WRB
it	PRP
comes	VBZ
to	TO
protecting	VBG
children	NNS
from	IN
harmful	JJ
violent	JJ
and	CC
sexual	JJ
material	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
These	DT
concerns	NNS
and	CC
goals	NNS
clash	VBP
with	IN
another	DT
which	WDT
is	VBZ
to	TO
keep	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
as	IN
free	JJ
from	IN
government	NN
regulation	NN
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
Throw	VB
in	IN
a	DT
policy	NN
concern	NN
and	CC
goal	NN
of	IN
protecting	VBG
the	DT
speech	NN
rights	NNS
of	IN
Americans	NNPS
under	IN
the	DT
1st	CD
Amendment	NNP
and	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
easy	JJ
to	TO
see	VB
that	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
easy	JJ
answers	NNS
.	.
Current	JJ
efforts	NNS
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
various	JJ
policy	NN
concerns	NNS
and	CC
goals	NNS
are	VBP
essentially	RB
divided	VBN
into	IN
two	CD
areas	NNS
:	:
Legislative	JJ
and	CC
Non-Legislative	JJ
.	.
Legislatively	RB
,	,
Congress	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
states	NNS
continue	VBP
to	TO
debate	VB
different	JJ
alternatives	NNS
to	TO
try	VB
and	CC
shield	VB
children	NNS
from	IN
harmful	JJ
material	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
focus	NN
on	IN
this	DT
debate	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
cyberzoning	NN
,	,
designed	VBN
to	TO
segregate	VB
harmful	JJ
material	NN
in	IN
certain	JJ
areas	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
mandatory	JJ
filtering	VBG
and	CC
blocking	VBG
in	IN
libraries	NNS
and	CC
public	JJ
schools	NNS
.	.
Mandating	VBG
a	DT
specific	JJ
domain	NN
for	IN
pornographic	JJ
material	NN
would	MD
also	RB
put	VB
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Government	NN
at	IN
odds	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
philosophy	NN
behind	IN
ICANN	NNP
's	POS
formation	NN
.	.
While	IN
few	JJ
doubt	NN
that	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
lacks	VBZ
the	DT
``	``
raw	JJ
power	NN
''	''
to	TO
do	VB
this	DT
,	,
the	DT
fear	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
other	JJ
governments	NNS
would	MD
follow	VB
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
'	POS
lead	NN
which	WDT
would	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
a	DT
dramatic	JJ
increase	NN
in	IN
government	NN
interference	NN
world-wide	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN169	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Most	JJS
believe	VBP
that	IN
increased	VBN
attempts	NNS
at	IN
Internet	NNP
regulation	NN
will	MD
stifle	VB
its	PRP$
growth	NN
and	CC
potential	JJ
uses	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
did	VBD
recommend	VB
that	IN
the	DT
government	NN
look	NN
into	IN
new	JJ
legislation	NN
which	WDT
would	MD
treat	VB
``	``
mouse	NN
trapping	NN
''	''
and	CC
``	``
deceptive	JJ
metatagging	NN
,	,
''	''
done	VBN
to	TO
lure	VB
children	NNS
to	TO
view	VB
the	DT
adult	NN
sites	NNS
,	,
as	IN
deceptive	JJ
trade	NN
practices	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN182	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Also	RB
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
recommended	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
government	NN
provide	VB
resources	NNS
to	TO
enforce	VB
existing	VBG
obscenity	NN
and	CC
child	NN
pornography	NN
laws	NNS
more	RBR
vigorously	RB
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
government	NN
study	NN
and	CC
evaluate	VB
technological	JJ
tools	NNS
like	IN
filtering	VBG
,	,
labeling	VBG
,	,
and	CC
rating	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN183	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Another	DT
major	JJ
focus	NN
on	IN
the	DT
group	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
encourage	VB
the	DT
adult-oriented	JJ
material	NN
businesses	NNS
to	TO
do	VB
a	DT
better	JJR
job	NN
of	IN
self-regulation	NN
.	.
Specifically	RB
,	,
they	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
self-label	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
filters	NNS
more	RBR
effective	JJ
,	,
end	NN
spamming	NN
,	,
develop	VB
better	JJR
age-verification	NN
techniques	NNS
,	,
and	CC
eliminate	VB
teasers	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN184	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
year	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
Commission	NNP
's	POS
first	JJ
report	NN
so	IN
it	PRP
remains	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
seen	VBN
how	WRB
effective	JJ
or	CC
influential	JJ
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
.	.
Although	IN
not	RB
directly	RB
charged	VBN
with	IN
regulating	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
per	IN
se	FW
,	,
ICANN	NNP
does	VBZ
have	VB
a	DT
tremendous	JJ
influence	NN
on	IN
it	PRP
by	IN
virtue	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
role	NN
in	IN
assigning	VBG
domains	NNS
.	.
As	IN
discussed	VBN
earlier	RBR
,	,
the	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
.	.
xxx	NN
domain	NN
to	TO
aide	NN
in	IN
cyberzoning	VBG
would	MD
require	VB
international	JJ
agreement	NN
.	.
ICANN	NNP
recently	RB
rejected	VBD
this	DT
suffix	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
a	DT
.	.
kids	NNS
domain	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
safe	JJ
domain	NN
for	IN
children	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
far	RB
,	,
ICANN	NNP
has	VBZ
avoided	VBN
domains	NNS
like	IN
this	DT
that	IN
it	PRP
finds	VBZ
``	``
troublesome	JJ
''	''
because	IN
of	IN
concerns	NNS
about	IN
who	WP
determines	VBZ
what	WP
is	VBZ
on	IN
them	PRP
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
verify	VB
that	IN
the	DT
users	NNS
are	VBP
really	RB
adults	NNS
or	CC
children	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN185	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
These	DT
are	VBP
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
issues	NNS
that	WDT
U.S.	NNP
courts	NNS
have	VBP
struggled	VBN
with	IN
and	CC
ICANN	NNP
seems	VBZ
unwilling	JJ
,	,
at	IN
this	DT
point	NN
,	,
to	TO
enter	VB
the	DT
fray	NN
when	WRB
it	PRP
comes	VBZ
to	TO
issues	NNS
that	WDT
seek	VBP
to	TO
influence	VB
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Thus	RB
far	RB
,	,
most	RBS
industry	NN
actions	NNS
seem	VBP
largely	RB
reactionary	JJ
.	.
More	RBR
proactive	JJ
activities	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
an	DT
industry-wide	JJ
rating	NN
system	NN
and	CC
content	JJ
codes	NNS
or	CC
tagging	VBG
have	VBP
been	VBN
suggested	VBN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
composed	VBN
of	IN
so	RB
many	JJ
different	JJ
service	NN
providers	NNS
from	IN
so	RB
many	JJ
different	JJ
countries	NNS
that	IN
getting	VBG
the	DT
consensus	NN
needed	VBN
to	TO
make	VB
things	NNS
like	IN
these	DT
effective	JJ
would	MD
be	VB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
do	VB
.	.
Any	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
content	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
through	IN
legislative	JJ
means	NNS
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
face	VB
an	DT
uphill	JJ
battle	NN
in	IN
this	DT
country	NN
.	.
Unlike	IN
other	JJ
new	JJ
technologies	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
set	VBD
the	DT
tone	NN
for	IN
Internet	NNP
regulation	NN
early	RB
on	IN
and	CC
there	EX
has	VBZ
been	VBN
no	DT
deviation	NN
from	IN
it	PRP
.	.
While	IN
that	DT
tone	NN
could	MD
change	VB
over	IN
time	NN
,	,
thus	RB
far	RB
the	DT
message	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
clear	JJ
:	:
Protecting	VBG
children	NNS
is	VBZ
a	DT
compelling	JJ
government	NN
objective	NN
but	CC
it	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
trump	VB
the	DT
free	JJ
speech	NN
rights	NNS
of	IN
adults	NNS
unless	IN
the	DT
strict	JJ
scrutiny	NN
analysis	NN
is	VBZ
satisfied	JJ
.	.
Since	IN
that	DT
standard	NN
is	VBZ
very	RB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
meet	VB
,	,
we	PRP
must	MD
explore	VB
other	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
this	DT
important	JJ
objective	NN
.	.
Self-regulating	JJ
activities	NNS
by	IN
the	DT
ISP	NNP
's	POS
and	CC
Internet	NNP
businesses	NNS
will	MD
provide	VB
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
solution	NN
while	IN
the	DT
continued	VBN
development	NN
and	CC
use	NN
of	IN
filtering	VBG
technologies	NNS
can	MD
provide	VB
another	DT
piece	NN
.	.
None	NN
of	IN
these	DT
things	NNS
will	MD
replace	VB
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
the	DT
parent	NN
in	IN
protecting	VBG
and	CC
teaching	VBG
their	PRP$
children	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
babysitter	NN
and	CC
the	DT
government	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
parent	NN
.	.
A	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
``	``
word	NN
address	NN
''	''
that	IN
people	NNS
use	VBP
to	TO
find	VB
pages	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
A	DT
registry	NN
of	IN
domain	NN
names	NNS
is	VBZ
maintained	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
registrar	NN
,	,
which	WDT
translates	VBZ
the	DT
word	NN
name	NN
into	IN
the	DT
number	NN
address	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
page	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
An	DT
example	NN
of	IN
a	DT
word	NN
domain	NN
name	NN
is	VBZ
<www.amazon.com>	JJ
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
owned	VBN
by	IN
``	``
amazon.com	NN
''	''
an	DT
on-line	JJ
bookstore	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
reading	VBG
this	DT
paper	NN
,	,
you	PRP
probably	RB
already	RB
knew	VBD
!	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Mr.	NNP
Boyd	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
seems	VBZ
,	,
also	RB
owned	VBN
over	IN
fifty	CD
other	JJ
domain	NN
names	NNS
,	,
many	JJ
including	VBG
the	DT
names	NNS
of	IN
other	JJ
movie	NN
stars	NNS
like	IN
``	``
alpacino.com	JJ
''	''
and	CC
``	``
madeleinestowe.com	FW
''	''
and	CC
had	VBD
offered	VBN
the	DT
``	``
juliaroberts.com	NN
''	''
domain	NN
name	NN
for	IN
sale	NN
on	IN
e-bay	JJ
,	,
an	DT
online	JJ
auction	NN
site	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
He	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
using	VBG
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
celebrity	NN
domain	NN
names	NNS
as	IN
addresses	NNS
for	IN
fan	NN
web	NN
sites	NNS
or	CC
anything	NN
having	VBG
to	TO
do	VB
with	IN
the	DT
celebrities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
registration	NN
,	,
or	CC
ownership	NN
,	,
of	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
as	IN
or	CC
confusingly	RB
similar	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
trademark	NN
or	CC
a	DT
famous	JJ
name	NN
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
purposes	NNS
of	IN
selling	VBG
it	PRP
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
``	``
rightful	JJ
''	''
owner	NN
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
use	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
mislead	VB
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
into	IN
visiting	VBG
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
known	VBN
as	IN
``	``
cybersquatting	NN
,	,
''	''
and	CC
is	VBZ
an	DT
increasing	VBG
problem	NN
for	IN
trademark	NN
owners	NNS
and	CC
celebrities	NNS
.	.
Until	IN
recently	RB
,	,
trademark	NN
or	CC
service	NN
mark	NN
owners	NNS
whose	WP$
marks	NNS
were	VBD
being	VBG
infringed	VBN
by	IN
cybersquatters	NNS
typically	RB
sought	VBD
redress	NN
through	IN
traditional	JJ
trademark	NN
remedies	NNS
in	IN
court	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Alternatively	RB
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
cybersquatter	NN
registered	VBD
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
identical	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
registered	JJ
mark	NN
,	,
the	DT
registered	JJ
mark	NN
owner	NN
could	MD
use	VB
a	DT
dispute	NN
resolution	NN
policy	NN
promulgated	VBN
by	IN
Network	NNP
Solutions	NNPS
,	,
Inc.	NNP
This	DT
paper	NN
provides	VBZ
an	DT
overview	NN
and	CC
analysis	NN
of	IN
ICANN	NNP
's	POS
domain	NN
name	NN
dispute	NN
resolution	NN
plan	NN
.	.
Part	NNP
II	NNP
provides	VBZ
a	DT
look	NN
at	IN
the	DT
background	NN
and	CC
evolution	NN
of	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
.	.
Part	NNP
III	NNP
walks	VBZ
through	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
filing	VBG
a	DT
complaint	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
a	DT
case	NN
proceeds	NNS
under	IN
ICANN	NNP
's	POS
plan	NN
.	.
Part	NNP
IV	NNP
analyzes	VBZ
how	WRB
well	RB
the	DT
plan	NN
is	VBZ
working	VBG
and	CC
how	WRB
it	PRP
can	MD
best	RB
be	VB
utilized	VBN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
part	NN
V	NN
offers	VBZ
suggestions	NNS
for	IN
proactive	JJ
approaches	NNS
to	TO
domain	NN
dispute	NN
prevention	NN
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
resolution	NN
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
registrant	NN
is	VBZ
bound	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
UDRP	NNP
under	IN
the	DT
registration	NN
contract	NN
and	CC
because	IN
the	DT
evidence	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
heard	VBN
''	''
through	IN
the	DT
submission	NN
of	IN
documents	NNS
only	RB
,	,
the	DT
complainant	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
to	TO
``	``
get	VB
jurisdiction	NN
''	''
over	IN
the	DT
respondent	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
arbitrators	NNS
have	VBP
identified	VBN
``	``
respondent	NN
's	POS
failure	NN
to	TO
make	VB
good	JJ
faith	NN
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Domain	NNP
Name	NN
''	''
without	IN
explanation	NN
for	IN
that	DT
failure	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
36	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
respondent	NN
's	POS
failure	NN
to	TO
present	VB
any	DT
evidence	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
defense	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
37	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
making	VBG
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
available	JJ
for	IN
auction	NN
on	IN
an	DT
on-line	JJ
auction	NN
web	NN
site	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
38	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
providing	VBG
an	DT
e-mail	NN
link	NN
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
page	NN
for	IN
anyone	NN
to	TO
offer	VB
to	TO
buy	VB
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
,	,
not	RB
just	RB
the	DT
complainant	NN
or	CC
a	DT
competitor	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
39	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
registering	VBG
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
close	RB
in	IN
time	NN
after	IN
an	DT
announcement	NN
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
marketing	NN
campaign	NN
\/	CD
logo	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
40	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
and	CC
being	VBG
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
geographic	JJ
and	CC
industrial	JJ
community	NN
as	IN
a	DT
complainant	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
41	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
as	IN
additional	JJ
indicia	NN
of	IN
bad	JJ
faith	NN
by	IN
the	DT
respondent	NN
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
UDRP	NNP
is	VBZ
still	RB
relatively	RB
new	JJ
,	,
the	DT
extent	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
courts	NNS
will	MD
defer	VB
to	TO
the	DT
decisions	NNS
of	IN
UDRP	NNP
panels	NNS
is	VBZ
still	RB
unknown	JJ
.	.
At	IN
least	JJS
one	CD
United	NNP
States	NNPS
District	NNP
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
decided	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
UDRP	NNP
decisions	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
binding	JJ
,	,
although	IN
the	DT
court	NN
declined	VBD
to	TO
decide	VB
how	WRB
deferentially	RB
it	PRP
would	MD
view	VB
a	DT
panel	NN
decision	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
45	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
Weber-Stephen	NNP
v.	CC
UDRP	NNP
decisions	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
binding	JJ
.	.
If	IN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
the	DT
Policy	NN
is	VBZ
going	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
truly	RB
meaningful	JJ
,	,
courts	NNS
should	MD
consider	VB
the	DT
administrative	JJ
decisions	NNS
with	IN
some	DT
degree	NN
of	IN
deference	NN
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
for	IN
a	DT
winning	VBG
complainant	NN
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
losing	VBG
respondent	NN
files	NNS
a	DT
court	NN
challenge	NN
to	TO
the	DT
administrative	JJ
decision	NN
within	IN
a	DT
certain	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
,	,
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
registrar	NN
will	MD
not	RB
impose	VB
the	DT
panel	NN
's	POS
decision	NN
to	TO
transfer	VB
or	CC
cancel	VB
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
until	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
notified	VBN
of	IN
resolution	NN
of	IN
the	DT
challenge	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
55	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Therefore	RB
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
UDRP	NNP
panel	NN
has	VBZ
correctly	RB
determined	VBN
that	IN
a	DT
respondent	NN
's	POS
registration	NN
and	CC
use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
is	VBZ
infringing	VBG
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
hardly	RB
be	VB
appropriate	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
rightful	JJ
mark	NN
owner	NN
\/	NN
complainant	NN
to	TO
have	VB
to	TO
await	VB
another	DT
determination	NN
by	IN
a	DT
court	NN
that	IN
the	DT
panel	NN
's	POS
decision	NN
was	VBD
correct	JJ
before	IN
having	VBG
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
canceled	VBN
or	CC
transferred	VBN
.	.
Similarly	RB
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
UDRP	NNP
panel	NN
determines	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
mark	NN
owner	NN
\/	NN
complainant	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
in	IN
fact	NN
,	,
guilty	JJ
of	IN
reverse	JJ
domain	NN
name	NN
hijacking	VBG
against	IN
a	DT
respondent	NN
with	IN
legitimate	JJ
rights	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
,	,
should	MD
that	WDT
Complainant	NNP
get	VB
a	DT
second	JJ
bite	NN
at	IN
the	DT
apple	NN
by	IN
filing	VBG
a	DT
complaint	NN
and	CC
having	VBG
a	DT
trial	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
at	IN
least	JJS
summary	NN
judgment	NN
hearing	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
Court	NNP
?	.
Act	NNP
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
57	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
a	DT
judge	NN
may	MD
only	RB
vacate	VB
an	DT
arbitration	NN
award	NN
if	IN
it	PRP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
arbitrator	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
engaged	VBN
in	IN
some	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
misconduct	NN
or	CC
in	IN
the	DT
event	NN
of	IN
some	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
arbitrator	NN
bias	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
58	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Whether	IN
a	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
District	NNP
Court	NNP
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
should	MD
give	VB
UDRP	NNP
decisions	NNS
the	DT
same	JJ
deference	NN
as	IN
that	DT
granted	VBN
to	TO
arbitrations	NNS
governed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Arbitration	NNP
Act	NNP
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
matter	NN
for	IN
Congress	NNP
to	TO
determine	VB
in	IN
adopting	VBG
such	PDT
a	DT
law	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
issues	NNS
of	IN
precedent	NN
and	CC
free	JJ
speech	NN
raised	VBN
above	IN
,	,
the	DT
UDRP	NNP
presents	VBZ
a	DT
question	NN
of	IN
whether	IN
its	PRP$
advantages	NNS
outweigh	VBP
its	PRP$
disadvantages	NNS
for	IN
resolving	VBG
domain	NN
name	NN
disputes	NNS
.	.
One	CD
way	NN
to	TO
approach	VB
that	DT
question	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
light	NN
of	IN
the	DT
policy	NN
rationales	VBZ
behind	IN
the	DT
UDRP	NNP
.	.
This	DT
section	NN
considers	VBZ
two	CD
policy	NN
rationales	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
UDRP	NNP
and	CC
analyzes	VBZ
whether	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
being	VBG
met	VBN
.	.
An	DT
efficient	JJ
dispute	NN
resolution	NN
plan	NN
helps	VBZ
to	TO
even	RB
out	IN
the	DT
balance	NN
of	IN
power	NN
between	IN
trademark	NN
owners	NNS
and	CC
cybersquatters	NNS
by	IN
decreasing	VBG
the	DT
leverage	NN
that	WDT
cybersquatters	NNS
have	VBP
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
past	NN
,	,
a	DT
trademark	NN
owner	NN
could	MD
either	RB
pay	VB
an	DT
inflated	JJ
purchase	NN
price	NN
to	TO
a	DT
cybersquatter	NN
or	CC
expend	VB
resources	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
court	NN
action	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
85	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Under	IN
the	DT
UDRP	NNP
,	,
dispute	NN
resolution	NN
is	VBZ
far	RB
less	RBR
expensive	JJ
than	IN
court	NN
,	,
allowing	VBG
a	DT
trademark	NN
owner	NN
to	TO
reject	VB
a	DT
cybersquatter	NN
's	POS
inflated	JJ
sale	NN
price	NN
and	CC
use	VB
the	DT
UDRP	NNP
instead	RB
of	IN
court	NN
.	.
Even	RB
though	IN
cybersquatters	NNS
may	MD
misdirect	VB
some	DT
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
looking	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
business	NN
on	IN
line	NN
at	IN
``	``
trademark.com	NN
,	,
''	''
most	RBS
Internet	JJ
users	NNS
can	MD
ultimately	RB
find	VB
the	DT
business	NN
through	IN
a	DT
search	NN
engine	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
not	RB
being	VBG
able	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
a	DT
company	NN
at	IN
``	``
trademark.com	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
at	IN
worst	JJS
an	DT
inconvenience	NN
for	IN
most	JJS
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
.	.
If	IN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
domain	NN
name	NN
dispute	NN
resolution	NN
is	VBZ
long	RB
,	,
costly	JJ
and	CC
inefficient	JJ
,	,
then	RB
those	DT
costs	NNS
are	VBP
likely	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
passed	VBN
on	IN
to	TO
the	DT
user	NN
,	,
either	CC
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
actual	JJ
cost	NN
of	IN
product	NN
,	,
or	CC
in	IN
time	NN
spent	VBD
searching	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
right	JJ
web	NN
page	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
sunrise	NN
+20	CD
plan	NN
probably	RB
does	VBZ
not	RB
adequately	RB
address	VB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
issues	NNS
that	WDT
arise	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
opening	NN
of	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
generic	JJ
top	JJ
level	NN
domains	NNS
.	.
The	DT
difficult	JJ
task	NN
for	IN
ICANN	NNP
,	,
through	IN
DNSO	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
to	TO
balance	VB
the	DT
competing	VBG
needs	NNS
of	IN
trademark	NN
owners	NNS
and	CC
domain	NN
name	NN
owners	NNS
with	IN
legitimate	JJ
rights	NNS
to	TO
own	VB
and	CC
use	VB
their	PRP$
domain	NN
names	NNS
,	,
while	IN
remembering	VBG
that	DT
internet	NN
users	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
relying	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
system	NN
to	TO
help	VB
them	PRP
navigate	VB
the	DT
world	NN
wide	JJ
web	NN
.	.
The	DT
Domain	NNP
Name	NN
dispute	NN
problem	NN
demonstrates	VBZ
the	DT
increasing	VBG
tendency	NN
to	TO
consider	VB
trademark	NN
rights	NNS
as	IN
being	VBG
closer	JJR
and	CC
closer	JJR
to	TO
a	DT
property	NN
right	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
as	IN
primarily	RB
a	DT
method	NN
of	IN
designating	VBG
source	NN
.	.
At	IN
common	JJ
law	NN
,	,
trademark	NN
protection	NN
only	RB
existed	VBD
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
the	DT
commercial	JJ
activity	NN
and	CC
could	MD
not	RB
be	VB
``	``
appropriated	VBN
in	IN
gross	JJ
''	''
without	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
appurtenant	JJ
goods	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
109	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Under	IN
this	DT
scheme	NN
,	,
trademark	NN
protection	NN
helps	VBZ
to	TO
promote	VB
commercial	JJ
competition	NN
by	IN
encouraging	JJ
competitors	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
marks	NNS
to	TO
distinguish	VB
quality	NN
of	IN
goods	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
without	IN
allowing	VBG
any	DT
one	CD
competitor	NN
to	TO
gain	VB
a	DT
monopoly	NN
on	IN
that	DT
good	JJ
or	CC
service	NN
while	IN
protecting	VBG
consumer	NN
expectations	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
110	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
,	,
as	IN
trademark	NN
law	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
codified	VBN
,	,
merged	VBD
into	IN
causes	NNS
of	IN
action	NN
for	IN
unfair	JJ
competition	NN
and	CC
evolved	VBD
to	TO
include	VB
a	DT
``	``
trademark	NN
dilution	NN
''	''
cause	NN
of	IN
action	NN
,	,
a	DT
trademark	NN
becomes	VBZ
more	JJR
like	IN
property	NN
.	.
Because	IN
a	DT
mark	NN
can	MD
carry	VB
substantial	JJ
benefits	NNS
like	IN
consumer	NN
good	NN
will	MD
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
justifiable	JJ
for	IN
trademark	NN
and	CC
service	NN
mark	NN
owners	NNS
to	TO
work	VB
to	TO
protect	VB
their	PRP$
marks	NNS
from	IN
even	RB
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
confusion	NN
by	IN
consumers	NNS
.	.
This	DT
tension	NN
between	IN
adequately	RB
protecting	VBG
trademarks	NNS
while	IN
maintaining	VBG
the	DT
identification	NN
purpose	NN
of	IN
trademarks	NNS
manifests	VBZ
clearly	RB
in	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
dispute	NN
arena	NN
.	.
So	RB
far	RB
,	,
the	DT
ICANN	NNP
UDRP	NNP
seems	VBZ
to	TO
strike	VB
the	DT
right	JJ
balance	NN
,	,
allowing	VBG
a	DT
quick	JJ
,	,
inexpensive	JJ
and	CC
efficient	JJ
way	NN
for	IN
trademark	NN
owners	NNS
to	TO
protect	VB
their	PRP$
marks	NNS
from	IN
third	JJ
parties	NNS
with	IN
no	DT
legitimate	JJ
claims	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
mark	NN
.	.
By	IN
putting	VBG
the	DT
entire	JJ
burden	NN
of	IN
proof	NN
on	IN
the	DT
trademark	NN
owner	NN
\/	NN
complainant	NN
,	,
the	DT
UDRP	NNP
keeps	VBZ
trademark	NN
owners	NNS
from	IN
being	VBG
able	JJ
to	TO
change	VB
its	PRP$
mark	NN
into	IN
a	DT
property	NN
interest	NN
by	IN
just	RB
taking	VBG
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
away	RB
from	IN
domain	NN
name	NN
owner	NN
with	IN
legitimate	JJ
claims	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
name	NN
.	.
Intellectual	NNP
Property	NNP
Organization	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
WIPO	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
Rules	NNS
,	,
either	CC
party	NN
may	MD
elect	VB
that	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
be	VB
heard	VBN
by	IN
three	CD
neutrals	NNS
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
the	DT
single	JJ
,	,
default	NN
neutral	JJ
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
arbitrator	NN
hears	VBZ
the	DT
dispute	NN
,	,
or	CC
if	IN
the	DT
Complainant	NNP
elects	VBZ
a	DT
three-member	JJ
panel	NN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
Complainant	NNP
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
paying	VBG
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
fees	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
Respondent	NNP
elects	VBZ
a	DT
three-member	JJ
panel	NN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
Respondent	NNP
becomes	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
one-half	NN
of	IN
the	DT
panel	NN
fees	NNS
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
Complainant	NNP
still	RB
must	MD
pay	VB
the	DT
filing	NN
fee	NN
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
other	JJ
half	NN
of	IN
the	DT
panel	NN
fees	NNS
.	.
See	VB
Rules	NNS
,	,
supra	NN
,	,
note	NN
13	CD
,	,
Rule	NNP
6b-c	JJ
.	.
UDRP	NNP
,	,
supra	NN
,	,
note	NN
12	CD
,	,
Part	NNP
4	CD
.	.
a.	NNP
iii	FW
.	.
UDRP	NNP
neutrals	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
fairly	RB
liberal	JJ
in	IN
interpreting	VBG
what	WP
constitutes	VBZ
``	``
use	NN
''	''
of	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
,	,
including	VBG
finding	NN
that	IN
offering	VBG
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
for	IN
sale	NN
to	TO
the	DT
complainant	NN
constitutes	VBZ
a	DT
use	NN
.	.
See	VB
e.g.	FW
Word	NN
Wide	NNP
Wrestling	NNP
Fed	NNP
.	.
Entertainment	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
v.	CC
Amendment	NNP
.	.
As	IN
speech	NN
,	,
the	DT
program	NN
should	MD
be	VB
protected	VBN
from	IN
restriction	NN
by	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
.	.
The	DT
defendants	NNS
further	RBR
argued	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
copy	NN
protection	NN
for	IN
the	DT
movies	NNS
was	VBD
not	RB
an	DT
effective	JJ
technological	JJ
measure	NN
and	CC
should	MD
not	RB
fall	VB
under	IN
the	DT
auspices	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
the	DT
defendants	NNS
argued	VBD
that	IN
DeCSS	NNP
could	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
fair	JJ
use	NN
exception	NN
to	TO
copyright	NN
prohibitions	NNS
and	CC
that	IN
a	DT
complete	JJ
restriction	NN
of	IN
DeCSS	NNP
would	MD
not	RB
allow	VB
for	IN
fair	JJ
use	NN
.	.
The	DT
idea	NN
of	IN
``	``
music	NN
sharing	NN
''	''
had	VBD
simple	JJ
roots	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
college	NN
dormitory	NN
but	CC
grew	VBD
into	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
fascinating	JJ
lawsuits	NNS
in	IN
history	NN
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
examines	VBZ
how	WRB
the	DT
music	NN
producing	VBG
giants	NNS
were	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
completely	RB
kill	VB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
visited	VBN
internet	NN
sites	NNS
in	IN
history	NN
,	,
why	WRB
the	DT
9th	JJ
Circuit	NNP
Court	NNP
of	IN
Appeals	NNPS
may	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
wrong	JJ
in	IN
its	PRP$
decision	NN
to	TO
uphold	VB
an	DT
injunction	NN
against	IN
Napster	NNP
,	,
and	CC
what	WP
the	DT
future	NN
may	MD
hold	VB
for	IN
Napster	NNP
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
,	,
there	EX
was	VBD
the	DT
free	JJ
exchange	NN
of	IN
albums	NNS
,	,
tapes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
eventually	RB
compact	JJ
discs	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
common	JJ
for	IN
one	CD
friend	NN
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
tape	NN
of	IN
a	DT
popular	JJ
hit	NN
for	IN
another	DT
.	.
Fanning	NN
and	CC
Parker	NNP
,	,
however	RB
,	,
took	VBD
this	DT
a	DT
few	JJ
steps	NNS
further	RB
.	.
They	PRP
determined	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
should	MD
become	VB
a	DT
vehicle	NN
for	IN
the	DT
ultimate	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
``	``
borrow	VB
''	''
a	DT
friend	NN
's	POS
music	NN
.	.
Sitting	VBG
in	IN
their	PRP$
college	NN
dormitory	NN
at	IN
Northeastern	NNP
University	NNP
,	,
the	DT
young	JJ
Fanning	NNP
and	CC
Parker	NNP
created	VBD
a	DT
code	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
and	CC
his	PRP$
friends	NNS
could	MD
``	``
swap	VB
''	''
music	NN
via	IN
their	PRP$
computers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
idea	NN
grew	VBD
exponentially	RB
when	WRB
Fanning	NNP
and	CC
Parker	NNP
obtained	VBD
capital	NN
and	CC
formed	VBD
Napster	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
.	.
Located	VBN
in	IN
San	NNP
Mateo	NNP
,	,
California	NNP
,	,
Napster	NNP
has	VBZ
treaded	VBN
some	DT
very	RB
rough	JJ
waters	NNS
recently	RB
and	CC
its	PRP$
future	NN
is	VBZ
all	DT
but	CC
dead	JJ
.	.
Napster	NNP
technology	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
described	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
very	RB
basic	JJ
of	IN
internet	NN
technology	NN
.	.
Lewine	NNP
,	,
Alan	NNP
,	,
Napster	NNP
,	,
Copyright	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Pig	NNP
Encoder	NNP
,	,
6	CD
Cyber	NNP
.	.
Law	NN
.	.
2	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2001	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Napster	NNP
technology	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
known	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
peer	VB
to	TO
peer	VB
model	NN
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
Instead	RB
of	IN
having	VBG
a	DT
commercially	RB
available	JJ
link	NN
to	TO
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
AOL	NNP
or	CC
Earthlink	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Napster	NNP
software	NN
links	VBZ
the	DT
individual	JJ
user	NN
's	POS
computers	NNS
to	TO
one	CD
another	DT
and	CC
allows	VBZ
file	NN
sharing	NN
or	CC
swapping	VBG
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
``	``
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
emergence	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
web	NN
sites	NNS
that	WDT
allow	VBP
the	DT
free	JJ
,	,
unlicensed	JJ
trading	NN
of	IN
copyrighted	VBN
musical	JJ
works	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
predicted	VBN
that	IN
record	NN
companies	NNS
will	MD
lose	VB
$	$
3.1	CD
billion	CD
in	IN
potential	JJ
record	NN
sales	NNS
by	IN
2005	CD
.	.
''	''
Theft	NN
or	CC
Innocent	JJ
Trade	NNP
Over	IN
the	DT
Information	NN
Superhighway	NNP
.	.
To	TO
add	VB
gas	NN
to	TO
the	DT
already	RB
heated	JJ
fire	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
estimated	VBN
that	IN
there	EX
were	VBD
over	IN
1	CD
billion	CD
files	NNS
available	JJ
for	IN
sharing	VBG
when	WRB
Napster	NNP
was	VBD
in	IN
its	PRP$
prime	JJ
.	.
CNN.com	NNP
,	,
Napster	NNP
,	,
The	DT
Revolution	NN
.	.
Napster	NNP
users	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
take	VB
their	PRP$
compact	JJ
discs	NNS
purchased	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
music	NN
store	NN
and	CC
``	``
share	NN
''	''
them	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
traditional	JJ
sense	NN
.	.
The	DT
digital	JJ
images	NNS
stored	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
compact	JJ
disc	NN
must	MD
first	RB
be	VB
converted	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
file	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
stored	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
hard	JJ
drive	NN
of	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
.	.
Currently	RB
,	,
the	DT
most	RBS
efficient	JJ
storage	NN
method	NN
is	VBZ
through	IN
MPEG	NNP
technology	NN
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
The	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
an	DT
MP3	JJ
file	NN
is	VBZ
inferior	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
a	DT
compact	JJ
disc	NN
.	.
The	DT
ease	NN
of	IN
use	NN
of	IN
MP3	CD
files	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
coupled	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
free	JJ
use	NN
provided	VBN
by	IN
Napster	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
however	RB
,	,
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
a	DT
much	RB
more	RBR
convenient	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
and	CC
store	VB
music	NN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
recording	NN
industry	NN
declared	VBD
war	NN
on	IN
Napster	NNP
,	,
there	EX
was	VBD
one	CD
word	NN
that	WDT
kept	VBD
appearing	VBG
:	:
``	``
COPYRIGHT	NNP
.	.
''	''
The	DT
recording	NN
industry	NN
stated	VBD
in	IN
no	DT
uncertain	JJ
terms	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Ninth	NNP
Circuit	NNP
agreed	VBD
,	,
that	IN
Napster	NNP
was	VBD
violating	VBG
its	PRP$
copyrights	NNS
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
dawn	NN
of	IN
the	DT
printing	NN
press	NN
came	VBD
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
developers	NNS
of	IN
novel	NN
ideas	NNS
,	,
creations	NNS
and	CC
works	NNS
of	IN
art	NN
.	.
Lewine	NNP
,	,
Alan	NNP
,	,
Napster	NNP
,	,
Copyright	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Pig	NNP
Encoder	NNP
,	,
6	CD
Cyber	NNP
.	.
Law	NN
.	.
2	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2001	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
ability	NN
for	IN
anyone	NN
to	TO
copy	VB
and	CC
mass	NN
distribute	VBP
the	DT
ideas	NNS
of	IN
others	NNS
became	VBD
very	RB
simple	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
advancements	NNS
made	VBD
following	VBG
the	DT
printing	NN
press	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
copyright	NN
laws	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
old	JJ
common	JJ
law	NN
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
There	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
need	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
to	TO
allow	VB
people	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
information	NN
and	CC
ideas	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
non-infringing	JJ
way	NN
.	.
This	DT
concept	NN
led	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
formation	NN
of	IN
``	``
fair	JJ
use	NN
,	,
''	''
which	WDT
was	VBD
developed	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
exception	NN
to	TO
the	DT
copyright	NN
laws	NNS
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
The	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
Constitution	NNP
provides	VBZ
that	IN
congress	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
``	``
promote	VB
the	DT
progress	NN
of	IN
science	NN
and	CC
useful	JJ
arts	NNS
,	,
by	IN
securing	VBG
for	IN
limited	JJ
times	NNS
to	TO
authors	NNS
and	CC
inventors	NNS
the	DT
exclusive	JJ
right	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
respective	JJ
writings	NNS
and	CC
discoveries	NNS
.	.
''	''
U.S.	NNP
During	IN
the	DT
19th	JJ
Century	NNP
,	,
however	RB
,	,
music	NN
was	VBD
recognized	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
``	``
useful	JJ
art	NN
''	''
within	IN
the	DT
meaning	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
To	TO
show	VB
exactly	RB
how	WRB
far	RB
copyright	NN
law	NN
has	VBZ
come	VBN
,	,
particularly	RB
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
music	NN
,	,
we	PRP
need	VBP
only	RB
examine	VB
the	DT
anger	NN
of	IN
composer	NN
Sir	NNP
Arthur	NNP
Sullivan	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
of	IN
Gilbert	NNP
and	CC
Sullivan	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
at	IN
the	DT
invention	NN
of	IN
the	DT
piano	NN
player	NN
.	.
The	DT
piano	NN
player	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
playback	NN
method	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
programmed	VBN
with	IN
sheets	NNS
of	IN
perforated	JJ
paper	NN
that	IN
,	,
when	WRB
programmed	VBN
correctly	RB
,	,
allowed	VBD
the	DT
piano	NN
to	TO
play	VB
music	NN
.	.
The	DT
actual	JJ
paper	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
a	DT
duplicate	VB
of	IN
the	DT
composition	NN
and	CC
did	VBD
not	RB
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
fall	VB
under	IN
the	DT
protection	NN
of	IN
copyright	NN
law	NN
.	.
The	DT
United	NNP
States	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
in	IN
1908	CD
determined	VBD
that	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
no	DT
violation	NN
in	IN
a	DT
similar	JJ
case	NN
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
Congress	NNP
'	POS
response	NN
to	TO
this	DT
decision	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
change	VB
the	DT
law	NN
,	,
thus	RB
creating	VBG
modern	JJ
copyright	NN
law	NN
.	.
The	DT
original	JJ
goals	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
Acts	NNS
were	VBD
to	TO
``	``
provide	VB
economic	JJ
incentives	NNS
necessary	JJ
to	TO
stimulate	VB
the	DT
producer	NN
,	,
and	CC
thereby	RB
benefit	VB
the	DT
public	NN
,	,
without	IN
overprotecting	VBG
the	DT
author	NN
and	CC
thus	RB
restricting	VBG
public	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
copyrighted	VBN
works	NNS
.	.
''	''
Id	NN
.	.
Fair	NNP
use	NN
was	VBD
developed	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
affirmative	JJ
defense	NN
to	TO
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
these	DT
goals	NNS
were	VBD
met	VBN
.	.
Subsequently	RB
,	,
Congress	NNP
codified	VBD
the	DT
``	``
fair	JJ
use	NN
doctrine	NN
''	''
in	IN
section	NN
107	CD
of	IN
the	DT
1976	CD
Copyright	NNP
.	.
Fair	NNP
use	NN
was	VBD
developed	VBN
under	IN
common	JJ
law	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
``	``
bright-line	JJ
''	''
tests	NNS
,	,
and	CC
no	DT
case	NN
is	VBZ
precisely	RB
the	DT
same	JJ
as	IN
another	DT
.	.
Fair	NNP
use	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
shrink	VB
and	CC
expand	VB
as	IN
the	DT
situation	NN
calls	VBZ
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
Sony	NNP
Corp.	NNP
v.	CC
Universal	NNP
City	NNP
Studios	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
had	VBD
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
apply	VB
fair	JJ
use	NN
in	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
home	NN
recording	NN
of	IN
television	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
makers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
now	RB
antiquated	JJ
Betamax	NNP
machine	NN
were	VBD
sued	VBN
for	IN
infringement	NN
by	IN
the	DT
producers	NNS
of	IN
television	NN
programs	NNS
broadcast	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
airways	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
determined	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
non-commercial	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
records	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
could	MD
not	RB
be	VB
proven	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
programs	NNS
were	VBD
even	RB
kept	VBN
after	IN
being	VBG
watched	VBN
one	CD
time	NN
or	CC
sometimes	RB
not	RB
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
One	CD
observation	NN
made	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
was	VBD
that	IN
excising	VBG
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
copyright	NN
``	``
requires	VBZ
a	DT
difficult	JJ
balance	NN
between	IN
the	DT
interests	NNS
of	IN
authors	NNS
and	CC
inventors	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
control	NN
and	CC
exploitation	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
writings	NNS
and	CC
discoveries	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
one	CD
hand	NN
,	,
and	CC
society	NN
's	POS
competing	VBG
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
free	JJ
flow	NN
of	IN
ideas	NNS
,	,
information	NN
and	CC
commerce	NN
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
.	.
''	''
Sony	NNP
Corp.	NNP
v.	CC
Universal	NNP
City	NNP
Studios	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
The	DT
Court	NNP
further	JJ
noted	VBD
that	IN
granting	VBG
an	DT
injunction	NN
to	TO
the	DT
manufacturer	NN
's	POS
for	IN
``	``
contributory	JJ
liability	NN
''	''
for	IN
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
would	MD
be	VB
judicially	RB
unmanageable	JJ
because	IN
this	DT
theory	NN
of	IN
liability	NN
would	MD
be	VB
too	RB
broad	JJ
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
staple	NN
items	NNS
of	IN
commerce	NN
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
lists	NNS
typewriters	NNS
,	,
records	NNS
,	,
cameras	NNS
and	CC
photocopy	VB
machines	NNS
as	IN
examples	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
items	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
``	``
staple	NN
articles	NNS
of	IN
commerce	NN
.	.
''	''
Id	NN
.	.
Furthermore	RB
the	DT
Court	NNP
notes	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
legislature	NN
's	POS
job	NN
to	TO
dictate	VB
how	WRB
far	RB
to	TO
expand	VB
copyright	NN
protection	NN
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
cites	VBZ
to	TO
five	CD
cases	NNS
that	WDT
stand	VBP
for	IN
the	DT
proposition	NN
that	IN
``	``
sound	JJ
policy	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
history	NN
,	,
supports	VBZ
our	PRP$
consistent	JJ
deference	NN
to	TO
Congress	NNP
when	WRB
major	JJ
technological	JJ
innovations	NNS
alter	VBP
the	DT
market	NN
for	IN
copyrighted	VBN
materials	NNS
.	.
''	''
Id	NN
.	.
It	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
noted	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
predicates	VBZ
its	PRP$
opinion	NN
on	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
several	JJ
non-infringing	JJ
uses	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
Betamax	NNP
.	.
Injunction	NN
would	MD
be	VB
inappropriate	JJ
since	IN
the	DT
usefulness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
machines	NNS
go	VBP
beyond	IN
the	DT
infringing	NN
activity	NN
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
again	RB
had	VBD
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
explore	VB
fair	JJ
use	NN
in	IN
the	DT
musical	JJ
setting	NN
in	IN
Campbell	NNP
v.	CC
Acuff-Rose	NNP
Music	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
.	.
There	RB
,	,
the	DT
controversial	JJ
rap	NN
artists	NNS
,	,
Luke	NNP
Skyywalker	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
2	CD
Live	NNP
Crew	NNP
were	VBD
being	VBG
sued	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
producer	NN
of	IN
Roy	NNP
Orbison	NNP
's	POS
song	NN
,	,
``	``
Oh	UH
Pretty	NNP
Woman	NNP
.	.
''	''
Luther	NNP
Campbell	NNP
wrote	VBD
and	CC
the	DT
band	NN
recorded	VBN
,	,
a	DT
parody	NN
of	IN
Orbison	NNP
's	POS
song	NN
and	CC
called	VBD
it	PRP
``	``
Pretty	NNP
Woman	NNP
.	.
''	''
The	DT
Court	NNP
held	VBD
that	IN
taking	VBG
a	DT
substantial	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
copyrighted	VBN
piece	NN
for	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
parody	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
copyright	NN
statutes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
called	VBD
Campbell	NNP
's	POS
work	NN
``	``
transformative	JJ
''	''
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
and	CC
therefore	RB
did	VBD
not	RB
fall	VB
into	IN
the	DT
realm	NN
of	IN
infringement	NN
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
MP3	CD
.	.
com	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
deny	VB
that	IN
its	PRP$
purpose	NN
was	VBD
commercial	JJ
in	IN
nature	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
they	PRP
gained	VBD
their	PRP$
revenues	NNS
through	IN
advertising	NN
proceeds	NNS
and	CC
not	RB
through	IN
subscription	NN
fees	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
MP3	CD
asserted	VBD
that	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
merely	RB
repackaging	VBG
the	DT
music	NN
already	RB
legitimately	RB
owned	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
consumer	NN
into	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
package	NN
to	TO
be	VB
stored	VBN
and	CC
easily	RB
transported	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
hard	JJ
drive	NN
.	.
A	DT
mere	JJ
five	CD
months	NNS
after	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
Napster	NNP
customer	NN
arrived	VBD
at	IN
the	DT
site	NN
,	,
a	DT
group	NN
of	IN
over	IN
eighteen	CD
recording	NN
companies	NNS
filed	VBD
suit	NN
against	IN
the	DT
ill-fated	JJ
internet	NN
start-up	NN
company	NN
.	.
This	DT
group	NN
was	VBD
led	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Record	NNP
Industry	NNP
Association	NNP
of	IN
America	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
quite	RB
a	DT
powerful	JJ
force	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Napster	NNP
arena	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
well	RB
documented	VBN
that	IN
many	JJ
of	IN
these	DT
record	NN
companies	NNS
have	VBP
plans	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
to	TO
open	VB
Napster-like	JJ
websites	NNS
.	.
Lewine	NNP
,	,
Alan	NNP
,	,
Napster	NNP
,	,
Copyright	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Pig	NNP
Encoder	NNP
,	,
6	CD
Cyber	NNP
.	.
Law	NN
.	.
2	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2001	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
forefront	NN
of	IN
the	DT
attack	NN
by	IN
artists	NNS
against	IN
Napster	NNP
was	VBD
Metallica	NNP
,	,
a	DT
``	``
head	NN
banging	VBG
''	''
rock	NN
band	NN
.	.
The	DT
next	JJ
to	TO
join	VB
the	DT
fray	NN
was	VBD
Dr.	NNP
Dre	NNP
,	,
a	DT
gangster	NN
rap	NN
artist	NN
.	.
In	IN
2000	CD
Shawn	NNP
Fanning	NNP
told	VBD
Rolling	NNP
Stone	NNP
that	IN
``	``
he	PRP
played	VBD
guitar	NN
in	IN
a	DT
cover	NN
band	NN
,	,
bashing	VBG
out	RP
Metallica	NNP
and	CC
Zeppelin	NNP
tunes	NNS
.	.
Now	RB
that	IN
he	PRP
's	VBZ
getting	VBG
sued	VBN
by	IN
Metallica	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
painful	JJ
for	IN
him	PRP
to	TO
talk	VB
about	IN
how	WRB
much	JJ
he	PRP
loves	VBZ
their	PRP$
music	NN
.	.
When	WRB
asked	VBN
which	WDT
Metallica	NNP
songs	NNS
he	PRP
covered	VBD
,	,
he	PRP
goes	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
defensive	NN
.	.
'	''
I	PRP
better	JJR
not	RB
say	VB
,	,
'	''
he	PRP
muses	NNS
,	,
deadpan	JJ
.	.
'	''
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
recall	VB
whether	IN
I	PRP
had	VBD
their	PRP$
written	VBN
permission	NN
.	.
'	''
''	''
Rolling	NNP
Stone.com	NNP
:	:
News	NNP
,	,
The	DT
Most	JJS
Dangerous	JJ
Man	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Music	NNP
Industry	NN
.	.
Metallica	NNP
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Dre	NNP
Ends	NNPS
``	``
Beefs	NNP
''	''
with	IN
Napster	NNP
.	.
The	DT
agreement	NN
basically	RB
prevents	VBZ
Napster	NNP
from	IN
allowing	VBG
sharing	NN
of	IN
files	NNS
without	IN
specific	JJ
permission	NN
directly	RB
from	IN
Metallica	NNP
and	CC
Dr.	NNP
Dre	NNP
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
Metallica	NNP
and	CC
Dr.	NNP
Dre	NNP
agree	VBP
that	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
provide	VB
Napster	NNP
with	IN
music	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
shared	VBN
without	IN
violation	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
any	DT
decisions	NNS
about	IN
which	WDT
files	NNS
are	VBP
downloaded	VBN
is	VBZ
purely	RB
at	IN
the	DT
discretion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
users	NNS
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
Napster	NNP
stated	VBD
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
modification	NN
of	IN
the	DT
downloaded	VBN
files	NNS
.	.
Napster	NNP
went	VBD
further	RB
to	TO
explain	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
meets	VBZ
each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
five	CD
conditions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
safe	JJ
harbor	NN
provision	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
immune	JJ
from	IN
liability	NN
.	.
Act	NNP
clearly	RB
provides	VBZ
immunity	NN
for	IN
services	NNS
which	WDT
merely	RB
serve	VBP
as	IN
conduits	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
passage	NN
of	IN
information	NN
.	.
She	PRP
stated	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
passage	NN
of	IN
MP3	CD
files	NNS
does	VBZ
not	RB
occur	VB
through	IN
Napster	NNP
,	,
but	CC
that	DT
Napster	NNP
enables	VBZ
or	CC
facilitates	VBZ
connections	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
she	PRP
held	VBD
that	IN
Napster	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
fall	VB
under	IN
this	DT
safe	JJ
harbor	NN
provision	NN
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
Judge	NNP
Patel	NNP
further	JJ
found	VBD
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
only	RB
a	DT
minuscule	JJ
policy	NN
protecting	VBG
against	IN
repeat	NN
offenders	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
District	NNP
Court	NNP
distinguised	VBD
Napster	NNP
from	IN
Sony	NNP
,	,
the	DT
facts	NNS
in	IN
both	DT
cases	NNS
are	VBP
similar	JJ
.	.
In	IN
Napster	NNP
,	,
as	IN
in	IN
Sony	NNP
,	,
there	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
product	NN
that	WDT
allowed	VBD
duplication	NN
of	IN
copyrighted	VBN
material	NN
.	.
There	EX
was	VBD
also	RB
a	DT
product	NN
in	IN
Napster	NNP
and	CC
Sony	NNP
that	WDT
allowed	VBD
for	IN
other	JJ
uses	NNS
besides	IN
duplication	NN
of	IN
copyrighted	VBN
material	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
time	NN
shifting\/space	JJ
shifting	VBG
in	IN
both	DT
Napster	NNP
and	CC
Sony	NNP
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
go	VB
to	TO
any	DT
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
web	NN
sites	NNS
linked	VBN
below	IN
and	CC
you	PRP
are	VBP
bound	VBN
to	TO
find	VB
your	PRP$
fair	JJ
share	NN
of	IN
opinions	NNS
about	IN
what	WP
the	DT
future	JJ
holds	VBZ
.	.
Below	IN
is	VBZ
an	DT
analysis	NN
of	IN
the	DT
latest	JJS
Order	NN
signed	VBN
by	IN
Judge	NNP
Patel	NNP
and	CC
some	DT
summaries	NNS
and	CC
analyses	NNS
of	IN
recent	JJ
articles	NNS
expressing	VBG
those	DT
opinions	NNS
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
Judge	NNP
Nixes	NNP
Napster	NNP
Comeback	NNP
,	,
for	IN
Now	RB
.	.
Napster	NN
officials	NNS
have	VBP
stated	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
technology	NN
is	VBZ
99	CD
%	NN
effective	JJ
in	IN
blocking	VBG
the	DT
exchange	NN
of	IN
copyrighted	VBN
material	NN
.	.
Following	VBG
the	DT
issuance	NN
of	IN
this	DT
Order	NN
by	IN
Judge	NNP
Patel	NNP
,	,
Napster	NNP
attorney	NN
's	POS
quickly	RB
stated	VBD
that	IN
they	PRP
would	MD
appeal	VB
this	DT
ruling	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Ninth	NNP
Circuit	NNP
Court	NNP
of	IN
Appeals	NNPS
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
.	.
Napster	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
considered	VBN
an	DT
end-run	NN
around	IN
a	DT
record	NN
industry	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
drastically	RB
out	RB
of	IN
touch	NN
,	,
that	WDT
has	VBZ
gotten	VBN
away	RP
with	IN
putting	VBG
out	RP
crummy	JJ
products	NNS
,	,
sold	VBN
at	IN
exorbitant	JJ
prices	NNS
,	,
with	IN
utter	JJ
disregard	NN
for	IN
consumers	NNS
and	CC
artists	NNS
alike	RB
.	.
The	DT
record	NN
industry	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
learn	VB
from	IN
Napster	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
record	NN
business	NN
'	''
best	JJS
interest	NN
to	TO
demonize	VB
Napster	NNP
.	.
Napster	NNP
users	NNS
covered	VBD
the	DT
full	JJ
socioeconomic	JJ
demographic	JJ
gamut	NN
,	,
from	IN
executives	NNS
downloading	VBG
tunes	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
stored	VBN
on	IN
their	PRP$
companies	NNS
'	POS
huge	JJ
drives	NNS
and	CC
lawyers	NNS
keeping	VBG
MP	NNP
.3	CD
files	NNS
on	IN
their	PRP$
firms	NNS
'	POS
computers	NNS
to	TO
teens	NNS
downloading	VBG
music	NN
instead	RB
of	IN
doing	VBG
homework	NN
.	.
Over	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
two	CD
months	NNS
,	,
Vivendi	NNP
Universal	NNP
has	VBZ
spent	VBN
roughly	RB
$	$
400	CD
million	CD
purchasing	NN
nearly	RB
a	DT
half	NN
dozen	NN
sites	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
build	VB
what	WP
looks	VBZ
like	IN
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
industry	NN
's	POS
largest	JJS
music	NN
portal	NN
.	.
Most	RBS
recently	RB
,	,
on	IN
May	NNP
20	CD
,	,
it	PRP
bought	VBD
music	NN
web	NN
site	NN
MP3	NNP
.	.
com	NN
for	IN
$	$
372	CD
million	CD
.	.
The	DT
purchase	NN
of	IN
MP	NNP
.3	CD
brings	VBZ
an	DT
industry-approved	JJ
technology	NN
for	IN
storing	VBG
and	CC
streaming	VBG
songs	NNS
to	TO
customer	NN
's	POS
computers	NNS
.	.
A	DT
major	JJ
reason	NN
for	IN
Vivendi	NNP
's	POS
sudden	JJ
online	JJ
interest	NN
is	VBZ
competition	NN
.	.
Other	JJ
music	NN
companies	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
busy	JJ
testing	VBG
the	DT
online	JJ
waters	NNS
themselves	PRP
.	.
The	DT
average	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
files	NNS
being	VBG
shared	VBN
on	IN
Napster	NNP
's	POS
MP3-swapping	JJ
service	NN
has	VBZ
fallen	VBN
90	CD
percent	NN
in	IN
the	DT
three	CD
months	NNS
since	IN
the	DT
court-mandated	JJ
filters	NNS
were	VBD
installed	VBN
to	TO
block	VB
the	DT
trading	NN
of	IN
copyrighted	VBN
music	NN
.	.
The	DT
drastic	JJ
fall-off	NN
in	IN
shared	VBN
files	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
blamed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
filters	NNS
Napster	NNP
was	VBD
forced	VBN
to	TO
install	VB
after	IN
Judge	NNP
Marilyn	NNP
Hall	NNP
Patel	NNP
ordered	VBD
the	DT
company	NN
to	TO
block	VB
copyrighted	VBN
music	NN
.	.
The	DT
total	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
files	NNS
downloaded	VBN
in	IN
May	NNP
was	VBD
only	RB
360	CD
million	CD
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
down	RB
from	IN
2.79	CD
billion	CD
in	IN
February	NNP
,	,
an	DT
87	CD
percent	NN
decrease	NN
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
services	NNS
for	IN
mobile	JJ
networks	NNS
,	,
can	MD
a	DT
Napster-like	JJ
service	NN
could	MD
develop	VB
along	IN
the	DT
airwaves	NNS
and	CC
threaten	VB
the	DT
music	NN
industry	NN
again	RB
.	.
So	RB
will	MD
there	RB
be	VB
a	DT
mobile	JJ
Napster	NNP
?	.
The	DT
answer	NN
is	VBZ
almost	RB
certainly	RB
no.	JJ
.	.
Although	IN
a	DT
successful	JJ
mobile	JJ
service	NN
might	MD
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
allow	VBP
customers	NNS
to	TO
select	VB
songs	NNS
and	CC
send	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
friends	NNS
'	POS
mobile	JJ
phones	NNS
as	IN
sound	JJ
greetings	NNS
,	,
possibly	RB
combined	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
personal	JJ
message	NN
,	,
mobile	JJ
internet	NN
access	NN
will	MD
remain	VB
costly	JJ
and	CC
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
short	JJ
term	NN
,	,
will	MD
offer	VB
only	RB
limited	JJ
bandwidth	NN
.	.
Napster	NNP
continued	VBD
its	PRP$
efforts	NNS
to	TO
rein-in	VB
its	PRP$
free-wheeling	JJ
Internet	NNP
music	NN
bazaar	NN
Thursday	NNP
by	IN
signing	VBG
a	DT
deal	NN
with	IN
Loudeye	NNP
technologies	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
system	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
keep	VB
track	NN
of	IN
the	DT
music	NN
that	WDT
crisscrosses	VBZ
cyberspace	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Napster	NNP
network	NN
.	.
Loudeye	NNP
's	POS
fingerprints	NNS
will	MD
ultimately	RB
help	VB
Napster	NNP
track	NN
millions	NNS
of	IN
unique	JJ
music	NN
files	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Napster	NNP
service	NN
.	.
Protecting	VBG
copyrights	NNS
and	CC
paying	VBG
royalties	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
recording	NN
industry	NN
is	VBZ
critical	JJ
to	TO
Napster	NNP
's	POS
future	NN
since	IN
the	DT
music	NN
industry	NN
took	VBD
legal	JJ
action	NN
against	IN
Napster	NNP
for	IN
abetting	VBG
record	NN
piracy	NN
and	CC
cheating	NN
both	DT
recording	VBG
labels	NNS
and	CC
artists	NNS
out	IN
of	IN
rightful	JJ
royalties	NNS
.	.
BMG	NNP
Entertainment	NNP
,	,
EMI	NNP
and	CC
Warner	NNP
Music	NNP
,	,
that	WDT
would	MD
result	VB
in	IN
the	DT
companies	NNS
'	POS
releases	NNS
being	VBG
licensed	VBN
for	IN
use	NN
on	IN
Napster	NNP
.	.
The	DT
labels	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
have	VBP
insisted	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
arrangement	NN
will	MD
not	RB
go	VB
into	IN
effect	NN
until	IN
Napster	NNP
deploys	VBZ
technology	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
definitively	RB
protect	VB
copyrights	NNS
.	.
Now	RB
,	,
Napster	NNP
has	VBZ
reorganized	VBN
itself	PRP
along	IN
more	JJR
conventional	JJ
business	NN
lines	NNS
and	CC
has	VBZ
agreed	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
a	DT
license	NN
fee	NN
for	IN
access	NN
to	TO
music	NN
tracks	NNS
.	.
The	DT
deal	NN
apparently	RB
hinges	VBZ
on	IN
whether	IN
Napster	NNP
can	MD
devise	VB
a	DT
system	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
music	NN
being	VBG
passed	VBN
on	IN
free	JJ
of	IN
charge	NN
to	TO
third	JJ
persons	NNS
.	.
``	``
The	DT
film	NN
studios	NNS
fought	VBD
the	DT
VCR	NNP
companies	NNS
tooth	NN
and	CC
nail	NN
before	IN
home	NN
video	NN
took	VBD
off	RP
.	.
''	''
Now	RB
the	DT
movie	NN
businesses	NNS
are	VBP
reaping	VBG
the	DT
benefits	NNS
of	IN
VCR	NNP
's	POS
and	CC
making	VBG
more	JJR
money	NN
on	IN
the	DT
renting	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
movies	NNS
than	IN
viewing	VBG
it	PRP
at	IN
the	DT
theater	NN
.	.
The	DT
advent	NN
of	IN
digital	JJ
music	NN
,	,
once	RB
thought	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
``	``
death	NN
knell	NN
''	''
for	IN
record	NN
labels	NNS
will	MD
actually	RB
propel	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
higher	JJR
profits	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
,	,
but	CC
only	RB
if	IN
they	PRP
adopt	VBP
strategies	NNS
pioneered	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
film	NN
industry	NN
.	.
Last	JJ
year	NN
,	,
more	JJR
than	IN
50	CD
million	CD
people	NNS
downloaded	VBD
music	NN
from	IN
Napster	NNP
,	,
and	CC
neither	CC
the	DT
record	NN
industry	NN
nor	CC
the	DT
artists	NNS
received	VBD
a	DT
penny	NN
.	.
It	PRP
seemed	VBD
that	IN
Napster	NNP
represented	VBD
the	DT
revolution	NN
in	IN
distribution	NN
that	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
promised	VBD
,	,
making	VBG
available	JJ
back-catalogue	JJ
tracks	NNS
that	WDT
firms	NNS
had	VBD
deleted	VBN
or	CC
did	VBD
n't	RB
promote	VB
.	.
Napster	NNP
's	POS
fans	NNS
,	,
who	WP
include	VBP
Prince	NNP
,	,
Madonna	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Courtney	NNP
Love	NNP
,	,
did	VBD
not	RB
share	VB
the	DT
industry	NN
's	POS
outrage	NN
at	IN
the	DT
brainchild	NN
of	IN
Shawn	NNP
Fanning	NNP
.	.
This	DT
year	NN
,	,
Fanning	NNP
's	POS
labors	NNS
,	,
honed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
college	NN
room	NN
,	,
have	VBP
been	VBN
emasculated	VBN
and	CC
colonized	VBN
.	.
The	DT
record	NN
companies	NNS
,	,
who	WP
sued	VBD
Napster	NNP
every	DT
which	WDT
way	NN
,	,
have	VBP
further	JJ
reined	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
company	NN
.	.
Last	JJ
November	NNP
,	,
Bertelsmann	NNP
broke	VBD
with	IN
the	DT
four	CD
other	JJ
major	JJ
record	NN
companies	NNS
to	TO
drop	VB
its	PRP$
action	NN
and	CC
form	VB
a	DT
license	NN
deal	NN
with	IN
Napster	NNP
.	.
Three	CD
weeks	NNS
ago	RB
,	,
EMI	NNP
and	CC
AOL	NNP
Time	NNP
Warner	NNP
followed	VBD
suit	NN
.	.
What	WP
the	DT
major	JJ
record	NN
companies	NNS
hope	VBP
to	TO
gain	VB
from	IN
Napster	NNP
is	VBZ
specific	JJ
knowledge	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
subscribers	NNS
'	POS
musical	JJ
preferences	NNS
.	.
``	``
Marketing	NNP
to	TO
music	NN
fans	NNS
has	VBZ
been	VBN
terrible	JJ
.	.
Record	NNP
shops	NNS
are	VBP
lousy	JJ
at	IN
this	DT
.	.
The	DT
significance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
alliances	NNS
with	IN
Napster	NNP
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
major	JJ
labels	NNS
have	VBP
now	RB
got	VBN
a	DT
database	NN
with	IN
50	CD
million	CD
people	NNS
'	POS
music	NN
preferences	NNS
.	.
Yet	RB
somewhere	RB
in	IN
Britain	NNP
,	,
the	DT
counterculture	NN
dream	NN
still	RB
lives	VBZ
.	.
A	DT
web	NN
site	NN
called	VBN
Espra	NNP
promises	VBZ
to	TO
deliver	VB
what	WP
Napster	NNP
could	MD
n't	RB
:	:
guaranteed	VBN
anonymity	NN
for	IN
users	NNS
.	.
The	DT
British-funded	JJ
site	NN
promises	VBZ
``	``
to	TO
propagate	VB
itself	PRP
across	IN
the	DT
world	NN
and	CC
ruthlessly	RB
devour	VB
the	DT
hegemony	NN
of	IN
the	DT
music	NN
distributors	NNS
.	.
''	''
Espra	NNP
believes	VBZ
musicians	NNS
can	MD
survive	VB
on	IN
what	WP
it	PRP
calls	VBZ
the	DT
``	``
gift	NN
economy	NN
,	,
''	''
where	WRB
fans	NNS
voluntarily	RB
supporting	VBG
their	PRP$
favorite	JJ
bands	NNS
via	IN
a	DT
``	``
tip	NN
''	''
facility	NN
built	VBD
into	IN
the	DT
site	NN
.	.
If	IN
that	DT
sentiment	NN
catches	VBZ
fire	NN
,	,
music	NN
moguls	NNS
may	MD
suddenly	RB
find	VB
another	DT
war	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
digital	JJ
doorstep	NN
.	.
All	DT
over	IN
the	DT
web	NN
,	,
the	DT
big	JJ
music	NN
companies	NNS
are	VBP
swallowing	VBG
up	RP
the	DT
file-sharing	JJ
websites	NNS
and	CC
programs	NNS
that	WDT
had	VBD
been	VBN
created	VBN
to	TO
undercut	VB
them	PRP
.	.
By	IN
the	DT
summer	NN
's	POS
end	NN
,	,
the	DT
``	``
new	JJ
''	''
Napster.com	NN
will	MD
go	VB
commercial	JJ
.	.
MusicNet.com	NNP
will	MD
begin	VB
selling	VBG
online	NN
the	DT
music	NN
of	IN
BMG	NNP
Entertainment	NNP
,	,
EMI	NNP
Recorded	NNP
Music	NNP
and	CC
Warner	NNP
Music	NNP
Group	NNP
.	.
Pressplay.com	NNP
,	,
formerly	RB
known	VBN
as	IN
Duet	NNP
,	,
will	MD
begin	VB
selling	VBG
the	DT
digitized	JJ
tunes	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Sony	NNP
and	CC
Universal	NNP
music	NN
groups	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
the	DT
Rio	NNP
's	POS
debut	NN
in	IN
1998	CD
,	,
digital	JJ
music	NN
players	NNS
of	IN
many	JJ
stripes	NNS
and	CC
styles	NNS
have	VBP
cropped	VBN
up	RP
.	.
In	IN
only	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
short	JJ
years	NNS
,	,
this	DT
market	NN
has	VBZ
exploded	VBN
.	.
But	CC
questions	NNS
remain	VBP
:	:
Are	VBP
these	DT
products	NNS
selling	VBG
,	,
and	CC
will	MD
the	DT
market	NN
have	VBP
a	DT
sustainable	JJ
growth	NN
in	IN
years	NNS
to	TO
come	VB
?	.
Industry	NN
observers	NNS
say	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
digital	JJ
music	NN
,	,
once	RB
scorchingly	RB
hot	JJ
,	,
has	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
few	JJ
months	NNS
cooled	VBN
off	RP
dramatically	RB
.	.
Napster	NNP
,	,
the	DT
ubiquitous	JJ
MP3	NNP
file-sharing	NN
service	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
down	RB
if	IN
not	RB
quite	RB
out	RB
,	,
and	CC
now	RB
comes	VBZ
word	NN
that	IN
Microsoft	NNP
Corp.	NNP
may	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
support	VB
MP3	JJ
files	NNS
in	IN
future	JJ
versions	NNS
of	IN
its	PRP$
windows	NNS
media	NNS
players	NNS
.	.
Even	RB
as	IN
attention	NN
focused	VBD
on	IN
quashing	VBG
Napster	NNP
by	IN
legal	JJ
means	NNS
,	,
Internet	NNP
pirates	NNS
had	VBD
already	RB
graduated	VBN
to	TO
trading	VBG
movies	NNS
illegally	RB
at	IN
a	DT
rate	NN
up	IN
to	TO
5000,000	CD
each	DT
day	NN
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
new	JJ
report	NN
.	.
That	DT
gives	VBZ
Hollywood	NNP
studios	NNS
the	DT
daunting	JJ
task	NN
of	IN
essentially	RB
trying	VBG
to	TO
stop	VB
a	DT
leaking	VBG
dam	NN
from	IN
bursting	VBG
while	IN
scrambling	VBG
to	TO
find	VB
ways	NNS
to	TO
deliver	VB
their	PRP$
products	NNS
safely	RB
to	TO
paying	VBG
customers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
popularity	NN
of	IN
song-sharing	NN
on	IN
Napster	NNP
or	CC
downloading	VBG
bootlegged	JJ
movies	NNS
proves	VBZ
that	IN
people	NNS
want	VBP
to	TO
get	VB
entertainment	NN
online	NN
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
its	PRP$
legitimacy	NN
.	.
Compared	VBN
to	TO
Napster	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
far	RB
more	RBR
difficult	JJ
to	TO
thwart	VB
the	DT
passage	NN
of	IN
bootlegged	JJ
movies	NNS
because	IN
the	DT
posting	VBG
of	IN
encrypted	JJ
movies	NNS
on	IN
networks	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
no	DT
central	JJ
authority	NN
can	MD
be	VB
anonymous	JJ
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
movies	NNS
,	,
researchers	NNS
were	VBD
surprised	VBN
to	TO
find	VB
trading	NN
of	IN
television	NN
shows	NNS
intercepted	VBD
off	RP
satellite	NN
transmissions	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
networks	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
affiliated	JJ
stations	NNS
.	.
A	DT
report	NN
today	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Webnoize	NNP
digital	JJ
entertainment	NN
intelligence	NN
firm	NN
says	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
latest	JJS
version	NN
of	IN
Napster	NNP
's	POS
file-sharing	JJ
browser	NN
,	,
version	NN
2.0	CD
beta	NN
10.3	CD
,	,
comes	VBZ
with	IN
music-fingerprinting	JJ
technology	NN
installed	VBN
.	.
On	IN
its	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
Napster	NNP
states	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
application	NN
``	``
incorporates	VBZ
new	JJ
file	NN
identification	NN
technology	NN
,	,
'	''
and	CC
that	IN
``	``
this	DT
new	JJ
version	NN
of	IN
the	DT
application	NN
will	MD
allow	VB
Napster	NNP
to	TO
continue	VB
complying	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
court	NN
's	POS
injunction	NN
while	IN
also	RB
improving	VBG
the	DT
Napster	NNP
experience	NN
.	.
''	''
Napster	NNP
's	POS
site	NN
also	RB
encourages	VBZ
users	NNS
to	TO
download	VB
the	DT
new	JJ
beta	JJ
version	NN
soon	RB
.	.
``	``
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
court	NN
order	NN
,	,
we	PRP
'll	MD
soon	RB
be	VB
disabling	VBG
previous	JJ
versions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Napster	NNP
application	NN
,	,
''	''
the	DT
site	NN
says	VBZ
.	.
It	PRP
gives	VBZ
no	DT
date	NN
for	IN
blacking	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
older	JJR
versions	NNS
.	.
Napster	NNP
earlier	JJR
secured	VBN
a	DT
licensing	NN
deal	NN
with	IN
MusicNet	NNP
,	,
EMI	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
BMG	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Warner	NNP
Music	NNP
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
able	JJ
to	TO
introduce	VB
a	DT
secure	JJ
method	NN
for	IN
charging	VBG
users	NNS
.	.
Napster	NNP
is	VBZ
betting	VBG
that	IN
users	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
willing	JJ
to	TO
pay	VB
for	IN
the	DT
service	NN
which	WDT
used	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
free	JJ
.	.
The	DT
assortment	NN
of	IN
articles	NNS
above	IN
does	VBZ
not	RB
lend	VB
much	JJ
help	NN
predicting	VBG
the	DT
longevity	NN
of	IN
Napster	NNP
.	.
The	DT
future	JJ
predictions	NNS
vary	VBP
from	IN
making	VBG
analogy	NN
's	POS
with	IN
the	DT
online	JJ
service	NN
to	TO
VCR	NNP
's	POS
-LRB-	-LRB-
claiming	VBG
the	DT
record	NN
industries	NNS
will	MD
make	VB
more	JJR
money	NN
off	IN
Napster	NNP
that	IN
the	DT
actual	JJ
record	NN
sales	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
it	PRP
will	MD
never	RB
work	VB
or	CC
make	VB
any	DT
money	NN
whatsoever	RB
.	.
One	CD
thing	NN
is	VBZ
certain	JJ
,	,
Napster	NNP
will	MD
not	RB
go	VB
down	RB
without	IN
a	DT
fight	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
latest	JJS
news	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
all	DT
being	VBG
within	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
weeks	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
indicates	VBZ
that	IN
Napster	NNP
may	MD
survive	VB
in	IN
a	DT
symbiotic	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
the	DT
record	NN
companies	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
even	RB
as	IN
the	DT
firm	NN
was	VBD
celebrating	VBG
its	PRP$
licensing	NN
agreements	NNS
,	,
legal	JJ
troubles	NNS
continue	VBP
to	TO
dog	NN
Napster	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
also	RB
was	VBD
hit	VBN
with	IN
yet	RB
another	DT
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
suit	NN
yesterday	NN
by	IN
the	DT
Beverly	NNP
Hills	NNP
group	NN
that	WDT
runs	VBZ
the	DT
Academy	NNP
Awards	NNPS
.	.
Vice	NNP
President	NNP
of	IN
AIM	NNP
states	VBZ
that	IN
``	``
Napster	NNP
gives	VBZ
the	DT
independent	JJ
artists	NNS
more	RBR
exposure	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
What	WP
is	VBZ
great	JJ
about	IN
Napster	NNP
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
modern	JJ
version	NN
of	IN
word	NN
of	IN
mouth	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	DT
is	VBZ
what	WP
sells	VBZ
records	NNS
for	IN
us	PRP
.	.
The	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
fan-to-fan	JJ
communication	NN
that	WDT
used	VBD
to	TO
happen	VB
in	IN
record	NN
stores	NNS
and	CC
people	NNS
's	POS
bedrooms	NNS
now	RB
happens	VBZ
on	IN
Napster	NNP
.	.
''	''
The	DT
software	NN
includes	VBZ
a	DT
filter	NN
to	TO
block	VB
copyrighted	VBN
tracks	NNS
from	IN
being	VBG
distributed	VBN
freely	RB
.	.
Previous	JJ
versions	NNS
of	IN
Napster	NNP
software	NN
no	RB
longer	RB
will	MD
work	VB
.	.
Napster	JJ
states	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
making	VBG
this	DT
change	NN
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
ongoing	JJ
effort	NN
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
court	NN
's	POS
orders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
immediate	JJ
results	NNS
has	VBZ
been	VBN
as	RB
sharp	JJ
decline	NN
in	IN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
tracks	NNS
available	JJ
for	IN
download	NN
.	.
``	``
Users	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
client	NN
were	VBD
sharing	VBG
an	DT
average	NN
of	IN
1.5	CD
songs	NNS
,	,
down	RB
from	IN
a	DT
peak	NN
of	IN
220	CD
songs	NNS
per	IN
user	NN
in	IN
February	NNP
.	.
Earlier	RBR
this	DT
month	NN
,	,
the	DT
Fraunhofer	NNP
Institute	NNP
and	CC
Thomson	NNP
Multimedia	NNP
unveiled	VBD
MP	NNP
.3	CD
Pro	FW
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
its	PRP$
creators	NNS
,	,
the	DT
format	NN
reduces	VBZ
data	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
ratio	NN
of	IN
20:1	CD
,	,
which	WDT
makes	VBZ
the	DT
files	NNS
about	IN
half	PDT
the	DT
size	NN
of	IN
MP3s	NNS
without	IN
sacrificing	VBG
audio	JJ
quality	NN
.	.
The	DT
question	NN
is	VBZ
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
MP3Pro	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
successful	JJ
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
one	CD
hand	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
already	RB
billions	NNS
of	IN
MP3files	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
compatible	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
format	NN
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
the	DT
landscape	NN
in	IN
the	DT
online	JJ
music	NN
world	NN
is	VBZ
vastly	RB
different	JJ
than	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
just	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
years	NNS
ago	RB
,	,
particularly	RB
in	IN
the	DT
wake	NN
of	IN
Napster	NNP
.	.
Downloads	NNS
from	IN
Napster	NNP
will	MD
never	RB
take	VB
off	RP
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
quality	NN
is	VBZ
so	RB
poor	JJ
.	.
True	JJ
,	,
MP3	NNP
's	POS
are	VBP
fine	JJ
for	IN
playing	VBG
over	IN
your	PRP$
PC	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
no	DT
match	NN
for	IN
the	DT
clear	JJ
and	CC
detailed	JJ
music	NN
that	WDT
arrives	VBZ
on	IN
audio	JJ
compact	JJ
discs	NNS
.	.
Or	CC
are	VBP
they	PRP
?	.
The	DT
new	JJ
MP3Pro	NN
will	MD
be	VB
arriving	VBG
soon	RB
,	,
and	CC
not	RB
only	RB
are	VBP
sound	JJ
quality	NN
close	NN
to	TO
CD	NNP
quality	NN
,	,
but	CC
they	PRP
take	VBP
up	RP
half	PDT
the	DT
size	NN
of	IN
song	NN
files	NNS
recorded	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
MP3	NNP
format	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
all	DT
done	VBN
by	IN
digital	JJ
compression	NN
.	.
Digital	NNP
compression	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
vital	JJ
technique	NN
for	IN
minimizing	VBG
amounts	NNS
of	IN
data	NNS
needed	VBN
to	TO
transmit	VB
music	NN
,	,
data	NNS
,	,
pictures	NNS
,	,
and	CC
videos	NNS
across	IN
a	DT
network	NN
like	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
increase	NN
of	IN
sound	JJ
quality	NN
,	,
if	IN
Napster	NNP
does	VBZ
survive	VB
their	PRP$
latest	JJS
lawsuits	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
certainly	RB
prosper	VB
.	.
Sony	NNP
Music	NNP
and	CC
Universal	NNP
Music	NNP
announced	VBD
Duet	NNP
,	,
a	DT
digital	JJ
music	NN
service	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
package	VB
their	PRP$
content	JJ
sound	NN
applications	NNS
and	CC
distribute	VB
private	JJ
label	NN
versions	NNS
on	IN
affiliate	NN
web	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
Yahoo	NNP
has	VBZ
agreed	VBN
to	TO
launch	VB
the	DT
Duet	NNP
driven	JJ
service	NN
this	DT
summer	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
there	EX
will	MD
be	VB
more	RBR
consumer	NN
confusion	NN
,	,
particularly	RB
as	IN
format	NN
battles	NNS
arise	VB
and	CC
the	DT
labels	NNS
experiment	NN
with	IN
subscription	NN
fees	NNS
versus	IN
a	DT
la	NNP
carte	NN
download	NN
fees	NNS
,	,
neither	DT
of	IN
which	WDT
as	IN
proven	VBN
successful	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
had	VBD
the	DT
easiest	JJS
interface	NN
and	CC
all	PDT
the	DT
relevant	JJ
titles	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
place	NN
with	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
technology	NN
formal	JJ
.	.
Now	RB
we	PRP
are	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
matrix	NN
,	,
with	IN
mix	NN
and	CC
match	NN
label	NN
alliances	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
different	JJ
flavors	NNS
of	IN
services	NNS
.	.
''	''
Although	IN
record	NN
labels	NNS
are	VBP
using	VBG
Duet	NNP
and	CC
MusicNet	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
much	JJ
expectations	NNS
.	.
Major	JJ
labels	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
get	VB
it	PRP
''	''
and	CC
have	VBP
the	DT
attitude	NN
that	IN
someone	NN
has	VBZ
got	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
for	IN
this	DT
.	.
I	PRP
doubt	VBP
that	IN
MusicNet	NNP
and	CC
Duet	NNP
will	MD
allow	VB
users	NNS
to	TO
download	VB
,	,
but	CC
only	RB
listen	VB
.	.
Meanwhile	RB
,	,
the	DT
stodgy	JJ
record	NN
labels	NNS
have	VBP
the	DT
door	NN
wide	JJ
open	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
CDs	NNS
are	VBP
easy	JJ
to	TO
copy	VB
and	CC
post	VB
online	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
are	VBP
foolishly	RB
trying	VBG
to	TO
stop	VB
song	NN
sharing	NN
in	IN
court	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
serving	VBG
it	PRP
up	RP
the	DT
consumer	NN
's	POS
way	NN
and	CC
taking	VBG
in	RP
some	DT
money	NN
,	,
the	DT
industry	NN
is	VBZ
throwing	VBG
more	JJR
money	NN
at	IN
legal	JJ
battles	NNS
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
way	NN
recording	NN
industries	NNS
are	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
win	VB
this	DT
battle	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
open	VB
its	PRP$
licensing	NN
procedures	NNS
and	CC
participating	VBG
fully	RB
in	IN
he	PRP
distribution	NN
trend	NN
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
have	VB
to	TO
acknowledge	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
money	NN
they	PRP
once	RB
did	VBD
.	.
The	DT
entire	JJ
problem	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Napster	NNP
case	NN
is	VBZ
simple	JJ
.	.
Whenever	NNP
there	EX
is	VBZ
new	JJ
technology	NN
,	,
those	DT
most	RBS
readily	RB
effected	VBN
go	VBP
into	IN
panic	NN
mode	NN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
first	JJ
song	NN
was	VBD
played	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
radio	NN
,	,
the	DT
record	NN
industry	NN
took	VBD
it	PRP
by	IN
storm	NN
.	.
``	``
What	WP
is	VBZ
great	JJ
about	IN
Napster	NNP
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
modern	JJ
version	NN
of	IN
word	NN
of	IN
mouth	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	DT
is	VBZ
what	WP
sells	VBZ
records	NNS
for	IN
us	PRP
.	.
The	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
fan-to-fan	JJ
communication	NN
that	WDT
used	VBD
to	TO
happen	VB
in	IN
record	NN
stores	NNS
and	CC
people	NNS
's	POS
bedrooms	NNS
now	RB
happens	VBZ
on	IN
Napster	NNP
.	.
''	''
Id	NN
.	.
These	DT
latest	JJS
deals	NNS
are	VBP
another	DT
``	``
step	NN
in	IN
bringing	VBG
Napster	NNP
back	RB
to	TO
life	NN
,	,
''	''
said	VBD
analyst	NN
Phillip	NNP
Leigh	NNP
,	,
senior	JJ
vice	NN
president	NN
of	IN
Equity	NNP
Research	NNP
for	IN
Raymond	NNP
James	NNP
Financial	NNP
Inc.	NNP
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
Warner	NNP
Music	NNP
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
able	JJ
to	TO
introduce	VB
a	DT
secure	JJ
method	NN
for	IN
charging	VBG
users	NNS
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
Napster	NNP
is	VBZ
betting	VBG
that	IN
users	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
willing	JJ
to	TO
pay	VB
for	IN
the	DT
service	NN
which	WDT
used	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
free	JJ
.	.
However	RB
,	,
many	JJ
believe	VBP
finding	VBG
people	NNS
to	TO
pay	VB
for	IN
the	DT
service	NN
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
difficult	JJ
task	NN
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
one	CD
past	NN
Napster	NNP
user	NN
created	VBD
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
named	VBN
``	``
napstersucks.com	NN
''	''
supposedly	RB
while	IN
he	PRP
impatiently	RB
waited	VBD
four	CD
full	JJ
hours	NNS
trying	VBG
to	TO
download	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
song	NN
,	,
although	IN
no	DT
such	JJ
domain	NN
name	NN
was	VBD
found	VBN
.	.
Napster	NNP
believes	VBZ
it	PRP
will	MD
succeed	VB
with	IN
splitting	NN
profits	NNS
with	IN
recording	VBG
companies	NNS
and	CC
artists	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
even	RB
as	IN
the	DT
firm	NN
was	VBD
celebrating	VBG
its	PRP$
licensing	NN
agreements	NNS
,	,
legal	JJ
troubles	NNS
continue	VBP
to	TO
dog	NN
Napster	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
also	RB
was	VBD
hit	VBN
with	IN
yet	RB
another	DT
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
suit	NN
July	NNP
3	CD
,	,
2001	CD
,	,
by	IN
the	DT
Beverly	NNP
Hills	NNP
group	NN
that	WDT
runs	VBZ
the	DT
Academy	NNP
Awards	NNPS
.	.
Business	NN
and	CC
Finance	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
June	NNP
26	CD
,	,
2001	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Certainly	RB
,	,
whether	IN
Napster	NNP
survives	VBZ
will	MD
be	VB
decided	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
few	JJ
months	NNS
.	.
Model	NNP
?	.
''	''
,	,
15	CD
J.	NNP
Marshall	NNP
J.	NNP
Computer	NNP
Info	NNP
.	.
L.	NNP
203	CD
,	,
1997	CD
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
basis	NN
for	IN
his	PRP$
conclusion	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
economic	JJ
argument	NN
that	WDT
when	WRB
a	DT
person	NN
in	IN
one	CD
State	NN
purchases	NNS
an	DT
item	NN
from	IN
a	DT
retailer	NN
in	IN
another	DT
State	NN
,	,
that	IN
purchase	NN
displaces	VBZ
the	DT
tax	NN
revenue	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
generated	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
purchasers	NNS
State	NN
if	IN
the	DT
purchase	NN
had	VBD
been	VBN
made	VBN
at	IN
a	DT
traditional	JJ
retailer	NN
.	.
He	PRP
concludes	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
will	MD
cause	VB
such	PDT
a	DT
displacement	NN
and	CC
cause	NN
serious	JJ
difficulty	NN
.	.
Whether	IN
that	DT
displacement	NN
will	MD
occur	VB
or	CC
whether	IN
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
physical	JJ
presence	NN
requirement	NN
for	IN
taxation	NN
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
made	VBN
are	VBP
beyond	IN
our	PRP$
scope	NN
here	RB
,	,
but	CC
this	DT
does	VBZ
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
model	NN
for	IN
abstraction	NN
.	.
Forte	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
mail	NN
orders	NNS
are	VBP
taxed	VBN
now	RB
,	,
what	WP
the	DT
implications	NNS
might	MD
be	VB
,	,
and	CC
what	WP
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
system	NN
might	MD
be	VB
called	VBN
for	IN
represents	VBZ
the	DT
abstract	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
examining	VBG
this	DT
issue	NN
.	.
Here	RB
he	PRP
concludes	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
sheer	JJ
volume	NN
of	IN
transactions	NNS
might	MD
mandate	VB
a	DT
change	NN
in	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
laws	NNS
,	,
but	CC
he	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
call	VB
for	IN
an	DT
Internet	NNP
tax	NN
or	CC
any	DT
particular	JJ
regulation	NN
of	IN
transactions	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
manner	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
order	NN
is	VBZ
placed	VBN
.	.
ALI-ABA	NNP
185	CD
,	,
2001	CD
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
because	IN
gambling	NN
has	VBZ
long	RB
been	VBN
considered	VBN
a	DT
matter	NN
morality	NN
to	TO
be	VB
regulated	VBN
by	IN
State	NNP
governments	NNS
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
generally	RB
considered	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
an	DT
expression	NN
of	IN
ideas	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
allowing	VBG
free	JJ
speech	NN
.	.
In	IN
regulating	VBG
gambling	NN
as	IN
a	DT
form	NN
of	IN
communication	NN
,	,
the	DT
government	NN
can	MD
use	VB
the	DT
commerce	NN
clause	NN
of	IN
the	DT
constitution	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
U.S.	NNP
Const.	NNP
,	,
Art	NNP
I	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
to	TO
justify	VB
its	PRP$
regulating	NN
,	,
whereas	IN
,	,
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Government	NNP
has	VBZ
refused	VBN
to	TO
classify	VB
gambling	NN
as	IN
speech	NN
and	CC
provide	VB
it	PRP
First	JJ
Amendment	NNP
protection	NN
.	.
Quite	RB
the	DT
opposite	JJ
,	,
federal	JJ
courts	NNS
have	VBP
always	RB
had	VBN
the	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
adjudicate	VB
interstate	JJ
matters	NNS
by	IN
virtue	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
diversity	NN
jurisdiction	NN
,	,
and	CC
congress	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
interstate	JJ
communications	NNS
and	CC
trade	NN
by	IN
virtue	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
U.S.	NNP
Const.	NNP
,	,
Art	NNP
I	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
What	WP
is	VBZ
at	IN
issue	NN
here	RB
is	VBZ
the	DT
substantive	JJ
law	NN
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
in	IN
resolving	VBG
such	JJ
disputes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
what	WP
restrictions	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
placed	VBN
on	IN
matters	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
speech	NN
and	CC
criminal	JJ
behavior	NN
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
traditionally	RB
considered	VBN
to	TO
fall	VB
under	IN
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
.	.
Instead	RB
of	IN
specifically	RB
attempting	VBG
to	TO
regulate	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
the	DT
section	NN
remains	VBZ
based	VBN
in	IN
interstate	JJ
transportation	NN
.	.
This	DT
latter	JJ
approach	NN
has	VBZ
led	VBN
to	TO
more	JJR
successful	JJ
legislation	NN
than	IN
directed	VBD
Internet	NNP
statutes	NNS
.	.
U.S.	NNP
121	CD
,	,
1959	CD
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
is	VBZ
problematic	JJ
for	IN
two	CD
reasons	NNS
:	:
It	PRP
creates	VBZ
a	DT
double	JJ
standard	NN
since	IN
an	DT
individual	NN
who	WP
used	VBD
a	DT
conventional	JJ
telephone	NN
call	NN
or	CC
letter	NN
would	MD
not	RB
have	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
exposure	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
creates	VBZ
a	DT
vastly	RB
enlarged	JJ
possibility	NN
for	IN
double	JJ
jeopardy	NN
.	.
Federal	NNP
statutes	NNS
in	IN
many	JJ
cases	NNS
limit	NN
or	CC
eliminate	VB
a	DT
State	NN
's	POS
ability	NN
to	TO
legislate	VB
on	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
issue	NN
.	.
Federal	NNP
statutes	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
written	VBN
to	TO
supercede	VB
a	DT
State	NN
's	POS
law	NN
could	MD
be	VB
enforced	VBN
despite	IN
the	DT
sensibilities	NNS
of	IN
that	DT
State	NN
's	POS
courts	NNS
or	CC
legislature	NN
and	CC
would	MD
prevent	VB
those	DT
courts	NNS
and	CC
legislature	NN
from	IN
ruling	NN
on	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
a	DT
Federal	NNP
law	NN
limiting	VBG
the	DT
extent	NN
of	IN
free	JJ
speech	NN
while	IN
attempting	VBG
to	TO
regulate	VB
access	NN
to	TO
pornography	NN
would	MD
prevent	VB
a	DT
State	NN
from	IN
providing	VBG
greater	JJR
protection	NN
to	TO
web	NN
site	NN
operators	NNS
within	IN
its	PRP$
geographical	JJ
boundaries	NNS
.	.
Even	RB
though	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
's	POS
constitution	NN
might	MD
provide	VB
for	IN
a	DT
greater	JJR
protection	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
.	.
By	IN
virtue	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
's	POS
fault	NN
tolerant	JJ
method	NN
of	IN
flexible	JJ
routing	VBG
and	CC
hub	NN
based	VBN
structure	NN
,	,
communications	NNS
between	IN
two	CD
parties	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
State	NN
might	MD
in	IN
fact	NN
travel	NN
through	IN
a	DT
telecommunications	NN
hub	NN
in	IN
another	DT
State	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
a	DT
bet	NN
placed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
resident	NN
of	IN
Nevada	NNP
via	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
to	TO
a	DT
Nevada	NNP
based	VBN
casino	NN
might	MD
physically	RB
travel	VB
through	IN
a	DT
router	NN
in	IN
San	NNP
Jose	NNP
,	,
California	NNP
.	.
Interstate	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
legislation	NN
.	.
If	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
classification	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
and	CC
used	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
for	IN
Federal	NNP
statutes	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Government	NNP
could	MD
give	VB
themselves	PRP
license	VB
to	TO
control	VB
all	DT
matters	NNS
where	WRB
State	NNP
police	NN
power	NN
is	VBZ
normally	RB
involved	VBN
,	,
simply	RB
because	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
conducted	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Augusta	NNP
National	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
to	TO
Network	NNP
Solutions	NNPS
,	,
Inc.	NNP
,	,
the	DT
registrar	NN
of	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
``	``
masters.com	FW
''	''
,	,
triggering	VBG
Network	NNP
Solutions	NNPS
'	POS
dispute	NN
resolution	NN
system	NN
,	,
was	VBD
sufficient	JJ
contact	NN
to	TO
allow	VB
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
the	DT
subsequent	JJ
suit	NN
for	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
,	,
in	IN
a	DT
California	NNP
court	NN
.	.
In	IN
reversing	VBG
the	DT
district	NN
courts	NNS
decision	NN
that	WDT
California	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
have	VB
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
,	,
the	DT
appeals	NNS
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Georgia	NNP
golf	NN
club	NN
that	WDT
held	VBD
the	DT
``	``
Masters	NNP
''	''
trademark	NN
,	,
and	CC
sent	VBD
a	DT
letter	NN
to	TO
the	DT
registrar	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
domain	NN
names	NNS
challenging	VBG
California	NNP
computer	NN
services	NNS
company	NN
's	POS
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
masters.com	NN
''	''
domain	NN
name	NN
purposefully	RB
availed	VBD
itself	PRP
of	IN
privileges	NNS
of	IN
conducting	VBG
activities	NNS
in	IN
California	NNP
.	.
The	DT
company	NN
was	VBD
thus	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
specific	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
in	IN
Network	NNP
Solution	NN
's	POS
resulting	VBG
declaratory	JJ
judgment	NN
action	NN
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
letter	NN
targeted	VBN
a	DT
California	NNP
company	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
letter	NN
forced	VBD
the	DT
company	NN
to	TO
either	DT
bring	VB
suit	NN
or	CC
lose	VB
control	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
website	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
club	NN
demonstrated	VBD
no	DT
hardship	NN
or	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
specific	JJ
factor	NN
suggesting	VBG
that	IN
jurisdiction	NN
in	IN
California	NNP
would	MD
be	VB
unreasonable	JJ
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
fears	NNS
of	IN
stifling	VBG
free	JJ
speech	NN
and	CC
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
the	DT
network	NN
,	,
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Government	NNP
needs	VBZ
to	TO
carefully	RB
consider	VB
the	DT
impact	NN
of	IN
rushing	VBG
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
separate	JJ
Internet	NNP
jurisdiction	NN
on	IN
States	NNPS
rights	NNS
under	IN
their	PRP$
Constitutions	NNS
and	CC
police	NNS
powers	NNS
.	.
At	IN
one	CD
point	NN
and	CC
time	NN
the	DT
internet	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
vehicle	NN
for	IN
obtaining	VBG
information	NN
,	,
many	JJ
people	NNS
referred	VBD
to	TO
ISPs	NNS
as	IN
Information	NNP
Service	NNP
Providers	NNP
instead	RB
of	IN
Internet	NNP
Service	NNP
Providers	NNP
.	.
.	.
People	NNS
used	VBD
their	PRP$
ISP	NNP
's	POS
content	NN
as	IN
the	DT
``	``
internet	NN
''	''
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
the	DT
internet	NN
has	VBZ
become	VBN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
dynamic	JJ
sources	NNS
of	IN
information	NN
and	CC
mechanisms	NNS
for	IN
communications	NNS
.	.
Not	RB
only	RB
do	VB
300	CD
million	CD
people	NNS
surf	NN
the	DT
over	IN
one	CD
billion	CD
web	NN
pages	NNS
,	,
but	CC
they	PRP
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
communicate	VB
via	IN
e-mail	NN
,	,
Instant	JJ
Messangers	NNPS
,	,
Net-to-phone	JJ
devices	NNS
,	,
video	NN
cameras	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
explosive	JJ
growth	NN
,	,
constant	JJ
innovations	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
unique	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
the	DT
law	NN
has	VBZ
lagged	VBN
behind	IN
in	IN
being	VBG
able	JJ
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
the	DT
myriad	JJ
of	IN
issues	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
raised	VBN
.	.
One	CD
thing	NN
that	WDT
helped	VBD
promote	VB
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
fairly	RB
cheap	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
computers	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
internet	NN
itself	PRP
.	.
Providers	NNS
.	.
Where	WRB
these	DT
dial-up	JJ
connections	NNS
travel	VBP
across	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
network	NN
,	,
a	DT
financial	JJ
obligation	NN
known	VBN
as	IN
Reciprocal	JJ
Compensation	NNP
is	VBZ
generated	VBN
between	IN
telephone	NN
carriers	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
massive	JJ
volume	NN
of	IN
internet	NN
traffic	NN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
corresponding	JJ
hefty	JJ
payment	NN
of	IN
reciprocal	JJ
compensation	NN
.	.
This	DT
has	VBZ
led	VBN
to	TO
court	NN
filings	NNS
,	,
increased	VBD
lobbying	VBG
efforts	NNS
a	DT
heated	JJ
debated	VBN
as	IN
to	TO
what	WP
should	MD
be	VB
compensable	JJ
for	IN
inter-carrier	JJR
traffic	NN
.	.
The	DT
last	JJ
clause	NN
of	IN
this	DT
section	NN
gives	VBZ
the	DT
FCC	NNP
authority	NN
to	TO
preempt	VB
any	DT
state	NN
or	CC
local	JJ
action	NN
that	WDT
violates	VBZ
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
section	NN
253	CD
.	.
Congress	NNP
was	VBD
granting	VBG
substantial	JJ
authority	NN
to	TO
the	DT
FCC	NNP
to	TO
preempt	VB
state	NN
or	CC
local	JJ
actions	NNS
that	WDT
prevented	VBD
competition	NN
in	IN
telecommunications	NNS
service	NN
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
permits	VBZ
a	DT
wide	JJ
scope	NN
of	IN
compensation	NN
arrangements	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
including	VBG
voluntary	JJ
``	``
bill-and-keep	JJ
''	''
arrangements	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
ILECs	NNP
generally	RB
pushed	VBD
for	IN
a	DT
reciprocal	JJ
compensation	NN
scheme	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
per-minute	JJ
traffic	NN
and	CC
negotiated	VBN
for	IN
relatively	RB
high	JJ
compensation	NN
rates	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
were	VBD
supposed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
cost	VBN
based	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
because	IN
they	PRP
apparently	RB
expected	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
net-terminators	NNS
.	.
ISPs	NNS
are	VBP
considered	VBN
a	DT
sub-class	NN
of	IN
enhanced	JJ
service	NN
providers	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
ESPs	NNPS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
FCC	NNP
treats	VBZ
ESPs	NNPS
``	``
like	IN
end-users	NNS
rather	RB
than	IN
long-distance	JJ
carriers	NNS
.	.
''	''
therefore	RB
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
pay	VB
the	DT
per-minute	JJ
access	NN
charges	NNS
that	IN
long-distance	JJ
companies	NNS
pay	VBP
to	TO
local	JJ
telephone	NN
companies	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Local	JJ
carrier	NN
that	WDT
had	VBD
to	TO
terminate	VB
the	DT
call	NN
receives	VBZ
no	DT
revenue	NN
from	IN
the	DT
customer	NN
but	CC
has	VBZ
costs	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
transporting	VBG
and	CC
terminating	VBG
the	DT
telephone	NN
call	NN
.	.
Reciprocal	JJ
compensation	NN
was	VBD
designed	VBN
to	TO
correct	VB
this	DT
imbalance	NN
by	IN
having	VBG
the	DT
originating	VBG
Local	JJ
carrier	NN
compensate	VB
the	DT
terminating	VBG
carrier	NN
for	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
network	NN
.	.
The	DT
ILECs	NNP
started	VBD
withholding	VBG
payments	NNS
to	TO
CLECs	NNP
arguing	VBG
that	IN
these	DT
calls	NNS
were	VBD
interstate	JJ
and	CC
not	RB
local	JJ
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
look	VBP
at	IN
it	PRP
,	,
an	DT
Internet	NNP
communication	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
necessarily	RB
have	VB
a	DT
point	NN
of	IN
``	``
termination	NN
''	''
in	IN
the	DT
traditional	JJ
sense	NN
.	.
Circuit	NNP
Remanded	VBD
that	DT
decision	NN
,	,
but	CC
left	VBD
open	RP
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
ISP	NNP
bound	VBN
calls	NNS
being	VBG
exempt	JJ
from	IN
Recip	NNP
Comp	NNP
.	.
Congress	NNP
has	VBZ
started	VBN
legislation	NN
to	TO
end	VB
Recip	NNP
Comp	NNP
on	IN
Internet	NNP
bound	VBN
telephone	NN
traffic	NN
.	.
Though	IN
far	RB
from	IN
resolved	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
Recip	NNP
Comp	NNP
's	POS
days	NNS
are	VBP
numbered	VBN
as	IN
it	PRP
relates	VBZ
to	TO
ISP	NNP
bound	VBN
traffic	NN
.	.
A	DT
cap	NN
will	MD
be	VB
imposed	VBN
on	IN
total	JJ
ISP-bound	JJ
minutes	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
a	DT
local	JJ
exchange	NN
carrier	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
LEC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
may	MD
receive	VB
this	DT
compensation	NN
equal	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
ISP-bound	JJ
minutes	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
that	WDT
LEC	NNP
was	VBD
previously	RB
entitled	VBN
to	TO
compensation	NN
,	,
plus	CC
a	DT
ten	CD
percent	NN
growth	NN
factor	NN
.	.
It	PRP
makes	VBZ
sense	NN
to	TO
compensate	VB
carriers	NNS
for	IN
imbalances	NNS
resulting	VBG
from	IN
terminating	VBG
more	JJR
calls	NNS
than	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
originating	VBG
from	IN
another	DT
carrier	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
technical	JJ
difference	NN
between	IN
a	DT
voice	NN
call	NN
and	CC
a	DT
call	NN
via	IN
a	DT
modem	NN
.	.
A	DT
better	JJR
way	NN
to	TO
remove	VB
the	DT
high	JJ
Recip	NNP
Comp	NNP
payments	NNS
is	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
ILECs	NNS
to	TO
charge	VB
high	JJ
usage	NN
customers	NNS
a	DT
premium	NN
.	.
The	DT
internet	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
optional	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
luxury	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
item	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
reason	NN
for	IN
low	JJ
usage	NN
customers	NNS
to	TO
have	VB
to	TO
subsidize	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
high	JJ
usage	NN
customers	NNS
-	:
which	WDT
is	VBZ
effective	JJ
what	WP
is	VBZ
happening	VBG
.	.
Having	VBG
usage	NN
based	VBN
rates	NNS
would	MD
incent	VB
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
consumer	NN
to	TO
find	VB
alternative	JJ
means	NNS
to	TO
connect	VB
to	TO
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
also	RB
remove	VB
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
the	DT
government	NN
and	CC
put	VBD
the	DT
decision	NN
in	IN
the	DT
hands	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
market	NN
.	.
Recip	NNP
Comp	NNP
will	MD
eventually	RB
be	VB
eliminated	VBN
on	IN
ISP	NNP
bound	VBN
traffic	NN
-	:
though	IN
not	RB
through	IN
market	NN
forces	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
this	DT
result	NN
will	MD
be	VB
due	JJ
more	JJR
to	TO
an	DT
effective	JJ
and	CC
no	DT
doubt	NN
well	RB
funded	VBN
,	,
lobbying	VBG
campaign	NN
by	IN
the	DT
ILECs	NNS
than	IN
sound	JJ
reasoning	NN
by	IN
Congress	NNP
or	CC
the	DT
FCC	NNP
.	.
Although	IN
security	NN
measures	NNS
and	CC
policies	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
implement	VB
and	CC
may	MD
be	VB
inconsistent	JJ
they	PRP
are	VBP
imperative	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
corporations	NNS
security	NN
scheme	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
show	VB
that	IN
the	DT
corporation	NN
is	VBZ
exercising	VBG
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
standard	NN
of	IN
care	NN
in	IN
providing	VBG
adequate	JJ
computer	NN
network	NN
security	NN
.	.
Passwords	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
yet	RB
most	JJS
vulnerable	JJ
element	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
security	NN
because	IN
users	NNS
tend	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
careless	JJ
with	IN
their	PRP$
passwords	NNS
.	.
This	DT
problem	NN
can	MD
be	VB
fixed	VBN
easily	RB
if	IN
corporations	NNS
encourage	VBP
employees	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
passwords	NNS
that	WDT
rare	JJ
not	RB
easily	RB
guessed	VBN
.	.
Corporations	NNS
should	MD
also	RB
advice	NN
users	NNS
to	TO
memorize	VB
passwords	NNS
and	CC
not	RB
leave	VB
them	PRP
laying	VBG
around	RB
.	.
Administrative	JJ
controls	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
procedural	JJ
mechanisms	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
company	NN
's	POS
security	NN
policy	NN
.	.
Administrative	JJ
controls	NNS
include	VBP
,	,
but	CC
are	VBP
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
,	,
establishing	VBG
a	DT
separate	JJ
security	NN
apparatus	NN
in	IN
a	DT
corporation	NN
,	,
educating	VBG
employees	NNS
about	IN
computer	NN
security	NN
,	,
posting	VBG
the	DT
corporations	NNS
security	NN
policies	NNS
,	,
performing	VBG
background	NN
checks	NNS
on	IN
employees	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
access	NN
to	TO
sensitive	JJ
information	NN
,	,
protecting	VBG
against	IN
computer	NN
viruses	NNS
,	,
ensuring	VBG
the	DT
corporation	NN
has	VBZ
insurance	NN
against	IN
data	NNS
disaster	NN
or	CC
virus	NN
attacks	NNS
,	,
and	CC
ensuring	VBG
the	DT
physical	JJ
locations	NNS
of	IN
computers	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
sensitive	JJ
components	NNS
are	VBP
secured	VBN
.	.
Firewalls	NNS
are	VBP
hardware	NN
and	CC
software	NN
devices	NNS
that	WDT
link	VBP
a	DT
computer	NN
network	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
prevent	VB
unauthorized	JJ
access	NN
.	.
Firewalls	NNS
show	VBP
that	IN
a	DT
corporation	NN
exercised	VBN
reasonable	JJ
care	NN
in	IN
protecting	VBG
its	PRP$
computer	NN
network	NN
by	IN
isolating	VBG
a	DT
corporate	JJ
computer	NN
network	NN
from	IN
the	DT
outside	JJ
world	NN
by	IN
monitoring	NN
and	CC
restricting	VBG
all	DT
incoming	JJ
and	CC
outgoing	JJ
communications	NNS
and	CC
by	IN
regulating	VBG
remote	JJ
dial-in	JJ
access	NN
.	.
Encryption	NNP
refers	VBZ
to	TO
any	DT
algorithm	NN
applied	VBD
to	TO
a	DT
digital	JJ
message	NN
which	WDT
scrambles	NNS
the	DT
plain	JJ
text	NN
message	NN
,	,
rendering	VBG
it	PRP
meaningless	JJ
to	TO
anyone	NN
who	WP
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
the	DT
key	NN
to	TO
decrypt	VB
the	DT
message	NN
.	.
Encryption	NNP
protects	VBZ
the	DT
integrity	NN
and	CC
confidentiality	NN
of	IN
a	DT
corporation	NN
's	POS
data	NNS
and	CC
ensures	VBZ
its	PRP$
authenticity	NN
,	,
whether	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
stored	VBN
or	CC
transmitted	VBN
across	IN
communication	NN
channels	NNS
.	.
A	DT
corporations	NNS
use	NN
of	IN
encryption	NN
technology	NN
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
to	TO
show	VB
the	DT
corporation	NN
exercised	VBN
due	JJ
care	NN
in	IN
securing	VBG
its	PRP$
communication	NN
lines	NNS
to	TO
and	CC
from	IN
its	PRP$
computer	NN
network	NN
.	.
Monitoring	NN
computer	NN
network	NN
access	NN
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
and	CC
any	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
access	NN
computer	NN
files	NNS
or	CC
programs	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
logged	VBN
for	IN
future	JJ
reference	NN
,	,
and	CC
all	DT
suspiciously	RB
accessing	VBG
should	MD
be	VB
reviewed	VBN
and	CC
if	IN
necessary	JJ
,	,
terminated	VBN
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
provides	VBZ
an	DT
overview	NN
of	IN
adoption	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
laws	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
cyberspace	NN
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
paper	NN
describes	VBZ
the	DT
current	JJ
status	NN
of	IN
adoption	NN
including	VBG
statistics	NNS
on	IN
prevalence	NN
and	CC
costs	NNS
.	.
Next	JJ
,	,
the	DT
paper	NN
reviews	VBZ
existing	VBG
laws	NNS
regulating	VBG
adoption	NN
,	,
including	VBG
interstate	JJ
and	CC
international	JJ
transactions	NNS
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
discussion	NN
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
risks	NNS
and	CC
benefits	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
Internet	NNP
adoption	NN
services	NNS
.	.
In	IN
particular	JJ
,	,
the	DT
final	JJ
section	NN
of	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
addresses	VBZ
the	DT
adequacy	NN
of	IN
existing	VBG
laws	NNS
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
interests	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
Internet	NNP
adoptions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
whether	IN
this	DT
situation	NN
demands	VBZ
new	JJ
law	NN
.	.
Some	DT
prospective	JJ
parents	NNS
prefer	VBP
not	RB
to	TO
use	VB
an	DT
agency	NN
.	.
Instead	RB
,	,
these	DT
individuals	NNS
may	MD
arrange	VB
the	DT
adoption	NN
directly	RB
with	IN
the	DT
birth	NN
parent	NN
,	,
or	CC
may	MD
retain	VB
the	DT
services	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
``	``
intermediary	NN
''	''
or	CC
``	``
facilitator	NN
''	''
to	TO
help	VB
negotiate	VB
the	DT
adoption	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
34	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
the	DT
latter	JJ
cases	NNS
,	,
attorneys	NNS
,	,
doctors	NNS
and	CC
clergy	NNS
are	VBP
often	RB
selected	VBN
as	IN
intermediaries	NNS
.	.
But	CC
professional	JJ
``	``
independent	JJ
adoption	NN
facilitators	NNS
''	''
do	VBP
exist	VB
,	,
and	CC
perhaps	RB
because	IN
of	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
bad	JJ
apples	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
often	RB
pejoratively	RB
referred	VBD
to	TO
as	IN
``	``
baby	NN
brokers	NNS
.	.
''	''
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
professional	JJ
facilitator	NN
who	WP
negotiated	VBD
the	DT
ill-fated	JJ
``	``
Internet	NNP
twins	NNS
''	''
adoption	NN
.	.
The	DT
content	NN
of	IN
the	DT
adoption	NN
websites	VBZ
varies	VBZ
greatly	RB
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
41	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Adoptingonline.com	NN
,	,
adopting.com	NN
and	CC
adopting.org	NN
are	VBP
just	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
thousands	NNS
of	IN
online	JJ
adoptions	NNS
services	NNS
offering	VBG
a	DT
wide	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
designed	VBN
to	TO
facilitate	VB
parent	JJ
child	NN
matching	NN
and	CC
provide	VB
adoption	NN
support	NN
.	.
Currently	RB
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
relatively	RB
few	JJ
federal	JJ
laws	NNS
governing	VBG
adoption	NN
.	.
Adoption	NN
is	VBZ
primarily	RB
regulated	VBN
by	IN
state	NN
statutes	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
vary	VBP
greatly	RB
.	.
This	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
uniformity	NN
contributes	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
frustration	NN
and	CC
delay	NN
experienced	VBN
by	IN
many	JJ
adoptive	JJ
parents	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
unclear	JJ
at	IN
this	DT
point	NN
,	,
whether	IN
the	DT
Bush	NNP
Administration	NNP
will	MD
continue	VB
or	CC
expand	VB
the	DT
efforts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
previous	JJ
administration	NN
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
language	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Memorandum	NNP
,	,
the	DT
ASFA	NNP
and	CC
Adoption	NNP
2002	CD
speaks	VBZ
so	RB
specifically	RB
about	IN
children	NNS
in	IN
public	JJ
welfare	NN
and	CC
foster	JJ
care	NN
systems	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
unclear	JJ
whether	IN
a	DT
similar	JJ
mandate	NN
exists	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
private	JJ
adoption	NN
industry	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
too	RB
early	RB
in	IN
the	DT
Bush	NNP
Administration	NNP
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
the	DT
Clinton	NNP
mandates	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
followed	VBN
or	CC
expanded	VBN
.	.
Interstate	NNP
adoptions	NNS
must	MD
satisfy	VB
the	DT
laws	NNS
of	IN
both	DT
the	DT
sending	VBG
and	CC
the	DT
receiving	VBG
states	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
vast	JJ
differences	NNS
in	IN
adoption	NN
laws	NNS
between	IN
states	NNS
confuses	VBZ
and	CC
frustrates	VBZ
an	DT
already	RB
emotional	JJ
situation	NN
.	.
The	DT
Interstate	NNP
Compact	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
Placement	NNP
of	IN
Children	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
ICPC	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
may	MD
provide	VB
some	DT
answers	NNS
.	.
A	DT
discussion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
laws	NNS
in	IN
each	DT
state	NN
would	MD
exceed	VB
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
.	.
For	IN
that	DT
reason	NN
,	,
and	CC
because	IN
the	DT
authors	NNS
and	CC
likely	JJ
audience	NN
of	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
reside	VBP
in	IN
Georgia	NNP
,	,
Georgia	NNP
's	POS
adoption	NN
laws	NNS
are	VBP
described	VBN
here	RB
as	IN
an	DT
example	NN
of	IN
one	CD
state	NN
's	POS
approach	NN
to	TO
these	DT
issues	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
legislation	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
adoption	NN
aims	VBZ
to	TO
encourage	VB
adoption	NN
,	,
protect	VBP
children	NNS
and	CC
simplify	VB
the	DT
process	NN
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
suggested	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
may	MD
serve	VB
to	TO
effectuate	VB
those	DT
goals	NNS
.	.
But	CC
some	DT
would	MD
ask	VB
,	,
at	IN
what	WP
cost	NN
?	.
Because	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
sort	NN
of	IN
issues	NNS
discussed	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
section	NN
are	VBP
also	RB
likely	JJ
to	TO
arise	VB
in	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
adoption	NN
,	,
the	DT
laws	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
applicable	JJ
state	NN
are	VBP
likely	JJ
to	TO
apply	VB
to	TO
Internet	NNP
adoption	NN
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
however	RB
,	,
will	MD
increase	VB
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
consistent	JJ
laws	NNS
in	IN
both	DT
interstate	JJ
and	CC
intercountry	JJ
adoptions	NNS
as	IN
it	PRP
increases	VBZ
the	DT
potential	NN
for	IN
people	NNS
in	IN
various	JJ
states	NNS
and	CC
countries	NNS
to	TO
find	VB
one	CD
another	DT
.	.
As	IN
discussed	VBN
above	IN
,	,
while	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
a	DT
few	JJ
federal	JJ
laws	NNS
governing	VBG
adoption	NN
,	,
each	DT
state	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
power	NN
to	TO
promulgate	VB
its	PRP$
own	JJ
laws	NNS
to	TO
govern	VB
the	DT
adoption	NN
process	NN
;	:
therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
success	NN
of	IN
these	DT
actions	NNS
will	MD
depend	VB
on	IN
the	DT
particular	JJ
state	NN
's	POS
laws	NNS
where	WRB
the	DT
incident	NN
occurred	VBD
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
120	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Ideally	RB
,	,
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
uniformity	NN
among	IN
the	DT
state	NN
statutes	NNS
could	MD
be	VB
alleviated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
adoption	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Uniform	NNP
Adoption	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1994	CD
by	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
states	NNS
.	.
Another	DT
possible	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
accomplishing	VBG
the	DT
cohesive	JJ
regulation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
adoption	NN
process	NN
would	MD
be	VB
to	TO
add	VB
more	JJR
substantive	JJ
material	NN
to	TO
the	DT
procedurally	RB
focused	VBN
Interstate	NNP
Compact	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
Placement	NNP
of	IN
Children	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
has	VBZ
already	RB
been	VBN
adopted	VBN
in	IN
all	DT
fifty	CD
states	NNS
.	.
One	CD
substantive	JJ
component	NN
that	IN
a	DT
restructuring	NN
of	IN
this	DT
legislation	NN
should	MD
include	VB
is	VBZ
a	DT
provision	NN
for	IN
the	DT
regulation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
advertising	NN
of	IN
children	NNS
for	IN
adoption	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
merely	RB
increasing	VBG
awareness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ICPC	NNP
would	MD
improve	VB
the	DT
situation	NN
through	IN
enhanced	JJ
state	NN
compliance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
existing	VBG
regulations	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
an	DT
increased	VBN
potential	NN
for	IN
fraud	NN
to	TO
occur	VB
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
124	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
when	WRB
con	NN
artists	NNS
pretend	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
birth	NN
mothers	NNS
and	CC
request	NN
that	IN
the	DT
prospective	JJ
parents	NNS
send	VBP
money	NN
for	IN
food	NN
and	CC
then	RB
change	VB
their	PRP$
email	NN
address	NN
so	IN
that	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
found	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
125	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Fraud	NNP
may	MD
also	RB
occur	VB
when	WRB
dishonest	JJ
agency	NN
representatives	NNS
either	CC
misrepresent	VB
or	CC
do	VB
not	RB
disclose	VB
physical	JJ
or	CC
psychological	JJ
problems	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
children	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
trying	VBG
to	TO
place	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
126	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
disreputable	JJ
facilitators	NNS
or	CC
agencies	NNS
that	WDT
request	VBP
that	IN
adoptive	JJ
parents	NNS
pay	VBP
large	JJ
amounts	NNS
of	IN
money	NN
for	IN
a	DT
child	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
not	RB
even	RB
exist	VB
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
127	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Finally	RB
,	,
the	DT
Internet	NNP
may	MD
increase	VB
the	DT
potential	NN
for	IN
``	``
bidding	NN
wars	NNS
''	''
over	IN
a	DT
child	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
128	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
as	IN
is	VBZ
illustrated	VBN
by	IN
Case	NNP
Study	NNP
1	CD
,	,
infra	NN
,	,
Part	NNP
3	CD
.	.
C.	NNP
2	CD
.	.
a.	IN
There	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
the	DT
potential	JJ
issue	NN
of	IN
unequal	JJ
bargaining	NN
power	NN
between	IN
the	DT
prospective	JJ
adoptive	JJ
parents	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
brokers	NNS
or	CC
natural	JJ
parents	NNS
in	IN
such	JJ
an	DT
emotionally	RB
charged	VBN
event	NN
.	.
The	DT
prospective	JJ
parents	NNS
are	VBP
often	RB
so	RB
desperate	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
family	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
very	RB
vulnerable	JJ
and	CC
easily	RB
taken	VBN
advantage	NN
of	IN
by	IN
dishonest	JJ
birth	NN
mothers	NNS
,	,
facilitators	NNS
,	,
or	CC
brokers	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
132	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Even	RB
the	DT
names	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
websites	NNS
are	VBP
often	RB
designed	VBN
to	TO
affect	VB
the	DT
emotions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
prospective	JJ
parents	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
``	``
A	DT
Bond	NN
of	IN
Love	NNP
,	,
''	''
``	``
And	CC
Baby	NNP
Makes	VBZ
Three	CD
,	,
''	''
``	``
A	DT
Cradle	NN
of	IN
Hope	NNP
,	,
''	''
and	CC
``	``
A	DT
Helping	VBG
Hand	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Internet	NNP
adoption	NN
offers	VBZ
numerous	JJ
advantages	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
adoption	NN
process	NN
including	VBG
the	DT
increased	VBN
accessibility	NN
of	IN
prospective	JJ
adoptive	JJ
parents	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
adoption	NN
agencies	NNS
and	CC
facilitators	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
children	NNS
waiting	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
adopted	VBN
.	.
The	DT
rise	NN
of	IN
these	DT
services	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
allows	VBZ
single	JJ
persons	NNS
,	,
older	JJR
persons	NNS
,	,
and	CC
unmarried	JJ
or	CC
homosexual	JJ
couples	NNS
a	DT
better	JJR
chance	NN
at	IN
locating	VBG
a	DT
child	NN
to	TO
adopt	VB
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
Internet	NNP
adoption	NN
offers	VBZ
the	DT
advantage	NN
of	IN
decreasing	VBG
adoption	NN
costs	NNS
and	CC
waiting	VBG
times	NNS
.	.
Along	IN
with	IN
the	DT
advantages	NNS
of	IN
online	JJ
adoption	NN
come	VB
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
potentially	RB
severe	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
Internet	NNP
adoption	NN
provides	VBZ
a	DT
forum	NN
for	IN
the	DT
extortion	NN
of	IN
prospective	JJ
parents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
has	VBZ
the	DT
increased	VBN
potential	NN
for	IN
misrepresentation	NN
and	CC
fraud	NN
in	IN
the	DT
adoption	NN
process	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
children	NNS
's	POS
photographs	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
on	IN
some	DT
agencies	NNS
'	POS
websites	NNS
provides	VBZ
pedophiles	NNS
surfing	VBG
the	DT
net	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
and	CC
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
potentially	RB
misuse	NN
this	DT
information	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
dangers	NNS
presented	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
misuse	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
adoption	NN
,	,
issues	NNS
also	RB
arise	VBP
because	IN
Internet	NNP
adoption	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
forum	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
so	RB
many	JJ
different	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
law	NN
intersect	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
contracts	NNS
,	,
torts	NNS
,	,
family	NN
law	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
When	WRB
these	DT
laws	NNS
conflict	NN
,	,
what	WP
is	VBZ
the	DT
hierarchy	NN
?	.
Which	WDT
law	NN
should	MD
apply	VB
?	.
Also	RB
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
governing	VBG
the	DT
adoption	NN
process	NN
is	VBZ
promulgated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
states	NNS
,	,
and	CC
because	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
much	RB
more	RBR
likely	JJ
that	IN
interstate	JJ
and	CC
even	RB
intercountry	JJ
adoptions	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
occurring	VBG
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
an	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
of	IN
determining	VBG
which	WDT
state	NN
's	POS
laws	NNS
should	MD
apply	VB
to	TO
the	DT
process	NN
,	,
both	DT
generally	RB
and	CC
when	WRB
a	DT
dispute	NN
arises	VBZ
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
distinct	JJ
increase	NN
in	IN
potential	JJ
dangers	NNS
presented	VBN
by	IN
Internet	NNP
adoption	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
conflict	NN
of	IN
laws	NNS
issues	NNS
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
need	NN
for	IN
new	JJ
and	CC
further	JJ
regulation	NN
of	IN
this	DT
process	NN
.	.
Byette	NNP
supra	NN
note	NN
1	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
stating	VBG
that	IN
because	IN
of	IN
its	PRP$
speed	NN
and	CC
lack	NN
of	IN
regulation	NN
,	,
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
``	``
an	DT
ideal	JJ
medium	NN
not	RB
just	RB
for	IN
making	VBG
successful	JJ
matches	NNS
,	,
but	CC
for	IN
unethical	JJ
preying	VBG
on	IN
desperate	JJ
families	NNS
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
goal	NN
for	IN
every	DT
child	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
Nation	NN
's	POS
public	JJ
welfare	NN
system	NN
is	VBZ
permanence	NN
in	IN
a	DT
safe	JJ
and	CC
stable	JJ
home	NN
,	,
whether	IN
it	PRP
be	VB
returning	VBG
home	NN
,	,
adoption	NN
,	,
legal	JJ
guardianship	NN
,	,
or	CC
another	DT
permanent	JJ
placement	NN
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
great	JJ
majority	NN
of	IN
children	NNS
in	IN
foster	JJ
care	NN
will	MD
return	VB
home	NN
,	,
for	IN
about	IN
one	CD
in	IN
five	CD
,	,
returning	VBG
home	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
an	DT
option	NN
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
will	MD
need	VB
another	DT
home	NN
,	,
one	CD
that	WDT
is	VBZ
caring	VBG
and	CC
safe	JJ
.	.
These	DT
children	NNS
wait	VBP
far	RB
too	RB
long	JJ
typically	RB
over	IN
3	CD
years	NNS
,	,
but	CC
for	IN
many	JJ
children	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
,	,
-RRB-	-RRB-
much	RB
longer	JJR
to	TO
be	VB
placed	VBN
in	IN
permanent	JJ
homes	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
year	NN
State	NN
child	NN
welfare	NN
agencies	NNS
secure	JJ
homes	NNS
for	IN
less	JJR
than	IN
one-third	NN
of	IN
the	DT
children	NNS
whose	WP$
goal	NN
is	VBZ
adoption	NN
or	CC
an	DT
alternate	JJ
permanent	JJ
plan	NN
.	.
I	PRP
know	VBP
we	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
better	JJR
.	.
Now	RB
,	,
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
can	MD
find	VB
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
businesses	NNS
represented	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
through	IN
a	DT
simple	JJ
search	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
businesses	NNS
include	VBP
:	:
clothing	NN
retailers	NNS
,	,
book	NN
dealers	NNS
,	,
law	NN
firms	NNS
,	,
home	NN
businesses	NNS
,	,
telecommunications	NNS
companies	NNS
,	,
travel	NN
related	JJ
groups	NNS
,	,
and	CC
virtually	RB
any	DT
other	JJ
business	NN
that	IN
one	CD
can	MD
imagine	VB
.	.
Gambling	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
oldest	JJS
businesses	NNS
in	IN
history	NN
,	,
and	CC
while	IN
the	DT
industry	NN
has	VBZ
always	RB
been	VBN
around	RB
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
until	IN
the	DT
twentieth	JJ
century	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
gambling	NN
really	RB
took	VBD
off	RP
.	.
A	DT
dreamer	NN
named	VBN
Bugsy	NNP
Siegel	NNP
took	VBD
the	DT
gambling	NN
concept	NN
a	DT
step	NN
further	RBR
and	CC
built	VBD
the	DT
Flamingo	NNP
Hotel	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
desert	NN
town	NN
of	IN
Las	NNP
Vegas	NNP
,	,
and	CC
for	IN
decades	NNS
,	,
Vegas	NNP
was	VBD
about	IN
the	DT
only	JJ
legal	JJ
option	NN
for	IN
gamblers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
now	RB
offers	VBZ
cheap	JJ
and	CC
easy	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
a	DT
concoction	NN
of	IN
gambling	VBG
services	NNS
.	.
Thanks	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
gamblers	NNS
no	RB
longer	RB
face	VBP
the	DT
necessity	NN
of	IN
flying	VBG
to	TO
Las	NNP
Vegas	NNP
to	TO
play	VB
the	DT
slots	NNS
,	,
driving	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
nearest	JJS
authorized	VBN
track	NN
to	TO
play	VB
the	DT
horses	NNS
,	,
or	CC
even	RB
walking	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
corner	NN
store	NN
to	TO
play	VB
the	DT
state	NN
lotto	NN
.	.
Rather	RB
,	,
with	IN
a	DT
simple	JJ
search	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
gambling	VBG
sites	NNS
are	VBP
easy	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
,	,
and	CC
registering	VBG
with	IN
such	JJ
sites	NNS
is	VBZ
relatively	RB
simple	JJ
.	.
While	IN
all	DT
of	IN
this	DT
may	MD
sound	VB
enticing	VBG
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
several	JJ
concerns	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
.	.
Concerns	NNS
to	TO
society	NN
include	VBP
gambling	VBG
addiction	NN
,	,
gambling	VBG
by	IN
minors	NNS
,	,
increased	VBD
crime	NN
,	,
and	CC
threats	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
integrity	NN
sporting	VBG
contests	NNS
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
issues	NNS
concerning	VBG
the	DT
honesty	NN
and	CC
fairness	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
casinos	NNS
;	:
claims	NNS
of	IN
cheating	NN
are	VBP
prevalent	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
business	NN
,	,
and	CC
have	VBP
included	VBN
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
site	NN
providers	NNS
'	POS
failing	VBG
to	TO
pay	VB
off	RP
winners	NNS
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
site	NN
providers	NNS
'	POS
failing	VBG
to	TO
return	VB
money	NN
paid	VBN
up	RP
front	NN
and	CC
never	RB
gambled	VBN
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
site	NN
providers	NNS
'	POS
failing	VBG
to	TO
explain	VB
games	NNS
appearing	VBG
to	TO
be	VB
rigged	VBN
;	:
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
site	NN
providers	NNS
'	POS
disappearing	VBG
with	IN
investors	NNS
money	NN
.	.
The	DT
remainder	NN
of	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
focus	VB
on	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
gambling	VBG
online	NN
,	,
the	DT
legality	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
both	DT
state	NN
and	CC
federal	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
debt	NN
issues	NNS
created	VBN
by	IN
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
,	,
enforcement	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
debate	NN
over	IN
the	DT
viability	NN
of	IN
any	DT
regulation	NN
or	CC
ban	NN
on	IN
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
far	RB
,	,
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
lucrative	JJ
due	JJ
to	TO
its	PRP$
easy	JJ
access	NN
,	,
ease	NN
of	IN
use	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
convenience	NN
of	IN
placing	VBG
wagers	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
comfort	NN
of	IN
one	CD
's	POS
home	NN
.	.
Internet	NNP
gamblers	NNS
find	VBP
online	JJ
casinos	NNS
in	IN
much	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
way	NN
regular	JJ
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
find	VB
their	PRP$
sites	NNS
.	.
Online	NNP
casinos	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
located	VBN
though	IN
search	NN
engines	NNS
,	,
online	JJ
advertising	NN
,	,
SPAM	NNP
e-mail	NN
,	,
word	NN
of	IN
mouth	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
ways	NNS
.	.
Do	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
complexity	NN
and	CC
continuing	VBG
evolution	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
the	DT
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
surrounding	VBG
gambling	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
are	VBP
equally	RB
intricate	JJ
and	CC
still	RB
developing	VBG
.	.
Gambling	NN
laws	NNS
have	VBP
traditionally	RB
been	VBN
left	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
states	NNS
,	,
and	CC
all	DT
but	CC
two	CD
states	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
Utah	NNP
and	CC
Hawaii	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
have	VBP
some	DT
form	NN
of	IN
legalized	VBN
gambling	NN
.	.
This	DT
section	NN
will	MD
begin	VB
with	IN
a	DT
look	NN
at	IN
federal	JJ
government	NN
regulation	NN
,	,
including	VBG
both	DT
current	JJ
and	CC
proposed	JJ
legislation	NN
aimed	VBN
at	IN
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
,	,
move	VB
into	IN
how	WRB
certain	JJ
states	NNS
have	VBP
addressed	VBN
Internet	NNP
gambling	VBG
issues	NNS
,	,
and	CC
conclude	VBP
with	IN
a	DT
look	NN
at	IN
jurisdictional	JJ
challenges	NNS
.	.
Within	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
structure	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
gambling	VBG
regulation	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
two	CD
categories	NNS
:	:
first	RB
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
the	DT
application	NN
of	IN
existing	VBG
law	NN
to	TO
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
,	,
and	CC
second	JJ
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
the	DT
proposed	VBN
attempts	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
have	VBP
failed	VBN
to	TO
date	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
deal	VB
specifically	RB
with	IN
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
.	.
In	IN
U.S.	NNP
v.	CC
Cohen	NNP
,29	CD
the	DT
co-owner	NN
and	CC
operator	NN
of	IN
an	DT
off	JJ
shore	NN
gambling	NN
business	NN
,	,
licensed	VBN
and	CC
located	VBN
in	IN
Antigua	NNP
,	,
was	VBD
indicted	VBN
for	IN
alleged	VBN
violations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Wire	NNP
Act	NNP
arising	VBG
from	IN
accepting	VBG
bets	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
telephone	NN
.	.
He	PRP
further	RB
argued	VBD
that	IN
he	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
violate	VB
the	DT
statute	NN
because	IN
betting	VBG
was	VBD
legal	JJ
in	IN
both	DT
New	NNP
York	NNP
and	CC
Antigua	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
his	PRP$
defenses	NNS
were	VBD
rejected	VBN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
federal	JJ
jury	NN
in	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
convicted	VBD
him	PRP
of	IN
violating	VBG
the	DT
Wire	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
IGPA	NNP
was	VBD
introduced	VBN
in	IN
1999	CD
.	.
Sponsored	VBN
once	RB
again	RB
by	IN
Senator	NNP
Kyl	NNP
,	,
the	DT
bill	NN
,	,
as	IN
reintroduced	VBN
,	,
``	``
would	MD
expand	VB
and\/or	CC
clarify	VB
definitions	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
to	TO
include	VB
the	DT
technology	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
all	DT
forms	NNS
of	IN
gambling	NN
.	.
''	''
There	RB
,	,
the	DT
circuit	NN
judge	NN
prohibited	VBD
the	DT
tribe	NN
from	IN
taking	VBG
any	DT
bets	NNS
or	CC
wagers	NNS
from	IN
Missouri	NNP
residents	NNS
.	.
After	IN
a	DT
lengthy	JJ
jurisdictional	JJ
issue	NN
,	,
the	DT
case	NN
went	VBD
back	RB
in	IN
Missouri	NNP
state	NN
court	NN
.	.
Missouri	NNP
argued	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
bets	NNS
occurred	VBD
in	IN
Missouri	NNP
and	CC
were	VBD
therefore	RB
illegal	JJ
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
the	DT
tribe	NN
argued	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
bets	NNS
occurred	VBD
on	IN
its	PRP$
reservation	NN
lands	NNS
and	CC
therefore	RB
are	VBP
only	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
regulation	NN
under	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
Indian	JJ
Gaming	NN
Regulatory	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
IGRA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Overall	RB
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
Missouri	NNP
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
entirely	RB
successful	JJ
at	IN
enforcing	VBG
their	PRP$
prohibition	NN
rulings	NNS
.	.
Interactive	JJ
Gaming	NN
still	RB
maintains	VBZ
a	DT
gambling	NN
site	NN
,	,
but	CC
now	RB
it	PRP
uses	VBZ
``	``
fake	JJ
''	''
money	NN
.	.
Nevertheless	RB
,	,
Interactive	NNP
Gaming	NN
did	VBD
sell	VB
its	PRP$
offshore	JJ
Internet	NNP
gaming	NN
sites	NNS
in	IN
December	NNP
of	IN
1997	CD
,	,
partially	RB
due	JJ
to	TO
legal	JJ
actions	NNS
by	IN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
Missouri	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Justice	NNP
Department	NNP
.	.
New	NNP
York	NNP
has	VBZ
also	RB
joined	VBN
the	DT
list	NN
of	IN
states	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
sued	VBN
Internet	NNP
gambling	VBG
websites	NNS
.	.
New	NNP
York	NNP
has	VBZ
followed	VBN
the	DT
lead	NN
of	IN
others	NNS
in	IN
strategizing	VBG
that	IN
if	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
show	VB
that	IN
the	DT
overseas	JJ
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
sites	NNS
are	VBP
targeting	VBG
users	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
state	NN
,	,
then	RB
their	PRP$
state	NN
has	VBZ
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Later	RB
,	,
in	IN
1999	CD
,	,
the	DT
New	NNP
York	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
held	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
act	NN
of	IN
entering	VBG
a	DT
bet	NN
and	CC
transmitting	VBG
the	DT
information	NN
from	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
via	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
sufficient	JJ
to	TO
constitute	VB
gambling	NN
activity	NN
within	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
State	NNP
.	.
While	IN
Florida	NNP
's	POS
actions	NNS
seem	VBP
tough	JJ
,	,
most	JJS
agree	VBP
that	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
enforce	VB
its	PRP$
strict	JJ
ban	NN
on	IN
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
one	CD
bookmaking	VBG
consultant	NN
,	,
Joe	NNP
Gallagher	NNP
,	,
``	``
here	RB
we	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
state	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
in	IN
a	DT
lottery	NN
business	NN
,	,
a	DT
state	NN
that	WDT
licenses	VBZ
jai	FW
alai	FW
,	,
dog	NN
racing	NN
,	,
horse	NN
racing	NN
,	,
and	CC
poker	NN
--	:
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
going	VBG
to	TO
tell	VB
you	PRP
,	,
you	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
call	VB
Antigua	NNP
to	TO
place	VB
$	$
50	CD
on	IN
the	DT
Super	NNP
Bowl	NNP
.	.
``	``
75	CD
Similarly	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
unlikely	JJ
that	IN
Western	NNP
Union	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
enforce	VB
its	PRP$
own	JJ
ban	NN
on	IN
wire	NN
transfers	NNS
to	TO
offshore	JJ
casinos	NNS
.	.
As	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
a	DT
site	NN
like	IN
Rollers	NNPS
hears	VBZ
of	IN
the	DT
wire	NN
transfer	NN
ban	NN
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
simply	RB
tell	VB
its	PRP$
gamblers	NNS
to	TO
place	VB
a	DT
false	JJ
name	NN
on	IN
the	DT
transfer	NN
application	NN
.	.
Caribbean	NNP
nations	NNS
welcome	JJ
online	NN
gambling	NN
operations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
as	IN
of	IN
late	JJ
Australia	NNP
and	CC
Great	NNP
Britain	NNP
have	VBP
also	RB
gotten	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
act	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
the	DT
way	NN
that	IN
these	DT
online	JJ
casinos	NNS
are	VBP
structured	VBN
leads	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
all	DT
important	JJ
issue	NN
of	IN
where	WRB
the	DT
betting	VBG
actually	RB
takes	VBZ
place	NN
;	:
that	DT
is	VBZ
,	,
is	VBZ
the	DT
bet	NN
placed	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
bettor	NN
's	POS
computer	NN
in	IN
Oklahoma	NNP
,	,
or	CC
does	VBZ
the	DT
event	NN
actually	RB
take	VB
place	NN
somewhere	RB
offshore	RB
?	.
Essentially	RB
they	PRP
argue	VBP
that	IN
since	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
servers	NNS
to	TO
which	WDT
wagers	NNS
and	CC
wagering	NN
information	NN
are	VBP
transmitted	VBN
are	VBP
located	VBN
offshore	RB
,	,
the	DT
gambling	NN
also	RB
occurs	VBZ
offshore	JJ
and	CC
therefore	RB
,	,
their	PRP$
activities	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
deemed	VBN
legal	JJ
since	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
casino	NN
is	VBZ
legally	RB
licensed	JJ
offshore	RB
.	.
Another	DT
very	RB
interesting	JJ
issue	NN
raised	VBN
by	IN
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
enforceability	NN
of	IN
debts	NNS
created	VBN
by	IN
such	JJ
activity	NN
.	.
While	IN
online	JJ
casinos	NNS
almost	RB
never	RB
allow	VB
players	NNS
to	TO
wager	VB
on	IN
credit	NN
,	,
debt	NN
can	MD
still	RB
be	VB
created	VBN
though	IN
Internet	NNP
gambling	VBG
via	IN
credit	NN
cards	NNS
.	.
As	IN
explained	VBN
,	,
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
credit	NN
cards	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
prevalent	JJ
method	NN
for	IN
gamblers	NNS
to	TO
fund	VB
their	PRP$
online	JJ
gambling	NN
account	NN
.	.
The	DT
intermediary	JJ
electronic	JJ
account	NN
service	NN
used	VBN
by	IN
online	JJ
casinos	NNS
goes	VBZ
through	IN
a	DT
financial	JJ
institution	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
a	DT
credit	NN
card	NN
association	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
Visa	NNP
or	CC
MasterCard	NNP
.	.
The	DT
account	NN
is	VBZ
governed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
merchant	NN
agreement	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
either	CC
the	DT
casino	NN
or	CC
the	DT
electronic	JJ
account	NN
service	NN
provider	NN
pays	VBZ
a	DT
percentage	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
credit	NN
card	NN
revenues	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
merchant	NN
bank	NN
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
ease	NN
of	IN
a	DT
couple	NN
of	IN
clicks	NNS
,	,
and	CC
with	IN
dollar	NN
bill	NN
signs	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
heads	NNS
,	,
naturally	RB
,	,
many	JJ
people	NNS
have	VBP
over	IN
extended	VBN
their	PRP$
credit	NN
,	,
lost	VBD
everything	NN
they	PRP
put	VBD
in	RP
,	,
and	CC
are	VBP
left	VBN
with	IN
insurmountable	JJ
debt	NN
.	.
This	DT
possibility	NN
was	VBD
realized	VBN
in	IN
1997	CD
by	IN
a	DT
California	NNP
woman	NN
named	VBN
Cynthia	NNP
Haines	NNP
,	,
as	IN
she	PRP
quickly	RB
accumulated	VBD
nearly	RB
$	$
70,000	CD
in	IN
blackjack	NN
,	,
poker	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
gambling	VBG
debts	NNS
using	VBG
a	DT
mix	NN
of	IN
credit	NN
cards	NNS
and	CC
online	JJ
gambling	NN
web	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
in	IN
a	DT
noble	JJ
response	NN
to	TO
Providian	NNP
's	POS
attempts	NNS
to	TO
collect	VB
,	,
Haines	NNP
instituted	VBD
a	DT
counterclaim	NN
,	,
arguing	VBG
that	IN
credit	NN
card	NN
companies	NNS
were	VBD
``	``
engaging	VBG
in	IN
unfair	JJ
business	NN
practices	NNS
and	CC
aiding	VBG
and	CC
abetting	VBG
a	DT
crime	NN
by	IN
giving	VBG
online	JJ
wager	NN
houses	NNS
merchant	NN
accounts	VBZ
to	TO
process	VB
bets	NNS
for	IN
customers	NNS
who	WP
live	VBP
where	WRB
the	DT
activity	NN
is	VBZ
outlawed	VBN
.	.
``	``
94	CD
Specifically	RB
,	,
Haines	NNP
claimed	VBD
that	IN
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
because	IN
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
is	VBZ
thought	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
illegal	JJ
;	:
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
California	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
recognized	VBN
policy	NN
against	IN
judicial	JJ
enforcement	NN
of	IN
gambling	VBG
debts	NNS
;	:
she	PRP
should	MD
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
not	RB
be	VB
forced	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
her	PRP$
respective	JJ
creditors	NNS
debts	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
Internet	NNP
gambling	VBG
.95	CD
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
in	IN
what	WP
began	VBD
as	IN
an	DT
ordinary	JJ
creditor	NN
collection	NN
activity	NN
,	,
Providian	NNP
v.	CC
Haines96	NNP
has	VBZ
inadvertently	RB
turned	VBN
into	IN
a	DT
precedent	NN
setting	VBG
case	NN
with	IN
the	DT
potential	JJ
to	TO
turn	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
industry	NN
on	IN
its	PRP$
heels	NNS
.	.
A	DT
separate	JJ
and	CC
distinct	JJ
question	NN
from	IN
the	DT
legality	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
enforcement	NN
.	.
One	CD
major	JJ
issue	NN
of	IN
enforcement	NN
surrounds	VBZ
the	DT
ability	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
system	NN
to	TO
gain	VB
physical	JJ
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
operators	NNS
of	IN
online	JJ
casinos	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
important	JJ
,	,
because	IN
many	JJ
critics	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
legislation	NN
feel	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
only	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
ever	RB
actually	RB
stop	VB
these	DT
sites	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
owners	NNS
and	CC
operators	NNS
are	VBP
behind	IN
bars	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
a	DT
vast	JJ
majority	NN
of	IN
online	JJ
casinos	NNS
are	VBP
located	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
countries	NNS
that	WDT
license	VBP
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
,	,
and	CC
because	IN
these	DT
countries	NNS
actively	RB
solicit	VB
this	DT
business	NN
in	IN
pursuit	NN
of	IN
potentially	RB
substantial	JJ
revenues	NNS
,	,
these	DT
countries	NNS
have	VBP
a	DT
strong	JJ
vested	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
providing	VBG
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
operators	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
safe	JJ
,	,
extradition-free	JJ
haven	NN
.100	CD
Without	IN
these	DT
enforcement	NN
mechanisms	NNS
,	,
any	DT
domestic	JJ
government	NN
prohibition	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
argued	VBN
,	,
would	MD
merely	RB
be	VB
a	DT
threat	NN
placing	VBG
form	NN
over	IN
substance	NN
.	.
Other	JJ
enforcement	NN
mechanisms	NNS
focus	VB
on	IN
the	DT
gambler	NN
's	POS
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
gambling	NN
site	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
federal	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
gambling	NN
prohibitions	NNS
focus	VB
on	IN
the	DT
activities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
gambling	NN
business	NN
,	,
as	IN
distinct	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
activities	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
gambler	NN
.	.
ISP	NNP
providers	NNS
.	.
Filtering	VBG
is	VBZ
seen	VBN
as	IN
especially	RB
important	JJ
for	IN
cyberspace	NN
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
costs	NNS
of	IN
information	NN
production	NN
and	CC
dissemination	NN
are	VBP
extremely	RB
low	JJ
,	,
and	CC
thus	RB
information	NN
overload	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
serious	JJ
concern	NN
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
while	IN
the	DT
employment	NN
of	IN
filtering	VBG
technology	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
potent	JJ
weapon	NN
for	IN
blocking	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
by	IN
United	NNP
States	NNPS
citizens	NNS
,	,
there	EX
would	MD
still	RB
be	VB
ways	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
around	IN
this	DT
filtering	VBG
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
a	DT
potential	JJ
gambler	NN
could	MD
work	VB
around	IN
an	DT
ISP	NNP
's	POS
use	NN
of	IN
filtering	VBG
technology	NN
by	IN
accessing	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
through	IN
an	DT
ISP	NN
located	VBN
somewhere	RB
outside	IN
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.107	CD
Those	DT
ISPs	NNS
would	MD
,	,
in	IN
all	DT
probability	NN
,	,
not	RB
be	VB
using	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
filtering	VBG
technology	NN
because	IN
they	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
requirements	NNS
imposed	VBN
upon	IN
domestic	JJ
ISPs	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
isolated	JJ
individual	JJ
users	NNS
had	VBD
the	DT
knowledge	NN
and	CC
determination	NN
to	TO
access	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
through	IN
an	DT
offshore	JJ
POP	NNP
,	,
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
accessing	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
through	IN
a	DT
long-distance	NN
toll	NN
call	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
means	NNS
would	MD
probably	RB
serve	VB
as	IN
an	DT
adequate	JJ
disincentive	NN
to	TO
most	RBS
local	JJ
gamblers	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
prosecutors	NNS
could	MD
also	RB
seek	VB
a	DT
court	NN
order	NN
revoking	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
casino	NN
's	POS
website	NN
's	POS
registration	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
prohibiting	VBG
the	DT
operators	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
website	NN
from	IN
registering	VBG
any	DT
additional	JJ
sites	NNS
.	.
Securing	VBG
such	PDT
an	DT
order	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
requires	VBZ
certain	JJ
logistical	JJ
considerations	NNS
.	.
A	DT
separate	JJ
method	NN
for	IN
severing	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
an	DT
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
website	NN
would	MD
be	VB
to	TO
utilize	VB
an	DT
enforcement	NN
provision	NN
already	RB
available	JJ
under	IN
the	DT
Wire	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
specifically	RB
,	,
1084	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
Florida	NNP
Attorney	NNP
General	NNP
Robert	NNP
A.	NNP
Butterworth	NNP
issued	VBD
a	DT
1084	CD
notice	NN
to	TO
Sprint	NNP
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
terminate	VB
the	DT
toll-free	JJ
telephone	NN
service	NN
used	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Maliseet	NNP
Indian	NNP
Tribe	NNP
to	TO
operate	VB
a	DT
telephone	NN
sports	NNS
wagering	NN
business	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
available	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
State	NN
of	IN
Florida	NNP
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
,	,
in	IN
order	NN
for	IN
United	NNP
States	NNPS
residents	NNS
to	TO
gamble	VB
,	,
Internet	NNP
gambling	VBG
businesses	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
capable	JJ
of	IN
receiving	VBG
and	CC
processing	VBG
payments	NNS
from	IN
persons	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
Currently	RB
,	,
an	DT
intermediary	JJ
third	JJ
party	NN
is	VBZ
facilitating	VBG
the	DT
transfer	NN
of	IN
funds	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
gambler	NN
and	CC
the	DT
website	NN
operator	NN
.	.
The	DT
future	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
is	VBZ
anything	NN
but	CC
set	VBN
in	IN
stone	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
opponents	NNS
of	IN
Internet	NNP
gambling	VBG
point	NN
to	TO
the	DT
many	JJ
possible	JJ
harms	NNS
that	WDT
already	RB
do	VBP
,	,
and	CC
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
,	,
flow	NN
from	IN
its	PRP$
existence	NN
.	.
While	IN
regulation	NN
or	CC
an	DT
all-out	JJ
ban	NN
seems	VBZ
ideal	JJ
,	,
others	NNS
argue	VBP
that	IN
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
and	CC
the	DT
gambling	NN
industry	NN
,	,
any	DT
attempts	NNS
at	IN
regulation	NN
will	MD
have	VB
a	DT
minor	JJ
impact	NN
.	.
The	DT
Anti-SPAM	NNP
Act	NNP
takes	VBZ
care	NN
to	TO
limit	VB
the	DT
applicability	NN
to	TO
the	DT
persons	NNS
initiating	VBG
the	DT
e-mail	NN
,	,
thus	RB
immunizing	VBG
the	DT
ISP	NNP
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Anti-SPAM	NNP
Act	NNP
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
requires	VBZ
an	DT
initiator	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
valid	JJ
return	NN
address	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
accurate	JJ
routing	VBG
information	NN
,	,
something	NN
many	JJ
spammers	NNS
refuse	VBP
to	TO
do	VB
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
make	VB
spammers	NNS
accessible	JJ
and	CC
deter	VB
them	PRP
from	IN
using	VBG
this	DT
method	NN
of	IN
advertising	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
one	CD
loophole	NN
for	IN
potential	JJ
spammers	NNS
is	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
pre-existing	JJ
business	NN
relationship	NN
''	''
with	IN
the	DT
addressee	NN
.	.
If	IN
an	DT
end-user	NN
has	VBZ
business	NN
with	IN
a	DT
website	NN
within	IN
five	CD
years	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
website	NN
sends	VBZ
clear	JJ
and	CC
conspicuous	JJ
notice	NN
of	IN
an	DT
opportunity	NN
not	RB
to	TO
receive	VB
further	JJ
messages	NNS
,	,
that	DT
company	NN
may	MD
send	VB
that	DT
end-user	NN
unsolicited	JJ
e-mail	NN
.	.
The	DT
new	JJ
bill	NN
would	MD
also	RB
allow	VB
consumers	NNS
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
opt-out	NN
of	IN
receiving	VBG
further	JJ
communication	NN
.	.
In	IN
essence	NN
,	,
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
bills	NNS
are	VBP
just	RB
different	JJ
ways	NNS
of	IN
expressing	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
idea	NN
.	.
So	RB
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
prudent	JJ
for	IN
Congress	NNP
to	TO
analyze	VB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
bills	NNS
and	CC
create	VB
a	DT
law	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
encompass	VB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
laws	NNS
'	POS
attributes	NNS
without	IN
violating	VBG
constitutional	JJ
rights	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
all	DT
of	IN
these	DT
federal	JJ
bills	NNS
concerning	VBG
SPAM	NNP
are	VBP
still	RB
pending	VBG
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
evidenced	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
during	IN
our	PRP$
composition	NN
of	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
there	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
very	RB
important	JJ
case	NN
that	WDT
came	VBD
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
of	IN
Washington	NNP
concerning	VBG
the	DT
constitutionality	NN
of	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
SPAM	NNP
law	NN
.	.
SPAM	NNP
legislation	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
surprising	JJ
that	IN
four	CD
years	NNS
after	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
state	NN
approved	VBD
legislation	NN
,	,
approximately	RB
2\/3	CD
of	IN
the	DT
states	NNS
have	VBP
not	RB
followed	VBN
suit	NN
,	,
our	PRP$
own	JJ
Georgia	NNP
being	VBG
one	CD
of	IN
that	DT
number	NN
.	.
Is	VBZ
it	PRP
a	DT
sign	NN
that	IN
SPAM	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
being	VBG
taken	VBN
seriously	RB
?	.
Is	VBZ
it	PRP
a	DT
sign	NN
of	IN
legislative	JJ
and	CC
public	JJ
apathy	NN
?	.
Granted	VBN
,	,
cyber	NN
law	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
new	JJ
and	CC
confusing	JJ
area	NN
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
although	IN
branching	VBG
off	RP
from	IN
traditional	JJ
areas	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
contracts	NNS
,	,
property	NN
and	CC
constitutional	JJ
law	NN
.	.
The	DT
internet	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
different	JJ
playing	NN
field	NN
where	WRB
unfortunately	RB
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
answers	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
come	VB
without	IN
more	JJR
turf	NN
broken	VBN
in	IN
and	CC
a	DT
few	JJ
games	NNS
lost	VBN
.	.
Legislators	NNS
are	VBP
cognizant	NN
of	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
but	CC
as	IN
with	IN
so	RB
many	JJ
other	JJ
issues	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
cyber	NN
arena	NN
,	,
they	PRP
grapple	VBP
with	IN
SPAM	NNP
laws	NNS
in	IN
light	NN
of	IN
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
considerations	NNS
.	.
Tennessee	NNP
,	,
a	DT
state	NN
in	IN
this	DT
study	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
preemption	NN
clause	NN
provision	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
SPAM	NNP
statute	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
it	PRP
appears	VBZ
there	EX
is	VBZ
at	IN
least	JJS
some	DT
anticipation	NN
of	IN
federal	JJ
legislation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
.	.
Jurisdictional	JJ
issues	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
cyber	NN
waters	NNS
are	VBP
so	RB
mirky	JJ
that	IN
federal	JJ
legislation	NN
might	MD
be	VB
the	DT
only	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
clearing	VBG
them	PRP
.	.
The	DT
FTC	NNP
is	VBZ
currently	RB
playing	VBG
watchdog	NN
but	CC
conclusive	JJ
legislation	NN
would	MD
provide	VB
guidance	NN
to	TO
the	DT
states	NNS
who	WP
either	CC
have	VBP
already	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
sometimes	RB
unconstitutionally	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
have	VBP
not	RB
reached	VBN
this	DT
issue	NN
.	.
While	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
incumbent	JJ
on	IN
us	PRP
to	TO
acknowledge	VB
both	DT
sides	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
fence	NN
,	,
spammers	NNS
and	CC
anti-spammers	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
are	VBP
somewhat	RB
biased	VBN
as	IN
end-users	NNS
and	CC
not	RB
advertisers	NNS
.	.
Perhaps	RB
our	PRP$
perspective	NN
will	MD
change	VB
if	IN
we	PRP
ever	RB
have	VBP
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
send	VB
out	RP
bulk	JJ
e-mail	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
own	JJ
businesses	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
wherein	IN
we	PRP
would	MD
still	RB
not	RB
find	VB
it	PRP
burdensome	JJ
to	TO
clearly	RB
label	VB
and	CC
would	MD
most	RBS
likely	JJ
welcome	JJ
receipt	NN
of	IN
replies	NNS
because	IN
the	DT
business	NN
would	MD
be	VB
legitimate	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
From	IN
this	DT
vantage	NN
point	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
spamming	VBG
is	VBZ
rather	RB
annoying	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
taken	VBN
the	DT
``	``
fun	NN
''	''
out	IN
of	IN
checking	VBG
e-mail	NN
for	IN
many	JJ
of	IN
us	PRP
.	.
Coming	VBG
home	NN
to	TO
ten	CD
pieces	NNS
of	IN
junk	NN
mail	NN
in	IN
the	DT
snail	NN
mailbox	NN
and	CC
finding	VBG
thirty	CD
more	JJR
in	IN
the	DT
electronic	JJ
mailbox	NN
after	IN
long	JJ
days	NNS
at	IN
work	NN
and	CC
school	NN
,	,
do	VBP
not	RB
spam-friendly	JJ
authors	NNS
make	VBP
.	.
ISPs	NNS
have	VBP
generally	RB
been	VBN
very	RB
responsive	JJ
to	TO
harassment	NN
complaints	NNS
against	IN
users	NNS
,	,
often	RB
terminating	VBG
the	DT
account	NN
to	TO
remove	VB
access	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
relative	JJ
ease	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
an	DT
account	NN
can	MD
be	VB
established	VBN
allows	VBZ
the	DT
cyberstalker	NN
to	TO
move	VB
to	TO
another	DT
ISP	NNP
or	CC
to	TO
simply	RB
register	VB
with	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
ISP	NNP
under	IN
another	DT
assumed	JJ
identity	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
Dellapenta	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
above	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
a	DT
50	CD
year	NN
old	JJ
man	NN
was	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
convince	VB
chat	VB
room	NN
participants	NNS
that	IN
he	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
28	CD
year	NN
old	JJ
woman	NN
who	WP
fantasized	VBD
about	IN
being	VBG
raped	VBN
.	.
He	PRP
was	VBD
convincing	VBG
enough	RB
to	TO
persuade	VB
at	IN
least	JJS
six	CD
men	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
chat	VB
room	NN
to	TO
visit	VB
the	DT
woman	NN
personally	RB
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
legislative	JJ
efforts	NNS
to	TO
control	VB
cyberstalking	VBG
,	,
local	JJ
law	NN
enforcement	NN
and	CC
the	DT
internet	NN
community	NN
have	VBP
developed	VBN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
crime-fighting	JJ
strategies	NNS
.	.
This	DT
section	NN
will	MD
focus	VB
on	IN
the	DT
efforts	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
of	IN
these	DT
groups	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
federal	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
agencies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
ways	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
internet	NN
community	NN
has	VBZ
responded	VBN
to	TO
cyberstalking	VBG
.	.
The	DT
Woodside	NNP
Agency	NNP
ad	NN
's	POS
header	NN
information	NN
matched	VBD
the	DT
header	NN
of	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
false	JJ
postings	NNS
falsely	RB
attributed	VBD
to	TO
Hitchcock	NNP
.	.
Another	DT
member	NN
,	,
who	WP
lived	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
Woodside	NNP
Agency	NNP
was	VBD
located	VBN
,	,
routinely	RB
drove	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
business	NN
to	TO
see	VB
who	WP
the	DT
principles	NNS
were	VBD
.	.
Several	JJ
members	NNS
submitted	VBD
writing	VBG
samples	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
agency	NN
to	TO
see	VB
if	IN
the	DT
agency	NN
representatives	NNS
were	VBD
discriminating	VBG
in	IN
their	PRP$
selection	NN
of	IN
writers	NNS
.	.
After	IN
comparing	VBG
notes	NNS
,	,
the	DT
members	NNS
concluded	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
agency	NN
did	VBD
n't	RB
turn	VB
away	RP
any	DT
submissions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
requested	VBD
funds	NNS
from	IN
each	DT
of	IN
them	PRP
in	IN
exchange	NN
for	IN
``	``
representation	NN
.	.
''	''
Investigation	NNP
and	CC
Technology	NNP
Unit	NNP
within	IN
the	DT
police	NN
department	NN
in	IN
an	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
train	VB
police	NN
officers	NNS
and	CC
prosecutors	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
workings	NNS
of	IN
chat	VBP
rooms	NNS
and	CC
e-mail	NN
.	.
The	DT
unit	NN
also	RB
emphasizes	VBZ
ways	NNS
to	TO
obtain	VB
and	CC
preserve	VB
computer	NN
evidence	NN
.	.
Likewise	RB
,	,
Los	NNP
Angeles	NNP
has	VBZ
established	VBN
the	DT
Stalking	VBG
and	CC
Threat	NNP
Assessment	NNP
Team	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
combines	VBZ
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
police	NN
department	NN
and	CC
district	NN
attorney	NN
's	POS
office	NN
for	IN
the	DT
investigation	NN
of	IN
cyberstalking	VBG
cases	NNS
.	.
Industry	NN
.	.
The	DT
report	NN
highlights	VBZ
the	DT
gaps	NNS
in	IN
existing	VBG
federal	JJ
law	NN
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
cyberstalking	VBG
and	CC
recommends	VBZ
that	IN
technology-neutral	JJ
legislation	NN
be	VB
enacted	VBN
to	TO
fill	VB
those	DT
gaps	NNS
.	.
A	DT
comprehensive	JJ
list	NN
of	IN
federal	JJ
statutes	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
cybercrime	VB
and	CC
the	DT
internet	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
DOJ	NNP
's	POS
website	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
will	MD
be	VB
lured	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
promise	NN
of	IN
wealth	NN
and	CC
ease	NN
of	IN
doing	VBG
business	NN
at	IN
the	DT
expense	NN
of	IN
the	DT
goodwill	NN
associated	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
recognized	VBN
provider	NN
of	IN
similar	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
,	,
all	DT
consumer-driven	JJ
traffic	NN
is	VBZ
routed	VBN
based	VBN
on	IN
domain	NN
name	NN
alone	RB
.	.
A	DT
recognized	VBN
symbol	NN
or	CC
slogan	NN
carrying	VBG
substantial	JJ
secondary	JJ
meaning	NN
,	,
while	IN
recognizable	JJ
on	IN
a	DT
roadside	NN
billboard	NN
,	,
serves	VBZ
no	DT
useful	JJ
purpose	NN
there	RB
unless	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
assigned	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
button	NN
on	IN
a	DT
keyboard	NN
or	CC
attached	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
link	NN
from	IN
a	DT
search	NN
engine	NN
.	.
In	IN
short	RB
,	,
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
more	RBR
so	RB
than	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
potential	JJ
mark	NN
associated	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
product	NN
or	CC
service	NN
,	,
may	MD
control	VB
that	IN
producer	NN
's	POS
profitability	NN
in	IN
cyberspace	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
the	DT
early	JJ
phenomena	NNS
of	IN
marking	VBG
served	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
quality	NN
control	NN
mechanism	NN
leading	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
body	NN
of	IN
common	JJ
law	NN
designed	VBN
chiefly	RB
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
consumer	NN
who	WP
could	MD
accurately	RB
estimate	VB
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
goods	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
purchase	VB
,	,
thereby	RB
reducing	VBG
transactional	JJ
costs	NNS
.	.
Circumstances	NNS
indicating	VBG
registration	NN
of	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
primarily	RB
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
selling	NN
,	,
renting	VBG
,	,
or	CC
otherwise	RB
transferring	VBG
that	IN
registration	NN
to	TO
the	DT
complainant	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
the	DT
owner	NN
of	IN
the	DT
trade	NN
or	CC
service	NN
mark	NN
or	CC
to	TO
a	DT
competitor	NN
of	IN
that	DT
complainant	NN
,	,
for	IN
consideration	NN
in	IN
excess	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
out-of-pocket	JJ
costs	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
.	.
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
to	TO
your	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
on-line	JJ
location	NN
,	,
by	IN
creating	VBG
a	DT
likelihood	NN
of	IN
confusion	NN
with	IN
the	DT
complainant	NN
's	POS
mark	NN
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
source	NN
,	,
sponsorship	NN
,	,
affiliation	NN
,	,
or	CC
endorsement	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
or	CC
of	IN
a	DT
product	NN
or	CC
service	NN
on	IN
your	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
Litigation	NN
may	MD
be	VB
chosen	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
alternative	NN
to	TO
the	DT
described	VBN
arbitration	NN
proceedings	NNS
or	CC
a	DT
suit	NN
may	MD
be	VB
filed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
respondent	NN
following	VBG
an	DT
adverse	JJ
determination	NN
in	IN
the	DT
arbitration	NN
setting	NN
.	.
A	DT
10-day	JJ
grace	NN
period	NN
follows	VBZ
the	DT
arbitration	NN
determination	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
implementation	NN
of	IN
any	DT
remedy	NN
so	RB
as	IN
to	TO
allow	VB
for	IN
appropriate	JJ
filing	NN
should	MD
a	DT
remedy	NN
at	IN
law	NN
be	VB
sought	VBN
.	.
In	IN
either	DT
setting	NN
,	,
the	DT
complaining	VBG
party	NN
pays	VBZ
all	DT
fees	NNS
and	CC
no	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
transfers	NNS
or	CC
changes	NNS
in	IN
registrars	NNS
are	VBP
allowed	VBN
during	IN
a	DT
pending	VBG
administrative	JJ
or	CC
legal	JJ
proceeding	NN
.	.
All	DT
remedies	NNS
are	VBP
stayed	VBN
pending	VBG
a	DT
final	JJ
determinative	JJ
outcome	NN
to	TO
the	DT
dispute	NN
.	.
Whether	IN
a	DT
plaintiff	NN
has	VBZ
made	VBN
a	DT
prima	NN
facie	NN
showing	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
state	NN
long-arm	NN
statute	NN
reaches	VBZ
the	DT
nonresident	JJ
defendant	NN
given	VBN
the	DT
cause	NN
of	IN
action	NN
alleged	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
nonresident	JJ
's	POS
contacts	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
state	NN
,	,
and	CC
Whether	IN
the	DT
exercise	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
in	IN
the	DT
circumstances	NNS
is	VBZ
consistent	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
Clause	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
's	POS
registration	NN
of	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
with	IN
a	DT
Virginia	NNP
corporation	NN
,	,
without	IN
more	JJR
,	,
was	VBD
not	RB
sufficient	JJ
to	TO
subject	JJ
it	PRP
to	TO
suit	NN
in	IN
Virginia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
substance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
's	POS
negotiation	NN
and	CC
execution	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
suggest	VB
any	DT
purposeful	JJ
intent	NN
to	TO
direct	VB
its	PRP$
activities	NNS
to	TO
Virginia	NNP
as	IN
required	VBN
to	TO
satisfy	VB
due	JJ
process	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
nonresident	JJ
owner	NN
of	IN
an	DT
allegedly	RB
infringing	VBG
domain	NN
name	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
direct	VB
its	PRP$
activities	NNS
at	IN
trademark	NN
owner	NN
's	POS
home	NN
state	NN
so	RB
as	IN
to	TO
subject	JJ
it	PRP
to	TO
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
on	IN
grounds	NNS
that	WDT
injury	NN
was	VBD
caused	VBN
there	RB
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
granted	VBD
defendant	NN
's	POS
motion	NN
to	TO
dismiss	VB
.	.
The	DT
defendant	NN
filed	VBD
a	DT
motion	NN
to	TO
dismiss	VB
claiming	VBG
lack	NN
of	IN
jurisdiction	NN
and	CC
failure	NN
to	TO
state	VB
a	DT
claim	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Massachusetts	NNP
Long-Arm	NNP
Statute	NNP
and	CC
its	PRP$
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
analysis	NN
,	,
that	IN
it	PRP
did	VBD
have	VB
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
the	DT
case	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
19	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Plaintiff	NNP
moved	VBD
for	IN
a	DT
preliminary	JJ
injunction	NN
to	TO
stop	VB
defendant	NN
from	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
.	.
In	IN
granting	VBG
this	DT
motion	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
analyzed	VBD
the	DT
sufficiency	NN
and	CC
the	DT
likelihood	NN
of	IN
success	NN
of	IN
Plaintiff	NNP
's	POS
claims	NNS
.	.
The	DT
origin	NN
of	IN
the	DT
name	NN
...	:
derived	VBN
from	IN
a	DT
childhood	NN
memory	NN
he	PRP
had	VBD
of	IN
his	PRP$
uncle	NN
's	POS
farm	NN
in	IN
upstate	JJ
New	NNP
York	NNP
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
youngster	NN
,	,
Michael	NNP
owned	VBD
a	DT
dog	NN
named	VBN
Spotty	NNP
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
dog	NN
strayed	VBD
,	,
his	PRP$
uncle	NN
took	VBD
him	PRP
to	TO
his	PRP$
upstate	JJ
farm	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
this	DT
explanation	NN
to	TO
be	VB
``	``
more	RBR
amusing	JJ
than	IN
credible	JJ
''	''
,	,
and	CC
found	VBD
that	IN
Omega	NNP
had	VBD
registered	VBN
``	``
sportys.com	NN
''	''
with	IN
the	DT
intent	NN
of	IN
entering	VBG
``	``
into	IN
direct	JJ
competition	NN
with	IN
Sportsman	NNP
's	POS
in	IN
the	DT
pilot	NN
and	CC
aviation	NN
consumer	NN
market	NN
.	.
''	''
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
affirmed	VBD
that	IN
Omega	NNP
had	VBD
acted	VBN
in	IN
bad	JJ
faith	NN
.	.
The	DT
bill	NN
is	VBZ
carefully	RB
and	CC
narrowly	RB
tailored	VBN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
to	TO
extend	VB
only	RB
to	TO
cases	NNS
where	WRB
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
can	MD
demonstrate	VB
that	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
registered	VBN
,	,
trafficked	VBN
in	IN
,	,
or	CC
used	VBD
the	DT
offending	VBG
domain	NN
name	NN
with	IN
bad-faith	JJ
intent	NN
to	TO
profit	VB
from	IN
the	DT
goodwill	NN
of	IN
a	DT
mark	NN
belonging	VBG
to	TO
someone	NN
else	RB
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
bill	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
extend	VB
to	TO
innocent	JJ
domain	NN
name	NN
registrations	NNS
by	IN
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
unaware	JJ
of	IN
another	DT
's	POS
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
name	NN
,	,
or	CC
even	RB
to	TO
someone	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
trademark	NN
status	NN
of	IN
the	DT
name	NN
but	CC
registers	VBZ
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
containing	VBG
the	DT
mark	NN
for	IN
any	DT
reason	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
with	IN
bad	JJ
faith	NN
intent	NN
to	TO
profit	VB
from	IN
the	DT
goodwill	NN
associated	VBN
with	IN
that	DT
mark	NN
.	.
H.R.	NNP
Conf	NNP
.	.
Rep.	NNP
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
argued	VBN
that	IN
this	DT
``	``
narrow	JJ
''	''
legislation	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
used	VBN
by	IN
large	JJ
corporations	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
means	NN
of	IN
intimidation	NN
,	,
and	CC
by	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
to	TO
stifle	VB
entrepreneurship	NN
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
most	RBS
recent	JJ
case	NN
,	,
Virtual	NNP
Works	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
v.	CC
Internet	NNP
Service	NNP
Provider	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ISP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
registered	VBD
the	DT
domain	NN
``	``
vw.net	NN
''	''
,	,
and	CC
used	VBD
it	PRP
for	IN
over	IN
two	CD
years	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
ISP	NN
business	NN
.	.
When	WRB
Virtual	NNP
Works	NNP
began	VBD
to	TO
receive	VB
multiple	JJ
offers	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
from	IN
Volkswagen	NN
dealers	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
offered	VBD
it	PRP
to	TO
Volkswagen	NNP
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
this	DT
offer	NN
,	,
combined	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
Virtual	NNP
Works	NNP
was	VBD
aware	JJ
of	IN
Volkswagen	NNP
's	POS
mark	NN
when	WRB
they	PRP
registered	VBD
the	DT
domain	NN
,	,
amounted	VBD
to	TO
bad	JJ
faith	NN
intent	NN
to	TO
profit	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
even	RB
went	VBD
so	RB
far	RB
as	IN
to	TO
say	VB
that	IN
this	DT
bad	JJ
faith	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
-RRB-	-RRB-
took	VBD
Virtual	NNP
Works	NNP
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
safe	JJ
harbor	NN
''	''
provision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ACPA	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
states	VBZ
that	IN
if	IN
the	DT
registrant	NN
reasonably	RB
believes	VBZ
that	IN
his	PRP$
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
fair	JJ
use	NN
''	''
,	,
that	IN
bad	JJ
faith	NN
``	``
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
found	VBN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
21	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
vast	JJ
frontier	NN
of	IN
ideals	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
information	NN
.	.
Often	RB
one	CD
can	MD
be	VB
confused	VBN
with	IN
or	CC
construed	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
.	.
Ease	VB
of	IN
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
leads	VBZ
many	JJ
who	WP
would	MD
otherwise	RB
remain	VB
silent	JJ
to	TO
voice	VB
their	PRP$
thoughts	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
world	NN
at	IN
large	JJ
.	.
Anonymity	NN
allows	VBZ
people	NNS
to	TO
voice	VB
opinions	NNS
and\/or	CC
seek	VB
advice	NN
on	IN
matters	NNS
they	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
too	RB
embarrassed	JJ
or	CC
scared	JJ
to	TO
do	VB
in	IN
person	NN
or	CC
if	IN
their	PRP$
identity	NN
was	VBD
known	VBN
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
gain	VB
valuable	JJ
information	NN
and	CC
advice	NN
on	IN
topics	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Aids	NNS
,	,
rape	NN
,	,
abuse	NN
or	CC
sex	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
use	NN
chat	VBP
rooms	NNS
and	CC
bulletin	NN
boards	NNS
set	VBN
up	RP
by	IN
ISPs	NNS
.	.
These	DT
forums	NNS
usually	RB
focus	VBP
on	IN
narrow	JJ
categories	NNS
,	,
where	WRB
like-minded	JJ
people	NNS
can	MD
associate	VB
and	CC
share	VB
information	NN
and	CC
ideals	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
forums	NNS
focus	NN
upon	IN
specific	JJ
companies	NNS
,	,
where	WRB
stock	NN
information	NN
,	,
company	NN
actions	NNS
,	,
company	NN
personnel	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
things	NNS
are	VBP
discussed	VBN
.	.
While	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
this	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
harmless	JJ
,	,
helpful	JJ
,	,
or	CC
fact	NN
based	VBN
information	NN
;	:
some	DT
are	VBP
criticisms	NNS
,	,
or	CC
even	RB
worse	JJR
,	,
confidential	JJ
and	CC
false	JJ
information	NN
.	.
This	DT
latter	JJ
group	NN
is	VBZ
commonly	RB
known	VBN
as	IN
cybersmearing	NN
.	.
Current	JJ
and	CC
former	JJ
employees	NNS
use	VBP
forums	NNS
to	TO
voice	VB
grievances	NNS
or	CC
to	TO
act	VB
as	IN
whistleblowers	NNS
by	IN
posting	VBG
confidential	JJ
company	NN
information	NN
,	,
including	VBG
trade	NN
secrets	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
comments	NNS
are	VBP
directed	VBN
at	IN
company	NN
employees	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
CEOs	NNS
,	,
who	WP
are	VBP
also	RB
personally	RB
attacked	VBN
.	.
Companies	NNS
,	,
as	IN
recourse	NN
of	IN
this	DT
cybersmearing	NN
,	,
file	NN
suits	NNS
against	IN
these	DT
negative	JJ
posters	NNS
.	.
As	IN
is	VBZ
most	RBS
things	NNS
touching	VBG
upon	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
these	DT
claims	NNS
are	VBP
a	DT
new	JJ
frontier	NN
for	IN
courts	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
beginning	VBG
ISPs	NNS
handed	VBN
over	RP
information	NN
when	WRB
presented	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
subpoena	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
did	VBD
not	RB
question	VB
them	PRP
and	CC
even	RB
more	RBR
importantly	RB
,	,
did	VBD
not	RB
notify	VB
the	DT
user	NN
of	IN
the	DT
lawsuit	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
have	VBP
changed	VBN
this	DT
practice	NN
.	.
AOL	NNP
now	RB
gives	VBZ
users	NNS
two	CD
weeks	NNS
to	TO
challenge	VB
the	DT
subpoena	NN
.	.
Yahoo	NN
!	.
gives	VBZ
fifteen	CD
days	NNS
notice	NN
,	,
and	CC
EarthLink	NNP
10	CD
days	NNS
.	.
FN	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
posters	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
fighting	VBG
back	RB
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
courts	NNS
are	VBP
beginning	VBG
to	TO
impose	VB
procedures	NNS
and	CC
guidelines	NNS
for	IN
issuing	VBG
subpoenas	NNS
,	,
as	IN
they	PRP
balance	VBP
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
participate	VB
online	JJ
anonymously	RB
with	IN
the	DT
right	NN
of	IN
the	DT
injured	JJ
party	NN
to	TO
have	VB
redress	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
grievances	NNS
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
will	MD
look	VB
at	IN
this	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
using	VBG
subpoenas	NNS
to	TO
break	VB
down	RP
the	DT
walls	NNS
of	IN
anonymous	JJ
speech	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
largely	RB
by	IN
focusing	VBG
on	IN
relevant	JJ
court	NN
cases	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
will	MD
look	VB
at	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
right	NN
to	TO
anonymous	JJ
speech	NN
and	CC
freedom	NN
of	IN
association	NN
.	.
Deciding	VBG
to	TO
sue	VB
the	DT
poster	NN
is	VBZ
only	RB
the	DT
first	JJ
step	NN
.	.
In	IN
their	PRP$
article	NN
,	,
Jay	NNP
Eisenhofer	NNP
and	CC
Sidney	NNP
S.	NNP
Liebesman	NNP
,	,
offer	VBP
some	DT
sage	NN
advice	NN
.	.
They	PRP
say	VBP
deciding	VBG
where	WRB
to	TO
sue	VB
can	MD
be	VB
hard	JJ
to	TO
determine	VB
without	IN
knowing	VBG
the	DT
posters	NNS
'	POS
identities	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
advise	VBP
using	VBG
a	DT
state	NN
court	NN
,	,
unless	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
federal	JJ
question	NN
,	,
since	IN
diversity	NN
of	IN
citizenship	NN
is	VBZ
harder	JJR
to	TO
prove	VB
.	.
Once	RB
a	DT
company	NN
uncovers	VBZ
disparaging	VBG
comments	NNS
,	,
the	DT
situation	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
always	RB
end	VB
in	IN
a	DT
trial	NN
.	.
Companies	NNS
must	MD
determine	VB
the	DT
benefit	NN
of	IN
pursuing	VBG
the	DT
suit	NN
and	CC
weigh	VB
its	PRP$
potential	JJ
costs	NNS
against	IN
the	DT
potential	JJ
returns	NNS
.	.
FN	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
20	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
As	IN
stated	VBN
above	IN
,	,
many	JJ
believe	VBP
that	IN
companies	NNS
only	RB
file	VBP
suits	NNS
to	TO
stop	VB
unflattering	JJ
comments	NNS
.	.
In	IN
one	CD
instance	NN
,	,
before	IN
a	DT
lawsuit	NN
was	VBD
filed	VBN
there	EX
were	VBD
419	CD
posts	NNS
on	IN
an	DT
AOL	NNP
message	NN
board	NN
.	.
They	PRP
dropped	VBD
to	TO
39	CD
before	IN
AOL	NNP
pulled	VBD
the	DT
message	NN
board	NN
because	IN
of	IN
an	DT
impending	JJ
legal	JJ
action	NN
.	.
FN	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
21	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Looking	VBG
at	IN
the	DT
context	NN
and	CC
general	JJ
understanding	NN
of	IN
message	NN
boards	NNS
as	IN
places	NNS
for	IN
opinions	NNS
and	CC
spontaneous	JJ
comments	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
unlikely	JJ
that	IN
many	JJ
readers	NNS
will	MD
accept	VB
the	DT
messages	NNS
as	IN
fact	NN
.	.
FN	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
22	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
raises	VBZ
the	DT
question	NN
whether	IN
the	DT
postings	NNS
are	VBP
even	RB
actionable	JJ
since	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
only	RB
opinions	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
John	NNP
Does	NNP
are	VBP
beginning	VBG
to	TO
fight	VB
back	RB
.	.
They	PRP
raise	VBP
defenses	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
relevance	NN
,	,
privacy	NN
and	CC
freedom	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
.	.
FN	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
25	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Some	DT
put	VBD
up	RP
web	NN
sites	NNS
telling	VBG
about	IN
their	PRP$
plights	NNS
and	CC
exchange	NN
information	NN
with	IN
others	NNS
through	IN
message	NN
boards	NNS
and	CC
chat	VB
rooms	NNS
.	.
French	JJ
fought	VBD
back	RB
and	CC
in	IN
his	PRP$
answer	NN
raised	VBD
several	JJ
affirmative	JJ
defenses	NNS
,	,
counterclaims	NNS
and	CC
third	JJ
party	NN
claims	NNS
against	IN
Itex	NNP
and	CC
some	DT
of	IN
its	PRP$
executives	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
sought	VBD
damages	NNS
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
$	$
1.5	CD
million	CD
,	,
receivership	NN
for	IN
the	DT
exchange	NN
and	CC
injunctive	JJ
relief	NN
.	.
Through	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
chat	VB
rooms	NNS
,	,
any	DT
person	NN
with	IN
a	DT
phone	NN
line	NN
can	MD
become	VB
a	DT
town	NN
crier	NN
with	IN
a	DT
voice	NN
that	WDT
resonates	VBZ
farther	RBR
than	IN
it	PRP
could	MD
from	IN
any	DT
soapbox	NN
.	.
Through	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
Web	NNP
pages	NNS
,	,
mail	NN
exploders	NNS
,	,
and	CC
newsgroups	NNS
,	,
the	DT
same	JJ
individual	NN
can	MD
become	VB
a	DT
pamphleteer	NN
.	.
FN	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
35	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Courts	NNS
have	VBP
held	VBN
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
constitutional	JJ
right	NN
to	TO
anonymous	JJ
speech	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
largely	RB
based	VBN
upon	IN
McIntyre	NNP
v.	CC
Ohio	NNP
Elections	NNPS
Commission	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
becoming	VBG
the	DT
``	``
ovular	JJ
''	''
case	NN
for	IN
this	DT
issue	NN
.	.
In	IN
McIntyre	NNP
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
ruled	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
Ohio	NNP
ordinance	NN
banning	VBG
anonymous	JJ
political	JJ
documents	NNS
was	VBD
unconstitutional	JJ
because	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
too	RB
broad	JJ
and	CC
not	RB
narrowly	RB
tailored	VBN
toward	IN
its	PRP$
goal	NN
of	IN
preventing	VBG
fraud	NN
.	.
FN	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
36	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
beyond	IN
debate	NN
that	IN
freedom	NN
to	TO
engage	VB
in	IN
association	NN
for	IN
the	DT
advancement	NN
of	IN
beliefs	NNS
and	CC
ideas	NNS
is	VBZ
an	DT
inseparable	JJ
aspect	NN
of	IN
the	DT
`	``
liberty	NN
'	''
assured	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
Clause	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Fourteenth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
embraces	VBZ
freedom	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
...	:
Of	IN
course	NN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
immaterial	JJ
whether	IN
the	DT
beliefs	NNS
sought	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
advanced	VBN
by	IN
association	NN
pertain	NN
to	TO
political	JJ
,	,
economic	JJ
,	,
religious	JJ
or	CC
cultural	JJ
matters	NNS
,	,
and	CC
state	NN
action	NN
,	,
which	WDT
may	MD
have	VB
the	DT
effect	NN
of	IN
curtailing	VBG
the	DT
freedom	NN
to	TO
associate	NN
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
closest	JJS
scrutiny	NN
.	.
FN	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
40	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
using	VBG
subpoenas	NNS
to	TO
overcome	VB
anonymity	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
is	VBZ
fairly	RB
new	JJ
.	.
So	RB
far	RB
only	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
courts	NNS
have	VBP
addressed	VBN
the	DT
issue	NN
.	.
Of	IN
those	DT
that	WDT
have	VBP
,	,
all	DT
have	VBP
acknowledged	VBD
a	DT
right	NN
to	TO
anonymous	JJ
speech	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Most	JJS
have	VBP
focused	VBN
upon	IN
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
the	DT
EPCA	NNP
,	,
the	DT
right	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
procedures	NNS
for	IN
or	CC
the	DT
appropriateness	NN
of	IN
disclosure	NN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
courts	NNS
to	TO
set	VB
up	RP
a	DT
test	NN
for	IN
the	DT
issuance	NN
of	IN
subpoenas	NNS
during	IN
the	DT
discovery	NN
process	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
Northern	NNP
District	NNP
of	IN
California	NNP
in	IN
Columbia	NNP
Insurance	NNP
Co.	NNP
v.	CC
Seescandy.com	NNP
.	.
FN	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
75	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
complaint	NN
was	VBD
for	IN
trademark	NN
infringement	NN
by	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
's	POS
registration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
names	NNS
``	``
seescandy.com	NN
''	''
&	CC
``	``
seecandys.com	NN
''	''
.	.
Although	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
traditional	JJ
reluctance	NN
against	IN
allowing	VBG
claims	NNS
against	IN
anonymous	JJ
parties	NNS
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
remain	VB
anonymous	JJ
in	IN
online	JJ
forums	NNS
had	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
balanced	VBN
against	IN
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
know	VB
identity	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
seek	VB
redress	NN
for	IN
grievances	NNS
.	.
FN	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
76	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
First	RB
,	,
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
should	MD
identify	VB
the	DT
missing	VBG
party	NN
with	IN
sufficient	JJ
specificity	NN
such	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
can	MD
determine	VB
that	IN
defendant	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
real	JJ
person	NN
or	CC
entity	NN
who	WP
could	MD
be	VB
sued	VBN
in	IN
federal	JJ
court	NN
...	:
This	DT
requirement	NN
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
federal	JJ
requirements	NNS
of	IN
jurisdiction	NN
and	CC
justifiability	NN
can	MD
be	VB
satisfied	VBN
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
the	DT
party	NN
should	MD
identify	VB
all	DT
previous	JJ
steps	NNS
taken	VBN
to	TO
locate	VB
the	DT
elusive	JJ
defendant	NN
.	.
This	DT
element	NN
is	VBZ
aimed	VBN
at	IN
ensuring	VBG
that	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
make	VBP
a	DT
good	JJ
faith	NN
effort	NN
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
service	NN
of	IN
process	NN
and	CC
specifically	RB
identifying	VBG
defendants	NNS
.	.
Third	NNP
,	,
plaintiff	NN
should	MD
establish	VB
to	TO
the	DT
Court	NNP
's	POS
satisfaction	NN
that	IN
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
suit	NN
against	IN
defendant	NN
could	MD
withstand	VB
a	DT
motion	NN
to	TO
dismiss	VB
...	:
plaintiff	NN
must	MD
make	VB
some	DT
showing	VBG
that	IN
an	DT
act	NN
giving	VBG
rise	NN
to	TO
civil	JJ
liability	NN
actually	RB
occurred	VBD
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
discovery	NN
is	VBZ
aimed	VBN
at	IN
revealing	VBG
specific	JJ
identifying	VBG
features	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
person	NN
or	CC
entity	NN
who	WP
committed	VBD
that	IN
act	NN
.	.
Duces	VBZ
Tecum	NNP
to	TO
America	NNP
Online	NNP
,	,
Inc	NNP
also	RB
balanced	VBD
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
anonymous	JJ
speech	NN
against	IN
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
seek	VB
redress	NN
for	IN
wrongs	NNS
.	.
FN	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
79	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
also	RB
required	VBD
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
to	TO
present	VB
a	DT
``	``
true	JJ
rather	RB
than	IN
perceived	VBN
,	,
cause	NN
of	IN
action	NN
.	.
''	''
There	EX
is	VBZ
an	DT
interesting	JJ
twist	NN
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
.	.
The	DT
plaintiff	NN
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
was	VBD
requesting	VBG
to	TO
remain	VB
anonymous	JJ
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
allowed	VBD
them	PRP
to	TO
proceed	VB
anonymously	RB
since	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
unduly	RB
burden	NN
the	DT
public	JJ
right	NN
of	IN
access	NN
to	TO
monitor	VB
court	NN
proceeding	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Court	NNP
,	,
the	DT
posters	NNS
and	CC
AOL	NNP
now	RB
had	VBD
enough	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
.	.
FN	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
83	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Another	DT
unusual	JJ
aspect	NN
of	IN
this	DT
case	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
ISP	NNP
attempted	VBD
to	TO
quash	VB
the	DT
subpoena	NN
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
the	DT
actual	JJ
anonymous	JJ
posters	NNS
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
they	PRP
had	VBD
standing	VBG
to	TO
represent	VB
the	DT
Does	NNP
under	IN
NAACP	NNP
v.	CC
Alabama	NNP
,	,
since	IN
their	PRP$
failure	NN
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
may	MD
jeopardize	VB
their	PRP$
business	NN
since	IN
subscribers	NNS
would	MD
seek	VB
service	NN
elsewhere	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
ISP	NNP
was	VBD
unable	JJ
to	TO
adequately	RB
protect	VB
their	PRP$
identity	NN
.	.
BNA	NNP
Highlights	NNS
bhighlig@bna.com	NN
gives	VBZ
an	DT
abstract	JJ
of	IN
daily	JJ
news	NN
articles	NNS
concerning	VBG
all	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
Internet	NNP
law	NN
.	.
BNA	NNP
also	RB
provides	VBZ
links	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
web	NN
sites	NNS
of	IN
organizations	NNS
interested	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
topic	NN
and	CC
the	DT
media	NNS
coverage	NN
FN	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
96	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
right	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
is	VBZ
balanced	VBN
against	IN
the	DT
right	NN
of	IN
an	DT
injured	JJ
party	NN
to	TO
seek	VB
redress	NN
for	IN
wrongs	NNS
.	.
Courts	NNS
are	VBP
beginning	VBG
to	TO
fashion	NN
and	CC
implement	VB
tests	NNS
that	WDT
must	MD
be	VB
met	VBN
,	,
before	IN
a	DT
subpoena	NN
can	MD
be	VB
issued	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
very	RB
likely	JJ
that	IN
every	DT
court	NN
will	MD
either	CC
adopt	VB
these	DT
tests	NNS
or	CC
else	RB
fashion	NN
guidelines	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
.	.
These	DT
guidelines	NNS
will	MD
also	RB
prevent	VB
an	DT
increase	NN
of	IN
cases	NNS
in	IN
already	RB
overcrowded	JJ
dockets	NNS
.	.
High	NNP
profile	NN
cases	NNS
will	MD
educate	VB
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
of	IN
things	NNS
to	TO
avoid	VB
,	,
and	CC
thus	RB
help	VB
to	TO
alleviate	VB
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
suits	NNS
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
cases	NNS
increases	NNS
,	,
defendants	NNS
and	CC
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
may	MD
band	VB
together	RB
to	TO
fight	VB
companies	NNS
and	CC
demand	VB
better	JJR
legislation	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
their	PRP$
rights	NNS
.	.
Organizations	NNPS
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
ACLU	NNP
and	CC
others	NNS
will	MD
in	IN
all	DT
probability	NN
join	VB
them	PRP
,	,
giving	VBG
support	NN
when	WRB
and	CC
where	WRB
needed	VBN
.	.
Otherwise	RB
defendants	NNS
may	MD
find	VB
they	PRP
are	VBP
unable	JJ
to	TO
afford	VB
to	TO
fight	VB
back	RB
in	IN
the	DT
court	NN
system	NN
,	,
in	IN
which	WDT
case	NN
companies	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
chill	NN
speech	NN
.	.
In	IN
re	NN
Subpoena	NNP
Duces	NNP
Tecum	NNP
to	TO
America	NNP
Online	NNP
ISPs	NNP
may	MD
also	RB
begin	VB
to	TO
fight	VB
subpoenas	NNS
,	,
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
their	PRP$
client	NN
base	NN
and	CC
to	TO
relieve	VB
themselves	PRP
from	IN
the	DT
growing	VBG
burden	NN
of	IN
answering	VBG
subpoenas	NNS
.	.
ISP	NNP
clients	NNS
may	MD
begin	VB
to	TO
demand	VB
restriction	NN
agreements	NNS
or	CC
at	IN
least	JJS
notification	NN
of	IN
a	DT
subpoena	NN
and	CC
a	DT
chance	NN
to	TO
challenge	VB
it	PRP
.	.
ISP	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
may	MD
provide	VB
more	JJR
explicit	JJ
warnings	NNS
and	CC
guidelines	NNS
of	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
or	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
appropriate	JJ
that	IN
users	NNS
must	MD
agree	VB
to	TO
before	IN
entering	VBG
certain	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
chat	VBP
rooms	NNS
or	CC
message	NN
boards	NNS
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
companies	NNS
will	MD
fight	VB
for	IN
less	JJR
restriction	NN
and	CC
more	JJR
access	NN
to	TO
user	NN
identities	NNS
.	.
As	IN
restrictions	NNS
on	IN
their	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
seek	VB
redress	NN
in	IN
court	NN
increases	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
will	MD
likely	RB
turn	VB
to	TO
computer	NN
programs	NNS
which	WDT
will	MD
allow	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
strip	VB
identification	NN
protections	NNS
.	.
Hate	NNP
Groups	NNS
and	CC
hate	VBP
based	VBN
organizations	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
extensively	RB
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
there	EX
are	VBP
virtually	RB
no	DT
restrictions	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
material	NN
posted	VBD
on	IN
their	PRP$
web	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
virtually	RB
accessible	JJ
to	TO
all	DT
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
an	DT
unregulated	JJ
environment	NN
,	,
it	PRP
allows	VBZ
hate	NN
groups	NNS
to	TO
spread	VB
their	PRP$
influence	NN
without	IN
restriction	NN
from	IN
the	DT
government	NN
.	.
Sites	NNS
tend	VBP
to	TO
move	VB
from	IN
server	NN
to	TO
server	NN
or	CC
shut	VBN
down	RP
without	IN
notice	NN
,	,
so	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
hard	JJ
to	TO
locate	VB
.	.
Larger	JJR
groups	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
Ku	NNP
Klux	NNP
Klan	NNP
can	MD
recruit	VB
new	JJ
members	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
inexpensive	JJ
and	CC
efficient	JJ
manner	NN
and	CC
smaller	JJR
groups	NNS
with	IN
less	JJR
money	NN
and	CC
less	JJR
national	JJ
exposure	NN
can	MD
easily	RB
introduce	VB
themselves	PRP
to	TO
anyone	NN
.	.
With	IN
new	JJ
technology	NN
,	,
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
can	MD
access	VB
speeches	NNS
and	CC
rallies	NNS
and	CC
read	VB
literature	NN
that	WDT
previously	RB
had	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
personally	RB
delivered	VBN
or	CC
delivered	VBN
by	IN
mail	NN
.	.
Hate	VB
purveyors	NNS
can	MD
anonymously	RB
email	VB
each	DT
other	JJ
,	,
and	CC
by	IN
using	VBG
list	NN
serves	VBZ
containing	VBG
thousands	NNS
of	IN
names	NNS
,	,
can	MD
send	VB
unsolicited	JJ
hate	NN
material	NN
to	TO
individual	JJ
mailboxes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
most	RBS
outraegous	JJ
aspect	NN
of	IN
these	DT
hate	NN
sites	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
candor	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
express	VBP
their	PRP$
hatred	NN
.	.
An	DT
internet	NN
site	NN
called	VBN
www.jewwatch.com	NN
is	VBZ
determined	VBN
to	TO
keep	VB
a	DT
close	JJ
watch	NN
over	IN
Jewish	JJ
individuals	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
organizations	NNS
world	NN
wide	JJ
.	.
The	DT
site	NN
www.godhatesfags.com	NN
depicts	VBZ
the	DT
head	NN
of	IN
Matthew	NNP
Sheppard	NNP
bouncing	VBG
in	IN
flames	NNS
and	CC
keeps	VBZ
a	DT
running	VBG
count	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
many	JJ
days	NNS
that	IN
he	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
in	IN
hell	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
listen	VB
to	TO
sound	VB
on	IN
your	PRP$
computer	NN
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
even	RB
hear	VB
a	DT
voice	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
supposed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
that	IN
of	IN
Sheppard	NNP
's	POS
crying	VBG
out	RP
for	IN
help	NN
from	IN
hell	NN
.	.
The	DT
World	NNP
Church	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Creator	NNP
's	POS
web	NN
page	NN
includes	VBZ
a	DT
children	NNS
's	POS
section	NN
which	WDT
offers	VBZ
coloring	VBG
pages	NNS
,	,
games	NNS
,	,
puzzles	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
similar	JJ
activities	NNS
with	IN
hate	NN
based	VBN
messages	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
hate	VB
based	VBN
groups	NNS
,	,
movements	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
Holocaust	NNP
Denial	NNP
Movement	NNP
are	VBP
also	RB
using	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
to	TO
spread	VB
their	PRP$
messages	NNS
.	.
Hate	NNP
Speech	NNP
is	VBZ
comprised	VBN
of	IN
verbal	JJ
,	,
pictorial	JJ
or	CC
symbolic	JJ
expressions	NNS
of	IN
hatred	NN
against	IN
racial	JJ
,	,
religious	JJ
,	,
or	CC
ethnic	JJ
groups	NNS
,	,
homosexuals	NNS
,	,
and	CC
women	NNS
.	.
Boundaries	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
are	VBP
at	IN
the	DT
center	NN
of	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
debates	NNS
about	IN
free	JJ
speech	NN
and	CC
hate	NN
speech	NN
.	.
While	IN
free	JJ
speech	NN
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
fundamental	JJ
right	NN
,	,
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
never	RB
held	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
establishes	VBZ
an	DT
``	``
absolute	JJ
''	''
right	NN
to	TO
free	JJ
speech	NN
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
even	RB
protected	VBN
some	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
speech	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
political	JJ
speech	NN
,	,
more	JJR
than	IN
others	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
obscene	JJ
or	CC
commercial	JJ
speech	NN
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
also	RB
upheld	VBN
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
,	,
and	CC
manner	NN
restrictions	NNS
regulating	VBG
speech	NN
.	.
But	CC
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
consistently	RB
held	VBN
that	IN
restrictions	NNS
on	IN
speech	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
content	JJ
or	CC
viewpoint	NN
based	VBN
.	.
Individuals	NNS
have	VBP
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
speak	VB
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
some	DT
cases	NNS
demonstrate	VBP
their	PRP$
opinions	NNS
even	RB
if	IN
those	DT
opinions	NNS
are	VBP
unpopular	JJ
and	CC
hate	NN
motivated	VBN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
when	WRB
such	JJ
``	``
free	JJ
speech	NN
''	''
crosses	VBZ
the	DT
line	NN
and	CC
becomes	VBZ
a	DT
terroristic	JJ
threat	NN
or	CC
an	DT
incitement	NN
to	TO
violence	NN
,	,
the	DT
courts	NNS
have	VBP
stepped	VBN
in	IN
and	CC
punished	VBD
the	DT
speaker	NN
.	.
Amendment	NNP
provides	VBZ
``	``
Congress	NNP
shall	MD
make	VB
no	DT
law	NN
...	:
abridging	VBG
the	DT
freedom	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
,	,
or	CC
of	IN
the	DT
press	NN
;	:
or	CC
of	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
peaceably	RB
to	TO
assemble	VB
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
petition	VB
the	DT
government	NN
for	IN
a	DT
redress	NN
of	IN
grievances	NNS
.	.
''	''
Fighting	NN
words	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
``	``
scurrilous	JJ
epithets	NNS
,	,
delivered	VBN
in	IN
person	NN
to	TO
the	DT
listener	NN
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
likely	JJ
to	TO
cause	VB
an	DT
average	JJ
addressee	NN
to	TO
retaliate	VB
against	IN
the	DT
speaker	NN
,	,
''	''
are	VBP
not	RB
protected	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
.	.
The	DT
cross	NN
burning	NN
violated	VBD
a	DT
Minnesota	NNP
ordinance	NN
which	WDT
made	VBD
it	PRP
a	DT
crime	NN
to	TO
place	VB
on	IN
public	JJ
or	CC
private	JJ
property	NN
any	DT
symbol	NN
or	CC
object	NN
which	WDT
would	MD
cause	VB
anger	NN
,	,
alarm	NN
,	,
or	CC
resentment	NN
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
race	NN
,	,
color	NN
,	,
creed	NN
,	,
religion	NN
,	,
or	CC
gender	NN
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
hate	VBP
crime	NN
statutes	NNS
that	WDT
criminalize	VBP
bias	NN
motivated	JJ
speech	NN
or	CC
symbolic	JJ
speech	NN
,	,
are	VBP
unlikely	JJ
to	TO
survive	VB
constitutional	JJ
scrutiny	NN
because	IN
government	NN
can	MD
not	RB
prohibit	VB
only	RB
the	DT
content	JJ
specific	JJ
fighting	VBG
words	NNS
which	WDT
they	PRP
dislike	VBP
and	CC
can	MD
not	RB
create	VB
laws	NNS
designed	VBN
to	TO
punish	VB
only	RB
certain	JJ
viewpoints	NNS
.	.
A	DT
common	JJ
legal	JJ
response	NN
to	TO
hate	VB
motivated	JJ
crimes	NNS
is	VBZ
sentence	NN
enhancement	NN
for	IN
crimes	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
a	DT
hate	NN
based	VBN
intent	NN
can	MD
be	VB
proven	VBN
.	.
As	IN
an	DT
example	NN
,	,
see	VBP
the	DT
Anti	NNP
Defamation	NNP
League	NNP
's	POS
``	``
Model	NNP
Hate	NNP
Crimes	NNP
Legislation	NNP
,	,
''	''
and	CC
the	DT
ADL	NNP
's	POS
side-by-side	RB
comparison	NN
of	IN
state	NN
hate	NN
crime	NN
statutes	NNS
.	.
Wisconsin	NNP
v.	CC
Mitchell	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
unanimously	RB
upheld	VBD
a	DT
Wisconsin	NNP
statute	NN
which	WDT
provides	VBZ
for	IN
an	DT
enhanced	JJ
sentence	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
defendant	NN
``	``
intentionally	RB
selects	VBZ
the	DT
person	NN
against	IN
whom	WP
the	DT
crime	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
is	VBZ
committed	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
because	IN
of	IN
race	NN
,	,
religion	NN
,	,
color	NN
,	,
disability	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
,	,
national	JJ
origin	NN
,	,
or	CC
ancestry	NN
of	IN
that	DT
person	NN
.	.
''	''
It	PRP
has	VBZ
proved	VBN
very	RB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
place	VB
restrictions	NNS
on	IN
what	WP
people	NNS
can	MD
post	VB
,	,
deliver	VB
,	,
receive	VB
,	,
and	CC
discuss	VB
via	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Some	DT
states	NNS
have	VBP
passed	VBN
laws	NNS
that	IN
place	NN
restrictions	NNS
on	IN
what	WP
people	NNS
can	MD
send	VB
over	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
mostly	RB
to	TO
punish	VB
for	IN
and	CC
prevent	VB
people	NNS
from	IN
harassing	VBG
or	CC
threatening	VBG
people	NNS
by	IN
way	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
One	CD
area	NN
that	WDT
prosecutors	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
successful	JJ
in	IN
,	,
is	VBZ
the	DT
transmission	NN
of	IN
terroristic	JJ
threats	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
However	RB
as	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
case	NN
illustrates	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
threat	NN
must	MD
be	VB
a	DT
``	``
true	JJ
threat	NN
,	,
''	''
it	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
directed	VBN
toward	IN
an	DT
individual	JJ
or	CC
group	NN
of	IN
individuals	NNS
and	CC
must	MD
be	VB
imminent	JJ
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
site	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
directly	RB
urge	VB
anyone	NN
to	TO
harm	VB
the	DT
doctors	NNS
,	,
doctors	NNS
that	WDT
appeared	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
list	NN
were	VBD
being	VBG
targeted	VBN
for	IN
violence	NN
and	CC
many	JJ
were	VBD
killed	VBN
by	IN
snipers	NNS
or	CC
assassins	NNS
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
the	DT
list	NN
of	IN
names	NNS
was	VBD
altered	VBN
every	DT
time	NN
a	DT
doctor	NN
was	VBD
killed	VBN
or	CC
injured	VBN
.	.
FACE	NN
allowed	VBD
for	IN
almost	RB
unlimited	JJ
civil	JJ
liability	NN
for	IN
protesters	NNS
interfering	VBG
with	IN
people	NNS
entering	VBG
and	CC
leaving	VBG
abortion	NN
clinics	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
claimed	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
ACLA	NNP
was	VBD
in	IN
violation	NN
of	IN
this	DT
statute	NN
.	.
The	DT
District	NNP
Court	NNP
permanently	RB
enjoined	VBD
the	DT
ACLA	NNP
from	IN
publishing	VBG
such	JJ
posters	NNS
and	CC
from	IN
contributing	VBG
information	NN
to	TO
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
if	IN
such	JJ
information	NN
was	VBD
intended	VBN
to	TO
harm	VB
.	.
The	DT
District	NNP
Judge	NNP
found	VBD
the	DT
posters	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
to	TO
constitute	VB
``	``
true	JJ
threats	NNS
,	,
''	''
using	VBG
the	DT
applicable	JJ
test	NN
of	IN
whether	IN
``	``
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
listener	NN
would	MD
interpret	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
statement	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
as	IN
communicating	VBG
a	DT
serious	JJ
expression	NN
of	IN
an	DT
intent	NN
to	TO
inflict	VB
or	CC
cause	VB
serious	JJ
harm	NN
on	IN
or	CC
to	TO
the	DT
listener	NN
;	:
and	CC
the	DT
speaker	NN
intended	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
statement	NN
be	VB
taken	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
threat	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
serve	VB
to	TO
place	VB
the	DT
listener	NN
in	IN
fear	NN
for	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
personal	JJ
safety	NN
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
speaker	NN
actually	RB
intended	VBN
to	TO
carry	VB
out	RP
the	DT
threat	NN
.	.
''	''
16	CD
The	DT
District	NNP
Court	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
rely	VB
on	IN
the	DT
Brandenburg	NNP
test	NN
or	CC
the	DT
``	``
fighting	VBG
words	NNS
''	''
exception	NN
to	TO
grant	VB
the	DT
injunction	NN
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
relied	VBD
on	IN
a	DT
level	NN
less	JJR
than	IN
incitement	NN
and	CC
granted	VBD
an	DT
injunction	NN
with	IN
no	DT
direct	JJ
proof	NN
of	IN
intent	NN
.	.
The	DT
case	NN
resulted	VBD
in	IN
a	DT
jury	NN
award	NN
of	IN
$	$
107	CD
million	CD
.	.
Watts	NNP
v.	CC
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
which	WDT
ruled	VBD
that	IN
for	IN
violent	JJ
speech	NN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
``	``
true	JJ
threat	NN
''	''
it	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
direct	JJ
and	CC
immediate	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
found	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
ACLA	NNP
's	POS
speech	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
incite	VB
imminent	JJ
lawless	JJ
action	NN
even	RB
though	IN
doctors	NNS
appearing	VBG
on	IN
this	DT
list	NN
were	VBD
assassinated	VBN
by	IN
followers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
ACLA	NNP
and	CC
its	PRP$
Nuremberg	NNP
Files	NNP
.	.
This	DT
decision	NN
is	VBZ
further	JJ
proof	NN
that	IN
the	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
cases	NNS
of	IN
online	JJ
hate	NN
speech	NN
remain	VBP
protected	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
.	.
Mindspring	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
Internet	NNP
Service	NNP
provider	NN
for	IN
the	DT
ACLA	NNP
web	NN
site	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
shut	VBD
the	DT
site	NN
down	IN
citing	VBG
breach	NN
of	IN
contract	NN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
ACLA	NNP
went	VBD
to	TO
Plebian	NNP
,	,
an	DT
upstart	JJ
Web	NNP
hosting	VBG
company	NN
to	TO
get	VB
their	PRP$
site	NN
running	VBG
again	RB
,	,
it	PRP
too	RB
shut	VBD
down	RP
the	DT
site	NN
.	.
This	DT
shows	VBZ
that	IN
even	RB
where	WRB
the	DT
law	NN
allows	VBZ
such	JJ
``	``
free	JJ
speech	NN
,	,
''	''
the	DT
public	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
want	VB
forums	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
these	DT
to	TO
be	VB
available	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
servers	NNS
will	MD
respond	VB
.	.
The	DT
emails	NNS
were	VBD
traced	VBN
back	RB
to	TO
Machado	NNP
and	CC
he	PRP
was	VBD
arrested	VBN
and	CC
prosecuted	VBN
for	IN
civil	JJ
rights	NNS
violations	NNS
.	.
Machado	NNP
's	POS
first	JJ
trial	NN
resulted	VBD
in	IN
a	DT
deadlocked	VBN
jury	NN
with	IN
9-3	CD
in	IN
favor	NN
of	IN
acquittal	NN
.	.
In	IN
his	PRP$
second	JJ
trial	NN
,	,
it	PRP
took	VBD
the	DT
jury	NN
less	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
day	NN
to	TO
find	VB
him	PRP
guilty	JJ
on	IN
two	CD
counts	NNS
of	IN
civil	JJ
rights	NNS
violations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
conviction	NN
carries	VBZ
a	DT
maximum	NN
one	CD
year	NN
prison	NN
sentence	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
prosecution	NN
also	RB
recommended	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
sentencing	VBG
that	IN
Machado	NNP
take	VBP
anger	NN
and	CC
racial	JJ
tolerance	NN
counseling	NN
,	,
that	IN
he	PRP
not	RB
be	VB
allowed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
UCI	NNP
campus	NN
,	,
that	IN
he	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
contact	NN
with	IN
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
victims	NNS
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
he	PRP
be	VB
banned	VBN
from	IN
any	DT
computer	NN
usage	NN
including	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
judge	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
follow	VB
the	DT
prosecution	NN
's	POS
recommendation	NN
and	CC
instead	RB
sentenced	VBN
Machado	NNP
to	TO
time	NN
served	VBD
-LRB-	-LRB-
he	PRP
had	VBD
already	RB
spent	VBN
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
year	NN
in	IN
jail	NN
awaiting	VBG
trial	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
said	VBD
that	IN
Johnson	NNP
went	VBD
too	RB
far	RB
with	IN
his	PRP$
threats	NNS
and	CC
that	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
not	RB
protected	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
situation	NN
,	,
Johnson	NNP
offered	VBD
money	NN
to	TO
anyone	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
kill	VB
certain	JJ
named	VBN
individuals	NNS
.	.
In	IN
Response	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
growing	VBG
number	NN
of	IN
hate	NN
sites	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
several	JJ
private	JJ
groups	NNS
have	VBP
started	VBN
to	TO
take	VB
action	NN
.	.
The	DT
Anti	NNP
Defamation	NNP
League	NNP
keeps	VBZ
up	RP
with	IN
existing	VBG
hate	NN
sites	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
educating	VBG
people	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
dangerous	JJ
consequences	NNS
of	IN
such	JJ
sites	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
The	DT
ADL	NNP
in	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
Cyber	NNP
Patrol	NNP
,	,
provides	VBZ
Hate	NNP
Filter	NNP
software	NN
.	.
This	DT
software	NN
acts	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
gatekeeper	NN
to	TO
block	VB
web	NN
site	NN
of	IN
individuals	NNS
or	CC
groups	NNS
that	WDT
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
judgment	NN
of	IN
ADL	NNP
,	,
advocates	VBZ
hate	NN
,	,
bigotry	NN
or	CC
violence	NN
.	.
The	DT
Hate	NNP
Filter	NNP
provides	VBZ
parents	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
tool	NN
to	TO
block	VB
their	PRP$
children	NNS
from	IN
accessing	VBG
such	JJ
sites	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
which	WDT
a	DT
child	NN
tries	VBZ
to	TO
access	VB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
restricted	VBN
sites	NNS
the	DT
software	NN
automatically	RB
provides	VBZ
links	NNS
to	TO
ADL	NNP
pages	NNS
which	WDT
explain	VBP
the	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
prejudice	NN
and	CC
bigotry	NN
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
Watch	NNP
Foundation	NNP
also	RB
provides	VBZ
filtering	VBG
soft	JJ
ware	NN
.	.
``	``
that	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
has	VBZ
done	VBN
for	IN
hate	NN
groups	NNS
what	WP
the	DT
printing	NN
press	NN
had	VBD
done	VBN
for	IN
literature	NN
.	.
''	''
In	IN
addition	NN
the	DT
Southern	NNP
Poverty	NNP
Law	NNP
Center	NNP
takes	VBZ
on	RP
``	``
pioneer	NN
''	''
cases	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
civil	JJ
rights	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Simon	NNP
Wiesenthal	NNP
Center	NNP
also	RB
tracks	VBZ
and	CC
keeps	VBZ
records	NNS
of	IN
hate	NN
groups	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
activities	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
because	IN
Americans	NNPS
as	IN
a	DT
people	NNS
value	VBP
the	DT
right	NN
of	IN
free	JJ
speech	NN
,	,
many	JJ
times	NNS
the	DT
good	JJ
has	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
accepted	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
bad	JJ
.	.
The	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
only	RB
expounds	VBZ
upon	IN
the	DT
problems	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
Courts	NNS
have	VBP
to	TO
face	VB
in	IN
interpreting	VBG
new	JJ
law	NN
and	CC
respecting	VBG
precedent	NN
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
while	IN
providing	VBG
a	DT
wealth	NN
of	IN
information	NN
at	IN
the	DT
touch	NN
of	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
buttons	NNS
,	,
can	MD
also	RB
provide	VB
an	DT
inexpensive	JJ
and	CC
efficient	JJ
means	NNS
for	IN
bigots	NNS
to	TO
spread	VB
their	PRP$
hate	NN
.	.
Before	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
these	DT
hate	NN
groups	NNS
had	VBD
to	TO
recruit	VB
by	IN
handing	VBG
out	RP
literature	NN
,	,
holding	VBG
rallies	NNS
,	,
or	CC
by	IN
word	NN
of	IN
mouth	NN
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
they	PRP
can	MD
reach	VB
people	NNS
quickly	RB
and	CC
massively	RB
,	,
and	CC
perhaps	RB
even	RB
more	RBR
disturbing	JJ
anonymously	RB
.	.
Just	RB
as	IN
the	DT
Ku	NNP
Klux	NNP
Klan	NNP
wears	VBZ
hoods	NNS
to	TO
hide	VB
their	PRP$
identity	NN
,	,
now	RB
hate	VBP
purveyors	NNS
can	MD
hide	VB
behind	IN
anonymous	JJ
email	NN
addresses	NNS
and	CC
web	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
and	CC
try	VB
to	TO
reach	VB
children	NNS
and	CC
anyone	NN
who	WP
will	MD
listen	VB
.	.
But	CC
,	,
legally	RB
not	RB
much	JJ
can	MD
be	VB
done	VBN
to	TO
quiet	JJ
these	DT
groups	NNS
.	.
The	DT
law	NN
is	VBZ
pretty	RB
clear	JJ
.	.
Most	JJS
speech	NN
of	IN
this	DT
type	NN
is	VBZ
protected	VBN
unless	IN
it	PRP
poses	VBZ
a	DT
clear	JJ
and	CC
present	JJ
danger	NN
and\/or	CC
the	DT
speech	NN
consists	VBZ
of	IN
fighting	VBG
words	NNS
.	.
While	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
a	DT
few	JJ
federal	JJ
juries	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
punished	VBN
individuals	NNS
for	IN
sending	VBG
threatening	JJ
emails	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
takes	VBZ
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
to	TO
cross	VB
that	DT
legal	JJ
line	NN
.	.
The	DT
threats	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
direct	JJ
and	CC
immediate	JJ
.	.
The	DT
``	``
Nuremberg	NNP
Files	NNP
''	''
case	NN
shows	VBZ
just	RB
how	WRB
far	RB
a	DT
group	NN
can	MD
push	VB
the	DT
bounds	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
.	.
The	DT
ACLA	NNP
web	NN
site	NN
might	MD
not	RB
have	VB
directly	RB
and	CC
explicitly	RB
told	VBD
people	NNS
to	TO
kill	VB
these	DT
abortion	NN
doctors	NNS
,	,
but	CC
they	PRP
provided	VBD
the	DT
needed	VBN
information	NN
and	CC
painted	VBN
these	DT
doctors	NNS
as	IN
war	NN
criminals	NNS
that	WDT
needed	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
punished	VBN
.	.
But	CC
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
end	NN
the	DT
law	NN
protected	VBD
them	PRP
.	.
Johnson	NNP
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
if	IN
members	NNS
of	IN
hate	NN
groups	NNS
or	CC
individuals	NNS
who	WP
use	VBP
the	DT
Internet	NNP
to	TO
encourage	VB
hate	NN
,	,
actually	RB
commit	VBP
a	DT
hate	NN
motivated	JJ
crime	NN
,	,
their	PRP$
Internet	NNP
activity	NN
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
against	IN
them	PRP
as	IN
evidence	NN
to	TO
enhance	VB
their	PRP$
sentence	NN
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
new	JJ
field	NN
of	IN
communication	NN
,	,
the	DT
law	NN
must	MD
catch	VB
up	RP
with	IN
it	PRP
.	.
Many	JJ
states	NNS
have	VBP
reacted	VBN
by	IN
passing	VBG
laws	NNS
preventing	VBG
people	NNS
from	IN
sending	VBG
threats	NNS
and	CC
harassing	VBG
messages	NNS
to	TO
people	NNS
via	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
But	CC
there	EX
remains	VBZ
a	DT
high	JJ
threshhold	NN
,	,
and	CC
there	EX
remains	VBZ
a	DT
vast	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
hate	NN
speech	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Every	DT
person	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
right	NN
to	TO
choose	VB
his	PRP$
beliefs	NNS
,	,
but	CC
encouraging	VBG
hate	NN
which	WDT
in	IN
turn	NN
encourages	VBZ
violence	NN
,	,
should	MD
be	VB
of	IN
concern	NN
to	TO
all	DT
.	.
The	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
medicine	NN
,	,
the	DT
long	JJ
wait	NN
for	IN
a	DT
doctor	NN
's	POS
appointment	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
patients	NNS
by	IN
medical	JJ
practitioners	NNS
has	VBZ
led	VBN
many	JJ
consumers	NNS
to	TO
find	VB
their	PRP$
physician	NN
a	DT
mouse-click	NN
away	RB
.	.
Like	IN
many	JJ
traditional	JJ
brick	NN
and	CC
mortar	NN
businesses	NNS
,	,
medical	JJ
care	NN
is	VBZ
finally	RB
coming	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Health-care	JJ
websites	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
in	IN
existence	NN
for	IN
years	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
the	DT
presence	NN
of	IN
websites	NNS
that	WDT
offer	VBP
services	NNS
comparable	JJ
to	TO
traditional	JJ
doctor	NN
consultations	NNS
are	VBP
something	NN
new	JJ
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
expands	VBZ
into	IN
all	DT
parts	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
logical	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
health-care	NN
industry	NN
would	MD
follow	VB
.	.
The	DT
challenge	NN
for	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
community	NN
is	VBZ
fitting	JJ
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
medicine	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
into	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
legal	JJ
construct	VBP
or	CC
adjusting	VBG
the	DT
legal	JJ
system	NN
to	TO
accommodate	VB
the	DT
practice	NN
.	.
Cybermedicine	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
categorized	VBN
in	IN
three	CD
ways	NNS
,	,
starting	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
actual	JJ
diagnosis	NN
of	IN
illnesses	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
distribution	NN
of	IN
information	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
sites	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
www.webmed.com	NN
and	CC
www.drtango.com	NN
only	RB
offer	VBP
medical	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Other	JJ
sites	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
www.123skindoctor.com	JJ
offer	NN
free	JJ
consultations	NNS
and	CC
sell	VB
medicine	NN
.	.
Although	IN
services	NNS
performed	VBN
by	IN
cyberdoctors	NNS
are	VBP
gaining	VBG
increased	VBD
popularity	NN
,	,
many	JJ
cyberdoctors	NNS
are	VBP
wary	JJ
about	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
ramifications	NNS
of	IN
practicing	VBG
medicine	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
preoccupation	NN
with	IN
liability	NN
felt	VBN
by	IN
some	DT
cyberdoctors	NNS
is	VBZ
exhibited	VBN
at	IN
www.askthedoctor.com	NN
.	.
Cybermedicine	NNP
has	VBZ
incredible	JJ
advantages	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
creates	VBZ
a	DT
competitive	JJ
atmosphere	NN
for	IN
the	DT
health-care	NN
industry	NN
.	.
Cybermedicine	NNP
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
much	RB
more	JJR
cost	NN
effective	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
typical	JJ
doctor	NN
's	POS
visit	NN
by	IN
offering	VBG
patients	NNS
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
buy	VB
medicine	NN
at	IN
a	DT
reduced	VBN
price	NN
.	.
Telemedicine	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
widely	RB
accepted	VBN
or	CC
used	VBN
;	:
currently	RB
only	RB
twenty-five	JJ
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
entire	JJ
medical	JJ
community	NN
utilizes	VBZ
this	DT
practice	NN
.	.
Nevertheless	RB
,	,
it	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
estimated	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
telemedicine	NN
global	JJ
industry	NN
will	MD
grow	VB
almost	RB
forty	CD
percent	NN
a	DT
year	NN
for	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
ten	CD
years	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
telemedicine	NN
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
to	TO
make-up	VB
15	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
health	NN
care	NN
expenditures	NNS
market	NN
by	IN
2010	CD
.	.
The	DT
American	JJ
Telemedicine	NNP
Association	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
visited	VBN
at	IN
www.atmeda.org	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
an	DT
organization	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
developed	VBN
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
an	DT
advocate	NN
for	IN
the	DT
usage	NN
of	IN
telecommunications	NNS
to	TO
serve	VB
consumers	NNS
and	CC
assist	VB
health	NN
professionals	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
unique	JJ
organization	NN
that	WDT
links	VBZ
e-health	JJ
companies	NNS
,	,
telecommunication	NN
companies	NNS
,	,
government	NN
organizations	NNS
and	CC
consumers	NNS
into	IN
one	CD
forum	NN
.	.
Access	NN
to	TO
health-care	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
facilitated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
joint	JJ
efforts	NNS
of	IN
companies	NNS
and	CC
organizations	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
American	JJ
Telemedicine	NNP
Association	NNP
.	.
Nielsen	NNP
,	,
who	WP
was	VBD
stationed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
Amundsen-Scott	NNP
South	NNP
Pole	NNP
Research	NNP
Center	NNP
,	,
found	VBD
a	DT
lump	NN
in	IN
her	PRP$
breast	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Nielsen	NNP
was	VBD
forced	VBN
to	TO
perform	VB
a	DT
needle	NN
biopsy	NN
on	IN
her	PRP$
tumor	NN
by	IN
video	JJ
conferencing	NN
with	IN
experts	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
impenetrable	JJ
winters	NNS
in	IN
Antarctica	NNP
.	.
For	IN
almost	RB
five	CD
months	NNS
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Nielsen	NNP
consulted	VBD
with	IN
experts	NNS
by	IN
e-mail	NN
and	CC
videoconference	NN
.	.
This	DT
allowed	VBN
Dr.	NNP
Nielsen	NNP
to	TO
eventually	RB
perform	VB
surgery	NN
on	IN
herself	PRP
after	IN
supplies	NNS
had	VBD
been	VBN
air	NN
dropped	VBD
.	.
As	IN
of	IN
date	NN
there	EX
has	VBZ
been	VBN
no	DT
litigation	NN
involving	VBG
cybermedicine	NN
,	,
telemedicine	NN
provides	VBZ
a	DT
glimpse	NN
into	IN
how	WRB
cybermedicine	NN
will	MD
develop	VB
and	CC
how	WRB
courts	NNS
will	MD
handle	VB
claims	NNS
dealing	VBG
with	IN
cybermedicine	JJ
malpractice	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
cybermedicine	JJ
companies	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
www.askthedoctor.com	NN
that	WDT
are	VBP
waiting	VBG
for	IN
telemedicine	JJ
legal	JJ
disputes	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
solved	VBN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
proceed	VB
with	IN
their	PRP$
cybermedicine	NN
plans	NNS
.	.
Such	JJ
sites	NNS
feel	VBP
that	IN
cybermedicine	NN
is	VBZ
so	RB
closely	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
telemedicine	VB
that	DT
once	RB
a	DT
clear	JJ
legal	JJ
position	NN
is	VBZ
taken	VBN
with	IN
telemedicine	NN
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
position	NN
will	MD
apply	VB
to	TO
cybermedicine	NN
.	.
The	DT
problem	NN
with	IN
issuing	VBG
an	DT
online	JJ
prescription	NN
stems	VBZ
from	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
physically	RB
examined	VBD
and	CC
the	DT
inability	NN
to	TO
verify	VB
the	DT
patient	NN
's	POS
medical	JJ
history	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
worry	VBP
over	IN
misdiagnosis	NN
or	CC
abuse	NN
by	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
biggest	JJS
issues	NNS
arising	VBG
from	IN
Internet	NNP
pharmacies	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
potential	NN
for	IN
medical	JJ
malpractice	NN
stemming	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
liability	NN
of	IN
the	DT
prescribing	VBG
doctors	NNS
and	CC
online	JJ
pharmacies	NNS
.	.
Medical	NNP
malpractice	NN
has	VBZ
two	CD
basic	JJ
requirements	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
times	NNS
,	,
a	DT
doctor	NN
can	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
liable	JJ
for	IN
not	RB
acting	VBG
upon	IN
a	DT
patient	NN
's	POS
request	NN
for	IN
medical	JJ
attention	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
thought	VBD
that	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
doctor-patient	JJ
relationship	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
cyberdoctor	NN
fails	VBZ
to	TO
respond	VB
to	TO
a	DT
request	NN
for	IN
medical	JJ
attention	NN
and	CC
the	DT
patient	NN
suffers	VBZ
injury	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
that	IN
a	DT
doctor-patient	JJ
relationship	NN
would	MD
be	VB
deemed	VBN
to	TO
exist	VB
and	CC
the	DT
physician	NN
would	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
liable	JJ
.	.
Also	RB
a	DT
scenario	NN
can	MD
be	VB
envisioned	VBN
where	WRB
a	DT
cyberdoctor	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
vacation	NN
and	CC
the	DT
patient	NN
believing	VBG
that	IN
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
will	MD
receive	VB
a	DT
timely	JJ
response	NN
suffers	VBZ
an	DT
injury	NN
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
cyberdoctor	NN
's	POS
failure	NN
to	TO
respond	VB
.	.
The	DT
doctor	NN
breaches	VBZ
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
duty	NN
of	IN
care	NN
when	WRB
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
fails	VBZ
to	TO
perform	VB
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
manner	NN
that	IN
a	DT
reasonably	RB
careful	JJ
physician	NN
would	MD
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
situation	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
xxii	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
cybermedicine	NN
that	IN
standard	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
determined	VBN
because	IN
a	DT
medical	JJ
malpractice	NN
case	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
yet	RB
been	VBN
brought	VBN
against	IN
a	DT
cyberdoctor	NN
.	.
It	PRP
could	MD
be	VB
argued	VBN
that	IN
a	DT
cyberdoctor	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
higher	JJR
standard	NN
of	IN
care	NN
to	TO
the	DT
patient	NN
because	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
physically	RB
examined	VBN
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
argued	VBN
that	IN
because	IN
the	DT
doctor	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
seen	VBN
the	DT
patient	NN
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
doctor	NN
's	POS
duty	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
as	RB
strong	JJ
.	.
In	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
argument	NN
,	,
contributory	JJ
negligence	NN
by	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
could	MD
be	VB
established	VBN
.	.
The	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
knew	VBD
the	DT
doctor	NN
would	MD
not	RB
personally	RB
see	VB
him	PRP
or	CC
her	PRP$
may	MD
raise	VB
the	DT
issue	NN
that	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
knew	VBD
the	DT
treatment	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
traditional	JJ
standards	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
,	,
there	EX
has	VBZ
not	RB
yet	RB
been	VBN
a	DT
medical	JJ
malpractice	NN
suit	NN
against	IN
a	DT
cyberdoctor	NN
,	,
there	EX
certainly	RB
will	MD
be	VB
one	CD
in	IN
the	DT
near	JJ
future	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
face	VB
jurisdictional	JJ
questions	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
,	,
where	WRB
does	VBZ
the	DT
malpractice	NN
actually	RB
occur	VBP
.	.
A	DT
determination	NN
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
made	VBN
between	IN
the	DT
doctor	NN
's	POS
state	NN
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
advice	NN
was	VBD
given	VBN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
patient	NN
's	POS
state	NN
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
injury	NN
occurred	VBD
.	.
Since	IN
the	DT
doctor-patient	JJ
relationship	NN
is	VBZ
contractual	JJ
,	,
this	DT
could	MD
be	VB
settled	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
outset	NN
by	IN
an	DT
agreement	NN
of	IN
both	DT
parties	NNS
to	TO
disclaimers	NNS
dictating	NN
which	WDT
law	NN
would	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
and	CC
under	IN
which	WDT
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
Credentialing	VBG
is	VBZ
a	DT
process	NN
that	WDT
requires	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
health-care	NN
organizations	NNS
verify	VBP
certain	JJ
background	NN
information	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
doctors	NNS
.	.
This	DT
information	NN
includes	VBZ
verification	NN
of	IN
graduation	NN
from	IN
medical	JJ
school	NN
,	,
residency	NN
,	,
and	CC
participation	NN
in	IN
internships	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
includes	VBZ
a	DT
background	NN
check	NN
on	IN
malpractice	NN
suits	NNS
.	.
This	DT
information	NN
can	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
database	NN
known	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Practitioners	NNP
Data	NNP
Bank	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
NPDB	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Health-care	JJ
organizations	NNS
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
contact	VB
this	DT
database	NN
electronically	RB
and	CC
receive	VB
instant	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
their	PRP$
doctors	NNS
.	.
Approval	NN
by	IN
the	DT
JCAHO	NNP
means	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
facility	NN
follows	VBZ
minimum	JJ
standards	NNS
in	IN
verifying	VBG
the	DT
doctor	NN
's	POS
background	NN
.	.
No	DT
cybermedicine	NN
site	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
accredited	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
JCAHO	NNP
;	:
consequently	RB
this	DT
casts	VBZ
a	DT
shadow	NN
of	IN
doubt	NN
and	CC
incredibility	NN
on	IN
the	DT
backgrounds	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
cyberdoctors	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
it	PRP
seems	VBZ
logical	JJ
that	IN
cyberdoctors	NNS
would	MD
attempt	VB
to	TO
receive	VB
credentialing	NN
by	IN
the	DT
JCAHO	NNP
,	,
cybermedicine	NN
has	VBZ
yet	RB
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
question	NN
of	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
companies	NNS
providing	VBG
medical	JJ
care	NN
have	VBP
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
JCAHO	NNP
standards	NNS
of	IN
credentialing	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
an	DT
Internet	NNP
company	NN
fails	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
necessary	JJ
credentialing	NN
information	NN
and	CC
the	DT
doctor	NN
commits	VBZ
malpractice	NN
,	,
the	DT
Internet	NNP
company	NN
may	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
liable	JJ
if	IN
the	DT
doctor	NN
had	VBD
problems	NNS
in	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
background	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
lost	VBN
of	IN
a	DT
medical	JJ
license	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
prior	JJ
malpractice	NN
suit	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
doctor	NN
commits	VBZ
malpractice	NN
again	RB
through	IN
cybermedicine	NN
,	,
the	DT
patient	NN
could	MD
sue	VB
the	DT
website	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
argument	NN
that	WDT
had	VBD
the	DT
website	NN
credentialed	VBD
the	DT
doctor	NN
according	VBG
to	TO
normal	JJ
standards	NNS
,	,
that	IN
they	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
found	VBN
out	RP
that	IN
the	DT
doctor	NN
should	MD
not	RB
have	VB
been	VBN
practicing	VBG
law	NN
.	.
This	DT
area	NN
is	VBZ
another	DT
area	NN
of	IN
potential	JJ
liability	NN
and	CC
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
addressed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
Cybermedicine	NNP
does	VBZ
have	VB
a	DT
great	JJ
potential	NN
for	IN
good	JJ
in	IN
making	VBG
our	PRP$
system	NN
more	RBR
effective	JJ
and	CC
accessible	JJ
.	.
Although	IN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
some	DT
pitfalls	NNS
in	IN
cybermedicine	NN
,	,
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
necessarily	RB
outweigh	VB
the	DT
advantages	NNS
.	.
Cybermedicine	NNP
faces	VBZ
many	JJ
challenges	NNS
,	,
one	CD
of	IN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
how	WRB
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
standard	NN
of	IN
care	NN
.	.
The	DT
standard	NN
of	IN
care	NN
could	MD
be	VB
adopted	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
traditional	JJ
standards	NNS
of	IN
pharmacies	NNS
,	,
doctors	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
health-care	NN
providers	NNS
,	,
but	CC
there	EX
are	VBP
different	JJ
issues	NNS
confronting	VBG
the	DT
analogy	NN
of	IN
each	DT
standard	NN
with	IN
cybermedicine	NN
.	.
Cybermedicine	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
simply	RB
entail	VB
a	DT
doctor-patient	JJ
situation	NN
;	:
rather	RB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
expanded	VBN
to	TO
include	VB
issues	NNS
from	IN
pharmacies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
non-doctors	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
,	,
nutritionists	NNS
and	CC
herbalists	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
includes	VBZ
electronic	JJ
and	CC
technology	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
privacy	NN
and	CC
the	DT
transportation	NN
of	IN
medical	JJ
advice	NN
electronically	RB
.	.
Cybermedicine	NNP
is	VBZ
very	RB
exciting	JJ
and	CC
will	MD
probably	RB
drastically	RB
change	VB
the	DT
medical	JJ
industry	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
a	DT
lot	NN
depends	VBZ
on	IN
how	WRB
much	JJ
cybermedicine	NN
is	VBZ
regulated	VBN
and	CC
how	WRB
much	JJ
liability	NN
a	DT
cyberdoctor	NN
incurs	VBZ
.	.
If	IN
cybermedicine	NN
is	VBZ
allowed	VBN
to	TO
grow	VB
without	IN
regulation	NN
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
most	RBS
likely	JJ
become	VBN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
largest	JJS
industries	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
Copyright	NN
law	NN
was	VBD
spawned	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
intersection	NN
of	IN
law	NN
and	CC
technology	NN
;	:
and	CC
it	PRP
has	VBZ
evolved	VBN
with	IN
each	DT
new	JJ
technological	JJ
innovation	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
past	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
the	DT
technological	JJ
innovations	NNS
that	WDT
affected	VBD
copyright	NN
laws	NNS
primarily	RB
involved	VBN
improved	VBN
means	NNS
of	IN
copying	VBG
the	DT
original	JJ
work	NN
.	.
As	IN
such	JJ
,	,
copyright	JJ
law	NN
has	VBZ
traditionally	RB
concentrated	VBN
on	IN
forming	VBG
a	DT
protective	JJ
shield	NN
around	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
work	NN
.	.
The	DT
advent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
however	RB
,	,
has	VBZ
presented	VBN
a	DT
unique	JJ
challenge	NN
for	IN
copyright	NN
law	NN
.	.
Not	RB
since	IN
the	DT
printing	NN
press	NN
,	,
the	DT
original	JJ
catalyst	NN
for	IN
copyright	NN
law	NN
,	,
has	VBZ
a	DT
technology	NN
so	RB
dramatically	RB
improved	VBD
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
distribute	VB
copies	NNS
of	IN
information	NN
.	.
As	IN
this	DT
paper	NN
outlines	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
Internet	NNP
has	VBZ
prompted	VBN
an	DT
expansion	NN
of	IN
copyright	NN
law	NN
beyond	IN
the	DT
traditional	JJ
protection	NN
of	IN
an	DT
author	NN
's	POS
expression	NN
and	CC
into	IN
the	DT
realm	NN
of	IN
prior	JJ
restraint	NN
of	IN
tangentially	RB
related	VBN
ideas	NNS
and	CC
technology	NN
.	.
Traditional	JJ
copyright	NN
law	NN
started	VBD
in	IN
England	NNP
in	IN
response	NN
to	TO
the	DT
technological	JJ
innovation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
printing	NN
press	NN
.	.
After	IN
the	DT
advent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
printing	NN
press	NN
the	DT
mid	JJ
16th	JJ
century	NN
,	,
the	DT
British	JJ
Crown	NNP
typically	RB
vested	JJ
ownership	NN
of	IN
written	VBN
works	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
publishing	NN
house	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
with	IN
the	DT
author	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
By	IN
the	DT
early	JJ
18th	JJ
century	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
the	DT
British	JJ
government	NN
had	VBD
enacted	VBN
The	DT
Statute	NN
of	IN
Anne	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
gave	VBD
ownership	NN
rights	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
authors	NNS
who	WP
created	VBD
the	DT
work	NN
.	.
In	IN
Article	NNP
I	PRP
,	,
Section	NNP
8	CD
,	,
Clause	NN
8	CD
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
Constitution	NNP
,	,
America	NNP
's	POS
founding	NN
fathers	NNS
followed	VBD
the	DT
British	JJ
lead	NN
and	CC
granted	VBD
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
the	DT
power	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
ownership	NN
rights	NNS
of	IN
authors	NNS
and	CC
inventors	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Shortly	RB
after	IN
the	DT
passage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Constitution	NNP
,	,
however	RB
,	,
congress	NN
passed	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
states	NNS
ratified	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
ten	CD
amendments	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
,	,
also	RB
known	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
Bill	NNP
of	IN
Rights	NNPS
.	.
Since	IN
that	DT
time	NN
there	EX
has	VBZ
been	VBN
an	DT
idealogical	JJ
clash	NN
between	IN
the	DT
copyright	NN
clause	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
rights	NNS
granted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
.	.
Normally	RB
,	,
an	DT
Amendment	NNP
modifies	VBZ
or	CC
limits	VBZ
the	DT
powers	NNS
previously	RB
granted	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
or	CC
earlier	JJR
Amendments	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
copyright	NN
laws	NNS
enacted	VBN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
Article	NNP
I	PRP
,	,
Section	NNP
8	CD
,	,
Clause	NN
8	CD
have	VBP
danced	VBN
a	DT
careful	JJ
balancing	NN
act	NN
throughout	IN
their	PRP$
legal	JJ
history	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
On	IN
the	DT
one	CD
hand	NN
courts	NNS
recognize	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
's	POS
right	NN
of	IN
free	JJ
speech	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
vital	JJ
rights	NNS
to	TO
our	PRP$
republic	NN
.	.
It	PRP
fosters	VBZ
an	DT
open	JJ
marketplace	NN
of	IN
ideas	NNS
that	WDT
promotes	VBZ
the	DT
free	JJ
exchange	NN
of	IN
opposing	VBG
views	NNS
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
Congress	NNP
has	VBZ
recognized	VBN
that	IN
financial	JJ
incentives	NNS
to	TO
create	VB
technology	NN
and	CC
``	``
useful	JJ
arts	NNS
''	''
is	VBZ
also	RB
vital	JJ
to	TO
encouraging	VBG
progress	NN
.	.
Congress	NNP
responded	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
tension	NN
by	IN
creating	VBG
different	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
with	IN
differing	VBG
lengths	NNS
of	IN
government	NN
granted	VBD
monopoly	NN
status	NN
as	IN
incentive	NN
to	TO
innovate	VB
.	.
Patents	NNP
are	VBP
typically	RB
strongly	RB
protected	VBN
,	,
but	CC
narrow	JJ
in	IN
scope	NN
and	CC
relatively	RB
short	JJ
in	IN
duration	NN
.	.
Copyrights	NNS
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
were	VBD
given	VBN
somewhat	RB
weaker	JJR
protection	NN
in	IN
exchange	NN
for	IN
a	DT
broader	JJR
base	NN
of	IN
coverage	NN
and	CC
a	DT
longer	JJR
life	NN
span	NN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
principle	NN
differences	NNS
in	IN
scope	NN
are	VBP
that	IN
ideas	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
patented	VBN
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
copyrighted	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
effect	NN
of	IN
this	DT
difference	NN
was	VBD
that	IN
patented	JJ
ideas	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
released	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
domain	NN
after	IN
a	DT
comparatively	RB
short	JJ
period	NN
,	,
whereas	IN
the	DT
idea	NN
behind	IN
the	DT
copyrighted	VBN
expression	NN
would	MD
be	VB
immediately	RB
available	JJ
to	TO
others	NNS
while	IN
the	DT
protected	JJ
expression	NN
enjoyed	VBD
a	DT
comparatively	RB
long	JJ
monopoly	NN
period	NN
.	.
Congress	NNP
was	VBD
seeking	VBG
to	TO
balance	VB
the	DT
level	NN
and	CC
duration	NN
of	IN
monopoly	NN
protection	NN
against	IN
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
ideas	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
publicly	RB
available	JJ
and	CC
aid	NN
in	IN
furthering	VBG
technological	JJ
progress	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
Sony	NNP
case	NN
the	DT
Court	NNP
found	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
``	``
authorized	JJ
time-shifting	NN
,	,
''	''
i.e.	FW
recording	VBG
a	DT
program	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
watch	VB
it	PRP
later	RB
,	,
was	VBD
a	DT
legitimate	JJ
fair	JJ
use	NN
that	WDT
satisfied	VBD
the	DT
standard	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
10	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Recent	JJ
cases	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
newer	JJR
Digital	NNP
Millennium	NNP
Copyright	NNP
Act	NNP
also	RB
deal	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
balance	NN
between	IN
the	DT
copyright	NN
holder	NN
's	POS
legitimate	JJ
needs	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
others	NNS
,	,
but	CC
to	TO
date	NN
none	NN
of	IN
the	DT
cases	NNS
have	VBP
reached	VBN
the	DT
level	NN
of	IN
addressing	VBG
substantial	JJ
non-infringing	JJ
uses	NNS
.	.
Indeed	RB
,	,
from	IN
the	DT
recent	JJ
cases	NNS
it	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
balance	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
sought	VBD
in	IN
Sony	NNP
may	MD
have	VB
tipped	VBN
so	RB
far	RB
towards	IN
the	DT
copyright	NN
holders	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
substantial	JJ
non-infringing	JJ
uses	NNS
test	NN
may	MD
be	VB
only	RB
available	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
furthest	JJS
reaches	NNS
of	IN
copyright	NN
law	NN
.	.
People	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
put	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
position	NN
of	IN
wondering	VBG
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
their	PRP$
speech	NN
will	MD
land	VB
them	PRP
in	IN
court	NN
,	,
or	CC
worse	JJR
,	,
in	IN
jail	NN
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
noted	VBD
in	IN
Brockett	NNP
v.	CC
Spokane	NNP
Arcades	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
,	,
``	``
an	DT
individual	JJ
whose	WP$
own	JJ
speech	NN
or	CC
expressive	JJ
conduct	NN
may	MD
validly	RB
be	VB
prohibited	VBN
or	CC
sanctioned	VBN
is	VBZ
permitted	VBN
to	TO
challenge	VB
a	DT
statute	NN
on	IN
its	PRP$
face	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
also	RB
threatens	VBZ
other	JJ
not	RB
before	IN
the	DT
court	NN
-	:
those	DT
who	WP
desire	VBP
to	TO
engage	VB
in	IN
legally	RB
protected	VBN
expression	NN
but	CC
who	WP
may	MD
refrain	VB
from	IN
doing	VBG
so	RB
rather	RB
than	IN
risk	VB
prosecution	NN
or	CC
undertake	VB
to	TO
have	VB
the	DT
law	NN
declared	VBD
partially	RB
invalid	JJ
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
48	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Both	DT
Felten	NNP
and	CC
Sklyarov	NNP
appear	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
well	RB
situated	VBN
to	TO
mount	VB
a	DT
facial	JJ
challenge	NN
to	TO
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
.	.
That	DT
may	MD
be	VB
at	IN
least	JJS
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
reason	NN
that	IN
the	DT
copyright	NN
holders	NNS
in	IN
both	DT
cases	NNS
have	VBP
backpedaled	VBN
from	IN
any	DT
legal	JJ
action	NN
.	.
A	DT
successful	JJ
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
challenge	NN
to	TO
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
could	MD
be	VB
devastating	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
newly	RB
enhanced	JJ
copyright	NN
powers	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
recording	NN
,	,
publishing	NN
,	,
and	CC
movie	NN
industies	NNS
currently	RB
enjoy	VBP
.	.
As	IN
word	NN
spread	NN
about	IN
DeCSS	NNP
,	,
other	JJ
sites	NNS
began	VBD
to	TO
link	VB
to	TO
Johansen	NNP
's	POS
site	NN
and	CC
some	DT
webmasters	NNS
posted	VBD
the	DT
entire	JJ
code	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
sites	NNS
.	.
Needless	JJ
to	TO
say	VB
,	,
reaction	NN
from	IN
the	DT
movie	NN
industry	NN
was	VBD
swift	JJ
and	CC
fierce	JJ
.	.
Two	CD
legal	JJ
battles	NNS
concerning	VBG
DeCSS	NNP
began	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
;	:
one	CD
on	IN
the	DT
each	DT
coast	NN
.	.
Not	RB
only	RB
were	VBD
the	DT
suits	NNS
filed	VBN
on	IN
opposite	JJ
sides	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
country	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
also	RB
invoked	VBD
different	JJ
branches	NNS
of	IN
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
quest	NN
to	TO
stifle	VB
DeCSS	NNP
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
trial	NN
court	NN
agreed	VBD
with	IN
DVDCCA	NNP
and	CC
issued	VBD
a	DT
preliminary	JJ
injunction	NN
,	,
the	DT
appellate	JJ
court	NN
reversed	VBD
on	IN
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
issues	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
64	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
court	NN
determined	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
DeCSS	NNP
code	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
fit	VB
into	IN
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
narrowly	RB
limited	JJ
classes	NNS
of	IN
unprotected	JJ
speech	NN
;	:
it	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
obscene	JJ
,	,
profane	JJ
,	,
libelous	JJ
,	,
or	CC
fighting	VBG
words	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
65	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Since	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
excluded	VBN
from	IN
protection	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
contained	VBD
a	DT
communicative	JJ
or	CC
``	``
speech	NN
''	''
component	NN
,	,
the	DT
DeCSS	NNP
code	NN
was	VBD
deemed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
protected	VBN
speech	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
66	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
court	NN
noted	VBD
that	IN
since	IN
the	DT
Uniform	NNP
Trade	NNP
Secrets	NNP
Act	NNP
is	VBZ
codified	VBN
as	IN
state	NN
law	NN
,	,
any	DT
protection	NN
it	PRP
provided	VBD
was	VBD
trumped	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
protections	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Constitution	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
67	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
court	NN
also	RB
noted	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
injunction	NN
's	POS
prohibition	NN
against	IN
future	JJ
disclosures	NNS
of	IN
DeCSS	NNP
amounted	VBD
to	TO
a	DT
prior	JJ
restraint	NN
on	IN
speech	NN
and	CC
as	IN
such	JJ
was	VBD
``	``
highly	RB
disfavored	JJ
and	CC
presumptively	RB
unconstitutional	JJ
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
68	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Much	RB
like	IN
the	DT
chilling	JJ
effect	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Felten	NNP
case	NN
,	,
``	``
the	DT
`	``
special	JJ
vice	NN
'	''
of	IN
a	DT
prior	JJ
restraint	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
suppresses	VBZ
expression	NN
not	RB
only	RB
directly	RB
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
by	IN
`	``
inducing	VBG
excessive	JJ
caution	NN
in	IN
the	DT
speaker	NN
.	.
'	''
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
69	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
court	NN
concluded	VBD
by	IN
noting	VBG
that	IN
while	IN
Bunner	NNP
could	MD
not	RB
be	VB
held	VBN
liable	JJ
under	IN
trade	NN
secret	NN
law	NN
and	CC
that	IN
a	DT
preliminary	JJ
injunction	NN
could	MD
not	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
restrict	VB
him	PRP
from	IN
disclosing	VBG
DeCSS	NNP
,	,
copyright	NN
violations	NNS
were	VBD
another	DT
matter	NN
altogether	RB
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
70	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Presumably	RB
DVDCCA	NNP
will	MD
take	VB
the	DT
court	NN
's	POS
hint	NN
and	CC
invoke	VB
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
rather	RB
than	IN
state	NN
trade	NN
secret	JJ
law	NN
in	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
round	NN
of	IN
suits	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addressing	VBG
the	DT
first	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
quote	NN
above	IN
-	:
that	IN
decryption	NN
programs	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
rapidly	RB
spread	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
world	NN
and	CC
that	IN
every	DT
recipient	JJ
can	MD
then	RB
decode	VB
DVDs	NNS
at	IN
will	MD
-	:
the	DT
court	NN
dismisses	VBZ
the	DT
defendant	NN
's	POS
argument	NN
that	IN
the	DT
doctrine	NN
of	IN
fair	JJ
use	NN
allows	VBZ
owners	NNS
of	IN
DVDs	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
copies	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
personal	JJ
use	NN
and	CC
enjoyment	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
81	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
nothing	NN
in	IN
the	DT
fair	JJ
use	NN
doctrine	NN
required	VBN
legitimate	JJ
users	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
copy	VB
original	JJ
works	NNS
in	IN
either	CC
the	DT
same	JJ
quality	NN
as	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
or	CC
in	IN
a	DT
medium	NN
as	IN
easily	RB
manipulated	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
82	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
In	IN
the	DT
court	NN
's	POS
view	NN
,	,
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
point	VB
a	DT
video	NN
camera	NN
at	IN
the	DT
screen	NN
while	IN
the	DT
DVD	NNP
is	VBZ
playing	VBG
and	CC
make	VB
fuzzy	JJ
,	,
grainy	JJ
,	,
poor	JJ
sound	JJ
quality	NN
copies	NNS
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
is	VBZ
satisfied	JJ
that	IN
your	PRP$
fair	JJ
use	NN
rights	NNS
are	VBP
intact	JJ
.	.
What	WP
the	DT
court	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
address	VB
,	,
however	RB
,	,
is	VBZ
that	IN
by	IN
banning	VBG
the	DT
distribution	NN
of	IN
DeCSS	NNS
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
only	RB
granting	VBG
monopoly	NN
powers	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
copyright	NN
holders	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
movie	NN
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
to	TO
the	DT
people	NNS
who	WP
license	VBP
the	DT
copy	NN
protection	NN
technology	NN
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
court	NN
's	POS
ruling	NN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
requirement	NN
or	CC
even	RB
promise	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
technology	NN
to	TO
decode	VB
DVDs	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
licensed	VBN
on	IN
all	DT
platforms	NNS
.	.
Johansen	NNP
's	POS
original	JJ
intent	NN
in	IN
creating	VBG
DeCSS	NNP
was	VBD
to	TO
provide	VB
Linux	NNP
users	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
view	VB
DVD	NNP
movies	NNS
on	IN
their	PRP$
Linux-based	JJ
computer	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
DVDCCA	NNP
could	MD
easily	RB
strike	VB
a	DT
deal	NN
with	IN
a	DT
competing	VBG
operating	NN
system	NN
manufacturer	NN
,	,
e.g.	FW
Microsoft	NNP
,	,
and	CC
allow	VB
Microsoft	NNP
either	RB
early	RB
or	CC
exclusive	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
decoding	VBG
technology	NN
.	.
Linux	NNP
,	,
with	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
open	JJ
source	NN
base	NN
,	,
will	MD
nearly	RB
always	RB
be	VB
at	IN
a	DT
financial	JJ
disadvantage	NN
when	WRB
compared	VBN
to	TO
for-profit	JJ
operating	NN
systems	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Microsoft	NNP
Windows	NNP
.	.
This	DT
copy-protection	NN
pseudo-monopoly	RB
is	VBZ
not	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
original	JJ
artistic	JJ
expression	NN
protected	VBN
by	IN
copyright	NN
law	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
even	RB
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
careful	JJ
balancing	NN
of	IN
limited	JJ
time	NN
monopolies	NNS
in	IN
exchange	NN
for	IN
publication	NN
of	IN
idea	NN
and	CC
expression	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
traditionally	RB
be	VB
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
all	DT
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
rights	NNS
.	.
Later	RB
the	DT
court	NN
notes	VBZ
that	IN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
t	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
he	PRP
digital	JJ
world	NN
...	:
creates	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
different	JJ
problem	NN
.	.
If	IN
...	:
materials	NNS
are	VBP
posted	VBN
on	IN
one	CD
web	NN
site	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
sites	NNS
post	NN
hyperlinks	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
first	JJ
site	NN
,	,
the	DT
materials	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
for	IN
instantaneous	JJ
worldwide	JJ
distribution	NN
before	IN
any	DT
preventive	JJ
measures	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
effectively	RB
taken	VBN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
83	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Again	RB
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
seems	VBZ
concerned	JJ
principally	RB
with	IN
the	DT
ease	NN
of	IN
distribution	NN
aspect	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
more	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
decoding	NN
capabilities	NNS
of	IN
DeCSS	NNP
.	.
Given	VBN
that	IN
all	DT
computers	NNS
store	VBP
information	NN
in	IN
digital	JJ
form	NN
and	CC
that	IN
nearly	RB
all	DT
modern	JJ
electronic	JJ
devices	NNS
contain	VBP
at	IN
least	JJS
one	CD
microprocessor	NN
or	CC
programmable	JJ
chip	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
difficult	JJ
to	TO
imagine	VB
what	WP
sort	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
device	NN
is	VBZ
n't	RB
covered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
above	JJ
definition	NN
.	.
Certainly	RB
all	DT
modern	JJ
computers	NNS
,	,
stereos	NNS
,	,
DVD\/CD	NNP
players	NNS
,	,
cellular	JJ
phones	NNS
,	,
PDAs	NNS
,	,
calculators	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
are	VBP
covered	VBN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
so	RB
are	VBP
most	RBS
modern	JJ
input	NN
and	CC
output	NN
devices	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
scanners	NNS
,	,
keyboards	NNS
,	,
monitors	NNS
,	,
printers	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
every	DT
new	JJ
car	NN
sold	VBN
in	IN
America	NNP
is	VBZ
covered	VBN
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
Effectively	RB
every	DT
piece	NN
of	IN
electronics	NNS
sold	VBN
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
be	VB
modified	VBN
to	TO
include	VB
``	``
certified	JJ
security	NN
technologies	NNS
''	''
that	WDT
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
prevent	VB
the	DT
device	NN
from	IN
being	VBG
used	VBN
to	TO
violate	VB
a	DT
copyright	NN
.	.
The	DT
SSSCA	NNP
attempts	VBZ
to	TO
resolve	VB
the	DT
``	``
instantaneous	JJ
worldwide	JJ
distribution	NN
of	IN
information	NN
''	''
problem	NN
presented	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
by	IN
moving	VBG
the	DT
protection	NN
one	CD
step	NN
up	IN
the	DT
chain	NN
.	.
The	DT
DMCA	NNP
attacked	VBD
the	DT
distribution	NN
network	NN
,	,
whereas	IN
the	DT
SSSCA	NNP
targets	VBZ
the	DT
distribution	NN
end-points	NNS
.	.
By	IN
mandating	VBG
that	IN
all	DT
electronics	NNS
equipped	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
microprocessor	NN
must	MD
contain	VB
government	NN
sanctioned	VBN
copy	NN
protection	NN
mechanisms	NNS
,	,
the	DT
threat	NN
posed	VBN
by	IN
DeCSS-esque	JJ
publications	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
would	MD
be	VB
greatly	RB
curtailed	VBN
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
however	RB
,	,
the	DT
current	JJ
wording	NN
of	IN
the	DT
bill	NN
is	VBZ
so	RB
broad	JJ
that	IN
it	PRP
the	DT
only	JJ
feasible	JJ
implementation	NN
would	MD
require	VB
inclusion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
copy	NN
protection	NN
mechanism	NN
on	IN
the	DT
actual	JJ
microprocessor	NN
itself	PRP
.	.
Since	IN
a	DT
bare	JJ
microprocessor	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
Pentium	NNP
easily	RB
qualifies	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
``	``
device	NN
...	:
that	DT
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
,	,
marketed	VBN
,	,
or	CC
used	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
primary	JJ
purpose	NN
of	IN
...	:
processing	NN
...	:
information	NN
in	IN
a	DT
digital	JJ
form	NN
,	,
''	''
even	RB
the	DT
chips	NNS
themselves	PRP
must	MD
contain	VB
the	DT
``	``
certified	JJ
security	NN
technology	NN
''	''
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
pass	VB
muster	NN
and	CC
be	VB
saleable	JJ
.	.
An	DT
interesting	JJ
secondary	JJ
effect	NN
of	IN
the	DT
bill	NN
,	,
perhaps	RB
an	DT
artifact	NN
of	IN
Disney	NNP
's	POS
strong	JJ
backing	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
bill	NN
codifies	VBZ
the	DT
``	``
time-shifting	JJ
''	''
fair	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Sony	NNP
decision	NN
in	IN
a	DT
unique	JJ
way	NN
.	.
Television	NN
,	,
cable	NN
,	,
and	CC
satellite	NN
broadcasters	NNS
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
allowed	VBN
to	TO
employ	VB
copy	NN
protection	NN
methods	NNS
that	WDT
prevented	VBD
viewers	NNS
from	IN
making	VBG
copies	NNS
of	IN
non-premium	JJ
programming	NN
for	IN
later	JJ
viewing	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
92	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Premium	NNP
channels	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
Disney	NNP
,	,
would	MD
be	VB
allowed	VBN
to	TO
copy	VB
protect	VB
their	PRP$
broadcasts	NNS
to	TO
prevent	VB
time	NN
shifted	VBD
viewing	VBG
.	.
Perhaps	RB
in	IN
response	NN
to	TO
the	DT
proliferation	NN
of	IN
devices	NNS
like	IN
Tivo	NNP
or	CC
even	RB
the	DT
new	JJ
ReplayTV	NNP
device	NN
that	WDT
allows	VBZ
you	PRP
to	TO
email	VB
recorded	JJ
programs	NNS
to	TO
your	PRP$
friends	NNS
,	,
Disney	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
SSSCA	NNP
seem	VBP
intent	NN
on	IN
taking	VBG
us	PRP
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
pre-VCR	JJ
days	NNS
of	IN
network	NN
executives	NNS
dictating	NN
our	PRP$
viewing	VBG
times	NNS
and	CC
schedules	NNS
.	.
The	DT
DMCA	NNP
has	VBZ
pushed	VBN
copyright	NN
protection	NN
beyond	IN
protecting	VBG
the	DT
author	NN
's	POS
expression	NN
and	CC
created	VBD
a	DT
weapon	NN
of	IN
prior	JJ
restraint	NN
for	IN
publishers	NNS
.	.
Traditional	JJ
copyright	NN
law	NN
protected	VBN
only	RB
the	DT
expression	NN
of	IN
an	DT
idea	NN
.	.
Utilitarian	JJ
features	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
ideas	NNS
behind	IN
the	DT
expression	NN
were	VBD
not	RB
protected	VBN
.	.
Congress	NNP
had	VBD
struck	VBN
a	DT
balance	NN
between	IN
various	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
,	,
civil	JJ
rights	NNS
,	,
and	CC
promoting	VBG
the	DT
``	``
progress	NN
of	IN
science	NN
and	CC
the	DT
useful	JJ
arts	NNS
.	.
''	''
Into	NNP
this	DT
finely	RB
balanced	JJ
field	NN
came	VBD
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
.	.
Copyrights	NNS
were	VBD
given	VBN
patent-like	JJ
powers	NNS
to	TO
block	VB
other	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
expression	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
since	IN
patents	NNS
can	MD
only	RB
block	VB
subsequent	JJ
patents	NNS
that	WDT
utilize	VBP
the	DT
claimed	VBN
components	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
patent	NN
,	,
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
blocking	VBG
powers	NNS
are	VBP
actually	RB
well	RB
beyond	IN
those	DT
of	IN
patents	NNS
.	.
Copyright	NN
holders	NNS
can	MD
block	VB
technologies	NNS
completely	RB
unrelated	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
author	NN
's	POS
original	JJ
expression	NN
,	,
whereas	IN
patent	NN
holders	NNS
can	MD
only	RB
affect	VB
other	JJ
inventions	NNS
that	IN
in	IN
some	DT
way	NN
utilize	VB
the	DT
patent	NN
holder	NN
's	POS
invention	NN
.	.
Effectively	RB
,	,
under	IN
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
copyrights	NNS
gain	VB
the	DT
strength	NN
of	IN
patents	NNS
but	CC
retain	VB
the	DT
broad	JJ
protections	NNS
and	CC
long	JJ
life	NN
of	IN
traditional	JJ
copyrights	NNS
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
in	IN
yet	RB
another	DT
boon	NN
to	TO
copyrights	NNS
,	,
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
also	RB
increased	VBD
their	PRP$
life	NN
span	NN
by	IN
20	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
provides	VBZ
for	IN
protection	NN
for	IN
``	``
limited	JJ
times	NNS
,	,
''	''
corporate	JJ
copyright	NN
holders	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Disney	NNP
seem	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
intent	JJ
upon	IN
stretching	VBG
out	RP
the	DT
protection	NN
indefinitely	RB
.	.
Ironically	RB
,	,
just	RB
about	IN
the	DT
only	JJ
thing	NN
that	IN
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
give	VB
added	VBN
protection	NN
to	TO
is	VBZ
the	DT
idea	NN
behind	IN
the	DT
author	NN
's	POS
original	JJ
expression	NN
.	.
That	DT
idea	NN
,	,
unlike	IN
ones	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
copy	NN
protection	NN
scheme	NN
,	,
remains	VBZ
freely	RB
available	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
marketplace	NN
of	IN
ideas	NNS
.	.
No	DT
one	NN
challenges	VBZ
a	DT
copyright	NN
holder	NN
's	POS
rights	NNS
to	TO
their	PRP$
property	NN
.	.
But	CC
,	,
under	IN
traditional	JJ
copyright	NN
law	NN
,	,
their	PRP$
property	NN
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
to	TO
their	PRP$
expression	NN
of	IN
an	DT
idea	NN
.	.
They	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
property	NN
rights	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
idea	NN
itself	PRP
.	.
They	PRP
certainly	RB
have	VBP
no	DT
property	NN
rights	NNS
in	IN
ideas	NNS
unrelated	JJ
to	TO
their	PRP$
expression	NN
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
,	,
however	RB
,	,
copyright	NN
holders	NNS
have	VBP
gained	VBN
the	DT
power	NN
to	TO
exclude	VB
others	NNS
from	IN
ideas	NNS
and	CC
expression	NN
unrelated	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
their	PRP$
original	JJ
copyright	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
exclude	VB
others	NNS
from	IN
use	NN
is	VBZ
n't	RB
a	DT
property	NN
right	RB
,	,
what	WP
is	VBZ
it	PRP
?	.
The	DT
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
has	VBZ
given	VBN
us	PRP
access	NN
to	TO
information	NN
and	CC
a	DT
quick	JJ
and	CC
useful	JJ
method	NN
for	IN
communication	NN
with	IN
people	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
ages	NNS
and	CC
nationalities	NNS
all	DT
over	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
Among	IN
other	JJ
things	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
through	IN
its	PRP$
e-mail	NN
,	,
chat	VBP
rooms	NNS
,	,
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
,	,
and	CC
message	NN
boards	NNS
,	,
has	VBZ
provided	VBN
easy	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
view	VB
,	,
buy	VB
,	,
sell	VB
,	,
and	CC
exchange	NN
pornographic	JJ
material	NN
.	.
As	IN
cyberspace	NN
has	VBZ
matured	VBN
,	,
lawmakers	NNS
have	VBP
begun	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
more	JJR
attention	NN
to	TO
the	DT
access	NN
children	NNS
have	VBP
to	TO
harmful	JJ
material	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
child	NN
pornography	NN
.	.
Indeed	RB
,	,
online	JJ
child	NN
porn	NN
has	VBZ
become	VBN
a	DT
big	JJ
business	NN
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
U.S.	NNP
Solicitor	NNP
General	NNP
Theodore	NNP
Olson	NNP
,	,
about	IN
28,000	CD
commercial	JJ
pornography	NN
sites	NNS
are	VBP
readily	RB
available	JJ
to	TO
children	NNS
and	CC
sexually	RB
explicit	JJ
adult	NN
material	NN
both	DT
online	NN
and	CC
off	RB
has	VBZ
become	VBN
an	DT
$	$
8	CD
billion	CD
per	IN
year	NN
industry	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
See	VB
Reuters	NNP
,	,
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
Hears	VBZ
Internet	NNP
Pornography	NNP
Law	NNP
Case	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
also	RB
included	VBD
a	DT
provision	NN
establishing	VBG
the	DT
Commission	NNP
on	IN
Online	NNP
Child	NNP
Protection	NNP
to	TO
study	VB
ways	NNS
to	TO
reduce	VB
access	NN
by	IN
minors	NNS
to	TO
material	JJ
defined	VBN
as	IN
harmful	JJ
to	TO
minors	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Commission	NNP
looked	VBD
at	IN
the	DT
effectiveness	NN
and	CC
accessibility	NN
of	IN
various	JJ
child-protective	JJ
methods	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
``	``
filtering	VBG
and	CC
blocking	VBG
services	NNS
;	:
labeling	VBG
and	CC
rating	NN
systems	NNS
;	:
age	NN
verification	NN
efforts	NNS
;	:
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
top-level	JJ
domain	NN
for	IN
harmful	JJ
to	TO
minors	NNS
material	NN
;	:
``	``
greenspaces	NNS
''	''
containing	VBG
only	RB
child-appropriate	JJ
materials	NNS
;	:
Internet	NNP
monitoring	NN
and	CC
time-limiting	JJ
technologies	NNS
;	:
acceptable	JJ
use	NN
policies	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
contracts	NNS
;	:
online	JJ
resources	NNS
providing	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
protective	JJ
technologies	NNS
and	CC
methods	NNS
;	:
and	CC
options	NNS
for	IN
increased	VBN
prosecution	NN
against	IN
illegal	JJ
online	NN
material	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
See	VB
COPA	NNP
Commission	NNP
Report	NNP
,	,
Executive	NNP
Summary	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
1999	CD
,	,
the	DT
COPA	NNP
Commission	NNP
presented	VBD
its	PRP$
conclusions	NNS
.	.
Rather	RB
than	IN
finding	VBG
a	DT
single	JJ
solution	NN
,	,
the	DT
Commission	NNP
recommended	VBD
a	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
public	JJ
education	NN
,	,
consumer	NN
technologies	NNS
and	CC
methods	NNS
,	,
increased	VBD
enforcement	NN
of	IN
existing	VBG
laws	NNS
,	,
and	CC
industry	NN
action	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
children	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Id	NN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Proponents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
claim	NN
that	IN
pornography	NN
is	VBZ
readily	RB
available	JJ
and	CC
accessible	JJ
to	TO
minors	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
that	IN
Congress	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
compelling	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
protecting	VBG
minors	NNS
from	IN
exposure	NN
to	TO
it	PRP
.	.
Opponents	NNS
claim	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
law	NN
,	,
if	IN
enforced	VBN
,	,
would	MD
cause	VB
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
to	TO
create	VB
screening	NN
devices	NNS
involving	VBG
credit	NN
cards	NNS
and	CC
adult	NN
access	NN
codes	NNS
to	TO
verify	VB
age	NN
-	:
a	DT
costly	JJ
proposition	NN
to	TO
Web	NNP
site	NN
operators	NNS
.	.
Opponents	NNS
are	VBP
concerned	VBN
that	IN
``	``
the	DT
least	JJS
tolerant	JJ
community	NN
would	MD
get	VB
to	TO
set	VB
the	DT
standards	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Web	NNP
,	,
''	''
in	IN
determining	VBG
what	WP
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
``	``
harmful	JJ
to	TO
minors	NNS
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
See	VB
Reuters	NNP
,	,
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
Hears	VBZ
Internet	NNP
Pornography	NNP
Law	NNP
Case	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
``	``
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
whether	IN
the	DT
average	JJ
person	NN
,	,
applying	VBG
contemporary	JJ
community	NN
standards	NNS
would	MD
find	VB
that	IN
the	DT
work	NN
,	,
taken	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
whole	NN
,	,
appeals	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
prurient	JJ
interest	NN
,	,
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
whether	IN
the	DT
work	NN
depicts	VBZ
or	CC
describes	VBZ
,	,
in	IN
a	DT
patently	RB
offensive	JJ
way	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
conduct	NN
specifically	RB
defined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
applicable	JJ
state	NN
law	NN
,	,
and	CC
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
whether	IN
the	DT
work	NN
,	,
taken	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
whole	NN
,	,
lacks	VBZ
serious	JJ
literary	JJ
,	,
artistic	JJ
,	,
political	JJ
,	,
or	CC
scientific	JJ
value	NN
.	.
''	''
Under	IN
this	DT
test	NN
,	,
speech	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
legal	JJ
in	IN
one	CD
community	NN
,	,
but	CC
deemed	VBD
obscene	JJ
in	IN
another	DT
,	,
generally	RB
is	VBZ
not	RB
protected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
's	POS
decision	NN
in	IN
this	DT
COPA	NNP
case	NN
may	MD
turn	VB
on	RP
how	WRB
a	DT
community	NN
standards	NNS
test	NN
can	MD
be	VB
visualized	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
world-wide	JJ
Internet	NNP
community	NN
,	,
or	CC
on	IN
whether	IN
some	DT
sort	NN
of	IN
national	JJ
standard	NN
can	MD
be	VB
articulated	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
See	VB
Nonprofits	NNPS
'	POS
Policy	NNP
&	CC
Technology	NNP
,	,
Child	NNP
Online	NNP
Protections	NNP
Explained	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Passed	VBN
in	IN
1996	CD
,	,
the	DT
Child	NNP
Pornography	NNP
Prevention	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CPPA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
makes	VBZ
the	DT
possession	NN
,	,
production	NN
,	,
or	CC
distribution	NN
of	IN
child	NN
pornography	NN
a	DT
criminal	JJ
offense	NN
punishable	JJ
with	IN
up	RB
to	TO
15	CD
years	NNS
jail	NN
time	NN
and	CC
a	DT
fine	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
through	IN
the	DT
way	NN
it	PRP
defines	VBZ
``	``
child	NN
pornography	NN
,	,
''	''
this	DT
law	NN
makes	VBZ
the	DT
possession	NN
or	CC
production	NN
of	IN
computer-generated	JJ
images	NNS
unlawful	JJ
,	,
including	VBG
``	``
morphed	VBD
''	''
and	CC
computer-generated	JJ
images	NNS
that	WDT
only	RB
appear	VBP
to	TO
depict	VB
minors	NNS
engaged	VBN
in	IN
sexually	RB
explicit	JJ
conduct	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
unlawful	JJ
to	TO
advertise	VB
or	CC
promote	VB
material	NN
``	``
to	TO
convey	VB
the	DT
impression	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
or	CC
contains	VBZ
a	DT
visual	JJ
depiction	NN
of	IN
a	DT
minor	JJ
engaging	JJ
in	IN
sexually	RB
explicit	JJ
conduct	NN
.	.
''	''
Proponents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
assert	VBP
that	IN
realistic	JJ
images	NNS
of	IN
children	NNS
engaging	VBG
in	IN
sexually	RB
explicit	JJ
conduct	NN
,	,
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
actual	JJ
children	NNS
were	VBD
used	VBN
to	TO
create	VB
the	DT
images	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
still	RB
detrimental	JJ
in	IN
that	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
seduce	VB
children	NNS
into	IN
participating	VBG
in	IN
sexual	JJ
activity	NN
and	CC
stimulate	VB
an	DT
abuser	NN
's	POS
sexual	JJ
appetite	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
See	VB
Declan	NNP
McCullough	NNP
,	,
Debating	VBG
the	DT
Ban	NN
on	IN
Virtual	JJ
Porn	NNP
,	,
Wired.com	NNP
,	,
and	CC
CPPA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Opponents	NNS
of	IN
CPPA	NNP
,	,
including	VBG
free	JJ
speech	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
have	VBP
argued	VBN
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
victim	NN
,	,
since	IN
no	DT
real	JJ
child	NN
was	VBD
involved	VBN
in	IN
creating	VBG
the	DT
image	NN
.	.
Opponents	NNS
also	RB
fear	VBP
that	IN
CPPA	NNP
could	MD
have	VB
the	DT
effect	NN
of	IN
``	``
criminaliz	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
ing	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
fictional	JJ
images	NNS
...	:
images	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
,	,
or	CC
can	MD
be	VB
,	,
entirely	RB
the	DT
product	NN
of	IN
the	DT
mind	NN
...	:
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
See	VB
Virtually	RB
Illegal	JJ
,	,
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
As	IN
Internet	NNP
use	VBP
becomes	VBZ
more	RBR
prevalent	JJ
,	,
lawmakers	NNS
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
balance	VB
protecting	VBG
children	NNS
from	IN
viewing	VBG
harmful	JJ
material	NN
with	IN
protecting	VBG
the	DT
expression	NN
of	IN
free	JJ
speech	NN
.	.
As	IN
three	CD
recent	JJ
federal	JJ
acts	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
COPA	NNP
,	,
CPPA	NNP
,	,
CIPA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
demonstrate	VBP
,	,
this	DT
area	NN
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
is	VBZ
far	RB
from	IN
settled	VBN
and	CC
fine-tuning	VB
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
be	VB
necessary	JJ
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
thing	NN
certain	JJ
is	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
flurry	NN
of	IN
lawsuits	NNS
will	MD
follow	VB
future	JJ
attempts	NNS
to	TO
regulate	VB
sexually	RB
explicit	JJ
material	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
upcoming	JJ
year	NN
promises	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
an	DT
interesting	JJ
one	CD
for	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
law	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
as	IN
we	PRP
await	VBP
two	CD
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
decisions	NNS
that	WDT
could	MD
have	VB
profound	JJ
effects	NNS
on	IN
Internet	NNP
protection	NN
laws	NNS
.	.
I2	CD
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
rapid	JJ
development	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
and	CC
computer	NN
technology	NN
has	VBZ
thrust	VBN
telemedicine	NN
into	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
age	NN
of	IN
affordability	NN
and	CC
ease	NN
of	IN
use	NN
.	.
I3	CD
.	.
The	DT
obstacles	NNS
facing	VBG
telemedicine	NN
pioneers	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
significantly	RB
reduced	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
technological	JJ
support	NN
systems	NNS
like	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Information	NNP
Infrastructure	NNP
are	VBP
propelling	VBG
telemedicine	NN
toward	IN
a	DT
brave	VB
new	JJ
world	NN
of	IN
that	DT
will	MD
likely	RB
redefine	VB
the	DT
health	NN
care	NN
system	NN
in	IN
a	DT
dramatic	JJ
fashion	NN
.	.
The	DT
primary	JJ
focus	NN
of	IN
telemedicine	NN
today	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
on	IN
the	DT
reductions	NNS
in	IN
health	NN
care	NN
costs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
American	JJ
Telemedicine	NNP
Association	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ATA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
boasts	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
set-up	NN
costs	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
typical	JJ
telemedicine	NN
effort	NN
has	VBZ
declined	VBN
from	IN
$	$
300,000	CD
in	IN
1994	CD
to	TO
less	JJR
than	IN
$	$
5,000	CD
in	IN
1999	CD
.	.
Q3	CD
.	.
The	DT
ATA	NNP
describes	VBZ
the	DT
proliferation	NN
of	IN
telemedicine	NN
as	IN
a	DT
world-wide	JJ
phenomenon	NN
where	WRB
countries	NNS
with	IN
remote	JJ
populations	NNS
have	VBP
sought	VBN
to	TO
use	VB
telemedicine	NN
as	IN
a	DT
vehicle	NN
for	IN
delivering	VBG
health	NN
care	NN
.	.
Scandinavia	NNP
and	CC
Norway	NNP
are	VBP
identified	VBN
as	IN
countries	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
widely	RB
deployed	VBN
telemedicine	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
Other	JJ
countries	NNS
pursuing	VBG
telemedicine	JJ
projects	NNS
include	VBP
France	NNP
,	,
the	DT
United	NNP
Kingdom	NNP
,	,
Japan	NNP
,	,
Australia	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Canada	NNP
.	.
Q4	CD
.	.
The	DT
ATA	NNP
also	RB
describes	VBZ
the	DT
utilization	NN
of	IN
telemedicine	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
Standard	NNP
telemedicine	NN
practices	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
include	VBP
teleradiology	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
transmission	NN
of	IN
medical	JJ
images	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
radiologist	NN
for	IN
interpretation	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
remote	JJ
patient	NN
monitoring	NN
.	.
Q5	CD
.	.
Beyond	IN
these	DT
limited	JJ
activities	NNS
,	,
the	DT
bulk	NN
of	IN
telemedicine	NN
applications	NNS
appear	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
focused	VBN
on	IN
government	NN
based	VBN
programs	NNS
that	WDT
address	VBP
unique	JJ
populations	NNS
-	:
correctional	JJ
care	NN
,	,
health	NN
care	NN
support	NN
for	IN
front	JJ
line	NN
soldiers	NNS
,	,
health	NN
care	NN
support	NN
for	IN
astronauts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
,	,
to	TO
a	DT
limited	JJ
degree	NN
,	,
hard	JJ
to	TO
reach	VB
rural	JJ
populations	NNS
.	.
Q6	CD
.	.
As	IN
with	IN
most	JJS
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
the	DT
technological	JJ
boom	NN
associated	VBN
with	IN
e-technology	JJ
has	VBZ
outstripped	VBN
the	DT
traditional	JJ
frameworks	NNS
designed	VBN
to	TO
insure	VB
certain	JJ
standard	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
quality	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
health	NN
care	NN
system	NN
when	WRB
addressing	VBG
telemedicine	NN
.	.
The	DT
basic	JJ
problem	NN
associated	VBN
with	IN
insuring	VBG
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
care	NN
in	IN
telemedicine	NN
was	VBD
articulated	VBN
by	IN
William	NNP
K.	NNP
Hubbard	NNP
,	,
Associate	NNP
Commissioner	NNP
for	IN
Policy	NNP
,	,
Food	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Drug	NNP
Administration	NNP
when	WRB
he	PRP
stated	VBD
that	IN
``	``
nobody	NN
has	VBZ
explicit	JJ
authority	NN
to	TO
take	VB
over	RP
this	DT
problem	NN
and	CC
solve	VB
it	PRP
.	.
''	''
Q13	CD
.	.
This	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
central	JJ
authority	NN
has	VBZ
lead	NN
to	TO
a	DT
patch	NN
work	NN
of	IN
activity	NN
at	IN
the	DT
state	NN
,	,
federal	JJ
,	,
and	CC
professional	JJ
levels	NNS
to	TO
begin	VB
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
a	DT
legal	JJ
framework	NN
designed	VBN
,	,
in	IN
part	NN
,	,
to	TO
insure	VB
quality	NN
of	IN
care	NN
.	.
These	DT
agreements	NNS
include	VBP
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
warning	VBG
labels	NNS
,	,
the	DT
announcement	NN
of	IN
this	DT
decision	NN
to	TO
consumers	NNS
,	,
the	DT
offer	NN
of	IN
full	JJ
refunds	NNS
to	TO
consumers	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
purchase	NN
of	IN
the	DT
products	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
prohibition	NN
of	IN
health	NN
claims	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
specific	JJ
products	NNS
without	IN
credible	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Q19	CD
.	.
While	IN
Operation	NNP
Cure	NNP
.	.
All	DT
represents	VBZ
a	DT
positive	JJ
step	NN
towards	IN
assuring	VBG
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
telemedical	JJ
information	NN
,	,
Federal	NNP
government	NN
agencies	NNS
continue	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
constrained	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
legal	JJ
authority	NN
to	TO
address	VB
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
related	JJ
health	NN
problems	NNS
.	.
Even	RB
with	IN
this	DT
latest	JJS
round	NN
of	IN
enforcement	NN
actions	NNS
,	,
the	DT
collaborating	VBG
international	JJ
,	,
federal	JJ
,	,
and	CC
state	NN
agencies	NNS
were	VBD
only	RB
able	JJ
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
fraudulent	JJ
claims	NNS
of	IN
six	CD
companies	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
-	:
a	DT
number	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
seem	VB
to	TO
be	VB
less	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
proverbial	JJ
``	``
drop	NN
in	IN
the	DT
bucket	NN
.	.
As	IN
Federal	NNP
and	CC
state	NN
agencies	NNS
struggle	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
limitations	NNS
of	IN
existing	VBG
laws	NNS
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
medical	JJ
information	NN
via	IN
other	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
seem	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
plodding	VBG
slowly	RB
towards	IN
a	DT
consensus	NN
about	IN
insuring	VBG
quality	NN
generally	RB
.	.
While	IN
these	DT
reports	NNS
were	VBD
important	JJ
for	IN
establishing	VBG
a	DT
framework	NN
,	,
the	DT
ultimate	JJ
problem	NN
remained	VBD
unresolved	JJ
-	:
there	EX
was	VBD
little	JJ
to	TO
no	DT
evaluation	NN
information	NN
available	JJ
regarding	VBG
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
care	NN
associated	VBN
with	IN
telemedicine	NN
.	.
Federal	NNP
Strategy	NNP
Is	VBZ
Needed	VBN
to	TO
Guide	NNP
Investments	NNP
.	.
As	IN
one	CD
would	MD
expect	VB
,	,
the	DT
report	NN
provided	VBD
no	DT
new	JJ
revelation	NN
on	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
quality	NN
of	IN
care	NN
.	.
The	DT
report	NN
acknowledged	VBD
a	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
telemedicine	NN
funded	VBN
projects	NNS
in	IN
at	IN
the	DT
state	NN
and	CC
federal	JJ
levels	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
private	JJ
sector	NN
.	.
however	RB
,	,
it	PRP
also	RB
noted	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
a	DT
government	NN
wide	JJ
strategy	NN
hindered	VBD
the	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
maximize	VB
the	DT
benefits	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
these	DT
efforts	NNS
included	VBD
scientific	JJ
support	NN
for	IN
the	DT
anecdotal	JJ
examples	NNS
used	VBN
to	TO
demonstrate	VB
improved	JJ
quality	NN
of	IN
care	NN
through	IN
telemedicine	NN
.	.
Q25	CD
.	.
This	DT
report	NN
provided	VBD
four	CD
principle	NN
findings	NNS
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
telemedicine	NN
investments	NNS
were	VBD
significant	JJ
but	CC
difficult	JJ
to	TO
quantify	VB
in	IN
total	NN
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
there	EX
was	VBD
no	DT
Federal	JJ
strategy	NN
to	TO
maximize	VB
the	DT
value	NN
of	IN
these	DT
investments	NNS
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
benefits	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
investments	NNS
were	VBD
largely	RB
unquantified	JJ
;	:
and	CC
there	EX
were	VBD
numerous	JJ
existing	VBG
barriers	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
wide	JJ
spread	NN
adoption	NN
of	IN
telemedicine	NN
.	.
Q26	CD
.	.
Despite	IN
acknowledging	VBG
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
evaluation	NN
data	NNS
on	IN
quality	NN
of	IN
care	NN
,	,
the	DT
GAO	NNP
's	POS
report	NN
recommendations	NNS
focused	VBD
primarily	RB
on	IN
process	NN
oriented	VBN
goals	NNS
aimed	VBN
at	IN
standardizing	VBG
the	DT
Federal	NNP
approach	NN
to	TO
telemedicine	NN
.	.
Q27	NNP
.	.
HRSA	NNP
's	POS
Office	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Advancement	NNP
of	IN
Telehealth	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
OAT	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
promote	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
to	TO
deliver	VB
state	NN
of	IN
the	DT
art	NN
health	NN
care	NN
to	TO
medically	RB
underserved	JJ
and	CC
isolated	JJ
communities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
focus	NN
OAT	NNP
's	POS
efforts	NNS
in	IN
s	PRP
on	IN
the	DT
expansion	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
into	IN
rural	JJ
areas	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
improving	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
health	NN
care	NN
.	.
The	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
that	DT
increased	VBD
care	NN
has	VBZ
yet	RB
to	TO
be	VB
evaluated	VBN
.	.
In	IN
October	NNP
1996	CD
,	,
NLM	NNP
funded	VBD
19	CD
multi-year	JJ
telemedicine	NN
projects	NNS
intended	VBN
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
models	NNS
for	IN
cost	NN
,	,
quality	NN
,	,
and	CC
access	NN
to	TO
health	NN
care	NN
utilizing	VBG
the	DT
IOM	NNP
framework	NN
.	.
The	DT
19	CD
grantees	NNS
were	VBD
engaged	VBN
in	IN
projects	NNS
that	WDT
address	VBP
telemedicine	NN
across	IN
geographic	JJ
locations	NNS
and	CC
populations	NNS
.	.
Only	RB
a	DT
portion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
final	JJ
grantee	NN
reports	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
results	NNS
from	IN
those	DT
studies	NNS
explicitly	RB
address	VBP
quality	NN
of	IN
care	NN
appear	VBP
limited	VBN
and	CC
preliminary	JJ
.	.
Like	IN
the	DT
government	NN
sectors	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
society	NN
,	,
the	DT
mainstream	JJ
medical	JJ
organizations	NNS
are	VBP
slowly	RB
recognizing	VBG
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
guidelines	NNS
and	CC
frameworks	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
health	NN
care	NN
via	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
most	RBS
recent	JJ
effort	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
standards	NNS
for	IN
telemedicine	NN
was	VBD
announced	VBN
January	NNP
2001	CD
by	IN
the	DT
Joint	NNP
Commission	NNP
on	IN
Accreditation	NNP
of	IN
Health	NNP
Care	NNP
Organizations	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
JCAHO	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
JCAHO	NNP
revised	VBD
their	PRP$
telemedicine	NN
standards	NNS
by	IN
defining	VBG
telemedicine	NN
,	,
and	CC
establishing	VBG
the	DT
applicability	NN
of	IN
standard	JJ
credentialing	NN
and	CC
privileging	VBG
processes	NNS
to	TO
practitioners	NNS
of	IN
telemedicine	NN
.	.
JCAHO	NNP
also	RB
established	VBD
the	DT
permissible	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
telemedicine	NN
links	NNS
for	IN
diagnosis	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
commonly	RB
accepted	VBN
quality	NN
standards	NNS
.	.
Q31	CD
.	.
These	DT
standards	NNS
establishes	VBZ
the	DT
means	NNS
to	TO
credential	NN
and	CC
privilege	NN
a	DT
telemedicine	NN
practitioner	NN
and	CC
allow	VB
for	IN
the	DT
diagnosis	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
of	IN
a	DT
patient	NN
via	IN
telemedicine	NN
links	NNS
so	RB
long	RB
as	IN
that	DT
treatment	NN
meets	VBZ
accepted	VBN
quality	NN
standards	NNS
.	.
Q32	CD
.	.
Resolution	NNP
H-480	NNP
.969	CD
established	VBD
a	DT
policy	NN
that	WDT
state	NN
and	CC
territorial	JJ
health	NN
boards	NNS
should	MD
establish	VB
full	JJ
licensing	NN
requirements	NNS
for	IN
those	DT
seeking	VBG
to	TO
practice	VB
telemedicine	NN
and	CC
urged	VBD
the	DT
nationals	NNS
medical	JJ
specialty	NN
organizations	NNS
to	TO
develop	VB
and	CC
implement	VB
practice	NN
parameters	NNS
and	CC
guidelines	NNS
for	IN
telemedicine	NN
.	.
AMA	NNP
adopted	VBD
a	DT
resolution	NN
in	IN
1999	CD
supporting	VBG
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
for	IN
perceptions	NNS
but	CC
only	RB
after	IN
appropriate	JJ
safeguards	NNS
had	VBD
been	VBN
adopted	VBN
to	TO
insure	VB
high	JJ
quality	NN
medical	JJ
care	NN
.	.
Q33	CD
.	.
The	DT
AMA	NNP
pledged	VBD
to	TO
work	VB
with	IN
state	NN
medical	JJ
societies	NNS
to	TO
uphold	VB
local	JJ
standards	NNS
of	IN
medical	JJ
care	NN
and	CC
to	TO
work	VB
at	IN
the	DT
state	NN
level	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
model	NN
state	NN
legislation	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
limits	NNS
on	IN
Internet	NNP
prescribing	VBG
.	.
Q34	CD
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
the	DT
Mayo	NNP
Clinic	NNP
,	,
an	DT
early	JJ
player	NN
in	IN
telemedicine	NN
,	,
adopted	VBD
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
Telemedicine	NNP
Consensus	NNP
Statement	NNP
.	.
This	DT
statement	NN
included	VBD
an	DT
explicit	JJ
call	NN
for	IN
additional	JJ
research	NN
on	IN
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
care	NN
in	IN
telemedicine	NN
.	.
Telemedicine	NNP
Consensus	NNP
Statement	NNP
Telemedicine	NNP
and	CC
Access	NNP
to	TO
Care	NNP
,	,
First	NNP
Mayo	NNP
Telemedicine	NNP
Symposium	NNP
,	,
Oct.	NNP
1993	CD
.	.
It	PRP
seems	VBZ
unlikely	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
traditional	JJ
formulas	NNS
for	IN
medical	JJ
liability	NN
Standard	NNP
of	IN
Care	NNP
,	,
Duty	NNP
,	,
Breach	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Damages	NNP
will	MD
change	VB
significantly	RB
to	TO
accommodate	VB
telemedicine	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
how	WRB
that	DT
formula	NN
is	VBZ
applied	VBN
may	MD
vary	VB
considerably	RB
in	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
legislative	JJ
direction	NN
.	.
What	WP
is	VBZ
clear	JJ
at	IN
this	DT
point	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
quality	NN
of	IN
care	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
secondary	JJ
priority	NN
for	IN
most	JJS
policy	NN
makers	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
more	RBR
intent	JJ
to	TO
expand	VB
access	NN
and	CC
increase	NN
cost	NN
savings	NNS
.	.
What	WP
is	VBZ
equally	RB
clear	JJ
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
quality	NN
care	NN
will	MD
overcome	VB
the	DT
other	JJ
policy	NN
considerations	NNS
at	IN
some	DT
point	NN
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
and	CC
we	PRP
will	MD
need	VB
a	DT
strong	JJ
and	CC
knowledgeable	JJ
leadership	NN
capable	JJ
of	IN
making	VBG
difficult	JJ
decisions	NNS
that	WDT
balance	VBP
quality	NN
with	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
policy	NN
considerations	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
that	IN
truly	RB
helps	VBZ
those	DT
in	IN
our	PRP$
population	NN
who	WP
need	VBP
it	PRP
the	DT
most	JJS
.	.
An	DT
inherent	JJ
aspect	NN
of	IN
quality	NN
in	IN
health	NN
care	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
a	DT
consumer	NN
's	POS
confidential	JJ
medical	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
remain	VB
private	JJ
while	IN
simultaneously	RB
being	VBG
accessible	JJ
to	TO
health	NN
care	NN
providers	NNS
.	.
Privacy	NN
concerns	NNS
over	IN
patient	JJ
medical	JJ
information	NN
have	VBP
increased	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
and	CC
the	DT
subsequent	JJ
electronic	JJ
record	NN
keeping	VBG
and	CC
data	NNS
transmission	NN
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
technological	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
recording	NN
and	CC
transmitting	VBG
data	NNS
opens	VBZ
the	DT
door	NN
to	TO
vast	JJ
possibilities	NNS
for	IN
health	NN
care	NN
improvement	NN
,	,
it	PRP
also	RB
enables	VBZ
the	DT
misuse	NN
of	IN
health	NN
care	NN
data	NNS
with	IN
an	DT
ease	NN
and	CC
enormity	NN
of	IN
consequences	NNS
never	RB
experienced	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
days	NNS
of	IN
paper	NN
records	NNS
and	CC
non-electronic	JJ
transmissions	NNS
of	IN
data	NNS
.	.
Benefits	NNS
of	IN
Electronic	JJ
Record	NNP
Keeping	VBG
and	CC
Data	NNP
Exchange	NNP
The	NNP
boundaries	NNS
of	IN
medicine	NN
are	VBP
expanding	VBG
at	IN
an	DT
incredible	JJ
rate	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
advancements	NNS
in	IN
technology	NN
enabling	VBG
many	JJ
innovations	NNS
in	IN
reference	NN
to	TO
medical	JJ
education	NN
,	,
research	NN
,	,
and	CC
treatment	NN
.	.
As	IN
with	IN
all	DT
industries	NNS
,	,
the	DT
health	NN
care	NN
industry	NN
is	VBZ
finding	VBG
numerous	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
utilize	VB
the	DT
internet	NN
and	CC
electronic	JJ
means	NNS
to	TO
instigate	VB
much-needed	JJ
improvement	NN
in	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
areas	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
collection	NN
,	,
organization	NN
,	,
and	CC
maintenance	NN
of	IN
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
national	JJ
trend	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
providers	NNS
and	CC
plans	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
electronic	JJ
means	NNS
for	IN
health	NN
data	NNS
storing	VBG
and	CC
transmission	NN
resulting	VBG
in	IN
substantial	JJ
sums	NNS
being	VBG
invested	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
health	NN
care	NN
industry	NN
.	.
Investment	NN
in	IN
information	NN
technology	NN
in	IN
1996	CD
by	IN
the	DT
health	NN
care	NN
industry	NN
reached	VBD
an	DT
estimated	VBN
$	$
10	CD
billion	CD
to	TO
$	$
15	CD
billion	CD
.	.
P3	CD
.	.
Just	RB
imagine	VB
walking	VBG
into	IN
a	DT
Doctor	NNP
's	POS
office	NN
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
and	CC
not	RB
being	VBG
asked	VBN
to	TO
fill	VB
out	RP
reams	NNS
of	IN
forms	NNS
so	IN
that	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
garner	VB
a	DT
basic	JJ
understanding	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
medical	JJ
history	NN
-	:
this	DT
will	MD
be	VB
one	CD
benefit	NN
of	IN
the	DT
substantial	JJ
investment	NN
the	DT
health	NN
care	NN
industry	NN
continues	VBZ
to	TO
expend	VB
on	IN
information	NN
technology	NN
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
record	NN
keeping	VBG
and	CC
transmission	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
prior	JJ
physician	NN
would	MD
simply	RB
need	VB
to	TO
push	VB
a	DT
button	NN
and	CC
your	PRP$
medical	JJ
history	NN
,	,
from	IN
your	PRP$
date	NN
of	IN
birth	NN
forward	RB
,	,
would	MD
be	VB
transmitted	VBN
to	TO
your	PRP$
new	JJ
physician	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
public	JJ
health	NN
agencies	NNS
and	CC
research	NN
centers	NNS
could	MD
utilize	VB
electronically	RB
compiled	VBN
data	NNS
to	TO
identify	VB
public	JJ
health	NN
concerns	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
more	RBR
timely	JJ
and	CC
efficient	JJ
manner	NN
.	.
Researchers	NNS
could	MD
access	VB
data	NNS
on	IN
their	PRP$
specific	JJ
research	NN
topic	NN
from	IN
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
and	CC
share	NN
knowledge	NN
to	TO
arrive	VB
more	JJR
speedily	RB
at	IN
solutions	NNS
.	.
Yet	RB
with	IN
the	DT
ease	NN
this	DT
power	NN
of	IN
effortless	JJ
transmission	NN
of	IN
large	JJ
amounts	NNS
of	IN
data	NNS
provides	VBZ
comes	VBZ
a	DT
formidable	JJ
responsibility	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
privacy	NN
of	IN
electronically	RB
gathered	VBN
and	CC
transmitted	VBN
confidential	JJ
medical	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Borenstein	NNP
also	RB
suggested	VBD
that	IN
medical	JJ
records	NNS
need	VBP
unique	JJ
privacy	NN
protections	NNS
involving	VBG
even	RB
more	RBR
stringent	JJ
protections	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
disclosure	NN
of	IN
records	NNS
dealing	VBG
with	IN
mental	JJ
health	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
``	``
real	JJ
threat	NN
of	IN
discrimination	NN
against	IN
people	NNS
whose	WP$
treatment	NN
for	IN
mental	JJ
illness	NN
becomes	VBZ
known	VBN
.	.
''	''
P14	CD
.	.
The	DT
implications	NNS
of	IN
quickly	RB
expanding	VBG
technological	JJ
means	NNS
being	VBG
used	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
health	NN
care	NN
field	NN
affects	VBZ
not	RB
only	RB
those	DT
specifically	RB
working	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
electronic	JJ
realm	NN
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
those	DT
who	WP
create	VBP
and	CC
use	VBP
the	DT
information	NN
along	IN
the	DT
way	NN
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
advent	NN
of	IN
computerized	JJ
data	NNS
compilation	NN
and	CC
sharing	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
plethora	NN
of	IN
possible	JJ
positive	JJ
results	NNS
,	,
consumer	NN
belief	NN
in	IN
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
protection	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
computerized	JJ
information	NN
,	,
whether	IN
due	JJ
to	TO
mistaken	JJ
release	NN
or	CC
flagrant	JJ
disregard	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
privacy	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
not	RB
strong	JJ
.	.
A	DT
2000	CD
survey	NN
indicated	VBD
that	IN
75	CD
%	NN
of	IN
consumers	NNS
seeking	VBG
health	NN
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
are	VBP
concerned	JJ
or	CC
very	RB
concerned	JJ
about	IN
the	DT
health	NN
sites	NNS
they	PRP
visit	VBP
sharing	VBG
their	PRP$
personal	JJ
health	NN
information	NN
with	IN
a	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
without	IN
their	PRP$
permission	NN
.	.
P17	CD
.	.
The	DT
health	NN
care	NN
providers	NNS
in	IN
turn	NN
must	MD
utilize	VB
that	DT
information	NN
in	IN
a	DT
professional	JJ
manner	NN
to	TO
diagnose	VB
and	CC
treat	VB
the	DT
patient	NN
.	.
The	DT
payors	NNS
then	RB
can	MD
use	VB
the	DT
information	NN
to	TO
reimburse	VB
the	DT
patients	NNS
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
accurate	JJ
records	NNS
of	IN
health	NN
issues	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
utilized	VBN
by	IN
society	NN
to	TO
target	VB
specific	JJ
problem	NN
areas	NNS
.	.
Yet	RB
in	IN
order	NN
for	IN
this	DT
system	NN
to	TO
operate	VB
properly	RB
,	,
the	DT
patient	NN
must	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
trust	VB
that	IN
those	DT
to	TO
whom	WP
she	PRP
releases	VBZ
her	PRP$
private	JJ
information	NN
will	MD
not	RB
share	VB
that	DT
information	NN
improperly	RB
.	.
P18	CD
.	.
However	RB
,	,
patients	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
the	DT
only	JJ
ones	NNS
utilizing	VBG
evasive	JJ
tactics	NNS
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
concern	NN
about	IN
keeping	VBG
health	NN
information	NN
private	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Association	NNP
of	IN
American	NNP
Physicians	NNP
and	CC
Surgeons	NNPS
found	VBD
that	IN
78	CD
%	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
members	NNS
reported	VBD
keeping	VBG
information	NN
out	IN
of	IN
a	DT
patient	NN
's	POS
record	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
concerns	NNS
over	IN
privacy	NN
,	,
and	CC
87	CD
%	NN
reported	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
patient	NN
had	VBD
asked	VBN
them	PRP
to	TO
willfully	RB
withhold	VB
medical	JJ
information	NN
from	IN
their	PRP$
records	NNS
due	JJ
to	TO
privacy	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
P21	CD
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
estimated	VBN
that	IN
around	IN
150	CD
people	NNS
have	VBP
access	NN
to	TO
a	DT
patient	NN
's	POS
medical	JJ
record	NN
during	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
a	DT
typical	JJ
hospitalization	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
key	NN
to	TO
addressing	VBG
patient	NN
's	POS
privacy	NN
concerns	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
most	JJS
patients	NNS
perceived	VBN
unauthorized	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
medical	JJ
records	NNS
as	IN
one	CD
of	IN
their	PRP$
primary	JJ
concerns	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
inappropriate	JJ
access	NN
and	CC
health	NN
care	NN
employees	NNS
who	WP
should	MD
be	VB
the	DT
focus	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
attention	NN
.	.
Health	NNP
care	NN
organizations	NNS
can	MD
protect	VB
their	PRP$
systems	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
technologically	RB
advanced	JJ
security	NN
systems	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
market	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
these	DT
same	JJ
security	NN
systems	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
protect	VB
the	DT
patient	NN
from	IN
having	VBG
their	PRP$
sensitive	JJ
medical	JJ
information	NN
posted	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
goals	NNS
of	IN
HIPAA	NNP
reflect	VBP
Congressional	JJ
intent	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
and	CC
improve	VB
the	DT
dissemination	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
medical	JJ
information	NN
in	IN
electronic	JJ
form	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
situations	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
HIPAA	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
apply	VB
and	CC
some	DT
privacy	NN
advocates	NNS
assert	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
public	NN
will	MD
become	VB
more	RBR
confused	JJ
by	IN
incomplete	JJ
regulations	NNS
than	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
without	IN
any	DT
regulations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Health	NNP
Privacy	NNP
Project	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
HPP	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
group	NN
``	``
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
raising	VBG
public	JJ
awareness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
ensuring	VBG
health	NN
privacy	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
improve	VB
health	NN
care	NN
access	NN
and	CC
quality	NN
,	,
both	DT
on	IN
an	DT
individual	JJ
and	CC
a	DT
community	NN
level	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
located	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
at	IN
www.healthprivacy.org	NN
,	,
released	VBD
a	DT
report	NN
on	IN
November	NNP
19	CD
,	,
2001	CD
funded	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Pew	NNP
Internet	NNP
&	CC
American	NNP
Life	NNP
Project	NNP
regarding	VBG
HIPAA	NNP
that	IN
asserted	VBD
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
regulation	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
apply	VB
to	TO
most	JJS
health	NN
web	NN
sites	NNS
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
different	JJ
rules	NNS
may	MD
apply	VB
to	TO
different	JJ
sites	NNS
offering	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
even	RB
at	IN
web	NN
sites	NNS
owned	VBN
or	CC
operated	VBN
by	IN
organizations	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
covered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
privacy	NN
regulation	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
ambiguous	JJ
which	WDT
activities	NNS
at	IN
those	DT
sites	NNS
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
regulation	NN
.	.
P27	NNP
.	.
HPP	NNP
's	POS
report	NN
specifically	RB
addresses	VBZ
whether	IN
the	DT
personal	JJ
information	NN
of	IN
the	DT
65	CD
million	CD
Americans	NNPS
who	WP
have	VBP
sought	VBN
health	NN
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
is	VBZ
sufficiently	RB
protected	VBN
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
statement	NN
accompanying	VBG
the	DT
release	NN
of	IN
the	DT
report	NN
,	,
HPP	NNP
indicated	VBD
,	,
``	``
Many	JJ
probably	RB
assume	VB
that	IN
the	DT
personal	JJ
information	NN
they	PRP
provide	VBP
to	TO
health	NN
web	NN
sites	NNS
is	VBZ
covered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
regulation	NN
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
are	VBP
wrong	JJ
...	:
Specific	JJ
activities	NNS
...	:
may	MD
be	VB
covered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
regulation	NN
at	IN
one	CD
site	NN
and	CC
unregulated	JJ
at	IN
another	DT
...	:
The	DT
burden	NN
will	MD
be	VB
on	IN
consumers	NNS
and	CC
web	NN
site	NN
operators	NNS
to	TO
determine	VB
which	WDT
web	NN
sites	NNS
must	MD
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
regulation	NN
.	.
''	''
P30	CD
.	.
While	IN
HIPAA	NNP
's	POS
application	NN
to	TO
confidential	JJ
medical	JJ
information	NN
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
record	NN
keeping	VBG
encompasses	VBZ
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
foreseeable	JJ
problems	NNS
with	IN
unauthorized	JJ
access	NN
and	CC
dissemination	NN
of	IN
this	DT
form	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
information	NN
,	,
its	PRP$
relevance	NN
to	TO
the	DT
internet	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
exceptionally	RB
clear	JJ
or	CC
encompassing	VBG
.	.
The	DT
difficulty	NN
of	IN
reconciling	VBG
quality	NN
with	IN
access	NN
encountered	VBN
by	IN
many	JJ
of	IN
those	DT
involved	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
health	NN
care	NN
field	NN
,	,
from	IN
patients	NNS
to	TO
providers	NNS
,	,
also	RB
surrounds	VBZ
the	DT
government	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
try	VBP
to	TO
keep	VB
up	RP
with	IN
applying	VBG
appropriate	JJ
regulations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
steadily	RB
expanding	VBG
technological	JJ
realm	NN
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
use	VB
information	NN
speeds	NNS
up	IN
via	IN
electronic	JJ
means	NNS
,	,
society	NN
's	POS
ways	NNS
of	IN
regulating	VBG
and	CC
controlling	VBG
electronic	JJ
information	NN
assimilation	NN
,	,
compilation	NN
,	,
and	CC
transfer	NN
must	MD
keep	VB
up	RP
with	IN
this	DT
advancement	NN
.	.
Congress	NNP
must	MD
exercise	VB
their	PRP$
authority	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
patients	NNS
'	POS
privacy	NN
by	IN
legislating	NN
in	IN
response	NN
to	TO
and	CC
anticipation	NN
of	IN
technological	JJ
advancements	NNS
.	.
Through	IN
technological	JJ
advances	NNS
,	,
most	JJS
software	NN
provide	VBP
ways	NNS
to	TO
authenticate	VB
the	DT
user	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
customary	JJ
for	IN
employees	NNS
to	TO
sign-on	NN
to	TO
systems	NNS
using	VBG
their	PRP$
user	NN
id	NN
and	CC
password	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
behind	IN
the	DT
scenes	NNS
there	EX
are	VBP
additional	JJ
security	NN
features	NNS
at	IN
work	NN
granting	VBG
or	CC
denying	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
users	NNS
through	IN
access	NN
control	NN
lists	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
ACLs	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
ACLs	NNS
allow	VBP
system	NN
administrators	NNS
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
limit	VB
or	CC
expand	VB
an	DT
employee	NN
's	POS
access	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
permissions	NNS
established	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
software	NN
.	.
Even	RB
though	IN
these	DT
security	NN
parameters	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
some	DT
companies	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
utilizing	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
there	EX
fullest	JJS
potential	NN
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
even	RB
when	WRB
the	DT
permissions	NNS
are	VBP
granted	VBN
properly	RB
,	,
employees	NNS
circumvent	VBP
the	DT
security	NN
in	IN
place	NN
by	IN
leaving	VBG
their	PRP$
terminals	NNS
signed	VBN
and	CC
confidential	JJ
information	NN
laying	VBG
on	IN
desks	NNS
and	CC
counters	NNS
for	IN
unauthorized	JJ
people	NNS
to	TO
view	VB
.	.
A10	CD
.	.
The	DT
term	NN
smart	JJ
card	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
used	VBN
to	TO
describe	VB
a	DT
class	NN
of	IN
credit-card-sized	JJ
devices	NNS
with	IN
varying	VBG
capabilities	NNS
:	:
stored-value	JJ
cards	NNS
,	,
contact	NN
less	RBR
cards	NNS
,	,
and	CC
integrated	VBN
circuit	NN
cards	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
ICC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
these	DT
cards	NNS
differ	VBP
in	IN
functionality	NN
from	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
and	CC
from	IN
the	DT
more	JJR
familiar	JJ
magnetic	JJ
stripe	NN
cards	NNS
used	VBN
by	IN
standard	JJ
credit	NN
,	,
debit	NN
,	,
and	CC
ATM	NNP
cards	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
ICC	NNP
that	WDT
is	VBZ
of	IN
most	JJS
interest	NN
to	TO
the	DT
computer	NN
industry	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
able	JJ
to	TO
perform	VB
more	RBR
sophisticated	JJ
operations	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
signing	NN
and	CC
key	JJ
exchange	NN
.	.
A11	CD
.	.
Privacy	NN
and	CC
security	NN
concerns	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
lessened	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
implementation	NN
of	IN
biometric	JJ
technology	NN
.	.
Biometric	JJ
identification	NN
uses	VBZ
mathematical	JJ
algorithms	NNS
to	TO
identify	VB
authorized	JJ
users	NNS
through	IN
physical	JJ
characteristics	NNS
.	.
The	DT
hand	NN
,	,
eye	NN
,	,
voice	NN
,	,
finger	NN
print	NN
,	,
and	CC
signature	NN
are	VBP
all	DT
examples	NNS
.	.
By	IN
storing	VBG
a	DT
mathematical	JJ
representation	NN
on	IN
file	NN
and	CC
comparing	VBG
it	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
mathematical	JJ
algorithm	NN
taken	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
identification	NN
,	,
biometric	JJ
technology	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
reliable	JJ
alternative	NN
to	TO
traditional	JJ
access	NN
control	NN
mechanisms	NNS
.	.
Hand	NN
Geometry	NN
:	:
The	DT
hand	NN
contains	VBZ
nine	CD
distinct	JJ
points	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
template	NN
for	IN
comparisons	NNS
.	.
A	DT
hand	NN
geometry	NN
system	NN
can	MD
measure	VB
the	DT
distance	NN
between	IN
fingers	NNS
,	,
the	DT
space	NN
between	IN
knuckles	NNS
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
vein	NN
patterns	NNS
.	.
A13	NN
.	.
Increasing	VBG
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
hand	NN
characteristics	NNS
used	VBN
will	MD
dramatically	RB
decrease	VB
people	NNS
being	VBG
mistakenly	RB
verified	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
false	JJ
positives	NNS
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Hand	NN
geometry	NN
systems	NNS
are	VBP
very	RB
quick	JJ
and	CC
do	VB
not	RB
require	VB
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
storage	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
used	VBN
when	WRB
a	DT
very	RB
small	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
maintained	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
database	NN
.	.
A14	CD
.	.
Facial	JJ
Recognition	NN
:	:
Facial	JJ
recognition	NN
system	NN
is	VBZ
another	DT
biometric	JJ
technology	NN
on	IN
the	DT
market	NN
today	NN
.	.
These	DT
systems	NNS
use	VBP
facial	JJ
bone	NN
structure	NN
and	CC
heat	NN
patterns	NNS
to	TO
develop	VB
templates	NNS
for	IN
comparisons	NNS
.	.
The	DT
accuracy	NN
of	IN
face	NN
recognition	NN
is	VBZ
rather	RB
low	JJ
and	CC
false	JJ
readings	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
obtained	VBN
in	IN
many	JJ
cases	NNS
if	IN
a	DT
person	NN
wears	VBZ
glasses	NNS
,	,
alters	VBZ
the	DT
length	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
hair	NN
,	,
or	CC
if	IN
the	DT
lighting	NN
changes	NNS
.	.
A15	CD
.	.
Voice	NNP
Verification	NNP
:	:
Voice	NNP
patterns	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
used	VBN
within	IN
biometric	JJ
technology	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
HMOs	NNPS
and	CC
banks	NNS
are	VBP
currently	RB
piloting	VBG
this	DT
technology	NN
.	.
A16	CD
.	.
Although	IN
voice	NN
verification	NN
systems	NNS
tend	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
more	RBR
reliable	JJ
than	IN
facial	JJ
recognition	NN
,	,
false	JJ
readings	NNS
can	MD
occur	VB
with	IN
changes	NNS
in	IN
voice	NN
patterns	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
common	JJ
colds	NNS
,	,
sinus	JJ
infections	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Signature	NN
Verification	NN
:	:
The	DT
signature	NN
contains	VBZ
approximately	RB
six	CD
variable	JJ
global	JJ
features	NNS
.	.
Consequently	RB
,	,
spacing	NN
,	,
position	NN
,	,
stroke	NN
and	CC
shape	NN
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
template	NN
for	IN
comparisons	NNS
.	.
Much	JJ
work	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
done	VBN
with	IN
this	DT
technology	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
the	DT
fact	NN
remains	VBZ
that	IN
signatures	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
easily	RB
duplicated	VBN
.	.
A18	CD
.	.
Fingerprints	NNS
:	:
Fingerprint	NN
systems	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
well-known	JJ
form	NN
of	IN
biometrics	NNS
and	CC
has	VBZ
been	VBN
used	VBN
for	IN
many	JJ
years	NNS
.	.
The	DT
fingerprint	NN
can	MD
be	VB
captured	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
template	NN
or	CC
a	DT
minutiae	NNS
based	VBN
matching	NN
.	.
A	DT
minutiae	NNS
based	VBN
fingerprint	NN
measures	VBZ
the	DT
smallest	JJS
detail	NN
of	IN
the	DT
finger	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
,	,
ridge	NN
endings	NNS
or	CC
ridge	JJ
bifurcations	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
These	DT
systems	NNS
are	VBP
very	RB
reliable	JJ
,	,
cost	NN
effective	JJ
and	CC
has	VBZ
a	DT
high	JJ
degree	NN
of	IN
acceptance	NN
by	IN
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
A19	CD
.	.
Data	NNP
Privacy	NNP
prohibits	VBZ
the	DT
transfer	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
non-European	JJ
Union	NNP
countries	NNS
that	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
meet	VB
the	DT
stringent	JJ
European	JJ
standards	NNS
for	IN
privacy	NN
protection	NN
.	.
A26	CD
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
some	DT
states	NNS
have	VBP
passed	VBN
laws	NNS
requiring	VBG
managed	VBD
care	NN
organizations	NNS
to	TO
hold	VB
medical	JJ
information	NN
confidential	JJ
by	IN
protecting	VBG
it	PRP
against	IN
public	JJ
exposure	NN
.	.
Common	JJ
law	NN
remedies	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
available	JJ
against	IN
practitioners	NNS
who	WP
unreasonably	RB
publicize	VBP
a	DT
patient	NN
's	POS
private	JJ
information	NN
:	:
breach	NN
of	IN
confidentiality	NN
,	,
invasion	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
,	,
breach	NN
of	IN
contract	NN
and	CC
breach	NN
of	IN
fiduciary	JJ
relationship	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
confidentiality	NN
agreements	NNS
expressly	RB
created	VBN
by	IN
employers	NNS
or	CC
implied	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Medical	NNP
Association	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
AMA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
require	VBP
employees	NNS
,	,
physicians	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
providers	NNS
to	TO
protect	VB
medication	NN
information	NN
from	IN
unnecessary	JJ
and	CC
unauthorized	JJ
disclosure	NN
.	.
Lastly	RB
,	,
although	IN
past	JJ
congressional	JJ
efforts	NNS
have	VBP
stalled	VBN
A27	NNP
,	,
additional	JJ
legislation	NN
is	VBZ
pending	VBG
to	TO
protect	VB
a	DT
patient	NN
's	POS
health	NN
information	NN
.	.
A28	CD
.	.
Legislators	NNS
and	CC
national	JJ
policy	NN
makers	NNS
are	VBP
accelerating	VBG
their	PRP$
efforts	NNS
and	CC
focusing	VBG
attention	NN
on	IN
consume	VBP
privacy	NN
concerns	NNS
through	IN
holding	VBG
hearings	NNS
,	,
introducing	VBG
legislations	NNS
and	CC
conducing	VBG
outcome	NN
studies	NNS
,	,
research	NN
and	CC
public	JJ
health	NN
initiatives	NNS
.	.
A29	CD
.	.
Reduced	VBN
reimbursement	NN
and	CC
capitalization	NN
are	VBP
forcing	VBG
medical	JJ
practices	NNS
to	TO
search	VB
for	IN
new	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
improve	VB
access	NN
,	,
efficiency	NN
,	,
increase	NN
revenue	NN
,	,
and	CC
lower	JJR
costs	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
these	DT
health	NN
care	NN
organizations	NNS
and	CC
providers	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
being	VBG
required	VBN
to	TO
collect	VB
more	JJR
detailed	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
demonstrate	VB
outcomes	NNS
and	CC
analyze	VB
costs	NNS
in	IN
support	NN
of	IN
negotiations	NNS
with	IN
managed	VBN
care	NN
organizations	NNS
.	.
Information	NNP
technology	NN
has	VBZ
played	VBN
a	DT
key	JJ
role	NN
in	IN
striking	VBG
a	DT
balance	NN
between	IN
these	DT
two	CD
competing	VBG
interests	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
proliferation	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
have	VBP
increased	VBN
the	DT
complexity	NN
of	IN
those	DT
services	NNS
and	CC
heightened	VBN
consumer	NN
privacy	NN
concerns	NNS
.	.
To	TO
further	RBR
exacerbate	VB
the	DT
things	NNS
,	,
technology	NN
,	,
Medicare	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
aging	VBG
population	NN
are	VBP
fueling	VBG
increased	VBD
health	NN
care	NN
costs	NNS
.	.
CO1	CD
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
1950	CD
's	POS
,	,
hospitals	NNS
measured	VBN
costs	NNS
by	IN
a	DT
simple	JJ
method	NN
of	IN
totaling	VBG
all	DT
expenses	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
year	NN
and	CC
adding	VBG
a	DT
margin	NN
for	IN
capital	NN
purchases	NNS
,	,
then	RB
dividing	VBG
by	IN
the	DT
patient	JJ
days	NNS
to	TO
arrive	VB
at	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
room	NN
rate	NN
.	.
CO2	CD
.	.
Using	VBG
this	DT
method	NN
,	,
hospitals	NNS
were	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
spread	VB
the	DT
costs	NNS
of	IN
increased	VBN
technology	NN
costs	NNS
and	CC
newer	JJR
services	NNS
to	TO
all	DT
patients	NNS
by	IN
including	VBG
it	PRP
into	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
's	POS
room	NN
charge	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
this	DT
method	NN
of	IN
cost	NN
distribution	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
take	VB
account	NN
for	IN
individual	JJ
consumption	NN
levels	NNS
.	.
Not	RB
all	DT
patients	NNS
use	VBP
the	DT
same	JJ
services	NNS
equally	RB
or	CC
evenly	RB
.	.
This	DT
varied	JJ
consumption	NN
scheme	NN
forced	VBD
hospitals	NNS
to	TO
move	VB
a	DT
more	RBR
complex	JJ
billing	NN
scheme	NN
causing	VBG
patient	NN
's	POS
statements	NNS
to	TO
become	VB
long	JJ
and	CC
making	VBG
cost	NN
comparisons\/audits	NNS
difficult	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
phase	NN
,	,
hospitals	NNS
billed	VBD
the	DT
patients	NNS
some	DT
costs	NNS
for	IN
individual	JJ
expenses	NNS
plus	CC
the	DT
room	NN
rate	NN
.	.
Although	IN
theoretically	RB
the	DT
simple	JJ
method	NN
of	IN
the	DT
1950	CD
's	POS
is	VBZ
being	VBG
used	VBN
,	,
today	NN
's	POS
method	NN
of	IN
calculating	VBG
the	DT
per	FW
diem	FW
rate	NN
has	VBZ
had	VBN
a	DT
counter	NN
productive	JJ
effects	NNS
on	IN
health	NN
care	NN
related	VBN
costs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
health	NN
care	NN
costs	NNS
is	VBZ
largely	RB
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
aging	VBG
population	NN
and	CC
Medicare	NNP
's	POS
per	IN
diem	NN
rate	NN
scheme	NN
.	.
Medicare	NNP
has	VBZ
divided	VBN
medical	JJ
services	NNS
into	IN
456	CD
diagnostic	JJ
related	JJ
groups	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
DRGs	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Managed	JJ
care	NN
organizations	NNS
or	CC
health	NN
care	NN
providers	NNS
are	VBP
paid	VBN
a	DT
predetermined	VBN
lump	NN
sum	NN
for	IN
services	NNS
according	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
DRG	NNP
.	.
Medicare	NNP
's	POS
per	IN
diem	NN
rate	NN
is	VBZ
determined	VBN
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
scheme	NN
outlined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
negotiated	VBN
with	IN
individual	JJ
physicians	NNS
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
physicians	NNS
must	MD
negotiate	VB
separate	JJ
fee	NN
contracts	NNS
with	IN
medical	JJ
insurance	NN
companies	NNS
using	VBG
a	DT
separate	JJ
per	IN
diem	NN
rate	NN
.	.
Consequently	RB
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
constant	JJ
conflict	NN
between	IN
hospital	NN
administration	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
view	NN
patients	NNS
as	IN
straight	JJ
line	NN
expenses	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
health	NN
care	NN
providers	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
view	NN
patients	NNS
as	IN
customers	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
served	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
end	NN
result	NN
is	VBZ
hospital	NN
rates	NNS
and	CC
insurance	NN
premiums	NNS
are	VBP
increasing	VBG
substantially	RB
while	IN
hospital	NN
benefits	NNS
are	VBP
lowered	VBN
.	.
During	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
30	CD
years	NNS
,	,
consumer	NN
confidence	NN
in	IN
the	DT
privacy	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
medical	JJ
information	NN
has	VBZ
decreased	VBN
while	IN
costs	NNS
have	VBP
increased	VBN
.	.
Medical	JJ
costs	NNS
in	IN
1960	CD
were	VBD
6	CD
%	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
GNP	NNP
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
medical	JJ
costs	NNS
are	VBP
almost	RB
12	CD
%	NN
.	.
Consumers	NNS
have	VBP
experienced	VBN
large	JJ
increases	NNS
in	IN
premiums	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
health	NN
insurance	NN
.	.
So	RB
much	RB
so	RB
,	,
17	CD
%	NN
of	IN
the	DT
population	NN
can	MD
not	RB
afford	VB
health	NN
insurance	NN
.	.
CO3	CD
.	.
The	DT
universal	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
health	NN
care	NN
information	NN
which	WDT
telemedicine	NN
offers	NNS
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
develop	VB
the	DT
standard	NN
of	IN
care	NN
into	IN
not	RB
only	RB
a	DT
nationalized	VBN
standard	NN
,	,
but	CC
possibly	RB
a	DT
universal	JJ
standard	NN
,	,
leading	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
best	JJS
in	IN
health	NN
care	NN
becoming	VBG
widespread	JJ
and	CC
prevalent	JJ
.	.
While	IN
this	DT
access	NN
must	MD
be	VB
tempered	VBN
by	IN
legislation	NN
protecting	VBG
the	DT
privacy	NN
of	IN
confidential	JJ
medical	JJ
information	NN
,	,
the	DT
possible	JJ
improvements	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
health	NN
care	NN
system	NN
via	IN
telemedicine	NN
are	VBP
endless	JJ
.	.
C1	CD
.	.
Using	VBG
electronic	JJ
means	NNS
to	TO
share	VB
data	NNS
about	IN
patients	NNS
,	,
treatment	NN
options	NNS
,	,
research	NN
,	,
and	CC
enumerable	JJ
other	JJ
aspects	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
health	NN
care	NN
delivery	NN
is	VBZ
rampantly	RB
becoming	VBG
the	DT
standard	NN
for	IN
the	DT
health	NN
care	NN
field	NN
.	.
``	``
Telemedicine	NNP
is	VBZ
becoming	VBG
an	DT
integral	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
health	NN
care	NN
delivery	NN
in	IN
diverse	JJ
settings	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
breaking	VBG
down	RP
boundaries	NNS
between	IN
different	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
health	NN
care	NN
providers	NNS
,	,
revolutionizing	VBG
health	NN
care	NN
delivery	NN
,	,
improving	VBG
and	CC
facilitating	VBG
care	NN
for	IN
underserved	JJ
and	CC
difficult	JJ
to	TO
manage	VB
populations	NNS
and	CC
enhancing	VBG
discourse	NN
between	IN
patients	NNS
and	CC
providers	NNS
.	.
''	''
C2	NN
.	.
See	VB
United	NNP
Healthcare	NNP
September	NNP
2001	CD
Newsletter	NNP
.	.
Yet	RB
with	IN
this	DT
benefit	NN
of	IN
savings	NNS
comes	VBZ
the	DT
responsibility	NN
of	IN
protecting	VBG
the	DT
medical	JJ
information	NN
being	VBG
passed	VBN
electronically	RB
.	.
HIPAA	NNP
was	VBD
designed	VBN
to	TO
assist	VB
the	DT
advancement	NN
of	IN
a	DT
uniform	JJ
electronic	JJ
health	NN
information	NN
system	NN
while	IN
simultaneously	RB
protecting	VBG
consumers	NNS
'	POS
privacy	NN
.	.
Currently	RB
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
comprehensive	JJ
federal	JJ
law	NN
that	WDT
protects	VBZ
the	DT
privacy	NN
of	IN
a	DT
patient	NN
's	POS
medical	JJ
records	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Health	NNP
Insurance	NNP
Portability	NNP
and	CC
Accountability	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
HIPAA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
was	VBD
enacted	VBN
in	IN
1996	CD
by	IN
Congress	NNP
to	TO
fill	VB
this	DT
significant	JJ
gap	NN
in	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
rules	NNS
.	.
What	WP
is	VBZ
generally	RB
referred	VBN
to	TO
as	IN
HIPAA	NNP
is	VBZ
actually	RB
the	DT
ironically	RB
titled	VBN
``	``
Administrative	JJ
Simplification	NN
''	''
title	NN
of	IN
a	DT
much	JJ
larger	JJR
statute	NN
amending	VBG
the	DT
Social	NNP
Security	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
and	CC
dealing	VBG
with	IN
healthcare	NN
insurance	NN
portability	NN
and	CC
Medicare	NNP
fraud	NN
and	CC
abuse	NN
.	.
Transaction	NN
Standards	NNPS
:	:
includes	VBZ
the	DT
basic	JJ
transactions	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
an	DT
insured	JJ
patient	NN
's	POS
participation	NN
in	IN
a	DT
health	NN
plan	NN
,	,
from	IN
entering	VBG
the	DT
plan	NN
through	IN
receiving	VBG
reimbursements	NNS
for	IN
care	NN
.	.
The	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
paper-based	JJ
and	CC
computer	NN
processing	NN
presently	RB
associated	VBN
with	IN
these	DT
transactions	NNS
is	VBZ
staggering	VBG
.	.
Administrative	JJ
costs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
system	NN
may	MD
account	VB
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
20	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
total	JJ
healthcare	NN
cost	NN
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Section	NN
262	CD
of	IN
HIPAA	NNP
requires	VBZ
covered	JJ
entities	NNS
to	TO
maintain	VB
reasonable	JJ
and	CC
appropriate	JJ
administrative	JJ
,	,
technical	JJ
,	,
and	CC
physical	JJ
safeguards	NNS
...	:
to	TO
ensure	VB
the	DT
integrity	NN
and	CC
confidentiality	NN
of	IN
``	``
protected	JJ
health	NN
information	NN
''	''
...	:
to	TO
protect	VB
against	IN
any	DT
reasonably	RB
anticipated	VBN
...	:
threats	NNS
or	CC
hazards	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
security	NN
or	CC
integrity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
;	:
and	CC
...	:
unauthorized	JJ
uses	NNS
or	CC
disclosures	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
;	:
and	CC
...	:
otherwise	RB
to	TO
ensure	VB
compliance	NN
with	IN
this	DT
part	NN
by	IN
the	DT
officers	NNS
and	CC
employees	NNS
of	IN
such	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
covered	JJ
entity	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
42	CD
U.S.C.	NNP
1173	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
security	NN
standards	NNS
will	MD
have	VB
an	DT
enormous	JJ
impact	NN
and	CC
compliance	NN
will	MD
require	VB
expensive	JJ
new	JJ
hardware	NN
and	CC
software	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
To	TO
make	VB
matters	NNS
worst	JJS
,	,
the	DT
two	CD
year	NN
implementation	NN
deadline	NN
will	MD
prove	VB
far	RB
too	RB
short	JJ
for	IN
efficient	JJ
,	,
cost-effective	JJ
implementation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
complex	JJ
new	JJ
business	NN
processes	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
failure	NN
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
HIPAA	NNP
privacy	NN
and	CC
security	NN
standards	NNS
may	MD
also	RB
make	VB
those	DT
who	WP
handle	VBP
health	NN
care	NN
information	NN
in	IN
electronic	JJ
form	NN
potentially	RB
liable	JJ
under	IN
tort	NN
law	NN
,	,
including	VBG
invasion	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
publication	NN
of	IN
private	JJ
facts	NNS
,	,
false	JJ
light	NN
and	CC
unauthorized	JJ
commercial	JJ
use	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
defamation	NN
,	,
and	CC
fraud	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
potential	JJ
exposure	NN
under	IN
consumer	NN
fraud	NN
statutes	NNS
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
circumstances	NNS
,	,
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
various	JJ
potential	JJ
causes	NNS
of	IN
action	NN
for	IN
breach	NN
of	IN
contract	NN
.	.
Public	JJ
companies	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
healthcare	NN
industry	NN
face	NN
additional	JJ
exposure	NN
from	IN
shareholder	NN
suits	NNS
if	IN
they	PRP
fail	VBP
to	TO
implement	VB
adequate	JJ
information	NN
security	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
These	DT
regulations	NNS
seek	VBP
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
country	NN
with	IN
a	DT
basic	JJ
set	NN
of	IN
national	JJ
privacy	NN
standards	NNS
that	WDT
establish	VBP
ground	NN
rules	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
privacy	NN
framework	NN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
instill	VB
consumer	NN
confidence	NN
in	IN
the	DT
health	NN
system	NN
.	.
By	IN
instilling	VBG
confidence	NN
,	,
regulators	NNS
hope	VBP
to	TO
encourage	VB
individuals	NNS
to	TO
fully	RB
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
health	NN
care	NN
system	NN
,	,
presumably	RB
increasing	VBG
preventive	JJ
health	NN
efforts	NNS
and	CC
decreasing	VBG
health	NN
care	NN
costs	NNS
overall	JJ
.	.
See	VB
65	CD
FR	NNP
82462	CD
,	,
45	CD
CFR	NNP
Part	NNP
160	CD
and	CC
164	CD
,	,
Thursday	NNP
December	NNP
28	CD
,	,
2000	CD
.	.
Generally	RB
,	,
individual	JJ
patients	NNS
,	,
the	DT
subjects	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
protected	JJ
health	NN
information	NN
,	,
will	MD
utilize	VB
the	DT
rights	NNS
provided	VBN
by	IN
HIPAA	NNP
.	.
Currently	RB
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
federal	JJ
law	NN
granting	VBG
patients	NNS
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
their	PRP$
medical	JJ
records	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
states	NNS
provide	VBP
patients	NNS
the	DT
right	NN
of	IN
access	NN
to	TO
some	DT
of	IN
their	PRP$
medical	JJ
records	NNS
,	,
very	RB
few	JJ
do	VBP
so	RB
in	IN
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
fashion	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
some	DT
states	NNS
have	VBP
no	DT
such	JJ
statutory	JJ
right	NN
of	IN
access	NN
.	.
The	DT
HIPAA	NNP
regulations	NNS
establish	VB
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
specific	JJ
rights	NNS
regarding	VBG
personal	JJ
medical	JJ
information	NN
.	.
These	DT
rights	NNS
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
an	DT
increased	VBN
level	NN
of	IN
consumer	NN
control	NN
over	IN
personal	JJ
medical	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Communications	NNP
-	:
Consumers	NNS
can	MD
request	VB
that	DT
medical	JJ
institutions	NNS
contact	VBP
the	DT
consumer	NN
regarding	VBG
medical	JJ
information	NN
in	IN
a	DT
confidential	JJ
way	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
at	IN
work	NN
or	CC
via	IN
mail	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Health	NNP
care	NN
institutions	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
all	DT
reasonable	JJ
requests	NNS
.	.
Consumer	NNP
Rights	NNP
-	:
Health	NNP
care	NN
providers	NNS
are	VBP
obligated	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
consumers	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
paper	NN
copy	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
rights	NNS
under	IN
HIPAA	NNP
upon	IN
request	NN
even	RB
if	IN
this	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
via	IN
other	JJ
sources	NNS
like	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
Action	NNP
-	:
Third-party	JJ
beneficiary	NN
clause	NN
,	,
giving	VBG
the	DT
patient	NN
a	DT
private	JJ
right	NN
of	IN
action	NN
against	IN
the	DT
covered	JJ
entity	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
business	NN
partner	NN
if	IN
the	DT
``	``
protected	JJ
health	NN
information	NN
''	''
has	VBZ
been	VBN
wrongfully	RB
disclosed	VBN
.	.
HMOs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
high	JJ
risk	NN
pools	NNS
.	.
Entities	NNS
exempted	VBN
from	IN
these	DT
regulations	NNS
include	VBP
employers	NNS
who	WP
sponsor	VBP
these	DT
group	NN
health	NN
plans	NNS
,	,
small	JJ
self-administered	JJ
employee	NN
health	NN
benefit	NN
plans	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
less	JJR
than	IN
50	CD
participants	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
workers	NNS
compensation	NN
plans	NNS
,	,
and	CC
government	NN
plans	NNS
that	WDT
only	RB
incidentally	RB
pay	VB
for	IN
medical	JJ
care	NN
.	.
This	DT
category	NN
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
entity	NN
that	WDT
translates	VBZ
health	NN
information	NN
received	VBN
from	IN
other	JJ
entities	NNS
to	TO
or	CC
from	IN
the	DT
standard	JJ
format	NN
required	VBN
for	IN
electronic	JJ
transactions	NNS
.	.
An	DT
example	NN
of	IN
this	DT
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
health	NN
provider	NN
who	WP
transmits	VBZ
a	DT
claim	NN
to	TO
a	DT
clearinghouse	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
process	VB
the	DT
information	NN
into	IN
the	DT
format	NN
necessary	JJ
for	IN
reimbursement	NN
from	IN
a	DT
health	NN
plan	NN
.	.
The	DT
regulations	NNS
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
cover	VB
a	DT
broad	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
providers	NNS
including	VBG
practitioners	NNS
and	CC
providers	NNS
of	IN
health	NN
supplies	NNS
.	.
Entities	NNS
specifically	RB
exempted	VBN
from	IN
this	DT
definition	NN
include	VBP
blood	NN
banks	NNS
,	,
sperm	NN
banks	NNS
,	,
and	CC
similar	JJ
organizations	NNS
.	.
This	DT
prong	NN
requires	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
provider	NN
transmit	VB
identifiable	JJ
health	NN
information	NN
using	VBG
computer	NN
based	VBN
technologies	NNS
.	.
Applicable	JJ
transfers	NNS
include	VBP
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
intranet	NN
,	,
a	DT
private	JJ
networking	NN
system	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
transfer	NN
of	IN
magnetic	JJ
tapes	NNS
and	CC
discs	NNS
.	.
Exempted	VBN
from	IN
these	DT
regulations	NNS
are	VBP
providers	NNS
who	WP
operate	VBP
in	IN
an	DT
out-of-pocket	JJ
basis	NN
including	VBG
internet	NN
pharmacies	NNS
that	WDT
accept	VBP
only	RB
credit	NN
card	NN
payments	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
but	CC
no	DT
insurance	NN
payments	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
prescriptions	NNS
purchases	NNS
.	.
The	DT
regulation	NN
defines	VBZ
health	NN
information	NN
as	IN
any	DT
recorded	VBN
or	CC
oral	JJ
information	NN
:	:
a.	NN
concerning	VBG
the	DT
past	NN
,	,
present	JJ
,	,
or	CC
future	JJ
mental	JJ
or	CC
physical	JJ
health	NN
of	IN
a	DT
person	NN
,	,
b.	FW
health	NN
care	NN
provision	NN
to	TO
the	DT
person	NN
,	,
or	CC
c.	JJ
payment	NN
for	IN
health	NN
care	NN
.	.
Any	DT
medical	JJ
information	NN
which	WDT
identifies	VBZ
or	CC
can	MD
reasonably	RB
used	VBN
to	TO
identify	VB
the	DT
individual	NN
is	VBZ
protected	VBN
health	NN
information	NN
.	.
Medical	JJ
information	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
``	``
de-identified	JJ
''	''
does	VBZ
not	RB
fall	VB
under	IN
the	DT
privacy	NN
regulation	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
information	NN
may	MD
be	VB
de-identified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
removal	NN
of	IN
identifiers	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
patient	NN
's	POS
name	NN
,	,
address	NN
,	,
social	JJ
security	NN
number	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Covered	VBN
entities	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
health	NN
plans	NNS
,	,
health	NN
care	NN
clearinghouses	NNS
,	,
and	CC
health	NN
care	NN
providers	NNS
discussed	VBN
above	IN
.	.
The	DT
reason	NN
this	DT
seemingly	RB
obvious	JJ
element	NN
is	VBZ
included	VBN
is	VBZ
to	TO
address	VB
situations	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
an	DT
individual	JJ
provides	VBZ
a	DT
non-covered	JJ
entity	NN
with	IN
personal	JJ
medical	JJ
information	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
if	IN
an	DT
individual	JJ
fills	VBZ
out	RP
a	DT
health	NN
assessment	NN
survey	NN
when	WRB
donating	VBG
blood	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Red	NNP
Cross	NNP
,	,
the	DT
information	NN
given	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
health	NN
assessment	NN
survey	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
covered	VBN
by	IN
HIPAA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
past	NN
,	,
consumers	NNS
had	VBD
a	DT
false	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
security	NN
regarding	VBG
their	PRP$
private	JJ
medical	JJ
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
traditional	JJ
mechanism	NN
for	IN
maintaining	VBG
this	DT
information	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
hard	JJ
paper	NN
copy	NN
filed	VBD
away	RB
in	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
doctor	NN
's	POS
office	NN
or	CC
hospital	NN
.	.
Now	RB
,	,
the	DT
health	NN
care	NN
industry	NN
is	VBZ
increasing	VBG
its	PRP$
reliance	NN
on	IN
electronic	JJ
storage	NN
of	IN
medical	JJ
records	NNS
.	.
Your	PRP$
records	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
shared	VBN
with	IN
hundreds	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
mere	JJ
touch	NN
of	IN
a	DT
button	NN
.	.
Council	NNP
,	,
the	DT
health	NN
care	NN
industry	NN
invested	VBD
between	IN
$	$
10	CD
and	CC
$	$
15	CD
billion	CD
in	IN
information	NN
technology	NN
in	IN
1996	CD
alone	RB
.	.
The	DT
internet	NN
offers	VBZ
our	PRP$
society	NN
some	DT
unique	JJ
opportunities	NNS
to	TO
improve	VB
the	DT
delivery	NN
and	CC
quality	NN
of	IN
health	NN
care	NN
via	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
National	NNP
Research	NNP
Council	NNP
,	,
the	DT
internet	NN
holds	VBZ
great	JJ
potential	JJ
to	TO
improve	VB
health	NN
by	IN
enhancing	VBG
communications	NNS
and	CC
improving	VBG
information	NN
access	NN
for	IN
care	NN
providers	NNS
,	,
patients	NNS
,	,
health	NN
plan	NN
administrators	NNS
,	,
and	CC
public	JJ
health	NN
officials	NNS
.	.
The	DT
proliferation	NN
of	IN
online	JJ
medical	JJ
databases	NNS
provides	VBZ
even	RB
the	DT
most	RBS
remotely	RB
located	VBN
physician	NN
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
access	NN
and	CC
learn	VB
new	JJ
medical	JJ
techniques	NNS
.	.
The	DT
tracking	NN
of	IN
disease	NN
incidences	NNS
through	IN
disease	NN
registries	NNS
provides	VBZ
state	NN
and	CC
federal	JJ
officials	NNS
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
target	VB
programmatic	JJ
and	CC
financial	JJ
resources	NNS
to	TO
areas	NNS
hardest	RBS
hit	VBN
by	IN
specific	JJ
diseases	NNS
.	.
Those	DT
arguing	VBG
against	IN
HIPAA	NNP
assert	VBP
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
too	RB
burdensome	JJ
and	CC
costly	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
health	NN
care	NN
industry	NN
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
privacy	NN
regulations	NNS
.	.
Estimates	NNS
of	IN
possible	JJ
cost	NN
to	TO
the	DT
industry	NN
vary	VBP
depending	VBG
on	IN
who	WP
you	PRP
ask	VBP
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
HHS	NNP
=	SYM
$	$
17	CD
billion	CD
,	,
AHA	NNP
=	SYM
$	$
22	CD
billion	CD
,	,
BCBS	NNP
=	SYM
$	$
40	CD
billion	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
large	JJ
cost	NN
arises	VBZ
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
new	JJ
personnel	NNS
to	TO
hire	VB
and	CC
train	VB
,	,
including	VBG
privacy	NN
officials	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
subsequent	JJ
cost	NN
of	IN
implementing	VBG
policies	NNS
and	CC
procedures	NNS
in	IN
regards	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
new	JJ
information	NN
technology	NN
.	.
The	DT
promise	NN
of	IN
improved	JJ
access	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
must	MD
be	VB
balanced	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
rights	NNS
of	IN
individuals	NNS
in	IN
our	PRP$
society	NN
to	TO
control	VB
what	WP
we	PRP
know	VBP
about	IN
them	PRP
and	CC
how	WRB
we	PRP
use	VBP
that	DT
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
effort	NN
must	MD
be	VB
directed	VBN
at	IN
striking	VBG
a	DT
balance	NN
between	IN
multiple	JJ
competing	VBG
health	NN
camps	NNS
:	:
patients	NNS
interested	JJ
in	IN
privacy	NN
,	,
public	JJ
health	NN
interested	JJ
in	IN
improving	VBG
communal	JJ
health	NN
standards	NNS
,	,
medical	JJ
insurers	NNS
interested	JJ
in	IN
lowering	VBG
costs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
medical	JJ
providers	NNS
interested	JJ
in	IN
saving	VBG
individual	JJ
lives	NNS
.	.
On	IN
September	NNP
11	CD
,	,
2001	CD
,	,
our	PRP$
country	NN
witnessed	VBD
the	DT
most	RBS
vicious	JJ
act	NN
of	IN
war	NN
ever	RB
committed	VBN
on	IN
American	JJ
soil	NN
.	.
Terrorists	NNS
launched	VBD
air	NN
attacks	NNS
on	IN
Washington	NNP
,	,
D.C.	NNP
and	CC
New	NNP
York	NNP
City	NNP
,	,
using	VBG
civilian	JJ
airplanes	NNS
as	IN
missiles	NNS
to	TO
plunge	VB
into	IN
the	DT
Pentagon	NNP
and	CC
to	TO
bring	VB
down	RP
both	DT
of	IN
the	DT
World	NNP
Trade	NNP
Center	NNP
towers	NNS
.	.
A	DT
third	JJ
airplane	NN
was	VBD
also	RB
overtaken	VBN
,	,
but	CC
was	VBD
apparently	RB
brought	VBN
down	RP
in	IN
Pennsylvania	NNP
by	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
brave	VBP
souls	NNS
who	WP
challenged	VBD
the	DT
attackers	NNS
.	.
Wide-eyed	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
wake	NN
of	IN
the	DT
mass	NN
murder	NN
and	CC
destruction	NN
,	,
we	PRP
retreated	VBD
to	TO
our	PRP$
homes	NNS
to	TO
wait	VB
,	,
to	TO
watch	VB
,	,
to	TO
wonder	VB
what	WP
was	VBD
next	JJ
?	.
Determined	VBN
to	TO
never	RB
again	RB
be	VB
caught	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
surprise	NN
attack	NN
,	,
the	DT
American	JJ
government	NN
launched	VBD
an	DT
offensive	JJ
,	,
not	RB
only	RB
in	IN
the	DT
deserts	NNS
of	IN
Afghanistan	NNP
,	,
but	CC
here	RB
in	IN
our	PRP$
homeland	NN
.	.
President	NNP
Bush	NNP
established	VBD
the	DT
Homeland	NNP
Security	NNP
Council	NNP
,	,
charged	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
task	NN
of	IN
fighting	VBG
terrorism	NN
head	NN
on	IN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Executive	NNP
Order	NNP
No.	NN
13228	CD
,	,
66	CD
FR	NNP
51812	CD
,	,
October	NNP
10	CD
,	,
2001	CD
.	.
U.S.	NNP
Hacking	VBG
is	VBZ
costly	JJ
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
both	DT
the	DT
clean-up	JJ
process	NN
after	IN
a	DT
cyberattack	NN
and	CC
in	IN
day-to-day	JJ
security	NN
and	CC
prevention	NN
measures	NNS
.	.
Hacking	VBG
bears	NNS
similarity	NN
to	TO
other	JJ
criminal	JJ
phenomena	NNS
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
prohibited	VBN
behavior	NN
and	CC
the	DT
potentially	RB
large	JJ
costs	NNS
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
has	VBZ
attracted	VBN
special	JJ
attention	NN
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
novelty	NN
of	IN
cyberspace	NN
as	IN
a	DT
medium	NN
and	CC
the	DT
requirement	NN
of	IN
specialized	VBN
regulations	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Id	NN
.	.
at	IN
174	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
definition	NN
of	IN
cyberterrorism	NN
is	VBZ
very	RB
broad	JJ
,	,
including	VBG
``	``
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
computing	VBG
resources	NNS
against	IN
persons	NNS
or	CC
property	NN
to	TO
intimidate	VB
or	CC
coerce	VB
a	DT
government	NN
,	,
the	DT
civilian	JJ
population	NN
,	,
or	CC
any	DT
segment	NN
thereof	RB
,	,
in	IN
furtherance	NN
of	IN
political	JJ
or	CC
social	JJ
objectives	NNS
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Clifford	NNP
A.	NNP
Wilke	NNP
,	,
``	``
Infrastructure	NN
Threats	NNS
from	IN
Cyber-Terrorists	NNP
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
visited	VBN
Feb.	NNP
12	CD
,	,
2000	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Cyberterrorism	NNP
may	MD
be	VB
further	RBR
down	RP
on	IN
our	PRP$
own	JJ
anxiety	NN
lists	NNS
because	IN
cyberattacks	NNS
generally	RB
do	VBP
n't	RB
kill	VB
people	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
us	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
victims	NNS
of	IN
cyberattacks	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
familiar	JJ
with	IN
worm	NN
attacks	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
used	VBN
to	TO
overload	NN
the	DT
system	NN
by	IN
having	VBG
the	DT
program	NN
reproduce	VB
itself	PRP
on	IN
the	DT
server	NN
;	:
domain-name-service	JJ
hijackings	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
used	VBN
to	TO
prevent	VB
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
from	IN
gaining	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
a	DT
particular	JJ
Internet	NNP
site	NN
by	IN
rerouting	VBG
all	DT
inquiries	NNS
from	IN
that	DT
site	NN
to	TO
a	DT
completely	RB
different	JJ
location	NN
;	:
logic	NN
bombs	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
programs	NNS
that	WDT
when	WRB
triggered	VBN
may	MD
disrupt	VB
the	DT
entire	JJ
computer	NN
system	NN
by	IN
making	VBG
the	DT
entire	JJ
disk	NN
unreadable	JJ
;	:
or	CC
mail	NN
bombings	NNS
bombarding	VBG
a	DT
specific	JJ
e-mail	NN
account	NN
with	IN
thousands	NNS
of	IN
messages	NNS
to	TO
shut	VB
down	RP
the	DT
recipient	JJ
's	POS
e-mail	NN
server	NN
or	CC
e-mail	NN
access	NN
.	.
E-mail	NN
attacks	NNS
may	MD
also	RB
involve	VB
Trojan	NNP
horse	NN
programs	NNS
attached	VBN
to	TO
e-mails	NNS
that	WDT
when	WRB
run	VBN
,	,
can	MD
disrupt	VB
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
PC	NN
or	CC
the	DT
entire	JJ
network	NN
,	,
or	CC
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
self-replicate	VB
themselves	PRP
by	IN
automatically	RB
e-mailing	VBG
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
attacking	VBG
message	NN
to	TO
everyone	NN
in	IN
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
e-mail	NN
address	NN
book	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
David	NNP
Hueneman	NNP
,	,
``	``
Privacy	NN
on	IN
Federal	NNP
Civilian	NNP
Computer	NNP
Networks	NNP
:	:
A	NNP
Fourth	JJ
Amendment	NNP
Analysis	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Intrusion	NNP
Detection	NNP
Network	NNP
''	''
,	,
18	CD
J.	NNP
Marshall	NNP
J.	NNP
Computer	NNP
&	CC
Info	NNP
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
frightening	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
cyberterrorism	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
virtually	RB
any	DT
coward	NN
can	MD
commit	VB
an	DT
act	NN
.	.
Unlike	IN
the	DT
suicide	NN
missions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
terrorists	NNS
on	IN
September	NNP
11	CD
,	,
cyberterrorism	NN
can	MD
be	VB
accomplished	VBN
remotely	RB
and	CC
anonymously	RB
.	.
Anyone	NN
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
cyberterrorist	NN
,	,
from	IN
a	DT
disgruntled	VBN
employee	NN
to	TO
a	DT
foreign	JJ
spy	NN
,	,
a	DT
fraud	NN
perpetrator	NN
,	,
a	DT
political	JJ
activist	NN
,	,
a	DT
conventional	JJ
criminal	JJ
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
a	DT
juvenile	JJ
with	IN
a	DT
little	JJ
bit	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
knowledge	NN
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
the	DT
pool	NN
of	IN
potential	JJ
cyberterrorists	NNS
has	VBZ
grown	VBN
and	CC
hacker	NN
tools	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
are	VBP
now	RB
readily	RB
available	JJ
online	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Calkins	NNS
,	,
89	CD
Geo	NNP
.	.
L.J.	NNP
at	IN
176	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Cyberterrorism	NNP
is	VBZ
made	VBN
even	RB
more	RBR
convenient	JJ
by	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
cheap	JJ
in	IN
comparison	NN
to	TO
the	DT
extensive	JJ
and	CC
expensive	JJ
terrorist	JJ
operations	NNS
we	PRP
've	VBP
seen	VBN
in	IN
previous	JJ
history	NN
,	,
requiring	VBG
only	RB
a	DT
telephone	NN
,	,
a	DT
computer	NN
,	,
hacker	NN
software	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
modem	NN
.	.
Examples	NNS
of	IN
more	JJR
serious	JJ
acts	NNS
of	IN
cyberterrorism	NN
include	VBP
a	DT
sabotage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
stock	NN
exchange	NN
,	,
the	DT
disabling	VBG
of	IN
power	NN
and	CC
phone	NN
utilities	NNS
,	,
altering	VBG
drug	NN
formulas	NNS
at	IN
pharmaceutical	JJ
plants	NNS
,	,
adjusting	VBG
pressure	NN
in	IN
gas	NN
pipelines	NNS
to	TO
cause	VB
valve	NN
failure	NN
,	,
scrambling	VBG
the	DT
software	NN
of	IN
major	JJ
financial	JJ
institutions	NNS
,	,
hospitals	NNS
,	,
or	CC
large	JJ
corporations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
disrupting	VBG
air	NN
and	CC
railroad	NN
traffic	NN
control	NN
.	.
All	DT
states	NNS
currently	RB
have	VBP
computer-crime-specific	JJ
laws	NNS
that	WDT
mostly	RB
mirror	VBP
the	DT
federal	JJ
regulations	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Calkins	NNS
,	,
89	CD
Geo	NNP
.	.
L.J.	NNP
at	IN
184	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
State	NNP
and	CC
local	JJ
law	NN
enforcement	NN
authorities	NNS
also	RB
face	VBP
additional	JJ
challenges	NNS
in	IN
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
less	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
the	DT
training	NN
,	,
interest	NN
or	CC
the	DT
resources	NNS
to	TO
pursue	VB
hackers	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Id	NN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
Given	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
confined	VBN
to	TO
any	DT
one	CD
region	NN
,	,
jurisdictional	JJ
problems	NNS
also	RB
arise	VB
in	IN
prosecuting	VBG
hackers	NNS
.	.
Given	VBN
the	DT
immense	JJ
threat	NN
of	IN
cyberterrorism	NN
,	,
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
has	VBZ
acted	VBN
to	TO
fend	VB
off	RP
any	DT
attacks	NNS
.	.
In	IN
1984	CD
,	,
Congress	NNP
criminalized	VBD
unauthorized	JJ
computer	NN
use	NN
by	IN
passing	VBG
the	DT
Counterfeit	NNP
Access	NNP
Device	NNP
and	CC
Computer	NNP
Fraud	NNP
and	CC
Abuse	NNP
Law	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
calls	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
an	DT
Electronic	JJ
Crimes	NNP
Task	NNP
Force	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
preventing	VBG
,	,
detecting	VBG
,	,
and	CC
investigating	VBG
various	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
electronic	JJ
crimes	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
potential	JJ
terrorist	JJ
attacks	NNS
against	IN
critical	JJ
infrastructure	NN
and	CC
financial	JJ
payment	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Pub	NN
.	.
Non-government	NN
``	``
protected	JJ
computers	NNS
''	''
are	VBP
covered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
if	IN
a	DT
person	NN
``	``
knowingly	RB
causes	VBZ
the	DT
transmission	NN
of	IN
a	DT
program	NN
,	,
information	NN
,	,
code	NN
,	,
or	CC
command	NN
,	,
and	CC
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
conduct	NN
,	,
intentionally	RB
causes	VBZ
damage	NN
without	IN
authorization	NN
,	,
to	TO
a	DT
protected	VBN
computer	NN
,	,
''	''
or	CC
if	IN
an	DT
outsider	NN
``	``
intentionally	RB
accesses	VBZ
a	DT
protected	JJ
computer	NN
without	IN
authorization	NN
,	,
''	''
and	CC
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
``	``
recklessly	RB
causes	VBZ
damage	NN
''	''
or	CC
merely	RB
negligently	RB
``	``
causes	VBZ
damage	NN
.	.
''	''
Damage	NN
under	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
can	MD
be	VB
the	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
$	$
5,000	CD
over	IN
a	DT
year	NN
,	,
any	DT
actual	JJ
or	CC
potential	JJ
modification	NN
or	CC
impairment	NN
of	IN
medical	JJ
examination	NN
,	,
diagnosis	NN
,	,
treatment	NN
or	CC
care	NN
,	,
physical	JJ
injury	NN
to	TO
a	DT
person	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
threat	NN
to	TO
public	JJ
health	NN
and	CC
safety	NN
.	.
What	WP
is	VBZ
not	RB
addressed	VBN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
is	VBZ
the	DT
hacker	NN
who	WP
does	VBZ
it	PRP
just	RB
for	IN
``	``
fun	NN
''	''
or	CC
just	RB
because	IN
he	PRP
can	MD
.	.
Somewhere	RB
in	IN
the	DT
middle	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
religious	JJ
or	CC
political	JJ
activist	NN
who	WP
does	VBZ
it	PRP
as	IN
an	DT
outcry	NN
and	CC
statement	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
own	JJ
personal	JJ
belief	NN
.	.
Without	IN
first	JJ
detaining	VBG
the	DT
offender	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
difficult	JJ
to	TO
know	VB
whether	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
the	DT
statutory	JJ
mens	NNS
rea	NN
under	IN
the	DT
CFAA	NNP
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
practical	JJ
matter	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
offender	NN
would	MD
first	RB
be	VB
arrested	VBN
and	CC
his	PRP$
intent	NN
would	MD
be	VB
resolved	VBN
through	IN
interrogation	NN
and	CC
further	JJ
investigation	NN
before	IN
proceeding	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
criminal	JJ
trial	NN
.	.
Given	VBN
the	DT
limitations	NNS
on	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
,	,
under	IN
the	DT
CFAA	NNP
,	,
only	RB
a	DT
handful	NN
of	IN
hackers	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
prosecuted	VBN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
over	IN
50	CD
million	CD
American	JJ
computers	NNS
connected	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
falling	VBG
under	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
as	IN
``	``
protected	JJ
computers	NNS
''	''
.	.
The	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
most	JJS
information	NN
technology	NN
is	VBZ
developed	VBN
,	,
controlled	VBN
and	CC
owned	VBN
by	IN
private	JJ
business	NN
means	VBZ
that	IN
implementing	VBG
security	NN
against	IN
cyberterrorism	NN
requires	VBZ
collaboration	NN
between	IN
business	NN
and	CC
government	NN
.	.
In	IN
light	NN
of	IN
recent	JJ
events	NNS
,	,
there	EX
will	MD
likely	RB
be	VB
less	JJR
resistance	NN
to	TO
government	NN
interference	NN
for	IN
the	DT
sake	NN
of	IN
national	JJ
security	NN
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
already	RB
seen	VBN
conflict	NN
over	IN
the	DT
balance	NN
of	IN
governmental	JJ
interests	NNS
and	CC
individual	JJ
privacy	NN
interests	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
we	PRP
have	VBP
also	RB
witnessed	VBN
the	DT
damage	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
down	RB
when	WRB
our	PRP$
defenses	NNS
our	PRP$
down	RP
.	.
Faced	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
reality	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
own	JJ
vulnerability	NN
,	,
building	VBG
a	DT
solid	JJ
offense	NN
against	IN
cyberterrorism	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
only	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
our	PRP$
security	NN
.	.
Anyone	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
can	MD
participate	VB
,	,
and	CC
most	JJS
auction	NN
sites	NNS
require	VBP
bidders	NNS
and	CC
sellers	NNS
to	TO
register	VB
basic	JJ
information	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
name	NN
,	,
address	NN
,	,
phone	NN
number	NN
,	,
e-mail	NN
address	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
before	IN
participating	VBG
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
basic	JJ
rules	NNS
that	WDT
govern	VBP
how	WRB
the	DT
auctions	NNS
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
conducted	VBN
and	CC
disclaimers	NNS
to	TO
reduce	VB
the	DT
liabilities	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
ensue	VB
from	IN
things	NNS
gone	VBN
wrong	JJ
.	.
On	IN
an	DT
international	JJ
level	NN
,	,
the	DT
International	NNP
League	NNP
against	IN
Racism	NNP
and	CC
Anti-Semitism	NNP
filed	VBD
a	DT
lawsuit	NN
in	IN
Paris	NNP
,	,
France	NNP
against	IN
Yahoo	NNP
!	.
for	IN
illegally	RB
hosting	VBG
on-line	JJ
auctions	NNS
of	IN
Nazi	JJ
paraphernalia	NNS
.	.
In	IN
France	NNP
,	,
the	DT
selling	NN
or	CC
displaying	VBG
of	IN
items	NNS
that	WDT
incite	VBP
racism	NN
is	VBZ
illegal	JJ
.	.
The	DT
League	NNP
wants	VBZ
the	DT
court	NN
to	TO
fine	JJ
Yahoo	NN
!	.
$	$
96,000	CD
a	DT
day	NN
for	IN
each	DT
day	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
fails	VBZ
to	TO
make	VB
Nazi	JJ
auction	NN
paraphernalia	NNS
inaccessible	JJ
to	TO
surfers	NNS
in	IN
France	NNP
and	CC
its	PRP$
territories	NNS
.	.
Yahoo	NN
!	.
is	VBZ
a	DT
U.S.	NNP
based	VBN
site	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
accessible	JJ
to	TO
countries	NNS
all	DT
over	IN
the	DT
world	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
question	NN
here	RB
is	VBZ
:	:
should	MD
Yahoo	VB
!	.
be	VB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
illegal	JJ
conduct	NN
that	WDT
occurs	VBZ
on	IN
its	PRP$
auction	NN
site	NN
or	CC
should	MD
sellers	NNS
be	VB
subjected	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
laws	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
countries	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
their	PRP$
activities	NNS
are	VBP
deemed	VBN
illegal	JJ
?	.
But	CC
auction	NN
sites	NNS
like	IN
eBay	NNP
insist	VBP
that	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
held	VBN
liable	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
actions	NNS
of	IN
its	PRP$
users	NNS
for	IN
two	CD
main	JJ
reasons	NNS
:	:
immunity	NN
under	IN
the	DT
Communications	NNPS
Decency	NNP
Act	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Digital	NNP
Millennium	NNP
Copyright	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
Act	NNP
lists	VBZ
the	DT
following	VBG
as	IN
the	DT
elements	NNS
of	IN
notification	NN
of	IN
a	DT
claimed	VBN
infringement	NN
:	:
physical	JJ
or	CC
electronic	JJ
signature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
owner	NN
of	IN
the	DT
exclusive	JJ
right	NN
or	CC
authorized	VBN
person	NN
,	,
identification	NN
of	IN
the	DT
copyrighted	VBN
work	NN
claimed	VBD
to	TO
have	VB
been	VBN
infringed	VBN
,	,
sufficient	JJ
identification	NN
of	IN
the	DT
material	NN
claimed	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
infringing	VBG
,	,
information	NN
sufficient	JJ
enough	RB
for	IN
the	DT
service	NN
provider	NN
to	TO
contact	VB
that	DT
party	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
complainant	NN
's	POS
name	NN
,	,
address	NN
,	,
phone	NN
number	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
statement	NN
of	IN
complaining	VBG
party	NN
of	IN
good	JJ
faith	NN
belief	NN
in	IN
the	DT
mater	NN
asserted	VBD
,	,
and	CC
statement	NN
verifying	VBG
the	DT
accuracy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
in	IN
the	DT
notification	NN
.	.
In	IN
that	DT
case	NN
,	,
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
owned	VBD
the	DT
copyright	NN
to	TO
a	DT
motion	NN
picture	NN
,	,
and	CC
upon	IN
discovery	NN
that	IN
pirated	VBD
copies	NNS
were	VBD
being	VBG
sold	VBN
on	IN
eBay	NNP
,	,
plaintiff	NN
sent	VBD
a	DT
cease	VB
and	CC
desist	VB
letter	NN
to	TO
eBay	JJ
advising	VBG
the	DT
site	NN
of	IN
what	WP
was	VBD
going	VBG
on	IN
.	.
In	IN
taking	VBG
facts	NNS
like	IN
this	DT
into	IN
consideration	NN
,	,
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
encourages	VBZ
online	JJ
auction	NN
houses	NNS
to	TO
turn	VB
a	DT
blind	JJ
eye	NN
to	TO
illegal	JJ
activity	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
escape	VB
liability	NN
.	.
Online	NNP
auction	NN
houses	NNS
prefer	VBP
to	TO
self-regulate	VB
,	,
but	CC
since	IN
self-regulating	JJ
may	MD
open	VB
themselves	PRP
to	TO
liability	NN
for	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
illegal	JJ
activity	NN
,	,
then	RB
they	PRP
find	VBP
it	PRP
is	VBZ
best	RB
to	TO
regulate	VB
as	RB
little	JJ
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
The	DT
``	``
safe	JJ
harbor	NN
''	''
clause	NN
of	IN
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
only	RB
serves	VBZ
to	TO
perpetuate	VB
the	DT
problems	NNS
that	WDT
copyright	NN
owners	NNS
face	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
anonymous	JJ
infringement	NN
.	.
The	DT
DMCA	NNP
only	RB
requires	VBZ
self-regulation	NN
when	WRB
the	DT
service	NN
provider	NN
has	VBZ
received	VBN
substantial	JJ
notification	NN
of	IN
a	DT
violation	NN
.	.
eBay	JJ
currently	RB
offers	VBZ
an	DT
escrow	NN
service	NN
whereby	WRB
the	DT
buyer	NN
,	,
seller	NN
,	,
or	CC
both	DT
pay	VBP
a	DT
fee	NN
to	TO
have	VB
an	DT
escrow	NN
company	NN
be	VB
the	DT
``	``
middle	JJ
man	NN
''	''
in	IN
the	DT
transaction	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
since	IN
eBay	NNP
already	RB
acquires	VBZ
a	DT
percentage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
,	,
this	DT
should	MD
be	VB
a	DT
free	JJ
service	NN
to	TO
encourage	VB
all	DT
buyers	NNS
and	CC
sellers	NNS
,	,
not	RB
just	RB
those	DT
involving	VBG
large	JJ
transactions	NNS
,	,
to	TO
participate	VB
.	.
Resolving	NNP
disputes	NNS
that	WDT
occur	VBP
online	NN
are	VBP
difficult	JJ
due	JJ
to	TO
there	EX
being	VBG
no	DT
established	VBN
guidelines	NNS
to	TO
address	VB
these	DT
disputes	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
67	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
eBay	JJ
currently	RB
has	VBZ
a	DT
online	JJ
dispute	NN
resolution	NN
program	NN
through	IN
a	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
called	VBN
Square	NNP
Trade	NNP
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
nothing	NN
is	VBZ
resolved	VBN
if	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
party	NN
refuses	VBZ
to	TO
respond	VB
.	.
Initially	RB
,	,
the	DT
Information	NNP
Age	NNP
brought	VBD
us	PRP
computational	JJ
power	NN
.	.
Using	VBG
vacuum	NN
tubes	NNS
to	TO
function	VB
as	RB
simple	JJ
binary	JJ
logic	NN
gates	NNS
,	,
solutions	NNS
to	TO
vast	JJ
mathematical	JJ
algorithms	NNS
and	CC
logical	JJ
structures	NNS
,	,
practically	RB
intractable	JJ
as	IN
manual	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
became	VBD
possible	JJ
.	.
Data	NNP
could	MD
be	VB
organized	VBN
into	IN
information	NN
and	CC
applied	VBD
to	TO
create	VB
knowledge	NN
with	IN
incredible	JJ
speed	NN
and	CC
accuracy	NN
.	.
As	IN
capacity	NN
has	VBZ
exponentially	RB
grown	VBN
,	,
and	CC
physical	JJ
size	NN
and	CC
cost	NN
have	VBP
as	IN
rapidly	RB
declined	VBD
,	,
datawarehouses	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
image	NN
of	IN
widget	NN
warehouses	NNS
have	VBP
begun	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
necessary	JJ
element	NN
of	IN
information	NN
and	CC
knowledge	NN
management	NN
strategies	NNS
for	IN
organizations	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
types	NNS
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
far	RB
more	RBR
expensive	JJ
to	TO
gather	VB
data	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
than	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
store	VB
it	PRP
essentially	RB
indefinitely	RB
.	.
Not	RB
surprisingly	RB
,	,
it	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
take	VB
long	JJ
before	IN
the	DT
sheer	JJ
volume	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
presented	VBD
new	JJ
challenges	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
dissemination	NN
of	IN
this	DT
information	NN
at	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
time	NN
to	TO
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
decision	NN
maker	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
recent	JJ
promise	NN
fulfilled	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Information	NNP
Age	NNP
-	:
almost	RB
instantaneous	JJ
and	CC
effortless	JJ
dissemination	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
information	NN
stores	NNS
to	TO
users	NNS
of	IN
informational	JJ
resources	NNS
nearly	RB
anywhere	RB
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
Age	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
ushered	VBN
in	RP
,	,
we	PRP
no	RB
longer	RBR
wait	VB
days	NNS
or	CC
even	RB
weeks	NNS
for	IN
sales	NNS
figures	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
Chinese	JJ
affiliate	NN
to	TO
be	VB
couriered	VBN
across	IN
the	DT
ocean	NN
.	.
We	PRP
can	MD
now	RB
reliably	RB
transmit	VB
data	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
to	TO
colleagues	NNS
half	DT
way	NN
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
with	IN
less	JJR
effort	NN
than	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
take	VB
to	TO
walk	VB
the	DT
documents	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
hall	NN
.	.
The	DT
power	NN
of	IN
this	DT
chapter	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Information	NNP
Age	NNP
has	VBZ
shrunk	VBN
the	DT
globe	NN
and	CC
,	,
to	TO
a	DT
great	JJ
extent	NN
,	,
leveled	VBD
the	DT
playing	NN
field	NN
between	IN
those	DT
that	WDT
previously	RB
might	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
labeled	VBN
``	``
information-haves	NNS
''	''
and	CC
``	``
information-have-nots	NNS
.	.
''	''
Power	NN
comes	VBZ
with	IN
a	DT
price	NN
.	.
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	NN
In	IN
the	DT
packet-switched	JJ
,	,
largely	RB
anonymous	JJ
world	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
we	PRP
have	VBP
little	JJ
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
possible	JJ
circuitous	JJ
route	NN
that	IN
our	PRP$
communications	NNS
might	MD
take	VB
through	RP
the	DT
highly	RB
interconnected	VBN
morass	NN
of	IN
routers	NNS
and	CC
switches	NNS
that	WDT
make	VBP
up	RP
the	DT
``	``
web	NN
''	''
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Indeed	RB
,	,
the	DT
packets	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
the	DT
result	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
communication	NN
being	VBG
divided	VBN
up	RP
into	IN
manageable	JJ
``	``
chunks	NNS
''	''
for	IN
delivery	NN
may	MD
be	VB
mixed	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
packets	NNS
of	IN
many	JJ
other	JJ
sources	NNS
of	IN
communications	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
become	VBN
somewhat	RB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
insure	VB
that	IN
a	DT
message	NN
is	VBZ
received	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
intended	JJ
recipient	JJ
,	,
and	CC
only	RB
by	IN
the	DT
intended	JJ
recipient	JJ
.	.
In	IN
trade	NN
for	IN
virtually	RB
instantaneous	JJ
information	NN
distribution	NN
,	,
we	PRP
find	VBP
ourselves	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
sometimes-precarious	JJ
situation	NN
where	WRB
traditional	JJ
notions	NNS
of	IN
privacy	NN
are	VBP
hard	JJ
to	TO
maintain	VB
.	.
With	IN
each	DT
major	JJ
revolution	NN
,	,
society	NN
has	VBZ
embraced	VBN
change	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
obvious	JJ
benefits	NNS
,	,
paying	VBG
scant	JJ
attention	NN
to	TO
the	DT
predictable	JJ
harms	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
follow	VB
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
the	DT
Industrial	NNP
Age	NNP
promised	VBD
greater	JJR
production	NN
and	CC
efficiency	NN
,	,
lower	JJR
cost	NN
goods	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
dramatic	JJ
increase	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
standard	NN
of	IN
living	NN
.	.
This	DT
article	NN
examines	VBZ
the	DT
interaction	NN
between	IN
the	DT
power	NN
offered	VBN
by	IN
Internet	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
privacy	NN
price	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
may	MD
ultimately	RB
have	VB
to	TO
pay	VB
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
state	NN
of	IN
the	DT
debate	NN
,	,
the	DT
full	JJ
complexity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
interaction	NN
is	VBZ
difficult	JJ
to	TO
delineate	VB
,	,
and	CC
yet	RB
the	DT
issue	NN
deserves	VBZ
our	PRP$
full	JJ
attention	NN
.	.
The	DT
article	NN
begins	VBZ
with	IN
a	DT
look	NN
at	IN
that	DT
which	WDT
we	PRP
seek	VBP
to	TO
protect	VB
-	:
privacy	NN
,	,
first	RB
through	IN
the	DT
looking	VBG
glass	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
legal	JJ
treatment	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
and	CC
secondly	RB
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
private	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
privacy	NN
protection	NN
.	.
Next	JJ
,	,
the	DT
article	NN
considers	VBZ
the	DT
manner	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
Internet	NNP
has	VBZ
facilitated	VBN
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
encroachment	NN
.	.
First	RB
,	,
private	JJ
encroachment	NN
,	,
largely	RB
orchestrated	VBN
by	IN
commercial	JJ
concerns	NNS
employing	VBG
such	JJ
mechanisms	NNS
as	IN
data	NNS
mining	NN
and	CC
``	``
cookies	NNS
''	''
is	VBZ
examined	VBN
.	.
Then	RB
the	DT
article	NN
explores	VBZ
the	DT
benefits	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
dangers	NNS
of	IN
public	JJ
encroachment	NN
,	,
by	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
and	CC
military	JJ
organizations	NNS
,	,
using	VBG
such	JJ
devices	NNS
as	IN
web	NN
bugs	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
infamous	JJ
Carnivore	NN
.	.
In	IN
Section	NN
III	NNP
,	,
the	DT
article	NN
looks	VBZ
at	IN
encryption	NN
-	:
one	CD
possible	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
combating	VBG
this	DT
encroachment	NN
,	,
both	DT
for	IN
the	DT
noble	JJ
reasons	NNS
of	IN
protecting	VBG
proprietary	JJ
information	NN
and	CC
individual	JJ
privacy	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
not-so-noble	JJ
reasons	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
facilitation	NN
of	IN
criminal	JJ
and	CC
war-like	JJ
activities	NNS
.	.
Recent	JJ
events	NNS
have	VBP
provided	VBN
a	DT
rare	JJ
context	NN
for	IN
the	DT
discussion	NN
in	IN
Section	NN
IV	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
considers	VBZ
the	DT
manner	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
Internet	NNP
proliferation	NN
and	CC
policy	NN
attempts	NNS
to	TO
protect	VB
privacy	NN
have	VBP
facilitated	VBN
the	DT
activities	NNS
of	IN
domestic	JJ
and	CC
international	JJ
terrorists	NNS
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
the	DT
article	NN
concludes	VBZ
with	IN
a	DT
brief	JJ
discussion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
manner	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
traditional	JJ
models	NNS
of	IN
public	JJ
safety	NN
and	CC
national	JJ
security	NN
fall	NN
short	RB
in	IN
the	DT
troubling	JJ
context	NN
of	IN
a	DT
world	NN
where	WRB
our	PRP$
enemies	NNS
are	VBP
many	JJ
and	CC
difficult	JJ
,	,
if	IN
not	RB
impossible	JJ
,	,
to	TO
identify	VB
.	.
The	DT
current	JJ
state	NN
of	IN
affairs	NNS
calls	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
return	NN
to	TO
unitary	JJ
principles	NNS
,	,
a	DT
clear	JJ
distinction	NN
between	IN
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
private	JJ
roles	NNS
in	IN
bringing	VBG
about	IN
the	DT
realization	NN
of	IN
these	DT
principles	NNS
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
re-thinking	NN
of	IN
the	DT
means	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
employed	VBN
to	TO
accomplish	VB
these	DT
goals	NNS
.	.
Who	WP
could	MD
deny	VB
that	IN
privacy	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
jewel	NN
?	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
always	RB
been	VBN
the	DT
mark	NN
of	IN
privilege	NN
,	,
the	DT
distinguishing	VBG
feature	NN
of	IN
a	DT
truly	RB
urbane	JJ
culture	NN
.	.
Out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
cave	NN
,	,
the	DT
tribal	JJ
tepee	NN
,	,
the	DT
pueblo	NN
,	,
the	DT
community	NN
fortress	NN
,	,
man	NN
emerged	VBD
to	TO
build	VB
himself	PRP
a	DT
house	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
own	JJ
with	IN
a	DT
shelter	NN
in	IN
it	PRP
for	IN
himself	PRP
and	CC
his	PRP$
diversions	NNS
.	.
Every	DT
age	NN
has	VBZ
seen	VBN
it	PRP
so	RB
.	.
The	DT
poor	JJ
might	MD
have	VB
to	TO
huddle	VB
together	RB
in	IN
cities	NNS
for	IN
need	NN
's	POS
sake	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
frontiersman	NN
cling	VB
to	TO
his	PRP$
neighbors	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
sake	NN
of	IN
protection	NN
.	.
But	CC
in	IN
each	DT
civilization	NN
,	,
as	IN
it	PRP
advanced	VBD
,	,
those	DT
who	WP
could	MD
afford	VB
it	PRP
chose	VBD
the	DT
luxury	NN
of	IN
a	DT
withdrawing-place	NN
.	.
What	WP
is	VBZ
it	PRP
about	IN
privacy	NN
that	WDT
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
revered	JJ
privileges	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
passage	NN
of	IN
history	NN
?	.
Why	WRB
is	VBZ
it	PRP
that	IN
we	PRP
view	VBP
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
as	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
serious	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
trespass	NN
that	IN
a	DT
man	NN
can	MD
transgress	VB
on	IN
another	DT
?	.
And	CC
why	WRB
is	VBZ
it	PRP
that	IN
,	,
given	VBN
these	DT
strong	JJ
feelings	NNS
,	,
so	RB
seemingly	RB
universally	RB
held	VBN
,	,
that	IN
legal	JJ
protections	NNS
of	IN
privacy	NN
are	VBP
so	RB
fragmented	JJ
and	CC
often	RB
ineffectual	JJ
?	.
Fourth	JJ
Amendment	NNP
apply	VB
to	TO
activity	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
depends	VBZ
on	IN
whether	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
expectation	NN
in	IN
that	DT
Internet	NNP
activity	NN
.	.
This	DT
turns	VBZ
,	,
in	IN
part	NN
,	,
on	IN
how	WRB
protected	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
less	JJR
protected	VBN
,	,
the	DT
less	JJR
expectation	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
an	DT
ongoing	JJ
debate	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
want	VBP
their	PRP$
Internet	NNP
activity	NN
to	TO
be	VB
private	JJ
and	CC
to	TO
be	VB
protected	VBN
from	IN
interception	NN
,	,
disclosure	NN
,	,
and	CC
misuse	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
recognized	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
even	RB
by	IN
some	DT
of	IN
those	DT
desiring	VBG
privacy	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	IN
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
little	JJ
or	CC
no	DT
privacy	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Considering	VBG
the	DT
ability	NN
of	IN
outsiders	NNS
to	TO
intercept	VB
or	CC
gather	VB
information	NN
from	IN
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
,	,
the	DT
``	``
no	DT
privacy	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
''	''
view	NN
seems	VBZ
persuasive	JJ
.	.
This	DT
issue	NN
is	VBZ
discussed	VBN
extensively	RB
below	IN
.	.
Fourth	JJ
Amendment	NNP
protection	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
any	DT
information	NN
transmitted	VBD
to	TO
another	DT
person	NN
can	MD
be	VB
disclosed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
government	NN
without	IN
implicating	VBG
the	DT
Fourth	JJ
Amendment	NNP
.	.
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
14	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	NN
Because	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
almost	RB
invariably	RB
involves	VBZ
exchange	NN
of	IN
information	NN
between	IN
Internet	NNP
participants	NNS
,	,
the	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
potentially	RB
freely	RB
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
government	NN
by	IN
obtaining	VBG
it	PRP
from	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
party	NN
to	TO
the	DT
exchange	NN
.	.
The	DT
rules	NNS
arguably	RB
are	VBP
no	DT
different	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
encrypted	VBN
documents	NNS
.	.
The	DT
government	NN
can	MD
compel	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
turn	VB
them	PRP
over	IN
.	.
The	DT
problem	NN
from	IN
the	DT
government	NN
's	POS
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
encrypted	VBN
documents	NNS
are	VBP
worthless	JJ
unless	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
decrypted	VBN
.	.
Given	VBN
modern	JJ
electronic	JJ
encryption	NN
technology	NN
such	JJ
decryption	NN
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
impossible	JJ
without	IN
the	DT
decryption	NN
key	NN
.	.
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
18	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	NN
Testimony	NN
about	IN
the	DT
incriminating	VBG
contents	NNS
of	IN
encrypted	VBN
documents	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
compelled	VBN
because	IN
that	DT
would	MD
violate	VB
the	DT
Fifth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
encryption	NN
would	MD
seem	VB
to	TO
be	VB
an	DT
effective	JJ
way	NN
for	IN
a	DT
person	NN
to	TO
keep	VB
incriminating	VBG
documents	NNS
from	IN
being	VBG
used	VBN
against	IN
them	PRP
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
reasons	NNS
the	DT
government	NN
has	VBZ
fought	VBN
so	RB
long	RB
for	IN
weak	JJ
encryption	NN
and	CC
key	JJ
escrow	NN
.	.
The	DT
case	NN
of	IN
encrypted	VBN
documents	NNS
appears	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
analogous	JJ
.	.
Without	IN
knowing	VBG
their	PRP$
contents	NNS
,	,
the	DT
government	NN
can	MD
only	RB
suspect	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
contain	VBP
relevant	JJ
information	NN
and	CC
can	MD
only	RB
speculate	VB
about	IN
what	WP
that	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
it	PRP
could	MD
be	VB
argued	VBN
that	IN
forcing	VBG
a	DT
person	NN
to	TO
turn	VB
over	RP
the	DT
key	NN
to	TO
encrypted	VBN
documents	NNS
has	VBZ
a	DT
testimonial	JJ
aspect	NN
,	,
as	IN
in	IN
Hubbell	NNP
,	,
and	CC
should	MD
be	VB
protected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Fifth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
.	.
A	DT
relevant	JJ
issue	NN
is	VBZ
whether	IN
possession	NN
of	IN
the	DT
key	NN
,	,
and	CC
acknowledgement	NN
of	IN
that	DT
possession	NN
by	IN
turning	VBG
it	PRP
over	RP
,	,
has	VBZ
testimonial	JJ
dimensions	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
key	NN
can	MD
be	VB
protected	VBN
,	,
then	RB
encryption	NN
would	MD
seem	VB
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
way	NN
of	IN
extending	VBG
Fifth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
protection	NN
to	TO
one	CD
's	POS
electronic	JJ
documents	NNS
.	.
Amendment	NNP
protection	NN
of	IN
decryption	NN
keys	NNS
has	VBZ
little	JJ
relevance	NN
to	TO
Internet	NNP
communication	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
web	NN
sites	NNS
conduct	VBP
transactions	NNS
with	IN
their	PRP$
visitors	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
we	PRP
order	VBP
a	DT
book	NN
from	IN
Amazon.com	NNP
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
27	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	NN
or	CC
buy	VB
plane	NN
tickets	NNS
at	IN
Expedia.com	NNP
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
28	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	NN
we	PRP
go	VBP
through	IN
a	DT
process	NN
of	IN
providing	VBG
personal	JJ
information	NN
and	CC
credit	NN
card	NN
information	NN
.	.
To	TO
protect	VB
customer	NN
information	NN
,	,
the	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
these	DT
transactions	NNS
are	VBP
conducted	VBN
using	VBG
encrypted	JJ
communications	NNS
.	.
This	DT
encryption	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
behind	IN
the	DT
scenes	NNS
''	''
and	CC
the	DT
customer	NN
may	MD
not	RB
even	RB
realize	VB
encryption	NN
is	VBZ
taking	VBG
place	NN
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
this	DT
encryption	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
prevent	VB
anyone	NN
who	WP
intercepts	VBZ
the	DT
web	NN
traffic	NN
between	IN
the	DT
site	NN
and	CC
the	DT
customer	NN
from	IN
being	VBG
read	VBN
.	.
The	DT
customer	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
the	DT
key	NN
.	.
The	DT
web	NN
site	NN
must	MD
,	,
of	IN
course	NN
,	,
decrypt	VB
the	DT
information	NN
once	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
received	VBN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
carry	VB
out	RP
the	DT
transaction	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
``	``
transactional	JJ
''	''
encryption	NN
arguably	RB
provides	VBZ
little	JJ
or	CC
no	DT
Fifth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
protection	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
even	RB
encrypted	VBD
Internet	NNP
communications	NNS
between	IN
private	JJ
individuals	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
benefit	VB
from	IN
Fifth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
protection	NN
because	IN
the	DT
decryption	NN
key	NN
for	IN
such	JJ
communications	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
in	IN
the	DT
hands	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
recipient	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
communication	NN
and	CC
not	RB
just	RB
the	DT
author	NN
of	IN
the	DT
communication	NN
.	.
Generally	RB
,	,
the	DT
Fifth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
protect	VB
voluntary	JJ
communications	NNS
made	VBN
to	TO
others	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
you	PRP
send	VB
your	PRP$
personal	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
the	DT
Fifth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
prevent	VB
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
from	IN
disclosing	VBG
,	,
or	CC
being	VBG
compelled	VBN
to	TO
disclose	VB
,	,
that	DT
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
web	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
you	PRP
and	CC
disclosure	NN
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
considered	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
testimony	NN
by	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
communication	NN
is	VBZ
legally	RB
intercepted	VBN
,	,
by	IN
use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
wiretap	NN
warrant	NN
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
the	DT
communication	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
protected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Fifth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
because	IN
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
voluntarily	RB
made	VBN
.	.
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
29	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	JJ
The	DT
situation	NN
for	IN
encrypted	JJ
web	NN
transactions	NNS
is	VBZ
no	DT
different	JJ
than	IN
regular	JJ
commercial	JJ
transactions	NNS
.	.
A	DT
merchant	NN
can	MD
be	VB
compelled	VBN
to	TO
disclose	VB
any	DT
information	NN
you	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
given	VBN
them	PRP
.	.
This	DT
authority	NN
gives	VBZ
the	DT
FTC	NNP
broad	JJ
powers	NNS
to	TO
act	VB
when	WRB
consumers	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
harmed	VBN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
the	DT
FTC	NNP
stepped	VBD
in	IN
when	WRB
a	DT
bankrupt	JJ
Internet	NNP
company	NN
tried	VBD
to	TO
sell	VB
its	PRP$
database	NN
of	IN
consumer	NN
information	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
was	VBD
contrary	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
company	NN
's	POS
privacy	NN
policy	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
49	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	JJ
The	DT
FTC	NNP
has	VBZ
taken	VBN
the	DT
position	NN
that	IN
use	NN
of	IN
consumer	NN
data	NNS
in	IN
violation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
company	NN
's	POS
statements	NNS
to	TO
consumers	NNS
about	IN
how	WRB
the	DT
data	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
can	MD
constitute	VB
an	DT
unfair	JJ
trade	NN
practice	NN
.	.
But	CC
FTC	NNP
enforcement	NN
in	IN
many	JJ
cases	NNS
provides	VBZ
only	RB
theoretical	JJ
protection	NN
since	IN
the	DT
FTC	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
the	DT
resources	NNS
to	TO
police	VB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
data	NNS
and	CC
all	DT
of	IN
its	PRP$
uses	NNS
.	.
Mozelle	NNP
W.	NNP
Thompson	NNP
took	VBD
a	DT
stroll	VBP
last	JJ
summer	NN
through	IN
the	DT
Silicon	NNP
Alley	NNP
Street	NNP
Fair	NNP
,	,
a	DT
celebration	NN
of	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
City	NNP
's	POS
dot-coms	NNS
back	RB
when	WRB
they	PRP
had	VBD
something	NN
to	TO
celebrate	VB
.	.
His	PRP$
T-shirt	NNS
and	CC
shorts	NNS
belied	VBD
his	PRP$
high	JJ
office	NN
as	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Trade	NNP
Commission	NNP
,	,
the	DT
federal	JJ
agency	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
taken	VBN
the	DT
lead	NN
in	IN
consumer	NN
privacy	NN
protection	NN
online	NN
.	.
He	PRP
met	VBD
the	DT
chief	JJ
executive	NN
of	IN
a	DT
high-technology	NN
company	NN
that	WDT
gathers	VBZ
personal	JJ
data	NNS
on	IN
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
,	,
a	DT
man	NN
who	WP
was	VBD
,	,
Mr.	NNP
Thompson	NNP
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
treating	VBG
people	NNS
as	IN
data	NNS
instead	RB
of	IN
treating	VBG
people	NNS
as	IN
people	NNS
.	.
''	''
Privacy	NN
policies	NNS
of	IN
individual	JJ
companies	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
only	JJ
significant	JJ
checks	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
mining	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
we	PRP
leave	VBP
behind	RB
in	IN
our	PRP$
travels	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
But	CC
this	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
very	RB
effective	JJ
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
Earthlink	NNP
,	,
a	DT
major	JJ
Internet	NNP
service	NN
provider	NN
,	,
makes	VBZ
efforts	NNS
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
privacy	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
customers	NNS
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
do	VBP
believe	VB
that	IN
privacy	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
very	RB
,	,
very	RB
large	JJ
component	NN
of	IN
that	DT
,	,
''	''
Ms.	NNP
Caplan	NNP
said	VBD
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
had	VBD
not	RB
seen	VBN
this	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
movement	NN
before	IN
the	DT
privacy	NN
initiative	NN
.	.
''	''
It	PRP
remains	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
seen	VBN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
whether	IN
that	DT
will	MD
translate	VB
into	IN
more	JJR
customers	NNS
for	IN
Earthlink	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
incentives	NNS
for	IN
Internet	NNP
service	NN
providers	NNS
seem	VBP
to	TO
weigh	VB
more	RBR
heavily	RB
in	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
direction	NN
.	.
The	DT
customer	NN
information	NN
that	IN
their	PRP$
servers	NNS
gather	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
providing	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
millions	NNS
of	IN
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
is	VBZ
very	RB
valuable	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
revenue	NN
streams	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
generated	VBN
from	IN
offering	VBG
this	DT
information	NN
for	IN
sale	NN
can	MD
often	RB
mean	VB
the	DT
difference	NN
between	IN
viability	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
business	NN
model	NN
and	CC
failure	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
often	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
simply	RB
too	RB
attractive	JJ
to	TO
resist	VB
.	.
As	IN
more	JJR
people	NNS
learn	VBP
about	IN
how	WRB
their	PRP$
privacy	NN
is	VBZ
invaded	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
private	JJ
sectors	NNS
,	,
more	JJR
options	NNS
develop	VBP
for	IN
privacy	NN
protection	NN
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
law	NN
in	IN
this	DT
area	NN
is	VBZ
far	RB
from	IN
settled	VBN
,	,
privacy	NN
advocates	NNS
have	VBP
developed	VBN
ways	NNS
of	IN
blocking	VBG
,	,
circumventing	VBG
,	,
or	CC
at	IN
least	JJS
delaying	VBG
privacy	NN
invasions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
this	DT
section	NN
will	MD
briefly	RB
explore	VB
opting	VBG
out	RP
,	,
anonymous	JJ
e-mailers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
cleaning	VBG
cache	NN
and	CC
hard	JJ
drives	NNS
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
average	JJ
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
equipped	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
with	IN
knowledge	NN
or	CC
money	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
establish	VB
firewalls	NNS
and	CC
privacy	NN
protecting	VBG
software	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
several	JJ
basic	JJ
privacy	NN
protection	NN
methods	NNS
even	RB
the	DT
least	JJS
savvy	JJ
users	NNS
can	MD
try	VB
.	.
Some	DT
Websites	NNPS
offer	VBP
an	DT
option	NN
of	IN
opting-out	NN
of	IN
datamining	NN
,	,
targeted	VBN
ad	NN
delivery	NN
,	,
profiling	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
online	JJ
information	NN
collection	NN
.	.
Typically	RB
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
still	RB
receive	VB
a	DT
cookie	NN
from	IN
the	DT
site	NN
,	,
but	CC
that	DT
cookie	NN
will	MD
not	RB
track	VB
your	PRP$
online	JJ
activities	NNS
.	.
Instead	RB
,	,
the	DT
cookie	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
blank	JJ
stand-in	NN
for	IN
the	DT
information-tracking	JJ
cookie	NN
you	PRP
would	MD
normally	RB
receive	VB
when	WRB
visiting	VBG
a	DT
site	NN
.	.
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
55	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	JJ
But	CC
note	NN
that	IN
privacy	NN
advocates	NNS
say	VBP
blocking	VBG
cookies	NNS
entirely	RB
is	VBZ
a	DT
better	JJR
practice	NN
than	IN
opting	VBG
out	RP
because	IN
the	DT
cookie	NN
could	MD
``	``
be	VB
reset	VB
to	TO
a	DT
unique	JJ
value	NN
again	RB
.	.
''	''
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
go	VBP
through	IN
and	CC
delete	VB
all	DT
your	PRP$
cookies	NNS
,	,
the	DT
next	JJ
time	NN
you	PRP
visit	VBP
a	DT
site	NN
you	PRP
will	MD
-LRB-	-LRB-
involuntarily	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
opt	VB
back	RB
in	IN
.	.
For	IN
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
more	RBR
concerned	JJ
with	IN
protecting	VBG
their	PRP$
identity	NN
than	IN
regulating	VBG
how	WRB
their	PRP$
information	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
,	,
anonymizing	VBG
services	NNS
offer	VBP
the	DT
opportunity	NN
for	IN
unidentified	JJ
Internet	NNP
use	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
anonymizing	VBG
services	NNS
detailed	VBN
below	IN
,	,
privacy	NN
advocates	NNS
recommend	VBP
using	VBG
a	DT
secondary	JJ
free	JJ
e-mail	NN
account	NN
when	WRB
registering	VBG
with	IN
online	JJ
sites	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
services	NNS
also	RB
provide	VBP
anonymous	JJ
e-mail	NN
so	IN
that	IN
companys	NNS
ca	MD
n't	RB
collect	VB
your	PRP$
primary	JJ
address	NN
when	WRB
you	PRP
contact	VBP
them	PRP
.	.
For	IN
a	DT
listing	NN
of	IN
anonymous	JJ
e-mailers	NNS
,	,
see	VBP
http://www.epic.org/privacy/tools.html	NN
.	.
Some	DT
people	NNS
feel	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
climate	NN
of	IN
terrorism	NN
that	IN
personal	JJ
privacy	NN
should	MD
give	VB
way	NN
to	TO
small	JJ
intrusions	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
good	JJ
,	,
and	CC
ask	VB
,	,
``	``
why	WRB
worry	NN
about	IN
government	NN
surveillance	NN
if	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
nothing	NN
to	TO
hide	VB
?	.
''	''
However	RB
,	,
many	JJ
people	NNS
seek	VBP
anonymity	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
express	VB
themselves	PRP
freely	RB
,	,
to	TO
offer	VB
unacknowledged	JJ
help	NN
or	CC
guidance	NN
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
simply	RB
maintain	VB
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
seclusion	NN
.	.
Despite	IN
some	DT
charges	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
contrary	NN
,	,
anonymous	JJ
Web	NNP
surfing	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
sole	JJ
province	NN
of	IN
crackers	NNS
,	,
script	NN
kiddies	NNS
,	,
vandals	NNS
and	CC
Net	JJ
terrorists	NNS
.	.
Anonymity	NN
also	RB
serves	VBZ
whistle	VBP
blowers	NNS
,	,
free	JJ
speech	NN
advocates	NNS
,	,
people	NNS
investigating	VBG
sensitive	JJ
information	NN
,	,
and	CC
those	DT
just	RB
looking	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
little	JJ
elbowroom	NN
from	IN
dataminers	NNS
and	CC
marketing	NN
interests	NNS
.	.
As	IN
objectionable	JJ
as	IN
this	DT
may	MD
be	VB
,	,
the	DT
combination	NN
and	CC
analysis	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
data	NNS
presents	NNS
additional	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
In	IN
raw	JJ
form	NN
,	,
the	DT
data	NNS
is	VBZ
dispersed	VBN
and	CC
disorganized	VBN
.	.
This	DT
disorganization	NN
should	MD
be	VB
a	DT
great	JJ
barrier	NN
to	TO
effective	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
data	NNS
,	,
whether	IN
for	IN
legitimate	JJ
or	CC
illegitimate	JJ
purposes	NNS
.	.
But	CC
such	JJ
data	NNS
represents	VBZ
a	DT
gold	NN
mine	NN
to	TO
businesses	NNS
and	CC
individuals	NNS
who	WP
know	VBP
how	WRB
to	TO
access	VB
it	PRP
and	CC
who	WP
know	VBP
how	WRB
to	TO
use	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Many	JJ
companies	NNS
have	VBP
recognized	VBN
this	DT
and	CC
developed	VBN
software	NN
and	CC
systems	NNS
for	IN
shifting	VBG
,	,
categorizing	VBG
,	,
organizing	VBG
and	CC
interpreting	VBG
databases	NNS
and	CC
data	NNS
streams	NNS
.	.
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
80	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	NN
These	DT
systems	NNS
and	CC
software	NN
``	``
mine	NN
''	''
useful	JJ
data	NNS
from	IN
raw	JJ
or	CC
varied	JJ
data	NNS
sources	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
process	NN
referred	VBD
to	TO
as	IN
``	``
data	NNS
mining	NN
.	.
''	''
Most	JJS
data	NNS
mining	NN
systems	NNS
are	VBP
marketed	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
way	NN
companies	NNS
can	MD
organize	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
data	NNS
,	,
but	CC
most	JJS
such	JJ
systems	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
,	,
and	CC
are	VBP
,	,
used	VBN
for	IN
mining	VBG
other	JJ
people	NNS
's	POS
data	NNS
.	.
Why	WRB
does	VBZ
this	DT
matter	NN
?	.
An	DT
individual	JJ
visit	NN
to	TO
an	DT
individual	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
is	VBZ
unimportant	JJ
by	IN
itself	PRP
;	:
and	CC
most	JJS
people	NNS
would	MD
not	RB
worry	VB
if	IN
that	DT
one	CD
,	,
isolated	VBN
visit	NN
were	VBD
recorded	VBN
somewhere	RB
.	.
Who	WP
would	MD
know	VB
to	TO
look	VB
for	IN
it	PRP
?	.
How	WRB
could	MD
anyone	NN
make	VB
use	NN
of	IN
that	DT
one	CD
bit	NN
of	IN
information	NN
?	.
Data	NNP
mining	NN
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
possible	JJ
for	IN
many	JJ
individual	JJ
site	NN
visits	NNS
and	CC
many	JJ
individual	JJ
actions	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
collected	VBN
and	CC
combined	VBN
into	IN
a	DT
whole	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
tell	VB
someone	NN
far	RB
more	RBR
than	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
us	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
comfortable	JJ
with	IN
.	.
The	DT
power	NN
comes	VBZ
from	IN
effective	JJ
accumulation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
data	NNS
.	.
ECHELON	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
term	NN
popularly	RB
used	VBN
for	IN
an	DT
automated	VBN
global	JJ
interception	NN
and	CC
relay	NN
system	NN
operated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
intelligence	NN
agencies	NNS
in	IN
five	CD
nations	NNS
:	:
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
the	DT
United	NNP
Kingdom	NNP
,	,
Canada	NNP
,	,
Australia	NNP
and	CC
New	NNP
Zealand	NNP
.	.
...	:
According	VBG
to	TO
reports	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
capable	JJ
of	IN
intercepting	VBG
and	CC
processing	VBG
many	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
transmissions	NNS
,	,
throughout	IN
the	DT
globe	NN
.	.
Historically	NNP
,	,
data	NNS
encryption	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
used	VBN
primarily	RB
to	TO
protect	VB
diplomatic	JJ
and	CC
military	JJ
secrets	NNS
from	IN
foreign	JJ
governments	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
now	RB
used	VBN
increasingly	RB
by	IN
the	DT
financial	JJ
industry	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
money	NN
transfers	NNS
,	,
by	IN
merchants	NNS
to	TO
protect	VB
credit-card	NN
information	NN
in	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
,	,
and	CC
by	IN
corporations	NNS
to	TO
secure	VB
sensitive	JJ
communications	NNS
of	IN
proprietary	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Computer	NNP
encryption	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
this	DT
same	JJ
practice	NN
,	,
only	RB
instead	RB
of	IN
twirling	VBG
a	DT
ring	NN
or	CC
counting	VBG
ahead	RB
in	IN
the	DT
alphabet	NN
,	,
complicated	VBN
mathematical	JJ
algorithms	NNS
are	VBP
used	VBN
instead	RB
.	.
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
142	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	JJ
The	DT
purpose	NN
remains	VBZ
constant	JJ
:	:
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
only	RB
those	DT
people	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
key	NN
have	VBP
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
encoded	VBN
information	NN
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
encryption	NN
technology	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
multitude	NN
of	IN
uses	NNS
outside	IN
the	DT
military	JJ
context	NN
-	:
secure	JJ
online	JJ
purchasing	NN
,	,
protecting	VBG
confidential	JJ
e-mails	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
law	NN
firms	NNS
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
avoiding	VBG
business	NN
espionage	NN
,	,
and	CC
many	JJ
more	JJR
.	.
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
148	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	JJ
People	NNS
who	WP
use	VBP
encryption	NN
may	MD
have	VB
something	NN
they	PRP
wish	VBP
to	TO
keep	VB
secret	JJ
,	,
or	CC
may	MD
simply	RB
desire	VB
confidentiality	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
correspondence	NN
.	.
``	``
Ordinary	JJ
mail	NN
that	WDT
goes	VBZ
in	IN
an	DT
envelope	NN
can	MD
be	VB
tampered	VBN
with	IN
.	.
It	PRP
sometimes	RB
happens	VBZ
.	.
But	CC
there	EX
's	VBZ
no	DT
feasible	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
scan	VB
the	DT
contents	NNS
of	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
letters	NNS
that	WDT
move	VBP
through	IN
the	DT
postal	JJ
system	NN
every	DT
day	NN
.	.
The	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
the	DT
Fifth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
applies	VBZ
to	TO
encryption	VB
keys	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
analyzed	VBN
using	VBG
a	DT
hypothetical	JJ
.	.
Federal	NNP
law	NN
enforcement	NN
agents	NNS
suspect	VBP
John	NNP
of	IN
possessing	VBG
incriminating	VBG
documents	NNS
.	.
Assume	VB
for	IN
the	DT
sake	NN
of	IN
this	DT
hypothetical	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
agents	NNS
have	VBP
probable	JJ
cause	NN
to	TO
believe	VB
this	DT
and	CC
have	VBP
obtained	VBN
a	DT
valid	JJ
warrant	NN
to	TO
search	VB
John	NNP
's	POS
house	NN
and	CC
computer	NN
and	CC
to	TO
seize	VB
the	DT
computer	NN
and	CC
any	DT
files	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
.	.
The	DT
federal	JJ
agents	NNS
conduct	VBP
the	DT
search	NN
and	CC
do	VB
not	RB
find	VB
the	DT
documents	NNS
but	CC
do	VBP
find	VB
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
encrypted	JJ
files	NNS
on	IN
John	NNP
's	POS
computer	NN
.	.
The	DT
files	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
encrypted	VBN
using	VBG
John	NNP
's	POS
own	JJ
encryption	NN
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
encrypted	JJ
documents	NNS
can	MD
only	RB
be	VB
decrypted	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
key	JJ
known	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
written	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
piece	NN
of	IN
paper	NN
inside	IN
an	DT
uncrackable	JJ
safe	JJ
.	.
Assume	VB
the	DT
key	NN
is	VBZ
too	RB
long	JJ
for	IN
John	NNP
to	TO
have	VB
memorized	VBN
.	.
The	DT
federal	JJ
agents	NNS
know	VBP
John	NNP
has	VBZ
the	DT
only	JJ
key	NN
to	TO
the	DT
safe	JJ
,	,
but	CC
do	VBP
not	RB
know	VB
where	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
.	.
The	DT
agents	NNS
suspect	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
encrypted	VBN
files	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
incriminating	VBG
documents	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
assume	VB
that	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
search	NN
warrant	NN
gives	VBZ
them	PRP
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
access	VB
the	DT
contents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
encrypted	VBN
files	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
government	NN
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
decrypt	VB
the	DT
files	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
let	VB
's	POS
assume	VB
they	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
break	VB
the	DT
code	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
So	RB
,	,
the	DT
government	NN
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
have	VB
John	NNP
's	POS
assistance	NN
in	IN
decrypting	VBG
the	DT
files	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
they	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
other	JJ
choice	NN
given	VBN
the	DT
facts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
hypothetical	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
the	DT
federal	JJ
agents	NNS
could	MD
simply	RB
compel	VB
John	NNP
to	TO
produce	VB
the	DT
key	NN
to	TO
the	DT
safe	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
that	DT
is	VBZ
,	,
they	PRP
could	MD
serve	VB
him	PRP
with	IN
a	DT
subpoena	NN
to	TO
produce	VB
the	DT
key	NN
to	TO
the	DT
safe	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
As	IN
with	IN
the	DT
documents	NNS
,	,
the	DT
key	NN
to	TO
the	DT
safe	JJ
is	VBZ
not	RB
testimonial	JJ
.	.
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
153	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	NN
There	EX
is	VBZ
simply	RB
no	DT
aspect	NN
of	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
physical	JJ
object	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
the	DT
testimony	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
possessor	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
hypothetical	JJ
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
similar	JJ
issues	NNS
regarding	VBG
the	DT
key	NN
to	TO
the	DT
safe	JJ
.	.
The	DT
federal	JJ
agents	NNS
know	VBP
that	IN
John	NNP
has	VBZ
the	DT
key	NN
,	,
so	RB
his	PRP$
production	NN
of	IN
the	DT
key	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
involve	VB
any	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
existence	NN
,	,
control	NN
,	,
or	CC
authentication	NN
of	IN
the	DT
key	NN
to	TO
the	DT
safe	JJ
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
John	NNP
can	MD
not	RB
resist	VB
the	DT
subpoena	NN
by	IN
invoking	VBG
the	DT
Fifth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
.	.
The	DT
agents	NNS
will	MD
get	VB
the	DT
key	NN
,	,
decrypt	VB
the	DT
files	NNS
,	,
and	CC
discover	VBP
their	PRP$
contents	NNS
.	.
Changing	VBG
the	DT
facts	NNS
a	DT
bit	NN
,	,
assume	VB
the	DT
situation	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
as	IN
above	IN
except	IN
that	IN
the	DT
decryption	NN
key	NN
is	VBZ
known	VBN
only	RB
to	TO
John	NNP
and	CC
no	DT
physical	JJ
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
decryption	NN
key	NN
exists	VBZ
-LRB-	-LRB-
that	DT
is	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
key	NN
is	VBZ
only	RB
in	IN
John	NNP
's	POS
brain-there	NN
's	POS
no	DT
safe	JJ
involved	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Again	RB
,	,
the	DT
government	NN
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
have	VB
John	NNP
's	POS
assistance	NN
in	IN
decrypting	VBG
the	DT
files	NNS
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
S	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
ociety	NN
could	MD
create	VB
law	NN
enforcement	NN
and	CC
protective	JJ
systems	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
highly	RB
,	,
if	IN
not	RB
perfectly	RB
,	,
efficient	JJ
--	:
such	JJ
as	IN
cameras	NNS
that	WDT
catch	VBP
every	DT
speeder	NN
on	IN
every	DT
road	NN
but	CC
keep	VB
no	DT
record	NN
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
abiding	VBG
-	:
but	CC
who	WP
would	MD
want	VB
to	TO
live	VB
in	IN
such	JJ
a	DT
society	NN
,	,
even	RB
assuming	VBG
that	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
scheme	NN
passed	VBD
constitutional	JJ
muster	NN
?	.
''	''
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
198	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	NN
Only	JJ
time	NN
will	MD
reveal	VB
the	DT
full	JJ
implication	NN
of	IN
Sept.	NNP
11	CD
on	IN
Internet	NNP
privacy	NN
and	CC
privacy	NN
in	IN
general	JJ
,	,
whether	IN
privacy	NN
will	MD
be	VB
permanently	RB
or	CC
temporarily	RB
infringed	VBN
,	,
and	CC
whether	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
originally	RB
offered	VBD
increased	VBN
anonymity	NN
and	CC
privacy	NN
,	,
will	MD
evolve	VB
to	TO
hamper	VB
personal	JJ
liberties	NNS
.	.
``	``
There	EX
are	VBP
limits	NNS
beyond	IN
which	WDT
we	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
go	VB
in	IN
the	DT
war	NN
against	IN
terrorism	NN
.	.
Those	DT
limits	NNS
,	,
as	RB
yet	RB
unknown	JJ
,	,
will	MD
be	VB
fixed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
American	JJ
people	NNS
.	.
Admittedly	RB
,	,
this	DT
article	NN
raises	VBZ
more	RBR
questions	NNS
than	IN
it	PRP
answers	VBZ
.	.
When	WRB
considering	VBG
questions	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
balance	NN
between	IN
gains	NNS
in	IN
public	JJ
safety	NN
and	CC
national	JJ
security	NN
against	IN
possible	JJ
costs	NNS
in	IN
privacy	NN
,	,
there	EX
does	VBZ
not	RB
seem	VB
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
magical	JJ
algorithm	NN
that	WDT
offers	VBZ
solutions	NNS
.	.
This	DT
article	NN
has	VBZ
investigated	VBN
the	DT
privacy	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
hold	VBP
so	RB
dear	RB
;	:
both	CC
in	IN
the	DT
light	NN
of	IN
legal	JJ
protections	NNS
and	CC
avenues	NNS
that	WDT
private	JJ
citizens	NNS
may	MD
employ	VB
to	TO
be	VB
proactive	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
protection	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
privacy	NN
.	.
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
201	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	JJ
We	PRP
have	VBP
seen	VBN
how	WRB
the	DT
power	NN
of	IN
advancing	VBG
technology	NN
has	VBZ
facilitated	VBN
nearly	RB
instantaneous	JJ
communications	NNS
,	,
but	CC
threatened	VBD
to	TO
rob	VB
these	DT
communications	NNS
of	IN
essential	JJ
privacy	NN
.	.
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
202	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	JJ
We	PRP
have	VBP
defined	VBN
and	CC
described	VBN
additional	JJ
technologies	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
developed	VBN
in	IN
response	NN
to	TO
privacy	NN
threats	NNS
-	:
tools	NNS
like	IN
encryption	NN
and	CC
steganography	NN
that	WDT
were	VBD
intended	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
means	NN
for	IN
safely	RB
sending	VBG
secure	JJ
messages	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
web	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
203	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	NN
Regrettably	RB
,	,
recent	JJ
history	NN
has	VBZ
demonstrated	VBN
how	WRB
the	DT
power	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
technological	JJ
tools	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
corrupted	VBN
to	TO
serve	VB
the	DT
illicit	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
those	DT
with	IN
ideologies	NNS
violently	RB
opposed	VBN
to	TO
ours	PRP
.	.
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
204	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	JJ
And	CC
finally	RB
,	,
we	PRP
have	VBP
reported	VBN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
early	JJ
responses	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
government	NN
and	CC
others	NNS
influential	JJ
in	IN
our	PRP$
society	NN
,	,
responses	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
left	VBN
some	DT
students	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
and	CC
public	JJ
policy	NN
with	IN
the	DT
feeling	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
``	``
Too	RB
Much	JJ
,	,
Too	RB
Late	RB
.	.
''	''
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
205	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	NNP
One	CD
thing	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
certain	JJ
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
left	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
conclusion	NN
that	IN
these	DT
questions	NNS
are	VBP
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
difficult	JJ
type	NN
that	IN
our	PRP$
democracy	NN
will	MD
face	VB
.	.
Shrewd	JJ
adversaries	NNS
have	VBP
left	VBN
us	PRP
questions	NNS
the	DT
value	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
most	RBS
fundamental	JJ
civil	JJ
rights	NNS
.	.
Ad	NNP
hoc	FW
,	,
knee-jerk	JJ
responses	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
suffice	VB
.	.
To	TO
address	VB
this	DT
complex	JJ
myriad	JJ
of	IN
issues	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
willing	JJ
to	TO
wipe	VB
the	DT
slate	NN
clean	JJ
-	:
to	TO
return	VB
to	TO
the	DT
proverbial	JJ
tabula	NN
rasa	NN
.	.
We	PRP
must	MD
retreat	VB
to	TO
first	JJ
principles	NNS
and	CC
refuse	VBP
to	TO
let	VB
our	PRP$
most	RBS
important	JJ
decisions	NNS
be	VB
based	VBN
upon	IN
foundations	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
constructed	VBN
hundreds	NNS
of	IN
years	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
glowing	JJ
green	JJ
screen	NN
of	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
personal	JJ
computer	NN
ever	RB
saw	VBD
the	DT
light	NN
of	IN
day	NN
.	.
We	PRP
must	MD
revisit	VB
our	PRP$
legal	JJ
,	,
economic	JJ
,	,
and	CC
social	JJ
regimes	NNS
,	,
rethinking	VBG
how	WRB
we	PRP
protect	VBP
data	NNS
,	,
promote	VB
economic	JJ
growth	NN
,	,
ensure	VB
the	DT
effectiveness	NN
of	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
,	,
and	CC
respond	VB
to	TO
an	DT
attack	NN
when	WRB
lacking	VBG
critical	JJ
decisional	JJ
facts	NNS
.	.
Do	VBP
we	PRP
ultimately	RB
find	VB
ourselves	PRP
in	IN
similar	JJ
territory	NN
with	IN
regards	VBZ
to	TO
this	DT
disturbingly	RB
similar	JJ
question	NN
?	.
Are	VBP
we	PRP
forced	VBN
to	TO
recognize	VB
that	IN
,	,
``	``
at	IN
present	JJ
,	,
due	JJ
to	TO
technological	JJ
limitations	NNS
,	,
''	''
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
means	VBZ
to	TO
prevent	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
anonymization	NN
and	CC
encryption	NN
by	IN
criminals	NNS
and	CC
terrorists	NNS
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
our	PRP$
personal	JJ
privacy	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
protected	VBN
?	.
Or	CC
is	VBZ
it	PRP
more	RBR
palatable	JJ
to	TO
suggest	VB
that	IN
,	,
``	``
at	IN
present	JJ
,	,
due	JJ
to	TO
technological	JJ
limitations	NNS
,	,
''	''
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
means	VBZ
to	TO
prevent	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
anonymization	NN
and	CC
encryption	NN
by	IN
criminals	NNS
and	CC
terrorists	NNS
without	IN
encroaching	VBG
on	IN
our	PRP$
personal	JJ
privacy	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
our	PRP$
public	JJ
safety	NN
and	CC
national	JJ
security	NN
against	IN
cyber-crime	JJ
and	CC
terrorists	NNS
attacks	NNS
may	MD
suffer	VB
?	.
U.S.	NNP
international	JJ
and	CC
security	NN
policy	NN
...	:
has	VBZ
as	IN
its	PRP$
primary	JJ
goal	NN
the	DT
preservation	NN
of	IN
what	WP
we	PRP
might	MD
call	VB
``	``
the	DT
Fifth	NNP
Freedom	NNP
,	,
''	''
understood	VBN
crudely	RB
but	CC
with	IN
a	DT
fair	JJ
degree	NN
of	IN
accuracy	NN
as	IN
the	DT
freedom	NN
to	TO
rob	NN
,	,
to	TO
exploit	VB
and	CC
to	TO
dominate	VB
,	,
to	TO
undertake	VB
any	DT
course	NN
of	IN
action	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
existing	VBG
privilege	NN
is	VBZ
protected	VBN
and	CC
advanced	VBN
.	.
While	IN
not	RB
easy	JJ
to	TO
swallow	VB
,	,
we	PRP
must	MD
not	RB
lose	VB
sight	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
attitudes	NNS
that	WDT
shape	VBP
our	PRP$
policies	NNS
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
information	NN
,	,
privacy	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
manner	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
we	PRP
define	VBP
terrorism	NN
,	,
are	VBP
products	NNS
of	IN
cultural	JJ
relativism	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
those	DT
that	WDT
believe	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
has	VBZ
been	VBN
as	IN
guilty	JJ
as	IN
some	DT
that	IN
we	PRP
now	RB
seek	VBP
to	TO
protect	VB
ourselves	PRP
against	IN
.	.
One	CD
man	NN
's	POS
revolutionary	NN
is	VBZ
another	DT
man	NN
's	POS
traitor	NN
.	.
Heroism	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
one	CD
man	NN
as	IN
treason	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
another	DT
.	.
In	IN
America	NNP
,	,
what	WP
we	PRP
ultimately	RB
stand	VBP
for	IN
are	VBP
the	DT
rights	NNS
and	CC
freedoms	NNS
that	WDT
so	RB
many	JJ
before	IN
us	PRP
have	VBP
died	VBN
to	TO
secure	VB
and	CC
to	TO
protect	VB
.	.
Benjamin	NNP
Franklin	NNP
once	RB
said	VBD
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
paraphrase	VBP
,	,
that	IN
he	PRP
who	WP
is	VBZ
quick	JJ
to	TO
give	VB
up	RP
freedom	NN
in	IN
exchange	NN
for	IN
security	NN
,	,
deserves	VBZ
neither	CC
freedom	NN
,	,
nor	CC
security	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
it	PRP
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
lost	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
analysis	NN
that	IN
the	DT
laws	NNS
we	PRP
seek	VBP
to	TO
craft	NN
are	VBP
themselves	PRP
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
body	NN
of	IN
knowledge	NN
formulated	VBN
in	IN
response	NN
to	TO
data	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
social	JJ
mores	NNS
,	,
human	JJ
behavior	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
structure	NN
of	IN
incentive	NN
and	CC
consequence	NN
.	.
Laws	NNS
are	VBP
institutionalized	JJ
knowledge	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
sense	NN
,	,
the	DT
task	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
circular	JJ
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
certainly	RB
recursive	JJ
.	.
The	DT
content	NN
and	CC
deployment	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
will	MD
,	,
at	IN
least	JJS
to	TO
some	DT
extent	NN
,	,
be	VB
contained	VBN
by	IN
policy	NN
inspired	VBD
laws	NNS
which	WDT
themselves	PRP
depend	VBP
upon	IN
the	DT
availability	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
communication	NN
medium	NN
,	,
the	DT
Internet	NNP
allows	VBZ
any	DT
individual	JJ
to	TO
publish	VB
globally	RB
,	,
without	IN
the	DT
fact-checking	NN
and	CC
editorial	NN
controls	NNS
normally	RB
present	JJ
in	IN
traditional	JJ
large-scale	JJ
media	NNS
outlets	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
this	DT
certainly	RB
has	VBZ
benefits	NNS
,	,
the	DT
fact	NN
remains	VBZ
that	IN
some	DT
speech	NN
crosses	VBZ
the	DT
line	NN
between	IN
proper	JJ
and	CC
unfair	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
defamation	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
potential	NN
for	IN
causing	VBG
damage	NN
increases	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
size	NN
of	IN
the	DT
audience	NN
.	.
And	CC
,	,
of	IN
course	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
computer	NN
crime	NN
,	,
a	DT
term	NN
often	RB
meant	VBD
to	TO
include	VB
both	DT
hacking	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
computer	NN
abuse	NN
affecting	VBG
the	DT
confidentiality	NN
,	,
integrity	NN
or	CC
availability	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
computers	NNS
to	TO
facilitate	VB
traditional	JJ
offenses	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
Internet	NNP
fraud	NN
and	CC
the	DT
distribution	NN
of	IN
child	NN
pornography	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Significantly	RB
,	,
in	IN
both	DT
civil	JJ
and	CC
criminal	JJ
cases	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Internet	NNP
's	POS
attributes	NNS
of	IN
global	JJ
connectivity	NN
and	CC
lack	NN
or	CC
traceability	NN
may	MD
allow	VB
speech	NN
or	CC
action	NN
without	IN
accountability	NN
,	,
no	DT
matter	NN
how	WRB
harmful	JJ
the	DT
consequences	NNS
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
for	IN
a	DT
court	NN
to	TO
hear	VB
a	DT
dispute	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
must	MD
have	VB
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
the	DT
person	NN
.	.
Personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
or	CC
in	IN
personam	NN
jurisdiction	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
the	DT
power	NN
which	WDT
a	DT
court	NN
has	VBZ
over	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
himself	PRP
and	CC
a	DT
court	NN
that	WDT
lacks	VBZ
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
is	VBZ
without	IN
power	NN
to	TO
issue	VB
an	DT
in	IN
personam	NN
judgement	NN
.	.
``	``
1	CD
In	IN
order	NN
for	IN
a	DT
court	NN
to	TO
exercise	VB
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
,	,
there	EX
must	MD
be	VB
a	DT
legislative	JJ
grant	NN
by	IN
statute	NN
that	IN
authorizing	VBG
the	DT
court	NN
to	TO
exercise	VB
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
.	.
All	DT
states	NNS
have	VBP
long-arm	JJ
statutes	NNS
which	WDT
define	VBP
what	WP
actions	NNS
by	IN
out	IN
of	IN
state	NN
parties	NNS
will	MD
confer	VB
jurisdiction	NN
to	TO
a	DT
court	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
See	VB
Georgia	NNP
's	POS
Law	NN
.	.
Even	RB
though	IN
a	DT
statute	NN
may	MD
authorize	VB
jurisdiction	NN
,	,
the	DT
exercise	NN
of	IN
jurisdiction	NN
may	MD
not	RB
contravene	VB
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
,	,
in	IN
particular	JJ
,	,
the	DT
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
Clause	NN
.	.
The	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
held	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
Clause	NN
of	IN
the	DT
14th	JJ
Amendment	NNP
restricted	VBD
the	DT
state	NN
's	POS
power	NN
to	TO
exercise	VB
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
See	VB
Pennoyer	NNP
v.	CC
Neff	NNP
,	,
95	CD
U.S.	NNP
714	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1877	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
State	NNP
possesses	VBZ
exclusive	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
persons	NNS
and	CC
property	NN
within	IN
its	PRP$
territory	NN
and	CC
no	DT
State	NN
can	MD
exercise	VB
direct	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
and	CC
authority	NN
over	IN
persons	NNS
or	CC
property	NN
outside	IN
it	PRP
territory	NN
.2	CD
Physical	NNP
presence	NN
in	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
was	VBD
generally	RB
necessary	JJ
to	TO
exercise	VB
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
a	DT
defendant	NN
.	.
The	DT
ruling	NN
in	IN
Pennoyer	NNP
worked	VBD
well	RB
in	IN
the	DT
19th	JJ
Century	NNP
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
limits	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
technology	NN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
to	TO
cross	VB
state	NN
lines	NNS
,	,
both	DT
communication	NN
and	CC
transportation	NN
technology	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
20th	JJ
Century	NNP
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
communication	NN
and	CC
transportation	NN
technology	NN
,	,
the	DT
law	NN
of	IN
Pennoyer	NNP
proved	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
too	RB
constricting	VBG
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
had	VBD
to	TO
again	RB
address	VB
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
and	CC
reinterpreted	VBN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
within	IN
the	DT
confines	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
due	JJ
process	NN
clause	NN
in	IN
International	NNP
Shoe	NNP
v.	CC
Washington	NNP
,	,
326	CD
U.S.	NNP
310	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1945	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
state	NN
could	MD
exercise	VB
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
out	IN
of	IN
state	NN
parties	NNS
when	WRB
those	DT
parties	NNS
have	VBP
``	``
certain	JJ
minimum	NN
contacts	NNS
with	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
state	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
such	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
maintenance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
suit	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
offend	VB
traditional	JJ
notions	NNS
of	IN
fair	JJ
play	NN
and	CC
substantial	JJ
justice	NN
.	.
``	``
3	CD
Courts	NNS
must	MD
consider	VB
not	RB
only	RB
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
the	DT
out	NN
of	IN
state	NN
party	NN
's	POS
contacts	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
state	NN
but	CC
also	RB
the	DT
relationship	NN
between	IN
the	DT
contacts	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
claim	NN
being	VBG
asserted	VBD
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
world	NN
largest	JJS
computer	NN
network	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
made	VBN
it	PRP
possible	JJ
for	IN
any	DT
business	NN
with	IN
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
global	JJ
marketplace	NN
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
has	VBZ
created	VBN
a	DT
``	``
virtual	JJ
state	NN
''	''
or	CC
really	RB
a	DT
``	``
virtual	JJ
nation	NN
''	''
that	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
controlled	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
set	NN
of	IN
universal	JJ
laws	NNS
.	.
The	DT
courts	NNS
are	VBP
now	RB
trying	VBG
to	TO
apply	VB
legal	JJ
doctrine	NN
founded	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
20th	JJ
century	NN
to	TO
problems	NNS
arising	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
21st	JJ
century	NN
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
tremendous	JJ
technological	JJ
advance	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
created	VBN
a	DT
``	``
new	JJ
state	NN
''	''
of	IN
doing	VBG
business	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
shopping	NN
from	IN
home	NN
,	,
soliciting	VBG
business	NN
,	,
and	CC
conducting	VBG
business	NN
through	IN
the	DT
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
.	.
Establishing	VBG
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
in	IN
the	DT
``	``
real	JJ
world	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
well	RB
settled	VBN
in	IN
all	DT
states	NNS
based	VBN
upon	IN
their	PRP$
long-arm	JJ
statute	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
precedents	NNS
from	IN
their	PRP$
courts	NNS
interpreting	VBG
the	DT
statute	NN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
how	WRB
should	MD
these	DT
principles	NNS
be	VB
applied	VBN
to	TO
Internet	NNP
contacts	NNS
in	IN
cyberspace	NN
.	.
The	DT
concern	NN
for	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
is	VBZ
how	WRB
to	TO
apply	VB
jurisdictional	JJ
legal	JJ
doctrines	NNS
to	TO
contacts	NNS
made	VBN
between	IN
parties	NNS
primarily	RB
through	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
should	MD
the	DT
concept	NN
of	IN
minimum	JJ
contacts	NNS
survive	VBP
in	IN
cyberspace	NN
litigation	NN
.	.
Since	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
not	RB
addressed	VBN
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
Internet	NNP
contacts	NNS
and	CC
Internet	NNP
business	NN
,	,
the	DT
district	NN
courts	NNS
and	CC
appellate	JJ
courts	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
left	VBN
to	TO
analyze	VB
the	DT
issues	NNS
based	VBN
upon	IN
the	DT
aforementioned	JJ
precedents	NNS
.	.
The	DT
courts	NNS
have	VBP
varied	VBN
on	IN
their	PRP$
analysis	NN
and	CC
decisions	NNS
depending	VBG
on	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
business	NN
or	CC
individual	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
conduct	NN
was	VBD
passive	JJ
or	CC
active	JJ
.	.
The	DT
type	NN
of	IN
web	NN
site	NN
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
factor	NN
for	IN
the	DT
court	NN
in	IN
deciding	VBG
if	IN
the	DT
contact	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
active	JJ
''	''
toward	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
.	.
A	DT
passive	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
provides	VBZ
information	NN
in	IN
a	DT
``	``
read-only	JJ
''	''
format	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
not	RB
an	DT
exchange	NN
of	IN
information	NN
between	IN
the	DT
user	NN
and	CC
the	DT
company\/entity	NN
hosting	VBG
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
An	DT
interactive	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
encourages	VBZ
the	DT
user	NN
to	TO
enter	VB
identifying	VBG
information	NN
and\/or	CC
providing	VBG
background	NN
information	NN
.	.
An	DT
interactive	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
not	RB
only	RB
provides	VBZ
information	NN
to	TO
the	DT
user	NN
but	CC
also	RB
accepts	VBZ
information	NN
from	IN
the	DT
user	NN
to	TO
better	JJR
meet	VB
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
needs	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
bright	JJ
line	NN
rule	NN
as	IN
to	TO
how	WRB
the	DT
difference	NN
should	MD
be	VB
applied	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
at	IN
least	JJS
a	DT
factor	NN
to	TO
be	VB
considered	VBN
when	WRB
analyzing	VBG
the	DT
electronic	JJ
contacts	NNS
.	.
In	IN
analyzing	VBG
the	DT
first	JJ
prong	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
determined	VBD
that	IN
Patterson	NNP
had	VBD
``	``
purposefully	RB
availed	VBN
''	''
himself	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
privilege	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Ohio	NNP
forum	NN
because	IN
he	PRP
had	VBD
entered	VBN
into	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
with	IN
CompuServe	NNP
which	WDT
required	VBD
Patterson	NNP
to	TO
type	NN
``	``
agree	VBP
''	''
on	IN
his	PRP$
computer	NN
in	IN
Texas	NNP
and	CC
transmit	VB
the	DT
agreement	NN
electronically	RB
to	TO
Ohio	NNP
.18	CD
The	DT
contract	NN
stated	VBD
that	IN
Ohio	NNP
law	NN
would	MD
govern	VB
;	:
therefore	RB
,	,
Patterson	NNP
could	MD
have	VB
reasonably	RB
anticipated	VBN
being	VBG
haled	VBN
into	IN
court	NN
in	IN
Ohio	NNP
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
listed	VBN
several	JJ
determinative	JJ
factors	NNS
to	TO
conclude	VB
that	DT
Patterson	NNP
purposefully	RB
availed	VBD
himself	PRP
of	IN
privileges	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Ohio	NNP
forum	NN
.19	CD
First	NNP
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
relied	VBN
on	IN
Patterson	NNP
's	POS
repeated	VBN
transmissions	NNS
of	IN
his	PRP$
software	NN
to	TO
CompuServe	NNP
in	IN
Ohio	NNP
through	IN
electronic	JJ
means	NNS
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
Patterson	NNP
marketed	VBD
the	DT
software	NN
on	IN
CompuServe	NNP
's	POS
system	NN
in	IN
Ohio	NNP
.	.
Third	NNP
,	,
Ohio	NNP
subscribers	NNS
had	VBD
accessed	VBN
and	CC
used	VBN
Patterson	NNP
's	POS
software	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
Patterson	NNP
created	VBD
this	DT
arrangement	NN
by	IN
reaching	VBG
out	RP
to	TO
CompuServe	NNP
's	POS
home	NN
and	CC
was	VBD
benefited	VBN
through	IN
this	DT
relationship	NN
.20	CD
In	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
Patterson	NNP
actively	RB
sought	VBD
out	RP
CompuServe	NNP
to	TO
host	VB
his	PRP$
product	NN
and	CC
reaped	VBD
the	DT
benefits	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
fees	NNS
generated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
relationship	NN
.	.
The	DT
reasonableness	NN
prong	NN
was	VBD
also	RB
satisfied	VBN
.	.
Patterson	NNP
had	VBD
substantial	JJ
nexus	NN
with	IN
Ohio	NNP
through	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
had	VBD
benefited	VBN
from	IN
his	PRP$
connection	NN
with	IN
Ohio	NNP
,	,
and	CC
had	VBD
entered	VBN
into	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
stating	VBG
that	IN
Ohio	NNP
law	NN
applied	VBD
.23	CD
Patterson	NNP
could	MD
have	VB
anticipated	VBN
being	VBG
haled	VBN
into	IN
court	NN
in	IN
Ohio	NNP
based	VBN
on	IN
these	DT
factors	NNS
alone	RB
;	:
however	RB
the	DT
court	NN
stated	VBD
that	IN
Ohio	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
strong	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
resolving	VBG
the	DT
dispute	NN
because	IN
an	DT
Ohio	NNP
company	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
potential	NN
of	IN
suffering	VBG
a	DT
tremendous	JJ
financial	JJ
loss	NN
.	.
``	``
Someone	NN
like	IN
Patterson	NNP
who	WP
employs	VBZ
a	DT
computer	NN
network	NN
service	NN
like	IN
CompuServe	NNP
to	TO
market	VB
a	DT
product	NN
can	MD
reasonably	RB
expect	VB
disputes	NNS
with	IN
that	DT
service	NN
to	TO
yield	VB
lawsuits	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
service	NN
's	POS
home	NN
state	NN
.	.
``	``
24	CD
The	DT
court	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
think	VB
it	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
burden	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Texas	NNP
resident	NN
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
Ohio	NNP
to	TO
defend	VB
the	DT
lawsuit	NN
.	.
By	IN
using	VBG
contacts	NNS
that	WDT
exclusively	RB
occurred	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
electronic	JJ
context	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
is	VBZ
expanding	VBG
the	DT
power	NN
of	IN
courts	NNS
to	TO
find	VB
in	IN
personam	NN
jurisdiction	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
expanding	VBG
the	DT
minimum	JJ
contacts	NNS
analysis	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
electronic	JJ
contact	NN
analysis	NN
,	,
the	DT
principle	NN
being	VBG
stressed	VBN
is	VBZ
the	DT
active	JJ
contact	NN
by	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
meet	VB
this	DT
active	JJ
contact	NN
criterion	NN
,	,
the	DT
non-resident	JJ
defendant	NN
's	POS
electronic	JJ
activities	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
purposefully	RB
directed	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
and	CC
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
cause	NN
of	IN
action	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
,	,
citing	VBG
Burger	NNP
King	NNP
Corp	NNP
,	,
considered	VBD
the	DT
following	JJ
factors	NNS
``	``
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
burden	NN
on	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
,	,
2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
forum	NN
's	POS
interest	NN
in	IN
resolving	VBG
the	DT
dispute	NN
,	,
3	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
interest	NN
in	IN
receiving	VBG
convenient	JJ
and	CC
effective	JJ
relief	NN
,	,
4	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
interstate	JJ
judicial	JJ
system	NN
's	POS
interest	NN
in	IN
obtaining	VBG
the	DT
most	JJS
efficient	JJ
resolution	NN
of	IN
controversies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
shared	VBN
interest	NN
of	IN
the	DT
several	JJ
states	NNS
in	IN
furthering	VBG
fundamental	JJ
substantive	JJ
social	JJ
polices	NNS
.	.
``	``
27	CD
The	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
company	NN
was	VBD
larger	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
company	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
role	NN
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
was	VBD
involuntary	JJ
,	,
weighed	VBD
in	IN
favor	NN
of	IN
granting	VBG
jurisdiction	NN
in	IN
Oklahoma	NNP
.28	CD
More	JJR
importantly	RB
,	,
the	DT
injury	NN
occurred	VBD
in	IN
Oklahoma	NNP
and	CC
therefore	RB
,	,
Oklahoma	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
manifest	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
providing	VBG
redress	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
citizens	NNS
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
the	DT
defendant	NN
's	POS
electronic	JJ
contacts	NNS
were	VBD
purposefully	RB
,	,
although	IN
not	RB
intentionally	RB
,	,
directed	VBD
into	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
and	CC
were	VBD
directly	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
cause	NN
of	IN
action	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
had	VBD
corrected	VBN
the	DT
error	NN
sooner	RBR
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
unclear	JJ
if	IN
the	DT
Oklahoma	NNP
court	NN
would	MD
have	VB
found	VBN
that	IN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
existed	VBD
.	.
The	DT
automatic	JJ
reply	NN
electronic	JJ
mails	NNS
sent	VBN
by	IN
Cybergold	NNP
were	VBD
enough	RB
for	IN
Missouri	NNP
to	TO
determine	VB
that	DT
Cybergold	NNP
had	VBD
purposefully	RB
directed	VBN
its	PRP$
advertisements	NNS
to	TO
Missouri	NNP
.	.
This	DT
automatic	JJ
component	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
a	DT
screening	NN
device	NN
to	TO
restrict	VB
or	CC
discriminate	JJ
to	TO
whom	WP
Cybergold	NNP
would	MD
provide	VB
its	PRP$
service	NN
.33	CD
This	DT
automated	VBN
component	NN
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
active	JJ
contact	NN
and	CC
enough	RB
to	TO
find	VB
it	PRP
proper	JJ
to	TO
exercise	VB
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
discussion	NN
as	IN
to	TO
how	WRB
Cybergold	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
availed	VBD
itself	PRP
of	IN
Missouri	NNP
laws	NNS
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
exercise	NN
of	IN
jurisdiction	NN
is	VBZ
proper	JJ
under	IN
Missouri	NNP
law	NN
because	IN
a	DT
tortious	JJ
act	NN
was	VBD
committed	VBN
outside	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
which	WDT
as	IN
an	DT
effect	NN
in	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
.34	CD
This	DT
rationale	NN
would	MD
mean	VB
that	IN
Cybergold	NNP
could	MD
be	VB
haled	VBN
into	IN
court	NN
in	IN
any	DT
jurisdiction	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
where	WRB
someone	NN
is	VBZ
harmed	VBN
by	IN
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
The	DT
outer	JJ
limits	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
rationale	NN
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
tested	VBN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
it	PRP
appears	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
stretch	NN
by	IN
the	DT
court	NN
to	TO
call	VB
electronic	JJ
mailing	VBG
an	DT
``	``
active	JJ
''	''
contact	NN
because	IN
for	IN
a	DT
user	NN
to	TO
be	VB
on	IN
the	DT
mailing	NN
list	NN
,	,
the	DT
user	NN
submits	VBZ
the	DT
electronic	JJ
address	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
seem	VBP
to	TO
stretching	VBG
the	DT
concept	NN
of	IN
who	WP
is	VBZ
reaching	VBG
out	IN
of	IN
it	PRP
home	RB
forum	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
concluded	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
committed	VBD
a	DT
tortious	JJ
act	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
alleged	VBN
trademark	NN
infringement	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
which	WDT
resulted	VBD
in	IN
an	DT
injury	NN
to	TO
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
in	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
.	.
The	DT
harm	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
result	NN
of	IN
confusion	NN
and	CC
deception	NN
of	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
computer	NN
users	NNS
.44	CD
The	DT
court	NN
felt	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
foreseeable	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
would	MD
have	VB
consequences	NNS
in	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
because	IN
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
stated	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
could	MD
help	VB
customers	NNS
``	``
across	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
``	``
45	CD
For	IN
some	DT
reason	NN
,	,
the	DT
defendant	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
challenge	VB
the	DT
substantial	JJ
revenue	NN
prong	NN
of	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
's	POS
long-arm	JJ
statute	NN
so	IN
the	DT
court	NN
exercised	VBN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
within	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
.	.
In	IN
another	DT
case	NN
,	,
a	DT
New	NNP
York	NNP
court	NN
refused	VBD
to	TO
exercise	VB
jurisdiction	NN
based	VBN
solely	RB
upon	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
's	POS
web	NN
site	NN
accessibility	NN
in	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
in	IN
In	IN
Hearst	NNP
Corporation	NNP
v.	CC
Goldberger	NNP
,	,
1997	CD
WL	NNP
97097	CD
.	.
This	DT
case	NN
also	RB
involves	VBZ
a	DT
claim	NN
of	IN
trademark	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
The	DT
defendant	NN
operated	VBD
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
called	VBN
``	``
esqwire.com	NN
''	''
and	CC
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
publisher	NN
of	IN
Esquire	NNP
magazine	NN
.64	CD
The	DT
defendant	NN
's	POS
web	NN
site	NN
is	VBZ
passive	JJ
and	CC
only	RB
has	VBZ
an	DT
announcement	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
plans	VBZ
to	TO
offer	VB
legal	JJ
support	NN
services	NNS
.65	CD
The	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
this	DT
web	NN
site	NN
was	VBD
analogous	JJ
to	TO
an	DT
advertisement	NN
in	IN
a	DT
national	JJ
magazine	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
targeted	VBN
toward	IN
the	DT
residents	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
particular	JJ
state	NN
.66	CD
The	DT
court	NN
also	RB
stated	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
tortious	JJ
act	NN
portion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
long	JJ
arm	NN
statute	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
purport	VB
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
because	IN
for	IN
it	PRP
to	TO
apply	VB
the	DT
defendant	NN
must	MD
either	RB
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
regularly	RB
transact	VB
business	NN
or	CC
``	``
derives	VBZ
substantial	JJ
revenue	NN
from	IN
goods	NNS
used	VBN
or	CC
consumed	VBN
or	CC
services	NNS
rendered	VBN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
,	,
or	CC
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
expects	VBZ
his	PRP$
act	NN
``	``
to	TO
have	VB
consequences	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
and	CC
derives	VBZ
substantial	JJ
revenue	NN
form	NN
interstate	NN
or	CC
international	JJ
commerce	NN
.	.
``	``
67	CD
Since	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
's	POS
web	NN
site	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
sell	VB
a	DT
product	NN
or	CC
service	NN
,	,
the	DT
tortious	JJ
act	NN
portion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
New	NNP
York	NNP
long	JJ
arm	NN
statute	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
apply	VB
.	.
The	DT
Inset	NNP
case	NN
clearly	RB
falls	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
middle	NN
of	IN
the	DT
continuum	NN
between	IN
active	JJ
and	CC
passive	JJ
conduct	NN
.	.
The	DT
conduct	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
passive	JJ
because	IN
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
allowed	VBD
users	NNS
to	TO
interact	VB
;	:
however	RB
,	,
the	DT
level	NN
of	IN
interaction	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
clear	JJ
.	.
The	DT
web	NN
site	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
active	JJ
enough	RB
to	TO
say	VB
that	IN
Instruction	NNP
Set	NNP
purposely	RB
availed	VBD
itself	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
laws	NNS
of	IN
Connecticut	NNP
.	.
The	DT
web	NN
site	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
directed	VBN
to	TO
influence	VB
Connecticut	NNP
residents	NNS
and	CC
there	EX
was	VBD
no	DT
evidence	NN
of	IN
transmissions	NNS
or	CC
mailing	NN
of	IN
Instruction	NNP
Set	NNP
's	POS
goods	NNS
into	IN
Connecticut	NNP
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
finds	VBZ
that	IN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
existed	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
possibility	NN
an	DT
Internet	NNP
user	NN
in	IN
Connecticut	NNP
accessed	VBD
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
The	DT
courts	NNS
have	VBP
applied	VBN
the	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
International	NNP
Shoe	NNP
and	CC
its	PRP$
progeny	NN
to	TO
electronic	JJ
contacts	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
.	.
When	WRB
determining	VBG
whether	IN
a	DT
defendant	NN
should	MD
be	VB
haled	VBN
or	CC
not	RB
haled	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
,	,
the	DT
courts	NNS
main	JJ
concern	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
to	TO
decide	VB
if	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
has	VBZ
purposefully	RB
availed	VBN
itself	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
forum	NN
.	.
The	DT
minimum	NN
contact	NN
test	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
found	VBN
in	IN
most	JJS
cases	NNS
to	TO
require	VB
more	JJR
than	IN
simply	RB
posting	VBG
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
accessible	JJ
by	IN
residents	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
for	IN
a	DT
defendant	NN
to	TO
purposefully	RB
avail	NN
itself	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
privileges	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
's	POS
laws	NNS
,	,
the	DT
defendant	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
do	VBP
more	JJR
than	IN
create	VB
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
for	IN
the	DT
stream	NN
of	IN
internet	NN
commerce	NN
.	.
On	IN
one	CD
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
spectrum	NN
are	VBP
situations	NNS
where	WRB
the	DT
defendant	NN
clearly	RB
does	VBZ
business	NN
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
like	IN
the	DT
situation	NN
in	IN
CompuServe	NNP
.	.
Exercising	VBG
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
is	VBZ
proper	JJ
and	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
offend	VB
traditional	JJ
notions	NNS
of	IN
fair	JJ
play	NN
and	CC
substantial	JJ
justice	NN
.	.
A	DT
passive	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
that	WDT
does	VBZ
nothing	NN
more	JJR
than	IN
make	VB
information	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
interested	JJ
in	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
sufficient	JJ
enough	RB
for	IN
exercising	VBG
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
,	,
like	IN
the	DT
situation	NN
in	IN
Bensusan	NNP
.	.
The	DT
middle	JJ
ground	NN
is	VBZ
where	WRB
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
is	VBZ
interactive	JJ
and	CC
a	DT
user	NN
can	MD
exchange	VB
information	NN
with	IN
the	DT
host	NN
.	.
In	IN
these	DT
situation	NN
,	,
asserting	VBG
jurisdiction	NN
should	MD
be	VB
determined	VBN
by	IN
looking	VBG
at	IN
the	DT
level	NN
of	IN
interactivity	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
commercial	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
exchange	NN
of	IN
information	NN
that	IN
occurs	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
in	IN
these	DT
situation	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
court	NN
look	NN
to	TO
``	``
more	JJR
''	''
than	IN
just	RB
publishing	VBG
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
and	CC
placing	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
world	NN
wide	JJ
web	NN
or	CC
``	``
stream	NN
of	IN
commerce	NN
.	.
''	''
In	IN
determining	VBG
how	WRB
much	RB
more	RBR
is	VBZ
required	VBN
,	,
the	DT
courts	NNS
have	VBP
looked	VBN
to	TO
several	JJ
factors	NNS
including	VBG
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
is	VBZ
passive	JJ
,	,
in	IN
that	DT
it	PRP
simply	RB
provided	VBD
information	NN
for	IN
the	DT
user	NN
to	TO
access	NN
,	,
the	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
have	VBP
held	VBN
that	IN
this	DT
does	VBZ
not	RB
meet	VB
the	DT
purposeful	JJ
availment	NN
requirement	NN
.	.
Only	RB
the	DT
court	NN
in	IN
Inset	NNP
held	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
contrary	NN
and	CC
this	DT
should	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
an	DT
anomaly	NN
in	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
cases	NNS
.	.
Another	DT
factor	NN
considered	VBN
is	VBZ
the	DT
cause	NN
of	IN
action	NN
and	CC
if	IN
the	DT
contacts	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
are	VBP
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
cause	NN
of	IN
action	NN
.	.
The	DT
tortious	JJ
effect	NN
line	NN
of	IN
cases	NNS
dealt	VBN
with	IN
this	DT
aspect	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
and	CC
in	IN
most	JJS
situations	NNS
required	VBN
more	JJR
than	IN
simply	RB
posting	VBG
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
the	DT
active	JJ
pursuit	NN
of	IN
business	NN
in	IN
another	DT
jurisdiction	NN
is	VBZ
enough	RB
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
purposeful	JJ
availment	NN
requirement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
precedent	NN
provided	VBD
thus	RB
far	RB
by	IN
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
,	,
as	RB
seen	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
CompuServe	NNP
case	NN
.	.
Since	IN
electronic	JJ
communication	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
reality	NN
of	IN
the	DT
21st	JJ
century	NN
,	,
where	WRB
does	VBZ
this	DT
leave	NN
companies	NNS
and	CC
individuals	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
try	VBP
to	TO
structure	VB
their	PRP$
electronic	JJ
activities	NNS
so	IN
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
haled	VBN
into	IN
court	NN
all	DT
over	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
or	CC
world	NN
.	.
It	PRP
seem	VBP
counter	RB
productive	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
``	``
global	JJ
marketplace	NN
''	''
theory	NN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
web	NN
site	NN
publishers	NNS
must	MD
realize	VB
that	IN
an	DT
interactive	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
that	WDT
solicits	VBZ
and	CC
receives	VBZ
business	NN
in	IN
a	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
will	MD
certainly	RB
raise	VB
a	DT
red	JJ
flag	NN
to	TO
the	DT
courts	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
.	.
The	DT
distinctions	NNS
the	DT
courts	NNS
are	VBP
placing	VBG
on	IN
passive	NN
and	CC
interactive	JJ
web	NN
sites	NNS
seems	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
major	JJ
factor	NN
in	IN
determining	VBG
if	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
has	VBZ
purposefully	RB
availed	VBN
itself	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
laws	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
.	.
In	IN
reality	NN
,	,
this	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
very	RB
good	JJ
distinction	NN
on	IN
which	WDT
to	TO
place	VB
the	DT
threat	NN
of	IN
being	VBG
haled	VBN
into	IN
court	NN
in	IN
a	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
.	.
A	DT
passive	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
potential	NN
of	IN
having	VBG
customers	NNS
outside	IN
its	PRP$
home	NN
state	NN
as	IN
an	DT
interactive	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
A	DT
user	NN
can	MD
still	RB
contact	VB
the	DT
publisher	NN
of	IN
the	DT
passive	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
by	IN
phone	NN
to	TO
place	VB
an	DT
order	NN
or	CC
conduct	NN
other	JJ
business	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
the	DT
threshold	NN
level	NN
for	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
an	DT
interactive	JJ
web	NN
site	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
conform	VB
to	TO
reality	NN
.	.
It	PRP
seems	VBZ
a	DT
stretch	NN
of	IN
the	DT
imagination	NN
to	TO
call	VB
an	DT
automated	VBN
reply	NN
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
system	NN
interactive	JJ
.	.
The	DT
system	NN
simply	RB
sends	VBZ
electronic	JJ
messages	NNS
to	TO
subscribers	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
requested	VBN
the	DT
information	NN
.	.
By	IN
caring	VBG
this	DT
rationale	NN
further	RB
,	,
every	DT
solicitation	NN
by	IN
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
could	MD
be	VB
seen	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
sender	NN
purposefully	RB
availing	VBG
itself	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
.	.
This	DT
could	MD
prove	VB
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
huge	JJ
liability	NN
for	IN
large	JJ
companies	NNS
that	WDT
send	VBP
electronic	JJ
``	``
junk	NN
mail	NN
''	''
solicitations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
user	NN
has	VBZ
to	TO
enter	VB
an	DT
electronic	JJ
address	NN
means	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
user	NN
initiated	VBD
the	DT
contact	NN
with	IN
the	DT
company	NN
and	CC
this	DT
fact	NN
should	MD
play	VB
a	DT
role	NN
in	IN
determining	VBG
if	IN
company	NN
purposefully	RB
availed	VBD
itself	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
privileges	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
.	.
The	DT
tortious	JJ
effect	NN
test	NN
also	RB
has	VBZ
some	DT
problems	NNS
that	WDT
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
worked	VBN
out	RP
.	.
State	NNP
law	NN
of	IN
corporations	NNS
handles	VBZ
the	DT
corporations	NNS
within	IN
its	PRP$
physical	JJ
boundaries	NNS
.	.
The	DT
state	NN
requires	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
company	NN
have	VBP
an	DT
unique	JJ
name	NN
within	IN
that	DT
state	NN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
require	VB
a	DT
different	JJ
name	NN
that	IN
all	DT
corporations	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
problem	NN
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
same	JJ
name	NN
''	''
companies	NNS
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
physical	JJ
boundaries	NNS
.	.
The	DT
allegation	NN
of	IN
trademark	NN
infringement	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
principal	JJ
cause	NN
of	IN
action	NN
to	TO
address	VB
this	DT
concern	NN
.	.
The	DT
tortious	JJ
effect	NN
is	VBZ
when	WRB
an	DT
out	IN
of	IN
state	NN
party	NN
's	POS
action	NN
cause	NN
harm	NN
in	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
,	,
which	WDT
in	IN
this	DT
situation	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
trademark	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
Cybersell	NNP
suggests	VBZ
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
difficult	JJ
to	TO
say	VB
that	IN
a	DT
company	NN
without	IN
any	DT
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
's	POS
existence	NN
had	VBD
purposefully	RB
availed	VBN
itself	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
.	.
The	DT
``	``
cybersquatting	NN
''	''
context	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
best	JJS
way	NN
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
tortious	JJ
effect	NN
test	NN
because	IN
the	DT
cybersquatter	NN
is	VBZ
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
company	NN
's	POS
trademark	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
where	WRB
the	DT
company	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
and	CC
should	MD
anticipate	VB
being	VBG
haled	VBN
into	IN
court	NN
there	RB
.	.
The	DT
issued	VBN
raise	NN
with	IN
Internet	NNP
technology	NN
and	CC
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
are	VBP
not	RB
easily	RB
answered	VBN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
they	PRP
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
left	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
case	NN
by	IN
case	NN
analysis	NN
.	.
The	DT
current	JJ
law	NN
of	IN
International	NNP
Shoe	NNP
and	CC
its	PRP$
progeny	NN
has	VBZ
given	VBN
the	DT
courts	NNS
a	DT
base	NN
line	NN
for	IN
determining	VBG
when	WRB
exercising	VBG
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
is	VBZ
within	IN
the	DT
confines	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
;	:
however	RB
,	,
how	WRB
to	TO
apply	VB
these	DT
concepts	NNS
to	TO
electronic	JJ
communication	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
daunting	JJ
task	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Inset	NNP
anomaly	NN
is	VBZ
just	RB
the	DT
beginning	NN
.	.
As	IN
seen	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
reinterpretation	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
within	IN
the	DT
confines	NNS
of	IN
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
Clause	NN
in	IN
International	NNP
Shoe	NNP
from	IN
its	PRP$
original	JJ
position	NN
in	IN
Pennoyer	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
provide	VB
new	JJ
legal	JJ
doctrine	NN
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
the	DT
reality	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
new	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
conduct	VB
business	NN
in	IN
the	DT
21st	CD
Century	NNP
.	.
This	DT
statute	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
encompass	VB
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
cyberstalking	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
unclear	JJ
whether	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
apply	VB
where	WRB
a	DT
person	NN
harasses	VBZ
another	DT
by	IN
posting	VBG
messages	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
message	NN
board	NN
duping	VBG
others	NNS
to	TO
harass	VB
or	CC
annoy	VB
another	DT
.	.
This	DT
statute	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
all-inclusive	JJ
because	IN
it	PRP
covers	VBZ
not	RB
only	RB
harassment	NN
initiated	VBN
and	CC
sent	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
also	RB
includes	VBZ
harassment	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
sent	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
,	,
but	CC
nonetheless	RB
was	VBD
caused	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
.	.
The	DT
Arkansas	NNP
statute	NN
provides	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
person	NN
commits	VBZ
the	DT
offense	NN
of	IN
unlawful	JJ
computerized	JJ
communications	NNS
if	IN
he	PRP
sends	VBZ
a	DT
message	NN
to	TO
the	DT
person	NN
and	CC
that	IN
message	NN
threatens	VBZ
to	TO
cause	VB
physical	JJ
injury	NN
to	TO
any	DT
person	NN
or	CC
damage	NN
to	TO
the	DT
property	NN
of	IN
any	DT
person	NN
or	CC
that	DT
message	NN
uses	VBZ
obscene	JJ
,	,
lewd	JJ
,	,
or	CC
profane	JJ
language	NN
,	,
and	CC
he	PRP
has	VBZ
the	DT
intent	NN
to	TO
frighten	VB
,	,
intimidate	VB
,	,
threaten	VB
,	,
or	CC
harass	VB
the	DT
person	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
31	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
statute	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
limited	VBN
to	TO
threats	NNS
and	CC
obscene	JJ
language	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
unclear	JJ
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
harassing	VBG
electronic	JJ
communications	NNS
lacking	VBG
these	DT
two	CD
elements	NNS
would	MD
fall	VB
under	IN
this	DT
statute	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
unclear	JJ
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
this	DT
statute	NN
would	MD
include	VB
electronic	JJ
communications	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
not	RB
sent	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
but	CC
that	WDT
were	VBD
caused	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
sent	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
.	.
This	DT
statute	NN
clearly	RB
limits	VBZ
the	DT
crime	NN
with	IN
the	DT
requirement	NN
of	IN
a	DT
threat	NN
.	.
This	DT
statute	NN
would	MD
not	RB
cover	VB
electronic	JJ
communications	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
harassing	VBG
,	,
but	CC
do	VBP
not	RB
include	VB
a	DT
threat	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
unclear	JJ
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
this	DT
statute	NN
would	MD
include	VB
electronic	JJ
communications	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
not	RB
sent	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
but	CC
that	WDT
were	VBD
caused	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
sent	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
and	CC
the	DT
communication	NN
included	VBD
a	DT
threat	NN
.	.
It	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
this	DT
statute	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
all-inclusive	JJ
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
requirement	NN
that	IN
the	DT
victim	NN
be	VB
in	IN
reasonable	JJ
fear	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
safety	NN
.	.
This	DT
would	MD
not	RB
include	VB
communications	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
harassing	VBG
but	CC
not	RB
threatening	JJ
.	.
Maine	NNP
's	POS
statute	NN
provides	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
crime	NN
of	IN
stalking	VBG
includes	VBZ
communicating	VBG
by	IN
electronic	JJ
means	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
person	NN
with	IN
the	DT
intent	NN
to	TO
harass	VB
,	,
annoy	VB
or	CC
alarm	NN
that	WDT
person	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
41	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
appears	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
all-inclusive	JJ
,	,
however	RB
this	DT
statute	NN
is	VBZ
unclear	JJ
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
communications	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
caused	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
is	VBZ
included	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
crime	NN
of	IN
harassment	NN
.	.
This	DT
statute	NN
provides	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
person	NN
may	MD
not	RB
use	VB
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
for	IN
a	DT
communication	NN
made	VBN
with	IN
intent	NN
to	TO
harass	VB
a	DT
person	NN
by	IN
sending	VBG
,	,
lewd	JJ
,	,
lascivious	JJ
,	,
or	CC
obscene	JJ
material	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
42	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
It	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
this	DT
statute	NN
limits	VBZ
the	DT
crime	NN
and	CC
would	MD
not	RB
include	VB
communications	NNS
that	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
include	VB
lewd	JJ
,	,
lascivious	JJ
,	,
or	CC
obscene	JJ
material	NN
but	CC
is	VBZ
otherwise	RB
harassing	VBG
.	.
Massachusetts	NNP
'	POS
statute	NN
provides	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
guilty	JJ
of	IN
stalking	VBG
when	WRB
,	,
through	IN
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
or	CC
internet	NN
communications	NNS
,	,
he	PRP
willfully	RB
and	CC
maliciously	RB
engages	VBZ
in	IN
a	DT
pattern	NN
of	IN
conduct	NN
which	WDT
alarms	VBZ
or	CC
annoys	VBZ
that	IN
person	NN
and	CC
would	MD
cause	VB
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
person	NN
to	TO
suffer	VB
emotional	JJ
distress	NN
and	CC
makes	VBZ
a	DT
threat	NN
with	IN
the	DT
intent	NN
to	TO
place	VB
the	DT
person	NN
in	IN
eminent	JJ
fear	NN
of	IN
death	NN
or	CC
bodily	JJ
injury	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
43	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
statute	NN
limits	VBZ
the	DT
crime	NN
of	IN
stalking	VBG
and	CC
would	MD
not	RB
include	VB
harassing	VBG
communications	NNS
unless	IN
it	PRP
includes	VBZ
a	DT
threat	NN
.	.
This	DT
statute	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
unclear	JJ
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
communications	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
caused	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
is	VBZ
included	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
crime	NN
of	IN
harassment	NN
.	.
Under	IN
this	DT
statute	NN
a	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
guilty	JJ
of	IN
a	DT
crime	NN
when	WRB
that	DT
person	NN
sends	VBZ
electronic	JJ
communications	NNS
to	TO
an	DT
individual	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
continued	VBN
without	IN
that	DT
individuals	NNS
consent	NN
or	CC
in	IN
disregard	NN
of	IN
that	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
expressed	VBN
desire	NN
that	IN
the	DT
contact	NN
by	IN
avoided	VBN
or	CC
discontinued	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
44	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
statute	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
include	VB
most	JJS
types	NNS
of	IN
cyberstalking	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
clear	JJ
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
it	PRP
would	MD
include	VB
message	NN
board	NN
harassment	NN
.	.
This	DT
statute	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
require	VB
the	DT
inclusion	NN
of	IN
some	DT
threatening	JJ
language	NN
in	IN
the	DT
communication	NN
,	,
but	CC
is	VBZ
unclear	JJ
.	.
This	DT
statute	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
unclear	JJ
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
communications	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
caused	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
is	VBZ
included	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
crime	NN
of	IN
harassment	NN
.	.
In	IN
New	NNP
Hampshire	NNP
a	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
guilty	JJ
of	IN
a	DT
misdemeanor	NN
when	WRB
he	PRP
sends	VBZ
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
with	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
to	TO
annoy	VB
or	CC
alarm	NN
another	DT
,	,
having	VBG
been	VBN
previously	RB
notified	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
recipient	JJ
does	VBZ
not	RB
desire	VB
further	JJ
communications	NNS
,	,
communicates	VBZ
with	IN
that	DT
person	NN
,	,
when	WRB
the	DT
communications	NNS
is	VBZ
not	RB
for	IN
a	DT
lawful	JJ
purpose	NN
or	CC
constitutionally	RB
protected	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
46	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
statute	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
intended	VBN
to	TO
police	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
spam	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
covers	VBZ
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
cyberstalking	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
unclear	JJ
if	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
cover	VB
message	NN
board	NN
harassment	NN
.	.
The	DT
New	NNP
York	NNP
statute	NN
provides	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
guilty	JJ
of	IN
aggravated	VBN
harassment	NN
when	WRB
the	DT
person	NN
has	VBZ
the	DT
intent	NN
to	TO
harass	VB
,	,
annoy	VB
,	,
threaten	VB
or	CC
alarm	NN
another	DT
and	CC
the	DT
person	NN
communicates	VBZ
or	CC
causes	VBZ
a	DT
communication	NN
to	TO
be	VB
initiated	VBN
by	IN
electronic	JJ
means	NNS
with	IN
another	DT
person	NN
in	IN
a	DT
manner	NN
likely	JJ
to	TO
cause	VB
annoyance	NN
or	CC
alarm	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
47	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
It	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
this	DT
statute	NN
is	VBZ
all	DT
inclusive	JJ
,	,
including	VBG
live	JJ
chat	VBP
harassment	NN
,	,
message	NN
board	NN
harassment	NN
and	CC
e-mail	NN
harassment	NN
.	.
This	DT
statute	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
cover	VB
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
harassment	NN
sent	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
clear	JJ
whether	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
includes	VBZ
message	NN
board	NN
harassment	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
actually	RB
send	VB
the	DT
harassing	VBG
communications	NNS
but	CC
causes	VBZ
the	DT
communications	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
sent	VBN
.	.
This	DT
statute	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
cover	VB
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
harassment	NN
sent	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
,	,
including	VBG
message	NN
board	NN
harassment	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
actually	RB
send	VB
the	DT
harassing	VBG
communications	NNS
but	CC
causes	VBZ
the	DT
communications	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
sent	VBN
.	.
Under	IN
this	DT
statute	NN
a	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
guilty	JJ
of	IN
disturbing	VBG
the	DT
peace	NN
when	WRB
he	PRP
,	,
with	IN
intent	NN
to	TO
terrify	VB
,	,
threaten	VB
,	,
harass	VB
or	CC
annoy	VB
,	,
makes	VBZ
contact	NN
by	IN
means	NNS
of	IN
electronic	JJ
communication	NN
with	IN
another	DT
and	CC
makes	VBZ
any	DT
request	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
obscene	JJ
,	,
lewd	JJ
or	CC
indecent	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
55	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
It	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
a	DT
crime	NN
to	TO
threaten	VB
to	TO
inflict	VB
injury	NN
or	CC
physical	JJ
harm	NN
to	TO
the	DT
person	NN
or	CC
property	NN
of	IN
any	DT
person	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
56	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
It	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
this	DT
statute	NN
limits	VBZ
the	DT
crime	NN
of	IN
cyberstalking	VBG
by	IN
requiring	VBG
an	DT
obscene	JJ
,	,
lewd	JJ
or	CC
indecent	JJ
request	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
not	RB
clear	JJ
whether	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
includes	VBZ
message	NN
board	NN
harassment	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
actually	RB
send	VB
the	DT
harassing	VBG
communication	NN
but	CC
causes	VBZ
the	DT
communications	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
sent	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
this	DT
statute	NN
limits	VBZ
the	DT
crime	NN
with	IN
its	PRP$
requirement	NN
of	IN
obscene	JJ
language	NN
or	CC
threat	NN
of	IN
an	DT
illegal	JJ
or	CC
immoral	JJ
act	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
does	VBZ
appear	VB
to	TO
cover	VB
message	NN
board	NN
harassment	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
actually	RB
send	VB
the	DT
harassing	VBG
communication	NN
but	CC
causes	VBZ
the	DT
communications	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
sent	VBN
.	.
The	DT
use	NN
of	IN
this	DT
statute	NN
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
requirement	NN
of	IN
a	DT
threat	NN
or	CC
obscene	JJ
,	,
lewd	JJ
,	,
or	CC
profane	JJ
language	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
clear	JJ
whether	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
includes	VBZ
message	NN
board	NN
harassment	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
actually	RB
send	VB
the	DT
harassing	VBG
communication	NN
but	CC
causes	VBZ
the	DT
communications	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
sent	VBN
.	.
The	DT
use	NN
of	IN
this	DT
statute	NN
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
requirement	NN
that	IN
a	DT
person	NN
experience	NN
emotional	JJ
distress	NN
.	.
Beyond	IN
that	DT
,	,
it	PRP
appears	VBZ
to	TO
include	VB
most	JJS
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
communications	NNS
sent	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
unclear	JJ
whether	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
includes	VBZ
message	NN
board	NN
harassment	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
actually	RB
send	VB
the	DT
harassing	VBG
communication	NN
but	CC
causes	VBZ
the	DT
communications	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
sent	VBN
.	.
This	DT
definition	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
include	VB
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
cyberstalking	NN
,	,
including	VBG
message	NN
board	NN
harassment	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
actually	RB
send	VB
the	DT
harassing	VBG
communication	NN
but	CC
causes	VBZ
the	DT
communications	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
sent	VBN
.	.
This	DT
bill	NN
makes	VBZ
the	DT
unlawful	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
computerized	JJ
communication	NN
systems	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
harassing	VBG
another	DT
person	NN
a	DT
misdemeanor	NN
,	,
and	CC
makes	VBZ
the	DT
sender	NN
's	POS
property	NN
subject	NN
to	TO
forfeiture	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
62	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
bill	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
include	VB
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
cyberstalking	NN
,	,
including	VBG
message	NN
board	NN
harassment	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
actually	RB
send	VB
the	DT
harassing	VBG
communication	NN
but	CC
causes	VBZ
the	DT
communications	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
sent	VBN
.	.
Internet	NNP
or	CC
Internet	NNP
services	NNS
,	,
and	CC
computer	NN
bulletin	NN
board	NN
services	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
electronic	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
communication	NN
as	IN
``	``
cause	NN
of	IN
conduct	NN
''	''
in	IN
the	DT
Kansas	NNP
stalking	VBG
statute	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
63	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
bill	NN
redefines	VBZ
the	DT
phrase	NN
``	``
cause	NN
of	IN
conduct	NN
''	''
to	TO
encompass	VB
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
cyberstalking	VBG
.	.
This	DT
bill	NN
redefines	VBZ
the	DT
crime	NN
of	IN
stalking	VBG
to	TO
include	VB
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
64	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
A	DT
second	JJ
bill	NN
adds	VBZ
the	DT
making	NN
of	IN
a	DT
credible	JJ
threat	NN
to	TO
the	DT
crime	NN
of	IN
stalking	VBG
,	,
including	VBG
those	DT
made	VBN
through	IN
electronic	JJ
communication	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
65	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
It	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
this	DT
bill	NN
would	MD
be	VB
limited	VBN
to	TO
cyberstalking	VBG
that	DT
includes	VBZ
a	DT
threat	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
unclear	JJ
if	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
includes	VBZ
message	NN
board	NN
harassment	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
actually	RB
send	VB
the	DT
harassing	VBG
communication	NN
but	CC
causes	VBZ
the	DT
communications	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
sent	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
appears	VBZ
that	IN
this	DT
bill	NN
encompasses	VBZ
most	RBS
types	NNS
of	IN
cyberstalking	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
its	PRP$
is	VBZ
unclear	JJ
whether	IN
the	DT
bill	NN
includes	VBZ
message	NN
board	NN
harassment	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
actually	RB
send	VB
the	DT
harassing	VBG
communication	NN
but	CC
causes	VBZ
the	DT
communications	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
sent	VBN
.	.
This	DT
bill	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
include	VB
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
cyberstalking	NN
,	,
including	VBG
message	NN
board	NN
harassment	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
actually	RB
send	VB
the	DT
harassing	VBG
communication	NN
but	CC
causes	VBZ
the	DT
communications	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
sent	VBN
.	.
This	DT
bill	NN
specifies	VBZ
that	IN
electronic	JJ
communication	NN
is	VBZ
contact	NN
for	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
stalking	VBG
and	CC
includes	VBZ
electronic	JJ
threats	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
crime	NN
of	IN
harassment	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
68	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
use	NN
of	IN
this	DT
bill	NN
as	IN
a	DT
statute	NN
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
requirement	NN
of	IN
a	DT
threat	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
unclear	JJ
whether	IN
message	NN
board	NN
harassment	NN
would	MD
be	VB
included	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
the	DT
definition	NN
of	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
.	.
This	DT
bill	NN
amends	VBZ
the	DT
meaning	NN
of	IN
communication	NN
within	IN
the	DT
stalking	VBG
statute	NN
to	TO
include	VB
electronic	JJ
means	NNS
including	VBG
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
69	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
bill	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
include	VB
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
cyberstalking	NN
,	,
including	VBG
message	NN
board	NN
harassment	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
actually	RB
send	VB
the	DT
harassing	VBG
communication	NN
but	CC
causes	VBZ
the	DT
communications	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
sent	VBN
.	.
This	DT
bill	NN
includes	VBZ
electronic	JJ
communications	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
definitions	NNS
of	IN
harassment	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
70	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
bill	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
include	VB
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
cyberstalking	NN
,	,
including	VBG
message	NN
board	NN
harassment	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
actually	RB
send	VB
the	DT
harassing	VBG
communication	NN
but	CC
causes	VBZ
the	DT
communications	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
sent	VBN
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
this	DT
bill	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
strengthen	VB
the	DT
stalking	VBG
law	NN
to	TO
include	VB
harassment	NN
by	IN
computer	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
72	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
bill	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
include	VB
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
cyberstalking	NN
,	,
including	VBG
message	NN
board	NN
harassment	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
actually	RB
send	VB
the	DT
harassing	VBG
communication	NN
but	CC
causes	VBZ
the	DT
communications	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
sent	VBN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
end	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
only	RB
thirty-three	JJ
states	NNS
with	IN
cyberstalking	VBG
laws	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
books	NNS
.	.
Eight	CD
states	NNS
are	VBP
attempting	VBG
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
issue	NN
with	IN
bills	NNS
pending	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
legislature	NN
,	,
but	CC
nine	CD
states	NNS
have	VBP
yet	RB
to	TO
bring	VB
the	DT
issue	NN
to	TO
the	DT
table	NN
.	.
Why	WRB
have	VBP
the	DT
States	NNPS
waited	VBD
so	RB
long	JJ
to	TO
enact	VB
laws	NNS
prohibiting	VBG
cyberstalking	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
?	.
Is	VBZ
it	PRP
a	DT
sign	NN
that	IN
States	NNPS
are	VBP
not	RB
taking	VBG
cyberstalking	JJ
seriously	RB
?	.
Cyber	NNP
law	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
young	JJ
area	NN
of	IN
law	NN
and	CC
at	IN
times	NNS
the	DT
connection	NN
between	IN
``	``
cyberspace	NN
''	''
and	CC
``	``
reality	NN
''	''
can	MD
be	VB
hard	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
through	IN
education	NN
and	CC
awareness	NN
that	WDT
legislators	NNS
will	MD
bring	VB
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
cyberstalking	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
forefront	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
agendas	NNS
.	.
While	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
States	NNPS
that	WDT
have	VBP
enacted	VBN
cyberstalking	VBG
statutes	NNS
,	,
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
statutes	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
encompass	VB
broad	JJ
enough	JJ
elements	NNS
to	TO
include	VB
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
cyberstalking	VBG
.	.
Many	JJ
States	NNPS
limit	VBP
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
prosecute	VB
under	IN
these	DT
statutes	NNS
by	IN
requiring	VBG
threatening	JJ
or	CC
crude	JJ
and	CC
obscene	JJ
language	NN
.	.
Other	JJ
States	NNPS
limit	VBP
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
prosecute	VB
under	IN
these	DT
statutes	NNS
by	IN
requiring	VBG
the	DT
harassing	VBG
communications	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
sent	VBN
directly	RB
by	IN
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
,	,
leaving	VBG
victims	NNS
of	IN
harassing	VBG
e-mail	NN
from	IN
message	NN
boards	NNS
with	IN
falsified	JJ
postings	NNS
with	IN
no	DT
recourse	NN
against	IN
the	DT
perpetrator	NN
.	.
The	DT
Federal	NNP
government	NN
has	VBZ
also	RB
attempted	VBN
to	TO
put	VB
laws	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
books	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
make	VB
cyberstalking	VBG
a	DT
federal	JJ
crime	NN
.	.
These	DT
statutes	NNS
,	,
like	IN
the	DT
various	JJ
States	NNPS
'	POS
statutes	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
limited	VBN
in	IN
their	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
capture	VB
all	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
cyberstalking	VBG
under	IN
their	PRP$
strict	JJ
requirements	NNS
.	.
These	DT
statutes	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
evaluated	VBN
to	TO
determine	VB
how	WRB
they	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
amended	VBN
to	TO
better	JJR
serve	VB
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
victims	NNS
of	IN
Internet	NNP
harassment	NN
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
discuss	VB
the	DT
history	NN
of	IN
cyber-porn	JJ
,	,
whether	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
Constitutional	NNP
right	NN
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
view	VB
such	JJ
materials	NNS
,	,
a	DT
discussion	NN
of	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
problems	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
pervasiveness	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
materials	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
role	NN
the	DT
government	NN
has	VBZ
played	VBN
in	IN
attempting	VBG
to	TO
regulate	VB
it	PRP
,	,
and	CC
where	WRB
the	DT
regulation	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
self	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
this	DT
medium	NN
is	VBZ
heading	VBG
.	.
``	``
the	DT
average	JJ
person	NN
,	,
applying	VBG
contemporary	JJ
community	NN
standards	NNS
''	''
would	MD
find	VB
that	IN
the	DT
work	NN
,	,
taken	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
whole	NN
,	,
appeals	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
prurient	JJ
interest	NN
;	:
second	JJ
,	,
whether	IN
the	DT
work	NN
depicts	VBZ
or	CC
describes	VBZ
,	,
in	IN
a	DT
patently	RB
offensive	JJ
manner	NN
,	,
sexual	JJ
conduct	NN
as	IN
defined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
applicable	JJ
state	NN
law	NN
;	:
and	CC
third	JJ
,	,
whether	IN
the	DT
work	NN
,	,
taken	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
whole	NN
,	,
lacks	VBZ
serious	JJ
literary	JJ
,	,
artistic	JJ
,	,
political	JJ
,	,
or	CC
scientific	JJ
value	NN
.	.
Once	RB
characterized	VBN
as	IN
obscene	JJ
,	,
the	DT
material	NN
receives	VBZ
no	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
protection	NN
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
Like	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
e-commerce	JJ
taxation	NN
is	VBZ
very	RB
broad	JJ
in	IN
scope	NN
,	,
at	IN
once	RB
encompassing	VBG
the	DT
world	NN
and	CC
individual	JJ
users	NNS
.	.
Taxation	NNP
issues	NNS
``	``
include	VBP
income	NN
taxation	NN
,	,
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
taxes	NNS
,	,
value-added	JJ
taxes	NNS
,	,
Internet	NNP
access	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
telecommunications	NN
taxes	NNS
and	CC
fees	NNS
.	.
''	''
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
11	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	NN
This	DT
paper	NN
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
limits	NNS
placed	VBN
on	IN
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
taxes	NNS
in	IN
e-commerce	JJ
transactions	NNS
and	CC
Internet	NNP
access	NN
taxes	NNS
.	.
Specifically	RB
,	,
this	DT
paper	NN
reviews	VBZ
the	DT
law	NN
governing	VBG
Internet	NNP
taxation	NN
in	IN
section	NN
II	NNP
.	.
Section	NN
III	NNP
addresses	VBZ
the	DT
explosion	NN
of	IN
e-commerce	NN
and	CC
the	DT
debate	NN
surrounding	VBG
the	DT
tax	NN
issue	NN
.	.
Section	NN
IV	NNP
examines	VBZ
proposals	NNS
currently	RB
being	VBG
considered	VBN
to	TO
resolve	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
taxation	NN
problems	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
note	VB
that	IN
the	DT
moratorium	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
an	DT
outright	JJ
ban	NN
on	IN
Internet	NNP
taxes	NNS
.	.
Rather	RB
,	,
it	PRP
limits	VBZ
states	NNS
'	POS
authority	NN
to	TO
require	VB
companies	NNS
to	TO
collect	VB
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
taxes	NNS
on	IN
online	JJ
transactions	NNS
,	,
when	WRB
the	DT
tax	NN
is	VBZ
multiple	JJ
or	CC
discriminatory	JJ
,	,
and	CC
on	IN
Internet	NNP
access	NN
service	NN
-	:
the	DT
fees	NNS
Internet	NNP
Service	NNP
Providers	NNP
like	IN
AOL	NNP
and	CC
EarthLink	NNP
charge	NN
subscribers	NNS
for	IN
accessing	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
a	DT
use	NN
tax	NN
might	MD
be	VB
imposed	VBN
when	WRB
someone	NN
buys	VBZ
a	DT
car	NN
in	IN
,	,
say	VB
,	,
Alabama	NNP
,	,
but	CC
registers	VBZ
the	DT
car	NN
in	IN
Georgia	NNP
.	.
The	DT
state	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
consumer	NN
will	MD
use	VB
the	DT
car	NN
may	MD
typically	RB
impose	VB
a	DT
use	NN
tax	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
consumer	NN
buys	VBZ
a	DT
shirt	NN
from	IN
the	DT
mall	NN
,	,
he	PRP
pays	VBZ
a	DT
sales	NNS
tax	NN
.	.
For	IN
all	DT
practical	JJ
purposes	NNS
,	,
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	NN
taxes	NNS
represent	VBP
a	DT
distinction	NN
without	IN
a	DT
difference	NN
.	.
The	DT
issue	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
simple	JJ
scenarios	NNS
above	IN
become	VBN
infinitely	RB
more	RBR
complicated	VBN
when	WRB
thousands	NNS
of	IN
jurisdictions	NNS
,	,
all	DT
with	IN
different	JJ
tax	NN
laws	NNS
,	,
try	VBP
to	TO
collect	VB
on	IN
Internet	NNP
transactions	NNS
.	.
E-commerce	NN
erased	VBD
the	DT
old	JJ
model	NN
of	IN
face-to-face	JJ
contact	NN
between	IN
a	DT
vendor	NN
and	CC
consumer	NN
.	.
Online	NNP
retailers	NNS
capitalized	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
global	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
allowed	VBD
them	PRP
to	TO
expand	VB
their	PRP$
businesses	NNS
into	IN
any	DT
market	NN
where	WRB
a	DT
delivery	NN
truck	NN
could	MD
go	VB
.	.
That	DT
ease	NN
of	IN
remote	JJ
selling	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
complicated	VBD
the	DT
tax	NN
issue	NN
.	.
Process	NNP
Clause	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Fourteenth	NNP
Amendment	NNP
and	CC
created	VBD
an	DT
unconstitutional	JJ
burden	NN
on	IN
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
in	IN
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
.	.
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
58	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	JJ
The	DT
court	NN
noted	VBD
that	IN
for	IN
a	DT
state	NN
to	TO
avoid	VB
invading	VBG
the	DT
exclusive	JJ
authority	NN
of	IN
Congress	NNP
to	TO
regulate	VB
trade	NN
between	IN
the	DT
States	NNPS
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
tax	NN
falling	VBG
on	IN
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
can	MD
only	RB
be	VB
justified	VBN
as	IN
designed	VBN
to	TO
make	VB
such	JJ
commerce	NN
bear	NN
a	DT
fair	JJ
share	NN
of	IN
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
government	NN
whose	WP$
protection	NN
it	PRP
enjoys	VBZ
.	.
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
59	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	NN
Similarly	RB
,	,
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
,	,
for	IN
a	DT
state	NN
to	TO
impose	VB
the	DT
burdens	NNS
of	IN
collecting	VBG
use	NN
taxes	NNS
on	IN
interstate	JJ
sales	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
requires	VBZ
``	``
some	DT
definite	JJ
link	NN
,	,
some	DT
minimum	JJ
connection	NN
,	,
between	IN
a	DT
state	NN
and	CC
the	DT
person	NN
,	,
property	NN
or	CC
transaction	NN
it	PRP
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
tax	NN
.	.
''	''
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
60	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	JJ
That	DT
link	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
found	VBN
where	WRB
an	DT
out-of-state	JJ
retailer	NN
had	VBD
some	DT
agents	NNS
in	IN
state	NN
or	CC
maintained	VBD
retail	JJ
stores	NNS
in	IN
state	NN
.	.
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
61	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	JJ
``	``
But	CC
the	DT
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
never	RB
held	VBN
that	IN
a	DT
State	NN
may	MD
impose	VB
the	DT
duty	NN
of	IN
use	NN
tax	NN
collection	NN
and	CC
payment	NN
upon	IN
a	DT
seller	NN
whose	WP$
only	RB
connection	NN
with	IN
customers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
State	NN
is	VBZ
by	IN
common	JJ
carrier	NN
or	CC
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
mail	NN
.	.
''	''
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
62	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	JJ
The	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
no	DT
such	JJ
link	NN
existed	VBD
between	IN
the	DT
state	NN
and	CC
National	NNP
,	,
where	WRB
National	NNP
maintained	VBD
no	DT
office	NN
,	,
had	VBD
no	DT
agents	NNS
or	CC
solicitors	NNS
,	,
owned	VBN
no	DT
property	NN
,	,
and	CC
had	VBD
no	DT
telephone	NN
listing	NN
in	IN
Illinois	NNP
,	,
and	CC
where	WRB
all	DT
contacts	NNS
which	WDT
the	DT
firm	NN
had	VBD
with	IN
the	DT
state	NN
were	VBD
through	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
mail	NN
or	CC
common	JJ
carrier	NN
.	.
In	IN
Quill	NNP
,	,
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
held	VBD
that	IN
while	IN
states	NNS
may	MD
meet	VB
the	DT
Due	JJ
Process	NN
requirement	NN
of	IN
minimum	JJ
contacts	NNS
,	,
under	IN
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
requirements	NNS
,	,
states	NNS
may	MD
still	RB
be	VB
precluded	VBN
from	IN
requiring	VBG
out-of-state	JJ
retailers	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
catalog	NN
companies	NNS
and	CC
Internet	NNP
merchants	NNS
to	TO
collect	VB
taxes	NNS
unless	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
physical	JJ
presence	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
creating	VBG
a	DT
substantial	JJ
nexus	NN
with	IN
the	DT
taxing	VBG
state	NN
.	.
The	DT
U.S.	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
held	VBD
that	IN
that	IN
mail-order	JJ
business	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
need	VB
to	TO
have	VB
physical	JJ
presence	NN
in	IN
state	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
permit	VB
a	DT
state	NN
to	TO
require	VB
the	DT
business	NN
to	TO
collect	VB
use	NN
tax	NN
from	IN
its	PRP$
in-state	JJ
customers	NNS
,	,
but	CC
physical	JJ
presence	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
was	VBD
required	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
business	NN
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
``	``
substantial	JJ
nexus	NN
''	''
with	IN
the	DT
taxing	VBG
state	NN
under	IN
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
.	.
``	``
Barnes	NNP
&	CC
Noble	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
uses	VBZ
an	DT
entity	NN
to	TO
isolate	VB
its	PRP$
physical	JJ
contacts	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
state	NN
so	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
collection	NN
obligation	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
on-line	JJ
retail	JJ
sales	NNS
.	.
Barnes	NNP
&	CC
Noble	NNP
operates	VBZ
a	DT
wholly	RB
owned	VBN
subsidiary	NN
,	,
Barnes&Noble.com	NNP
,	,
to	TO
conduct	VB
its	PRP$
on-line	JJ
book	NN
sales	NNS
.	.
Barnes&Noble.com	JJ
remits	NNS
sales	NNS
tax	NN
only	RB
for	IN
New	NNP
Jersey	NNP
,	,
New	NNP
York	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Virginia	NNP
.	.
Congress	NNP
could	MD
eliminate	VB
such	JJ
manipulation	NN
and	CC
confusion	NN
by	IN
taking	VBG
action	NN
and	CC
establishing	VBG
by	IN
statute	NN
limits	NNS
on	IN
state	NN
's	POS
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
collection	NN
requirements	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
time	NN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
bought	VBN
by	IN
extending	VBG
the	DT
moratorium	NN
.	.
Those	DT
opposed	VBN
to	TO
lifting	VBG
the	DT
moratorium	NN
say	VBP
forcing	VBG
online	NN
merchants	NNS
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
taxing	VBG
systems	NNS
of	IN
thousands	NNS
of	IN
jurisdictions	NNS
will	MD
stifle	VB
development	NN
of	IN
the	DT
e-commerce	JJ
industry	NN
.	.
<![if
!supportFootnotes]>	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
93	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
<![endif]>	NN
Additionally	RB
,	,
catalog	NN
companies	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
to	TO
pay	VB
taxes	NNS
where	WRB
they	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
a	DT
physical	JJ
presence	NN
,	,
so	RB
neither	RB
should	MD
online	VB
retailers	NNS
,	,
the	DT
argument	NN
goes	VBZ
.	.
Add	VB
to	TO
that	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
online	JJ
sales	NNS
account	NN
for	IN
a	DT
small	JJ
percentage	NN
of	IN
overall	JJ
retail	JJ
sales	NNS
,	,
and	CC
moratorium	NN
supporters	NNS
claim	VBP
taxing	VBG
an	DT
industry	NN
segment	NN
already	RB
weakened	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
poor	JJ
economy	NN
would	MD
be	VB
penny	NN
wise	JJ
and	CC
pound	NN
foolish	JJ
.	.
By	IN
passing	VBG
an	DT
extension	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
Tax	NNP
Freedom	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
Congress	NNP
has	VBZ
bought	VBN
itself	PRP
another	DT
two	CD
years	NNS
to	TO
work	VB
on	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
of	IN
when	WRB
and	CC
how	WRB
states	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
require	VB
remote	JJ
retailers	NNS
to	TO
collect	VB
taxes	NNS
on	IN
online	JJ
transactions	NNS
.	.
As	IN
states	NNS
face	VBP
budget	NN
shortfalls	NNS
,	,
and	CC
are	VBP
forced	VBN
to	TO
drain	VB
cash	NN
reserves	NNS
,	,
more	JJR
pressure	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
to	TO
find	VB
a	DT
solution	NN
.	.
More	JJR
states	NNS
already	RB
are	VBP
looking	VBG
for	IN
ways	NNS
to	TO
collect	VB
elusive	JJ
use	NN
taxes	NNS
directly	RB
from	IN
consumers	NNS
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
the	DT
e-commerce	JJ
industry	NN
is	VBZ
feeling	VBG
the	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
crippled	VBN
economy	NN
and	CC
will	MD
likely	RB
put	VB
more	JJR
pressure	NN
on	IN
Congress	NNP
to	TO
come	VB
up	RP
with	IN
ways	NNS
to	TO
jumpstart	VB
,	,
or	CC
at	IN
least	JJS
not	RB
harm	NN
,	,
business	NN
growth	NN
.	.
Any	DT
solution	NN
will	MD
likely	RB
be	VB
a	DT
compromise	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
most	RBS
compromising	JJ
thing	NN
Congress	NNP
could	MD
do	VB
is	VBZ
kick	VB
the	DT
issue	NN
further	RBR
down	IN
the	DT
information	NN
superhighway	NN
,	,
and	CC
pave	VB
the	DT
road	NN
with	IN
more	JJR
uncertainty	NN
.	.
The	DT
gargantuan	JJ
growth	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
revolution	NN
of	IN
the	DT
telecommunications	NN
industry	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
age	NN
with	IN
accompanying	VBG
technological	JJ
developments	NNS
have	VBP
resulted	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
significant	JJ
challenge	NN
to	TO
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
taxing	VBG
schemes	NNS
.	.
This	DT
era	NN
of	IN
change	NN
has	VBZ
brought	VBN
forth	RB
problems	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
solved	VBN
through	IN
traditional	JJ
regimes	NNS
of	IN
taxation	NN
.	.
The	DT
very	RB
foundation	NN
of	IN
law	NN
and	CC
the	DT
very	RB
core	JJ
concepts	NNS
of	IN
taxation	NN
may	MD
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
changed	VBN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
economic	JJ
challenges	NNS
posed	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
exponentially	RB
growing	VBG
Internet	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
phenomenon	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
.	.
The	DT
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
policy	NN
makers	NNS
and	CC
government	NN
authorities	NNS
are	VBP
extremely	RB
concerned	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
tax	NN
revenues	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
rely	VBP
on	RP
will	MD
disappear	VB
as	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
grows	VBZ
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
end	NN
,	,
businesses	NNS
are	VBP
concerned	VBN
that	IN
notions	NNS
of	IN
taxation	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
archaic	JJ
concepts	NNS
that	WDT
underlie	VBP
taxation	NN
will	MD
curtail	VB
the	DT
progress	NN
of	IN
E-commerce	NN
because	IN
of	IN
overly	RB
oppressive	JJ
tax	NN
imposition	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
These	DT
concerns	NNS
have	VBP
led	VBN
Congress	NNP
to	TO
pass	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
Tax	NNP
Freedom	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
specifically	RB
limits	VBZ
certain	JJ
state	NN
taxes	NNS
on	IN
E-commerce	NN
for	IN
a	DT
temporary	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
.	.
The	DT
reprieve	NN
of	IN
the	DT
moratorium	NN
will	MD
hopefully	RB
allow	VB
the	DT
government	NN
time	NN
to	TO
study	VB
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
beast	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
viable	JJ
E-commerce	JJ
tax	NN
solutions	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
associated	VBN
problems	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
are	VBP
particularly	RB
apparent	JJ
in	IN
light	NN
of	IN
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
taxation	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
a	DT
significant	JJ
source	NN
of	IN
revenue	NN
for	IN
states	NNS
and	CC
localities	NNS
.	.
Almost	RB
every	DT
state	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
imposes	VBZ
a	DT
sales	NNS
tax	NN
.	.
An	DT
examination	NN
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
statutes	NNS
provides	VBZ
an	DT
example	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
sales	NNS
tax	NN
is	VBZ
imposed	VBN
in	IN
most	JJS
states	NNS
.	.
As	IN
in	IN
most	JJS
states	NNS
,	,
Georgia	NNP
imposes	VBZ
a	DT
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
on	IN
``	``
the	DT
retail	JJ
purchase	NN
,	,
retail	JJ
sale	NN
,	,
rental	JJ
,	,
storage	NN
,	,
use	NN
,	,
and	CC
consumption	NN
of	IN
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
''	''
under	IN
O.C.G.A.	NNP
48-8-1	CD
.	.
``	``
Use	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
as	IN
``	``
the	DT
exercise	NN
of	IN
any	DT
right	JJ
or	CC
power	NN
over	IN
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
incident	NN
to	TO
the	DT
ownership	NN
of	IN
the	DT
property	NN
including	VBG
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
,	,
the	DT
sale	NN
at	IN
retail	NN
of	IN
the	DT
property	NN
in	IN
the	DT
regular	JJ
course	NN
of	IN
business	NN
.	.
''	''
Taxable	JJ
items	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
tax	NN
unless	IN
specifically	RB
exempted	VBN
or	CC
excluded	VBN
by	IN
law	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
services	NNS
and	CC
resale	NN
items	NNS
are	VBP
exempt	JJ
from	IN
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
.	.
Other	JJ
examples	NNS
of	IN
exempt	JJ
transactions	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
sales	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
government	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
transactions	NNS
particularly	RB
excluded	VBN
or	CC
exempted	VBN
.	.
For	IN
sales	NNS
or	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
to	TO
be	VB
imposed	VBN
,	,
the	DT
transaction	NN
involved	VBN
must	MD
be	VB
taxable	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Georgia	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Revenue	NN
,	,
which	WDT
carries	VBZ
out	RP
the	DT
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
taxation	NN
powers	NNS
provided	VBN
to	TO
them	PRP
by	IN
the	DT
Georgia	NNP
General	NNP
Assembly	NNP
,	,
mandates	VBZ
that	IN
taxable	JJ
sales	NNS
must	MD
occur	VB
within	IN
a	DT
local	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
title	NN
of	IN
ownership	NN
of	IN
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
is	VBZ
transferred	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
Georgia	NNP
jurisdiction	NN
,	,
a	DT
taxable	JJ
transaction	NN
has	VBZ
occurred	VBN
.	.
A	DT
taxable	JJ
transaction	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
deemed	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
occurred	VBN
if	IN
the	DT
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
is	VBZ
ordered	VBN
and	CC
mailed	VBN
and	CC
delivered	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
purchaser	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
outside	IN
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
because	IN
the	DT
presumption	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
property	NN
is	VBZ
received	VBN
is	VBZ
the	DT
taxing	VBG
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
11	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
regards	VBZ
to	TO
use	VB
tax	NN
,	,
the	DT
lessee	NN
or	CC
owner	NN
of	IN
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
that	DT
property	NN
is	VBZ
derived	VBN
outside	IN
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
use	VB
tax	NN
if	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
instance	NN
of	IN
use	NN
,	,
consumption	NN
or	CC
storage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
property	NN
occurs	VBZ
within	IN
Georgia	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
12	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
These	DT
clauses	NNS
provide	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
requirement	NN
for	IN
state	NN
taxing	VBG
jurisdiction	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
there	EX
must	MD
be	VB
a	DT
concrete	JJ
relationship	NN
or	CC
at	IN
least	JJS
some	DT
minimal	JJ
connection	NN
between	IN
the	DT
state	NN
and	CC
the	DT
taxpayer	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
14	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
term	NN
for	IN
the	DT
aforementioned	JJ
relationship	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
nexus	NN
''	''
,	,
which	WDT
refers	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
justification	NN
of	IN
state	NN
taxing	VBG
authority	NN
because	IN
a	DT
taxpayer	NN
or	CC
their	PRP$
activities	NNS
derive	VBP
the	DT
benefits	NNS
or	CC
opportunities	NNS
of	IN
transacting	VBG
business	NN
within	IN
that	DT
state	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
state	NN
provides	VBZ
no	DT
benefit	NN
to	TO
the	DT
taxpayer	NN
,	,
then	RB
their	PRP$
taxing	JJ
authority	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
justified	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
15	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
For	IN
there	EX
to	TO
be	VB
nexus	NN
,	,
two	CD
tests	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
met	VBN
.	.
Does	VBZ
the	DT
taxpayer	NN
have	VBP
minimum	JJ
contact	NN
with	IN
the	DT
taxing	VBG
jurisdiction	NN
so	IN
that	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
tax	VB
?	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
16	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
And	CC
,	,
does	VBZ
a	DT
minimum	JJ
contact	NN
exist	VBP
between	IN
the	DT
taxing	VBG
state	NN
and	CC
the	DT
activity	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
seek	VBP
to	TO
tax	NN
.	.
The	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
held	VBN
that	IN
not	RB
only	RB
must	MD
there	RB
be	VB
minimal	JJ
contact	NN
between	IN
the	DT
taxpayer	NN
and	CC
the	DT
taxing	VBG
state	NN
,	,
but	CC
a	DT
connection	NN
between	IN
the	DT
activity	NN
itself	PRP
and	CC
the	DT
taxing	VBG
state	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
17	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Although	IN
these	DT
two	CD
questions	NNS
are	VBP
similar	JJ
,	,
the	DT
difference	NN
between	IN
the	DT
two	CD
inquiries	NNS
is	VBZ
extremely	RB
important	JJ
when	WRB
examined	VBN
in	IN
relation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
constitutional	JJ
limits	NNS
of	IN
state	NN
taxing	VBG
authority	NN
of	IN
E-commerce	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
18	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
A	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
decision	NN
that	WDT
lays	VBZ
out	IN
the	DT
cornerstones	NNS
of	IN
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
taxation	NN
and	CC
related	VBN
constitutional	JJ
restraints	NNS
is	VBZ
Quill	NNP
Corp.	NNP
v.	CC
North	NNP
Dakota	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
19	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Though	IN
the	DT
main	JJ
issue	NN
involved	VBN
in	IN
Quill	NNP
was	VBD
taxation	NN
of	IN
an	DT
out-of-state	JJ
mail	NN
order	NN
business	NN
,	,
the	DT
implications	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
recent	JJ
case	NN
in	IN
relation	NN
to	TO
taxation	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
transactions	NNS
make	VBP
this	DT
a	DT
seminal	JJ
E-commerce	NNP
tax	NN
case	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
20	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Quill	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
Illinois	NNP
mail	NN
order	NN
business	NN
that	WDT
solicits	VBZ
sales	NNS
of	IN
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
in	IN
North	NNP
Dakota	NNP
via	IN
mail	NN
order	NN
catalogs	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
offered	VBD
some	DT
software	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
customers	NNS
that	WDT
could	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
place	VB
orders	NNS
with	IN
them	PRP
directly	RB
.	.
Per	IN
the	DT
facts	NNS
,	,
Quill	NNP
had	VBD
no	DT
actual	JJ
physical	JJ
presence	NN
in	IN
North	NNP
Dakota	NNP
.	.
They	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
have	VB
outlets	NNS
or	CC
sales	NNS
representatives	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
The	DT
main	JJ
issue	NN
the	DT
Court	NNP
had	VBD
to	TO
tackle	VB
was	VBD
whether	IN
a	DT
company	NN
,	,
whose	WP$
only	RB
contact	NN
with	IN
the	DT
state	NN
was	VBD
by	IN
mail	NN
or	CC
common	JJ
carrier	NN
,	,
had	VBD
nexus	NN
with	IN
the	DT
state	NN
which	WDT
would	MD
render	VB
them	PRP
taxable	JJ
for	IN
use	NN
tax	NN
purposes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
held	VBD
that	IN
substantial	JJ
presence	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
for	IN
taxability	NN
under	IN
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Constitution	NNP
.	.
If	IN
substantial	JJ
presence	NN
requirements	NNS
are	VBP
met	VBN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
taxpayer	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
register	VB
with	IN
the	DT
taxing	VBG
state	NN
,	,
collect	VBP
use	NN
tax	NN
and	CC
distribute	VB
that	DT
tax	NN
to	TO
the	DT
taxing	VBG
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
The	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
Clause	NN
require	VBP
minimal	JJ
presence	NN
within	IN
the	DT
taxing	VBG
jurisdiction	NN
for	IN
taxation	NN
to	TO
be	VB
constitutional	JJ
,	,
and	CC
would	MD
allow	VB
a	DT
jurisdiction	NN
to	TO
require	VB
taxpayers	NNS
provide	VBP
information	NN
about	IN
their	PRP$
activities	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
In	IN
Quill	NNP
's	POS
case	NN
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
held	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
clause	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
bar	NN
taxability	NN
because	IN
they	PRP
had	VBD
minimal	JJ
presence	NN
in	IN
North	NNP
Dakota	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
22	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
rendered	VBD
the	DT
tax	NN
at	IN
issue	NN
unconstitutional	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
burden	NN
on	IN
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
,	,
and	CC
as	IN
such	JJ
,	,
in	IN
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
.	.
The	DT
requirements	NNS
of	IN
substantial	JJ
nexus	NN
were	VBD
not	RB
met	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
facts	NNS
in	IN
Quill	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
23	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
Constitution	NNP
,	,
nexus	NN
and	CC
interstate	JJ
activities	NNS
were	VBD
also	RB
examined	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
older	JJR
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
case	NN
,	,
Complete	JJ
Auto	NN
Transit	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
v.	CC
Brady	NNP
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
24	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
puts	VBZ
forth	RB
a	DT
four	CD
prong	NN
test	NN
for	IN
tax	NN
constitutionality	NN
.	.
Mississippi	NNP
imposes	VBZ
sales	NNS
tax	NN
on	IN
the	DT
privilege	NN
of	IN
doing	VBG
business	NN
within	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
the	DT
taxpayer	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
corporation	NN
that	WDT
transports	VBZ
automobiles	NNS
via	IN
motor	NN
carriers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
motor	NN
vehicles	NNS
are	VBP
assembled	VBN
outside	IN
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
,	,
shipped	VBN
to	TO
Jackson	NNP
,	,
Mississippi	NNP
and	CC
then	RB
loaded	VBN
and	CC
distributed	VBN
throughout	IN
Mississippi	NNP
to	TO
dealers	NNS
by	IN
the	DT
appellant	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
25	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Per	IN
the	DT
State	NNP
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
,	,
Geoffrey	NNP
had	VBD
two	CD
types	NNS
of	IN
intangibles	NNS
located	VBN
in	IN
South	NNP
Carolina	NNP
.	.
The	DT
trademarks	NNS
and	CC
trade	NN
names	NNS
were	VBD
located	VBN
in	IN
South	NNP
Carolina	NNP
because	IN
Toys	NNP
R	NNP
Us	NNP
used	VBD
them	PRP
there	RB
.	.
The	DT
accounts	NNS
receivable	NN
that	WDT
resulted	VBD
from	IN
the	DT
royalty	NN
agreement	NN
were	VBD
located	VBN
in	IN
South	NNP
Carolina	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
the	DT
underlying	VBG
sales	NNS
occurred	VBD
there	RB
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
said	VBD
the	DT
presence	NN
of	IN
these	DT
intangibles	NNS
in	IN
South	NNP
Carolina	NNP
was	VBD
sufficient	JJ
to	TO
establish	VB
nexus	NN
under	IN
the	DT
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
Clause	NN
and	CC
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
of	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Constitution	NNP
.	.
In	IN
light	NN
of	IN
the	DT
almost	RB
lightening	VBG
speed	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
transactions	NNS
,	,
can	MD
one	CD
reasonably	RB
track	NN
whether	IN
a	DT
business	NN
has	VBZ
purposefully	RB
availed	VBN
themselves	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
benefits	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
state	NN
?	.
If	IN
a	DT
business	NN
exclusively	RB
performs	VBZ
sales	NNS
via	IN
a	DT
Web	NNP
site	NN
,	,
then	RB
have	VBP
they	PRP
availed	VBD
themselves	PRP
of	IN
the	DT
benefits	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
state	NN
for	IN
taxation	NN
purposes	NNS
,	,
particularly	RB
when	WRB
the	DT
customer	NN
seeks	VBZ
the	DT
sale	NN
via	IN
the	DT
Web	NNP
site	NN
and	CC
not	RB
through	IN
direct	JJ
solicitation	NN
within	IN
the	DT
state	NN
?	.
If	IN
a	DT
percentage	NN
of	IN
a	DT
company	NN
's	POS
business	NN
occurs	VBZ
in	IN
sales	NNS
to	TO
customers	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
state	NN
,	,
they	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
accountable	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
percentage	NN
of	IN
tax	NN
for	IN
conducting	VBG
that	DT
business	NN
,	,
but	CC
how	WRB
may	MD
this	DT
percentage	NN
be	VB
calculated	VBN
?	.
If	IN
sales	NNS
tax	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
where	WRB
title	NN
is	VBZ
transferred	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
consumer	NN
,	,
then	RB
how	WRB
difficult	JJ
may	MD
this	DT
be	VB
when	WRB
dealing	VBG
with	IN
an	DT
Internet	NNP
sale	NN
?	.
If	IN
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
is	VBZ
taxable	JJ
,	,
then	RB
is	VBZ
computer	NN
software	NN
considered	VBN
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
?	.
The	DT
questions	NNS
that	WDT
arise	VBP
in	IN
relation	NN
to	TO
taxation	NN
of	IN
E-commerce	NN
are	VBP
constantly	RB
multiplying	VBG
and	CC
any	DT
possible	JJ
solution	NN
in	IN
light	NN
of	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
taxation	NN
scheme	NN
may	MD
be	VB
so	RB
complicated	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
application	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
viable	JJ
in	IN
today	NN
's	POS
economy	NN
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
this	DT
coupled	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
subjectivity	NN
of	IN
state	NN
application	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
extend	VB
a	DT
state	NN
's	POS
taxing	VBG
authority	NN
to	TO
the	DT
limits	NNS
of	IN
,	,
if	IN
not	RB
beyond	IN
,	,
constitutional	JJ
restarints	NNS
have	VBP
many	JJ
business	NN
and	CC
policy	NN
makers	NNS
increasingly	RB
perplexed	JJ
and	CC
concerned	JJ
about	IN
the	DT
problems	NNS
arising	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
and	CC
future	JJ
digital	JJ
age	NN
.	.
The	DT
current	JJ
law	NN
seems	VBZ
to	TO
either	DT
give	VB
jurisdictions	NNS
the	DT
power	NN
to	TO
tax	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
oppression	NN
of	IN
E-commerce	NN
or	CC
,	,
in	IN
other	JJ
regards	VBZ
,	,
may	MD
leave	VB
them	PRP
unable	JJ
to	TO
tax	NN
items	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
normally	RB
have	VB
been	VBN
taxable	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
network	NN
of	IN
computers	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
connected	VBN
through	IN
lines	NNS
of	IN
data	NNS
and	CC
various	JJ
digital	JJ
,	,
wireless	JJ
systems	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
began	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
tool	NN
for	IN
the	DT
military	JJ
and	CC
rapidly	RB
grew	VBD
from	IN
its	PRP$
advent	NN
in	IN
the	DT
1960s	CD
to	TO
a	DT
social	JJ
phenomenon	NN
.	.
Over	IN
36	CD
%	NN
of	IN
households	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
have	VBP
computers	NNS
with	IN
Internet	NNP
access	NN
.	.
This	DT
percentage	NN
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
to	TO
grow	VB
to	TO
98	CD
%	NN
with	IN
the	DT
advent	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
connections	NNS
though	IN
television	NN
access	NN
.	.
The	DT
growth	NN
in	IN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
is	VBZ
also	RB
amazing	JJ
.	.
On	IN
a	DT
global	JJ
basis	NN
,	,
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
potential	JJ
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
is	VBZ
equally	RB
staggering	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
32	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
A	DT
true	JJ
attempt	NN
to	TO
solve	VB
the	DT
E-commerce	NN
problem	NN
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
possible	JJ
until	IN
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
beast	NN
is	VBZ
examined	VBN
.	.
The	DT
definition	NN
of	IN
E-commerce	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
perform	VB
transactions	NNS
involving	VBG
the	DT
exchange	NN
of	IN
goods	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
between	IN
two	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
parties	NNS
using	VBG
electronic	JJ
tools	NNS
and	CC
techniques	NNS
.	.
''	''
On-line	JJ
catalogs	NNS
that	WDT
enable	VBP
customers	NNS
to	TO
choose	VB
and	CC
purchase	VB
products	NNS
;	:
computer	NN
software	NN
which	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
downloaded	VBN
though	IN
electronic	JJ
means	NNS
;	:
pictures	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
purchased	VBN
and	CC
digitally	RB
transferred	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
customer	NN
;	:
online	JJ
information	NN
databases	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
services	NNS
available	JJ
though	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
through	IN
traditional	JJ
telecommunications	NNS
services	NNS
;	:
professional	JJ
services	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
medical	JJ
,	,
legal	JJ
,	,
business	NN
consulting	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
videoconferencing	NN
services	NNS
;	:
securities	NNS
trading	NN
;	:
financial	JJ
services	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
offshore	JJ
banking	NN
,	,
credit	NN
card	NN
payments	NNS
and	CC
incorporations	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
34	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
First	RB
,	,
businesses	NNS
are	VBP
provided	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
solicit	VB
,	,
sell	VB
and	CC
deliver	VB
services	NNS
and	CC
products	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
consumer	NN
.	.
The	DT
main	JJ
implication	NN
of	IN
this	DT
change	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
establishing	VBG
operations	NNS
is	VBZ
relatively	RB
low	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
Internet	NNP
allows	VBZ
a	DT
more	RBR
widespread	JJ
global	JJ
arena	NN
which	WDT
businesses	NNS
may	MD
use	VB
to	TO
advertise	VB
,	,
sell	VB
and	CC
deliver	VB
their	PRP$
products	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
.	.
The	DT
relative	JJ
ease	NN
and	CC
minimal	JJ
expense	NN
of	IN
doing	VBG
business	NN
online	NN
will	MD
allow	VB
even	RB
small	JJ
operations	NNS
to	TO
quickly	RB
expand	VB
into	IN
interstate	JJ
and	CC
global	JJ
operations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
also	RB
allows	VBZ
for	IN
removal	NN
of	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
middlemen	NNS
since	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
source	NN
of	IN
goods	NNS
can	MD
arrange	VB
to	TO
sell	VB
and	CC
deliver	VB
the	DT
product	NN
to	TO
consumers	NNS
without	IN
intermediaries	NNS
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Internet	NNP
provides	VBZ
businesses	NNS
with	IN
revolutionary	JJ
new	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
communicate	VB
and	CC
structure	VB
their	PRP$
business	NN
operations	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
provides	VBZ
a	DT
tool	NN
for	IN
businesses	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
to	TO
either	DT
communicate	VBP
internally	RB
through	IN
private	JJ
networks	NNS
or	CC
though	IN
public	JJ
networks	NNS
.	.
Either	CC
option	NN
allows	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
more	RBR
streamlined	JJ
communication	NN
system	NN
.	.
The	DT
new	JJ
efficiency	NN
allows	VBZ
businesses	NNS
to	TO
operate	VB
24	CD
hours	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
,	,
and	CC
enables	VBZ
them	PRP
to	TO
use	VB
less	JJR
decentralized	VBN
means	VBZ
to	TO
structure	VB
their	PRP$
business	NN
operations	NNS
so	RB
that	IN
multiple	JJ
locations	NNS
can	MD
more	RBR
easily	RB
collaborate	VB
to	TO
produce	VB
and	CC
deliver	VB
a	DT
product	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
37	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
From	IN
a	DT
tax	NN
perspective	NN
,	,
the	DT
above	JJ
two	CD
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
way	NN
business	NN
is	VBZ
done	VBN
raises	VBZ
multiple	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
First	RB
,	,
users	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
do	VBP
not	RB
know	VB
where	WRB
the	DT
information	NN
they	PRP
want	VBP
comes	VBZ
from	IN
or	CC
the	DT
path	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
takes	VBZ
from	IN
origination	NN
to	TO
end-user	NN
.	.
The	DT
business	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
often	RB
a	DT
business	NN
without	IN
location	NN
.	.
Often	RB
,	,
the	DT
key	JJ
players	NNS
are	VBP
intermediaries	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
not	RB
control	VB
the	DT
flow	NN
of	IN
information	NN
that	IN
runs	VBZ
through	IN
their	PRP$
computers	NNS
.	.
As	IN
information	NN
flows	VBZ
throughout	IN
jurisdictions	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
more	RBR
difficult	JJ
to	TO
determine	VB
where	WRB
business	NN
activity	NN
occurs	VBZ
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
assess	VB
which	WDT
jurisdiction	NN
may	MD
have	VB
the	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
tax	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
38	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
viable	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
the	DT
users	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
in	IN
light	NN
of	IN
the	DT
weak	JJ
requirements	NNS
for	IN
proof	NN
of	IN
identity	NN
.	.
Internet	NNP
addresses	NNS
and	CC
domain	NN
names	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
good	JJ
indicators	NNS
of	IN
key	JJ
players	NNS
since	IN
relationships	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
computers	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
apparent	JJ
;	:
furthermore	RB
,	,
new	JJ
computers	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
easily	RB
added	VBN
that	IN
can	MD
be	VB
readily	RB
recognized	VBN
anywhere	RB
else	RB
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
requirements	NNS
for	IN
registration	NN
are	VBP
not	RB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
meet	VB
and	CC
the	DT
introduction	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
controllers	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
site	NN
may	MD
be	VB
readily	RB
performed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
removal	NN
of	IN
intermediaries	NNS
also	RB
removes	VBZ
the	DT
``	``
speed	NN
bumps	NNS
''	''
that	WDT
would	MD
normally	RB
trigger	VB
taxation	NN
.	.
Tax	NNP
is	VBZ
administered	VBN
at	IN
certain	JJ
points	NNS
for	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
reporting	NN
and	CC
withholding	NN
.	.
Electronic	JJ
payment	NN
systems	NNS
may	MD
displace	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
cash	NN
,	,
credit	NN
cards	NNS
and	CC
checks	NNS
that	WDT
currently	RB
account	VBP
for	IN
over	IN
90	CD
%	NN
of	IN
the	DT
means	NNS
for	IN
funding	NN
payments	NNS
.	.
These	DT
systems	NNS
may	MD
potentially	RB
create	VB
new	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
currency	NN
since	IN
the	DT
value	NN
of	IN
money	NN
may	MD
be	VB
represented	VBN
digitally	RB
.	.
This	DT
type	NN
of	IN
digital	JJ
money	NN
may	MD
easily	RB
be	VB
processed	VBN
and	CC
transferred	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
world	NN
in	IN
moments	NNS
.	.
Though	IN
some	DT
would	MD
argue	VB
that	IN
these	DT
issues	NNS
are	VBP
similar	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
traditional	JJ
issues	NNS
that	WDT
arose	VBD
with	IN
mail-order	JJ
catalog	NN
business	NN
transactions	NNS
,	,
the	DT
impact	NN
of	IN
the	DT
speed	NN
,	,
mobility	NN
,	,
efficiency	NN
,	,
and	CC
technology	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
provides	VBZ
a	DT
more	RBR
daunting	JJ
and	CC
immediate	JJ
tax	NN
administration	NN
problem	NN
.	.
To	TO
accommodate	VB
these	DT
changes	NNS
,	,
tax	NN
administration	NN
must	MD
be	VB
developed	VBN
in	IN
new	JJ
ways	NNS
.	.
The	DT
underlying	VBG
concepts	NNS
of	IN
various	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
taxation	NN
must	MD
be	VB
reassessed	VBN
.	.
In	IN
various	JJ
schemes	NNS
of	IN
taxation	NN
,	,
the	DT
tax	NN
imposer	NN
must	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
identify	VB
a	DT
taxable	JJ
event	NN
,	,
to	TO
identify	VB
and	CC
measure	VB
the	DT
income	NN
produced	VBN
from	IN
an	DT
event	NN
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
consumer	NN
and	CC
the	DT
provider	NN
and	CC
where	WRB
title	NN
transfers	NNS
.	.
These	DT
concepts	NNS
must	MD
now	RB
be	VB
applied	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
how	WRB
and	CC
where	WRB
taxable	JJ
events	NNS
occur	VBP
and	CC
by	IN
whom	WP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
41	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
main	JJ
problems	NNS
of	IN
E-commerce	JJ
taxation	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
difficulty	NN
determining	VBG
where	WRB
the	DT
customer	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
and	CC
whether	IN
the	DT
business	NN
or	CC
vendor	NN
has	VBZ
nexus	NN
with	IN
the	DT
taxing	VBG
state	NN
or	CC
authority	NN
.	.
Suppose	VB
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
business	NN
that	WDT
distributed	VBD
software	NN
to	TO
a	DT
customer	NN
via	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
who	WP
pays	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
transaction	NN
by	IN
a	DT
credit	NN
card	NN
or	CC
some	DT
form	NN
of	IN
E-money	NN
.	.
The	DT
business	NN
sells	VBZ
their	PRP$
product	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
and	CC
worldwide	NN
.	.
They	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
physical	JJ
presence	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
offices	NNS
&	CC
employee	NN
locations	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
New	NNP
Mexico	NNP
and	CC
California	NNP
and	CC
they	PRP
purchase	VBP
their	PRP$
Internet	NNP
access	NN
and	CC
server	NN
space	NN
from	IN
a	DT
business	NN
in	IN
Oregon	NNP
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
have	VBP
servers	NNS
located	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
world	NN
and	CC
in	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
states	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
physically	RB
located	VBN
in	IN
New	NNP
Mexico	NNP
,	,
their	PRP$
order	NN
form	NN
identifies	VBZ
New	NNP
Mexico	NNP
as	IN
the	DT
state	NN
where	WRB
sales	NNS
tax	NN
would	MD
be	VB
applicable	JJ
.	.
Another	DT
problem	NN
is	VBZ
determining	VBG
whether	IN
the	DT
transaction	NN
involves	VBZ
a	DT
taxable	JJ
product	NN
or	CC
a	DT
non-taxable	JJ
service	NN
.	.
Suppose	VB
a	DT
company	NN
provides	VBZ
photo-processing	JJ
services	NNS
to	TO
their	PRP$
customers	NNS
via	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
customer	NN
provides	VBZ
the	DT
company	NN
with	IN
film	NN
for	IN
processing	NN
and	CC
the	DT
company	NN
develops	VBZ
the	DT
film	NN
,	,
converts	VBZ
it	PRP
to	TO
a	DT
digital	JJ
image	NN
,	,
and	CC
e-mails	VBZ
the	DT
digital	JJ
photos	NNS
to	TO
their	PRP$
customer	NN
.	.
Are	VBP
they	PRP
providing	VBG
a	DT
service	NN
,	,
selling	VBG
a	DT
tax-exempt	JJ
intangible	JJ
,	,
or	CC
selling	VBG
a	DT
product	NN
of	IN
tangible	JJ
personal	JJ
property	NN
?	.
Should	MD
concepts	NNS
of	IN
equality	NN
be	VB
adopted	VBN
;	:
in	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
should	MD
sales	NNS
tax	NN
be	VB
collected	VBN
because	IN
the	DT
digital	JJ
photos	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
deemed	VBN
the	DT
equivalent	NN
of	IN
a	DT
tangible	JJ
physical	JJ
photo	NN
?	.
If	IN
the	DT
company	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
customers	NNS
were	VBD
located	VBN
in	IN
other	JJ
countries	NNS
,	,
would	MD
they	PRP
be	VB
expected	VBN
to	TO
owe	VB
international	JJ
taxes	NNS
or	CC
U.S.	NNP
sales	NNS
taxes	NNS
?	.
How	WRB
would	MD
such	PDT
an	DT
example	NN
affect	VB
a	DT
state	NN
's	POS
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
base	NN
?	.
In	IN
the	DT
era	NN
of	IN
increasing	VBG
sales	NNS
of	IN
information	NN
and	CC
digital	JJ
products	NNS
,	,
how	WRB
can	MD
state	NN
's	POS
tax	NN
such	JJ
transactions	NNS
particularly	RB
in	IN
light	NN
of	IN
businesses	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
seek	VB
change	VB
their	PRP$
business	NN
from	IN
providing	VBG
taxable	JJ
products	NNS
to	TO
providing	VBG
non-taxable	JJ
intangibles	NNS
,	,
information	NN
or	CC
services	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
45	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Another	DT
problem	NN
is	VBZ
determining	VBG
whether	IN
alternate	JJ
nexus	NN
rationales	NNS
may	MD
apply	VB
to	TO
a	DT
business	NN
.	.
Suppose	VB
a	DT
gift	NN
card	NN
business	NN
had	VBD
previously	RB
sold	VBN
their	PRP$
products	NNS
to	TO
customers	NNS
within	IN
California	NNP
from	IN
its	PRP$
one	CD
existing	VBG
location	NN
within	IN
California	NNP
.	.
In	IN
light	NN
of	IN
the	DT
business	NN
and	CC
expansion	NN
potential	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
online	JJ
sales	NNS
,	,
the	DT
gift	NN
card	NN
company	NN
enters	VBZ
into	IN
an	DT
agreement	NN
with	IN
a	DT
virtual	JJ
mall	NN
.	.
The	DT
gift	NN
card	NN
company	NN
outsources	VBZ
company	NN
A	DT
to	TO
help	VB
them	PRP
with	IN
their	PRP$
Internet	NNP
set	VBD
up	RP
and	CC
to	TO
administer	VB
product	NN
searches	NNS
,	,
orders	NNS
,	,
payments	NNS
and	CC
advertising	NN
in	IN
multiple	JJ
online	NN
malls	NNS
.	.
Company	NN
A	DT
is	VBZ
located	VBN
in	IN
Michigan	NNP
.	.
Can	MD
Company	NNP
A	NNP
be	VB
considered	VBN
an	DT
agent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
gift	NN
card	NN
company	NN
so	RB
that	IN
nexus	NN
may	MD
be	VB
established	VBN
in	IN
Michigan	NNP
?	.
Can	MD
the	DT
activity	NN
of	IN
Company	NN
A	DT
be	VB
considered	VBN
solicitation	NN
,	,
and	CC
can	MD
their	PRP$
activity	NN
provide	VB
nexus	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Gift	NNP
Card	NNP
Company	NN
in	IN
other	JJ
states	NNS
?	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
46	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
above	JJ
issues	NNS
are	VBP
just	RB
simple	JJ
questions	NNS
that	WDT
arise	VBP
from	IN
everyday	JJ
,	,
run-of-the-mill	JJ
E-commerce	JJ
operations	NNS
,	,
yet	RB
these	DT
simple	JJ
scenarios	NNS
and	CC
transactions	NNS
bring	VBP
forth	RB
almost	RB
countless	JJ
issues	NNS
that	WDT
threaten	VBP
to	TO
disable	VB
current	JJ
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
taxing	VBG
schemes	NNS
or	CC
,	,
conversely	RB
,	,
to	TO
potentially	RB
oppress	VB
commerce	NN
if	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
tax	NN
regimes	NNS
are	VBP
extended	VBN
to	TO
allow	VB
for	IN
multistate	NN
taxation	NN
.	.
Obviously	RB
,	,
the	DT
states	NNS
may	MD
potentially	RB
lose	VB
much	JJ
needed	VBN
revenue	NN
from	IN
sales	NNS
tax	NN
proceeds	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
manage	VB
their	PRP$
affairs	NNS
.	.
These	DT
proceeds	NNS
had	VBD
been	VBN
derived	VBN
from	IN
traditional	JJ
brick-and-mortar	JJ
operations	NNS
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
advent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
beast	NN
has	VBZ
changed	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
apparent	JJ
solution	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
extend	VB
state	NN
taxing	VBG
authority	NN
to	TO
encompass	VB
E-commerce	JJ
transactions	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
transactions	NNS
that	WDT
states	VBZ
now	RB
seek	VB
to	TO
tax	NN
have	VBP
traditionally	RB
been	VBN
non-taxable	JJ
under	IN
the	DT
black	JJ
letter	NN
law	NN
of	IN
most	JJS
state	NN
statutes	NNS
and	CC
under	IN
common	JJ
law	NN
.	.
The	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
not	RB
provided	VBN
a	DT
bright-light	JJ
test	NN
to	TO
tackle	VB
these	DT
problems	NNS
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
holdings	NNS
recognize	VBP
that	IN
a	DT
company	NN
's	POS
activities	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
taxable	JJ
even	RB
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
physical	JJ
presence	NN
within	IN
the	DT
state	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
two	CD
sides	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
coin	NN
of	IN
E-commerce	JJ
taxation	NN
.	.
To	TO
tax	NN
or	CC
not	RB
to	TO
tax	NN
?	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
question	NN
.	.
If	IN
states	NNS
extend	VBP
their	PRP$
authority	NN
to	TO
tax	NN
E-commerce	NN
,	,
intangibles	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
,	,
then	RB
they	PRP
may	MD
impede	VB
to	TO
flow	NN
of	IN
commerce	NN
,	,
business	NN
development	NN
,	,
information	NN
flow	NN
,	,
and	CC
all	PDT
the	DT
elements	NNS
of	IN
freedom	NN
that	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
necessary	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
to	TO
flourish	VB
.	.
The	DT
extension	NN
of	IN
state	NN
authority	NN
may	MD
also	RB
cripple	VB
and	CC
oppress	VB
most	RBS
businesses	NNS
that	WDT
transact	VBP
business	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
and	CC
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
These	DT
businesses	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
handle	VB
the	DT
financial	JJ
and	CC
administrative	JJ
burden	NN
of	IN
tracking	VBG
where	WRB
they	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
established	VBN
nexus	NN
and	CC
to	TO
which	WDT
state	NN
they	PRP
may	MD
owe	VB
taxes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
what	WP
proportion	NN
tax	NN
is	VBZ
owed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
other	JJ
side	NN
of	IN
the	DT
coin	NN
leaves	VBZ
states	NNS
with	IN
dwindling	VBG
revenues	NNS
and	CC
may	MD
significantly	RB
impede	VB
their	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
tax	NN
Internet	NNP
transactions	NNS
which	WDT
grow	VBP
in	IN
number	NN
at	IN
a	DT
significant	JJ
rate	NN
in	IN
the	DT
present	JJ
day	NN
and	CC
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
The	DT
ITFA	NNP
is	VBZ
premised	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
simple	JJ
notion	NN
that	IN
information	NN
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
taxable	JJ
.	.
This	DT
notion	NN
has	VBZ
had	VBN
significant	JJ
implications	NNS
and	CC
consequences	NNS
during	IN
the	DT
advent	NN
,	,
development	NN
,	,
and	CC
ongoing	JJ
growth	NN
of	IN
the	DT
digital	JJ
economy	NN
.	.
Internet	NNP
to	TO
develop	VB
and	CC
grow	VB
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
interested	JJ
in	IN
protecting	VBG
E-commerce	NN
from	IN
multiple	JJ
and	CC
discriminatory	JJ
taxes	NNS
since	IN
E-commerce	NN
is	VBZ
particularly	RB
vulnerable	JJ
to	TO
these	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
taxes	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
that	IN
normal	JJ
,	,
traditional	JJ
commerce	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
.	.
The	DT
streamlined	JJ
methodology	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
the	DT
decentralized	VBN
business	NN
model	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
far-reaching	JJ
flow	NN
of	IN
commerce	NN
make	VBP
those	DT
who	WP
conduct	VBP
business	NN
online	NN
particularly	RB
susceptible	JJ
to	TO
taxation	NN
from	IN
multiple	JJ
states	NNS
and	CC
localities	NNS
.	.
A	DT
single	JJ
transaction	NN
could	MD
potentially	RB
result	VB
in	IN
multiple	JJ
attempts	NNS
of	IN
taxation	NN
from	IN
various	JJ
tax	NN
authorities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
ITFA	NNP
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
flow	NN
of	IN
commerce	NN
and	CC
to	TO
avoid	VB
businesses	NNS
and	CC
taxpayers	NNS
from	IN
being	VBG
assaulted	VBN
with	IN
multiple	JJ
and	CC
unexpected	JJ
taxes	NNS
from	IN
governments	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
were	VBD
not	RB
even	RB
aware	JJ
they	PRP
were	VBD
subject	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
49	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Since	IN
its	PRP$
introduction	NN
,	,
the	DT
ITFA	NNP
has	VBZ
undergone	VBN
many	JJ
changes	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
negotiations	NNS
with	IN
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
government	NN
authorities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
original	JJ
legislation	NN
was	VBD
changed	VBN
to	TO
accommodate	VB
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
concerns	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
raised	VBN
by	IN
state	NN
government	NN
leaders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
end	NN
result	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
compromise	NN
between	IN
the	DT
market	NN
and	CC
the	DT
state	NN
so	IN
that	IN
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
may	MD
be	VB
protected	VBN
without	IN
eroding	VBG
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
tax	NN
revenues	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
changes	NNS
were	VBD
the	DT
shortening	VBG
of	IN
the	DT
moratorium	NN
to	TO
three	CD
years	NNS
,	,
providing	VBG
a	DT
moratorium	NN
on	IN
specific	JJ
Internet	NNP
activities	NNS
as	IN
oppose	VBP
to	TO
a	DT
broad	JJ
limitation	NN
of	IN
all	DT
Internet	NNP
taxation	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
commission	NN
devoted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
study	NN
of	IN
E-commerce	NN
and	CC
the	DT
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
taxation	NN
issues	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
E-business	NN
and	CC
the	DT
new	JJ
economy	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
50	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
three	CD
year	NN
moratorium	NN
allows	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
tax	NN
break	NN
from	IN
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
taxation	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
access	NN
from	IN
October	NNP
1	CD
,	,
1998	CD
to	TO
October	NNP
21	CD
,	,
2001	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
moratorium	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
extended	VBN
as	IN
of	IN
August	NNP
2001	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
A	DT
grandfather	NN
clause	NN
was	VBD
incorporated	VBN
to	TO
allow	VB
some	DT
states	NNS
to	TO
continue	VB
taxing	VBG
Internet	NNP
access	NN
so	RB
long	RB
as	IN
the	DT
tax	NN
was	VBD
``	``
generally	RB
imposed	VBN
and	CC
actually	RB
enforced	VBD
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
51	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
on	IN
providers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
before	IN
the	DT
date	NN
the	DT
moratorium	NN
was	VBD
enacted	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
also	RB
disallows	VBZ
the	DT
introduction	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
,	,
discriminatory	JJ
tax	NN
imposition	NN
on	IN
customers	NNS
and	CC
businesses	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
E-commerce	JJ
transactions	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
extended	JJ
interpretations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
nexus	NN
requirement	NN
.	.
The	DT
moratorium	NN
also	RB
covers	VBZ
goods	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
provided	VBN
solely	RB
via	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
do	VB
not	RB
have	VB
an	DT
equivalent	JJ
via	IN
offline	JJ
sources	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
53	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
ITFA	NNP
also	RB
requires	VBZ
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
a	DT
temporary	JJ
Advisory	NNP
Commission	NNP
on	IN
Electronic	NNP
Commerce	NNP
.	.
This	DT
Commission	NNP
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
study	VB
the	DT
issues	NNS
that	WDT
arise	VBP
in	IN
relation	NN
to	TO
E-commerce	NNP
and	CC
reports	NNS
to	TO
Congress	NNP
as	IN
to	TO
whether	IN
a	DT
tax	NN
should	MD
be	VB
imposed	VBN
on	IN
E-commerce	NN
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
the	DT
tax	NN
may	MD
be	VB
enacted	VBN
so	RB
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
special	JJ
,	,
multiple	JJ
,	,
or	CC
discriminatory	JJ
.	.
State	NNP
and	CC
local	JJ
tax	NN
authorities	NNS
are	VBP
provided	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
voice	NN
in	IN
this	DT
Commission	NN
and	CC
Congress	NNP
will	MD
retain	VB
the	DT
discretion	NN
and	CC
authority	NN
to	TO
alter	VB
or	CC
toss	VB
the	DT
proposals	NNS
provided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Advisory	NNP
Commission	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
54	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
E-commerce	NN
or	CC
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
the	DT
Act	NNP
calls	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
President	NNP
to	TO
work	VB
zealously	RB
to	TO
prevent	VB
the	DT
imposition	NN
of	IN
tariffs	NNS
and	CC
discriminatory	JJ
taxes	NNS
from	IN
other	JJ
world	NN
organizations	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
EU	NNP
and	CC
WTO	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Commerce	NNP
Department	NNP
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
reports	NNS
to	TO
Congress	NNP
if	IN
any	DT
hindrances	NNS
of	IN
American	JJ
businesses	NNS
transacting	VBG
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
abroad	RB
occur	VBP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
55	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
four	CD
versions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
ITFA	NNP
that	WDT
are	VBP
currently	RB
in	IN
development	NN
as	IN
possible	JJ
permanent	JJ
legislation	NN
.	.
The	DT
versions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
from	IN
the	DT
House	NNP
Committee	NNP
,	,
Senate	NNP
Committee	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Senate	NNP
have	VBP
provisions	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
allow	VB
for	IN
a	DT
broad	JJ
prohibition	NN
of	IN
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
taxes	NNS
on	IN
Internet	NNP
use	NN
and	CC
on-line	JJ
service	NN
transactions	NNS
and	CC
communications	NNS
.	.
These	DT
versions	NNS
then	RB
put	VBD
forth	RB
a	DT
listing	NN
of	IN
specific	JJ
taxes	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
imposed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
fourth	JJ
version	NN
from	IN
the	DT
House	NNP
is	VBZ
more	RBR
specific	JJ
in	IN
its	PRP$
prohibition	NN
and	CC
lays	VBZ
out	IN
six	CD
categories	NNS
of	IN
prohibited	VBN
state	NN
taxation	NN
which	WDT
are	VBP
:	:
``	``
taxes	NNS
on	IN
Internet	NNP
access	NN
;	:
taxes	NNS
on	IN
online	NN
services	NNS
;	:
multiple	JJ
taxes	NNS
on	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
;	:
discriminatory	JJ
taxes	NNS
on	IN
electronic	JJ
commerce	NN
,	,
and	CC
two	CD
specific	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
taxes	NNS
on	IN
data	NNS
traffic	NN
and	CC
data	NNS
carrying	VBG
capacity	NN
that	WDT
have	VBP
never	RB
been	VBN
used	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
country	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
curtail	VB
any	DT
impediment	NN
to	TO
E-commerce	NN
through	IN
taxation	NN
by	IN
enacting	VBG
the	DT
ITFA	NNP
.	.
Not	RB
only	RB
was	VBD
Congress	NNP
sensitive	JJ
to	TO
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
concerns	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
have	VBP
enacted	VBN
a	DT
means	NN
to	TO
assess	VB
the	DT
issues	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
E-commerce	NNP
so	IN
that	IN
a	DT
viable	JJ
solution	NN
may	MD
be	VB
developed	VBN
.	.
Party	NNP
.	.
The	DT
``	``
Cyber	NNP
Tea	NNP
Party	NNP
''	''
has	VBZ
been	VBN
dubbed	VBN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
revolutionary	JJ
moves	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
government	NN
.	.
Supporting	VBG
views	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
ITFA	NNP
respect	NN
the	DT
government	NN
's	POS
willingness	NN
to	TO
pass	VB
up	RP
a	DT
large	JJ
source	NN
of	IN
revenue	NN
for	IN
the	DT
interests	NNS
of	IN
E-commerce	NN
and	CC
the	DT
good	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
American	JJ
digital	JJ
economy	NN
.	.
One	CD
concern	NN
raised	VBN
is	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
side-effect	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
unusual	JJ
business	NN
hay-day	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
porn	JJ
sites	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
tax	NN
free	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
in	IN
the	DT
short	JJ
18	CD
months	NNS
the	DT
Commission	NNP
has	VBZ
to	TO
examine	VB
E-commerce	NN
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
developing	VBG
the	DT
future	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
taxation	NN
and	CC
paving	VBG
the	DT
path	NN
of	IN
E-business	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
57	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Another	DT
criticism	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
erode	VB
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
tax	NN
revenues	NNS
and	CC
shift	VB
taxes	NNS
to	TO
lower	JJR
income	NN
households	NNS
.	.
The	DT
rationale	NN
of	IN
this	DT
argument	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
moratorium	NN
will	MD
negatively	RB
impact	VB
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
existing	VBG
states	NNS
and	CC
local	JJ
taxes	NNS
.	.
Current	JJ
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	NN
taxes	NNS
account	VBP
for	IN
an	DT
average	NN
of	IN
25	CD
%	NN
of	IN
most	JJS
state	NN
revenues	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
programs	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
education	NN
,	,
health	NN
and	CC
welfare	NN
.	.
The	DT
current	JJ
moratorium	NN
,	,
and	CC
possible	JJ
permanence	NN
of	IN
the	DT
moratorium	NN
,	,
will	MD
result	VB
in	IN
movement	NN
from	IN
traditional	JJ
``	``
main	JJ
street	NN
''	''
operations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Though	NNP
E-commerce	NNP
may	MD
flourish	VB
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
at	IN
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
current	JJ
businesses	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
lose	VB
profits	NNS
to	TO
online	VB
vendors	NNS
.	.
Affluent	JJ
households	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
afford	VB
computers	NNS
and	CC
modems	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
the	DT
main	JJ
beneficiaries	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
moratorium	NN
.	.
The	DT
burden	NN
of	IN
taxes	NNS
will	MD
shift	VB
to	TO
lower-income	JJ
households	NNS
since	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
the	DT
remaining	VBG
consumers	NNS
of	IN
traditional	JJ
sales	NNS
transactions	NNS
and	CC
telecommunications	NNS
.	.
Ultimately	RB
,	,
the	DT
enactment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ITFA	NNP
will	MD
perhaps	RB
prevent	VB
the	DT
government	NN
from	IN
reaching	VBG
a	DT
viable	JJ
compromise	NN
with	IN
the	DT
market	NN
place	NN
.	.
This	DT
phenomenon	NN
may	MD
occur	VB
since	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
legislation	NN
has	VBZ
removed	VBN
the	DT
much	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
incentive	NN
for	IN
negotiations	NNS
between	IN
state	NN
governments	NNS
and	CC
business	NN
organizations	NNS
towards	IN
an	DT
equitable	JJ
solution	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
58	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Despite	IN
the	DT
fears	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
ITFA	NNP
,	,
some	DT
argue	VBP
that	IN
its	PRP$
application	NN
is	VBZ
much	JJ
narrower	JJR
than	IN
widely	RB
believed	VBN
.	.
First	RB
,	,
the	DT
legislation	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
prohibit	VB
states	NNS
and	CC
localities	NNS
from	IN
imposing	VBG
new	JJ
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
taxes	NNS
on	IN
other	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
E-commerce	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
``	``
electronically	RB
delivered	VBN
software	NN
,	,
information	NN
,	,
music	NN
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
products	NNS
sold	VBN
as	IN
end	NN
products	NNS
to	TO
ultimate	JJ
customers	NNS
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
59	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
legislation	NN
also	RB
does	VBZ
not	RB
prohibit	VB
new	JJ
or	CC
current	JJ
sales	NNS
tax	NN
imposition	NN
on	IN
business	NN
inputs	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
tools	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
used	VBN
by	IN
businesses	NNS
in	IN
creating	VBG
their	PRP$
products	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Nor	CC
does	VBZ
the	DT
legislation	NN
prohibit	VBP
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
taxes	NNS
on	IN
items	NNS
ordered	VBN
on-line	JJ
but	CC
delivered	VBN
via	IN
conventional	JJ
means	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
60	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Arguably	RB
,	,
the	DT
main	JJ
restriction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
prohibition	NN
of	IN
multiple	JJ
or	CC
discriminatory	JJ
taxes	NNS
on	IN
E-commerce	NN
.	.
Discriminatory	JJ
taxes	NNS
are	VBP
taxes	NNS
on	IN
E-commerce	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
not	RB
normally	RB
be	VB
taxed	VBN
if	IN
the	DT
transaction	NN
involved	VBN
traditional	JJ
non-electronic	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
delivery	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
if	IN
a	DT
state	NN
exempted	VBD
sales	NNS
tax	NN
for	IN
the	DT
traditional	JJ
delivery	NN
of	IN
canned	JJ
software	NN
,	,
then	RB
they	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
prohibited	VBN
from	IN
imposing	VBG
sales	NNS
tax	NN
on	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
canned	JJ
software	NN
if	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
delivered	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
end	NN
user	NN
via	IN
electronic	JJ
means	NNS
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
token	JJ
,	,
a	DT
state	NN
may	MD
not	RB
impose	VB
sales	NNS
tax	NN
on	IN
a	DT
vendor	NN
that	WDT
accepts	VBZ
orders	NNS
for	IN
services	NNS
and	CC
products	NNS
online	VBP
without	IN
imposing	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
tax	NN
on	IN
mail	NN
order	NN
vendors	NNS
.	.
The	DT
reception	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ITFA	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
mixed	VBN
.	.
Though	IN
the	DT
online	NN
business	NN
world	NN
supports	VBZ
the	DT
legislation	NN
,	,
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
authorities	NNS
are	VBP
concerned	VBN
about	IN
current	JJ
and	CC
future	JJ
impacts	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
taxing	JJ
power	NN
.	.
One	CD
thing	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
sure	JJ
,	,
the	DT
moratorium	NN
is	VBZ
just	RB
a	DT
quick	JJ
,	,
temporary	JJ
solution	NN
to	TO
a	DT
far-reaching	JJ
problem	NN
.	.
Arguably	RB
,	,
the	DT
moratorium	NN
applies	VBZ
to	TO
a	DT
very	RB
narrow	JJ
category	NN
of	IN
taxes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
restrictions	NNS
of	IN
taxation	NN
on	IN
remote	JJ
vendors	NNS
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
phenomenon	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ITFA	NNP
,	,
but	CC
of	IN
the	DT
decision	NN
in	IN
Quill	NNP
.	.
Though	IN
extending	VBG
the	DT
moratorium	NN
will	MD
not	RB
solve	VB
the	DT
issues	NNS
at	IN
hand	NN
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
still	RB
allow	VB
states	NNS
and	CC
localities	NNS
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
impose	VB
use	NN
tax	NN
on	IN
qualifying	VBG
taxable	JJ
purchases	NNS
by	IN
remote	JJ
vendors	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
63	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
third	JJ
approach	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
federal	JJ
standard	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
unify	VB
the	DT
concept	NN
of	IN
nexus	NN
for	IN
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
purposes	NNS
.	.
Federal	NNP
legislation	NN
could	MD
come	VB
up	RP
with	IN
a	DT
laundry	NN
list	NN
of	IN
activities	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
create	VB
nexus	NN
and	CC
these	DT
activities	NNS
would	MD
apply	VB
to	TO
all	DT
vendors	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
If	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
use	NN
tax	NN
methodology	NN
is	VBZ
allowed	VBN
,	,
the	DT
potential	JJ
tax	NN
revenues	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
staggering	JJ
.	.
The	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
should	MD
consider	VB
a	DT
mandate	NN
to	TO
limit	VB
the	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
revenues	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
lower	JJR
tax	NN
rate	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
65	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Another	DT
alternative	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
tax	NN
collector	NN
to	TO
collect	VB
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
and	CC
remit	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
states	NNS
and	CC
even	RB
localities	NNS
.	.
For	IN
this	DT
to	TO
work	VB
,	,
sophisticated	JJ
technology	NN
would	MD
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
employed	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
tool	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
some	DT
standardization	NN
of	IN
state	NN
taxing	VBG
schemes	NNS
.	.
Though	IN
this	DT
may	MD
seem	VB
like	IN
a	DT
good	JJ
option	NN
,	,
setting	VBG
up	RP
such	PDT
a	DT
system	NN
will	MD
be	VB
extremely	RB
difficult	JJ
.	.
Another	DT
possible	JJ
solution	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
reverse	VB
the	DT
current	JJ
methodology	NN
for	IN
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
taxes	NNS
.	.
Instead	RB
of	IN
making	VBG
the	DT
location	NN
of	IN
the	DT
customer	NN
the	DT
location	NN
of	IN
the	DT
taxing	VBG
jurisdiction	NN
,	,
the	DT
taxing	VBG
jurisdiction	NN
could	MD
be	VB
the	DT
location	NN
of	IN
the	DT
vendor	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
vendor	NN
would	MD
apply	VB
sales	NNS
tax	NN
every	DT
time	NN
they	PRP
made	VBD
a	DT
taxable	JJ
sale	NN
and	CC
the	DT
rules	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
tax	NN
jurisdiction	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
vendor	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
would	MD
apply	VB
.	.
Problems	NNS
with	IN
this	DT
model	NN
would	MD
be	VB
that	IN
identifying	VBG
the	DT
location	NN
for	IN
tax	NN
purposes	NNS
would	MD
still	RB
be	VB
difficult	JJ
,	,
particularly	RB
when	WRB
a	DT
vendor	NN
has	VBZ
multiple	JJ
locations	NNS
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
particularly	RB
be	VB
the	DT
case	NN
for	IN
software	NN
sales	NNS
or	CC
sales	NNS
that	WDT
involved	VBD
multiple	JJ
individuals	NNS
in	IN
many	JJ
locations	NNS
.	.
Benefits	NNS
to	TO
this	DT
approach	NN
would	MD
be	VB
that	IN
customers	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
neutral	JJ
as	IN
to	TO
where	WRB
they	PRP
purchased	VBD
an	DT
item	NN
and	CC
states	NNS
would	MD
compete	VB
for	IN
vendors	NNS
to	TO
create	VB
or	CC
relocate	VB
operations	NNS
to	TO
their	PRP$
state	NN
through	IN
tax	NN
incentives	NNS
or	CC
a	DT
lowered	VBN
tax	NN
rate	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
68	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Another	DT
solution	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
one-rate-per-state	JJ
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
system	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
argue	VBP
that	IN
simplification	NN
of	IN
the	DT
tax	NN
system	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
best	JJS
solution	NN
and	CC
that	IN
reform	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
long	JJ
time	NN
coming	VBG
and	CC
now	RB
would	MD
be	VB
the	DT
perfect	JJ
opportunity	NN
.	.
At	IN
most	JJS
,	,
50	CD
tax	NN
rates	NNS
would	MD
replace	VB
the	DT
7,500	CD
or	CC
so	RB
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
schemes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
Though	IN
this	DT
system	NN
would	MD
be	VB
more	RBR
streamlined	JJ
and	CC
easier	JJR
to	TO
manage	VB
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
obstacles	NNS
.	.
First	RB
,	,
states	NNS
and	CC
localities	NNS
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
rearrange	VB
their	PRP$
intergovernment	NN
finance	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
strong	JJ
opposition	NN
until	IN
the	DT
highly	RB
controversial	JJ
issues	NNS
of	IN
remote	JJ
vendor	NN
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
imposition	NN
are	VBP
resolved	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
69	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Though	IN
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
approaches	NNS
will	MD
meet	VB
with	IN
resistance	NN
,	,
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
involved	VBN
concede	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
scheme	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
equipped	VBN
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
presented	VBN
by	IN
E-commerce	NN
and	CC
that	IN
tax	NN
reform	NN
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
.	.
Despite	IN
the	DT
efforts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Advisory	NNP
Commission	NNP
on	IN
Electronic	NNP
Commerce	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
probably	RB
be	VB
years	NNS
before	IN
a	DT
viable	JJ
solution	NN
can	MD
be	VB
adopted	VBN
.	.
The	DT
system	NN
will	MD
certainly	RB
be	VB
rough	JJ
around	IN
the	DT
edges	NNS
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
common	JJ
trend	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
simplicity	NN
and	CC
more	JJR
uniformity	NN
.	.
Whether	IN
simplicity	NN
will	MD
be	VB
provided	VBN
by	IN
more	JJR
federal	JJ
legislation	NN
or	CC
uniform	JJ
state	NN
adopted	VBD
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
regimes	NNS
remains	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
seen	VBN
.	.
Though	IN
many	JJ
current	JJ
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
systems	NNS
are	VBP
parallel	JJ
in	IN
their	PRP$
approach	NN
in	IN
identifying	VBG
taxable	JJ
events	NNS
and	CC
types	NNS
of	IN
taxable	JJ
transactions	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
thousands	NNS
of	IN
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
tax	NN
regimes	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
very	JJ
core	NN
of	IN
the	DT
various	JJ
taxing	VBG
systems	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
shaken	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
revolutionary	JJ
new	JJ
economy	NN
and	CC
the	DT
way	NN
that	IN
business	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
done	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
digital	JJ
age	NN
.	.
The	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
put	VBN
forth	RB
a	DT
standard	NN
for	IN
taxation	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
commensurate	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
Constitutional	NNP
safeguards	NNS
of	IN
Due	JJ
Process	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Commerce	NNP
Clause	NN
,	,
but	CC
even	RB
these	DT
standards	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
give	VB
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
taxing	VBG
authorities	NNS
the	DT
guidance	NN
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
E-commerce	JJ
taxation	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
The	DT
issues	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
born	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
beast	NN
are	VBP
growing	VBG
almost	RB
as	RB
quickly	RB
as	IN
the	DT
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
.	.
Not	RB
only	RB
has	VBZ
this	DT
communication	NN
tool	NN
grown	VBN
exponentially	RB
in	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
10	CD
years	NNS
,	,
projected	VBN
growth	NN
figures	NNS
indicate	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
into	IN
every	DT
individuals	NNS
'	POS
lives	NNS
,	,
even	RB
on	IN
a	DT
global	JJ
basis	NN
,	,
will	MD
continue	VB
.	.
Rapidly	RB
developing	VBG
technology	NN
,	,
new	JJ
business	NN
models	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
transactions	NNS
on-line	JJ
are	VBP
even	RB
changing	VBG
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
E-commerce	JJ
everyday	JJ
.	.
The	DT
rules	NNS
of	IN
law	NN
and	CC
the	DT
policies	NNS
of	IN
states	NNS
and	CC
localities	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
keep	VB
up	RP
with	IN
this	DT
ever-changing	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
The	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
has	VBZ
sought	VBN
to	TO
promote	VB
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
without	IN
significantly	RB
upsetting	VBG
current	JJ
state	NN
and	CC
local	JJ
taxing	VBG
systems	NNS
by	IN
adopting	VBG
and	CC
extending	VBG
the	DT
tax	NN
moratorium	NN
provided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
Tax	NNP
Freedom	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
Though	IN
this	DT
Act	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
criticized	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
method	NN
that	WDT
allows	VBZ
a	DT
reprieve	NN
from	IN
pressing	VBG
tax	NN
issues	NNS
while	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
examines	VBZ
the	DT
problem	NN
and	CC
attempts	NNS
to	TO
discover	VB
solutions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
main	JJ
consideration	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
avoid	VB
hindering	VBG
Internet	NNP
and	CC
E-commerce	NNP
growth	NN
.	.
The	DT
crux	NN
of	IN
the	DT
ITFA	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
prevent	VB
states	NNS
and	CC
localities	NNS
from	IN
imposing	VBG
multiple	JJ
or	CC
discriminatory	JJ
taxes	NNS
.	.
Despite	IN
these	DT
restrictions	NNS
,	,
states	NNS
and	CC
localities	NNS
may	MD
still	RB
impose	VB
use	NN
tax	NN
and	CC
change	VB
the	DT
way	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
impose	VBP
sales	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
tax	NN
as	RB
long	RB
as	IN
the	DT
changes	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
accord	NN
with	IN
the	DT
mandates	NNS
of	IN
Federal	NNP
legislation	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
solutions	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
proposed	VBN
and	CC
are	VBP
being	VBG
considered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
various	JJ
tax	NN
authorities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
common	JJ
thread	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
more	JJR
simplicity	NN
and	CC
uniformity	NN
of	IN
tax	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
Where	WRB
the	DT
taxes	NNS
come	VBP
from	IN
and	CC
how	WRB
they	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
administered	VBN
remains	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
seen	VBN
,	,
but	CC
a	DT
major	JJ
reform	NN
is	VBZ
anticipated	VBN
.	.
Content	NN
providers	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
control	VB
access	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
copyrighted	VBN
material	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
realize	VB
the	DT
full	JJ
value	NN
and	CC
compensation	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
work	NN
.	.
In	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
content	JJ
providers	NNS
must	MD
constantly	RB
be	VB
vigilant	JJ
against	IN
online	JJ
piracy	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
achieve	VB
those	DT
goals	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
protect	VB
copyright	NN
owners	NNS
?	.
interests	NNS
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
continue	VBP
to	TO
reap	VB
value	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
work	NN
as	IN
in	IN
incentive	NN
to	TO
continue	VB
developing	VBG
and	CC
publishing	VBG
their	PRP$
ideas	NNS
.	.
IDEA	NN
335	CD
,	,
359	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1998	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
For	IN
these	DT
reasons	NNS
normal	JJ
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
liability	NN
rules	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
unduly	RB
burdensome	JJ
and	CC
unfair	JJ
when	WRB
used	VBN
against	IN
ISPs	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
situation	NN
because	IN
punishing	VBG
the	DT
ISPs	NNPS
would	MD
not	RB
really	RB
eliminate	VB
online	JJ
piracy	NN
,	,
would	MD
hurt	VB
the	DT
public	JJ
by	IN
restricting	VBG
access	NN
to	TO
materials	NNS
online	NN
,	,
and	CC
would	MD
do	VB
great	JJ
harm	NN
to	TO
an	DT
industry	NN
whose	WP$
true	JJ
potential	NN
is	VBZ
only	RB
just	RB
being	VBG
realized	VBN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
applying	VBG
a	DT
rule	NN
barring	VBG
ISPs	NNS
from	IN
facing	VBG
contributory	NN
or	CC
vicarious	JJ
liability	NN
for	IN
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
reach	VB
a	DT
fair	JJ
result	NN
for	IN
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
copyright	NN
holders	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
so	RB
because	IN
online	NN
infringement	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
serious	JJ
social	JJ
problem	NN
and	CC
,	,
as	IN
is	VBZ
the	DT
general	JJ
rule	NN
in	IN
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
,	,
all	DT
actors	NNS
involved	VBN
should	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
to	TO
shoulder	VB
responsibility	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
ISPs	NNS
do	VBP
derive	VB
some	DT
economic	JJ
benefit	NN
from	IN
the	DT
infringing	VBG
activities	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
subscribers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
thus	RB
shielding	VBG
them	PRP
from	IN
liability	NN
and	CC
allowing	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
profit	VB
from	IN
this	DT
situation	NN
without	IN
imposing	VBG
liability	NN
reaches	VBZ
an	DT
inequitable	JJ
result	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
after	IN
examining	VBG
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
cases	NNS
legislated	VBD
before	RB
and	CC
after	IN
the	DT
passage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
it	PRP
becomes	VBZ
clear	JJ
that	IN
a	DT
better	JJR
method	NN
for	IN
discouraging	VBG
online	JJ
piracy	NN
and	CC
allocating	VBG
liability	NN
is	VBZ
still	RB
required	VBN
.	.
The	DT
decisions	NNS
appeared	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
inconsistent	JJ
and	CC
left	VBD
little	JJ
certainty	NN
for	IN
service	NN
providers	NNS
about	IN
what	WP
their	PRP$
liability	NN
would	MD
be	VB
for	IN
actions	NNS
committed	VBN
by	IN
subscribers	NNS
.	.
Congress	NNP
had	VBD
just	RB
passed	VBN
the	DT
Commnications	NNPS
Decency	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
but	CC
its	PRP$
implementation	NN
was	VBD
delayed	VBN
until	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
could	MD
decide	VB
its	PRP$
constitutionality	NN
.	.
Part	NN
of	IN
that	DT
law	NN
would	MD
eventually	RB
be	VB
held	VBN
unconstitutional	JJ
.	.
See	VB
Reno	NNP
v.	CC
ACLU	NNP
,	,
000	CD
U.S.	NNP
96-511	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1997	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
At	IN
that	DT
time	NN
,	,
service	NN
provider	NN
liability	NN
for	IN
acts	NNS
committed	VBN
by	IN
users	NNS
had	VBD
implications	NNS
only	RB
for	IN
commercial	JJ
entities	NNS
who	WP
were	VBD
``	``
in	IN
the	DT
business	NN
of	IN
''	''
providing	VBG
Internet	NNP
access	NN
.	.
These	DT
entities	NNS
include	VBP
online	JJ
service	NN
providers	NNS
-	:
those	DT
who	WP
provide	VBP
content	NN
through	IN
proprietary	JJ
networks	NNS
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
Internet	NNP
access	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
networks	NNS
-	:
and	CC
Internet	NNP
service	NN
providers	NNS
-	:
those	DT
who	WP
provide	VBP
direct	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
usually	RB
have	VBP
content	JJ
provided	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
central	JJ
location	NN
,	,
often	RB
a	DT
Web	NNP
site	NN
,	,
that	IN
anyone	NN
can	MD
access	VB
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
sets	VBZ
forth	RB
procedures	NNS
that	IN
a	DT
copyright	NN
holder	NN
must	MD
follow	VB
in	IN
notifying	VBG
an	DT
ISP	NN
of	IN
the	DT
presence	NN
of	IN
possibly	RB
infringing	VBG
materials	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
requires	VBZ
an	DT
ISP	NN
to	TO
formulate	VB
and	CC
implement	VB
a	DT
policy	NN
of	IN
notifying	VBG
its	PRP$
subscribers	NNS
of	IN
its	PRP$
policy	NN
to	TO
disconnect	VB
any	DT
user	NN
who	WP
infringes	VBZ
the	DT
copyrighted	VBN
materials	NNS
of	IN
another	DT
.	.
Napster	NNP
claimed	VBD
no	DT
participation	NN
in	IN
the	DT
choice	NN
of	IN
materials	NNS
downloaded	VBN
by	IN
its	PRP$
users	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
claimed	VBD
that	IN
its	PRP$
system	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
modify	VB
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
the	DT
transmission	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
the	DT
Napster	NNP
stressed	VBD
that	IN
at	IN
no	DT
time	NN
during	IN
the	DT
transfer	NN
process	NN
were	VBD
files	NNS
copied	VBN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
these	DT
reasons	NNS
,	,
Napster	NNP
asserted	VBD
that	IN
under	IN
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
it	PRP
could	MD
not	RB
be	VB
held	VBN
liable	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
infringing	VBG
acts	NNS
of	IN
users	NNS
.	.
Under	IN
this	DT
category	NN
,	,
Napster	NNP
would	MD
have	VB
avoided	VBN
liability	NN
only	RB
if	IN
complied	VBN
with	IN
section	NN
512	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
Napster	NNP
would	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
required	VBN
to	TO
show	VB
that	DT
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
it	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
have	VB
actual	JJ
knowledge	NN
or	CC
awareness	NN
that	IN
the	DT
material	NN
or	CC
activity	NN
is	VBZ
infringing	VBG
;	:
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
upon	IN
obtaining	VBG
such	JJ
knowledge	NN
or	CC
awareness	NN
,	,
acts	VBZ
expeditiously	RB
to	TO
remove	VB
,	,
or	CC
disable	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
,	,
the	DT
material	NN
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
Napster	NNP
would	MD
have	VB
had	VBN
to	TO
show	VB
that	IN
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
had	VBD
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
control	VB
infringing	VBG
activity	NN
,	,
it	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
receive	VB
a	DT
financial	JJ
benefit	NN
directly	RB
attributable	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
infringing	NN
activity	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
Napster	NNP
would	MD
also	RB
have	VB
had	VBN
to	TO
show	VB
that	IN
upon	IN
notification	NN
of	IN
claimed	VBN
infringement	NN
,	,
it	PRP
responded	VBD
expeditiously	RB
to	TO
remove	VB
,	,
or	CC
disable	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
,	,
the	DT
material	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
claimed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
infringing	VBG
.	.
Under	IN
this	DT
standard	NN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
unlikely	JJ
that	IN
Napster	NNP
would	MD
have	VB
prevailed	VBD
because	IN
even	RB
if	IN
Napster	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
actually	RB
know	VB
of	IN
instances	NNS
of	IN
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
,	,
sufficient	JJ
red	JJ
flags	NNS
were	VBD
available	JJ
to	TO
impute	VB
constructive	JJ
knowledge	NN
of	IN
infringing	NN
activity	NN
,	,
thereby	RB
disqualifying	VBG
Napster	NNP
from	IN
protection	NN
under	IN
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
.	.
DMCA	NNP
,	,
an	DT
ISP	NNP
is	VBZ
shielded	VBN
from	IN
liability	NN
for	IN
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
arising	VBG
from	IN
storing	VBG
or	CC
displaying	VBG
infringing	VBG
material	NN
if	IN
it	PRP
meets	VBZ
the	DT
following	JJ
conditions	NNS
.	.
First	RB
,	,
if	IN
after	IN
being	VBG
notified	VBN
of	IN
infringing	VBG
material	NN
,	,
the	DT
ISP	NNP
shows	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
have	VB
actual	JJ
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
infringing	VBG
material	NN
,	,
or	CC
that	IN
it	PRP
acted	VBD
expeditiously	RB
to	TO
remove	VB
or	CC
disable	VB
the	DT
infringing	VBG
material	NN
upon	IN
being	VBG
informed	VBN
of	IN
its	PRP$
presence	NN
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
the	DT
ISP	NNP
must	MD
show	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
receive	VB
a	DT
direct	JJ
financial	JJ
benefit	NN
from	IN
the	DT
infringing	NN
activity	NN
in	IN
cases	NNS
where	WRB
the	DT
IPS	NNP
has	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
and	CC
ability	NN
to	TO
control	VB
such	JJ
activity	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
there	EX
will	MD
probably	RB
be	VB
very	RB
few	JJ
ISPs	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
risk	VB
potential	JJ
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
liability	NN
when	WRB
they	PRP
merely	RB
have	VBP
to	TO
pull	VB
the	DT
plug	NN
on	IN
any	DT
pirate	NN
users	NNS
on	IN
their	PRP$
systems	NNS
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
by	IN
shifting	VBG
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
policing	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
to	TO
copyright	NN
holders	NNS
,	,
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
effectively	RB
places	VBZ
the	DT
costs	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
policing	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
on	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
more	RBR
capable	JJ
of	IN
doing	VBG
so	RB
,	,
namely	RB
,	,
copyright	NN
holders	NNS
.	.
Allowing	VBG
people	NNS
who	WP
did	VBD
not	RB
create	VB
,	,
develop	VB
,	,
or	CC
contribute	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
creation	NN
and	CC
development	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
work	NN
to	TO
profit	VB
from	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
or	CC
distribution	NN
of	IN
the	DT
work	NN
is	VBZ
unfair	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
original	JJ
author	NN
or	CC
creator	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
detrimental	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
encouraging	VBG
the	DT
creation	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
work	NN
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
controls	VBZ
the	DT
flow	NN
of	IN
information	NN
and	CC
commerce	NN
across	IN
continents	NNS
,	,
borders	NNS
,	,
and	CC
cultures	NNS
.	.
Private	JJ
persons	NNS
use	VBP
the	DT
Internet	NNP
for	IN
mundane	JJ
simple	JJ
tasks	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
sending	VBG
e-mail	NN
or	CC
to	TO
access	VB
their	PRP$
medical	JJ
records	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
pharmacy	NN
.	.
This	DT
would	MD
result	VB
in	IN
fewer	JJR
Internet	NNP
access	NN
options	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
possibly	RB
higher	JJR
connection	NN
fees	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
would	MD
result	VB
in	IN
crippling	JJ
this	DT
medium	NN
as	IN
a	DT
means	NN
for	IN
the	DT
free	JJ
flow	NN
of	IN
information	NN
and	CC
commerce	NN
.	.
And	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
this	DT
latter	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
cookies	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
web	NN
``	``
surfers	NNS
''	''
and	CC
privacy	NN
advocates	NNS
concerned	VBN
and	CC
asking	VBG
questions	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
:	:
Whose	VB
hands	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
my	PRP$
computer	NN
's	POS
cookie	NN
jar	NN
?	.
Do	VBP
they	PRP
not	RB
have	VBP
to	TO
obtain	VB
my	PRP$
permission	NN
before	IN
collecting	VBG
and	CC
analyzing	VBG
my	PRP$
cookies	NNS
?	.
What	WP
if	IN
I	PRP
object	VBP
to	TO
their	PRP$
collecting	VBG
information	NN
I	PRP
deem	VBP
personal	JJ
?	.
What	WP
extent	NN
of	IN
information	NN
do	VBP
they	PRP
have	VBP
on	IN
me	PRP
?	.
Is	VBZ
this	DT
not	RB
invasive	JJ
to	TO
my	PRP$
privacy	NN
?	.
Cookies	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
extremely	RB
beneficial	JJ
to	TO
many	JJ
web	NN
sites	NNS
that	WDT
depend	VBP
on	IN
advertising	NN
,	,
especially	RB
those	DT
offering	VBG
free	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
since	IN
these	DT
small	JJ
files	NNS
allow	VBP
the	DT
sites	NNS
to	TO
determine	VB
what	WP
advertisements	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
clicked	VBN
on	IN
and	CC
seen	VBN
by	IN
users	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
8	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
,	,
cookies	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
used	VBN
by	IN
entities	NNS
other	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
operator	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Web	NNP
site	NN
visited	VBD
.	.
A	DT
cookie	NN
file	NN
is	VBZ
NOT	RB
a	DT
secret	JJ
way	NN
for	IN
a	DT
web	NN
server	NN
to	TO
find	VB
out	RP
everything	NN
about	IN
you	PRP
and	CC
what	WP
you	PRP
have	VBP
on	IN
your	PRP$
hard	JJ
drive	NN
.	.
The	DT
ONLY	NNP
way	NN
that	IN
any	DT
private	JJ
information	NN
could	MD
be	VB
in	IN
your	PRP$
cookie	NN
file	NN
would	MD
be	VB
if	IN
you	PRP
personally	RB
gave	VBD
that	IN
information	NN
to	TO
a	DT
web	NN
server	NN
in	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
place	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
decided	VBD
to	TO
put	VB
that	DT
information	NN
into	IN
your	PRP$
cookie	NN
file	NN
for	IN
some	DT
reason	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
each	DT
cookie	NN
is	VBZ
marked	VBN
with	IN
information	NN
about	IN
what	WP
web	NN
server	NN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
for	IN
;	:
Netscape	NNP
Navigator	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
send	VB
any	DT
cookies	NNS
to	TO
any	DT
web	NN
server	NN
they	PRP
're	VBP
not	RB
for	IN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
absolutely	RB
no	DT
way	NN
for	IN
a	DT
web	NN
server	NN
to	TO
get	VB
access	NN
to	TO
any	DT
private	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
you	PRP
or	CC
your	PRP$
system	NN
through	IN
cookies	NNS
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
possible	JJ
way	NN
that	IN
a	DT
virus	NN
could	MD
be	VB
spread	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
cookies	NNS
.	.
Despite	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
cookies	NNS
can	MD
enhance	VB
a	DT
user	NN
's	POS
internet	NN
experience	NN
,	,
internet	NN
privacy	NN
advocates	NNS
object	VBP
to	TO
cookies	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
wide	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
reasons	NNS
,	,
especially	RB
today	NN
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
increase	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
's	POS
usage	NN
.	.
While	IN
advocates	NNS
of	IN
cookies	NNS
point	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
benefits	NNS
-	:
sites	NNS
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
collect	VB
information	NN
about	IN
your	PRP$
preferences	NNS
and	CC
respond	VB
by	IN
providing	VBG
information	NN
more	RBR
tailored	VBN
to	TO
your	PRP$
needs	NNS
-	:
privacy	NN
advocates	NNS
allege	VBP
everything	NN
from	IN
invasion	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
to	TO
stalking	VBG
.	.
Profile-based	JJ
advertising	NN
marks	VBZ
a	DT
sharp	JJ
departure	NN
from	IN
traditional	JJ
business	NN
practices	NNS
which	WDT
allowed	VBD
companies	NNS
to	TO
advertise	VB
products	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
and	CC
still	RB
permit	VB
consumers	NNS
to	TO
retain	VB
some	DT
privacy	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
world	NN
of	IN
radio	NN
,	,
television	NN
and	CC
print	NN
advertising	NN
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
information	NN
flowed	VBD
freely	RB
from	IN
businesses	NNS
to	TO
consumers	NNS
but	CC
little	JJ
personally	RB
identifiable	JJ
information	NN
was	VBD
ever	RB
collected	VBN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
online	JJ
arena	NN
,	,
each	DT
ad	NN
viewing	NN
and	CC
consumer	NN
inquiry	NN
about	IN
a	DT
product	NN
may	MD
quickly	RB
become	VB
incorporated	VBN
into	IN
a	DT
detailed	JJ
profile	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
remain	VB
hidden	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
consumer	NN
.	.
And	CC
while	IN
this	DT
compilation	NN
of	IN
information	NN
,	,
primarily	RB
intended	VBN
for	IN
website	NN
design	NN
and	CC
the	DT
placement	NN
of	IN
banner	NN
advertisements	NNS
,	,
might	MD
only	RB
lead	VB
to	TO
a	DT
nuisance	NN
to	TO
most	RBS
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
,	,
increase	NN
in	IN
junk	NN
e-mail	NN
or	CC
snail-mail	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
more	RBR
serious	JJ
concerns	NNS
for	IN
potential	JJ
abuse	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
while	IN
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
's	POS
developing	VBG
of	IN
highly	RB
detailed	VBN
profiles	NNS
of	IN
user	NN
search	NN
patterns	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
harmless	JJ
,	,
the	DT
reselling	VBG
of	IN
these	DT
profiles	NNS
might	MD
prove	VB
a	DT
serious	JJ
invasion	NN
of	IN
user	NN
privacy	NN
,	,
potentially	RB
providing	VBG
more	JJR
about	IN
the	DT
user	NN
than	IN
normally	RB
provided	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
traditional	JJ
mail	NN
company	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
,	,
your	PRP$
name	NN
and	CC
address	NN
if	IN
you	PRP
purchase	VBP
something	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
if	IN
any	DT
form	NN
of	IN
identification	NN
were	VBD
linked	VBN
to	TO
them	PRP
.	.
The	DT
safety	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
information	NN
stored	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
hard	JJ
drive	NN
has	VBZ
also	RB
been	VBN
of	IN
concern	NN
in	IN
the	DT
cookie	NN
debate	NN
.	.
Concerns	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
raised	VBN
about	IN
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
cookies	NNS
being	VBG
written	VBN
that	DT
would	MD
allow	VB
access	NN
to	TO
other	JJ
information	NN
that	IN
the	DT
user	NN
has	VBZ
stored	VBN
.	.
And	CC
while	IN
these	DT
concerns	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
quelled	VBN
by	IN
cookie	NN
experts	NNS
as	IN
being	VBG
impossible	JJ
,	,
security	NN
experts	NNS
recently	RB
discovered	VBD
a	DT
hole	NN
in	IN
Microsoft	NNP
's	POS
Internet	NNP
Explorer	NNP
Web	NNP
browser	NN
5.5	CD
and	CC
6.0	CD
-	:
one	CD
which	WDT
compromises	VBZ
personal	JJ
user	NN
information	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
21	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
security	NN
vulnerability	NN
was	VBD
made	VBN
public	JJ
November	NNP
9	CD
,	,
2001	CD
,	,
by	IN
Online	NNP
Solutions	NNPS
,	,
a	DT
Finnish	JJ
security	NN
company	NN
that	WDT
decided	VBD
to	TO
publicize	VB
it	PRP
after	IN
Microsoft	NNP
failed	VBD
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
.	.
The	DT
flaw	NN
,	,
which	WDT
Microsoft	NNP
rated	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
high	JJ
risk	NN
,	,
could	MD
allow	VB
an	DT
outsider	NN
to	TO
break	VB
into	IN
users	NNS
'	POS
cookies	NNS
and	CC
steal	VB
or	CC
alter	VB
information	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
email	NN
account	NN
names	NNS
,	,
passwords	NNS
,	,
and	CC
credit	NN
card	NN
numbers	NNS
.	.
Microsoft	NNP
responded	VBD
in	IN
its	PRP$
security	NN
bulletin	NN
,	,
by	IN
stating	VBG
,	,
``	``
An	DT
attacker	NN
could	MD
attempt	VB
to	TO
maliciously	RB
exploit	VB
this	DT
vulnerability	NN
by	IN
hosting	VBG
a	DT
page	NN
with	IN
a	DT
maliciously	RB
crafted	VBN
URL	NNP
''	''
and	CC
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
i	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
n	JJ
addition	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
to	TO
alter	VB
the	DT
contents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
cookie	NN
.	.
Another	DT
concern	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
much	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
act	NN
of	IN
placing	VBG
cookies	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
computer	NN
is	VBZ
done	VBN
without	IN
his	PRP$
consent	NN
.	.
Some	DT
may	MD
argue	VB
that	IN
since	IN
most	JJS
browsers	NNS
today	NN
enable	VBP
a	DT
user	NN
to	TO
disable	VB
cookies	NNS
completely	RB
or	CC
allow	VB
him	PRP
to	TO
choose	VB
which	WDT
ones	NNS
to	TO
accept	VB
,	,
not	RB
using	VBG
this	DT
option	NN
is	VBZ
de	IN
facto	JJ
consenting	VBG
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
since	IN
multiples	NNS
varieties	NNS
of	IN
cookie	NN
blocking	VBG
software	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
today	NN
,	,
by	IN
not	RB
utilizing	VBG
such	JJ
software	NN
,	,
a	DT
consumer	NN
is	VBZ
consenting	VBG
to	TO
being	VBG
tracked	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
cookies	NNS
.	.
But	CC
how	WRB
can	MD
the	DT
user	NN
make	VB
a	DT
conscious	JJ
choice	NN
if	IN
he	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
know	VB
cookies	NNS
exist	VBP
,	,
what	WP
they	PRP
do	VBP
,	,
or	CC
how	WRB
they	PRP
work	VBP
?	.
And	CC
even	RB
if	IN
a	DT
browser	NN
may	MD
alert	VB
a	DT
user	NN
when	WRB
he	PRP
is	VBZ
being	VBG
offered	VBN
a	DT
cookie	NN
,	,
the	DT
information	NN
in	IN
such	JJ
an	DT
alert	NN
may	MD
tell	VB
him	PRP
little	JJ
about	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
actually	RB
being	VBG
stored	VBN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
little	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
decipher	VB
what	WP
information	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
stored	VBN
in	IN
these	DT
cookies	NNS
,	,
although	IN
presumably	RB
it	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
recorded	VBN
the	DT
site	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
cookie	NN
was	VBD
offered	VBN
,	,
what	WP
advertisement	NN
was	VBD
currently	RB
on	IN
display	NN
,	,
and	CC
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
the	DT
ad	NN
had	VBD
been	VBN
accessed	VBN
.	.
And	CC
in	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
cryptic	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
cookie	NN
alerts	VBZ
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
always	RB
clear	JJ
from	IN
where	WRB
the	DT
cookie	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
sent	VBN
,	,
i.e.	FW
is	VBZ
the	DT
cookie	NN
coming	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
ad-serving	JJ
company	NN
or	CC
the	DT
website	NN
visited	VBD
itself	PRP
?	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
in	IN
cookie	NN
alert	NN
above	IN
the	DT
``	``
clubs.yahoo.com	NN
''	''
server	NN
was	VBD
clear	JJ
,	,
but	CC
on	IN
more	JJR
crowded	JJ
sites	NNS
where	WRB
multiple	JJ
cookies	NNS
are	VBP
offered	VBN
,	,
the	DT
identity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
cookie	NN
may	MD
become	VB
blurred	VBN
.	.
Another	DT
theoretical	JJ
argument	NN
against	IN
requiring	VBG
consent	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
assumption	NN
of	IN
risk	NN
argument	NN
-	:
consumers	NNS
are	VBP
assuming	VBG
the	DT
risk	NN
that	IN
their	PRP$
online	JJ
privacy	NN
could	MD
be	VB
attacked	VBN
while	IN
engaging	VBG
in	IN
an	DT
activity	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
Further	JJ
explained	VBD
,	,
a	DT
consumer	NN
has	VBZ
some	DT
form	NN
of	IN
notice	NN
of	IN
harm	NN
when	WRB
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
he	PRP
visits	VBZ
identifies	VBZ
him	PRP
and	CC
his	PRP$
preferences	NNS
upon	IN
each	DT
subsequent	JJ
visit	NN
to	TO
the	DT
site	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
should	MD
a	DT
user	NN
assume	VB
that	DT
by	IN
merely	RB
surfing	VBG
the	DT
web	NN
and	CC
visiting	VBG
different	JJ
sites	NNS
he	PRP
has	VBZ
in	IN
some	DT
way	NN
consented	VBD
to	TO
having	VBG
third	JJ
parties	NNS
rifle	VBP
through	IN
his	PRP$
hard	JJ
drive	NN
?	.
Finally	RB
,	,
assuming	VBG
consent	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
given	VBN
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
user	NN
,	,
by	IN
allowing	VBG
cookies	NNS
on	IN
certain	JJ
sites	NNS
,	,
granting	VBG
a	DT
blanket	NN
authorization	NN
to	TO
an	DT
ad-serving	JJ
company	NN
to	TO
accumulate	VB
different	JJ
elements	NNS
of	IN
data	NNS
about	IN
him	PRP
from	IN
several	JJ
other	JJ
different	JJ
web	NN
sites	NNS
,	,
combine	VBP
it	PRP
,	,
sift	VB
through	IN
it	PRP
,	,
and	CC
develop	VB
a	DT
highly	RB
detailed	VBN
profile	NN
of	IN
him	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
sold	VBN
to	TO
any	DT
interested	JJ
buyer	NN
?	.
Due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
many	JJ
issues	NNS
stated	VBN
above	IN
,	,
cookies	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
a	DT
topic	NN
of	IN
controversy	NN
for	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
months	NNS
both	DT
in	IN
the	DT
news	NN
and	CC
in	IN
and	CC
public	JJ
discussions	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
plaintiffs	NNS
and	CC
privacy	NN
groups	NNS
are	VBP
now	RB
making	VBG
their	PRP$
way	NN
into	IN
the	DT
courtroom	NN
arena	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
asserting	VBG
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
decades-old	JJ
laws	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
federal	JJ
wiretapping	NN
and	CC
data-storage	JJ
access	NN
laws	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
that	IN
cookies	NNS
violate	VBP
a	DT
person	NN
's	POS
online	JJ
privacy	NN
by	IN
tracking	NN
and	CC
recording	VBG
their	PRP$
movements	NNS
.	.
The	DT
following	VBG
are	VBP
a	DT
few	JJ
statutes	NNS
that	IN
some	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
are	VBP
relying	VBG
upon	IN
to	TO
assert	VB
their	PRP$
claims	NNS
against	IN
these	DT
online	JJ
marketers	NNS
.	.
Under	IN
this	DT
act	NN
,	,
a	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
forbidden	VBN
to	TO
access	NN
,	,
obtain	VB
,	,
or	CC
alter	VB
a	DT
computer	NN
or	CC
information	NN
therein	RB
without	IN
authorization	NN
.	.
Protected	VBN
computers	NNS
include	VBP
any	DT
computers	NNS
used	VBN
in	IN
interstate	JJ
commerce	NN
or	CC
communications	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
essentially	RB
any	DT
computer	NN
connected	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Violations	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
law	NN
carry	VB
both	DT
criminal	JJ
and	CC
civil	JJ
penalties	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
damages	NNS
are	VBP
limited	VBN
to	TO
economic	JJ
losses	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Congress	NNP
passed	VBD
this	DT
act	NN
in	IN
1998	CD
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
privacy	NN
of	IN
children	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
thirteen	CD
,	,
while	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
surfing	VBG
the	DT
web	NN
.	.
It	PRP
restricts	VBZ
the	DT
collection	NN
of	IN
the	DT
child	NN
's	POS
first	JJ
and	CC
last	JJ
name	NN
;	:
home	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
physical	JJ
address	NN
;	:
e-mail	VB
address	NN
;	:
telephone	NN
number	NN
;	:
and	CC
Social	NNP
Security	NNP
number	NN
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
also	RB
requires	VBZ
each	DT
web	NN
site	NN
operator	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
verifiable	JJ
parental	JJ
consent	NN
before	IN
collecting	VBG
,	,
using	VBG
,	,
or	CC
disseminating	VBG
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
restricted	VBN
information	NN
.	.
Some	DT
states	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Georgia	NNP
have	VBP
enacted	VBN
laws	NNS
that	WDT
seem	VBP
to	TO
address	VB
and	CC
prohibit	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
computers	NNS
to	TO
access	NN
cookies	NNS
without	IN
authorization	NN
.	.
Although	IN
,	,
enacted	VBN
in	IN
1991	CD
by	IN
the	DT
Georgia	NNP
Legislature	NNP
,	,
GA	NNP
St.	NNP
16-9-93	CD
,	,
``	``
Computer	NN
Crimes	NNS
Defined	VBN
;	:
Exclusivity	NN
of	IN
Article	NN
;	:
Civil	NNP
Remedies	NNPS
,	,
Criminal	NNP
Penalties	NNP
,	,
''	''
does	VBZ
not	RB
seem	VB
to	TO
have	VB
been	VBN
used	VBN
by	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
in	IN
asserting	VBG
claims	NNS
against	IN
web	NN
sites	NNS
using	VBG
cookies	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
43	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Nevertheless	RB
,	,
Section	NNP
16-9-93	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
Entitled	VBN
``	``
Computer	NNP
Invasion	NNP
of	IN
Privacy	NNP
,	,
''	''
provides	VBZ
:	:
``	``
Any	DT
person	NN
who	WP
uses	VBZ
a	DT
computer	NN
or	CC
computer	NN
network	NN
with	IN
the	DT
intention	NN
of	IN
examining	VBG
any	DT
employment	NN
,	,
medical	JJ
,	,
salary	NN
,	,
credit	NN
or	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
financial	JJ
or	CC
personal	JJ
data	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
any	DT
other	JJ
person	NN
with	IN
knowledge	NN
that	IN
such	JJ
examination	NN
is	VBZ
without	IN
authority	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
guilty	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
crime	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
invasion	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
.	.
''	''
Civil	JJ
remedies	NNS
include	VBP
recovery	NN
of	IN
damages	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
the	DT
suit	NN
;	:
and	CC
criminal	JJ
penalties	NNS
consist	VBP
of	IN
a	DT
fine	NN
not	RB
more	RBR
than	IN
$	$
50,000	CD
,	,
or	CC
imprisonment	NN
not	RB
more	RBR
than	IN
15	CD
years	NNS
,	,
or	CC
both	DT
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
if	IN
one	CD
fashions	NNS
an	DT
argument	NN
that	WDT
information	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
names	NNS
,	,
email	NN
addresses	NNS
,	,
home	NN
and	CC
business	NN
addresses	NNS
and	CC
telephone	NN
numbers	NNS
is	VBZ
indeed	RB
personal	JJ
,	,
and	CC
companies	NNS
'	POS
cookies	NNS
are	VBP
accessing	VBG
this	DT
information	NN
,	,
then	RB
one	CD
might	MD
seek	VB
to	TO
use	VB
this	DT
statute	NN
to	TO
impose	VB
civil	JJ
remedies	NNS
and\/or	CC
criminal	JJ
penalties	NNS
against	IN
such	JJ
companies	NNS
or	CC
their	PRP$
representatives	NNS
.	.
On	IN
March	NNP
1	CD
,	,
2000	CD
,	,
the	DT
updated	VBN
Data	NNP
Protection	NNP
Act	NNP
1998	CD
went	VBD
into	IN
effect	NN
and	CC
enabled	VBD
individuals	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
UK	NNP
to	TO
take	VB
legal	JJ
action	NN
against	IN
those	DT
who	WP
process	VBP
data	NNS
about	IN
them	PRP
without	IN
their	PRP$
consent	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
45	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
legislation	NN
makes	VBZ
cookie	NN
technology	NN
illegal	JJ
unless	IN
users	NNS
are	VBP
clearly	RB
told	VBN
how	WRB
the	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
used	VBN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
because	IN
DoubleClick-affiliated	NNP
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
had	VBD
granted	VBN
DoubleClick	NNP
permission	NN
to	TO
access	VB
the	DT
communications	NNS
passing	VBG
between	IN
the	DT
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
Web	NNP
site	NN
users	NNS
,	,
DoubleClick	NNP
's	POS
access	NN
to	TO
those	DT
communications	NNS
was	VBD
not	RB
unauthorized	JJ
under	IN
the	DT
ECPA	NNP
or	CC
Wiretap	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
the	DT
CFAA	NNP
claims	NNS
were	VBD
dismissed	VBN
because	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
were	VBD
unable	JJ
to	TO
show	VB
the	DT
minimum	NN
amount	NN
of	IN
damages	NNS
required	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
$	$
5,000	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
recovery	NN
under	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
.	.
This	DT
case	NN
too	RB
,	,
involved	VBD
the	DT
placement	NN
and	CC
accessing	NN
of	IN
cookies	NNS
by	IN
a	DT
party	NN
known	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
defendant	NN
,	,
Intuit	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
,	,
a	DT
Web	NNP
site	NN
operator	NN
.	.
Plaintiffs	NNS
alleged	VBD
that	IN
Intuit	NNP
violated	VBD
federal	JJ
statutes	NNS
when	WRB
it	PRP
placed	VBD
cookies	NNS
on	IN
Plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
hard	JJ
drive	NN
upon	IN
their	PRP$
visiting	VBG
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
of	IN
Intuit	NNP
,	,
Quicken.com	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
53	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
54	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
As	IN
to	TO
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
CFAA	NNP
claim	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
,	,
similar	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
DoubleClick	NNP
court	NN
,	,
dismissed	VBD
it	PRP
because	IN
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
sufficiently	RB
allege	VB
facts	NNS
showing	VBG
the	DT
requisite	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
economic	JJ
damages	NNS
,	,
$	$
5000	CD
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
also	RB
dismissed	VBD
the	DT
FWA	NNP
claim	NN
because	IN
for	IN
the	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
failure	NN
to	TO
support	VB
the	DT
claim	NN
that	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
intercepted	VBD
e-communications	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
committing	VBG
a	DT
tortious	JJ
or	CC
criminal	JJ
act	NN
and	CC
failure	NN
to	TO
show	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
suffered	VBD
any	DT
damage	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
allowed	VBD
the	DT
ECPA	NNP
claim	NN
to	TO
stand	VB
,	,
finding	VBG
the	DT
complaint	NN
sufficient	JJ
to	TO
state	VB
a	DT
claim	NN
for	IN
unauthorized	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
data	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
computers	NNS
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
rejected	VBD
the	DT
defendant	NN
's	POS
contention	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
``	``
user	NN
of	IN
that	DT
service	NN
''	''
under	IN
the	DT
statutory	JJ
exception	NN
to	TO
the	DT
ECPA	NNP
.	.
Rather	RB
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
construed	VBD
the	DT
``	``
person	NN
''	''
as	IN
the	DT
affected	JJ
user	NN
,	,
in	IN
contrast	NN
to	TO
the	DT
court	NN
in	IN
DoubleClick	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
construed	VBD
the	DT
relevant	JJ
``	``
entity	NN
''	''
as	IN
the	DT
DoubleClick-affiliated	NNP
Web	NNP
site	NN
.	.
The	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
alleged	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
defendants	NNS
violated	VBD
their	PRP$
rights	NNS
to	TO
free	JJ
speech	NN
,	,
due	JJ
process	NN
,	,
and	CC
equal	JJ
protection	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
and	CC
Fourteenth	NNP
Amendments	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
Constitution	NNP
.	.
The	DT
publisher	NN
and	CC
editor	NN
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
Putnam	NNP
Pit	NNP
,	,
''	''
was	VBD
denied	VBN
access	NN
to	TO
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
electronic	JJ
computer	NN
files	NNS
concerning	VBG
information	NN
about	IN
parking	NN
tickets	NNS
issued	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
City	NNP
and	CC
access	NN
to	TO
all	DT
cookie	NN
files	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
City	NNP
's	POS
computers	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
show	VB
that	IN
City	NNP
computers	NNS
were	VBD
used	VBN
for	IN
purposes	NNS
inconsistent	JJ
with	IN
government	NN
functions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
city	NN
disallowed	VBD
the	DT
inspection	NN
request	NN
claiming	VBG
that	IN
based	VBN
on	IN
Microsoft	NNP
's	POS
definition	NN
of	IN
a	DT
``	``
cookie	NN
''	''
file	NN
,	,
a	DT
``	``
cookie	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
neither	CC
the	DT
property	NN
of	IN
the	DT
City	NNP
nor	CC
a	DT
public	JJ
record	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
56	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Finding	VBG
for	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
stated	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
city	NN
had	VBD
a	DT
legitimate	JJ
governmental	JJ
interest	NN
and	CC
a	DT
rational	JJ
basis	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
decision	NN
and	CC
granted	VBD
the	DT
defendants	NNS
'	POS
motion	NN
for	IN
summary	NN
judgment	NN
on	IN
the	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
claims	NNS
.	.
Defendant	NN
RealNetworks	NNS
,	,
Inc.	NNP
under	IN
federal	JJ
and	CC
common	JJ
law	NN
,	,
alleging	VBG
trespass	NN
to	TO
property	NN
and	CC
violations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
ECPA	NNP
and	CC
CFAA	NNP
.	.
When	WRB
users	NNS
downloaded	VBD
RealNetworks	NNS
'	POS
software	NN
,	,
they	PRP
were	VBD
required	VBN
to	TO
register	VB
with	IN
the	DT
company	NN
and	CC
as	IN
result	NN
,	,
a	DT
cookie	NN
was	VBD
placed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
their	PRP$
hard	JJ
drive	NN
.	.
Plaintiffs	NNS
claimed	VBD
that	IN
RealNetworks	NNPS
'	POS
software	NN
products	NNS
secretly	RB
allowed	VBD
RealNetworks	NNS
to	TO
access	NN
and	CC
intercept	VB
users	NNS
'	POS
electronic	JJ
communications	NNS
and	CC
stored	VBN
information	NN
without	IN
their	PRP$
knowledge	NN
or	CC
consent	NN
.	.
The	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
sought	VBD
``	``
equitable	JJ
and	CC
monetary	JJ
relief	NN
;	:
including	VBG
an	DT
order	NN
to	TO
advise	VB
consumers	NNS
whose	WP$
confidential	JJ
data	NNS
has	VBZ
been	VBN
disclosed	VBN
;	:
how	WRB
to	TO
prevent	VB
further	JJ
disclosure	NN
;	:
the	DT
destruction	NN
of	IN
all	DT
data	NNS
collected	VBN
and	CC
shared	VBN
;	:
$	$
10,000	CD
in	IN
damages	NNS
per	IN
class	NN
member	NN
;	:
and	CC
reasonable	JJ
attorney	NN
's	POS
fees	NNS
.	.
''	''
The	DT
court	NN
granted	VBD
RealNetworks	NNS
'	POS
motion	NN
to	TO
stay	VB
the	DT
matter	NN
and	CC
enforce	VB
arbitration	NN
,	,
finding	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
End	NNP
User	NNP
License	NNP
Agreement	NNP
required	VBD
arbitration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
dispute	NN
.	.
Here	RB
,	,
the	DT
Plaintiff	NNP
brought	VBD
claims	NNS
against	IN
Avenue	NNP
A	NNP
,	,
an	DT
ad-serving	JJ
company	NN
,	,
alleging	VBG
violations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
CFAA	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
FWA	NNP
due	JJ
to	TO
Avenue	NNP
A	NNP
's	POS
use	NN
and	CC
placement	NN
of	IN
cookies	NNS
on	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
computers	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
59	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
court	NN
dismissed	VBD
the	DT
claims	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
CFAA	NNP
because	IN
the	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
were	VBD
unable	JJ
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
threshold	NN
amount	NN
of	IN
damages	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
$	$
5000	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
sustained	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
Avenue	NNP
A	NNP
's	POS
actions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
claims	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
FWA	NNP
were	VBD
dismissed	VBN
based	VBN
on	IN
similar	JJ
reasoning	NN
used	VBN
in	IN
DoubleClick	NNP
-	:
because	IN
Avenue	NNP
A	NNP
's	POS
client	NN
web	NN
sites	NNS
gave	VBD
Avenue	NNP
A	NNP
permission	NN
to	TO
review	VB
the	DT
communications	NNS
between	IN
those	DT
sites	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
users	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
their	PRP$
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
sites	NNS
.	.
A	DT
Cook	NNP
County	NNP
,	,
Illinois	NNP
,	,
State	NNP
's	POS
Attorney	NNP
filed	VBD
suit	NN
on	IN
December	NNP
5	CD
,	,
2000	CD
,	,
against	IN
Clearstation	NNP
and	CC
Doubleclick	NNP
alleging	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
sites	NNS
were	VBD
misrepresenting	VBG
their	PRP$
cookie	NN
policy	NN
and	CC
compromising	VBG
consumer	NN
privacy	NN
rights	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
60	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
state	NN
contended	VBD
that	IN
while	IN
Clearstation	NNP
's	POS
investment	NN
analysis	NN
web	NN
site	NN
claims	VBZ
that	IN
long-term	JJ
cookies	NNS
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
,	,
the	DT
site	NN
used	VBN
cookies	NNS
for	IN
up	RB
to	TO
one	CD
year	NN
and	CC
failed	VBD
to	TO
disclose	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
cookies	NNS
by	IN
third	JJ
party	NN
advertisers	NNS
in	IN
its	PRP$
privacy	NN
policy	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
also	RB
contended	VBN
that	IN
advertising	NN
technology	NN
provider	NN
DoubleClick	NNP
's	POS
cookies	NNS
use	VBP
detailed	VBN
information	NN
in	IN
an	DT
alphanumeric	JJ
data	NNS
stream	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
monitored	VBN
for	IN
up	RB
to	TO
30	CD
years	NNS
despite	IN
suggesting	VBG
to	TO
consumers	NNS
that	IN
its	PRP$
cookies	NNS
were	VBD
limited	VBN
to	TO
generic	JJ
information	NN
only	RB
.	.
Civil	JJ
penalties	NNS
of	IN
up	RB
to	TO
$	$
50,000	CD
,	,
changes	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
's	POS
cookies	NNS
policies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
deletion	NN
of	IN
improperly	RB
collected	VBN
data	NNS
were	VBD
among	IN
the	DT
remedies	NNS
sought	VBD
.	.
While	IN
courts	NNS
have	VBP
thus	RB
far	RB
been	VBN
able	JJ
to	TO
pigeonhole	VB
new	JJ
online	JJ
privacy	NN
issues	NNS
into	IN
existing	VBG
laws	NNS
,	,
some	DT
groups	NNS
still	RB
have	VBP
argued	VBN
for	IN
and	CC
proposed	VBD
specific	JJ
technology-independent	JJ
laws	NNS
to	TO
govern	VB
data	NNS
collection	NN
,	,
and	CC
use	NN
and	CC
disclosures	NNS
of	IN
personal	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Web	NNP
.	.
Nevertheless	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
surprising	JJ
that	IN
advertisers	NNS
and	CC
marketers	NNS
have	VBP
reacted	VBN
defensively	RB
to	TO
proposed	VBN
legislation	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
limit	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
cookies	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
following	VBG
are	VBP
examples	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
various	JJ
proposed	VBN
legislation	NN
.	.
This	DT
was	VBD
a	DT
proposal	NN
set	VBN
before	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
Engineering	NNP
Task	NNP
Force	NNP
establishing	VBG
guidelines	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
cookies	NNS
by	IN
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
64	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
RFC	NNP
2109	CD
,	,
in	IN
addition	NN
requiring	VBG
the	DT
user	NN
be	VB
notified	VBN
of	IN
the	DT
cookie	NN
,	,
set	VBN
forth	RB
certain	JJ
circumstances	NNS
under	IN
which	WDT
cookies	NNS
could	MD
be	VB
set	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
information	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
could	MD
contain	VB
.	.
RFC	NNP
2109.7.1	CD
further	JJ
provided	VBN
that	IN
while	IN
a	DT
server	NN
could	MD
create	VB
a	DT
cookie	NN
to	TO
track	VB
the	DT
path	NN
of	IN
a	DT
user	NN
through	IN
the	DT
server	NN
,	,
it	PRP
must	MD
have	VB
given	VBN
the	DT
user	NN
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
cookies	NNS
he	PRP
deemed	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
an	DT
intrusive	JJ
accumulation	NN
of	IN
information	NN
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
advertisers	NNS
objected	VBD
to	TO
this	DT
proposal	NN
arguing	VBG
that	IN
under	IN
this	DT
scheme	NN
,	,
they	PRP
would	MD
no	RB
longer	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
track	VB
browsers	NNS
throughout	IN
a	DT
site	NN
,	,
or	CC
through	IN
multiple	JJ
websites	NNS
served	VBD
with	IN
banner	NN
advertising	NN
companies	NNS
and	CC
create	VB
their	PRP$
user	NN
profiles	NNS
.	.
Fortunately	RB
for	IN
the	DT
advertisers	NNS
,	,
browser	NN
manufacturers	NNS
whom	WP
had	VBD
been	VBN
asked	VBN
to	TO
redesign	VB
their	PRP$
software	NN
to	TO
reject	VB
cookies	NNS
by	IN
default	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
support	VB
RFC	NNP
2109	CD
either	CC
.	.
Netscape	NNP
and	CC
Microsoft	NNP
Internet	NNP
Explorer	NNP
among	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
manufacturers	NNS
,	,
instead	RB
designed	VBN
their	PRP$
software	NN
to	TO
allow	VB
users	NNS
to	TO
reject	VB
cookies	NNS
if	IN
they	PRP
chose	VBD
,	,
leaving	VBG
the	DT
default	NN
to	TO
accept	VB
cookies	NNS
.	.
Rep.	NNP
Gene	NNP
Green	NNP
,	,
D-Texas	NNP
,	,
introduced	VBD
this	DT
legislation	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
require	VB
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
to	TO
obtain	VB
consumer	NN
consent	NN
before	IN
tracking	VBG
visitors	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
explain	VB
their	PRP$
privacy	NN
policies	NNS
in	IN
non-legalese	JJ
English	NNP
.	.
On	IN
February	NNP
14	CD
,	,
2001	CD
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
referred	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Subcommittee	NNP
on	IN
Commerce	NNP
,	,
Trade	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Consumer	NNP
Protection	NNP
.	.
Specifically	RB
,	,
if	IN
enacted	VBN
,	,
this	DT
act	NN
would	MD
require	VB
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Trade	NNP
Commission	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
FTC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
write	VB
regulations	NNS
making	VBG
it	PRP
unlawful	JJ
for	IN
an	DT
operator	NN
of	IN
a	DT
Web	NNP
site	NN
or	CC
online	JJ
service	NN
to	TO
collect	VB
,	,
use	VB
,	,
or	CC
disclose	VB
personal	JJ
information	NN
concerning	VBG
an	DT
individual	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
age	NN
13	CD
and	CC
above	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
operator	NN
or	CC
service	NN
would	MD
also	RB
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
confidentiality	NN
,	,
security	NN
,	,
and	CC
integrity	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
information	NN
collected	VBN
from	IN
individuals	NNS
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
prohibit	VB
any	DT
Web	NNP
site	NN
or	CC
Internet	NNP
service	NN
provider	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
ISP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
from	IN
allowing	VBG
a	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
to	TO
attach	VB
a	DT
cookie	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
personal	JJ
profile	NN
on	IN
an	DT
individual	NN
without	IN
allowing	VBG
him	PRP
to	TO
opt	VB
out	RP
first	RB
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
ISPs	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
prohibited	VBN
from	IN
selling	VBG
transactional	JJ
information	NN
as	IN
a	DT
means	NN
to	TO
satisfy	VB
creditors	NNS
,	,
without	IN
providing	VBG
a	DT
process	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
to	TO
opt-out	NN
of	IN
the	DT
disclosure	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
information	NN
.	.
In	IN
July	NNP
,	,
2001	CD
,	,
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Senate	NNP
introduced	VBD
this	DT
legislation	NN
which	WDT
,	,
if	IN
passed	VBN
,	,
would	MD
require	VB
wireless	JJ
technology	NN
providers	NNS
to	TO
notify	VB
customers	NNS
regarding	VBG
their	PRP$
collection	NN
of	IN
information	NN
policies	NNS
on	IN
collecting	VBG
call-location	JJ
data	NNS
,	,
specifically	RB
the	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
information	NN
collected	VBN
,	,
the	DT
purposes	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
's	VBZ
used	VBN
,	,
how	WRB
it	PRP
's	VBZ
stored	VBN
and	CC
who	WP
can	MD
access	VB
it	PRP
.	.
The	DT
providers	NNS
also	RB
would	MD
be	VB
required	VBN
to	TO
obtain	VB
prior	RB
customer	NN
consent	NN
before	IN
disclosing	VBG
or	CC
selling	VBG
such	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Discontent	NN
with	IN
proposed	VBN
legislation	NN
and	CC
the	DT
potential	NN
for	IN
litigation	NN
to	TO
shape	VB
the	DT
rules	NNS
of	IN
online	JJ
advertising	NN
,	,
the	DT
industry	NN
has	VBZ
recently	RB
began	VBD
attempting	VBG
self-regulation	NN
by	IN
implementing	VBG
privacy	NN
policies	NNS
and	CC
third	JJ
party	NN
privacy	NN
seals	NNS
.	.
And	CC
while	IN
many	JJ
companies	NNS
have	VBP
posted	VBN
privacy	NN
policies	NNS
on	IN
their	PRP$
sites	NNS
,	,
others	NNS
have	VBP
additionally	RB
,	,
contracted	VBD
with	IN
independent	JJ
entities	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
TRUSTe	NNP
,	,
to	TO
monitor	VB
their	PRP$
compliance	NN
with	IN
their	PRP$
privacy	NN
policies	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
68	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
TRUSTe	NN
,	,
an	DT
independent	JJ
,	,
non-profit	JJ
privacy	NN
organization	NN
designed	VBN
to	TO
``	``
build	VB
users	NNS
'	POS
trust	NN
and	CC
confidence	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
''	''
implements	VBZ
a	DT
privacy	NN
program	NN
,	,
a	DT
``	``
trustmark	NN
''	''
to	TO
quell	VB
users	NNS
'	POS
concerns	NNS
over	IN
privacy	NN
and	CC
indicate	VBP
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
'	POS
desire	NN
for	IN
self-regulated	JJ
information	NN
disclosure	NN
standards	NNS
.	.
The	DT
``	``
trustmark	NN
,	,
''	''
a	DT
seal	NN
awarded	VBN
by	IN
TRUSTe	NNP
to	TO
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
that	WDT
adhere	VBP
to	TO
established	VBN
privacy	NN
principles	NNS
and	CC
agree	VBP
to	TO
oversight	NN
and	CC
consumer	NN
resolution	NN
processes	VBZ
,	,
signifies	VBZ
to	TO
online	JJ
users	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
Web	NNP
site	NN
will	MD
openly	RB
share	VB
,	,
at	IN
a	DT
minimum	NN
,	,
what	WP
personal	JJ
information	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
gathered	VBN
,	,
how	WRB
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
,	,
with	IN
whom	WP
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
shared	VBN
,	,
and	CC
whether	IN
the	DT
user	NN
has	VBZ
an	DT
option	NN
to	TO
control	VB
its	PRP$
dissemination	NN
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
such	JJ
disclosure	NN
,	,
users	NNS
can	MD
make	VB
informed	JJ
decisions	NNS
about	IN
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
to	TO
release	VB
their	PRP$
personally	RB
identifiable	JJ
information	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
credit	NN
card	NN
numbers	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
the	DT
Web	NNP
site	NN
.	.
Department	NNP
of	IN
Commerce	NNP
``	``
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
self-regulatory	JJ
regime	NN
governing	VBG
NAI	NNP
companies	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
online	JJ
preference	NN
marketing	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
OPM	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
sometimes	RB
called	VBN
`	``
profiling	NN
.	.
'	''
''	''
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
this	DT
regime	NN
is	VBZ
twofold	JJ
:	:
first	RB
,	,
to	TO
disclose	VB
to	TO
the	DT
general	JJ
public	JJ
their	PRP$
collective	JJ
and	CC
respective	JJ
data	NNS
collection-and-use	NN
practices	NNS
,	,
and	CC
second	JJ
,	,
to	TO
allow	VB
consumers	NNS
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
opt	VB
out	IN
of	IN
certain	JJ
uses	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
they	PRP
collect	VBP
.	.
As	IN
legislation	NN
continues	VBZ
to	TO
develop	VB
,	,
claims	VBZ
proceed	VB
against	IN
marketers	NNS
and	CC
sites	NNS
tout	VBP
self-regulation	NN
as	IN
the	DT
answer	NN
,	,
what	WDT
can	MD
the	DT
user	NN
do	VBP
to	TO
manage	VB
his	PRP$
cookies	NNS
?	.
The	DT
following	VBG
are	VBP
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
ways	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
user	NN
may	MD
proceed	VB
with	IN
caution	NN
while	IN
others	NNS
are	VBP
attempting	VBG
to	TO
serve	VB
him	PRP
cookies	NNS
.	.
But	CC
user	NN
be	VB
warned	VBN
:	:
using	VBG
software	NN
to	TO
combat	VB
cookies	NNS
could	MD
also	RB
be	VB
self-defeating	JJ
because	IN
without	IN
cookies	NNS
,	,
some	DT
sites	NNS
might	MD
not	RB
operate	VB
effectively	RB
or	CC
cause	VB
difficulties	NNS
in	IN
online	JJ
shopping	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
advice	NN
in	IN
many	JJ
technical	JJ
publications	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
proper	JJ
methods	NNS
to	TO
delete	VB
cookie	NN
files	NNS
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
a	DT
plethora	NN
of	IN
software	NN
packages	NNS
available	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
including	VBG
shareware	NN
that	WDT
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
allow	VB
a	DT
user	NN
's	POS
computer	NN
to	TO
automatically	RB
delete	VB
,	,
reject	VBP
or	CC
simply	RB
monitor	VB
cookies	NNS
.	.
For	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
see	VBP
http://cookiecentral.com	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
a	DT
browser	NN
can	MD
provide	VB
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
IP	NNP
address	NN
and	CC
host	NN
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
browser	NN
host	NN
,	,
which	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
determine	VB
what	WP
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
world	NN
he	PRP
lives	VBZ
in	IN
,	,
what	WP
company	NN
she	PRP
works	VBZ
for	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
she	PRP
browses	VBZ
from	IN
the	DT
office	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
sometimes	RB
even	RB
her	PRP$
name	NN
.	.
To	TO
combat	VB
these	DT
problems	NNS
and	CC
cookies	NNS
,	,
a	DT
user	NN
can	MD
surf	NN
anonymously	RB
with	IN
via	IN
anonymizing	VBG
proxies	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
73	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Identical	JJ
in	IN
most	JJS
respects	NNS
to	TO
ordinary	JJ
Web	NNP
proxies	NNS
,	,
these	DT
proxies	NNS
accept	VBP
users	NNS
'	POS
requests	NNS
for	IN
URLs	NNS
,	,
fetch	VB
the	DT
URLs	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
remote	JJ
servers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
return	VB
the	DT
documents	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
user	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
unlike	IN
ordinary	JJ
proxies	NNS
,	,
these	DT
actively	RB
modify	VBP
the	DT
outbound	JJ
requests	NNS
and	CC
inbound	JJ
documents	NNS
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
outbound	JJ
leg	NN
,	,
identifying	VBG
information	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
cookies	NNS
,	,
referrers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
user-agent	JJ
field	NN
are	VBP
deleted	VBN
or	CC
forged	VBN
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
inbound	JJ
leg	NN
,	,
requests	NNS
to	TO
set	VB
cookies	NNS
and	CC
,	,
optionally	RB
,	,
other	JJ
things	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
user	NN
might	MD
not	RB
like	VB
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
banner	NN
ads	NNS
and	CC
JavaScript	NNP
,	,
are	VBP
silently	RB
deleted	VBN
.	.
Some	DT
anonymizers	NNS
even	RB
allow	VBP
a	DT
user	NN
to	TO
set	VB
up	RP
a	DT
completely	RB
fictitious	JJ
identity	NN
,	,
complete	JJ
with	IN
a	DT
functional	JJ
but	CC
anonymous	JJ
email	NN
address	NN
,	,
to	TO
give	VB
to	TO
sites	NNS
that	WDT
request	VBP
personal	JJ
information	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
user	NN
is	VBZ
truly	RB
concerned	VBN
with	IN
online	JJ
privacy	NN
and	CC
simply	RB
does	VBZ
not	RB
trust	VB
the	DT
cookie	NN
file	NN
in	IN
his	PRP$
browser	NN
,	,
he	PRP
can	MD
delete	VB
it	PRP
anytime	RB
.	.
However	RB
,	,
this	DT
process	NN
seems	VBZ
relatively	RB
futile	JJ
given	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
browser	NN
will	MD
create	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
cookie	NN
during	IN
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
next	JJ
session	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
browsers	NNS
now	RB
come	VBP
equipped	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
delete\/reject	JJ
cookies	NNS
or	CC
warn	VB
the	DT
user	NN
of	IN
incoming	JJ
cookies	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
Mozilla	NNP
,	,
the	DT
browser	NN
for	IN
Red	NNP
Hat	NNP
Linux	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
7.2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
now	RB
has	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
Cookie	NNP
Manager	NNP
''	''
screen	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
user	NN
can	MD
view	VB
the	DT
source	NN
and	CC
contents	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
cookies	NNS
on	IN
his	PRP$
system	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
74	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
He	PRP
can	MD
delete	VB
individual	JJ
cookies	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
block	NN
specific	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
block	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
block	VB
owners	NNS
,	,
not	RB
visited	VBD
sites	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
sites	NNS
from	IN
sending	VBG
him	PRP
cookies	NNS
.	.
As	IN
with	IN
many	JJ
issues	NNS
involving	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
today	NN
,	,
cookies	NNS
are	VBP
a	DT
hotly	RB
debated	VBN
topic	NN
-	:
some	DT
want	VBP
to	TO
bake	VB
them	PRP
and	CC
others	NNS
want	VBP
to	TO
burn	VB
them	PRP
.	.
And	CC
although	IN
cookies	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
in	IN
use	NN
behind	IN
the	DT
scenes	NNS
for	IN
quite	RB
some	DT
time	NN
-	:
years	NNS
,	,
in	IN
fact	NN
-	:
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
have	VBP
recently	RB
become	VBN
more	RBR
alert	JJ
and	CC
knowledgeable	JJ
about	IN
them	PRP
and	CC
the	DT
Cookie	NNP
Monster	NN
.	.
Only	RB
time	NN
will	MD
tell	VB
if	IN
proposed	VBN
legislation	NN
or	CC
self-regulation	NN
will	MD
allow	VB
cookies	NNS
to	TO
remain	VB
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
Landscape	NNP
.	.
Nevertheless	RB
,	,
until	IN
that	DT
point	NN
,	,
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
educated	VBN
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
cookies	NNS
,	,
who	WP
uses	VBZ
them	PRP
and	CC
for	IN
what	WP
purpose	NN
,	,
and	CC
what	WP
their	PRP$
realistic	JJ
privacy	NN
alternatives	NNS
are	VBP
.	.
Until	IN
Internet	NNP
privacy	NN
standards	NNS
are	VBP
adopted	VBN
,	,
an	DT
informed	JJ
decision	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
best	JJS
option	NN
.	.
The	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
international	JJ
system	NN
that	WDT
contains	VBZ
no	DT
boundaries	NNS
nor	CC
any	DT
centralized	JJ
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
content	JJ
transmitted	JJ
.	.
Because	IN
its	PRP$
concept	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
decentralized	JJ
system	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
communication	NN
designed	VBN
to	TO
withstand	VB
nuclear	JJ
attack	NN
,	,
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
capable	JJ
of	IN
being	VBG
controlled	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
one	CD
organization	NN
or	CC
government	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Its	PRP$
structure	NN
allows	VBZ
individuals	NNS
to	TO
transmit	VB
any	DT
type	NN
of	IN
information	NN
with	IN
few	JJ
repercussions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
raises	VBZ
unique	JJ
issues	NNS
when	WRB
computers	NNS
can	MD
access	VB
other	JJ
computers	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
in	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
an	DT
instant	NN
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
an	DT
overview	NN
of	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
surrounding	VBG
the	DT
international	JJ
regulation	NN
of	IN
content	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
and	CC
as	IN
such	JJ
should	MD
be	VB
regarded	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
illustration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
dynamics	NNS
that	WDT
affect	VBP
internet	NN
governance	NN
as	IN
opposed	VBN
to	TO
an	DT
in	IN
depth	NN
evaluation	NN
of	IN
every	DT
aspect	NN
of	IN
these	DT
issues	NNS
.	.
The	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
has	VBZ
explored	VBN
various	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
regulate	VB
internet	NN
content	NN
including	VBG
self	NN
regulation	NN
,	,
application	NN
of	IN
existing	VBG
laws	NNS
re	NN
:	:
obscenity	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
and	CC
adoption	NN
of	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
laws	NNS
to	TO
regulate	VB
internet	NN
content	NN
.	.
Decency	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CDA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
specifically	RB
combat	VB
obscenity	NN
and	CC
pornography	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
CDA	NNP
was	VBD
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
criminalize	VB
online	JJ
communications	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
legal	JJ
in	IN
other	JJ
media	NNS
,	,
specifically	RB
communications	NNS
that	WDT
might	MD
be	VB
deemed	VBN
``	``
indecent	JJ
''	''
or	CC
``	``
patently	RB
offensive	JJ
''	''
to	TO
minors	NNS
.	.
The	DT
day	NN
after	IN
President	NNP
Clinton	NNP
signed	VBD
the	DT
bill	NN
into	IN
law	NN
,	,
a	DT
lawsuit	NN
was	VBD
filed	VBN
to	TO
contest	VB
its	PRP$
constitutionality	NN
under	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
in	IN
Germany	NNP
,	,
the	DT
rights	NNS
to	TO
free	JJ
speech	NN
can	MD
be	VB
overridden	VBN
if	IN
their	PRP$
exercise	NN
is	VBZ
considered	VBN
a	DT
threat	NN
to	TO
Germany	NNP
's	POS
fundamental	JJ
constitutional	JJ
structure	NN
against	IN
totalitarianism	NN
.	.
While	IN
Germany	NNP
is	VBZ
also	RB
concerned	VBN
with	IN
pornographic	JJ
content	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
also	RB
has	VBZ
a	DT
significant	JJ
concern	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
availability	NN
of	IN
pro-Nazi	JJ
material	NN
.	.
Singapore	NNP
wants	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
``	``
information	NN
technology	NN
hub	NN
''	''
for	IN
Asia	NNP
,	,
but	CC
,	,
through	IN
regulation	NN
,	,
wants	VBZ
to	TO
rid	VB
the	DT
net	NN
of	IN
content	NN
that	IN
``	``
threatens	VBZ
public	JJ
order	NN
and	CC
national	JJ
security	NN
,	,
religious	JJ
and	CC
racial	JJ
harmony	NN
,	,
and	CC
morality	NN
.	.
''	''
Law	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
ECBL	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
establishing	VBG
the	DT
Information	NNP
&	CC
Communications	NNP
Ethics	NNP
Office	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
has	VBZ
broad	JJ
powers	NNS
to	TO
censor	VB
.	.
Its	PRP$
censor	VBP
powers	NNS
includes	VBZ
material	NN
on	IN
bulletin	NN
board	NN
services	NNS
,	,
chat	VBP
rooms	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
public	JJ
domain	NN
services	NNS
that	IN
``	``
encroach	VB
on	IN
public	JJ
morals	NNS
,	,
''	''
``	``
may	MD
harm	VB
youths	NNS
'	POS
character	NN
,	,
emotions	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
value	NN
,	,
''	''
and	CC
``	``
may	MD
cause	VB
a	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
national	JJ
sovereignty	NN
.	.
''	''
ISPs	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
give	VB
its	PRP$
members	NNS
reasonable	JJ
information	NN
and	CC
tools	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
an	DT
informed	JJ
decision	NN
about	IN
filtering	VBG
.	.
The	DT
Act	NNP
also	RB
requires	VBZ
ISPs	NNS
to	TO
remove	VB
or	CC
block	VB
objectionable	JJ
material	NN
from	IN
Australian	JJ
sites	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
block	VB
access	NN
to	TO
similar	JJ
sites	NNS
overseas	RB
,	,
or	CC
face	NN
heavy	JJ
fines	NNS
.	.
This	DT
year	NN
,	,
Afghanistan	NNP
's	POS
ruling	NN
Taliban	NNP
movement	NN
banned	VBD
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
and	CC
ordered	VBD
religious	JJ
police	NN
to	TO
punish	VB
users	NNS
according	VBG
to	TO
Islamic	JJ
law	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
37	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Taliban	NNP
leader	NN
Mullah	NNP
Mohammad	NNP
Omar	NNP
indicated	VBD
that	IN
only	RB
his	PRP$
headquarters	NN
in	IN
Kandahar	NNP
would	MD
be	VB
allowed	VBN
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
would	MD
screen	VB
all	DT
material	NN
posted	VBN
by	IN
government	NN
departments	NNS
.	.
The	DT
ban	NN
was	VBD
reportedly	RB
enacted	VBN
to	TO
stop	VB
access	NN
to	TO
vulgar	JJ
,	,
immoral	JJ
and	CC
anti-Islamic	JJ
material	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
38	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
After	IN
the	DT
War	NNP
on	IN
Terrorism	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
interesting	JJ
to	TO
see	VB
what	WP
Internet	NNP
regulations	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
store	NN
for	IN
Afghanistan	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
near	JJ
future	NN
.	.
As	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
see	VB
,	,
every	DT
country	NN
has	VBZ
its	PRP$
own	JJ
set	NN
of	IN
values	NNS
and	CC
its	PRP$
own	JJ
specific	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
regulation	NN
.	.
Currently	RB
,	,
a	DT
universal	JJ
model	NN
for	IN
Internet	NNP
regulation	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
exist	VB
.	.
The	DT
following	VBG
are	VBP
various	JJ
methods	NNS
employed	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
world	NN
to	TO
regulate	VB
Internet	NNP
content	NN
.	.
To	TO
prevent	VB
transmission	NN
of	IN
undesirable	JJ
content	NN
,	,
some	DT
governments	NNS
stall	VBP
the	DT
material	NN
in	IN
transit	NN
.	.
Censors	NNP
then	RB
scan	VB
the	DT
content	NN
for	IN
terms	NNS
or	CC
displays	NNS
previously	RB
defined	VBN
as	IN
undesirable	JJ
and	CC
block	NN
such	JJ
content	NN
from	IN
being	VBG
transmitted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
user	NN
.	.
This	DT
requires	VBZ
the	DT
ISP	NNP
to	TO
use	VB
only	RB
government	NN
provided	VBD
phone	NN
lines	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
register	VB
with	IN
the	DT
government	NN
.	.
Internet	NNP
traffic	NN
is	VBZ
routed	VBN
through	IN
gateways	NNS
where	WRB
police	NNS
monitor	VBP
transmissions	NNS
and	CC
block	NN
access	NN
to	TO
specific	JJ
banned	VBN
sites	NNS
.	.
This	DT
method	NN
of	IN
censorship	NN
can	MD
cause	VB
significant	JJ
delays	NNS
and	CC
impede	VB
access	NN
to	TO
and	CC
flow	NN
of	IN
information	NN
,	,
creating	VBG
a	DT
block	NN
for	IN
nations	NNS
wanting	VBG
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
Internet	NNP
for	IN
technological	JJ
advantage	NN
.	.
Commentators	NNS
have	VBP
described	VBN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
PICS	NNP
as	IN
merely	RB
privatizing	VBG
Internet	NNP
censorship	NN
.	.
``	``
The	DT
only	JJ
difference	NN
between	IN
government	NN
regulation	NN
and	CC
a	DT
private	JJ
rating	NN
system	NN
under	IN
PICS	NNP
is	VBZ
who	WP
is	VBZ
deciding	VBG
what	WP
we	PRP
see	VBP
.	.
With	IN
PICS	NNP
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
increased	VBN
danger	NN
because	IN
the	DT
government	NN
can	MD
be	VB
held	VBN
accountable	JJ
under	IN
the	DT
constitution	NN
but	CC
a	DT
private	JJ
party	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
held	VBN
to	TO
as	RB
high	JJ
a	DT
standard	NN
.	.
Under	IN
such	JJ
regulation	NN
,	,
many	JJ
countries	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
banned	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
free	JJ
exchange	NN
of	IN
information	NN
,	,
ideas	NNS
and	CC
messages	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
valuable	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
progress	NN
of	IN
society	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
58	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
With	IN
varying	VBG
governmental	JJ
concerns	NNS
and	CC
interests	NNS
,	,
coming	VBG
up	RP
with	IN
a	DT
global	JJ
regulation	NN
strategy	NN
would	MD
be	VB
a	DT
nearly	RB
impossible	JJ
task	NN
.	.
An	DT
Multinational	JJ
approach	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
premise	NN
that	IN
all	DT
nations	NNS
agree	VBP
that	IN
some	DT
form	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
regulation	NN
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
to	TO
reduce	VB
intolerable	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
The	DT
Multinational	JJ
approach	NN
would	MD
first	RB
create	VB
an	DT
international	JJ
committee	NN
to	TO
design	VB
a	DT
flexible	JJ
regulatory	JJ
structure	NN
-	:
one	CD
that	WDT
would	MD
recognize	VB
the	DT
varying	VBG
degrees	NNS
of	IN
national	JJ
regulation	NN
.	.
The	DT
framework	NN
of	IN
this	DT
approach	NN
would	MD
consist	VB
of	IN
a	DT
governmental	JJ
agency	NN
working	VBG
in	IN
concert	NN
with	IN
ISPs	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
59	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Each	DT
country	NN
's	POS
government	NN
would	MD
chose	VBD
the	DT
level	NN
of	IN
regulation	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
its	PRP$
value	NN
system	NN
.	.
The	DT
ISP	NNP
would	MD
block	VB
sites	NNS
at	IN
a	DT
government	NN
's	POS
request	NN
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
responsible	JJ
to	TO
censor	VB
.	.
This	DT
approach	NN
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
what	WP
the	DT
Internet	NNP
user	NN
is	VBZ
offered	VBN
.	.
One	CD
commentator	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Munich	NNP
summit	NN
reported	VBD
that	IN
``	``
the	DT
conference	NN
was	VBD
divided	VBN
evenly	RB
between	IN
the	DT
European	JJ
view	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
policed	VBN
by	IN
traditional	JJ
authorities	NNS
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
laws	NNS
applying	VBG
locally	RB
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
American	JJ
position	NN
that	IN
market-driven	JJ
solutions	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
permitted	VBN
time	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
65	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
An	DT
acceptable	JJ
international	JJ
solution	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
likely	JJ
to	TO
emerge	VB
quickly	RB
.	.
Internet	NNP
activities	NNS
have	VBP
in	IN
some	DT
cases	NNS
been	VBN
the	DT
sole	JJ
basis	NN
for	IN
findings	NNS
of	IN
jurisdiction	NN
by	IN
foreign	JJ
sovereigns	NNS
,	,
resulting	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
departure	NN
from	IN
traditional	JJ
geographical	JJ
restrictions	NNS
on	IN
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
Jurisdiction	NN
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
``	``
government	NN
's	POS
general	JJ
power	NN
to	TO
exercise	VB
authority	NN
over	IN
all	DT
persons	NNS
and	CC
things	NNS
within	IN
its	PRP$
territory	NN
;	:
a	DT
court	NN
's	POS
power	NN
to	TO
decide	VB
a	DT
case	NN
or	CC
issue	VB
a	DT
decree	NN
;	:
a	DT
geographic	JJ
area	NN
within	IN
which	WDT
political	JJ
or	CC
judicial	JJ
authority	NN
may	MD
be	VB
exercised	VBN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
67	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
geographical	JJ
references	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
definition	NN
seem	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
contrary	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
eroding	VBG
effect	NN
Internet	NNP
cases	NNS
have	VBP
had	VBN
on	IN
jurisdiction	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
geographical	JJ
boundaries	NNS
.	.
Third	NNP
,	,
passive	JJ
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
make	VBP
information	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
whoever	WP
may	MD
be	VB
interested	JJ
including	VBG
those	DT
in	IN
foreign	JJ
jurisdictions	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
typically	RB
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
interactive	JJ
components	NNS
and	CC
therefore	RB
do	VBP
not	RB
establish	VB
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
Jurisdiction	NN
is	VBZ
often	RB
asserted	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
category	NN
of	IN
cases	NNS
,	,
the	DT
second	JJ
category	NN
of	IN
cases	NNS
is	VBZ
where	WRB
the	DT
split	NN
in	IN
the	DT
courts	NNS
exists	VBZ
and	CC
for	IN
the	DT
third	JJ
category	NN
of	IN
cases	NNS
jurisdiction	NN
is	VBZ
rarely	RB
asserted	VBN
.	.
Even	RB
with	IN
this	DT
``	``
sliding	VBG
scale	NN
''	''
in	IN
place	NN
the	DT
difficult	JJ
distinction	NN
between	IN
active	JJ
and	CC
passive	JJ
activities	NNS
has	VBZ
resulted	VBN
in	IN
ambiguous	JJ
jurisdictional	JJ
law	NN
coming	VBG
from	IN
these	DT
cases	NNS
.	.
While	IN
lower	JJR
courts	NNS
tend	VBP
to	TO
agree	VB
that	IN
creating	VBG
and	CC
hosting	VBG
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
sufficient	JJ
activity	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
general	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
across	IN
the	DT
country	NN
,	,
they	PRP
disagree	VBP
on	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
presence	NN
of	IN
and	CC
disputes	NNS
arising	VBG
from	IN
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
sufficiently	RB
establish	VB
specific	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
The	DT
US	NNP
has	VBZ
recently	RB
enacted	VBN
legislation	NN
to	TO
protect	VB
activities	NNS
of	IN
ISPs	NNS
indicating	VBG
a	DT
trend	NN
toward	IN
ISP	NNP
protection	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
achieved	VBN
by	IN
categorizing	VBG
the	DT
individual	JJ
functions	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
ISP	NNP
so	IN
that	IN
the	DT
activity	NN
can	MD
be	VB
deemed	VBN
either	DT
active	JJ
or	CC
passive	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
78	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
assists	VBZ
courts	NNS
in	IN
determining	VBG
where	WRB
the	DT
conduct	NN
fits	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
``	``
sliding	VBG
scale	NN
''	''
.	.
International	NNP
law	NN
,	,
which	WDT
has	VBZ
established	VBN
prescriptive	JJ
,	,
adjudicative	JJ
and	CC
enforcement	NN
jurisdiction	NN
standards	NNS
,	,
has	VBZ
also	RB
been	VBN
challenged	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
intricacies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
79	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Traditionally	RB
,	,
European	JJ
exercise	NN
of	IN
jurisdiction	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
as	IN
encompassing	VBG
of	IN
non-residents	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
use	NN
of	IN
long	JJ
arm	NN
statutes	NNS
to	TO
establish	VB
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
varying	VBG
national	JJ
values	NNS
and	CC
regulation	NN
methods	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
unsettled	JJ
jurisdictional	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
unlikely	JJ
that	IN
there	EX
will	MD
ever	RB
be	VB
one	CD
universal	JJ
model	NN
for	IN
regulating	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
argued	VBN
that	IN
there	EX
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
because	IN
one	CD
universal	JJ
model	NN
could	MD
not	RB
adequately	RB
protect	VB
the	DT
interests	NNS
of	IN
countries	NNS
with	IN
opposing	VBG
values	NNS
on	IN
access	NN
and	CC
limitation	NN
to	TO
access	NN
of	IN
content	JJ
via	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
also	RB
concern	NN
that	IN
if	IN
any	DT
single	JJ
country	NN
were	VBD
to	TO
take	VB
unilateral	JJ
action	NN
,	,
the	DT
vitality	NN
and	CC
freedom	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
would	MD
be	VB
jeopardized	VBN
.	.
Alternately	RB
,	,
an	DT
argument	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
made	VBN
for	IN
instituting	VBG
a	DT
separate	JJ
and	CC
unique	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
for	IN
``	``
cyberspace	NN
''	''
with	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
set	NN
of	IN
global	JJ
values	NNS
,	,
regulations	NNS
and	CC
laws	NNS
.	.
The	DT
fact	NN
remains	VBZ
that	IN
global	JJ
electronic	JJ
communications	NNS
have	VBP
created	VBN
new	JJ
spaces	NNS
which	WDT
bind	NN
users	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
and	CC
which	WDT
require	VBP
the	DT
evolution	NN
of	IN
distinct	JJ
and	CC
new	JJ
rule	NN
sets	NNS
.	.
The	DT
CDA	NNP
criminalized	VBD
the	DT
knowing	VBG
transmission	NN
of	IN
obscene	JJ
or	CC
indecent	JJ
material	NN
to	TO
any	DT
recipient	JJ
under	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
18	CD
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
sending	VBG
or	CC
displaying	VBG
of	IN
patently	RB
offensive	JJ
material	NN
in	IN
a	DT
manner	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
available	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
person	NN
under	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
18	CD
.	.
Taliban	NNP
leader	NN
Mullah	NNP
Mohammad	NNP
Omar	NNP
said	VBD
his	PRP$
headquarters	NN
in	IN
Kandahar	NNP
was	VBD
the	DT
only	JJ
authority	NN
allowed	VBN
to	TO
access	VB
the	DT
technology	NN
.	.
Only	RB
a	DT
tiny	JJ
fraction	NN
of	IN
Afghanistan	NNP
's	POS
21	CD
million	CD
people	NNS
has	VBZ
access	NN
to	TO
telephones	NNS
,	,
so	IN
the	DT
ban	NN
will	MD
make	VB
no	DT
difference	NN
to	TO
most	JJS
people	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Taliban	NNP
has	VBZ
also	RB
banned	VBN
television	NN
,	,
cinema	NN
and	CC
music	NN
under	IN
its	PRP$
unique	JJ
law	NN
aimed	VBN
at	IN
creating	VBG
a	DT
pure	JJ
Mohammadan	NNP
state	NN
free	JJ
of	IN
non-Islamic	JJ
influence	NN
.	.
Patients	NNS
,	,
notes	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
tremendous	JJ
growth	NN
of	IN
gambling	VBG
opportunities	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
several	JJ
years	NNS
and	CC
access	NN
to	TO
computers	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
children	NNS
,	,
steps	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
to	TO
protect	VB
them	PRP
from	IN
easily	RB
accessible	JJ
virtual	JJ
casinos	NNS
.	.
With	IN
its	PRP$
boarderless	JJ
nature	NN
,	,
gambling	VBG
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
has	VBZ
presented	VBN
difficult	JJ
jurisdictional	JJ
questions	NNS
and	CC
uncertainty	NN
over	IN
what	WP
types	NNS
of	IN
Internet	NNP
business	NN
activities	NNS
are	VBP
sufficient	JJ
to	TO
allow	VB
a	DT
state	NN
to	TO
assert	VB
personal	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
.	.
Inc.	NNP
.	.
MasterCard	NNP
International	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
credit	NN
cards	NNS
and	CC
issuing	VBG
banks	NNS
,	,
alleging	VBG
,	,
among	IN
other	JJ
things	NNS
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
debt	NN
she	PRP
incurred	VBD
was	VBD
unenforceable	JJ
and	CC
void	JJ
as	IN
an	DT
illegal	JJ
contract	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
credit	NN
cards	NNS
and	CC
banks	NNS
had	VBD
participated	VBN
in	IN
and	CC
profited	VBN
from	IN
unfair	JJ
business	NN
practices	NNS
.	.
The	DT
question	NN
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
is	VBZ
whether	IN
a	DT
forum	NN
selection	NN
clause	NN
mandating	VBG
that	IN
claims	NNS
be	VB
brought	VBN
in	RP
Virginia	NNP
should	MD
be	VB
applied	VBN
to	TO
appellant	NN
's	POS
purported	JJ
class	NN
action	NN
involving	VBG
consumers	NNS
'	POS
attempts	NNS
to	TO
register	VB
for	IN
and	CC
use	VB
Verizon	NNP
Internet	NNP
Services	NNPS
,	,
Inc.	NNP
's	POS
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
VIS	FW
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
digital	JJ
subscriber	NN
line	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
DSL	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
service	NN
.	.
We	PRP
hold	VBP
that	DT
enforcement	NN
of	IN
this	DT
clause	NN
is	VBZ
reasonable	JJ
and	CC
that	IN
all	DT
of	IN
appellant	NN
's	POS
claims	NNS
fall	VBP
within	IN
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
the	DT
clause	NN
.	.
Consequently	RB
,	,
we	PRP
affirm	VBP
the	DT
trial	NN
court	NN
's	POS
order	NN
dismissing	VBG
appellant	NN
's	POS
suit	NN
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
appellant	NN
,	,
activating	VBG
the	DT
DSL	NNP
service	NN
involved	VBD
a	DT
period	NN
of	IN
lengthy	JJ
delays	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
the	DT
service	NN
was	VBD
activated	VBN
,	,
``	``
customers	NNS
have	VBP
experienced	VBN
frequent	JJ
and	CC
lengthy	JJ
disruptions	NNS
in	IN
service	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
service	NN
has	VBZ
operated	VBN
at	IN
speeds	NNS
much	RB
lower	JJR
than	IN
promised	VBN
.	.
''	''
Appellant	NNP
himself	PRP
alleges	VBZ
that	IN
he	PRP
signed	VBD
up	RP
for	IN
DSL	NNP
service	NN
in	IN
August	NNP
2000	CD
and	CC
was	VBD
promised	VBN
activation	NN
would	MD
occur	VB
on	IN
August	NNP
14	CD
,	,
2000	CD
.	.
However	RB
,	,
he	PRP
never	RB
actually	RB
received	VBD
the	DT
service	NN
on	IN
that	DT
date	NN
or	CC
afterwards	RB
and	CC
finally	RB
canceled	VBD
the	DT
service	NN
in	IN
December	NNP
2000	CD
.	.
To	TO
become	VB
DSL	NNP
subscribers	NNS
,	,
customers	NNS
must	MD
agree	VB
to	TO
all	PDT
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Agreement	NN
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
forum	NN
selection	NN
clause	NN
.	.
The	DT
clause	NN
is	VBZ
found	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
final	JJ
section	NN
of	IN
the	DT
main	JJ
text	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Agreement	NN
,	,
which	WDT
,	,
when	WRB
printed	VBN
out	RP
,	,
totals	VBZ
thirteen	CD
pages	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
including	VBG
two	CD
lengthy	JJ
appendices	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Appellant	NNP
contends	VBZ
that	IN
he	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
deprived	VBN
of	IN
his	PRP$
day	NN
in	IN
court	NN
because	IN
of	IN
his	PRP$
inability	NN
to	TO
file	VB
a	DT
class	NN
action	NN
in	IN
Virginia	NNP
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
appellant	NN
,	,
each	DT
person	NN
's	POS
damages	NNS
are	VBP
likely	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
so	RB
small	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
litigating	VBG
an	DT
individual	JJ
claim	NN
in	IN
Virginia	NNP
would	MD
exceed	VB
the	DT
claim	NN
's	POS
potential	JJ
value	NN
.	.
Only	RB
through	IN
a	DT
class	NN
action	NN
,	,
appellant	NN
argues	VBZ
,	,
will	MD
customers	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
himself	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
viable	JJ
option	NN
for	IN
seeking	VBG
relief	NN
from	IN
VIS	NNP
'	POS
alleged	JJ
misconduct	NN
.	.
The	DT
trial	NN
court	NN
agreed	VBD
with	IN
appellant	NN
that	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
selection	NN
clause	NN
's	POS
reach	NN
was	VBD
unclear	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
noted	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
choice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
provision	NN
preceding	VBG
the	DT
forum	NN
selection	NN
clause	NN
dealt	VBD
only	RB
with	IN
the	DT
Agreement	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN16	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
while	IN
the	DT
limitations	NNS
provision	NN
following	VBG
encompassed	VBN
all	DT
claims	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Service	NNP
.	.
Noting	VBG
that	IN
``	``
the	DT
-LRB-	-LRB-
forum	NN
selection	NN
clause	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
itself	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
define	VB
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
applicability	NN
,	,
''	''
the	DT
trial	NN
court	NN
concluded	VBD
that	IN
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
surrounding	VBG
language	NN
,	,
the	DT
clause	NN
could	MD
reasonably	RB
be	VB
interpreted	VBN
as	IN
applying	VBG
only	RB
to	TO
disputes	NNS
concerning	VBG
the	DT
Agreement	NN
or	CC
as	IN
applying	VBG
to	TO
all	DT
claims	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
F	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
orum	NN
selection	NN
clauses	NNS
enhance	VBP
contractual	JJ
and	CC
economic	JJ
predictability	NN
,	,
while	IN
conserving	VBG
judicial	JJ
resources	NNS
and	CC
benefitting	VBG
commercial	JJ
entities	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
consumers	NNS
.	.
''	''
Booker	NNP
,	,
supra	NN
,	,
781	CD
So	IN
.2	CD
d	SYM
at	IN
424-25	CD
.	.
While	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
held	VBN
applicable	JJ
when	WRB
enforcement	NN
is	VBZ
unreasonable	JJ
or	CC
the	DT
claims	NNS
in	IN
question	NN
are	VBP
beyond	IN
the	DT
clause	NN
's	POS
scope	NN
,	,
no	DT
such	JJ
circumstances	NNS
are	VBP
present	JJ
here	RB
.	.
Plaintiff	NNP
David	NNP
DeJohn	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
DeJohn	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
tried	VBD
to	TO
purchase	VB
certain	JJ
domain	NN
names	NNS
for	IN
$	$
50	CD
each	DT
from	IN
defendant	NN
The	DT
.	.
TVCorporation	NNP
,	,
International	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
''	''
.	.
TV	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
by	IN
going	VBG
though	RB
defendant	NN
Register.com	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
Register.com	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
registrar	NN
.	.
A	DT
``	``
domain	NN
name	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
another	DT
term	NN
for	IN
an	DT
internet	NN
address	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
``	``
domain	NN
name	NN
registrar	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
an	DT
entity	NN
that	WDT
sponsors	VBZ
domain	NN
name	NN
applications	NNS
.	.
FN3	CD
.	.
The	DT
choice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
provision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Register.com	NNP
Agreement	NNP
provided	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
applicant	NN
's	POS
``	``
rights	NNS
and	CC
obligations	NNS
and	CC
all	DT
actions	NNS
contemplated	VBN
by	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
Agreement	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
shall	MD
be	VB
governed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
laws	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
of	IN
America	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
State	NN
of	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
,	,
as	IN
if	IN
the	DT
Agreement	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
contract	NN
wholly	RB
entered	VBD
into	IN
and	CC
wholly	RB
performed	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
State	NN
of	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
.	.
''	''
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
Agreement	NN
provided	VBD
that	DT
,	,
``	``
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
any	DT
dispute	NN
over	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
applicant	NN
's	POS
-RRB-	-RRB-
domain	NN
name	NN
registration	NN
,	,
any	DT
action	NN
to	TO
enforce	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
Agreement	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
any	DT
matter	NN
relating	VBG
to	TO
...	:
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Register.com	NNP
site	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
brought	VBN
exclusively	RB
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
District	NNP
Court	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
Southern	NNP
District	NNP
of	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
,	,
or	CC
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
jurisdiction	NN
in	IN
such	JJ
court	NN
,	,
then	RB
in	IN
a	DT
state	NN
court	NN
in	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
County	NNP
.	.
''	''
As	IN
a	DT
term	NN
and	CC
condition	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Register.com	NNP
Agreement	NNP
,	,
DeJohn	NNP
was	VBD
also	RB
required	VBN
to	TO
agree	VB
to	TO
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
.	.
TV	NN
Registration	NN
and	CC
Services	NNP
Agreement	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
''	''
.	.
TV	NN
Agreement	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
which	WDT
was	VBD
incorporated	VBN
by	IN
reference	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN4	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
.	.
TV	NN
Agreement	NN
contained	VBD
a	DT
choice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
clause	NN
indicating	VBG
that	IN
California	NNP
law	NN
would	MD
apply	VB
to	TO
any	DT
dispute	NN
under	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
and	CC
a	DT
forum	NN
selection	NN
clause	NN
requiring	VBG
any	DT
suit	NN
arising	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
to	TO
be	VB
brought	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
federal	JJ
or	CC
state	NN
court	NN
in	IN
Los	NNP
Angeles	NNP
,	,
California	NNP
.	.
Agreement	NN
stated	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
was	VBD
``	``
governed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
laws	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
State	NN
of	IN
California	NNP
.	.
''	''
Additionally	RB
,	,
the	DT
Agreement	NN
provided	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
applicant	NN
consents	NNS
``	``
to	TO
the	DT
exclusive	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
or	CC
state	NN
court	NN
in	IN
Los	NNP
Angeles	NNP
County	NNP
,	,
California	NNP
...	:
for	IN
any	DT
and	CC
all	DT
claims	NNS
or	CC
disputes	NNS
against	IN
''	''
Shortly	RB
after	IN
DeJohn	NNP
submitted	VBD
his	PRP$
applications	NNS
,	,
Register.com	NN
sent	VBD
him	PRP
e-mail	VB
messages	NNS
indicating	VBG
that	IN
he	PRP
had	VBD
successfully	RB
registered	VBN
the	DT
requested	VBN
domain	NN
names	NNS
.	.
These	DT
messages	NNS
were	VBD
sent	VBN
in	IN
error	NN
,	,
as	IN
Register.com	NN
was	VBD
unable	JJ
to	TO
register	VB
five	CD
of	IN
the	DT
six	CD
domain	NN
names	NNS
requested	VBN
by	IN
DeJohn	NNP
for	IN
$	$
50	CD
each	DT
.	.
Upon	IN
receiving	VBG
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
rejections	NNS
from	IN
.	.
TV	NN
,	,
and	CC
within	IN
72	CD
hours	NNS
of	IN
DeJohn	NNP
's	POS
submission	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
applications	NNS
,	,
Register.com	NNP
notified	VBD
DeJohn	NNP
that	IN
his	PRP$
applications	NNS
were	VBD
unsuccessful	JJ
and	CC
refunded	VBD
his	PRP$
money	NN
.	.
DeJohn	NNP
asserts	VBZ
that	IN
an	DT
implied	VBN
contract	NN
was	VBD
created	VBN
when	WRB
Register	NNP
.	.
com	NN
accepted	VBD
his	PRP$
offer	NN
to	TO
register	VB
the	DT
domain	NN
names	NNS
at	IN
$	$
50	CD
each	DT
.	.
He	PRP
contends	VBZ
that	IN
this	DT
implied	VBN
contract	NN
--	:
not	RB
the	DT
Register.com	NNP
Agreement	NNP
--	:
governs	VBZ
his	PRP$
relationship	NN
with	IN
Register.com	NNP
.	.
He	PRP
then	RB
argues	VBZ
that	IN
Register.com	NNP
breached	VBD
this	DT
implied	VBN
contract	NN
when	WRB
it	PRP
failed	VBD
to	TO
register	VB
the	DT
requested	VBN
domain	NN
names	NNS
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
Register.com	NNP
maintains	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
Register.com	NNP
Agreement	NNP
became	VBD
effective	JJ
when	WRB
DeJohn	NNP
clicked	VBD
the	DT
box	NN
on	IN
its	PRP$
website	NN
indicating	VBG
that	IN
he	PRP
read	VBD
,	,
understood	VBN
and	CC
agreed	VBN
to	TO
its	PRP$
terms	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
Register.com	NNP
argues	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
written	VBN
Register.com	NNP
Agreement	NNP
,	,
and	CC
not	RB
any	DT
alleged	JJ
implied	VBN
contract	NN
,	,
governs	VBZ
its	PRP$
relationship	NN
with	IN
DeJohn	NNP
.	.
Register.com	NN
also	RB
asserts	VBZ
that	IN
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
some	DT
sort	NN
of	IN
an	DT
implied	VBN
contract	NN
existed	VBD
,	,
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
supercede	VB
the	DT
written	VBN
Register	NNP
.	.
com	NN
Agreement	NN
because	IN
the	DT
Register.com	NNP
Agreement	NNP
contains	VBZ
an	DT
integration	NN
clause	NN
.	.
Since	IN
DeJohn	NNP
has	VBZ
not	RB
alleged	VBN
a	DT
breach	NN
of	IN
the	DT
actual	JJ
Register.com	NNP
Agreement	NNP
itself	PRP
,	,
Register.com	NNP
contends	VBZ
that	IN
his	PRP$
breach	NN
of	IN
contract	NN
claim	NN
fails	VBZ
to	TO
state	VB
a	DT
claim	NN
upon	IN
which	WDT
relief	NN
may	MD
be	VB
granted	VBN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
Register.com	NNP
asserts	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
claims	NNS
against	IN
it	PRP
should	MD
proceed	VB
in	IN
the	DT
Southern	NNP
District	NNP
of	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
contract	NN
's	POS
forum	NN
selection	NN
clause	NN
and	CC
thus	RB
moves	NNS
for	IN
dismissal	NN
under	IN
Fed	NNP
.	.
R.	NNP
Civ	NNP
.	.
P.	NNP
12	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
based	VBN
on	IN
improper	JJ
venue	NN
.	.
Before	IN
the	DT
court	NN
can	MD
address	VB
the	DT
merits	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
arguments	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
must	MD
first	RB
determine	VB
what	WP
law	NN
governs	VBZ
this	DT
diversity	NN
action	NN
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
Register.com	NNP
,	,
New	NNP
York	NNP
law	NN
applies	VBZ
because	IN
the	DT
Register	NNP
.	.
com	NN
Agreement	NN
contained	VBD
a	DT
binding	JJ
choice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
clause	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
DeJohn	JJ
argues	VBZ
that	DT
choice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
in	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
must	MD
yield	VB
to	TO
the	DT
law	NN
of	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
state	NN
,	,
and	CC
relies	VBZ
exclusively	RB
on	IN
Illinois	NNP
law	NN
to	TO
support	VB
his	PRP$
claims	NNS
.	.
DeJohn	NNP
asserts	VBZ
that	IN
Register.com	NNP
violated	VBD
an	DT
implied	VBN
duty	NN
of	IN
good	JJ
faith	NN
and	CC
fair	JJ
dealing	NN
.	.
As	IN
noted	VBN
above	IN
,	,
DeJohn	NNP
argues	VBZ
that	IN
an	DT
implied	VBN
contract	NN
to	TO
this	DT
effect	NN
was	VBD
created	VBN
when	WRB
Register.com	NNP
accepted	VBD
his	PRP$
domain	NN
name	NN
registration	NN
applications	NNS
.	.
Register.com	NN
maintains	VBZ
,	,
however	RB
,	,
that	IN
when	WRB
DeJohn	NNP
submitted	VBD
the	DT
five	CD
domain	NN
name	NN
applications	NNS
at	IN
issue	NN
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
he	PRP
agreed	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
bound	VBN
solely	RB
by	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Register.com	NNP
Agreement	NNP
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
contract	NN
expressly	RB
provides	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
``	``
exclusive	JJ
agreement	NN
''	''
between	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
which	WDT
could	MD
not	RB
be	VB
modified	VBN
by	IN
DeJohn	NNP
``	``
except	IN
by	IN
means	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
written	VBN
document	NN
signed	VBN
by	IN
both	DT
-LRB-	-LRB-
DeJohn	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
an	DT
authorized	VBN
representative	NN
of	IN
Register.com	NNP
.	.
''	''
As	IN
no	DT
such	JJ
document	NN
was	VBD
ever	RB
executed	VBN
,	,
DeJohn	NNP
's	POS
implied	VBN
contract	NN
argument	NN
fails	VBZ
.	.
L.	NNP
Ed	NNP
.2	CD
d	SYM
622	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1991	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
upholding	VBG
a	DT
preprinted	JJ
forum	NN
selection	NN
clause	NN
in	IN
part	NN
because	IN
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
``	``
retained	VBD
the	DT
option	NN
of	IN
rejecting	VBG
the	DT
contract	NN
with	IN
impunity	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
DeJohn	NNP
can	MD
not	RB
get	VB
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
now	RB
simply	RB
because	IN
he	PRP
regrets	VBZ
his	PRP$
decision	NN
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
Register.com	NNP
Agreement	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
valid	JJ
and	CC
enforceable	JJ
contract	NN
.	.
In	IN
support	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
claim	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Register.com	NNP
Agreement	NNP
conflicts	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
.	.
TV	NN
Agreement	NN
,	,
DeJohn	NNP
notes	VBZ
that	IN
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
choice	NN
of	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
law	NN
means	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
irreparably	RB
conflicts	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
choice	NN
of	IN
California	NNP
law	NN
provision	NN
in	IN
the	DT
.	.
TV	NN
contract	NN
.	.
In	IN
its	PRP$
brief	NN
,	,
.	.
TV	NN
offers	NNS
to	TO
solve	VB
this	DT
problem	NN
by	IN
stipulating	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
law	NN
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
court	NN
appreciates	VBZ
.	.
TV	NN
's	POS
efforts	NNS
to	TO
simplify	VB
the	DT
choice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
issue	NN
,	,
a	DT
party	NN
may	MD
not	RB
unilaterally	RB
change	VB
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
for	IN
ease	NN
of	IN
subsequent	JJ
litigation	NN
.	.
Nevertheless	RB
,	,
the	DT
conflict	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
enough	JJ
to	TO
jettison	VB
the	DT
entire	JJ
Register.com	NNP
contract	NN
since	IN
the	DT
court	NN
can	MD
easily	RB
apply	VB
New	NNP
York	NNP
law	NN
to	TO
disputes	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
Register.com	NNP
contract	NN
and	CC
apply	VB
California	NNP
law	NN
to	TO
disputes	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
.	.
TV	NN
contract	NN
.	.
Next	JJ
,	,
DeJohn	JJ
argues	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
Register.com	NNP
Agreement	NNP
is	VBZ
inapplicable	JJ
because	IN
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
allegedly	RB
wrongful	JJ
acts	NNS
fell	VBD
outside	IN
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
.	.
The	DT
Register.com	NNP
Agreement	NNP
encompasses	VBZ
``	``
any	DT
errors	NNS
,	,
omissions	NNS
or	CC
any	DT
other	JJ
actions	NNS
by	IN
any	DT
registry	NN
administrator	NN
arising	VBG
out	IN
of	IN
or	CC
related	VBN
to	TO
-LRB-	-LRB-
an	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
application	NN
for	IN
and	CC
registration	NN
of	IN
,	,
renewal	NN
of	IN
,	,
or	CC
failure	NN
to	TO
register	VB
or	CC
renew	VB
a	DT
particular	JJ
domain	NN
name	NN
.	.
''	''
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
contract	NN
provides	VBZ
that	IN
``	``
Register.com	NNP
can	MD
not	RB
guarantee	VB
that	DT
-LRB-	-LRB-
an	DT
applicant	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
register	VB
or	CC
renew	VB
a	DT
desired	VBN
domain	NN
name	NN
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
an	DT
inquiry	NN
indicates	VBZ
that	IN
domain	NN
name	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
,	,
since	IN
Register.com	NNP
can	MD
not	RB
know	VB
with	IN
certainty	NN
...	:
whether	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
inaccuracies	NNS
or	CC
errors	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
...	:
registration	NN
or	CC
renewal	NN
process	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
plain	JJ
language	NN
of	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
shows	VBZ
that	IN
Register.com	NNP
expressly	RB
reserved	VBD
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
refuse	VB
to	TO
process	VB
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
application	NN
in	IN
the	DT
event	NN
of	IN
an	DT
error	NN
,	,
including	VBG
an	DT
error	NN
as	IN
to	TO
price	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
DeJohn	NNP
's	POS
claims	NNS
plainly	RB
fall	VBP
within	IN
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
.	.
DeJohn	NNP
admits	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
Register.com	NNP
Agreement	NNP
expressly	RB
provides	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
supercedes	VBZ
all	DT
prior	JJ
agreements	NNS
,	,
but	CC
argues	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
address	VB
subsequent	JJ
agreements	NNS
between	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
notes	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
e	SYM
-	:
mail	NN
confirmation	NN
messages	NNS
indicated	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Register.com	NNP
Agreement	NN
was	VBD
attached	VBN
,	,
but	CC
that	IN
Register.com	NNP
failed	VBD
to	TO
attach	VB
the	DT
agreement	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
DeJohn	NNP
reasons	NNS
that	IN
a	DT
``	``
blank	JJ
agreement	NN
''	''
negated	VBD
the	DT
Register.com	NNP
Agreement	NNP
so	RB
,	,
in	IN
fact	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
contract	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
creative	JJ
but	CC
unsuccessful	JJ
argument	NN
.	.
The	DT
Register.com	NNP
Agreement	NNP
plainly	RB
states	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
``	``
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
modified	VBN
...	:
except	IN
by	IN
means	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
written	VBN
document	NN
''	''
signed	VBN
by	IN
both	DT
parties	NNS
.	.
Register.com	NN
contends	VBZ
that	IN
venue	NN
in	IN
Illinois	NNP
is	VBZ
improper	JJ
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
selection	NN
clause	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Register.com	NNP
Agreement	NNP
.	.
For	IN
a	DT
forum	NN
selection	NN
clause	NN
to	TO
be	VB
effective	JJ
,	,
the	DT
language	NN
delineating	VBG
the	DT
choice	NN
of	IN
forum	NN
must	MD
be	VB
``	``
mandatory	JJ
rather	RB
than	IN
permissive	JJ
.	.
''	''
See	VB
Jockey	NNP
Int	NNP
`	``
l	NN
,	,
Inc.	NNP
,	,
217	CD
F.	NNP
Supp	NNP
.2	CD
d	SYM
at	IN
451	CD
.	.
Mandatory	JJ
forum	NN
selection	NN
clauses	NNS
are	VBP
presumptively	RB
valid	JJ
and	CC
must	MD
be	VB
enforced	VBN
unless	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
unreasonable	JJ
under	IN
the	DT
circumstances	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
is	VBZ
valid	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
forum	NN
selection	NN
clause	NN
is	VBZ
enforceable	JJ
,	,
venue	NN
in	IN
this	DT
judicial	JJ
district	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
proper	JJ
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
case	NN
is	VBZ
brought	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
district	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
venue	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
lie	VB
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
may	MD
dismiss	VB
it	PRP
or	CC
transfer	VB
the	DT
case	NN
to	TO
any	DT
district	NN
or	CC
division	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
could	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
brought	VBN
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
court	NN
can	MD
readily	RB
address	VB
the	DT
merits	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
counts	NNS
directed	VBD
at	IN
the	DT
defendants	NNS
and	CC
has	VBZ
already	RB
familiarized	VBN
itself	PRP
with	IN
them	PRP
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
further	RBR
judicial	JJ
efficiency	NN
for	IN
this	DT
court	NN
to	TO
resolve	VB
those	DT
claims	NNS
now	RB
instead	RB
of	IN
transferring	VBG
this	DT
entire	JJ
matter	NN
to	TO
New	NNP
York	NNP
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
motion	NN
to	TO
dismiss	VB
Count	NN
I	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
breach	NN
of	IN
contract	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
lack	NN
of	IN
venue	NN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
Rule	NNP
12	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
granted	VBN
without	IN
prejudice	NN
to	TO
refiling	VB
it	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
Southern	NNP
District	NNP
of	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
will	MD
thus	RB
not	RB
consider	VB
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
alternative	JJ
motion	NN
to	TO
dismiss	VB
this	DT
count	NN
for	IN
failure	NN
to	TO
state	VB
a	DT
claim	NN
upon	IN
which	WDT
relief	NN
may	MD
be	VB
granted	VBN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
has	VBZ
already	RB
concluded	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
Register.com	NNP
Agreement	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
valid	JJ
and	CC
enforceable	JJ
contract	NN
.	.
That	DT
contract	NN
expressly	RB
incorporated	VBD
the	DT
.	.
TV	NN
Agreement	NN
by	IN
reference	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
.	.
TV	NN
Agreement	NN
is	VBZ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Register.com	NNP
Agreement	NNP
and	CC
can	MD
potentially	RB
bind	NN
the	DT
parties	NNS
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
.	.
TV	NN
,	,
DeJohn	NNP
can	MD
not	RB
get	VB
his	PRP$
domain	NN
names	NNS
for	IN
$	$
50	CD
each	DT
because	IN
the	DT
.	.
TV	NN
Agreement	NN
explicitly	RB
provided	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
not	RB
effective	JJ
until	IN
accepted	VBN
by	IN
us	PRP
.	.
We	PRP
may	MD
accept	VB
or	CC
reject	VB
this	DT
Agreement	NN
for	IN
any	DT
reason	NN
,	,
in	IN
our	PRP$
sole	JJ
discretion	NN
.	.
''	''
Pursuant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Agreement	NN
,	,
``	``
acceptance	NN
''	''
means	VBZ
``	``
registration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
in	IN
.	.
TV	NN
's	POS
registry	NN
or	CC
e-mail	NN
registration	NN
confirmation	NN
from	IN
.	.
TV	NN
.	.
The	DT
right	NN
to	TO
reject	VB
registration	NN
of	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
domain	NN
name	NN
is	VBZ
retained	VBN
by	IN
.	.
TV	NN
for	IN
thirty	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
30	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
days	NNS
from	IN
receipt	NN
of	IN
payment	NN
.	.
''	''
In	IN
an	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
get	VB
around	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
's	POS
clear	JJ
language	NN
,	,
DeJohn	NNP
claims	VBZ
that	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
an	DT
implied	VBN
contract	NN
requiring	VBG
.	.
TV	NN
to	TO
give	VB
him	PRP
the	DT
domain	NN
names	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
price	NN
listed	VBN
by	IN
Register.com	NNP
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
.	.
TV	NN
Agreement	NN
was	VBD
inapplicable	JJ
--	:
which	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
case	NN
--	:
the	DT
elements	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
implied	VBN
contract	NN
do	VBP
not	RB
exist	VB
here	RB
.	.
.	.
TV	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
offer	VB
to	TO
register	VB
the	DT
requested	VBN
domain	NN
names	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
fees	NNS
listed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Register.com	NNP
website	NN
.	.
At	IN
best	JJS
,	,
DeJohn	NNP
made	VBD
an	DT
offer	NN
,	,
which	WDT
.	.
TV	NN
promptly	RB
rejected	VBD
.	.
A	DT
contract	NN
,	,
express	VB
or	CC
implied	VBN
,	,
requires	VBZ
an	DT
offer	NN
and	CC
acceptance	NN
,	,
meeting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
minds	NNS
,	,
and	CC
payment	NN
of	IN
consideration	NN
.	.
In	IN
his	PRP$
brief	JJ
opposing	VBG
.	.
TV	NN
's	POS
motion	NN
to	TO
dismiss	VB
,	,
DeJohn	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
argues	VBZ
that	IN
Register.com	NNP
is	VBZ
.	.
TV	NN
's	POS
apparent	JJ
agent	NN
.	.
On	IN
this	DT
basis	NN
,	,
he	PRP
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
hold	VB
.	.
TV	NN
responsible	JJ
for	IN
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
actions	NNS
.	.
A	DT
party	NN
may	MD
not	RB
amend	VB
his	PRP$
complaint	NN
in	IN
a	DT
brief	NN
in	IN
opposition	NN
to	TO
a	DT
motion	NN
to	TO
dismiss	VB
.	.
The	DT
plain	JJ
language	NN
of	IN
the	DT
.	.
TV	NN
Agreement	NN
directly	RB
contradicts	VBZ
any	DT
inference	NN
that	WDT
.	.
TV	NN
meant	VBD
to	TO
give	VB
Register.com	NNP
the	DT
authority	NN
to	TO
enter	VB
into	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
on	IN
its	PRP$
behalf	NN
.	.
To	TO
read	VB
the	DT
contract	NN
in	IN
the	DT
strained	JJ
way	NN
suggested	VBN
by	IN
DeJohn	NNP
would	MD
require	VB
the	DT
court	NN
to	TO
ignore	VB
large	JJ
chunks	NNS
of	IN
unambiguous	JJ
contractual	JJ
language	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
.	.
TV	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
accept	VB
any	DT
benefits	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
between	IN
DeJohn	NNP
and	CC
Register.com	NNP
.	.
Instead	RB
,	,
.	.
TV	NN
promptly	RB
rejected	VBD
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
applications	NNS
submitted	VBN
by	IN
Register.com	NNP
.	.
DeJohn	NNP
concedes	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
term	NN
``	``
consumer	NN
''	''
does	VBZ
not	RB
include	VB
persons	NNS
who	WP
purchase	VBP
merchandise	NN
for	IN
resale	NN
.	.
Nevertheless	RB
,	,
he	PRP
contends	VBZ
that	IN
his	PRP$
complaint	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
allege	VB
that	IN
he	PRP
intended	VBD
to	TO
resell	VB
the	DT
domain	NN
names	NNS
at	IN
issue	NN
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
.	.
The	DT
complaint	NN
belies	VBZ
this	DT
assertion	NN
,	,
as	IN
it	PRP
seeks	VBZ
damages	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
``	``
potential	JJ
lost	VBN
sales	NNS
and	CC
profits	NNS
.	.
''	''
Complaint	NN
at	IN
25	CD
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
required	VBN
to	TO
ignore	VB
facts	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
complaint	NN
that	WDT
undermine	VBP
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
claim	NN
.	.
See	VB
Scott	NNP
v.	CC
O'Grady	NNP
,	,
975	CD
F.	NNP
2d	CD
at	IN
368	CD
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
logical	JJ
way	NN
of	IN
reading	VBG
the	DT
claim	NN
for	IN
damages	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
potential	JJ
lost	VBN
sales	NNS
is	VBZ
to	TO
construe	VB
it	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
claim	NN
for	IN
damages	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
potential	JJ
lost	VBN
sales	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
names	NNS
.	.
DeJohn	NNP
is	VBZ
thus	RB
not	RB
a	DT
consumer	NN
and	CC
lacks	VBZ
standing	VBG
to	TO
pursue	VB
a	DT
claim	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Illinois	NNP
Consumer	NNP
Fraud	NNP
and	CC
Deceptive	NNP
Practices	NNPS
Act	NNP
.	.
In	IN
any	DT
event	NN
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
DeJohn	NNP
was	VBD
somehow	RB
protected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
,	,
he	PRP
still	RB
can	MD
not	RB
prevail	VB
.	.
The	DT
alleged	JJ
deception	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
advertising	NN
of	IN
domain	NN
names	NNS
to	TO
consumers	NNS
for	IN
an	DT
incorrect	JJ
price	NN
.	.
To	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
that	IN
the	DT
advertising	NN
was	VBD
incorrect	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
was	VBD
done	VBN
by	IN
Register.com	NNP
,	,
not	RB
.	.
TV	NN
.	.
DeJohn	NNP
has	VBZ
not	RB
alleged	VBN
that	IN
.	.
TV	NN
advertised	VBD
the	DT
domain	NN
names	NNS
at	IN
$	$
50	CD
each	DT
,	,
and	CC
any	DT
such	JJ
allegation	NN
would	MD
be	VB
at	IN
odds	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
DeJohn	NNP
was	VBD
attempting	VBG
to	TO
purchase	VB
the	DT
names	NNS
through	IN
an	DT
Internet	NNP
domain	NN
name	NN
registrar	NN
,	,
not	RB
.	.
TV	NN
directly	RB
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
DeJohn	NNP
's	POS
claim	NN
against	IN
.	.
TV	NN
for	IN
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Illinois	NNP
Consumer	NNP
Fraud	NNP
and	CC
Deceptive	NNP
Practices	NNPS
Act	NNP
is	VBZ
dismissed	VBN
with	IN
prejudice	NN
.	.
In	IN
his	PRP$
complaint	NN
,	,
DeJohn	NNP
alleges	VBZ
that	IN
he	PRP
was	VBD
confused	VBN
when	WRB
he	PRP
received	VBD
confirmation	NN
that	IN
he	PRP
had	VBD
registered	VBN
the	DT
requested	VBN
domain	NN
names	NNS
but	CC
then	RB
was	VBD
notified	VBN
that	IN
his	PRP$
attempt	NN
to	TO
register	VB
those	DT
names	NNS
was	VBD
unsuccessful	JJ
.	.
The	DT
allegations	NNS
in	IN
DeJohn	NNP
's	POS
complaint	NN
do	VBP
not	RB
show	VB
a	DT
unity	NN
of	IN
interest	NN
between	IN
VeriSign	NNP
and	CC
.	.
TV	NN
.	.
DeJohn	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
allege	VB
that	IN
he	PRP
had	VBD
any	DT
direct	JJ
dealings	NNS
with	IN
VeriSign	NNP
.	.
Instead	RB
,	,
he	PRP
merely	RB
identifies	VBZ
VeriSign	NNP
as	IN
the	DT
corporate	JJ
parent	NN
of	IN
.	.
TV	NN
and	CC
concludes	VBZ
that	IN
VeriSign	NNP
exerts	VBZ
operational	JJ
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
and	CC
distribution	NN
of	IN
.	.
TV	NN
domain	NN
names	NNS
.	.
On	IN
this	DT
tenuous	JJ
basis	NN
,	,
DeJohn	NNP
asserts	VBZ
that	IN
VeriSign	NNP
is	VBZ
liable	JJ
for	IN
breach	NN
of	IN
contract	NN
and	CC
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Illinois	NNP
Consumer	NNP
Fraud	NNP
and	CC
Deceptive	NNP
Practices	NNPS
Act	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Uniform	NNP
Deceptive	NNP
Trade	NNP
Practices	NNPS
Act	NNP
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
complaint	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
contain	VB
any	DT
allegations	NNS
subjecting	VBG
VeriSign	NNP
to	TO
potential	JJ
liability	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
.	.
TV	NN
's	POS
parent	NN
,	,
the	DT
claims	NNS
against	IN
VeriSign	NNP
can	MD
not	RB
survive	VB
a	DT
motion	NN
to	TO
dismiss	VB
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
any	DT
such	JJ
claims	NNS
would	MD
fail	VB
on	IN
the	DT
merits	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
reasons	NNS
that	WDT
DeJohn	NNP
's	POS
claims	NNS
against	IN
.	.
TV	NN
failed	VBD
.	.
The	DT
claims	NNS
against	IN
VeriSign	NNP
are	VBP
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
dismissed	VBN
with	IN
prejudice	NN
.	.
Pollstar	NNP
alleges	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
created	VBD
and	CC
developed	VBD
up-to-the-day	JJ
time	NN
sensitive	JJ
concert	NN
information	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
published	VBN
daily	RB
on	IN
its	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
--	:
www.pollstar.com	NN
--	:
at	IN
great	JJ
time	NN
and	CC
expense	NN
to	TO
itself	PRP
.	.
Complaint	NN
,	,
5	CD
.	.
By	IN
accessing	VBG
the	DT
pollstar.com	NN
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
an	DT
Internet	NNP
user	NN
can	MD
download	VB
and	CC
use	VB
the	DT
timely	JJ
and	CC
up-to-date	JJ
concert	NN
information	NN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
conditions	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
license	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
Complaint	NN
,	,
8	CD
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Pollstar	NNP
alleges	VBZ
that	IN
Gigmania	NNP
downloaded	VBD
pollstar.com	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
and	CC
placed	VBN
information	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
copied	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
pollstar.com	NN
web	NN
site	NN
on	IN
its	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
at	IN
www.gigmania.com	NN
.	.
Any	DT
duplication	NN
,	,
transmission	NN
by	IN
any	DT
method	NN
,	,
or	CC
storage	NN
in	IN
an	DT
information	NN
retrieval	NN
system	NN
of	IN
any	DT
part	NN
of	IN
this	DT
publication	NN
for	IN
purposes	NNS
other	JJ
than	IN
those	DT
stated	VBN
above	IN
is	VBZ
strictly	RB
prohibited	VBN
without	IN
the	DT
specific	JJ
written	VBN
permission	NN
of	IN
the	DT
publisher	NN
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
,	,
but	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
,	,
transcription	NN
into	IN
any	DT
form	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
system	NN
for	IN
audio	JJ
text	NN
,	,
print	NN
or	CC
visual	JJ
retrieval	NN
.	.
All	DT
rights	NNS
under	IN
federal	JJ
copyright	NN
laws	NNS
and	CC
laws	NNS
applicable	JJ
to	TO
this	DT
License	NNP
Agreement	NNP
including	VBG
any	DT
legal	JJ
and	CC
injunctive	JJ
relief	NN
will	MD
be	VB
strictly	RB
enforced	VBN
.	.
Pollstar	NNP
alleges	VBZ
that	IN
defendant	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
appropriating	VBG
Plaintiff	NNP
's	POS
property	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
therefore	RB
been	VBN
engaging	VBG
in	IN
unfair	JJ
trade	NN
practices	NNS
and	CC
unfair	JJ
competition	NN
against	IN
Plaintiff	NNP
to	TO
its	PRP$
irreparable	JJ
harm	NN
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
at	IN
23-24	CD
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
Pollstar	NNP
alleges	VBZ
a	DT
breach	NN
of	IN
contract	NN
claim	NN
.	.
It	PRP
alleges	VBZ
that	IN
any	DT
user	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
pollstar.com	NN
web	NN
site	NN
is	VBZ
immediately	RB
confronted	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
notice	NN
that	WDT
use	VBP
of	IN
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
license	NN
agreement	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
set	VBN
forth	RB
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
at	IN
26	CD
.	.
Pollstar	NNP
states	VBZ
that	IN
by	IN
clicking	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
access	NN
button	NN
to	TO
retrieve	VB
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
Defendant	NN
agreed	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
bound	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
License	NNP
Agreement	NNP
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
at	IN
27	CD
.	.
Pollstar	NNP
further	RB
alleges	VBZ
that	IN
since	IN
March	NNP
9	CD
,	,
2000	CD
and	CC
before	RB
,	,
Defendant	NNP
has	VBZ
downloaded	VBN
concert	NN
information	NN
from	IN
Plaintiff	NNP
's	POS
web	NN
site	NN
and	CC
used	VBD
the	DT
information	NN
for	IN
commercial	JJ
purposes	NNS
in	IN
breach	NN
of	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
at	IN
28	CD
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
Plaintiff	NNP
alleges	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
harmed	VBN
by	IN
Defendant	NNP
's	POS
use	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
information	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
lost	VBN
sales	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
to	TO
commercial	JJ
purchasers	NNS
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
at	IN
29	CD
.	.
Under	IN
Federal	NNP
Rule	NNP
Evidence	NN
201	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
shall	MD
take	VB
judicial	JJ
notice	NN
of	IN
adjudicative	JJ
facts	NNS
if	IN
requested	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
party	NN
and	CC
supplied	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
necessary	JJ
information	NN
.	.
``	``
A	DT
judicially	RB
noticed	VBN
fact	NN
must	MD
be	VB
one	CD
not	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
reasonable	JJ
dispute	NN
in	IN
that	DT
it	PRP
is	VBZ
either	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
generally	RB
known	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
territorial	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
trial	NN
court	NN
or	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
capable	JJ
of	IN
accurate	JJ
and	CC
ready	JJ
determination	NN
by	IN
resort	NN
to	TO
sources	NNS
whose	WP$
accuracy	NN
can	MD
not	RB
reasonably	RB
be	VB
questioned	VBN
.	.
''	''
Fed	NNP
.	.
R.	NNP
Evid	NNP
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
present	JJ
case	NN
,	,
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
contents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
pollstar.com	NN
web	NN
site	NN
were	VBD
alleged	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
complaint	NN
.	.
In	IN
particular	JJ
,	,
the	DT
license	NN
agreement	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
notice	NN
is	VBZ
mentioned	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Complaint	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
neither	DT
party	NN
disputes	VBZ
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
's	POS
authenticity	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
can	MD
and	CC
does	VBZ
consider	VB
the	DT
pollstar.com	NN
web	NN
site	NN
in	IN
determining	VBG
Gigmania	NNP
's	POS
Rule	NNP
12	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
motion	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
court	NN
need	MD
not	RB
consider	VB
whether	IN
a	DT
printout	NN
of	IN
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
as	IN
that	DT
site	NN
existed	VBD
on	IN
July	NNP
9	CD
,	,
2000	CD
is	VBZ
``	``
generally	RB
known	VBN
''	''
and	CC
``	``
capable	JJ
of	IN
accurate	JJ
and	CC
ready	JJ
determination	NN
by	IN
resort	NN
to	TO
sources	NNS
whose	WP$
accuracy	NN
can	MD
not	RB
reasonably	RB
be	VB
questioned	VBN
.	.
''	''
FN2	CD
.	.
Pollstar	NNP
is	VBZ
correct	JJ
in	IN
stating	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
printout	NN
of	IN
the	DT
pollstar.com	NN
web	NN
site	NN
provided	VBN
by	IN
Gigmania	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
Court	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
exist	VB
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
the	DT
Complaint	NN
was	VBD
filed	VBN
because	IN
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
is	VBZ
updated	VBN
periodically	RB
by	IN
Pollstar	NNP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
Pollstar	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
refute	VB
Gigmania	NNP
's	POS
contention	NN
that	IN
the	DT
license	NN
agreement	NN
notice	NN
was	VBD
in	IN
small	JJ
gray	JJ
text	NN
on	IN
a	DT
gray	JJ
background	NN
.	.
These	DT
cases	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
consider	VB
whether	IN
pleadings	NNS
from	IN
an	DT
unpublished	JJ
district	NN
court	NN
case	NN
can	MD
be	VB
judicially	RB
noticed	VBN
.	.
Because	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
authority	NN
for	IN
judicial	JJ
notice	NN
of	IN
pleadings	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
unrelated	JJ
case	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
declines	VBZ
to	TO
take	VB
judicial	JJ
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Ticketmaster	NNP
pleadings	NNS
.	.
With	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Copyright	NNP
Office	NNP
Circular	NNP
66	CD
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
takes	VBZ
judicial	JJ
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
circular	JJ
.	.
Circular	JJ
66	CD
informs	VBZ
the	DT
public	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
apply	VB
for	IN
copyright	NN
registration	NN
of	IN
online	JJ
works	NNS
made	VBN
available	JJ
over	IN
a	DT
communications	NNS
network	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Copyright	NNP
Office	NNP
Circular	NNP
66	CD
is	VBZ
``	``
generally	RB
known	VBN
''	''
and	CC
``	``
capable	JJ
of	IN
accurate	JJ
and	CC
ready	JJ
determination	NN
by	IN
resort	NN
to	TO
sources	NNS
whose	WP$
accuracy	NN
can	MD
not	RB
reasonably	RB
be	VB
questioned	VBN
''	''
because	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
contained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
Copyright	NNP
Office	NNP
.	.
Defendant	NN
acknowledges	VBZ
that	IN
Pollstar	NNP
has	VBZ
pled	VBN
sufficiently	RB
that	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
collected	VBN
information	NN
at	IN
some	DT
cost	NN
and	CC
that	IN
Gigmania	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
direct	JJ
competitor	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
Gigmania	NNP
contends	VBZ
that	IN
concert	NN
information	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
highly	RB
time	NN
sensitive	JJ
hot	JJ
news	NN
as	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
law	NN
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
Gigmania	NNP
argues	VBZ
that	IN
Pollstar	NNP
has	VBZ
failed	VBN
to	TO
effectively	RB
allege	VB
facts	NNS
showing	VBG
Gigmania	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
free	JJ
-	:
rider	NN
whose	WP$
activities	NNS
threaten	VBP
the	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
Pollstar	NNP
's	POS
services	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
is	VBZ
correct	JJ
is	VBZ
stating	VBG
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
case	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
held	VBN
that	IN
information	NN
of	IN
the	DT
kind	NN
at	IN
issue	NN
is	VBZ
protectable	JJ
as	IN
``	``
hot	JJ
news	NN
,	,
''	''
the	DT
court	NN
declines	VBZ
to	TO
decide	VB
this	DT
issue	NN
at	IN
the	DT
present	JJ
time	NN
.	.
With	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
Pollstar	NNP
's	POS
allegation	NN
that	IN
Gigmania	NNP
is	VBZ
free-rider	JJ
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
free-riding	NN
threatened	VBD
the	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
Pollstar	NNP
's	POS
services	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Complaint	NNP
pled	VBD
sufficient	JJ
facts	NNS
to	TO
support	VB
that	DT
allegation	NN
.	.
The	DT
Complaint	NN
alleges	VBZ
that	IN
Gigmania	NNP
copied	VBD
false	JJ
concert	NN
information	NN
from	IN
the	DT
pollstar.com	NN
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
The	DT
Complaint	NN
also	RB
asserts	VBZ
that	IN
Pollstar	NNP
profits	NNS
from	IN
its	PRP$
activities	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
concludes	VBZ
that	IN
Pollstar	NNP
's	POS
common	JJ
law	NN
misappropriation	NN
claim	NN
was	VBD
pled	VBN
with	IN
sufficiency	NN
as	IN
a	DT
``	``
hot	JJ
news	NN
''	''
claim	NN
.	.
A	DT
state	NN
law	NN
cause	NN
of	IN
action	NN
is	VBZ
preempted	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Copyright	NNP
Act	NNP
if	IN
two	CD
elements	NNS
are	VBP
present	JJ
.	.
First	RB
,	,
the	DT
rights	NNS
that	IN
a	DT
plaintiff	NN
asserts	VBZ
under	IN
state	NN
law	NN
must	MD
be	VB
`	``
rights	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
equivalent	JJ
'	''
to	TO
those	DT
protected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Copyright	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
the	DT
work	NN
involved	VBN
must	MD
fall	VB
within	IN
the	DT
`	``
subject	JJ
matter	NN
'	''
of	IN
the	DT
Copyright	NNP
Act	NNP
set	VBD
forth	RB
in	IN
17	CD
U.S.C.	NN
FN3	CD
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
Pollstar	NNP
argues	VBZ
that	IN
its	PRP$
allegations	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
a	DT
claim	NN
of	IN
reverse	NN
palming	VBG
off	RP
,	,
thereby	RB
furnishing	VBG
the	DT
``	``
extra	JJ
element	NN
''	''
required	VBN
to	TO
save	VB
the	DT
unfair	JJ
competition	NN
claim	NN
from	IN
preemption	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
Pollstar	NNP
never	RB
specifically	RB
alleged	VBD
a	DT
reverse	JJ
palming	NN
off	IN
claim	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
Complaint	NN
.	.
Express	NNP
reverse	RB
palming	VBG
off	RP
occurs	VBZ
when	WRB
one	CD
party	NN
purchases	NNS
or	CC
otherwise	RB
obtains	VBZ
a	DT
second	JJ
party	NN
's	POS
goods	NNS
,	,
removes	VBZ
the	DT
second	JJ
party	NN
's	POS
name	NN
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
markets	VBZ
the	DT
product	NN
under	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
name	NN
.	.
A	DT
defendant	NN
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
guilty	JJ
of	IN
reverse	JJ
palming	NN
off	RP
by	IN
selling	VBG
or	CC
offering	VBG
for	IN
sale	NN
another	DT
's	POS
product	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
modified	VBN
slightly	RB
and	CC
then	RB
labeled	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
different	JJ
name	NN
.	.
Gigmania	NNP
contends	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
breach	NN
of	IN
contract	NN
claim	NN
fails	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
law	NN
because	IN
Pollstar	NNP
can	MD
not	RB
allege	VB
the	DT
required	VBN
contract	NN
element	NN
of	IN
mutual	JJ
consent	NN
.	.
Viewing	VBG
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
agrees	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
that	WDT
many	JJ
visitors	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
site	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
license	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
Notice	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
license	NN
agreement	NN
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
by	IN
small	JJ
gray	JJ
text	NN
on	IN
a	DT
gray	JJ
background	NN
.	.
In	IN
reaching	VBG
its	PRP$
conclusion	NN
,	,
the	DT
ProCD	NNP
court	NN
considered	VBN
transactions	NNS
where	WRB
the	DT
consumer	NN
purchases	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
getting	VBG
the	DT
detailed	JJ
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
at	IN
1450	CD
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
noted	VBD
that	IN
an	DT
insurance	NN
buyer	NN
remits	VBZ
the	DT
premium	NN
prior	RB
to	TO
getting	VBG
the	DT
policy	NN
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
Likewise	RB
,	,
a	DT
traveler	NN
pays	VBZ
for	IN
airplane	NN
ticket	NN
before	IN
she	PRP
receives	VBZ
it	PRP
and	CC
is	VBZ
bound	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
ticket	NN
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
pointed	VBD
out	RP
that	IN
``	``
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
ticket	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
accept	VB
the	DT
terms	NNS
,	,
even	RB
terms	NNS
that	IN
in	IN
retrospect	NN
are	VBP
disadvantageous	JJ
.	.
''	''
Id	NN
.	.
Similarly	RB
,	,
the	DT
concert	NN
goer	NN
purchases	NNS
a	DT
ticket	NN
that	WDT
states	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
patron	NN
agrees	VBZ
not	RB
to	TO
record	VB
the	DT
concert	NN
;	:
to	TO
attend	VB
is	VBZ
to	TO
agree	VB
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
Although	IN
it	PRP
could	MD
be	VB
arranged	VBN
so	RB
that	IN
every	DT
patron	NN
must	MD
sign	VB
this	DT
promise	NN
before	IN
purchasing	VBG
the	DT
ticket	NN
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
raise	VB
the	DT
prices	NNS
,	,
lengthen	VBP
the	DT
ticket	NN
lines	NNS
and	CC
prevent	VB
purchase	NN
of	IN
tickets	NNS
by	IN
phone	NN
or	CC
Internet	NNP
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
present	JJ
case	NN
,	,
Pollstar	NNP
alleges	VBZ
that	IN
users	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
concert	NN
information	NN
are	VBP
bound	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
license	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
This	DT
license	NN
agreement	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
set	VBN
forth	RB
on	IN
the	DT
homepage	NN
but	CC
is	VBZ
on	IN
a	DT
different	JJ
web	NN
page	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
linked	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
homepage	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
visitor	NN
is	VBZ
alerted	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
``	``
use	NN
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
license	VB
agreement	NN
''	''
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
notice	NN
in	IN
small	JJ
gray	JJ
print	NN
on	IN
gray	JJ
background	NN
.	.
Since	IN
the	DT
text	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
underlined	VBN
,	,
a	DT
common	JJ
Internet	NNP
practice	NN
to	TO
show	VB
an	DT
active	JJ
link	NN
,	,
many	JJ
users	NNS
presumably	RB
are	VBP
not	RB
aware	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
license	NN
agreement	NN
is	VBZ
linked	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
homepage	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
homepage	NN
also	RB
has	VBZ
small	JJ
blue	JJ
text	NN
which	WDT
when	WRB
clicked	VBN
on	IN
,	,
does	VBZ
not	RB
link	VB
to	TO
another	DT
page	NN
.	.
This	DT
may	MD
confuse	VB
visitors	NNS
who	WP
may	MD
then	RB
think	VB
that	IN
all	DT
colored	VBN
small	JJ
text	NN
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
color	NN
,	,
do	VBP
not	RB
link	VB
the	DT
homepage	NN
to	TO
a	DT
different	JJ
web	NN
page	NN
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
court	NN
agrees	VBZ
with	IN
Gigmania	NNP
that	IN
the	DT
user	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
immediately	RB
confronted	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
license	NN
agreement	NN
,	,
this	DT
does	VBZ
not	RB
dispose	VB
of	IN
Pollstar	NNP
's	POS
breach	NN
of	IN
contract	NN
claim	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
hesitates	VBZ
to	TO
declare	VB
the	DT
invalidity	NN
and	CC
unenforceability	NN
of	IN
the	DT
browse	JJ
wrap	NN
license	NN
agreement	NN
at	IN
this	DT
time	NN
.	.
Taking	VBG
into	IN
consideration	NN
the	DT
examples	NNS
provided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Seventh	NNP
Circuit	NNP
--	:
showing	VBG
that	IN
people	NNS
sometimes	RB
enter	VBP
into	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
by	IN
using	VBG
a	DT
service	NN
without	IN
first	JJ
seeing	VBG
the	DT
terms	NNS
--	:
the	DT
browser	NN
wrap	VB
license	NN
agreement	NN
may	MD
be	VB
arguably	RB
valid	JJ
and	CC
enforceable	JJ
.	.
Plaintiff	NNP
Register.com	NNP
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
over	IN
fifty	CD
domain	NN
name	NN
registrars	NNS
for	IN
customers	NNS
who	WP
wish	VBP
to	TO
register	VB
a	DT
name	NN
in	IN
the	DT
.	.
com	NN
,	,
.	.
net	NN
,	,
and	CC
.	.
org	NN
top-level	JJ
domains	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
registrar	NN
it	PRP
contracts	VBZ
with	IN
these	DT
second-level	JJ
domain	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
SLD	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
name	NN
holders	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
registry	NN
,	,
collecting	VBG
registration	NN
data	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
SLD	NNP
holder	NN
and	CC
submitting	VBG
zone	NN
file	NN
information	NN
for	IN
entry	NN
in	IN
the	DT
registry	NN
database	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
domain	NN
name	NN
registration	NN
services	NNS
,	,
Register.com	NNP
offers	VBZ
to	TO
its	PRP$
customers	NNS
,	,
both	DT
directly	RB
and	CC
through	IN
its	PRP$
more	JJR
than	IN
450	CD
co-branded	JJ
and	CC
private	JJ
label	NN
partners	NNS
,	,
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
related	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
web	NN
site	NN
creation	NN
tools	NNS
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
ii	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
web	NN
site	NN
hosting	VBG
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
iii	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
iv	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
domain	NN
name	NN
hosting	VBG
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
v	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
domain	NN
name	NN
forwarding	NN
,	,
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
vi	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
real-time	JJ
domain	NN
name	NN
management	NN
.	.
Register	NNP
.	.
com	NN
has	VBZ
invested	VBN
over	IN
$	$
15	CD
million	CD
dollars	NNS
in	IN
equipment	NN
,	,
software	NN
,	,
service	NN
fees	NNS
,	,
and	CC
human	JJ
resources	NNS
in	IN
designing	VBG
,	,
developing	VBG
,	,
and	CC
maintaining	VBG
its	PRP$
website	NN
and	CC
the	DT
computer	NN
systems	NNS
necessary	JJ
to	TO
host	VB
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
Internet-based	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
See	VB
Gardos	NNP
Decl	NNP
.	.
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
also	RB
spent	VBN
in	IN
excess	NN
of	IN
$	$
25	CD
million	CD
on	IN
advertising	NN
and	CC
brand	NN
promotion	NN
in	IN
the	DT
year	NN
2000	CD
alone	RB
,	,
including	VBG
through	IN
print	NN
,	,
radio	NN
,	,
and	CC
television	NN
media	NNS
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
give	VB
its	PRP$
customers	NNS
control	VBP
over	IN
their	PRP$
receipt	NN
of	IN
commercial	JJ
solicitations	NNS
,	,
Register.com	NNP
provides	VBZ
them	PRP
with	IN
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
``	``
opt-in	JJ
''	''
during	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
registration	NN
process	NN
to	TO
receiving	VBG
sales	NNS
and	CC
marketing	NN
communications	NNS
from	IN
Register.com	NN
or	CC
its	PRP$
co-brand	NN
or	CC
private	JJ
label	NN
partners	NNS
.	.
Customers	NNS
who	WP
do	VBP
not	RB
opt-in	JJ
to	TO
such	JJ
communications	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
solicited	VBN
by	IN
Register.com	NNP
or	CC
its	PRP$
co-brands	NNS
.	.
Significantly	RB
,	,
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
co-brand	NN
and	CC
private	JJ
label	NN
partners	NNS
have	VBP
contracted	VBN
with	IN
Register.com	NNP
for	IN
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
have	VB
their	PRP$
services	NNS
featured	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
www.register.com	NN
website	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
See	VB
Mornell	NNP
Decl	NNP
.	.
18	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Defendant	NN
Verio	NNP
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
largest	JJS
operators	NNS
of	IN
web	NN
sites	NNS
for	IN
businesses	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
leading	VBG
provider	NN
of	IN
comprehensive	JJ
Internet	NNP
services	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
not	RB
a	DT
registrar	NN
of	IN
domain	NN
names	NNS
,	,
Verio	NNP
directly	RB
competes	VBZ
with	IN
Register.com	NNP
and	CC
its	PRP$
partners	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
registration	NN
services	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
Internet	NNP
services	NNS
including	VBG
website	NN
hosting	VBG
and	CC
development	NN
.	.
Verio	NNP
recently	RB
made	VBD
a	DT
multimillion	JJ
dollar	NN
investment	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
computer	NN
system	NN
and	CC
facilities	NNS
for	IN
its	PRP$
expanded	VBN
force	NN
of	IN
telephone	NN
sales	NNS
associates	NNS
in	IN
its	PRP$
efforts	NNS
to	TO
``	``
provide	VB
recent	JJ
domain	NN
name	NN
registration	NN
customers	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
services	NNS
they	PRP
need	VBP
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
they	PRP
need	VBP
them	PRP
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Eden	NNP
Decl	NNP
.	.
31	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
providing	VBG
query-based	JJ
public	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
registration	NN
data	NNS
as	IN
required	VBN
by	IN
Sections	NNP
II	NNP
.	.
F.	NNP
1	CD
and	CC
II	NNP
.	.
F.	NNP
4	CD
,	,
Registrar	NNP
shall	MD
not	RB
impose	VB
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
on	IN
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
data	NNS
provided	VBD
except	IN
as	IN
permitted	VBN
by	IN
ICANN-adopted	JJ
policy	NN
.	.
Unless	IN
and	CC
until	IN
ICANN	NNP
adopts	VBZ
a	DT
different	JJ
policy	NN
,	,
Registrar	NN
shall	MD
permit	VB
use	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
it	PRP
provides	VBZ
in	IN
response	NN
to	TO
queries	NNS
for	IN
any	DT
lawful	JJ
purposes	NNS
except	IN
to	TO
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
allow	VBP
,	,
enable	VBP
,	,
or	CC
otherwise	RB
support	VB
the	DT
transmission	NN
of	IN
mass	NN
unsolicited	JJ
,	,
commercial	JJ
advertising	NN
or	CC
solicitations	NNS
via	IN
e-mail	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
spam	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
or	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
enable	VBP
high	JJ
volume	NN
,	,
automated	VBN
,	,
electronic	JJ
processes	NNS
that	WDT
apply	VBP
to	TO
Registrar	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
its	PRP$
systems	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
By	IN
submitting	VBG
a	DT
WHOIS	NNP
query	NN
,	,
you	PRP
agree	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
will	MD
use	VB
this	DT
data	NN
only	RB
for	IN
lawful	JJ
purposes	NNS
and	CC
that	IN
,	,
under	IN
no	DT
circumstances	NNS
will	MD
you	PRP
use	VB
this	DT
data	NN
to	TO
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
allow	VBP
,	,
enable	VBP
,	,
or	CC
otherwise	RB
support	VB
the	DT
transmission	NN
of	IN
mass	NN
unsolicited	JJ
,	,
commercial	JJ
advertising	NN
or	CC
solicitations	NNS
via	IN
direct	JJ
mail	NN
,	,
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
,	,
or	CC
by	IN
telephone	NN
;	:
or	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
enable	VBP
high	JJ
volume	NN
,	,
automated	VBN
,	,
electronic	JJ
processes	NNS
that	WDT
apply	VBP
to	TO
Register.com	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
its	PRP$
systems	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
compilation	NN
,	,
repackaging	VBG
,	,
dissemination	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
this	DT
data	NN
is	VBZ
expressly	RB
prohibited	VBN
without	IN
the	DT
prior	JJ
written	VBN
consent	NN
of	IN
Register.com	NNP
.	.
To	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
that	IN
Register.com	NNP
is	VBZ
using	VBG
this	DT
legend	NN
to	TO
restrict	VB
otherwise	RB
lawful	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
data	NNS
for	IN
mass	NN
unsolicited	JJ
,	,
commercial	JJ
advertising	NN
or	CC
solicitations	NNS
by	IN
direct	JJ
mail	NN
or	CC
telephone	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
not	RB
just	RB
by	IN
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
ICANN	NNP
's	POS
position	NN
that	IN
Registrar.com	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
sic	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
has	VBZ
failed	VBN
to	TO
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
promise	NN
it	PRP
made	VBD
in	IN
Section	NNP
II	NNP
.	.
F.	NNP
5	CD
of	IN
the	DT
Registrar	NNP
Accreditation	NNP
Agreement	NNP
.	.
In	IN
late	JJ
1999	CD
,	,
to	TO
better	JJR
target	NN
their	PRP$
marketing	NN
and	CC
sales	NNS
efforts	NNS
toward	IN
customers	NNS
in	IN
need	NN
of	IN
web	NN
hosting	VBG
services	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
reach	VB
those	DT
customers	NNS
more	RBR
quickly	RB
,	,
Verio	NNP
developed	VBD
an	DT
automated	VBN
software	NN
program	NN
or	CC
``	``
robot	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN4	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
With	IN
its	PRP$
search	NN
robot	NN
,	,
Verio	NNP
accessed	VBD
the	DT
WHOIS	NNP
database	NN
maintained	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
accredited	VBN
registrars	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
Register.com	NNP
,	,
and	CC
collected	VBN
the	DT
contact	NN
information	NN
of	IN
customers	NNS
who	WP
had	VBD
recently	RB
registered	VBN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
.	.
Then	RB
,	,
despite	IN
the	DT
marketing	NN
prohibitions	NNS
in	IN
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
terms	NNS
of	IN
use	NN
,	,
Verio	NNP
utilized	VBD
this	DT
data	NN
in	IN
a	DT
marketing	NN
initiative	NN
known	VBN
as	IN
Project	NNP
Henhouse	NNP
and	CC
began	VBD
to	TO
contact	VB
and	CC
solicit	VB
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
customers	NNS
,	,
within	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
several	JJ
days	NNS
after	IN
their	PRP$
registration	NN
,	,
by	IN
e-mail	NN
,	,
regular	JJ
mail	NN
,	,
and	CC
telephone	NN
.	.
FN4	CD
.	.
Before	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
search	NN
robot	NN
,	,
Verio	NNP
relied	VBD
primarily	RB
on	IN
banner	NN
and	CC
print	NN
ads	NNS
,	,
and	CC
briefly	NN
on	IN
predictive	JJ
dialing	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
marketing	NN
efforts	NNS
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
predictive	JJ
dialing	NN
approach	NN
,	,
Verio	NNP
purchased	VBD
potential	JJ
customer	NN
leads	VBZ
,	,
then	RB
contacted	VBN
those	DT
leads	NNS
by	IN
telephone	NN
,	,
using	VBG
a	DT
computer	NN
dialer	NN
and	CC
connecting	VBG
the	DT
call	NN
to	TO
a	DT
telemarketer	NN
when	WRB
a	DT
potential	JJ
customer	NN
answered	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
See	VB
Ayers	NNP
Depo	NNP
.	.
at	IN
33-34	CD
,	,
75-76	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
general	JJ
,	,
the	DT
process	NN
worked	VBD
as	IN
follows	VBZ
:	:
First	NNP
,	,
each	DT
day	NN
Verio	NNP
downloaded	VBD
,	,
in	IN
compressed	VBN
format	NN
,	,
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
all	DT
currently	RB
registered	VBN
domain	NN
names	NNS
,	,
of	IN
all	DT
registrars	NNS
,	,
ending	VBG
in	IN
.	.
com	NN
,	,
.	.
net	NN
,	,
and	CC
.	.
org	NN
.	.
That	DT
list	NN
or	CC
database	NN
is	VBZ
maintained	VBN
by	IN
Network	NNP
Solutions	NNPS
,	,
Inc.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
NSI	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
is	VBZ
published	VBN
on	IN
13	CD
different	JJ
``	``
root	NN
zone	NN
''	''
servers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
registry	NN
list	NN
is	VBZ
updated	VBN
twice	RB
daily	JJ
and	CC
provides	VBZ
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
,	,
the	DT
sponsoring	VBG
registrar	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
nameservers	NNS
for	IN
all	DT
registered	VBN
names	NNS
.	.
Using	VBG
a	DT
computer	NN
program	NN
,	,
Verio	NNP
then	RB
compared	VBD
the	DT
newly	RB
downloaded	VBN
NSI	NNP
registry	NN
with	IN
the	DT
NSI	NNP
registry	NN
it	PRP
downloaded	VBD
a	DT
day	NN
earlier	RBR
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
isolate	VB
the	DT
domain	NN
names	NNS
that	WDT
had	VBD
been	VBN
registered	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
day	NN
and	CC
the	DT
names	NNS
that	WDT
had	VBD
been	VBN
removed	VBN
.	.
After	IN
downloading	VBG
the	DT
list	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
domain	NN
names	NNS
,	,
only	RB
then	RB
was	VBD
a	DT
search	NN
robot	NN
used	VBN
to	TO
query	VB
the	DT
NSI	NNP
database	NN
to	TO
extract	VB
the	DT
name	NN
of	IN
the	DT
accredited	VBN
registrar	NN
of	IN
each	DT
new	JJ
name	NN
.	.
Register.com	NN
continued	VBD
to	TO
get	VB
complaints	NNS
about	IN
e-mail	NN
and	CC
telephone	NN
solicitations	NNS
by	IN
Verio	NNP
from	IN
its	PRP$
customers	NNS
and	CC
co-brand	JJ
partners	NNS
through	IN
January	NNP
.	.
In	IN
March	NNP
2000	CD
Gaviser	NNP
again	RB
contacted	VBD
Eden	NNP
to	TO
complain	VB
that	DT
Register.com	NN
was	VBD
still	RB
receiving	VBG
numerous	JJ
complaints	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
that	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
telephone	NN
messages	NNS
similar	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
following	VBG
were	VBD
left	VBN
with	IN
Register.com	NN
customers	NNS
:	:
``	``
This	DT
is	VBZ
-LRB-	-LRB-
name	NN
of	IN
telemarketer	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
calling	VBG
from	IN
Verio	NNP
regarding	VBG
the	DT
registration	NN
of	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
customer	NN
's	POS
domain	NN
name	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Please	VB
contact	NN
me	PRP
at	IN
your	PRP$
earliest	JJS
convenience	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Ex	FW
.	.
44	CD
to	TO
Pl	NNP
.	.
's	POS
Sept.	NNP
8	CD
,	,
2000	CD
Motion	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Register.com	NN
complained	VBD
generally	RB
that	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
mark	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
timing	NN
of	IN
the	DT
solicitations	NNS
was	VBD
harming	VBG
its	PRP$
good	NN
will	MD
and	CC
specifically	RB
warned	VBD
Verio	NNP
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
violating	VBG
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
use	NN
it	PRP
had	VBD
agreed	VBN
to	TO
in	IN
submitting	VBG
its	PRP$
WHOIS	NNP
queries	NNS
by	IN
sending	VBG
``	``
mass	NN
unsolicited	JJ
,	,
commercial	JJ
advertising	NN
or	CC
solicitations	NNS
via	IN
e-mail	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
spam	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Ex	FW
.	.
E	NN
to	TO
McPherson	NNP
Decl	NNP
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
dispute	NN
centers	NNS
on	IN
both	DT
Verio	NNP
's	POS
end	NN
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
WHOIS	NNP
data	NNS
and	CC
its	PRP$
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
automated	VBN
search	NN
robot	NN
.	.
While	IN
Register.com	NNP
acknowledges	VBZ
its	PRP$
obligation	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
public	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
customers	NNS
'	POS
contact	NN
information	NN
,	,
it	PRP
has	VBZ
developed	VBN
``	``
terms	NNS
of	IN
use	NN
''	''
which	WDT
prohibit	VBP
third	JJ
parties	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
Verio	NNP
,	,
from	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
contact	NN
information	NN
for	IN
any	DT
mass	NN
marketing	NN
purpose	NN
--	:
whether	IN
by	IN
e-mail	NN
,	,
regular	JJ
mail	NN
or	CC
telephone	NN
.	.
Register.com	NN
also	RB
argues	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
automated	VBN
software	NN
to	TO
access	VB
the	DT
WHOIS	NNP
database	NN
violates	VBZ
its	PRP$
terms	NNS
of	IN
use	NN
and	CC
harms	VBZ
its	PRP$
computer	NN
systems	NNS
.	.
Verio	NNP
admits	VBZ
both	CC
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
WHOIS	NNP
data	NNS
for	IN
marketing	NN
purposes	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
search	NN
robot	NN
.	.
Verio	NNP
also	RB
concedes	VBZ
that	IN
its	PRP$
end	NN
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
information	NN
violates	VBZ
the	DT
marketing	NN
restriction	NN
imposed	VBN
by	IN
Register.com	NNP
,	,
but	CC
argues	VBZ
that	IN
this	DT
restriction	NN
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
enforced	VBN
because	RB
--	:
at	IN
a	DT
minimum	NN
--	:
direct	JJ
mail	NN
and	CC
telephone	NN
marketing	NN
are	VBP
permissible	JJ
uses	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Accreditation	NNP
Agreement	NNP
Register.com	NNP
signed	VBD
with	IN
ICAAN	NNP
.	.
FN6	CD
.	.
Verio	NNP
contests	NNS
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
assertion	NN
that	IN
its	PRP$
particular	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
e-mail	NN
to	TO
solicit	VB
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
customers	NNS
constitutes	VBZ
the	DT
``	``
spamming	NN
''	''
that	WDT
is	VBZ
prohibited	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
ICANN	NNP
agreement	NN
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
need	MD
not	RB
determine	VB
whether	IN
Verio	NNP
'	POS
e-mails	NNS
constitute	VBP
``	``
spam	NN
''	''
because	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
terms	NNS
of	IN
use	NN
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
ICANN	NNP
's	POS
,	,
that	WDT
are	VBP
at	IN
issue	NN
here	RB
.	.
Register.com	NN
's	POS
terms	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
specifically	RB
prohibit	VB
``	``
spam	NN
''	''
,	,
but	CC
rather	RB
simply	RB
prohibit	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
WHOIS	NNP
data	NNS
for	IN
mass	NN
,	,
unsolicited	JJ
e-mail	NN
.	.
Verio	NNP
's	POS
e-mails	NNS
clearly	RB
violate	VBP
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
terms	NNS
of	IN
use	NN
.	.
Verio	NNP
's	POS
unsolicited	JJ
e-mail	NN
solicitations	NNS
are	VBP
``	``
mass	NN
''	''
by	IN
any	DT
definition	NN
of	IN
the	DT
term	NN
.	.
Even	RB
though	IN
the	DT
e-mails	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
sent	VBN
simultaneously	RB
with	IN
one	CD
mouse	NN
click	VBP
,	,
as	IN
Verio	NNP
argues	VBZ
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
sent	VBN
in	IN
massive	JJ
quantities	NNS
over	IN
a	DT
short	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
,	,
and	CC
thus	RB
fit	VB
the	DT
definition	NN
of	IN
``	``
mass	NN
''	''
e-mails	NNS
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
a	DT
preliminary	JJ
injunction	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
keep	VB
the	DT
parties	NNS
,	,
while	IN
the	DT
suit	NN
is	VBZ
pending	VBG
,	,
as	RB
much	RB
as	IN
possible	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
respective	JJ
positions	NNS
they	PRP
occupied	VBD
when	WRB
the	DT
suit	NN
began	VBD
and	CC
to	TO
preserve	VB
the	DT
Court	NNP
's	POS
ability	NN
to	TO
render	VB
a	DT
meaningful	JJ
decision	NN
after	IN
a	DT
trial	NN
on	IN
the	DT
merits	NNS
.	.
Register.com	NN
imposes	VBZ
conditions	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
access	NN
to	TO
and	CC
end	NN
use	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
contained	VBN
in	IN
its	PRP$
WHOIS	NNP
database	NN
.	.
It	PRP
publishes	VBZ
those	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
use	NN
on	IN
the	DT
home	NN
page	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
Internet	NNP
website	NN
and	CC
conditions	NNS
entry	NN
into	IN
the	DT
WHOIS	NNP
database	NN
on	IN
assent	NN
to	TO
those	DT
terms	NNS
.	.
As	IN
noted	VBN
above	IN
,	,
Verio	NNP
concedes	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
violated	VBD
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
posted	VBD
restriction	NN
on	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
WHOIS	NNP
data	NNS
for	IN
direct	JJ
mail	NN
and	CC
telephone	NN
marketing	NN
purposes	NNS
.	.
Verio	NNP
contends	VBZ
however	RB
that	IN
violating	VBG
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
restrictions	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
WHOIS	NNP
data	NNS
for	IN
marketing	NN
purposes	NNS
did	VBD
not	RB
constitute	VB
a	DT
breach	NN
of	IN
contract	NN
for	IN
two	CD
reasons	NNS
.	.
First	RB
,	,
Verio	NNP
argues	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
promises	NNS
Register.com	NNP
made	VBD
to	TO
ICANN	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
Agreement	NN
have	VBP
created	VBN
a	DT
privilege	NN
in	IN
Verio	NNP
to	TO
access	VB
the	DT
WHOIS	NNP
database	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
interpose	VB
the	DT
Agreement	NN
as	IN
a	DT
defense	NN
to	TO
any	DT
claim	NN
by	IN
Register	NNP
.	.
com	NN
that	IN
Verio	NNP
violated	VBD
an	DT
access	NN
or	CC
use	NN
restriction	NN
broader	JJR
than	IN
those	DT
permitted	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Accreditation	NNP
Agreement	NNP
.	.
One	CD
who	WP
has	VBZ
a	DT
right	NN
to	TO
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
facility	NN
of	IN
a	DT
public	JJ
utility	NN
is	VBZ
privileged	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
any	DT
reasonable	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
chattels	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
utility	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
or	CC
is	VBZ
reasonably	RB
believed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
necessary	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
enjoyment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
facility	NN
.	.
A	DT
privately	RB
owned	VBN
and	CC
operated	VBN
business	NN
...	:
which	WDT
is	VBZ
engaged	VBN
in	IN
regularly	RB
supplying	VBG
the	DT
public	NN
with	IN
some	DT
commodity	NN
or	CC
service	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
of	IN
public	JJ
consequence	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
-RRB-	-RRB-
need	VBP
...	:
The	DT
test	NN
for	IN
determining	VBG
if	IN
a	DT
concern	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
public	JJ
utility	NN
is	VBZ
whether	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
held	VBN
itself	PRP
out	RP
as	IN
ready	JJ
,	,
able	JJ
and	CC
willing	JJ
to	TO
serve	VB
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
Register.com	NN
's	POS
terms	NNS
of	IN
use	NN
.	.
Register.com	NN
's	POS
terms	NNS
of	IN
use	NN
are	VBP
clearly	RB
posted	VBN
on	IN
its	PRP$
website	NN
.	.
The	DT
conclusion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
paragraph	NN
states	NNS
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
y	JJ
submitting	VBG
this	DT
query	NN
,	,
you	PRP
agree	VBP
to	TO
abide	VB
by	IN
these	DT
terms	NNS
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Ex	FW
.	.
27	CD
to	TO
Pl	NNP
.	.
's	POS
Sept.	NNP
8	CD
,	,
2000	CD
Motion	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Verio	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
argue	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
unaware	JJ
of	IN
these	DT
terms	NNS
,	,
only	RB
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
asked	VBN
to	TO
click	VB
on	IN
an	DT
icon	NN
indicating	VBG
that	IN
it	PRP
accepted	VBD
the	DT
terms	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
in	IN
light	NN
of	IN
this	DT
sentence	NN
at	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
terms	NNS
of	IN
use	NN
,	,
there	EX
can	MD
be	VB
no	DT
question	NN
that	WDT
by	IN
proceeding	VBG
to	TO
submit	VB
a	DT
WHOIS	NNP
query	NN
,	,
Verio	NNP
manifested	VBD
its	PRP$
assent	NN
to	TO
be	VB
bound	VBN
by	IN
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
terms	NNS
of	IN
use	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
contract	NN
was	VBD
formed	VBN
and	CC
subsequently	RB
breached	VBN
.	.
Register.com	NN
alleges	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
breach	NN
has	VBZ
resulted	VBN
in	IN
irreparable	JJ
harm	NN
:	:
in	IN
lost	VBN
opportunities	NNS
to	TO
sell	VB
competing	VBG
services	NNS
to	TO
its	PRP$
opt-in	JJ
customers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
its	PRP$
reputation	NN
and	CC
good	NN
will	MD
with	IN
customers	NNS
and	CC
co-brand	JJ
partners	NNS
,	,
who	WP
have	VBP
threatened	VBN
to	TO
take	VB
their	PRP$
business	NN
elsewhere	RB
if	IN
Register.com	NN
can	MD
not	RB
protect	VB
the	DT
WHOIS	NNS
contact	VBP
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
classic	JJ
remedy	NN
for	IN
breach	NN
of	IN
contract	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
action	NN
at	IN
law	NN
for	IN
monetary	JJ
damages	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
injury	NN
complained	VBD
of	IN
can	MD
be	VB
compensated	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
award	NN
of	IN
monetary	JJ
damages	NNS
,	,
then	RB
an	DT
adequate	JJ
remedy	NN
at	IN
law	NN
exists	VBZ
and	CC
no	DT
irreparable	JJ
injury	NN
may	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
law	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
Second	NNP
Circuit	NNP
has	VBZ
recognized	VBN
that	IN
even	RB
where	WRB
damages	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
,	,
irreparable	JJ
harm	NN
may	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
where	WRB
those	DT
damages	NNS
are	VBP
clearly	RB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
assess	VB
and	CC
measure	VB
.	.
The	DT
Second	NNP
Circuit	NNP
Court	NNP
's	POS
opinion	NN
Ticor	NNP
Title	NNP
Ins	NNP
.	.
Co.	NNP
v.	CC
Cohen	NNP
,	,
173	CD
F.	NNP
3d	CD
63	CD
,	,
69	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2d	JJ
Cir	NNP
.1999	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
captures	VBZ
precisely	RB
why	WRB
damages	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
are	VBP
incalculable	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
harm	NN
resulting	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
breach	NN
is	VBZ
irreparable	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
wrote	VBD
,	,
in	IN
finding	VBG
irreparable	JJ
harm	NN
resulting	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
breach	NN
of	IN
a	DT
covenant	NN
not	RB
to	TO
compete	VB
in	IN
an	DT
employment	NN
contract	NN
,	,
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
i	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
nitially	RB
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
very	RB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
calculate	VB
monetary	JJ
damages	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
successfully	RB
redress	VB
the	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
a	DT
relationship	NN
with	IN
a	DT
client	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
produce	VB
an	DT
indeterminate	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
business	NN
in	IN
years	NNS
to	TO
come	VB
.	.
''	''
See	VB
id	NN
.	.
at	IN
69	CD
.	.
Register.com	NN
has	VBZ
demonstrated	VBN
both	DT
a	DT
likelihood	NN
of	IN
success	NN
on	IN
the	DT
merits	NNS
of	IN
its	PRP$
breach	NN
of	IN
contract	NN
claim	NN
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
Verio	NNP
's	POS
use	NN
of	IN
WHOIS	NNP
data	NNS
for	IN
marketing	NN
purposes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
has	VBZ
demonstrated	VBN
irreparable	JJ
harm	NN
resulting	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
breach	NN
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
entitled	VBN
to	TO
an	DT
injunction	NN
against	IN
any	DT
future	JJ
use	NN
by	IN
Verio	NNP
of	IN
information	NN
taken	VBN
from	IN
its	PRP$
WHOIS	NNP
database	NN
for	IN
marketing	NN
by	IN
e-mail	NN
,	,
direct	JJ
mail	NN
or	CC
telephone	NN
.	.
One	CD
who	WP
uses	VBZ
a	DT
chattel	NN
with	IN
the	DT
consent	NN
of	IN
another	DT
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
liability	NN
in	IN
trespass	NN
for	IN
any	DT
harm	NN
to	TO
the	DT
chattel	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
caused	VBN
by	IN
or	CC
occurs	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
any	DT
use	NN
exceeding	VBG
the	DT
consent	NN
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
such	JJ
use	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
conversion	NN
.	.
Register.com	NN
's	POS
posted	VBN
policies	NNS
and	CC
terms	NNS
of	IN
use	NN
require	VBP
a	DT
party	NN
who	WP
seeks	VBZ
access	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
WHOIS	NNP
database	NN
to	TO
agree	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
``	``
use	VB
this	DT
data	NN
to	TO
...	:
enable	VB
high	JJ
volume	NN
,	,
automated	VBN
,	,
electronic	JJ
processes	NNS
that	WDT
apply	VBP
to	TO
Register.com	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
its	PRP$
systems	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
''	''
Register.com	NN
argues	VBZ
that	IN
use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
search	NN
robot	NN
is	VBZ
prohibited	VBN
by	IN
that	DT
term	NN
of	IN
use	NN
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
disagrees	VBZ
.	.
The	DT
temporal	JJ
aspect	NN
of	IN
this	DT
term	NN
is	VBZ
important	JJ
because	IN
it	PRP
only	RB
bars	VBZ
future	JJ
automated	VBN
processes	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
Verio	NNP
uses	VBZ
an	DT
automated	JJ
process	NN
to	TO
collect	VB
the	DT
WHOIS	NNP
data	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
then	RB
use	VB
the	DT
collected	VBN
data	NNS
to	TO
enable	VB
an	DT
automated	JJ
process	NN
that	WDT
applies	VBZ
to	TO
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
systems	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
Verio	NNP
's	POS
software	NN
robot	NN
secures	VBZ
the	DT
WHOIS	NNP
information	NN
from	IN
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
systems	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
has	VBZ
completed	VBN
its	PRP$
automated	JJ
process	NN
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
systems	NNS
.	.
The	DT
robot	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
then	RB
use	VB
that	IN
WHOIS	NNP
data	NNS
to	TO
``	``
enable	VB
high	JJ
volume	NN
,	,
automated	VBN
,	,
electronic	JJ
processes	NNS
that	WDT
apply	VBP
to	TO
Register.com	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
its	PRP$
systems	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
''	''
it	PRP
simply	RB
deposits	VBZ
the	DT
data	NNS
into	IN
a	DT
database	NN
.	.
Although	IN
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
evidence	NN
of	IN
any	DT
burden	NN
or	CC
harm	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
computer	NN
system	NN
caused	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
successive	JJ
queries	NNS
performed	VBN
by	IN
search	NN
robots	NNS
is	VBZ
imprecise	JJ
,	,
evidence	NN
of	IN
mere	JJ
possessory	JJ
interference	NN
is	VBZ
sufficient	JJ
to	TO
demonstrate	VB
the	DT
quantum	NN
of	IN
harm	NN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
establish	VB
a	DT
claim	NN
for	IN
trespass	NN
to	TO
chattels	NNS
.	.
BE	VB
argues	VBZ
that	IN
its	PRP$
searches	NNS
present	VBP
a	DT
negligible	JJ
load	NN
on	IN
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
computer	NN
systems	NNS
,	,
and	CC
do	VB
not	RB
rise	VB
to	TO
the	DT
level	NN
of	IN
impairment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
condition	NN
or	CC
value	NN
of	IN
eBay	NNP
's	POS
computer	NN
system	NN
required	VBN
to	TO
constitute	VB
a	DT
trespass	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
undisputed	JJ
that	IN
eBay	NNP
's	POS
server	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
capacity	NN
are	VBP
personal	JJ
property	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
BE	VBP
's	POS
searches	NNS
use	VBP
a	DT
portion	NN
of	IN
this	DT
property	NN
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
evidence	NN
that	IN
Verio	NNP
's	POS
search	NN
robots	NNS
have	VBP
presented	VBN
and	CC
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
present	VB
an	DT
unwelcome	JJ
interference	NN
with	IN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
interruption	NN
to	TO
,	,
its	PRP$
computer	NN
system	NN
and	CC
servers	NNS
is	VBZ
sufficient	JJ
to	TO
demonstrate	VB
a	DT
likelihood	NN
of	IN
success	NN
on	IN
the	DT
merits	NNS
of	IN
its	PRP$
trespass	NN
to	TO
chattels	NNS
claim	VBP
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
adequate	JJ
remedy	NN
at	IN
law	NN
for	IN
an	DT
ongoing	JJ
trespass	NN
and	CC
without	IN
an	DT
injunction	NN
the	DT
victim	NN
of	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
trespass	NN
will	MD
be	VB
irreparably	RB
harmed	VBN
.	.
The	DT
eBay	JJ
court	NN
specifically	RB
held	VBD
that	IN
eBay	NNP
was	VBD
entitled	VBN
to	TO
preliminary	JJ
injunctive	JJ
relief	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
claim	NN
that	IN
if	IN
such	JJ
relief	NN
were	VBD
denied	VBN
,	,
other	JJ
companies	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
encouraged	VBN
to	TO
deploy	VB
search	NN
robots	NNS
against	IN
eBay	NNP
's	POS
servers	NNS
and	CC
would	MD
further	RB
diminish	VB
eBay	NNP
's	POS
server	NN
capacity	NN
to	TO
the	DT
point	NN
of	IN
denying	VBG
effective	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
eBay	NNP
's	POS
customers	NNS
.	.
See	VB
id	NN
.	.
at	IN
1071-72	CD
.	.
The	DT
same	JJ
reasoning	NN
applies	VBZ
here	RB
.	.
Register.com	NNP
,	,
through	IN
Mr.	NNP
Gardos	NNP
,	,
has	VBZ
expressed	VBN
the	DT
fear	NN
that	IN
its	PRP$
servers	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
flooded	VBN
by	IN
search	NN
robots	NNS
deployed	VBN
by	IN
competitors	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
injunctive	JJ
relief	NN
.	.
Register.com	NN
has	VBZ
therefore	RB
demonstrated	VBN
both	DT
a	DT
likelihood	NN
of	IN
success	NN
on	IN
the	DT
merits	NNS
of	IN
its	PRP$
trespass	NN
to	TO
chattels	NNS
claim	VBP
and	CC
the	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
irreparable	JJ
harm	NN
,	,
and	CC
is	VBZ
entitled	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
preliminary	JJ
injunction	NN
against	IN
Verio	NNP
based	VBN
upon	IN
that	DT
claim	NN
.	.
The	DT
type	NN
of	IN
harm	NN
that	IN
Register.com	NNP
alleges	VBZ
is	VBZ
caused	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
search	NN
robots	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
diminished	VBN
server	NN
capacity	NN
and	CC
potential	JJ
system	NN
shutdowns	NNS
,	,
is	VBZ
better	RBR
analyzed	VBN
under	IN
1030	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
C	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
which	WDT
specifically	RB
addresses	VBZ
damages	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
computer	NN
system	NN
.	.
WHOIS	NNS
database	NN
has	VBZ
diminished	VBN
server	NN
capacity	NN
,	,
however	RB
slightly	RB
,	,
and	CC
could	MD
diminish	VB
response	NN
time	NN
,	,
which	WDT
could	MD
impair	VB
the	DT
availability	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
to	TO
clients	NNS
trying	VBG
to	TO
get	VB
registrant	NN
contact	NN
information	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
Register.com	NNP
has	VBZ
raised	VBN
the	DT
possibility	NN
that	IN
if	IN
Verio	NNP
's	POS
robotic	JJ
queries	NNS
of	IN
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
WHOIS	NNP
database	NN
were	VBD
determined	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
lawful	JJ
,	,
then	RB
other	JJ
vendors	NNS
of	IN
Internet	NNP
services	NNS
would	MD
engage	VB
in	IN
similar	JJ
conduct	NN
.	.
This	DT
Court	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
highly	RB
probable	JJ
that	IN
other	JJ
Internet	NNP
service	NN
vendors	NNS
would	MD
also	RB
use	VB
robots	NNS
to	TO
obtain	VB
this	DT
potential	JJ
customer	NN
information	NN
were	VBD
it	PRP
to	TO
be	VB
permitted	VBN
.	.
The	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
robot	NN
allows	VBZ
a	DT
marketer	NN
to	TO
reach	VB
a	DT
potential	JJ
client	NN
within	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
several	JJ
days	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
registration	NN
,	,
an	DT
optimal	JJ
time	NN
to	TO
solicit	VB
the	DT
customer	NN
for	IN
other	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
In	IN
contrast	NN
,	,
if	IN
instead	RB
of	IN
using	VBG
a	DT
search	NN
robot	NN
the	DT
service	NN
vendor	NN
obtains	VBZ
registrant	NN
contact	NN
information	NN
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
bulk	NN
license	NN
,	,
the	DT
vendor	NN
must	MD
wait	VB
to	TO
receive	VB
the	DT
information	NN
on	IN
a	DT
weekly	JJ
basis	NN
.	.
As	IN
Eric	NNP
Eden	NNP
,	,
the	DT
director	NN
of	IN
operation	NN
Henhouse	NN
wrote	VBD
in	IN
an	DT
e-mail	NN
to	TO
a	DT
Verio	NNP
employee	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
onsistent	JJ
testing	NN
has	VBZ
found	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
faster	RBR
we	PRP
approach	VBP
someone	NN
after	IN
they	PRP
register	VBP
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
,	,
the	DT
more	RBR
likely	JJ
we	PRP
are	VBP
to	TO
sell	VB
them	PRP
hosting	VBG
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Ex	FW
.	.
40	CD
to	TO
Pl	NNP
.	.
's	POS
Sept.	NNP
Because	IN
Register.com	NNP
has	VBZ
demonstrated	VBN
that	IN
Verio	NNP
's	POS
access	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
WHOIS	NNP
database	NN
by	IN
means	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
automated	JJ
search	NN
robot	NN
is	VBZ
unauthorized	JJ
and	CC
caused	VBD
or	CC
could	MD
cause	VB
$	$
5000	CD
in	IN
damages	NNS
by	IN
impairing	VBG
the	DT
availability	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
or	CC
the	DT
availability	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
computer	NN
systems	NNS
,	,
Register.com	NNP
has	VBZ
established	VBN
both	DT
irreparable	JJ
harm	NN
and	CC
a	DT
likelihood	NN
of	IN
success	NN
on	IN
the	DT
merits	NNS
of	IN
its	PRP$
claim	NN
that	IN
Verio	NNP
's	POS
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
search	NN
robot	NN
violated	VBD
1030	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
C	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
Computer	NN
Fraud	NNP
And	CC
Abuse	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
Register.com	NNP
is	VBZ
therefore	RB
entitled	VBN
to	TO
injunctive	JJ
relief	NN
based	VBN
upon	IN
this	DT
claim	NN
.	.
Again	RB
,	,
neither	DT
party	NN
disputes	NNS
that	WDT
Verio	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
authorized	VBN
under	IN
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
terms	NNS
of	IN
use	NN
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
data	NNS
for	IN
mass	NN
marketing	NN
purposes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
neither	DT
party	NN
disputes	NNS
that	WDT
Verio	NNP
is	VBZ
authorized	VBN
to	TO
obtain	VB
the	DT
data	NNS
for	IN
some	DT
purposes	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
Verio	NNP
's	POS
distinctions	NNS
between	IN
authorized	JJ
access	NN
and	CC
an	DT
unauthorized	JJ
end	NN
use	NN
of	IN
information	NN
strike	NN
the	DT
Court	NNP
as	IN
too	RB
fine	JJ
.	.
First	RB
,	,
the	DT
means	NNS
of	IN
access	NN
Verio	NNP
employs	VBZ
,	,
namely	RB
the	DT
automated	VBN
search	NN
robot	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
unauthorized	JJ
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
Verio	NNP
's	POS
means	NNS
of	IN
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
WHOIS	NNP
database	NN
would	MD
otherwise	RB
be	VB
authorized	VBN
,	,
that	IN
access	NN
would	MD
be	VB
rendered	VBN
unauthorized	JJ
ab	NN
initio	NN
by	IN
virtue	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
prior	RB
to	TO
entry	NN
Verio	NNP
knows	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
data	NNS
obtained	VBN
will	MD
be	VB
later	RB
used	VBN
for	IN
an	DT
unauthorized	JJ
purpose	NN
.	.
It	PRP
does	VBZ
however	RB
dispute	NN
Register.com	NNP
's	POS
claims	NNS
that	IN
its	PRP$
customers	NNS
were	VBD
or	CC
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
be	VB
confused	VBN
about	IN
Verio	NNP
's	POS
relationship	NN
to	TO
Register.com	NNP
because	IN
of	IN
Verio	NNP
's	POS
marketing	NN
practices	NNS
.	.
Verio	NNP
also	RB
argues	VBZ
that	IN
if	IN
confusion	NN
occurred	VBD
or	CC
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
to	TO
occur	VB
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
confusion	NN
actionable	JJ
under	IN
the	DT
Lanham	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
Verio	NNP
's	POS
subsequent	JJ
solicitations	NNS
violated	VBD
the	DT
Lanham	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
While	IN
Verio	NNP
's	POS
later	JJ
phone	NN
solicitations	NNS
did	VBD
not	RB
mention	VB
the	DT
Register.com	NNP
or	CC
``	``
first	JJ
step	NN
''	''
marks	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
did	VBD
indicate	VB
that	IN
the	DT
caller	NN
from	IN
Verio	NNP
was	VBD
calling	VBG
``	``
regarding	VBG
your	PRP$
recently	RB
registered	VBN
domain	NN
name	NN
''	''
or	CC
``	``
regarding	VBG
the	DT
registration	NN
of	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
domain	NN
name	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Please	VB
contact	NN
me	PRP
at	IN
your	PRP$
earliest	JJS
convenience	NN
...	:
If	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
hear	VB
from	IN
you	PRP
in	IN
a	DT
couple	NN
days	NNS
,	,
I	PRP
will	MD
call	VB
back	RP
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
See	VB
Exs	NNP
.	.
44	CD
&	CC
45	CD
to	TO
Pl	NNP
.	.
's	POS
Sept.	NNP
8	CD
,	,
2000	CD
Motion	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Whether	IN
these	DT
solicitations	NNS
violate	VBP
the	DT
Lanham	NNP
Act	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
closer	RBR
question	NN
.	.
Although	IN
Verio	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
employ	VB
any	DT
of	IN
Register	NNP
.	.
com	NN
's	POS
marks	NNS
in	IN
these	DT
communications	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
phrasing	NN
does	VBZ
create	VB
the	DT
impression	NN
that	IN
the	DT
reason	NN
for	IN
the	DT
call	NN
is	VBZ
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
registration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
the	DT
solicitation	NN
of	IN
web	NN
hosting	VBG
services	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
domain	NN
name	NN
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
also	RB
finds	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
impression	NN
that	IN
Verio	NNP
telemarketers	NNS
are	VBP
calling	VBG
because	IN
of	IN
some	DT
problem	NN
with	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
registration	NN
could	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
confusion	NN
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
whether	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
some	DT
affiliation	NN
or	CC
sponsorship	NN
between	IN
Verio	NNP
and	CC
Register.com	NNP
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
Register.com	NNP
presented	VBD
evidence	NN
of	IN
actual	JJ
customer	NN
confusion	NN
stemming	VBG
from	IN
this	DT
practice	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
See	VB
Pl	NNP
.	.
's	POS
Ex	NNP
.	.
12	CD
``	``
The	DT
telephone	NN
message	NN
seemed	VBD
to	TO
me	PRP
to	TO
imply	VB
that	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
some	DT
problem	NN
with	IN
the	DT
name	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
just	RB
registered	VBN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
such	JJ
phrasing	NN
violates	VBZ
the	DT
Lanham	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
Register.com	NN
also	RB
seems	VBZ
to	TO
claim	VB
that	IN
Verio	NNP
's	POS
solicitations	NNS
violate	VBP
the	DT
Lanham	NNP
Act	NNP
regardless	RB
of	IN
their	PRP$
content	NN
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
short	JJ
time	NN
between	IN
the	DT
customers	NNS
'	POS
registration	NN
of	IN
a	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
with	IN
Register.com	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
solicitation	NN
by	IN
Verio	NNP
.	.
Register.com	NN
alleges	VBZ
that	IN
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
timing	NN
its	PRP$
customers	NNS
are	VBP
under	IN
the	DT
mistaken	JJ
impression	NN
that	IN
Verio	NNP
is	VBZ
affiliated	VBN
with	IN
Register.com	NNP
and	CC
because	IN
of	IN
that	DT
give	VBP
greater	JJR
consideration	NN
to	TO
these	DT
solicitations	NNS
than	IN
they	PRP
otherwise	RB
would	MD
.	.
Register.com	NNP
is	VBZ
correct	JJ
that	IN
some	DT
of	IN
Verio	NNP
's	POS
solicitations	NNS
were	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
misleading	JJ
on	IN
their	PRP$
face	NN
and	CC
violated	VBD
the	DT
Lanham	NNP
Act	NNP
.	.
Register.com	NNP
is	VBZ
also	RB
correct	JJ
that	IN
some	DT
of	IN
Verio	NNP
's	POS
more	JJR
recent	JJ
solicitations	NNS
,	,
although	IN
they	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
use	VB
any	DT
protected	JJ
mark	NN
,	,
created	VBN
confusion	NN
as	IN
to	TO
whether	IN
Verio	NNP
was	VBD
calling	VBG
because	IN
of	IN
some	DT
problem	NN
with	IN
the	DT
customer	NN
's	POS
domain	NN
name	NN
registration	NN
,	,
which	WDT
resulted	VBD
in	IN
confusion	NN
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
whether	IN
Verio	NNP
and	CC
Register.com	NNP
were	VBD
affiliated	VBN
in	IN
any	DT
way	NN
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
finds	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
record	NN
that	WDT
Register.com	NNP
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
to	TO
succeed	VB
on	IN
the	DT
merits	NNS
of	IN
its	PRP$
claims	NNS
of	IN
unfair	JJ
competition	NN
and	CC
false	JJ
designation	NN
of	IN
origin	NN
under	IN
43	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
Lanham	NNP
Act	NNP
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
any	DT
e-mail	NN
,	,
telephone	NN
,	,
or	CC
direct	JJ
mail	NN
solicitation	NN
that	WDT
uses	VBZ
the	DT
``	``
Register.com	NN
''	''
or	CC
``	``
first	JJ
step	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Web	NNP
''	''
marks	NNS
or	CC
any	DT
similar	JJ
marks	NNS
.	.
Register.com	NNP
is	VBZ
also	RB
likely	JJ
to	TO
succeed	VB
on	IN
Lanham	NNP
Act	NNP
claims	VBZ
claims	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
Verio	NNP
's	POS
solicitations	NNS
that	IN
suggest	VBP
that	IN
Verio	NNP
is	VBZ
calling	VBG
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
registration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
or	CC
any	DT
problem	NN
arising	VBG
from	IN
that	DT
registration	NN
.	.
As	IN
more	JJR
fully	RB
discussed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
the	DT
breach	NN
of	IN
contract	NN
claim	NN
,	,
these	DT
Lanham	NNP
Act	NNP
violations	NNS
may	MD
result	VB
in	IN
the	DT
irreparable	JJ
harm	NN
of	IN
lost	VBN
client	NN
relationships	NNS
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
enjoins	VBZ
Verio	NNP
from	IN
any	DT
future	JJ
use	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
e-mail	NN
,	,
direct	JJ
mail	NN
,	,
or	CC
telephone	NN
solicitations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
marks	NNS
Register.com	NN
or	CC
``	``
first	JJ
step	NN
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
''	''
or	CC
any	DT
similar	JJ
mark	NN
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
enjoins	VBZ
Verio	NNP
from	IN
indicating	VBG
in	IN
any	DT
affirmative	JJ
way	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
calling	VBG
regarding	VBG
the	DT
registration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
customer	NN
's	POS
domain	NN
name	NN
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
in	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
web-hosting	JJ
or	CC
other	JJ
services	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
.	.
In	IN
support	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
argument	NN
,	,
i.	FW
LAN	FW
points	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
purchase	NN
order	NN
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
transaction	NN
.	.
NextPoint	NNP
,	,
in	IN
response	NN
,	,
points	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
1998	CD
VAR	NNP
agreement	NN
and	CC
the	DT
clickwrap	NN
license	NN
agreement	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
software	NN
itself	PRP
to	TO
reach	VB
a	DT
different	JJ
conclusion	NN
.	.
Before	IN
turning	VBG
to	TO
NextPoint	NNP
's	POS
clickwrap	NN
license	NN
agreement	NN
,	,
the	DT
stage	NN
must	MD
be	VB
set	VBN
.	.
First	RB
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
will	MD
identify	VB
the	DT
set	NN
of	IN
rules	NNS
by	IN
which	WDT
to	TO
judge	VB
this	DT
dispute	NN
.	.
Next	JJ
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
will	MD
examine	VB
what	WP
is	VBZ
at	IN
stake	NN
,	,
in	IN
particular	JJ
i.	NN
LAN	NNP
's	POS
claim	NN
for	IN
specific	JJ
performance	NN
and	CC
NextPoint	NNP
's	POS
limitation-of-liability	NN
defense	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
will	MD
address	VB
the	DT
enforceability	NN
of	IN
the	DT
clickwrap	NN
license	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
The	DT
clickwrap	NN
license	NN
agreement	NN
states	NNS
that	IN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
affect	VB
existing	VBG
or	CC
subsequent	JJ
written	VBN
agreements	NNS
or	CC
purchase	NN
orders	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
language	NN
might	MD
be	VB
\*	SYM
331	CD
read	NN
to	TO
mean	VB
that	IN
the	DT
clickwrap	NN
license	NN
agreement	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
nullity	NN
if	IN
a	DT
purchase	NN
order	NN
already	RB
exists	VBZ
,	,
but	CC
that	DT
reading	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
natural	JJ
one	CD
.	.
The	DT
natural	JJ
reading	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
the	DT
1998	CD
VAR	NNP
agreement	NN
and	CC
1999	CD
purchase	NN
order	NN
are	VBP
silent	JJ
,	,
the	DT
clickwrap	NN
license	NN
agreement	NN
fills	VBZ
the	DT
void	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
will	MD
not	RB
overlook	VB
Article	NNP
2	CD
simply	RB
because	IN
its	PRP$
provisions	NNS
are	VBP
imperfect	JJ
in	IN
today	NN
's	POS
world	NN
.	.
Software	NNP
licenses	NNS
are	VBP
entered	VBN
into	IN
every	DT
day	NN
,	,
and	CC
business	NN
persons	NNS
reasonably	RB
expect	VBP
that	IN
some	DT
law	NN
will	MD
govern	VB
them	PRP
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
time	NN
being	VBG
,	,
Article	NNP
2	CD
's	POS
familiar	JJ
provisions	NNS
--	:
which	WDT
are	VBP
the	DT
inspiration	NN
for	IN
UCITA	NNP
--	:
better	RB
fulfill	VB
those	DT
expectations	NNS
than	IN
would	MD
the	DT
common	JJ
law	NN
.	.
Article	NNP
2	CD
technically	RB
does	VBZ
not	RB
,	,
and	CC
certainly	RB
will	MD
not	RB
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
,	,
govern	VBP
software	NN
licenses	NNS
,	,
but	CC
for	IN
the	DT
time	NN
being	VBG
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
will	MD
assume	VB
it	PRP
does	VBZ
.	.
More	JJR
than	IN
anything	NN
else	RB
,	,
i.	FW
LAN	NNP
wants	VBZ
specific	JJ
performance	NN
--	:
in	IN
particular	JJ
,	,
perpetual	JJ
upgrades	NNS
of	IN
NextPoint	NNP
's	POS
software	NN
and	CC
unlimited	JJ
support	NN
.	.
Assuming	VBG
the	DT
clickwrap	NN
license	NN
agreement	NN
is	VBZ
enforceable	JJ
,	,
NextPoint	NNP
argues	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
agreement	NN
prohibits	VBZ
specific	JJ
performance	NN
as	IN
a	DT
remedy	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
alternative	NN
,	,
NextPoint	NNP
argues	VBZ
that	IN
specific	JJ
performance	NN
is	VBZ
inappropriate	JJ
under	IN
the	DT
UCC	NNP
.	.
PRODUCT	NN
.	.
''	''
Def	NN
.	.
's	POS
App	NNP
.	.
tab	NN
8	CD
.	.
From	IN
this	DT
provision	NN
,	,
NextPoint	NNP
concludes	VBZ
that	DT
money	NN
damages	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
only	JJ
possible	JJ
remedy	NN
.	.
An	DT
equally	RB
plausible	JJ
reading	NN
of	IN
the	DT
provision	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
limitation	NN
only	RB
applies	VBZ
to	TO
``	``
damages	NNS
,	,
''	''
not	RB
equitable	JJ
remedies	NNS
.	.
Indeed	RB
,	,
section	NN
6	CD
of	IN
the	DT
agreement	NN
states	NNS
,	,
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
E	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
ach	RB
party	NN
shall	MD
have	VB
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
institute	VB
judicial	JJ
proceedings	NNS
against	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
party	NN
...	:
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
enforce	VB
the	DT
instituting	VBG
party	NN
's	POS
rights	NNS
hereunder	NN
through	IN
reformation	NN
of	IN
contract	NN
,	,
specific	JJ
performance	NN
,	,
injunction	NN
or	CC
similar	JJ
equitable	JJ
relief	NN
.	.
''	''
Id	NN
.	.
On	IN
balance	NN
,	,
sections	NNS
4	CD
and	CC
6	CD
cut	NN
against	IN
NextPoint	NNP
's	POS
argument	NN
that	IN
the	DT
clickwrap	NN
license	NN
agreement	NN
prohibits	VBZ
specific	JJ
performance	NN
as	IN
a	DT
remedy	NN
.	.
The	DT
scarcity	NN
of	IN
automobiles	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
went	VBD
no	DT
farther	RBR
than	IN
to	TO
occasion	VB
considerable	JJ
delay	NN
in	IN
delivery	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
not	RB
sufficient	JJ
basis	NN
for	IN
a	DT
decree	NN
of	IN
specific	JJ
performance	NN
in	IN
favor	NN
of	IN
one	CD
who	WP
sought	VBD
the	DT
completion	NN
of	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
for	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
an	DT
ordinary	JJ
passenger	NN
vehicle	NN
,	,
and	CC
who	WP
showed	VBD
no	DT
substantial	JJ
harm	NN
of	IN
a	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
character	NN
which	WDT
could	MD
not	RB
be	VB
adequately	RB
compensated	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
award	NN
of	IN
damages	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
action	NN
at	IN
law	NN
.	.
The	DT
materials	NNS
were	VBD
designed	VBN
and	CC
made	VBN
for	IN
use	NN
in	IN
the	DT
chamber	NN
of	IN
commerce	NN
building	NN
;	:
they	PRP
were	VBD
limited	VBN
in	IN
number	NN
and	CC
could	MD
not	RB
readily	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
in	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
building	NN
;	:
they	PRP
could	MD
not	RB
have	VB
been	VBN
purchased	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
open	JJ
market	NN
.	.
To	TO
have	VB
had	VBD
them	PRP
manufactured	VBD
elsewhere	RB
would	MD
have	VB
caused	VBN
serious	JJ
delay	NN
in	IN
the	DT
construction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
building	NN
to	TO
the	DT
great	JJ
damage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
contractor	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
of	IN
the	DT
owners	NNS
.	.
The	DT
contractor	NN
would	MD
not	RB
have	VB
an	DT
adequate	JJ
remedy	NN
at	IN
law	NN
.	.
Turning	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
facts	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
i.	FW
LAN	NNP
makes	VBZ
three	CD
arguments	NNS
why	WRB
NextPoint	NNP
's	POS
software	NN
is	VBZ
unique	JJ
.	.
First	NNP
,	,
i.	NNP
LAN	NNP
argues	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
software	NN
is	VBZ
copyrighted	VBN
and	CC
took	VBD
years	NNS
to	TO
design	NN
.	.
The	DT
same	JJ
could	MD
be	VB
said	VBN
of	IN
any	DT
mass	NN
-	:
produced	VBN
item	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
and	CC
certainly	RB
a	DT
mass-produced	JJ
item	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
antithesis	NN
of	IN
the	DT
word	NN
``	``
unique	JJ
.	.
''	''
More	RBR
importantly	RB
,	,
NextPoint	NNP
's	POS
software	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
several	JJ
competing	VBG
software	NN
packages	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
market	NN
;	:
all	DT
run	VBP
on	IN
ordinary	JJ
computers	NNS
and	CC
perform	VB
substantially	RB
the	DT
same	JJ
functions	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
these	DT
software	NN
packages	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
copyrighted	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
product	NN
of	IN
intense	JJ
labor	NN
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
interchangeable	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
practical	JJ
matter	NN
and	CC
thus	RB
none	NN
is	VBZ
unique	JJ
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
i.	NNP
LAN	NNP
argues	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
tailored	VBN
its	PRP$
business	NN
around	IN
NextPoint	NNP
's	POS
software	NN
,	,
thus	RB
making	VBG
the	DT
software	NN
unique	JJ
to	TO
it	PRP
.	.
The	DT
UCC	NNP
is	VBZ
sensitive	JJ
to	TO
this	DT
consideration	NN
,	,
but	CC
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
this	DT
Court	NNP
will	MD
not	RB
conflate	VB
reliance	NN
with	IN
uniqueness	NN
.	.
Much	RB
as	IN
i.	NN
LAN	NNP
may	MD
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
,	,
it	PRP
certainly	RB
could	MD
purchase	VB
comparable	JJ
software	NN
on	IN
the	DT
open	JJ
market	NN
and	CC
reconfigure	NN
its	PRP$
systems	NNS
to	TO
run	VB
that	DT
software	NN
,	,
just	RB
as	IN
any	DT
person	NN
could	MD
buy	VB
such	JJ
software	NN
and	CC
run	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
i.	FW
LAN	NNP
argues	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
know	VB
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
software	NN
licenses	NNS
it	PRP
will	MD
need	VB
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
its	PRP$
rental	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
so	RB
money	NN
damages	NNS
would	MD
not	RB
adequately	RB
compensate	VB
it	PRP
.	.
This	DT
argument	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
that	IN
NextPoint	NNP
's	POS
goods	NNS
are	VBP
unique	JJ
,	,
but	CC
that	DT
i.	FW
LAN	NNP
had	VBD
struck	VBN
what	WP
it	PRP
thought	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
unique	JJ
contract	NN
:	:
for	IN
a	DT
mere	JJ
$	$
85,231.42	CD
it	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
unlimited	JJ
copies	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
of	IN
NextPoint	NNP
's	POS
software	NN
forever	RB
.	.
The	DT
UCC	NNP
,	,
however	RB
,	,
looks	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
uniqueness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
goods	NNS
,	,
not	RB
the	DT
contract	NN
.	.
In	IN
sum	NN
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
clickwrap	NN
license	NN
agreement	NN
permits	VBZ
specific	JJ
performance	NN
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
were	VBD
to	TO
enter	VB
judgment	NN
in	IN
favor	NN
of	IN
i.	FW
LAN	NNP
,	,
NextPoint	NNP
's	POS
software	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
unique	JJ
or	CC
irreplaceable	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
practical	JJ
matter	NN
,	,
so	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
would	MD
not	RB
award	NN
specific	JJ
performance	NN
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
box	NN
containing	VBG
the	DT
software	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
was	VBD
a	DT
shrinkwrap	NN
license	NN
agreement	NN
which	WDT
contained	VBD
a	DT
provision	NN
limiting	VBG
the	DT
manufacturer	NN
's	POS
liability	NN
to	TO
the	DT
price	NN
paid	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
shipment	NN
.	.
The	DT
question	NN
for	IN
the	DT
court	NN
was	VBD
whether	IN
to	TO
enforce	VB
the	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
shrinkwrap	NN
license	NN
agreement	NN
limiting	VBG
the	DT
manufacturer	NN
's	POS
liability	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
limitation	NN
of	IN
liability	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
enforceable	JJ
because	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
merely	RB
a	DT
proposed	VBN
agreement	NN
under	IN
UCC	NNP
section	NN
2	LS
-	:
207	CD
to	TO
which	WDT
the	DT
reseller	NN
never	RB
agreed	VBD
;	:
the	DT
court	NN
refused	VBD
to	TO
imply	VB
assent	NN
because	IN
the	DT
limitation	NN
of	IN
liability	NN
was	VBD
material	NN
and	CC
UCC	NNP
section	NN
2-207	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
does	VBZ
not	RB
allow	VB
material	NN
terms	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
added	VBN
by	IN
implication	NN
.	.
Nov.	NNP
17	CD
,	,
2000	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
Winslow	NNP
,	,
J.	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
UCC	NNP
``	``
shall	MD
be	VB
liberally	RB
construed	VBN
and	CC
applied	VBN
to	TO
promote	VB
its	PRP$
underlying	VBG
purposes	NNS
and	CC
policies	NNS
,	,
''	''
which	WDT
include	VBP
``	``
the	DT
continued	JJ
expansion	NN
of	IN
commercial	JJ
practices	NNS
through	IN
custom	NN
,	,
usage	NN
and	CC
agreement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
.	.
''	''
UCC	NNP
1-102	CD
,	,
Mass.	NNP
.	.
Gen.	NNP
Laws	NNP
ch	NN
.	.
106	CD
,	,
1-102	CD
.	.
``	``
Money	NN
now	RB
,	,
terms	NNS
later	RB
''	''
is	VBZ
a	DT
practical	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
form	VB
contracts	NNS
,	,
especially	RB
with	IN
purchasers	NNS
of	IN
software	NN
.	.
If	IN
ProCD	NNP
was	VBD
correct	JJ
to	TO
enforce	VB
a	DT
shrinkwrap	NN
license	NN
agreement	NN
,	,
where	WRB
any	DT
assent	NN
is	VBZ
implicit	JJ
,	,
then	RB
it	PRP
must	MD
also	RB
be	VB
correct	JJ
to	TO
enforce	VB
a	DT
clickwrap	NN
license	NN
agreement	NN
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
assent	NN
is	VBZ
explicit	JJ
.	.
To	TO
be	VB
sure	JJ
,	,
shrinkwrap	NN
and	CC
clickwrap	NN
license	NN
agreements	NNS
share	VBP
the	DT
defect	NN
of	IN
any	DT
standardized	JJ
contract	NN
--	:
they	PRP
are	VBP
susceptible	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
inclusion	NN
of	IN
terms	NNS
that	WDT
border	NN
on	IN
the	DT
unconscionable	JJ
--	:
but	CC
that	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
issue	NN
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
issue	NN
before	IN
the	DT
Court	NNP
is	VBZ
whether	IN
clickwrap	NN
license	NN
agreements	NNS
are	VBP
an	DT
appropriate	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
form	VB
contracts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Court	NNP
holds	VBZ
they	PRP
are	VBP
.	.
In	IN
short	RB
,	,
i.	FW
LAN	NNP
explicitly	RB
accepted	VBD
the	DT
clickwrap	NN
license	NN
agreement	NN
when	WRB
it	PRP
clicked	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
box	NN
stating	VBG
``	``
I	PRP
agree	VBP
.	.
''	''
To	TO
understand	VB
this	DT
holding	VBG
requires	VBZ
a	DT
bit	NN
of	IN
background	NN
.	.
When	WRB
NextPoint	NNP
and	CC
i.	NNP
LAN	NNP
first	RB
formed	VBD
their	PRP$
relationship	NN
,	,
i.	FW
LAN	NNP
signed	VBD
the	DT
1998	CD
VAR	NNP
agreement	NN
,	,
which	WDT
contains	VBZ
warranty	NN
disclaimers	NNS
and	CC
limitations	NNS
of	IN
liability	NN
nearly	RB
identical	JJ
to	TO
those	DT
found	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
clickwrap	NN
license	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
i.	FW
LAN	NNP
had	VBD
installed	VBN
the	DT
software	NN
on	IN
many	JJ
occasions	NNS
before	IN
the	DT
transaction	NN
in	IN
1999	CD
,	,
and	CC
each	DT
time	NN
i.	JJ
LAN	NNP
necessarily	RB
ran	VBD
across	IN
the	DT
clickwrap	NN
license	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
In	IN
short	RB
,	,
NextPoint	NNP
consistently	RB
included	VBD
a	DT
warranty	NN
disclaimer	NN
and	CC
limitation	NN
of	IN
liability	NN
in	IN
every	DT
contract	NN
it	PRP
made	VBD
.	.
Indeed	RB
,	,
the	DT
clickwrap	NN
license	NN
agreement	NN
specifically	RB
was	VBD
intended	VBN
to	TO
fill	VB
any	DT
gaps	NNS
left	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
1999	CD
purchase	NN
order	NN
.	.
See	VB
supra	NN
p.	NN
5	CD
.	.
``	``
There	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
long	JJ
tradition	NN
in	IN
contract	NN
law	NN
of	IN
reading	VBG
contracts	NNS
sensibly	RB
;	:
contracts	NNS
--	:
certainly	RB
business	NN
contracts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
kind	NN
involved	VBN
here	RB
--	:
are	VBP
not	RB
parlor	NN
games	NNS
but	CC
the	DT
means	NNS
of	IN
getting	VBG
the	DT
world	NN
's	POS
work	NN
done	VBN
.	.
''	''
R.I.	NNP
Charities	NNPS
Trust	NNP
v.	CC
Law	NN
and	CC
deceptive	JJ
trade	NN
practices	NNS
were	VBD
properly	RB
dismissed	VBN
as	IN
barred	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
EULA	NNP
and	CC
for	IN
failure	NN
to	TO
state	VB
a	DT
cause	NN
of	IN
action	NN
.	.
The	DT
elements	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
claim	NN
alleging	VBG
deceptive	JJ
practices	NNS
are	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
act	NN
or	CC
practice	NN
was	VBD
misleading	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
material	NN
respect	NN
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
was	VBD
injured	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
see	VB
Hart	NNP
v	NNP
Moore	NNP
,	,
155	CD
Misc	NNP
2d	CD
203	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
plaintiff	NN
failed	VBD
to	TO
allege	VB
that	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
engaged	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
materially	RB
misleading	JJ
practice	NN
and	CC
thus	RB
his	PRP$
deceptive	JJ
trade	NN
practice	NN
claim	NN
fails	VBZ
to	TO
state	VB
a	DT
cause	NN
of	IN
action	NN
.	.
The	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
properly	RB
dismissed	VBD
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
cause	NN
of	IN
action	NN
alleging	VBG
unjust	JJ
enrichment	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
well	RB
settled	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
a	DT
valid	JJ
and	CC
enforceable	JJ
contract	NN
governing	VBG
a	DT
particular	JJ
subject	JJ
matter	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
EULA	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
instant	NN
case	NN
,	,
precludes	VBZ
recovery	NN
in	IN
quasi	JJ
contract	NN
for	IN
events	NNS
arising	VBG
out	IN
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
subject	JJ
matter	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
see	VB
Clark-Fitzpatrick	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
v	NNP
Long	NNP
Is	VBZ
.	.
R.R.	NNP
Co.	NNP
,	,
70	CD
NY2d	JJ
382	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
an	DT
appeal	NN
from	IN
a	DT
judgment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Southern	NNP
District	NNP
of	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
denying	VBG
a	DT
motion	NN
by	IN
defendants-appellants	NNS
Netscape	NNP
Communications	NNPS
Corporation	NNP
and	CC
its	PRP$
corporate	JJ
parent	NN
,	,
America	NNP
Online	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
collectively	RB
,	,
``	``
defendants	NNS
''	''
or	CC
``	``
Netscape	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
to	TO
compel	VB
arbitration	NN
and	CC
to	TO
stay	VB
court	NN
proceedings	NNS
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
resolve	VB
the	DT
central	JJ
question	NN
of	IN
arbitrability	NN
presented	VBN
here	RB
,	,
we	PRP
must	MD
address	VB
issues	NNS
of	IN
contract	NN
formation	NN
in	IN
cyberspace	NN
.	.
Principally	RB
,	,
we	PRP
are	VBP
asked	VBN
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
plaintiffs-appellees	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
plaintiffs	NNS
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
by	IN
acting	VBG
upon	IN
defendants	NNS
'	POS
invitation	NN
to	TO
download	VB
free	JJ
software	NN
made	VBN
available	JJ
on	IN
defendants	NNS
'	POS
webpage	NN
,	,
agreed	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
bound	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
software	NN
's	POS
license	NN
terms	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
included	VBD
the	DT
arbitration	NN
clause	NN
at	IN
issue	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
could	MD
not	RB
have	VB
learned	VBN
of	IN
the	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
those	DT
terms	NNS
unless	IN
,	,
prior	RB
to	TO
executing	VBG
the	DT
download	NN
,	,
they	PRP
had	VBD
scrolled	VBN
down	IN
the	DT
webpage	NN
to	TO
a	DT
screen	NN
located	VBN
below	IN
the	DT
download	NN
button	NN
.	.
We	PRP
agree	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
district	NN
court	NN
that	IN
a	DT
reasonably	RB
prudent	JJ
Internet	NNP
user	NN
in	IN
circumstances	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
these	DT
would	MD
not	RB
have	VB
known	VBN
or	CC
learned	VBN
of	IN
the	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
the	DT
license	NN
terms	NNS
before	IN
responding	VBG
to	TO
defendants	NNS
'	POS
invitation	NN
to	TO
download	VB
the	DT
free	JJ
software	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
defendants	NNS
therefore	RB
did	VBD
not	RB
provide	VB
reasonable	JJ
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
license	NN
terms	NNS
.	.
In	IN
consequence	NN
,	,
plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
bare	JJ
act	NN
of	IN
downloading	VBG
the	DT
software	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
unambiguously	RB
manifest	JJ
assent	NN
to	TO
the	DT
arbitration	NN
provision	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
license	NN
terms	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
also	RB
agree	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
district	NN
court	NN
that	WDT
plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
claims	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
software	NN
at	IN
issue	NN
--	:
a	DT
``	``
plug-in	JJ
''	''
program	NN
entitled	VBN
SmartDownload	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
SmartDownload	NNP
''	''
or	CC
``	``
the	DT
plug-in	JJ
program	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
offered	VBN
by	IN
Netscape	NNP
to	TO
enhance	VB
the	DT
functioning	NN
of	IN
the	DT
separate	JJ
browser	NN
program	NN
called	VBN
Netscape	NNP
Communicator	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
Communicator	NNP
''	''
or	CC
``	``
the	DT
browser	NN
program	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
--	:
are	VBP
not	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
an	DT
arbitration	NN
agreement	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
license	NN
terms	NNS
governing	VBG
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
Communicator	NNP
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
we	PRP
conclude	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
district	NN
court	NN
properly	RB
rejected	VBD
defendants	NNS
'	POS
argument	NN
that	IN
plaintiff	NN
website	NN
owner	NN
Christopher	NNP
Specht	NNP
,	,
though	IN
not	RB
a	DT
party	NN
to	TO
any	DT
Netscape	NNP
license	NN
agreement	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
nevertheless	RB
required	VBN
to	TO
arbitrate	VB
his	PRP$
claims	NNS
concerning	VBG
SmartDownload	NNP
because	IN
he	PRP
allegedly	RB
benefited	VBD
directly	RB
under	IN
SmartDownload	NNP
's	POS
license	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
Defendants	NNS
'	POS
theory	NN
that	IN
Specht	NNP
benefited	VBD
whenever	WRB
visitors	NNS
employing	VBG
SmartDownload	NNP
downloaded	VBD
certain	JJ
files	NNS
made	VBN
available	JJ
on	IN
his	PRP$
website	NN
is	VBZ
simply	RB
too	RB
tenuous	JJ
and	CC
speculative	JJ
to	TO
justify	VB
application	NN
of	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
doctrine	NN
that	WDT
requires	VBZ
a	DT
nonparty	NN
to	TO
an	DT
arbitration	NN
agreement	NN
to	TO
arbitrate	VB
if	IN
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
has	VBZ
received	VBN
a	DT
direct	JJ
benefit	NN
under	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
containing	VBG
the	DT
arbitration	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
Specifically	RB
,	,
plaintiffs	NNS
alleged	VBD
that	IN
when	WRB
they	PRP
first	RB
used	VBD
Netscape	NNP
's	POS
Communicator	NNP
--	:
a	DT
software	NN
program	NN
that	WDT
permits	VBZ
Internet	NNP
browsing	VBG
--	:
the	DT
program	NN
created	VBN
and	CC
stored	VBN
on	IN
each	DT
of	IN
their	PRP$
computer	NN
hard	RB
drives	VBZ
a	DT
small	JJ
text	NN
file	NN
known	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
``	``
cookie	NN
''	''
that	WDT
functioned	VBD
``	``
as	IN
a	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
identification	NN
tag	NN
for	IN
future	JJ
communications	NNS
''	''
between	IN
their	PRP$
computers	NNS
and	CC
Netscape	NNP
.	.
Plaintiffs	NNS
further	RBR
alleged	VBN
that	IN
when	WRB
they	PRP
installed	VBD
SmartDownload	NNP
--	:
a	DT
separate	JJ
software	NN
``	``
plug-in	JJ
''	''
In	IN
the	DT
time	NN
period	NN
relevant	JJ
to	TO
this	DT
litigation	NN
,	,
Netscape	NNP
offered	VBD
on	IN
its	PRP$
website	NN
various	JJ
software	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
Communicator	NNP
and	CC
SmartDownload	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
visitors	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
site	NN
were	VBD
invited	VBN
to	TO
obtain	VB
free	JJ
of	IN
charge	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
undisputed	JJ
that	IN
five	CD
of	IN
the	DT
six	CD
named	VBN
plaintiffs	NNS
--	:
Michael	NNP
Fagan	NNP
,	,
John	NNP
Gibson	NNP
,	,
Mark	NNP
Gruber	NNP
,	,
Sean	NNP
Kelly	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Sherry	NNP
Weindorf	NNP
--	:
downloaded	VBD
Communicator	NNP
from	IN
the	DT
Netscape	NNP
website	NN
.	.
These	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
acknowledge	VBP
that	IN
when	WRB
they	PRP
proceeded	VBD
to	TO
initiate	VB
installation	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN3	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
Communicator	NNP
,	,
they	PRP
were	VBD
automatically	RB
shown	VBN
a	DT
scrollable	JJ
text	NN
of	IN
that	DT
program	NN
's	POS
license	NN
agreement	NN
and	CC
were	VBD
not	RB
permitted	VBN
to	TO
complete	VB
the	DT
installation	NN
until	IN
they	PRP
had	VBD
clicked	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
``	``
Yes	UH
''	''
button	NN
to	TO
indicate	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
accepted	VBD
all	PDT
the	DT
license	NN
terms	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN4	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
If	IN
a	DT
user	NN
attempted	VBN
to	TO
install	VB
Communicator	NNP
without	IN
clicking	VBG
``	``
Yes	UH
,	,
''	''
the	DT
installation	NN
would	MD
be	VB
aborted	JJ
.	.
All	DT
five	CD
named	VBN
user	NN
plaintiffs	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN5	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
expressly	RB
agreed	VBD
to	TO
Communicator	NNP
's	POS
license	NN
terms	NNS
by	IN
clicking	VBG
``	``
Yes	UH
.	.
''	''
The	DT
Communicator	NNP
license	NN
agreement	NN
that	IN
these	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
saw	VBD
made	VBN
no	DT
mention	NN
of	IN
SmartDownload	NNP
or	CC
other	JJ
plug-in	JJ
programs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
stated	VBD
that	DT
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
t	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
hese	NN
terms	NNS
apply	VBP
to	TO
Netscape	NNP
Communicator	NNP
and	CC
Netscape	NNP
Navigator	NNP
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN6	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
that	IN
``	``
all	DT
disputes	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
this	DT
Agreement	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
excepting	VBG
any	DT
dispute	NN
relating	VBG
to	TO
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
rights	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
''	''
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
``	``
binding	JJ
arbitration	NN
in	IN
Santa	NNP
Clara	NNP
County	NNP
,	,
California	NNP
.	.
''	''
FN3	CD
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
difference	NN
between	IN
downloading	VBG
and	CC
installing	VBG
a	DT
software	NN
program	NN
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
user	NN
downloads	VBZ
a	DT
program	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
to	TO
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
computer	NN
,	,
the	DT
program	NN
file	NN
is	VBZ
stored	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
hard	JJ
drive	NN
but	CC
typically	RB
is	VBZ
not	RB
operable	JJ
until	IN
the	DT
user	NN
installs	VBZ
or	CC
executes	VBZ
it	PRP
,	,
usually	RB
by	IN
double-clicking	NN
on	IN
the	DT
file	NN
and	CC
causing	VBG
the	DT
program	NN
to	TO
run	VB
.	.
FN4	CD
.	.
This	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
online	JJ
software	NN
license	NN
agreement	NN
has	VBZ
come	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
known	VBN
as	IN
``	``
clickwrap	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
by	IN
analogy	NN
to	TO
``	``
shrinkwrap	NN
,	,
''	''
used	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
licensing	NN
of	IN
tangible	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
software	NN
sold	VBN
in	IN
packages	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
because	IN
it	PRP
``	``
presents	VBZ
the	DT
user	NN
with	IN
a	DT
message	NN
on	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
computer	NN
screen	NN
,	,
requiring	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
user	NN
manifest	JJ
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
assent	NN
to	TO
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
license	NN
agreement	NN
by	IN
clicking	VBG
on	IN
an	DT
icon	NN
.	.
The	DT
product	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
obtained	VBN
or	CC
used	VBN
unless	IN
and	CC
until	IN
the	DT
icon	NN
is	VBZ
clicked	VBN
.	.
''	''
Specht	NNP
,	,
150	CD
F.	NNP
Supp	NNP
.2	CD
d	SYM
at	IN
593-94	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
footnote	NN
omitted	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
FN5	CD
.	.
The	DT
term	NN
``	``
user	NN
plaintiffs	NNS
''	''
here	RB
and	CC
elsewhere	RB
in	IN
this	DT
opinion	NN
denotes	VBZ
those	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
suing	VBG
for	IN
harm	NN
they	PRP
allegedly	RB
incurred	VBD
as	IN
computer	NN
users	NNS
,	,
in	IN
contrast	NN
to	TO
plaintiff	NN
Specht	NNP
,	,
who	WP
alleges	VBZ
that	IN
he	PRP
was	VBD
harmed	VBN
in	IN
his	PRP$
capacity	NN
as	IN
a	DT
website	NN
owner	NN
.	.
FN6	CD
.	.
While	IN
Navigator	NNP
was	VBD
Netscape	NNP
's	POS
``	``
stand-alone	JJ
''	''
Internet	NNP
browser	NN
program	NN
during	IN
the	DT
period	NN
in	IN
question	NN
,	,
Communicator	NNP
was	VBD
a	DT
``	``
software	NN
suite	NN
''	''
that	WDT
comprised	VBD
Navigator	NNP
and	CC
other	JJ
software	NN
products	NNS
.	.
All	DT
five	CD
named	VBN
user	NN
plaintiffs	NNS
stated	VBN
in	IN
affidavits	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
had	VBD
obtained	VBN
upgraded	VBN
versions	NNS
of	IN
Communicator	NNP
.	.
Fagan	NNP
,	,
who	WP
,	,
as	IN
noted	VBN
below	IN
,	,
allegedly	RB
did	VBD
not	RB
obtain	VB
the	DT
browser	NN
program	NN
in	IN
connection	NN
with	IN
downloading	VBG
SmartDownload	NNP
,	,
expressed	VBD
some	DT
uncertainty	NN
during	IN
his	PRP$
deposition	NN
as	IN
to	TO
whether	IN
he	PRP
had	VBD
acquired	VBN
Communicator	NNP
or	CC
Navigator	NNP
.	.
The	DT
identity	NN
of	IN
Fagan	NNP
's	POS
browser	NN
program	NN
is	VBZ
immaterial	JJ
to	TO
this	DT
appeal	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
as	IN
Communicator	NNP
and	CC
Navigator	NNP
shared	VBD
the	DT
same	JJ
license	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
Although	IN
Communicator	NNP
could	MD
be	VB
obtained	VBN
independently	RB
of	IN
SmartDownload	NNP
,	,
all	PDT
the	DT
named	VBN
user	NN
plaintiffs	NNS
,	,
except	IN
Fagan	NNP
,	,
downloaded	VBD
and	CC
installed	VBD
Communicator	NNP
in	IN
connection	NN
with	IN
downloading	VBG
SmartDownload	NNP
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN7	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
Each	DT
of	IN
these	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
allegedly	RB
arrived	VBD
at	IN
a	DT
Netscape	NNP
webpage	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN8	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
captioned	VBN
``	``
SmartDownload	NNP
Communicator	NNP
''	''
that	IN
urged	VBD
them	PRP
to	TO
``	``
Download	VB
With	IN
Confidence	NN
Using	VBG
SmartDownload	NNP
!	.
''	''
At	IN
or	CC
near	IN
the	DT
bottom	NN
of	IN
the	DT
screen	NN
facing	VBG
plaintiffs	NNS
was	VBD
the	DT
prompt	JJ
``	``
Start	NNP
Download	NNP
''	''
and	CC
a	DT
tinted	JJ
button	NN
labeled	VBN
``	``
Download	NNP
.	.
''	''
By	IN
clicking	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
button	NN
,	,
plaintiffs	NNS
initiated	VBD
the	DT
download	NN
of	IN
SmartDownload	NNP
.	.
Once	RB
that	IN
process	NN
was	VBD
complete	JJ
,	,
SmartDownload	NNP
,	,
as	IN
its	PRP$
first	JJ
plug-in	JJ
task	NN
,	,
permitted	VBD
plaintiffs	NNS
to	TO
proceed	VB
with	IN
downloading	VBG
and	CC
installing	VBG
Communicator	NNP
,	,
an	DT
operation	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
accompanied	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
clickwrap	JJ
display	NN
of	IN
Communicator	NNP
's	POS
license	NN
terms	NNS
described	VBN
above	IN
.	.
``	``
webpage	NN
''	''
or	CC
``	``
page	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
used	VBN
to	TO
designate	VB
a	DT
document	NN
that	WDT
resides	VBZ
,	,
usually	RB
with	IN
other	JJ
webpages	NNS
,	,
on	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
Internet	NNP
website	NN
and	CC
that	IN
contains	VBZ
information	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
viewed	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
monitor	NN
by	IN
scrolling	VBG
through	IN
the	DT
document	NN
.	.
SmartDownload	NNP
was	VBD
that	IN
no	DT
clickwrap	NN
presentation	NN
accompanied	VBD
the	DT
latter	JJ
operation	NN
.	.
Instead	RB
,	,
once	RB
plaintiffs	NNS
Gibson	NNP
,	,
Gruber	NNP
,	,
Kelly	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Weindorf	NNP
had	VBD
clicked	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
``	``
Download	NNP
''	''
button	NN
located	VBN
at	IN
or	CC
near	IN
the	DT
bottom	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
screen	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
downloading	NN
of	IN
SmartDownload	NNP
was	VBD
complete	JJ
,	,
these	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
encountered	VBD
no	DT
further	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
plug-in	JJ
program	NN
or	CC
the	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
license	NN
terms	NNS
governing	VBG
its	PRP$
use	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN9	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
sole	JJ
reference	NN
to	TO
SmartDownload	NNP
's	POS
license	NN
terms	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
``	``
SmartDownload	NNP
Communicator	NNP
''	''
webpage	NN
was	VBD
located	VBN
in	IN
text	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
have	VB
become	VBN
visible	JJ
to	TO
plaintiffs	NNS
only	RB
if	IN
they	PRP
had	VBD
scrolled	VBN
down	RB
to	TO
the	DT
next	JJ
screen	NN
.	.
FN9	CD
.	.
Plaintiff	NNP
Kelly	NNP
,	,
a	DT
relatively	RB
sophisticated	JJ
Internet	NNP
user	NN
,	,
testified	VBD
that	IN
when	WRB
he	PRP
clicked	VBD
to	TO
download	VB
SmartDownload	NNP
,	,
he	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
think	VB
that	IN
he	PRP
was	VBD
downloading	VBG
a	DT
software	NN
program	NN
at	IN
all	DT
,	,
but	CC
rather	RB
that	IN
SmartDownload	NNP
``	``
was	VBD
merely	RB
a	DT
piece	NN
of	IN
download	NN
technology	NN
.	.
''	''
He	PRP
later	RB
became	VBD
aware	JJ
that	IN
SmartDownload	NNP
was	VBD
residing	VBG
as	IN
software	NN
on	IN
his	PRP$
hard	JJ
drive	NN
when	WRB
he	PRP
attempted	VBD
to	TO
download	VB
electronic	JJ
files	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
FN10	CD
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
screen	NN
shot	NN
of	IN
the	DT
SmartDownload	NNP
webpage	NN
attached	VBN
to	TO
Weindorf	NNP
's	POS
affidavit	NN
,	,
the	DT
reference	NN
to	TO
license	VB
terms	NNS
is	VBZ
partially	RB
visible	JJ
,	,
though	IN
almost	RB
illegible	JJ
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
bottom	NN
of	IN
the	DT
screen	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
screen	NN
shots	NNS
attached	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
affidavits	NNS
of	IN
Gibson	NNP
,	,
Gruber	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Kelly	NNP
,	,
the	DT
reference	NN
to	TO
license	VB
terms	NNS
is	VBZ
not	RB
visible	JJ
.	.
In	IN
sum	NN
,	,
plaintiffs	NNS
Gibson	NNP
,	,
Gruber	NNP
,	,
Kelly	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Weindorf	NNP
allege	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
process	NN
of	IN
obtaining	VBG
SmartDownload	NNP
contrasted	VBD
sharply	RB
with	IN
that	DT
of	IN
obtaining	VBG
Communicator	NNP
.	.
Having	VBG
selected	VBN
SmartDownload	NNP
,	,
they	PRP
were	VBD
required	VBN
neither	RB
to	TO
express	VB
unambiguous	JJ
assent	NN
to	TO
that	DT
program	NN
's	POS
license	NN
agreement	NN
nor	CC
even	RB
to	TO
view	VB
the	DT
license	NN
terms	NNS
or	CC
become	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
their	PRP$
existence	NN
before	IN
proceeding	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
invited	VBN
download	NN
of	IN
the	DT
free	JJ
plug-in	JJ
program	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
once	RB
these	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
had	VBD
initiated	VBN
the	DT
download	NN
,	,
the	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
SmartDownload	NNP
's	POS
license	NN
terms	NNS
was	VBD
not	RB
mentioned	VBN
while	IN
the	DT
software	NN
was	VBD
running	VBG
or	CC
at	IN
any	DT
later	JJ
point	NN
in	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
experience	NN
of	IN
the	DT
product	NN
.	.
The	DT
use	NN
of	IN
each	DT
Netscape	NNP
software	NN
product	NN
is	VBZ
governed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
license	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
You	PRP
must	MD
read	VB
and	CC
agree	VB
to	TO
the	DT
license	NN
agreement	NN
terms	NNS
BEFORE	VBP
acquiring	VBG
a	DT
product	NN
.	.
Please	VB
click	VB
on	IN
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
link	NN
below	IN
to	TO
review	VB
the	DT
current	JJ
license	NN
agreement	NN
for	IN
the	DT
product	NN
of	IN
interest	NN
to	TO
you	PRP
before	IN
acquisition	NN
.	.
For	IN
products	NNS
available	JJ
for	IN
download	NN
,	,
you	PRP
must	MD
read	VB
and	CC
agree	VB
to	TO
the	DT
license	NN
agreement	NN
terms	NNS
BEFORE	VBP
you	PRP
install	VB
the	DT
software	NN
.	.
Agreement	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
excepting	VBG
any	DT
dispute	NN
relating	VBG
to	TO
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
rights	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
shall	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
final	JJ
and	CC
binding	JJ
arbitration	NN
in	IN
Santa	NNP
Clara	NNP
County	NNP
,	,
California	NNP
,	,
under	IN
the	DT
auspices	NNS
of	IN
JAMS\/EndDispute	NNP
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
losing	VBG
party	NN
paying	VBG
all	DT
costs	NNS
of	IN
arbitration	NN
.	.
Unlike	IN
the	DT
four	CD
named	VBN
user	NN
plaintiffs	NNS
who	WP
downloaded	VBD
SmartDownload	NNP
from	IN
the	DT
Netscape	NNP
website	NN
,	,
the	DT
fifth	JJ
named	VBN
plaintiff	NN
,	,
Michael	NNP
Fagan	NNP
,	,
claims	VBZ
to	TO
have	VB
downloaded	VBN
the	DT
plug-in	JJ
program	NN
from	IN
a	DT
``	``
shareware	NN
''	''
website	NN
operated	VBN
by	IN
ZDNet	NNP
,	,
an	DT
entity	NN
unrelated	JJ
to	TO
Netscape	NNP
.	.
Shareware	NNP
sites	NNS
are	VBP
websites	NNS
,	,
maintained	VBN
by	IN
companies	NNS
or	CC
individuals	NNS
,	,
that	IN
contain	VBP
libraries	NNS
of	IN
free	JJ
,	,
publicly	RB
available	JJ
software	NN
.	.
The	DT
pages	NNS
that	IN
a	DT
user	NN
would	MD
have	VB
seen	VBN
while	IN
downloading	VBG
SmartDownload	NNP
from	IN
ZDNet	NNP
differed	VBD
from	IN
those	DT
that	IN
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
would	MD
have	VB
encountered	VBN
while	IN
downloading	VBG
SmartDownload	NNP
from	IN
the	DT
Netscape	NNP
website	NN
.	.
Notably	RB
,	,
instead	RB
of	IN
any	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
SmartDownload	NNP
license	NN
agreement	NN
,	,
the	DT
ZDNet	NNP
pages	NNS
offered	VBD
only	RB
a	DT
hypertext	JJ
link	NN
to	TO
``	``
more	JJR
information	NN
''	''
about	IN
SmartDownload	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
,	,
if	IN
clicked	VBN
on	IN
,	,
took	VBD
the	DT
user	NN
to	TO
a	DT
Netscape	NNP
webpage	NN
that	IN
,	,
in	IN
turn	NN
,	,
contained	VBD
a	DT
link	NN
to	TO
the	DT
license	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
a	DT
visitor	NN
to	TO
the	DT
ZDNet	NNP
website	NN
could	MD
have	VB
obtained	VBN
SmartDownload	NNP
,	,
as	IN
Fagan	NNP
avers	VBZ
he	PRP
did	VBD
,	,
without	IN
ever	RB
seeing	VBG
a	DT
reference	NN
to	TO
that	DT
program	NN
's	POS
license	NN
terms	NNS
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
had	VBD
scrolled	VBN
through	IN
all	DT
of	IN
ZDNet	NNP
's	POS
webpages	NNS
.	.
SmartDownload	NNP
,	,
but	CC
instead	RB
operated	VBD
a	DT
website	NN
from	IN
which	WDT
visitors	NNS
could	MD
download	VB
certain	JJ
electronic	JJ
files	NNS
that	WDT
permitted	VBD
them	PRP
to	TO
create	VB
an	DT
account	NN
with	IN
an	DT
internet	NN
service	NN
provider	NN
called	VBN
WhyWeb	NNP
.	.
Specht	NNP
alleges	VBZ
that	IN
every	DT
time	NN
a	DT
user	NN
who	WP
had	VBD
previously	RB
installed	VBN
SmartDownload	NNP
visited	VBD
his	PRP$
website	NN
and	CC
downloaded	VBD
WhyWeb-related	NNP
files	NNS
,	,
defendants	NNS
intercepted	VBD
this	DT
information	NN
.	.
Defendants	NNS
allege	VBP
that	IN
Specht	NNP
would	MD
receive	VB
a	DT
representative	NN
's	POS
commission	NN
from	IN
WhyWeb	NNP
every	DT
time	NN
a	DT
user	NN
who	WP
obtained	VBD
a	DT
WhyWeb	NNP
file	NN
from	IN
his	PRP$
website	NN
subsequently	RB
subscribed	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
WhyWeb	NNP
service	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
argue	VBP
defendants	NNS
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
``	``
Netscape	NNP
license	NN
agreement	NN
...	:
conferred	VBN
on	IN
each	DT
user	NN
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
download	VB
and	CC
use	VB
both	DT
Communicator	NNP
and	CC
SmartDownload	NNP
software	NN
,	,
''	''
Specht	NNP
received	VBD
a	DT
benefit	NN
under	IN
that	DT
license	NN
agreement	NN
in	IN
that	DT
SmartDownload	NNP
``	``
assisted	VBN
in	IN
obtaining	VBG
the	DT
WhyWeb	NNP
file	NN
and	CC
increased	VBD
the	DT
likelihood	NN
of	IN
success	NN
in	IN
the	DT
download	NN
process	NN
.	.
''	''
This	DT
benefit	NN
,	,
defendants	NNS
claim	VBP
,	,
was	VBD
direct	JJ
enough	JJ
to	TO
require	VB
Specht	NNP
to	TO
arbitrate	VB
his	PRP$
claims	NNS
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
Netscape	NNP
's	POS
license	NN
terms	NNS
.	.
Specht	NNP
,	,
however	RB
,	,
maintains	VBZ
that	IN
he	PRP
never	RB
received	VBD
any	DT
commissions	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
WhyWeb	NNP
files	NNS
available	JJ
on	IN
his	PRP$
website	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
district	NN
court	NN
,	,
defendants	NNS
moved	VBD
to	TO
compel	VB
arbitration	NN
and	CC
to	TO
stay	VB
court	NN
proceedings	NNS
pursuant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Arbitration	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
FAA	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
9	CD
U.S.C.	NN
4	CD
,	,
arguing	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
disputes	NNS
reflected	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
complaints	NNS
,	,
like	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
dispute	NN
relating	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
SmartDownload	NNP
license	NN
agreement	NN
,	,
are	VBP
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
arbitration	NN
clause	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
that	DT
agreement	NN
.	.
Finding	VBG
that	DT
Netscape	NNP
's	POS
webpage	NN
,	,
unlike	IN
typical	JJ
examples	NNS
of	IN
clickwrap	NN
,	,
neither	CC
adequately	RB
alerted	VBN
users	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
SmartDownload	NNP
's	POS
license	NN
terms	NNS
nor	CC
required	JJ
users	NNS
unambiguously	RB
to	TO
manifest	JJ
assent	NN
to	TO
those	DT
terms	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
condition	NN
of	IN
downloading	VBG
the	DT
product	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
user	NN
plaintiffs	NNS
had	VBD
not	RB
entered	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
SmartDownload	NNP
license	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
Specht	NNP
,	,
150	CD
F.	NNP
Supp	NNP
.2	CD
d	SYM
at	IN
595-96	CD
.	.
The	DT
district	NN
court	NN
also	RB
ruled	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
separate	JJ
license	NN
agreement	NN
governing	VBG
use	NN
of	IN
Communicator	NNP
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
the	DT
user	NN
plaintiffs	NNS
had	VBD
assented	VBN
to	TO
its	PRP$
terms	NNS
,	,
involved	VBD
an	DT
independent	JJ
transaction	NN
that	WDT
made	VBD
no	DT
mention	NN
of	IN
SmartDownload	NNP
and	CC
so	RB
did	VBD
not	RB
bind	NN
plaintiffs	NNS
to	TO
arbitrate	VB
their	PRP$
claims	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
SmartDownload	NNP
.	.
The	DT
FAA	NNP
provides	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
``	``
written	VBN
provision	NN
in	IN
any	DT
...	:
contract	NN
evidencing	VBG
a	DT
transaction	NN
involving	VBG
commerce	NN
to	TO
settle	VB
by	IN
arbitration	NN
a	DT
controversy	NN
thereafter	RB
arising	VBG
out	IN
of	IN
such	JJ
contract	NN
or	CC
transaction	NN
...	:
shall	MD
be	VB
valid	JJ
,	,
irrevocable	JJ
,	,
and	CC
enforceable	JJ
,	,
save	VB
upon	IN
such	JJ
grounds	NNS
as	IN
exist	VBP
at	IN
law	NN
or	CC
in	IN
equity	NN
for	IN
the	DT
revocation	NN
of	IN
any	DT
contract	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN11	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
9	CD
U.S.C.	NN
Defendants	NNS
argue	VBP
on	IN
appeal	NN
that	IN
the	DT
district	NN
court	NN
erred	VBD
in	IN
deciding	VBG
the	DT
question	NN
of	IN
contract	NN
formation	NN
as	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
law	NN
.	.
A	DT
central	JJ
issue	NN
in	IN
dispute	NN
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
defendants	NNS
,	,
is	VBZ
whether	IN
the	DT
user	NN
plaintiffs	NNS
actually	RB
saw	VBD
the	DT
notice	NN
of	IN
SmartDownload	NNP
's	POS
license	NN
terms	NNS
when	WRB
they	PRP
downloaded	VBD
the	DT
plug-in	JJ
program	NN
.	.
Although	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
affidavits	NNS
and	CC
depositions	NNS
generally	RB
swore	VBD
that	IN
they	PRP
never	RB
saw	VBD
the	DT
notice	NN
of	IN
terms	NNS
on	IN
Netscape	NNP
's	POS
webpage	NN
,	,
defendants	NNS
point	VBP
to	TO
deposition	NN
testimony	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
some	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
,	,
under	IN
repeated	VBN
questioning	VBG
by	IN
defendants	NNS
'	POS
counsel	NN
,	,
responded	VBD
that	IN
they	PRP
could	MD
not	RB
``	``
remember	VB
''	''
or	CC
be	VB
entirely	RB
``	``
sure	JJ
''	''
whether	IN
the	DT
link	NN
to	TO
SmartDownload	NNP
's	POS
license	NN
terms	NNS
was	VBD
visible	JJ
on	IN
their	PRP$
computer	NN
screens	NNS
.	.
Defendants	NNS
argue	VBP
that	IN
on	IN
some	DT
computers	NNS
,	,
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
configuration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
monitor	NN
and	CC
browser	NN
,	,
SmartDownload	NNP
's	POS
license	NN
link	NN
``	``
appears	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
screen	NN
,	,
without	IN
any	DT
need	NN
for	IN
the	DT
user	NN
to	TO
scroll	VB
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
''	''
Thus	RB
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
defendants	NNS
,	,
``	``
a	DT
trial	NN
on	IN
the	DT
factual	JJ
issues	NNS
that	WDT
Defendants	NNS
raised	VBD
about	IN
each	DT
and	CC
every	DT
Plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
-LRB-	-LRB-
sic	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
downloading	VBG
experience	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
required	VBN
on	IN
remand	NN
to	TO
remedy	VB
the	DT
district	NN
court	NN
's	POS
``	``
error	NN
''	''
in	IN
denying	VBG
defendants	NNS
'	POS
motion	NN
as	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
law	NN
.	.
FN12	CD
.	.
Later	RB
,	,
when	WRB
Judge	NNP
Hellerstein	NNP
suggested	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
``	``
an	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
fact	NN
...	:
to	TO
be	VB
tried	VBN
''	''
whether	IN
plaintiff	NN
Fagan	NNP
downloaded	VBD
SmartDownload	NNP
from	IN
Netscape	NNP
's	POS
webpage	NN
or	CC
from	IN
the	DT
ZDNet	NNP
shareware	NN
site	NN
,	,
defendants	NNS
'	POS
counsel	NN
stated	VBD
:	:
``	``
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
sure	JJ
there	EX
is	VBZ
an	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
fact	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
sort	NN
of	IN
a	DT
summary	NN
judgment	NN
kind	NN
of	IN
standard	NN
.	.
''	''
Still	RB
later	RB
,	,
counsel	NN
remarked	VBD
:	:
``	``
I	PRP
think	VBP
we	PRP
established	VBN
that	IN
there	EX
really	RB
is	VBZ
no	DT
genuine	JJ
issue	NN
that	IN
Mr.	NNP
Fagan	NNP
got	VBD
his	PRP$
smart	JJ
download	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
sic	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
by	IN
visiting	VBG
the	DT
Netscape	NNP
webpage	NN
from	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
fairly	RB
had	VBD
notice	NN
that	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
a	DT
license	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
''	''
Defendants	NNS
'	POS
position	NN
that	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
``	``
no	DT
genuine	JJ
issue	NN
''	''
regarding	VBG
reasonable	JJ
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
the	DT
license	NN
terms	NNS
is	VBZ
consistent	JJ
with	IN
this	DT
Circuit	NN
's	POS
standard	NN
for	IN
determining	VBG
whether	IN
a	DT
trial	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
the	DT
making	NN
of	IN
an	DT
arbitration	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
In	IN
sum	NN
,	,
we	PRP
conclude	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
district	NN
court	NN
properly	RB
decided	VBD
the	DT
question	NN
of	IN
reasonable	JJ
notice	NN
and	CC
objective	JJ
manifestation	NN
of	IN
assent	NN
as	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
law	NN
on	IN
the	DT
record	NN
before	IN
it	PRP
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
decline	VBP
defendants	NNS
'	POS
request	NN
to	TO
remand	VB
for	IN
a	DT
full	JJ
trial	NN
on	IN
that	DT
question	NN
.	.
FN13	CD
.	.
The	DT
district	NN
court	NN
concluded	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
SmartDownload	NNP
transactions	NNS
here	RB
should	MD
be	VB
governed	VBN
by	IN
``	``
California	NNP
law	NN
as	IN
it	PRP
relates	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
goods	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
Uniform	NNP
Commercial	NNP
Code	NNP
in	IN
effect	NN
in	IN
California	NNP
.	.
''	''
Downloadable	JJ
software	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
is	VBZ
scarcely	RB
a	DT
``	``
tangible	JJ
''	''
good	JJ
,	,
and	CC
,	,
in	IN
part	NN
because	IN
software	NN
may	MD
be	VB
obtained	VBN
,	,
copied	VBN
,	,
or	CC
transferred	VBN
effortlessly	RB
at	IN
the	DT
stroke	NN
of	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
key	NN
,	,
licensing	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
Internet	NNP
products	NNS
has	VBZ
assumed	VBN
a	DT
vast	JJ
importance	NN
in	IN
recent	JJ
years	NNS
.	.
Recognizing	VBG
that	IN
``	``
a	DT
body	NN
of	IN
law	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
images	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
manufactured	VBN
goods	NNS
ill	JJ
fits	NNS
licenses	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
transactions	NNS
in	IN
computer	NN
information	NN
,	,
''	''
the	DT
National	NNP
Conference	NNP
of	IN
Commissioners	NNPS
on	IN
Uniform	NNP
State	NNP
Laws	NNP
has	VBZ
promulgated	VBN
the	DT
Uniform	NNP
Computer	NNP
Information	NNP
Transactions	NNS
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
UCITA	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
a	DT
code	NN
resembling	VBG
UCC	NNP
Article	NNP
2	CD
in	IN
many	JJ
respects	NNS
but	CC
drafted	VBN
to	TO
reflect	VB
emergent	JJ
practices	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
and	CC
licensing	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
information	NN
.	.
UCITA	NNP
,	,
prefatory	JJ
note	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
rev.	FW
ed	FW
.	.
We	PRP
need	VBP
not	RB
decide	VB
today	NN
whether	IN
UCC	NNP
Article	NNP
2	CD
applies	VBZ
to	TO
Internet	NNP
transactions	NNS
in	IN
downloadable	JJ
products	NNS
.	.
The	DT
district	NN
court	NN
's	POS
analysis	NN
and	CC
the	DT
parties	NNS
'	POS
arguments	NNS
on	IN
appeal	NN
show	NN
that	IN
,	,
for	IN
present	JJ
purposes	NNS
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
essential	JJ
difference	NN
between	IN
UCC	NNP
Article	NNP
2	CD
and	CC
the	DT
common	JJ
law	NN
of	IN
contracts	NNS
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
foregoing	NN
cases	NNS
suggest	VBP
,	,
receipt	NN
of	IN
a	DT
physical	JJ
document	NN
containing	VBG
contract	NN
terms	NNS
or	CC
notice	NN
thereof	RB
is	VBZ
frequently	RB
deemed	VBN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
world	NN
of	IN
paper	NN
transactions	NNS
,	,
a	DT
sufficient	JJ
circumstance	NN
to	TO
place	VB
the	DT
offeree	NN
on	IN
inquiry	NN
notice	NN
of	IN
those	DT
terms	NNS
.	.
``	``
Every	DT
person	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
actual	JJ
notice	NN
of	IN
circumstances	NNS
sufficient	JJ
to	TO
put	VB
a	DT
prudent	JJ
man	NN
upon	IN
inquiry	NN
as	IN
to	TO
a	DT
particular	JJ
fact	NN
,	,
has	VBZ
constructive	JJ
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
itself	PRP
in	IN
all	DT
cases	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
,	,
by	IN
prosecuting	VBG
such	JJ
inquiry	NN
,	,
he	PRP
might	MD
have	VB
learned	VBN
such	JJ
fact	NN
.	.
''	''
Cal	NNP
.	.
Civ	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
19	CD
.	.
These	DT
principles	NNS
apply	VBP
equally	RB
to	TO
the	DT
emergent	JJ
world	NN
of	IN
online	JJ
product	NN
delivery	NN
,	,
pop-up	JJ
screens	NNS
,	,
hyperlinked	VBN
pages	NNS
,	,
clickwrap	JJ
licensing	NN
,	,
scrollable	JJ
documents	NNS
,	,
and	CC
urgent	JJ
admonitions	NNS
to	TO
``	``
Download	VB
Now	RB
!	.
''	''
.	.
What	WP
plaintiffs	NNS
saw	VBD
when	WRB
they	PRP
were	VBD
being	VBG
invited	VBN
by	IN
defendants	NNS
to	TO
download	VB
this	DT
fast	RB
,	,
free	JJ
plug-in	JJ
called	VBN
SmartDownload	NNP
was	VBD
a	DT
screen	NN
containing	VBG
praise	NN
for	IN
the	DT
product	NN
and	CC
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
very	RB
bottom	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
screen	NN
,	,
a	DT
``	``
Download	NNP
''	''
button	NN
.	.
Defendants	NNS
argue	VBP
that	IN
under	IN
the	DT
principles	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
the	DT
cases	NNS
cited	VBD
above	RB
,	,
a	DT
``	``
fair	JJ
and	CC
prudent	JJ
person	NN
using	VBG
ordinary	JJ
care	NN
''	''
would	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
on	IN
inquiry	NN
notice	NN
of	IN
SmartDownload	NNP
's	POS
license	NN
terms	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
persuaded	VBN
that	IN
a	DT
reasonably	RB
prudent	JJ
offeree	NN
in	IN
these	DT
circumstances	NNS
would	MD
have	VB
known	VBN
of	IN
the	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
license	NN
terms	NNS
.	.
Plaintiffs	NNS
were	VBD
responding	VBG
to	TO
an	DT
offer	NN
that	WDT
did	VBD
not	RB
carry	VB
an	DT
immediately	RB
visible	JJ
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
license	NN
terms	NNS
or	CC
require	VB
unambiguous	JJ
manifestation	NN
of	IN
assent	NN
to	TO
those	DT
terms	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
``	``
apparent	JJ
manifestation	NN
of	IN
...	:
consent	NN
''	''
was	VBD
to	TO
terms	NNS
``	``
contained	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
document	NN
whose	WP$
contractual	JJ
nature	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
was	VBD
-RRB-	-RRB-
not	RB
obvious	JJ
.	.
''	''
Windsor	NNP
Mills	NNP
,	,
25	CD
Cal	NNP
.	.
App	NNP
.3	CD
d	SYM
at	IN
992	CD
,	,
101	CD
Cal	NNP
.	.
Rptr	NNP
.	.
at	IN
351	CD
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
,	,
given	VBN
the	DT
position	NN
of	IN
the	DT
scroll	NN
bar	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
computer	NN
screens	NNS
,	,
plaintiffs	NNS
may	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
aware	JJ
that	IN
an	DT
unexplored	JJ
portion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Netscape	NNP
webpage	NN
remained	VBD
below	IN
the	DT
download	NN
button	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
mean	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
reasonably	RB
should	MD
have	VB
concluded	VBN
that	IN
this	DT
portion	NN
contained	VBD
a	DT
notice	NN
of	IN
license	NN
terms	NNS
.	.
In	IN
their	PRP$
deposition	NN
testimony	NN
,	,
plaintiffs	NNS
variously	RB
stated	VBD
that	IN
they	PRP
used	VBD
the	DT
scroll	NN
bar	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
o	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
nly	RB
if	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
something	NN
that	IN
I	PRP
feel	VBP
I	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
see	VB
that	DT
is	VBZ
on	IN
--	:
that	WDT
is	VBZ
off	IN
the	DT
page	NN
,	,
''	''
or	CC
that	IN
the	DT
elevated	JJ
position	NN
of	IN
the	DT
scroll	NN
bar	NN
suggested	VBD
the	DT
presence	NN
of	IN
``	``
mere	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
-RRB-	-RRB-
formalities	NNS
,	,
standard	JJ
lower	JJR
banner	NN
links	NNS
''	''
or	CC
``	``
that	IN
the	DT
page	NN
is	VBZ
bigger	JJR
than	IN
what	WP
I	PRP
can	MD
see	VB
.	.
''	''
Plaintiffs	NNS
testified	VBD
,	,
and	CC
defendants	NNS
did	VBD
not	RB
refute	VB
,	,
that	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
were	VBD
in	IN
fact	NN
unaware	JJ
that	IN
defendants	NNS
intended	VBN
to	TO
attach	VB
license	NN
terms	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
SmartDownload	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
conclude	VBP
that	IN
in	IN
circumstances	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
these	DT
,	,
where	WRB
consumers	NNS
are	VBP
urged	VBN
to	TO
download	VB
free	JJ
software	NN
at	IN
the	DT
immediate	JJ
click	NN
of	IN
a	DT
button	NN
,	,
a	DT
reference	NN
to	TO
the	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
license	NN
terms	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
submerged	JJ
screen	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
sufficient	JJ
to	TO
place	VB
consumers	NNS
on	IN
inquiry	NN
or	CC
constructive	JJ
notice	NN
of	IN
those	DT
terms	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN15	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
SmartDownload	NNP
webpage	NN
screen	NN
was	VBD
``	``
printed	VBN
in	IN
such	JJ
a	DT
manner	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
tended	VBD
to	TO
conceal	VB
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
an	DT
express	JJ
acceptance	NN
of	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Netscape	NNP
's	POS
-RRB-	-RRB-
rules	NNS
and	CC
regulations	NNS
.	.
''	''
Larrus	NNP
,	,
266	CD
P.	NNP
2d	CD
at	IN
147	CD
.	.
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
may	MD
have	VB
,	,
as	IN
defendants	NNS
put	VBD
it	PRP
,	,
``	``
as	RB
much	JJ
time	NN
as	IN
they	PRP
need	VBP
-LRB-	-LRB-
-RRB-	-RRB-
''	''
to	TO
scroll	VB
through	IN
multiple	JJ
screens	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
webpage	NN
,	,
but	CC
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
reason	NN
to	TO
assume	VB
that	DT
viewers	NNS
will	MD
scroll	VB
down	RP
to	TO
subsequent	JJ
screens	NNS
simply	RB
because	IN
screens	NNS
are	VBP
there	RB
.	.
When	WRB
products	NNS
are	VBP
``	``
free	JJ
''	''
and	CC
users	NNS
are	VBP
invited	VBN
to	TO
download	VB
them	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
reasonably	RB
conspicuous	JJ
notice	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
about	IN
to	TO
bind	NN
themselves	PRP
to	TO
contract	NN
terms	NNS
,	,
the	DT
transactional	JJ
circumstances	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
fully	RB
analogized	VBN
to	TO
those	DT
in	IN
the	DT
paper	NN
world	NN
of	IN
arm	NN
's	POS
-	:
length	NN
bargaining	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
two	CD
sections	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
discuss	VBP
case	NN
law	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
legal	JJ
authorities	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
addressed	VBN
the	DT
circumstances	NNS
of	IN
computer	NN
sales	NNS
,	,
software	NN
licensing	NN
,	,
and	CC
online	NN
transacting	VBG
.	.
These	DT
cases	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
help	VB
defendants	NNS
.	.
To	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
hold	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
purchaser	NN
of	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
or	CC
tangible	JJ
software	NN
is	VBZ
contractually	RB
bound	VBN
after	IN
failing	VBG
to	TO
object	VB
to	TO
printed	VBN
license	NN
terms	NNS
provided	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
product	NN
,	,
Hill	NNP
and	CC
Brower	NNP
do	VBP
not	RB
differ	VB
markedly	RB
from	IN
the	DT
cases	NNS
involving	VBG
traditional	JJ
paper	NN
contracting	NN
discussed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
previous	JJ
section	NN
.	.
Insofar	RB
as	IN
the	DT
purchaser	NN
in	IN
ProCD	NNP
was	VBD
confronted	VBN
with	IN
conspicuous	JJ
,	,
mandatory	JJ
license	NN
terms	NNS
every	DT
time	NN
he	PRP
ran	VBD
the	DT
software	NN
on	IN
his	PRP$
computer	NN
,	,
that	IN
case	NN
actually	RB
undermines	VBZ
defendants	NNS
'	POS
contention	NN
that	IN
downloading	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
conspicuous	JJ
terms	NNS
is	VBZ
an	DT
act	NN
that	WDT
binds	VBZ
plaintiffs	NNS
to	TO
those	DT
terms	NNS
.	.
In	IN
Mortenson	NNP
,	,
the	DT
full	JJ
text	NN
of	IN
license	NN
terms	NNS
was	VBD
printed	VBN
on	IN
each	DT
sealed	VBN
diskette	NN
envelope	NN
inside	IN
the	DT
software	NN
box	NN
,	,
printed	VBN
again	RB
on	IN
the	DT
inside	JJ
cover	NN
of	IN
the	DT
user	NN
manual	NN
,	,
and	CC
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
appeared	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
screen	NN
every	DT
time	NN
the	DT
purchaser	NN
executed	VBD
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
Mortenson	NNP
,	,
970	CD
P.	NNP
2d	CD
at	IN
806	CD
.	.
In	IN
sum	NN
,	,
the	DT
foregoing	NN
cases	NNS
are	VBP
clearly	RB
distinguishable	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
facts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
present	JJ
action	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
model	NN
code	NN
,	,
UCITA	NNP
,	,
discussed	VBN
above	IN
,	,
generally	RB
recognizes	VBZ
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
conspicuous	JJ
notice	NN
and	CC
unambiguous	JJ
manifestation	NN
of	IN
assent	NN
in	IN
online	JJ
sales	NNS
and	CC
licensing	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
information	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
112	CD
,	,
which	WDT
addresses	VBZ
manifestation	NN
of	IN
assent	NN
,	,
provides	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
user	NN
's	POS
opportunity	NN
to	TO
review	VB
online	JJ
contract	NN
terms	NNS
exists	VBZ
if	IN
a	DT
``	``
record	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
electronic	JJ
writing	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
terms	NNS
is	VBZ
``	``
made	VBN
available	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
manner	NN
that	WDT
ought	MD
to	TO
call	VB
it	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
attention	NN
of	IN
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
person	NN
and	CC
permit	VB
review	NN
.	.
''	''
Section	NN
112	CD
also	RB
provides	VBZ
,	,
in	IN
pertinent	JJ
part	NN
,	,
that	WDT
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
person	NN
manifests	VBZ
assent	NN
to	TO
a	DT
record	NN
or	CC
term	NN
if	IN
the	DT
person	NN
,	,
acting	VBG
with	IN
knowledge	NN
of	IN
,	,
or	CC
after	IN
having	VBG
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
review	VB
the	DT
record	NN
or	CC
term	NN
or	CC
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
it	PRP
...	:
intentionally	RB
engages	VBZ
in	IN
conduct	NN
or	CC
makes	VBZ
statements	NNS
with	IN
reason	NN
to	TO
know	VB
that	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
party	NN
or	CC
its	PRP$
electronic	JJ
agent	NN
may	MD
infer	VB
from	IN
the	DT
conduct	NN
or	CC
statement	NN
that	IN
the	DT
person	NN
assents	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
record	NN
or	CC
term	NN
.	.
''	''
In	IN
the	DT
case	NN
of	IN
a	DT
``	``
mass-market	JJ
license	NN
,	,
''	''
a	DT
party	NN
adopts	VBZ
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
license	NN
only	RB
by	IN
manifesting	VBG
assent	NN
``	``
before	IN
or	CC
during	IN
the	DT
party	NN
's	POS
initial	JJ
performance	NN
or	CC
use	NN
of	IN
or	CC
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
information	NN
.	.
''	''
Id	NN
.	.
209	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
UCITA	NNP
211	CD
sets	NNS
forth	RB
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
guidelines	NNS
for	IN
``	``
internet-type	JJ
''	''
transactions	NNS
involving	VBG
the	DT
supply	NN
of	IN
information	NN
or	CC
software	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
a	DT
licensor	NN
should	MD
make	VB
standard	JJ
terms	NNS
``	``
available	JJ
for	IN
review	NN
''	''
prior	RB
to	TO
delivery	NN
or	CC
obligation	NN
to	TO
pay	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
by	IN
``	``
displaying	VBG
prominently	RB
and	CC
in	IN
close	JJ
proximity	NN
to	TO
a	DT
description	NN
of	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
information	NN
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
instructions	NNS
or	CC
steps	NNS
for	IN
acquiring	VBG
it	PRP
,	,
the	DT
standard	JJ
terms	NNS
or	CC
a	DT
reference	NN
to	TO
an	DT
electronic	JJ
location	NN
from	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
readily	RB
obtained	VBN
,	,
''	''
or	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
by	IN
``	``
disclosing	VBG
the	DT
availability	NN
of	IN
the	DT
standard	JJ
terms	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
prominent	JJ
place	NN
on	IN
the	DT
site	NN
from	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
computer	NN
information	NN
is	VBZ
offered	VBN
and	CC
promptly	RB
furnishing	VBG
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
standard	JJ
terms	NNS
on	IN
request	NN
before	IN
the	DT
transfer	NN
of	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
information	NN
.	.
''	''
Id	NN
.	.
211	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
A-B	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
commentary	NN
to	TO
211	CD
adds	VBZ
:	:
``	``
The	DT
intent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
close	JJ
proximity	NN
standard	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
or	CC
the	DT
reference	NN
to	TO
them	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
called	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
attention	NN
of	IN
an	DT
ordinary	JJ
reasonable	JJ
person	NN
.	.
''	''
Id	NN
.	.
211	CD
cmt	NN
.	.
3	LS
.	.
The	DT
commentary	NN
also	RB
approves	VBZ
of	IN
prominent	JJ
hypertext	NN
links	NNS
that	WDT
draw	VBP
attention	NN
to	TO
the	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
a	DT
standard	JJ
agreement	NN
and	CC
allow	VB
users	NNS
to	TO
view	VB
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
license	NN
.	.
After	IN
reviewing	VBG
the	DT
California	NNP
common	JJ
law	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
relevant	JJ
legal	JJ
authority	NN
,	,
we	PRP
conclude	VBP
that	IN
under	IN
the	DT
circumstances	NNS
here	RB
,	,
plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
downloading	NN
of	IN
SmartDownload	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
constitute	VB
acceptance	NN
of	IN
defendants	NNS
'	POS
license	NN
terms	NNS
.	.
FN18	CD
.	.
Because	IN
we	PRP
conclude	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
Netscape	NNP
webpage	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
provide	VB
reasonable	JJ
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
SmartDownload	NNP
's	POS
license	NN
terms	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
irrelevant	JJ
to	TO
our	PRP$
decision	NN
whether	IN
plaintiff	NN
Fagan	NNP
obtained	VBD
SmartDownload	NNP
from	IN
that	DT
webpage	NN
,	,
as	IN
defendants	NNS
contend	VBP
,	,
or	CC
from	IN
a	DT
shareware	NN
website	NN
that	WDT
provided	VBD
less	JJR
or	CC
no	DT
notice	NN
of	IN
that	DT
program	NN
's	POS
license	NN
terms	NNS
,	,
as	IN
Fagan	NNP
maintains	VBZ
.	.
In	IN
either	DT
case	NN
,	,
Fagan	NNP
could	MD
not	RB
be	VB
bound	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
SmartDownload	NNP
license	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
because	IN
we	PRP
find	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
California	NNP
common	JJ
law	NN
disposes	VBZ
of	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
notice	NN
and	CC
assent	NN
,	,
we	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
address	VB
plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
arguments	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
California	NNP
's	POS
Commercial	NNP
Code	NNP
2207	CD
,	,
the	DT
UCC	NNP
Article	NNP
2	CD
provision	NN
governing	VBG
the	DT
``	``
battle	NN
of	IN
the	DT
forms	NNS
.	.
''	''
Moreover	RB
,	,
having	VBG
determined	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
did	VBD
not	RB
enter	VB
into	IN
the	DT
SmartDownload	NNP
license	NN
agreement	NN
,	,
we	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
reach	VB
plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
alternative	JJ
arguments	NNS
concerning	VBG
unconscionability	NN
.	.
Netscape	NNP
's	POS
Communicator	NNP
.	.
The	DT
parties	NNS
disagree	VBP
,	,
however	RB
,	,
over	IN
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
that	DT
license	NN
's	POS
arbitration	NN
clause	NN
.	.
Defendants	NNS
contend	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
scope	NN
is	VBZ
broad	JJ
enough	RB
to	TO
encompass	VB
plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
claims	NNS
regarding	VBG
SmartDownload	NNP
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
did	VBD
not	RB
separately	RB
assent	NN
to	TO
SmartDownload	NNP
's	POS
license	NN
terms	NNS
and	CC
even	RB
though	IN
Communicator	NNP
's	POS
license	NN
terms	NNS
did	VBD
not	RB
expressly	RB
mention	VB
SmartDownload	NNP
.	.
FN19	CD
.	.
A	DT
question	NN
not	RB
raised	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
is	VBZ
whether	IN
this	DT
dispute	NN
involves	VBZ
``	``
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
rights	NNS
.	.
''	''
Certainly	RB
,	,
Netscape	NNP
's	POS
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
IP	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
rights	NNS
would	MD
not	RB
seem	VB
to	TO
be	VB
implicated	VBN
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
Netscape	NNP
may	MD
in	IN
some	DT
sense	NN
employ	VBP
its	PRP$
IP	NNP
--	:
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
software	NN
--	:
to	TO
plant	VB
cookies	NNS
and	CC
,	,
as	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
allege	VBP
,	,
harvest	VBP
users	NNS
'	POS
personal	JJ
information	NN
.	.
To	TO
begin	VB
with	IN
,	,
we	PRP
find	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
underlying	VBG
dispute	NN
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
--	:
whether	IN
defendants	NNS
violated	VBD
plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
rights	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
Electronic	NNP
Communications	NNPS
Privacy	NNP
Act	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Computer	NN
Fraud	NNP
and	CC
Abuse	NNP
Act	NNP
--	:
involves	VBZ
matters	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
clearly	RB
collateral	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Communicator	NNP
license	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
on	IN
its	PRP$
face	NN
,	,
the	DT
Communicator	NNP
license	NN
agreement	NN
governed	VBD
disputes	NNS
concerning	VBG
Netscape	NNP
's	POS
browser	NN
programs	NNS
only	RB
,	,
not	RB
disputes	NNS
concerning	VBG
a	DT
plug-in	JJ
program	NN
like	IN
SmartDownload	NNP
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
Communicator	NNP
's	POS
license	NN
terms	NNS
included	VBD
a	DT
merger	NN
or	CC
integration	NN
clause	NN
stating	VBG
that	IN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
t	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
his	PRP$
Agreement	NN
constitutes	VBZ
the	DT
entire	JJ
agreement	NN
between	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
concerning	VBG
the	DT
subject	JJ
matter	NN
hereof	NN
.	.
''	''
SmartDownload	NNP
's	POS
license	NN
terms	NNS
contained	VBD
the	DT
same	JJ
clause	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
provisions	NNS
are	VBP
recognized	VBN
by	IN
California	NNP
courts	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
means	NN
of	IN
excluding	VBG
prior	RB
or	CC
contemporaneous	JJ
parol	NN
evidence	NN
from	IN
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
.	.
See	VB
Franklin	NNP
v.	CC
USX	NNP
Corp.	NNP
,	,
87	CD
Cal	NNP
.	.
App	NNP
.	.
4th	JJ
615	CD
,	,
105	CD
Cal	NNP
.	.
Rptr	NNP
.2	CD
d	SYM
11	CD
,	,
15	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2001	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
presence	NN
of	IN
merger	NN
clauses	NNS
is	VBZ
not	RB
dispositive	JJ
here	RB
,	,
we	PRP
note	VBP
that	IN
defendants	NNS
'	POS
express	JJ
desire	NN
to	TO
limit	VB
the	DT
reach	NN
of	IN
the	DT
respective	JJ
license	NN
agreements	NNS
,	,
combined	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
absence	NN
of	IN
reference	NN
to	TO
SmartDownload	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
Communicator	NNP
license	NN
agreement	NN
,	,
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
dispute	NN
regarding	VBG
defendants	NNS
'	POS
allegedly	RB
unlawful	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
SmartDownload	NNP
is	VBZ
clearly	RB
collateral	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Communicator	NNP
license	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
This	DT
conclusion	NN
is	VBZ
reinforced	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Communicator	NNP
license	NN
agreement	NN
,	,
which	WDT
include	VBP
a	DT
provision	NN
describing	VBG
the	DT
non-exclusive	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
grant	NN
and	CC
permission	NN
to	TO
reproduce	VB
the	DT
software	NN
for	IN
personal	JJ
and	CC
internal	JJ
business	NN
purposes	NNS
;	:
restrictions	NNS
on	IN
modification	NN
,	,
decompilation	NN
,	,
redistribution	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
sale	NN
or	CC
transfer	NN
,	,
and	CC
removal	NN
or	CC
alteration	NN
of	IN
trademarks	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
;	:
provisions	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
licensor	NN
's	POS
right	NN
to	TO
terminate	VB
and	CC
its	PRP$
proprietary	JJ
rights	NNS
;	:
a	DT
complete	JJ
disclaimer	NN
of	IN
warranties	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
as	RB
is	VBZ
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
an	DT
entire-risk	JJ
clause	NN
;	:
a	DT
limitation	NN
of	IN
liability	NN
clause	NN
for	IN
consequential	JJ
and	CC
other	JJ
damages	NNS
,	,
together	RB
with	IN
a	DT
liquidated	VBN
damages	NNS
term	NN
;	:
clauses	NNS
regarding	VBG
encryption	NN
and	CC
export	NN
;	:
a	DT
disclaimer	NN
of	IN
warranties	NNS
for	IN
high	JJ
risk	NN
activities	NNS
;	:
and	CC
a	DT
miscellaneous	JJ
paragraph	NN
that	WDT
contains	VBZ
merger	NN
,	,
choice-of-law	NN
,	,
arbitration	NN
,	,
and	CC
severability	NN
clauses	NNS
,	,
non-waiver	JJ
and	CC
non-assignment	JJ
provisions	NNS
,	,
a	DT
force	NN
majeure	NN
term	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
clause	NN
providing	VBG
for	IN
reimbursement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
prevailing	VBG
party	NN
in	IN
any	DT
dispute	NN
.	.
Apart	RB
from	IN
the	DT
potential	JJ
generic	JJ
applicability	NN
of	IN
the	DT
warranty	NN
and	CC
liability	NN
disclaimers	NNS
,	,
a	DT
dispute	NN
concerning	VBG
alleged	JJ
electronic	JJ
eavesdropping	NN
via	IN
transmissions	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
separate	JJ
plug-in	JJ
program	NN
would	MD
not	RB
appear	VB
to	TO
fall	VB
within	IN
Communicator	NNP
's	POS
license	NN
terms	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
conclude	VBP
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
that	IN
this	DT
dispute	NN
concerns	NNS
matters	VBZ
that	IN
,	,
on	IN
their	PRP$
face	NN
,	,
are	VBP
clearly	RB
collateral	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Communicator	NNP
license	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
Having	VBG
determined	VBN
this	DT
much	RB
,	,
we	PRP
next	JJ
must	MD
test	VB
the	DT
presumption	NN
of	IN
arbitrability	NN
by	IN
asking	VBG
whether	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
allegations	NNS
implicate	VBP
or	CC
touch	VBP
on	IN
issues	NNS
of	IN
contract	NN
construction	NN
or	CC
the	DT
parties	NNS
'	POS
rights	NNS
and	CC
obligations	NNS
under	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
.	.
Genesco	NNP
,	,
815	CD
F.	NNP
2d	CD
at	IN
846	CD
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
'	POS
dispute	NN
concerns	NNS
matters	VBZ
clearly	RB
collateral	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Communicator	NNP
license	NN
terms	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
must	MD
determine	VB
whether	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
by	IN
their	PRP$
particular	JJ
allegations	NNS
have	VBP
brought	VBN
the	DT
dispute	NN
within	IN
the	DT
license	NN
terms	NNS
.	.
Defendants	NNS
argue	VBP
that	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
complaints	NNS
``	``
literally	RB
bristled	VBN
with	IN
allegations	NNS
that	WDT
Communicator	NNP
and	CC
SmartDownload	NNP
operated	VBD
in	IN
conjunction	NN
with	IN
one	CD
another	DT
to	TO
eavesdrop	VB
on	IN
Plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
Internet	NNP
communications	NNS
.	.
''	''
We	PRP
disagree	VBP
.	.
Plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
allegations	NNS
nowhere	RB
collapse	NN
or	CC
blur	VB
the	DT
distinction	NN
between	IN
Communicator	NNP
and	CC
SmartDownload	NNP
,	,
but	CC
instead	RB
consistently	RB
separate	JJ
the	DT
two	CD
software	NN
programs	NNS
and	CC
assert	VBP
that	IN
SmartDownload	NNP
alone	RB
is	VBZ
responsible	JJ
for	IN
unlawful	JJ
eavesdropping	NN
.	.
Plaintiffs	NNS
begin	VBP
by	IN
alleging	VBG
that	IN
``	``
SmartDownload	NNP
facilitates	VBZ
the	DT
transfer	NN
of	IN
large	JJ
files	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
by	IN
permitting	VBG
a	DT
transfer	NN
to	TO
be	VB
resumed	VBN
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
interrupted	VBN
.	.
''	''
Plaintiffs	NNS
then	RB
explain	VBP
that	DT
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
o	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
nce	FW
SmartDownload	NNP
is	VBZ
downloaded	VBN
and	CC
running	VBG
on	IN
a	DT
Web	NNP
user	NN
's	POS
computer	NN
,	,
it	PRP
automatically	RB
connects	VBZ
to	TO
Netscape	NNP
's	POS
file	NN
servers	NNS
and	CC
downloads	VBZ
the	DT
installation	NN
program	NN
for	IN
Communicator	NNP
.	.
''	''
Plaintiffs	NNS
add	VBP
that	IN
defendants	NNS
also	RB
encourage	VBP
visitors	NNS
to	TO
Netscape	NNP
's	POS
website	NN
``	``
to	TO
download	VB
and	CC
install	VB
SmartDownload	NNP
even	RB
if	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
installing	VBG
or	CC
upgrading	VBG
Communicator	NNP
.	.
''	''
In	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
description	NN
of	IN
the	DT
installation	NN
and	CC
downloading	VBG
process	NN
,	,
plaintiffs	NNS
keep	VBP
SmartDownload	NNP
separate	JJ
from	IN
Communicator	NNP
and	CC
clearly	RB
indicate	VBP
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
SmartDownload	NNP
that	IN
performed	VBD
the	DT
allegedly	RB
unlawful	JJ
eavesdropping	NN
and	CC
made	VBN
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
otherwise	RB
innocuous	JJ
Communicator	NNP
cookie	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
``	``
Key	NNP
''	''
and	CC
``	``
UserID	NNP
''	''
to	TO
transmit	VB
plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
information	NN
to	TO
Netscape	NNP
.	.
The	DT
complaints	NNS
refer	VBP
to	TO
``	``
SmartDownload	NNP
's	POS
spying	VBG
''	''
and	CC
explain	VB
that	IN
``	``
Defendants	NNS
are	VBP
using	VBG
SmartDownload	NNP
to	TO
eavesdrop	VB
.	.
''	''
Plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
allegations	NNS
consistently	RB
distinguish	VBP
and	CC
isolate	VBP
the	DT
functions	NNS
of	IN
SmartDownload	NNP
in	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
way	NN
as	IN
to	TO
make	VB
it	PRP
clear	JJ
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
through	IN
SmartDownload	NNP
,	,
not	RB
Communicator	NNP
,	,
that	IN
defendants	NNS
committed	VBD
the	DT
abuses	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
the	DT
subject	NN
of	IN
the	DT
complaints	NNS
.	.
After	IN
careful	JJ
review	NN
of	IN
these	DT
allegations	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
conclude	VBP
that	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
claims	NNS
``	``
present	JJ
no	DT
question	NN
involving	VBG
construction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
-LRB-	-LRB-
Communicator	NNP
license	NN
agreement	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
no	DT
questions	NNS
in	IN
respect	NN
of	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
'	POS
rights	NNS
and	CC
obligations	NNS
under	IN
it	PRP
.	.
''	''
Collins	NNP
&	CC
Aikman	NNP
,	,
58	CD
F.	NNP
3d	CD
at	IN
23	CD
.	.
It	PRP
follows	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
claims	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
five	CD
user	NN
plaintiffs	NNS
are	VBP
beyond	IN
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
the	DT
arbitration	NN
clause	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Communicator	NNP
license	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
Because	IN
those	DT
claims	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
arbitrable	JJ
under	IN
that	DT
agreement	NN
or	CC
under	IN
the	DT
SmartDownload	NNP
license	NN
agreement	NN
,	,
to	TO
which	WDT
plaintiffs	NNS
never	RB
assented	VBD
,	,
we	PRP
affirm	VBP
the	DT
district	NN
court	NN
's	POS
holding	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
five	CD
user	NN
plaintiffs	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
compelled	VBN
to	TO
arbitrate	VB
their	PRP$
claims	NNS
.	.
Plaintiff	NNP
Specht	NNP
operated	VBD
a	DT
website	NN
that	IN
he	PRP
claims	VBZ
defendants	NNS
electronically	RB
spied	VBD
on	IN
every	DT
time	NN
users	NNS
employing	VBG
SmartDownload	NNP
to	TO
enhance	VB
their	PRP$
browser	NN
software	NN
downloaded	VBD
,	,
from	IN
his	PRP$
site	NN
,	,
software	NN
files	NNS
that	IN
he	PRP
provided	VBD
for	IN
setting	VBG
up	RP
an	DT
account	NN
with	IN
a	DT
separate	JJ
service	NN
called	VBN
WhyWeb	NNP
.	.
Defendants	NNS
counter	VBP
that	IN
Specht	NNP
received	VBD
a	DT
``	``
direct	JJ
benefit	NN
''	''
under	IN
the	DT
``	``
Netscape	NNP
license	NN
agreement	NN
,	,
''	''
which	WDT
they	PRP
say	VBP
authorized	VBN
consumers	NNS
to	TO
use	VB
SmartDownload	NNP
and	CC
Communicator	NNP
to	TO
obtain	VB
Specht	NNP
's	POS
files	NNS
.	.
Defendants	NNS
contend	VBP
that	IN
if	IN
a	DT
user	NN
who	WP
obtained	VBD
a	DT
file	NN
from	IN
Specht	NNP
's	POS
site	NN
subsequently	RB
subscribed	VBD
to	TO
WhyWeb	NNP
's	POS
service	NN
,	,
Specht	NNP
would	MD
receive	VB
a	DT
commission	NN
from	IN
WhyWeb	NNP
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
defendants	NNS
,	,
if	IN
users	NNS
employing	VBG
SmartDownload	NNP
accessed	VBD
his	PRP$
site	NN
and	CC
obtained	VBD
WhyWeb	NNP
files	NNS
,	,
Specht	NNP
would	MD
receive	VB
a	DT
direct	JJ
benefit	NN
``	``
because	IN
the	DT
software	NN
assisted	VBN
in	IN
obtaining	VBG
a	DT
WhyWeb	NNP
file	NN
and	CC
increased	VBD
the	DT
likelihood	NN
of	IN
success	NN
in	IN
the	DT
download	NN
process	NN
.	.
''	''
Specht	NNP
,	,
however	RB
,	,
claims	VBZ
that	IN
he	PRP
received	VBD
no	DT
commissions	NNS
from	IN
providing	VBG
WhyWeb	NNP
software	NN
.	.
We	PRP
note	VBP
at	IN
the	DT
outset	NN
that	WDT
defendants	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
argue	VB
,	,
as	IN
indeed	RB
they	PRP
could	MD
not	RB
,	,
that	IN
Specht	NNP
benefited	VBD
from	IN
SmartDownload	NNP
license	NN
agreements	NNS
entered	VBD
into	IN
by	IN
the	DT
named	VBN
user	NN
plaintiffs	NNS
or	CC
the	DT
putative	JJ
class	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
represent	VBP
.	.
A	DT
contract	NN
theory	NN
of	IN
third-party	JJ
benefits	NNS
requires	VBZ
a	DT
predicate	NN
contract	NN
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
have	VBP
already	RB
determined	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
user	NN
plaintiffs	NNS
did	VBD
not	RB
assent	NN
to	TO
the	DT
SmartDownload	NNP
license	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
Even	RB
accepting	VBG
arguendo	NN
this	DT
strained	JJ
and	CC
roundabout	NN
hypothesis	NN
,	,
we	PRP
must	MD
reject	VB
defendants	NNS
'	POS
legal	JJ
conclusion	NN
.	.
Typically	RB
,	,
whether	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
benefits	NNS
or	CC
accords	NNS
rights	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
most	RBS
often	RB
,	,
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
enforce	VB
the	DT
contract	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
depends	VBZ
significantly	RB
on	IN
the	DT
intention	NN
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
.	.
See	VB
Sessions	NNP
Payroll	NNP
Mgmt.	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
v.	CC
Noble	NNP
Constr	NNP
.	.
Co	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
,	,
84	CD
Cal	NNP
.	.
App	NNP
.4	CD
th	NN
671	CD
,	,
680	CD
,	,
101	CD
Cal	NNP
.	.
Rptr	NNP
.2	CD
d	SYM
127	CD
,	,
133	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2000	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
explaining	VBG
that	IN
a	DT
third	JJ
-	:
party	NN
beneficiary	NN
may	MD
enforce	VB
a	DT
contract	NN
made	VBD
expressly	RB
for	IN
its	PRP$
benefit	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
the	DT
burden	NN
of	IN
proving	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
contracting	NN
parties	NNS
actually	RB
promised	VBD
the	DT
performance	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Clearly	RB
,	,
Netscape	NNP
and	CC
these	DT
unknown	JJ
visitors	NNS
to	TO
Specht	NNP
's	POS
website	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
expressly	RB
confer	VB
or	CC
intend	VB
to	TO
confer	VB
any	DT
contractual	JJ
benefits	NNS
on	IN
Specht	NNP
or	CC
website	NN
operators	NNS
generally	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
other	JJ
than	IN
defendants	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Defendants	NNS
therefore	RB
take	VBP
a	DT
different	JJ
tack	NN
,	,
arguing	VBG
that	IN
they	PRP
need	VBP
only	RB
show	VB
that	IN
Specht	NNP
received	VBD
some	DT
direct	JJ
benefit	NN
,	,
knowingly	RB
or	CC
not	RB
,	,
under	IN
a	DT
Netscape	NNP
license	NN
agreement	NN
.	.
FN21	CD
.	.
Plaintiffs	NNS
argue	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
alternative	NN
that	IN
their	PRP$
claims	NNS
are	VBP
inarbitrable	JJ
because	IN
the	DT
Electronic	NNP
Communications	NNPS
Privacy	NNP
Act	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Computer	NN
Fraud	NNP
and	CC
Abuse	NNP
Act	NNP
reflect	VBP
a	DT
congressional	JJ
intent	NN
to	TO
preclude	VB
arbitration	NN
of	IN
claims	NNS
arising	VBG
under	IN
those	DT
statutes	NNS
.	.
In	IN
view	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
disposition	NN
of	IN
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
we	PRP
need	VBP
not	RB
address	VB
that	DT
argument	NN
.	.
Both	DT
parties	NNS
have	VBP
made	VBN
reference	NN
to	TO
declarations	NNS
filed	VBN
in	IN
connection	NN
with	IN
the	DT
forthcoming	JJ
motion	NN
for	IN
preliminary	JJ
injunction	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
matters	NNS
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
properly	RB
considered	VBN
on	IN
an	DT
FRCP	NNP
12	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
6	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
motion	NN
to	TO
dismiss	VB
the	DT
complaint	NN
,	,
which	WDT
limits	VBZ
consideration	NN
to	TO
matters	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
complaint	NN
and	CC
items	NNS
of	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
court	NN
may	MD
take	VB
judicial	JJ
notice	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
none	NN
here	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
However	RB
,	,
where	WRB
an	DT
amended	VBN
complaint	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
filed	VBN
,	,
items	NNS
pleaded	VBD
or	CC
attached	VBN
as	IN
exhibits	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
original	JJ
complaint	NN
may	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
they	PRP
contradict	VBP
assertions	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
amended	VBN
complaint	NN
.	.
CitySearch	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
hereafter	NN
collectively	RB
in	IN
the	DT
singular	JJ
Ticketmaster	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
operates	VBZ
to	TO
allow	VB
customers	NNS
to	TO
purchase	VB
tickets	NNS
to	TO
various	JJ
events	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
concerts	NNS
,	,
ball	NN
games	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
through	IN
an	DT
internet	NN
connection	NN
with	IN
its	PRP$
customers	NNS
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
Ticketmaster	NNP
home	NN
page	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
instructions	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
directory	NN
to	TO
subsequent	JJ
pages	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
one	CD
per	IN
event	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
event	NN
pages	NNS
provide	VBP
basic	JJ
information	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
short	JJ
description	NN
of	IN
the	DT
event	NN
,	,
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
,	,
and	CC
price	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
a	DT
description	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
order	VB
tickets	NNS
by	IN
either	DT
internet	NN
response	NN
,	,
telephone	NN
,	,
mail	NN
,	,
or	CC
in	IN
person	NN
.	.
Each	DT
of	IN
these	DT
subsequent	JJ
pages	NNS
is	VBZ
identifiable	JJ
with	IN
an	DT
electronic	JJ
address	NN
.	.
The	DT
home	NN
page	NN
further	JJ
contains	VBZ
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
a	DT
customer	NN
scrolls	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
bottom	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
``	``
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
''	''
which	WDT
proscribe	VBP
,	,
among	IN
other	JJ
things	NNS
,	,
copying	NN
for	IN
commercial	JJ
use	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
customer	NN
need	MD
not	RB
view	VB
the	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
to	TO
proceed	VB
straight	RB
to	TO
the	DT
event	NN
page	NN
which	WDT
interests	NNS
him	PRP
.	.
Ticketmaster	NNP
has	VBZ
exclusive	JJ
agreements	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
events	NNS
it	PRP
carries	VBZ
on	IN
its	PRP$
web	NN
pages	NNS
so	RB
that	IN
tickets	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
generally	RB
available	JJ
to	TO
those	DT
events	NNS
except	IN
through	IN
Ticketmaster	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
reserved	VBN
for	IN
sale	NN
by	IN
the	DT
event	NN
itself	PRP
,	,
or	CC
available	JJ
from	IN
premium	NN
ticket	NN
brokers	NNS
who	WP
generally	RB
charge	VBP
higher	JJR
than	IN
face	NN
value	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Tickets	NNS
also	RB
operates	VBZ
a	DT
web	NN
site	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
Tickets.Com	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
which	WDT
performs	VBZ
a	DT
somewhat	RB
different	JJ
ticketing	VBG
service	NN
.	.
While	IN
Tickets	NNPS
does	VBZ
sell	VB
some	DT
tickets	NNS
to	TO
certain	JJ
events	NNS
on	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
also	RB
provides	VBZ
information	NN
as	IN
to	TO
where	WRB
and	CC
how	WRB
tickets	NNS
which	WDT
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
sell	VB
may	MD
be	VB
purchased	VBN
.	.
A	DT
short	JJ
factual	JJ
description	NN
as	IN
to	TO
event	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
date	NN
,	,
place	NN
and	CC
price	NN
is	VBZ
listed	VBN
.	.
Where	WRB
Tickets	NNS
does	VBZ
not	RB
itself	PRP
sell	VB
the	DT
tickets	NNS
,	,
a	DT
place	NN
is	VBZ
given	VBN
the	DT
customers	NNS
to	TO
click	VB
for	IN
a	DT
reference	NN
to	TO
another	DT
ticket	NN
broker	NN
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
another	DT
on-line	JJ
ticket	NN
seller	NN
.	.
Here	RB
is	VBZ
where	WRB
the	DT
unique	JJ
feature	NN
of	IN
this	DT
case-hyperlinks	NNS
or	CC
deep	JJ
linking-comes	NNS
in	IN
.	.
Where	WRB
the	DT
exclusive	JJ
ticket	NN
broker	NN
is	VBZ
Ticketmaster	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
customer	NN
clicks	VBZ
on	IN
``	``
Buy	VB
this	DT
ticket	NN
from	IN
another	DT
on-line	JJ
ticketing	VBG
company	NN
''	''
,	,
the	DT
customer	NN
is	VBZ
instantly	RB
transferred	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
interior	JJ
web	NN
page	NN
of	IN
Ticketmaster	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
bypassing	VBG
the	DT
home	NN
page	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
the	DT
the	DT
particular	JJ
event	NN
in	IN
question	NN
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
customer	NN
may	MD
buy	VB
the	DT
tickets	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
from	IN
Ticketmaster	NNP
,	,
not	RB
Tickets	NNPS
-RRB-	-RRB-
on-line	JJ
.	.
An	DT
explanation	NN
is	VBZ
generally	RB
given	VBN
by	IN
Tickets	NNS
as	IN
follows	VBZ
:	:
``	``
These	DT
tickets	NNS
are	VBP
sold	VBN
by	IN
another	DT
ticketing	VBG
company	NN
.	.
Although	IN
we	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
sell	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
you	PRP
,	,
the	DT
link	NN
above	RB
will	MD
take	VB
you	PRP
directly	RB
to	TO
the	DT
other	JJ
company	NN
's	POS
web	NN
site	NN
where	WRB
you	PRP
can	MD
purchase	VB
them	PRP
.	.
''	''
The	DT
interior	JJ
web	NN
page	NN
contains	VBZ
the	DT
Ticketmaster	NNP
logo	NN
and	CC
the	DT
customer	NN
must	MD
know	VB
he	PRP
is	VBZ
dealing	VBG
with	IN
Ticketmaster	NNP
,	,
not	RB
Tickets	NNPS
.	.
The	DT
motion	NN
to	TO
dismiss	VB
the	DT
first	JJ
claim	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
denied	VBN
because	IN
the	DT
complaint	NN
alleges	VBZ
actual	JJ
copying	NN
.	.
Plaintiff	NN
claims	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
copying	NN
includes	VBZ
printing	VBG
the	DT
factual	JJ
information	NN
derived	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
Ticketmaster	NNP
interior	JJ
web	NN
pages	NNS
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
accept	VB
this	DT
argument	NN
.	.
A	DT
copyright	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
claimed	VBN
to	TO
protect	VB
factual	JJ
data	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
Feist	NNP
Publications	NNP
'91	CD
499	CD
U.S.	NNP
340	CD
,	,
113	CD
L.	NNP
Ed	NNP
.2	CD
d	SYM
358	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
expression	NN
,	,
organization	NN
,	,
placement	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
,	,
of	IN
the	DT
factual	JJ
data	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
protected	VBN
,	,
Tickets	NNPS
is	VBZ
not	RB
alleged	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
copied	VBN
the	DT
method	NN
of	IN
presentation	NN
,	,
but	CC
rather	RB
to	TO
have	VB
extracted	VBN
the	DT
factual	JJ
data	NNS
and	CC
presented	VBD
it	PRP
in	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
format	NN
.	.
Where	WRB
Tickets	NNS
is	VBZ
alleged	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
copied	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
35	CD
of	IN
FAC	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
making	NN
of	IN
thousands	NNS
of	IN
copies	NNS
taken	VBN
from	IN
Ticketmaster	NNP
's	POS
interior	JJ
web	NN
pages	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
extracting	VBG
the	DT
factual	JJ
data	NNS
carried	VBD
thereon	RB
and	CC
using	VBG
it	PRP
to	TO
publish	VB
its	PRP$
own	JJ
version	NN
containing	VBG
the	DT
factual	JJ
data	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
copying	NN
is	VBZ
alleged	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
albeit	IN
not	RB
republication	NN
of	IN
protected	JJ
material	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
rejects	VBZ
Ticketmaster	NNP
's	POS
basic	JJ
contention	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
copyright	JJ
infringement	NN
to	TO
take	VB
basic	JJ
facts	NNS
from	IN
its	PRP$
publicly	RB
available	JJ
web	NN
pages	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
those	DT
facts	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
the	DT
expression	NN
and	CC
method	NN
of	IN
presentation	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
copied	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Copying	NNP
is	VBZ
alleged	VBN
by	IN
transferring	VBG
the	DT
event	NN
pages	NNS
to	TO
Ticket	NNP
's	POS
own	JJ
computer	NN
to	TO
facilitate	VB
extraction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
facts	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
very	RB
different	JJ
case	NN
from	IN
merely	RB
copying	VBG
for	IN
its	PRP$
customers	NNS
the	DT
Ticketmaster	NNP
event	NN
pages	NNS
.	.
This	DT
falls	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
category	NN
of	IN
taking	VBG
historical	JJ
facts	NNS
from	IN
a	DT
work	NN
of	IN
reference	NN
and	CC
printing	VBG
them	PRP
in	IN
different	JJ
expression	NN
.	.
By	IN
a	DT
similar	JJ
analogy	NN
,	,
the	DT
hyperlink	NN
to	TO
the	DT
interior	JJ
web	NN
page	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
whatever	WDT
it	PRP
may	MD
do	VB
for	IN
the	DT
unfair	JJ
competition	NN
or	CC
interference	NN
claims	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
does	VBZ
not	RB
allege	VB
copying	NN
.	.
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
whatever	WDT
it	PRP
may	MD
do	VB
for	IN
other	JJ
claims	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
since	IN
no	DT
copying	NN
is	VBZ
involved	VBN
.	.
The	DT
customer	NN
is	VBZ
automatically	RB
transferred	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
particular	JJ
genuine	JJ
web	NN
page	NN
of	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
author	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
deception	NN
in	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
happening	VBG
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
analogous	JJ
to	TO
using	VBG
a	DT
library	NN
's	POS
card	NN
index	NN
to	TO
get	VB
reference	NN
to	TO
particular	JJ
items	NNS
,	,
albeit	IN
faster	JJR
and	CC
more	RBR
efficiently	RB
.	.
States	NNPS
Copyright	NNP
Office	NNP
...	:
''	''
Exhibit	NN
F	NN
to	TO
the	DT
FAC	NNP
shows	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
title	NN
of	IN
the	DT
work	NN
copyrighted	VBN
is	VBZ
``	``
Ticketmaster.com	NNP
Web	NNP
Site	NNP
II	NNP
''	''
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
later	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
``	``
Ticketmaster.com	NNP
Web	NNP
site	NN
III	NNP
''	''
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
the	DT
authorship	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
underlying	VBG
source	NN
code	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
event	NN
pages	NNS
change	VBP
from	IN
day	NN
to	TO
day	NN
as	IN
old	JJ
events	NNS
are	VBP
dropped	VBN
out	RP
and	CC
new	JJ
ones	NNS
are	VBP
added	VBN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
possible	JJ
ambiguity	NN
as	IN
to	TO
whether	IN
the	DT
copyright	NN
as	IN
registered	VBN
covers	VBZ
not	RB
only	RB
the	DT
home	NN
page	NN
but	CC
also	RB
each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
event	NN
pages	NNS
Since	IN
the	DT
alleged	JJ
copying	NN
is	VBZ
only	RB
of	IN
the	DT
event	NN
pages	NNS
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
still	RB
the	DT
question	NN
for	IN
further	JJ
proceedings	NNS
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
court	NN
's	POS
jurisdiction	NN
over	IN
the	DT
claim	NN
of	IN
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
event	NN
pages	NNS
.	.
The	DT
motion	NN
to	TO
dismiss	VB
the	DT
second	JJ
claim	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
breach	NN
of	IN
contract	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
founded	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
``	``
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
''	''
set	VBN
forth	RB
on	IN
the	DT
home	NN
page	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Ticketmaster	NNP
site	NN
.	.
This	DT
provides	VBZ
that	IN
anyone	NN
going	VBG
beyond	IN
the	DT
home	NN
page	NN
agrees	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
,	,
which	WDT
include	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
personal	JJ
use	NN
only	RB
,	,
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
commercial	JJ
purposes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
no	DT
deep	JJ
linking	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
site	NN
is	VBZ
permitted	VBN
.	.
In	IN
defending	VBG
this	DT
claim	NN
,	,
Ticketmaster	NNP
makes	VBZ
reference	NN
to	TO
the	DT
``	``
shrinkwrap	NN
license	NN
''	''
cases	NNS
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
packing	NN
on	IN
the	DT
outside	NN
of	IN
the	DT
CD	NNP
stated	VBD
that	IN
opening	VBG
the	DT
package	NN
constitutes	VBZ
adherence	NN
to	TO
the	DT
license	NN
agreement	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
restricting	VBG
republication	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
contained	VBD
therein	RB
.	.
This	DT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
held	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
enforceable	JJ
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
same	JJ
as	IN
this	DT
case	NN
because	IN
the	DT
``	``
shrink-wrap	NN
license	NN
agreement	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
open	JJ
and	CC
obvious	JJ
and	CC
in	IN
fact	NN
hard	JJ
to	TO
miss.	VB
.	.
Many	JJ
web	NN
sites	NNS
make	VBP
you	PRP
click	VBP
on	IN
``	``
agree	VBP
''	''
to	TO
the	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
before	IN
going	VBG
on	IN
,	,
but	CC
Ticketmaster	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
the	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
are	VBP
set	VBN
forth	RB
so	RB
that	IN
the	DT
customer	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
scroll	VB
down	RP
the	DT
home	NN
page	NN
to	TO
find	VB
and	CC
read	VB
them	PRP
.	.
Many	JJ
customers	NNS
instead	RB
are	VBP
likely	JJ
to	TO
proceed	VB
to	TO
the	DT
event	NN
page	NN
of	IN
interest	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
reading	VBG
the	DT
``	``
small	JJ
print	NN
.	.
''	''
It	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
said	VBN
that	IN
merely	RB
putting	VBG
the	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
fashion	NN
necessarily	RB
creates	VBZ
a	DT
contract	NN
with	IN
any	DT
one	CD
using	VBG
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
The	DT
motion	NN
is	VBZ
granted	VBN
with	IN
leave	NN
to	TO
amend	VB
in	IN
case	NN
there	EX
are	VBP
facts	NNS
showing	VBG
Tickets	NNS
'	POS
knowledge	NN
of	IN
them	PRP
plus	CC
facts	NNS
showing	VBG
implied	JJ
agreement	NN
to	TO
them	PRP
.	.
The	DT
motion	NN
is	VBZ
denied	VBN
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
3d	NN
,	,
4th	JJ
,	,
and	CC
5th	JJ
claims	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
passing	VBG
off	RP
,	,
reverse	VB
passing	VBG
off	RP
,	,
and	CC
false	JJ
advertising	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
These	DT
claims	NNS
state	VBP
federal	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
Lanham	NNP
Act	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
claims	VBZ
.	.
As	IN
defendants	NNS
point	VBP
out	RP
,	,
the	DT
exhibits	NNS
attached	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
original	JJ
complaint	NN
and	CC
the	DT
FAC	NNP
do	VBP
not	RB
appear	VB
to	TO
support	VB
the	DT
claims	NNS
,	,
but	CC
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
necessarily	RB
intended	VBN
to	TO
.	.
The	DT
body	NN
of	IN
the	DT
FAC	NNP
alleges	VBZ
that	IN
Tickets	NNPS
falsely	RB
suggested	VBD
or	CC
implied	VBD
an	DT
association	NN
with	IN
Ticketmaster	NNP
,	,
the	DT
giving	VBG
of	IN
misleading	VBG
information	NN
about	IN
phone	NN
numbers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
unauthorized	JJ
control	NN
over	IN
event	NN
pages	NNS
of	IN
Ticketmaster	NNP
.	.
The	DT
complaint	NN
also	RB
alleges	VBZ
deep	JJ
linking	VBG
as	IN
an	DT
example	NN
of	IN
unfair	JJ
competition	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
court	NN
concludes	VBZ
that	IN
deep	JJ
linking	VBG
by	IN
itself	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
,	,
without	IN
confusion	NN
of	IN
source	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
does	VBZ
not	RB
necessarily	RB
involve	VB
unfair	JJ
competition	NN
.	.
The	DT
false	JJ
advertising	NN
claim	NN
is	VBZ
supported	VBN
by	IN
allegations	NNS
that	WDT
Tickets	NNPS
has	VBZ
falsified	VBN
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
availability	NN
of	IN
tickets	NNS
through	IN
Ticketmaster	NNP
and	CC
that	IN
tickets	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
only	RB
through	IN
premium	NN
ticket	NN
brokers	NNS
.	.
Tickets	NNS
acknowledge	VBP
that	IN
there	EX
may	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
some	DT
accidental	JJ
errors	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
were	VBD
corrected	VBN
,	,
but	CC
this	DT
issue	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
later	RB
proceedings	NNS
.	.
Commercial	JJ
advertising	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
,	,
publication	NN
by	IN
a	DT
business	NN
competitor	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
sufficiently	RB
alleged	VBN
to	TO
state	VB
a	DT
claim	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
virtually	RB
no	DT
cases	NNS
on	IN
deep	JJ
linking	VBG
,	,
particularly	RB
none	NN
on	IN
linking	VBG
to	TO
particular	JJ
interior	JJ
pages	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
website	NN
.	.
The	DT
allegations	NNS
of	IN
deliberately	RB
disrupting	VBG
business	NN
by	IN
hyper-linking	NN
do	VBP
allege	VB
the	DT
``	``
extra	JJ
element	NN
''	''
necessary	JJ
to	TO
escape	VB
preemption	NN
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
ready	JJ
to	TO
definitively	RB
rule	VB
on	IN
this	DT
in	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
an	DT
interference	NN
claim	NN
and	CC
the	DT
motion	NN
to	TO
dismiss	VB
is	VBZ
denied	VBN
as	IN
to	TO
this	DT
claim	NN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
here	RB
called	VBN
upon	IN
to	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
validity	NN
and	CC
enforceability	NN
of	IN
a	DT
forum	NN
selection	NN
clause	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
on-line	JJ
subscriber	NN
agreement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Microsoft	NNP
Network	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
MSN	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
an	DT
on-line	JJ
computer	NN
service	NN
.	.
The	DT
trial	NN
court	NN
granted	VBD
defendants	NNS
'	POS
motion	NN
to	TO
dismiss	VB
the	DT
complaint	NN
on	IN
the	DT
ground	NN
that	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
selection	NN
clause	NN
in	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
'	POS
contracts	NNS
called	VBD
for	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
claims	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
litigated	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
State	NN
of	IN
Washington	NNP
.	.
Plaintiffs	NNS
appeal	VBP
.	.
We	PRP
affirm	VBP
.	.
MSN	NNP
membership	NN
into	IN
more	RBR
expensive	JJ
plans	NNS
.	.
Among	IN
the	DT
claims	NNS
was	VBD
an	DT
accusation	NN
that	WDT
Microsoft	NNP
had	VBD
engaged	VBN
in	IN
``	``
unilateral	JJ
negative	JJ
option	NN
billing	NN
,	,
''	''
a	DT
practice	NN
condemned	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
attorneys	NNS
general	JJ
of	IN
twenty-one	CD
states	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
New	NNP
Jersey	NNP
's	POS
,	,
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
a	DT
Microsoft	NNP
competitor	NN
,	,
America	NNP
Online	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
as	IN
alleged	VBN
,	,
Microsoft	NNP
,	,
without	IN
notice	NN
to	TO
or	CC
permission	NN
from	IN
MSN	NNP
members	NNS
,	,
unilaterally	RB
charged	VBD
them	PRP
increased	VBD
membership	NN
fees	NNS
attributable	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
change	NN
in	IN
service	NN
plans	NNS
.	.
Before	IN
becoming	VBG
an	DT
MSN	NNP
member	NN
,	,
a	DT
prospective	JJ
subscriber	NN
is	VBZ
prompted	VBN
by	IN
MSN	NNP
software	NN
to	TO
view	VB
multiple	JJ
computer	NN
screens	NNS
of	IN
information	NN
,	,
including	VBG
a	DT
membership	NN
agreement	NN
which	WDT
contains	VBZ
the	DT
above	JJ
clause	NN
.	.
MSN	NNP
's	POS
membership	NN
agreement	NN
appears	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
screen	NN
in	IN
a	DT
scrollable	JJ
window	NN
next	IN
to	TO
blocks	NNS
providing	VBG
the	DT
choices	NNS
``	``
I	PRP
Agree	VBP
''	''
and	CC
``	``
I	PRP
Do	VBP
n't	RB
Agree	VB
.	.
''	''
Prospective	JJ
members	NNS
assent	NN
to	TO
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
agreement	NN
by	IN
clicking	VBG
on	IN
``	``
I	PRP
Agree	VBP
''	''
using	VBG
a	DT
computer	NN
mouse	NN
.	.
Prospective	JJ
members	NNS
have	VBP
the	DT
option	NN
to	TO
click	VB
``	``
I	PRP
Agree	VBP
''	''
or	CC
``	``
I	PRP
Do	VBP
n't	RB
Agree	VB
''	''
at	IN
any	DT
point	NN
while	IN
scrolling	VBG
through	IN
the	DT
agreement	NN
.	.
Registration	NN
may	MD
proceed	VB
only	RB
after	IN
the	DT
potential	JJ
subscriber	NN
has	VBZ
had	VBN
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
view	VB
and	CC
has	VBZ
assented	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
membership	NN
agreement	NN
,	,
including	VBG
MSN	NNP
's	POS
forum	NN
selection	NN
clause	NN
.	.
No	DT
charges	NNS
are	VBP
incurred	VBN
until	IN
after	IN
the	DT
membership	NN
agreement	NN
review	NN
is	VBZ
completed	VBN
and	CC
a	DT
subscriber	NN
has	VBZ
clicked	VBN
on	IN
``	``
I	PRP
Agree	VBP
.	.
''	''
The	DT
on-line	JJ
computer	NN
service	NN
industry	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
one	CD
without	IN
competition	NN
,	,
and	CC
therefore	RB
consumers	NNS
are	VBP
left	VBN
with	IN
choices	NNS
as	IN
to	TO
which	WDT
service	NN
they	PRP
select	VBP
for	IN
Internet	NNP
access	NN
,	,
e-mail	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
information	NN
services	NNS
.	.
Plaintiffs	NNS
were	VBD
not	RB
forced	VBN
into	IN
a	DT
situation	NN
where	WRB
MSN	NNP
was	VBD
the	DT
only	JJ
available	JJ
server	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
plaintiffs	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
class	NN
which	WDT
they	PRP
purport	VBP
to	TO
represent	VB
were	VBD
given	VBN
ample	JJ
opportunity	NN
to	TO
affirmatively	RB
assent	NN
to	TO
the	DT
forum	NN
selection	NN
clause	NN
.	.
Like	IN
Carnival	NNP
,	,
plaintiffs	NNS
here	RB
``	``
retained	VBN
the	DT
option	NN
of	IN
rejecting	VBG
the	DT
contract	NN
with	IN
impunity	NN
.	.
''	''
499	CD
U.S.	NNP
Finally	RB
,	,
Judge	NNP
Fitzpatrick	NNP
held	VBD
that	IN
enforcement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
selection	NN
clause	NN
would	MD
not	RB
inconvenience	NN
a	DT
trial	NN
.	.
Given	VBN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
named	VBN
plaintiffs	NNS
reside	VBP
in	IN
several	JJ
jurisdictions	NNS
and	CC
that	IN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
class	NN
were	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
certified	VBN
,	,
many	JJ
different	JJ
domestic	JJ
and	CC
international	JJ
domiciles	NNS
would	MD
also	RB
be	VB
involved	VBN
,	,
``	``
the	DT
inconvenience	NN
to	TO
all	DT
parties	NNS
is	VBZ
no	DT
greater	JJR
in	IN
Washington	NNP
than	IN
anywhere	RB
else	RB
in	IN
the	DT
country	NN
.	.
''	''
After	IN
reviewing	VBG
the	DT
record	NN
in	IN
the	DT
light	NN
of	IN
the	DT
arguments	NNS
advanced	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
are	VBP
in	IN
substantial	JJ
agreement	NN
with	IN
the	DT
reasons	NNS
for	IN
decision	NN
articulated	VBN
by	IN
Judge	NNP
Fitzpatrick	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
reject	VBP
as	IN
meritless	JJ
plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
arguments	NNS
on	IN
appeal	NN
that	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
selection	NN
clause	NN
do	VBP
not	RB
prevent	VB
plaintiffs	NNS
from	IN
suing	VBG
Microsoft	NNP
outside	IN
of	IN
Washington	NNP
or	CC
,	,
alternatively	RB
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
selection	NN
clause	NN
lacks	VBZ
adequate	JJ
clarity	NN
.	.
The	DT
meaning	NN
of	IN
the	DT
clause	NN
is	VBZ
plain	JJ
and	CC
its	PRP$
effect	NN
as	IN
a	DT
limiting	VBG
provision	NN
is	VBZ
clear	JJ
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
New	NNP
Jersey	NNP
's	POS
interest	NN
in	IN
assuring	VBG
consumer	NN
fraud	NN
protection	NN
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
frustrated	VBN
by	IN
requiring	VBG
plaintiffs	NNS
to	TO
proceed	VB
with	IN
a	DT
lawsuit	NN
in	IN
Washington	NNP
as	IN
prescribed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
plain	JJ
language	NN
of	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
selection	NN
clause	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
general	JJ
matter	NN
,	,
none	NN
of	IN
the	DT
inherent	JJ
characteristics	NNS
of	IN
forum	NN
selection	NN
clauses	NNS
implicate	VBP
consumer	NN
fraud	NN
concepts	NNS
in	IN
any	DT
special	JJ
way	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
forum	NN
selection	NN
clause	NN
is	VBZ
clear	JJ
in	IN
its	PRP$
purport	VB
and	CC
has	VBZ
been	VBN
presented	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
party	NN
to	TO
be	VB
bound	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
fair	JJ
and	CC
forthright	JJ
fashion	NN
,	,
no	DT
consumer	NN
fraud	NN
policies	NNS
or	CC
principles	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
violated	VBN
.	.
Cf	NN
.	.
id	NN
.	.
at	IN
63	CD
-	:
64	CD
,	,
606	CD
A	DT
.2	CD
d	SYM
407	CD
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
as	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
policy	NN
interest	NN
and	CC
apart	RB
from	IN
considerations	NNS
bearing	VBG
upon	IN
the	DT
choice-of-law	JJ
provision	NN
in	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
selection	NN
clause	NN
,	,
plaintiffs	NNS
have	VBP
given	VBN
us	PRP
no	DT
reason	NN
to	TO
apprehend	VB
that	IN
the	DT
nature	NN
and	CC
scope	NN
of	IN
consumer	NN
fraud	NN
protections	NNS
afforded	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
State	NN
of	IN
Washington	NNP
are	VBP
materially	RB
different	JJ
or	CC
less	JJR
broad	JJ
in	IN
scope	NN
than	IN
those	DT
available	JJ
in	IN
this	DT
State	NN
.	.
The	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
in	IN
Carnival	NNP
could	MD
have	VB
perused	VBN
all	PDT
the	DT
fine-print	JJ
provisions	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
travel	NN
contract	NN
if	IN
they	PRP
wished	VBD
before	IN
accepting	VBG
the	DT
terms	NNS
by	IN
purchasing	VBG
their	PRP$
cruise	NN
ticket	NN
.	.
The	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
were	VBD
free	JJ
to	TO
scroll	VB
through	IN
the	DT
various	JJ
computer	NN
screens	NNS
that	WDT
presented	VBD
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
contracts	NNS
before	IN
clicking	VBG
their	PRP$
agreement	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
it	PRP
seems	VBZ
clear	JJ
that	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
nothing	NN
extraordinary	JJ
about	IN
the	DT
size	NN
or	CC
placement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
selection	NN
clause	NN
text	NN
.	.
By	IN
every	DT
indication	NN
we	PRP
have	VBP
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN3	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
clause	NN
was	VBD
presented	VBN
in	IN
exactly	RB
the	DT
same	JJ
format	NN
as	IN
most	JJS
other	JJ
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
item	NN
in	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
paragraph	NN
of	IN
the	DT
electronic	JJ
document	NN
.	.
We	PRP
note	VBP
that	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
paragraphs	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
were	VBD
presented	VBN
in	IN
upper	JJ
case	NN
typeface	NN
,	,
presumably	RB
for	IN
emphasis	NN
,	,
but	CC
most	JJS
provisions	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
forum	NN
selection	NN
clause	NN
,	,
were	VBD
presented	VBN
in	IN
lower	JJR
case	NN
typeface	NN
.	.
We	PRP
discern	VBP
nothing	NN
about	IN
the	DT
style	NN
or	CC
mode	NN
of	IN
presentation	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
placement	NN
of	IN
the	DT
provision	NN
,	,
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
basis	NN
for	IN
concluding	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
forum	NN
selection	NN
clause	NN
was	VBD
proffered	VBN
unfairly	RB
,	,
or	CC
with	IN
a	DT
design	NN
to	TO
conceal	VB
or	CC
de-emphasize	VB
its	PRP$
provisions	NNS
.	.
To	TO
conclude	VB
that	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
bound	VBN
by	IN
that	DT
clause	NN
would	MD
be	VB
equivalent	JJ
to	TO
holding	VBG
that	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
bound	VBN
by	IN
no	DT
other	JJ
clause	NN
either	RB
,	,
since	IN
all	DT
provisions	NNS
were	VBD
identically	RB
presented	VBN
.	.
Plaintiffs	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
known	VBN
that	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
entering	VBG
into	IN
a	DT
contract	NN
;	:
and	CC
no	DT
good	JJ
purpose	NN
,	,
consonant	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
dictates	VBZ
of	IN
reasonable	JJ
reliability	NN
in	IN
commerce	NN
,	,
would	MD
be	VB
served	VBN
by	IN
permitting	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
disavow	VB
particular	JJ
provisions	NNS
or	CC
the	DT
contracts	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
whole	NN
.	.
See	VB
Rudbart	NNP
v.	CC
North	NNP
Jersey	NNP
Dist	NNP
.	.
PayPal	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
online	JJ
payment	NN
service	NN
that	WDT
allows	VBZ
a	DT
business	NN
or	CC
private	JJ
individual	JJ
to	TO
send	VB
and	CC
receive	VB
payments	NNS
via	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
A	DT
PayPal	JJ
account	NN
holder	NN
sends	VBZ
money	NN
by	IN
informing	VBG
Paypal	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
intended	JJ
recipient	JJ
's	POS
e-mail	NN
address	NN
and	CC
the	DT
amount	NN
to	TO
be	VB
sent	VBN
and	CC
by	IN
designating	VBG
a	DT
funding	NN
source	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
credit	NN
card	NN
,	,
bank	NN
account	NN
or	CC
separate	JJ
PayPal	NNP
account	NN
.	.
PayPal	JJ
accesses	VBZ
the	DT
funds	NNS
and	CC
immediately	RB
makes	VBZ
them	PRP
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
intended	JJ
recipient	JJ
.	.
If	IN
an	DT
intended	JJ
recipient	JJ
does	VBZ
not	RB
have	VB
a	DT
PayPal	JJ
account	NN
,	,
the	DT
recipient	JJ
must	MD
open	VB
an	DT
account	NN
to	TO
access	VB
the	DT
payment	NN
by	IN
following	VBG
a	DT
link	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
included	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
payment	NN
notification	NN
e-mail	NN
.	.
PayPal	NNP
generates	VBZ
revenues	NNS
from	IN
transaction	NN
fees	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
interest	NN
it	PRP
derives	VBZ
from	IN
holding	VBG
funds	NNS
until	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
sent	VBN
.	.
As	IN
of	IN
January	NNP
1	CD
,	,
2001	CD
,	,
approximately	RB
10,000	CD
account	NN
holders	NNS
had	VBD
registered	VBN
with	IN
PayPal	NNP
.	.
PayPal	JJ
thereafter	RB
experienced	VBD
a	DT
sudden	JJ
and	CC
dramatic	JJ
increase	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
popularity	NN
,	,
attracting	VBG
one	CD
million	CD
customers	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
five	CD
months	NNS
and	CC
10.6	CD
million	CD
accounts	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
of	IN
which	WDT
8.5	CD
million	CD
were	VBD
held	VBN
by	IN
private	JJ
individuals	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
by	IN
September	NNP
30	CD
,	,
2001	CD
.	.
Currently	RB
,	,
PayPal	NNP
provides	VBZ
services	NNS
to	TO
twelve	CD
million	CD
accounts	NNS
,	,
and	CC
approximately	RB
18,000	CD
new	JJ
accounts	NNS
are	VBP
opened	VBN
each	DT
day	NN
.	.
Plaintiffs	NNS
allege	VBP
that	IN
while	IN
PayPal	NNP
has	VBZ
experienced	VBN
a	DT
seven-fold	JJ
increase	NN
in	IN
revenues	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
thirteen-fold	JJ
increase	NN
in	IN
users	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
only	RB
has	VBZ
doubled	VBN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
service	NN
representatives	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
address	VB
customer	NN
concerns	NNS
.	.
Plaintiffs	NNS
contend	VBP
that	IN
because	IN
PayPal	NNP
's	POS
customer	NN
base	NN
has	VBZ
exceeded	VBN
its	PRP$
operational	JJ
capacity	NN
,	,
PayPal	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
and	CC
continues	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
unable	JJ
to	TO
maintain	VB
and	CC
manage	VB
accounts	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
manner	NN
required	VBN
by	IN
applicable	JJ
state	NN
and	CC
federal	JJ
legislation	NN
.	.
Plaintiffs	NNS
allege	VBP
in	IN
particular	JJ
that	IN
when	WRB
PayPal	NNP
investigates	VBZ
a	DT
customer	NN
's	POS
complaint	NN
of	IN
fraud	NN
,	,
it	PRP
freezes	VBZ
the	DT
customer	NN
's	POS
access	NN
to	TO
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
account	NN
until	IN
the	DT
investigation	NN
is	VBZ
completed	VBN
,	,
but	CC
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
keeps	VBZ
the	DT
account	NN
open	JJ
for	IN
deposits	NNS
,	,
a	DT
practice	NN
which	WDT
\*	SYM
1167	CD
allows	VBZ
PayPal	NNP
to	TO
derive	VB
economic	JJ
benefit	NN
from	IN
the	DT
deposits	NNS
while	IN
preventing	VBG
customers	NNS
from	IN
accessing	VBG
even	RB
undisputed	JJ
funds	NNS
while	IN
the	DT
investigation	NN
is	VBZ
pending	VBG
.	.
Plaintiffs	NNS
further	JJ
allege	VBP
that	IN
PayPal	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
provide	VB
a	DT
toll-free	JJ
customer	NN
service	NN
telephone	NN
number	NN
,	,
does	VBZ
not	RB
effectively	RB
publish	VB
the	DT
customer	NN
service	NN
telephone	NN
number	NN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
provide	VB
,	,
requires	VBZ
customers	NNS
to	TO
report	VB
erroneous	JJ
transactions	NNS
by	IN
e-mail	NN
while	IN
not	RB
providing	VBG
a	DT
specific	JJ
e-mail	NN
address	NN
for	IN
that	DT
purpose	NN
,	,
requires	VBZ
customers	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
numerous	JJ
and	CC
burdensome	JJ
personal	JJ
documents	NNS
before	IN
it	PRP
undertakes	VBZ
an	DT
investigation	NN
,	,
responds	VBZ
to	TO
e-mail	VB
inquiries	NNS
with	IN
form	NN
letters	NNS
,	,
refuses	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
details	NNS
or	CC
explanations	NNS
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
investigations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
provides	VBZ
no	DT
procedure	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
a	DT
customer	NN
can	MD
appeal	VB
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
investigation	NN
.	.
Plaintiffs	NNS
also	RB
allege	VBP
that	IN
when	WRB
customers	NNS
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
contact	VB
PayPal	NNP
representatives	NNS
,	,
the	DT
representatives	NNS
are	VBP
combative	JJ
and	CC
rude	JJ
,	,
refuse	VBP
to	TO
answer	VB
specific	JJ
questions	NNS
,	,
hang	VB
up	RP
in	IN
the	DT
middle	NN
of	IN
phone	NN
calls	NNS
,	,
provide	VBP
``	``
canned	VBN
''	''
responses	NNS
to	TO
individualized	JJ
problems	NNS
,	,
require	VBP
customers	NNS
to	TO
fax	NN
information	NN
while	IN
providing	VBG
inoperative	JJ
fax	NN
numbers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
refuse	VBP
to	TO
allow	VB
customers	NNS
to	TO
speak	VB
to	TO
managers	NNS
.	.
Newspaper	NNP
articles	NNS
have	VBP
reported	VBN
that	IN
disgruntled	VBN
customers	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
been	VBN
unable	JJ
to	TO
contact	VB
anyone	NN
at	IN
PayPal	NNP
to	TO
resolve	VB
their	PRP$
disputes	NNS
have	VBP
created	VBN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
website	NN
providing	VBG
consumers	NNS
with	IN
difficult-to-find	JJ
customer	NN
service	NN
numbers	NNS
and	CC
reporting	VBG
their	PRP$
own	JJ
frustrations	NNS
with	IN
PayPal	NNP
's	POS
service	NN
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
these	DT
accounts	NNS
,	,
PayPal	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
backlog	NN
of	IN
over	IN
100,000	CD
unanswered	JJ
customer	NN
complaints	NNS
,	,
a	DT
fact	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
led	VBN
the	DT
Better	NNP
Business	NNP
Bureau	NNP
to	TO
revoke	VB
its	PRP$
seal	NN
of	IN
approval	NN
.	.
Plaintiffs	NNS
allege	VBP
that	IN
PayPal	NNP
profits	NNS
from	IN
its	PRP$
alleged	JJ
acts	NNS
and	CC
omissions	NNS
because	IN
customers	NNS
either	DT
abandon	VBP
their	PRP$
efforts	NNS
to	TO
recover	VB
their	PRP$
money	NN
or	CC
,	,
in	IN
cases	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
funds	NNS
actually	RB
are	VBP
returned	VBN
,	,
because	IN
it	PRP
retains	VBZ
the	DT
interest	NN
collected	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
funds	NNS
it	PRP
has	VBZ
held	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
investigation	NN
process	NN
.	.
FN2	CD
.	.
PayPal	JJ
objects	NNS
to	TO
portions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
declarations	NNS
and	CC
supporting	VBG
exhibits	NNS
submitted	VBN
by	IN
Plaintiffs	NNS
Toher	NNP
and	CC
Resnick	NNP
as	IN
vague	JJ
and	CC
ambiguous	JJ
,	,
irrelevant	JJ
,	,
improper	JJ
opinion	NN
or	CC
conclusion	NN
,	,
lacking	VBG
foundation	NN
,	,
and	CC
violating	VBG
the	DT
Best	JJS
Evidence	NN
Rule	NNP
.	.
These	DT
objections	NNS
are	VBP
overruled	VBN
.	.
PayPal	NNP
's	POS
transfers	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
caused	VBD
Comb	NNP
's	POS
bank	NN
account	NN
to	TO
have	VB
insufficient	JJ
funds	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
bank	NN
charged	VBD
Comb	NNP
$	$
208.50	CD
for	IN
failing	VBG
to	TO
maintain	VB
his	PRP$
required	JJ
balance	NN
.	.
Comb	NN
contacted	VBN
PayPal	NNP
and	CC
requested	VBD
reimbursement	NN
for	IN
the	DT
insufficient	JJ
fund	NN
penalty	NN
and	CC
any	DT
interest	NN
his	PRP$
funds	NNS
accrued	VBN
while	IN
in	IN
PayPal	NNP
's	POS
possession	NN
.	.
Plaintiff	NNP
Roberta	NNP
Toher	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
Toher	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
alleges	VBZ
the	DT
following	NN
:	:
Toher	NNP
opened	VBD
a	DT
PayPal	JJ
account	NN
sometime	RB
in	IN
2000	CD
.	.
PayPal	NNP
failed	VBD
to	TO
provide	VB
her	PRP$
with	IN
the	DT
name	NN
,	,
address	NN
,	,
and	CC
telephone	NN
number	NN
of	IN
a	DT
person	NN
she	PRP
should	MD
notify	VB
in	IN
the	DT
event	NN
of	IN
an	DT
unauthorized	JJ
electronic	JJ
transfer	NN
.	.
On	IN
February	NNP
24	CD
,	,
2002	CD
,	,
Toher	NNP
discovered	VBD
that	IN
PayPal	NNP
had	VBD
transferred	VBN
funds	NNS
from	IN
her	PRP$
checking	NN
account	NN
to	TO
four	CD
individuals	NNS
without	IN
her	PRP$
knowledge	NN
,	,
consent	NN
or	CC
authorization	NN
.	.
Once	RB
she	PRP
found	VBD
a	DT
telephone	NN
number	NN
,	,
which	WDT
was	VBD
not	RB
toll-free	JJ
,	,
she	PRP
was	VBD
placed	VBN
on	IN
hold	NN
for	IN
a	DT
lengthy	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
,	,
and	CC
no	DT
one	NN
answered	VBD
her	PRP$
call	NN
.	.
Toher	NNP
then	RB
located	VBD
PayPal	NNP
's	POS
e-mail	NN
address	NN
and	CC
reported	VBD
the	DT
error	NN
by	IN
e-mail	NN
.	.
Toher	NNP
sent	VBD
her	PRP$
complaint	NN
to	TO
one	CD
e	SYM
-	:
mail	NN
address	NN
,	,
from	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
was	VBD
returned	VBN
undeliverable	JJ
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
to	TO
the	DT
other	JJ
address	NN
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
attempted	VBD
again	RB
to	TO
contact	VB
PayPal	JJ
by	IN
telephone	NN
.	.
After	IN
Toher	NNP
again	RB
was	VBD
placed	VBN
on	IN
hold	NN
for	IN
a	DT
lengthy	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
,	,
a	DT
PayPal	NNP
representative	NN
instructed	VBD
her	PRP
to	TO
change	VB
her	PRP$
password	NN
and	CC
report	VB
the	DT
error	NN
by	IN
telephone	NN
to	TO
a	DT
different	JJ
department	NN
.	.
Toher	NNP
called	VBD
that	DT
department	NN
's	POS
telephone	NN
number	NN
and	CC
spoke	VBD
with	IN
a	DT
service	NN
representative	NN
who	WP
informed	VBD
her	PRP$
that	IN
he	PRP
had	VBD
verified	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
transaction	NN
had	VBD
not	RB
been	VBN
initiated	VBN
by	IN
Toher	NNP
and	CC
that	IN
PayPal	NNP
would	MD
send	VB
Toher	NNP
a	DT
letter	NN
explaining	VBG
how	WRB
to	TO
report	VB
the	DT
transaction	NN
in	IN
writing	VBG
.	.
During	IN
this	DT
time	NN
,	,
the	DT
recipients	NNS
who	WP
erroneously	RB
had	VBD
received	VBN
the	DT
funds	NNS
e-mailed	VBD
Toher	NNP
and	CC
inquired	VBD
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
reason	NN
for	IN
the	DT
payment	NN
.	.
On	IN
or	CC
about	IN
February	NNP
27	CD
,	,
2002	CD
,	,
before	IN
her	PRP$
complaint	NN
had	VBD
been	VBN
investigated	VBN
or	CC
resolved	VBN
,	,
PayPal	NNP
informed	VBD
Toher	NNP
that	IN
it	PRP
intended	VBD
to	TO
take	VB
money	NN
from	IN
her	PRP$
checking	NN
account	NN
because	IN
her	PRP$
bank	NN
had	VBD
declined	VBN
a	DT
different	JJ
,	,
unrelated	JJ
transaction	NN
.	.
Toher	NNP
called	VBD
PayPal	NNP
and	CC
explained	VBD
that	IN
she	PRP
had	VBD
filed	VBN
a	DT
claim	NN
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
the	DT
erroneous	JJ
withdrawal	NN
and	CC
instructed	VBD
PayPal	NNP
to	TO
stop	VB
removing	VBG
funds	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
checking	NN
account	NN
.	.
PayPal	JJ
explained	VBD
that	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
nothing	NN
it	PRP
could	MD
do	VB
to	TO
stop	VB
the	DT
latter	JJ
transaction	NN
,	,
and	CC
Toher	NNP
was	VBD
forced	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
a	DT
$	$
27.00	CD
fee	NN
to	TO
her	PRP$
bank	NN
to	TO
decline	VB
all	DT
subsequent	JJ
electronic	JJ
transactions	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
PayPal	NNP
.	.
Toher	NNP
contacted	VBD
PayPal	NNP
to	TO
request	VB
for	IN
a	DT
second	JJ
time	NN
the	DT
letter	NN
explaining	VBG
how	WRB
to	TO
report	VB
her	PRP$
original	JJ
claim	NN
.	.
PayPal	NNP
subsequently	RB
informed	VBD
Toher	NNP
that	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
begin	VB
processing	VBG
her	PRP$
claim	NN
once	IN
she	PRP
completed	VBD
and	CC
returned	VBD
a	DT
notarized	VBN
affidavit	NN
by	IN
mail	NN
.	.
FN3	CD
.	.
Although	IN
she	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
so	RB
allege	VB
in	IN
her	PRP$
complaint	NN
,	,
Toher	NNP
claims	VBZ
in	IN
her	PRP$
responding	VBG
papers	NNS
that	WDT
PayPal	NNP
still	RB
holds	VBZ
$	$
136.48	CD
of	IN
her	PRP$
money	NN
and	CC
refuses	VBZ
to	TO
return	VB
it	PRP
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
that	IN
she	PRP
failed	VBD
to	TO
cooperate	VB
with	IN
PayPal	NNP
's	POS
investigation	NN
.	.
PayPal	JJ
disputes	NNS
Toher	NNP
's	POS
allegations	NNS
and	CC
provides	VBZ
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
its	PRP$
investigation	NN
,	,
asserting	VBG
that	IN
Toher	NNP
's	POS
only	JJ
legitimate	JJ
claim	NN
could	MD
be	VB
for	IN
the	DT
return	NN
of	IN
the	DT
$	$
27.00	CD
she	PRP
elected	VBD
to	TO
pay	VB
to	TO
her	PRP$
bank	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
further	JJ
electronic	JJ
transfers	NNS
.	.
PayPal	JJ
customers	NNS
open	VB
an	DT
account	NN
by	IN
completing	VBG
an	DT
online	JJ
application	NN
for	IN
a	DT
personal	JJ
,	,
premier	JJ
,	,
or	CC
business	NN
account	NN
.	.
A	DT
prospective	JJ
customer	NN
clicks	VBZ
a	DT
box	NN
at	IN
the	DT
bottom	NN
of	IN
the	DT
application	NN
page	NN
that	WDT
reads	VBZ
,	,
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
you	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
have	VBP
read	VBN
and	CC
agree	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
User	NNP
Agreement	NNP
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
PayPal	NNP
's	POS
-RRB-	-RRB-
privacy	NN
policy	NN
.	.
''	''
A	DT
link	NN
to	TO
the	DT
text	NN
of	IN
the	DT
User	NNP
Agreement	NNP
is	VBZ
located	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
bottom	NN
of	IN
the	DT
application	NN
.	.
PayPal	NNP
Privacy	NNP
Policy	NNP
,	,
and	CC
any	DT
documents	NNS
incorporated	VBN
by	IN
reference	NN
.	.
You	PRP
further	RB
agree	VBP
that	IN
this	DT
User	NN
Agreement	NN
forms	NNS
a	DT
legally	RB
binding	JJ
contract	NN
between	IN
you	PRP
and	CC
PayPal	NNP
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
constitutes	VBZ
``	``
a	DT
writing	VBG
signed	VBN
by	IN
You	PRP
''	''
under	IN
any	DT
applicable	JJ
law	NN
or	CC
regulation	NN
.	.
Arbitration	NN
.	.
Any	DT
controversy	NN
or	CC
claim	NN
arising	VBG
out	IN
of	IN
or	CC
relating	VBG
to	TO
this	DT
Agreement	NN
or	CC
the	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
Services	NNPS
shall	MD
be	VB
settled	VBN
by	IN
binding	JJ
arbitration	NN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
commercial	JJ
arbitration	NN
rules	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
American	JJ
Arbitration	NNP
Association	NNP
.	.
Any	DT
such	JJ
controversy	NN
or	CC
claim	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
arbitrated	VBN
on	IN
an	DT
individual	JJ
basis	NN
,	,
and	CC
shall	MD
not	RB
be	VB
consolidated	VBN
in	IN
any	DT
arbitration	NN
with	IN
any	DT
claim	NN
or	CC
controversy	NN
of	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
party	NN
.	.
The	DT
arbitration	NN
shall	MD
be	VB
conducted	VBN
in	IN
Santa	NNP
Clara	NNP
County	NNP
,	,
California	NNP
,	,
and	CC
judgment	NN
on	IN
the	DT
arbitration	NN
award	NN
may	MD
be	VB
entered	VBN
in	IN
any	DT
court	NN
having	VBG
jurisdiction	NN
thereof	RB
.	.
Either	CC
you	PRP
or	CC
PayPal	NNP
may	MD
seek	VB
any	DT
interim	JJ
or	CC
preliminary	JJ
relief	NN
from	IN
a	DT
court	NN
of	IN
competent	JJ
jurisdiction	NN
in	IN
Santa	NNP
Clara	NNP
County	NNP
,	,
California	NNP
necessary	JJ
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
rights	NNS
or	CC
property	NN
of	IN
you	PRP
or	CC
PayPal	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
its	PRP$
agents	NNS
,	,
suppliers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
subcontractors	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
pending	VBG
the	DT
completion	NN
of	IN
arbitration	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
undisputed	JJ
that	IN
Comb	NNP
's	POS
claims	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
arbitration	NN
.	.
With	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
Toher	NNP
and	CC
Resnick	NNP
,	,
PayPal	NNP
failed	VBD
to	TO
submit	VB
with	IN
its	PRP$
original	JJ
moving	VBG
papers	NNS
copies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
agreements	NNS
into	IN
which	WDT
Toher	NNP
and	CC
Resnick	NNP
allegedly	RB
entered	VBD
,	,
arguing	VBG
that	IN
circumstantial	JJ
evidence	NN
sufficiently	RB
demonstrates	VBZ
assent	NN
by	IN
these	DT
Plaintiffs	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
User	NNP
Agreement	NNP
PayPal	NNP
currently	RB
offers	VBZ
its	PRP$
new	JJ
customers	NNS
.	.
At	IN
oral	JJ
argument	NN
,	,
PayPal	NNP
reiterated	VBD
its	PRP$
claim	NN
that	IN
Resnick	NNP
entered	VBD
into	IN
an	DT
agreement	NN
containing	VBG
the	DT
exact	JJ
arbitration	NN
clause	NN
found	VBN
in	IN
Section	NNP
II	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
19	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
User	NNP
Agreement	NNP
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
conceded	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
version	NN
of	IN
the	DT
User	NNP
Agreement	NNP
entered	VBD
into	IN
by	IN
Toher	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
contain	VB
the	DT
subject	JJ
arbitration	NN
clause	NN
.	.
PayPal	JJ
nonetheless	RB
argued	VBD
that	IN
Toher	NNP
is	VBZ
bound	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
current	JJ
User	NNP
Agreement	NNP
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
arbitration	NN
clause	NN
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
version	NN
of	IN
the	DT
User	NNP
Agreement	NNP
Toher	NNP
did	VBD
accept	VB
binds	VBZ
her	PRP$
to	TO
any	DT
subsequent	JJ
revisions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
User	NNP
Agreement	NNP
.	.
After	IN
the	DT
hearing	NN
,	,
PayPal	NNP
submitted	VBD
supplemental	JJ
declarations	NNS
and	CC
exhibits	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
the	DT
Supplemental	NNP
Material	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
from	IN
PayPal	NNP
's	POS
Senior	JJ
Manager	NNP
for	IN
Online	NNP
Communications	NNPS
and	CC
Marketing	NNP
Damon	NNP
Billian	NNP
.	.
Court	NNP
's	POS
consideration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Supplemental	NNP
Material	NNP
.	.
They	PRP
argue	VBP
that	IN
PayPal	NNP
filed	VBD
these	DT
documents	NNS
in	IN
violation	NN
of	IN
this	DT
Court	NNP
's	POS
Local	JJ
Rules	NNS
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
documents	NNS
demonstrate	VBP
that	IN
PayPal	NNP
's	POS
original	JJ
claim	NN
that	IN
Toher	NNP
agreed	VBD
to	TO
arbitration	NN
was	VBD
false	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
agrees	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
filing	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
comply	VB
with	IN
the	DT
Local	JJ
Rules	NNS
,	,
and	CC
one	CD
reasonably	RB
may	MD
infer	VB
from	IN
the	DT
circumstances	NNS
that	WDT
PayPal	NNP
's	POS
counsel	NN
at	IN
the	DT
very	RB
least	JJS
were	VBD
negligent	JJ
in	IN
their	PRP$
original	JJ
representations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Court	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
take	VB
such	JJ
irregularities	NNS
lightly	RB
and	CC
will	MD
not	RB
hesitate	VB
to	TO
impose	VB
sanctions	NNS
should	MD
this	DT
situation	NN
arise	VB
again	RB
.	.
Nonetheless	RB
,	,
because	IN
it	PRP
concludes	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
interests	NNS
of	IN
justice	NN
are	VBP
best	JJS
served	VBN
by	IN
reaching	VBG
Plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
unconscionability	NN
arguments	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
given	VBN
counsel	NN
the	DT
benefit	NN
of	IN
the	DT
doubt	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
considered	VBN
the	DT
Supplemental	NNP
Material	NNP
.	.
Toher	NNP
provides	VBZ
that	IN
``	``
this	DT
Agreement	NN
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
change	VB
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
without	IN
notice	NN
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
assented	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
arbitration	NN
clause	NN
that	WDT
PayPal	NNP
inserted	VBD
into	IN
a	DT
subsequent	JJ
version	NN
of	IN
the	DT
User	NNP
Agreement	NNP
.	.
In	IN
light	NN
of	IN
the	DT
disposition	NN
of	IN
the	DT
motion	NN
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
need	MD
not	RB
decide	VB
whether	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
provision	NN
ever	RB
could	MD
result	VB
in	IN
a	DT
binding	JJ
agreement	NN
to	TO
arbitrate	VB
.	.
As	IN
discussed	VBN
below	IN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
PayPal	NNP
's	POS
unilateral	JJ
and	CC
apparently	RB
unfettered	JJ
right	NN
to	TO
revise	VB
the	DT
User	NNP
Agreement	NNP
does	VBZ
bear	VB
on	IN
the	DT
question	NN
of	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
User	NNP
Agreement	NNP
is	VBZ
substantively	RB
unconscionable	JJ
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
The	DT
two	CD
elements	NNS
operate	VBP
on	IN
a	DT
sliding	VBG
scale	NN
such	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
more	JJR
significant	JJ
one	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
less	JJR
significant	JJ
the	DT
other	JJ
need	NN
be	VB
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
at	IN
743	CD
,	,
113	CD
Cal	NNP
.	.
Rptr	NNP
.2	CD
d	SYM
422	CD
.	.
A	DT
claim	NN
of	IN
unconscionability	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
determined	VBN
merely	RB
by	IN
examining	VBG
the	DT
face	NN
of	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
;	:
there	EX
must	MD
be	VB
an	DT
inquiry	NN
into	IN
the	DT
circumstances	NNS
under	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
contract	NN
was	VBD
executed	VBN
,	,
its	PRP$
purpose	NN
,	,
and	CC
effect	NN
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
FN10	CD
.	.
The	DT
record	NN
also	RB
demonstrates	VBZ
that	IN
individuals	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
not	RB
account	VB
holders	NNS
must	MD
register	VB
with	IN
the	DT
service	NN
as	IN
a	DT
precondition	NN
to	TO
accessing	VBG
funds	NNS
that	IN
an	DT
account	NN
holder	NN
sends	VBZ
to	TO
them	PRP
.	.
Although	IN
none	NN
of	IN
the	DT
named	VBN
Plaintiffs	NNS
opened	VBD
an	DT
account	NN
by	IN
such	JJ
means	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
notes	VBZ
that	IN
such	JJ
individuals	NNS
would	MD
not	RB
have	VB
any	DT
meaningful	JJ
alternatives	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
them	PRP
.	.
PayPal	NNP
,	,
at	IN
its	PRP$
sole	JJ
discretion	NN
,	,
reserves	NNS
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
close	VB
an	DT
account	NN
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
for	IN
any	DT
reason	NN
,	,
including	VBG
but	CC
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
this	DT
Agreement	NN
,	,
upon	IN
notice	NN
to	TO
the	DT
User	NN
and	CC
payment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
User	NN
of	IN
any	DT
unrestricted	JJ
funds	NNS
held	VBN
in	IN
custody	NN
.	.
PayPal	NNP
,	,
at	IN
its	PRP$
sole	JJ
discretion	NN
,	,
also	RB
reserves	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
periodically	RB
retrieve	VB
and	CC
review	VB
a	DT
business	NN
and	CC
\/	NN
or	CC
consumer	NN
credit	NN
report	NN
for	IN
any	DT
account	NN
,	,
and	CC
reserves	NNS
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
close	VB
an	DT
account	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
information	NN
obtained	VBN
during	IN
this	DT
credit	NN
review	NN
process	NN
.	.
PayPal	NNP
,	,
at	IN
its	PRP$
sole	JJ
discretion	NN
,	,
also	RB
reserves	VBZ
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
restrict	VB
withdrawals	NNS
from	IN
an	DT
account	NN
for	IN
any	DT
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
events	NNS
listed	VBN
below	RB
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
dispute	NN
covers	VBZ
only	RB
a	DT
specific	JJ
transaction	NN
,	,
we	PRP
will	MD
only	RB
restrict	VB
funds	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
that	DT
particular	JJ
transaction	NN
.	.
If	IN
your	PRP$
account	NN
is	VBZ
restricted	VBN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
notified	VBN
by	IN
e-mail	NN
and	CC
requested	VBD
to	TO
provide	VB
information	NN
relevant	JJ
to	TO
your	PRP$
account	NN
.	.
PayPal	NNP
will	MD
investigate	VB
the	DT
matter	NN
promptly	RB
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
investigation	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
your	PRP$
favor	NN
,	,
we	PRP
will	MD
unrestrict	VB
your	PRP$
account	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
investigation	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
in	IN
your	PRP$
favor	NN
,	,
PayPal	NNP
may	MD
return	VB
funds	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
sender	NN
and	CC
unrestrict	NN
the	DT
remainder	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
account	NN
,	,
continue	VBP
the	DT
restriction	NN
for	IN
up	RB
to	TO
180	CD
days	NNS
as	IN
to	TO
funds	NNS
necessary	JJ
to	TO
protect	VB
PayPal	NNP
against	IN
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
reversals	NNS
,	,
or	CC
may	MD
close	VB
your	PRP$
account	NN
by	IN
giving	VBG
you	PRP
notice	VB
and	CC
mailing	VBG
a	DT
check	NN
for	IN
any	DT
funds	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
account	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
minus	CC
funds	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
in	IN
dispute	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
the	DT
address	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
provided	VBN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
later	RB
determined	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
entitled	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
funds	NNS
in	IN
dispute	NN
,	,
PayPal	NNP
will	MD
make	VB
an	DT
additional	JJ
payment	NN
of	IN
those	DT
funds	NNS
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
A	DT
contract	NN
may	MD
provide	VB
a	DT
``	``
margin	NN
of	IN
safety	NN
''	''
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
the	DT
party	NN
with	IN
superior	JJ
bargaining	NN
strength	NN
protection	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
has	VBZ
a	DT
legitimate	JJ
commercial	JJ
need	NN
.	.
``	``
However	RB
,	,
unless	IN
the	DT
`	``
business	NN
realities	NNS
'	POS
that	WDT
create	VBP
the	DT
special	JJ
need	NN
for	IN
such	JJ
an	DT
advantage	NN
are	VBP
explained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
itself	PRP
,	,
...	:
it	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
factually	RB
established	VBN
.	.
''	''
Stirlen	NNP
v.	CC
Cal	NNP
.	.
Rptr	NNP
.2	CD
d	SYM
138	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1997	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
contract	NN
is	VBZ
alleged	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
unconscionable	JJ
,	,
``	``
the	DT
parties	NNS
shall	MD
be	VB
afforded	VBN
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
opportunity	NN
to	TO
present	JJ
evidence	NN
as	IN
to	TO
its	PRP$
commercial	JJ
setting	NN
,	,
purpose	NN
,	,
and	CC
effect	NN
to	TO
aid	VB
the	DT
court	NN
in	IN
making	VBG
the	DT
determination	NN
.	.
''	''
Cal	NNP
.	.
Stirlen	NNP
,	,
51	CD
Cal	NNP
.	.
App	NNP
.4	CD
th	NN
at	IN
1540	CD
,	,
60	CD
Cal	NNP
.	.
Rptr	NNP
.2	CD
d	SYM
138	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
finding	NN
that	IN
a	DT
mandatory	JJ
arbitration	NN
requirement	NN
realistically	RB
applies	VBZ
``	``
primarily	RB
if	IN
not	RB
exclusively	RB
''	''
to	TO
claims	NNS
filed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
employer	NN
in	IN
light	NN
of	IN
employer	NN
's	POS
failure	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
any	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
or	CC
statute	NN
likely	JJ
to	TO
give	VB
rise	NN
to	TO
a	DT
claim	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
compelled	VBN
to	TO
submit	VB
to	TO
arbitration	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Cal	NNP
.	.
Rptr	NNP
.2	CD
d	SYM
862	CD
.	.
As	IN
is	VBZ
this	DT
case	NN
here	RB
,	,
the	DT
arbitration	NN
agreement	NN
at	IN
issue	NN
in	IN
Szetela	NNP
categorically	RB
prohibited	VBD
individual	JJ
customers	NNS
from	IN
joining	VBG
or	CC
consolidating	VBG
claims	NNS
in	IN
arbitration	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
determined	VBD
that	IN
a	DT
large	JJ
credit	NN
card	NN
company	NN
could	MD
not	RB
enforce	VB
the	DT
prohibition	NN
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
consumer	NN
claims	NNS
against	IN
it	PRP
because	IN
in	IN
practice	NN
most	RBS
claims	VBZ
likely	JJ
would	MD
involve	VB
consumers	NNS
seeking	VBG
the	DT
return	NN
of	IN
small	JJ
amounts	NNS
of	IN
money	NN
,	,
and	CC
any	DT
remedy	NN
obtained	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
few	JJ
consumers	NNS
who	WP
would	MD
not	RB
be	VB
dissuaded	VBN
from	IN
pursuing	VBG
their	PRP$
rights	NNS
would	MD
pertain	VB
only	RB
to	TO
those	DT
consumers	NNS
without	IN
collateral	NN
estoppel	NN
effect	NN
.	.
Id	NN
.	.
at	IN
1101	CD
,	,
118	CD
Cal	NNP
.	.
Rptr	NNP
.2	CD
d	SYM
862	CD
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
concluded	VBD
that	IN
such	JJ
circumstances	NNS
raise	VBP
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
t	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
he	PRP
potential	JJ
for	IN
millions	NNS
of	IN
customers	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
overcharged	VBN
small	JJ
amounts	NNS
without	IN
an	DT
effective	JJ
method	NN
of	IN
redress	NN
...	:
''	''
Id	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
i	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
n	SYM
all	DT
situations	NNS
where	WRB
arbitration	NN
provisions	NNS
are	VBP
placed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
footing	NN
as	IN
other	JJ
contracts	NNS
,	,
state	NN
law	NN
applies	VBZ
.	.
''	''
Ticknor	NNP
,	,
265	CD
F.	NNP
3d	CD
at	IN
941	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
citation	NN
and	CC
internal	JJ
quotation	NN
omitted	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
while	IN
California	NNP
's	POS
consumer	NN
protection	NN
statutes	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
prevent	VB
enforcement	NN
under	IN
the	DT
FAA	NNP
of	IN
a	DT
prohibition	NN
on	IN
collective	JJ
actions	NNS
as	IN
such	JJ
,	,
a	DT
federal	JJ
court	NN
properly	RB
may	MD
consider	VB
whether	IN
such	PDT
a	DT
prohibition	NN
in	IN
combination	NN
with	IN
other	JJ
provisions	NNS
and	CC
circumstances	NNS
renders	VBZ
an	DT
agreement	NN
substantively	RB
unconscionable	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
state	NN
law	NN
.	.
FN14	CD
.	.
PayPal	JJ
objects	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
declaration	NN
of	IN
Ann	NNP
Saponora	NNP
as	IN
exceeding	VBG
the	DT
page	NN
limitations	NNS
applicable	JJ
to	TO
Plaintiffs	NNS
'	POS
opposing	VBG
papers	NNS
and	CC
object	VB
to	TO
various	JJ
portions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
declaration	NN
as	IN
vague	JJ
and	CC
ambiguous	JJ
,	,
irrelevant	JJ
,	,
lacking	VBG
foundation	NN
,	,
hearsay	NN
,	,
improper	JJ
opinion	NN
,	,
conclusion	NN
,	,
speculation	NN
,	,
violating	VBG
the	DT
Best	JJS
Evidence	NN
Rule	NNP
,	,
and	CC
improper	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
case	NN
law	NN
and	CC
argument	NN
in	IN
a	DT
declaration	NN
.	.
It	PRP
states	VBZ
in	IN
pertinent	JJ
part	NN
that	WDT
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
ny	JJ
controversy	NN
or	CC
claim	NN
arising	VBG
out	IN
of	IN
or	CC
relating	VBG
to	TO
this	DT
Agreement	NN
or	CC
the	DT
provision	NN
of	IN
Services	NNPS
shall	MD
be	VB
settled	VBN
by	IN
binding	JJ
arbitration	NN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
commercial	JJ
arbitration	NN
rules	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
American	JJ
Arbitration	NNP
Association	NNP
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
emphasis	NN
added	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
FN15	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Further	RB
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
clause	NN
is	VBZ
silent	JJ
as	IN
to	TO
who	WP
bears	VBZ
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
arbitration	NN
,	,
under	IN
California	NNP
law	NN
each	DT
party	NN
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
pay	VB
a	DT
pro	JJ
rata	JJ
share	NN
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
expenses	NNS
and	CC
fees	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
neutral	JJ
arbitrator	NN
,	,
together	RB
with	IN
other	JJ
expenses	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
arbitration	NN
incurred	VBN
or	CC
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
neutral	JJ
arbitrator	NN
,	,
not	RB
including	VBG
counsel	NN
fees	NNS
or	CC
witness	NN
fees	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
expenses	NNS
incurred	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
party	NN
for	IN
his	PRP$
own	JJ
benefit	NN
.	.
''	''
S.	NNP
Ct	NNP
.	.
513	CD
,	,
148	CD
L.	NNP
Ed	NNP
.2	CD
d	SYM
373	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2000	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
who	WP
claimed	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
unknown	NN
and	CC
unidentified	JJ
risk	NN
of	IN
excessive	JJ
fees	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
sufficient	JJ
to	TO
defeat	VB
a	DT
valid	JJ
arbitration	NN
clause	NN
,	,
the	DT
named	VBN
Plaintiffs	NNS
here	RB
,	,
none	NN
of	IN
whose	WP$
individual	JJ
claims	NNS
exceeds	VBZ
$	$
310.00	CD
,	,
have	VBP
shown	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
costs	NNS
each	DT
of	IN
them	PRP
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
to	TO
incur	VB
in	IN
commercial	JJ
arbitration	NN
likely	JJ
would	MD
exceed	VB
those	DT
involved	VBN
in	IN
bringing	VBG
a	DT
collective	JJ
action	NN
.	.
By	IN
allowing	VBG
for	IN
prohibitive	JJ
arbitration	NN
fees	NNS
and	CC
precluding	VBG
joinder	NN
of	IN
claims	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
would	MD
make	VB
each	DT
individual	JJ
customer	NN
's	POS
participation	NN
in	IN
arbitration	NN
more	RBR
economical	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
PayPal	NNP
appears	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
attempting	VBG
to	TO
insulate	VB
itself	PRP
contractually	RB
from	IN
any	DT
meaningful	JJ
challenge	NN
to	TO
its	PRP$
alleged	JJ
practices	NNS
.	.
Under	IN
these	DT
circumstances	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
concludes	VBZ
that	IN
this	DT
aspect	NN
of	IN
the	DT
arbitration	NN
clause	NN
is	VBZ
so	RB
harsh	JJ
as	IN
to	TO
be	VB
substantively	RB
unconscionable	JJ
.	.
County	NNP
,	,
California	NNP
.	.
PayPal	JJ
argues	VBZ
that	IN
this	DT
venue	NN
provision	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
unconscionable	JJ
because	IN
forum	NN
selection	NN
clauses	NNS
in	IN
general	JJ
are	VBP
prima	NN
facie	NN
valid	JJ
,	,
courts	NNS
have	VBP
found	VBN
similar	JJ
forum	NN
selection	NN
clauses	NNS
in	IN
arbitration	NN
clauses	NNS
reasonable	JJ
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
named	VBN
Plaintiffs	NNS
themselves	PRP
elected	VBD
to	TO
litigate	VB
in	IN
this	DT
Court	NNP
,	,
thereby	RB
undercutting	VBG
any	DT
claim	NN
that	IN
the	DT
contractual	JJ
forum	NN
is	VBZ
burdensome	JJ
or	CC
inconvenient	JJ
for	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Although	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
true	JJ
that	IN
forum	NN
selection	NN
clauses	NNS
generally	RB
are	VBP
presumed	VBN
prima	NN
facie	NN
valid	JJ
,	,
a	DT
forum	NN
selection	NN
clause	NN
may	MD
be	VB
unconscionable	JJ
if	IN
the	DT
``	``
place	NN
or	CC
manner	NN
''	''
in	IN
which	WDT
arbitration	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
occur	VB
is	VBZ
unreasonable	JJ
taking	VBG
into	IN
account	NN
``	``
the	DT
respective	JJ
circumstances	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
parties	NNS
.	.
''	''
Bolter	NNP
v.	CC
Superior	NNP
Court	NNP
,	,
87	CD
Cal	NNP
.	.
App	NNP
.4	CD
th	NN
900	CD
,	,
909	CD
,	,
104	CD
Cal	NNP
.	.
Rptr	NNP
.2	CD
d	SYM
888	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2001	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
record	NN
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
shows	VBZ
that	IN
PayPal	NNP
serves	VBZ
millions	NNS
of	IN
customers	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
the	DT
average	JJ
transaction	NN
through	IN
PayPal	NNP
is	VBZ
$	$
55.00	CD
.	.
Although	IN
PayPal	NNP
cites	VBZ
to	TO
unpublished	JJ
or	CC
out-of-state	JJ
authority	NN
holding	VBG
that	IN
such	JJ
facts	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
warrant	VB
a	DT
finding	NN
of	IN
unconscionability	NN
,	,
PayPal	NNP
cites	VBZ
no	DT
California	NNP
authority	NN
holding	VBG
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
reasonable	JJ
for	IN
individual	JJ
consumers	NNS
from	IN
throughout	IN
the	DT
country	NN
to	TO
travel	VB
to	TO
one	CD
locale	NN
to	TO
arbitrate	VB
claims	NNS
involving	VBG
such	JJ
minimal	JJ
sums	NNS
.	.
FN16	CD
.	.
As	IN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
the	DT
costs	NNS
of	IN
arbitration	NN
,	,
PayPal	NNP
contends	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
AAA	NNP
consumer	NN
rules	NNS
mitigate	VBP
any	DT
unfairness	NN
by	IN
permitting	VBG
telephonic	JJ
participation	NN
in	IN
arbitration	NN
hearings	NNS
.	.
As	IN
already	RB
discussed	VBN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
the	DT
User	NNP
Agreement	NN
on	IN
its	PRP$
face	NN
provides	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
AAA	NNP
commercial	JJ
rules	NNS
apply	VBP
.	.
FN17	CD
.	.
Plaintiffs	NNS
also	RB
contend	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
subject	JJ
arbitration	NN
clause	NN
is	VBZ
unconscionable	JJ
because	IN
it	PRP
requires	VBZ
them	PRP
to	TO
waive	VB
statutory	JJ
rights	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
find	VB
this	DT
contention	NN
persuasive	JJ
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
any	DT
event	NN
it	PRP
need	MD
not	RB
reach	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Having	VBG
considered	VBN
the	DT
terms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
User	NNP
Agreement	NNP
generally	RB
and	CC
the	DT
arbitration	NN
clause	NN
in	IN
particular	JJ
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
totality	NN
of	IN
the	DT
circumstances	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
concludes	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
User	NNP
Agreement	NNP
and	CC
arbitration	NN
clause	NN
are	VBP
substantively	RB
unconscionable	JJ
under	IN
California	NNP
law	NN
and	CC
that	IN
arbitration	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
compelled	VBN
herein	RB
.	.
Good	JJ
cause	NN
therefor	RB
appearing	VBG
,	,
IT	PRP
IS	VBZ
HEREBY	NNP
ORDERED	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
motions	NNS
to	TO
compel	VB
individual	JJ
arbitration	NN
are	VBP
DENIED	VBN
.	.
This	DT
motion	NN
by	IN
defendant	NN
Tickets.com	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
hereafter	NN
TX	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
summary	NN
judgment	NN
on	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
Ticketmaster	NNP
Corporation	NNP
and	CC
Ticket	NNP
Online-CitySearch	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
hereafter	NN
collectively	RB
TM	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
issues	NNS
is	VBZ
denied	VBN
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
contract	NN
claim	NN
of	IN
TM	NNP
and	CC
granted	VBN
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
copyright	NN
and	CC
trespass	NN
to	TO
chattels	NNS
claims	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
dismissed	VBN
by	IN
this	DT
minute	NN
order	NN
.	.
At	IN
this	DT
point	NN
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
,	,
both	DT
parties	NNS
have	VBP
narrowed	VBN
their	PRP$
claims	NNS
.	.
TM	NNP
,	,
the	DT
original	JJ
plaintiff	NN
,	,
has	VBZ
narrowed	VBN
its	PRP$
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
claims	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
contract	NN
theory	NN
,	,
a	DT
copyright	NN
theory	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
trespass	NN
to	TO
chattels	NNS
theory	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
factual	JJ
items	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
contested	VBN
,	,
although	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
result	NN
of	IN
applying	VBG
the	DT
law	NN
to	TO
the	DT
uncontested	JJ
facts	NNS
is	VBZ
heavily	RB
contested	VBN
.	.
Among	IN
the	DT
uncontested	JJ
facts	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
following	NN
:	:
Both	DT
TM	NNP
and	CC
TX	NNP
are	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
business	NN
of	IN
selling	VBG
tickets	NNS
to	TO
all	DT
kinds	NNS
of	IN
``	``
events	NNS
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
sports	NNS
,	,
concerts	NNS
,	,
plays	NNS
,	,
etc.	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
in	IN
heavy	JJ
competition	NN
with	IN
one	CD
another	DT
,	,
but	CC
operate	VBP
in	IN
distinctive	JJ
ways	NNS
.	.
TM	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
largest	JJS
company	NN
in	IN
the	DT
industry	NN
.	.
It	PRP
sells	VBZ
tickets	NNS
by	IN
the	DT
four	CD
methods	NNS
of	IN
ticket	NN
selling-venue	JJ
box	NN
office	NN
,	,
retail	JJ
outlets	NNS
,	,
by	IN
telephone	NN
,	,
and	CC
over	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
.	.
Telephone	NNP
and	CC
internet	NN
sales	NNS
require	VBP
the	DT
customer	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
credit	NN
with	IN
the	DT
ticket	NN
seller	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
usually	RB
by	IN
credit	NN
card	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Internet	NNP
sales	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
the	DT
fastest	JJS
growing	VBG
segment	NN
of	IN
the	DT
industry	NN
.	.
TX	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
the	DT
events	NNS
considered	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
motion	NN
was	VBD
primarily	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
but	CC
not	RB
exclusively	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
an	DT
internet	NN
seller	NN
.	.
Both	DT
TM	NNP
and	CC
TX	NNP
maintain	VBP
a	DT
web	NN
page	NN
reachable	JJ
by	IN
anyone	NN
with	IN
an	DT
internet	NN
connection	NN
.	.
Each	DT
of	IN
their	PRP$
web	NN
pages	NNS
has	VBZ
many	JJ
subsidiary	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
interior	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
web	NN
pages	NNS
which	WDT
describe	VBP
one	CD
event	NN
each	DT
and	CC
provide	VB
such	JJ
basic	JJ
information	NN
as	IN
to	TO
location	NN
,	,
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
description	NN
of	IN
the	DT
event	NN
,	,
and	CC
ticket	NN
prices	NNS
.	.
The	DT
TM	NNP
interior	JJ
web	NN
pages	NNS
each	DT
have	VBP
a	DT
separate	JJ
electronic	JJ
address	NN
or	CC
Uniform	NN
Resource	NNP
Locator	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
URL	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
which	WDT
,	,
if	IN
possessed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
user	NN
,	,
allows	VBZ
the	DT
user	NN
to	TO
reach	VB
the	DT
web	NN
page	NN
for	IN
any	DT
particular	JJ
event	NN
by	IN
by	IN
-	:
passing	VBG
the	DT
``	``
home	NN
''	''
web	NN
page	NN
and	CC
proceeding	VBG
past	IN
the	DT
index	NN
to	TO
reach	VB
the	DT
interior	JJ
web	NN
page	NN
for	IN
the	DT
event	NN
in	IN
question	NN
.	.
The	DT
TM	NNP
interior	JJ
web	NN
pages	NNS
provide	VBP
telephone	NN
numbers	NNS
for	IN
customers	NNS
or	CC
allow	VB
the	DT
customer	NN
to	TO
order	VB
tickets	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
event	NN
by	IN
interactive	JJ
computer	NN
use	NN
.	.
A	DT
charge	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
TM	NNP
service	NN
.	.
TM	NNP
principally	RB
does	VBZ
business	NN
by	IN
exclusive	JJ
contracts	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
event	NN
providers	NNS
or	CC
their	PRP$
producers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
its	PRP$
web	NN
pages	NNS
only	RB
list	VBP
the	DT
events	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
TM	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
exclusive	JJ
ticket	NN
seller	NN
.	.
TX	NNP
also	RB
sells	VBZ
tickets	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
events	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
ticket	NN
seller	NN
.	.
At	IN
one	CD
point	NN
,	,
its	PRP$
web	NN
pages	NNS
attempted	VBN
to	TO
list	VB
all	DT
events	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
tickets	NNS
were	VBD
available	JJ
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
TX	NNP
sold	VBD
the	DT
tickets	NNS
.	.
Its	PRP$
interior	JJ
web	NN
pages	NNS
also	RB
listed	VBD
the	DT
event	NN
,	,
the	DT
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
ticket	NN
prices	NNS
,	,
and	CC
provided	VBD
for	IN
internet	NN
purchase	NN
if	IN
TX	NNP
could	MD
sell	VB
the	DT
tickets	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
TX	NNP
could	MD
not	RB
sell	VB
the	DT
tickets	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
listed	VBD
ticket	NN
brokers	NNS
who	WP
sold	VBD
at	IN
premium	NN
prices	NNS
.	.
In	IN
early	JJ
2000	CD
,	,
TX	NNP
discontinued	VBN
this	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
listing	VBG
events	NNS
with	IN
tickets	NNS
sold	VBN
by	IN
other	JJ
ticket	NN
brokers	NNS
.	.
Until	IN
early	JJ
2000	CD
,	,
in	IN
situations	NNS
where	WRB
TM	NNP
was	VBD
the	DT
only	JJ
source	NN
of	IN
tickets	NNS
,	,
TX	NNP
provided	VBD
a	DT
``	``
deep	JJ
link	NN
''	''
by	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
customer	NN
would	MD
be	VB
transferred	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
interior	JJ
web	NN
page	NN
of	IN
TM	NNP
's	POS
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
customer	NN
could	MD
purchase	VB
the	DT
ticket	NN
from	IN
TM	NNP
.	.
This	DT
process	NN
of	IN
``	``
deep	JJ
linking	VBG
''	''
is	VBZ
the	DT
subject	NN
of	IN
TM	NNP
's	POS
complaint	NN
in	IN
this	DT
action	NN
,	,
of	IN
which	WDT
there	EX
is	VBZ
now	RB
left	VBN
the	DT
contract	NN
,	,
copyright	NN
,	,
and	CC
trespass	NN
theories	NNS
.	.
``	``
crawled	VBD
''	''
through	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
web	NN
pages	NNS
to	TO
TM	NNP
and	CC
electronically	RB
extracted	VBD
the	DT
electronic	JJ
information	NN
from	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
web	NN
page	NN
is	VBZ
shown	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
computer	NN
.	.
The	DT
spider	NN
temporarily	RB
loaded	VBN
this	DT
electronic	JJ
information	NN
into	IN
the	DT
Random	NNP
Access	NNP
Memory	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
RAM	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
TX	NNP
's	POS
computers	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
period	NN
of	IN
from	IN
10-15	CD
seconds	NNS
.	.
TX	NNP
then	RB
extracted	VBD
the	DT
factual	JJ
information	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
event	NN
,	,
date	NN
,	,
time	NN
,	,
tickets	NNS
prices	NNS
,	,
and	CC
URL	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
discarded	VBD
the	DT
rest	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
consisted	VBD
of	IN
TM	NNP
identification	NN
,	,
logos	NNS
,	,
ads	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
information	NN
which	WDT
TX	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
intend	VB
to	TO
use	VB
;	:
much	RB
of	IN
this	DT
discarded	VBN
material	NN
was	VBD
protected	VBN
by	IN
copyright	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
factual	JJ
information	NN
was	VBD
then	RB
organized	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
TX	NNP
format	NN
to	TO
be	VB
displayed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
TX	NNP
internal	JJ
web	NN
page	NN
.	.
The	DT
TX	NNP
internal	JJ
web	NN
page	NN
carried	VBD
no	DT
TM	NNP
identification	NN
and	CC
had	VBD
only	RB
the	DT
factual	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
event	NN
on	IN
it	PRP
which	WDT
was	VBD
taken	VBN
from	IN
TM	NNP
's	POS
interior	JJ
web	NN
page	NN
but	CC
rearranged	VBN
in	IN
TX	NNP
format	NN
plus	IN
any	DT
information	NN
or	CC
advertisement	NN
added	VBN
by	IN
TX	NNP
.	.
From	IN
March	NNP
1998	CD
,	,
to	TO
early	JJ
2000	CD
,	,
the	DT
TX	NNP
user	NN
was	VBD
provided	VBN
the	DT
deep	JJ
linking	VBG
option	NN
described	VBN
above	IN
to	TO
go	VB
directly	RB
from	IN
the	DT
TX	NNP
web	NN
site	NN
to	TO
the	DT
relevant	JJ
TM	NNP
interior	NN
web	NN
page	NN
.	.
This	DT
option	NN
stopped	VBD
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
was	VBD
stopped	VBN
by	IN
TM	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
early	JJ
2000	CD
.	.
For	IN
an	DT
unknown	JJ
period	NN
afterward	RB
,	,
the	DT
TX	NNP
customer	NN
was	VBD
given	VBN
the	DT
option	NN
of	IN
linking	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
TM	NNP
home	NN
page	NN
,	,
from	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
customer	NN
could	MD
work	VB
his	PRP$
way	NN
to	TO
the	DT
interior	JJ
web	NN
page	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
was	VBD
interested	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
The	DT
record	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
reveal	VB
whether	IN
this	DT
practice	NN
still	RB
exists	VBZ
or	CC
whether	IN
TM	NNP
objects	NNS
to	TO
it	PRP
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
issues	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
appear	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
limited	VBN
to	TO
events	NNS
which	WDT
occurred	VBD
between	IN
November	NNP
1998	CD
,	,
when	WRB
spidering	VBG
started	VBN
,	,
and	CC
July	NNP
2001	CD
,	,
when	WRB
it	PRP
stopped	VBD
.	.
The	DT
``	``
deep	JJ
linking	VBG
''	''
aspect	NN
of	IN
the	DT
case	NN
is	VBZ
relevant	JJ
only	RB
from	IN
March	NNP
1998	CD
,	,
to	TO
early	JJ
2000	CD
,	,
when	WRB
it	PRP
stopped	VBD
.	.
The	DT
contract	NN
aspect	NN
of	IN
the	DT
case	NN
derives	VBZ
from	IN
a	DT
notice	NN
placed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
home	NN
page	NN
of	IN
the	DT
TM	NNP
web	NN
site	NN
which	WDT
states	VBZ
that	IN
anyone	NN
going	VBG
beyond	IN
that	DT
point	NN
into	IN
the	DT
interior	JJ
web	NN
pages	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
accepts	VBZ
certain	JJ
conditions	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
include	VBP
,	,
relevant	JJ
to	TO
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
that	IN
all	DT
information	NN
obtained	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
website	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
personal	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
user	NN
and	CC
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
for	IN
commercial	JJ
purposes	NNS
.	.
Earlier	RBR
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
the	DT
motion	NN
for	IN
preliminary	JJ
injunction	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
notice	NN
was	VBD
placed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
bottom	NN
of	IN
the	DT
home	NN
page	NN
of	IN
the	DT
TM	NNP
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
so	RB
that	IN
a	DT
user	NN
without	IN
an	DT
especially	RB
large	JJ
screen	NN
would	MD
have	VB
to	TO
scroll	VB
down	RP
the	DT
page	NN
to	TO
read	VB
the	DT
conditions	NNS
of	IN
use	NN
.	.
Since	IN
then	RB
,	,
TM	NNP
has	VBZ
placed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
prominent	JJ
place	NN
on	IN
the	DT
home	NN
page	NN
the	DT
warning	NN
that	IN
proceeding	VBG
further	JJ
binds	VBZ
the	DT
user	NN
to	TO
the	DT
conditions	NNS
of	IN
use	NN
.	.
As	IN
one	CD
TX	NNP
executive	NN
put	VBD
it	PRP
,	,
it	PRP
could	MD
not	RB
be	VB
missed	VBN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
the	DT
preliminary	JJ
injunction	NN
motion	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
commented	VBD
that	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
no	DT
evidence	NN
that	IN
the	DT
conditions	NNS
of	IN
use	NN
were	VBD
known	VBN
to	TO
TX	NNP
.	.
Since	IN
then	RB
,	,
there	EX
has	VBZ
been	VBN
developed	VBN
evidence	NN
that	IN
TX	NNP
was	VBD
fully	RB
familiar	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
conditions	NNS
TM	NNP
claimed	VBD
to	TO
impose	VB
on	IN
users	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
a	DT
letter	NN
from	IN
TM	NNP
to	TO
TX	NNP
which	WDT
quoted	VBD
the	DT
conditions	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
a	DT
reply	NN
by	IN
TX	NNP
stating	VBG
that	IN
it	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
accept	VB
the	DT
conditions	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
sufficient	JJ
evidence	NN
to	TO
defeat	VB
summary	NN
judgment	NN
on	IN
the	DT
contract	NN
theory	NN
if	IN
knowledge	NN
of	IN
the	DT
asserted	VBN
conditions	NNS
of	IN
use	NN
was	VBD
had	VBN
by	IN
TX	NNP
,	,
who	WP
nevertheless	RB
continued	VBD
to	TO
send	VB
its	PRP$
spider	NN
into	IN
the	DT
TM	NNP
interior	JJ
web	NN
pages	NNS
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
legally	RB
concluded	VBN
that	IN
doing	VBG
so	RB
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
a	DT
binding	JJ
contract	NN
.	.
For	IN
reasons	NNS
dealing	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
desirability	NN
of	IN
clear	JJ
unmistakable	JJ
evidence	NN
of	IN
assent	NN
to	TO
the	DT
conditions	NNS
on	IN
trial	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
would	MD
prefer	VB
a	DT
rule	NN
that	WDT
required	VBD
an	DT
unmistakable	JJ
assent	NN
to	TO
the	DT
conditions	NNS
easily	RB
provided	VBN
by	IN
requiring	VBG
clicking	VBG
on	IN
an	DT
icon	NN
which	WDT
says	VBZ
``	``
I	PRP
agree	VBP
''	''
or	CC
the	DT
equivalent	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
a	DT
rule	NN
would	MD
provide	VB
certainty	NN
in	IN
trial	NN
and	CC
make	VB
it	PRP
clear	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
user	NN
had	VBD
called	VBN
to	TO
his	PRP$
attention	NN
the	DT
conditions	NNS
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
accepted	VBD
when	WRB
using	VBG
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
The	DT
court	NN
notes	VBZ
that	IN
Professor	NNP
Lemley	NNP
also	RB
approves	VBZ
this	DT
approach	NN
,	,
but	CC
this	DT
is	VBZ
treated	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
legal	JJ
opinion	NN
,	,
not	RB
a	DT
fact	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
law	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
developed	VBN
this	DT
way	NN
.	.
Use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
cruise	NN
ship	NN
ticket	NN
with	IN
a	DT
venue	NN
provision	NN
printed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
back	JJ
commits	VBZ
one	CD
to	TO
the	DT
venue	NN
provided	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Carnival	NNP
Cruise	NNP
Lines	NNP
'91	CD
499	CD
U.S.	NNP
585	CD
,	,
113	CD
L.	NNP
Ed	NNP
.2	CD
d	SYM
622	CD
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Carriage	NNP
of	IN
Goods	NNP
by	IN
Sea	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Carmack	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Warsaw	NNP
Convention	NNP
provide	VBP
that	IN
limitations	NNS
of	IN
liability	NN
on	IN
the	DT
bill	NN
of	IN
lading	NN
,	,
air	NN
waybill	NN
,	,
or	CC
airplane	NN
ticket	NN
are	VBP
enforceable	JJ
if	IN
the	DT
services	NNS
are	VBP
used	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
customer	NN
.	.
Specht	NNP
involved	VBD
a	DT
different	JJ
set	NN
of	IN
circumstances	NNS
,	,
that	DT
of	IN
consumers	NNS
invited	VBN
to	TO
download	VB
free	JJ
software	NN
from	IN
an	DT
internet	NN
site	NN
that	WDT
did	VBD
not	RB
contain	VB
a	DT
plainly	RB
visible	JJ
notice	NN
of	IN
license	NN
terms	NNS
.	.
See	VB
id	NN
.	.
at	IN
32	CD
.	.
TM	NNP
complains	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
information	NN
obtained	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
spider	NN
was	VBD
valuable	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
even	RB
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
sold	VBN
by	IN
TX	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
it	PRP
spent	VBD
time	NN
and	CC
money	NN
attempting	VBG
to	TO
frustrate	VB
the	DT
spider	NN
,	,
but	CC
neither	DT
of	IN
these	DT
items	NNS
shows	VBZ
damage	NN
to	TO
the	DT
computers	NNS
or	CC
their	PRP$
operation	NN
.	.
One	CD
must	MD
keep	VB
in	IN
mind	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
are	VBP
talking	VBG
about	IN
the	DT
common	JJ
law	NN
tort	NN
of	IN
trespass	NN
,	,
not	RB
damage	NN
from	IN
breach	NN
of	IN
contract	NN
or	CC
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
The	DT
tort	NN
claim	NN
may	MD
not	RB
succeed	VB
without	IN
proof	NN
of	IN
tort	NN
-	:
type	NN
damage	NN
.	.
Plaintiff	NNP
TM	NNP
has	VBZ
the	DT
burden	NN
to	TO
show	VB
such	JJ
damage	NN
.	.
None	NN
is	VBZ
shown	VBN
here	RB
.	.
The	DT
motion	NN
for	IN
summary	NN
judgment	NN
is	VBZ
granted	VBN
to	TO
eliminate	VB
the	DT
claim	NN
for	IN
trespass	NN
to	TO
chattels	NNS
.	.
This	DT
minute	NN
order	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
order	NN
eliminating	VBG
that	IN
claim	NN
.	.
This	DT
approach	NN
to	TO
the	DT
tort	NN
of	IN
trespass	NN
to	TO
chattels	NNS
should	MD
hurt	VB
no	DT
one	NN
's	POS
policy	NN
feelings	NNS
;	:
after	IN
all	DT
,	,
what	WP
is	VBZ
being	VBG
attempted	VBN
is	VBZ
to	TO
apply	VB
a	DT
medieval	JJ
common	JJ
law	NN
concept	NN
in	IN
an	DT
entirely	RB
new	JJ
situation	NN
which	WDT
should	MD
be	VB
disposed	VBN
of	IN
by	IN
modern	JJ
law	NN
designed	VBN
to	TO
protect	VB
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
interests	NNS
.	.
The	DT
copyright	NN
issues	NNS
are	VBP
more	RBR
difficult	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
divide	VBP
into	IN
three	CD
issues	NNS
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
is	VBZ
whether	IN
the	DT
momentary	JJ
resting	NN
in	IN
the	DT
TX	NNP
computers	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
electronic	JJ
signals	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
used	VBN
to	TO
form	VB
the	DT
video	NN
representation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
viewer	NN
of	IN
the	DT
interior	JJ
web	NN
pages	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
TX	NNP
computer	NN
constitutes	VBZ
actionable	JJ
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
is	VBZ
whether	IN
the	DT
URLs	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
were	VBD
copied	VBN
and	CC
used	VBN
by	IN
TX	NNP
,	,
contain	VBP
copyrightable	JJ
material	NN
.	.
The	DT
third	JJ
is	VBZ
whether	IN
TX	NNP
's	POS
deep	JJ
-	:
linking	VBG
caused	VBD
the	DT
unauthorized	JJ
public	JJ
display	NN
of	IN
TM	NNP
event	NN
pages	NNS
.	.
In	IN
examining	VBG
these	DT
questions	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
must	MD
keep	VB
in	IN
mind	NN
a	DT
prime	JJ
theorem	NN
of	IN
copyright	NN
law-facts	NNS
,	,
as	IN
such	JJ
,	,
are	VBP
not	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
copyright	NN
protection	NN
.	.
What	WP
is	VBZ
subject	JJ
to	TO
copyright	NN
protection	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
manner	NN
or	CC
mode	NN
of	IN
expression	NN
of	IN
those	DT
facts	NNS
.	.
Similarly	RB
,	,
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
the	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
the	DT
event	NN
,	,
its	PRP$
date	NN
and	CC
time	NN
,	,
and	CC
its	PRP$
ticket	NN
prices	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
not	RB
subject	JJ
to	TO
copyright	NN
.	.
Anyone	NN
is	VBZ
free	JJ
to	TO
print	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
show	VB
on	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
such	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
if	IN
TX	NNP
had	VBD
sat	VBN
down	IN
a	DT
secretary	NN
at	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
screen	NN
with	IN
instructions	NNS
manually	RB
to	TO
go	VB
through	IN
TM	NNP
's	POS
web	NN
sites	NNS
and	CC
pick	VB
out	RP
and	CC
write	VB
down	RP
purely	RB
factual	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
events	NNS
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
feed	VB
it	PRP
into	IN
the	DT
TX	NNP
web	NN
pages	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
using	VBG
the	DT
TX	NNP
distinctive	JJ
format	NN
only	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
no	DT
one	NN
could	MD
complain	VB
.	.
The	DT
objection	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
thing	NN
was	VBD
done	VBN
with	IN
an	DT
electronic	JJ
program	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
difference	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
spider	NN
picks	VBZ
up	RP
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
electronic	JJ
symbols	NNS
which	WDT
,	,
if	IN
it	PRP
had	VBD
been	VBN
put	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
monitor	NN
with	IN
the	DT
right	JJ
software	NN
,	,
would	MD
duplicate	VB
the	DT
TM	NNP
web	NN
page	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
this	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
way	NN
it	PRP
was	VBD
done	VBN
.	.
The	DT
spider	NN
picks	VBZ
up	RP
the	DT
electronic	JJ
symbols	NNS
and	CC
loads	NNS
them	PRP
momentarily	RB
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
10	CD
to	TO
15	CD
seconds	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
into	IN
the	DT
RAM	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
TX	NNP
computers	NNS
,	,
where	WRB
a	DT
program	NN
picks	VBZ
up	RP
the	DT
factual	JJ
data	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
not	RB
protected	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
places	VBZ
same	JJ
into	IN
the	DT
TX	NNP
format	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
web	NN
pages	NNS
,	,
and	CC
immediately	RB
discards	VBZ
the	DT
balance	NN
,	,
which	WDT
may	MD
consist	VB
of	IN
TM	NNP
logos	NNS
,	,
TM	NNP
advertisements	NNS
,	,
TM	NNP
format	NN
for	IN
presentation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
material	NN
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
material	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
copyrightable	JJ
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
actual	JJ
copying	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
called	VBN
that	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
momentary	JJ
while	IN
the	DT
non-protected	JJ
material	NN
,	,
all	DT
open	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
extracted	VBN
.	.
Is	VBZ
this	DT
momentary	JJ
resting	NN
of	IN
the	DT
electronic	JJ
symbols	NNS
from	IN
which	WDT
a	DT
TM	NNP
web	NN
page	NN
could	MD
be	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
but	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
constructed	VBN
fair	JJ
use	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
purpose	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
obtain	VB
non-protected	JJ
facts	NNS
?	.
The	DT
court	NN
thinks	VBZ
the	DT
answer	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
yes	UH
''	''
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
not	RB
much	JJ
law	NN
in	IN
point	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
two	CD
Ninth	NNP
Circuit	NNP
cases	NNS
which	WDT
shed	VBP
light	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
Sony	NNP
Computer	NNP
Entertainment	NNP
9Cir	NNP
'00	CD
203	CD
F3d	JJ
596	CD
and	CC
Sega	NNP
9Cir	NNP
'92	CD
977	CD
F.	NNP
2d	CD
1510	CD
.	.
In	IN
each	DT
of	IN
these	DT
cases	NNS
,	,
the	DT
alleged	VBN
infringer	NN
attempted	VBN
to	TO
get	VB
at	IN
non-protected	JJ
source	NN
code	NN
by	IN
reverse	JJ
engineering	NN
of	IN
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
copyrighted	VBN
software	NN
.	.
In	IN
doing	VBG
so	RB
,	,
the	DT
necessary	JJ
method	NN
was	VBD
to	TO
copy	VB
the	DT
software	NN
and	CC
work	NN
backwards	RB
to	TO
derive	VB
the	DT
unprotected	JJ
source	NN
code	NN
.	.
The	DT
copied	VBN
software	NN
was	VBD
then	RB
destroyed	VBN
.	.
In	IN
each	DT
case	NN
,	,
this	DT
was	VBD
held	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
fair	JJ
use	NN
since	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
necessary	JJ
to	TO
temporarily	RB
copy	VB
the	DT
software	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
the	DT
non	NN
-	:
protected	VBN
material	NN
.	.
It	PRP
asserts	VBZ
in	IN
its	PRP$
points	NNS
and	CC
authorities	NNS
that	WDT
taking	VBG
the	DT
temporary	JJ
copy	NN
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
the	DT
only	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
the	DT
unprotected	JJ
information	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
TX	NNP
was	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
actuality	NN
did	VBD
purchase	NN
such	JJ
information	NN
from	IN
certain	JJ
third-parties	NNS
.	.
Both	DT
Sony	NNP
and	CC
Sega	NNP
stated	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
fair	JJ
use	NN
was	VBD
justified	JJ
because	IN
reverse	JJ
engineering	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
including	VBG
taking	VBG
a	DT
temporary	JJ
copy	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
was	VBD
the	DT
only	JJ
way	NN
the	DT
unprotected	JJ
information	NN
could	MD
be	VB
obtained	VBN
.	.
Although	IN
this	DT
court	NN
recognizes	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
holdings	NNS
of	IN
Sony	NNP
and	CC
Sega	NNP
were	VBD
limited	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
specific	JJ
context	NN
of	IN
``	``
disassembling	VBG
''	''
copyrighted	VBN
object	NN
code	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
access	NN
unprotected	JJ
elements	NNS
contained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
source	NN
code	NN
,	,
this	DT
court	NN
believes	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
``	``
fair	JJ
use	NN
''	''
doctrine	NN
can	MD
be	VB
applied	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
current	JJ
facts	NNS
.	.
Taking	VBG
the	DT
temporary	JJ
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
electronic	JJ
information	NN
for	IN
the	DT
limited	JJ
purpose	NN
of	IN
extracting	VBG
unprotected	JJ
public	JJ
facts	NNS
leads	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
conclusion	NN
that	IN
the	DT
temporary	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
electronic	JJ
signals	NNS
was	VBD
``	``
fair	JJ
use	NN
''	''
and	CC
not	RB
actionable	JJ
.	.
In	IN
determining	VBG
whether	IN
a	DT
challenged	VBN
use	NN
of	IN
copyrighted	VBN
material	NN
is	VBZ
fair	JJ
,	,
a	DT
court	NN
must	MD
keep	VB
in	IN
mind	NN
the	DT
public	JJ
policy	NN
underlying	VBG
the	DT
Copyright	NNP
Act	NNP
:	:
to	TO
secure	VB
a	DT
fair	JJ
return	NN
for	IN
an	DT
author	NN
's	POS
creative	JJ
labor	NN
and	CC
to	TO
stimulate	VB
artistic	JJ
creativity	NN
for	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
good	JJ
.	.
This	DT
court	NN
sees	VBZ
no	DT
public	JJ
policy	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
served	VBN
by	IN
restricting	VBG
TX	NNP
from	IN
using	VBG
spiders	NNS
to	TO
temporarily	RB
download	VB
TM	NNP
's	POS
event	NN
pages	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
acquire	VB
the	DT
unprotected	JJ
,	,
publicly	RB
available	JJ
factual	JJ
event	NN
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
rest	NN
of	IN
the	DT
event	NN
page	NN
information	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
consisted	VBD
of	IN
TM	NNP
identification	NN
,	,
logos	NNS
,	,
ads	NNS
,	,
and	CC
other	JJ
information	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
was	VBD
discarded	VBN
and	CC
not	RB
used	VBN
by	IN
TX	NNP
and	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
exposed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
by	IN
TX	NNP
.	.
In	IN
temporarily	RB
downloading	VBG
TM	NNP
's	POS
event	NN
pages	NNS
to	TO
its	PRP$
RAM	NNP
through	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
spiders	NNS
,	,
TX	NNP
was	VBD
not	RB
exploiting	VBG
TM	NNP
's	POS
creative	JJ
labors	NNS
in	IN
any	DT
way	NN
:	:
its	PRP$
spiders	NNS
gathered	VBD
copyrightable	JJ
and	CC
non-copyrightable	JJ
information	NN
alike	RB
but	CC
then	RB
immediately	RB
discarded	VBN
the	DT
copyrighted	VBN
material	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
unlikely	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
spiders	NNS
could	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
programmed	VBN
to	TO
take	VB
only	RB
the	DT
factual	JJ
information	NN
from	IN
the	DT
TM	NNP
web	NN
pages	NNS
without	IN
initially	RB
downloading	VBG
the	DT
entire	JJ
page	NN
.	.
The	DT
smaller	JJR
window	NN
was	VBD
described	VBN
as	IN
containing	VBG
a	DT
page	NN
from	IN
the	DT
TM	NNP
web	NN
site	NN
which	WDT
was	VBD
``	``
framed	VBN
''	''
by	IN
the	DT
larger	JJR
window	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
time	NN
of	IN
the	DT
preliminary	JJ
injunction	NN
motion	NN
,	,
TX	NNP
stated	VBD
that	IN
whether	IN
``	``
framing	NN
''	''
occurs	VBZ
or	CC
not	RB
depends	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
settings	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
computer	NN
,	,
over	IN
which	WDT
TX	NNP
has	VBZ
no	DT
control	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
framing	VBG
occurred	VBD
on	IN
some	DT
occasions	NNS
but	CC
not	RB
on	IN
others	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
TX	NNP
says	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
``	``
did	VBD
not	RB
try	VB
to	TO
disguise	VB
a	DT
sale	NN
by	IN
use	NN
of	IN
frames	NNS
occurring	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
Tickets.com	NNP
website	NN
.	.
''	''
TX	NNP
web	NN
page	NN
,	,
this	DT
case	NN
is	VBZ
distinguishable	JJ
from	IN
Kelly	NNP
.	.
In	IN
Kelly	NNP
,	,
the	DT
defendant	NN
's	POS
site	NN
would	MD
display	VB
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
``	``
thumbnail	JJ
''	''
images	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
the	DT
user	NN
's	POS
search	NN
.	.
By	IN
clicking	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
desired	VBN
thumbnail	NN
image	NN
,	,
a	DT
user	NN
could	MD
view	VB
the	DT
``	``
Images	NNP
Attributes	NNP
''	''
page	NN
,	,
which	WDT
displayed	VBD
the	DT
original	JJ
full-size	JJ
image	NN
,	,
a	DT
description	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
dimensions	NNS
,	,
a	DT
link	NN
to	TO
the	DT
originating	VBG
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
and	CC
defendant	NN
's	POS
banner	NN
and	CC
advertising	NN
.	.
The	DT
full-size	JJ
image	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
technically	RB
located	VBN
on	IN
defendant	NN
's	POS
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
but	CC
was	VBD
taken	VBN
directly	RB
from	IN
the	DT
originating	VBG
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
only	RB
the	DT
image	NN
itself	PRP
,	,
and	CC
not	RB
any	DT
other	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
originating	VBG
web	NN
site	NN
,	,
was	VBD
displayed	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
``	``
Images	NNP
Attributes	NNP
''	''
page	NN
.	.
The	DT
Ninth	NNP
Circuit	NNP
determined	VBD
that	IN
by	IN
importing	VBG
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
images	NNS
into	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
web	NN
page	NN
,	,
and	CC
by	IN
showing	VBG
them	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
site	NN
,	,
defendant	NN
infringed	VBD
upon	IN
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
exclusive	JJ
public	JJ
display	NN
right	NN
.	.
A	DT
familiar	JJ
,	,
recurrent	JJ
theme	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
course	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
consumer	NN
education	NN
.	.
Although	IN
some	DT
have	VBP
adopted	VBN
more	JJR
of	IN
a	DT
``	``
buyer	NN
beware	NN
''	''
stance	NN
,	,
several	JJ
times	NNS
throughout	IN
our	PRP$
discussions	NNS
students	NNS
have	VBP
expressed	VBN
concern	NN
that	IN
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
better	JJR
educated	VBN
about	IN
what	WP
harms	VBZ
their	PRP$
Internet	NNP
use	NN
may	MD
subject	VB
them	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
their	PRP$
computers	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
in	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
employee	NN
privacy	NN
,	,
many	JJ
believe	VBP
employers	NNS
should	MD
notify	VB
employees	NNS
if	IN
they	PRP
monitor	VBP
their	PRP$
e-mails	NNS
or	CC
web	NN
surfing	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
form	NN
of	IN
education	NN
,	,
as	IN
if	IN
employers	NNS
tell	VBP
their	PRP$
employees	NNS
they	PRP
are	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
monitor	VB
them	PRP
,	,
how	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
going	VBG
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
they	PRP
may	MD
use	VB
the	DT
information	NN
,	,
the	DT
employer	NN
has	VBZ
educated	VBN
the	DT
user	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
employee	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Armed	VBN
with	IN
this	DT
knowledge	NN
,	,
the	DT
employee	NN
is	VBZ
better	JJR
able	JJ
to	TO
protect	VB
himself	PRP
or	CC
herself	PRP
from	IN
disciplinary	JJ
action	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
their	PRP$
workplace	NN
Internet	NNP
use	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
phishing	VBG
is	VBZ
an	DT
on-line	JJ
phenomenon	NN
I	PRP
had	VBD
little	JJ
or	CC
no	DT
knowledge	NN
of	IN
before	IN
this	DT
class	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
evident	JJ
that	IN
consumer	NN
education	NN
could	MD
curtail	VB
the	DT
harms	NNS
caused	VBN
by	IN
it	PRP
.	.
If	IN
consumers	NNS
know	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
web	NN
site	NN
or	CC
e-mail	NN
they	PRP
receive	VBP
from	IN
AOL	NNP
or	CC
eBay	NNP
may	MD
be	VB
an	DT
imposter	NN
's	POS
way	NN
of	IN
getting	VBG
the	DT
user	NN
to	TO
divulge	VB
personal	JJ
information	NN
,	,
such	JJ
disclosure	NN
is	VBZ
significantly	RB
less	RBR
likely	JJ
.	.
Although	IN
there	EX
have	VBP
been	VBN
efforts	NNS
to	TO
educate	VB
users	NNS
about	IN
phishing	NN
,	,
ISPs	NNPS
and	CC
government	NN
could	MD
work	VB
together	RB
more	JJR
to	TO
better	JJR
educate	VB
the	DT
on-line	JJ
public	JJ
about	IN
this	DT
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
could	MD
benefit	VB
from	IN
knowing	VBG
more	JJR
about	IN
spyware	NN
,	,
adware	NN
,	,
or	CC
cookies	NNS
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
few	JJ
users	NNS
get	VB
the	DT
level	NN
of	IN
understanding	VBG
about	IN
these	DT
topics	NNS
that	IN
we	PRP
have	VBP
had	VBD
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
develop	VB
through	IN
these	DT
forums	NNS
and	CC
discussions	NNS
.	.
A	DT
startling	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
users	NNS
have	VBP
adware	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
computers	NNS
without	IN
even	RB
realizing	VBG
it	PRP
.	.
Educating	VBG
the	DT
public	JJ
about	IN
how	WRB
accepting	VBG
End	NNP
User	NNP
Licensing	NNP
Agreements	NNP
can	MD
result	VB
in	IN
unknowing	JJ
consent	NN
to	TO
adding	VBG
spyware	NN
to	TO
personal	JJ
computers	NNS
is	VBZ
an	DT
important	JJ
undertaking	NN
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
several	JJ
attempts	NNS
to	TO
pass	VB
federal	JJ
legislation	NN
requiring	VBG
employers	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
notice	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
employees	NNS
of	IN
monitoring	NN
of	IN
on-line	JJ
workplace	NN
activity	NN
have	VBP
failed	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
Notice	NNP
for	IN
Electronic	NNP
Monitoring	NN
Act	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Some	DT
support	NN
state	NN
regulations	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
effect	NN
,	,
but	CC
a	DT
pure	JJ
notice	NN
bill	NN
has	VBZ
failed	VBN
in	IN
California	NNP
four	CD
times	NNS
across	IN
gubernatorial	JJ
administrations	NNS
of	IN
both	DT
major	JJ
parties	NNS
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
case	NN
,	,
both	DT
federal	JJ
and	CC
state	NN
legislation	NN
failed	VBD
because	IN
of	IN
politicians	NNS
'	POS
deference	NN
to	TO
the	DT
business	NN
lobby	NN
.	.
Practically	RB
speaking	NN
,	,
because	IN
Internet	NNP
use	NN
crosses	VBZ
state	NN
lines	NNS
by	IN
design	NN
,	,
federal	JJ
legislation	NN
would	MD
be	VB
more	RBR
suited	VBN
to	TO
addressing	VBG
on-line	JJ
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
states	NNS
have	VBP
taken	VBN
the	DT
initiative	NN
to	TO
go	VB
beyond	IN
the	DT
protections	NNS
federal	JJ
laws	NNS
provide	VBP
.	.
Maryland	NNP
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
has	VBZ
a	DT
more	RBR
comprehensive	JJ
law	NN
against	IN
phishing	VBG
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
Maryland	NNP
Spam	NNP
Deterrence	NNP
Act	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
Montana	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
more	RBR
comprehensive	JJ
law	NN
regulating	VBG
public	JJ
records	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
Governmental	NNP
Internet	NNP
Information	NNP
Privacy	NNP
Act	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
A	DT
problem	NN
with	IN
federal	JJ
legislation	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
the	DT
potential	JJ
to	TO
preempt	VB
more	JJR
protective	JJ
state	NN
laws	NNS
,	,
sometimes	RB
before	IN
the	DT
state	NN
regulations	NNS
have	VBP
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
demonstrate	VB
their	PRP$
usefulness	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
Va.	NNP
.	.
Code	NNP
Ann	NNP
.	.
s.	SYM
18.2-152	CD
.3:1	CD
would	MD
have	VB
provided	VBN
for	IN
more	JJR
general	JJ
regulation	NN
and	CC
harsher	JJR
penalties	NNS
if	IN
CAN-SPAM	NNP
had	VBD
not	RB
preempted	VBN
it	PRP
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
pervasive	JJ
themes	NNS
this	DT
semester	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
parents	NNS
have	VBP
to	TO
assume	VB
responsibility	NN
for	IN
the	DT
actions	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
children	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
At	IN
least	JJS
four	CD
forums	NNS
this	DT
semester	NN
have	VBP
focused	VBN
on	IN
different	JJ
danger	NN
areas	NNS
for	IN
children	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
area	NN
of	IN
internet	NN
use	NN
affecting	VBG
children	NNS
arose	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
week	NN
when	WRB
we	PRP
discussed	VBD
the	DT
topic	NN
of	IN
online	JJ
prostitution	NN
.	.
A	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
the	DT
discussion	NN
centered	VBN
around	IN
the	DT
easy	JJ
availability	NN
of	IN
pornographic	JJ
materials	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
next	JJ
area	NN
that	WDT
posed	VBD
a	DT
question	NN
with	IN
minor	JJ
accessibility	NN
was	VBD
online	JJ
tobacco	NN
sales	NNS
.	.
Selling	VBG
tobacco	NN
product	NN
online	NN
make	VBP
it	PRP
easier	JJR
for	IN
minors	NNS
to	TO
acquire	VB
the	DT
goods	NNS
.	.
The	DT
third	JJ
area	NN
of	IN
child	NN
usage	NN
is	VBZ
Internet	NNP
gambling	NN
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
the	DT
areas	NNS
are	VBP
ones	NNS
where	WRB
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
merchant	NN
and	CC
a	DT
buyer	NN
.	.
Each	DT
of	IN
these	DT
sites	NNS
require	VBP
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
credit	NN
card	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
purchase	NN
.	.
For	IN
a	DT
minor	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
purchase	NN
,	,
they	PRP
merely	RB
have	VBP
to	TO
use	VB
their	PRP$
parent	NN
's	POS
card	NN
.	.
Or	CC
,	,
if	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
near	IN
majority	NN
age	NN
,	,
they	PRP
may	MD
even	RB
have	VB
a	DT
card	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
name	NN
.	.
The	DT
class	NN
discussed	VBD
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
options	NNS
that	WDT
parents	NNS
may	MD
have	VB
in	IN
this	DT
type	NN
of	IN
situation	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
have	VBP
advocated	VBN
suing	VBG
the	DT
credit	NN
card	NN
companies	NNS
that	WDT
allow	VBP
these	DT
questionable	JJ
sites	NNS
to	TO
sell	VB
to	TO
minors	NNS
in	IN
transactions	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
approve	VBP
.	.
Others	NNS
said	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
credit	NN
card	NN
companies	NNS
should	MD
stop	VB
approving	VBG
charges	NNS
for	IN
these	DT
sites	NNS
in	IN
general	JJ
because	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
illegal	JJ
in	IN
several	JJ
jurisdictions	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
online	JJ
gambling	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
the	DT
last	JJ
area	NN
where	WRB
children	NNS
have	VBP
a	DT
major	JJ
contribution	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
illegal	JJ
downloading	NN
of	IN
copyrighted	VBN
songs	NNS
using	VBG
P2P	NNP
software	NN
.	.
Parents	NNS
are	VBP
being	VBG
held	VBN
liable	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
actions	NNS
of	IN
themselves	PRP
and	CC
their	PRP$
children	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
illegally	RB
downloading	VBG
material	NN
from	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Although	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
not	RB
an	DT
area	NN
where	WRB
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
credit	NN
card	NN
charge	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
financial	JJ
harm	NN
to	TO
the	DT
parent	NN
if	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
either	RB
forced	VBN
to	TO
settle	VB
a	DT
lawsuit	NN
or	CC
lose	VB
in	IN
court	NN
.	.
The	DT
recurring	VBG
theme	NN
in	IN
these	DT
four	CD
forums	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
parents	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
know	VB
what	WP
their	PRP$
children	NNS
are	VBP
doing	VBG
while	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
online	JJ
.	.
The	DT
computer	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
babysitter	NN
,	,
and	CC
parents	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
monitor	VB
their	PRP$
children	NNS
's	POS
usage	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
parent	NN
is	VBZ
looking	VBG
over	IN
the	DT
kid	NN
's	POS
shoulder	NN
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
likely	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
surfing	VBG
internet	NN
porn	NN
,	,
buying	VBG
tobacco	NN
or	CC
gambling	NN
.	.
Privacy	NN
,	,
or	CC
its	PRP$
absence	NN
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
recurring	VBG
theme	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
concern	NN
in	IN
ecommerce	NN
,	,
law	NN
enforcement	NN
,	,
in	IN
connection	NN
with	IN
Internet	NNP
usage	NN
in	IN
the	DT
workplace	NN
,	,
and	CC
in	IN
many	JJ
other	JJ
online	NN
contexts	NNS
.	.
Scott	NNP
McNealy	NNP
,	,
Sun	NNP
Microsystems	NNPS
'	POS
CEO	NN
,	,
famously	RB
said	VBD
,	,
``	``
You	PRP
have	VBP
zero	CD
privacy	NN
anyway	RB
.	.
Get	VB
over	IN
it	PRP
.	.
''	''
As	IN
our	PRP$
forums	NNS
are	VBP
starting	VBG
to	TO
reflect	VB
,	,
it	PRP
seems	VBZ
he	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
right	RB
.	.
Privacy	NN
has	VBZ
no	DT
doubt	NN
been	VBN
a	DT
recurring	VBG
theme	NN
this	DT
semester	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
look	VBP
at	IN
the	DT
discussion	NN
forum	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
notice	VB
that	IN
four	CD
of	IN
the	DT
weekly	JJ
discussions	NNS
centered	VBN
directly	RB
on	IN
privacy	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
week	NN
,	,
the	DT
topic	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
Fourth	JJ
Amendment	NNP
and	CC
how	WRB
it	PRP
related	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
discussion	NN
,	,
we	PRP
discussed	VBD
the	DT
privacy	NN
rights	NNS
of	IN
prisoners	NNS
and	CC
students	NNS
at	IN
schools	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
third	JJ
week	NN
,	,
the	DT
discussion	NN
was	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
Patriot	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
obviously	RB
invokes	VBZ
privacy	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
A	DT
few	JJ
weeks	NNS
later	RB
,	,
the	DT
topic	NN
was	VBD
IM\/Email	JJ
privacy	NN
in	IN
the	DT
workplace	NN
.	.
The	DT
final	JJ
discussion	NN
of	IN
this	DT
class	NN
will	MD
also	RB
be	VB
on	IN
privacy	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
interested	JJ
to	TO
see	VB
how	WRB
much	JJ
of	IN
our	PRP$
discussions	NNS
would	MD
have	VB
centered	VBN
on	IN
privacy	NN
if	IN
the	DT
Patriot	NNP
Act	NNP
was	VBD
n't	RB
in	IN
the	DT
picture	NN
.	.
I	PRP
wonder	VBP
if	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
the	DT
catalyst	NN
for	IN
our	PRP$
paranoia	NN
about	IN
privacy	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Patriot	NNP
Act	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
convenient	JJ
short-hand	JJ
for	IN
privacy	NN
concerns	NNS
but	CC
one	CD
that	WDT
misses	VBZ
the	DT
mark	NN
more	RBR
often	RB
than	IN
not	RB
.	.
However	RB
,	,
Privacy	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
concern	NN
since	IN
before	RB
1997	CD
,	,
when	WRB
the	DT
Clinton	NNP
Administration	NNP
was	VBD
in	IN
full	JJ
swing	NN
.	.
A	DT
1997	CD
survey	NN
of	IN
1000	CD
+	CD
computer	NN
users	NNS
conducted	VBN
by	IN
Privacy	NN
and	CC
American	NNP
Business	NNP
,	,
called	VBN
``	``
Commerce	NNP
,	,
Communication	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Privacy	NNP
Online	NNP
,	,
''	''
found	VBD
that	IN
54	CD
%	NN
of	IN
all	DT
computer	NN
users	NNS
``	``
not	RB
currently	RB
using	VBG
the	DT
Internet	NNP
''	''
would	MD
likely	RB
do	VB
so	RB
in	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
year	NN
.	.
Of	IN
the	DT
remaining	VBG
46	CD
%	NN
who	WP
would	MD
not	RB
,	,
52	CD
%	NN
said	VBD
they	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
more	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
if	IN
``	``
the	DT
privacy	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
information	NN
and	CC
communications	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
protected	VBN
.	.
''	''
Groups	NNS
like	IN
the	DT
Online	NNP
Privacy	NNP
Alliance	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
US	NNP
Internet	NNP
Industry	NNP
Association	NNP
continue	VBP
to	TO
focus	VB
enormous	JJ
resources	NNS
on	IN
privacy	NN
issues	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
vast	JJ
majority	NN
of	IN
these	DT
groups	NNS
,	,
their	PRP$
efforts	NNS
remain	VBP
on	IN
resolving	VBG
consumer	NN
trust	NN
issues	NNS
in	IN
e-commerce	NN
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
vibrant	JJ
marketplace	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Throughout	IN
many	JJ
of	IN
our	PRP$
forums	NNS
there	RB
seems	VBZ
to	TO
have	VB
been	VBN
a	DT
split	NN
regarding	VBG
how	WRB
involved	VBN
the	DT
government	NN
should	MD
be	VB
in	IN
regulating	VBG
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
activities	NNS
that	WDT
go	VBP
on	IN
.	.
Many	JJ
people	NNS
are	VBP
concerned	VBN
about	IN
the	DT
moral	JJ
issues	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
activities	NNS
like	IN
gambling	NN
,	,
pornography	NN
,	,
prostitution	NN
,	,
and	CC
tobacco	NN
sales	NNS
and	CC
what	WP
the	DT
government	NN
can	MD
do	VB
to	TO
prevent	VB
them	PRP
.	.
Others	NNS
have	VBP
taken	VBN
a	DT
less	JJR
hands	NNS
on	IN
approach	NN
feeling	NN
more	RBR
like	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
being	VBG
regulated	VBN
because	IN
many	JJ
people	NNS
really	RB
do	VBP
not	RB
care	VB
that	IN
they	PRP
go	VBP
on	IN
and	CC
there	EX
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
a	DT
real	JJ
push	NN
by	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
the	DT
legislature	NN
to	TO
get	VB
anything	NN
done	VBN
.	.
Potential	JJ
harm	NN
to	TO
children	NNS
has	VBZ
been	VBN
been	VBN
big	JJ
with	IN
many	JJ
who	WP
feel	VBP
like	IN
the	DT
government	NN
should	MD
make	VB
the	DT
internet	NN
fully	RB
safe	JJ
for	IN
childrens	NNS
use	VBP
,	,
while	IN
others	NNS
feel	VBP
that	IN
parents	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
responsible	JJ
for	IN
minimizing	VBG
risks	NNS
to	TO
their	PRP$
own	JJ
children	NNS
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
key	JJ
themes	NNS
that	WDT
arose	VBD
throughout	IN
the	DT
forums	NNS
was	VBD
how	WRB
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
penalties	NNS
when	WRB
dealing	VBG
with	IN
``	``
cyber-crimes	NNS
.	.
''	''
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
many	JJ
sources	NNS
of	IN
debate	NN
on	IN
this	DT
issue	NN
was	VBD
how	WRB
much	JJ
of	IN
a	DT
penalty	NN
should	MD
courts	NNS
or	CC
legislatures	NNS
impose	VBP
on	IN
these	DT
unique	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
offenders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
forum	NN
on	IN
the	DT
CAN-SPAM	NNP
Act	NNP
provided	VBD
an	DT
excellent	JJ
example	NN
of	IN
the	DT
debate	NN
that	WDT
occurs	VBZ
regarding	VBG
the	DT
size	NN
of	IN
penalties	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
context	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
forum	NN
,	,
one	CD
person	NN
noted	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
case	NN
under	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
settled	VBD
for	IN
$	$
25,000	CD
.	.
Several	JJ
forum	NN
participants	NNS
debated	VBD
the	DT
question	NN
of	IN
whether	IN
this	DT
amount	NN
was	VBD
reasonable	JJ
.	.
One	CD
person	NN
noted	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
permitted	VBD
a	DT
fine	NN
of	IN
up	RB
to	TO
$	$
2	CD
million	CD
-	:
therefore	RB
the	DT
$	$
25,000	CD
settlement	NN
was	VBD
very	RB
minor	JJ
.	.
However	RB
,	,
other	JJ
people	NNS
noted	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
point	NN
of	IN
the	DT
statue	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
to	TO
repair	VB
the	DT
damage	NN
done	VBN
by	IN
spamming	VBG
,	,
but	CC
to	TO
deter	VB
the	DT
practice	NN
;	:
thus	RB
the	DT
penalties	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
more	RBR
reasonable	JJ
.	.
This	DT
discussion	NN
illustrates	VBZ
a	DT
connection	NN
that	WDT
occurred	VBD
several	JJ
times	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
forums	NNS
:	:
the	DT
penalty	NN
's	POS
severity	NN
is	VBZ
typically	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
law	NN
's	POS
purpose	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
a	DT
law	NN
banning	VBG
certain	JJ
behavior	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
prevent	VB
a	DT
specific	JJ
kind	NN
of	IN
behavior	NN
then	RB
the	DT
penalty	NN
should	MD
be	VB
high	JJ
enough	JJ
to	TO
reach	VB
this	DT
goal	NN
without	IN
constituting	VBG
overdeterrence	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
penalty	NN
is	VBZ
too	RB
high	JJ
,	,
as	IN
one	CD
person	NN
noted	VBD
in	IN
his	PRP$
posting	VBG
,	,
the	DT
individual	NN
can	MD
not	RB
pay	VB
the	DT
fee	NN
and	CC
will	MD
not	RB
alter	VB
their	PRP$
behavior	NN
-	:
this	DT
is	VBZ
overdeterrence	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
more	RBR
harmful	JJ
than	IN
helpful	JJ
.	.
However	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
goal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
injured	JJ
party	NN
whole	NN
the	DT
penalty	NN
should	MD
attempt	VB
to	TO
satisfy	VB
this	DT
end	NN
,	,
which	WDT
often	RB
leads	VBZ
to	TO
more	RBR
sizeable	JJ
damages	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
as	IN
courts	NNS
and	CC
legislatures	NNS
attempt	VBP
to	TO
determine	VB
how	WRB
much	JJ
is	VBZ
enough	RB
this	DT
question	NN
traditionally	RB
seems	VBZ
to	TO
come	VB
back	RB
to	TO
the	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
themes	NNS
I	PRP
have	VBP
found	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
discussions	NNS
has	VBZ
been	VBN
how	WRB
the	DT
law	NN
treats	VBZ
owners	NNS
allowing	VBG
third	JJ
parties	NNS
to	TO
operate	VB
their	PRP$
equipment	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
it	PRP
treats	VBZ
users	NNS
using	VBG
third	JJ
party	NN
equipment	NN
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
name	NN
suggests	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
``	``
cyberworld	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
not	RB
grounded	VBN
in	IN
any	DT
physical	JJ
location	NN
,	,
though	IN
the	DT
law	NN
continues	VBZ
to	TO
view	VB
conduct	NN
with	IN
a	DT
perspective	NN
towards	IN
a	DT
physical	JJ
location	NN
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
use	VBP
another	DT
's	POS
computer	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
whether	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
an	DT
employee	NN
at	IN
work	NN
,	,
a	DT
student	NN
at	IN
at	IN
school	NN
,	,
a	DT
prisoner	NN
in	IN
prison	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
teenager	NN
at	IN
granma	NN
's	POS
house	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
your	PRP$
rights	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
different	JJ
from	IN
times	NNS
when	WRB
you	PRP
use	VBP
your	PRP$
own	JJ
equipment	NN
,	,
particularly	RB
by	IN
lowering	VBG
your	PRP$
expectation	NN
of	IN
privacy	NN
.	.
The	DT
law	NN
also	RB
allows	VBZ
the	DT
owner	NN
of	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
employer	NN
,	,
school	NN
,	,
prison	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
more	RBR
leeway	NN
to	TO
snoop	VB
on	IN
your	PRP$
activity	NN
,	,
while	IN
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
it	PRP
potentially	RB
holds	VBZ
you	PRP
responsible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
behavior	NN
of	IN
another	DT
-LRB-	-LRB-
like	IN
when	WRB
your	PRP$
teenage	JJ
daughter	NN
downloads	VBZ
files	NNS
on	IN
your	PRP$
computer	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
class	NN
,	,
selecting	VBG
the	DT
``	``
Post	NNP
Edit	NNP
''	''
link	NN
at	IN
the	DT
top	NN
of	IN
the	DT
page	NN
,	,
and	CC
entering	VBG
your	PRP$
username	NN
and	CC
password	NN
,	,
will	MD
provide	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
additional	JJ
links	NNS
,	,
``	``
Post	NNP
Item	NNP
''	''
and	CC
``	``
Admin	NNP
Options	NNPS
Off	IN
''	''
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
also	RB
see	VB
some	DT
additional	JJ
information	NN
at	IN
the	DT
top	NN
of	IN
each	DT
posted	VBD
item	NN
,	,
a	DT
link	NN
to	TO
``	``
Edit	VB
''	''
the	DT
item	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
unless	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
been	VBN
deemed	VBN
no	RB
longer	RBR
editable	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
code	NN
to	TO
use	VB
to	TO
link	VB
to	TO
the	DT
item	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
item	NN
's	POS
``	``
Order	NNP
''	''
on	IN
the	DT
page	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
when	WRB
your	PRP$
item	NN
is	VBZ
ready	JJ
to	TO
post	VB
,	,
check	VB
the	DT
box	NN
to	TO
that	DT
effect	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
save	VB
it	PRP
for	IN
editing	NN
later	RB
,	,
do	VBP
n't	RB
check	VB
that	DT
box	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
item	NN
will	MD
not	RB
appear	VB
on	IN
the	DT
regular	JJ
page	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
will	MD
appear	VB
when	WRB
you	PRP
select	VBP
the	DT
``	``
Post	NNP
Edit	NNP
''	''
link	NN
.	.
Wiseman	NNP
's	POS
Summer	NNP
,	,
1995	CD
Law	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Internet	NNP
class	NN
.	.
Thank	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
Chas	NNP
Underwood	NNP
for	IN
this	DT
introduction	NN
into	IN
the	DT
photography	NN
world	NN
and	CC
Jamey	NNP
Rousey	NNP
for	IN
technical	JJ
support	NN
and	CC
cocktails	NNS
.	.
Comments	NNS
,	,
corrections	NNS
and	CC
correspondence	NN
is	VBZ
welcome	JJ
,	,
please	VB
contact	NN
the	DT
author	NN
at	IN
dixie@mindspring.com	NN
.	.
Daddy	NNP
''	''
,	,
``	``
Lust	NNP
for	IN
Children	NNP
''	''
,	,
``	``
How	WRB
to	TO
Deflower	NNP
Your	PRP$
Daughter	NN
''	''
,	,
and	CC
``	``
School	NNP
Girls	NNPS
''	''
are	VBP
primers	NNS
in	IN
child	NN
sexual	JJ
abuse	NN
.	.
-LCB-	-LRB-
4	CD
-RCB-	-RRB-
Child	NN
pornography	NN
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
lure	VB
children	NNS
into	IN
sexual	JJ
activity	NN
and	CC
instruct	VB
them	PRP
,	,
since	IN
young	JJ
children	NNS
who	WP
view	VBP
such	JJ
material	NN
may	MD
be	VB
led	VBN
to	TO
believe	VB
that	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
acceptable	JJ
behavior	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
decreasing	VBG
inhibitions	NNS
,	,
this	DT
material	NN
may	MD
cause	VB
sexual	JJ
arousal	NN
in	IN
some	DT
children	NNS
.	.
Child	NN
Pornography	NNP
is	VBZ
harmful	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
harmful	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
subjects	NNS
of	IN
child	NN
pornography	NN
and	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
harmful	JJ
for	IN
all	DT
other	JJ
children	NNS
who	WP
could	MD
become	VB
victims	NNS
by	IN
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
fuled	VBN
by	IN
online	JJ
child	NN
pornography	NN
.	.
Until	IN
recently	RB
,	,
anonymity	NN
had	VBD
been	VBN
used	VBN
only	RB
by	IN
a	DT
relatively	RB
small	JJ
group	NN
of	IN
Internet	NNP
users	NNS
.	.
Much	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
remailing	VBG
software	NN
,	,
like	IN
strong	JJ
encryption	NN
software	NN
,	,
was	VBD
highly	RB
technical	JJ
and	CC
designed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
strictly	RB
in	IN
UNIX	NNP
or	CC
DOS	NNP
formats	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
recent	JJ
programs	NNS
have	VBP
made	VBN
remailers	NNS
much	RB
more	RBR
accessible	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
average	JJ
computer	NN
user	NN
.	.
Joel	NNP
McNamara	NNP
's	POS
Private	JJ
Idaho	NNP
software	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
widely	RB
used	VBN
Windows	NNP
interface	NN
which	WDT
makes	VBZ
using	VBG
both	DT
anonymous	JJ
and	CC
pseudonymous	JJ
remailers	NNS
a	DT
simple	JJ
point	NN
and	CC
click	VBP
operation	NN
.	.
Chaining	VBG
and	CC
encryption	NN
operations	NNS
are	VBP
automated	VBN
negating	VBG
the	DT
need	NN
for	IN
technical	JJ
knowledge	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
42	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
There	EX
are	VBP
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web-based	JJ
pseudonymous	JJ
remailers	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
Replay	NN
which	WDT
remove	VBP
the	DT
necessity	NN
of	IN
software	NN
for	IN
the	DT
user	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
43	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Again	RB
,	,
with	IN
ease	NN
of	IN
use	NN
in	IN
advanced	JJ
remailers	NNS
may	MD
come	VB
the	DT
ease	NN
of	IN
abuse	NN
foreshadowed	VBN
by	IN
anon	NN
.	.
penet	NN
.	.
fi	FW
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
evident	JJ
social	JJ
benefits	NNS
to	TO
Internet	NNP
anonymity	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
potential	NN
for	IN
uncontainable	JJ
abuse	NN
is	VBZ
present	JJ
and	CC
is	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
minds	NNS
of	IN
legislators	NNS
.	.
Current	JJ
technology	NN
hides	VBZ
a	DT
sender	NN
's	POS
identity	NN
from	IN
not	RB
merely	RB
the	DT
recipient	JJ
of	IN
his	PRP$
message	NN
,	,
but	CC
from	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
sophisticated	JJ
methods	NNS
of	IN
tracing	VBG
.	.
Scientology	NNP
v.	CC
anon	NN
.	.
penet	NN
.	.
fi	FW
.	.
Because	IN
the	DT
remailer	NN
kept	VBD
a	DT
log	VB
translating	VBG
pseudonyms	NNS
to	TO
user	NN
IDs	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Finnish	JJ
police	NNS
were	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
obtain	VB
the	DT
former	JJ
Church	NNP
member	NN
's	POS
name	NN
with	IN
a	DT
warrant	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
the	DT
entire	JJ
log	VBP
.	.
Some	DT
feel	VBP
that	IN
new	JJ
federal	JJ
legislation	NN
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
or	CC
at	IN
least	JJS
that	WDT
current	JJ
federal	JJ
statutes	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
expanded	VBN
to	TO
include	VB
spam	NN
,	,
and	CC
others	NNS
feel	VBP
the	DT
problem	NN
is	VBZ
best	JJS
handled	VBN
by	IN
individual	JJ
state	NN
governments	NNS
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
several	JJ
federal	JJ
statutes	NNS
regarding	VBG
spam	NN
currently	RB
pending	VBG
,	,
and	CC
there	EX
are	VBP
at	IN
least	JJS
16	CD
states	NNS
with	IN
spam	NN
bills	NNS
pending	VBG
or	CC
enacted	VBN
.	.
The	DT
most	RBS
immediate	JJ
action	NN
taken	VBN
against	IN
the	DT
problems	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
unsolicited	JJ
email	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
has	VBZ
come	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
private	JJ
sector	NN
.	.
As	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
the	DT
noisome	JJ
practice	NN
of	IN
unsolicited	JJ
mass	NN
emails	NNS
began	VBD
,	,
Internet	NNP
Service	NNP
Providers	NNP
and	CC
individuals	NNS
created	VBN
methods	NNS
to	TO
put	VB
an	DT
end	NN
to	TO
it	PRP
.	.
Perhaps	RB
the	DT
earliest	JJS
private	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
curbing	VBG
spam	NN
involved	VBD
the	DT
reliance	NN
on	IN
Netiquette	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
7	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
informal	JJ
guidelines	NNS
governing	VBG
behavior	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Net	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
such	JJ
guidelines	NNS
lack	VBP
the	DT
power	NN
of	IN
law	NN
.	.
Consequently	RB
,	,
spammers	NNS
can	MD
ignore	VB
them	PRP
with	IN
impunity	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
precisely	RB
because	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
enforcement	NN
mechanism	NN
for	IN
Netiquette	NNP
that	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
proven	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
largely	RB
useless	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
crusade	NN
against	IN
spam	NN
.	.
As	IN
mentioned	VBN
,	,
blocking	VBG
software	NN
can	MD
only	RB
filter	NN
out	RP
certain	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
incoming	JJ
email	NN
.	.
To	TO
be	VB
specific	JJ
,	,
blocking	VBG
occurs	VBZ
on	IN
email	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
sent	VBN
from	IN
either	DT
a	DT
known	VBN
spammer	NN
or	CC
a	DT
fictitious	JJ
address	NN
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
if	IN
an	DT
advertiser	NN
is	VBZ
sophisticated	JJ
--	:
and	CC
duplicitous	JJ
--	:
enough	RB
to	TO
forge	VB
a	DT
legitimate	JJ
address	NN
,	,
the	DT
spam	NN
will	MD
likely	RB
reach	VB
most	JJS
,	,
if	IN
not	RB
all	DT
,	,
of	IN
its	PRP$
addressees	NNS
.	.
The	DT
costs	NNS
here	RB
have	VBP
been	VBN
foisted	VBN
onto	IN
ISPs	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
forced	VBN
to	TO
utilize	VB
resources	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
mass	NN
of	IN
spam	NN
sent	VBN
to	TO
their	PRP$
legitimate	JJ
account-holders	NNS
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
the	DT
person	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
unfortunate	JJ
enough	RB
to	TO
have	VB
their	PRP$
address	NN
forged	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
sender	NN
of	IN
spam	NN
is	VBZ
essentially	RB
without	IN
recourse	NN
to	TO
the	DT
hordes	NNS
of	IN
email	NN
that	IN
clog	VB
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
account	NN
--	:
and	CC
ultimately	RB
close	VB
it	PRP
.	.
ISP	NNP
resources	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
policies	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
drafted	VBN
to	TO
authorize	VB
ISPs	NNS
to	TO
terminate	VB
misbehaving	VBG
accounts	NNS
.	.
Again	RB
,	,
professional	JJ
spammers	NNS
have	VBP
ways	NNS
around	IN
this	DT
,	,
but	CC
AUPs	NNP
have	VBP
been	VBN
very	RB
effective	JJ
in	IN
curbing	VBG
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
annoyance	NN
and	CC
misuse	NN
of	IN
resources	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
spam	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
shopping	VBG
for	IN
an	DT
Internet	NNP
Provider	NNP
,	,
or	CC
even	RB
if	IN
you	PRP
already	RB
have	VBP
one	CD
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
advisable	JJ
to	TO
check	VB
into	IN
the	DT
policies	NNS
regarding	VBG
spam	NN
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
Mindspring	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
fairly	RB
stringent	JJ
AUP	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
10	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
regarding	VBG
everything	NN
from	IN
spamming	VBG
to	TO
impersonation	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Mindspring	VBG
echoes	NNS
many	JJ
ISPs	NNPS
when	WRB
it	PRP
sets	VBZ
out	RP
to	TO
protect	VB
both	DT
its	PRP$
customers	NNS
and	CC
its	PRP$
resources	NNS
from	IN
things	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
spam	NN
.	.
Responsible	JJ
ISPs	NNS
recognize	VBP
that	IN
their	PRP$
job	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
access	NN
to	TO
everything	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
with	IN
minimal	JJ
or	CC
no	DT
interference	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
this	DT
job	NN
comes	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
responsibility	NN
to	TO
see	VB
that	IN
this	DT
access	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
inhibit	VB
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
subscribers	NNS
or	CC
unjustifiably	RB
drain	NN
resources	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
necessary	JJ
to	TO
sustain	VB
the	DT
service	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
seek	VBP
to	TO
provide	VB
.	.
Internet	NNP
Providers	NNP
that	IN
thoroughly	RB
understand	VB
this	DT
recognize	VB
the	DT
age-old	JJ
balancing	NN
test	NN
between	IN
freedom	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
and	CC
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
yell	VB
``	``
Fire	NNP
!	.
''	''
in	IN
a	DT
crowded	JJ
theater	NN
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
very	RB
real	JJ
sense	NN
,	,
ISPs	NNS
that	WDT
provide	VBP
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
can	MD
not	RB
do	VB
so	RB
at	IN
the	DT
expense	NN
of	IN
the	DT
rights	NNS
of	IN
others	NNS
.	.
Due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
dearth	NN
and	CC
limited	JJ
effectiveness	NN
of	IN
legal	JJ
remedies	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
those	DT
affected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
rising	VBG
tide	NN
of	IN
spam	NN
,	,
various	JJ
legislatures	NNS
have	VBP
proposed	VBN
different	JJ
means	NNS
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
.	.
Of	IN
course	NN
,	,
ISPs	NNS
can	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
engage	VB
spammers	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
contractual	JJ
basis	NN
when	WRB
they	PRP
violate	VBP
their	PRP$
AUPs	NNS
,	,
but	CC
again	RB
the	DT
effectiveness	NN
of	IN
this	DT
remedy	NN
is	VBZ
minimal	JJ
.	.
Although	IN
nothing	NN
passes	VBZ
rapidly	RB
in	IN
the	DT
hallowed	JJ
halls	NNS
of	IN
Capitol	NNP
Hill	NNP
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
several	JJ
bills	NNS
before	IN
Congress	NNP
that	WDT
specifically	RB
address	VBP
unsolicited	JJ
email	NN
transmissions	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
these	DT
federal	JJ
proposals	NNS
deal	VBP
specifically	RB
with	IN
commercial	JJ
email	NN
,	,
they	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
reasonably	RB
applied	VBN
to	TO
unsolicited	JJ
,	,
non-commercial	JJ
email	NN
transmissions	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
Of	IN
the	DT
bills	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
proposed	VBN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
three	CD
that	WDT
deal	VBP
specifically	RB
with	IN
spam	NN
:	:
the	DT
Netizens	NNP
Protection	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1997	CD
,	,
the	DT
Unsolicited	NNP
Commercial	NNP
Electronic	NNP
Mail	NNP
Choice	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1997	CD
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Electronic	JJ
Mailbox	NNP
Protection	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1997	CD
.	.
Each	DT
is	VBZ
discussed	VBN
below	IN
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
what	WP
relief	NN
,	,
if	IN
any	DT
,	,
is	VBZ
given	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
victims	NNS
of	IN
Internet	NNP
spam	NN
.	.
This	DT
act	NN
would	MD
amend	VB
the	DT
Communications	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1934	CD
to	TO
prohibit	VB
the	DT
transmission	NN
of	IN
all	DT
unsolicited	JJ
advertisements	NNS
via	IN
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
require	VB
that	IN
information	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
identity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
sender	NN
be	VB
included	VBN
with	IN
all	DT
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
messages	NNS
.	.
The	DT
bill	NN
purports	VBZ
to	TO
promote	VB
online	JJ
commerce	NN
and	CC
communications	NNS
,	,
to	TO
protect	VB
consumers	NNS
and	CC
Internet	NNP
Service	NNP
Providers	NNP
from	IN
the	DT
misuse	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
facilities	NNS
by	IN
others	NNS
sending	VBG
bulk	JJ
unsolicited	JJ
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
introduced	VBN
by	IN
Senator	NNP
Torricelli	NNP
on	IN
June	NNP
11	CD
,	,
1997	CD
.	.
State	NNP
legislatures	NNS
have	VBP
also	RB
attempted	VBN
to	TO
grant	VB
their	PRP$
constituents	NNS
similar	JJ
relief	NN
.	.
The	DT
bills	NNS
proposed	VBN
in	IN
state	NN
congressional	JJ
chambers	NNS
follow	VBP
the	DT
same	JJ
premises	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
bill	NN
.	.
Below	IN
,	,
we	PRP
will	MD
discuss	VB
those	DT
measures	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
enacted	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
remedies	NNS
each	DT
provides	VBZ
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
these	DT
bills	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
recently	RB
enacted	VBN
,	,
while	IN
others	NNS
are	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
verge	NN
of	IN
passage	NN
.	.
Despite	IN
their	PRP$
varied	JJ
approached	VBN
,	,
each	DT
promises	NNS
relief	NN
to	TO
those	DT
affected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
intrusive	JJ
practice	NN
of	IN
spam	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
bill	NN
specifically	RB
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
protect	VB
against	IN
the	DT
illegitimate	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
's	POS
Internet	NNP
domain	NN
name	NN
.	.
The	DT
statute	NN
addresses	NNS
such	JJ
use	NN
as	IN
that	DT
which	WDT
is	VBZ
either	RB
without	IN
the	DT
permission	NN
of	IN
the	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
or	CC
that	IN
which	WDT
contains	VBZ
false	JJ
or	CC
misleading	JJ
information	NN
.	.
It	PRP
provides	VBZ
for	IN
damages	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
recipient	JJ
of	IN
an	DT
email	NN
message	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
violative	JJ
of	IN
this	DT
Act	NN
in	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
$	$
500	CD
or	CC
actual	JJ
damages	NNS
,	,
whichever	WDT
is	VBZ
greater	JJR
,	,
and	CC
damages	NNS
of	IN
$	$
1,000	CD
or	CC
actual	JJ
damage	NN
,	,
whichever	WDT
greater	JJR
,	,
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
any	DT
third	JJ
party	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
improperly	RB
identified	VBN
.	.
The	DT
law	NN
's	POS
ambitious	JJ
scope	NN
includes	VBZ
not	RB
only	RB
messages	NNS
that	IN
originate	VBP
in	IN
Washington	NNP
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
email	VB
that	DT
is	VBZ
addressed	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
party	NN
that	IN
the	DT
sender	NN
knows	VBZ
or	CC
has	VBZ
reason	NN
to	TO
know	VB
is	VBZ
owned	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
Washington	NNP
resident	NN
.	.
Of	IN
course	NN
,	,
this	DT
raises	VBZ
a	DT
multitude	NN
of	IN
jurisdictional	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
legal	JJ
evolution	NN
promises	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
interesting	JJ
once	IN
the	DT
Act	NNP
takes	VBZ
effect	NN
in	IN
late	JJ
June	NNP
of	IN
1998	CD
.	.
Rather	RB
than	IN
categorize	VB
the	DT
cases	NNS
by	IN
federal	JJ
or	CC
state	NN
,	,
civil	JJ
or	CC
criminal	JJ
,	,
etc.	FW
,	,
we	PRP
have	VBP
decided	VBN
to	TO
group	VB
the	DT
cases	NNS
by	IN
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
plaintiff	NN
bringing	VBG
the	DT
suit	NN
.	.
The	DT
overwhelming	JJ
majority	NN
of	IN
spam	NN
cases	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
brought	VBN
by	IN
Internet	NNP
Service	NNP
Providers	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
ISPs	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
but	CC
there	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
other	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
We	PRP
have	VBP
divided	VBN
the	DT
cases	NNS
,	,
by	IN
plaintiffs	NNS
,	,
into	IN
the	DT
following	JJ
groups	NNS
:	:
ISPs	NNS
,	,
Domain	NNP
Name	NN
Holders	NNS
,	,
Individuals	NNS
,	,
the	DT
FTC	NNP
,	,
State	NNP
Attorneys	NNP
General	NNP
,	,
and	CC
miscellaneous	JJ
spam	NN
cases	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
spoofed	VBN
,	,
the	DT
actual	JJ
holder	NN
of	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
name	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
used	VBN
will	MD
receive	VB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
undeliverable	JJ
messages	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
default	NN
return	NN
address	NN
for	IN
that	DT
domain	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
domain	NN
name	NN
's	POS
mail	NN
server	NN
will	MD
likely	RB
be	VB
overwhelmed	VBN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
big	JJ
problem	NN
for	IN
ISPs	NNS
because	IN
their	PRP$
postmasters	NNS
will	MD
receive	VB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
bad	JJ
,	,
out	IN
of	IN
date	NN
,	,
or	CC
otherwise	RB
undeliverable	JJ
messages	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
also	RB
a	DT
problem	NN
for	IN
ISPs	NNS
when	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
fraudulently	RB
listed	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
return	NN
address	NN
domain	NN
because	IN
of	IN
undeliverable	JJ
messages	NNS
being	VBG
bounced	VBD
back	RP
,	,
but	CC
many	JJ
times	NNS
the	DT
spoofed	VBN
address	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
belong	VB
to	TO
an	DT
ISP	NNP
.	.
This	DT
section	NN
addresses	NNS
cases	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
brought	VBN
by	IN
non-ISP	JJ
domain	NN
name	NN
holders	NNS
whose	WP$
addresses	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
spoofed	VBN
.	.
Many	JJ
purport	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
``	``
completely	RB
legal	JJ
.	.
''	''
Although	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
true	JJ
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
statute	NN
or	CC
case	NN
specifically	RB
addressing	VBG
pyramid	NN
scheme	NN
or	CC
chain	NN
letter	NN
spam	NN
,	,
federal	JJ
law	NN
seems	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
pretty	RB
clear	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
point	NN
that	WDT
pyramid	VBD
schemes	NNS
and	CC
chain	NN
letters	NNS
are	VBP
illegal	JJ
.	.
Despite	IN
advancements	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
legislative	JJ
arena	NN
,	,
the	DT
significant	JJ
drain	NN
on	IN
resources	NNS
,	,
time	NN
,	,
and	CC
patience	NN
continues	VBZ
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
system	NN
simply	RB
moves	VBZ
too	RB
slowly	RB
to	TO
be	VB
an	DT
effective	JJ
control	NN
over	IN
problems	NNS
arising	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
When	WRB
all	DT
is	VBZ
said	VBN
and	CC
done	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
private	JJ
market	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
best	JJS
equipped	VBN
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
spam	NN
in	IN
a	DT
truly	RB
effective	JJ
manner	NN
.	.
This	DT
site	NN
's	POS
owner	NN
says	VBZ
``	``
the	DT
site	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
brought	VBN
to	TO
you	PRP
for	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
spend	VB
less	JJR
time	NN
doing	VBG
mindless	JJ
homework	NN
and	CC
more	JJR
time	NN
doing	VBG
or	CC
thinking	VBG
up	RP
useful	JJ
and	CC
productive	JJ
tasks	NNS
that	WDT
actually	RB
let	VB
your	PRP$
mind	NN
expand	VB
!	.
''	''
The	DT
author	NN
calls	VBZ
this	DT
site	NN
``	``
Education	NNP
's	POS
check	NN
and	CC
balance	NN
''	''
because	IN
it	PRP
forces	VBZ
``	``
mediocre	JJ
professors	NNS
,	,
who	WP
have	VBP
been	VBN
giving	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
assignments	NNS
since	IN
the	DT
Truman	NNP
administration	NN
,	,
to	TO
rethink	VB
their	PRP$
assignments	NNS
--	:
and	CC
maybe	RB
even	RB
add	VB
a	DT
bit	NN
of	IN
creativity	NN
to	TO
them	PRP
.	.
''	''
The	DT
main	JJ
page	NN
warns	VBZ
students	NNS
not	RB
to	TO
turn	VB
these	DT
papers	NNS
in	IN
;	:
then	RB
it	PRP
provides	VBZ
links	NNS
to	TO
three	CD
versions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
site	NN
:	:
School	NNP
Sucks	NNPS
English	NNP
,	,
School	NNP
Sucks	NNPS
Russia	NNP
,	,
and	CC
School	NNP
Sucks	NNPS
Israel	NNP
.	.
``	``
Lowest	JJS
prices	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
for	IN
pre-written	JJ
term	NN
papers	NNS
,	,
research	NN
papers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
book\/novel\/story	JJ
reviews	NNS
!	.
!	.
Why	WRB
start	VBP
from	IN
scratch	NN
when	WRB
you	PRP
can	MD
use	VB
a	DT
fully	RB
cited	VBN
,	,
`	``
A	DT
'	''
paper	NN
as	IN
a	DT
``	``
study	NN
guide	NN
''	''
or	CC
``	``
research	NN
aid	NN
?	.
''	''
If	IN
we	PRP
can	MD
,	,
we	PRP
'll	MD
tell	VB
you	PRP
how	WRB
long	RB
it	PRP
'll	MD
take	VB
and	CC
how	WRB
much	JJ
it	PRP
's	VBZ
going	VBG
to	TO
cost	NN
.	.
COST	NN
!	.
!	.
!	.
!	.
That	DT
's	VBZ
right	RB
,	,
cost	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
worry	VB
,	,
We	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
some	DT
bunch	NN
of	IN
lazy	JJ
bastards	NNS
who	WP
make	VBP
their	PRP$
living	NN
off	IN
of	IN
this	DT
,	,
so	IN
we	PRP
're	VBP
not	RB
charging	VBG
colosal	JJ
prices	NNS
,	,
exploiting	VBG
the	DT
youth	NN
of	IN
today	NN
.	.
Then	RB
we	PRP
can	MD
work	VB
out	RP
the	DT
details	NNS
and	CC
shazaam	NN
...	:
you	PRP
have	VBP
yourself	PRP
a	DT
term	NN
paper	NN
.	.
''	''
The	DT
site	NN
claims	VBZ
it	PRP
is	VBZ
``	``
the	DT
easiest	JJS
and	CC
most	RBS
reliable	JJ
term	NN
paper	NN
site	NN
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
.	.
''	''
and	CC
that	IN
they	PRP
've	VBP
``	``
been	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
business	NN
for	IN
years	NNS
and	CC
know	VB
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
average	JJ
student	NN
in	IN
high	JJ
school	NN
,	,
college	NN
,	,
and	CC
beyond	IN
.	.
''	''
You	PRP
can	MD
have	VB
unlimited	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
database	NN
for	IN
$	$
9.95	CD
per	IN
year	NN
.	.
The	DT
site	NN
also	RB
includes	VBZ
pre-written	JJ
essays	NNS
and	CC
term	NN
papers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
writers	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
24	CD
hours	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
,	,
seven	CD
days	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
``	``
always	RB
guarantee	VBP
on-time	JJ
delivery	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
paper	NN
,	,
so	RB
you	PRP
can	MD
relax	VB
while	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
they	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
help	NN
you	PRP
do	VBP
the	DT
work	NN
!	.
''	''
The	DT
Panopticon	NNP
has	VBZ
great	JJ
potential	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
regulative	JJ
dystopia	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
symbol	NN
of	IN
manipulation	NN
,	,
it	PRP
crystallizes	VBZ
the	DT
sinister	JJ
side	NN
of	IN
modern	JJ
dataveillance	NN
,	,
that	IN
vague	JJ
aspect	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Information	NNP
Age	NNP
that	WDT
makes	VBZ
us	PRP
uneasy	JJ
without	IN
knowing	VBG
exactly	RB
why	WRB
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
paradigm	NN
of	IN
manipulation	NN
,	,
it	PRP
focuses	VBZ
technological	JJ
and	CC
legal	JJ
efforts	NNS
to	TO
protect	VB
personal	JJ
data	NNS
privacy	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
technology	NN
and	CC
law	NN
must	MD
now	RB
weigh	VB
the	DT
benefits	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Information	NNP
Age	NNP
against	IN
both	DT
Big	JJ
Brother	NN
and	CC
the	DT
Panopticon	NNP
.	.
The	DT
``	``
Panopticon	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
the	DT
English	NNP
jurist	NN
and	CC
philosopher	NN
Jeremy	NNP
Bentham	NNP
's	POS
model	NN
penitentiary	NN
,	,
which	WDT
he	PRP
described	VBD
in	IN
his	PRP$
1791	CD
book	NN
Panopticon	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
For	IN
Bentham	NNP
,	,
however	RB
,	,
his	PRP$
idea	NN
was	VBD
more	JJR
than	IN
an	DT
efficient	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
space	NN
.	.
His	PRP$
idea	NN
was	VBD
,	,
for	IN
him	PRP
,	,
the	DT
perfect	JJ
architectural	JJ
expression	NN
of	IN
the	DT
utilitarian	JJ
goal	NN
of	IN
harmonizing	VBG
the	DT
desires	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
self	NN
with	IN
the	DT
desires	NNS
of	IN
society	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
of	IN
the	DT
conscience	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
classic	JJ
psychological	JJ
attribution	NN
:	:
one	CD
acts	NNS
,	,
then	RB
adjusts	VBZ
one	CD
's	POS
background	NN
set	NN
of	IN
beliefs	NNS
to	TO
conform	VB
to	TO
one	CD
's	POS
actions	NNS
.	.
Otherwise	RB
too	RB
much	JJ
cognitive	JJ
dissonance	NN
is	VBZ
generated	VBN
between	IN
behavior	NN
and	CC
belief	NN
.	.
The	DT
Panopticon	NNP
was	VBD
Bentham	NNP
's	POS
most	JJS
passionate	JJ
project	NN
,	,
upon	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
lavished	VBD
his	PRP$
time	NN
and	CC
money	NN
,	,
and	CC
although	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
never	RB
built	VBN
in	IN
England	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
exerted	VBD
a	DT
powerful	JJ
influence	NN
upon	IN
modern	JJ
penal	JJ
theory	NN
.	.
But	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
Panopticon	NNP
mediated	VBD
through	IN
Michel	NNP
Foucault	NNP
's	POS
``	``
panopticism	NN
''	''
which	WDT
is	VBZ
truly	RB
interesting	JJ
here	RB
.	.
Foucault	NNP
also	RB
saw	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
Panopticon	NNP
more	JJR
than	IN
an	DT
efficient	JJ
use	NN
of	IN
space	NN
.	.
For	IN
Foucault	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Panopticon	NNP
was	VBD
a	DT
potent	JJ
metaphor	NN
for	IN
what	WP
he	PRP
most	RBS
despised	VBN
about	IN
modern	JJ
society	NN
.	.
Foucault	NNP
saw	VBD
Bentham	NNP
's	POS
Panopticon	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
watershed	JJ
marking	VBG
the	DT
transition	NN
from	IN
brutal	JJ
``	``
sovereign	JJ
''	''
power	NN
,	,
which	WDT
featured	VBD
dramatic	JJ
and	CC
violent	JJ
punishments	NNS
,	,
to	TO
``	``
disciplinary	JJ
''	''
power	NN
,	,
which	WDT
features	VBZ
humane	JJ
and	CC
rational	JJ
punishments	NNS
,	,
meted	VBN
out	RP
automatically	RB
and	CC
invisibly	RB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
Foucault	NNP
who	WP
translated	VBD
Bentham	NNP
's	POS
vision	NN
into	IN
``	``
panopticism	NN
,	,
''	''
a	DT
general	JJ
paradigm	NN
for	IN
the	DT
functioning	NN
of	IN
modern	JJ
power	NN
.	.
The	DT
essential	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
panoptic	JJ
power	NN
are	VBP
these	DT
:	:
It	PRP
is	VBZ
embedded	VBN
,	,
or	CC
pervasively	RB
present	JJ
in	IN
even	RB
the	DT
smallest	JJS
of	IN
microrelations	NNS
;	:
every	DT
action	NN
a	DT
prisoner	NN
takes	VBZ
in	RP
his	PRP$
glass	NN
cell	NN
is	VBZ
visible	JJ
and	CC
potentially	RB
observed	VBD
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
assymmetric	JJ
;	:
while	IN
the	DT
prisoner	NN
is	VBZ
completely	RB
visible	JJ
,	,
the	DT
inspector	NN
is	VBZ
completely	RB
invisible	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
tower	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
power	NN
of	IN
inspection	NN
,	,
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
constant	JJ
visibility	NN
of	IN
the	DT
prisoner	NN
.	.
It	PRP
isolates	VBZ
and	CC
atomizes	VBZ
the	DT
inspected	VBN
;	:
the	DT
prisoner	NN
is	VBZ
alone	RB
in	IN
his	PRP$
cell	NN
-	:
even	RB
given	VBN
his	PRP$
own	JJ
private	JJ
bathroom	NN
to	TO
reinforce	VB
his	PRP$
solitude	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
automatic	JJ
and	CC
ubiquitous	JJ
;	:
the	DT
inspector	NN
need	NN
do	VBP
nothing	NN
for	IN
the	DT
prisoner	NN
to	TO
act	VB
in	IN
perfect	JJ
conformity	NN
with	IN
even	RB
the	DT
smallest	JJS
behavioral	JJ
adjustment	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
self-policing	JJ
;	:
the	DT
prisoner	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
bearer	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
own	JJ
subjection	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
impersonal	JJ
,	,
depending	VBG
on	IN
abstract	JJ
classifications	NNS
of	IN
individuals	NNS
:	:
prisoner	NN
,	,
student	NN
,	,
worker	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
capital	NN
,	,
not	RB
labor	NN
,	,
intensive	JJ
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
and	CC
perhaps	RB
most	RBS
importantly	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
uncertain	JJ
;	:
the	DT
prisoner	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
know	VB
whether	IN
he	PRP
is	VBZ
being	VBG
watched	VBN
from	IN
one	CD
moment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
next	JJ
.	.
Hence	RB
he	PRP
must	MD
constantly	RB
comply	VB
-	:
if	IN
he	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
for	IN
an	DT
instant	NN
,	,
that	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
the	DT
only	JJ
instant	NN
upon	IN
which	WDT
he	PRP
is	VBZ
judged	VBN
.	.
But	CC
is	VBZ
the	DT
Panopticon	NNP
and	CC
``	``
panopticism	NN
''	''
really	RB
an	DT
accurate	JJ
model	NN
for	IN
modern	JJ
forms	NNS
electronic	JJ
of	IN
surveillance	NN
and	CC
control	NN
?	.
David	NNP
Lyon	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
7	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
identifies	VBZ
two	CD
ways	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
panoptic	JJ
power	NN
may	MD
differ	VB
from	IN
modern	JJ
dataveillance	NN
.	.
At	IN
work	NN
,	,
one	CD
's	POS
employer	NN
may	MD
impose	VB
a	DT
panoptic	JJ
form	NN
of	IN
surveillance	NN
on	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
,	,
monitoring	NN
and	CC
recording	NN
and	CC
perhaps	RB
reviewing	VBG
,	,
what	WP
software	NN
the	DT
individual	JJ
uses	NNS
,	,
what	WP
email	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
sent	VBN
and	CC
received	VBN
,	,
what	WP
web	NN
sites	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
visited	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
8	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
But	CC
this	DT
panoptic	JJ
eye	NN
is	VBZ
shut	VBN
when	WRB
the	DT
individual	JJ
returns	NNS
home	NN
,	,
although	IN
of	IN
course	NN
a	DT
new	JJ
set	NN
of	IN
eyes	NNS
may	MD
then	RB
be	VB
trained	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
individual	NN
,	,
in	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
electronic	JJ
purchases	NNS
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
line	NN
between	IN
work	NN
and	CC
home	NN
may	MD
be	VB
blurring	VBG
.	.
Unlike	IN
more	JJR
brutal	JJ
past	NN
forms	NNS
of	IN
control	NN
,	,
panoptic	JJ
control	NN
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
electronic	JJ
information	NN
gathering	NN
,	,
does	VBZ
not	RB
depend	VB
on	IN
where	WRB
the	DT
individual	NN
is	VBZ
physically	RB
situated	VBN
.	.
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Lyons	NNP
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
modern	JJ
social	JJ
order	NN
is	VBZ
better	JJR
explained	VBD
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
two	CD
classes	NNS
:	:
consumers	NNS
and	CC
an	DT
``	``
underclass	NN
.	.
''	''
While	IN
the	DT
underclass	NN
may	MD
experience	VB
panoptic	JJ
power	NN
as	IN
a	DT
confining	NN
,	,
carceral	JJ
form	NN
of	IN
power	NN
,	,
the	DT
consumer	NN
class	NN
may	MD
actually	RB
experience	VB
the	DT
modern	JJ
panoptic	JJ
state	NN
as	IN
pleasure	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
because	IN
such	JJ
electronic	JJ
information	NN
gathering	NN
assists	VBZ
consumers	NNS
in	IN
satisfying	VBG
their	PRP$
desires	NNS
for	IN
corporate	JJ
consumer	NN
goods	NNS
.	.
The	DT
unskilled	JJ
,	,
``	``
flawed	JJ
consumer	NN
''	''
underclass	NN
,	,
denied	VBD
credit	NN
and	CC
checks	NNS
,	,
denied	VBD
even	RB
employment	NN
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
information	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
constantly	RB
encircled	VBN
by	IN
panoptic	JJ
eyes	NNS
,	,
ready	JJ
to	TO
deny	VB
them	PRP
access	NN
to	TO
the	DT
consumer	NN
goods	NNS
of	IN
modern	JJ
society	NN
at	IN
every	DT
turn	NN
.	.
Hence	RB
,	,
for	IN
the	DT
vast	JJ
majority	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
in	IN
modern	JJ
society	NN
,	,
the	DT
social	JJ
order	NN
is	VBZ
upheld	VBN
through	IN
a	DT
form	NN
of	IN
consumerism	NN
rather	RB
than	IN
panopticism	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
even	RB
for	IN
this	DT
group	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
see	VB
panoptic	JJ
power	NN
at	IN
work	NN
.	.
``	``
Consumerism	NNP
''	''
itself	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
panoptic	JJ
if	IN
we	PRP
understand	VBP
marketing	NN
to	TO
mean	VB
not	RB
only	RB
research	NN
regarding	VBG
individuals	NNS
'	POS
needs	NNS
and	CC
desires	NNS
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
the	DT
conscious	JJ
manipulation	NN
of	IN
those	DT
desires	NNS
.	.
Hence	RB
,	,
organizations	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
information	NN
on	IN
each	DT
individual	NN
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
desire	NN
for	IN
a	DT
product	NN
,	,
then	RB
fulfill	VBP
that	IN
desire	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
making	VBG
traditional	JJ
baked	JJ
bread	NN
was	VBD
too	RB
expensive	JJ
for	IN
modern	JJ
bread	NN
manufacturing	VBG
processes	NNS
;	:
therefore	RB
,	,
baker	NN
corporations	NNS
created	VBD
a	DT
desire	NN
for	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
,	,
better	JJR
kind	NN
of	IN
bread	NN
,	,
``	``
white	JJ
''	''
bread	NN
.	.
And	CC
individuals	NNS
rushed	VBD
to	TO
get	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Hence	RB
electronic	JJ
panoptic	JJ
power	NN
does	VBZ
seem	VB
to	TO
function	VB
behind	RB
and	CC
within	IN
our	PRP$
institutions	NNS
.	.
And	CC
as	IN
the	DT
boundaries	NNS
between	IN
spheres	NNS
of	IN
life	NN
in	IN
the	DT
modern	JJ
liberal	JJ
state	NN
continue	VBP
to	TO
blur	VB
,	,
electronic	JJ
panoptic	JJ
power	NN
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
grow	VB
.	.
Bentham	NNP
is	VBZ
famously	RB
recognized	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
utilitarian	JJ
maxim	NN
``	``
the	DT
greatest	JJS
happiness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
greatest	JJS
number	NN
''	''
and	CC
the	DT
detailed	JJ
calculus	NN
he	PRP
invented	VBD
to	TO
implement	VB
it	PRP
.	.
He	PRP
considered	VBD
liberal	JJ
attacks	NNS
on	IN
his	PRP$
Panopticon	NNP
as	IN
misguided	JJ
:	:
he	PRP
was	VBD
convinced	VBN
that	IN
his	PRP$
new	JJ
prison	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
revolutionarily	RB
humane	JJ
form	NN
of	IN
incarceration	NN
.	.
What	WP
they	PRP
are	VBP
concerned	VBN
about	IN
is	VBZ
,	,
of	IN
course	NN
,	,
the	DT
degradation	NN
of	IN
human	JJ
freedom	NN
through	IN
modern	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
social	JJ
manipulation	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
also	RB
a	DT
strong	JJ
theme	NN
in	IN
Anthony	NNP
Burgess	NNP
'	POS
A	DT
Clockwork	NNP
Orange	NNP
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
``	``
happiness	NN
''	''
possible	JJ
is	VBZ
that	IN
of	IN
Nietzsche	NNP
's	POS
last	JJ
men	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
anti-overmen	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
who	WP
are	VBP
no	RB
longer	RB
even	RB
capable	JJ
of	IN
formulating	VBG
alternative	JJ
desires	NNS
.	.
Only	RB
the	DT
banal	JJ
goals	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
clockwork	NN
matter	NN
or	CC
are	VBP
even	RB
visible	JJ
to	TO
them	PRP
.	.
Cryptography	JJ
battles	NNS
panoptic	JJ
power	NN
in	IN
two	CD
specific	JJ
ways	NNS
:	:
1	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
it	PRP
guarantees	VBZ
that	IN
some	DT
communications	NNS
are	VBP
completely	RB
confidential	JJ
,	,
and	CC
2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
it	PRP
makes	VBZ
digital	JJ
cash	NN
possible	JJ
.	.
Encryption	NNP
of	IN
communications	NNS
allows	VBZ
the	DT
prisoner	NN
a	DT
few	JJ
shadows	NNS
in	IN
his	PRP$
cell	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
to	TO
hide	VB
;	:
moreover	RB
it	PRP
allows	VBZ
prisoners	NNS
to	TO
communicate	VB
with	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
.	.
Digital	NNP
cash	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
is	VBZ
the	DT
true	JJ
threat	NN
to	TO
panoptic	JJ
power	NN
in	IN
the	DT
commercial	JJ
sphere	NN
,	,
because	IN
it	PRP
allows	VBZ
purchases	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
made	VBN
relatively	RB
anonymously	RB
,	,
just	RB
as	IN
physical	JJ
cash	NN
function	NN
now	RB
as	IN
anonymous	JJ
medium	NN
of	IN
economic	JJ
exchange	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
tax	NN
return	NN
information	NN
is	VBZ
specifically	RB
protected	VBN
from	IN
disclosure	NN
except	IN
for	IN
purposes	NNS
incidental	JJ
to	TO
tax	NN
administration	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
39	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
banks	NNS
'	POS
data	NNS
are	VBP
protected	VBN
from	IN
federal	JJ
agencies	NNS
by	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
procedural	JJ
safeguards	NNS
set	VBN
up	RP
in	IN
a	DT
statute	NN
passed	VBD
to	TO
overturn	VB
United	NNP
States	NNPS
v.	CC
Miller	NNP
,	,
supra	NN
.	.
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Medical	JJ
records	NNS
receive	VBP
surprisingly	RB
little	JJ
federal	JJ
protection	NN
.	.
Statutes	NNS
restrict	VBP
the	DT
release	NN
of	IN
information	NN
pertaining	VBG
to	TO
an	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
prior	JJ
treatment	NN
in	IN
an	DT
alcohol	NN
treatment	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
40	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
drug	NN
rehabilitation	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
41	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
program	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Health	NNP
and	CC
Human	NNP
Services	NNPS
is	VBZ
required	VBN
to	TO
protect	VB
social	JJ
security	NN
records	NNS
.	.
Otherwise	RB
,	,
medical	JJ
information	NN
remains	VBZ
largely	RB
unprotected	JJ
.	.
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
Interactive	JJ
media	NNS
is	VBZ
protected	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
potpourri	NN
of	IN
statutes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Wiretap	NNP
Law	NNP
prohibits	VBZ
electronic	JJ
or	CC
mechanical	JJ
eavesdropping	NN
on	IN
phone	NN
calls	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
42	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
has	VBZ
been	VBN
extended	VBN
to	TO
protect	VB
electronic	JJ
communications	NNS
and	CC
data	NNS
transmission	NN
,	,
e.g.	FW
by	IN
modem	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
43	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
thus	RB
overturning	VBG
the	DT
specific	JJ
holding	NN
of	IN
Smith	NNP
v.	CC
Maryland	NNP
,	,
supra	NN
.	.
The	DT
Panopticon	NNP
can	MD
provide	VB
focus	NN
to	TO
this	DT
legislative	JJ
activity	NN
.	.
Data	NNP
privacy	NN
protections	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
targeted	VBN
against	IN
three	CD
different	JJ
kinds	NNS
of	IN
activities	NNS
:	:
collection	NN
,	,
organization	NN
,	,
dissemination	NN
.	.
With	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
collection	NN
,	,
panoptic	JJ
power	NN
is	VBZ
exerted	VBN
when	WRB
gathering	NN
is	VBZ
automatic	JJ
and	CC
uncertain	JJ
.	.
Recall	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
uncertainty	NN
of	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
inspector	NN
is	VBZ
watching	VBG
that	IN
gives	VBZ
the	DT
Panopticon	NNP
much	RB
of	IN
its	PRP$
unique	JJ
power	NN
.	.
Hence	RB
,	,
data	NNS
privacy	NN
laws	NNS
should	MD
require	VB
government	NN
and	CC
private	JJ
organizations	NNS
to	TO
inform	VB
the	DT
consumer	NN
precisely	RB
when	WRB
information	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
collected	VBN
and	CC
for	IN
exactly	RB
what	WP
purposes	NNS
.	.
No	DT
information	NN
gathering	NN
should	MD
be	VB
allowed	VBN
unless	IN
such	JJ
warnings	NNS
are	VBP
given	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
consumer	NN
.	.
With	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
organization	NN
,	,
panoptic	JJ
power	NN
depends	VBZ
on	IN
atomizing	VBG
the	DT
individual	NN
,	,
turning	VBG
on	IN
certain	JJ
flags	NNS
about	IN
an	DT
individual	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
this	DT
or	CC
that	DT
group	NN
in	IN
a	DT
completely	RB
impersonal	JJ
way	NN
.	.
Data	NNP
privacy	NN
laws	NNS
should	MD
therefore	RB
restrict	VB
certain	JJ
kinds	NNS
of	IN
generalizations	NNS
that	WDT
organizations	NNS
are	VBP
allowed	VBN
to	TO
make	VB
across	IN
groups	NNS
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
how	WRB
much	JJ
rational	JJ
economic	JJ
sense	NN
such	JJ
generalizations	NNS
may	MD
make	VB
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
an	DT
insurance	NN
company	NN
may	MD
want	VB
to	TO
make	VB
generalizations	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
race	NN
,	,
sex	NN
,	,
or	CC
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
dissemination	NN
and	CC
disclosure	NN
,	,
panoptic	JJ
power	NN
is	VBZ
exerted	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
automatic	JJ
and	CC
pervasive	JJ
way	NN
.	.
Information	NN
sharing	NN
between	IN
organizations	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
restricted	VBN
;	:
information	NN
gathered	VBN
for	IN
one	CD
purpose	NN
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
turned	VBN
to	TO
another	DT
within	IN
another	DT
organization	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
even	RB
where	WRB
legitimate	JJ
sharing	NN
occurs	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
individual	JJ
should	MD
be	VB
notified	VBN
.	.
The	DT
Panopticon	NNP
functions	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
useful	JJ
regulatory	JJ
dystopia	NN
,	,
a	DT
future	NN
to	TO
be	VB
avoided	VBN
as	IN
carefully	RB
and	CC
systematically	RB
as	IN
Orwell	NNP
's	POS
apocalyptic	JJ
totalitarian	JJ
vision	NN
in	IN
1984	CD
.	.
Escape	VB
from	IN
the	DT
Panopticon	NNP
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
,	,
but	CC
only	RB
if	IN
we	PRP
target	VBP
our	PRP$
technology	NN
and	CC
law	NN
directly	RB
at	IN
panoptic	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
power	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
now	RB
possible	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
literally	RB
hundreds	NNS
of	IN
websites	NNS
devoted	VBN
to	TO
software	NN
piracy	NN
by	IN
simply	RB
typing	VBG
``	``
warez	NN
,	,
''	''
the	DT
slang	NN
term	NN
for	IN
pirated	VBN
software	NN
,	,
into	IN
any	DT
search	NN
engine	NN
.	.
The	DT
newsgroup	NN
``	``
alt.binaries.warez.ibm-pc	JJ
''	''
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
busiest	JJS
news	NN
groups	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
with	IN
thousands	NNS
of	IN
posts	NNS
every	DT
week	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
now	RB
almost	RB
as	IN
easy	JJ
to	TO
copy	VB
a	DT
pirated	VBN
program	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
computer	NN
's	POS
hard	JJ
drive	NN
as	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
cassette	NN
copy	NN
of	IN
a	DT
song	NN
off	IN
of	IN
your	PRP$
favorite	JJ
radio	NN
station	NN
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
the	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
computer	NN
software	NN
piracy	NN
are	VBP
global	JJ
,	,
resulting	VBG
in	IN
increasing	VBG
social	JJ
and	CC
economic	JJ
losses	NNS
.	.
Moral	JJ
and	CC
legal	JJ
considerations	NNS
plague	VBP
the	DT
software	NN
industry	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
effort	NN
to	TO
minimize	VB
losses	NNS
due	JJ
to	TO
piracy	NN
,	,
while	IN
the	DT
demand	NN
for	IN
software	NN
programs	NNS
continues	VBZ
to	TO
expand	VB
within	IN
the	DT
international	JJ
scope	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
On	IN
one	CD
side	NN
of	IN
the	DT
software	NN
battle	NN
are	VBP
the	DT
hackers	NNS
,	,
crackers	NNS
,	,
couriers	NNS
,	,
downloaders	NNS
,	,
and	CC
users	NNS
of	IN
pirated	VBN
software	NN
;	:
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
are	VBP
the	DT
software	NN
companies	NNS
and	CC
users	NNS
of	IN
legitimate	JJ
copies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
software	NN
.	.
Curiously	RB
,	,
both	DT
sides	NNS
seem	VBP
driven	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
motivations	NNS
-	:
-	:
greed	NN
and	CC
power	NN
-	:
-	:
while	IN
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
both	DT
sides	NNS
also	RB
feel	VBP
that	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
side	NN
of	IN
justice	NN
.	.
Greed	NNP
motivates	VBZ
the	DT
software	NN
companies	NNS
which	WDT
seek	VBP
the	DT
maximum	NN
profit	NN
possible	JJ
from	IN
their	PRP$
software	NN
creations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
greed	NN
motivates	VBZ
the	DT
pirates	NNS
who	WP
desire	VBP
expensive	JJ
software	NN
but	CC
do	VBP
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
are	VBP
unable	JJ
to	TO
-RRB-	-RRB-
pay	NN
for	IN
it	PRP
.	.
A	DT
constant	JJ
power	NN
struggle	NN
is	VBZ
waged	VBN
between	IN
the	DT
two	CD
parties	NNS
.	.
The	DT
software	NN
companies	NNS
try	VBP
to	TO
stop	VB
the	DT
hackers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
pirates	NNS
try	VBP
to	TO
overcome	VB
the	DT
authority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
software	NN
companies	NNS
.	.
The	DT
software	NN
companies	NNS
see	VBP
the	DT
pirates	NNS
as	IN
criminals	NNS
;	:
the	DT
pirates	NNS
often	RB
see	VBP
themselves	PRP
as	IN
freedom	NN
fighters	NNS
against	IN
corporate	JJ
greed	NN
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
software	NN
companies	NNS
spend	VBP
larger	JJR
amounts	NNS
of	IN
time	NN
and	CC
money	NN
creating	VBG
more	JJR
elaborate	JJ
software	NN
protection	NN
schemes	NNS
,	,
pirate	NN
groups	NNS
spend	VBP
just	RB
as	RB
much	JJ
time	NN
and	CC
energy	NN
promptly	RB
cracking	VBG
them	PRP
.	.
While	IN
U.S.	NNP
copyright	NN
statutes	NNS
provide	VBP
a	DT
certain	JJ
measure	NN
of	IN
protection	NN
,	,
international	JJ
treaties	NNS
and	CC
trade	NN
laws	NNS
provide	VBP
additional	JJ
options	NNS
for	IN
monitoring	VBG
infringers	NNS
.	.
Software	NNP
manufacturer	NN
trade	NN
associations	NNS
promote	VB
a	DT
zealous	JJ
,	,
hard-nosed	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
regulating	VBG
and	CC
penalizing	VBG
anyone	NN
who	WP
participates	VBZ
in	IN
piracy	NN
,	,
from	IN
the	DT
unsuspecting	JJ
home	NN
user	NN
,	,
businesses	NNS
,	,
bulletin	NN
board	NN
service	NN
providers	NNS
and	CC
hackers	NNS
who	WP
set	VBD
up	RP
warez	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
Those	DT
who	WP
oppose	VBP
the	DT
regulation	NN
of	IN
anything	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
Internet	NNP
cite	VBP
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
concerns	NNS
or	CC
simply	RB
proclaim	VB
that	IN
the	DT
Web	NNP
is	VBZ
beyond	IN
governmental	JJ
regulation	NN
and	CC
should	MD
be	VB
free	JJ
.	.
While	IN
most	JJS
acknowledge	VBP
that	IN
a	DT
problem	NN
exists	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
debate	NN
rages	VBZ
over	IN
current	JJ
regulation	NN
and	CC
protection	NN
,	,
imposition	NN
of	IN
penalties	NNS
and	CC
whether	IN
new	JJ
technology	NN
or	CC
more	JJR
narrow	JJ
legislation	NN
will	MD
solve	VB
the	DT
problem	NN
.	.
F.	NNP
Supp	NNP
.	.
1077	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
D.	NNP
Md.	NNP
1995	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
co-defendants	NNS
purchased	VBD
and	CC
copied	VBD
Microsoft	NNP
software	NN
without	IN
the	DT
accompanying	VBG
personal	JJ
computers	NNS
and	CC
sold	VBD
the	DT
software	NN
to	TO
others	NNS
.	.
Here	RB
,	,
the	DT
defendants	NNS
asserted	VBD
their	PRP$
alleged	JJ
lack	NN
of	IN
knowledge	NN
as	IN
a	DT
defense	NN
.	.
The	DT
Court	NNP
found	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
defendants	NNS
had	VBD
in	IN
fact	NN
received	VBD
notice	NN
of	IN
the	DT
counterfeit	NN
products	NNS
and	CC
were	VBD
computer	NN
software	NN
professionals	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
they	PRP
were	VBD
held	VBN
liable	JJ
for	IN
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
Supp	NNP
.	.
1361	CD
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
N.D.	NNP
Cal	NNP
.	.
1995	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
Court	NNP
refused	VBD
to	TO
hold	VB
the	DT
defendant	NN
liable	JJ
for	IN
direct	JJ
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
merely	RB
because	IN
he	PRP
created	VBD
the	DT
bulletin	NN
board	NN
space	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
analogized	VBD
the	DT
service	NN
to	TO
a	DT
copy	NN
machine	NN
,	,
wherein	IN
the	DT
owner	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
liable	JJ
for	IN
contributory	JJ
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
where	WRB
others	NNS
may	MD
use	VB
the	DT
machine	NN
to	TO
reproduce	VB
copyrighted	VBN
materials	NNS
.	.
Remailers	NNS
are	VBP
a	DT
distinct	JJ
sect	NN
of	IN
bulletin	NN
board	NN
service	NN
operators	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
anonymity	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
subscribers	NNS
.	.
Their	PRP$
users	NNS
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
commit	VB
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
by	IN
distributing	VBG
unauthorized	JJ
copies	NNS
of	IN
software	NN
without	IN
concern	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
traced	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
10	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Remailers	NNPS
can	MD
provide	VB
an	DT
access	NN
to	TO
e-mail	VB
services	NNS
wherein	IN
no	DT
e-mail	NN
address	NN
is	VBZ
transmitted	VBN
.	.
A	DT
return	NN
e-mail	NN
can	MD
be	VB
forwarded	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
original	JJ
sender	NN
through	IN
the	DT
remailer	NN
with	IN
a	DT
number	NN
assigned	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
recipient	JJ
.	.
While	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
legitimate	JJ
reasons	NNS
for	IN
e-mail	NN
anonymity	NN
,	,
this	DT
service	NN
surely	RB
provides	VBZ
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
engage	VB
in	IN
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
via	IN
piracy	NN
.	.
Remailers	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
contributory	JJ
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
While	IN
case	NN
law	NN
is	VBZ
scant	JJ
at	IN
present	JJ
,	,
remailers	NNS
will	MD
likely	RB
assert	VB
the	DT
familiar	JJ
defenses	NNS
of	IN
knowledge	NN
,	,
contribution	NN
and	CC
substantial	JJ
non-infringing	JJ
uses	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
11	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
If	IN
the	DT
direct	JJ
infringer	NN
can	MD
be	VB
traced	VBN
,	,
plaintiffs	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
seek	VB
relief	NN
against	IN
them	PRP
.	.
However	RB
,	,
unless	IN
remailers	NNS
are	VBP
liable	JJ
for	IN
contributory	JJ
infringement	NN
,	,
plaintiffs	NNS
in	IN
actions	NNS
against	IN
remailers	NNS
will	MD
find	VB
it	PRP
difficult	JJ
to	TO
obtain	VB
relief	NN
,	,
especially	RB
if	IN
the	DT
direct	JJ
infringer	NN
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
traced	VBN
.	.
Courts	NNS
will	MD
have	VB
to	TO
balance	VB
the	DT
interests	NNS
of	IN
legitimate	JJ
anonymous	JJ
consumers	NNS
with	IN
anonymous	JJ
users	NNS
.	.
The	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
software	NN
piracy	NN
are	VBP
global	JJ
.	.
There	EX
has	VBZ
been	VBN
an	DT
exponential	JJ
growth	NN
in	IN
software	NN
piracy	NN
due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
copy	VB
and	CC
disseminate	VB
programs	NNS
worldwide	JJ
with	IN
only	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
keystrokes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
role	NN
of	IN
Intellectual	NNP
property	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
changing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
global	JJ
market	NN
place	NN
.	.
The	DT
legal	JJ
system	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
seem	VB
to	TO
be	VB
ready	JJ
to	TO
give	VB
any	DT
definitive	JJ
solution	NN
to	TO
cyber-piracy	NN
.	.
Content	NN
providers	NNS
are	VBP
increasingly	RB
edgy	JJ
about	IN
protecting	VBG
their	PRP$
ideas	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
online	JJ
medium	NN
;	:
an	DT
area	NN
of	IN
particular	JJ
concern	NN
for	IN
publishers	NNS
is	VBZ
ensuring	VBG
that	IN
copyrights	NNS
to	TO
their	PRP$
work	NN
are	VBP
understood	VBN
and	CC
enforced	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Since	IN
an	DT
entire	JJ
operation	NN
can	MD
take	VB
less	JJR
than	IN
24	CD
hours	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
virtually	RB
impossible	JJ
for	IN
law	NN
enforcement	NN
officials	NNS
to	TO
shut	VB
them	PRP
down	RP
,	,
and	CC
when	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
shut	VB
such	PDT
an	DT
operation	NN
down	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
virtually	RB
impossible	JJ
to	TO
know	VB
where	WRB
the	DT
next	JJ
site	NN
will	MD
emerge	VB
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
17	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Most	JJS
software	NN
pirates	NNS
are	VBP
aware	JJ
that	IN
piracy	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
dangerous	JJ
business	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
get	VB
participants	NNS
into	IN
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
trouble	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
an	DT
atmosphere	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
piracy	NN
seems	VBZ
to	TO
have	VB
in	IN
turn	NN
created	VBD
a	DT
freer	JJR
attitude	NN
than	IN
ever	RB
toward	IN
good	JJ
old-fashioned	JJ
plagiarism	NN
.	.
The	DT
prevalent	JJ
attitude	NN
behind	IN
piracy	NN
seems	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
that	IN
if	IN
modern	JJ
technology	NN
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
easy	JJ
to	TO
take	VB
or	CC
use	VB
whatever	WDT
form	NN
of	IN
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
comes	VBZ
along	RB
,	,
then	RB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
okay	JJ
to	TO
take	VB
it	PRP
no	DT
matter	NN
what	WP
the	DT
cost	NN
to	TO
the	DT
creator	NN
of	IN
the	DT
material	NN
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
this	DT
attitude	NN
,	,
industry	NN
anti-piracy	NN
experts	NNS
say	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
problem	NN
is	VBZ
growing	VBG
as	RB
more	JJR
people	NNS
become	VBP
sophisticated	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
techniques	NNS
of	IN
uploading	VBG
and	CC
downloading	VBG
.	.
Software	NNP
Publishers	NNPS
Association	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
SPA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
piracy	NN
or	CC
the	DT
illegal	JJ
distribution	NN
of	IN
copyrighted	VBN
software	NN
cost	NN
the	DT
industry	NN
$	$
11.4	CD
billion	CD
dollars	NNS
in	IN
1997	CD
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
18	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
illegal	JJ
copying	NN
and	CC
distribution	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
software	NN
has	VBZ
become	VBN
common	JJ
and	CC
widely	RB
accepted	VBN
by	IN
computer	NN
users	NNS
due	JJ
to	TO
several	JJ
factors	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
ease	NN
of	IN
transmitting	VBG
software	NN
through	IN
networks	NNS
or	CC
between	IN
modems	NNS
,	,
high	JJ
price	NN
of	IN
commercial	JJ
software	NN
,	,
difficulty	NN
of	IN
discovering	VBG
software	NN
piracy	NN
,	,
and	CC
lack	NN
of	IN
economic	JJ
incentive	NN
to	TO
sue	VB
individual	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
judgment	NN
proof	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
pirates	NNS
for	IN
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
TRIPS	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
went	VBD
into	IN
effect	NN
on	IN
January	NNP
1	CD
,	,
1995	CD
,	,
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
agreement	NN
that	WDT
established	VBD
the	DT
WTO	NNP
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
28	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
was	VBD
designed	VBN
to	TO
remedy	VB
the	DT
perceived	VBN
weaknesses	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Berne	NNP
Convention	NNP
and	CC
other	JJ
multilateral	JJ
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
treaties	NNS
.	.
TRIPS	NNS
requires	VBZ
that	IN
WTO	NNP
member	NN
states	NNS
comply	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
substantive	JJ
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Berne	NNP
Convention	NNP
,	,
except	IN
for	IN
those	DT
concerning	VBG
moral	JJ
rights	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
29	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
,	,
following	VBG
what	WP
TRIPS	NNS
negotiators	NNS
commonly	RB
referred	VBD
to	TO
as	IN
a	DT
``	``
Berne	NNP
plus	CC
''	''
approach	NN
,	,
the	DT
Agreement	NN
also	RB
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
adds	VBZ
rights	NNS
beyond	IN
those	DT
that	IN
it	PRP
incorporates	VBZ
from	IN
Berne	NNP
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
appears	VBZ
to	TO
narrow	VB
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
permissible	JJ
limitations	NNS
to	TO
copyright	NN
holder	NN
rights	NNS
;	:
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
requires	VBZ
countries	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
available	JJ
effective	JJ
remedies	NNS
for	IN
copyright	NN
enforcement	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
30	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
By	IN
bringing	VBG
copyright	NN
within	IN
the	DT
ambit	NN
of	IN
the	DT
WTO	NNP
,	,
TRIPS	NNP
also	RB
provides	VBZ
a	DT
mechanism	NN
for	IN
international	JJ
enforcement	NN
through	IN
the	DT
imposition	NN
of	IN
trade	NN
sanctions	NNS
against	IN
non-complying	JJ
countries	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
31	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Finally	RB
,	,
by	IN
requiring	VBG
stringent	JJ
,	,
quasi-proprietary	JJ
copyright	NN
protection	NN
as	IN
a	DT
quid	JJ
pro	JJ
quo	NN
for	IN
WTO	NNP
membership	NN
,	,
TRIP	NN
creates	VBZ
a	DT
strong	JJ
inducement	NN
for	IN
non-signatory	JJ
countries	NNS
to	TO
join	VB
an	DT
international	JJ
copyright	NN
regime	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Western	JJ
model	NN
.	.
Since	IN
TRIPS	NNS
came	VBD
into	IN
effect	NN
,	,
the	DT
WIPO	NNP
has	VBZ
sought	VBN
to	TO
regain	VB
its	PRP$
leading	VBG
role	NN
in	IN
the	DT
international	JJ
copyright	NN
administration	NN
and	CC
harmonization	NN
.	.
In	IN
December	NNP
1996	CD
the	DT
WIPO	NNP
sponsored	VBD
a	DT
diplomatic	JJ
conference	NN
,	,
attended	VBN
by	IN
representatives	NNS
of	IN
some	DT
140	CD
countries	NNS
,	,
with	IN
a	DT
principal	JJ
objective	NN
of	IN
bringing	VBG
world	NN
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
law	NN
into	IN
the	DT
digital	JJ
age	NN
.	.
The	DT
WIPO	NNP
Copyright	NNP
Treaty	NNP
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
32	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
adopted	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
diplomatic	JJ
conference	NN
after	IN
considerable	JJ
and	CC
often	RB
rancorous	JJ
debate	NN
,	,
would	MD
require	VB
states	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
digital	JJ
content	NN
providers	NNS
with	IN
greater	JJR
protection	NN
against	IN
Internet	NNP
piracy	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
33	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
At	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
the	DT
Copyright	NNP
Treaty	NNP
represents	VBZ
a	DT
defeat	NN
for	IN
content	JJ
providers	NNS
who	WP
,	,
hoping	VBG
to	TO
capitalize	VB
on	IN
the	DT
momentum	NN
for	IN
upward	JJ
harmonization	NN
spurred	VBN
by	IN
TRIPS	NNS
,	,
sought	VBD
to	TO
institute	VB
a	DT
worldwide	JJ
regime	NN
of	IN
extensive	JJ
proprietary	JJ
control	NN
over	IN
digital	JJ
and	CC
non-digital	JJ
content	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
34	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Copyright	NNP
Treaty	NNP
gives	VBZ
explicit	JJ
recognition	NN
to	TO
``	``
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
maintain	VB
a	DT
balance	NN
between	IN
the	DT
rights	NNS
of	IN
authors	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
larger	JJR
public	JJ
interest	NN
,	,
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
35	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
the	DT
Agreed	NNP
Statements	NNP
accompanying	VBG
the	DT
Treaty	NNP
provide	VBP
that	IN
both	DT
existing	VBG
and	CC
new	JJ
limitations	NNS
on	IN
copyright	NN
owner	NN
rights	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
appropriate	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
digital	JJ
environment	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
36	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
While	IN
keeping	VBG
in	IN
mind	NN
the	DT
various	JJ
treaties	NNS
governing	VBG
United	NNP
States	NNPS
Copyright	NNP
law	NN
,	,
an	DT
examination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
history	NN
and	CC
evolution	NN
of	IN
copyright	NN
regulation	NN
yields	VBZ
a	DT
perspective	NN
on	IN
present	JJ
day	NN
application	NN
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
to	TO
software	NN
theft	NN
.	.
Currently	RB
copyright	NN
statutes	NNS
are	VBP
distinguished	VBN
between	IN
civil	JJ
and	CC
criminal	JJ
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
a	DT
recent	JJ
amendment	NN
to	TO
the	DT
Copyright	NNP
Act	NNP
adds	VBZ
a	DT
sixth	JJ
provision	NN
that	WDT
grants	VBZ
the	DT
owner	NN
of	IN
a	DT
copyrighted	VBN
sound	NN
recording	VBG
the	DT
exclusive	JJ
right	NN
to	TO
perform	VB
the	DT
work	NN
``	``
publicly	RB
by	IN
means	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
digital	JJ
audio	NN
transmission	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
45	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Together	RB
,	,
these	DT
six	CD
exclusive	JJ
privileges	NNS
constitute	VBP
a	DT
copyright	NN
owner	NN
's	POS
bundle	NN
of	IN
protected	JJ
rights	NNS
.	.
In	IN
sum	NN
,	,
while	IN
both	DT
misdemeanor	NN
and	CC
felony	NN
sanctions	NNS
require	VBP
a	DT
showing	NN
of	IN
infringement	NN
accompanied	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
requisite	JJ
mens	NNS
rea	NN
,	,
felony	NN
status	NN
only	RB
attaches	VBZ
in	IN
cases	NNS
meeting	VBG
the	DT
statutorily	RB
designated	VBN
threshold	NN
requirements	NNS
.	.
In	IN
1994	CD
,	,
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
attempted	VBD
to	TO
prosecute	VB
LaMacchia	NNP
under	IN
the	DT
wire	NN
fraud	NN
statute	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
101	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Court	NNP
declined	VBD
to	TO
find	VB
a	DT
cause	NN
of	IN
action	NN
,	,
instead	RB
citing	VBG
the	DT
decision	NN
in	IN
Dowling	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
102	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
as	IN
controlling	VBG
.	.
Dowling	NNP
was	VBD
convicted	VBN
of	IN
,	,
among	IN
other	JJ
things	NNS
,	,
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
103	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
Court	NNP
there	RB
held	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
infringer	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
assume	VB
physical	JJ
control	NN
over	IN
the	DT
copyright	NN
,	,
nor	CC
does	VBZ
he	PRP
deprive	VB
the	DT
owner	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
use	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
problems	NNS
with	IN
criminal	JJ
prosecution	NN
for	IN
the	DT
software	NN
piracy	NN
categories	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
copying	NN
software	NN
for	IN
personal	JJ
use	NN
,	,
or	CC
softlifting	NN
,	,
could	MD
never	RB
meet	VB
the	DT
criminal	JJ
statute	NN
's	POS
commercial	JJ
advantage	NN
element	NN
.	.
With	IN
corporate	JJ
piracy	NN
,	,
corporations	NNS
and	CC
similar	JJ
entities	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
federal	JJ
prosecution	NN
for	IN
the	DT
conduct	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
employees	NNS
for	IN
which	WDT
they	PRP
had	VBD
no	DT
knowledge	NN
.	.
The	DT
for	IN
profit	NN
element	NN
is	VBZ
lacking	VBG
in	IN
both	DT
of	IN
these	DT
scenarios	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
eliminating	VBG
the	DT
for	IN
financial	JJ
gain	NN
provision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
criminal	JJ
copyright	NN
statute	NN
would	MD
crush	VB
many	JJ
Internet	NNP
services	NNS
and	CC
participants	NNS
.	.
The	DT
effect	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
criminalization	NN
could	MD
be	VB
far	RB
reaching	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
because	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
affect	VB
chat	VB
rooms	NNS
which	WDT
utilize	VBP
copyrighted	VBN
material	NN
as	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
for	IN
distribution	NN
,	,
discussions	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
daily	RB
.	.
The	DT
effect	NN
could	MD
also	RB
chill	NN
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
speech	NN
in	IN
a	DT
non	JJ
commercial	JJ
context	NN
,	,
simply	RB
because	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
infringing	VBG
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
the	DT
government	NN
would	MD
still	RB
have	VB
to	TO
prove	VB
willfulness	NN
.	.
The	DT
result	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
corporation	NN
can	MD
be	VB
convicted	VBN
of	IN
a	DT
criminal	JJ
offense	NN
even	RB
if	IN
not	RB
a	DT
single	JJ
one	CD
of	IN
its	PRP$
employees	NNS
possessed	VBD
the	DT
knowledge	NN
to	TO
be	VB
individually	RB
guilty	JJ
.	.
The	DT
imputed	JJ
knowledge	NN
doctrine	NN
could	MD
result	VB
in	IN
an	DT
unduly	RB
harsh	JJ
application	NN
of	IN
the	DT
criminal	JJ
copyright	NN
statutes	NNS
.	.
Willfulness	NN
would	MD
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
primary	JJ
consideration	NN
in	IN
the	DT
analysis	NN
of	IN
an	DT
infringement	NN
claim	NN
of	IN
this	DT
nature	NN
.	.
The	DT
Software	NNP
Publishers	NNPS
Association	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
largest	JJS
organization	NN
combating	VBG
software	NN
piracy	NN
.	.
Formed	VBN
in	IN
1984	CD
,	,
the	DT
SPA	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
active	JJ
in	IN
every	DT
aspect	NN
of	IN
software	NN
copyright	NN
protection	NN
--	:
from	IN
litigation	NN
,	,
to	TO
legislation	NN
,	,
to	TO
education	NN
.	.
Today	NN
the	DT
SPA	NNP
has	VBZ
over	IN
1,100	CD
members	NNS
,	,
ranging	VBG
from	IN
huge	JJ
business	NN
software	NN
publishers	NNS
to	TO
small	JJ
computer	NN
game	NN
companies	NNS
.	.
Copyright	NN
law	NN
should	MD
provide	VB
for	IN
strong	JJ
civil	JJ
remedies	NNS
including	VBG
permanent	JJ
injunctions	NNS
against	IN
infringement	NN
,	,
seizure	NN
of	IN
all	DT
illegal	JJ
software	NN
and	CC
any	DT
articles	NNS
used	VBN
to	TO
defeat	VB
copyright	NN
protection	NN
,	,
compensation	NN
,	,
and	CC
fines	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
136	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Copyright	NN
law	NN
will	MD
deter	VB
piracy	NN
only	RB
if	IN
the	DT
final	JJ
remedies	NNS
for	IN
infringement	NN
are	VBP
substantial	JJ
.	.
The	DT
copyright	NN
law	NN
should	MD
include	VB
minimum	JJ
criminal	JJ
penalties	NNS
when	WRB
piracy	NN
is	VBZ
committed	VBN
knowingly	RB
and	CC
is	VBZ
carried	VBN
out	RP
for	IN
a	DT
commercial	JJ
purpose	NN
or	CC
to	TO
satisfy	VB
internal	JJ
demands	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
business	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
entity	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
137	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Although	IN
self	NN
regulation	NN
is	VBZ
conceptually	RB
appealing	JJ
,	,
so	RB
far	RB
it	PRP
has	VBZ
failed	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
any	DT
semblance	NN
of	IN
copyright	NN
protection	NN
.	.
Modern	NNP
technology	NN
has	VBZ
upset	VBN
the	DT
delicate	JJ
balance	NN
upon	IN
which	WDT
traditional	JJ
copyright	NN
protection	NN
is	VBZ
premised	VBN
,	,
and	CC
copyright	NN
pirates	NNS
are	VBP
eagerly	RB
taking	VBG
advantage	NN
of	IN
this	DT
imbalance	NN
.	.
Software	NNP
makers	NNS
have	VBP
had	VBN
to	TO
employ	VB
copy	NN
protection	NN
,	,
scalable	JJ
licensing	NN
,	,
corporate	JJ
activism	NN
,	,
and	CC
civil	JJ
litigation	NN
as	IN
anti-piracy	JJ
measures	NNS
because	IN
the	DT
threat	NN
of	IN
criminal	JJ
liability	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
and	CC
can	MD
not	RB
decrease	VB
illegal	JJ
copying	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
141	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Although	IN
the	DT
government	NN
currently	RB
attempts	VBZ
to	TO
regulate	VB
software	NN
theft	NN
,	,
the	DT
industry	NN
continues	VBZ
to	TO
lose	VB
billions	NNS
of	IN
dollars	NNS
.	.
Nevertheless	RB
,	,
self-help	NN
's	POS
imperfect	JJ
protections	NNS
are	VBP
far	RB
superior	JJ
to	TO
any	DT
current	JJ
or	CC
prospective	JJ
statutory	JJ
device	NN
at	IN
the	DT
government	NN
's	POS
disposal	NN
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
software	NN
makers	NNS
must	MD
realize	VB
that	IN
the	DT
existing	VBG
battery	NN
of	IN
private	JJ
remedies	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
substantially	RB
improved	VBN
,	,
particularly	RB
with	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
technological	JJ
safeguards	NNS
.	.
As	RB
long	RB
as	IN
programs	NNS
are	VBP
easy	JJ
to	TO
copy	VB
,	,
software	NN
piracy	NN
will	MD
continue	VB
to	TO
plague	VB
the	DT
industry	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
ambiguity	NN
disclosed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Courts	NNPS
in	IN
LaMacchia	NNP
,	,
the	DT
current	JJ
copyright	NN
system	NN
's	POS
failure	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
an	DT
adequate	JJ
deterrent	NN
to	TO
infringement	NN
serves	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
strong	JJ
motivating	VBG
force	NN
behind	IN
the	DT
recent	JJ
move	NN
to	TO
expand	VB
criminal	JJ
prosecution	NN
of	IN
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
Copyright	NNP
Act	NNP
's	POS
penalty	NN
system	NN
attempts	VBZ
to	TO
dissuade	VB
future	JJ
copyright	NN
violations	NNS
,	,
rampant	JJ
piracy	NN
now	RB
plagues	VBZ
American	JJ
copyright	NN
industries	NNS
.	.
With	IN
billions	NNS
of	IN
dollars	NNS
being	VBG
lost	VBN
each	DT
year	NN
to	TO
piracy	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
apparent	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
present	JJ
statutory	JJ
remedies	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
producing	VBG
their	PRP$
intended	JJ
deterrent	NN
effects	NNS
.	.
Copyright	NN
piracy	NN
has	VBZ
emerged	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
``	``
big	JJ
business	NN
''	''
due	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
low	JJ
cost	NN
and	CC
negligible	JJ
risk	NN
of	IN
detection	NN
associated	VBN
with	IN
modern	JJ
infringement	NN
methods	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
relatively	RB
high	JJ
benefits	NNS
to	TO
pirates	NNS
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
one	CD
hand	NN
,	,
the	DT
costs	NNS
,	,
or	CC
risks	NNS
,	,
of	IN
modern	JJ
infringement	NN
are	VBP
very	RB
low	JJ
.	.
In	IN
many	JJ
cases	NNS
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
modern	JJ
technology	NN
reduces	VBZ
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
to	TO
a	DT
task	NN
as	IN
simple	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
push	NN
of	IN
a	DT
button	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
Information	NNP
Age	NNP
devices	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
computers	NNS
,	,
modems	NNS
,	,
fax	NN
machines	NNS
,	,
and	CC
photocopiers	NNS
are	VBP
a	DT
common	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
everyday	JJ
life	NN
,	,
thus	RB
rendering	VBG
the	DT
tools	NNS
of	IN
infringement	NN
readily	RB
accessible	JJ
to	TO
pirates	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
modern	JJ
copyright	NN
piracy	NN
often	RB
requires	VBZ
little	JJ
time	NN
,	,
effort	NN
,	,
or	CC
expense	NN
.	.
While	IN
today	NN
's	POS
infringement	NN
costs	NNS
decline	VBP
,	,
the	DT
attendant	JJ
benefits	NNS
of	IN
infringement	NN
climb	NN
to	TO
all-time	JJ
highs	NNS
.	.
First	RB
,	,
the	DT
very	RB
devices	NNS
that	WDT
make	VBP
infringement	NN
easier	JJR
and	CC
faster	RBR
also	RB
make	VB
it	PRP
more	RBR
profitable	JJ
.	.
Modern	NNP
technology	NN
has	VBZ
raised	VBN
infringers	NNS
'	POS
potential	NN
for	IN
financial	JJ
gain	NN
by	IN
greatly	RB
increasing	VBG
the	DT
ease	NN
with	IN
which	WDT
numerous	JJ
illicit	JJ
copies	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
digital	JJ
technology	NN
has	VBZ
increased	VBN
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
pirated	VBN
goods	NNS
,	,
thereby	RB
enhancing	VBG
their	PRP$
resale	NN
attractiveness	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
the	DT
items	NNS
typically	RB
infringed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
modern	JJ
pirate	NN
hold	VBP
considerable	JJ
value	NN
and	CC
retain	VB
high	JJ
demand	NN
as	IN
commodities	NNS
in	IN
today	NN
's	POS
information-based	JJ
society	NN
.	.
The	DT
combined	VBN
low	JJ
costs	NNS
and	CC
high	JJ
rewards	NNS
of	IN
pirating	VBG
copyrighted	VBN
commodities	NNS
create	VBP
barriers	NNS
to	TO
effective	JJ
deterrence	NN
of	IN
criminal	JJ
copyright	NN
laws	NNS
.	.
While	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
system	NN
of	IN
copyright	NN
laws	NNS
has	VBZ
proven	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
an	DT
ineffective	JJ
deterrent	NN
to	TO
profit-seeking	JJ
pirates	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
also	RB
promotes	VBZ
types	NNS
of	IN
information	NN
piracy	NN
.	.
Currently	RB
prevalent	JJ
in	IN
cyberspace	NN
,	,
this	DT
new	JJ
type	NN
of	IN
piracy	NN
concerns	NNS
itself	PRP
not	RB
with	IN
profit	NN
,	,
but	CC
with	IN
simply	RB
making	VBG
copyrighted	VBN
items	NNS
readily	RB
available	JJ
to	TO
others	NNS
without	IN
cost	NN
.	.
In	IN
particular	JJ
,	,
these	DT
cyberspace	NN
pirates	NNS
display	VBP
their	PRP$
indifference	NN
for	IN
the	DT
copyright	NN
system	NN
by	IN
repeatedly	RB
uploading	VBG
and	CC
downloading	VBG
works	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
information	NN
superhighway	NN
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
LaMacchia	NNP
case	NN
exemplifies	VBZ
,	,
current	JJ
criminal	JJ
infringement	NN
laws	NNS
are	VBP
ill-suited	JJ
to	TO
address	VB
this	DT
type	NN
of	IN
piracy	NN
and	CC
provide	VB
little	JJ
,	,
if	IN
any	DT
,	,
deterrence	NN
on	IN
the	DT
cyberspace	NN
frontier	NN
.	.
The	DT
domain	NN
of	IN
Cyberspace	NNP
is	VBZ
in	IN
rapid	JJ
transition	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
quickly	RB
becoming	VBG
a	DT
place	NN
unto	JJ
itself	PRP
--	:
a	DT
world	NN
with	IN
no	DT
borders	NNS
.	.
The	DT
old	JJ
legal	JJ
system	NN
,	,
developed	VBN
during	IN
a	DT
time	NN
when	WRB
borders	NNS
were	VBD
important	JJ
,	,
is	VBZ
probably	RB
inadequate	JJ
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
these	DT
changes	NNS
.	.
Software	NNP
companies	NNS
have	VBP
the	DT
option	NN
to	TO
litigate	VB
under	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
system	NN
,	,
but	CC
they	PRP
may	MD
lose	VB
more	JJR
than	IN
they	PRP
gain	VBP
.	.
Given	VBN
the	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
coherent	JJ
global	JJ
solutions	NNS
,	,
software	NN
companies	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
find	VB
their	PRP$
own	JJ
remedies	NNS
rather	RB
than	IN
rely	VB
on	IN
government	NN
intervention	NN
.	.
Technology	NNP
seems	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
the	DT
logical	JJ
answer	NN
.	.
The	DT
law	NN
may	MD
ultimately	RB
assist	VB
technology	NN
,	,
but	CC
only	RB
in	IN
a	DT
supplemental	JJ
capacity	NN
.	.
Technology	NNP
combined	VBN
with	IN
law	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
best	JJS
prescription	NN
for	IN
fighting	VBG
Internet	NNP
piracy	NN
in	IN
Cyberspace	NNP
.	.
``	``
pre-digital	JJ
''	''
copyright	NN
include	VBP
new	JJ
rights	NNS
to	TO
authorize	VB
online	JJ
transmissions	NNS
,	,
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
integrity	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
rights	NNS
management	NN
information	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
prevent	VB
the	DT
facilitation	NN
of	IN
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
through	IN
the	DT
circumvention	NN
of	IN
technological	JJ
anti-copying	JJ
devices	NNS
.	.
See	VB
WIPO	NNP
Copyright	NNP
Treaty	NNP
,	,
art	NN
.	.
8	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
providing	VBG
new	JJ
rights	NNS
to	TO
authorize	VB
online	JJ
transmissions	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
art	NN
.	.
11	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
requiring	VBG
nations	NNS
adopting	VBG
the	DT
treaty	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
``	``
adequate	JJ
legal	JJ
protection	NN
and	CC
effective	JJ
legal	JJ
remedies	NNS
''	''
against	IN
the	DT
circumvention	NN
of	IN
anti-copying	JJ
protection	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
;	:
art	NN
.	.
12	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
requiring	VBG
nations	NNS
adopting	VBG
the	DT
treaty	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
legal	JJ
remedies	NNS
against	IN
persons	NNS
who	WP
remove	VBP
or	CC
alter	VBP
any	DT
``	``
electronic	JJ
rights	NNS
management	NN
information	NN
''	''
without	IN
authority	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Statements	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
stating	VBG
that	IN
nations	NNS
may	MD
``	``
carry	VB
forward	RB
and	CC
appropriately	RB
extend	VB
''	''
existing	VBG
copyright	NN
limitations	NNS
into	IN
the	DT
digital	JJ
environment	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
``	``
devise	VB
new	JJ
exceptions	NNS
and	CC
limitations	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
appropriate	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
digital	JJ
environment	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Just	RB
to	TO
show	VB
you	PRP
how	WRB
easy	JJ
it	PRP
is	VBZ
to	TO
steal	VB
the	DT
look	NN
and	CC
feel	VB
of	IN
a	DT
website	NN
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
assistance	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
brother	NN
,	,
I	PRP
took	VBD
portions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Coke.com	NNP
website	NN
and	CC
modified	VBD
it	PRP
for	IN
my	PRP$
own	JJ
diabolical	JJ
purposes	NNS
.	.
What	WP
can	MD
Coke	NNP
do	VBP
about	IN
it	PRP
?	.
You	PRP
decide	VBP
.	.
As	IN
physicians	NNS
opened	VBD
practices	NNS
in	IN
towns	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
,	,
citizens	NNS
living	VBG
in	IN
rural	JJ
areas	NNS
traveled	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
nearest	JJS
town	NN
to	TO
receive	VB
healthcare	NN
services	NNS
.	.
The	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
infirm	JJ
rural	JJ
citizens	NNS
traveling	VBG
to	TO
larger	JJR
towns	NNS
to	TO
consult	VB
a	DT
doctor	NN
continued	VBD
for	IN
the	DT
duration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Twentieth	NNP
Century	NNP
.	.
By	IN
redefining	VBG
medical	JJ
practice	NN
in	IN
this	DT
manner	NN
,	,
telemedical	JJ
consults	NNS
are	VBP
explicitly	RB
included	VBN
within	IN
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
performed	VBN
without	IN
becoming	VBG
a	DT
licensed	JJ
practitioner	NN
within	IN
the	DT
state	NN
,	,
unless	IN
the	DT
manner	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
services	NNS
are	VBP
provided	VBN
falls	VBZ
within	IN
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
an	DT
exception	NN
to	TO
the	DT
licensing	NN
requirement	NN
.	.
This	DT
holding	NN
may	MD
have	VB
implications	NNS
for	IN
telemedicine	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
indicates	VBZ
that	IN
under	IN
appropriate	JJ
circumstances	NNS
,	,
courts	NNS
are	VBP
willing	JJ
to	TO
hold	VB
consultant	NN
physicians	NNS
responsible	JJ
to	TO
patients	NNS
even	RB
where	WRB
face-to-face	JJ
contact	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
occurred	VBN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
to	TO
contribute	VB
to	TO
further	JJ
nationalization	NN
of	IN
the	DT
standard	NN
of	IN
care	NN
.	.
Moreover	RB
,	,
the	DT
promise	NN
telemedicine	NN
holds	VBZ
for	IN
making	VBG
medical	JJ
specialty	NN
services	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
remote	JJ
areas	NNS
may	MD
potentially	RB
create	VB
a	DT
duty	NN
for	IN
physicians	NNS
in	IN
rural	JJ
areas	NNS
to	TO
request	NN
specialty	NN
consults	VBZ
earlier	JJR
than	IN
might	MD
be	VB
expected	VBN
if	IN
patients	NNS
could	MD
not	RB
obtain	VB
specialty	NN
care	NN
unless	IN
they	PRP
traveled	VBD
several	JJ
hundred	CD
miles	NNS
to	TO
receive	VB
face-to	JJ
-	:
face	NN
treatment	NN
under	IN
the	DT
traditional	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
delivery	NN
system	NN
.	.
Compliance	NN
with	IN
registration	NN
provisions	NNS
outlined	VBN
above	IN
entitles	VBZ
physician	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
telemedical	JJ
consults	NNS
upon	IN
the	DT
request	NN
of	IN
a	DT
practitioner	NN
maintaining	VBG
full	JJ
,	,
unrestricted	JJ
license	NN
in	IN
this	DT
state	NN
,	,
provided	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
requesting	VBG
practitioner	NN
maintains	VBZ
full	JJ
decision-making	NN
authority	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
care	NN
of	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
the	DT
subject	NN
of	IN
the	DT
consult	VB
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
states	NNS
may	MD
presume	VB
a	DT
physician	NN
who	WP
can	MD
present	VB
evidence	NN
of	IN
unrestricted	JJ
privileges	NNS
to	TO
practice	VB
at	IN
an	DT
accredited	VBN
hospital	NN
is	VBZ
competent	JJ
and	CC
ethical	JJ
,	,
since	IN
serious	JJ
negligence	NN
or	CC
misconduct	NN
reported	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
data	NNS
bank	NN
would	MD
most	RBS
likely	JJ
result	NN
in	IN
refusal	NN
or	CC
revocation	NN
of	IN
physician	NN
privileges	NNS
by	IN
hospitals	NNS
.	.
The	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
more	JJR
complete	JJ
information	NN
,	,
often	RB
augmented	VBN
by	IN
live	JJ
,	,
two-way	JJ
audio-video	NN
transmission	NN
of	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
with	IN
his	PRP$
local	JJ
doctor	NN
at	IN
his	PRP$
side	NN
,	,
should	MD
make	VB
telemedical	JJ
consults	NNS
safer	JJR
and	CC
more	RBR
effective	JJ
than	IN
their	PRP$
telephone	NN
predecessors	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
states	NNS
who	WP
formerly	RB
felt	VBD
comfortable	JJ
allowing	VBG
non-telemedical	JJ
consults	NNS
to	TO
occur	VB
across	IN
state	NN
lines	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
explain	VB
why	WRB
the	DT
current	JJ
telemedical	NN
consults	VBZ
require	VB
more	JJR
restrictive	JJ
regulation	NN
.	.
This	DT
view	NN
might	MD
be	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
accurate	JJ
,	,
since	IN
the	DT
telemedical	JJ
evaluation	NN
is	VBZ
in	IN
lieu	NN
of	IN
a	DT
face-to-face	JJ
visit	NN
.	.
Viewed	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
manner	NN
,	,
the	DT
state	NN
might	MD
be	VB
misusing	VBG
its	PRP$
regulatory	JJ
power	NN
by	IN
attempting	VBG
to	TO
legislate	VB
across	IN
state	NN
lines	NNS
to	TO
prevent	VB
out-of-state	JJ
doctors	NNS
from	IN
providing	VBG
consults	NNS
to	TO
patients	NNS
who	WP
reach	VBP
out	RP
to	TO
them	PRP
by	IN
way	NN
of	IN
virtual	JJ
transmission	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
medical	JJ
data	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
doctor	NN
in	IN
the	DT
state	NN
where	WRB
he	PRP
is	VBZ
licensed	VBN
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
desirability	NN
of	IN
having	VBG
telemedical	JJ
providers	NNS
as	IN
close	JJ
as	IN
possible	JJ
to	TO
their	PRP$
patients	NNS
to	TO
facilitate	VB
continuity	NN
of	IN
care	NN
in	IN
case	NN
on-site	JJ
treatment	NN
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
vital	JJ
that	IN
patients	NNS
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
receive	VB
telemedical	JJ
services	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
nearest	JJS
provider	NN
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
located	VBN
outside	IN
the	DT
state	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
patient	NN
lives	VBZ
.	.
The	DT
nation	NN
recognized	VBN
early	RB
that	IN
regulation	NN
aimed	VBN
at	IN
stifling	VBG
competition	NN
threatens	VBZ
the	DT
well	RB
being	VBG
of	IN
citizens	NNS
because	IN
the	DT
availability	NN
of	IN
goods	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
becomes	VBZ
more	RBR
limited	JJ
and	CC
also	RB
more	RBR
expensive	JJ
than	IN
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
in	IN
a	DT
market	NN
with	IN
minimal	JJ
restrictions	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
percentage	NN
of	IN
state	NN
citizens	NNS
who	WP
use	VBP
telemedicine	NN
is	VBZ
small	JJ
,	,
enactment	NN
of	IN
restrictive	JJ
legislation	NN
on	IN
the	DT
grounds	NNS
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
health	NN
and	CC
welfare	NN
of	IN
citizens	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
state	NN
may	MD
be	VB
unreasonably	RB
burdensome	JJ
.	.
But	CC
when	WRB
a	DT
patient	NN
suffering	NN
from	IN
a	DT
rare	JJ
condition	NN
is	VBZ
referred	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
telemedicine	NN
consult	VBP
to	TO
a	DT
specialist	NN
possessing	VBG
rare	JJ
expertise	NN
,	,
that	IN
patient	NN
is	VBZ
arguably	RB
more	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
helped	VBN
than	IN
harmed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
contact	NN
with	IN
an	DT
out-of-state	JJ
physician	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
section	NN
of	IN
this	DT
essay	NN
,	,
I	PRP
articulate	VBP
further	RB
the	DT
distinction	NN
between	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
external	JJ
points	NNS
of	IN
view	NN
of	IN
a	DT
practice	NN
.	.
I	PRP
conclude	VBP
that	IN
only	RB
an	DT
account	NN
of	IN
legal	JJ
practice	NN
which	WDT
takes	VBZ
seriously	RB
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
has	VBZ
any	DT
prospect	NN
of	IN
understanding	VBG
the	DT
practice	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
section	NN
,	,
I	PRP
consider	VBP
the	DT
view	NN
,	,
represented	VBN
by	IN
Pierre	NNP
Schlag	NNP
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
distinction	NN
between	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
and	CC
external	JJ
perspectives	NNS
is	VBZ
unhelpful	JJ
and	CC
potentially	RB
misleading	JJ
.	.
Although	IN
I	PRP
reject	VBP
Schlag	NNP
's	POS
position	NN
,	,
I	PRP
note	VBP
that	IN
he	PRP
has	VBZ
alerted	VBN
us	PRP
to	TO
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
be	VB
cautious	JJ
in	IN
how	WRB
we	PRP
use	VBP
the	DT
distinction	NN
.	.
The	DT
third	JJ
section	NN
of	IN
the	DT
essay	NN
explores	VBZ
in	IN
more	JJR
detail	NN
what	WP
taking	VBG
seriously	RB
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
of	IN
legal	JJ
practice	NN
amounts	NNS
to	TO
.	.
I	PRP
suggest	VBP
first	RB
that	IN
any	DT
analysis	NN
which	WDT
takes	VBZ
seriously	RB
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
must	MD
presume	VB
that	IN
practitioners	NNS
practice	NN
in	IN
good	JJ
faith	NN
.	.
I	PRP
examine	VBP
some	DT
objections	NNS
to	TO
this	DT
presumption	NN
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
suggest	VBP
that	IN
,	,
from	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
of	IN
the	DT
good-faith	NN
practitioner	NN
,	,
law	NN
is	VBZ
-LRB-	-LRB-
minimally	RB
-RRB-	-RRB-
rational	JJ
,	,
and	CC
law	NN
is	VBZ
-LRB-	-LRB-
in	IN
an	DT
important	JJ
sense	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
autonomous	JJ
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
fourth	JJ
section	NN
of	IN
the	DT
essay	NN
,	,
I	PRP
consider	VBP
two	CD
objections	NNS
to	TO
taking	VBG
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
so	IN
seriously	RB
.	.
First	RB
,	,
I	PRP
argue	VBP
that	IN
,	,
contrary	JJ
to	TO
what	WP
one	PRP
might	MD
suppose	VB
on	IN
first	JJ
glance	NN
,	,
taking	VBG
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
seriously	RB
enlivens	VBZ
internal	JJ
debate	NN
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
stifling	VBG
some	DT
contributions	NNS
to	TO
it	PRP
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
I	PRP
argue	VBP
,	,
again	RB
perhaps	RB
contrary	JJ
to	TO
first	JJ
appearances	NNS
,	,
that	IN
internal	JJ
criticism	NN
of	IN
legal	JJ
practice	NN
,	,
far	RB
from	IN
being	VBG
weak	JJ
,	,
is	VBZ
the	DT
only	JJ
criticism	NN
which	WDT
has	VBZ
any	DT
worthwhile	JJ
impact	NN
.	.
Finally	RB
,	,
I	PRP
draw	VBP
some	DT
conclusions	NNS
about	IN
ethical	JJ
jurisprudence	NN
.	.
Hart	NNP
then	RB
distinguishes	VBZ
between	IN
two	CD
kinds	NNS
of	IN
observer	NN
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
type	NN
of	IN
observer	NN
,	,
whom	WP
we	PRP
may	MD
more	RBR
accurately	RB
call	VB
a	DT
``	``
virtual	JJ
participant	NN
,	,
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
10	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
8	CD
speaks	VBZ
of	IN
the	DT
rules	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
as	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
actual	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
participants	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
understand	VB
those	DT
rules	NNS
,	,
and	CC
so	RB
recognizes	VBZ
that	IN
practitioners	NNS
treat	VBP
the	DT
rules	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
as	IN
reasons	NNS
for	IN
acting	VBG
,	,
as	IN
grounds	NNS
for	IN
praise	NN
and	CC
blame	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
-LRB-	-LRB-
11	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
9	CD
This	DT
type	NN
of	IN
observer	NN
,	,
in	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
while	IN
perhaps	RB
not	RB
participating	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
,	,
takes	VBZ
seriously	RB
the	DT
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
of	IN
those	DT
who	WP
do	VBP
.	.
The	DT
difference	NN
between	IN
my	PRP$
example	NN
of	IN
littering	VBG
and	CC
Hart	NNP
's	POS
of	IN
stopping	VBG
at	IN
a	DT
red	JJ
light	NN
illustrates	VBZ
exactly	RB
why	WRB
an	DT
external	JJ
observer	NN
's	POS
account	NN
must	MD
fail	VB
.	.
There	EX
will	MD
be	VB
many	JJ
rules	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
rule	NN
against	IN
littering	VBG
,	,
which	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
yield	VB
observable	JJ
results	NNS
when	WRB
breached	VBN
.	.
From	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
,	,
this	DT
has	VBZ
little	JJ
bearing	NN
on	IN
whether	IN
there	EX
really	RB
is	VBZ
a	DT
rule	NN
against	IN
littering	VBG
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
16	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
14	CD
From	IN
the	DT
observer	NN
's	POS
external	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
insufficient	JJ
regularity	NN
from	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
observer	NN
can	MD
draw	VB
any	DT
conclusions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
rule	NN
Hart	NNP
chooses	VBZ
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
an	DT
example	NN
of	IN
a	DT
rule	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
,	,
far	RB
more	RBR
often	RB
than	IN
not	RB
,	,
obeyed	VBD
.	.
It	PRP
might	MD
be	VB
objected	VBN
that	IN
an	DT
external	JJ
observer	NN
could	MD
give	VB
an	DT
account	NN
of	IN
rules	NNS
which	WDT
were	VBD
only	RB
partially	RB
enforced	VBN
.	.
But	CC
the	DT
account	NN
would	MD
only	RB
notice	VB
infrequent	JJ
regularity	NN
--	:
sometimes	RB
A	DT
-LRB-	-LRB-
littering	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
precedes	VBZ
B	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
admonition	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
sometimes	RB
not	RB
.	.
Clearly	RB
,	,
this	DT
does	VBZ
not	RB
capture	VB
the	DT
participant	NN
's	POS
perspective	NN
on	IN
rules	NNS
.	.
Appearances	NNS
perhaps	RB
to	TO
the	DT
contrary	NN
,	,
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
even	RB
capture	VB
the	DT
litterer	NN
's	POS
perspective	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
litterer	NN
is	VBZ
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
rule	NN
against	IN
littering	VBG
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
litterer	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
aware	JJ
that	IN
admonition	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
possible	JJ
,	,
and	CC
appropriate	JJ
,	,
response	NN
,	,
but	CC
is	VBZ
willing	JJ
to	TO
take	VB
that	DT
risk	NN
.	.
In	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
however	RB
accurate	JJ
a	DT
description	NN
of	IN
rule-governed	JJ
behavior	NN
may	MD
be	VB
,	,
such	JJ
description	NN
can	MD
never	RB
capture	VB
the	DT
prescriptive	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
rules	NNS
,	,
absent	JJ
appeal	NN
to	TO
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
of	IN
the	DT
rule	NN
follower	NN
.	.
However	RB
complete	VB
its	PRP$
descriptive	JJ
account	NN
of	IN
a	DT
social	JJ
practice	NN
,	,
the	DT
external	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
can	MD
not	RB
capture	VB
the	DT
prescriptive	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
rules	NNS
.	.
Imagine	VB
an	DT
observer	NN
of	IN
chess	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
18	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
16	CD
who	WP
knows	VBZ
nothing	NN
of	IN
the	DT
rules	NNS
but	CC
seeks	VBZ
to	TO
learn	VB
them	PRP
by	IN
observation	NN
.	.
Such	PDT
an	DT
observer	NN
might	MD
learn	VB
that	IN
the	DT
horse-shaped	JJ
piece	NN
hops	VBZ
two	CD
squares	NNS
in	IN
one	CD
direction	NN
and	CC
one	CD
square	NN
over	IN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
the	DT
miter-headed	JJ
piece	NN
moves	NNS
diagonally	RB
on	IN
squares	NNS
of	IN
one	CD
color	NN
.	.
The	DT
observer	NN
might	MD
further	RB
note	VB
that	IN
when	WRB
a	DT
piece	NN
's	POS
destination	NN
is	VBZ
occupied	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
piece	NN
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
color	NN
,	,
the	DT
second	JJ
piece	NN
is	VBZ
removed	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
board	NN
.	.
Each	DT
player	NN
moves	VBZ
only	RB
pieces	NNS
of	IN
one	CD
color	NN
,	,
except	IN
when	WRB
removing	VBG
a	DT
piece	NN
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
color	NN
.	.
After	IN
moving	VBG
a	DT
piece	NN
,	,
each	DT
player	NN
hits	VBZ
a	DT
button	NN
on	IN
top	NN
of	IN
what	WP
appears	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
timing	NN
device	NN
.	.
After	IN
one	CD
player	NN
has	VBZ
made	VBN
forty	CD
moves	NNS
,	,
the	DT
other	JJ
writes	VBZ
something	NN
on	IN
a	DT
piece	NN
of	IN
paper	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
sealed	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
envelope	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
players	NNS
depart	VBP
until	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
morning	NN
.	.
Which	WDT
of	IN
these	DT
actions	NNS
occurs	VBZ
will	MD
vary	VB
,	,
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
nature	NN
or	CC
level	NN
of	IN
the	DT
game	NN
.	.
Perhaps	RB
an	DT
observer	NN
could	MD
,	,
in	IN
principle	NN
,	,
observe	VB
enough	RB
games	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
extract	VB
from	IN
those	DT
observations	NNS
all	DT
and	CC
only	RB
those	DT
practices	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
universal	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
19	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
17	CD
The	DT
observer	NN
may	MD
observe	VB
both	DT
tournament-level	JJ
and	CC
casual	JJ
games	NNS
of	IN
chess	NN
,	,
and	CC
isolate	VB
those	DT
practices	NNS
universal	JJ
to	TO
any	DT
occasion	NN
the	DT
game	NN
is	VBZ
played	VBN
.	.
But	CC
these	DT
observers	NNS
have	VBP
not	RB
given	VBN
an	DT
account	NN
of	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
which	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
intelligible	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
practitioner	NN
,	,
who	WP
makes	VBZ
legal	JJ
arguments	NNS
,	,
not	RB
economic	JJ
or	CC
political	JJ
ones	NNS
.	.
In	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
while	IN
these	DT
observers	NNS
may	MD
have	VB
noticed	VBN
an	DT
important	JJ
regularity	NN
in	IN
the	DT
behavior	NN
of	IN
some	DT
practitioners	NNS
of	IN
law	NN
,	,
they	PRP
have	VBP
not	RB
identified	VBN
any	DT
rule	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
custom	NN
,	,
standard	NN
,	,
practice	NN
,	,
or	CC
principle	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
which	WDT
those	DT
practitioners	NNS
would	MD
appeal	VB
in	IN
explaining	VBG
their	PRP$
own	JJ
behavior	NN
.	.
The	DT
observer	NN
,	,
in	IN
short	JJ
,	,
has	VBZ
ignored	VBN
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
.	.
The	DT
intelligibility	NN
of	IN
an	DT
external	JJ
account	NN
of	IN
a	DT
practice	NN
rests	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
the	DT
logic	NN
of	IN
observation\/participation	NN
is	VBZ
such	JJ
that	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
derives	VBZ
no	DT
meaning	NN
or	CC
intelligibility	NN
from	IN
an	DT
external	JJ
account	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
28	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
26	CD
The	DT
external	JJ
account	NN
,	,
that	WDT
is	VBZ
to	TO
say	VB
,	,
is	VBZ
not	RB
essential	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
participant	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
although	IN
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
descriptively	RB
accurate	JJ
it	PRP
may	MD
well	RB
prove	VB
useful	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
whereas	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
observer	NN
,	,
if	IN
genuine	JJ
understanding	NN
is	VBZ
sought	VBN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
29	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
27	CD
Indeed	RB
,	,
reference	NN
to	TO
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
observer	NN
even	RB
before	IN
the	DT
observation	NN
begins	VBZ
,	,
since	IN
the	DT
observer	NN
,	,
absent	JJ
the	DT
participants	NNS
'	POS
guidance	NN
,	,
has	VBZ
no	DT
basis	NN
for	IN
deciding	VBG
what	WP
conduct	NN
falls	VBZ
within	IN
the	DT
``	``
practice	NN
''	''
being	VBG
observed	VBN
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
boundaries	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
can	MD
only	RB
be	VB
observed	VBN
from	IN
inside	NN
.	.
Is	VBZ
drumming	VBG
one	CD
's	POS
fingers	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
table	NN
while	IN
one	CD
's	POS
opponent	NN
considers	VBZ
how	WRB
next	JJ
to	TO
move	VB
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
chess	NN
or	CC
not	RB
?	.
And	CC
how	WRB
would	MD
an	DT
observer	NN
know	VBP
to	TO
call	VB
the	DT
person	NN
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
side	NN
of	IN
the	DT
table	NN
an	DT
``	``
opponent	NN
,	,
''	''
unless	IN
the	DT
observer	NN
already	RB
understood	VBD
something	NN
about	IN
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
competitive	JJ
games	NNS
,	,
unlessthe	JJ
observer	NN
had	VBD
already	RB
assumed	VBN
the	DT
significance	NN
,	,
albeit	IN
momentarily	RB
,	,
of	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
?	.
The	DT
essential	JJ
difference	NN
between	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
and	CC
the	DT
external	JJ
points	NNS
of	IN
view	NN
of	IN
a	DT
practice	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
is	VBZ
essentially	RB
purposive	JJ
,	,
concerned	JJ
with	IN
reasons	NNS
for	IN
action	NN
within	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
,	,
whereas	IN
the	DT
external	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
is	VBZ
essentially	RB
descriptive	JJ
,	,
concerned	JJ
with	IN
the	DT
causes	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
participants	NNS
'	POS
conduct	NN
.	.
Only	RB
from	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
does	VBZ
a	DT
practice	NN
have	VBP
a	DT
point	NN
,	,
and	CC
only	RB
from	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
do	VBP
the	DT
rules	NNS
,	,
standards	NNS
,	,
and	CC
customs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
operate	VBP
as	IN
reasons	NNS
for	IN
action	NN
.	.
Schlag	NNP
's	POS
attempted	VBN
demolition	NN
of	IN
Dworkin	NNP
's	POS
view	NN
on	IN
this	DT
account	NN
leaves	VBZ
the	DT
distinction	NN
between	IN
internal	JJ
and	CC
external	JJ
perspectives	NNS
unscathed	JJ
.	.
While	IN
Schlag	NNP
may	MD
dispute	VB
Dworkin	NNP
's	POS
account	NN
of	IN
where	WRB
the	DT
world	NN
's	POS
baggage	NN
is	VBZ
located	VBN
,	,
he	PRP
has	VBZ
not	RB
thereby	RB
shown	VBN
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
difference	NN
between	IN
the	DT
perspective	NN
of	IN
a	DT
participant	NN
in	IN
a	DT
practice	NN
and	CC
the	DT
perspective	NN
of	IN
an	DT
external	JJ
observer	NN
.	.
While	IN
judges	NNS
give	VBP
legal	JJ
reasons	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
decisions	NNS
,	,
the	DT
claim	NN
goes	VBZ
,	,
their	PRP$
real	JJ
reasons	NNS
are	VBP
political	JJ
or	CC
ideological	JJ
.	.
Obviously	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
participants	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
practice	NN
are	VBP
acting	VBG
in	IN
bad	JJ
faith	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
42	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
40	CD
then	RB
their	PRP$
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
deserve	VB
to	TO
be	VB
taken	VBN
seriously	RB
.	.
The	DT
following	JJ
sections	NNS
sketch	NN
some	DT
characteristics	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
of	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
.	.
The	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
being	VBG
more	JJR
art	NN
than	IN
science	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
bound	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
some	DT
disagreement	NN
about	IN
the	DT
characteristics	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
.	.
I	PRP
attempt	VBP
here	RB
to	TO
sketch	NN
those	DT
characteristics	NNS
in	IN
as	IN
broad	JJ
a	DT
way	NN
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
From	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
,	,
law	NN
is	VBZ
rational	JJ
.	.
Law	NNP
's	POS
claim	NN
to	TO
rationality	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
favorite	JJ
target	NN
of	IN
postmodern	JJ
legal	JJ
critics	NNS
.	.
Rationality	NN
has	VBZ
,	,
no	DT
doubt	NN
,	,
sometimes	RB
been	VBN
an	DT
instrument	NN
of	IN
oppression	NN
.	.
False	JJ
claims	NNS
of	IN
rationality	NN
,	,
and	CC
related	JJ
claims	NNS
of	IN
absoluteness	NN
,	,
objectivity	NN
,	,
universality	NN
,	,
and	CC
neutrality	NN
,	,
have	VBP
been	VBN
used	VBN
,	,
and	CC
continue	VB
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
,	,
to	TO
perpetuate	VB
imbalances	NNS
of	IN
power	NN
,	,
to	TO
represent	VB
privilege	NN
as	IN
the	DT
natural	JJ
order	NN
of	IN
things	NNS
,	,
to	TO
ossify	VB
status	NN
arrangements	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
56	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
54	CD
Thus	RB
,	,
insistence	NN
on	IN
even	RB
minimal	JJ
rationality	NN
may	MD
be	VB
met	VBN
with	IN
trepidation	NN
in	IN
some	DT
quarters	NNS
.	.
Nonetheless	RB
,	,
if	IN
we	PRP
are	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
converse	VB
,	,
we	PRP
must	MD
accept	VB
minimal	JJ
conditions	NNS
of	IN
rationality	NN
.	.
Unless	IN
a	DT
practice	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
from	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
,	,
deliberately	RB
irrational	JJ
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
57	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
55	CD
the	DT
practice	NN
must	MD
presume	VB
at	IN
least	JJS
minimal	JJ
rationality	NN
.	.
And	CC
law	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
paradigmatic	JJ
internally	RB
rational	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
58	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
56	CD
Law	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
as	IN
Ronald	NNP
Dworkin	NNP
has	VBZ
observed	VBN
,	,
an	DT
essentially	RB
argumentative	JJ
enterprise	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
59	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
57	CD
and	CC
argument	NN
without	IN
reason	NN
is	VBZ
mere	JJ
assertion	NN
and	CC
counter-assertion	NN
.	.
This	DT
,	,
of	IN
course	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
no	DT
violation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
principle	NN
of	IN
noncontradiction	NN
,	,
properly	RB
understood	VBN
.	.
Even	RB
Aristotle	NNP
,	,
the	DT
essentialist	NN
's	POS
essentialist	NN
,	,
recognized	VBD
that	IN
``	``
the	DT
same	JJ
proposition	NN
will	MD
be	VB
true	JJ
and	CC
false	JJ
in	IN
different	JJ
contexts	NNS
.	.
''	''
If	IN
the	DT
pragmatic	JJ
lawyer	NN
Singer	NNP
describes	VBZ
here	RB
cares	VBZ
little	JJ
for	IN
deductive	JJ
logic	NN
,	,
why	WRB
take	VB
the	DT
trouble	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
``	``
major	JJ
premises	NNS
,	,
''	''
or	CC
to	TO
carve	VB
exceptions	NNS
out	IN
of	IN
principles	NNS
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
distinguish	VB
cases	NNS
?	.
The	DT
lawyer	NN
troubles	NNS
to	TO
do	VB
all	PDT
this	DT
precisely	RB
because	RB
,	,
Singer	NNP
and	CC
Llewellyn	NNP
notwithstanding	IN
,	,
even	RB
the	DT
pragmatic	JJ
lawyer	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
73	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
71	CD
cares	VBZ
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
about	IN
deductive	JJ
validity	NN
,	,
and	CC
acknowledges	VBZ
,	,
albeit	IN
implicitly	RB
,	,
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
avoid	VB
self-contradiction	NN
.	.
From	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
,	,
law	NN
is	VBZ
separate	JJ
and	CC
distinct	JJ
from	IN
other	JJ
enterprises	NNS
.	.
This	DT
does	VBZ
not	RB
mean	VB
that	IN
those	DT
other	JJ
enterprises	NNS
have	VBP
no	DT
importance	NN
to	TO
the	DT
practitioner	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
does	VBZ
mean	VB
that	IN
,	,
to	TO
have	VB
legal	JJ
significance	NN
,	,
these	DT
other	JJ
enterprises	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
cast	VBN
in	IN
legally	RB
intelligible	JJ
terms	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
version	NN
of	IN
formalism	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
true	JJ
.	.
This	DT
version	NN
of	IN
formalism	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
claim	VBP
that	IN
law	NN
is	VBZ
unrelated	JJ
to	TO
other	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
knowledge	NN
.	.
It	PRP
admits	VBZ
that	IN
legal	JJ
argument	NN
makes	VBZ
use	NN
of	IN
moral	JJ
,	,
political	JJ
,	,
and	CC
sociological	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Whether	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
version	NN
of	IN
formalism	NN
or	CC
not	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
``	``
true	JJ
,	,
''	''
at	IN
least	JJS
not	RB
as	IN
a	DT
description	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
.	.
From	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
,	,
the	DT
``	``
extra-legal	JJ
,	,
''	''
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
be	VB
taken	VBN
into	IN
account	NN
,	,
must	MD
be	VB
expressed	VBN
in	IN
intra-legal	JJ
terms	NNS
,	,
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
.	.
Moral	JJ
,	,
political	JJ
,	,
sociological	JJ
,	,
and	CC
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
add	VB
,	,
economic	JJ
,	,
information	NN
is	VBZ
relevant	JJ
to	TO
legal	JJ
argument	NN
,	,
but	CC
only	RB
to	TO
the	DT
extent	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
expressed	VBN
in	IN
appropriately	RB
legal	JJ
terms	NNS
,	,
be	VB
incorporated	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
.	.
A	DT
judge	NN
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
persuaded	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
argument	NN
,	,
without	IN
more	JJR
,	,
that	IN
a	DT
property	NN
owner	NN
in	IN
an	DT
inverse	JJ
condemnation	NN
case	NN
should	MD
be	VB
awarded	VBN
$	$
1,000,000	CD
in	IN
compensation	NN
because	IN
that	DT
result	NN
best	JJS
approximates	VBZ
the	DT
result	NN
which	WDT
would	MD
occur	VB
in	IN
a	DT
free	JJ
market	NN
--	:
although	IN
that	DT
might	MD
be	VB
a	DT
desirable	JJ
economic	JJ
result	NN
,	,
so	RB
stated	VBD
it	PRP
has	VBZ
no	DT
legal	JJ
force	NN
;	:
but	CC
a	DT
judge	NN
might	MD
be	VB
persuaded	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
argument	NN
that	IN
``	``
just	RB
compensation	NN
,	,
''	''
properly	RB
understood	VBN
,	,
means	VBZ
fair	JJ
market	NN
value	NN
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
fair	JJ
market	NN
value	NN
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
is	VBZ
$	$
1,000,000	CD
,	,
and	CC
so	IN
the	DT
property	NN
owner	NN
should	MD
be	VB
awarded	VBN
$	$
1,000,000	CD
.	.
It	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
objected	VBN
that	IN
giving	VBG
primacy	NN
to	TO
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
potentially	RB
excludes	VBZ
``	``
deviant	JJ
,	,
''	''
i.e.	FW
non-mainstream	JJ
,	,
participant	NN
views	NNS
.	.
Ethical	JJ
jurisprudence	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
makes	VBZ
no	DT
substantive	JJ
claims	NNS
about	IN
what	WP
opinions	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
participant	NN
.	.
Ethical	JJ
jurisprudence	NN
only	RB
insists	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
participant	NN
's	POS
perspective	NN
be	VB
taken	VBN
seriously	RB
,	,
that	IN
those	DT
opinions	NNS
be	VB
expressed	VBN
in	IN
ways	NNS
intelligible	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
participant	NN
.	.
From	IN
the	DT
perspective	NN
of	IN
the	DT
participant	NN
,	,
the	DT
rules	NNS
,	,
standards	NNS
,	,
and	CC
customs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
,	,
understood	VBN
in	IN
light	NN
of	IN
the	DT
point	NN
of	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
,	,
function	NN
as	IN
reasons	NNS
for	IN
action	NN
within	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
.	.
This	DT
does	VBZ
not	RB
preclude	VB
disagreement	NN
over	IN
the	DT
point	NN
of	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
although	IN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
preclude	VB
the	DT
position	NN
that	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
is	VBZ
pointless	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
disagreement	NN
over	IN
the	DT
fitness	NN
of	IN
particular	JJ
rules	NNS
,	,
standards	NNS
,	,
and	CC
customs	NNS
to	TO
that	DT
point	NN
,	,
or	CC
interpretive	JJ
disagreements	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
meaning	NN
of	IN
the	DT
rules	NNS
,	,
standards	NNS
,	,
and	CC
customs	NNS
.	.
In	IN
another	DT
sense	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
``	``
perspective	NN
''	''
might	MD
refer	VB
to	TO
what	WP
several	JJ
contemporary	JJ
legal	JJ
theorists	NNS
call	VBP
``	``
voice	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
88	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
86	CD
Thus	RB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
argued	VBN
that	IN
women	NNS
,	,
members	NNS
of	IN
particular	JJ
racial	JJ
groups	NNS
,	,
and	CC
oppressed	JJ
people	NNS
generally	RB
speak	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
distinctive	JJ
voice	NN
,	,
a	DT
voice	NN
which	WDT
has	VBZ
its	PRP$
source	NN
in	IN
the	DT
uniqueness	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
experience	NN
.	.
Of	IN
course	NN
,	,
pressed	VBN
too	RB
far	RB
,	,
perspectivism	NN
of	IN
this	DT
sort	NN
is	VBZ
self-defeating	JJ
,	,
and	CC
makes	VBZ
conversation	NN
impossible	JJ
.	.
Everyone	NN
's	POS
experience	NN
is	VBZ
different	JJ
from	IN
everyone	NN
else	RB
's	POS
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
would	MD
be	VB
meaningless	JJ
to	TO
argue	VB
that	IN
each	DT
of	IN
us	PRP
speaks	VBZ
in	IN
a	DT
``	``
different	JJ
voice	NN
.	.
''	''
If	IN
that	DT
were	VBD
so	RB
,	,
we	PRP
could	MD
not	RB
communicate	VB
.	.
Too	RB
radical	JJ
a	DT
perspectivism	NN
isolates	VBZ
everyone	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
``	``
impoverished	JJ
pluralism	NN
''	''
to	TO
insist	VB
that	IN
all	DT
claims	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
those	DT
of	IN
the	DT
oppressed	VBN
,	,
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
equal	JJ
scrutiny	NN
.	.
The	DT
notion	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
should	MD
give	VB
greater	JJR
weight	NN
to	TO
some	DT
perspectives	NNS
than	IN
to	TO
others	NNS
,	,
simply	RB
because	IN
of	IN
``	``
where	WRB
they	PRP
're	VBP
coming	VBG
from	IN
,	,
''	''
is	VBZ
pernicious	JJ
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
96	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
94	CD
as	IN
is	VBZ
the	DT
related	JJ
claim	NN
that	IN
one	CD
person	NN
can	MD
not	RB
understand	VB
another	DT
because	IN
he	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
97	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
95	CD
lacks	VBZ
the	DT
other	JJ
's	POS
experience	NN
.	.
Critique	NN
of	IN
a	DT
practice	NN
from	IN
the	DT
observer	NN
's	POS
perspective	NN
,	,
i.e.	FW
,	,
from	IN
a	DT
perspective	NN
which	WDT
ignores	VBZ
and	CC
considers	VBZ
irrelevant	JJ
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
unhelpful	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
practitioner	NN
,	,
and	CC
so	RB
is	VBZ
precluded	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
ethical	JJ
jurisprudential	JJ
insistence	NN
that	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
be	VB
taken	VBN
seriously	RB
.	.
But	CC
internal	JJ
criticism	NN
is	VBZ
welcome	JJ
.	.
While	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
arguably	RB
legitimate	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
external	JJ
critic	NN
to	TO
debunk	VB
,	,
trash	VB
,	,
or	CC
otherwise	RB
to	TO
denounce	VB
the	DT
practice	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
109	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
107	CD
an	DT
internal	JJ
critic	NN
who	WP
takes	VBZ
such	PDT
a	DT
position	NN
has	VBZ
,	,
effectively	RB
,	,
abandoned	VBD
the	DT
practice	NN
,	,
shifted	VBD
ground	NN
to	TO
the	DT
outside	NN
.	.
Certain	JJ
moves	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
external	JJ
critic	NN
which	WDT
are	VBP
unavailable	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
-LRB-	-LRB-
legitimate	JJ
,	,
ethical	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
internal	JJ
critic	NN
.	.
In	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
criticism	NN
which	WDT
presents	VBZ
itself	PRP
as	IN
internal	JJ
to	TO
its	PRP$
subject	JJ
practice	NN
,	,
but	CC
which	WDT
is	VBZ
criticism	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
sake	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
,	,
despite	IN
its	PRP$
claim	NN
of	IN
internality	NN
,	,
essentially	RB
external	JJ
to	TO
its	PRP$
subject	JJ
practice	NN
,	,
literally	RB
pointless	JJ
.	.
In	IN
sum	NN
,	,
ethical	JJ
jurisprudence	NN
is	VBZ
constructively	RB
critical	JJ
of	IN
law	NN
and	CC
legal	JJ
practice	NN
;	:
it	PRP
presumes	VBZ
that	IN
law	NN
is	VBZ
worth	JJ
practicing	VBG
,	,
and	CC
that	DT
law	NN
and	CC
legal	JJ
practice	NN
are	VBP
capable	JJ
of	IN
improvement	NN
;	:
it	PRP
rejects	VBZ
as	IN
inadequate	JJ
any	DT
account	NN
of	IN
law	NN
which	WDT
fails	VBZ
to	TO
take	VB
seriously	RB
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
;	:
it	PRP
dismisses	VBZ
as	IN
perverse	JJ
any	DT
account	NN
which	WDT
makes	VBZ
nonsense	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
.	.
College	NNP
of	IN
Law	NNP
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
also	RB
the	DT
obligatory	JJ
footnote	NN
about	IN
use	NN
of	IN
personal	JJ
pronouns	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
to	TO
write	VB
perfectly	RB
intelligible	JJ
English	NNP
prose	NN
without	IN
resort	NN
to	TO
gender-specific	JJ
personal	JJ
pronouns	NNS
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
I	PRP
only	RB
use	VBP
``	``
he	PRP
''	''
or	CC
``	``
she	PRP
''	''
when	WRB
the	DT
antecedent	NN
is	VBZ
known	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
male	JJ
or	CC
female	JJ
,	,
respectively	RB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
necessary	JJ
to	TO
my	PRP$
analysis	NN
to	TO
make	VB
any	DT
specific	JJ
claims	NNS
about	IN
what	WP
good-faith	NN
practice	NN
looks	VBZ
like	IN
.	.
All	DT
that	WDT
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
is	VBZ
the	DT
presumption	NN
that	WDT
good-faith	NN
practice	NN
,	,
however	RB
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
articulated	VBN
,	,
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
.	.
Practitioners	NNS
will	MD
disagree	VB
about	IN
the	DT
details	NNS
of	IN
good-faith	NN
practice	NN
;	:
but	CC
only	RB
if	IN
they	PRP
share	VBP
the	DT
view	NN
that	IN
good-faith	NN
practice	NN
is	VBZ
possible	JJ
is	VBZ
their	PRP$
debate	NN
meaningful	JJ
.	.
As	RB
long	RB
as	IN
moral	JJ
philosophy	NN
concerns	NNS
itself	PRP
with	IN
clarifying	VBG
the	DT
everyday	JJ
intuitions	NNS
into	IN
which	WDT
we	PRP
are	VBP
socialized	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
adopt	VB
,	,
at	IN
least	JJS
virtually	RB
,	,
the	DT
attitude	NN
of	IN
someone	NN
who	WP
participates	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
communicative	JJ
practice	NN
of	IN
everyday	JJ
life	NN
.	.
The	DT
observer	NN
may	MD
also	RB
notice	VB
regularities	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
,	,
from	IN
the	DT
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
of	IN
the	DT
participant	NN
,	,
rule-governed	JJ
at	IN
all	DT
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
clear	JJ
how	WRB
the	DT
observer	NN
could	MD
distinguish	VB
between	IN
rule-following	NN
behavior	NN
and	CC
merely	RB
regular	JJ
behavior	NN
.	.
``	``
really	RB
is	VBZ
''	''
a	DT
rule	NN
against	IN
littering	VBG
?	.
Is	VBZ
n't	RB
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
rule	NN
is	VBZ
rarely	RB
obeyed	VBN
and	CC
rarely	RB
enforced	VBD
evidence	NN
that	IN
there	EX
``	``
really	RB
is	VBZ
not	RB
''	''
a	DT
rule	NN
against	IN
littering	VBG
?	.
Only	RB
if	IN
one	CD
takes	VBZ
an	DT
external	JJ
view	NN
of	IN
rules	NNS
.	.
That	DT
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
rule	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
reducible	JJ
to	TO
empirical	JJ
facts	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
rate	NN
of	IN
obedience	NN
to	TO
it	PRP
or	CC
the	DT
rate	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
enforcement	NN
.	.
Indeed	RB
,	,
research	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
those	DT
empirical	JJ
facts	NNS
presumes	VBZ
the	DT
existence	NN
of	IN
the	DT
rule	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
former	JJ
case	NN
,	,
rules	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
reasons	NNS
for	IN
action	NN
;	:
rather	RB
,	,
they	PRP
function	VBP
as	IN
limits	NNS
on	IN
action	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
moving	VBG
a	DT
pawn	NN
one	CD
square	NN
backwards	RB
is	VBZ
simply	RB
impermissible	JJ
under	IN
the	DT
rules	NNS
;	:
such	PDT
a	DT
move	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
move	NN
in	IN
the	DT
game	NN
of	IN
chess	NN
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
The	DT
rules	NNS
of	IN
social	JJ
practices	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
including	VBG
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
law	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
import	NN
.	.
Rather	RB
,	,
rules	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
social	JJ
practice	NN
function	NN
as	IN
reasons	NNS
for	IN
action	NN
,	,
and	CC
as	IN
reasons	NNS
for	IN
praise	NN
,	,
blame	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
.	.
A	DT
blunder	NN
in	IN
chess	NN
,	,
unlike	IN
a	DT
social	JJ
blunder	NN
,	,
breaks	VBZ
no	DT
rule	NN
.	.
Still	RB
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
observer	NN
can	MD
not	RB
hope	VB
to	TO
understand	VB
a	DT
practice	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
constituted	VBN
by	IN
its	PRP$
rules	NNS
,	,
how	WRB
much	RB
more	RBR
futile	JJ
is	VBZ
the	DT
hope	NN
to	TO
understand	VB
a	DT
practice	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
rules	NNS
sometimes	RB
function	VBP
as	IN
reasons	NNS
for	IN
action	NN
.	.
The	DT
distinction	NN
between	IN
constitutive	JJ
and	CC
regulative	JJ
rules	NNS
is	VBZ
,	,
in	IN
any	DT
event	NN
,	,
not	RB
a	DT
hard	JJ
and	CC
fast	JJ
one	CD
.	.
See	VB
Schauer	NNP
,	,
Playing	VBG
by	IN
the	DT
Rules	NNS
,	,
supra	NN
,	,
note	NN
7	CD
,	,
7	CD
,	,
citing	VBG
Raz	NNP
,	,
Practical	NNP
Reason	NNP
and	CC
Norms	NNS
108-113	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
Princeton	NNP
,	,
1990	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Any	DT
meaningful	JJ
expression	NN
--	:
be	VB
it	PRP
an	DT
utterance	NN
,	,
verbal	JJ
or	CC
nonverbal	JJ
,	,
or	CC
an	DT
artefact	NN
of	IN
any	DT
kind	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
tool	NN
,	,
an	DT
institution	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
written	VBN
document	NN
--	:
can	MD
be	VB
identified	VBN
from	IN
a	DT
double	JJ
perspective	NN
,	,
both	DT
as	IN
an	DT
observable	JJ
event	NN
and	CC
as	IN
an	DT
understandable	JJ
objectification	NN
of	IN
meaning	NN
.	.
We	PRP
can	MD
describe	VB
,	,
explain	VB
,	,
or	CC
predict	VB
a	DT
noise	NN
equivalent	NN
to	TO
the	DT
sounds	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
spoken	VBN
sentence	NN
without	IN
having	VBG
the	DT
slightest	JJS
idea	NN
what	WP
this	DT
utterance	NN
means	VBZ
.	.
To	TO
grasp	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
state	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
its	PRP$
meaning	NN
,	,
one	CD
has	VBZ
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
some	DT
-LRB-	-LRB-
actual	JJ
or	CC
imagined	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
communicative	JJ
action	NN
in	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
sentence	NN
in	IN
question	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
in	IN
such	JJ
a	DT
way	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
intelligible	JJ
to	TO
speakers	NNS
,	,
hearers	NNS
,	,
and	CC
bystanders	NNS
belonging	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
same	JJ
community	NN
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
true	JJ
,	,
empiricist	JJ
ethical	JJ
theories	NNS
could	MD
have	VB
no	DT
enlightening	VBG
impact	NN
because	IN
they	PRP
remain	VBP
fundamentally	RB
cut	VBN
off	RP
from	IN
the	DT
intuitions	NNS
of	IN
everyday	JJ
life	NN
...	:
As	IN
long	RB
as	RB
moral	JJ
philosophy	NN
concerns	NNS
itself	PRP
with	IN
clarifying	VBG
the	DT
everyday	JJ
intuitions	NNS
into	IN
which	WDT
we	PRP
are	VBP
socialized	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
adopt	VB
,	,
at	IN
least	JJS
virtually	RB
,	,
the	DT
attitude	NN
of	IN
someone	NN
who	WP
participates	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
communicative	JJ
practice	NN
of	IN
everyday	JJ
life	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
keep	VB
in	IN
mind	NN
that	IN
the	DT
standpoint	NN
of	IN
the	DT
observer	NN
of	IN
cultural	JJ
practices	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
viewpoint	NN
not	RB
of	IN
God	NNP
but	CC
of	IN
,	,
say	VB
,	,
the	DT
historian	NN
of	IN
ideas	NNS
or	CC
the	DT
anthropologist	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
,	,
as	IN
we	PRP
now	RB
realize	VBP
,	,
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
view	NN
from	IN
nowhere	RB
.	.
Interpreters	NNS
inevitably	RB
bring	VBP
with	IN
themselves	PRP
the	DT
perspectives	NNS
and	CC
concerns	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
cultures	NNS
;	:
they	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
avoid	VB
relying	VBG
upon	IN
the	DT
taken-for-granted	JJ
assumptions	NNS
built	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
languages	NNS
and	CC
practices	NNS
that	WDT
comprise	VBP
their	PRP$
own	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
life	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
case	NN
at	IN
hand	NN
,	,
this	DT
means	VBZ
that	IN
we	PRP
can	MD
distance	VB
ourselves	PRP
from	IN
certain	JJ
of	IN
our	PRP$
cultural	JJ
practices	NNS
only	RB
by	IN
taking	VBG
others	NNS
for	IN
granted	VBN
.	.
We	PRP
can	MD
never	RB
be	VB
observers	NNS
without	IN
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
being	VBG
participants	NNS
.	.
The	DT
whole	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
the	DT
CLS	NNP
critique	NN
of	IN
American	JJ
law	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
that	IN
judges	NNS
do	VBP
suffer	VB
from	IN
false	JJ
consciousness	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
law	NN
does	VBZ
reflect	VB
the	DT
ideological	JJ
biases	NNS
of	IN
judges	NNS
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
perfectly	RB
consistent	JJ
with	IN
Dworkin	NNP
's	POS
explanation	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
judges	NNS
decide	VBP
cases	NNS
.	.
Indeed	RB
,	,
it	PRP
explains	VBZ
why	WRB
judges	NNS
feel	VBP
constrained	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
materials	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
when	WRB
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
,	,
outside	JJ
observers	NNS
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
predict	VB
their	PRP$
positions	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
high	JJ
degree	NN
of	IN
accuracy	NN
by	IN
reference	NN
to	TO
politics	NNS
alone	RB
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
we	PRP
may	MD
assume	VB
that	IN
both	DT
Justice	NNP
Brennan	NNP
and	CC
Chief	NNP
Justice	NNP
Rehnquist	NNP
feel	VBP
constrained	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
materials	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
.	.
We	PRP
may	MD
assume	VB
that	IN
both	DT
of	IN
them	PRP
experience	VB
the	DT
subjective	JJ
feelings	NNS
of	IN
order	NN
that	IN
Dworkin	NNP
describes	VBZ
.	.
Yet	CC
it	PRP
is	VBZ
clear	JJ
that	IN
they	PRP
disagree	VBP
vehemently	RB
about	RB
many	JJ
issues	NNS
of	IN
constitutional	JJ
interpretation	NN
,	,
and	CC
,	,
what	WP
is	VBZ
more	RBR
important	JJ
,	,
the	DT
substance	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
disagreements	NNS
is	VBZ
relatively	RB
predictable	JJ
.	.
The	DT
formalist	JJ
asserts	VBZ
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
a	DT
non-instrumentalist	JJ
understanding	NN
of	IN
juridical	JJ
relations	NNS
.	.
This	DT
assertion	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
contains	VBZ
the	DT
following	VBG
insidious	JJ
implication	NN
:	:
The	DT
mere	JJ
possibility	NN
of	IN
a	DT
non-instrumental	JJ
understanding	NN
renders	VBZ
instrumental	JJ
understandings	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
legal	JJ
material	NN
superfluous	JJ
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
vice	NN
versa	RB
.	.
This	DT
follows	VBZ
from	IN
the	DT
paradigmatic	JJ
quality	NN
of	IN
immanent	JJ
intelligibility	NN
.	.
In	IN
similar	JJ
fashion	NN
,	,
the	DT
mere	JJ
possibility	NN
of	IN
an	DT
intelligible	JJ
account	NN
of	IN
legal	JJ
practice	NN
from	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
renders	VBZ
superfluous	JJ
to	TO
that	DT
understanding	VBG
an	DT
account	NN
from	IN
any	DT
external	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
.	.
Dworkin	NNP
takes	VBZ
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
judges	NNS
as	IN
exemplary	JJ
of	IN
legal	JJ
practice	NN
.	.
Dworkin	NNP
's	POS
account	NN
of	IN
legal	JJ
practice	NN
is	VBZ
unabashedly	RB
idealized	JJ
;	:
Schlag	NNP
's	POS
is	VBZ
so	RB
unidealized	JJ
as	IN
to	TO
be	VB
no	DT
account	NN
of	IN
legal	JJ
practice	NN
at	IN
all	DT
,	,
but	CC
merely	RB
a	DT
rich	JJ
description	NN
.	.
But	CC
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
a	DT
distinction	NN
is	VBZ
rooted	VBN
in	IN
metaphor	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
invalidate	VB
the	DT
distinction	NN
.	.
Just	RB
as	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
difference	NN
between	IN
water	NN
being	VBG
inside	IN
a	DT
glass	NN
and	CC
water	NN
being	VBG
outside	IN
a	DT
glass	NN
,	,
the	DT
container	NN
here	RB
being	VBG
non-metaphorical	JJ
,	,
so	RB
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
difference	NN
between	IN
understanding	VBG
a	DT
practice	NN
from	IN
the	DT
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
practitioners	NNS
and	CC
observing	VBG
a	DT
practice	NN
without	IN
reference	NN
to	TO
that	DT
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
,	,
whether	IN
the	DT
``	``
container	NN
''	''
Empire	NNP
,	,
supra	NN
,	,
note	NN
4	CD
,	,
offering	VBG
a	DT
theory	NN
of	IN
interpretation	NN
under	IN
which	WDT
one	CD
chooses	VBZ
between	IN
competing	VBG
interpretations	NNS
which	WDT
``	``
fit	JJ
''	''
their	PRP$
subject	NN
,	,
that	DT
interpretation	NN
which	WDT
makes	VBZ
of	IN
the	DT
subject	JJ
``	``
the	DT
best	JJS
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
.	.
''	''
Dworkin	NNP
's	POS
challenge	NN
to	TO
the	DT
critical	JJ
theorist	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
explain	VB
why	WRB
one	CD
should	MD
choose	VB
an	DT
interpretation	NN
of	IN
legal	JJ
practice	NN
according	VBG
to	TO
which	WDT
legal	JJ
practice	NN
is	VBZ
cynical	JJ
hypocrisy	NN
when	WRB
there	EX
are	VBP
available	JJ
interpretations	NNS
which	WDT
show	VBP
legal	JJ
practice	NN
in	IN
a	DT
better	JJR
light	NN
.	.
The	DT
obvious	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
easy	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
response	NN
,	,
of	IN
course	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
that	IN
those	DT
interpretations	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
fit	VB
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
critical	JJ
interpretation	NN
,	,
and	CC
so	RB
are	VBP
not	RB
real	JJ
options	NNS
.	.
Law	NN
is	VBZ
identical	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
ideas	NNS
of	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
is	VBZ
comprised	VBN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
intelligibility	NN
of	IN
law	NN
lies	VBZ
in	IN
grasping	VBG
the	DT
order	NN
and	CC
connection	NN
of	IN
these	DT
ideas	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
law	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
at	IN
least	JJS
in	IN
the	DT
formalist	NN
understanding	NN
,	,
essentially	RB
conceptual	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
present	JJ
itself	PRP
as	IN
alien	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
enquirer	NN
's	POS
efforts	NNS
to	TO
comprehend	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Thus	RB
the	DT
formalist	JJ
assumption	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
law	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
however	RB
inchoately	RB
,	,
an	DT
exhibition	NN
of	IN
intelligence	NN
.	.
For	IN
this	DT
reason	NN
our	PRP$
understanding	NN
can	MD
,	,
without	IN
sacrifice	NN
or	CC
diminution	NN
,	,
assume	VB
the	DT
perspective	NN
that	WDT
animates	VBZ
the	DT
juridical	JJ
enterprise	NN
from	IN
within	IN
.	.
Accordingly	RB
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
formalist	JJ
view	NN
there	EX
is	VBZ
in	IN
law	NN
an	DT
integration	NN
of	IN
the	DT
activity	NN
of	IN
understanding	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
matter	NN
to	TO
be	VB
understood	VBN
.	.
Since	IN
law	NN
is	VBZ
assumed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
intelligible	JJ
from	IN
within	IN
,	,
the	DT
content	NN
of	IN
law	NN
is	VBZ
regarded	VBN
as	IN
being	VBG
homogeneous	JJ
with	IN
,	,
and	CC
therefore	RB
accessible	JJ
to	TO
,	,
thought	VBD
.	.
Logical	JJ
consistency	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
cease	VB
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
good	JJ
because	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
the	DT
supreme	NN
good	JJ
.	.
Holmes	NNP
has	VBZ
told	VBN
us	PRP
in	IN
a	DT
sentence	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
now	RB
classic	JJ
that	IN
``	``
the	DT
life	NN
of	IN
the	DT
law	NN
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
logic	NN
;	:
it	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
experience	NN
.	.
''	''
But	CC
Holmes	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
tell	VB
us	PRP
that	IN
logic	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
ignored	VBN
when	WRB
experience	NN
is	VBZ
silent	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
am	VBP
not	RB
to	TO
mar	VB
the	DT
symmetry	NN
of	IN
the	DT
legal	JJ
structure	NN
by	IN
the	DT
introduction	NN
of	IN
inconsistencies	NNS
and	CC
irrelevancies	NNS
and	CC
artificial	JJ
exceptions	NNS
unless	IN
for	IN
some	DT
sufficient	JJ
reason	NN
,	,
which	WDT
will	MD
commonly	RB
be	VB
some	DT
consideration	NN
of	IN
history	NN
or	CC
custom	NN
or	CC
policy	NN
or	CC
justice	NN
.	.
Lacking	VBG
such	JJ
a	DT
reason	NN
,	,
I	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
logical	JJ
,	,
just	RB
as	IN
I	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
impartial	JJ
,	,
and	CC
upon	IN
like	IN
grounds	NNS
.	.
Rev.	NNP
95	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1990	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
``	``
Voice	NNP
''	''
has	VBZ
become	VBN
a	DT
major	JJ
critical	JJ
category	NN
in	IN
recent	JJ
years	NNS
,	,
perhaps	RB
starting	VBG
with	IN
Carol	NNP
Gilligan	NNP
's	POS
In	IN
a	DT
Different	NNP
Voice	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
Harvard	NNP
U.	NNP
Press	NNP
,	,
1982	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
which	WDT
argued	VBD
that	IN
,	,
in	IN
general	JJ
,	,
women	NNS
's	POS
experience	NN
is	VBZ
different	JJ
from	IN
men	NNS
's	POS
and	CC
that	IN
,	,
as	IN
a	DT
consequence	NN
,	,
women	NNS
speak	VBP
in	IN
a	DT
voice	NN
different	JJ
from	IN
that	DT
of	IN
men	NNS
.	.
The	DT
notion	NN
of	IN
``	``
voice	NN
''	''
has	VBZ
been	VBN
taken	VBN
up	RP
and	CC
expanded	VBN
upon	IN
in	IN
feminist	JJ
legal	JJ
theory	NN
and	CC
in	IN
critical	JJ
race	NN
theory	NN
.	.
If	IN
I	PRP
were	VBD
asked	VBN
,	,
then	RB
,	,
to	TO
discern	VB
one	CD
central	JJ
indisputable	JJ
principle	NN
of	IN
what	WP
may	MD
be	VB
called	VBN
substantive	JJ
natural	JJ
law	NN
--	:
Natural	JJ
Law	NN
with	IN
capital	NN
letters	NNS
--	:
I	PRP
would	MD
find	VB
it	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
injunction	NN
:	:
Open	VB
up	RP
,	,
maintain	VB
,	,
and	CC
preserve	VB
the	DT
integrity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
channels	NNS
of	IN
communication	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
men	NNS
convey	VBP
to	TO
one	CD
another	DT
what	WP
they	PRP
perceive	VBP
,	,
feel	VBP
,	,
and	CC
desire	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
matter	NN
the	DT
morality	NN
of	IN
aspiration	NN
offers	VBZ
more	JJR
than	IN
good	JJ
counsel	NN
and	CC
the	DT
challenge	NN
of	IN
excellence	NN
.	.
It	PRP
here	RB
speaks	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
imperious	JJ
voice	NN
we	PRP
are	VBP
accustomed	VBN
to	TO
hear	VB
from	IN
the	DT
morality	NN
of	IN
duty	NN
.	.
And	CC
if	IN
men	NNS
will	MD
listen	VB
,	,
that	IN
voice	NN
,	,
unlike	IN
that	DT
of	IN
the	DT
morality	NN
of	IN
duty	NN
,	,
can	MD
be	VB
heard	VBN
across	IN
the	DT
boundaries	NNS
and	CC
through	IN
the	DT
barriers	NNS
that	WDT
now	RB
separate	JJ
men	NNS
from	IN
one	CD
another	DT
.	.
Needs	NNS
and	CC
wants	VBZ
are	VBP
interpreted	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
light	NN
of	IN
cultural	JJ
values	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
cultural	JJ
values	NNS
are	VBP
always	RB
components	NNS
of	IN
intersubjectively	RB
shared	VBN
traditions	NNS
,	,
the	DT
revision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
values	NNS
used	VBN
to	TO
interpret	VB
needs	NNS
and	CC
wants	VBZ
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
a	DT
matter	NN
for	IN
individuals	NNS
to	TO
handle	VB
monologically	RB
.	.
I	PRP
would	MD
weight	VB
the	DT
pragmatic	JJ
method	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
and	CC
give	VB
special	JJ
credence	NN
to	TO
the	DT
perspective	NN
of	IN
the	DT
subordinated	VBN
;	:
second	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
add	VB
a	DT
first	JJ
principle	NN
of	IN
anti-subordination	NN
;	:
and	CC
third	JJ
,	,
I	PRP
would	MD
claim	VB
that	IN
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
pragmatic	JJ
method	NN
with	IN
a	DT
normative	JJ
first	JJ
principle	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
inconsistent	JJ
.	.
Her	PRP$
assumption	NN
,	,
apparently	RB
,	,
is	VBZ
that	IN
such	JJ
scholars	NNS
,	,
because	IN
of	IN
their	PRP$
sexual	JJ
orientation	NN
and	CC
oppressed	JJ
status	NN
,	,
have	VBP
something	NN
to	TO
say	VB
which	WDT
is	VBZ
different	JJ
from	IN
anything	NN
anyone	NN
else	RB
might	MD
say	VB
.	.
This	DT
does	VBZ
not	RB
seem	VB
to	TO
me	PRP
obvious	JJ
,	,
although	IN
I	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
interest	NN
in	IN
silencing	VBG
their	PRP$
voices	NNS
whether	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
so	RB
or	CC
not	RB
.	.
Thus	RB
arises	VBZ
a	DT
standpoint	NN
for	IN
criticism	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
decisive	JJ
precisely	RB
because	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
internal	JJ
.	.
Whereas	IN
criticism	NN
from	IN
the	DT
outside	NN
can	MD
be	VB
shrugged	VBN
off	RP
with	IN
the	DT
argument	NN
that	IN
the	DT
critic	NN
's	POS
favored	JJ
position	NN
is	VBZ
simply	RB
irrelevant	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
law	NN
's	POS
immanent	JJ
rationality	NN
,	,
criticism	NN
from	IN
the	DT
inside	JJ
engages	VBZ
law	NN
ineluctably	RB
on	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
ground	NN
.	.
Cornell	NNP
L.	NNP
Rev.	NNP
256	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
1989	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Insisting	VBG
that	DT
law	NN
is	VBZ
best	RB
understood	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
form	NN
of	IN
politics	NNS
,	,
Michelman	NNP
redefines	VBZ
politics	NNS
and	CC
argues	VBZ
that	DT
law	NN
fits	VBZ
this	DT
redefinition	NN
.	.
Michelman	NNP
's	POS
position	NN
is	VBZ
importantly	RB
different	JJ
from	IN
that	DT
of	IN
an	DT
observer	NN
--	:
his	PRP$
is	VBZ
a	DT
practitioner	NN
's	POS
perspective	NN
,	,
and	CC
he	PRP
is	VBZ
recommending	VBG
that	IN
practitioners	NNS
rethink	VBP
the	DT
point	NN
of	IN
the	DT
practice	NN
.	.
Michelman	NNP
,	,
in	IN
other	JJ
words	NNS
,	,
is	VBZ
conversing	VBG
about	IN
law	NN
from	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
,	,
and	CC
so	RB
doing	VBG
-LRB-	-LRB-
I	PRP
'm	VBP
sure	JJ
he	PRP
'd	MD
be	VB
indifferent	JJ
to	TO
hear	VB
!	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
ethical	JJ
jurisprudence	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
critical	JJ
moments	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
lives	NNS
of	IN
some	DT
persons	NNS
--	:
moments	NNS
when	WRB
the	DT
situation	NN
at	IN
hand	NN
elicits	VBZ
or	CC
provokes	VBZ
a	DT
revision	NN
of	IN
self	NN
so	RB
thoroughgoing	JJ
as	IN
to	TO
constitute	VB
a	DT
conversion	NN
of	IN
some	DT
sort	NN
.	.
Such	JJ
moments	NNS
sometimes	RB
involve	VBP
disintegration	NN
of	IN
personality	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
,	,
hopefully	RB
,	,
reintegration	NN
.	.
Similarly	RB
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
critical	JJ
moments	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
lives	NNS
of	IN
some	DT
traditions	NNS
.	.
Such	JJ
a	DT
moment	NN
has	VBZ
arrived	VBN
when	WRB
the	DT
dissensus	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
a	DT
feature	NN
of	IN
every	DT
large	JJ
community	NN
reaches	VBZ
the	DT
point	NN
of	IN
fragmentation	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
revision	NN
of	IN
the	DT
tradition	NN
by	IN
a	DT
faction	NN
within	IN
the	DT
community	NN
is	VBZ
so	RB
fundamental	JJ
as	IN
to	TO
constitute	VB
a	DT
break	NN
with	IN
tradition	NN
and	CC
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
tradition	NN
...	:
which	WDT
then	RB
proceeds	VBZ
to	TO
develop	VB
over	IN
time	NN
,	,
just	RB
as	IN
the	DT
tradition	NN
from	IN
which	WDT
it	PRP
broke	VBD
continues	VBZ
to	TO
develop	VB
...	:
Even	RB
such	JJ
dramatic	JJ
`	``
breaks	NNS
'	POS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
develop	VB
gradually	RB
,	,
over	IN
time	NN
,	,
and	CC
illustrate	VB
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
criterion	NN
for	IN
the	DT
revision	NN
of	IN
tradition	NN
is	VBZ
tradition	NN
itself	PRP
.	.
See	VB
also	RB
Fish	NN
,	,
supra	NN
,	,
note	NN
84	CD
,	,
at	IN
80	CD
:	:
``	``
All	DT
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
recommend	VB
is	VBZ
the	DT
game	NN
,	,
which	WDT
,	,
since	IN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
need	VB
my	PRP$
recommendations	NNS
,	,
will	MD
proceed	VB
on	IN
its	PRP$
way	NN
undeterred	JJ
and	CC
unimproved	JJ
by	IN
anything	NN
I	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
say	VB
.	.
''	''
Fish	NN
's	POS
honest	JJ
assessment	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
critical	JJ
contributions	NNS
is	VBZ
refreshing	JJ
.	.
Of	IN
course	NN
,	,
in	IN
finding	VBG
this	DT
problematic	JJ
,	,
perhaps	RB
I	PRP
have	VBP
fallen	VBN
into	IN
a	DT
``	``
structure	NN
of	IN
thought	NN
''	''
from	IN
which	WDT
I	PRP
am	VBP
unable	JJ
to	TO
comprehend	VB
cls	NNS
.	.
Perhaps	RB
--	:
but	CC
,	,
speaking	VBG
from	IN
the	DT
internal	JJ
point	NN
of	IN
view	NN
of	IN
a	DT
legal	JJ
practitioner	NN
,	,
it	PRP
seems	VBZ
to	TO
me	PRP
that	IN
the	DT
cls	NNS
critic	NN
is	VBZ
unable	JJ
to	TO
comprehend	VB
practice	NN
.	.
Bear	NNP
in	IN
mind	NN
,	,
the	DT
Reno	NNP
case	NN
dealt	VBD
with	IN
words	NNS
and	CC
images	NNS
,	,
items	NNS
that	WDT
evoke	VBP
traditional	JJ
images	NNS
of	IN
speech	NN
or	CC
expression	NN
.	.
What	WP
happens	VBZ
when	WRB
a	DT
person	NN
is	VBZ
using	VBG
a	DT
computer	NN
program	NN
as	IN
a	DT
means	NN
of	IN
expression	NN
?	.
Computer	NNP
code	NN
,	,
when	WRB
all	DT
is	VBZ
said	VBN
and	CC
done	VBN
,	,
is	VBZ
simply	RB
a	DT
string	NN
of	IN
1s	NNS
and	CC
0s	NNS
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
characters	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
recognizable	JJ
as	IN
``	``
speech	NN
''	''
for	IN
the	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
the	DT
population	NN
.	.
How	WRB
does	VBZ
something	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
no	DT
recognizable	JJ
syntax	NN
,	,
at	IN
least	JJS
not	RB
to	TO
the	DT
vast	JJ
majority	NN
of	IN
Americans	NNPS
,	,
qualify	VB
for	IN
protection	NN
under	IN
the	DT
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
?	.
If	IN
deserving	JJ
of	IN
protection	NN
,	,
to	TO
what	WP
extent	NN
should	MD
that	WDT
protection	NN
be	VB
granted	VBN
?	.
These	DT
are	VBP
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
issues	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
being	VBG
reviewed	VBN
here	RB
.	.
This	DT
was	VBD
viewed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
functional	JJ
equivalent	NN
of	IN
providing	VBG
the	DT
program	NN
for	IN
download	NN
on	IN
the	DT
2600	CD
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
The	DT
amended	VBN
complaint	NN
included	VBD
a	DT
request	NN
to	TO
enjoin	VB
2600	CD
from	IN
mirroring	NN
to	TO
those	DT
web	NN
sites	NNS
that	WDT
continued	VBD
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
DeCSS	JJ
program	NN
for	IN
download	NN
.	.
``	``
As	IN
Justice	NNP
Brandeis	NNP
wrote	VBD
,	,
freedom	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
is	VBZ
important	JJ
both	DT
as	IN
a	DT
means	NN
to	TO
achieve	VB
a	DT
democratic	JJ
society	NN
and	CC
as	IN
an	DT
end	NN
in	IN
itself	PRP
.	.
Further	RB
,	,
it	PRP
discourages	VBZ
social	JJ
violence	NN
by	IN
permitting	VBG
people	NNS
to	TO
seek	VB
redress	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
grievances	NNS
through	IN
meaningful	JJ
,	,
non-violent	JJ
expression	NN
.	.
These	DT
goals	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
articulated	VBN
often	RB
and	CC
consistently	RB
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
law	NN
.	.
The	DT
computer	NN
code	NN
at	IN
issue	NN
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
does	VBZ
little	JJ
to	TO
serve	VB
these	DT
goals	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
the	DT
statute	NN
in	IN
this	DT
case	NN
served	VBD
a	DT
substantial	JJ
government	NN
interest	NN
,	,
did	VBD
it	PRP
overly	RB
restrict	VBP
First	NNP
Amendment	NNP
freedoms	NNS
by	IN
including	VBG
those	DT
who	WP
traffic	NN
in	IN
the	DT
circumventing	VBG
technology	NN
?	.
Judge	NNP
Kaplan	NNP
decided	VBD
it	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
digital	JJ
world	NN
we	PRP
live	VBP
in	IN
today	NN
.	.
Previously	RB
,	,
one	CD
could	MD
stop	VB
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
by	IN
finding	VBG
the	DT
infringing	VBG
source	NN
and	CC
shutting	VBG
it	PRP
down	RP
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
advent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
internet	NN
,	,
a	DT
program	NN
like	IN
DeCSS	NNP
can	MD
be	VB
created	VBN
and	CC
spread	VBN
around	IN
the	DT
globe	NN
,	,
much	RB
like	IN
a	DT
viral	JJ
outbreak	NN
.94	CD
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
copyright	NN
holder	NN
to	TO
have	VB
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
stop	VB
not	RB
only	RB
the	DT
source	NN
of	IN
the	DT
infringement	NN
,	,
but	CC
anyone	NN
who	WP
attempts	VBZ
to	TO
pass	VB
along	RP
a	DT
means	NN
of	IN
circumventing	VBG
copyright	NN
protection	NN
technology	NN
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
DMCA	NNP
which	WDT
restrict	VBP
the	DT
posting	VBG
of	IN
DeCSS	NNP
and	CC
making	VBG
it	PRP
available	JJ
passed	VBN
Constitutional	NNP
muster	NN
in	IN
all	DT
aspects	NNS
for	IN
Judge	NNP
Kaplan	NNP
.	.
After	IN
determining	VBG
the	DT
statute	NN
prohibited	VBD
the	DT
conduct	NN
present	NN
and	CC
was	VBD
Constitutional	NNP
,	,
how	WRB
far	RB
could	MD
the	DT
injunction	NN
go	VB
?	.
The	DT
2600	CD
defendants	NNS
claimed	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
studios	NNS
were	VBD
unable	JJ
to	TO
show	VB
any	DT
actual	JJ
harm	NN
caused	VBN
by	IN
their	PRP$
posting	VBG
of	IN
the	DT
DeCSS	NNP
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
did	VBD
not	RB
prove	VB
that	IN
any	DT
decrypted	VBN
movie	NN
was	VBD
illegally	RB
copied	VBN
and	CC
available	JJ
for	IN
download	NN
;	:
if	IN
there	EX
were	VBD
,	,
the	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
did	VBD
not	RB
prove	VB
that	IN
DeCSS	NNP
was	VBD
the	DT
method	NN
used	VBN
to	TO
decrypt	VB
those	DT
movies	NNS
.99	CD
This	DT
was	VBD
to	TO
no	DT
avail	NN
as	IN
Judge	NNP
Kaplan	NNP
interpreted	VBD
the	DT
statute	NN
not	RB
to	TO
require	VB
actual	JJ
harm	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
relief	NN
.	.
The	DT
plaintiffs	NNS
only	RB
had	VBD
to	TO
show	VB
a	DT
threat	NN
of	IN
harm	NN
as	IN
the	DT
court	NN
could	MD
grant	VB
an	DT
injunction	NN
under	IN
17	CD
U.S.C.	NN
Frontier	NNP
Foundation	NNP
,	,
2600	CD
stated	VBD
an	DT
intention	NN
to	TO
appeal	VB
the	DT
decision	NN
in	IN
the	DT
case	NN
.111	CD
Furthermore	RB
,	,
in	IN
an	DT
act	NN
of	IN
apparent	JJ
electronic	JJ
civil	JJ
disobedience	NN
,	,
2600	CD
continues	VBZ
to	TO
list	VB
sites	NNS
which	WDT
purport	VBP
to	TO
host	VB
the	DT
DeCSS	JJ
program	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
they	PRP
have	VBP
met	VBN
the	DT
letter	NN
of	IN
Judge	NNP
Kaplan	NNP
's	POS
order	NN
and	CC
do	VB
not	RB
actively	RB
link	NN
to	TO
those	DT
sites	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
tell	VBP
how	WRB
to	TO
use	VB
search	NN
engines	NNS
to	TO
find	VB
DeCSS	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
web	NN
,	,
particularly	RB
pointing	VBG
out	RP
one	CD
that	WDT
is	VBZ
owned	VBN
by	IN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
studios	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
as	IN
more	JJR
people	NNS
become	VBP
accustomed	JJ
to	TO
using	VBG
computers	NNS
and	CC
developing	VBG
code	NN
,	,
more	JJR
people	NNS
every	DT
day	NN
could	MD
be	VB
subject	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
case	NN
and	CC
similar	JJ
cases	NNS
to	TO
follow	VB
.	.
The	DT
Supreme	NNP
Court	NNP
has	VBZ
stated	VBN
that	IN
technological	JJ
issues	NNS
are	VBP
best	RB
left	VBN
to	TO
Congress	NNP
.	.
Do	VBP
you	PRP
think	VB
this	DT
falls	VBZ
entirely	RB
into	IN
that	DT
category	NN
?	.
With	IN
the	DT
explosion	NN
of	IN
technology	NN
in	IN
today	NN
's	POS
world	NN
can	MD
Congress	NNP
,	,
much	RB
less	JJR
the	DT
court	NN
system	NN
keep	VB
pace	NN
?	.
The	DT
second	JJ
reason	NN
I	PRP
see	VBP
is	VBZ
the	DT
David	NNP
vs.	FW
Goliath	NNP
factor	NN
.	.
People	NNS
love	VBP
it	PRP
when	WRB
the	DT
little	JJ
guy	NN
ends	VBZ
up	RP
beating	VBG
the	DT
big	JJ
guy	NN
who	WP
was	VBD
picking	VBG
on	IN
him	PRP
.	.
The	DT
online	JJ
supporters	NNS
of	IN
2600	CD
see	VBP
these	DT
billion	CD
dollar	NN
companies	NNS
attacking	VBG
one	CD
of	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
see	VBP
it	PRP
as	IN
an	DT
attack	NN
on	IN
themselves	PRP
.	.
This	DT
gives	VBZ
them	PRP
the	DT
even	RB
more	RBR
motivation	NN
to	TO
join	VB
the	DT
fight	NN
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
flip	JJ
side	NN
,	,
unless	IN
you	PRP
see	VBP
yourself	PRP
having	VBG
a	DT
stake	NN
in	IN
the	DT
outcome	NN
of	IN
the	DT
case	NN
,	,
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
want	VB
to	TO
be	VB
on	IN
the	DT
side	NN
attacking	VBG
the	DT
individual	NN
.	.
Just	RB
as	IN
people	NNS
love	VBP
the	DT
underdog	NN
,	,
they	PRP
hate	VBP
the	DT
bully	NN
,	,
and	CC
anyone	NN
siding	NN
with	IN
the	DT
studios	NNS
might	MD
be	VB
seen	VBN
as	IN
falling	VBG
into	IN
that	DT
category	NN
.	.
But	CC
that	DT
's	VBZ
just	RB
my	PRP$
$	$
0.02	CD
.	.
Another	DT
interesting	JJ
Private	JJ
Market	NN
response	NN
to	TO
unsolicited	JJ
email	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
to	TO
invoice	VB
or	CC
bill	VB
the	DT
offending	VBG
spammer	NN
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
,	,
given	VBN
the	DT
substantial	JJ
costs	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
junk	NN
email	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
,	,
some	DT
ISPs	NNS
have	VBP
attempted	VBN
to	TO
recoup	VB
these	DT
losses	NNS
by	IN
charging	VBG
those	DT
guilty	JJ
of	IN
abusing	VBG
their	PRP$
resources	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
11	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Although	IN
this	DT
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
highly	RB
effective	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
does	VBZ
raise	VB
certain	JJ
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
misrepresentation	NN
and	CC
trespass	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
realm	NN
of	IN
government	NN
intervention	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
only	RB
fitting	JJ
to	TO
commence	VB
with	IN
reactions	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
Although	IN
nothing	NN
passes	VBZ
rapidly	RB
in	IN
the	DT
hallowed	JJ
halls	NNS
of	IN
Capitol	NNP
Hill	NNP
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
several	JJ
bills	NNS
before	IN
Congress	NNP
that	WDT
specifically	RB
address	VBP
unsolicited	JJ
email	NN
transmissions	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
these	DT
federal	JJ
proposals	NNS
deal	VBP
specifically	RB
with	IN
commercial	JJ
email	NN
,	,
they	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
reasonably	RB
applied	VBN
to	TO
unsolicited	JJ
,	,
non-commercial	JJ
email	NN
transmissions	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
Of	IN
the	DT
bills	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
proposed	VBN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
three	CD
that	WDT
deal	VBP
specifically	RB
with	IN
spam	NN
:	:
the	DT
Netizens	NNP
Protection	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1997	CD
,	,
the	DT
Unsolicited	NNP
Commercial	NNP
Electronic	NNP
Mail	NNP
Choice	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1997	CD
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Electronic	JJ
Mailbox	NNP
Protection	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1997	CD
.	.
Each	DT
is	VBZ
discussed	VBN
below	IN
in	IN
terms	NNS
of	IN
what	WP
relief	NN
,	,
if	IN
any	DT
,	,
is	VBZ
given	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
victims	NNS
of	IN
Internet	NNP
spam	NN
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
component	NN
of	IN
The	DT
Netizens	NNP
Protection	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1997	CD
is	VBZ
equally	RB
as	IN
substantial	JJ
.	.
Section	NN
3	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
C	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
bill	NN
forbids	VBZ
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
``	``
a	DT
computer	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
electronic	JJ
device	NN
to	TO
send	VB
an	DT
unsolicited	JJ
advertisement	NN
...	:
unless	IN
such	JJ
person	NN
clearly	RB
provides	VBZ
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
beginning	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
unsolicited	JJ
advertisement	NN
,	,
the	DT
date	NN
and	CC
time	NN
the	DT
message	NN
is	VBZ
sent	VBN
,	,
the	DT
identity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
business	NN
,	,
other	JJ
entity	NN
,	,
or	CC
individual	JJ
sending	VBG
the	DT
message	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
return	NN
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
address	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
business	NN
,	,
other	JJ
entity	NN
,	,
or	CC
individual	NN
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
18	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Again	RB
,	,
we	PRP
see	VBP
precise	JJ
language	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
very	RB
broad	JJ
in	IN
its	PRP$
scope	NN
yet	RB
specific	JJ
in	IN
its	PRP$
intent	NN
to	TO
stamp	VB
out	RP
unsolicited	JJ
,	,
commercial	JJ
email	NN
.	.
Another	DT
bill	NN
introduced	VBN
by	IN
Congress	NNP
regarding	VBG
the	DT
scourge	NN
of	IN
spam	NN
comes	VBZ
from	IN
the	DT
Senate	NNP
.	.
Its	PRP$
short	JJ
title	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
Electronic	JJ
Mailbox	NNP
Protection	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1997	CD
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
19	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
bill	NN
purports	VBZ
to	TO
promote	VB
online	JJ
commerce	NN
and	CC
communications	NNS
,	,
to	TO
protect	VB
consumers	NNS
and	CC
Internet	NNP
Service	NNP
Providers	NNP
from	IN
the	DT
misuse	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
facilities	NNS
by	IN
others	NNS
sending	VBG
bulk	JJ
unsolicited	JJ
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
introduced	VBN
by	IN
Senator	NNP
Torricelli	NNP
on	IN
June	NNP
11	CD
,	,
1997	CD
.	.
The	DT
bill	NN
primarily	RB
addresses	VBZ
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
``	``
telephone	NN
slamming	NN
''	''
--	:
the	DT
practice	NN
of	IN
telephone	NN
companies	NNS
switching	VBG
residential	JJ
and	CC
business	NN
long-distance	NN
service	NN
without	IN
authorization	NN
of	IN
the	DT
customer	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
sections	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
bill	NN
do	VBP
specifically	RB
address	VB
the	DT
problems	NNS
of	IN
spamming	VBG
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
this	DT
bill	NN
operates	VBZ
at	IN
best	RB
as	IN
a	DT
watered	VBN
down	RP
version	NN
of	IN
the	DT
bills	NNS
discussed	VBN
above	IN
.	.
Its	PRP$
primary	JJ
deficiency	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
only	RB
provides	VBZ
relief	NN
for	IN
those	DT
who	WP
receive	VBP
forged	VBN
material	NN
.	.
The	DT
bill	NN
in	IN
no	DT
way	NN
attacks	NNS
the	DT
problem	NN
of	IN
spamming	VBG
itself	PRP
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
would	MD
not	RB
provide	VB
the	DT
average	JJ
recipient	JJ
of	IN
unsolicited	JJ
email	NN
any	DT
genuine	JJ
relief	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
it	PRP
might	MD
very	RB
well	RB
open	VB
the	DT
floodgates	NNS
for	IN
advertisers	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
seemingly	RB
been	VBN
given	VBN
a	DT
green	JJ
light	NN
to	TO
transmit	VB
volumes	NNS
of	IN
email	NN
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
caveat	NN
for	IN
advertisers	NNS
being	VBG
that	IN
they	PRP
must	MD
provide	VB
some	DT
non-forged	JJ
information	NN
and	CC
that	IN
they	PRP
designate	VBP
the	DT
transmission	NN
as	IN
an	DT
advertisement	NN
in	IN
some	DT
fashion	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
25	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Taken	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
whole	NN
,	,
this	DT
bill	NN
will	MD
likely	RB
do	VB
more	JJR
harm	NN
than	IN
good	JJ
.	.
Such	JJ
is	VBZ
the	DT
nature	NN
of	IN
a	DT
compromise	NN
within	IN
the	DT
beltway	NN
.	.
July	NNP
8	CD
,	,
1997	CD
.	.
It	PRP
allows	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
recovery	NN
of	IN
damages	NNS
and	CC
attorney	NN
's	POS
fees	NNS
from	IN
spammers	NNS
unless	IN
the	DT
recipient	JJ
of	IN
an	DT
unsolicited	JJ
advertisement	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
preexisting	JJ
business	NN
or	CC
personal	JJ
relationship	NN
with	IN
the	DT
sender	NN
,	,
the	DT
recipient	JJ
has	VBZ
expressly	RB
consented	VBN
to	TO
receive	VB
such	JJ
email	NN
or	CC
the	DT
advertisement	NN
is	VBZ
readily	RB
identifiable	JJ
as	IN
promotional	JJ
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
35	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
If	IN
the	DT
sender	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
email	NN
violates	VBZ
these	DT
provisions	NNS
,	,
the	DT
recipient	JJ
may	MD
recover	VB
actual	JJ
damages	NNS
or	CC
damages	NNS
of	IN
$	$
10	CD
per	IN
item	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
mail	NN
received	VBN
,	,
whichever	WDT
is	VBZ
greater	JJR
,	,
and	CC
Attorney	NNP
's	POS
fees	NNS
and	CC
litigation	NN
costs	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
36	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
Injunctive	JJ
relief	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
an	DT
option	NN
under	IN
the	DT
provisions	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
bill	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
37	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
This	DT
act	NN
becomes	VBZ
effective	JJ
on	IN
July	NNP
1	CD
,	,
1998	CD
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
reader	NN
can	MD
plainly	RB
see	VB
,	,
the	DT
problem	NN
of	IN
spam	NN
is	VBZ
genuine	JJ
.	.
State	NNP
and	CC
federal	JJ
legislators	NNS
are	VBP
responding	VBG
to	TO
complaints	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
myriad	JJ
of	IN
people	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
adversely	RB
affected	VBN
by	IN
spam	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
Although	IN
these	DT
legislative	JJ
remedies	NNS
do	VBP
provide	VB
some	DT
redress	NN
for	IN
the	DT
typical	JJ
Internet	NNP
user	NN
,	,
the	DT
law	NN
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
is	VBZ
still	RB
quite	RB
new	JJ
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
might	MD
be	VB
some	DT
time	NN
before	IN
true	JJ
relief	NN
from	IN
spam	NN
is	VBZ
achieved	VBN
.	.
Until	IN
strong	JJ
,	,
enforceable	JJ
policies	NNS
are	VBP
adopted	VBN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
legal	JJ
issues	NNS
surrounding	VBG
spam	NN
are	VBP
likely	JJ
to	TO
continue	VB
to	TO
evolve	VB
in	IN
the	DT
courtroom	NN
.	.
This	DT
next	JJ
section	NN
provides	VBZ
a	DT
summary	NN
of	IN
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
more	JJR
prominent	JJ
case	NN
law	NN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
spam	NN
.	.
It	PRP
further	RB
alleges	VBZ
that	IN
``	``
in	IN
truth	NN
and	CC
in	IN
fact	NN
...	:
few	JJ
,	,
if	IN
any	DT
,	,
purchasers	NNS
achieve	VBP
the	DT
specific	JJ
level	NN
of	IN
earnings	NNS
claimed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
defendants	NNS
;	:
and	CC
...	:
in	IN
numerous	JJ
instances	NNS
,	,
when	WRB
the	DT
defendants	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
achieve	VB
the	DT
guaranteed	VBN
25	CD
%	NN
occupancy	NN
rate	NN
,	,
and	CC
purchasers	NNS
seek	VBP
a	DT
refund	NN
,	,
the	DT
defendants	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
provide	VB
a	DT
full	JJ
refund	NN
of	IN
the	DT
purchasers	NNS
investment	NN
,	,
''	''
and	CC
that	IN
``	``
therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
defendants	NNS
representations	NNS
...	:
are	VBP
false	JJ
and	CC
misleading	JJ
and	CC
constitute	VBP
deceptive	JJ
acts	NNS
or	CC
practices	NNS
in	IN
violation	NN
of	IN
Section	NN
5	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
FTC	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
15	CD
U.S.C.	NN
Spam	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
odious	JJ
practice	NN
to	TO
a	DT
great	JJ
many	JJ
people	NNS
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
still	RB
represents	VBZ
a	DT
form	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
.	.
We	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
lose	VB
sight	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
freedom	NN
to	TO
speak	VB
without	IN
fear	NN
of	IN
political	JJ
or	CC
criminal	JJ
retribution	NN
is	VBZ
precious	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
American	NNP
Constitution	NNP
.	.
We	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
careful	JJ
in	IN
all	DT
of	IN
our	PRP$
attempts	NNS
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
the	DT
problems	NNS
attendant	NN
with	IN
spam	NN
in	IN
a	DT
fair	JJ
and	CC
objective	JJ
manner	NN
,	,
despite	IN
how	WRB
personally	RB
distasteful	JJ
it	PRP
seems	VBZ
to	TO
most	JJS
.	.
Private	JJ
market	NN
software	NN
may	MD
or	CC
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
the	DT
answer	NN
,	,
but	CC
outlawing	VBG
an	DT
entire	JJ
category	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
is	VBZ
certainly	RB
not	RB
the	DT
appropriate	JJ
course	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
solution	NN
does	VBZ
lie	VB
in	IN
the	DT
legislative	JJ
arena	NN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
best	JJS
possible	JJ
resolution	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
that	WDT
would	MD
accord	VB
the	DT
American	JJ
tradition	NN
of	IN
refusing	VBG
to	TO
unduly	RB
burden	NN
the	DT
freedom	NN
of	IN
speech	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
recognition	NN
that	IN
the	DT
proper	JJ
role	NN
of	IN
government	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
protect	VB
its	PRP$
citizens	NNS
from	IN
force	NN
or	CC
fraud	NN
.	.
Indeed	RB
,	,
the	DT
ideal	JJ
legislative	JJ
remedy	NN
would	MD
be	VB
one	CD
that	WDT
accomplishes	VBZ
two	CD
related	JJ
goals	NNS
.	.
First	RB
,	,
such	JJ
legislation	NN
should	MD
incorporate	VB
a	DT
recognition	NN
that	IN
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
legislative	JJ
endeavors	NNS
is	VBZ
confined	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
four	CD
corners	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
Constitution	NNP
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
that	IN
this	DT
noble	JJ
document	NN
simultaneously	RB
mandates	VBZ
that	IN
we	PRP
pursue	VBP
and	CC
prosecute	VBP
those	DT
individuals	NNS
that	WDT
flout	VBP
the	DT
principles	NNS
embodied	VBD
therein	RB
.	.
The	DT
``	``
dot	VB
coms	NNS
''	''
are	VBP
omnipresent	JJ
.	.
Often	RB
a	DT
business	NN
may	MD
exist	VB
solely	RB
as	IN
a	DT
website	NN
,	,
selling	VBG
goods	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
A	DT
famous	JJ
example	NN
is	VBZ
amazon.com	JJ
,	,
which	WDT
originally	RB
focused	VBD
on	IN
selling	VBG
books	NNS
,	,
and	CC
has	VBZ
now	RB
expanded	VBN
to	TO
other	JJ
goods	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Online	NNP
businesses	NNS
often	RB
attempt	VBP
to	TO
protect	VB
the	DT
individual	JJ
components	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
website	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
icons	NNS
and	CC
logos	NNS
through	IN
various	JJ
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
IP	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
regimes	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
patent	NN
,	,
copyright	NN
and	CC
trademark	NN
law	NN
.	.
Legislation	NN
and	CC
case	NN
law	NN
is	VBZ
currently	RB
focused	VBN
on	IN
protecting	VBG
website	NN
domain	NN
names	NNS
-	:
the	DT
gateway	NN
for	IN
entry	NN
into	IN
the	DT
contents	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
website	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
a	DT
small	JJ
feminist	JJ
bookstore	NN
named	VBN
Amazon	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
has	VBZ
existed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
real	JJ
world	NN
since	IN
1970	CD
,	,
sued	VBD
amazon.com	JJ
alleging	VBG
trademark	NN
infringement	NN
.	.
This	DT
``	``
battle	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Amazons	NNPS
''	''
settled	VBN
when	WRB
Amazon	NNP
agreed	VBD
to	TO
assign	VB
its	PRP$
rights	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
Amazon	NNP
name	NN
to	TO
amazon.com	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Much	JJ
of	IN
``	``
Web	NNP
surfing	NN
''	''
depends	VBZ
upon	IN
the	DT
manner	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
a	DT
computer	NN
interacts	VBZ
with	IN
its	PRP$
surfer	NN
and	CC
this	DT
usually	RB
dictates	VBZ
the	DT
commercial	JJ
success	NN
of	IN
the	DT
website	NN
.	.
A	DT
website	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
form	NN
of	IN
electronic	JJ
communication	NN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
generated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
assistance	NN
of	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
software	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Such	JJ
software	NN
programs	NNS
interact	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
operating	NN
systems	NNS
of	IN
computers	NNS
to	TO
generate	VB
the	DT
end	NN
visual	JJ
output	NN
a	DT
surfer	NN
sees	VBZ
when	WRB
he	PRP
visits	VBZ
a	DT
website	NN
.	.
The	DT
graphical	JJ
user	NN
interface	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
GUI	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
software	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
described	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
outward	JJ
behavior	NN
of	IN
software	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
7	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
is	VBZ
the	DT
concept	NN
behind	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
program	NN
's	POS
ability	NN
to	TO
interact	VB
with	IN
a	DT
user	NN
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
productive	JJ
,	,
intuitive	JJ
and	CC
efficient	JJ
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
functional	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
website	NN
alone	RB
will	MD
never	RB
be	VB
legally	RB
protected	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
other	JJ
than	IN
by	IN
patent	NN
law	NN
in	IN
appropriate	JJ
cases	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
original	JJ
selection	NN
,	,
organization	NN
and	CC
presentation	NN
of	IN
features	NNS
and	CC
functions	NNS
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
overall	JJ
expression	NN
and	CC
interaction	NN
of	IN
the	DT
GUI	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
work	NN
of	IN
authorship	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
creating	VBG
the	DT
look	NN
of	IN
a	DT
website	NN
often	RB
requires	VBZ
greater	JJR
creative	JJ
effort	NN
than	IN
the	DT
underlying	VBG
algorithms	NNS
,	,
program	NN
code	NN
,	,
and	CC
associated	VBN
databases	NNS
which	WDT
comprise	VBP
the	DT
hidden	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
albeit	IN
important	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
infrastructure	NN
of	IN
the	DT
website	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
8	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
paper	NN
examines	VBZ
protection	NN
of	IN
the	DT
overall	JJ
``	``
look	NN
and	CC
feel	VB
''	''
of	IN
a	DT
website	NN
and	CC
the	DT
current	JJ
status	NN
of	IN
case	NN
law	NN
on	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
.	.
First	RB
,	,
the	DT
courts	NNS
have	VBP
taken	VBN
an	DT
increasingly	RB
restrictive	JJ
view	NN
of	IN
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
copyright	NN
protection	NN
for	IN
software	NN
.	.
Conversely	RB
,	,
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Circuit	NNP
Court	NNP
of	IN
Appeals	NNP
has	VBZ
expanded	VBN
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
patent	NN
law	NN
software	NN
protection	NN
,	,
holding	VBG
that	IN
an	DT
efficient	JJ
data	NNS
structure	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
stored	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
memory	NN
of	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
constitutes	VBZ
patentable	JJ
subject	JJ
matter	NN
.	.
Second	NNP
,	,
software	NN
companies	NNS
are	VBP
developing	VBG
patent	NN
portfolios	NNS
to	TO
protect	VB
their	PRP$
investments	NNS
in	IN
research	NN
and	CC
development	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
technologies	NNS
.	.
Often	RB
these	DT
patents	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
only	JJ
tangible	JJ
assets	NNS
such	JJ
companies	NNS
have	VBP
.	.
In	IN
turn	NN
,	,
these	DT
portfolios	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
generate	VB
revenue	NN
through	IN
an	DT
aggressive	JJ
licensing	NN
program	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
not	RB
all	DT
software	NN
based	VBN
products	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
can	MD
meet	VB
the	DT
novelty	NN
,	,
non-obviousness	NN
,	,
and	CC
utility	NN
requirements	NNS
of	IN
patent	NN
law	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
especially	RB
true	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
expressive	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
software	NN
product	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
look	NN
and	CC
feel	VB
of	IN
a	DT
website	NN
,	,
which	WDT
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
patented	VBN
because	IN
such	JJ
non-functional	JJ
elements	NNS
of	IN
software	NN
do	VBP
not	RB
meet	VB
the	DT
utility	NN
requirement	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
10	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Protection	NNP
exists	VBZ
at	IN
the	DT
moment	NN
the	DT
originality	NN
and	CC
fixation	NN
requirements	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
met	VBN
and	CC
last	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
life	NN
of	IN
the	DT
author	NN
plus	CC
70	CD
years	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
fragile	JJ
form	NN
of	IN
protection	NN
for	IN
IP	NNP
as	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
often	RB
difficult	JJ
to	TO
prove	VB
copying	NN
and	CC
various	JJ
defenses	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
.	.
Under	IN
the	DT
1976	CD
Copyright	NNP
Act	NNP
,	,
and	CC
its	PRP$
legislative	JJ
history	NN
,	,
copyright	NN
protection	NN
for	IN
computer	NN
software	NN
was	VBD
confirmed	VBN
;	:
however	RB
,	,
the	DT
Act	NNP
itself	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
set	VBN
forth	RP
any	DT
particulars	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
protection	NN
of	IN
computer	NN
software	NN
or	CC
GUIs	NNS
.	.
Instead	RB
,	,
Congress	NNP
designated	VBD
the	DT
Commission	NNP
on	IN
New	NNP
Technological	NNP
Uses	VBZ
of	IN
Copyrighted	NNP
Works	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
CONTU	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
develop	VB
further	JJ
legislation	NN
,	,
which	WDT
became	VBD
the	DT
Software	NNP
Copyright	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1980	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
13	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
However	RB
,	,
neither	DT
of	IN
these	DT
Acts	NNS
is	VBZ
explicit	JJ
in	IN
describing	VBG
whether	IN
protection	NN
for	IN
a	DT
computer	NN
program	NN
should	MD
extend	VB
beyond	IN
program	NN
source	NN
code	NN
to	TO
the	DT
originality	NN
and	CC
creativity	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
audiovisual	JJ
displays	NNS
comprising	VBG
the	DT
GUI	NNP
or	CC
overall	JJ
``	``
look	NN
and	CC
feel	VB
''	''
of	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
program	NN
.	.
Solutions	NNPS
,	,
Inc.	NNP
v.	CC
Intellectual	NNP
Property	NNP
Network	NNP
,	,
Ltd.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
30	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
applied	VBD
the	DT
three	CD
part	NN
Altai	NNP
test	NN
to	TO
a	DT
compilation\/GUI	NNP
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
the	DT
non-literal	JJ
elements	NNS
of	IN
two	CD
computer	NN
programs	NNS
were	VBD
``	``
substantially	RB
similar	JJ
''	''
for	IN
copyright	NN
infringement	NN
purposes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
OPS	NNP
court	NN
held	VBD
that	IN
``	``
it	PRP
is	VBZ
clear	JJ
that	IN
a	DT
user	NN
interface	NN
is	VBZ
entitled	VBN
to	TO
protection	NN
''	''
specifically	RB
when	WRB
considering	VBG
the	DT
overall	JJ
look	NN
and	CC
feel	VB
of	IN
a	DT
program	NN
.	.
Appropriately	RB
enough	RB
,	,
OPS	NNP
involved	VBD
software	NN
programs	NNS
which	WDT
catered	VBD
to	TO
law	NN
firms	NNS
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
practices	NNS
and	CC
assisted	VBD
such	JJ
firms	NNS
in	IN
managing	VBG
the	DT
prosecution	NN
of	IN
trademark	NN
and	CC
patent	NN
applications	NNS
.	.
U.S.C.	NNP
1125	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
-RRB-	-RRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
32	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
when	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
nonfunctional	JJ
.	.
Trade	NNP
dress	NN
involves	VBZ
the	DT
total	JJ
image	NN
of	IN
the	DT
product	NN
or	CC
service	NN
including	VBG
size	NN
,	,
shape	NN
,	,
color	NN
,	,
texture	NN
,	,
or	CC
graphics	NNS
.	.
Trade	NNP
dress	NN
must	MD
be	VB
either	RB
inherently	RB
distinctive	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
See	VB
Two	CD
Pesos	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
v.	CC
Taco	NNP
Cabana	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
33	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
or	CC
acquire	VB
secondary	JJ
meaning	NN
in	IN
the	DT
relevant	JJ
market	NN
place	NN
so	RB
as	IN
to	TO
be	VB
identified	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
producer	NN
or	CC
source	NN
of	IN
goods	NNS
or	CC
services	NNS
.	.
Within	IN
this	DT
context	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
has	VBZ
developed	VBN
a	DT
secondary	JJ
meaning	NN
gradient	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
mark	NN
is	VBZ
either	RB
arbitrary	JJ
or	CC
fanciful	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
inherently	RB
distinctive	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
second	JJ
meaning	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
required	VBN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
mark	NN
is	VBZ
descriptive	JJ
or	CC
suggestive	JJ
,	,
secondary	JJ
meaning	NN
must	MD
be	VB
established	VBN
by	IN
evidence	NN
of	IN
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
long	RB
use	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
advertising	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
sales	NNS
volume	NN
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
4	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
identity	NN
of	IN
service	NN
or	CC
origin	NN
in	IN
the	DT
minds	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
purchasing	VBG
public	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
See	VB
Pizzeria	NNP
Uno	NNP
Corp.	NNP
v.	CC
Temple	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
34	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Trademark	NN
protection	NN
is	VBZ
perpetual	JJ
,	,
ending	VBG
only	RB
when	WRB
a	DT
mark	NN
becomes	VBZ
generic	JJ
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
affirmed	VBD
the	DT
finding	NN
that	IN
the	DT
defendant	NN
intentionally	RB
copied	VBD
the	DT
packaging	NN
and	CC
colors	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
successful	JJ
EXCEDRIN	NNP
PM	NNP
product	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
competing	VBG
TYLENOL	NNP
PM	NNP
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
reversed	VBD
the	DT
lower	JJR
court	NN
holding	NN
of	IN
liability	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
because	IN
it	PRP
found	VBD
the	DT
trade	NN
name	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
trademark	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
on	IN
each	DT
product	NN
formed	VBD
the	DT
most	RBS
distinctive	JJ
and	CC
obvious	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
trade	NN
dress	NN
so	RB
confusion	NN
would	MD
be	VB
unlikely	JJ
.	.
The	DT
Federal	NNP
Circuit	NNP
has	VBZ
extended	VBN
this	DT
new	JJ
,	,
limited	JJ
reading	NN
of	IN
trade	NN
dress	NN
to	TO
an	DT
almost	RB
per	IN
se	FW
rule	NN
in	IN
Conopco	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
v.	CC
May	NNP
Dept.	NNP
.	.
Stores	NNP
Co.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
36	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
's	POS
reasoning	NN
clearly	RB
assumed	VBD
that	IN
mass-market	JJ
consumers	NNS
read	VBP
labels	NNS
before	IN
buying	VBG
.	.
But	CC
,	,
in	IN
OP	NNP
Solutions	NNPS
,	,
Inc.	NNP
v.	CC
Intellectual	NNP
Property	NNP
Network	NNP
,	,
Ltd.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
37	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
indicated	VBD
that	IN
while	IN
product	NN
labeling	VBG
reduces	VBZ
confusion	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
dispositive	JJ
especially	RB
when	WRB
the	DT
brand	NN
names	NNS
involved	VBN
are	VBP
not	RB
as	IN
prominent	JJ
as	IN
those	DT
in	IN
Bristol	NNP
Meyers	NNP
and	CC
when	WRB
such	JJ
product	NN
labeling	VBG
does	VBZ
not	RB
appear	VB
so	RB
prominently	RB
as	IN
to	TO
overwhelm	VB
the	DT
other	JJ
features	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
purported	JJ
trade	NN
dress	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
proponents	NNS
for	IN
extending	VBG
trade	NN
dress	NN
protection	NN
to	TO
GUIs	NNS
and	CC
websites	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
38	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
One	CD
line	NN
of	IN
reasoning	NN
begins	VBZ
with	IN
Section	NN
43	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
Lanham	NNP
Act	NNP
which	WDT
provides	VBZ
that	IN
``	``
anyone	NN
who	WP
uses	VBZ
any	DT
identifying	VBG
features	NNS
,	,
or	CC
false	JJ
or	CC
misleading	JJ
designation	NN
of	IN
a	DT
product	NN
's	POS
origin	NN
in	IN
commerce	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
to	TO
cause	VB
confusion	NN
as	IN
to	TO
the	DT
origin	NN
,	,
sponsorship	NN
,	,
or	CC
approval	NN
of	IN
goods	NNS
,	,
services	NNS
,	,
or	CC
commercial	JJ
activities	NNS
...	:
shall	MD
be	VB
liable	JJ
.	.
''	''
This	DT
language	NN
protects	VBZ
the	DT
overall	JJ
``	``
look	NN
and	CC
feel	VB
''	''
of	IN
a	DT
product	NN
's	POS
trade	NN
dress	NN
and	CC
thus	RB
should	MD
also	RB
apply	VB
to	TO
the	DT
image	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
displayed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
at	IN
a	DT
website	NN
.	.
Since	IN
a	DT
GUI	NNP
combines	VBZ
words	NNS
,	,
symbols	NNS
,	,
sizes	NNS
,	,
shapes	NNS
,	,
colors	NNS
,	,
designs	NNS
and	CC
devices	NNS
in	IN
distinctive	JJ
pattern	NN
that	IN
consumers	NNS
can	MD
use	VB
to	TO
identify	VB
source	NN
;	:
it	PRP
should	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
trade	NN
dress	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
39	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
trade	NN
dress	NN
protection	NN
should	MD
arise	VB
when	WRB
non-functional	JJ
features	NNS
of	IN
software	NN
and	CC
website	NN
GUIs	NNS
are	VBP
presented	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
inherently	RB
distinctive	JJ
way	NN
or	CC
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
acquired	VBN
secondary	JJ
meaning	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
40	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
GUIs	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
indicators	NNS
of	IN
source	NN
because	IN
they	PRP
create	VBP
a	DT
distinct	JJ
impression	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Web	NNP
surfer	NN
.	.
One	CD
author	NN
even	RB
indicates	VBZ
that	IN
,	,
as	IN
a	DT
whole	NN
,	,
GUIs	NNS
are	VBP
non-functional	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
41	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
follows	VBZ
from	IN
the	DT
view	NN
that	IN
since	IN
GUIs	NNS
are	VBP
viewed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
user	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
entirety	NN
,	,
the	DT
functionality	NN
inquiry	NN
should	MD
also	RB
focus	VB
on	IN
the	DT
totality	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Website	NNP
's	POS
look	NN
and	CC
not	RB
on	IN
individual	JJ
features	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
icons	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
website	NN
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
trade	NN
dress	NN
allows	VBZ
GUIs	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
viewed	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
whole	JJ
during	IN
the	DT
likelihood	NN
of	IN
confusion	NN
analysis	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
42	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Unlike	IN
the	DT
substantial	JJ
similarity	NN
analysis	NN
in	IN
copyrights	NNS
,	,
this	DT
concept	NN
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
whether	IN
the	DT
average	JJ
consumer	NN
would	MD
be	VB
confused	VBN
as	IN
to	TO
source	NN
when	WRB
viewing	VBG
two	CD
marks	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
GUIs	NNS
represent	VBP
the	DT
look	NN
and	CC
feel	VB
of	IN
software	NN
,	,
they	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
viewed	VBN
in	IN
their	PRP$
entirety	NN
as	IN
this	DT
is	VBZ
how	WRB
a	DT
Web	NNP
surfer	NN
encounters	VBZ
the	DT
software	NN
.	.
This	DT
overcomes	VBZ
the	DT
``	``
peeling	NN
''	''
problem	NN
for	IN
GUIs	NNS
under	IN
copyright	NN
substantial	JJ
similarity	NN
analysis	NN
.	.
The	DT
problem	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
,	,
although	IN
trade	NN
dress	NN
protection	NN
for	IN
GUIs	NNS
was	VBD
first	JJ
proposed	VBN
back	RB
in	IN
1988	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
43	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
no	DT
court	NN
has	VBZ
ever	RB
held	VBN
a	DT
user	NN
interface	NN
to	TO
be	VB
protectable	JJ
as	IN
trade	NN
dress	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
only	RB
one	CD
court	NN
has	VBZ
even	RB
discussed	VBN
trade	NN
dress	NN
protection	NN
for	IN
user	NN
interfaces	NNS
.	.
In	IN
Engineering	NNP
Dynamics	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
v.	CC
Structural	NNP
Software	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
44	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
Fifth	NNP
Circuit	NNP
squarely	RB
rejected	VBD
such	JJ
trade	NN
dress	NN
claims	NNS
,	,
holding	VBG
that	IN
protectable	JJ
trade	NN
dress	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
reside	VB
in	IN
the	DT
input	NN
protocols	NNS
,	,
output	NN
reports	NNS
,	,
manuals	NNS
,	,
or	CC
look	VB
and	CC
feel	VB
of	IN
the	DT
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
software	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
imitating	VBG
the	DT
on-screen	JJ
GUI	NNP
of	IN
a	DT
sophisticated	JJ
engineering	NN
software	NN
program	NN
could	MD
not	RB
constitute	VB
trade	NN
dress	NN
infringement	NN
because	IN
the	DT
programming	NN
company	NN
's	POS
name	NN
was	VBD
displayed	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
purchasing	VBG
public	NN
was	VBD
limited	VBN
and	CC
highly	RB
sophisticated	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
45	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Since	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
little	JJ
case	NN
law	NN
on	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
,	,
much	JJ
discussion	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
generated	VBN
about	IN
``	``
how	WRB
the	DT
courts	NNS
should	MD
view	VB
''	''
the	DT
issue	NN
of	IN
extending	VBG
trade	NN
dress	NN
protection	NN
to	TO
GUIs	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
some	DT
authors	NNS
have	VBP
argued	VBN
that	IN
user	NN
interfaces	NNS
are	VBP
by	IN
their	PRP$
very	JJ
nature	NN
functional	JJ
because	IN
the	DT
interface	NN
represents	VBZ
the	DT
method	NN
through	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
user	NN
communicates	VBZ
with	IN
both	DT
the	DT
program	NN
and	CC
the	DT
underlying	JJ
central	JJ
processing	NN
unit	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
the	DT
interface	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
means	NNS
through	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
user	NN
obtains	VBZ
utility	NN
from	IN
the	DT
program	NN
and	CC
thus	RB
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
w	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
hile	NN
specific	JJ
visual	JJ
elements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
interface	NN
arguably	RB
might	MD
be	VB
protectable	JJ
,	,
most	JJS
elements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
user	NN
interface	NN
are	VBP
intended	VBN
to	TO
communicate	VB
or	CC
enable	VB
a	DT
specific	JJ
feature	NN
or	CC
operation	NN
,	,
and	CC
thus	RB
would	MD
seem	VB
to	TO
be	VB
as	IN
functional	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
labels	NNS
`	``
on	IN
'	''
and	CC
`	``
off	RP
'	''
on	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
's	POS
power	NN
switch	NN
''	''
Trade	NNP
dress	NN
analysis	NN
generally	RB
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
mechanical	JJ
functionality	NN
,	,
denying	VBG
protection	NN
because	IN
the	DT
elements	NNS
are	VBP
so	RB
utilitarian	JJ
or	CC
superior	JJ
to	TO
alternative	JJ
elements	NNS
that	WDT
denying	VBG
public	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
these	DT
elements	NNS
would	MD
inhibit	VB
competition	NN
.	.
Consumers	NNS
value	NN
virtual	JJ
trade	NN
dress	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
qualities	NNS
,	,
purely	RB
for	IN
the	DT
aesthetic	JJ
experience	NN
that	IN
it	PRP
provides	VBZ
.	.
This	DT
,	,
may	MD
be	VB
an	DT
especially	RB
thorny	JJ
issue	NN
for	IN
Internet	NNP
porn	NN
sites	NNS
which	WDT
arguably	RB
exist	VBP
solely	RB
for	IN
aesthetic	JJ
reasons	NNS
.	.
As	IN
such	JJ
,	,
GUIs	NNS
become	VBP
product	NN
configurations	NNS
-	:
a	DT
vital	JJ
component	NN
of	IN
the	DT
good	JJ
that	DT
is	VBZ
being	VBG
sold	VBN
or	CC
the	DT
service	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
being	VBG
offered	VBN
.	.
Act	NNP
protection	NN
is	VBZ
sought	VBN
must	MD
be	VB
-LRB-	-LRB-
i	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
unusual	JJ
and	CC
memorable	JJ
;	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
ii	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
conceptually	RB
separable	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
product	NN
;	:
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
iii	FW
-RRB-	-RRB-
likely	JJ
to	TO
serve	VB
primarily	RB
as	IN
a	DT
designator	NN
of	IN
origin	NN
of	IN
the	DT
product	NN
.	.
In	IN
applying	VBG
the	DT
Duraco	NNP
test	NN
neither	CC
the	DT
product	NN
's	POS
success	NN
nor	CC
the	DT
defendant	NN
's	POS
intentional	JJ
copying	NN
established	VBN
secondary	JJ
meaning	NN
;	:
rather	RB
,	,
both	DT
could	MD
have	VB
resulted	VBN
merely	RB
from	IN
the	DT
intrinsic	JJ
value	NN
of	IN
the	DT
trade	NN
dress	NN
in	IN
question	NN
.	.
In	IN
researching	VBG
case	NN
law	NN
,	,
the	DT
analogy	NN
to	TO
magazine	NN
and	CC
book	NN
covers	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
especially	RB
relevant	JJ
.	.
Such	JJ
covers	NNS
share	NN
many	JJ
general	JJ
features	NNS
found	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
typical	JJ
website	NN
.	.
Magazine	NNP
covers	VBZ
serve	VB
as	IN
the	DT
gateway	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
contents	NNS
.	.
The	DT
various	JJ
functional	JJ
and	CC
non-functional	JJ
elements	NNS
are	VBP
arranged	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
specific	JJ
manner	NN
so	RB
as	IN
to	TO
increase	VB
interest	NN
in	IN
the	DT
contents	NNS
.	.
While	IN
certain	JJ
elements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
covers	NNS
may	MD
change	VB
,	,
others	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
contribute	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
overall	JJ
``	``
look	NN
and	CC
feel	VB
''	''
do	VBP
not	RB
,	,
so	RB
that	IN
source	NN
identity	NN
is	VBZ
maintained	VBN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
two	CD
recent	JJ
cases	NNS
examining	VBG
trade	NN
dress	NN
protection	NN
for	IN
magazine	NN
and	CC
book	NN
covers	NNS
might	MD
assist	VB
other	JJ
courts	NNS
in	IN
determining	VBG
whether	IN
websites	NNS
representing	VBG
product	NN
configuration	NN
merit	NN
protection	NN
.	.
Inc.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
58	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
began	VBD
by	IN
emphasizing	VBG
that	IN
trade	NN
dress	NN
law	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
``	``
protect	VB
an	DT
idea	NN
,	,
a	DT
concept	NN
or	CC
a	DT
generalized	VBN
type	NN
of	IN
appearance	NN
''	''
because	IN
trade	NN
dress	NN
law	NN
is	VBZ
intended	VBN
to	TO
``	``
protect	VB
an	DT
owner	NN
of	IN
a	DT
dress	NN
in	IN
informing	VBG
the	DT
public	NN
of	IN
the	DT
source	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
products	NNS
,	,
without	IN
permitting	VBG
the	DT
owner	NN
to	TO
exclude	VB
competition	NN
from	IN
functionally	RB
similar	JJ
products	NNS
.	.
''	''
The	DT
plaintiff	NN
's	POS
arguments	NNS
failed	VBD
because	IN
it	PRP
relied	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
uniqueness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
idea	NN
of	IN
a	DT
women	NNS
's	POS
sports	NNS
magazine	NN
and	CC
not	RB
the	DT
uniqueness	NN
of	IN
the	DT
trade	NN
dress	NN
of	IN
a	DT
specific	JJ
embodiment	NN
of	IN
that	DT
idea	NN
.	.
The	DT
court	NN
emphasized	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
important	JJ
connection	NN
must	MD
be	VB
between	IN
the	DT
trade	NN
dress	NN
and	CC
the	DT
product	NN
,	,
not	RB
the	DT
idea	NN
behind	IN
the	DT
trade	NN
dress	NN
and	CC
the	DT
product	NN
.	.
Based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
above	JJ
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
concluded	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
overall	JJ
trade	NN
dress	NN
of	IN
the	DT
magazine	NN
cover	NN
was	VBD
quite	RB
generic	JJ
and	CC
commonplace	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
magazine	NN
publishing	NN
industry	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
therefore	RB
incapable	JJ
of	IN
serving	VBG
as	IN
a	DT
source	NN
designator	NN
for	IN
Sports	NNP
Traveler	NNP
Magazine	NNP
.	.
But	CC
,	,
the	DT
articulation	NN
of	IN
specific	JJ
,	,
distinct	JJ
elements	NNS
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
because	IN
without	IN
such	JJ
articulation	NN
,	,
``	``
courts	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
unable	JJ
to	TO
evaluate	VB
how	WRB
unique	JJ
and	CC
unexpected	JJ
the	DT
design	NN
elements	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
relevant	JJ
market	NN
.	.
''	''
See	VB
Mana	NNP
Products	NNPS
,	,
Inc.	NNP
v.	CC
Columbia	NNP
Cosmetics	NNPS
Mfg.	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
62	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
although	IN
a	DT
court	NN
makes	VBZ
the	DT
source	NN
identifier	NN
determination	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
overall	JJ
look	NN
of	IN
the	DT
trade	NN
dress	NN
,	,
the	DT
court	NN
must	MD
still	RB
analyze	VB
each	DT
articulated	VBN
element	NN
to	TO
arrive	VB
at	IN
its	PRP$
ultimate	JJ
conclusion	NN
.	.
This	DT
circular	JJ
logic	NN
has	VBZ
made	VBN
analysis	NN
of	IN
inherent	JJ
distinctiveness	NN
quite	RB
impossible	JJ
to	TO
comprehend	VB
.	.
Seventh	NNP
Circuit	NNP
commented	VBD
that	IN
inherently	RB
distinctive	JJ
trade	NN
dress	NN
must	MD
be	VB
either	RB
arbitrary	JJ
or	CC
``	``
sufficiently	RB
distinctive	JJ
to	TO
allow	VB
consumers	NNS
to	TO
identify	VB
the	DT
product	NN
from	IN
the	DT
trade	NN
dress	NN
.	.
''	''
Additionally	RB
,	,
the	DT
Seventh	NNP
Circuit	NNP
held	VBD
that	IN
``	``
uniqueness	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
with	IN
respect	NN
to	TO
other	JJ
competitors	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
relevant	JJ
market	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
supports	VBZ
a	DT
finding	NN
that	IN
the	DT
trade	NN
dress	NN
is	VBZ
inherently	RB
distinctive	JJ
.	.
''	''
Furthermore	RB
,	,
because	IN
uniqueness	NN
and	CC
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
identify	VB
source	NN
of	IN
origin	NN
define	VBP
the	DT
scope	NN
of	IN
inherently	RB
distinctive	JJ
GUIs	NNS
,	,
trade	NN
dress	NN
protection	NN
accrues	VBZ
for	IN
the	DT
entire	JJ
GUI	NNP
rather	RB
than	IN
for	IN
individual	JJ
elements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
interface	NN
.	.
The	DT
use	NN
of	IN
a	DT
mouse	NN
pointing	VBG
device	NN
or	CC
of	IN
layered	JJ
windows	NNS
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
would	MD
fail	VB
to	TO
be	VB
either	RB
unique	JJ
or	CC
identifying	VBG
.	.
Such	JJ
interface	NN
devices	NNS
have	VBP
long	RB
since	IN
become	VBN
standard	JJ
fare	NN
and	CC
as	IN
such	JJ
are	VBP
not	RB
protected	VBN
either	DT
individually	RB
or	CC
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
total	JJ
interface	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
64	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
However	RB
,	,
specific	JJ
configurations	NNS
or	CC
combinations	NNS
of	IN
GUIs	NNS
might	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
both	DT
inherent	JJ
distinctive	JJ
and	CC
nonfunctional	JJ
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
although	IN
Apple	NNP
in	IN
Apple	NNP
lost	VBD
its	PRP$
claim	NN
of	IN
general	JJ
protection	NN
for	IN
all	DT
GUI	NNP
configurations	NNS
,	,
a	DT
narrower	JJR
claim	NN
of	IN
protection	NN
for	IN
a	DT
specific	JJ
interface	NN
might	MD
have	VB
survived	VBN
if	IN
a	DT
competing	VBG
interface	NN
was	VBD
likely	JJ
to	TO
cause	VB
consumer	NN
confusion	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
website	NN
author	NN
can	MD
not	RB
assert	VB
inherent	JJ
distinctiveness	NN
,	,
he	PRP
might	MD
still	RB
gain	VB
trade	NN
dress	NN
protection	NN
by	IN
establishing	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
GUI	NNP
possesses	VBZ
secondary	JJ
meaning	NN
.	.
As	IN
such	JJ
,	,
websites	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
involved	VBN
in	IN
substantial	JJ
advertisement	NN
.	.
Additionally	RB
,	,
secondary	JJ
meaning	NN
might	MD
be	VB
invaluable	JJ
in	IN
instances	NNS
where	WRB
one	CD
publisher	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
for	IN
example	NN
Microsoft	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
produces	VBZ
a	DT
multitude	NN
of	IN
products	NNS
that	WDT
each	DT
employ	VBP
similarly	RB
designed	VBN
interfaces	NNS
.	.
Programs	NNS
belonging	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
family	NN
of	IN
applications	NNS
thus	RB
,	,
might	MD
be	VB
better	RBR
placed	VBN
to	TO
assert	VB
secondary	JJ
meaning	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
68	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
However	RB
,	,
as	IN
indicated	VBN
by	IN
Sports	NNP
Traveler	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
still	RB
necessary	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
plaintiff	NN
to	TO
establish	VB
that	DT
its	PRP$
trade	NN
dress	NN
is	VBZ
inherently	RB
distinctive	JJ
or	CC
has	VBZ
acquired	VBN
secondary	JJ
meaning	NN
.	.
See	VB
,	,
e.g.	FW
,	,
Hormel	NNP
Foods	NNP
Corp.	NNP
v.	CC
Jim	NNP
Henson	NNP
Prods	VBZ
.	.
Inc.	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
72	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
status	NN
of	IN
protection	NN
for	IN
the	DT
``	``
look	NN
and	CC
feel	VB
''	''
of	IN
software	NN
or	CC
websites	NNS
has	VBZ
already	RB
been	VBN
described	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
``	``
gooey	NN
mess	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
73	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Recently	RB
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
passage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Trademark	NNP
Cyberpiracy	NNP
Prevention	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
74	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
concrete	JJ
protection	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
given	VBN
to	TO
established	VBN
trade	NN
names	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
next	JJ
venue	NN
for	IN
litigation	NN
will	MD
probably	RB
be	VB
infringement	NN
claims	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
contents	NNS
of	IN
websites	NNS
.	.
Perhaps	RB
additional	JJ
legislation	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
Trade	NNP
Dress	NNP
Protection	NNP
Act	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
75	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
necessary	JJ
.	.
The	DT
case	NN
law	NN
in	IN
many	JJ
areas	NNS
is	VBZ
uncertain	JJ
.	.
URL	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
select	VB
the	DT
``	``
How	WRB
Our	PRP$
Laws	NNP
Are	VBP
Made	VBN
''	''
link	NN
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
expected	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
familiar	JJ
with	IN
that	DT
material	NN
by	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
semester	NN
,	,
and	CC
familiarity	NN
with	IN
it	PRP
will	MD
make	VB
the	DT
cases	NNS
far	RB
more	RBR
interesting	JJ
and	CC
accessible	JJ
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
Internet	NNP
access	NN
from	IN
home	NN
,	,
access	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
assistance	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
available	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
computer	NN
lab	NN
in	IN
the	DT
law	NN
library	NN
.	.
You	PRP
should	MD
also	RB
make	VB
a	DT
point	NN
to	TO
visit	VB
the	DT
CSPAN	NNP
and	CC
THOMAS	NNP
sites	NNS
several	JJ
times	NNS
during	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
the	DT
semester	NN
,	,
to	TO
get	VB
a	DT
feel	NN
for	IN
the	DT
legislative	JJ
process	NN
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
asked	VBN
to	TO
report	VB
on	IN
the	DT
history	NN
,	,
status	NN
,	,
and	CC
progress	NN
of	IN
pending	VBG
federal	JJ
legislation	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
choice	NN
.	.
You	PRP
should	MD
identify	VB
that	IN
legislation	NN
as	IN
early	JJ
as	IN
possible	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
semester	NN
,	,
and	CC
check	VB
on	IN
its	PRP$
status	NN
at	IN
least	JJS
weekly	JJ
.	.
Choose	VB
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
what	WP
interests	NNS
you	PRP
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
on	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
whether	IN
any	DT
action	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
imminent	JJ
.	.
Ch	NNP
.	.
1	CD
of	IN
the	DT
casebook	NN
,	,
which	WDT
relates	VBZ
the	DT
history	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Civil	NNP
Rights	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1964	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
is	VBZ
fascinating	JJ
and	CC
well	RB
worth	JJ
knowing	VBG
about	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
also	RB
find	VB
Chs	NNS
.	.
4	CD
and	CC
6	CD
valuable	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
insights	NNS
they	PRP
provide	VBP
into	IN
the	DT
legislative	JJ
process	NN
.	.
Attendance	NN
is	VBZ
mandatory	JJ
,	,
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
.	.
A	DT
perfect	JJ
attendance	NN
record	NN
will	MD
be	VB
rewarded	VBN
with	IN
2	CD
points	NNS
on	IN
your	PRP$
final	JJ
grade	NN
.	.
You	PRP
are	VBP
permitted	VBN
one	CD
absence	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
miss	VBP
two	CD
classes	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
not	RB
be	VB
permitted	VBN
to	TO
take	VB
the	DT
final	JJ
exam	NN
,	,
unless	IN
I	PRP
am	VBP
persuaded	VBN
that	IN
there	EX
was	VBD
an	DT
extremely	RB
compelling	JJ
reason	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
absence	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
miss	VBP
more	JJR
than	IN
two	CD
classes	NNS
,	,
nothing	NN
could	MD
persuade	VB
me	PRP
to	TO
permit	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
take	VB
the	DT
final	JJ
exam	NN
.	.
Lack	NN
of	IN
preparedness	NN
when	WRB
called	VBN
upon	RP
may	MD
,	,
in	IN
my	PRP$
judgment	NN
,	,
be	VB
deemed	VBN
an	DT
absence	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
support	VB
AICR	NNP
's	POS
cancer	NN
research	NN
and	CC
education	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
donate	VB
online	NN
,	,
by	IN
phone	NN
or	CC
by	IN
mail	NN
.	.
All	DT
online	JJ
donations	NNS
are	VBP
encrypted	VBN
and	CC
very	RB
secure	JJ
.	.
To	TO
make	VB
a	DT
donation	NN
now	RB
,	,
select	VBP
the	DT
method	NN
that	WDT
works	VBZ
the	DT
best	JJS
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
The	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
welcomes	VBZ
comments	NNS
and	CC
questions	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
In	IN
order	NN
to	TO
better	JJR
serve	VB
you	PRP
,	,
we	PRP
offer	VBP
here	RB
contact	NN
information	NN
for	IN
specific	JJ
departments	NNS
within	IN
AICR	NNP
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
contact	VB
any	DT
of	IN
the	DT
departments	NNS
shown	VBN
below	IN
by	IN
email	NN
simply	RB
by	IN
clicking	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
link	NN
shown	VBN
.	.
The	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
pioneer	NN
in	IN
supporting	VBG
and	CC
encouraging	VBG
research	NN
into	IN
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
diet	NN
and	CC
nutrition	NN
in	IN
the	DT
prevention	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
's	POS
efforts	NNS
have	VBP
funded	VBN
hundreds	NNS
of	IN
highly-respected	JJ
research	NN
projects	NNS
,	,
stimulated	VBD
exciting	JJ
related	JJ
research	NN
and	CC
attracted	VBD
talented	JJ
scientists	NNS
to	TO
this	DT
promising	JJ
field	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
reduce	VB
your	PRP$
cancer	NN
risk	NN
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
're	VBP
here	RB
to	TO
help	VB
.	.
AICR	NNP
offers	VBZ
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
information	NN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
eat	VB
and	CC
live	VB
more	JJR
healthfully	RB
.	.
Explore	VB
the	DT
material	NN
here	RB
and	CC
learn	VB
how	WRB
easy	JJ
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
to	TO
lower	VB
your	PRP$
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
Brochures	NNS
-	:
Brochures	NNS
and	CC
pamphlets	NNS
offering	VBG
practical	JJ
advice	NN
to	TO
help	VB
lower	JJR
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
Online	NNP
text	NN
versions	NNS
,	,
plus	CC
form	NN
to	TO
order	VB
printed	VBN
copies	NNS
.	.
The	DT
New	NNP
American	NNP
Plate	NNP
-	:
A	NNP
fresh	JJ
new	JJ
way	NN
of	IN
looking	VBG
at	IN
what	WP
you	PRP
eat	VBP
every	DT
day	NN
for	IN
long	JJ
term	NN
health	NN
and	CC
for	IN
weight	NN
management	NN
.	.
Shop	NNP
AICR	NNP
-	:
Purchase	NN
books	NNS
and	CC
audio-visual	JJ
presentations	NNS
on	IN
cancer	NN
research	NN
,	,
healthy	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
survivorship	NN
.	.
The	DT
moment	NN
you	PRP
receive	VBP
a	DT
diagnosis	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
,	,
you	PRP
become	VBP
a	DT
cancer	NN
survivor	NN
.	.
You	PRP
join	VBP
more	JJR
than	IN
10	CD
million	CD
other	JJ
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
Although	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
still	RB
gaps	NNS
in	IN
what	WP
scientific	JJ
research	NN
tells	VBZ
us	PRP
about	IN
diet	NN
and	CC
exercise	NN
,	,
and	CC
your	PRP$
return	NN
to	TO
a	DT
healthy	JJ
,	,
active	JJ
life	NN
;	:
AICR	NNP
can	MD
supply	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
available	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
make	VB
better	JJR
informed	VBN
decisions	NNS
and	CC
reduce	VB
your	PRP$
risk	NN
of	IN
secondary	JJ
tumors	NNS
and	CC
recurrence	NN
.	.
What	WP
is	VBZ
Planned	NNP
Giving	NNP
?	.
-	:
Discover	NNP
how	WRB
bequests	NNS
,	,
gift	NN
annuities	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
planned	VBN
gifts	NNS
in	IN
support	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
can	MD
offer	VB
significant	JJ
tax	NN
savings	NNS
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
provide	VB
income	NN
for	IN
life	NN
for	IN
the	DT
donor	NN
.	.
Current	JJ
news	NN
releases	NNS
,	,
weekly	JJ
food	NN
and	CC
health	NN
columns	NNS
,	,
access	NN
to	TO
interview	VB
sources	NNS
,	,
feature	VBP
articles	NNS
for	IN
newspapers	NNS
,	,
magazines	NNS
and	CC
newsletters	NNS
.	.
Here	RB
you	PRP
'll	MD
find	VB
a	DT
wide	JJ
variety	NN
of	IN
material	NN
for	IN
use	NN
by	IN
the	DT
press	NN
and	CC
of	IN
interest	NN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
Since	IN
its	PRP$
founding	NN
in	IN
1982	CD
,	,
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
has	VBZ
grown	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
nation	NN
's	POS
leading	VBG
charity	NN
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
diet	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
supports	VBZ
research	NN
into	IN
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
diet	NN
and	CC
nutrition	NN
in	IN
the	DT
prevention	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
offers	VBZ
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
education	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
By	IN
adopting	VBG
AICR	NNP
's	POS
Diet	NNP
and	CC
Health	NNP
Guidelines	NNS
for	IN
Cancer	NN
Prevention	NNP
,	,
people	NNS
can	MD
reduce	VB
their	PRP$
risk	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
by	IN
30	CD
to	TO
40	CD
percent	NN
.	.
The	DT
Nutrition	NNP
Hotline	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
free	JJ
service	NN
provided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
AICR	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
All	DT
material	NN
on	IN
AICR	NNP
's	POS
website	NN
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
for	IN
educational	JJ
and	CC
informational	JJ
purposes	NNS
only	RB
and	CC
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
substitute	NN
for	IN
individualized	JJ
,	,
professional	JJ
medical	JJ
advice	NN
.	.
Please	VB
contact	VB
your	PRP$
health	NN
care	NN
professional	JJ
with	IN
any	DT
questions	NNS
you	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
regarding	VBG
your	PRP$
individual	JJ
health	NN
or	CC
medical	JJ
concerns	NNS
.	.
The	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
leader	NN
in	IN
encouraging	JJ
and	CC
supporting	JJ
innovative	JJ
research	NN
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
diet	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
.	.
The	DT
Institute	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
directly	RB
carry	VB
out	RP
research	NN
,	,
but	CC
rather	RB
provides	VBZ
funding	NN
for	IN
research	NN
at	IN
leading	VBG
universities	NNS
,	,
hospitals	NNS
and	CC
research	NN
centers	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
in	IN
other	JJ
countries	NNS
.	.
All	DT
funded	JJ
grants	NNS
have	VBP
gone	VBN
through	IN
a	DT
peer-review	JJ
process	NN
which	WDT
meets	VBZ
the	DT
standards	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
's	POS
National	NNP
Cancer	NNP
Institute	NNP
.	.
Cancer	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
recognize	VB
national	JJ
borders	NNS
,	,
nor	CC
is	VBZ
it	PRP
a	DT
disease	NN
restricted	VBN
to	TO
developed	VBN
,	,
industrialized	VBN
countries	NNS
.	.
The	DT
need	NN
to	TO
study	VB
cancer	NN
and	CC
teach	VB
prevention	NN
worldwide	NN
becomes	VBZ
more	RBR
apparent	JJ
every	DT
year	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
operates	VBZ
on	IN
a	DT
global	JJ
level	NN
through	IN
its	PRP$
membership	NN
in	IN
the	DT
World	NNP
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
Fund	NNP
International	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
WCRF	NNP
International	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
WCRF	NNP
global	JJ
network	NN
has	VBZ
found	VBN
an	DT
increasingly	RB
important	JJ
role	NN
to	TO
play	VB
for	IN
several	JJ
reasons	NNS
.	.
One	CD
is	VBZ
the	DT
growing	VBG
rate	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
incidence	NN
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
Improving	NN
standards	NNS
for	IN
public	JJ
health	NN
and	CC
medical	JJ
care	NN
have	VBP
helped	VBN
raise	VB
the	DT
life	NN
expectancy	NN
in	IN
most	JJS
countries	NNS
.	.
Greater	NNP
longevity	NN
means	VBZ
rising	VBG
rates	NNS
for	IN
cancer	NN
,	,
a	DT
disease	NN
that	IN
most	JJS
often	RB
strikes	VBZ
later	RB
in	IN
life	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
a	DT
substantial	JJ
body	NN
of	IN
scientific	JJ
evidence	NN
has	VBZ
made	VBN
clear	JJ
that	IN
lifestyle	NN
choices	NNS
play	VBP
an	DT
overwhelming	JJ
role	NN
in	IN
cancer	NN
incidence	NN
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
improved	VBD
standards	NNS
of	IN
living	VBG
often	RB
translate	VBP
into	IN
eating	VBG
habits	NNS
and	CC
practices	NNS
that	WDT
increase	VBP
risk	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
Studies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
growing	VBG
middle	JJ
class	NN
in	IN
many	JJ
developing	VBG
nations	NNS
find	VB
more	JJR
obesity	NN
,	,
lower	JJR
levels	NNS
of	IN
physical	JJ
activity	NN
,	,
more	JJR
smoking	NN
and	CC
diets	NNS
higher	JJR
in	IN
fat	JJ
and	CC
lower	RBR
in	IN
foods	NNS
from	IN
plant	NN
sources	NNS
.	.
Through	IN
its	PRP$
international	JJ
research	NN
and	CC
education	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
a	DT
primary	JJ
goal	NN
of	IN
the	DT
WCRF	NNP
global	JJ
network	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
help	VB
promote	VB
changes	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
decrease	VB
rates	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
incidence	NN
.	.
Higher	JJR
standards	NNS
of	IN
living	VBG
need	MD
not	RB
translate	VB
into	IN
higher	JJR
incidence	NN
rates	NNS
for	IN
cancer	NN
,	,
heart	NN
disease	NN
and	CC
diabetes	NN
.	.
WCRF	NNP
International	NNP
is	VBZ
working	VBG
to	TO
help	VB
make	VB
a	DT
more	RBR
prosperous	JJ
and	CC
modernized	JJ
world	NN
also	RB
a	DT
healthier	RBR
and	CC
more	RBR
cancer-free	JJ
world	NN
.	.
The	DT
findings	NNS
may	MD
seem	VB
like	IN
common	JJ
sense	NN
:	:
after	IN
all	DT
,	,
tomatoes	NNS
and	CC
broccoli	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
their	PRP$
various	JJ
components	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
have	VBP
all	DT
displayed	VBD
potent	JJ
anti-cancer	JJ
activity	NN
in	IN
over	IN
a	DT
hundred	CD
different	JJ
studies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
seem	VBP
to	TO
act	VB
in	IN
different	JJ
ways	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
diets	NNS
high	JJ
in	IN
both	DT
foods	NNS
should	MD
contain	VB
a	DT
larger	JJR
arsenal	NN
of	IN
cancer-fighters	NNS
and	CC
afford	VB
more	JJR
comprehensive	JJ
protection	NN
.	.
Until	IN
now	RB
,	,
however	RB
,	,
the	DT
general	JJ
thrust	NN
of	IN
diet-cancer	JJ
laboratory	NN
science	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
to	TO
identify	VB
and	CC
isolate	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
potent	JJ
cancer-fighting	JJ
substances	NNS
found	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
diet	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
That	DT
's	VBZ
one	CD
reason	NN
lycopene	NN
,	,
a	DT
strong	JJ
antioxidant	NN
,	,
became	VBD
such	JJ
a	DT
star	NN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
Only	RB
very	RB
recently	RB
have	VB
researchers	NNS
begun	VBN
to	TO
construct	VB
experiments	NNS
that	WDT
attempt	VBP
to	TO
address	VB
the	DT
complexity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
overall	JJ
human	JJ
diet	NN
,	,
where	WRB
the	DT
interactions	NNS
of	IN
phytochemicals	NNS
,	,
vitamins	NNS
and	CC
minerals	NNS
may	MD
offer	VB
the	DT
key	NN
to	TO
protection	NN
.	.
So	RB
there	EX
's	VBZ
nothing	NN
magic	JJ
about	IN
the	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
broccoli	NNS
and	CC
tomatoes	NNS
.	.
There	EX
's	VBZ
every	DT
reason	NN
to	TO
think	VB
,	,
however	RB
,	,
that	IN
the	DT
potent	JJ
anti-cancer	JJ
activity	NN
these	DT
two	CD
foods	NNS
show	VBP
together	RB
takes	VBZ
place	NN
whenever	WRB
diets	NNS
are	VBP
high	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
plant	NN
foods	NNS
.	.
This	DT
study	NN
is	VBZ
simply	RB
among	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
to	TO
document	VB
that	DT
fact	NN
.	.
Results	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
large	JJ
clinical	JJ
study	NN
with	IN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
appearing	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
December	NNP
20	CD
issue	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Journal	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Cancer	NNP
Institute	NNP
suggest	VBP
that	IN
lowering	VBG
intake	NN
of	IN
dietary	JJ
fact	NN
protects	VBZ
against	IN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
recurrence	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
helped	VBD
to	TO
fund	VB
the	DT
landmark	NN
Women	NNP
's	POS
Intervention	NN
Nutrition	NNP
Study	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
WINS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
a	DT
randomized	VBN
study	NN
that	WDT
included	VBD
more	JJR
than	IN
2,400	CD
postmenopausal	JJ
women	NNS
who	WP
had	VBD
been	VBN
treated	VBN
for	IN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
All	DT
had	VBD
received	VBN
standard	JJ
therapies	NNS
-	:
surgery	NN
followed	VBN
by	IN
radiation	NN
,	,
chemotherapy	NN
,	,
hormone	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
or	CC
some	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
these	DT
treatments	NNS
.	.
Half	NN
the	DT
women	NNS
were	VBD
asked	VBN
to	TO
cut	VB
their	PRP$
dietary	JJ
fat	JJ
to	TO
20	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
total	JJ
calories	NNS
each	DT
day	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
33	CD
grams	NNS
of	IN
total	JJ
fat	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
other	JJ
half	NN
followed	VBD
a	DT
standard	JJ
diet	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
51	CD
grams	NNS
of	IN
fat	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Five	CD
years	NNS
later	RB
,	,
breast	NN
cancer	NN
had	VBD
recurred	VBN
in	IN
9.8	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
women	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
lowfat	NN
diet	NN
,	,
compared	VBN
with	IN
12.4	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
women	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
standard	JJ
diet	NN
.	.
A	DT
separate	JJ
,	,
unexpected	JJ
outcome	NN
from	IN
WINS	NNP
is	VBZ
that	IN
women	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
lowfat	NN
diet	NN
whose	WP$
breast	NN
cancer	NN
was	VBD
not	RB
sensitive	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
hormone	NN
estrogen	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
,	,
estrogen	NN
receptor-negative	JJ
breast	NN
cancer	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
achieved	VBD
a	DT
41	CD
percent	NN
reduction	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
risk	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
recurrence	NN
.	.
That	DT
's	VBZ
important	JJ
,	,
because	IN
women	NNS
who	WP
do	VBP
have	VB
breast	NN
cancer	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
influenced	VBN
by	IN
estrogen	NN
can	MD
take	VB
estrogen	NN
inhibitors	NNS
to	TO
lower	VB
their	PRP$
risk	NN
.	.
But	CC
the	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
an	DT
effect	NN
on	IN
ER-negative	JJ
breast	NN
cancer	NN
gives	VBZ
hope	NN
to	TO
women	NNS
with	IN
that	DT
type	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
NOTE	VB
:	:
The	DT
lead	NN
author	NN
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
presented	VBD
preliminary	JJ
data	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
longer-term	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
beyond	IN
5	CD
years	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
follow-up	JJ
of	IN
this	DT
study	NN
at	IN
a	DT
conference	NN
on	IN
December	NNP
16	CD
,	,
2006	CD
.	.
If	IN
confirmed	VBN
,	,
the	DT
new	JJ
data	NNS
suggest	VBP
that	IN
lower	JJR
dietary	JJ
fat	NN
intake	NN
is	VBZ
even	RB
more	RBR
protective	JJ
against	IN
ER-negative	JJ
breast	NN
cancer	NN
recurrence	NN
than	IN
was	VBD
observed	VBN
during	IN
the	DT
five	CD
years	NNS
reported	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
JNCI	NNP
article	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
the	DT
follow-up	JJ
data	NNS
also	RB
suggest	VBP
that	IN
dietary	JJ
fat	JJ
intake	NN
showed	VBD
little	JJ
protective	JJ
effect	NN
against	IN
recurrence	NN
of	IN
ER-positive	JJ
breast	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
the	DT
papers	NNS
presented	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
AICR	NNP
conference	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
the	DT
world	NN
's	POS
premier	JJR
forum	NN
on	IN
the	DT
diet-cancer	NN
connection	NN
,	,
appear	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
issue	NN
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
pertinent	JJ
diagrams	NNS
and	CC
notable	JJ
abstracts	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
poster	NN
sessions	NNS
.	.
Scientists	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Washington	NNP
in	IN
Seattle	NNP
are	VBP
using	VBG
an	DT
AICR	NNP
grant	NN
to	TO
study	VB
how	WRB
and	CC
why	WRB
cancer	NN
is	VBZ
often	RB
associated	VBN
with	IN
loss	NN
of	IN
appetite	NN
and	CC
severe	JJ
weight	NN
loss	NN
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
study	NN
published	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
September	NNP
2006	CD
issue	NN
of	IN
the	DT
scientific	JJ
journal	NN
Endocrinology	NNP
,	,
the	DT
researchers	NNS
examined	VBD
a	DT
specific	JJ
molecule	NN
used	VBN
by	IN
inflamed	JJ
cells	NNS
to	TO
turn	VB
on	RP
the	DT
body	NN
's	POS
``	``
sickness	NN
response	NN
''	''
:	:
fever	NN
,	,
loss	NN
of	IN
appetite	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
Cancer	NN
patients	NNS
who	WP
experience	VBP
the	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
appetite	NN
called	VBN
anorexia	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
not	RB
to	TO
be	VB
confused	VBN
with	IN
anorexia	NN
nervosa	NN
,	,
an	DT
eating	JJ
disorder	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
the	DT
weight	NN
loss	NN
that	WDT
comes	VBZ
with	IN
it	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
higher	JJR
mortality	NN
rate	NN
.	.
By	IN
studying	VBG
the	DT
complex	JJ
biochemical	JJ
chain	NN
of	IN
events	NNS
leading	VBG
from	IN
low-level	JJ
inflammation	NN
to	TO
anorexia	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
loss	NN
,	,
the	DT
researchers	NNS
hope	VBP
to	TO
find	VB
new	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
prevent	VB
these	DT
conditions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
molecule	NN
called	VBN
MyD88	NNP
is	VBZ
used	VBN
by	IN
cells	NNS
to	TO
communicate	VB
with	IN
each	DT
other	JJ
.	.
Specifically	RB
,	,
MyD88	JJ
triggers	VBZ
rapid	JJ
inflammatory	JJ
responses	NNS
in	IN
cells	NNS
and	CC
tissues	NNS
,	,
usually	RB
in	IN
response	NN
to	TO
bacterial	JJ
infection	NN
.	.
This	DT
inflammation	NN
is	VBZ
linked	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
appetite	NN
that	IN
,	,
in	IN
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
,	,
is	VBZ
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
condition	NN
called	VBN
cancer	NN
anorexia\/cachexia	NN
syndrome	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
CACS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
which	WDT
is	VBZ
marked	VBN
by	IN
reduced	JJ
food	NN
intake	NN
,	,
muscle	NN
wasting	NN
and	CC
inexorable	JJ
weight	NN
loss	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
study	NN
,	,
the	DT
researchers	NNS
examined	VBD
mice	NNS
that	WDT
lack	VBP
MyD88	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
found	VBD
that	IN
without	IN
this	DT
molecule	NN
,	,
the	DT
mice	NNS
did	VBD
not	RB
experience	VB
anorexia	NN
when	WRB
exposed	VBN
to	TO
an	DT
inflammatory	JJ
stimulus	NN
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
did	VBD
not	RB
experience	VB
other	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
``	``
sickness	NN
response	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
fever	NN
,	,
absence	NN
of	IN
thirst	NN
,	,
reduced	VBN
movement	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
these	DT
mice	NNS
still	RB
experienced	VBD
weight	NN
loss	NN
,	,
although	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
significantly	RB
less	JJR
extreme	JJ
than	IN
in	IN
mice	NNS
with	IN
MyD88	NNP
.	.
This	DT
finding	NN
that	WDT
MyD88	NNP
seems	VBZ
to	TO
play	VB
a	DT
central	JJ
role	NN
in	IN
anorexia	NN
and	CC
feelings	NNS
of	IN
``	``
sickness	NN
''	''
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
weight	VB
loss	NN
,	,
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
separate	JJ
factor	NN
or	CC
factors	NNS
influence	NN
weight	NN
maintenance	NN
in	IN
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
more	RBR
directly	RB
.	.
Experts	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
AICR	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
welcomed	VBD
results	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
Women	NNP
's	POS
Intervention	NN
Nutrition	NNP
Study	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
WINS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
published	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
December	NNP
20	CD
issue	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Journal	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Cancer	NNP
Institute	NNP
.	.
The	DT
results	NNS
suggest	VBP
that	IN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
who	WP
reduced	VBD
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
fat	JJ
in	IN
their	PRP$
diets	NNS
were	VBD
significantly	RB
less	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
experience	VB
a	DT
recurrence	NN
of	IN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
over	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
five	CD
years	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
these	DT
results	NNS
were	VBD
first	RB
reported	VBN
at	IN
an	DT
oral	JJ
presentation	NN
last	JJ
year	NN
,	,
AICR	NNP
interviewed	VBD
the	DT
study	NN
's	POS
lead	NN
author	NN
,	,
one	CD
study	NN
participant	NN
,	,
and	CC
placed	VBD
the	DT
study	NN
in	IN
context	NN
.	.
Click	VB
here	RB
to	TO
read	VB
that	DT
article	NN
.	.
Last	JJ
week	NN
,	,
at	IN
a	DT
symposium	NN
in	IN
San	NNP
Antonio	NNP
,	,
the	DT
study	NN
's	POS
lead	NN
author	NN
presented	VBD
unpublished	JJ
follow-up	JJ
data	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
beyond	IN
the	DT
five	CD
years	NNS
reported	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
JNCI	NNP
article	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
add	VBP
a	DT
different	JJ
perspective	NN
to	TO
the	DT
JNCI	NNP
results	NNS
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
this	DT
December	NNP
16	CD
,	,
2006	CD
presentation	NN
,	,
lowering	VBG
fat	JJ
intake	NN
was	VBD
strongly	RB
associated	VBN
with	IN
lower	JJR
risk	NN
of	IN
recurrence	NN
,	,
but	CC
only	RB
for	IN
the	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
sensitive	JJ
to	TO
hormones	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
estrogen-negative	JJ
breast	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
Among	IN
WINS	NNP
participants	NNS
with	IN
tumors	NNS
that	WDT
contain	VBP
receptors	NNS
for	IN
hormones	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
estrogen-positive	JJ
breast	NN
cancer	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
however	RB
,	,
reducing	VBG
fat	JJ
intake	NN
had	VBD
little	JJ
protective	JJ
effect	NN
.	.
In	IN
light	NN
of	IN
the	DT
total	JJ
available	JJ
evidence	NN
on	IN
diet	NN
and	CC
breast	NN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
,	,
AICR	NNP
advises	VBZ
all	DT
breast	NN
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
,	,
regardless	RB
of	IN
their	PRP$
receptor	NN
status	NN
,	,
to	TO
adopt	VB
diets	NNS
high	JJ
in	IN
vegetables	NNS
,	,
fruits	NNS
,	,
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
and	CC
beans	NNS
and	CC
low	JJ
in	IN
animal	NN
fat	NN
.	.
Instead	RB
of	IN
counting	VBG
calories	NNS
or	CC
fat	JJ
grams	NNS
,	,
the	DT
cancer	NN
experts	NNS
recommend	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
whole	JJ
plate	NN
undergo	VBP
a	DT
simple	JJ
makeover	NN
.	.
The	DT
traditional	JJ
American	JJ
three-part	JJ
formula	NN
of	IN
meat	NN
,	,
potatoes	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
single	JJ
green	JJ
vegetable	NN
will	MD
change	VB
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
meat	NN
gets	VBZ
smaller	JJR
,	,
the	DT
extra	JJ
space	NN
may	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
up	RP
by	IN
two	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
vegetables	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
whole-grain	NN
.	.
Plant	NNP
foods	NNS
contain	VBP
thousands	NNS
of	IN
phytochemicals	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
phyto	JJ
means	NNS
``	``
plant	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
laboratory	NN
studies	NNS
,	,
these	DT
naturally	RB
occurring	VBG
substances	NNS
have	VBP
repeatedly	RB
shown	VBN
an	DT
array	NN
of	IN
antioxidant	JJ
and	CC
anti-inflammatory	JJ
abilities	NNS
that	WDT
help	VBP
cells	NNS
defend	VB
against	IN
the	DT
start	NN
of	IN
the	DT
cancer	NN
process	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
have	VBP
also	RB
shown	VBN
the	DT
capacity	NN
to	TO
stop	VB
already	RB
cancerous	JJ
cells	NNS
from	IN
progressing	VBG
into	IN
tumors	NNS
.	.
Perhaps	RB
the	DT
simplest	JJS
way	NN
to	TO
get	VB
started	VBN
is	VBZ
to	TO
adapt	VB
simple	JJ
dishes	NNS
like	IN
casseroles	NNS
,	,
stews	NNS
,	,
stir-fries	NNS
and	CC
summery	NN
,	,
grain-based	JJ
salads	NNS
to	TO
meet	VB
the	DT
recommended	VBN
two-thirds	NNS
plant	NN
,	,
one-third	JJ
meat	NN
model	NN
.	.
In	IN
``	``
one-pot	JJ
cooking	NN
,	,
''	''
it	PRP
's	VBZ
easy	JJ
for	IN
vegetables	NNS
,	,
grains	NNS
and	CC
beans	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
healthful	JJ
and	CC
satisfying	JJ
heart	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meal	NN
while	IN
meat	NN
becomes	VBZ
a	DT
condiment	NN
,	,
imparting	VBG
flavor	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
return	NN
to	TO
the	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
casseroles	NNS
and	CC
stews	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
popular	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
fifties	NNS
and	CC
sixties	NNS
,	,
with	IN
a	DT
lighter	JJR
,	,
more	RBR
contemporary	JJ
twist	NN
.	.
One-pot	JJ
meals	NNS
are	VBP
an	DT
ideal	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
transition	NN
to	TO
healthier	RBR
proportions	NNS
.	.
To	TO
help	VB
people	NNS
adopt	VB
this	DT
healthy	JJ
meal	NN
model	NN
,	,
AICR	NNP
is	VBZ
offering	VBG
a	DT
completely	RB
revised	VBN
version	NN
of	IN
The	DT
New	NNP
American	NNP
Plate	NNP
:	:
One-Pot	NNP
Meals	NNPS
,	,
a	DT
free	JJ
brochure	NN
that	WDT
shows	VBZ
how	WRB
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
shift	NN
to	TO
healthier	RBR
eating	VBG
without	IN
sacrificing	VBG
convenience	NN
,	,
flavor	NN
or	CC
satisfaction	NN
.	.
The	DT
18	CD
all-new	JJ
recipes	NNS
contained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
free	JJ
One-Pot	NNP
Meals	NNPS
brochure	NN
are	VBP
just	RB
that	DT
combinations	NNS
of	IN
healthful	JJ
ingredients	NNS
that	WDT
require	VBP
little	JJ
preparation	NN
yet	RB
result	VB
in	IN
hearty	NN
,	,
satisfying	VBG
stews	NNS
,	,
stir-fries	NNS
,	,
casseroles	NNS
and	CC
grain-based	JJ
salads	NNS
.	.
Here	RB
's	VBZ
a	DT
sample	NN
recipe	NN
from	IN
the	DT
brochure	NN
.	.
This	DT
healthy	JJ
update	VBP
of	IN
a	DT
traditional	JJ
French	JJ
cassoulet	NN
trims	VBZ
the	DT
fat	JJ
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
the	DT
flavor	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
colorful	JJ
and	CC
hearty	JJ
dish	NN
that	WDT
's	VBZ
perfect	JJ
for	IN
supper	NN
on	IN
gray	JJ
,	,
wintry	JJ
days	NNS
.	.
In	IN
same	JJ
pot	NN
,	,
saut	NN
?	.
onion	NN
and	CC
carrots	NNS
for	IN
7	CD
minutes	NNS
until	IN
onion	NN
is	VBZ
soft	JJ
.	.
Add	VB
tomatoes	NNS
with	IN
juice	NN
,	,
beans	NNS
and	CC
orange	JJ
zest	NN
.	.
Bring	VB
to	TO
boil	NN
,	,
lower	JJR
heat	NN
and	CC
add	VB
chicken	NN
.	.
Cover	NNP
and	CC
transfer	VB
to	TO
oven	VB
.	.
Bake	NNP
for	IN
20-25	CD
minutes	NNS
.	.
The	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
AICR	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
the	DT
cancer	NN
charity	NN
that	WDT
fosters	VBZ
research	NN
on	IN
diet	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
and	CC
educates	VBZ
the	DT
public	JJ
about	IN
the	DT
results	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
contributed	VBN
more	JJR
than	IN
$	$
78	CD
million	CD
for	IN
innovative	JJ
research	NN
conducted	VBN
at	IN
universities	NNS
,	,
hospitals	NNS
and	CC
research	NN
centers	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
country	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
also	RB
provides	VBZ
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
educational	JJ
programs	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
millions	NNS
of	IN
Americans	NNPS
learn	VBP
to	TO
make	VB
dietary	JJ
changes	NNS
for	IN
lower	JJR
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
Its	PRP$
award-winning	JJ
New	NNP
American	NNP
Plate	NNP
program	NN
is	VBZ
presented	VBN
in	IN
brochures	NNS
,	,
seminars	NNS
and	CC
on	IN
its	PRP$
website	NN
,	,
www.aicr.org	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
World	NNP
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
Fund	NNP
International	NNP
.	.
A	DT
:	:
Smoking	NN
tobacco	NN
is	VBZ
strongly	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
many	JJ
cancers	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
body	NN
.	.
As	IN
smoke	NN
is	VBZ
inhaled	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
passes	VBZ
through	IN
the	DT
mouth	NN
,	,
where	WRB
it	PRP
increases	VBZ
cancer	NN
risk	NN
27-fold	JJ
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
World	NNP
Health	NNP
Organization	NNP
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
smoke	NN
moves	VBZ
through	IN
the	DT
throat	NN
,	,
it	PRP
increases	VBZ
cancer	NN
risk	NN
of	IN
the	DT
larynx	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
``	``
voice	NN
box	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
12-fold	RB
.	.
From	IN
the	DT
lungs	NNS
,	,
at	IN
least	JJS
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
more	JJR
than	IN
60	CD
chemicals	NNS
in	IN
tobacco	NN
that	WDT
are	VBP
known	VBN
to	TO
cause	VB
cancer	NN
are	VBP
absorbed	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
blood	NN
,	,
where	WRB
they	PRP
travel	VBP
throughout	IN
the	DT
body	NN
.	.
That	DT
explains	VBZ
why	WRB
research	NN
suggests	VBZ
smoking	NN
increases	NNS
risk	NN
of	IN
cancers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
pancreas	NNS
,	,
cervix	NN
,	,
colon	NN
and	CC
perhaps	RB
even	RB
breast	NN
.	.
The	DT
toxins	NNS
need	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
filtered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
kidney	NN
and	CC
seem	VB
to	TO
pose	VB
some	DT
cancer	NN
risk	NN
there	RB
.	.
Before	IN
being	VBG
excreted	VBN
,	,
these	DT
carcinogens	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
urine	NN
are	VBP
held	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
bladder	NN
where	WRB
they	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
absorbed	VBN
into	IN
the	DT
lining	NN
.	.
Compared	VBN
to	TO
nonsmokers	NNS
,	,
smokers	NNS
have	VBP
double	JJ
or	CC
triple	JJ
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
bladder	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
Healthful	JJ
eating	NN
and	CC
daily	JJ
physical	JJ
activity	NN
are	VBP
part	NN
of	IN
an	DT
overall	JJ
strategy	NN
to	TO
lower	JJR
cancer	NN
risk	NN
,	,
but	CC
so	RB
is	VBZ
tobacco	NN
avoidance	NN
.	.
Q	NNP
:	:
Does	NNP
how	WRB
much	JJ
weight	NN
a	DT
woman	NN
gains	NNS
in	IN
pregnancy	NN
really	RB
matter	VB
?	.
A	DT
:	:
Yes	UH
.	.
Studies	NNS
show	VBP
that	IN
women	NNS
who	WP
gain	VBP
amounts	NNS
below	IN
recommended	VBN
levels	NNS
are	VBP
more	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
babies	NNS
who	WP
face	VBP
health	NN
risks	NNS
because	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
born	VBN
premature	JJ
or	CC
underweight	JJ
.	.
Women	NNS
who	WP
gain	VBP
more	JJR
than	IN
is	VBZ
recommended	VBN
are	VBP
at	IN
three	CD
times	NNS
greater	JJR
risk	NN
of	IN
having	VBG
a	DT
baby	NN
who	WP
is	VBZ
large	JJ
for	IN
its	PRP$
size	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
poses	VBZ
concerns	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
hypoglycemia	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
low	JJ
blood	NN
sugar	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
jaundice	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
early	JJ
days	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
studies	NNS
link	VBP
excessive	JJ
weight	NN
gain	NN
in	IN
pregnancy	NN
with	IN
greater	JJR
risk	NN
for	IN
the	DT
mother	NN
to	TO
become	VB
overweight	JJ
or	CC
develop	VB
diabetes	NN
or	CC
breast	NN
cancer	NN
in	IN
later	JJ
years	NNS
.	.
The	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
weight	NN
a	DT
woman	NN
needs	VBZ
to	TO
gain	VB
during	IN
pregnancy	NN
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
her	PRP$
weight	NN
before	IN
pregnancy	NN
,	,
as	IN
defined	VBN
by	IN
body	NN
mass	NN
index	NN
,	,
which	WDT
compares	VBZ
weight	NN
to	TO
height	NN
.	.
The	DT
Institute	NNP
of	IN
Medicine	NNP
advises	VBZ
the	DT
following	NN
:	:
underweight	JJ
women	NNS
should	MD
gain	VB
28	CD
to	TO
40	CD
pounds	NNS
;	:
normal	JJ
weight	NN
women	NNS
25	CD
to	TO
35	CD
pounds	NNS
;	:
and	CC
overweight	JJ
women	NNS
should	MD
gain	VB
15	CD
to	TO
25	CD
pounds	NNS
.	.
Those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
more	RBR
overweight	JJ
are	VBP
classified	VBN
as	IN
obese	NN
,	,
but	CC
should	MD
still	RB
gain	VB
at	IN
least	JJS
15	CD
pounds	NNS
.	.
Women	NNS
shorter	JJR
than	IN
5	CD
foot	NN
,	,
2	CD
inches	NNS
may	MD
do	VB
best	RB
with	IN
gains	NNS
limited	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
lower	JJR
end	NN
of	IN
each	DT
range	NN
.	.
Women	NNS
carrying	VBG
more	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
baby	NN
should	MD
discuss	VB
with	IN
their	PRP$
doctors	NNS
how	WRB
these	DT
recommendations	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
adjusted	VBN
for	IN
their	PRP$
needs	NNS
.	.
A	DT
:	:
Lycopene	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
natural	JJ
antioxidant	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
bind	NN
to	TO
unstable	JJ
molecules	NNS
and	CC
prevent	VB
them	PRP
from	IN
possibly	RB
damaging	JJ
our	PRP$
cells	NNS
.	.
Tomatoes	NNS
may	MD
provide	VB
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
lycopene	NN
we	PRP
eat	VBP
,	,
but	CC
they	PRP
certainly	RB
are	VBP
n't	RB
the	DT
only	JJ
source	NN
.	.
A	DT
red\/pink	JJ
color	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
sign	NN
of	IN
lycopene	NN
,	,
present	JJ
in	IN
such	JJ
vegetables	NNS
as	IN
red	JJ
bell	NN
peppers	NNS
and	CC
fruits	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
watermelon	NN
,	,
guava	NN
and	CC
red	JJ
grapefruit	NN
.	.
Lycopene	NNP
is	VBZ
also	RB
available	JJ
in	IN
supplements	NNS
,	,
but	CC
studies	NNS
suggest	VBP
that	IN
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
more	RBR
powerful	JJ
when	WRB
combined	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
many	JJ
other	JJ
substances	NNS
and	CC
vitamins	NNS
in	IN
food	NN
,	,
so	RB
researchers	NNS
emphasize	VBP
food	NN
as	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
source	NN
.	.
The	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
AICR	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
offers	VBZ
a	DT
Nutrition	NNP
Hotline	NNP
online	NN
at	IN
www.aicr.org	NN
or	CC
via	IN
phone	NN
9	CD
a.m.	NN
to	TO
5	CD
p.m.	NN
ET	NNP
,	,
Monday-Friday	NNP
,	,
at	IN
1-800-843-8114	CD
.	.
This	DT
free	JJ
service	NN
allows	VBZ
you	PRP
to	TO
ask	VB
questions	NNS
about	IN
diet	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
.	.
A	DT
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
will	MD
respond	VB
to	TO
your	PRP$
email	NN
or	CC
call	NN
,	,
usually	RB
within	IN
3	CD
business	NN
days	NNS
.	.
AICR	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
only	RB
major	JJ
cancer	NN
charity	NN
focusing	VBG
exclusively	RB
on	IN
how	WRB
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
is	VBZ
reduced	VBN
by	IN
healthy	JJ
food	NN
and	CC
nutrition	NN
,	,
physical	JJ
activity	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
management	NN
.	.
The	DT
Institute	NNP
's	POS
education	NN
programs	NNS
help	VBP
millions	NNS
of	IN
Americans	NNPS
lower	JJR
their	PRP$
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
also	RB
supports	VBZ
innovative	JJ
research	NN
in	IN
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
at	IN
universities	NNS
,	,
hospitals	NNS
and	CC
research	NN
centers	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Over	IN
$	$
77	CD
million	CD
in	IN
funding	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
provided	VBN
.	.
AICR	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
World	NNP
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
Fund	NNP
International	NNP
.	.
A	DT
free	JJ
information	NN
program	NN
from	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cance	NNP
r	NN
Research	NN
to	TO
help	VB
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
understand	VBP
more	JJR
about	IN
cancer	NN
,	,
its	PRP$
treatment	NN
and	CC
the	DT
resources	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
help	VB
them	PRP
in	IN
overcoming	VBG
this	DT
disease	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
has	VBZ
developed	VBN
CancerResource	NNP
to	TO
answer	VB
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
basic	JJ
questions	NNS
which	WDT
arise	VBP
with	IN
a	DT
diagnosis	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
It	PRP
provides	VBZ
information	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
help	VB
a	DT
cancer	NN
patient	NN
be	VB
an	DT
active	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
treatment	NN
and	CC
of	IN
the	DT
many	JJ
important	JJ
decisions	NNS
that	WDT
come	VBP
with	IN
fighting	VBG
cancer	NN
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
provides	VBZ
information	NN
about	IN
other	JJ
resources	NNS
available	JJ
for	IN
additional	JJ
information	NN
and	CC
support	NN
.	.
The	DT
New	NNP
American	NNP
Plate	NNP
is	VBZ
n't	RB
a	DT
diet	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
complex	JJ
system	NN
for	IN
calculating	VBG
calories	NNS
,	,
fat	JJ
grams	NNS
,	,
or	CC
carbs	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
fresh	JJ
way	NN
of	IN
looking	VBG
at	IN
what	WP
you	PRP
eat	VBP
every	DT
day	NN
.	.
Create	VB
meals	NNS
that	WDT
lower	JJR
your	PRP$
risk	NN
for	IN
cancer	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
chronic	JJ
diseases	NNS
and	CC
manage	VB
your	PRP$
weight	NN
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
you	PRP
eat	VB
the	DT
exact	JJ
same	JJ
things	NNS
every	DT
day	NN
?	.
Of	IN
course	NN
not	RB
.	.
Most	JJS
people	NNS
's	POS
diets	NNS
are	VBP
complex	JJ
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
change	VBP
over	IN
weeks	NNS
,	,
months	NNS
and	CC
years	NNS
.	.
To	TO
pinpoint	VB
associations	NNS
between	IN
diet	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
,	,
researchers	NNS
must	MD
dig	VB
through	IN
this	DT
massive	JJ
menu	NN
to	TO
isolate	VB
the	DT
specific	JJ
effects	NNS
of	IN
individual	JJ
foods	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
scientific	JJ
study	NN
provides	VBZ
another	DT
clue	NN
to	TO
the	DT
evolving	VBG
mystery	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
diet	NN
affects	VBZ
cancer	NN
.	.
But	CC
as	IN
with	IN
any	DT
good	JJ
mystery	NN
,	,
some	DT
clues	NNS
hold	VBP
more	JJR
weight	NN
than	IN
others	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
cancer	NN
is	VBZ
n't	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
confess	VB
to	TO
what	WP
caused	VBD
it	PRP
,	,
no	DT
single	JJ
piece	NN
of	IN
evidence	NN
gives	VBZ
us	PRP
all	PDT
the	DT
answers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
``	``
body	NN
of	IN
evidence	NN
''	''
formed	VBN
by	IN
many	JJ
studies	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
considered	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
whole	JJ
as	IN
we	PRP
investigate	VBP
the	DT
mystery	NN
of	IN
the	DT
diet-cancer	NN
connection	NN
.	.
This	DT
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
site	NN
with	IN
its	PRP$
home	NN
page	NN
in	IN
the	DT
domain	NN
``	``
aicr.org	NN
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
the	DT
``	``
Website	NNP
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
a	DT
complimentary	JJ
information	NN
service	NN
offered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
AICR	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
at	IN
no	DT
charge	NN
to	TO
users	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
World	NNP
Wide	NNP
Web	NNP
.	.
Your	PRP$
continued	VBN
use	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Website	NNP
indicates	VBZ
your	PRP$
ongoing	JJ
agreement	NN
to	TO
be	VB
bound	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
set	VBN
forth	RB
in	IN
this	DT
Terms	NNS
of	IN
Service	NNP
and	CC
Disclaimer	NNP
.	.
AICR	JJ
reserves	NNS
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
change	VB
these	DT
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
any	DT
time	NN
,	,
so	RB
please	VB
check	VB
back	RB
often	RB
to	TO
review	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
recent	JJ
version	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Terms	NNS
of	IN
Service	NNP
and	CC
Disclaimer	NNP
.	.
Do	VBP
not	RB
use	VB
the	DT
Website	NNP
if	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
acknowledge	VB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
terms	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
.	.
This	DT
Website	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
free	JJ
service	NN
provided	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
AICR	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
AICR	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
provide	VB
medical	JJ
advice	NN
.	.
While	IN
AICR	NNP
takes	VBZ
great	JJ
care	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
the	DT
most	RBS
accurate	JJ
and	CC
up-to-date	JJ
research	NN
and	CC
health	NN
information	NN
available	JJ
,	,
any	DT
information	NN
contained	VBN
on	IN
this	DT
website	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
educational	JJ
and	CC
informational	JJ
use	NN
only	RB
.	.
The	DT
contents	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
website	NN
are	VBP
not	RB
intended	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
substitute	NN
for	IN
individualized	JJ
,	,
professional	JJ
medical	JJ
advice	NN
,	,
diagnosis	NN
,	,
or	CC
treatment	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
therefore	RB
disclaims	VBZ
all	DT
liability	NN
for	IN
any	DT
loss	NN
,	,
damage	NN
,	,
or	CC
injury	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
information	NN
directly	RB
or	CC
indirectly	RB
obtained	VBN
through	IN
this	DT
website	NN
.	.
Should	MD
you	PRP
have	VB
individual	JJ
medical	JJ
or	CC
health	NN
concerns	NNS
or	CC
questions	NNS
,	,
please	VB
contact	NN
your	PRP$
healthcare	NN
professional	NN
.	.
The	DT
information	NN
provided	VBN
on	IN
this	DT
Website	NNP
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
on	IN
an	DT
``	``
as	RB
is	VBZ
''	''
basis	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
makes	VBZ
no	DT
warranties	NNS
of	IN
any	DT
kind	NN
regarding	VBG
this	DT
Website	NNP
,	,
including	VBG
but	CC
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
any	DT
warranty	NN
of	IN
accuracy	NN
,	,
completeness	NN
,	,
currency	NN
,	,
reliability	NN
,	,
merchantability	NN
or	CC
fitness	NN
for	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
purpose	NN
,	,
or	CC
any	DT
warranty	NN
that	IN
these	DT
pages	NNS
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
server	NN
that	WDT
makes	VBZ
them	PRP
available	JJ
,	,
are	VBP
free	JJ
of	IN
viruses	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
harmful	JJ
elements	NNS
,	,
and	CC
such	JJ
warranties	NNS
are	VBP
expressly	RB
disclaimed	VBN
.	.
You	PRP
acknowledge	VBP
that	IN
you	PRP
will	MD
hold	VB
harmless	JJ
AICR	NNP
and	CC
its	PRP$
shareholders	NNS
,	,
officers	NNS
,	,
directors	NNS
,	,
and	CC
employees	NNS
from	IN
all	DT
claims	NNS
arising	VBG
out	IN
of	IN
or	CC
related	VBN
to	TO
your	PRP$
access	NN
or	CC
use	NN
of	IN
,	,
or	CC
your	PRP$
inability	NN
to	TO
access	NN
or	CC
use	NN
,	,
this	DT
Website	NN
or	CC
the	DT
information	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
Website	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
websites	NNS
to	TO
which	WDT
it	PRP
is	VBZ
linked	VBN
,	,
including	VBG
but	CC
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
claims	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
found	VBN
something	NN
you	PRP
have	VBP
heard	VBN
,	,
viewed	VBN
or	CC
downloaded	VBN
from	IN
this	DT
Website	NN
or	CC
another	DT
website	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
it	PRP
is	VBZ
linked	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
obscene	JJ
,	,
offensive	JJ
,	,
defamatory	JJ
,	,
or	CC
infringing	VBG
upon	IN
your	PRP$
intellectual	JJ
property	NN
rights	NNS
.	.
In	IN
no	DT
event	NN
will	MD
AICR	VB
or	CC
the	DT
contributors	NNS
of	IN
information	NN
to	TO
this	DT
Website	NNP
be	VB
liable	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
or	CC
anyone	NN
else	RB
for	IN
any	DT
decision	NN
made	VBD
or	CC
action	NN
taken	VBN
by	IN
you	PRP
in	IN
reliance	NN
on	IN
such	JJ
information	NN
or	CC
for	IN
any	DT
consequential	JJ
,	,
special	JJ
or	CC
similar	JJ
damages	NNS
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
advised	VBN
of	IN
the	DT
possibility	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
damages	NNS
.	.
AICR	NNP
may	MD
provide	VB
links	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Website	NNP
to	TO
other	JJ
websites	NNS
which	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
under	IN
the	DT
control	NN
of	IN
AICR	NNP
.	.
In	IN
general	JJ
,	,
any	DT
website	NN
which	WDT
has	VBZ
an	DT
address	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
URL	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
which	WDT
does	VBZ
not	RB
contain	VB
``	``
aicr.org	JJ
''	''
is	VBZ
such	JJ
a	DT
website	NN
.	.
These	DT
links	NNS
are	VBP
provided	VBN
for	IN
convenience	NN
of	IN
reference	NN
only	RB
and	CC
are	VBP
not	RB
intended	VBN
as	IN
an	DT
endorsement	NN
by	IN
AICR	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
organization	NN
or	CC
individual	JJ
operating	VBG
the	DT
website	NN
or	CC
a	DT
warranty	NN
of	IN
any	DT
type	NN
regarding	VBG
the	DT
website	NN
or	CC
the	DT
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
website	NN
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
provide	VB
a	DT
hypertext	NN
link	NN
to	TO
this	DT
Website	NN
on	IN
another	DT
website	NN
,	,
provided	VBN
:	:
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	IN
the	DT
link	NN
must	MD
be	VB
a	DT
text-only	JJ
link	NN
clearly	RB
marked	VBD
``	``
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
,	,
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
b	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
link	NN
must	MD
``	``
point	NN
''	''
to	TO
the	DT
URL	NNP
``	``
http://www.aicr.org	NN
''	''
and	CC
not	RB
to	TO
other	JJ
pages	NNS
within	IN
the	DT
Website	NNP
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
c	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
appearance	NN
,	,
position	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
link	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
such	JJ
as	IN
to	TO
damage	NN
or	CC
dilute	VB
the	DT
goodwill	NN
associated	VBN
with	IN
AICR	NNP
's	POS
name	NN
and	CC
trademarks	NNS
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
d	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
appearance	NN
,	,
position	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
link	NN
may	MD
not	RB
create	VB
the	DT
false	JJ
appearance	NN
that	IN
an	DT
entity	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
AICR	NNP
is	VBZ
associated	VBN
with	IN
or	CC
sponsored	VBN
by	IN
AICR	NNP
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
e	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
link	NN
,	,
when	WRB
activated	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
user	NN
,	,
must	MD
display	VB
this	DT
Website	NNP
full-screen	NN
and	CC
not	RB
with	IN
a	DT
``	``
frame	NN
''	''
on	IN
the	DT
linked	VBN
website	NN
,	,
and	CC
-LRB-	-LRB-
f	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
AICR	JJ
reserves	NNS
the	DT
right	NN
to	TO
revoke	VB
its	PRP$
consent	NN
to	TO
the	DT
link	NN
at	IN
any	DT
time	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
sole	JJ
discretion	NN
by	IN
amending	VBG
this	DT
Terms	NNS
of	IN
Service	NNP
and	CC
Disclaimer	NNP
.	.
You	PRP
acknowledge	VBP
that	IN
all	DT
other	JJ
hypertext	NN
links	NNS
to	TO
this	DT
Website	NN
must	MD
be	VB
approved	VBN
in	IN
writing	VBG
by	IN
AICR	NNP
.	.
This	DT
Website	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
excluding	VBG
linked	VBN
sites	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
controlled	VBN
by	IN
AICR	NNP
which	WDT
is	VBZ
headquartered	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
,	,
United	NNP
States	NNPS
of	IN
America	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
accessed	VBN
from	IN
all	DT
50	CD
states	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
from	IN
other	JJ
countries	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
As	IN
each	DT
of	IN
these	DT
places	NNS
has	VBZ
laws	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
differ	VB
from	IN
those	DT
of	IN
the	DT
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
,	,
by	IN
accessing	VBG
this	DT
Website	NNP
both	CC
you	PRP
and	CC
AICR	NNP
acknowledge	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
statutes	NNS
and	CC
laws	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
District	NNP
of	IN
Columbia	NNP
,	,
without	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
conflicts	NNS
of	IN
laws	NNS
principles	NNS
thereof	RB
,	,
will	MD
apply	VB
to	TO
all	DT
matters	NNS
arising	VBG
from	IN
or	CC
relating	VBG
to	TO
use	VB
of	IN
this	DT
Website	NNP
.	.
AICR	NNP
makes	VBZ
no	DT
representation	NN
that	WDT
materials	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
Website	NNP
are	VBP
appropriate	JJ
or	CC
available	JJ
for	IN
use	NN
in	IN
other	JJ
locations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
accessing	VBG
them	PRP
from	IN
territories	NNS
where	WRB
their	PRP$
contents	NNS
are	VBP
illegal	JJ
is	VBZ
prohibited	VBN
.	.
Those	DT
who	WP
choose	VBP
to	TO
access	VB
this	DT
Website	NN
from	IN
other	JJ
locations	NNS
do	VBP
so	RB
on	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
initiative	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
responsible	JJ
for	IN
compliance	NN
with	IN
local	JJ
laws	NNS
.	.
At	IN
aicr.org	NN
,	,
we	PRP
are	VBP
committed	VBN
to	TO
protecting	VBG
your	PRP$
privacy	NN
.	.
We	PRP
use	VBP
the	DT
information	NN
you	PRP
provide	VBP
to	TO
process	VB
orders	NNS
,	,
information	NN
requests	NNS
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
enjoy	VB
a	DT
more	RBR
personalized	JJ
Web	NN
experience	NN
.	.
Please	VB
read	VB
on	IN
for	IN
more	JJR
detail	NN
about	IN
our	PRP$
privacy	NN
policy	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
forms	NNS
require	VBP
users	NNS
to	TO
give	VB
us	PRP
contact	VB
information	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
include	VB
name	NN
,	,
email	NN
address	NN
,	,
format	NN
preference	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
HTML	NNP
vs.	FW
Text	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
address	NN
,	,
interests	NNS
,	,
and	CC
similar	JJ
information	NN
.	.
We	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
store	NN
sensitive	JJ
information	NN
from	IN
our	PRP$
visitors	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
credit	NN
card	NN
or	CC
social	JJ
security	NN
numbers	NNS
.	.
``	``
Cookies	NNS
''	''
are	VBP
small	JJ
pieces	NNS
of	IN
information	NN
that	WDT
are	VBP
stored	VBN
by	IN
your	PRP$
browser	NN
on	IN
your	PRP$
computer	NN
's	POS
hard	JJ
drive	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
cookies	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
contain	VB
any	DT
personally	RB
identifying	VBG
information	NN
,	,
but	CC
they	PRP
do	VBP
enable	VB
us	PRP
to	TO
provide	VB
additional	JJ
features	NNS
on	IN
this	DT
site	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
Web	NN
browsers	NNS
automatically	RB
accept	VB
cookies	NNS
,	,
but	CC
you	PRP
can	MD
usually	RB
change	VB
your	PRP$
browser	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
that	IN
,	,
if	IN
required	VBN
.	.
Even	RB
without	IN
a	DT
cookie	NN
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
still	RB
use	VB
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
features	NNS
in	IN
our	PRP$
Web	NNP
site	NN
.	.
Will	MD
aicr.org	VB
disclose	VB
the	DT
information	NN
it	PRP
collects	VBZ
to	TO
outside	JJ
parties	NNS
?	.
aicr.org	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
currently	RB
sell	VB
,	,
trade	VB
or	CC
rent	VB
e-mail	NN
addresses	NNS
to	TO
others	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
may	MD
choose	VB
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
with	IN
trustworthy	JJ
third	JJ
parties	NNS
,	,
but	CC
you	PRP
can	MD
tell	VB
us	PRP
if	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
prefer	VB
us	PRP
not	RB
to	TO
by	IN
sending	VBG
an	DT
e-mail	NN
message	NN
to	TO
aicrweb@aicr.org	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
If	IN
you	PRP
use	VBP
more	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
e-mail	NN
address	NN
to	TO
visit	VB
this	DT
Web	NNP
site	NN
,	,
send	VB
this	DT
message	NN
from	IN
each	DT
e-mail	NN
account	NN
you	PRP
use	VBP
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
Also	RB
,	,
aicr.org	NN
may	MD
provide	VB
aggregate	JJ
statistics	NNS
about	IN
our	PRP$
visitors	NNS
,	,
orders	NNS
received	VBD
,	,
traffic	NN
patterns	NNS
and	CC
related	JJ
site	NN
information	NN
to	TO
reputable	JJ
third-party	JJ
vendors	NNS
,	,
but	CC
these	DT
statistics	NNS
will	MD
not	RB
include	VB
any	DT
e-mail	NN
addresses	NNS
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
user	NN
elects	VBZ
to	TO
use	VB
our	PRP$
referral	NN
service	NN
for	IN
informing	VBG
a	DT
friend	NN
about	IN
our	PRP$
Site	NN
or	CC
e-newsletters	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
ask	VBP
them	PRP
for	IN
the	DT
friend	NN
's	POS
name	NN
and	CC
email	NN
address	NN
.	.
The	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
will	MD
automatically	RB
send	VB
the	DT
friend	NN
a	DT
one-time	JJ
email	NN
inviting	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
visit	VB
the	DT
Site	NN
.	.
The	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
stores	NNS
this	DT
information	NN
for	IN
the	DT
sole	JJ
purpose	NN
of	IN
sending	VBG
this	DT
one-time	JJ
email	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
Site	NN
contains	VBZ
links	NNS
to	TO
other	JJ
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
note	NN
that	IN
when	WRB
you	PRP
click	VBP
on	IN
one	CD
of	IN
these	DT
links	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
entering	VBG
another	DT
Web	NNP
site	NN
for	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
has	VBZ
no	DT
responsibility	NN
.	.
We	PRP
encourage	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
read	VB
the	DT
privacy	NN
statement	NN
on	IN
all	DT
such	JJ
sites	NNS
as	IN
their	PRP$
policies	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
different	JJ
than	IN
ours	JJ
.	.
By	IN
using	VBG
our	PRP$
Web	NNP
site	NN
,	,
you	PRP
consent	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
collection	NN
and	CC
use	NN
of	IN
this	DT
information	NN
by	IN
aicr.org	NN
.	.
If	IN
we	PRP
decide	VBP
to	TO
change	VB
our	PRP$
privacy	NN
policy	NN
,	,
we	PRP
will	MD
post	VB
those	DT
changes	NNS
on	IN
this	DT
page	NN
so	IN
that	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
always	RB
aware	JJ
of	IN
what	WP
information	NN
we	PRP
collect	VBP
,	,
how	WRB
we	PRP
use	VBP
it	PRP
and	CC
under	IN
what	WP
circumstances	NNS
we	PRP
disclose	VBP
it	PRP
.	.
AICR	NNP
maintains	VBZ
its	PRP$
own	JJ
mailing	NN
list	NN
.	.
Occasionally	RB
,	,
it	PRP
rents	VBZ
or	CC
exchanges	NNS
the	DT
mailing	NN
list	NN
with	IN
other	JJ
organizations	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
maintain	VB
an	DT
active	JJ
donor	NN
file	NN
to	TO
support	VB
AICR	NNP
services	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
want	VB
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
the	DT
program	NN
,	,
please	VB
let	VB
us	PRP
know	VB
by	IN
writing	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
above	JJ
address	NN
,	,
by	IN
emailing	VBG
us	PRP
at	IN
aicrweb@aicr.org	NN
,	,
or	CC
by	IN
calling	VBG
the	DT
above	JJ
toll-free	JJ
number	NN
.	.
The	DT
works	NNS
of	IN
authorship	NN
contained	VBN
in	IN
thisWebsite	NNP
,	,
including	VBG
but	CC
not	RB
limited	VBN
to	TO
all	DT
design	NN
,	,
text	NN
and	CC
images	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
owned	VBN
or	CC
licensed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
AICR	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
copied	VBN
,	,
reproduced	VBN
,	,
transmitted	VBN
,	,
displayed	VBN
,	,
performed	VBN
,	,
distributed	VBN
,	,
rented	VBN
,	,
sublicensed	VBN
,	,
altered	VBN
,	,
stored	VBN
for	IN
subsequent	JJ
use	NN
or	CC
otherwise	RB
used	VBN
in	IN
whole	JJ
or	CC
in	IN
part	NN
in	IN
any	DT
manner	NN
without	IN
AICR	NNP
's	POS
prior	JJ
written	VBN
consent	NN
,	,
except	IN
that	IN
the	DT
user	NN
may	MD
make	VB
such	JJ
temporary	JJ
copies	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
computer	NN
's	POS
RAM	NNP
and	CC
hard	JJ
drive	NN
cache	NN
as	IN
are	VBP
necessary	JJ
to	TO
browse	VB
the	DT
Website	NNP
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
user	NN
may	MD
make	VB
one	CD
permanent	JJ
printout	NN
of	IN
each	DT
page	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Website	NNP
to	TO
be	VB
used	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
user	NN
for	IN
personal	JJ
and	CC
non-commercial	JJ
uses	NNS
which	WDT
do	VBP
not	RB
harm	VB
the	DT
reputation	NN
of	IN
AICR	NNP
.	.
The	DT
logo	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
AICR	NNP
logo	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
and	CC
World	NNP
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
Fund	NNP
names	NNS
,	,
slogans	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
logos	NNS
are	VBP
trademarks	NNS
,	,
service	NN
marks	NNS
or	CC
registered	VBN
trademarks	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
respective	JJ
owners	NNS
and	CC
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
used	VBN
by	IN
any	DT
other	JJ
party	NN
without	IN
the	DT
express	JJ
written	VBN
permission	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
respective	JJ
owners	NNS
.	.
Who	WP
makes	VBZ
possible	JJ
the	DT
cancer	NN
research	NN
and	CC
education	NN
programs	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
?	.
The	DT
answer	NN
can	MD
be	VB
as	RB
close	RB
as	IN
your	PRP$
next-door	JJ
neighbor	NN
,	,
the	DT
clerk	NN
at	IN
the	DT
supermarket	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
person	NN
sitting	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
car	NN
next	IN
to	TO
you	PRP
at	IN
a	DT
traffic	NN
light	NN
.	.
The	DT
support	NN
AICR	NNP
has	VBZ
received	VBN
from	IN
individuals	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
modest	JJ
or	CC
large	JJ
,	,
whatever	WDT
fits	VBZ
the	DT
budget	NN
of	IN
the	DT
giver	NN
.	.
But	CC
even	RB
the	DT
smallest	JJS
gift	NN
,	,
when	WRB
multiplied	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
millions	NNS
of	IN
AICR	NNP
supporters	NNS
,	,
helps	VBZ
add	VB
up	RP
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
significant	JJ
impact	NN
on	IN
the	DT
fight	NN
against	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
To	TO
date	NN
,	,
such	JJ
gifts	NNS
have	VBP
provided	VBN
funding	NN
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
$	$
78	CD
million	CD
in	IN
cutting	VBG
edge	NN
research	NN
in	IN
diet	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
the	DT
prevention	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
Those	DT
gifts	NNS
have	VBP
also	RB
provided	VBN
the	DT
support	NN
to	TO
make	VB
possible	JJ
AICR	NNP
's	POS
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
educational	JJ
programs	NNS
and	CC
publications	NNS
efforts	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
helped	VBN
millions	NNS
of	IN
Americans	NNPS
learn	VBP
about	IN
the	DT
potential	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
,	,
and	CC
take	VB
steps	NNS
to	TO
lower	VB
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
Making	VBG
A	DT
Measurable	JJ
DifferenceIs	NNPS
it	PRP
making	VBG
a	DT
difference	NN
?	.
The	DT
answer	NN
is	VBZ
clearly	RB
yes	RB
.	.
Recent	JJ
cancer	NN
incidence	NN
estimates	NNS
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
Federal	NNP
government	NN
's	POS
statistics	NNS
,	,
indicate	VBP
that	IN
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
cancer	NN
incidence	NN
rates	NNS
are	VBP
declining	VBG
.	.
The	DT
experts	NNS
say	VBP
it	PRP
's	VBZ
not	RB
due	JJ
to	TO
medical	JJ
breakthroughs	NNS
or	CC
new	JJ
drugs	NNS
,	,
but	CC
because	IN
people	NNS
are	VBP
making	VBG
changes	NNS
for	IN
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
:	:
eating	VBG
healthier	RBR
,	,
exercising	VBG
more	RBR
,	,
watching	VBG
their	PRP$
weight	NN
and	CC
smoking	NN
less	RBR
.	.
The	DT
fight	NN
against	IN
cancer	NN
still	RB
has	VBZ
far	RB
to	TO
go	VB
,	,
but	CC
exciting	JJ
progress	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
made	VBN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
supporter	NN
of	IN
AICR	NNP
,	,
we	PRP
thank	VBP
you	PRP
for	IN
all	DT
that	DT
your	PRP$
gifts	NNS
have	VBP
helped	VBN
accomplish	VB
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
thinking	VBG
about	IN
making	VBG
your	PRP$
first	JJ
gift	NN
,	,
we	PRP
invite	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
visit	VB
more	JJR
of	IN
the	DT
AICR	NNP
site	NN
and	CC
learn	VB
about	IN
what	WP
your	PRP$
gift	NN
will	MD
help	VB
make	VB
possible	JJ
,	,
and	CC
about	IN
the	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
giving	VBG
opportunities	NNS
possible	JJ
.	.
AICR	NNP
supporters	NNS
have	VBP
found	VBN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
unique	JJ
and	CC
fun	NN
ways	NNS
to	TO
raise	VB
much-needed	JJ
funds	NNS
for	IN
vital	JJ
cancer	NN
research	NN
and	CC
education	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
We	PRP
've	VBP
got	VBD
all	PDT
the	DT
tools	NNS
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
plan	VB
your	PRP$
own	JJ
special	JJ
event	NN
to	TO
support	VB
AICR	NNP
.	.
Contact	NN
us	PRP
with	IN
your	PRP$
questions	NNS
or	CC
for	IN
more	JJR
information	NN
.	.
Planned	NNP
Giving	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
means	NN
of	IN
making	VBG
a	DT
charitable	JJ
gift	NN
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
donor	NN
's	POS
overall	JJ
financial	JJ
,	,
estate	NN
,	,
tax	NN
and	CC
philanthropic	JJ
planning	NN
,	,
maximizing	VBG
the	DT
benefits	NNS
to	TO
both	DT
the	DT
donor	NN
and	CC
the	DT
charity	NN
,	,
and	CC
often	RB
achieving	VBG
significant	JJ
tax	NN
savings	NNS
.	.
The	DT
minimum	NN
amount	NN
required	VBN
to	TO
establish	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
endowment	NN
with	IN
the	DT
Institute	NNP
is	VBZ
$	$
10,000	CD
with	IN
the	DT
understanding	NN
that	IN
future	JJ
gifts	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
added	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
fund	NN
over	IN
one	CD
's	POS
lifetime	NN
and\/or	CC
through	IN
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
estate	NN
to	TO
ensure	VB
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
the	DT
fund	NN
to	TO
exceed	VB
$	$
100,000	CD
.	.
An	DT
endowed	VBN
fund	NN
may	MD
be	VB
restricted	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
particular	JJ
type	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
research	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
colorectal	JJ
,	,
breast	NN
or	CC
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
A	DT
contribution	NN
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
made	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
AICR	NNP
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
Fund	NNP
.	.
This	DT
donor-restricted	JJ
research	NN
fund	NN
was	VBD
established	VBN
in	IN
1999	CD
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
minimum	JJ
gift	NN
requirement	NN
if	IN
you	PRP
wish	VBP
to	TO
contribute	VB
to	TO
the	DT
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
Fund	NNP
.	.
Giving	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
Fund	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
wonderful	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
earmark	VB
money	NN
for	IN
research	NN
purposes	NNS
only	RB
.	.
The	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
appreciates	VBZ
the	DT
role	NN
that	WDT
attorneys	NNS
and	CC
financial	JJ
planning	NN
professionals	NNS
play	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
consideration	NN
of	IN
charitable	JJ
gifts	NNS
by	IN
AICR	NNP
supporters	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Institute	NNP
has	VBZ
developed	VBN
programs	NNS
to	TO
assist	VB
attorneys	NNS
and	CC
financial	JJ
planners	NNS
in	IN
providing	VBG
their	PRP$
clients	NNS
with	IN
accurate	JJ
and	CC
current	JJ
information	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
charitable	JJ
gifts	NNS
.	.
Estate	NNP
Planning	NNP
Professional	NNP
PublicationsAICR	NNP
's	POS
free	JJ
publications	NNS
for	IN
attorneys	NNS
and	CC
financial	JJ
professionals	NNS
provide	VBP
updates	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
tax	NN
and	CC
gift	NN
planning	NN
issues	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
charitable	JJ
gifts	NNS
.	.
Browse	VB
titles	NNS
and	CC
order	NN
online	NN
.	.
Learn	VB
more	JJR
about	IN
the	DT
caner	NN
research	NN
and	CC
education	NN
programs	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
.	.
Request	NN
a	DT
free	JJ
copy	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
annual	JJ
report	NN
or	CC
samples	NNS
of	IN
our	PRP$
other	JJ
educational	JJ
brochures	NNS
.	.
Browse	VB
titles	NNS
and	CC
order	NN
online	NN
.	.
Interpreting	VBG
relevant	JJ
scientific	JJ
data	NNS
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
critical	JJ
step	NN
in	IN
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
healthy	JJ
living	NN
guidelines	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
.	.
Two	CD
affiliates	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
World	NNP
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
Fund	NNP
global	JJ
network	NN
,	,
WCRF	NNP
UK	NNP
and	CC
AICR	NNP
,	,
did	VBD
just	RB
that	DT
by	IN
facilitating	VBG
an	DT
exhaustive	JJ
review	NN
and	CC
analysis	NN
of	IN
the	DT
available	JJ
scientific	JJ
evidence	NN
on	IN
food	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
.	.
The	DT
result	NN
was	VBD
the	DT
Expert	NNP
Report	NNP
,	,
Food	NNP
,	,
Nutrition	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Prevention	NNP
of	IN
Cancer	NNP
:	:
a	DT
global	JJ
perspective	NN
,	,
published	VBN
in	IN
1997	CD
.	.
The	DT
Report	NNP
reviewed	VBN
thousands	NNS
of	IN
published	VBN
research	NN
studies	NNS
from	IN
around	IN
the	DT
world	NN
,	,
leading	VBG
to	TO
specific	JJ
recommendations	NNS
for	IN
policy	NN
makers	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
to	TO
reduce	VB
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
chronic	JJ
diseases	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
remains	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
authoritative	JJ
report	NN
in	IN
its	PRP$
field	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
become	VBN
the	DT
standard	JJ
basis	NN
for	IN
policy	NN
,	,
research	NN
and	CC
teaching	NN
worldwide	NN
.	.
Over	IN
30,000	CD
copies	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
produced	VBN
and	CC
distributed	VBN
.	.
Until	IN
the	DT
latter	JJ
half	NN
of	IN
the	DT
1980	CD
's	POS
,	,
the	DT
proposition	NN
that	WDT
diet	NN
and	CC
lifestyle	NN
could	MD
affect	VB
cancer	NN
risk	NN
received	VBD
significantly	RB
less	JJR
scientific	JJ
attention	NN
than	IN
other	JJ
approaches	NNS
to	TO
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
.	.
For	IN
many	JJ
,	,
finding	VBG
the	DT
financial	JJ
support	NN
necessary	JJ
to	TO
perform	VB
diet\/cancer	NN
research	NN
was	VBD
as	IN
daunting	VBG
a	DT
task	NN
as	IN
performing	VBG
the	DT
research	NN
itself	PRP
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
where	WRB
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
has	VBZ
made	VBN
a	DT
difference	NN
.	.
Since	IN
its	PRP$
founding	NN
,	,
AICR	NNP
has	VBZ
worked	VBN
to	TO
bring	VB
research	NN
about	IN
diet	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
into	IN
the	DT
center	NN
of	IN
the	DT
scientific	JJ
spotlight	NN
by	IN
funding	VBG
innovative	JJ
research	NN
projects	NNS
.	.
Read	VB
about	RB
and	CC
search	NN
research	NN
grants	NNS
funded	VBN
by	IN
AICR	NNP
in	IN
Funded	VBN
Research	NNP
.	.
The	DT
primary	JJ
focus	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Institute	NNP
's	POS
Research	NNP
Grant	NNP
Programs	NNP
remains	VBZ
the	DT
support	NN
of	IN
projects	NNS
exploring	VBG
the	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
dietary	JJ
and	CC
nutritional	JJ
factors	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
etiology	NN
,	,
pathogenesis	NN
,	,
prevention	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
To	TO
this	DT
end	NN
,	,
the	DT
Institute	NNP
also	RB
encourages	VBZ
the	DT
rigorous	JJ
,	,
scientific	JJ
evaluation	NN
of	IN
complementary	JJ
and	CC
alternative	JJ
dietary	JJ
strategies	NNS
,	,
and	CC
places	NNS
particular	JJ
emphasis	NN
on	IN
the	DT
need	NN
to	TO
study	VB
synergistic	JJ
effects	NNS
of	IN
dietary	JJ
components	NNS
in	IN
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
's	POS
continued	JJ
support	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
research	NN
has	VBZ
contributed	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
substantial	JJ
growing	VBG
body	NN
of	IN
information	NN
about	IN
diet	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
,	,
and	CC
has	VBZ
helped	VBN
improve	VB
the	DT
status	NN
of	IN
such	JJ
investigations	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
eyes	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
scientific	JJ
community	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
ScienceNow	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
4-page	JJ
quarterly	JJ
newsletter	NN
from	IN
AICR	NNP
written	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
health	NN
professionals	NNS
.	.
The	DT
articles	NNS
take	VBP
readers	NNS
behind	IN
the	DT
scenes	NNS
to	TO
better	RBR
understand	VB
the	DT
latest	JJS
findings	NNS
and	CC
directions	NNS
in	IN
diet	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
research	NN
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
find	VB
out	RP
the	DT
details	NNS
of	IN
AICR-funded	JJ
studies	NNS
,	,
read	VBD
interviews	NNS
with	IN
prominent	JJ
scientists	NNS
,	,
read	VBD
reviews	NNS
of	IN
relevant	JJ
books	NNS
and	CC
journals	NNS
and	CC
learn	VB
to	TO
discern	VB
between	IN
nutrition	NN
myths	NNS
and	CC
scientific	JJ
facts	NNS
.	.
AICR	NNP
Research	NNP
Grant	NNP
ProgramsThe	NNP
AICR	NNP
Research	NNP
Program	NNP
encourages	VBZ
innovative	JJ
research	NN
on	IN
diet	NN
and	CC
physical	JJ
activity	NN
in	IN
relation	NN
to	TO
preventing	VBG
and	CC
treating	VBG
cancer	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
basic	JJ
scientific	JJ
approaches	NNS
to	TO
understand	VB
the	DT
causes	NNS
and	CC
mechanisms	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
development	NN
and	CC
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
innovative	JJ
approaches	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
established	VBN
in	IN
honor	NN
of	IN
Marilyn	NNP
Gentry	NNP
,	,
President	NNP
of	IN
AICR\/WCRF	NNP
.	.
Since	IN
its	PRP$
founding	NN
in	IN
1982	CD
,	,
AICR	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
an	DT
important	JJ
factor	NN
in	IN
fostering	VBG
research	NN
and	CC
educating	VBG
the	DT
public	NN
on	IN
the	DT
link	NN
between	IN
diet	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
.	.
Since	IN
1990	CD
,	,
WCRF	NNP
has	VBZ
carried	VBN
this	DT
work	NN
across	IN
geographical	JJ
boundaries	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
alleviate	VB
the	DT
global	JJ
burden	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
Part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
worldwide	JJ
network	NN
,	,
these	DT
organizations	NNS
have	VBP
raised	VBN
awareness	NN
that	IN
risk	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
can	MD
be	VB
reduced	VBN
by	IN
nutrition	NN
and	CC
lifestyle	NN
modification	NN
.	.
They	PRP
have	VBP
funded	VBN
innovative	JJ
scientific	JJ
research	NN
on	IN
diet	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
and	CC
stimulated	VBD
new	JJ
public	JJ
initiatives	NNS
for	IN
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
and	CC
control	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Marilyn	NNP
Gentry	NNP
Fellowship	NNP
Program	NNP
in	IN
Nutrition	NNP
and	CC
Cancer	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
develop	VB
leaders	NNS
in	IN
cutting-edge	JJ
nutritional	JJ
research	NN
as	IN
it	PRP
relates	VBZ
to	TO
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
,	,
treatment	NN
and	CC
survivorship	NN
.	.
Due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
paucity	NN
of	IN
nutritional	JJ
research	NN
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
survivorship	NN
,	,
we	PRP
especially	RB
want	VBP
to	TO
encourage	VB
applicants	NNS
with	IN
strong	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
that	DT
area	NN
.	.
The	DT
two-year	JJ
fellowships	NNS
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
attract	VB
and	CC
support	VB
individuals	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
transition	NN
stage	NN
between	IN
a	DT
postdoctoral	JJ
position	NN
and	CC
the	DT
assistant	NN
professorship	NN
level	NN
.	.
Fellows	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
appointed	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
rank	NN
of	IN
Research	NNP
Assistant	NNP
Professor	NNP
of	IN
Nutrition	NNP
and	CC
will	MD
receive	VB
two	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
organized	VBN
mentoring	NN
on	IN
the	DT
specific	JJ
skills	NNS
needed	VBN
to	TO
succeed	VB
as	IN
academic	JJ
scientists	NNS
.	.
Fellows	NNS
will	MD
also	RB
develop	VB
a	DT
body	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
allow	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
compete	VB
successfully	RB
for	IN
grant	NN
funding	NN
and	CC
help	NN
establish	VB
them	PRP
as	IN
independent	JJ
investigators	NNS
.	.
Selections	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
Marilyn	NNP
Gentry	NNP
Fellowship	NNP
Program	NNP
in	IN
Nutrition	NNP
and	CC
Cancer	NNP
will	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
rolling	VBG
basis	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
year	NN
.	.
An	DT
initial	JJ
review	NN
subcommittee	NN
,	,
comprised	VBN
of	IN
the	DT
chair	NN
of	IN
the	DT
UNC	NNP
School	NNP
of	IN
Public	NNP
Health	NNP
,	,
Department	NNP
of	IN
Nutrition	NNP
,	,
two	CD
distinguished	JJ
committee	NN
members	NNS
from	IN
UNC	NNP
and	CC
Ritva	NNP
Butrum	NNP
,	,
Ph.D.	NNP
from	IN
AICR\/WCRF	NNP
,	,
or	CC
their	PRP$
designees	NNS
,	,
will	MD
review	VB
the	DT
first	JJ
round	NN
of	IN
applications	NNS
and	CC
determine	VB
if	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
potentially	RB
acceptable	JJ
.	.
The	DT
most	RBS
highly	RB
qualified	VBN
candidates	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
referred	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
full	JJ
selection	NN
committee	NN
.	.
Two	CD
to	TO
three	CD
fellows	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
selected	VBN
each	DT
year	NN
,	,
depending	VBG
on	IN
available	JJ
funding	NN
.	.
One-third	NN
of	IN
fellowships	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
awarded	VBN
to	TO
individuals	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
not	RB
citizens	NNS
or	CC
permanent	JJ
residents	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
Preference	NN
will	MD
be	VB
afforded	VBN
to	TO
citizens	NNS
of	IN
countries	NNS
where	WRB
AICR\/WCRF	NNP
has	VBZ
active	JJ
programs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
first	JJ
mentoring	NN
component	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Marilyn	NNP
Gentry	NNP
Fellowship	NNP
Program	NNP
in	IN
Nutrition	NNP
and	CC
Cancer	NNP
will	MD
match	VB
each	DT
fellow	NN
with	IN
a	DT
research	NN
mentor	NN
who	WP
will	MD
help	VB
the	DT
fellow	JJ
identify	VB
a	DT
subset	NN
of	IN
the	DT
mentor	NN
's	POS
research	NN
,	,
which	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
set	VBN
aside	RB
for	IN
the	DT
fellow	NN
.	.
Thus	RB
,	,
the	DT
fellow	NN
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
develop	VB
his	PRP$
or	CC
her	PRP$
own	JJ
area	NN
of	IN
focus	NN
,	,
with	IN
a	DT
body	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
and	CC
presumably	RB
grant	NN
funding	NN
,	,
that	IN
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
is	VBZ
free	JJ
to	TO
use	VB
as	IN
the	DT
platform	NN
for	IN
a	DT
future	JJ
faculty	NN
appointment	NN
.	.
The	DT
research	NN
mentor	NN
will	MD
also	RB
develop	VB
and	CC
sharpen	VB
the	DT
fellow	NN
's	POS
grant	NN
writing	VBG
skills	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
expected	VBN
that	IN
each	DT
fellow	NN
will	MD
successfully	RB
generate	VB
a	DT
grant	NN
using	VBG
the	DT
research	NN
and	CC
data	NNS
generated	VBD
during	IN
the	DT
fellowship	NN
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
mentoring	NN
component	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
Core	NNP
Professional	NNP
Development	NNP
Program	NNP
.	.
The	DT
purpose	NN
of	IN
this	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
ensure	VB
that	IN
fellows	NNS
are	VBP
formally	RB
trained	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
skills	NNS
that	WDT
encourage	VBP
success	NN
as	IN
leaders	NNS
and	CC
scientific	JJ
professionals	NNS
.	.
In	IN
collaboration	NN
with	IN
AICR\/WCRF	NNP
staff	NN
,	,
faculty	NN
members	NNS
from	IN
UNC	NNP
will	MD
deliver	VB
an	DT
advanced	JJ
,	,
high-level	JJ
seminar	NN
series	NN
covering	VBG
topics	NNS
on	IN
grant	NN
writing	NN
,	,
leadership	NN
,	,
public	JJ
speaking	NN
,	,
ethics	NNS
,	,
teaching	NN
skills	NNS
,	,
career	NN
advancement	NN
and	CC
laboratory	NN
and	CC
research	NN
management	NN
.	.
Experiences	NNS
will	MD
include	VB
the	DT
completion	NN
of	IN
a	DT
grant	NN
proposal	NN
,	,
participation	NN
in	IN
grant	NN
reviews	NNS
during	IN
AICR	NNP
grant	NN
panel	NN
meetings	NNS
,	,
presentation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
AICR	NNP
Board	NNP
at	IN
least	JJS
once	RB
each	DT
year	NN
,	,
attendance	NN
at	IN
AICR	NNP
's	POS
Annual	JJ
Research	NN
Conference	NN
and	CC
two	CD
national	JJ
or	CC
international	JJ
scientific	JJ
meetings	NNS
each	DT
year	NN
,	,
and	CC
participation	NN
in	IN
other	JJ
selected	VBN
experiences	NNS
as	IN
needed	VBN
to	TO
enhance	VB
the	DT
fellow	NN
's	POS
fundamental	JJ
base	NN
of	IN
knowledge	NN
.	.
At	IN
five-year	JJ
intervals	NNS
,	,
AICR\/WCRF	NNP
will	MD
identify	VB
three	CD
external	JJ
advisors	NNS
and	CC
charge	VB
them	PRP
with	IN
visiting	VBG
The	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
North	NNP
Carolina	NNP
at	IN
Chapel	NNP
Hill	NNP
,	,
reviewing	VBG
the	DT
fellowship	NN
program	NN
,	,
and	CC
submitting	VBG
a	DT
report	NN
on	IN
the	DT
progress	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Marilyn	NNP
Gentry	NNP
Fellowship	NNP
Program	NNP
in	IN
Nutrition	NNP
and	CC
Cancer	NNP
using	VBG
the	DT
same	JJ
criteria	NNS
listed	VBN
above	RB
.	.
Cancer	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
single	JJ
disease	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
generic	JJ
name	NN
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
100	CD
diseases	NNS
,	,
all	DT
having	VBG
in	IN
common	JJ
the	DT
uncontrolled	JJ
reproduction	NN
of	IN
abnormal	JJ
cells	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
scientists	NNS
are	VBP
only	RB
now	RB
beginning	VBG
to	TO
understand	VB
the	DT
causes	NNS
and	CC
growth	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
,	,
there	EX
exists	VBZ
a	DT
large	JJ
and	CC
growing	VBG
body	NN
of	IN
evidence	NN
showing	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
foods	NNS
we	PRP
choose	VBP
each	DT
day	NN
play	VB
a	DT
major	JJ
part	NN
in	IN
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
.	.
Scientists	NNS
have	VBP
long	RB
estimated	VBN
that	IN
a	DT
large	JJ
percentage	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
cancer	NN
risk	NN
is	VBZ
related	VBN
to	TO
our	PRP$
lifestyle	NN
choices	NNS
.	.
The	DT
international	JJ
report	NN
on	IN
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
from	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
,	,
Food	NNP
,	,
Nutrition	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Prevention	NNP
of	IN
Cancer	NNP
:	:
a	DT
global	JJ
perspective	NN
,	,
found	VBD
that	IN
30	CD
%	NN
to	TO
40	CD
%	NN
of	IN
all	DT
cancers	NNS
are	VBP
directly	RB
linked	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
foods	NNS
we	PRP
eat	VBP
,	,
the	DT
exercise	NN
we	PRP
get	VBP
and	CC
how	WRB
well	RB
we	PRP
watch	VBP
our	PRP$
weight	NN
.	.
And	CC
the	DT
report	NN
estimates	VBZ
that	IN
30	CD
%	NN
of	IN
cancers	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
prevented	VBN
by	IN
not	RB
using	VBG
tobacco	NN
.	.
What	WP
this	DT
means	VBZ
is	VBZ
that	IN
we	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
potential	NN
through	IN
our	PRP$
daily	JJ
food	NN
and	CC
lifestyle	NN
choices	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
major	JJ
impact	NN
on	IN
the	DT
cancer	NN
risk	NN
we	PRP
each	DT
face	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
lives	NNS
.	.
The	DT
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
opportunities	NNS
offered	VBN
by	IN
research	NN
and	CC
education	NN
programs	NNS
in	IN
diet	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
are	VBP
enormous	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
only	RB
been	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
15	CD
to	TO
20	CD
years	NNS
that	WDT
research	NN
in	IN
diet	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
given	VBN
more	RBR
attention	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
begun	VBN
to	TO
attract	VB
the	DT
levels	NNS
of	IN
funding	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
bring	VB
strong	JJ
results	NNS
.	.
Today	NN
an	DT
increasing	VBG
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
vitamins	NNS
,	,
minerals	NNS
,	,
fats	NNS
,	,
fiber	NN
and	CC
phytochemicals	NNS
offers	VBZ
each	DT
of	IN
us	PRP
the	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
make	VB
simple	JJ
changes	NNS
for	IN
lower	JJR
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
With	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
1.2	CD
million	CD
new	JJ
cancer	NN
cases	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
each	DT
year	NN
,	,
and	CC
more	JJR
than	IN
500,000	CD
cancer	NN
deaths	NNS
annually	RB
,	,
programs	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
produce	VB
even	RB
a	DT
small	JJ
reduction	NN
in	IN
cancer	NN
rates	NNS
offer	VBP
enormous	JJ
savings	NNS
in	IN
lives	NNS
,	,
suffering	VBG
and	CC
medical	JJ
expense	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
forefront	NN
of	IN
providing	VBG
education	NN
programs	NNS
and	CC
materials	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
people	NNS
learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
make	VB
changes	NNS
for	IN
lower	JJR
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
Click	VB
here	RB
to	TO
pop-up	VB
a	DT
window	NN
with	IN
the	DT
AICR	NNP
Diet	NNP
and	CC
Health	NNP
Guidelines	NNS
for	IN
Cancer	NN
Prevention	NNP
.	.
See	VB
how	WRB
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
recommendations	NNS
you	PRP
're	VBP
currently	RB
following	VBG
for	IN
better	JJR
health	NN
and	CC
lower	JJR
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
Currently	RB
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
no	DT
guarantees	NNS
against	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
But	CC
with	IN
overwhelming	JJ
scientific	JJ
evidence	NN
showing	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
vast	JJ
majority	NN
of	IN
cancers	NNS
are	VBP
directly	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
our	PRP$
lifestyle	NN
choices	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
with	IN
diet	NN
and	CC
smoking	NN
as	IN
the	DT
two	CD
major	JJ
influencers	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
that	IN
we	PRP
each	DT
can	MD
do	VB
to	TO
reduce	VB
our	PRP$
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
THINKING	VBG
about	IN
cancer	NN
is	VBZ
something	NN
most	JJS
of	IN
us	PRP
would	MD
rather	RB
avoid	VB
,	,
but	CC
today	NN
we	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
paying	VBG
more	JJR
attention	NN
to	TO
our	PRP$
cancer	NN
risk	NN
is	VBZ
something	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
yield	VB
real	JJ
dividends	NNS
.	.
Researchers	NNP
tell	VBP
us	PRP
that	IN
the	DT
majority	NN
of	IN
cancers	NNS
we	PRP
face	VBP
are	VBP
preventable	JJ
not	RB
through	IN
new	JJ
drugs	NNS
or	CC
medical	JJ
breakthroughs	NNS
but	CC
through	IN
simple	JJ
lifestyle	NN
choices	NNS
.	.
The	DT
landmark	NN
1997	CD
report	NN
,	,
Food	NNP
,	,
Nutrition	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Prevention	NNP
of	IN
Cancer	NNP
:	:
a	DT
global	JJ
perspective	NN
,	,
published	VBN
by	IN
AICR	NNP
and	CC
WCRF	NNP
UK	NNP
,	,
documented	VBD
the	DT
real	JJ
potential	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
.	.
The	DT
scientists	NNS
who	WP
produced	VBD
this	DT
report	NN
estimated	VBD
that	IN
30	CD
%	NN
to	TO
40	CD
%	NN
of	IN
cancers	NNS
are	VBP
directly	RB
linked	VBN
to	TO
our	PRP$
diets	NNS
and	CC
related	JJ
factors	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
maintaining	VBG
a	DT
healthy	JJ
weight	NN
and	CC
staying	VBG
physically	RB
active	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
found	VBD
that	IN
30	CD
%	NN
of	IN
cancers	NNS
could	MD
be	VB
prevented	VBN
by	IN
not	RB
smoking	NN
.	.
Just	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
simple	JJ
changes	NNS
can	MD
help	VB
reduce	VB
cancer	NN
risk	NN
for	IN
you	PRP
and	CC
your	PRP$
family	NN
.	.
The	DT
foods	NNS
you	PRP
choose	VBP
each	DT
day	NN
are	VBP
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
factors	NNS
in	IN
protecting	VBG
you	PRP
against	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
Americans	NNPS
eat	VBP
a	DT
diet	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
far	RB
too	RB
high	JJ
in	IN
fat	JJ
and	CC
calories	NNS
.	.
Even	RB
more	RBR
important	JJ
is	VBZ
what	WP
the	DT
average	JJ
U.S.	NNP
diet	NN
lacks	VBZ
:	:
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
vegetables	NNS
,	,
fruits	NNS
,	,
beans	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
plant-based	JJ
foods	NNS
.	.
Eating	NNP
a	DT
healthier	RBR
diet	NN
,	,
one	CD
that	WDT
not	RB
only	RB
can	MD
help	VB
protect	VB
against	IN
cancer	NN
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
against	IN
heart	NN
disease	NN
,	,
stroke	NN
and	CC
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
health	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
is	VBZ
easier	JJR
to	TO
do	VB
than	IN
you	PRP
may	MD
think	VB
.	.
A	DT
good	JJ
starting	VBG
point	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
AICR	NNP
Diet	NNP
and	CC
Health	NNP
Guidelines	NNS
for	IN
Cancer	NN
Prevention	NNP
.	.
Your	PRP$
overall	JJ
health	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
risk	NN
are	VBP
very	RB
much	JJ
affected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
things	NNS
you	PRP
do	VBP
in	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
Free	NNP
AICR	NNP
educational	JJ
publications	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
healthier	RBR
living	VBG
and	CC
lower	JJR
cancer	NN
risk	NN
are	VBP
available	JJ
through	IN
this	DT
site	NN
.	.
Choosing	VBG
healthy	JJ
foods	NNS
,	,
particularly	RB
a	DT
diet	NN
rich	JJ
in	IN
vegetables	NNS
and	CC
fruits	NNS
,	,
gives	VBZ
your	PRP$
body	NN
not	RB
only	RB
the	DT
nutrients	NNS
it	PRP
needs	VBZ
for	IN
good	JJ
health	NN
,	,
but	CC
a	DT
whole	JJ
arsenal	NN
of	IN
compounds	NNS
within	IN
food	NN
that	IN
help	NN
protect	VB
against	IN
the	DT
naturally-occuring	JJ
cancer	NN
risks	NNS
you	PRP
face	VBP
every	DT
day	NN
.	.
Similarly	RB
,	,
maintaining	VBG
a	DT
healthy	JJ
weight	NN
and	CC
staying	VBG
physically	RB
active	JJ
have	VBP
also	RB
been	VBN
shown	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
important	JJ
in	IN
helping	VBG
your	PRP$
body	NN
protect	VB
itself	PRP
against	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
There	EX
's	VBZ
nothing	NN
magic	JJ
or	CC
difficult	JJ
about	IN
these	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
lifestyle	NN
choices	NNS
.	.
Eat	VB
right	RB
,	,
stay	VB
active	JJ
and	CC
watch	VB
your	PRP$
weight	NN
put	VBD
them	PRP
all	DT
together	RB
and	CC
they	PRP
add	VBP
up	RP
to	TO
a	DT
formula	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
cut	VB
cancer	NN
risk	NN
by	IN
30	CD
to	TO
40	CD
%	NN
.	.
Smoking	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
publicized	VBN
of	IN
cancer	NN
risks	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
question	NN
that	WDT
smoking	NN
,	,
or	CC
using	VBG
tobacco	NN
in	IN
any	DT
form	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
worst	JJS
choices	NNS
you	PRP
can	MD
make	VB
from	IN
a	DT
health	NN
perspective	NN
.	.
Not	RB
only	RB
does	VBZ
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
tobacco	NN
greatly	RB
increase	VB
risk	NN
for	IN
lung	NN
cancer	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
also	RB
appears	VBZ
to	TO
influence	VB
some	DT
other	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
,	,
and	CC
significantly	RB
increases	VBZ
your	PRP$
risk	NN
for	IN
cardiovascular	JJ
disease	NN
and	CC
stroke	NN
.	.
No	DT
single	JJ
food	NN
or	CC
food	NN
substances	NNS
can	MD
protect	VB
you	PRP
against	IN
cancer	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
right	JJ
combination	NN
of	IN
foods	NNS
a	DT
predominantly	RB
plant-based	JJ
diet	NN
can	MD
.	.
Evidence	NN
is	VBZ
mounting	VBG
that	IN
the	DT
minerals	NNS
,	,
vitamins	NNS
and	CC
phytochemicals	NNS
in	IN
many	JJ
plant	NN
foods	NNS
interact	VBP
to	TO
provide	VB
extra	JJ
cancer	NN
protection	NN
.	.
This	DT
concept	NN
is	VBZ
called	VBN
synergy	NN
.	.
The	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
offers	VBZ
resources	NNS
and	CC
educational	JJ
materials	NNS
for	IN
health	NN
professionals	NNS
.	.
AICR	NNP
's	POS
programs	NNS
can	MD
help	VB
educate	VB
patients	NNS
and	CC
clients	NNS
about	IN
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
,	,
using	VBG
sound	NN
and	CC
reliable	JJ
information	NN
.	.
All	DT
materials	NNS
are	VBP
reviewed	VBN
by	IN
experts	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
field	NN
and	CC
are	VBP
based	VBN
on	IN
evidence	NN
from	IN
AICR	NNP
's	POS
landmark	NN
,	,
international	JJ
science	NN
report	NN
,	,
Food	NNP
,	,
Nutrition	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Prevention	NNP
of	IN
Cancer	NNP
:	:
a	DT
global	JJ
perspective	NN
.	.
National	NNP
Cancer	NNP
Institutecancer	NNP
.	.
govThe	NNP
latest	JJS
information	NN
from	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
government	NN
's	POS
National	NNP
Institutes	NNPS
of	IN
Health	NNP
.	.
Access	NNP
in-depth	JJ
fact	NN
sheets	NNS
on	IN
specific	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
,	,
search	NN
for	IN
clinical	JJ
trials	NNS
and	CC
subscribe	VB
to	TO
a	DT
weekly	JJ
e-newsletter	NN
``	``
NCI	NNP
Cancer	NNP
Bulletin	NNP
''	''
.	.
Oncology	NNP
Nursing	NNP
Societywww.ons.org/patientEd/National	NNP
organization	NN
supporting	VBG
oncology	JJ
nurses	NNS
provides	VBZ
in-depth	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
prevention	NN
,	,
diagnosis	NN
,	,
treatment	NN
,	,
specific	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
and	CC
survivorship	NN
.	.
Susan	NNP
G.	NNP
Komen	NNP
Breast	NNP
Cancer	NNP
Foundationwww.komen.org	NNP
Resources	NNPS
on	IN
prevention	NN
,	,
detection	NN
,	,
diagnosis	NN
,	,
treatment	NN
and	CC
support	NN
for	IN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
and	CC
survivors	NNS
.	.
Features	NNS
message	NN
boards	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
interactive	JJ
tools	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Prostate	NNP
Nethttp	NNP
:	:
\/	FW
\/	FW
www.prostate-online.org/Information	NN
on	IN
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
,	,
detection	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
.	.
Heading	VBG
a	DT
national	JJ
initiative	NN
to	TO
promote	VB
disease	NN
risk	NN
education	NN
and	CC
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
screening	VBG
through	IN
barbershops	NNS
.	.
American	JJ
Dietetic	NNP
Associationwww.eatright.org	NNP
National	NNP
association	NN
of	IN
nutrition	NN
professionals	NNS
offers	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
Food	NNP
&	CC
Nutrition	NNP
Information	NNP
''	''
section	NN
full	JJ
of	IN
useful	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Search	NN
for	IN
a	DT
nutrition	NN
professional	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
area	NN
.	.
Nutrition	NNP
.	.
govwww	NN
.	.
nutrition	NN
.	.
govPractical	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
healthy	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
dietary	JJ
supplements	NNS
,	,
fitness	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
keep	VB
food	NN
safe	JJ
.	.
Compiled	VBN
and	CC
maintained	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
combined	VBN
efforts	NNS
of	IN
U.S.	NNP
federal	JJ
government	NN
agencies	NNS
.	.
Cancer	NNP
Nutrition	NNP
Information	NNP
,	,
LLC	NNP
www.cancernutritioninfo.comF	NNP
ree	NN
information	NN
on	IN
nutrition-related	JJ
side	NN
effects	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
treatment	NN
,	,
recipes	NNS
and	CC
clinical	JJ
trials	NNS
.	.
Additional	JJ
information	NN
available	JJ
by	IN
subscription	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
's	POS
quarterly	JJ
Newsletter	NN
explains	VBZ
current	JJ
cancer	NN
research	NN
,	,
provides	VBZ
recipes	NNS
and	CC
menu	NN
ideas	NNS
for	IN
healthy	JJ
eating	NN
,	,
and	CC
offers	VBZ
practical	JJ
advice	NN
to	TO
lower	JJR
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
Currently	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
1.6	CD
million	CD
American	JJ
homes	NNS
receive	VBP
the	DT
Newsletter	NNP
.	.
AICR	NNP
's	POS
educational	JJ
brochures	NNS
help	VBP
you	PRP
reduce	VB
your	PRP$
cancer	NN
risk	NN
,	,
prepare	VB
healthy	JJ
recipes	NNS
,	,
manage	VB
your	PRP$
weight	NN
and	CC
more	JJR
.	.
Selected	VBN
brochures	NNS
are	VBP
featured	VBN
below	IN
.	.
Click	VB
the	DT
brochure	NN
title	NN
and	CC
read	VB
it	PRP
online	NN
,	,
view	NN
or	CC
print	NN
the	DT
pdf	NN
,	,
or	CC
order	NN
a	DT
free	JJ
sample	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
Nutrition	NNP
Info	NNP
for	IN
Kids	NNPS
:	:
Encourage	VB
Healthy	JJ
Habits	NNS
Early	RB
AICR	NNP
's	POS
free	JJ
bimonthly	JJ
children	NNS
's	POS
newsletter	NN
,	,
the	DT
good-news-letter	NN
provides	VBZ
kids	NNS
with	IN
an	DT
entertaining	JJ
reminder	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
much	JJ
fun	NN
eating	VBG
healthfully	RB
can	MD
be	VB
.	.
Filled	VBN
with	IN
puzzles	NNS
,	,
stories	NNS
,	,
games	NNS
,	,
and	CC
interesting	JJ
food	NN
facts	NNS
,	,
the	DT
``	``
good-news-letter	NN
''	''
can	MD
be	VB
an	DT
important	JJ
tool	NN
to	TO
help	VB
your	PRP$
kids	NNS
make	VBP
the	DT
right	JJ
diet	NN
and	CC
exercise	NN
choices	NNS
for	IN
good	JJ
health	NN
.	.
To	TO
Subscribe	VB
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
child	NN
between	IN
7	CD
and	CC
10	CD
in	IN
your	PRP$
home	NN
who	WP
would	MD
like	VB
to	TO
receive	VB
the	DT
good-news-letter	NN
every	DT
other	JJ
month	NN
,	,
call	VBP
the	DT
toll-free	JJ
number	NN
below	IN
.	.
Please	VB
ask	VB
for	IN
the	DT
publications	NNS
operator	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
wish	VBP
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
donation	NN
when	WRB
requesting	VBG
your	PRP$
free	JJ
subscription	NN
,	,
simply	RB
tell	VB
the	DT
operator	NN
,	,
who	WP
will	MD
be	VB
glad	JJ
to	TO
take	VB
your	PRP$
credit	NN
card	NN
information	NN
.	.
While	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
charge	NN
for	IN
the	DT
good-news-letter	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
donation	NN
of	IN
$	$
5	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
not	RB
only	RB
helps	VBZ
bring	VB
this	DT
newsletter	NN
to	TO
thousands	NNS
of	IN
children	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
country	NN
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
helps	VBZ
support	NN
vital	JJ
programs	NNS
in	IN
cancer	NN
research	NN
and	CC
education	NN
.	.
Order	NNP
now	RB
!	.
Select	NNP
available	JJ
materials	NNS
from	IN
our	PRP$
Publications	NNP
Catalog	NN
,	,
including	VBG
Spanish	JJ
materials	NNS
.	.
Use	NNP
the	DT
Publications	NNP
Order	NNP
Form	NN
to	TO
mail	NN
or	CC
fax	NN
your	PRP$
order	NN
in	IN
,	,
or	CC
call	VB
toll-free	JJ
to	TO
place	VB
your	PRP$
order	NN
.	.
All	DT
major	JJ
credit	NN
cards	NNS
are	VBP
accepted	VBN
.	.
Because	IN
cancer	NN
creates	VBZ
lasting	JJ
physical	JJ
,	,
emotional	JJ
and	CC
psychosocial	JJ
changes	NNS
,	,
survivors	NNS
often	RB
feel	VBP
vulnerable	JJ
after	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
feel	VBP
a	DT
need	NN
for	IN
guidance	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
want	VBP
to	TO
know	VB
:	:
What	WP
can	MD
I	PRP
do	VB
to	TO
help	VB
myself	PRP
?	.
How	WRB
can	MD
I	PRP
protect	VB
myself	PRP
against	IN
recurring	VBG
or	CC
secondary	JJ
tumors	NNS
?	.
How	WRB
can	MD
I	PRP
return	VB
to	TO
an	DT
active	JJ
,	,
healthy	JJ
life	NN
?	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
the	DT
painstaking	JJ
process	NN
that	WDT
yields	VBZ
science-based	JJ
recommendations	NNS
on	IN
diet	NN
and	CC
exercise	NN
for	IN
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
has	VBZ
not	RB
yet	RB
reached	VBN
its	PRP$
conclusion	NN
.	.
Until	IN
recently	RB
,	,
nutrition	NN
research	NN
has	VBZ
focused	VBN
on	IN
reducing	VBG
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
primary	JJ
cancers	NNS
.	.
AICR	NNP
is	VBZ
actively	RB
promoting	VBG
deeper	JJR
and	CC
more	JJR
comprehensive	JJ
investigation	NN
relating	VBG
to	TO
survivor	NN
issues	NNS
.	.
The	DT
following	JJ
recommendations	NNS
list	VBP
the	DT
most	RBS
powerful	JJ
steps	NNS
you	PRP
can	MD
take	VB
to	TO
prevent	VB
cancer	NN
.	.
Putting	VBG
them	PRP
into	IN
practice	NN
should	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
protect	VB
yourself	PRP
against	IN
a	DT
secondary	JJ
tumor	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
recurrence	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
cancer	NN
.	.
The	DT
recommendations	NNS
are	VBP
divided	VBN
into	IN
seven	CD
groups	NNS
that	WDT
reflect	VBP
daily	JJ
choices	NNS
about	IN
food	NN
and	CC
activity	NN
.	.
The	DT
categories	NNS
are	VBP
plant-based	JJ
foods	NNS
,	,
animal-based	JJ
foods	NNS
,	,
fat	JJ
,	,
salt	NN
,	,
alcohol	NN
,	,
food	NN
preparation	NN
and	CC
energy	NN
balance	NN
.	.
Choose	VB
predominantly	RB
plant-based	JJ
diets	NNS
rich	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
vegetables	NNS
and	CC
fruits	NNS
.	.
If	IN
eaten	VBN
at	IN
all	DT
,	,
limit	NN
intake	NN
of	IN
red	JJ
meat	NN
to	TO
less	JJR
than	IN
three	CD
ounces	NNS
daily	RB
.	.
Limit	NN
consumption	NN
of	IN
fatty	JJ
foods	NNS
,	,
particularly	RB
those	DT
of	IN
animal	NN
origin	NN
.	.
Choose	VB
modest	JJ
amounts	NNS
of	IN
appropriate	JJ
vegetable	NN
oils	NNS
.	.
Limit	NN
consumption	NN
of	IN
salted	JJ
foods	NNS
and	CC
use	NN
of	IN
cooking	NN
and	CC
table	NN
salt	NN
.	.
Use	NNP
herbs	NNS
and	CC
spices	NNS
to	TO
season	NN
foods	NNS
.	.
Limit	NN
alcoholic	JJ
drinks	NNS
to	TO
less	JJR
than	IN
two	CD
drinks	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
for	IN
men	NNS
and	CC
one	CD
for	IN
women	NNS
.	.
Do	VBP
not	RB
eat	VB
charred	VBN
food	NN
.	.
Consume	VB
the	DT
following	VBG
only	RB
occasionally	RB
:	:
meat	NN
and	CC
fish	NN
grilled	JJ
in	IN
direct	JJ
flame	NN
,	,
cured	VBD
and	CC
smoked	VBD
meats	NNS
.	.
Avoid	VB
being	VBG
overweight	JJ
and	CC
limit	NN
weight	NN
gain	NN
during	IN
adulthood	NN
.	.
Take	VB
an	DT
hour	NN
's	POS
brisk	JJ
walk	NN
or	CC
similar	JJ
exercise	NN
daily	RB
.	.
Nutrition	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Cancer	NNP
Survivor	NNP
offers	VBZ
suggestions	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
for	IN
those	DT
of	IN
you	PRP
who	WP
have	VBP
finished	VBN
undergoing	VBG
cancer	NN
treatment	NN
.	.
The	DT
focus	NN
of	IN
the	DT
brochure	NN
is	VBZ
preventing	VBG
a	DT
return	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
or	CC
a	DT
secondary	JJ
tumor	NN
.	.
Nutrition	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Cancer	NN
Patient	NN
addresses	VBZ
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
survivors	NNS
still	RB
undergoing	VBG
or	CC
recently	RB
released	VBN
from	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
The	DT
brochure	NN
suggests	VBZ
specific	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
cope	VB
with	IN
the	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
treatment	NN
,	,
while	IN
trying	VBG
to	TO
eat	VB
well	RB
.	.
For	IN
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
,	,
studies	NNS
suggest	VBP
that	IN
exercise	NN
improves	VBZ
long-term	JJ
prospects	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
life	NN
.	.
Among	IN
the	DT
quality-of-life	JJ
benefits	NNS
are	VBP
improved	VBN
fitness	NN
,	,
enhanced	JJ
self-esteem	NN
and	CC
reduced	VBN
fatigue	NN
.	.
You	PRP
might	MD
think	VB
physical	JJ
activity	NN
would	MD
heighten	VB
fatigue	NN
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
common	JJ
complaints	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
.	.
But	CC
studies	NNS
show	VBP
that	IN
relaxation	NN
actually	RB
increases	VBZ
fatigue	NN
,	,
while	IN
a	DT
moderate	JJ
exercise	NN
program	NN
reduces	VBZ
it	PRP
.	.
Exercise	NN
can	MD
also	RB
relieve	VB
depression	NN
and	CC
anxiety	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
several	JJ
ways	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
exercise	NN
enhances	VBZ
the	DT
long-term	JJ
prospects	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
.	.
Physical	JJ
activity	NN
improves	VBZ
the	DT
function	NN
of	IN
the	DT
immune	JJ
system	NN
and	CC
reduces	VBZ
stress	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
by	IN
helping	VBG
to	TO
control	VB
weight	NN
gain	NN
and	CC
reduce	VB
the	DT
percentage	NN
of	IN
body	NN
fat	NN
,	,
exercise	NN
can	MD
influence	VB
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
recurrence	NN
and	CC
survival	NN
.	.
Knowledge	NN
is	VBZ
your	PRP$
best	JJS
defense	NN
against	IN
a	DT
secondary	JJ
tumor	NN
or	CC
recurrence	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
Below	IN
are	VBP
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
common	JJ
questions	NNS
about	IN
diet	NN
and	CC
exercise	NN
that	WDT
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
ask	VBP
after	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
The	DT
answers	NNS
are	VBP
based	VBN
on	IN
current	JJ
research	NN
.	.
Nutrition	NNP
Hotline	NNP
Online	NNP
.	.
Before	IN
using	VBG
the	DT
question	NN
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
edited	VBN
by	IN
AICR	NNP
staff	NN
.	.
All	DT
personal	JJ
information	NN
will	MD
be	VB
removed	VBN
.	.
Only	RB
the	DT
city	NN
and	CC
state	NN
will	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
.	.
Questions	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
answers	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
posted	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
limited	JJ
time	NN
.	.
A	DT
Cancer	NN
Survivor	NNP
's	POS
AlmanacNational	NNP
Coalition	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Survivorshiphttp	NNP
:	:
\/	VB
\/	SYM
www.canceradvocacy.org/This	NNPS
book	NN
addresses	NNS
in	IN
detail	NN
the	DT
medical	JJ
,	,
personal	JJ
,	,
family	NN
and	CC
social	JJ
issues	NNS
following	VBG
a	DT
diagnosis	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
The	DT
book	NN
even	RB
covers	VBZ
insurance	NN
,	,
employment	NN
,	,
legal	JJ
and	CC
financial	JJ
concerns	NNS
.	.
The	DT
resource	NN
section	NN
lists	NNS
useful	JJ
,	,
cancer-related	JJ
organizations	NNS
and	CC
agencies	NNS
.	.
See	VB
the	DT
website	NN
above	IN
for	IN
order	NN
information	NN
.	.
This	DT
free	JJ
newsletter	NN
is	VBZ
available	JJ
three	CD
times	NNS
a	DT
year	NN
from	IN
Cancer	NNP
Care	NNP
as	IN
either	DT
a	DT
printed	VBN
or	CC
electronic	JJ
publication	NN
.	.
The	DT
newsletter	NN
has	VBZ
information	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
resources	NNS
for	IN
people	NNS
during	IN
or	CC
after	IN
cancer	NN
treatment	NN
.	.
Visit	VB
their	PRP$
website	NN
to	TO
sign	VB
up	RP
.	.
Published	VBN
six	CD
times	NNS
a	DT
year	NN
,	,
this	DT
magazine	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
anyone	NN
whose	WP$
life	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
touched	VBN
by	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
It	PRP
provides	VBZ
information	NN
,	,
hope	NN
and	CC
inspiration	NN
.	.
Call	VB
615-791-3859	CD
for	IN
subscription	NN
information	NN
or	CC
visit	VB
their	PRP$
website	NN
.	.
MAMM	NNP
magazine	NN
is	VBZ
devoted	VBN
to	TO
meeting	VBG
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
women	NNS
diagnosed	VBN
with	IN
breast	NN
or	CC
reproductive	JJ
cancer	NN
.	.
Its	PRP$
10	CD
issues	NNS
a	DT
year	NN
provide	VBP
information	NN
on	IN
research	NN
,	,
treatments	NNS
and	CC
quality	NN
of	IN
life	NN
concerns	NNS
.	.
For	IN
subscription	NN
information	NN
and	CC
ordering	VBG
,	,
visit	VB
their	PRP$
website	NN
.	.
People	NNS
Living	VBG
With	IN
Cancer	NN
of	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Society	NNP
for	IN
Clinical	NNP
Oncologyhttp	NNP
:	:
\/	VB
\/	SYM
www.plwc.org/Access	NNPS
oncologist-approved	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
50	CD
types	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
treatments	NNS
,	,
clinical	JJ
trials	NNS
,	,
coping	VBG
,	,
and	CC
side	NN
effects	NNS
.	.
Participate	VB
in	IN
live	JJ
chats	NNS
or	CC
message	NN
boards	NNS
,	,
or	CC
search	NN
the	DT
``	``
Find	VB
an	DT
Oncologist	NN
''	''
and	CC
drug	NN
databases	NNS
.	.
Cancer	NNP
Survivors	NNPS
Network	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Cancer	NNP
Societywww.acscsn.org	NNP
An	DT
online	JJ
community	NN
for	IN
survivors	NNS
.	.
Build	VB
a	DT
personalized	VBN
web	NN
page	NN
,	,
join	VB
chats	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
topics	NNS
,	,
and	CC
search	VB
their	PRP$
extensive	JJ
resource	NN
library	NN
.	.
The	DT
Wellness	NNP
Communitywww.thewellnesscommunity.org	NNP
Provides	VBZ
free	JJ
emotional	JJ
support	NN
,	,
education	NN
and	CC
hope	NN
for	IN
people	NNS
with	IN
cancer	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
loved	VBN
ones	NNS
.	.
Locate	VB
a	DT
local	JJ
facility	NN
.	.
Join	VB
online	JJ
support	NN
groups	NNS
or	CC
listen	VB
to	TO
webcasts	NNS
.	.
National	NNP
Coalition	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Survivorshipwww.canceradvocacy.org	NNP
The	NNP
Coalition	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
network	NN
of	IN
organizations	NNS
and	CC
individuals	NNS
concerned	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
support	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
.	.
Their	PRP$
``	``
Resource	NNP
''	''
section	NN
includes	VBZ
the	DT
Cancer	NN
Survivor	NNP
Toolbox	NNP
?	.
and	CC
Resource	NNP
Guides	NNPS
on	IN
specific	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
only	JJ
major	JJ
cancer	NN
organization	NN
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
focusing	VBG
exclusively	RB
on	IN
diet	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
,	,
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
AICR	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
has	VBZ
taken	VBN
the	DT
lead	NN
in	IN
providing	VBG
science-based	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
on	IN
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
.	.
Part	NN
of	IN
AICR	NNP
's	POS
research	NN
and	CC
education	NN
efforts	NNS
are	VBP
aimed	VBN
at	IN
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
.	.
AICR	NNP
has	VBZ
hosted	VBN
Nutrition	NNP
after	IN
Cancer	NNP
since	IN
2001	CD
to	TO
bring	VB
science-based	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
diet	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
physical	JJ
activity	NN
directly	RB
to	TO
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
.	.
Due	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
success	NN
of	IN
these	DT
conferences	NNS
and	CC
public	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
this	DT
topic	NN
,	,
AICR	NNP
is	VBZ
committed	VBN
to	TO
offering	VBG
more	JJR
in	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
Read	VB
more	JJR
about	IN
the	DT
Nutrition	NNP
after	IN
Cancer	NNP
Conference	NNP
.	.
AICR	NNP
has	VBZ
also	RB
published	VBN
a	DT
book	NN
based	VBN
upon	IN
these	DT
conferences	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
full	JJ
of	IN
insights	NNS
and	CC
practical	JJ
advice	NN
from	IN
leading	VBG
scientists	NNS
on	IN
diet	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
exercise	NN
for	IN
the	DT
cancer	NN
survivor	NN
.	.
Order	NNP
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
book	NN
Nutrition	NNP
after	IN
Cancer	NNP
.	.
Established	VBN
in	IN
1999	CD
by	IN
dietitian	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
survivor	NN
Diana	NNP
Dyer	NNP
,	,
M.S.	NNP
,	,
R.D.	NNP
,	,
and	CC
managed	VBN
by	IN
AICR	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Diana	NNP
Dyer	NNP
Cancer	NNP
Survivors	NNPS
'	POS
Nutrition	NNP
Research	NNP
Endowment	NNP
Fund	NNP
helps	VBZ
fund	NN
research	NN
projects	NNS
on	IN
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
'	POS
nutritional	JJ
needs	NNS
during	IN
treatment	NN
and	CC
recovery	NN
.	.
One	CD
focus	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Fund	NNP
is	VBZ
to	TO
define	VB
whether	IN
dietary	JJ
supplements	NNS
,	,
antioxidants	NNS
in	IN
particular	JJ
,	,
are	VBP
beneficial	JJ
or	CC
harmful	JJ
for	IN
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
under	IN
cancer	NN
treatment	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
sessions	NNS
devoted	VBN
to	TO
survivorship	NN
issues	NNS
,	,
presenters	NNS
and	CC
attendees	NNS
discuss	VBP
the	DT
major	JJ
questions	NNS
facing	VBG
scientists	NNS
:	:
Can	MD
certain	JJ
diets	NNS
improve	VBP
survival	NN
?	.
Can	MD
dietary	VB
strategies	NNS
reduce	VB
the	DT
side	NN
effects	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
treatment	NN
?	.
Specific	JJ
factors	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
omega-3	JJ
fatty	JJ
acids	NNS
and	CC
exercise	NN
,	,
have	VBP
been	VBN
examined	VBN
.	.
On	IN
May	NNP
8	CD
,	,
2001	CD
,	,
in	IN
New	NNP
York	NNP
,	,
NY	NNP
,	,
AICR	NNP
held	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
conference	NN
on	IN
diet	NN
and	CC
nutrition	NN
for	IN
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
.	.
Researchers	NNS
,	,
health	NN
professionals	NNS
and	CC
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
gathered	VBD
to	TO
address	VB
one	CD
question	NN
:	:
Can	MD
changes	NNS
in	IN
diet	NN
or	CC
activity	NN
level	NN
reduce	VB
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
recurrence	NN
,	,
secondary	JJ
tumors	NNS
and	CC
late	JJ
effects	NNS
of	IN
treatment	NN
?	.
To	TO
provide	VB
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
best	JJS
advice	NN
on	IN
nutrition	NN
and	CC
physical	JJ
activity	NN
available	JJ
at	IN
this	DT
time	NN
.	.
To	TO
establish	VB
a	DT
dialogue	NN
with	IN
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
about	IN
their	PRP$
questions	NNS
and	CC
concerns	NNS
so	RB
as	IN
to	TO
determine	VB
where	WRB
new	JJ
information	NN
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
.	.
To	TO
identify	VB
key	JJ
areas	NNS
of	IN
research	NN
and	CC
encourage	VB
scientists	NNS
to	TO
enter	VB
the	DT
field	NN
.	.
The	DT
full	JJ
text	NN
of	IN
the	DT
conference	NN
presentations	NNS
has	VBZ
been	VBN
published	VBN
by	IN
AICR	NNP
in	IN
book	NN
form	NN
.	.
In	IN
easily	RB
understood	VBN
language	NN
,	,
leading	VBG
experts	NNS
offer	VBP
advice	NN
on	IN
diet	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
exercise	NN
for	IN
the	DT
cancer	NN
survivor	NN
.	.
Read	VB
excerpts	NNS
or	CC
order	NN
a	DT
copy	NN
.	.
The	DT
IRS	NNP
Form	NN
990	CD
is	VBZ
an	DT
annual	JJ
federal	JJ
income	NN
tax	NN
return	NN
that	IN
all	DT
charities	NNS
exempt	VBP
from	IN
income	NN
tax	NN
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
file	VB
.	.
The	DT
figures	NNS
in	IN
these	DT
statements	NNS
are	VBP
presented	VBN
in	IN
accordance	NN
with	IN
IRS	NNP
regulations	NNS
.	.
AICR	NNP
press	NN
releases	NNS
provide	VBP
the	DT
media	NNS
with	IN
practical	JJ
information	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
diet	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
.	.
Releases	NNS
address	VBP
updates	NNS
on	IN
research	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
diet	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
and	CC
special	JJ
features	NNS
focusing	VBG
on	IN
making	VBG
changes	NNS
for	IN
lower	JJR
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
All	DT
press	NN
materials	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
in	IN
any	DT
publication	NN
without	IN
additional	JJ
permission	NN
.	.
Please	VB
credit	NN
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
as	IN
the	DT
source	NN
.	.
Members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Press	NNP
:	:
Sign	VB
up	RP
receive	VB
AICR	NNP
news	NN
by	IN
e-mail	NN
.	.
Ever	RB
Green	NNP
,	,
Ever	RB
Healthy	JJ
provides	VBZ
newspapers	NNS
,	,
newsletters	NNS
and	CC
corporate	JJ
and	CC
organizational	JJ
publications	NNS
with	IN
brief	JJ
feature	NN
stories	NNS
about	RB
better	RB
health	NN
,	,
good	JJ
nutrition	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
.	.
New	NNP
articles	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
quarterly	NN
.	.
All	DT
AICR	NNP
press	NN
materials	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
these	DT
articles	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
free	JJ
for	IN
use	NN
and	CC
may	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
without	IN
additional	JJ
permission	NN
.	.
Please	VB
credit	NN
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
as	IN
the	DT
source	NN
.	.
Members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Press	NNP
:	:
Sign	VB
up	RP
to	TO
receive	VB
Ever	RB
Green	NNP
,	,
Ever	RB
Healthy	JJ
by	IN
e-mail	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
's	POS
programs	NNS
in	IN
research	NN
and	CC
education	NN
can	MD
help	VB
provide	VB
access	NN
to	TO
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
experts	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
these	DT
scientists	NNS
,	,
physicians	NNS
and	CC
dietitians	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
to	TO
answer	VB
questions	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
media	NNS
concerning	VBG
the	DT
relationship	NN
between	IN
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
and	CC
diet	NN
,	,
weight	NN
,	,
exercise	NN
and	CC
tobacco	NN
use	NN
.	.
Karen	NNP
Collins	NNP
,	,
MS	NNP
,	,
RD	NNP
,	,
CDN	NNP
,	,
holds	VBZ
a	DT
BS	NNP
degree	NN
in	IN
nutrition	NN
from	IN
Purdue	NNP
University	NNP
and	CC
an	DT
MS	NNP
degree	NN
in	IN
nutrition	NN
from	IN
Cornell	NNP
University	NNP
,	,
where	WRB
she	PRP
also	RB
was	VBD
an	DT
instructor	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
involved	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
15	CD
years	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
writer	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
education	NN
consultant	NN
and	CC
public	JJ
speaker	NN
.	.
Ms.	NNP
Collins	NNP
has	VBZ
authored	VBN
brochures	NNS
,	,
newsletter	NN
articles	NNS
and	CC
cookbooks	NNS
.	.
For	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
eight	CD
years	NNS
,	,
she	PRP
has	VBZ
written	VBN
two	CD
weekly	JJ
newspaper	NN
columns	NNS
syndicated	VBN
to	TO
more	JJR
than	IN
700	CD
newspapers	NNS
nationwide	JJ
and	CC
carried	VBD
weekly	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
MSNBC	NNP
website	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
Ms.	NNP
Collins	NNP
conducts	VBZ
a	DT
private	JJ
practice	NN
in	IN
nutrition	NN
counseling	NN
,	,
working	VBG
with	IN
individuals	NNS
and	CC
groups	NNS
to	TO
develop	VB
realistic	JJ
strategies	NNS
for	IN
achieving	VBG
health	NN
goals	NNS
.	.
The	DT
answer	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
overwhelming	JJ
YES	NNP
.	.
By	IN
eating	VBG
a	DT
predominantly	RB
plant-based	JJ
diet	NN
and	CC
consuming	NN
more	RBR
vegetables	NNS
,	,
fruits	NNS
,	,
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
and	CC
beans	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
strengthen	VB
your	PRP$
body	NN
's	POS
natural	JJ
defenses	NNS
against	IN
tumors	NNS
.	.
The	DT
NAS	NNP
report	NN
stimulated	VBD
considerable	JJ
new	JJ
research	NN
on	IN
the	DT
diet-cancer	NN
link	NN
.	.
Through	IN
grants	NNS
for	IN
seminal	JJ
projects	NNS
,	,
the	DT
Institute	NNP
fostered	VBD
such	JJ
activity	NN
.	.
By	IN
1993	CD
,	,
the	DT
body	NN
of	IN
new	JJ
research	NN
had	VBD
grown	VBN
to	TO
huge	JJ
proportions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
time	NN
had	VBD
clearly	RB
come	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
review	NN
of	IN
the	DT
research	NN
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
find	VB
a	DT
consensus	NN
.	.
Working	VBG
with	IN
its	PRP$
international	JJ
affiliate	NN
,	,
the	DT
World	NNP
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
Fund	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
WCRF-UK	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
the	DT
Institute	NNP
assembled	VBD
a	DT
panel	NN
of	IN
16	CD
renowned	JJ
scientists	NNS
from	IN
eight	CD
countries	NNS
.	.
During	IN
a	DT
three-year	JJ
period	NN
,	,
this	DT
panel	NN
reviewed	VBN
and	CC
evaluated	VBN
more	JJR
than	IN
4,500	CD
different	JJ
studies	NNS
on	IN
diet	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
.	.
The	DT
670-page	JJ
report	NN
,	,
Food	NNP
,	,
Nutrition	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Prevention	NNP
of	IN
Cancer	NNP
:	:
a	DT
global	JJ
perspective	NN
,	,
contains	VBZ
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
effort	NN
.	.
It	PRP
indicates	VBZ
that	IN
30	CD
to	TO
40	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
cancers	NNS
are	VBP
directly	RB
linked	VBN
to	TO
choices	NNS
we	PRP
make	VBP
about	IN
food	NN
and	CC
drink	NN
,	,
exercise	NN
,	,
and	CC
body	NN
weight	NN
.	.
The	DT
report	NN
also	RB
includes	VBZ
14	CD
recommendations	NNS
for	IN
reducing	VBG
risk	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
these	DT
results	NNS
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
diet-cancer	NN
link	NN
clearly	RB
established	VBN
,	,
AICR	NNP
has	VBZ
continued	VBN
to	TO
carry	VB
out	RP
its	PRP$
dual	JJ
mission	NN
:	:
It	PRP
sponsors	VBZ
research	NN
that	WDT
will	MD
generate	VB
further	JJ
knowledge	NN
and	CC
produces	VBZ
educational	JJ
programs	NNS
and	CC
materials	NNS
concerning	VBG
its	PRP$
diet	NN
and	CC
lifestyle	NN
guidelines	NNS
.	.
To	TO
date	NN
,	,
the	DT
Institute	NNP
has	VBZ
committed	VBN
more	JJR
than	IN
$	$
78	CD
million	CD
for	IN
research	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
diet	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
AICR	NNP
has	VBZ
established	VBN
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
education	NN
programs	NNS
to	TO
bring	VB
its	PRP$
message	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
to	TO
millions	NNS
of	IN
Americans	NNPS
.	.
Science	NN
has	VBZ
just	RB
begun	VBN
to	TO
explore	VB
the	DT
relationships	NNS
among	IN
what	WP
we	PRP
eat	VBP
,	,
how	WRB
we	PRP
live	VBP
and	CC
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
Expanding	VBG
such	JJ
knowledge	NN
is	VBZ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
's	POS
dual	JJ
mission	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
research	NN
and	CC
education	NN
.	.
Additional	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
AICR	NNP
Research	NNP
Grant	NNP
Programs	NNP
,	,
including	VBG
listings	NNS
of	IN
past	JJ
grant	NN
awards	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
full	JJ
research	NN
grant	NN
application	NN
package	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
available	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
Institute	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
research	NN
section	NN
of	IN
this	DT
AICR	NNP
web	NN
site	NN
.	.
Choose	VB
a	DT
diet	NN
rich	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
plant-based	JJ
foods	NNS
.	.
Eat	VB
plenty	NN
of	IN
vegetables	NNS
and	CC
fruits	NNS
.	.
Maintain	VB
a	DT
healthy	JJ
weight	NN
and	CC
be	VB
physically	RB
active	JJ
.	.
Drink	NN
alcohol	NN
only	RB
in	IN
moderation	NN
,	,
if	IN
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
Select	NNP
foods	NNS
low	JJ
in	IN
fat	JJ
and	CC
salt	NN
.	.
Prepare	VB
and	CC
store	VB
foods	NNS
safely	RB
.	.
AICR	NNP
's	POS
guidelines	NNS
are	VBP
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
growing	VBG
body	NN
of	IN
scientific	JJ
research	NN
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
diet	NN
and	CC
nutrition	NN
in	IN
the	DT
cancer	NN
process	NN
.	.
Much	JJ
of	IN
this	DT
research	NN
is	VBZ
described	VBN
and	CC
evaluated	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
major	JJ
international	JJ
report	NN
,	,
Food	NNP
,	,
Nutrition	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Prevention	NNP
of	IN
Cancer	NNP
:	:
a	DT
global	JJ
perspective	NN
.	.
The	DT
Institute	NNP
's	POS
award-winning	JJ
publication	NN
,	,
The	DT
AICR	NNP
Newsletter	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
sent	VBN
to	TO
1.6	CD
million	CD
households	NNS
four	CD
times	NNS
each	DT
year	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
widely	RB
distributed	VBN
health	NN
newsletter	NN
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
It	PRP
brings	VBZ
its	PRP$
readers	NNS
lucid	JJ
explanations	NNS
of	IN
scientific	JJ
findings	NNS
,	,
health	NN
tips	NNS
and	CC
ideas	NNS
for	IN
everyday	JJ
living	NN
.	.
The	DT
Institute	NNP
produces	VBZ
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
educational	JJ
booklets	NNS
,	,
brochures	NNS
,	,
and	CC
leaflets	NNS
covering	VBG
such	JJ
topics	NNS
as	IN
the	DT
latest	JJS
information	NN
on	IN
antioxidants	NNS
and	CC
phytochemicals	NNS
to	TO
suggestions	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
quick	JJ
preparation	NN
of	IN
healthy	JJ
meals	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
these	DT
publications	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
online	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Publications	NNP
Section	NN
of	IN
this	DT
site	NN
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
also	RB
find	VB
information	NN
there	RB
about	IN
ordering	VBG
free	JJ
copies	NNS
of	IN
AICR	NNP
educational	JJ
materials	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Institute	NNP
also	RB
offers	VBZ
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
educational	JJ
services	NNS
for	IN
consumers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
publication	NN
of	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
healthful	JJ
recipes	NNS
,	,
offered	VBN
through	IN
The	DT
AICR	NNP
Newsletter	NN
,	,
booklets	NNS
,	,
newspaper	NN
columns	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
ways	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
widely	RB
appreciated	VBN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
find	VB
them	PRP
at	IN
our	PRP$
Recipe	NNP
Corner	NNP
.	.
Throughout	IN
the	DT
year	NN
,	,
AICR	NNP
also	RB
conducts	VBZ
public	JJ
seminars	NNS
in	IN
selected	VBN
cities	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
country	NN
.	.
During	IN
these	DT
two-hour	JJ
sessions	NNS
,	,
a	DT
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
explains	VBZ
the	DT
diet-cancer	NN
link	NN
and	CC
strategies	NNS
for	IN
reducing	VBG
risk	NN
of	IN
the	DT
disease	NN
.	.
Check	VB
the	DT
Upcoming	NNP
Events	NNS
section	NN
on	IN
this	DT
site	NN
for	IN
dates	NNS
of	IN
upcoming	VBG
seminars	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
educational	JJ
events	NNS
.	.
AICR	NNP
's	POS
award-winning	JJ
educational	JJ
programs	NNS
are	VBP
constantly	RB
expanding	VBG
.	.
Throughout	IN
this	DT
site	NN
you	PRP
will	MD
find	VB
examples	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Institute	NNP
's	POS
efforts	NNS
in	IN
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
education	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
specific	JJ
questions	NNS
about	IN
AICR	NNP
educational	JJ
programs	NNS
,	,
please	VB
Contact	NN
AICR	NNP
.	.
Take	VB
a	DT
look	NN
at	IN
this	DT
list	NN
of	IN
recent	JJ
questions	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
answers	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
find	VB
the	DT
information	NN
you	PRP
're	VBP
looking	VBG
for	IN
.	.
Or	CC
,	,
submit	VB
your	PRP$
own	JJ
questions	NNS
by	IN
e-mail	NN
,	,
or	CC
call	VB
the	DT
Hotline	NNP
.	.
The	DT
list	NN
of	IN
questions	NNS
and	CC
answers	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
updated	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
regular	JJ
basis	NN
,	,
so	RB
make	VB
sure	JJ
you	PRP
check	VBP
back	RB
soon	RB
.	.
Q	NNP
:	:
There	EX
are	VBP
so	RB
many	JJ
new	JJ
diets	NNS
out	IN
there	RB
these	DT
days	NNS
.	.
Which	WDT
do	VBP
you	PRP
recommend	VB
?	.
A	DT
:	:
Actually	RB
,	,
we	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
recommend	VB
any	DT
specific	JJ
``	``
diet	NN
,	,
''	''
as	IN
this	DT
word	NN
implies	VBZ
short-term	JJ
limitations	NNS
on	IN
what	WP
you	PRP
eat	VBP
.	.
The	DT
key	NN
to	TO
weight	VB
management	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
make	VB
eating	VBG
healthfully	RB
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
daily	JJ
lifestyle	NN
,	,
not	RB
just	RB
to	TO
restrict	VB
food	NN
intake	NN
for	IN
a	DT
couple	NN
of	IN
weeks	NNS
.	.
Check	VB
out	RP
AICR	NNP
's	POS
New	NNP
American	NNP
Plate	NNP
program	NN
,	,
which	WDT
addresses	VBZ
proportion	NN
and	CC
portion	NN
size	NN
.	.
It	PRP
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
transition	NN
to	TO
a	DT
plate	NN
filled	VBN
with	IN
more	JJR
plant-based	JJ
foods	NNS
and	CC
less	JJR
animal	NN
protein	NN
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
cutting	VBG
down	RP
on	IN
portion	NN
sizes	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
deprivation	NN
involved	VBN
,	,
no	DT
elimination	NN
of	IN
specific	JJ
food	NN
groups	NNS
or	CC
emphasis	NN
on	IN
any	DT
one	CD
food	NN
,	,
as	IN
with	IN
many	JJ
fad	NN
diets	NNS
.	.
And	CC
incorporating	VBG
physical	JJ
activity	NN
into	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
healthy	JJ
lifestyle	NN
.	.
Source	NN
:	:
U.S.	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
AgricultureReturn	NNP
to	TO
table	NN
of	IN
contents	NNS
The	DT
Traditional	JJ
American	JJ
Breakfast	NNP
A	DT
good	JJ
morning	NN
meal	NN
should	MD
provide	VB
energy	NN
that	IN
burns	NNS
steadily	RB
all	DT
morning	NN
long	RB
.	.
It	PRP
should	MD
also	RB
provide	VB
a	DT
share	NN
perhaps	RB
even	RB
a	DT
third	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
nutrients	NNS
and	CC
phytochemicals	NNS
your	PRP$
body	NN
requires	VBZ
each	DT
day	NN
.	.
Too	RB
often	RB
traditional	JJ
American	JJ
breakfasts	NNS
fail	VBP
on	IN
both	DT
counts	NNS
.	.
One	CD
standard	JJ
American	JJ
breakfast	NN
is	VBZ
no	DT
breakfast	NN
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
People	NNS
skip	VBP
the	DT
morning	NN
meal	NN
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
rush	NN
to	TO
get	VB
up	RB
and	CC
out	RB
or	CC
because	RB
of	IN
the	DT
desire	NN
to	TO
reduce	VB
caloric	JJ
intake	NN
.	.
Eating	NNP
a	DT
healthy	JJ
breakfast	NN
fuels	NNS
the	DT
muscles	NNS
for	IN
physical	JJ
activity	NN
and	CC
improves	VBZ
productivity	NN
.	.
It	PRP
actually	RB
increases	VBZ
the	DT
rate	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
you	PRP
burn	VBP
calories	NNS
.	.
Skipping	VBG
this	DT
meal	NN
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
to	TO
leave	VB
you	PRP
sluggish	JJ
and	CC
hungry	JJ
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
skipping	VBG
the	DT
morning	NN
meal	NN
to	TO
lose	VB
weight	NN
is	VBZ
counterproductive	JJ
.	.
Study	NNP
after	IN
study	NN
shows	NNS
that	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
skip	VBP
breakfast	NN
take	VB
in	RP
more	RBR
calories	NNS
later	RB
in	IN
the	DT
day	NN
than	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
eat	VBP
three	CD
evenly	RB
spaced	VBN
meals	NNS
.	.
Other	JJ
studies	NNS
show	VBP
that	IN
breakfast	NN
skippers	NNS
tend	VBP
to	TO
have	VB
higher	JJR
blood	NN
cholesterol	NN
levels	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
Another	DT
traditional	JJ
American	JJ
breakfast	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
doughnut	NN
and	CC
coffee	NN
.	.
''	''
We	PRP
grab	VBP
a	DT
doughnut	NN
,	,
Danish	JJ
or	CC
cinnamon	JJ
bun	NN
because	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
quick	JJ
and	CC
easy	JJ
.	.
Such	JJ
pastries	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
are	VBP
highly	RB
processed	VBN
plant	NN
foods	NNS
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
,	,
they	PRP
contain	VBP
excessive	JJ
amounts	NNS
of	IN
refined	JJ
flour	NN
and	CC
refined	JJ
sugar	NN
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
a	DT
quick	JJ
fix	NN
.	.
They	PRP
raise	VB
your	PRP$
blood	NN
sugar	NN
level	NN
rapidly	RB
and	CC
then	RB
let	VB
it	PRP
plummet	VB
.	.
The	DT
result	NN
is	VBZ
fatigue	NN
and	CC
hunger	NN
before	IN
the	DT
morning	NN
is	VBZ
half	JJ
over	IN
,	,
and	CC
you	PRP
find	VBP
yourself	PRP
looking	VBG
around	IN
for	IN
a	DT
snack	NN
to	TO
keep	VB
you	PRP
going	VBG
.	.
A	DT
third	JJ
traditional	JJ
American	JJ
breakfast	NN
is	VBZ
eggs	NNS
,	,
bacon	NN
or	CC
sausage	NN
,	,
served	VBD
with	IN
the	DT
inevitable	JJ
hash	NN
browns	NNS
.	.
This	DT
hearty	JJ
classic	NN
is	VBZ
high	JJ
in	IN
saturated	VBN
fat	JJ
,	,
and	CC
countless	JJ
studies	NNS
show	VBP
saturated	VBN
fat	JJ
raises	VBZ
cholesterol	NN
levels	NNS
and	CC
contributes	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
clogging	VBG
of	IN
arteries	NNS
.	.
Furthermore	RB
,	,
it	PRP
provides	VBZ
too	RB
much	JJ
animal	NN
protein	NN
and	CC
fat	JJ
and	CC
not	RB
enough	RB
of	IN
the	DT
protective	JJ
nutrients	NNS
and	CC
phytochemicals	NNS
found	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
plant-based	JJ
breakfast	NN
.	.
This	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
morning	NN
meal	NN
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
overweight	JJ
and	CC
chronic	JJ
diseases	NNS
including	VBG
cancer	NN
.	.
The	DT
proportions	NNS
are	VBP
off	RB
in	IN
all	DT
of	IN
these	DT
traditional	JJ
breakfasts	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
lacking	VBG
the	DT
right	JJ
balance	NN
of	IN
plant	NN
foods	NNS
and	CC
lean	JJ
animal	NN
protein	NN
.	.
Pastry	NN
and	CC
coffee	NN
usually	RB
fail	VBP
to	TO
provide	VB
a	DT
steady	JJ
flow	NN
of	IN
energy	NN
.	.
Eggs	NNP
and	CC
fried	JJ
meat	NN
wo	MD
n't	RB
supply	VB
the	DT
protective	JJ
vitamins	NNS
,	,
minerals	NNS
and	CC
phytochemicals	NNS
long-term	JJ
health	NN
requires	VBZ
.	.
And	CC
not	RB
eating	VBG
breakfast	NN
misses	VBZ
the	DT
grade	NN
altogether	RB
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
smoothie	NN
.	.
Try	VB
different	JJ
fruit	NN
and	CC
yogurt	NN
combinations	NNS
to	TO
create	VB
your	PRP$
own	JJ
nutritious	JJ
and	CC
satisfying	JJ
breakfast	NN
drink	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
prefer	VBP
flavored	JJ
yogurt	NN
to	TO
plain	JJ
yogurt	NN
,	,
the	DT
``	``
light	JJ
''	''
varieties	NNS
of	IN
yogurt	NN
will	MD
have	VB
fewer	JJR
calories	NNS
and	CC
less	JJR
sugar	NN
.	.
Eat	VB
each	DT
separately	RB
for	IN
a	DT
grab-and-go	NN
breakfast	NN
.	.
Or	CC
mix	NN
yogurt	NN
,	,
raisins	NNS
and	CC
cereal	NN
together	RB
whichever	WDT
way	NN
works	VBZ
best	RBS
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Use	NNP
plain	RB
or	CC
light	JJ
yogurt	NN
instead	RB
of	IN
sugar-sweetened	JJ
flavored	JJ
yogurt	NN
to	TO
cut	VB
down	RP
on	IN
added	VBN
sugar	NN
.	.
Combine	VB
with	IN
raisins	NNS
to	TO
add	VB
natural	JJ
sweetness	NN
.	.
Look	VB
for	IN
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
ingredient	NN
list	NN
of	IN
the	DT
cereal	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
whole	JJ
grain	NN
,	,
like	IN
100	CD
percent	NN
whole	JJ
wheat	NN
or	CC
whole	JJ
oats	NNS
,	,
is	VBZ
listed	VBN
as	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
ingredient	NN
,	,
it	PRP
means	VBZ
the	DT
food	NN
is	VBZ
rich	JJ
in	IN
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
.	.
Did	VBD
you	PRP
know	VBP
that	IN
health	NN
experts	NNS
recommend	VBP
that	IN
we	PRP
eat	VBP
at	IN
least	JJS
3	CD
servings	NNS
of	IN
whole-grain	JJ
foods	NNS
daily	RB
?	.
Most	JJS
Americans	NNPS
average	VBP
less	JJR
than	IN
1	CD
serving	VBG
a	DT
day	NN
.	.
Breakfast	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
opportunity	NN
to	TO
get	VB
more	JJR
servings	NNS
of	IN
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
into	IN
your	PRP$
diet	NN
.	.
Including	VBG
some	DT
plant-based	JJ
protein	NN
at	IN
breakfast	NN
,	,
like	IN
peanut	NN
butter	NN
,	,
may	MD
help	VB
delay	VB
mid-morning	NN
hunger	NN
.	.
Cut	NNP
down	RB
on	IN
added	VBN
sugar	NN
by	IN
using	VBG
``	``
all-fruit	JJ
''	''
preserves	VBZ
.	.
Or	CC
try	VB
apple	NN
butter	NN
,	,
a	DT
spread	NN
made	VBN
from	IN
apples	NNS
and	CC
apple	NN
cider	NN
with	IN
no	DT
added	JJ
sugar	NN
.	.
Save	NNP
time	NN
making	VBG
fruit	NN
salad	NN
.	.
Buy	VB
canned	JJ
fruit	NN
or	CC
pre-cut	JJ
fresh	JJ
fruit	NN
at	IN
the	DT
supermarket	NN
deli	NNS
counter	VBP
or	CC
salad	NN
bar	NN
.	.
Look	VB
for	IN
whole-grain	JJ
cereals	NNS
that	WDT
contain	VBP
little	JJ
or	CC
no	DT
added	JJ
sugar	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
Shredded	NNP
Wheat	NNP
contains	VBZ
no	DT
added	JJ
sugar	NN
.	.
Cheerios	NNPS
,	,
Wheat	NNP
Chex	NNP
and	CC
Wheaties	NNP
are	VBP
low	JJ
in	IN
sugar	NN
compared	VBN
to	TO
many	JJ
processed	VBN
cereals	NNS
.	.
Vary	VB
your	PRP$
fruit	NN
choices	NNS
depending	VBG
on	IN
what	WP
's	VBZ
in	IN
season	NN
.	.
Nuts	NNS
are	VBP
filling	VBG
;	:
a	DT
small	JJ
handful	NN
adds	VBZ
protein	NN
and	CC
healthy	JJ
fats	NNS
to	TO
breakfast	NN
.	.
For	IN
an	DT
easy	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
eat	VB
2	CD
servings	NNS
of	IN
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
,	,
choose	VB
a	DT
whole	JJ
wheat	NN
English	NNP
muffin	NN
.	.
To	TO
cut	VB
down	RP
on	IN
fat	JJ
,	,
use	VB
soy	JJ
sausage	NN
instead	RB
of	IN
pork	NN
sausage	NN
and	CC
reduced	VBN
fat	JJ
cheese	NN
instead	RB
of	IN
its	PRP$
full-fat	JJ
counterpart	NN
.	.
To	TO
cut	VB
down	RP
on	IN
fat	JJ
,	,
order	NN
a	DT
veggie	NN
pizza	NN
from	IN
the	DT
pizzeria	NN
.	.
Save	NNP
a	DT
slice	NN
for	IN
breakfast	NN
.	.
Our	PRP$
recipe	NN
for	IN
vegetable	NN
pita	NN
pizzas	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
see	VB
recipe	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
calls	VBZ
for	IN
whole	JJ
wheat	NN
pita	NN
and	CC
squash	NN
a	DT
delicious	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
eat	VB
some	DT
servings	NNS
of	IN
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
and	CC
vegetables	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
get	VB
plenty	NN
of	IN
fiber	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
from	IN
the	DT
bran	NN
and	CC
berries	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
disease-fighting	JJ
phytochemicals	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
from	IN
the	DT
berries	NNS
,	,
wheat	NN
germ	NN
,	,
bran	NN
and	CC
cranberry	NN
juice	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
this	DT
meal	NN
.	.
Use	NNP
plain	RB
lowfat	JJ
yogurt	NN
instead	RB
of	IN
sweetened	VBN
flavored	JJ
yogurt	NN
to	TO
avoid	VB
extra	JJ
calories	NNS
,	,
and	CC
sweeten	VB
with	IN
fresh	JJ
fruit	NN
.	.
Spread	NN
apple	NN
butter	NN
or	CC
sugar-free	JJ
preserves	VBZ
on	IN
your	PRP$
toast	NN
to	TO
eliminate	VB
added	JJ
sugar	NN
.	.
Enjoy	VB
the	DT
succulent	JJ
flavor	NN
of	IN
seasonal	JJ
fresh	JJ
fruit	NN
.	.
If	IN
peaches	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
in	IN
season	NN
,	,
choose	VB
another	DT
fresh	JJ
fruit	NN
.	.
Or	CC
use	VB
canned	JJ
peaches	NNS
packed	VBN
in	IN
water	NN
or	CC
their	PRP$
own	JJ
juice	NN
and	CC
drained	VBD
.	.
Brown	NNP
rice	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
whole	JJ
grain	NN
.	.
It	PRP
retains	VBZ
its	PRP$
outer	JJ
coating	NN
,	,
which	WDT
gives	VBZ
it	PRP
more	RBR
nutrients	NNS
and	CC
fiber	NN
than	IN
white	JJ
rice	NN
.	.
Try	VB
this	DT
recipe	NN
on	IN
the	DT
weekend	NN
or	CC
when	WRB
you	PRP
have	VBP
time	NN
to	TO
cook	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
worth	JJ
the	DT
time	NN
.	.
Then	RB
save	VB
and	CC
refrigerate	VB
the	DT
rest	NN
to	TO
enjoy	VB
later	RB
in	IN
the	DT
week	NN
.	.
Here	RB
's	VBZ
a	DT
delicious	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
fit	VB
vegetables	NNS
into	IN
your	PRP$
morning	NN
meal	NN
.	.
The	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
whole	JJ
wheat	NN
tortillas	NNS
,	,
vegetables	NNS
and	CC
eggs	NNS
keeps	VBZ
this	DT
recipe	NN
within	IN
the	DT
2\/3	CD
plant	NN
food	NN
to	TO
1\/3	CD
animal	NN
food	NN
proportion	NN
.	.
If	IN
cooking	NN
is	VBZ
your	PRP$
pleasure	NN
,	,
this	DT
recipe	NN
's	POS
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
It	PRP
requires	VBZ
some	DT
advance	NN
planning	NN
since	IN
the	DT
ingredient	NN
mixtures	VBZ
need	NN
to	TO
be	VB
refrigerated	VBN
overnight	JJ
and	CC
baked	JJ
the	DT
following	JJ
day	NN
.	.
This	DT
strata	NN
is	VBZ
made	VBN
with	IN
whole	JJ
wheat	NN
bread	NN
.	.
Make	NNP
sure	RB
the	DT
first	JJ
ingredient	NN
on	IN
the	DT
packaged	VBN
bread	NN
is	VBZ
``	``
whole	JJ
grain	NN
''	''
or	CC
``	``
whole	JJ
wheat	NN
.	.
''	''
It	PRP
makes	VBZ
a	DT
difference	NN
.	.
Beans	NNS
for	IN
breakfast	NN
?	.
You	PRP
bet	VBP
.	.
And	CC
veggies	NNS
,	,
too	RB
.	.
This	DT
unique	JJ
breakfast	NN
is	VBZ
anything	NN
but	CC
boring	NN
.	.
The	DT
oil	NN
and	CC
avocado	NN
used	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
recipe	NN
are	VBP
rich	JJ
in	IN
heart	NN
healthy	JJ
monounsaturated	JJ
fat	NN
.	.
The	DT
soy	JJ
cheese	NN
has	VBZ
less	JJR
fat	JJ
than	IN
regular	JJ
cheese	NN
.	.
As	IN
with	IN
all	DT
fats	NNS
,	,
moderation	NN
is	VBZ
key	JJ
.	.
Return	NN
to	TO
table	NN
of	IN
contents	NNS
Weight	NNP
Control	NNP
and	CC
Portion	NNP
SizePeople	NNP
who	WP
are	VBP
overweight	JJ
and	CC
inactive	JJ
are	VBP
at	IN
greater	JJR
risk	NN
for	IN
cancer	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
chronic	JJ
diseases	NNS
.	.
Researchers	NNS
believe	VBP
that	IN
overweight	JJ
and	CC
inactivity	NN
cause	NN
the	DT
body	NN
to	TO
secrete	VB
high	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
insulin	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
hormones	NNS
known	VBN
as	IN
``	``
growth	NN
factors	NNS
.	.
''	''
Cells	NNS
constantly	RB
exposed	VBN
to	TO
these	DT
substances	NNS
begin	VBP
to	TO
divide	VB
quickly	RB
and	CC
often	RB
,	,
which	WDT
makes	VBZ
cancer	NN
more	RBR
likely	JJ
.	.
The	DT
good	JJ
news	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
regular	JJ
physical	JJ
activity	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
loss	NN
can	MD
help	VB
restore	VB
insulin	NN
levels	NNS
to	TO
normal	JJ
.	.
That	DT
may	MD
help	VB
reduce	VB
your	PRP$
risk	NN
of	IN
disease	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
looking	VBG
to	TO
lose	VB
weight	NN
,	,
do	VBP
n't	RB
cut	VB
out	RP
whole	JJ
categories	NNS
of	IN
foods	NNS
or	CC
skip	VB
a	DT
meal	NN
to	TO
reduce	VB
your	PRP$
daily	JJ
calories	NNS
.	.
Chances	NNS
are	VBP
,	,
these	DT
strategies	NNS
wo	MD
n't	RB
work	VB
.	.
Feeling	VBG
deprived	VBN
of	IN
your	PRP$
favorite	JJ
foods	NNS
or	CC
not	RB
eating	VBG
a	DT
meal	NN
altogether	RB
could	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
overeating	NN
later	RB
on	IN
.	.
Instead	RB
,	,
throughout	IN
the	DT
day	NN
fuel	NN
your	PRP$
body	NN
mostly	RB
with	IN
vegetables	NNS
,	,
fruits	NNS
,	,
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
and	CC
beans	NNS
.	.
Meals	NNS
centered	VBD
around	IN
these	DT
foods	NNS
tend	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
lower	JJR
in	IN
calories	NNS
and	CC
fat	JJ
than	IN
meals	NNS
dominated	VBN
by	IN
animal	NN
foods	NNS
.	.
For	IN
eating	VBG
satisfaction	NN
and	CC
added	VBD
health	NN
benefits	NNS
,	,
remember	VBP
the	DT
New	NNP
American	NNP
Plate	NNP
's	POS
rule	NN
of	IN
thumb	NN
:	:
two-thirds	NNS
plant	NN
food	NN
to	TO
one-third	JJ
animal	NN
food	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
've	VBP
switched	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
healthier	RBR
diet	NN
but	CC
are	VBP
still	RB
having	VBG
difficulty	NN
reaching	VBG
a	DT
healthy	JJ
weight	NN
,	,
one	CD
factor	NN
to	TO
consider	VB
is	VBZ
portion	NN
size	NN
.	.
Start	VB
by	IN
looking	VBG
at	IN
your	PRP$
plate	NN
and	CC
analyzing	VBG
how	WRB
much	JJ
you	PRP
eat	VBP
.	.
Try	VB
this	DT
experiment	NN
:	:
Measure	NN
out	RP
a	DT
regular	JJ
portion	NN
of	IN
a	DT
favorite	JJ
breakfast	NN
food	NN
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
pour	VBP
your	PRP$
usual	JJ
portion	NN
of	IN
dry	JJ
cereal	NN
into	IN
a	DT
bowl	NN
.	.
Next	JJ
,	,
check	VB
the	DT
standard	JJ
serving	VBG
size	NN
chart	NN
,	,
and	CC
measure	VB
out	RP
the	DT
standard	JJ
serving	VBG
size	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
cereal	NN
.	.
Compare	VB
the	DT
two	CD
bowls	VBZ
.	.
Ask	JJ
yourself	PRP
this	DT
question	NN
:	:
How	WRB
many	JJ
standard	JJ
servings	NNS
go	VBP
into	IN
the	DT
portion	NN
I	PRP
regularly	RB
eat	VB
?	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
concerned	VBN
about	IN
your	PRP$
weight	NN
,	,
consider	VB
decreasing	VBG
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
servings	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
portion	NN
.	.
Cut	NNP
back	RB
gradually	RB
so	IN
you	PRP
'll	MD
be	VB
less	RBR
likely	JJ
to	TO
notice	VB
the	DT
change	NN
.	.
Even	RB
small	JJ
reductions	NNS
add	VBP
up	RP
to	TO
substantial	JJ
health	NN
benefits	NNS
.	.
Remember	VB
,	,
maintaining	VBG
the	DT
right	JJ
proportion	NN
of	IN
plant	NN
foods	NNS
to	TO
animal	JJ
foods	NNS
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
your	PRP$
long-term	JJ
health	NN
.	.
So	RB
reduce	VB
the	DT
portion	NN
sizes	NNS
on	IN
your	PRP$
plate	NN
,	,
but	CC
maintain	VBP
the	DT
``	``
2\/3	CD
to	TO
1\/3	CD
''	''
proportion	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
exercise	VBP
more	RBR
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
still	RB
do	VBP
not	RB
see	VB
your	PRP$
weight	NN
gradually	RB
moving	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
healthy	JJ
direction	NN
,	,
contact	NN
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
or	CC
a	DT
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
for	IN
a	DT
more	RBR
individualized	JJ
plan	NN
.	.
Whole	JJ
wheat	NN
toast	NN
with	IN
a	DT
dab	NN
of	IN
peanut	NN
butter	NN
and	CC
banana	NN
slices	NNS
.	.
Instant	JJ
oatmeal	NN
or	CC
whole-grain	JJ
cereal	NN
sweetened	VBN
with	IN
fresh	JJ
fruit	NN
and	CC
lowfat	NN
milk	NN
or	CC
soy	JJ
milk	NN
.	.
Lowfat	NNP
yogurt	NN
mixed	VBN
with	IN
fresh	JJ
fruit	NN
in	IN
a	DT
blender	NN
for	IN
a	DT
vitamin-rich	JJ
smoothie	NN
.	.
Fish	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
leftover	NN
salmon	NN
on	IN
a	DT
whole-grain	JJ
bagel	NN
and	CC
reduced	VBN
or	CC
non-fat	JJ
cream	NN
cheese	NN
.	.
A	DT
breakfast	NN
parfait	NN
of	IN
layered	JJ
lowfat	NN
yogurt	NN
,	,
fresh	JJ
fruit	NN
and	CC
cereal	NN
and	CC
chopped	VBN
nuts	NNS
.	.
Return	NN
to	TO
table	NN
of	IN
contents	NNS
RecipesThe	NNP
recipes	NNS
that	WDT
follow	VBP
take	VB
varying	VBG
times	NNS
to	TO
prepare	VB
.	.
Some	DT
,	,
like	IN
the	DT
smoothies	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
ready	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
matter	NN
of	IN
minutes	NNS
.	.
Others	NNS
,	,
like	IN
the	DT
muffins	NNS
,	,
granola	NN
or	CC
vegetable	NN
pita	NN
pizza	NN
,	,
can	MD
be	VB
prepared	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
weekend	NN
and	CC
frozen	VBN
.	.
Then	RB
individual	JJ
portions	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
defrosted	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
microwave	NN
for	IN
an	DT
instant	JJ
breakfast	NN
.	.
Still	RB
others	NNS
,	,
like	IN
the	DT
brown	JJ
rice	NN
pudding	NN
or	CC
Italian	JJ
breakfast	NN
strata	NN
,	,
may	MD
best	RB
be	VB
saved	VBN
for	IN
special	JJ
occasions	NNS
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Brunet	NNP
is	VBZ
identifying	VBG
the	DT
signaling	VBG
pathways	NNS
affected	VBN
by	IN
caloric	JJ
restriction	NN
and	CC
influence	NN
tumor	NN
suppression	NN
and	CC
longevity	NN
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
hypothesis	NN
that	WDT
caloric	JJ
restriction	NN
activates	VBZ
AMP-activated	JJ
protein	NN
kinase	NN
which	WDT
in	IN
turn	NN
phosphorylates	NNS
and	CC
increases	VBZ
the	DT
activity	NN
of	IN
the	DT
FOXO	NNP
family	NN
of	IN
Forkhead	NNP
transcription	NN
factors	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
in	IN
turn	NN
inhibit	VBP
cell	NN
growth	NN
and\/or	CC
apoptosis	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Chan	NNP
is	VBZ
determining	VBG
whether	IN
EGCG	NNP
,	,
a	DT
major	JJ
component	NN
of	IN
green	JJ
tea	NN
,	,
sensitizes	VBZ
ovarian	JJ
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
to	TO
cisplatin	VB
treatment	NN
by	IN
inhibiting	VBG
detoxification	NN
of	IN
cisplatin	NN
through	IN
inactivation	NN
of	IN
AP-1	NN
and	CC
NF	SYM
-	:
κB	NN
pathways	NNS
that	WDT
could	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
the	DT
depletion	NN
of	IN
glutathione	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Bhattacharya	NNP
is	VBZ
investigating	VBG
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
selenium	NN
on	IN
tumor	NN
blood	NN
vessel	NN
maturation	NN
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
hypothesis	NN
that	IN
pre-treatment	NN
with	IN
organoselenium	NN
compounds	NNS
leads	VBZ
to	TO
tumor	NN
vessel	NN
maturation	NN
,	,
that	IN
this	DT
maturation	NN
can	MD
be	VB
assessed	VBN
non-invasively	RB
by	IN
functional	JJ
magnetic	JJ
resonance	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
it	PRP
could	MD
result	VB
in	IN
improved	VBN
drug	NN
delivery	NN
and	CC
therapeutic	JJ
response	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Feldman	NNP
is	VBZ
exploring	VBG
whether	IN
soy	NN
enhances	VBZ
the	DT
anticancer	NN
activity	NN
of	IN
vitamin	NN
D	NNP
and	CC
calcitriol	NN
against	IN
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
through	IN
inhibition	NN
of	IN
24-hydroxylase	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
CYP24	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
prostaglandins	NNS
by	IN
suppressing	VBG
expression	NN
of	IN
COX-2	NN
in	IN
a	DT
mouse	NN
xenograft	NN
model	NN
.	.
In	IN
her	PRP$
study	NN
Dr.	NNP
Demark-Wahnefried	NNP
will	MD
investigate	VB
blood	NN
biomarkers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
participants	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
Fresh	NNP
Start	NNP
Diet	NNP
and	CC
exercise	NN
intervention	NN
program	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
ongoing	JJ
among	IN
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
,	,
and	CC
determine	VB
the	DT
extent	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
the	DT
program	NN
leads	VBZ
to	TO
alteration	NN
in	IN
lipid	JJ
profiles	NNS
,	,
insulin	NN
,	,
IGF	NNP
levels	NNS
,	,
and	CC
cytokine	NN
profiles	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
remember	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
request	VB
permission	NN
from	IN
AICR	NNP
before	IN
you	PRP
use	VBP
the	DT
AICR	NNP
name	NN
in	IN
promoting	VBG
or	CC
holding	VBG
your	PRP$
special	JJ
fund	NN
raising	VBG
event	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
also	RB
important	JJ
to	TO
remember	VB
that	IN
it	PRP
takes	VBZ
time	NN
to	TO
review	VB
,	,
grant	VB
permission	NN
and	CC
provide	VB
support	NN
for	IN
special	JJ
fund	NN
raising	VBG
events	NNS
.	.
Please	VB
contact	NN
AICR	NNP
early	RB
in	IN
the	DT
planning	NN
process	NN
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
find	VB
we	PRP
can	MD
provide	VB
tips	NNS
,	,
ideas	NNS
and	CC
even	RB
educational	JJ
materials	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
help	VB
make	VB
your	PRP$
event	NN
more	RBR
successful	JJ
.	.
Recognition	NN
in	IN
the	DT
event	NN
program	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
easy	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
raise	VB
money	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
printed	VBN
program	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
provided	VBN
,	,
local	JJ
companies	NNS
may	MD
want	VB
to	TO
buy	VB
space	NN
in	IN
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
Individuals	NNS
might	MD
also	RB
buy	VB
space	NN
for	IN
an	DT
``	``
Honorarium	NN
''	''
to	TO
a	DT
family	NN
member	NN
,	,
friend	NN
,	,
or	CC
coworker	NN
.	.
Local	JJ
stores	NNS
might	MD
also	RB
have	VB
access	NN
to	TO
vendors	NNS
who	WP
may	MD
want	VB
to	TO
contribute	VB
to	TO
the	DT
event	NN
.	.
A	DT
convenience	NN
store	NN
or	CC
supermarket	NN
might	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
help	VB
contact	NN
vendors	NNS
to	TO
donate	VB
bottled	JJ
water	NN
or	CC
snack	NN
items	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
course	NN
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
.	.
Download	NNP
these	DT
samples	NNS
below	IN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
plan	VB
your	PRP$
tournament	NN
.	.
All	DT
of	IN
the	DT
files	NNS
are	VBP
in	IN
PDF	NNP
format	NN
.	.
You	PRP
must	MD
have	VB
the	DT
free	JJ
Adobe	NNP
Acrobat	NNP
Reader	NNP
installed	VBN
on	IN
your	PRP$
computer	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
download	VB
it	PRP
FREE	VB
at	IN
the	DT
link	NN
provided	VBN
below	RB
.	.
Contact	NN
local	JJ
radio	NN
stations	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
radio	NN
stations	NNS
are	VBP
affiliated	VBN
with	IN
other	JJ
stations	NNS
.	.
Encourage	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
pass	VB
the	DT
information	NN
along	IN
for	IN
additional	JJ
publicity	NN
,	,
and	CC
include	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
announcement	NN
whom	WP
to	TO
contact	VB
in	IN
support	NN
of	IN
the	DT
event	NN
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
receive	VB
interest	NN
from	IN
individuals	NNS
wanting	VBG
to	TO
golf	NN
,	,
corporate	JJ
or	CC
local	JJ
sponsors	NNS
,	,
and\/or	CC
individual	JJ
donations	NNS
.	.
Publicize	VB
before	RB
,	,
during	IN
and	CC
after	IN
your	PRP$
event	NN
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
media	NNS
is	VBZ
n't	RB
able	JJ
to	TO
cover	VB
the	DT
actual	JJ
event	NN
,	,
follow	VB
up	RP
after	IN
the	DT
event	NN
with	IN
stories	NNS
and	CC
pictures	NNS
that	IN
they	PRP
might	MD
be	VB
willing	JJ
to	TO
use	VB
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
planning	VBG
an	DT
annual	JJ
event	NN
,	,
all	DT
of	IN
this	DT
publicity	NN
can	MD
help	VB
make	VB
the	DT
community	NN
more	RBR
aware	JJ
when	WRB
next	JJ
year	NN
's	POS
event	NN
rolls	NNS
around	IN
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
also	RB
find	VB
that	DT
publicity	NN
during	IN
and	CC
right	RB
after	IN
an	DT
event	NN
can	MD
bring	VB
in	RP
additional	JJ
donations	NNS
in	IN
support	NN
of	IN
AICR	NNP
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
offers	NNS
from	IN
individuals	NNS
,	,
organizations	NNS
or	CC
companies	NNS
who	WP
want	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
involved	VBN
the	DT
next	JJ
time	NN
the	DT
event	NN
is	VBZ
held	VBN
.	.
Post	NNP
on	IN
community	NN
boards	NNS
.	.
Posting	VBG
your	PRP$
event	NN
on	IN
community	NN
bulletin	NN
boards	NNS
in	IN
parks	NNS
,	,
community	NN
centers	NNS
,	,
shopping	NN
malls	NNS
,	,
offices	NNS
,	,
or	CC
places	NNS
of	IN
worship	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
easy	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
publicize	VB
.	.
You	PRP
never	RB
know	VBP
where	WRB
you	PRP
'll	MD
attract	VB
potential	JJ
participants	NNS
or	CC
sponsors	NNS
.	.
Include	NNP
contact	NN
numbers	NNS
for	IN
those	DT
wanting	VBG
additional	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Program	NN
-	:
If	IN
you	PRP
provide	VBP
programs	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
event	NN
,	,
the	DT
sponsors	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
listed	VBN
alphabetically	RB
,	,
and	CC
by	IN
sponsorship	NN
levels	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
recommended	VBN
to	TO
list	VB
the	DT
dollar	NN
amounts	VBZ
that	IN
each	DT
sponsor	NN
contributed	VBD
.	.
Course	NNP
Management	NNP
-	:
Acknowledge	NNP
the	DT
management	NN
at	IN
the	DT
course	NN
and	CC
any	DT
staff	NN
that	WDT
helped	VBD
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
day	NN
possible	JJ
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
program	NN
and	CC
at	IN
the	DT
closing	NN
ceremony	NN
.	.
If	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
food	NN
provided	VBN
,	,
be	VB
sure	JJ
to	TO
thank	VB
the	DT
chef	NN
and	CC
catering	NN
crew	NN
.	.
Again	RB
and	CC
Again	RB
-	:
Volunteers	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
acknowledged	VBN
and	CC
thanked	VBN
as	RB
well	RB
,	,
both	DT
during	IN
the	DT
event	NN
in	IN
the	DT
program	NN
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
closing	NN
ceremony	NN
,	,
and	CC
after	IN
the	DT
event	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
goodie	NN
bags	NNS
for	IN
golfers	NNS
,	,
make	VBP
sure	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
extras	NNS
for	IN
your	PRP$
volunteers	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
study	NN
,	,
scheduled	VBN
for	IN
publication	NN
in	IN
the	DT
December	NNP
2004	CD
issue	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Journal	NNP
of	IN
Nutrition	NNP
,	,
rats	NNS
fed	VBD
a	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
tomatoes	NNS
and	CC
broccoli	NNS
had	VBD
markedly	RB
less	JJR
prostate	NN
tumor	NN
growth	NN
than	IN
rats	NNS
who	WP
ate	VBD
diets	NNS
containing	VBG
either	CC
food	NN
alone	RB
and	CC
also	RB
less	JJR
tumor	NN
growth	NN
than	IN
rats	NNS
who	WP
ate	VBD
diets	NNS
containing	VBG
specific	JJ
cancer-fighting	JJ
substances	NNS
isolated	VBN
from	IN
tomatoes	NNS
and	CC
broccoli	NNS
.	.
The	DT
fact	NN
that	IN
the	DT
study	NN
attempted	VBD
to	TO
examine	VB
the	DT
effect	NN
of	IN
whole	JJ
foods	NNS
in	IN
combination	NN
and	CC
not	RB
solely	RB
the	DT
isolated	JJ
substances	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
attracted	VBN
attention	NN
as	IN
potential	JJ
``	``
magic	JJ
bullets	NNS
''	''
sets	VBZ
it	PRP
apart	RB
.	.
At	IN
a	DT
press	NN
conference	NN
,	,
John	NNP
W.	NNP
Erdman	NNP
,	,
Ph.D.	NNP
,	,
Professor	NNP
of	IN
Food	NNP
Science	NNP
and	CC
Human	NNP
Nutrition	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Illinois	NNP
at	IN
Urbana	NNP
,	,
outlined	VBD
the	DT
reasoning	NN
behind	IN
this	DT
new	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
nutrition	NN
science	NN
.	.
Lycopene	NNP
is	VBZ
one	CD
natural	JJ
substance	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
isolated	VBN
from	IN
tomatoes	NNS
that	WDT
has	VBZ
attracted	VBN
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
attention	NN
in	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
decade	NN
as	IN
a	DT
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
fighter	NN
.	.
But	CC
in	IN
a	DT
study	NN
Erdman	NNP
and	CC
his	PRP$
colleagues	NNS
published	VBN
last	JJ
fall	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Journal	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Cancer	NNP
Institute	NNP
,	,
rats	NNS
fed	VBN
isolated	VBD
lycopene	NN
were	VBD
not	RB
afforded	VBN
significant	JJ
protection	NN
from	IN
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
The	DT
same	JJ
study	NN
showed	VBD
that	IN
rats	NNS
fed	VBN
diets	NNS
containing	VBG
freeze-dried	JJ
tomato	JJ
powder	NN
had	VBD
much	RB
greater	JJR
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
survival	NN
.	.
Freeze-dried	JJ
tomato	JJ
powder	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
in	IN
animal	NN
diets	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
substitute	NN
for	IN
whole	JJ
tomatoes	NNS
,	,
because	IN
it	PRP
contains	VBZ
the	DT
full	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
vitamins	NNS
,	,
minerals	NNS
and	CC
phytochemicals	NNS
that	WDT
occur	VBP
in	IN
tomatoes	NNS
and	CC
is	VBZ
easier	JJR
to	TO
feed	VB
.	.
Broccoli	NNP
is	VBZ
another	DT
food	NN
recognized	VBN
for	IN
its	PRP$
anti-cancer	JJ
potential	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
known	VBN
to	TO
contain	VB
substances	NNS
called	VBN
glucosinolates	NNS
that	WDT
break	VBP
down	RP
into	IN
compounds	NNS
that	WDT
help	VBP
enzymes	NNS
flush	VBP
carcinogens	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
body	NN
before	IN
they	PRP
can	MD
do	VB
any	DT
harm	NN
.	.
But	CC
again	RB
,	,
past	JJ
research	NN
has	VBZ
shown	VBN
that	IN
these	DT
substances	NNS
work	VBP
better	RB
when	WRB
they	PRP
act	VBP
in	IN
concert	NN
with	IN
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
natural	JJ
substances	NNS
found	VBN
in	IN
broccoli	NNS
.	.
In	IN
Erdman	NNP
's	POS
latest	JJS
study	NN
,	,
researchers	NNS
examined	VBD
how	WRB
well	RB
lycopene	JJ
alone	RB
suppressed	VBD
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
prostate	NN
tumors	NNS
in	IN
rats	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
compared	VBD
these	DT
results	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
tumor-suppressing	JJ
activity	NN
of	IN
tomato	JJ
powder	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
animal	NN
model	NN
,	,
researchers	NNS
fed	VBN
diets	NNS
containing	VBG
broccoli	JJ
powder	NN
,	,
and	CC
,	,
in	IN
still	RB
another	DT
group	NN
,	,
a	DT
diet	NN
containing	VBG
a	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
broccoli	NNS
and	CC
tomato	JJ
powder	NN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
results	NNS
were	VBD
analyzed	VBN
,	,
the	DT
scientists	NNS
were	VBD
surprised	VBN
to	TO
see	VB
that	IN
each	DT
type	NN
of	IN
diet	NN
they	PRP
studied	VBD
was	VBD
better	JJR
able	JJ
to	TO
suppress	VB
prostate	NN
tumor	NN
growth	NN
than	IN
the	DT
drug	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
group	NN
that	WDT
ate	VBD
the	DT
combination	NN
tomato-broccoli	JJ
diets	NNS
,	,
the	DT
average	JJ
tumor	NN
weight	NN
was	VBD
significantly	RB
lower	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
control	NN
group	NN
and	CC
also	RB
lower	JJR
than	IN
the	DT
broccoli	NNS
,	,
tomato	NN
and	CC
lycopene	NN
groups	NNS
.	.
Pomegranates	NNP
Culinary	NNP
Jewels	NNP
Made	NNP
Easy	NNP
children	NNS
and	CC
vegetables	NNS
cholesterol	NN
and	CC
eating	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
run	NN
potassium	NN
DASH	NNP
diet	NN
and	CC
snacks	NNS
olive	JJ
oil	NN
frozen	VBN
waffles	NNS
and	CC
stevia	NN
frozen	VBN
dinners	NNS
pedometers	NNS
and	CC
fibrocystic	JJ
breast	NN
disease	NN
lowcarb	NN
diets	NNS
wraps	VBZ
and	CC
red	JJ
grapefruit	NN
Picking	VBG
Your	PRP$
Way	NN
Through	IN
the	DT
Buffet	NNP
The	NNP
Important	NNP
Nutrient	NNP
Potassium	NNP
How	WRB
Much	JJ
Do	VBP
We	PRP
Know	NNP
About	IN
Antioxidants	NNPS
?	.
According	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
report	NN
issued	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
International	NNP
Agency	NNP
for	IN
Research	NNP
on	IN
Cancer	NNP
,	,
an	DT
agency	NN
of	IN
the	DT
World	NNP
Health	NNP
Organization	NNP
,	,
being	VBG
overweight	JJ
and	CC
inactive	JJ
accounts	NNS
for	IN
one-quarter	NN
to	TO
one-third	NN
of	IN
worldwide	JJ
cases	NNS
of	IN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
,	,
colon	NN
cancer	NN
,	,
endometrial	JJ
cancer	NN
,	,
kidney	NN
cancer	NN
and	CC
esophageal	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
Why	WRB
is	VBZ
this	DT
an	DT
issue	NN
?	.
If	IN
the	DT
body	NN
's	POS
cells	NNS
are	VBP
exposed	VBN
to	TO
very	RB
high	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
substances	NNS
over	IN
an	DT
extended	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
,	,
they	PRP
tend	VBP
to	TO
reproduce	VB
more	RBR
quickly	RB
.	.
This	DT
increases	VBZ
the	DT
chances	NNS
that	WDT
cancer	NN
can	MD
find	VB
a	DT
foothold	NN
.	.
As	IN
research	NN
continues	VBZ
,	,
scientist	NN
will	MD
likely	RB
identify	VB
additional	JJ
biological	JJ
reasons	NNS
that	WDT
excess	JJ
weight	NN
and	CC
inactivity	NN
increase	NN
risk	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
already	RB
clear	JJ
,	,
however	RB
,	,
that	IN
diet	NN
,	,
physical	JJ
activity	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
management	NN
play	NN
key	JJ
roles	NNS
in	IN
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
us	PRP
know	VBP
when	WRB
we	PRP
gain	VBP
weight	NN
.	.
Clothes	NNPS
no	DT
longer	JJR
fit	NN
.	.
The	DT
mirror	NN
becomes	VBZ
an	DT
irritating	JJ
reminder	NN
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
scale	NN
is	VBZ
permanently	RB
hidden	VBN
under	IN
the	DT
bed	NN
.	.
But	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
too	RB
easy	JJ
to	TO
overlook	VB
these	DT
warning	NN
signs	NNS
and	CC
remain	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
dark	JJ
about	IN
your	PRP$
health	NN
risks	NNS
from	IN
overweight	JJ
and	CC
obesity	NN
.	.
Fortunately	RB
,	,
science	NN
offers	VBZ
two	CD
methods	NNS
for	IN
assessing	VBG
your	PRP$
body	NN
weight	NN
.	.
While	IN
they	PRP
're	VBP
not	RB
perfectly	RB
accurate	JJ
,	,
they	PRP
both	DT
tell	VBP
you	PRP
whether	IN
,	,
and	CC
how	WRB
urgently	RB
,	,
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
take	VB
steps	NNS
to	TO
control	VB
your	PRP$
weight	NN
and	CC
reduce	VB
your	PRP$
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
Place	VB
a	DT
tape	NN
measure	NN
around	IN
your	PRP$
waist	NN
immediately	RB
above	IN
the	DT
tip	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
hipbone	NN
.	.
Measure	NN
your	PRP$
waist	NN
after	IN
exhaling	VBG
.	.
Determine	VB
your	PRP$
health	NN
risk	NN
.	.
For	IN
women	NNS
,	,
a	DT
waist	NN
measurement	NN
of	IN
35	CD
inches	NNS
or	CC
more	JJR
indicates	VBZ
high	JJ
risk	NN
.	.
for	IN
men	NNS
,	,
a	DT
waist	NN
measurement	NN
of	IN
40	CD
inches	NNS
or	CC
more	JJR
indicates	VBZ
high	JJ
risk	NN
.	.
We	PRP
live	VBP
in	IN
fattening	NN
times	NNS
.	.
Everything	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
environment	NN
conspires	VBZ
to	TO
make	VB
us	PRP
gain	VB
weight	NN
:	:
inexpensive	JJ
processed	VBN
foods	NNS
,	,
modern	JJ
conveniences	NNS
that	WDT
make	VBP
physical	JJ
exertion	NN
unnecessary	JJ
and	CC
TV	NN
and	CC
computers	NNS
that	WDT
keep	VBP
us	PRP
inactive	JJ
for	IN
long	JJ
periods	NNS
of	IN
time	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
consume	VBP
just	RB
100	CD
calories	NNS
more	RBR
than	IN
you	PRP
burn	VBP
each	DT
day	NN
,	,
you	PRP
'll	MD
put	VB
on	RP
a	DT
pound	NN
in	IN
a	DT
little	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
a	DT
month	NN
,	,
and	CC
almost	RB
30	CD
pounds	NNS
in	IN
three	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Remember	VB
the	DT
advice	NN
that	WDT
many	JJ
scientists	NNS
give	VBP
:	:
Limit	NN
your	PRP$
weight	NN
gain	NN
during	IN
adulthood	NN
to	TO
11	CD
pounds	NNS
.	.
Several	JJ
studies	NNS
suggest	VBP
that	IN
gaining	VBG
more	JJR
than	IN
11	CD
pounds	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
5	CD
kg	NN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
increases	NNS
your	PRP$
risk	NN
for	IN
cancer	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
chronic	JJ
diseases	NNS
.	.
The	DT
best	JJS
strategy	NN
to	TO
manage	VB
your	PRP$
weight	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
set	VB
a	DT
reasonable	JJ
limit	NN
on	IN
weight	NN
gain	NN
by	IN
mentally	RB
adding	VBG
11	CD
pounds	NNS
to	TO
your	PRP$
current	JJ
weight	NN
.	.
That	DT
's	VBZ
your	PRP$
limit	NN
.	.
You	PRP
've	VBP
drawn	VBN
a	DT
line	NN
in	IN
the	DT
sand	NN
.	.
Now	RB
promise	VBP
yourself	PRP
never	RB
to	TO
cross	VB
it	PRP
.	.
And	CC
keep	VB
that	DT
promise	NN
for	IN
life	NN
.	.
The	DT
Iowa	NNP
Women	NNP
's	POS
Health	NNP
Study	NNP
tracks	VBZ
41,836	CD
postmenopausal	JJ
women	NNS
who	WP
were	VBD
between	IN
55	CD
and	CC
69	CD
when	WRB
the	DT
study	NN
began	VBD
back	RB
in	IN
1986	CD
.	.
They	PRP
filled	VBD
out	RP
a	DT
long	JJ
questionnaire	NN
about	IN
their	PRP$
physical	JJ
activity	NN
and	CC
researchers	NNS
have	VBP
kept	VBN
track	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
medical	JJ
history	NN
.	.
The	DT
study	NN
is	VBZ
particularly	RB
interesting	JJ
in	IN
that	IN
it	PRP
examined	VBD
the	DT
breast	NN
cancers	NNS
among	IN
its	PRP$
participants	NNS
according	VBG
to	TO
receptor	NN
status	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
,	,
whether	IN
the	DT
tumors	NNS
are	VBP
sensitive	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
presence	NN
of	IN
estrogen	NN
and\/or	CC
progesterone	NN
,	,
which	WDT
can	MD
influence	VB
cancer	NN
growth	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
observed	JJ
protective	JJ
association	NN
was	VBD
stronger	JJR
among	IN
participants	NNS
with	IN
BMIs	NNS
of	IN
less	JJR
than	IN
25	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
i.e.	FW
those	DT
who	WP
were	VBD
not	RB
classified	VBN
as	IN
overweight	JJ
or	CC
obese	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
This	DT
makes	VBZ
sense	NN
,	,
as	IN
excess	JJ
weight	NN
is	VBZ
known	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
separate	JJ
risk	NN
factor	NN
for	IN
colon	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
The	DT
idea	NN
that	WDT
regular	JJ
physical	JJ
activity	NN
benefits	NNS
overall	JJ
health	NN
is	VBZ
nothing	NN
new	JJ
.	.
An	DT
indirect	JJ
association	NN
between	IN
physical	JJ
activity	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
risk	NN
has	VBZ
also	RB
been	VBN
hypothesized	VBN
for	IN
some	DT
time	NN
,	,
because	IN
regular	JJ
physical	JJ
activity	NN
has	VBZ
an	DT
important	JJ
role	NN
in	IN
preventing	VBG
obesity	NN
.	.
Obesity	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
shown	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
risk	NN
factor	NN
for	IN
several	JJ
kinds	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
But	CC
AICR	NNP
urged	VBD
food	NN
marketers	NNS
not	RB
to	TO
see	VB
the	DT
recent	JJ
spate	NN
of	IN
findings	NNS
as	IN
license	NN
to	TO
promote	VB
exercise	NN
alone	RB
,	,
without	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
portion	NN
size	NN
,	,
value	NN
marketing	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
issues	NNS
that	WDT
contribute	VBP
to	TO
U.S.	NNP
obesity	NN
.	.
Just	RB
two	CD
decades	NNS
ago	RB
,	,
the	DT
association	NN
between	IN
activity	NN
level	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
risk	NN
was	VBD
purely	RB
theoretical	JJ
.	.
Since	IN
then	RB
,	,
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
studies	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
activity-cancer	NN
link	NN
published	VBN
in	IN
peer-reviewed	JJ
journals	NNS
has	VBZ
roughly	RB
doubled	VBN
every	DT
five	CD
years	NNS
and	CC
that	IN
pace	NN
is	VBZ
now	RB
quickening	VBG
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
an	DT
AICR	NNP
review	NN
of	IN
the	DT
literature	NN
.	.
Well	RB
over	IN
100	CD
studies	NNS
tracking	VBG
cancer	NN
rates	NNS
and	CC
physical	JJ
activity	NN
levels	NNS
in	IN
human	JJ
populations	NNS
were	VBD
published	VBN
between	IN
2001	CD
and	CC
2005	CD
.	.
Over	IN
half	NN
of	IN
these	DT
appeared	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
two	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Visit	NN
www.aicr.org/activity	NN
to	TO
read	VB
an	DT
in-depth	JJ
summary	NN
of	IN
the	DT
research	NN
.	.
Of	IN
the	DT
56	CD
studies	NNS
conducted	VBN
to	TO
date	NN
on	IN
physical	JJ
activity	NN
and	CC
colorectal	JJ
cancer	NN
,	,
48	CD
demonstrated	VBD
a	DT
reduction	NN
in	IN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
among	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
physically	RB
active	JJ
subjects	NNS
.	.
Of	IN
51	CD
studies	NNS
on	IN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
and	CC
physical	JJ
activity	NN
,	,
34	CD
observed	VBD
a	DT
reduction	NN
in	IN
risk	NN
among	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
physically	RB
active	JJ
subjects	NNS
.	.
There	EX
have	VBP
been	VBN
18	CD
studies	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
link	NN
between	IN
activity	NN
and	CC
endometrial	JJ
cancer	NN
,	,
and	CC
14	CD
of	IN
those	DT
found	VBN
decreased	VBD
risk	NN
to	TO
be	VB
associated	VBN
with	IN
increased	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
physical	JJ
activity	NN
.	.
For	IN
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
,	,
18	CD
out	IN
of	IN
36	CD
studies	NNS
found	VBD
reductions	NNS
in	IN
risk	NN
among	IN
subjects	NNS
who	WP
were	VBD
most	RBS
physically	RB
active	JJ
.	.
Physical	JJ
activity	NN
as	IN
a	DT
risk	NN
factor	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
examined	VBN
in	IN
15	CD
studies	NNS
of	IN
lung	NN
cancer	NN
,	,
10	CD
of	IN
which	WDT
found	VBD
a	DT
risk	NN
reduction	NN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
risk	NN
reductions	NNS
observed	VBD
in	IN
these	DT
studies	NNS
are	VBP
averaged	VBN
together	RB
,	,
the	DT
results	NNS
are	VBP
significant	JJ
.	.
Physical	JJ
activity	NN
was	VBD
associated	VBN
with	IN
an	DT
overall	JJ
10	CD
to	TO
30	CD
percent	NN
risk	NN
reduction	NN
for	IN
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
,	,
a	DT
30	CD
to	TO
40	CD
percent	NN
risk	NN
reduction	NN
for	IN
breast	NN
,	,
endometrial	JJ
and	CC
lung	NN
cancer	NN
,	,
and	CC
40	CD
to	TO
50	CD
percent	NN
risk	NN
reduction	NN
for	IN
colon	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
these	DT
epidemiological	JJ
studies	NNS
,	,
a	DT
surge	NN
in	IN
basic	JJ
laboratory	NN
research	NN
continues	VBZ
to	TO
reveal	VB
how	WRB
physical	JJ
activity	NN
alters	VBZ
hormone	NN
levels	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
cellular	JJ
environment	NN
in	IN
ways	NNS
that	WDT
discourage	VBP
the	DT
cancer	NN
process	NN
.	.
Physical	JJ
activity	NN
appears	VBZ
to	TO
lower	VB
levels	NNS
of	IN
biologically	RB
available	JJ
sex	NN
hormones	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
could	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
decreased	VBN
risk	NN
of	IN
hormone-related	JJ
cancers	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
cancers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
breast	NN
,	,
endometrium	NN
,	,
ovaries	NNS
,	,
prostate	NN
and	CC
testes	NNS
.	.
Physical	JJ
activity	NN
may	MD
also	RB
increase	VB
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
substances	NNS
that	WDT
bind	NN
to	TO
these	DT
available	JJ
sex	NN
hormones	NNS
and	CC
keep	VB
them	PRP
from	IN
adversely	RB
influencing	VBG
the	DT
tissues	NNS
at	IN
potential	JJ
cancer	NN
sites	NNS
.	.
Regular	JJ
exercise	NN
also	RB
significantly	RB
lowers	VBZ
insulin	NN
levels	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
associated	VBN
with	IN
lower	JJR
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
Exercise	NN
may	MD
also	RB
decrease	VB
cancer	NN
risk	NN
by	IN
interfering	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
substances	NNS
called	VBN
insulin-like	JJ
growth	NN
factors	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
IGFs	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
which	WDT
target	VBP
sensitive	JJ
tissues	NNS
and	CC
may	MD
promote	VB
the	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
uncontrolled	JJ
growth	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
spark	VB
the	DT
cancer	NN
process	NN
.	.
How	WRB
Much	JJ
,	,
How	WRB
Often	RB
,	,
and	CC
For	IN
How	WRB
Long	NNP
?	.
Moderate	JJ
physical	JJ
activity	NN
is	VBZ
defined	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
level	NN
of	IN
effort	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
a	DT
person	NN
experiences	VBZ
some	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
breathing	NN
or	CC
heart	NN
rate	NN
and	CC
burns	NNS
3.5	CD
to	TO
7	CD
calories	NNS
per	IN
minute	NN
.	.
A	DT
healthy	JJ
individual	JJ
engages	VBZ
in	IN
moderate	JJ
physical	JJ
activity	NN
while	IN
walking	VBG
briskly	RB
,	,
moving	VBG
the	DT
lawn	NN
,	,
dancing	NN
,	,
bicycling	NN
on	IN
level	NN
terrain	NN
,	,
swimming	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
For	IN
some	DT
cancer	NN
sites	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
colon	NN
cancer	NN
,	,
the	DT
level	NN
of	IN
activity	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
associated	VBN
with	IN
significant	JJ
reductions	NNS
in	IN
risk	NN
is	VBZ
vigorous	JJ
the	DT
individual	JJ
experiences	NNS
a	DT
large	JJ
increase	NN
in	IN
breathing	NN
or	CC
heart	NN
rate	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
conversation	NN
is	VBZ
difficult	JJ
or	CC
broken	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
burns	NNS
more	JJR
than	IN
7	CD
calories	NNS
per	IN
minute	NN
.	.
Examples	NNS
include	VBP
jogging	NN
,	,
bicycling	NN
uphill	JJ
,	,
swimming	NN
continuous	JJ
laps	NNS
,	,
taking	VBG
an	DT
aerobics	NN
class	NN
,	,
etc.	FW
Shapers	NNS
of	IN
public	JJ
health	NN
policy	NN
are	VBP
reacting	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
rapidly	RB
changing	VBG
scientific	JJ
landscape	NN
.	.
The	DT
latest	JJS
set	NN
of	IN
USDA	NNP
Dietary	NNP
Guidelines	NNS
for	IN
Americans	NNPS
emphasize	VBP
physical	JJ
activity	NN
more	RBR
strongly	RB
than	IN
in	IN
the	DT
past	NN
,	,
and	CC
even	RB
the	DT
familiar	JJ
Food	NNP
Pyramid	NNP
itself	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
altered	VBN
to	TO
show	VB
a	DT
figure	NN
climbing	VBG
stairs	NNS
.	.
Physical	JJ
activity	NN
will	MD
also	RB
loom	VB
larger	JJR
than	IN
ever	RB
an	DT
upcoming	JJ
AICR	NNP
Expert	NNP
Panel	NNP
Report	NNP
examining	VBG
risk	NN
factors	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
disease	NN
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
researchers	NNS
involved	VBN
in	IN
its	PRP$
preparation	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
the	DT
increased	VBN
focus	NN
on	IN
activity	NN
level	NN
as	IN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
factor	NN
has	VBZ
precipitated	VBN
the	DT
addition	NN
of	IN
the	DT
term	NN
``	``
Physical	NNP
Activity	NNP
''	''
to	TO
the	DT
report	NN
's	POS
title	NN
.	.
The	DT
document	NN
,	,
now	RB
entitled	VBN
Food	NNP
,	,
Nutrition	NNP
,	,
Physical	NNP
Activity	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Prevention	NNP
of	IN
Cancer	NN
:	:
A	DT
Global	JJ
Perspective	NNP
will	MD
issue	VB
recommendations	NNS
for	IN
individuals	NNS
and	CC
policy	NN
makers	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
review	NN
of	IN
thousands	NNS
of	IN
studies	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
scheduled	VBN
for	IN
publication	NN
in	IN
2007	CD
.	.
The	DT
food	NN
industry	NN
has	VBZ
also	RB
seized	VBN
upon	IN
research	NN
on	IN
physical	JJ
activity	NN
and	CC
disease	NN
risk	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
six	CD
months	NNS
,	,
Kraft	NNP
Foods	NNP
Inc.	NNP
,	,
the	DT
Kellogg	NNP
Company	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
leading	VBG
food	NN
marketers	NNS
have	VBP
played	VBN
up	RP
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
exercise	NN
in	IN
advertising	NN
campaigns	NNS
.	.
But	CC
the	DT
AICR	NNP
researchers	NNS
cautioned	VBD
that	DT
physical	JJ
activity	NN
is	VBZ
only	RB
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
set	NN
of	IN
behaviors	NNS
that	WDT
protect	VBP
against	IN
cancer	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
diseases	NNS
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
Collins	NNP
,	,
recently	RB
stepped	VBD
up	RP
efforts	NNS
by	IN
food	NN
marketers	NNS
to	TO
promote	VB
physical	JJ
activity	NN
are	VBP
welcome	JJ
,	,
but	CC
should	MD
be	VB
examined	VBN
critically	RB
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Chlebowski	NNP
's	POS
study	NN
will	MD
determine	VB
whether	IN
a	DT
low-fat	JJ
diet	NN
combined	VBN
with	IN
an	DT
exercise	NN
program	NN
can	MD
reduce	VB
weight	NN
and	CC
increase	NN
insulin	NN
sensitivity	NN
in	IN
postmenopausal	JJ
breast	NN
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
,	,
thus	RB
reducing	VBG
the	DT
likelihood	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
recurrence	NN
.	.
All	DT
AICR	NNP
press	NN
materials	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
these	DT
columns	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
free	JJ
for	IN
use	NN
in	IN
newspapers	NNS
,	,
magazines	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
publications	NNS
,	,
and	CC
may	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
without	IN
additional	JJ
permission	NN
.	.
Please	VB
credit	NN
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
as	IN
the	DT
source	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
more	JJR
than	IN
eight	CD
million	CD
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
.	.
Cancer	NNP
treatments	NNS
have	VBP
improved	VBN
over	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
twenty	CD
years	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
people	NNS
go	VBP
into	IN
remission	NN
;	:
many	JJ
become	VBP
long-term	JJ
survivors	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
cancer	NN
case	NN
is	VBZ
unique	JJ
,	,
but	CC
survival	NN
statistics	NNS
are	VBP
significant	JJ
and	CC
helpful	JJ
in	IN
planning	VBG
treatment	NN
and	CC
looking	VBG
at	IN
prognosis	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
localized	JJ
cancers	NNS
carry	VBP
a	DT
prognosis	NN
for	IN
five-year	JJ
survival	NN
of	IN
90	CD
percent	NN
or	CC
greater	JJR
.	.
For	IN
many	JJ
cancers	NNS
,	,
five-year	JJ
survivors	NNS
are	VBP
considered	VBN
cured	VBN
and	CC
have	VBP
the	DT
same	JJ
expected	JJ
life	NN
span	NN
as	IN
others	NNS
of	IN
their	PRP$
age	NN
and	CC
condition	NN
who	WP
never	RB
had	VBD
cancer	NN
.	.
IntroductionThere	NNP
has	VBZ
never	RB
been	VBN
a	DT
time	NN
of	IN
greater	JJR
hope	NN
in	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
cancer	NN
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
we	PRP
know	VBP
more	JJR
about	IN
identifying	VBG
and	CC
treating	VBG
this	DT
disease	NN
than	IN
ever	RB
before	RB
.	.
A	DT
diagnosis	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
is	VBZ
no	RB
longer	RB
a	DT
reason	NN
to	TO
despair	NN
.	.
Cancer	NN
patients	NNS
now	RB
have	VBP
a	DT
much	RB
better	JJR
chance	NN
to	TO
overcome	VB
this	DT
disease	NN
and	CC
return	NN
to	TO
a	DT
full	JJ
and	CC
active	JJ
life	NN
.	.
Treating	VBG
cancer	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
job	NN
for	IN
the	DT
medical	JJ
professional	JJ
alone	RB
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
or	CC
a	DT
loved	VBD
one	CD
have	VBP
been	VBN
told	VBN
you	PRP
have	VBP
cancer	NN
,	,
regard	VBP
the	DT
diagnosis	NN
as	IN
a	DT
reason	NN
to	TO
learn	VB
more	RBR
,	,
to	TO
take	VB
action	NN
and	CC
to	TO
be	VB
an	DT
active	JJ
participant	NN
in	IN
defeating	VBG
this	DT
disease	NN
.	.
The	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
AICR	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
has	VBZ
developed	VBN
the	DT
CancerResource	NNP
program	NN
to	TO
help	VB
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
,	,
their	PRP$
families	NNS
and	CC
friends	NNS
gain	VBP
an	DT
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
disease	NN
,	,
the	DT
treatment	NN
options	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
various	JJ
resources	NNS
available	JJ
.	.
The	DT
materials	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
CancerResource	NNP
packet	NN
provide	VBP
information	NN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
be	VB
an	DT
involved	VBN
,	,
active	JJ
participant	NN
in	IN
fighting	VBG
cancer	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
this	DT
CancerResource	NNP
guide	NN
,	,
AICR	NNP
offers	VBZ
a	DT
brochure	NN
called	VBN
Cancer	NNP
Information	NNP
--	:
Where	WRB
to	TO
Find	VB
Help	NN
,	,
a	DT
resource	NN
for	IN
locating	VBG
and	CC
contacting	VBG
organizations	NNS
that	WDT
provide	VBP
cancer	NN
information	NN
,	,
support	NN
or	CC
direct	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
To	TO
order	VB
this	DT
publication	NN
,	,
call	VBP
AICR	NNP
toll	NN
free	JJ
at	IN
1-800-843-8114	CD
.	.
Through	IN
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
education	NN
and	CC
research	NN
projects	NNS
,	,
AICR	NNP
has	VBZ
helped	VBN
millions	NNS
of	IN
Americans	NNPS
learn	VBP
more	RBR
about	IN
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
also	RB
received	VBN
numerous	JJ
requests	NNS
for	IN
information	NN
about	IN
cancer	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
treatment	NN
.	.
Although	IN
AICR	NNP
's	POS
primary	JJ
focus	NN
is	VBZ
on	IN
prevention	NN
,	,
it	PRP
recognizes	VBZ
its	PRP$
responsibility	NN
to	TO
provide	VB
understandable	JJ
,	,
reliable	JJ
information	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
help	VB
individuals	NNS
through	IN
the	DT
difficult	JJ
period	NN
following	VBG
a	DT
diagnosis	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
or	CC
someone	NN
you	PRP
care	VBP
about	RB
is	VBZ
diagnosed	VBN
with	IN
cancer	NN
,	,
the	DT
first	JJ
response	NN
may	MD
be	VB
one	CD
of	IN
confusion	NN
,	,
anxiety	NN
and	CC
fear	NN
.	.
Yet	RB
,	,
at	IN
that	DT
moment	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
many	JJ
important	JJ
decisions	NNS
concerning	VBG
treatment	NN
and	CC
care	NN
that	WDT
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
,	,
and	CC
often	RB
they	PRP
must	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
soon	RB
.	.
CancerResource	NNP
can	MD
help	VB
those	DT
affected	VBN
by	IN
cancer	NN
regain	VBP
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
control	NN
at	IN
this	DT
crucial	JJ
time	NN
.	.
Decisions	NNS
about	IN
treatment	NN
and	CC
care	NN
can	MD
become	VB
more	RBR
manageable	JJ
when	WRB
individuals	NNS
understand	VBP
the	DT
disease	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
options	NNS
and	CC
know	VB
where	WRB
to	TO
turn	VB
for	IN
additional	JJ
information	NN
and	CC
assistance	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
developed	VBD
CancerResource	NNP
with	IN
the	DT
guidance	NN
of	IN
professionals	NNS
,	,
who	WP
have	VBP
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
medical	JJ
,	,
research	NN
and	CC
educational	JJ
expertise	NN
.	.
CancerResource	NNP
is	VBZ
not	RB
meant	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
comprehensive	JJ
resource	NN
.	.
What	WP
is	VBZ
presented	VBN
here	RB
should	MD
not	RB
replace	VB
your	PRP$
physician	NN
's	POS
advice	NN
or	CC
information	NN
received	VBN
from	IN
cancer	NN
treatment	NN
specialists	NNS
.	.
Rather	RB
,	,
use	VBP
CancerResource	NNP
as	IN
a	DT
starting	VBG
point	NN
to	TO
becoming	VBG
better	RBR
informed	VBN
about	IN
cancer	NN
,	,
what	WP
treatment	NN
options	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
,	,
and	CC
when	WRB
and	CC
where	WRB
to	TO
ask	VB
questions	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
the	DT
information	NN
you	PRP
need	VBP
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
choose	VB
to	TO
read	VB
CancerResource	NNP
straight	RB
through	IN
or	CC
only	RB
turn	VB
to	TO
those	DT
areas	NNS
of	IN
information	NN
of	IN
most	JJS
interest	NN
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
CancerResource	NNP
is	VBZ
an	DT
information	NN
resource	NN
,	,
not	RB
a	DT
substitute	NN
for	IN
medical	JJ
care	NN
.	.
The	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
does	VBZ
not	RB
recommend	VB
any	DT
specific	JJ
treatment	NN
.	.
Treatment	NNP
must	MD
be	VB
worked	VBN
out	RP
for	IN
each	DT
individual	JJ
patient	NN
by	IN
the	DT
health	NN
care	NN
team	NN
.	.
The	DT
information	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
given	VBN
here	RB
is	VBZ
general	JJ
and	CC
may	MD
not	RB
apply	VB
to	TO
your	PRP$
individual	JJ
situation	NN
.	.
The	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
only	JJ
national	JJ
,	,
major	JJ
cancer	NN
organization	NN
focusing	VBG
exclusively	RB
on	IN
diet	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
.	.
Scientists	NNS
have	VBP
estimated	VBN
that	IN
as	IN
many	JJ
as	IN
30	CD
to	TO
40	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
all	DT
cancers	NNS
are	VBP
linked	VBN
to	TO
dietary	JJ
choices	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
National	NNP
Cancer	NNP
Institute	NNP
currently	RB
estimates	VBZ
that	IN
as	RB
many	JJ
as	IN
35	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
deaths	NNS
are	VBP
diet	NN
related	VBN
.	.
AICR	NNP
has	VBZ
led	VBN
the	DT
way	NN
in	IN
research	NN
and	CC
educational	JJ
programs	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
increase	VB
knowledge	NN
and	CC
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
role	NN
diet	NN
plays	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
cancer	NN
process	NN
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
prevention	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
and	CC
in	IN
its	PRP$
treatment	NN
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
a	DT
pioneer	NN
in	IN
encouraging	JJ
research	NN
to	TO
help	VB
understand	VB
how	WRB
dietary	JJ
changes	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
reduce	VB
cancer	NN
risk	NN
and	CC
to	TO
develop	VB
new	JJ
nutritional	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
treating	VBG
cancer	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
was	VBD
founded	VBN
in	IN
1982	CD
with	IN
the	DT
dual	JJ
mission	NN
of	IN
both	DT
supporting	VBG
cancer	NN
research	NN
and	CC
providing	VBG
educational	JJ
programs	NNS
for	IN
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
largest	JJS
funding	NN
sources	NNS
for	IN
research	NN
in	IN
diet	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
it	PRP
has	VBZ
also	RB
been	VBN
a	DT
national	JJ
leader	NN
in	IN
public	JJ
health	NN
education	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
have	VBP
helped	VBN
millions	NNS
of	IN
Americans	NNPS
make	VBP
changes	NNS
to	TO
lower	VB
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
's	POS
educational	JJ
efforts	NNS
include	VBP
a	DT
national	JJ
newsletter	NN
,	,
Nutrition	NNP
Hotline	NNP
,	,
television	NN
and	CC
radio	NN
public	JJ
service	NN
broadcasts	NNS
,	,
children	NNS
's	POS
programs	NNS
,	,
cookbooks	NNS
,	,
syndicated	VBN
newspaper	NN
columns	NNS
,	,
and	CC
numerous	JJ
educational	JJ
booklets	NNS
and	CC
brochures	NNS
.	.
All	PDT
these	DT
emotions	NNS
are	VBP
natural	JJ
reactions	NNS
to	TO
a	DT
diagnosis	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
are	VBP
temporary	JJ
.	.
Cancer	NN
experts	NNS
recommend	VBP
confronting	VBG
these	DT
feelings	NNS
directly	RB
,	,
although	IN
methods	NNS
and	CC
timetables	NNS
will	MD
differ	VB
from	IN
person	NN
to	TO
person	NN
.	.
At	IN
first	RB
,	,
denial	NN
can	MD
help	VB
soften	VB
the	DT
impact	NN
of	IN
the	DT
diagnosis	NN
and	CC
give	VB
you	PRP
time	NN
to	TO
process	VB
the	DT
information	NN
.	.
Denial	NN
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
problem	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
if	IN
it	PRP
keeps	VBZ
you	PRP
from	IN
getting	VBG
treatment	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
work	VB
through	IN
these	DT
feelings	NNS
before	IN
they	PRP
begin	VBP
treatment	NN
.	.
Once	RB
you	PRP
accept	VBP
the	DT
diagnosis	NN
,	,
anger	NN
may	MD
set	VB
in	IN
.	.
You	PRP
might	MD
ask	VB
yourself	PRP
,	,
``	``
Why	WRB
me	PRP
?	.
''	''
Being	VBG
angry	JJ
at	IN
the	DT
disease	NN
or	CC
at	IN
healthy	JJ
people	NNS
you	PRP
know	VBP
could	MD
be	VB
a	DT
way	NN
of	IN
expressing	VBG
other	JJ
feelings	NNS
,	,
like	IN
fear	NN
or	CC
helplessness	NN
.	.
Letting	VBG
your	PRP$
feelings	NNS
known	VBN
can	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
accept	VB
the	DT
diagnosis	NN
.	.
A	DT
cancer	NN
diagnosis	NN
frightens	VBZ
many	JJ
people	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
the	DT
fear	NN
of	IN
pain	NN
or	CC
dying	VBG
,	,
the	DT
physical	JJ
effects	NNS
and	CC
costs	NNS
of	IN
treatment	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
burden	NN
it	PRP
could	MD
place	VB
on	IN
your	PRP$
family	NN
.	.
Not	RB
knowing	VBG
what	WP
to	TO
expect	VB
can	MD
cause	VB
more	JJR
fear	NN
than	IN
the	DT
facts	NNS
.	.
Learning	NNP
as	RB
much	RB
as	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
about	RB
your	PRP$
diagnosis	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
may	MD
make	VB
you	PRP
feel	VB
less	RBR
afraid	JJ
and	CC
more	RBR
in	IN
control	NN
of	IN
the	DT
situation	NN
.	.
Read	VB
through	IN
CancerResource	NNP
for	IN
helpful	JJ
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
stress	NN
that	WDT
comes	VBZ
from	IN
learning	VBG
of	IN
your	PRP$
diagnosis	NN
can	MD
cause	VB
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
physical	JJ
symptoms	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
a	DT
faster	RBR
heart	NN
rate	NN
,	,
headaches	NNS
,	,
trembling	VBG
,	,
loss	NN
of	IN
appetite	NN
and	CC
sleeping	NN
problems	NNS
.	.
Stress	NN
may	MD
also	RB
affect	VB
your	PRP$
immune	JJ
system	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
well	RB
your	PRP$
body	NN
fights	NNS
disease	NN
.	.
To	TO
help	VB
reduce	VB
stress	NN
and	CC
anxiety	NN
,	,
try	VBP
to	TO
exercise	VB
,	,
listen	VB
to	TO
relaxing	VBG
music	NN
,	,
talk	NN
about	IN
your	PRP$
feelings	NNS
,	,
and	CC
keep	VB
involved	VBN
in	IN
activities	NNS
you	PRP
enjoy	VBP
.	.
Counseling	NN
or	CC
joining	VBG
a	DT
support	NN
group	NN
may	MD
also	RB
help	VB
.	.
Cancer	NN
patients	NNS
may	MD
feel	VB
isolated	VBN
when	WRB
they	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
feel	VB
like	IN
socializing	VBG
or	CC
if	IN
friends	NNS
stay	VBP
away	RB
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
diagnosis	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
lonely	JJ
or	CC
feel	VB
like	IN
no	DT
one	NN
you	PRP
know	VBP
understands	VBZ
what	WP
you	PRP
're	VBP
going	VBG
through	IN
,	,
try	VB
to	TO
get	VB
in	IN
touch	NN
with	IN
other	JJ
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
or	CC
a	DT
support	NN
group	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
facing	VBG
issues	NNS
similar	JJ
to	TO
yours	NNS
.	.
Ask	VB
your	PRP$
health	NN
care	NN
team	NN
for	IN
referrals	NNS
or	CC
look	VB
through	IN
the	DT
AICR	NNP
brochure	NN
``	``
Cancer	NNP
Information	NNP
--	:
Where	WRB
to	TO
Find	VB
Help	NN
''	''
for	IN
information	NN
on	IN
finding	VBG
an	DT
appropriate	JJ
support	NN
group	NN
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
feel	VB
depressed	JJ
about	IN
a	DT
cancer	NN
diagnosis	NN
.	.
If	IN
symptoms	NNS
become	VBP
more	RBR
serious	JJ
,	,
like	IN
strong	JJ
feelings	NNS
of	IN
sadness	NN
and	CC
despair	NN
,	,
helplessness	NN
,	,
and	CC
loss	NN
of	IN
interest	NN
or	CC
ability	NN
to	TO
do	VB
activities	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
a	DT
normal	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
,	,
then	RB
let	VB
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
know	VB
,	,
so	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
get	VB
appropriate	JJ
help	NN
or	CC
treatment	NN
.	.
Once	RB
the	DT
shock	NN
of	IN
a	DT
cancer	NN
diagnosis	NN
passes	VBZ
,	,
most	JJS
people	NNS
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
look	VB
forward	RB
with	IN
a	DT
feeling	NN
of	IN
hope	NN
.	.
Since	IN
each	DT
cancer	NN
case	NN
is	VBZ
unique	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
possible	JJ
to	TO
exactly	RB
predict	VB
the	DT
outcome	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
cancer	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
improved	VBD
treatment	NN
methods	NNS
and	CC
knowing	VBG
that	DT
so	RB
many	JJ
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
are	VBP
leading	VBG
full	JJ
,	,
productive	JJ
lives	NNS
may	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
and	CC
your	PRP$
family	NN
feel	VB
more	RBR
optimistic	JJ
about	IN
the	DT
future	NN
.	.
Handling	VBG
Family	NNP
Issues	NNPS
``	``
I	PRP
'm	VBP
so	RB
concerned	JJ
about	IN
how	WRB
my	PRP$
family	NN
will	MD
handle	VB
this	DT
cancer	NN
diagnosis	NN
.	.
``	``
A	DT
diagnosis	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
can	MD
present	VB
new	JJ
challenges	NNS
and	CC
stresses	VBZ
for	IN
many	JJ
families	NNS
.	.
Adjusting	VBG
to	TO
new	JJ
roles	NNS
and	CC
responsibilities	NNS
can	MD
cause	VB
upheavals	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
way	NN
family	NN
members	NNS
interact	VBP
.	.
Children	NNS
may	MD
need	VB
special	JJ
attention	NN
and	CC
guidance	NN
at	IN
times	NNS
of	IN
disruption	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
routine	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
know	VB
that	DT
nothing	NN
they	PRP
said	VBD
or	CC
thought	VBD
caused	VBN
you	PRP
to	TO
get	VB
cancer	NN
and	CC
that	IN
their	PRP$
help	NN
and	CC
support	NN
means	VBZ
so	RB
much	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
and	CC
the	DT
family	NN
.	.
Sharing	VBG
your	PRP$
feelings	NNS
and	CC
needs	NNS
with	IN
your	PRP$
spouse	NN
or	CC
partner	NN
is	VBZ
also	RB
very	RB
important	JJ
.	.
If	IN
family	NN
members	NNS
are	VBP
unable	JJ
to	TO
help	VB
each	DT
other	JJ
or	CC
are	VBP
having	VBG
difficulty	NN
adjusting	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
diagnosis	NN
,	,
check	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
physician	NN
,	,
hospital	NN
social	JJ
services	NNS
department	NN
or	CC
library	NN
for	IN
referrals	NNS
to	TO
local	JJ
support	NN
and	CC
service	NN
organizations	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
cope	VB
with	IN
the	DT
emotional	JJ
stresses	VBZ
of	IN
the	DT
disease	NN
.	.
Finding	VBG
Emotional	JJ
Support	NN
``	``
My	PRP$
friends	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
were	VBD
just	RB
so	RB
helpful	JJ
.	.
''	''
People	NNS
with	IN
cancer	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
often	RB
find	VBP
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
help	NN
and	CC
support	NN
by	IN
making	VBG
contact	NN
with	IN
others	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
in	IN
similar	JJ
circumstances	NNS
.	.
Cancer	NN
support	NN
groups	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
wonderful	JJ
source	NN
of	IN
strength	NN
,	,
hope	NN
and	CC
practical	JJ
ideas	NNS
for	IN
everyday	JJ
life	NN
.	.
Attending	VBG
a	DT
support	NN
group	NN
can	MD
give	VB
needed	VBN
structure	NN
and	CC
focus	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
week	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
emotional	JJ
support	NN
from	IN
individuals	NNS
who	WP
can	MD
empathize	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Some	DT
patients	NNS
find	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
support	NN
of	IN
the	DT
medical	JJ
social	JJ
worker	NN
in	IN
a	DT
local	JJ
hospital	NN
,	,
local	JJ
mental	JJ
health	NN
or	CC
health	NN
care	NN
facility	NN
is	VBZ
invaluable	JJ
.	.
For	IN
others	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
might	MD
be	VB
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
doctor	NN
's	POS
staff	NN
,	,
a	DT
relative	JJ
who	WP
has	VBZ
experienced	VBN
cancer	NN
therapy	NN
or	CC
a	DT
neighbor	NN
who	WP
can	MD
run	VB
a	DT
few	JJ
errands	NNS
if	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
feeling	VBG
tired	JJ
.	.
Resource	NNP
Note	NN
:	:
For	IN
additional	JJ
resources	NNS
read	VBP
our	PRP$
brochure	NN
Cancer	NN
Information	NN
:	:
Where	WRB
To	TO
Find	VB
Help	NN
.	.
This	DT
provides	VBZ
a	DT
listing	NN
various	JJ
sources	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
information	NN
and	CC
assistance	NN
.	.
Including	VBG
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
national	JJ
organizations	NNS
who	WP
may	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
offer	VB
additional	JJ
assistance	NN
on	IN
finding	VBG
local	JJ
support	NN
and	CC
service	NN
organizations	NNS
,	,
either	CC
through	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
local	JJ
branches	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
groups	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
local	JJ
area	NN
.	.
Working	VBG
with	IN
Your	PRP$
Physician	NN
and	CC
Health	NNP
Care	NNP
Team	NNP
``	``
The	DT
kindness	NN
and	CC
patience	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
doctor	NN
was	VBD
invaluable	JJ
to	TO
me	PRP
...	:
My	PRP$
questions	NNS
were	VBD
answered	VBN
,	,
sometimes	RB
two	CD
or	CC
three	CD
times	NNS
when	WRB
I	PRP
was	VBD
too	RB
anxious	JJ
to	TO
actually	RB
hear	VB
what	WP
he	PRP
was	VBD
saying	VBG
.	.
''	''
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
considerations	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
cancer	NN
is	VBZ
deciding	VBG
on	IN
a	DT
doctor	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
find	VB
a	DT
board-certified	JJ
oncologist	NN
,	,
or	CC
cancer	NN
specialist	NN
,	,
by	IN
asking	VBG
your	PRP$
primary	JJ
care	NN
physician	NN
,	,
managed-care	JJ
representative	NN
,	,
or	CC
contacting	VBG
the	DT
oncology	NN
department	NN
at	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
.	.
Besides	IN
experience	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
other	JJ
qualities	NNS
that	WDT
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
should	MD
have	VB
,	,
which	WDT
may	MD
require	VB
a	DT
little	RB
more	RBR
research	NN
on	IN
your	PRP$
part	NN
.	.
You	PRP
must	MD
feel	VB
that	IN
your	PRP$
oncologist	NN
is	VBZ
competent	JJ
and	CC
up-to-date	JJ
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
he	PRP
sees	VBZ
you	PRP
as	IN
a	DT
partner	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
cancer	NN
treatment	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
doctor	NN
should	MD
be	VB
willing	JJ
to	TO
listen	VB
to	TO
your	PRP$
concerns	NNS
,	,
offer	VBP
support	NN
,	,
and	CC
explain	VB
treatment	NN
options	NNS
and	CC
side	NN
effects	NNS
in	IN
language	NN
that	WDT
you	PRP
understand	VBP
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
include	VB
your	PRP$
primary	JJ
care	NN
physician	NN
in	IN
decisions	NNS
about	IN
your	PRP$
treatment	NN
and	CC
medical	JJ
care	NN
.	.
Think	VB
of	IN
your	PRP$
primary	JJ
care	NN
physician	NN
as	IN
your	PRP$
gatekeeper	NN
,	,
the	DT
doctor	NN
who	WP
has	VBZ
good	JJ
knowledge	NN
about	IN
your	PRP$
overall	JJ
health	NN
and	CC
who	WP
can	MD
refer	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
other	JJ
health	NN
professionals	NNS
,	,
when	WRB
needed	VBN
.	.
Other	JJ
members	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
health	NN
care	NN
team	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
nurse	NN
,	,
dietitian	NN
,	,
physical	JJ
therapist	NN
,	,
radiation	NN
therapist	NN
,	,
and	CC
social	JJ
worker	NN
are	VBP
also	RB
excellent	JJ
sources	NNS
of	IN
information	NN
and	CC
explanations	NNS
for	IN
various	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
treatment	NN
.	.
So	RB
be	VB
sure	JJ
to	TO
ask	VB
questions	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
very	RB
common	JJ
to	TO
feel	VB
anxious	JJ
when	WRB
initially	RB
visiting	VBG
an	DT
oncologist	NN
.	.
One	CD
way	NN
to	TO
remove	VB
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
anxiety	NN
of	IN
a	DT
first	JJ
visit	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
bring	VB
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
questions	NNS
with	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Paper	NN
and	CC
pencil	NN
or	CC
a	DT
tape	NN
recorder	NN
may	MD
also	RB
help	VB
,	,
so	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
remember	VB
the	DT
answers	NNS
given	VBN
.	.
You	PRP
might	MD
want	VB
to	TO
bring	VB
a	DT
family	NN
member	NN
or	CC
close	JJ
friend	NN
with	IN
you	PRP
for	IN
support	NN
,	,
especially	RB
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
feeling	VBG
overwhelmed	JJ
or	CC
upset	JJ
.	.
Some	DT
individuals	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
feel	VB
more	JJR
comfortable	JJ
speaking	NN
privately	RB
with	IN
the	DT
doctor	NN
.	.
A	DT
good	JJ
compromise	NN
may	MD
be	VB
for	IN
the	DT
friend	NN
to	TO
accompany	VB
you	PRP
,	,
but	CC
remain	VBP
in	IN
the	DT
waiting	VBG
room	NN
while	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
with	IN
the	DT
doctor	NN
.	.
Good	JJ
communication	NN
is	VBZ
critical	JJ
to	TO
a	DT
doctor-patient	JJ
relationship	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
initial	JJ
meeting	NN
will	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
gauge	VB
how	WRB
comfortable	JJ
you	PRP
feel	VBP
with	IN
this	DT
particular	JJ
doctor	NN
.	.
If	IN
your	PRP$
interaction	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
satisfactory	JJ
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
want	VB
to	TO
seek	VB
another	DT
referral	NN
from	IN
your	PRP$
primary	JJ
care	NN
physician	NN
,	,
or	CC
you	PRP
can	MD
call	VB
the	DT
oncology	NN
department	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
local	JJ
hospital	NN
for	IN
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
names	NNS
of	IN
local	JJ
oncologists	NNS
who	WP
treat	VB
your	PRP$
type	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
A	DT
second	JJ
opinion	NN
can	MD
give	VB
you	PRP
confidence	NN
in	IN
the	DT
information	NN
and	CC
recommendations	NNS
you	PRP
have	VBP
already	RB
obtained	VBN
,	,
or	CC
it	PRP
may	MD
offer	VB
a	DT
different	JJ
approach	NN
to	TO
treatment	NN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
second	JJ
physician	NN
disagrees	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
initial	JJ
consultation	NN
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
even	RB
want	VB
to	TO
seek	VB
a	DT
third	JJ
opinion	NN
.	.
The	DT
important	JJ
thing	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
you	PRP
receive	VBP
the	DT
best	JJS
state-of-the-art	JJ
diagnostic	JJ
tests	NNS
and	CC
treatment	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
confidence	NN
in	IN
the	DT
care	NN
you	PRP
are	VBP
receiving	VBG
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
ask	VB
your	PRP$
primary	JJ
care	NN
physician	NN
for	IN
a	DT
referral	NN
for	IN
a	DT
second	JJ
opinion	NN
,	,
or	CC
you	PRP
can	MD
ask	VB
the	DT
oncologist	NN
that	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
already	RB
seen	VBN
.	.
You	PRP
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
uncomfortable	JJ
asking	VBG
for	IN
this	DT
referral	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
physicians	NNS
welcome	VBP
the	DT
additional	JJ
input	NN
and	CC
reassurance	NN
provided	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
second	JJ
opinion	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
your	PRP$
right	NN
as	IN
a	DT
patient	NN
to	TO
obtain	VB
this	DT
information	NN
.	.
If	IN
this	DT
request	NN
is	VBZ
met	VBN
with	IN
resistance	NN
,	,
give	VB
some	DT
extra	JJ
thought	NN
to	TO
whether	IN
you	PRP
wish	VBP
to	TO
continue	VB
with	IN
this	DT
doctor	NN
.	.
For	IN
many	JJ
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
,	,
the	DT
first	JJ
few	JJ
days	NNS
and	CC
weeks	NNS
following	VBG
a	DT
diagnosis	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
are	VBP
filled	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
blur	NN
of	IN
appointments	NNS
,	,
tests	NNS
and	CC
new	JJ
information	NN
,	,
often	RB
in	IN
a	DT
language	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
n't	RB
quite	RB
clear	JJ
.	.
No	DT
one	NN
can	MD
be	VB
expected	VBN
to	TO
remember	VB
everything	NN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
around	IN
.	.
Your	PRP$
nurses	NNS
and	CC
physicians	NNS
know	VBP
this	DT
and	CC
should	MD
encourage	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
continue	VB
asking	VBG
questions	NNS
even	RB
the	DT
same	JJ
questions	NNS
two	CD
or	CC
three	CD
times	NNS
.	.
There	EX
's	VBZ
no	DT
need	NN
to	TO
feel	VB
embarrassed	JJ
if	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
understand	VB
the	DT
medical	JJ
terminology	NN
being	VBG
used	VBN
.	.
Ask	NN
to	TO
have	VB
the	DT
information	NN
explained	VBD
in	IN
simpler	JJR
language	NN
,	,
and	CC
paraphrase	VB
the	DT
answers	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
they	PRP
're	VBP
clear	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
This	DT
information	NN
will	MD
affect	VB
important	JJ
treatment	NN
and	CC
care	NN
decisions	NNS
you	PRP
'll	MD
have	VB
to	TO
make	VB
.	.
Being	VBG
an	DT
involved	VBN
,	,
active	JJ
participant	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
treatment	NN
means	VBZ
asking	VBG
questions	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
the	DT
answers	NNS
you	PRP
need	VBP
for	IN
those	DT
decisions	NNS
.	.
Modern	NNP
medicine	NN
has	VBZ
developed	VBN
several	JJ
methods	NNS
of	IN
treating	VBG
cancer	NN
.	.
The	DT
most	RBS
common	JJ
are	VBP
surgery	NN
,	,
radiation	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
and	CC
chemotherapy	NN
.	.
Other	JJ
cancer	NN
treatments	NNS
include	VBP
hormone	NN
and	CC
investigational	JJ
therapies	NNS
.	.
Complementary\/alternative	JJ
medicine	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
sometimes	RB
referred	VBN
to	TO
as	IN
``	``
integrative	JJ
medicine	NN
''	''
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
becoming	VBG
more	RBR
integrated	VBN
into	IN
mainstream	NN
medicine	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
``	``
best	JJS
''	''
method	NN
of	IN
treating	VBG
cancer	NN
.	.
In	IN
deciding	VBG
on	IN
a	DT
specific	JJ
type	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
,	,
the	DT
physician	NN
must	MD
consider	VB
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
factors	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
type	NN
,	,
stage	NN
,	,
and	CC
location	NN
of	IN
the	DT
cancer	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
health	NN
and	CC
age	NN
of	IN
the	DT
patient	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
very	RB
clear	JJ
,	,
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
scientific	JJ
literature	NN
,	,
what	WP
should	MD
be	VB
done	VBN
to	TO
treat	VB
your	PRP$
cancer	NN
.	.
In	IN
many	JJ
cases	NNS
,	,
clinical	JJ
practice	NN
guidelines	NNS
will	MD
direct	VB
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
to	TO
use	VB
these	DT
established	VBN
practices	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
clear	JJ
what	WP
to	TO
do	VB
,	,
but	CC
there	EX
are	VBP
several	JJ
promising	JJ
alternatives	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.	FW
g	FW
,	,
.	.
radiation	NN
vs.	NN
surgery	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Your	PRP$
doctor	NN
will	MD
have	VB
a	DT
balanced	JJ
discussion	NN
with	IN
you	PRP
about	IN
the	DT
various	JJ
options	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
asked	VBN
your	PRP$
preferences	NNS
based	VBN
on	IN
your	PRP$
cancer	NN
and	CC
your	PRP$
lifestyle	NN
.	.
It	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
unclear	JJ
what	WP
treatment	NN
to	TO
use	VB
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
case	NN
you	PRP
may	MD
wish	VB
to	TO
participate	VB
in	IN
a	DT
clinical	JJ
trial	NN
of	IN
a	DT
promising	JJ
new	JJ
treatment	NN
.	.
A	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
treatments	NNS
is	VBZ
commonly	RB
used	VBN
to	TO
treat	VB
a	DT
specific	JJ
cancer	NN
.	.
Regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
,	,
the	DT
goal	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
same	JJ
to	TO
stop	VB
the	DT
uncontrolled	JJ
growth	NN
of	IN
the	DT
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
.	.
Surgery	NN
does	VBZ
this	DT
by	IN
attempting	VBG
to	TO
remove	VB
all	PDT
the	DT
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
.	.
Radiation	NNP
and	CC
chemotherapy	NN
work	NN
by	IN
destroying	VBG
the	DT
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
.	.
Your	PRP$
physician	NN
should	MD
be	VB
willing	JJ
to	TO
discuss	VB
each	DT
of	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
options	NNS
or	CC
combination	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
options	NNS
under	IN
consideration	NN
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
advantages	NNS
and	CC
disadvantages	NNS
,	,
and	CC
complications	NNS
or	CC
side	NN
effects	NNS
of	IN
each	DT
type	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
Cancer	NNP
cells	NNS
can	MD
spread	VB
by	IN
traveling	VBG
through	IN
the	DT
bloodstream	NN
or	CC
the	DT
lymphatic	JJ
system	NN
,	,
which	WDT
carries	VBZ
lymph	JJ
fluid	NN
through	IN
the	DT
body	NN
.	.
Surgeons	NNS
often	RB
remove	VBP
lymph	JJ
nodes	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
near	IN
the	DT
tumor	NN
to	TO
see	VB
if	IN
they	PRP
contain	VBP
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
.	.
This	DT
information	NN
contributes	VBZ
to	TO
treatment	NN
decisions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
location	NN
and	CC
extent	NN
of	IN
surgery	NN
determine	VBP
the	DT
long	JJ
-	:
and	CC
short-term	JJ
side	NN
effects	NNS
.	.
Radiation	NNP
therapy	NN
may	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
before	IN
surgery	NN
to	TO
shrink	VB
the	DT
tumor	NN
or	CC
after	IN
surgery	NN
to	TO
destroy	VB
any	DT
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
remain	VB
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
often	RB
,	,
the	DT
radiation	NN
is	VBZ
delivered	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
treatments	NNS
using	VBG
a	DT
machine	NN
that	WDT
directs	VBZ
high-energy	JJ
rays	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
cancer	NN
.	.
In	IN
some	DT
cases	NNS
,	,
however	RB
,	,
radioactive	JJ
material	NN
may	MD
be	VB
implanted	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
tumor	NN
site	NN
to	TO
give	VB
continuous	JJ
treatment	NN
over	IN
a	DT
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
.	.
Even	RB
though	IN
radiation	NN
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
directed	VBN
only	RB
to	TO
the	DT
area	NN
where	WRB
treatment	NN
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
,	,
it	PRP
can	MD
cause	VB
side	NN
effects	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
side	NN
effects	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
permanent	JJ
.	.
The	DT
most	RBS
common	JJ
side	NN
effects	NNS
of	IN
radiation	NN
therapy	NN
are	VBP
fatigue	NN
,	,
skin	NN
rashes	NNS
or	CC
redness	NN
in	IN
the	DT
area	NN
being	VBG
treated	VBN
,	,
reduced	VBN
appetite	NN
and	CC
gastrointestinal	JJ
upset	NN
.	.
In	IN
some	DT
cases	NNS
,	,
radiation	NN
therapy	NN
may	MD
cause	VB
a	DT
decrease	NN
in	IN
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
blood	NN
cells	NNS
that	WDT
help	VBP
protect	VB
the	DT
body	NN
against	IN
infection	NN
,	,
bleeding	VBG
and	CC
anemia	NN
.	.
Chemotherapy	NNP
,	,
or	CC
treatment	NN
with	IN
anti-cancer	JJ
drugs	NNS
,	,
is	VBZ
used	VBN
to	TO
destroy	VB
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
by	IN
disrupting	VBG
their	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
grow	VB
and	CC
multiply	VB
.	.
The	DT
type	NN
and	CC
stage	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
determines	VBZ
which	WDT
drugs	NNS
are	VBP
used	VBN
,	,
and	CC
often	RB
more	RBR
than	IN
one	CD
drug	NN
is	VBZ
used	VBN
during	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
course	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
Chemotherapy	NNP
drugs	NNS
poison	NN
the	DT
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
.	.
That	DT
action	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
toxic	JJ
effect	NN
they	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
on	IN
some	DT
normal	JJ
,	,
healthy	JJ
cells	NNS
can	MD
produce	VB
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
temporary	JJ
side	NN
effects	NNS
.	.
The	DT
most	RBS
common	JJ
side	NN
effects	NNS
of	IN
chemotherapy	NN
include	VBP
nausea	NN
and	CC
vomiting	NN
,	,
hair	NN
loss	NN
,	,
loss	NN
of	IN
appetite	NN
and	CC
fatigue	NN
.	.
Other	JJ
side	NN
effects	NNS
include	VBP
an	DT
increased	VBN
chance	NN
of	IN
infection	NN
,	,
bleeding	VBG
and	CC
anemia	NN
.	.
Some	DT
types	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
depend	VBP
on	IN
hormones	NNS
for	IN
their	PRP$
growth	NN
,	,
while	IN
other	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
may	MD
be	VB
suppressed	VBN
by	IN
high	JJ
doses	NNS
of	IN
hormones	NNS
.	.
For	IN
these	DT
reasons	NNS
,	,
doctors	NNS
may	MD
recommend	VB
therapy	NN
that	IN
either	CC
prevents	VBZ
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
from	IN
getting	VBG
the	DT
hormones	NNS
they	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
grow	VB
,	,
or	CC
supplies	NNS
amounts	NNS
of	IN
hormones	NNS
that	WDT
limit	VBP
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
.	.
Hormone	NN
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
most	RBS
commonly	RB
used	VBN
to	TO
treat	VB
cancers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
breast	NN
,	,
prostate	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
hormone-responsive	JJ
tissues	NNS
.	.
Drugs	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
block	VB
the	DT
body	NN
's	POS
production	NN
of	IN
hormones	NNS
,	,
or	CC
surgery	NN
is	VBZ
performed	VBN
to	TO
remove	VB
hormone-producing	JJ
organs	NNS
.	.
Hormone	NN
therapy	NN
can	MD
cause	VB
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
side	NN
effects	NNS
,	,
depending	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
specific	JJ
drug	NN
or	CC
surgical	JJ
procedure	NN
.	.
In	IN
some	DT
cases	NNS
,	,
the	DT
treatment	NN
interferes	VBZ
with	IN
the	DT
body	NN
's	POS
normal	JJ
production	NN
or	CC
use	NN
of	IN
hormones	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
women	NNS
taking	VBG
tamoxifen	NN
may	MD
experience	VB
some	DT
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
menopause	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
hot	JJ
flashes	NNS
.	.
Patients	NNS
may	MD
have	VB
nausea	NN
and	CC
vomiting	NN
,	,
swelling	VBG
and	CC
weight	NN
gain	NN
.	.
Since	IN
some	DT
hormones	NNS
cause	VBP
an	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
appetite	NN
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
occasionally	RB
prescribed	VBN
for	IN
this	DT
purpose	NN
.	.
Investigational	JJ
therapies	NNS
are	VBP
new	JJ
treatment	NN
approaches	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
being	VBG
tested	VBN
in	IN
clinical	JJ
trials	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
not	RB
yet	RB
sufficient	JJ
data	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
the	DT
therapy	NN
a	DT
standard	JJ
method	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
Biological	JJ
therapy	NN
and	CC
gene	NN
therapy	NN
are	VBP
considered	VBN
investigational	JJ
therapies	NNS
.	.
Biological	JJ
therapy	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
sometimes	RB
called	VBN
immunotherapy	NN
or	CC
biological	JJ
response	NN
modifier	NN
therapy	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
uses	VBZ
the	DT
body	NN
's	POS
immune	JJ
system	NN
to	TO
fight	VB
cancer	NN
or	CC
to	TO
lessen	VB
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
side	NN
effects	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
treatment	NN
.	.
This	DT
therapy	NN
may	MD
suppress	VB
or	CC
alter	VB
cancer	NN
cell	NN
growth	NN
,	,
boost	VB
the	DT
killing	VBG
power	NN
of	IN
immune	JJ
system	NN
cells	NNS
,	,
or	CC
enhance	VB
the	DT
body	NN
's	POS
ability	NN
to	TO
repair	VB
or	CC
replace	VB
normal	JJ
cells	NNS
damaged	VBN
by	IN
other	JJ
cancer	NN
treatments	NNS
.	.
Examples	NNS
of	IN
biological	JJ
therapy	NN
include	VBP
interferon	NN
,	,
interleukin-2	NN
,	,
monoclonal	JJ
antibodies	NNS
,	,
colony-stimulating	JJ
factors	NNS
,	,
and	CC
vaccines	NNS
.	.
Cancer	NNP
vaccines	NNS
are	VBP
a	DT
form	NN
of	IN
biological	JJ
therapy	NN
with	IN
potential	JJ
to	TO
encourage	VB
the	DT
immune	JJ
system	NN
to	TO
recognize	VB
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
help	VB
the	DT
body	NN
reject	VBP
tumors	NNS
and	CC
prevent	VB
them	PRP
from	IN
recurring	VBG
.	.
Unlike	IN
other	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
vaccines	NNS
,	,
cancer	NN
vaccines	NNS
are	VBP
injected	VBN
after	IN
the	DT
disease	NN
is	VBZ
diagnosed	VBN
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
being	VBG
studied	VBN
for	IN
their	PRP$
possible	JJ
use	NN
with	IN
other	JJ
biological	JJ
therapies	NNS
and	CC
as	IN
a	DT
treatment	NN
for	IN
melanoma	NN
and	CC
many	JJ
other	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
cancers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
side	NN
effects	NNS
and	CC
severity	NN
of	IN
biological	JJ
therapy	NN
depend	VBP
on	IN
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
It	PRP
may	MD
cause	VB
flu-like	JJ
symptoms	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
fever	NN
,	,
chills	NNS
,	,
nausea	NN
,	,
vomiting	VBG
and	CC
fatigue	NN
.	.
Muscle	NN
aches	NNS
and	CC
rashes	NNS
at	IN
the	DT
site	NN
of	IN
injection	NN
may	MD
occur	VB
.	.
Interleukin-2	NN
,	,
in	IN
high	JJ
doses	NNS
,	,
can	MD
have	VB
more	RBR
severe	JJ
side	NN
effects	NNS
and	CC
is	VBZ
usually	RB
administered	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
where	WRB
the	DT
patient	NN
is	VBZ
closely	RB
monitored	VBN
.	.
Initiated	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
1990	CD
's	POS
,	,
gene	NN
therapy	NN
replaces	VBZ
an	DT
active	JJ
cancer-causing	JJ
gene	NN
,	,
or	CC
oncogene	NN
,	,
with	IN
a	DT
normal	JJ
gene	NN
.	.
It	PRP
might	MD
also	RB
involve	VB
removing	VBG
bone	NN
marrow	NN
from	IN
a	DT
cancer	NN
patient	NN
,	,
inserting	VBG
a	DT
``	``
designer	NN
''	''
gene	NN
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
returning	VBG
bone	NN
marrow	NN
to	TO
the	DT
patient	NN
.	.
Researchers	NNS
use	VBP
clinical	JJ
trials	NNS
to	TO
find	VB
out	RP
whether	IN
investigational	JJ
therapies	NNS
are	VBP
safe	JJ
and	CC
effective	JJ
.	.
These	DT
carefully	RB
controlled	JJ
studies	NNS
often	RB
compare	VBP
the	DT
new	JJ
therapy	NN
with	IN
standard	JJ
treatment	NN
methods	NNS
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
clinical	JJ
trial	NN
,	,
some	DT
participants	NNS
are	VBP
given	VBN
the	DT
best	RBS
known	JJ
treatment	NN
along	IN
with	IN
the	DT
investigational	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
and	CC
some	DT
are	VBP
given	VBN
the	DT
best	RBS
known	JJ
treatment	NN
alone	RB
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
at	IN
minimal	JJ
or	CC
no	DT
cost	NN
to	TO
patients	NNS
.	.
The	DT
participants	NNS
are	VBP
randomized	VBN
by	IN
chance	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
who	WP
will	MD
receive	VB
the	DT
investigational	JJ
therapy	NN
and	CC
who	WP
will	MD
not	RB
.	.
Sometimes	RB
the	DT
investigational	JJ
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
helpful	JJ
,	,
but	CC
other	JJ
times	NNS
it	PRP
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
significant	JJ
improvements	NNS
in	IN
treatment	NN
and	CC
quality	NN
of	IN
life	NN
.	.
Complementary\/alternative	JJ
medicine	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
CAM	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
can	MD
be	VB
described	VBN
as	IN
diagnosis	NN
,	,
treatment	NN
and\/or	CC
prevention	NN
that	WDT
complements	VBZ
mainstream	NN
medicine	NN
by	IN
contributing	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
common	JJ
whole	NN
,	,
by	IN
satisfying	VBG
a	DT
demand	NN
not	RB
met	VBN
by	IN
orthodoxy	NN
or	CC
by	IN
diversifying	VBG
the	DT
conceptual	JJ
frameworks	NNS
of	IN
medicine	NN
.	.
CAM	NNP
is	VBZ
now	RB
also	RB
referred	VBD
to	TO
as	IN
``	``
integrative	JJ
medicine	NN
.	.
''	''
While	IN
certain	JJ
complementary\/alternative	JJ
therapies	NNS
for	IN
cancer	NN
may	MD
appear	VB
to	TO
help	VB
some	DT
people	NNS
,	,
scientific	JJ
evidence	NN
proving	VBG
their	PRP$
effectiveness	NN
is	VBZ
often	RB
lacking	VBG
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
already	RB
using	VBG
or	CC
want	VB
to	TO
try	VB
complementary	JJ
therapies	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
tell	VB
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
what	WP
you	PRP
are	VBP
doing	VBG
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
these	DT
therapies	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
harmful	JJ
or	CC
may	MD
interfere	VB
with	IN
conventional	JJ
treatments	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
often	RB
little	JJ
information	NN
available	JJ
about	IN
how	WRB
herbal	JJ
therapies	NNS
and	CC
supplements	NNS
interact	VBP
with	IN
prescription	NN
drugs	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
many	JJ
botanicals	NNS
and	CC
herbals	NNS
are	VBP
poorly	RB
standardized	JJ
,	,
so	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
known	VBN
exactly	RB
what	WP
is	VBZ
in	IN
them	PRP
and	CC
in	IN
what	WP
amounts	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
methods	NNS
of	IN
treating	VBG
cancer	NN
are	VBP
associated	VBN
with	IN
side	NN
effects	NNS
.	.
Treatments	NNS
that	WDT
destroy	VBP
or	CC
limit	VBP
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
may	MD
also	RB
damage	VB
healthy	JJ
cells	NNS
and	CC
tissues	NNS
,	,
producing	VBG
unpleasant	JJ
side	NN
effects	NNS
.	.
The	DT
range	NN
of	IN
side	NN
effects	NNS
depends	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
the	DT
person	NN
reacts	VBZ
to	TO
it	PRP
.	.
Ask	VB
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
about	IN
the	DT
side	NN
effects	NNS
you	PRP
might	MD
expect	VB
from	IN
a	DT
specific	JJ
treatment	NN
method	NN
.	.
Realize	VB
,	,
though	RB
,	,
that	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
possible	JJ
to	TO
predict	VB
exactly	RB
what	WP
the	DT
type	NN
and	CC
extent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
side	NN
effects	NNS
might	MD
be	VB
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Indeed	RB
,	,
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
no	DT
side	NN
effects	NNS
at	IN
all	DT
,	,
or	CC
only	RB
very	RB
limited	JJ
ones	NNS
.	.
Not	RB
everyone	NN
is	VBZ
affected	VBN
the	DT
same	JJ
way	NN
.	.
The	DT
side	NN
effects	NNS
you	PRP
experience	VBP
may	MD
be	VB
very	RB
mild	JJ
.	.
This	DT
does	VBZ
not	RB
mean	VB
that	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
working	VBG
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
often	RB
ways	NNS
to	TO
control	VB
and	CC
limit	VB
the	DT
severity	NN
of	IN
side	NN
effects	NNS
.	.
Speak	VB
with	IN
your	PRP$
physician	NN
about	IN
reactions	NNS
and	CC
problems	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
your	PRP$
treatment	NN
.	.
Side	NN
effects	NNS
are	VBP
usually	RB
only	RB
temporary	JJ
--	:
as	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
ends	VBZ
,	,
so	RB
will	MD
the	DT
side	NN
effects	NNS
.	.
Enduring	JJ
side	NN
effects	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
short	JJ
time	NN
is	VBZ
worth	IN
the	DT
potential	JJ
benefit	NN
of	IN
effective	JJ
treatment	NN
.	.
Hair	NN
loss	NN
,	,
a	DT
side	NN
effect	NN
of	IN
chemotherapy	NN
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
concern	NN
for	IN
many	JJ
patients	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
drugs	NNS
may	MD
cause	VB
the	DT
hair	NN
to	TO
thin	JJ
out	RP
,	,
while	IN
others	NNS
may	MD
cause	VB
the	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
all	DT
body	NN
hair	NN
.	.
Deciding	VBG
how	WRB
to	TO
handle	VB
the	DT
situation	NN
before	IN
starting	VBG
treatment	NN
may	MD
help	VB
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
want	VB
to	TO
check	VB
the	DT
phone	NN
book	NN
for	IN
shops	NNS
that	WDT
sell	VBP
wigs	NNS
,	,
hair	NN
pieces	NNS
,	,
or	CC
turbans	NNS
,	,
or	CC
for	IN
hair	NN
replacement	NN
centers	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
experience	NN
in	IN
servicing	VBG
people	NNS
with	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
Fortunately	RB
,	,
the	DT
hair	NN
loss	NN
is	VBZ
only	RB
temporary	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
usually	RB
returns	VBZ
after	IN
an	DT
interval	NN
when	WRB
treatment	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
stopped	VBN
or	CC
completed	VBN
.	.
Fatigue	NN
occurs	VBZ
in	IN
many	JJ
people	NNS
with	IN
cancer	NN
,	,
especially	RB
in	IN
those	DT
actively	RB
receiving	VBG
treatment	NN
.	.
Cancer	NN
itself	PRP
may	MD
cause	VB
fatigue	NN
by	IN
interfering	VBG
with	IN
normal	JJ
body	NN
processes	NNS
.	.
Cancer	NNP
treatment	NN
may	MD
cause	VB
fatigue	NN
because	IN
extra	JJ
energy	NN
is	VBZ
needed	VBN
to	TO
repair	VB
tissues	NNS
damaged	VBN
by	IN
radiation	NN
or	CC
chemotherapy	NN
.	.
Fatigue	NN
during	IN
treatment	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
mean	VB
a	DT
person	NN
's	POS
cancer	NN
is	VBZ
getting	VBG
worse	JJR
.	.
Dehydration	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
frequent	JJ
cause	NN
of	IN
fatigue	NN
,	,
so	RB
be	VB
sure	JJ
to	TO
drink	VB
plenty	NN
of	IN
fluids	NNS
,	,
especially	RB
water	NN
.	.
In	IN
many	JJ
instances	NNS
,	,
the	DT
fatigue	NN
has	VBZ
no	DT
clear	JJ
cause	NN
,	,
but	CC
in	IN
some	DT
cases	NNS
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
symptom	NN
of	IN
depression	NN
.	.
Eat	VB
well	RB
.	.
Choose	VB
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
healthful	JJ
foods	NNS
every	DT
day	NN
.	.
To	TO
help	VB
keep	VB
your	PRP$
energy	NN
level	NN
up	RB
,	,
try	VBP
to	TO
eat	VB
several	JJ
smaller	JJR
meals	NNS
and	CC
healthful	JJ
snacks	NNS
instead	RB
of	IN
three	CD
larger	JJR
meals	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
day	NN
.	.
Get	VB
adequate	JJ
sleep	NN
and	CC
rest	NN
.	.
Short	JJ
naps	NNS
may	MD
help	VB
restore	VB
energy	NN
during	IN
the	DT
day	NN
,	,
while	IN
long	JJ
naps	NNS
may	MD
make	VB
it	PRP
difficult	JJ
to	TO
sleep	VB
at	IN
night	NN
.	.
Conserve	VB
your	PRP$
energy	NN
.	.
Set	NNP
priorities	NNS
,	,
take	VBP
rest	NN
breaks	NNS
,	,
and	CC
arrange	VB
your	PRP$
home	NN
so	RB
items	NNS
used	VBD
the	DT
most	JJS
are	VBP
close	JJ
by	IN
.	.
Sit	NNP
whenever	WRB
possible	JJ
,	,
use	NN
proper	JJ
body	NN
positions	NNS
when	WRB
lifting	VBG
or	CC
carrying	VBG
objects	NNS
,	,
and	CC
let	VB
other	JJ
people	NNS
help	VBP
you	PRP
.	.
Work	NN
wisely	RB
.	.
Talk	NN
with	IN
family	NN
,	,
friends	NNS
,	,
coworkers	NNS
and	CC
your	PRP$
supervisor	NN
about	IN
your	PRP$
fatigue	NN
.	.
Schedule	NN
tasks	NNS
that	WDT
require	VBP
the	DT
most	RBS
attention	NN
for	IN
times	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
day	NN
when	WRB
you	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
most	RBS
energy	NN
.	.
Trade	NNP
more	RBR
fatiguing	JJ
duties	NNS
and	CC
use	VB
energy-saving	JJ
appliances	NNS
and	CC
services	NNS
.	.
Keep	VB
active	JJ
.	.
Plan	NNP
some	DT
light	JJ
activity	NN
into	IN
each	DT
day	NN
,	,
possibly	RB
with	IN
other	JJ
people	NNS
.	.
A	DT
simple	JJ
exercise	NN
program	NN
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
both	DT
strength	NN
training	NN
and	CC
cardiovascular	JJ
exercise	NN
can	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
feel	VB
more	RBR
energetic	JJ
during	IN
the	DT
day	NN
and	CC
sleep	VB
better	JJR
at	IN
night	NN
.	.
Speak	VB
to	TO
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
before	IN
beginning	VBG
an	DT
exercise	NN
program	NN
.	.
Reduce	VB
stress	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
listen	VBP
to	TO
relaxation	NN
tapes	NNS
or	CC
soothing	JJ
music	NN
.	.
Get	VB
a	DT
massage	NN
,	,
meditate	VB
,	,
get	VB
involved	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
hobby	NN
,	,
take	VB
warm	JJ
baths	NNS
.	.
Laugh	NNP
with	IN
family	NN
and	CC
friends	NNS
.	.
Think	VB
positively	RB
.	.
Focus	NN
on	IN
healing	NN
and	CC
recovery	NN
.	.
Set	NNP
realistic	JJ
goals	NNS
for	IN
yourself	PRP
and	CC
be	VB
patient	JJ
in	IN
reaching	VBG
them	PRP
.	.
Participate	VB
in	IN
social	JJ
activities	NNS
.	.
Reward	VB
your	PRP$
progress	NN
,	,
and	CC
keep	VB
looking	VBG
ahead	RB
.	.
Eating	NNP
well	RB
can	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
feel	VB
better	JJR
and	CC
stronger	JJR
.	.
It	PRP
helps	VBZ
you	PRP
better	JJR
cope	VB
with	IN
side	NN
effects	NNS
and	CC
recuperate	VBP
faster	RBR
after	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
People	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
well	RB
nourished	VBN
may	MD
even	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
handle	VB
higher	JJR
doses	NNS
of	IN
certain	JJ
treatments	NNS
.	.
Generally	RB
,	,
a	DT
diet	NN
for	IN
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
should	MD
provide	VB
enough	JJ
calories	NNS
and	CC
protein	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
vitamins	NNS
and	CC
minerals	NNS
.	.
This	DT
helps	VBZ
to	TO
maintain	VB
your	PRP$
strength	NN
,	,
prevent	VBP
body	NN
tissues	NNS
from	IN
breaking	VBG
down	RP
,	,
and	CC
rebuild	VB
tissues	NNS
that	WDT
cancer	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
treatment	NN
may	MD
harm	VB
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
unable	JJ
to	TO
eat	VB
enough	JJ
food	NN
or	CC
the	DT
right	JJ
kind	NN
of	IN
food	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
body	NN
uses	VBZ
stored	VBN
nutrients	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
source	NN
of	IN
energy	NN
.	.
This	DT
may	MD
weaken	VB
your	PRP$
body	NN
's	POS
natural	JJ
defenses	NNS
and	CC
its	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
fight	VB
infection	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
bodily	JJ
stresses	VBZ
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
drink	VB
plenty	NN
of	IN
fluids	NNS
,	,
especially	RB
if	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
feel	VB
like	IN
eating	VBG
much	RB
.	.
Keep	VB
a	DT
glass	NN
of	IN
water	NN
,	,
fruit	NN
juice	NN
or	CC
vegetable	NN
juice	NN
within	IN
easy	JJ
reach	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
day	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
drink	VB
carbonated	JJ
beverages	NNS
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
prefer	VBP
,	,
but	CC
remember	VBP
that	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
give	VB
you	PRP
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
gas	NN
,	,
make	VB
you	PRP
feel	VB
full	JJ
and	CC
reduce	VB
your	PRP$
desire	NN
for	IN
food	NN
.	.
Try	VB
to	TO
limit	VB
caffeine-containing	JJ
beverages	NNS
,	,
since	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
keep	VB
you	PRP
from	IN
getting	VBG
your	PRP$
needed	VBN
rest	NN
.	.
To	TO
help	VB
meet	VB
calorie	NN
and	CC
nutrient	NN
needs	NNS
,	,
eating	VBG
several	JJ
small	JJ
meals	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
day	NN
may	MD
work	VB
better	JJR
than	IN
eating	VBG
three	CD
large	JJ
meals	NNS
.	.
A	DT
commercial	JJ
nutritional	JJ
supplement	NN
,	,
like	IN
a	DT
drink	NN
or	CC
shake	NN
,	,
might	MD
be	VB
recommended	VBN
by	IN
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
or	CC
dietitian	NN
if	IN
poor	JJ
appetite	NN
or	CC
side	NN
effects	NNS
of	IN
treatment	NN
make	VBP
eating	VBG
difficult	JJ
.	.
Supplements	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
in	IN
cans	NNS
,	,
as	IN
a	DT
powder	NN
,	,
or	CC
as	IN
pudding	NN
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
tasty	JJ
chilled	VBN
and	CC
come	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
flavors	NNS
.	.
Liquid	NN
nutritional	JJ
supplements	NNS
are	VBP
found	VBN
in	IN
most	JJS
pharmacies	NNS
and	CC
supermarkets	NNS
,	,
or	CC
can	MD
be	VB
special-ordered	VBN
by	IN
your	PRP$
pharmacist	NN
.	.
Discuss	VB
supplement	NN
choices	NNS
with	IN
your	PRP$
physician	NN
and	CC
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
.	.
When	WRB
the	DT
gastrointestinal	JJ
tract	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
working	VBG
effectively	RB
,	,
total	JJ
parenteral	JJ
nutrition	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
TPN	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
may	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
.	.
This	DT
process	NN
involves	VBZ
feeding	VBG
nutrients	NNS
directly	RB
into	IN
a	DT
vein	NN
.	.
TPN	NNP
is	VBZ
costly	JJ
and	CC
may	MD
have	VB
side	NN
effects	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
before	IN
resorting	VBG
to	TO
TPN	NNP
,	,
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
will	MD
want	VB
to	TO
explore	VB
all	PDT
the	DT
available	JJ
options	NNS
of	IN
enteral	JJ
activities	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
feeding	NN
by	IN
mouth	NN
or	CC
with	IN
a	DT
tube	NN
.	.
Cancer	NNP
treatment	NN
may	MD
affect	VB
your	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
digest	VB
,	,
absorb	VB
and	CC
use	VB
food	NN
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
form	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
treatment	NN
is	VBZ
causing	VBG
dietary	JJ
side	NN
effects	NNS
,	,
discuss	VB
it	PRP
with	IN
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
and	CC
health	NN
care	NN
team	NN
.	.
There	EX
may	MD
be	VB
ways	NNS
to	TO
ease	VB
the	DT
problem	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
changing	VBG
treatment	NN
levels	NNS
or	CC
drugs	NNS
.	.
A	DT
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
may	MD
also	RB
have	VB
some	DT
eating	JJ
suggestions	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
minimize	VB
the	DT
side	NN
effects	NNS
.	.
Cancer	NNP
treatment	NN
can	MD
cause	VB
tooth	NN
decay	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
problems	NNS
for	IN
your	PRP$
teeth	NNS
and	CC
gums	NNS
.	.
Changes	NNS
in	IN
eating	VBG
habits	NNS
may	MD
add	VB
to	TO
the	DT
problem	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
eat	VBP
often	RB
or	CC
eat	VB
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
sweets	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
need	VB
to	TO
brush	VB
your	PRP$
teeth	NNS
more	RBR
often	RB
.	.
See	VB
your	PRP$
dentist	NN
before	IN
starting	VBG
treatment	NN
,	,
especially	RB
if	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
history	NN
of	IN
tooth	NN
or	CC
gum	NN
problems	NNS
.	.
This	DT
may	MD
help	VB
prevent	VB
infection	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
problems	NNS
later	RB
on	IN
.	.
Use	NNP
a	DT
soft	JJ
toothbrush	NN
.	.
If	IN
your	PRP$
gums	NNS
are	VBP
very	RB
sensitive	JJ
,	,
clean	JJ
your	PRP$
teeth	NNS
with	IN
cotton	NN
swabs	NNS
or	CC
mouth	NN
swabs	NNS
made	VBD
especially	RB
for	IN
teeth	NNS
cleaning	VBG
.	.
Rinse	VB
your	PRP$
mouth	NN
with	IN
warm	JJ
water	NN
when	WRB
your	PRP$
mouth	NN
and	CC
gums	NNS
are	VBP
sore	JJ
.	.
Also	RB
rinse	JJ
your	PRP$
mouth	NN
if	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
vomiting	VBG
to	TO
get	VB
rid	JJ
of	IN
any	DT
acid	NN
remaining	VBG
on	IN
your	PRP$
teeth	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
having	VBG
trouble	NN
with	IN
poor	JJ
appetite	NN
or	CC
weight	NN
loss	NN
,	,
limit	VB
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
sugar	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
diet	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
cut	VBD
down	RP
on	IN
foods	NNS
that	WDT
stick	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
teeth	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
caramels	NNS
,	,
dried	VBN
fruits	NNS
,	,
seeds	NNS
and	CC
chewy	JJ
candy	NN
bars	NNS
.	.
Try	VB
to	TO
brush	VB
or	CC
rinse	VB
your	PRP$
mouth	NN
after	IN
each	DT
meal	NN
or	CC
snack	NN
.	.
See	VB
your	PRP$
dentist	NN
regularly	RB
.	.
Patients	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
receiving	VBG
treatment	NN
that	IN
affects	VBZ
the	DT
mouth	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
e.g.	FW
,	,
radiation	NN
to	TO
the	DT
head	NN
and	CC
neck	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
may	MD
need	VB
to	TO
see	VB
the	DT
dentist	NN
more	RBR
often	RB
than	IN
usual	JJ
.	.
Nausea	NN
,	,
with	IN
or	CC
without	IN
vomiting	NN
,	,
may	MD
occur	VB
as	IN
a	DT
side	NN
effect	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
surgery	NN
,	,
chemotherapy	NN
,	,
radiation	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
biological	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
and	CC
of	IN
some	DT
medications	NNS
used	VBN
for	IN
pain	NN
.	.
The	DT
cancer	NN
itself	PRP
,	,
or	CC
other	JJ
conditions	NNS
unrelated	JJ
to	TO
your	PRP$
cancer	NN
or	CC
treatment	NN
,	,
may	MD
also	RB
cause	VB
nausea	NN
.	.
Nausea	NN
can	MD
keep	VB
you	PRP
from	IN
getting	VBG
enough	JJ
food	NN
and	CC
needed	VBN
nutrients	NNS
.	.
Here	RB
are	VBP
some	DT
helpful	JJ
suggestions	NNS
.	.
Eat	VB
small	JJ
amounts	NNS
often	RB
and	CC
slowly	RB
.	.
Avoid	VB
eating	VBG
in	IN
a	DT
room	NN
that	WDT
's	VBZ
stuffy	JJ
or	CC
too	RB
warm	JJ
,	,
or	CC
has	VBZ
cooking	NN
odors	NNS
or	CC
smells	VBZ
that	IN
might	MD
disagree	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Drink	NN
fewer	JJR
liquids	NNS
with	IN
meals	NNS
;	:
drinking	NN
liquids	NNS
can	MD
cause	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
feel	VB
full	JJ
and	CC
bloated	JJ
.	.
Sip	NN
liquids	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
day	NN
,	,
except	IN
at	IN
mealtimes	NNS
.	.
Using	VBG
a	DT
straw	NN
may	MD
help	VB
.	.
Drink	NN
beverages	NNS
cool	VBP
or	CC
chilled	VBN
.	.
Try	VB
freezing	NN
favorite	JJ
beverages	NNS
in	IN
ice	NN
cube	NN
trays	NNS
.	.
Eat	VB
foods	NNS
at	IN
room	NN
temperature	NN
or	CC
cooler	JJR
;	:
hot	JJ
foods	NNS
may	MD
add	VB
to	TO
nausea	NN
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
force	VB
yourself	PRP
to	TO
eat	VB
favorite	JJ
foods	NNS
when	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
nauseated	VBN
;	:
it	PRP
may	MD
cause	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
permanent	JJ
dislike	NN
of	IN
those	DT
foods	NNS
.	.
Always	RB
sit	VB
upright	RB
when	WRB
eating	VBG
.	.
Rest	VB
after	IN
meals	NNS
since	IN
activity	NN
may	MD
slow	VB
digestion	NN
.	.
Rest	VB
sitting	VBG
up	RP
,	,
for	IN
about	IN
an	DT
hour	NN
after	IN
meals	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
feel	VBP
nauseated	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
morning	NN
,	,
try	VBP
dry	JJ
toast	NN
or	CC
crackers	NNS
before	IN
getting	VBG
up	RP
.	.
Wear	VB
comfortable	JJ
,	,
loose-fitting	JJ
clothes	NNS
.	.
Avoid	VB
eating	VBG
for	IN
one	CD
or	CC
two	CD
hours	NNS
before	IN
radiation	NN
therapy	NN
or	CC
chemotherapy	NN
,	,
if	IN
nausea	NN
occurs	VBZ
during	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
Try	VB
to	TO
keep	VB
track	NN
of	IN
when	WRB
your	PRP$
nausea	NN
occurs	VBZ
and	CC
what	WP
is	VBZ
causing	VBG
it	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
specific	JJ
foods	NNS
,	,
events	NNS
,	,
surroundings	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
A	DT
small	JJ
notebook	NN
can	MD
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
food	NN
diary	NN
to	TO
record	VB
the	DT
circumstances	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
nausea	NN
.	.
If	IN
possible	JJ
,	,
make	VB
appropriate	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
diet	NN
or	CC
schedule	NN
.	.
Share	NN
this	DT
information	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
,	,
nurse	NN
or	CC
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
people	NNS
undergoing	VBG
cancer	NN
treatment	NN
feel	VBP
best	RB
in	IN
the	DT
mornings	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
nothing	NN
wrong	JJ
with	IN
having	VBG
your	PRP$
major	JJ
meal	NN
at	IN
that	DT
time	NN
.	.
Ask	VB
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
about	IN
anti-nausea	JJ
medications	NNS
.	.
Do	VBP
not	RB
drink	VB
or	CC
eat	VB
until	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
vomiting	VBG
under	IN
control	NN
.	.
Sit	NNP
upright	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
after	IN
vomiting	VBG
.	.
Once	RB
you	PRP
have	VBP
controlled	VBN
the	DT
vomiting	NN
,	,
try	VBP
small	JJ
amounts	NNS
of	IN
clear	JJ
liquids	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
cranberry	NN
juice	NN
,	,
flat	JJ
ginger	NN
ale	NN
or	CC
cool	JJ
broth	NN
.	.
Begin	VB
with	IN
one	CD
teaspoon	NN
every	DT
10	CD
minutes	NNS
,	,
gradually	RB
increase	VB
to	TO
one	CD
tablespoon	NN
every	DT
20	CD
minutes	NNS
,	,
then	RB
try	VB
2	CD
tablespoons	NNS
every	DT
30	CD
minutes	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
keep	VB
down	RP
clear	JJ
liquids	NNS
,	,
try	VBP
a	DT
``	``
full-liquid	JJ
''	''
diet	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
include	VB
cream	NN
of	IN
wheat	NN
,	,
pudding	NN
,	,
ice	NN
cream	NN
or	CC
frozen	VBN
yogurt	NN
,	,
broth	NN
,	,
gelatin	NN
and	CC
milk	NN
.	.
Continue	NN
to	TO
take	VB
small	JJ
amounts	NNS
as	RB
often	RB
as	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
keep	VB
them	PRP
down	RP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
feel	VBP
okay	JJ
on	IN
a	DT
full-liquid	JJ
diet	NN
,	,
gradually	RB
work	VB
your	PRP$
way	NN
up	IN
to	TO
your	PRP$
regular	JJ
diet	NN
.	.
Carbonated	VBN
beverages	NNS
are	VBP
fine	JJ
for	IN
some	DT
people	NNS
,	,
but	CC
others	NNS
find	VBP
the	DT
beverages	NNS
make	VBP
them	PRP
feel	VB
full	JJ
or	CC
bloated	JJ
,	,
or	CC
cause	NN
burping	NN
,	,
which	WDT
can	MD
stimulate	VB
vomiting	NN
.	.
Diarrhea	NNP
may	MD
be	VB
caused	VBN
by	IN
chemotherapy	NN
,	,
radiation	NN
therapy	NN
to	TO
the	DT
abdomen	NNS
,	,
infection	NN
,	,
food	NN
sensitivity	NN
and	CC
emotional	JJ
upset	NN
.	.
Long-term	JJ
or	CC
severe	JJ
diarrhea	NN
may	MD
cause	VB
dehydration	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
health	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
since	IN
needed	VBN
water	NN
and	CC
nutrients	NNS
are	VBP
lost	VBN
.	.
Contact	NN
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
if	IN
the	DT
diarrhea	NN
is	VBZ
persistent	JJ
.	.
Avoid	VB
dairy	NN
products	NNS
if	IN
they	PRP
increase	VBP
indigestion	NN
and	CC
diarrhea	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Many	JJ
liquid	JJ
nutritional	JJ
supplements	NNS
are	VBP
milk	NN
free	JJ
and	CC
are	VBP
available	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
flavors	NNS
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
Eat	VB
small	JJ
amounts	NNS
of	IN
food	NN
and	CC
liquids	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
day	NN
.	.
Drink	NN
plenty	NN
of	IN
liquids	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
water	NN
,	,
diluted	VBN
cranberry	NN
juice	NN
,	,
broth	NN
,	,
decaffeinated	VBN
coffee	NN
or	CC
tea	NN
.	.
Drinking	NN
fluids	NNS
is	VBZ
important	JJ
because	IN
your	PRP$
body	NN
may	MD
not	RB
get	VB
enough	JJ
water	NN
when	WRB
you	PRP
have	VBP
diarrhea	NN
.	.
Drink	NN
liquids	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
at	IN
room	NN
temperature	NN
.	.
Avoid	VB
very	RB
hot	JJ
or	CC
very	RB
cold	JJ
foods	NNS
.	.
Eat	VB
plenty	NN
of	IN
foods	NNS
and	CC
liquids	NNS
that	WDT
contain	VBP
sodium	NN
and	CC
potassium	NN
.	.
These	DT
minerals	NNS
are	VBP
often	RB
lost	VBN
during	IN
diarrhea	NN
.	.
Foods	NNP
high	JJ
in	IN
potassium	NN
that	WDT
do	VBP
n't	RB
cause	VB
diarrhea	NN
include	VBP
bananas	NNS
,	,
peach	NN
and	CC
apricot	NN
nectar	NN
and	CC
boiled	VBD
or	CC
mashed	JJ
potatoes	NNS
.	.
Good	JJ
liquid	NN
choices	NNS
include	VBP
bouillon	NN
or	CC
fat-free	JJ
broth	NN
.	.
Try	VB
a	DT
clear	JJ
liquid	NN
diet	NN
during	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
12	CD
to	TO
24	CD
hours	NNS
of	IN
onset	NN
.	.
Drink	NN
plenty	NN
of	IN
liquids	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
at	IN
least	JJS
eight	CD
glasses	NNS
per	IN
day	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
help	VB
keep	VB
your	PRP$
stools	NNS
soft	JJ
.	.
A	DT
daily	JJ
four-ounce	NN
serving	VBG
of	IN
prune	VBP
juice	NN
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
helpful	JJ
.	.
Take	VB
a	DT
hot	JJ
drink	NN
about	IN
one	CD
half	NN
hour	NN
before	IN
your	PRP$
usual	JJ
time	NN
for	IN
a	DT
bowel	NN
movement	NN
.	.
Try	VB
high-fiber	NN
foods	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
,	,
fresh	JJ
vegetables	NNS
and	CC
fruits	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
choose	VB
whole	JJ
wheat	NN
bread	NN
,	,
cauliflower	NN
,	,
carrots	NNS
,	,
potatoes	NNS
with	IN
skin	NN
,	,
bananas	NNS
,	,
prunes	NNS
,	,
oranges	NNS
and	CC
berries	NNS
.	.
Add	VB
unprocessed	JJ
wheat	NN
bran	NN
to	TO
foods	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
casseroles	NNS
and	CC
hot	JJ
cereals	NNS
.	.
Get	VB
some	DT
exercise	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
walking	VBG
,	,
every	DT
day	NN
.	.
Speak	VB
with	IN
to	TO
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
or	CC
physical	JJ
therapist	NN
about	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
and	CC
type	NN
of	IN
exercise	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
right	JJ
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
If	IN
none	NN
of	IN
these	DT
suggestions	NNS
works	VBZ
,	,
ask	VB
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
about	IN
fiber	NN
supplements	NNS
,	,
like	IN
Metamucil	NNP
,	,
or	CC
medicine	NN
to	TO
ease	VB
constipation	NN
.	.
Drink	NN
plenty	NN
of	IN
fluids	NNS
,	,
as	IN
indicated	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
directions	NNS
for	IN
use	NN
.	.
Be	VB
sure	JJ
to	TO
check	VB
with	IN
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
before	IN
adding	VBG
fiber	NN
or	CC
taking	VBG
any	DT
laxatives	NNS
or	CC
stool	NN
softeners	NNS
.	.
Chemotherapy	NNP
and	CC
radiation	NN
therapy	NN
in	IN
the	DT
head	NN
or	CC
neck	NN
area	NN
-	:
which	WDT
can	MD
reduce	VB
the	DT
flow	NN
of	IN
saliva	NN
-	:
often	RB
cause	NN
dry	JJ
mouth	NN
.	.
When	WRB
this	DT
happens	VBZ
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
hard	JJ
to	TO
chew	VB
and	CC
swallow	VB
.	.
Dry	NNP
mouth	NN
can	MD
also	RB
change	VB
the	DT
way	NN
foods	NNS
taste	VBP
.	.
To	TO
reduce	VB
problems	NNS
caused	VBN
by	IN
dry	JJ
mouth	NN
,	,
try	VBP
the	DT
suggestions	NNS
below	IN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
ideas	NNS
given	VBN
for	IN
a	DT
sore	JJ
mouth	NN
or	CC
throat	NN
.	.
Avoid	VB
salty	NN
foods	NNS
.	.
Try	VB
tart	JJ
foods	NNS
and	CC
beverages	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
lemonade	NN
.	.
These	DT
foods	NNS
may	MD
help	VB
your	PRP$
mouth	NN
produce	VBP
more	JJR
saliva	NN
.	.
Melon	NNP
may	MD
also	RB
help	VB
.	.
Suck	VB
on	IN
hard	JJ
candy	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
lemon	JJ
drops	NNS
,	,
eat	VBP
popsicles	NNS
,	,
or	CC
chew	VB
sugar-free	JJ
gum	NN
.	.
Keep	VB
your	PRP$
lips	NNS
moist	VB
with	IN
lip	NN
salves	NNS
.	.
Use	NNP
sauces	NNS
,	,
gravies	NNS
and	CC
salad	NN
dressings	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
food	NN
moist	NN
and	CC
easier	JJR
to	TO
swallow	VB
.	.
Try	VB
thick	JJ
drinks	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
fruit	NN
nectars	NNS
,	,
at	IN
room	NN
temperature	NN
or	CC
cold	NN
.	.
Have	VBP
a	DT
sip	NN
of	IN
water	NN
every	DT
few	JJ
minutes	NNS
,	,
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
swallow	VB
and	CC
talk	VB
more	JJR
easily	RB
.	.
Maintain	VB
good	JJ
oral	JJ
hygiene	NN
.	.
If	IN
your	PRP$
dry	JJ
mouth	NN
problem	NN
is	VBZ
severe	JJ
,	,
ask	VB
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
or	CC
dentist	NN
about	IN
products	NNS
that	WDT
coat	NN
and	CC
protect	VB
your	PRP$
mouth	NN
.	.
Synthetic	JJ
saliva	NN
products	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
Glandosane	NNP
,	,
Optimoist	NNP
,	,
Moistin	NNP
or	CC
Mouthkote	NNP
,	,
may	MD
help	VB
.	.
Take	VB
deep	JJ
breaths	NNS
before	IN
attempting	VBG
to	TO
swallow	VB
,	,
and	CC
exhale	VB
or	CC
cough	VB
after	IN
swallowing	VBG
.	.
Thick	JJ
liquids	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
easier	JJR
to	TO
swallow	VB
than	IN
thin	JJ
liquids	NNS
.	.
Gelatin	NN
may	MD
be	VB
easier	JJR
to	TO
swallow	VB
than	IN
thick	JJ
or	CC
thin	JJ
liquids	NNS
.	.
Mashed	JJ
foods	NNS
should	MD
not	RB
be	VB
too	RB
thick	JJ
.	.
Drink	NN
your	PRP$
fluids	NNS
between	IN
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
during	IN
,	,
meals	NNS
since	IN
they	PRP
may	MD
reduce	VB
your	PRP$
appetite	NN
.	.
Liquids	NNS
at	IN
room	NN
temperature	NN
may	MD
be	VB
easier	JJR
to	TO
swallow	VB
.	.
Chemotherapy	NNP
,	,
radiation	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
or	CC
the	DT
cancer	NN
itself	PRP
may	MD
cause	VB
your	PRP$
sense	NN
of	IN
taste	NN
to	TO
change	VB
.	.
Some	DT
patients	NNS
complain	VBP
of	IN
a	DT
bitter	JJ
,	,
metallic	JJ
taste	NN
,	,
especially	RB
when	WRB
eating	VBG
foods	NNS
high	JJ
in	IN
protein	NN
.	.
Each	DT
person	NN
's	POS
sense	NN
of	IN
taste	NN
may	MD
be	VB
affected	VBN
differently	RB
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
learn	VB
which	WDT
foods	NNS
,	,
if	IN
any	DT
,	,
taste	NN
differently	RB
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
Depending	VBG
on	IN
how	WRB
your	PRP$
taste	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
affected	VBN
,	,
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
ideas	NNS
for	IN
improving	VBG
flavor	NN
may	MD
work	VB
better	JJR
than	IN
others	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
visit	VB
your	PRP$
dentist	NN
to	TO
check	VB
for	IN
dental	JJ
problems	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
affect	VB
your	PRP$
food	NN
's	POS
taste	NN
.	.
Choose	VB
and	CC
prepare	VB
foods	NNS
that	WDT
look	VBP
and	CC
smell	VBP
good	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
If	IN
red	JJ
meat	NN
tastes	NNS
different	JJ
,	,
use	NN
chicken	NN
,	,
turkey	NN
,	,
eggs	NNS
,	,
dairy	NN
products	NNS
,	,
tofu	NN
or	CC
fish	NN
that	WDT
does	VBZ
n't	RB
have	VB
a	DT
strong	JJ
smell	NN
.	.
Make	NNP
meat	NN
,	,
chicken	NN
or	CC
fish	NN
more	RBR
flavorful	JJ
by	IN
marinating	VBG
it	PRP
in	IN
sweet	JJ
fruit	NN
juices	NNS
,	,
sweet	JJ
wine	NN
or	CC
Italian	JJ
dressing	VBG
.	.
Try	VB
using	VBG
small	JJ
amounts	NNS
of	IN
flavorful	JJ
seasonings	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
basil	NN
,	,
rosemary	NN
or	CC
oregano	NN
.	.
Try	VB
tart	JJ
foods	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
have	VB
more	JJR
taste	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
oranges	NNS
or	CC
lemonade	NN
.	.
A	DT
tart	JJ
lemon	NN
custard	NN
might	MD
be	VB
tasty	JJ
and	CC
will	MD
also	RB
provide	VB
needed	VBN
protein	NN
and	CC
calories	NNS
.	.
Serve	VB
foods	NNS
at	IN
room	NN
temperature	NN
.	.
Try	VB
using	VBG
onion	NN
,	,
garlic	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
seasonings	NNS
to	TO
add	VB
flavor	NN
to	TO
vegetables	NNS
.	.
Maintain	VB
good	JJ
oral	JJ
hygiene	NN
.	.
Drink	NN
liquids	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
day	NN
.	.
Weight	NNP
loss	NN
can	MD
occur	VB
during	IN
cancer	NN
treatment	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
often	RB
caused	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
on	IN
the	DT
body	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
interference	NN
with	IN
eating	NN
,	,
digestion	NN
,	,
or	CC
absorption	NN
of	IN
food	NN
.	.
Weight	NNP
loss	NN
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
caused	VBN
by	IN
loss	NN
of	IN
appetite	NN
from	IN
cancer	NN
therapy	NN
or	CC
feelings	NNS
of	IN
depression	NN
or	CC
anxiety	NN
.	.
Involve	VB
yourself	PRP
in	IN
as	RB
many	JJ
normal	JJ
activities	NNS
as	IN
possible	JJ
.	.
Stay	NNP
calm	JJ
,	,
especially	RB
at	IN
mealtimes	NNS
.	.
Do	VBP
n't	RB
hurry	VB
your	PRP$
meals	NNS
.	.
Try	VB
changing	VBG
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
place	NN
and	CC
surroundings	NNS
of	IN
meals	NNS
.	.
A	DT
candlelight	NN
dinner	NN
can	MD
make	VB
mealtime	NN
more	RBR
appealing	JJ
.	.
Eat	VB
with	IN
others	NNS
,	,
or	CC
listen	VB
to	TO
your	PRP$
favorite	JJ
music	NN
.	.
Eat	VB
whenever	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
hungry	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
need	VB
to	TO
eat	VB
three	CD
meals	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
;	:
try	VB
several	JJ
smaller	JJR
meals	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
day	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
losing	VBG
weight	NN
,	,
eat	VBP
food	NN
often	RB
during	IN
the	DT
day	NN
,	,
even	RB
at	IN
bedtime	NN
.	.
Have	NNP
nutritious	JJ
snacks	NNS
available	JJ
,	,
but	CC
store	VBP
them	PRP
out	IN
of	IN
sight	NN
.	.
Add	VB
variety	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
menu	NN
by	IN
using	VBG
new	JJ
recipes	NNS
,	,
spices	NNS
and	CC
food	NN
products	NNS
.	.
Eat	VB
out	RP
in	IN
restaurants	NNS
occasionally	RB
.	.
Ask	VB
your	PRP$
dietitian	NN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
meal	NN
planning	NN
for	IN
adequate	JJ
nutrient	NN
intake	NN
.	.
Weight	NNP
gain	NN
may	MD
be	VB
an	DT
unexpected	JJ
occurrence	NN
during	IN
cancer	NN
treatment	NN
.	.
Sometimes	RB
this	DT
is	VBZ
due	JJ
to	TO
hormonal	JJ
changes	NNS
.	.
Excessive	JJ
portion	NN
sizes	NNS
or	CC
eating	VBG
too	RB
many	JJ
foods	NNS
high	JJ
in	IN
calories	NNS
and	CC
fat	NN
can	MD
also	RB
increase	VB
weight	NN
.	.
Sometimes	RB
patients	NNS
feel	VBP
less	JJR
nauseated	JJ
or	CC
anxious	JJ
when	WRB
they	PRP
have	VBP
food	NN
in	IN
their	PRP$
mouths	NNS
.	.
Discuss	VB
your	PRP$
weight	NN
gain	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
physician	NN
or	CC
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
to	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
best	JJS
way	NN
to	TO
achieve	VB
a	DT
healthy	JJ
weight	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
important	JJ
because	IN
excess	JJ
weight	NN
gain	NN
may	MD
worsen	VB
prognosis	NN
for	IN
certain	JJ
cancers	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
Sometimes	RB
patients	NNS
gain	NN
excess	JJ
weight	NN
during	IN
treatment	NN
without	IN
eating	VBG
extra	JJ
calories	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
certain	JJ
drugs	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
such	JJ
as	IN
prednisone	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
can	MD
cause	VB
the	DT
body	NN
to	TO
retain	VB
fluid	NN
.	.
The	DT
extra	JJ
weight	NN
is	VBZ
from	IN
water	NN
and	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
mean	VB
you	PRP
are	VBP
eating	VBG
too	RB
much	RB
.	.
DO	NNP
NOT	NNP
go	VB
on	IN
a	DT
diet	NN
if	IN
you	PRP
notice	VBP
weight	NN
gain	NN
.	.
Instead	RB
,	,
tell	VB
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
so	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
find	VB
out	RP
what	WP
may	MD
be	VB
causing	VBG
this	DT
change	NN
.	.
If	IN
anticancer	JJ
drugs	NNS
are	VBP
causing	VBG
the	DT
weight	NN
gain	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
may	MD
recommend	VB
limiting	VBG
the	DT
salt	NN
you	PRP
eat	VBP
,	,
since	IN
salt	NN
causes	NNS
your	PRP$
body	NN
to	TO
hold	VB
onto	IN
water	NN
.	.
Drugs	NNS
called	VBD
diuretics	NNS
also	RB
may	MD
be	VB
prescribed	VBN
to	TO
get	VB
rid	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
extra	JJ
fluid	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
were	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
digest	VB
milk	NN
and	CC
milk	NN
products	NNS
easily	RB
before	IN
you	PRP
began	VBD
your	PRP$
radiation	NN
or	CC
chemotherapy	NN
treatment	NN
,	,
but	CC
now	RB
develop	VB
cramps	NNS
and	CC
diarrhea	NN
after	IN
you	PRP
drink	VBP
milk	NN
or	CC
eat	VB
certain	JJ
dairy	NN
foods	NNS
,	,
then	RB
you	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
suffering	VBG
from	IN
lactose	JJ
intolerance	NN
.	.
The	DT
cancer	NN
therapy	NN
may	MD
have	VB
temporarily	RB
inactivated	VBN
the	DT
enzymes	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
intestinal	JJ
tract	NN
that	WDT
digest	VBP
the	DT
milk	NN
sugar	NN
called	VBN
lactose	NN
.	.
Avoid	VB
milk	NN
or	CC
dairy	NN
products	NNS
that	WDT
give	VBP
you	PRP
problems	NNS
.	.
Yogurt	NN
and	CC
small	JJ
amounts	NNS
of	IN
aged	VBN
cheeses	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
easier	JJR
to	TO
tolerate	VB
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
concerned	VBN
about	IN
not	RB
getting	VBG
enough	JJ
calcium	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
diet	NN
,	,
try	VBP
calcium-fortified	JJ
orange	NN
or	CC
apple	NN
juice	NN
,	,
and	CC
calcium-fortified	JJ
cereals	NNS
and	CC
breads	NNS
.	.
Ask	VB
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
or	CC
dietitian	NN
about	IN
taking	VBG
calcium	NN
supplements	NNS
.	.
Try	VB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
enzyme	NN
products	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
LactAid	NNP
or	CC
Lactinex	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
helps	VBZ
break	VB
down	RP
the	DT
lactose	NN
.	.
Some	DT
products	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
taken	VBN
in	IN
pill	NN
form	NN
,	,
others	NNS
are	VBP
added	VBN
directly	RB
to	TO
milk	NN
.	.
Or	CC
try	VB
reduced	VBN
-	:
lactose	JJ
milk	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
LactAid	NNP
milk	NN
.	.
``	``
Will	MD
my	PRP$
insurance	NN
cover	NN
cancer	NN
treatment	NN
?	.
``	``
People	NNS
who	WP
had	VBD
health	NN
and	CC
life	NN
insurance	NN
before	IN
treatment	NN
generally	RB
are	VBP
able	JJ
to	TO
keep	VB
it	PRP
,	,
although	IN
costs	NNS
and	CC
benefits	NNS
may	MD
change	VB
.	.
Review	NNP
your	PRP$
insurance	NN
policies	NNS
to	TO
find	VB
out	RP
exactly	RB
what	WP
your	PRP$
coverage	NN
includes	VBZ
.	.
Talk	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
insurance	NN
provider	NN
to	TO
make	VB
sure	JJ
you	PRP
understand	VBP
the	DT
extent	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
coverage	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
limitations	NNS
.	.
Also	RB
check	VB
your	PRP$
disability	NN
insurance	NN
or	CC
benefits	NNS
to	TO
see	VB
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
eligible	JJ
to	TO
maintain	VB
your	PRP$
income	NN
during	IN
times	NNS
when	WRB
you	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
work	VB
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
very	RB
important	JJ
that	IN
you	PRP
keep	VBP
careful	JJ
records	NNS
of	IN
all	DT
your	PRP$
covered	VBN
expenses	NNS
and	CC
claims	NNS
.	.
If	IN
a	DT
claim	NN
is	VBZ
turned	VBN
down	RP
,	,
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
to	TO
simply	RB
accept	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Ask	VB
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
to	TO
explain	VB
to	TO
the	DT
company	NN
why	WRB
the	DT
services	NNS
meet	VBP
the	DT
requirements	NNS
for	IN
coverage	NN
under	IN
your	PRP$
policy	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
turned	VBN
down	RP
again	RB
,	,
find	VB
out	RP
if	IN
the	DT
company	NN
has	VBZ
an	DT
appeals	NNS
process	NN
.	.
Cost	NN
and	CC
extended	JJ
payment	NN
options	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
negotiated	VBN
with	IN
health	NN
care	NN
providers	NNS
.	.
Medicare	NNP
offers	VBZ
coverage	NN
to	TO
people	NNS
65	CD
or	CC
older	JJR
and	CC
to	TO
those	DT
who	WP
are	VBP
permanently	RB
disabled	JJ
,	,
after	IN
two	CD
years	NNS
of	IN
collecting	VBG
disability	NN
payments	NNS
.	.
Medicaid	NNP
covers	VBZ
people	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
in	IN
low-income	JJ
brackets	NNS
.	.
The	DT
U.S.	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Veterans	NNP
Affairs	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
VA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
may	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
help	VB
with	IN
health	NN
care	NN
costs	NNS
if	IN
a	DT
cancer	NN
patient	NN
or	CC
spouse	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
or	CC
has	VBZ
been	VBN
,	,
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Armed	NNP
Forces	NNP
.	.
Any	DT
VA	NNP
health	NN
care	NN
facility	NN
can	MD
provide	VB
information	NN
about	IN
these	DT
programs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Federal	NNP
Government	NNP
's	POS
Civilian	NNP
Health	NNP
and	CC
Medical	NNP
Programs	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Uniformed	NNP
Services	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
CHAMPUS	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
helps	VBZ
pay	VB
for	IN
civilian	JJ
medical	JJ
care	NN
for	IN
spouses	NNS
and	CC
children	NNS
of	IN
active	JJ
duty	NN
Uniformed	NNP
Services	NNP
personnel	NNS
,	,
retired	VBN
Uniformed	NNP
Services	NNPS
personnel	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
spouses	NNS
and	CC
children	NNS
,	,
and	CC
spouses	NNS
and	CC
children	NNS
of	IN
active	JJ
duty	NN
or	CC
retired	VBN
active	JJ
duty	NN
personnel	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
died	VBN
.	.
For	IN
further	JJ
information	NN
,	,
contact	NN
the	DT
Information	NNP
Office	NNP
of	IN
CHAMPUS	NNP
,	,
Aurora	NNP
,	,
CO	NNP
80045	CD
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
apply	VB
for	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
policy	NN
,	,
health	NN
maintenance	NN
organizations	NNS
often	RB
have	VBP
open	JJ
enrollment	NN
periods	NNS
when	WRB
you	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
accepted	VBN
regardless	RB
of	IN
your	PRP$
history	NN
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
eligible	JJ
for	IN
group	NN
insurance	NN
through	IN
a	DT
professional	JJ
,	,
fraternal	JJ
or	CC
political	JJ
organization	NN
to	TO
which	WDT
you	PRP
belong	VBP
.	.
Cancer	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
treatment	NN
require	VBP
careful	JJ
financial	JJ
planning	NN
,	,
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
there	EX
is	VBZ
health	NN
insurance	NN
to	TO
cover	VB
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
costs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
financial	JJ
burdens	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
are	VBP
much	RB
more	RBR
difficult	JJ
for	IN
someone	NN
with	IN
no	DT
health	NN
insurance	NN
,	,
but	CC
a	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
insurance	NN
should	MD
not	RB
mean	VB
a	DT
lack	NN
of	IN
competent	JJ
medical	JJ
care	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
health	NN
insurance	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
usually	RB
be	VB
expected	VBN
to	TO
use	VB
as	RB
much	JJ
of	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
assets	NNS
as	IN
possible	JJ
to	TO
pay	VB
for	IN
your	PRP$
care	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
.	.
There	EX
may	MD
be	VB
other	JJ
sources	NNS
of	IN
financial	JJ
assistance	NN
available	JJ
,	,
as	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
assets	NNS
become	VBP
limited	JJ
.	.
Discuss	VB
this	DT
with	IN
your	PRP$
social	JJ
worker	NN
.	.
The	DT
federally	RB
backed	VBN
Medicaid	NNP
program	NN
provides	VBZ
health	NN
coverage	NN
for	IN
the	DT
elderly	JJ
and	CC
for	IN
people	NNS
with	IN
no	DT
insurance	NN
and	CC
limited	JJ
means	NNS
.	.
Your	PRP$
local	JJ
or	CC
state	NN
office	NN
of	IN
social	JJ
services	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
welfare	NN
office	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
can	MD
supply	VB
information	NN
on	IN
eligibility	NN
and	CC
coverage	NN
.	.
Requirements	NNS
vary	VBP
from	IN
state	NN
to	TO
state	NN
,	,
so	RB
be	VB
sure	JJ
to	TO
check	VB
the	DT
current	JJ
regulations	NNS
for	IN
your	PRP$
state	NN
of	IN
residence	NN
.	.
In	IN
most	JJS
cases	NNS
,	,
Medicaid	NNP
covers	VBZ
direct	JJ
medical	JJ
costs	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
home	NN
health	NN
care	NN
,	,
when	WRB
needed	VBN
.	.
Some	DT
hospitals	NNS
are	VBP
required	VBN
to	TO
provide	VB
treatment	NN
for	IN
needy	JJ
patients	NNS
under	IN
special	JJ
federal	JJ
aid	NN
construction	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Speak	VB
with	IN
your	PRP$
physician	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
local	JJ
social	JJ
services	NNS
or	CC
welfare	NN
office	NN
,	,
and	CC
your	PRP$
hospital	NN
's	POS
social	JJ
worker	NN
to	TO
see	VB
what	WP
help	NN
may	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
.	.
At	IN
different	JJ
stages	NNS
of	IN
your	PRP$
cancer	NN
treatment	NN
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
want	VB
to	TO
use	VB
the	DT
services	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
home	NN
health	NN
care	NN
agency	NN
.	.
Home	NNP
health	NN
care	NN
agencies	NNS
provide	VBP
home	NN
visits	NNS
by	IN
registered	JJ
nurses	NNS
to	TO
check	VB
on	IN
wound	NN
healing	NN
after	IN
surgery	NN
,	,
to	TO
administer	VB
intravenous	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
IV	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
antibiotics	NNS
or	CC
chemotherapy	NN
,	,
or	CC
to	TO
monitor	VB
your	PRP$
condition	NN
between	IN
visits	NNS
to	TO
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
.	.
Some	DT
also	RB
can	MD
provide	VB
physical	JJ
therapists	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
with	IN
your	PRP$
recovery	NN
,	,
or	CC
trained	VBN
aides	NNS
who	WP
can	MD
help	VB
with	IN
your	PRP$
personal	JJ
care	NN
.	.
Health	NNP
insurance	NN
coverage	NN
varies	VBZ
for	IN
these	DT
services	NNS
,	,
so	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
find	VB
out	RP
exactly	RB
what	WP
your	PRP$
health	NN
insurance	NN
will	MD
pay	VB
for	IN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
be	VB
sure	JJ
to	TO
ask	VB
the	DT
agency	NN
a	DT
few	JJ
key	JJ
questions	NNS
:	:
the	DT
qualifications	NNS
of	IN
its	PRP$
staff	NN
and	CC
whether	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
bonded	VBN
and	CC
insured	VBN
;	:
whether	CC
there	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
minimum	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
visits	NNS
;	:
whether	IN
they	PRP
offer	VBP
discounts	NNS
for	IN
multiple	JJ
visits	NNS
;	:
and	CC
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
notice	NN
required	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
someone	NN
at	IN
the	DT
home	NN
.	.
If	IN
your	PRP$
health	NN
insurance	NN
is	VBZ
limited	VBN
or	CC
does	VBZ
not	RB
cover	VB
this	DT
type	NN
of	IN
assistance	NN
,	,
check	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
local	JJ
or	CC
state	NN
social	JJ
services	NNS
office	NN
to	TO
find	VB
out	RP
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
eligible	JJ
for	IN
state	NN
programs	NNS
providing	VBG
such	JJ
assistance	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
medical	JJ
assistance	NN
,	,
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
special	JJ
programs	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
area	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
Meals	NNS
on	IN
Wheels	NNP
,	,
to	TO
help	VB
with	IN
the	DT
challenges	NNS
of	IN
everyday	JJ
living	NN
during	IN
the	DT
times	NNS
when	WRB
you	PRP
may	MD
need	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Your	PRP$
local	JJ
social	JJ
services	NNS
or	CC
welfare	NN
office	NN
,	,
or	CC
your	PRP$
hospital	NN
social	JJ
worker	NN
,	,
should	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
information	NN
about	IN
these	DT
services	NNS
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
apply	VB
for	IN
them	PRP
.	.
As	IN
you	PRP
or	CC
your	PRP$
loved	VBD
one	CD
begins	VBZ
treatment	NN
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
find	VB
yourself	PRP
on	IN
an	DT
emotional	JJ
roller	NN
coaster	NN
.	.
Hope	NNP
for	IN
a	DT
cure	NN
,	,
joy	NN
at	IN
each	DT
success	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
determination	NN
to	TO
get	VB
life	NN
back	RB
to	TO
normal	JJ
,	,
alternate	JJ
with	IN
fear	NN
that	IN
treatment	NN
will	MD
fail	VB
,	,
frustration	NN
at	IN
physical	JJ
limitations	NNS
,	,
and	CC
sadness	NN
when	WRB
treatment	NN
brings	VBZ
changes	NNS
in	IN
physical	JJ
appearance	NN
.	.
Powerful	JJ
anticancer	NN
drugs	NNS
,	,
radiation	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
surgery	NN
,	,
biological	JJ
therapy	NN
and	CC
hormone	NN
therapy	NN
sometimes	RB
cause	VB
unpleasant	JJ
side	NN
effects	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
irritability	NN
and	CC
depression	NN
.	.
As	IN
cancer	NN
treatment	NN
ends	VBZ
,	,
your	PRP$
appetite	NN
and	CC
interest	NN
in	IN
food	NN
should	MD
start	VB
to	TO
come	VB
back	RB
.	.
At	IN
first	RB
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
wish	VB
to	TO
eat	VB
five	CD
small	JJ
meals	NNS
per	IN
day	NN
,	,
rather	RB
than	IN
three	CD
larger	JJR
ones	NNS
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
whole	JJ
grain	NN
cereal	NN
,	,
lowfat	JJ
milk	NN
and	CC
a	DT
sliced	JJ
banana	NN
may	MD
be	VB
all	DT
you	PRP
can	MD
manage	VB
first	JJ
thing	NN
in	IN
the	DT
morning	NN
.	.
A	DT
snack	NN
of	IN
toast	NN
,	,
peanut	NN
butter	NN
and	CC
chilled	VBD
orange	NN
juice	NN
may	MD
be	VB
appealing	JJ
midmorning	NN
.	.
Add	VB
favorite	JJ
foods	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
enjoyed	VBD
prior	RB
to	TO
treatment	NN
to	TO
your	PRP$
meals	NNS
and	CC
snacks	NNS
.	.
For	IN
instance	NN
,	,
enjoy	VB
a	DT
slice	NN
of	IN
apple	NN
pie	NN
as	IN
an	DT
evening	NN
snack	NN
.	.
Buy	VB
ruby	JJ
red	JJ
strawberries	NNS
and	CC
slice	VBP
them	PRP
over	IN
a	DT
bowl	NN
of	IN
cereal	NN
or	CC
yogurt	NN
.	.
Enjoy	VB
fresh	JJ
salmon	NN
?	.
Look	VB
for	IN
sales	NNS
and	CC
bake	VB
the	DT
salmon	NN
with	IN
a	DT
bit	NN
of	IN
olive	JJ
oil	NN
or	CC
poach	VB
with	IN
chopped	VBN
fresh	JJ
herbs	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
concerned	VBN
that	IN
you	PRP
will	MD
eat	VB
TOO	RB
much	JJ
and	CC
gain	NN
undesired	JJ
weight	NN
,	,
then	RB
monitor	VB
your	PRP$
weight	NN
weekly	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
taking	VBG
an	DT
ongoing	JJ
medication	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
weight	VB
gain	NN
,	,
be	VB
careful	JJ
to	TO
select	VB
nutritious	JJ
,	,
low-calorie	JJ
foods	NNS
.	.
Discuss	VB
any	DT
weight	NN
gain	NN
or	CC
weight	NN
loss	NN
concerns	NNS
with	IN
your	PRP$
physician	NN
and	CC
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
,	,
both	DT
during	IN
and	CC
after	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
What	WP
about	IN
vitamin	NN
and	CC
mineral	NN
supplements	NNS
?	.
First	RB
,	,
try	VBP
to	TO
eat	VB
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
foods	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
the	DT
nutrients	NNS
your	PRP$
body	NN
needs	VBZ
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
no	DT
scientific	JJ
evidence	NN
that	IN
dietary	JJ
supplements	NNS
or	CC
herbal	JJ
products	NNS
can	MD
cure	VB
cancer	NN
or	CC
prevent	VB
it	PRP
from	IN
coming	VBG
back	RB
.	.
Speak	VB
with	IN
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
before	IN
taking	VBG
any	DT
supplements	NNS
on	IN
your	PRP$
own	JJ
.	.
In	IN
general	JJ
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
add	VBP
a	DT
supplement	NN
,	,
choose	VB
one	CD
that	WDT
contains	VBZ
no	DT
more	JJR
than	IN
100	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Daily	NNP
Value	NNP
of	IN
vitamins	NNS
and	CC
minerals	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
daily	JJ
dose	NN
.	.
Sometimes	RB
a	DT
diagnosis	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
leads	VBZ
to	TO
a	DT
reexamination	NN
of	IN
lifestyle	NN
habits	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
diet	NN
and	CC
exercise	NN
,	,
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
improve	VB
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
life	NN
.	.
Healthier	JJR
lifestyle	NN
practices	NNS
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
the	DT
assistance	NN
of	IN
family	NN
,	,
friends	NNS
and	CC
outside	JJ
support	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
can	MD
make	VB
the	DT
coping	VBG
process	NN
easier	JJR
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
increase	VB
your	PRP$
feeling	NN
of	IN
well-being	NN
.	.
During	IN
cancer	NN
treatment	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
make	VB
your	PRP$
body	NN
stronger	JJR
.	.
Inadequate	JJ
nutrition	NN
,	,
excessive	JJ
drinking	NN
,	,
smoking	NN
,	,
and	CC
not	RB
getting	VBG
enough	JJ
rest	NN
make	VBP
it	PRP
more	RBR
difficult	JJ
for	IN
your	PRP$
body	NN
's	POS
immune	JJ
system	NN
to	TO
fight	VB
the	DT
disease	NN
.	.
This	DT
makes	VBZ
it	PRP
harder	RBR
for	IN
your	PRP$
body	NN
to	TO
handle	VB
cancer	NN
treatment	NN
and	CC
to	TO
recover	VB
after	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
Once	RB
your	PRP$
treatment	NN
is	VBZ
over	IN
,	,
it	PRP
would	MD
seem	VB
prudent	JJ
to	TO
try	VB
the	DT
following	VBG
action	NN
steps	NNS
developed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
.	.
AICR	NNP
recommends	VBZ
these	DT
six	CD
guidelines	NNS
to	TO
decrease	VB
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
They	PRP
will	MD
also	RB
help	VB
decrease	VB
risk	NN
of	IN
recurrence	NN
.	.
``	``
How	WRB
will	MD
I	PRP
be	VB
treated	VBN
by	IN
my	PRP$
coworkers	NNS
?	.
''	''
Having	VBG
cancer	NN
can	MD
affect	VB
your	PRP$
job	NN
situation	NN
in	IN
various	JJ
ways	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
need	VB
to	TO
take	VB
some	DT
time	NN
off	RP
or	CC
change	VB
jobs	NNS
,	,
or	CC
limit	VB
your	PRP$
work	NN
hours	NNS
during	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
employers	NNS
want	VBP
to	TO
retain	VB
good	JJ
workers	NNS
and	CC
will	MD
rearrange	VB
your	PRP$
work	NN
schedule	NN
to	TO
fit	VB
your	PRP$
needs	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
feel	VBP
well	RB
enough	JJ
to	TO
work	VB
during	IN
treatment	NN
,	,
then	RB
you	PRP
should	MD
go	VB
ahead	RB
and	CC
work	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
away	RB
from	IN
your	PRP$
job	NN
for	IN
awhile	RB
,	,
going	VBG
back	RB
to	TO
work	VB
can	MD
be	VB
an	DT
important	JJ
,	,
but	CC
stressful	JJ
,	,
milestone	NN
.	.
Coworkers	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
uncomfortable	JJ
about	IN
how	WRB
they	PRP
should	MD
act	VB
around	IN
you	PRP
;	:
some	DT
may	MD
be	VB
overly	RB
solicitous	JJ
,	,
while	IN
others	NNS
may	MD
avoid	VB
you	PRP
.	.
Some	DT
may	MD
even	RB
think	VB
,	,
mistakenly	RB
,	,
that	IN
cancer	NN
is	VBZ
contagious	JJ
.	.
Plan	NN
to	TO
deal	VB
openly	RB
about	IN
your	PRP$
cancer	NN
in	IN
a	DT
way	NN
that	IN
feels	VBZ
most	RBS
comfortable	JJ
to	TO
you	PRP
.	.
If	IN
your	PRP$
coworkers	NNS
'	POS
attitudes	NNS
are	VBP
making	VBG
it	PRP
hard	RB
for	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
work	VB
,	,
try	VB
to	TO
resolve	VB
the	DT
situation	NN
informally	RB
with	IN
the	DT
people	NNS
involved	VBN
.	.
If	IN
that	DT
does	VBZ
n't	RB
work	VB
,	,
your	PRP$
manager	NN
or	CC
employee	NN
relations	NNS
department	NN
may	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
help	VB
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
feel	VBP
that	IN
your	PRP$
employer	NN
has	VBZ
unfairly	RB
discharged	VBN
you	PRP
or	CC
changed	VBD
your	PRP$
work	NN
assignments	NNS
,	,
hours	NNS
,	,
salary	NN
,	,
or	CC
benefits	NNS
,	,
or	CC
has	VBZ
limited	VBN
your	PRP$
opportunities	NNS
or	CC
responsibilities	NNS
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
cancer	NN
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
protected	VBN
by	IN
law	NN
.	.
Laws	NNS
in	IN
many	JJ
states	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Americans	NNPS
with	IN
Disabilities	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1990	CD
and	CC
the	DT
Rehabilitation	NNP
Act	NNP
of	IN
1973	CD
,	,
can	MD
be	VB
invoked	VBN
to	TO
prevent	VB
discrimination	NN
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
experience	VB
various	JJ
emotions	NNS
as	IN
you	PRP
return	VBP
to	TO
life	NN
after	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
feel	VB
upset	JJ
or	CC
anxious	JJ
when	WRB
treatment	NN
is	VBZ
over	IN
,	,
especially	RB
if	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
treated	VBN
regularly	RB
for	IN
a	DT
lengthy	JJ
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
.	.
Fear	NN
of	IN
recurrence	NN
is	VBZ
common	JJ
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
anniversary	NN
of	IN
the	DT
diagnosis	NN
can	MD
be	VB
emotional	JJ
.	.
You	PRP
may	MD
wish	VB
to	TO
have	VB
family	NN
or	CC
friends	NNS
close	RB
by	IN
at	IN
that	DT
time	NN
.	.
Keep	VB
in	IN
mind	NN
that	IN
millions	NNS
of	IN
Americans	NNPS
have	VBP
been	VBN
successfully	RB
treated	VBN
for	IN
cancer	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
gone	VBN
on	IN
to	TO
enjoy	VB
full	JJ
and	CC
rewarding	JJ
lives	NNS
.	.
Yet	RB
,	,
for	IN
many	JJ
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
not	RB
just	RB
the	DT
physical	JJ
recovery	NN
from	IN
cancer	NN
treatment	NN
to	TO
contend	VB
with	IN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
emotional	JJ
recovery	NN
that	WDT
having	VBG
cancer	NN
can	MD
place	VB
on	IN
a	DT
person	NN
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
numerous	JJ
support	NN
groups	NNS
available	JJ
that	IN
work	NN
not	RB
only	RB
with	IN
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
,	,
but	CC
with	IN
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
,	,
to	TO
help	VB
them	PRP
return	VB
to	TO
a	DT
normal	JJ
,	,
fulfilling	VBG
life	NN
.	.
Understanding	VBG
the	DT
terminology	NN
of	IN
medical	JJ
treatment	NN
is	VBZ
often	RB
confusing	JJ
and	CC
frustrating	JJ
to	TO
patients	NNS
.	.
Yet	RB
,	,
specialized	VBN
medical	JJ
terminology	NN
allows	VBZ
doctors	NNS
and	CC
health	NN
professionals	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
precise	JJ
in	IN
communicating	VBG
important	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
health	NN
and	CC
care	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
patients	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
a	DT
language	NN
they	PRP
feel	VBP
comfortable	JJ
communicating	VBG
in	IN
,	,
and	CC
which	WDT
they	PRP
sometimes	RB
forget	VB
is	VBZ
not	RB
completely	RB
understood	VBN
by	IN
others	NNS
.	.
The	DT
following	VBG
glossary	NN
defines	VBZ
some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
basic	JJ
terms	NNS
associated	VBN
with	IN
cancer	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
care	NN
.	.
Remember	VB
,	,
your	PRP$
health	NN
care	NN
providers	NNS
are	VBP
there	RB
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
understand	VB
what	WP
is	VBZ
being	VBG
said	VBD
,	,
ask	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
explain	VB
it	PRP
in	IN
simpler	JJR
terms	NNS
.	.
Adenocarcinoma	NNP
-	:
A	NNP
cancer	NN
that	WDT
develops	VBZ
in	IN
gland-forming	JJ
tissue	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
breast	NN
cancers	NNS
are	VBP
adenocarcinomas	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
See	VB
Carcinoma	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Adjuvant	JJ
therapy	NN
-	:
Anticancer	NNP
drugs	NNS
or	CC
hormones	NNS
given	VBN
after	IN
surgery	NN
and\/or	CC
radiation	NN
to	TO
help	VB
prevent	VB
the	DT
cancer	NN
from	IN
recurring	VBG
.	.
Alternative	NNP
Medicine	NNP
-	:
Diagnosis	NNP
,	,
treatment	NN
and\/or	CC
prevention	NN
which	WDT
complements	VBZ
mainstream	NN
medicine	NN
by	IN
contributing	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
common	JJ
whole	NN
,	,
by	IN
satisfying	VBG
a	DT
demand	NN
not	RB
met	VBN
by	IN
orthodoxy	NN
or	CC
by	IN
diversifying	VBG
the	DT
conceptual	JJ
framework	NN
of	IN
medicine	NN
.	.
Anemia	NN
-	:
Having	VBG
too	RB
few	JJ
red	JJ
blood	NN
cells	NNS
.	.
Symptoms	NNS
of	IN
anemia	NN
include	VBP
feeling	VBG
tired	JJ
,	,
weak	JJ
,	,
and	CC
short	JJ
of	IN
breath	NN
.	.
Benign	JJ
-	:
A	DT
term	NN
used	VBN
to	TO
describe	VB
a	DT
tumor	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
not	RB
cancerous	JJ
.	.
Biological	JJ
therapy	NN
-	:
Treatment	NNP
to	TO
stimulate	VB
or	CC
restore	VB
the	DT
ability	NN
of	IN
the	DT
immune	JJ
system	NN
to	TO
fight	VB
infection	NN
and	CC
disease	NN
.	.
Also	RB
used	VBN
to	TO
lessen	VB
the	DT
side	NN
effects	NNS
of	IN
some	DT
cancer	NN
treatments	NNS
.	.
Includes	VBZ
the	DT
use	NN
of	IN
interferon	NN
,	,
interleukins	NNS
,	,
monoclonal	JJ
antibodies	NNS
,	,
colony-stimulating	JJ
factors	NNS
,	,
and	CC
vaccines	NNS
.	.
Also	RB
called	VBN
immunotherapy	NN
or	CC
biological	JJ
response	NN
modifier	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
Biopsy	SYM
-	:
The	DT
removal	NN
of	IN
a	DT
sample	NN
of	IN
tissue	NN
or	CC
cells	NNS
for	IN
examination	NN
under	IN
a	DT
microscope	NN
for	IN
purposes	NNS
of	IN
diagnosis	NN
.	.
Bone	NN
marrow	NN
-	:
The	DT
inner	JJ
,	,
spongy	JJ
tissue	NN
of	IN
bones	NNS
where	WRB
blood	NN
cells	NNS
are	VBP
made	VBN
.	.
Botanicals	NNS
-	:
Foods	NNPS
and	CC
supplements	NNS
derived	VBN
from	IN
any	DT
plant	NN
part	NN
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
seeds	NNS
,	,
flowers	NNS
,	,
fruits	NNS
,	,
roots	NNS
,	,
leaves	VBZ
and	CC
stems	VBZ
.	.
Used	VBN
to	TO
treat	VB
diseases	NNS
or	CC
improve	VB
health	NN
.	.
Cancer	NN
-	:
A	DT
general	JJ
name	NN
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
100	CD
diseases	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
abnormal	JJ
cells	NNS
grow	VBP
out	IN
of	IN
control	NN
;	:
a	DT
malignant	JJ
tumor	NN
.	.
Carcinogen	NN
-	:
Any	DT
substance	NN
that	WDT
causes	VBZ
cancer	NN
in	IN
animals	NNS
or	CC
humans	NNS
.	.
Carcinoma	SYM
-	:
Cancer	NN
that	IN
begins	VBZ
in	IN
epithelial	JJ
tissues	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
line	NN
or	CC
cover	VB
the	DT
surfaces	NNS
of	IN
organs	NNS
,	,
glands	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
body	NN
structures	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
cancers	NNS
in	IN
humans	NNS
are	VBP
carcinomas	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
See	VB
Adenocarcinoma	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Carcinoma	NNP
in	IN
situ	NN
-	:
Cancer	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
confined	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
cells	NNS
where	WRB
it	PRP
began	VBD
,	,
and	CC
has	VBZ
not	RB
spread	VBN
into	IN
surrounding	VBG
tissues	NNS
.	.
Chemotherapy	SYM
-	:
The	DT
use	NN
of	IN
drugs	NNS
to	TO
treat	VB
cancer	NN
.	.
Clinical	JJ
trials	NNS
-	:
Medical	JJ
research	NN
studies	NNS
conducted	VBN
with	IN
volunteers	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
study	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
answer	VB
specific	JJ
scientific	JJ
questions	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
find	VB
better	JJR
ways	NNS
to	TO
prevent	VB
or	CC
treat	VB
cancer	NN
.	.
Complementary	JJ
Medicine	NN
-	:
Diagnosis	NNP
,	,
treatment	NN
and\/or	CC
prevention	NN
which	WDT
complements	VBZ
mainstream	NN
medicine	NN
by	IN
contributing	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
common	JJ
whole	NN
,	,
by	IN
satisfying	VBG
a	DT
demand	NN
not	RB
met	VBN
by	IN
orthodoxy	NN
or	CC
by	IN
diversifying	VBG
the	DT
conceptual	JJ
frameworks	NNS
of	IN
medicine	NN
.	.
Diet	NNP
-	:
Food	NNP
and	CC
drink	VB
regularly	RB
consumed	VBN
for	IN
nourishment	NN
.	.
Dietary	NNP
Supplement	NNP
-	:
A	NNP
product	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
other	JJ
than	IN
tobacco	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
intended	VBN
to	TO
supplement	VB
the	DT
diet	NN
that	WDT
bears	VBZ
or	CC
contains	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
more	JJR
of	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
dietary	JJ
ingredients	NNS
:	:
a	DT
vitamin	NN
,	,
mineral	NN
,	,
amino	JJ
acid	NN
,	,
herb	NN
or	CC
other	JJ
botanical	NN
;	:
intended	VBN
for	IN
ingestion	NN
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
a	DT
capsule	NN
,	,
powder	NN
,	,
softgel	NN
or	CC
gelcap	NN
,	,
and	CC
not	RB
represented	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
conventional	JJ
food	NN
or	CC
as	IN
a	DT
sole	JJ
item	NN
of	IN
a	DT
meal	NN
or	CC
the	DT
diet	NN
.	.
Enteral	JJ
feeding	NN
-	:
Nutrients	NNS
provided	VBN
by	IN
mouth	NN
or	CC
through	IN
the	DT
gastrointestinal	JJ
tract	NN
.	.
Health	NNP
care	NN
team	NN
-	:
A	DT
group	NN
of	IN
trained	JJ
professionals	NNS
who	WP
work	VBP
together	RB
to	TO
provide	VB
patient	JJ
care	NN
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
a	DT
physician	NN
,	,
nurse	NN
,	,
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
,	,
physical	JJ
therapist	NN
,	,
radiation	NN
therapist	NN
,	,
social	JJ
worker	NN
.	.
Hormone	NN
therapy	NN
-	:
The	DT
use	NN
of	IN
drugs	NNS
or	CC
surgery	NN
to	TO
remove	VB
,	,
block	NN
,	,
or	CC
add	VB
hormones	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
treat	VB
cancer	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
used	VBN
to	TO
treat	VB
cancers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
breast	NN
,	,
prostate	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
hormone-responsive	JJ
tissues	NNS
.	.
Immune	NNP
system	NN
-	:
Complex	JJ
network	NN
of	IN
cells	NNS
and	CC
organs	NNS
that	WDT
protect	VBP
the	DT
body	NN
from	IN
attacks	NNS
by	IN
foreign	JJ
``	``
invaders	NNS
.	.
''	''
It	PRP
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
body	NN
's	POS
main	JJ
defenses	NNS
against	IN
disease	NN
.	.
Immunotherapy	NNP
-	:
See	VB
biological	JJ
therapy	NN
.	.
Integrative	JJ
medicine	NN
A	DT
term	NN
used	VBN
to	TO
refer	VB
to	TO
the	DT
integration	NN
of	IN
complementary\/alternative	JJ
medicine	NN
into	IN
conventional	JJ
treatment	NN
.	.
Lymphatic	JJ
system	NN
-	:
The	DT
organs	NNS
and	CC
tissues	NNS
that	WDT
produce	VBP
,	,
store	VBP
and	CC
carry	VBP
white	JJ
blood	NN
cells	NNS
that	WDT
fight	VBP
infection	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
diseases	NNS
.	.
Includes	VBZ
the	DT
bone	NN
marrow	NN
,	,
spleen	NN
,	,
thymus	NN
,	,
lymph	JJ
nodes	NNS
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
network	NN
of	IN
thin	JJ
tubes	NNS
that	WDT
carry	VBP
lymph	JJ
and	CC
white	JJ
blood	NN
cells	NNS
into	IN
tissues	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
body	NN
.	.
Lymph	NNP
nodes	NNS
-	:
Small	JJ
bean-shaped	JJ
structures	NNS
scattered	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
body	NN
along	IN
the	DT
channels	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
lymphatic	JJ
system	NN
.	.
Lymph	NNP
nodes	NNS
contain	VBP
white	JJ
blood	NN
cells	NNS
and	CC
act	NN
as	IN
filters	NNS
keeping	VBG
bacteria	NNS
and	CC
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
from	IN
entering	VBG
the	DT
bloodstream	NN
.	.
Malignant	JJ
-	:
A	DT
term	NN
used	VBN
to	TO
describe	VB
a	DT
tumor	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
cancerous	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
invade	VB
surrounding	VBG
tissues	NNS
and	CC
spread	NN
to	TO
other	JJ
parts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
body	NN
.	.
Metastasis	NNP
-	:
When	WRB
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
break	VBP
away	RP
from	IN
their	PRP$
original	JJ
site	NN
and	CC
spread	NN
to	TO
other	JJ
parts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
body	NN
.	.
Mutation	NN
-	:
Change	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
genes	NNS
or	CC
hereditary	JJ
material	NN
in	IN
cells	NNS
.	.
Nutrients	NNS
-	:
Essential	JJ
chemical	NN
compounds	NNS
found	VBN
in	IN
food	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
protein	NN
,	,
carbohydrate	NN
,	,
fat	JJ
,	,
vitamins	NNS
,	,
minerals	NNS
,	,
water	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	WDT
are	VBP
needed	VBN
for	IN
normal	JJ
body	NN
function	NN
.	.
Oncologist	NNP
-	:
A	NNP
physician	NN
who	WP
specializes	VBZ
in	IN
treating	VBG
cancer	NN
.	.
A	DT
board-certified	JJ
oncologist	NN
has	VBZ
specialty	NN
training	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
passed	VBN
examinations	NNS
in	IN
that	DT
specialty	NN
area	NN
of	IN
expertise	NN
.	.
Parenteral	JJ
feeding	NN
-	:
Nutrients	NNS
provided	VBN
through	IN
a	DT
vein	NN
,	,
bypassing	VBG
the	DT
gastrointestinal	JJ
tract	NN
.	.
Phytochemicals	NNS
-	:
Substances	NNS
found	VBN
in	IN
plants	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
reduce	VB
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
Platelets	NNS
-	:
Special	JJ
blood	NN
cells	NNS
that	WDT
help	VBP
form	VB
clots	NNS
and	CC
stop	VB
bleeding	VBG
.	.
Primary	JJ
care	NN
-	:
Doctor	NN
that	WDT
oversees	VBZ
your	PRP$
general	JJ
medical	JJ
care	NN
.	.
Can	MD
refer	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
appropriate	JJ
specialists	NNS
,	,
when	WRB
needed	VBN
.	.
Prognosis	NN
-	:
The	DT
likely	JJ
outcome	NN
of	IN
a	DT
disease	NN
;	:
the	DT
chance	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
Radiation	NNP
therapy	NN
-	:
Cancer	NN
treatment	NN
with	IN
high-energy	JJ
rays	NNS
,	,
used	VBN
to	TO
kill	VB
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
and	CC
shrink	VB
tumors	NNS
.	.
Red	NNP
blood	NN
cells	NNS
-	:
Cells	NNS
that	WDT
supply	VBP
oxygen	NN
to	TO
tissues	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
body	NN
.	.
Registered	NNP
dietitian	NN
-	:
An	DT
expert	NN
on	IN
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
food	NN
and	CC
nutrition	NN
in	IN
health	NN
and	CC
disease	NN
.	.
An	DT
RD	NNP
must	MD
have	VB
at	IN
least	JJS
a	DT
four-year	JJ
college	NN
degree	NN
in	IN
this	DT
area	NN
and	CC
must	MD
pass	VB
an	DT
extensive	JJ
examination	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
knowledge	NN
to	TO
become	VB
registered	VBN
.	.
RDs	NNS
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
called	VBN
nutritionists	NNS
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
all	DT
nutritionists	NNS
are	VBP
RDs	NNS
.	.
Remission	NN
-	:
The	DT
partial	JJ
or	CC
complete	JJ
disappearance	NN
of	IN
signs	NNS
and	CC
symptoms	NNS
of	IN
disease	NN
.	.
Sarcoma	SYM
-	:
A	DT
cancer	NN
of	IN
supportive	JJ
or	CC
connective	JJ
tissue	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
cartilage	NN
,	,
bone	NN
or	CC
muscle	NN
.	.
Stage	NN
-	:
The	DT
extent	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
in	IN
the	DT
body	NN
,	,
and	CC
whether	IN
it	PRP
has	VBZ
spread	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
original	JJ
location	NN
to	TO
other	JJ
parts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
body	NN
.	.
Staging	VBG
refers	VBZ
to	TO
testing	VBG
to	TO
determine	VB
whether	IN
the	DT
cancer	NN
has	VBZ
spread	VBN
.	.
Tumor	NN
-	:
An	DT
abnormal	JJ
growth	NN
of	IN
cells	NNS
or	CC
tissues	NNS
.	.
Tumors	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
benign	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
non-cancerous	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
malignant	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
cancerous	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
White	NNP
blood	NN
cells	NNS
-	:
The	DT
cells	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
immune	JJ
system	NN
that	WDT
fight	VBP
infection	NN
.	.
The	DT
CancerResource	NNP
Advisory	NNP
Council	NNP
provides	VBZ
overall	JJ
direction	NN
and	CC
guidance	NN
for	IN
the	DT
CancerResource	NNP
program	NN
.	.
The	DT
Council	NNP
's	POS
advice	NN
has	VBZ
helped	VBN
ensure	VB
that	IN
the	DT
CancerResource	NNP
program	NN
effectively	RB
provides	VBZ
state-of-the-art	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
make	VB
facing	VBG
cancer	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
treatment	NN
more	RBR
understandable	JJ
and	CC
successful	JJ
.	.
Aim	NNP
for	IN
meals	NNS
made	VBN
up	IN
of	IN
2\/3	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
more	JJR
-RRB-	-RRB-
vegetables	NNS
,	,
fruits	NNS
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
or	CC
beans	NNS
and	CC
1\/3	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
less	JJR
-RRB-	-RRB-
animal	NN
protein	NN
.	.
Brochures	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
materials	NNS
guide	VBP
you	PRP
through	IN
a	DT
transition	NN
from	IN
a	DT
traditional	JJ
plate	NN
to	TO
new	JJ
and	CC
exciting	JJ
patterns	NNS
for	IN
eating	VBG
.	.
Portion	NN
sizes	NNS
in	IN
America	NNP
have	VBP
gradually	RB
grown	VBN
too	RB
large	JJ
.	.
USDA	NNP
's	POS
standard	JJ
serving	VBG
sizes	NNS
help	VBP
you	PRP
assess	VB
the	DT
portions	NNS
you	PRP
eat	VBP
.	.
The	DT
online	NN
Serving	VBG
Size	NN
Finder	NNP
can	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
identify	VB
standard	JJ
servings	NNS
.	.
Then	RB
ask	VB
yourself	PRP
how	WRB
many	JJ
standard	JJ
servings	NNS
go	VBP
into	IN
the	DT
portion	NN
you	PRP
regularly	RB
eat	VB
?	.
AICR	NNP
's	POS
expert	NN
report	NN
Food	NNP
,	,
Nutrition	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Prevention	NNP
of	IN
Cancer	NNP
:	:
a	DT
global	JJ
perspective	NN
established	VBD
the	DT
relationship	NN
between	IN
a	DT
predominantly	RB
plant-based	JJ
diet	NN
and	CC
reduced	VBN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
The	DT
report	NN
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
eating	VBG
more	JJR
vegetables	NNS
,	,
fruits	NNS
,	,
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
and	CC
beans	NNS
coupled	VBN
with	IN
increased	VBN
physical	JJ
activity	NN
can	MD
reduce	VB
cancer	NN
risk	NN
by	IN
30	CD
to	TO
40	CD
percent	NN
.	.
Foods	NNP
That	DT
Fight	VB
Cancer	NNP
summarizes	VBZ
current	JJ
research	NN
on	IN
some	DT
specific	JJ
foods	NNS
.	.
Popular	NNP
high-protein	JJ
and	CC
low-carb	JJ
diets	NNS
have	VBP
confused	VBN
some	DT
people	NNS
about	IN
weight-loss	JJ
strategies	NNS
.	.
But	CC
research	NN
shows	NNS
that	WDT
vegetables	NNS
and	CC
fruits	NNS
are	VBP
a	DT
powerful	JJ
tool	NN
in	IN
weight	NN
management	NN
,	,
too	RB
.	.
The	DT
fiber	NN
and	CC
water	NN
in	IN
plant	NN
foods	NNS
make	VBP
you	PRP
feel	VB
satisfied	JJ
without	IN
filling	VBG
you	PRP
up	RP
with	IN
calories	NNS
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
center	NN
of	IN
the	DT
New	NNP
American	NNP
Plate	NNP
are	VBP
delicious	JJ
,	,
nutritious	JJ
recipes	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
're	VBP
full	JJ
of	IN
fruits	NNS
,	,
vegetables	NNS
,	,
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
and	CC
beans	NNS
,	,
and	CC
easy	JJ
to	TO
prepare	VB
.	.
Serve	VB
them	PRP
in	IN
healthful	JJ
proportions	NNS
,	,
and	CC
enjoy	VB
the	DT
portion	NN
size	NN
appropriate	JJ
for	IN
you	PRP
.	.
Delicious	NNP
food	NN
.	.
Healthy	JJ
food	NN
.	.
They	PRP
're	VBP
one	CD
and	CC
the	DT
same	JJ
--	:
especially	RB
when	WRB
the	DT
recipes	NNS
are	VBP
developed	VBN
by	IN
AICR	NNP
's	POS
cookbook	NN
team	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
is	VBZ
proud	JJ
to	TO
announce	VB
the	DT
publication	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
treasure-trove	NN
of	IN
200	CD
recipes	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
ravish	VBP
the	DT
palate	NN
while	IN
helping	VBG
you	PRP
manage	VB
your	PRP$
weight	NN
and	CC
reduce	VB
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
disease	NN
.	.
Hundreds	NNS
of	IN
studies	NNS
suggest	VBP
that	IN
a	DT
predominantly	RB
plant-based	JJ
diet	NN
is	VBZ
linked	VBN
to	TO
long-term	JJ
health	NN
.	.
The	DT
phytochemicals	NNS
,	,
minerals	NNS
and	CC
vitamins	NNS
in	IN
plant	NN
foods	NNS
seem	VBP
to	TO
bolster	VB
the	DT
body	NN
's	POS
defenses	NNS
against	IN
cancer	NN
,	,
heart	NN
disease	NN
and	CC
stroke	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
two	CD
extensive	JJ
reviews	NNS
of	IN
research	NN
published	VBN
last	JJ
year	NN
reconfirm	NN
that	IN
a	DT
plant-based	JJ
diet	NN
also	RB
helps	VBZ
people	NNS
manage	VB
their	PRP$
weight	NN
.	.
The	DT
reason	NN
seems	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
relatively	RB
simple	JJ
:	:
Vegetables	NNS
and	CC
fruit	NN
are	VBP
low	JJ
energy-density	NN
foods	NNS
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
,	,
vegetables	NNS
and	CC
fruits	NNS
contain	VBP
a	DT
high	JJ
percentage	NN
of	IN
water	NN
and	CC
fiber	NN
per	IN
ounce	NN
that	WDT
tend	VBP
to	TO
fill	VB
you	PRP
up	RP
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
have	VBP
fewer	JJR
calories	NNS
per	IN
ounce	NN
than	IN
other	JJ
foods	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
they	PRP
tend	VBP
to	TO
satisfy	VB
your	PRP$
appetite	NN
before	IN
you	PRP
've	VBP
consumed	VBN
many	JJ
calories	NNS
.	.
The	DT
revised	VBN
edition	NN
of	IN
AICR	NNP
's	POS
New	NNP
American	NNP
Plate	NNP
brochure	NN
recommends	VBZ
gradually	RB
making	VBG
the	DT
transition	NN
to	TO
a	DT
plate	NN
that	WDT
contains	VBZ
2\/3	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
more	JJR
-RRB-	-RRB-
vegetables	NNS
,	,
fruits	NNS
,	,
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
and	CC
beans	NNS
to	TO
1\/3	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
less	JJR
-RRB-	-RRB-
meat	NN
or	CC
dairy	NN
products	NNS
.	.
Achieving	VBG
this	DT
healthy	JJ
proportion	NN
of	IN
plant	NN
foods	NNS
to	TO
protein	NN
and	CC
fat	JJ
coupled	VBN
with	IN
increased	VBN
physical	JJ
activity	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
first	JJ
step	NN
toward	IN
managing	VBG
your	PRP$
weight	NN
.	.
The	DT
second	JJ
step	NN
,	,
the	DT
brochure	NN
suggests	VBZ
,	,
is	VBZ
gradually	RB
reducing	VBG
portion	NN
size	NN
.	.
The	DT
New	NNP
American	NNP
Plate	NNP
brochure	NN
offers	VBZ
strategies	NNS
for	IN
achieving	VBG
healthy	JJ
proportions	NNS
of	IN
food	NN
on	IN
the	DT
plate	NN
and	CC
for	IN
assessing	VBG
portion	NN
size	NN
.	.
Diagrams	NNS
and	CC
charts	NNS
guide	VBP
the	DT
reader	NN
through	IN
the	DT
transition	NN
from	IN
a	DT
Traditional	JJ
American	JJ
Plate	NN
loaded	VBN
with	IN
fats	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
New	NNP
American	NNP
Plate	NNP
.	.
The	DT
revised	VBN
version	NN
of	IN
the	DT
brochure	NN
contains	VBZ
14	CD
brand	NN
new	JJ
recipes	NNS
that	WDT
help	VBP
in	IN
planning	VBG
such	JJ
healthy	JJ
meals	NNS
.	.
More	RBR
recipes	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
found	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
recipe	NN
corner	NN
and	CC
in	IN
The	DT
New	JJ
American	JJ
Plate	NNP
Cookbook	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
available	JJ
in	IN
bookstores	NNS
in	IN
March	NNP
2005	CD
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
the	DT
revised	VBN
brochure	NN
stresses	VBZ
the	DT
parallel	NN
between	IN
strategies	NNS
that	WDT
prevent	VBP
disease	NN
and	CC
strategies	NNS
that	WDT
prevent	VBP
overweight	JJ
and	CC
obesity	NN
.	.
A	DT
predominantly	RB
plant-based	JJ
diet	NN
,	,
increased	VBD
physical	JJ
activity	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
management	NN
are	VBP
key	JJ
to	TO
reducing	VBG
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
A	DT
predominantly	RB
plant-based	JJ
diet	NN
,	,
physical	JJ
activity	NN
and	CC
reduced	VBN
portion	NN
sizes	NNS
are	VBP
key	JJ
to	TO
reducing	VBG
weight	NN
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
these	DT
two	CD
timely	JJ
studies	NNS
,	,
``	``
energy	NN
density	NN
''	''
is	VBZ
the	DT
key	JJ
concept	NN
to	TO
understanding	VBG
the	DT
efficacy	NN
of	IN
plant	NN
foods	NNS
in	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
weight	VB
loss	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
plant	NN
foods	NNS
are	VBP
high	JJ
in	IN
water	NN
and	CC
fiber	NN
,	,
but	CC
comparatively	RB
low	JJ
in	IN
energy	NN
--	:
or	CC
calories	NNS
.	.
Thus	RB
they	PRP
create	VBP
a	DT
feeling	NN
of	IN
fullness	NN
without	IN
delivering	VBG
the	DT
hefty	JJ
load	NN
of	IN
calories	NNS
delivered	VBN
by	IN
foods	NNS
higher	JJR
in	IN
fat	JJ
.	.
AICR	NNP
is	VBZ
issuing	VBG
this	DT
statement	NN
now	RB
because	IN
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
surveys	NNS
and	CC
articles	NNS
indicate	VBP
that	IN
the	DT
``	``
low-carb	NN
''	''
diet	NN
fad	NN
peaked	VBD
last	JJ
winter	NN
and	CC
has	VBZ
been	VBN
losing	VBG
its	PRP$
following	NN
during	IN
this	DT
past	JJ
summer	NN
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
a	DT
study	NN
published	VBN
by	IN
NPD	NNP
Group	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
,	,
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
Americans	NNPS
following	VBG
``	``
low-carb	JJ
''	''
diets	NNS
hit	VBD
a	DT
high	JJ
of	IN
9	CD
percent	NN
in	IN
February	NNP
2004	CD
and	CC
then	RB
fell	VBD
to	TO
6	CD
percent	NN
by	IN
June	NNP
.	.
Another	DT
survey	NN
conducted	VBN
by	IN
InsightExpress	NNP
Inc.	NNP
indicates	VBZ
that	IN
half	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Americans	NNPS
who	WP
have	VBP
tried	VBN
``	``
low-carb	NN
''	''
diets	NNS
have	VBP
given	VBN
them	PRP
up	RP
.	.
The	DT
same	JJ
study	NN
shows	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
trying	VBG
them	PRP
for	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
time	NN
is	VBZ
shrinking	VBG
.	.
Even	RB
the	DT
Grocery	NNP
Manufacturers	NNP
of	IN
America	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
represents	VBZ
many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
food	NN
processors	NNS
who	WP
tried	VBD
to	TO
cash	VB
in	RP
on	IN
the	DT
fad	NN
with	IN
new	JJ
``	``
low-carb	NN
''	''
products	NNS
,	,
sees	VBZ
interest	NN
in	IN
these	DT
items	NNS
fizzling	VBG
out	RP
.	.
``	``
Both	DT
anecdote	NN
and	CC
statistics	NNS
indicate	VBP
that	IN
`	``
low-carb	NN
'	''
items	NNS
are	VBP
n't	RB
drawing	VBG
the	DT
way	NN
they	PRP
used	VBD
to	TO
,	,
''	''
spokesman	NN
Michael	NNP
E.	NNP
Diegel	NNP
says	VBZ
.	.
Most	JJS
Americans	NNPS
simply	RB
rejected	VBD
``	``
low-carb	JJ
''	''
diets	NNS
.	.
Others	NNS
found	VBD
that	IN
they	PRP
did	VBD
n't	RB
work	VB
for	IN
them	PRP
.	.
Still	RB
others	NNS
lost	VBD
weight	NN
on	IN
them	PRP
,	,
but	CC
gave	VBD
them	PRP
up	RP
because	IN
they	PRP
were	VBD
too	RB
restrictive	JJ
or	CC
caused	VBN
side	NN
effects	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
irritability	NN
,	,
sleeplessness	NN
,	,
or	CC
digestive	JJ
disorders	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
the	DT
mid-eighties	NNS
,	,
research	NN
results	NNS
have	VBP
accumulated	VBN
suggesting	VBG
that	IN
consumption	NN
of	IN
vegetables	NNS
and	CC
fruits	NNS
is	VBZ
a	DT
useful	JJ
tool	NN
for	IN
weight	NN
management	NN
.	.
These	DT
studies	NNS
have	VBP
fallen	VBN
into	IN
three	CD
categories	NNS
:	:
short	JJ
term	NN
trials	NNS
that	WDT
provide	VBP
meals	NNS
to	TO
subjects	NNS
,	,
long	JJ
term	NN
trials	NNS
that	WDT
provide	VBP
meals	NNS
and	CC
trials	NNS
that	WDT
simply	RB
offer	VBP
dietary	JJ
advice	NN
to	TO
subjects	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
category	NN
,	,
researchers	NNS
measure	VB
what	WP
happens	VBZ
when	WRB
scientists	NNS
provide	VBP
meals	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
group	NN
of	IN
subjects	NNS
,	,
but	CC
secretly	RB
change	VB
the	DT
percentage	NN
of	IN
fat	JJ
and	CC
complex	JJ
or	CC
unrefined	JJ
carbohydrates	NNS
in	IN
those	DT
meals	NNS
.	.
In	IN
such	JJ
studies	NNS
,	,
some	DT
subjects	NNS
eat	VBP
meals	NNS
high	JJ
in	IN
fat	JJ
and	CC
low	JJ
in	IN
complex	JJ
carbohydrates	NNS
--	:
that	DT
is	VBZ
energy	NN
dense	JJ
meals	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
packed	VBN
with	IN
fat	JJ
and	CC
calories	NNS
and	CC
low	JJ
in	IN
fiber	NN
and	CC
water	NN
.	.
Others	NNS
eat	VBP
meals	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
low	JJ
in	IN
fat	JJ
and	CC
high	JJ
in	IN
complex	JJ
carbohydrates	NNS
--	:
that	DT
is	VBZ
,	,
filled	VBN
with	IN
fiber	NN
and	CC
water	NN
that	WDT
dilute	VBP
their	PRP$
energy	NN
density	NN
.	.
Researchers	NNP
observed	VBD
that	IN
it	PRP
was	VBD
simply	RB
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
food	NN
eaten	VBN
by	IN
subjects	NNS
that	WDT
determined	VBD
how	WRB
full	JJ
they	PRP
felt	VBD
and	CC
how	WRB
long	RB
they	PRP
stayed	VBD
full	JJ
.	.
More	RBR
significantly	RB
,	,
even	RB
though	IN
they	PRP
felt	VBD
the	DT
same	JJ
degree	NN
of	IN
fullness	NN
,	,
subjects	NNS
who	WP
ate	VBD
a	DT
given	VBN
amount	NN
of	IN
energy-dense	NN
,	,
high-fat	JJ
meals	NNS
ended	VBD
up	RP
consuming	NN
more	RBR
calories	NNS
than	IN
subjects	NNS
who	WP
ate	VBD
the	DT
same	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
low-energy	JJ
dense	JJ
,	,
high-carbohydrate	JJ
meals	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
it	PRP
was	VBD
demonstrated	VBN
that	IN
simple	JJ
adjustments	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
fat-to-carbohydrate	JJ
ratio	NN
of	IN
meals	NNS
could	MD
have	VB
such	JJ
a	DT
clear	JJ
impact	NN
on	IN
total	JJ
caloric	JJ
intake	NN
,	,
researchers	NNS
began	VBD
wondering	VBG
if	IN
making	VBG
such	JJ
adjustments	NNS
over	IN
a	DT
longer	JJR
period	NN
of	IN
time	NN
could	MD
have	VB
measurable	JJ
effect	NN
on	IN
weight	NN
loss	NN
.	.
This	DT
possibility	NN
was	VBD
investigated	VBN
in	IN
two	CD
long-term	JJ
clinical	JJ
studies	NNS
that	WDT
provided	VBD
meals	NNS
to	TO
small	JJ
groups	NNS
of	IN
overweight	JJ
subjects	NNS
over	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
three	CD
weeks	NNS
.	.
Subjects	NNS
ate	VBD
meals	NNS
that	WDT
were	VBD
much	RB
higher	JJR
in	IN
vegetables	NNS
and	CC
fruits	NNS
and	CC
lower	JJR
in	IN
fat	JJ
than	IN
their	PRP$
habitual	JJ
diet	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
both	DT
trials	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
showed	VBD
significant	JJ
weight	NN
loss	NN
--	:
in	IN
one	CD
trial	NN
an	DT
average	NN
of	IN
17.2	CD
pounds	NNS
.	.
Results	NNS
are	VBP
not	RB
as	IN
pronounced	VBN
in	IN
studies	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
subjects	NNS
are	VBP
merely	RB
advised	VBN
to	TO
make	VB
healthy	JJ
adjustments	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
energy	NN
density	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
meals	NNS
.	.
These	DT
trials	NNS
tend	VBP
to	TO
last	VB
for	IN
years	NNS
instead	RB
of	IN
weeks	NNS
and	CC
involve	VB
larger	JJR
numbers	NNS
of	IN
subjects	NNS
.	.
Yet	RB
average	JJ
weight	NN
loss	NN
for	IN
such	JJ
trials	NNS
is	VBZ
8	CD
or	CC
9	CD
pounds	NNS
.	.
This	DT
relatively	RB
weak	JJ
result	NN
may	MD
be	VB
due	JJ
to	TO
complicating	VBG
factors	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
difficult	JJ
for	IN
scientists	NNS
to	TO
control	VB
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
many	JJ
emotional	JJ
and	CC
psychological	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
eating	NN
.	.
There	EX
are	VBP
also	RB
many	JJ
methodological	JJ
differences	NNS
among	IN
these	DT
studies	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
trials	NNS
advise	VBP
subjects	NNS
to	TO
increase	VB
vegetable	NN
and	CC
fruit	NN
consumption	NN
without	IN
telling	VBG
them	PRP
to	TO
make	VB
other	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
their	PRP$
diet	NN
.	.
Some	DT
instruct	NN
subjects	NNS
only	RB
to	TO
lower	JJR
consumption	NN
of	IN
fat	JJ
,	,
and	CC
still	RB
others	NNS
combine	VBP
these	DT
and	CC
other	JJ
recommendations	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
not	RB
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
published	VBN
clinical	JJ
trials	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
asked	VBN
subjects	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
such	JJ
healthy	JJ
adjustment	NN
to	TO
their	PRP$
diets	NNS
specifically	RB
studied	VBD
weight	NN
loss	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
were	VBD
devised	VBN
to	TO
track	VB
cholesterol	NN
levels	NNS
or	CC
blood	NN
pressure	NN
.	.
In	IN
these	DT
trials	NNS
,	,
weight	NN
loss	NN
tended	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
lower	JJR
.	.
In	IN
regard	NN
to	TO
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
complex	JJ
carbohydrates	NNS
in	IN
weight	NN
management	NN
,	,
a	DT
large	JJ
body	NN
of	IN
research	NN
studies	NNS
with	IN
different	JJ
designs	NNS
and	CC
varying	VBG
results	NNS
has	VBZ
accumulated	VBN
.	.
In	IN
such	JJ
cases	NNS
,	,
scientists	NNS
resort	VBP
to	TO
a	DT
review	NN
procedure	NN
that	WDT
weighs	VBZ
and	CC
assesses	VBZ
the	DT
evidence	NN
to	TO
draw	VB
conclusions	NNS
.	.
Two	CD
such	JJ
reviews	NNS
were	VBD
published	VBN
in	IN
2004	CD
.	.
Dr.	NNP
B.A.	NNP
Swinburn	NNP
and	CC
his	PRP$
colleagues	NNS
reviewed	VBN
more	JJR
than	IN
200	CD
studies	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
causes	NNS
of	IN
obesity	NN
and	CC
strategies	NNS
to	TO
reduce	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Seventy	CD
of	IN
these	DT
studies	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
foods	NNS
high	JJ
in	IN
fiber	NN
and	CC
foods	NNS
high	JJ
in	IN
fat	JJ
.	.
Careful	JJ
evaluation	NN
of	IN
these	DT
studies	NNS
led	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
conclusion	NN
that	WDT
high	JJ
intake	NN
of	IN
foods	NNS
with	IN
fiber	NN
is	VBZ
protective	JJ
against	IN
obesity	NN
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
these	DT
reviews	NNS
and	CC
statements	NNS
,	,
AICR	NNP
will	MD
reaffirm	VB
in	IN
all	DT
its	PRP$
educational	JJ
materials	NNS
and	CC
programs	NNS
the	DT
efficacy	NN
of	IN
substituting	VBG
complex	JJ
carbohydrates	NNS
for	IN
more	JJR
energy	NN
dense	JJ
foods	NNS
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
reduce	VB
weight	NN
.	.
The	DT
strategy	NN
is	VBZ
viewed	VBN
as	IN
one	CD
of	IN
several	JJ
effective	JJ
tools	NNS
to	TO
fight	VB
overweight	JJ
and	CC
obesity	NN
.	.
Making	VBG
Complex	JJ
Carbohydrates	NNPS
Work	NNP
for	IN
YouBesides	NNPS
confirming	VBG
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
vegetables	NNS
and	CC
fruits	NNS
in	IN
weight	NN
management	NN
,	,
the	DT
research	NN
also	RB
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
outside	NN
of	IN
a	DT
controlled	JJ
scientific	JJ
situation	NN
it	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
difficult	JJ
for	IN
people	NNS
to	TO
consistently	RB
increase	VB
consumption	NN
of	IN
plant	NN
foods	NNS
.	.
Traditional	JJ
eating	NN
patterns	NNS
,	,
restaurant	NN
and	CC
fast	JJ
food	NN
offerings	NNS
and	CC
mainstream	JJ
food	NN
marketing	NN
tend	VBP
to	TO
favor	VB
diets	NNS
high	JJ
in	IN
meat	NN
,	,
dairy	NN
and	CC
fat-ladenpastry	NN
over	IN
vegetables	NNS
,	,
fruits	NNS
,	,
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
and	CC
beans	NNS
.	.
A	DT
strategy	NN
recommended	VBN
by	IN
AICR	NNP
involves	VBZ
focusing	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
proportion	NN
of	IN
foods	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
plate	NN
meal	NN
by	IN
meal	NN
.	.
A	DT
good	JJ
rule	NN
of	IN
thumb	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
fill	VB
your	PRP$
plate	NN
2\/3	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
more	JJR
-RRB-	-RRB-
with	IN
vegetables	NNS
,	,
fruits	NNS
,	,
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
and	CC
beans	NNS
and	CC
1\/3	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
less	JJR
-RRB-	-RRB-
animal	NN
protein	NN
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
Polk	NNP
that	WDT
might	MD
mean	VB
serving	VBG
yourself	PRP
two	CD
vegetables	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
whole	JJ
grain	NN
like	IN
brown	JJ
rice	NN
or	CC
kasha	NN
and	CC
reducing	VBG
the	DT
size	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
energy-dense	JJ
meat	NN
dish	NN
to	TO
make	VB
room	NN
for	IN
the	DT
plant	NN
foods	NNS
.	.
Or	CC
it	PRP
could	MD
mean	VB
preparing	VBG
a	DT
one-pot	JJ
meal	NN
--	:
stew	NN
,	,
stir	VB
fry	NN
,	,
casserole	NN
,	,
or	CC
dinner	NN
salad	NN
--	:
that	DT
is	VBZ
2\/3	CD
vegetables	NNS
and	CC
grains	NNS
and	CC
1\/3	CD
meat	NN
,	,
poultry	NN
,	,
or	CC
fish	NN
.	.
The	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
AICR	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
the	DT
nation	NN
's	POS
third	JJ
largest	JJS
cancer	NN
charity	NN
,	,
focusing	VBG
exclusively	RB
on	IN
the	DT
link	NN
between	IN
diet	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
.	.
The	DT
Institute	NNP
provides	VBZ
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
education	NN
programs	NNS
that	WDT
help	VBP
millions	NNS
of	IN
Americans	NNPS
learn	VBP
to	TO
make	VB
dietary	JJ
changes	NNS
for	IN
lower	JJR
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
also	RB
supports	VBZ
innovative	JJ
research	NN
in	IN
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
at	IN
universities	NNS
,	,
hospitals	NNS
and	CC
research	NN
centers	NNS
across	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
The	NNP
Institute	NNP
has	VBZ
provided	VBN
over	RP
$	$
68	CD
million	CD
in	IN
funding	NN
for	IN
research	NN
in	IN
diet	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
's	POS
Web	NNP
address	NN
is	VBZ
www.aicr.org	JJ
.	.
AICR	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
member	NN
of	IN
the	DT
World	NNP
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
Fund	NNP
International	NNP
.	.
For	IN
example	NN
,	,
an	DT
epidemiological	JJ
study	NN
might	MD
investigate	VB
how	WRB
diet	NN
affects	VBZ
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
in	IN
African-American	JJ
women	NNS
who	WP
live	VBP
in	IN
rural	JJ
areas	NNS
.	.
These	DT
studies	NNS
are	VBP
observational	JJ
:	:
scientists	NNS
watch	VBP
what	WP
's	VBZ
going	VBG
on	RP
,	,
but	CC
they	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
try	VB
to	TO
change	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Strong	JJ
evidence	NN
can	MD
and	CC
does	VBZ
arise	VB
from	IN
epidemiological	JJ
studies	NNS
,	,
but	CC
remember	VBP
:	:
detectives	NNS
ca	MD
n't	RB
build	VB
an	DT
ironclad	JJ
case	NN
out	IN
of	IN
circumstantial	JJ
evidence	NN
alone	RB
.	.
Quick	NNP
:	:
list	NN
the	DT
kinds	NNS
of	IN
foods	NNS
you	PRP
ate	VBD
most	RBS
often	RB
ten	CD
years	NNS
ago	RB
.	.
Like	IN
eyewitness	NN
testimony	NN
in	IN
a	DT
courtroom	NN
,	,
case-control	JJ
studies	NNS
depend	VBP
on	IN
our	PRP$
unreliable	JJ
memories	NNS
.	.
In	IN
case-control	JJ
studies	NNS
,	,
cases	NNS
and	CC
controls	NNS
may	MD
remember	VB
their	PRP$
past	JJ
diets	NNS
differently	RB
.	.
Some	DT
new	JJ
scientific	JJ
developments	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
biomarkers	NNS
of	IN
dietary	JJ
intake	NN
act	NN
like	IN
fingerprints	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
foods	NNS
we	PRP
eat	VBP
regularly	RB
,	,
can	MD
help	VB
to	TO
avoid	VB
this	DT
problem	NN
.	.
Just	RB
as	IN
forensic	JJ
scientists	NNS
use	VBP
advanced	JJ
crime	NN
labs	NNS
to	TO
sift	VB
through	IN
the	DT
many	JJ
confusing	JJ
clues	NNS
found	VBD
at	IN
crime	NN
scenes	NNS
,	,
cancer	NN
researchers	NNS
also	RB
examine	VBP
complex	JJ
dietary	JJ
evidence	NN
in	IN
controlled	JJ
laboratory	NN
environments	NNS
.	.
Laboratory	NNP
studies	NNS
involve	VBP
more	JJR
than	IN
observing	VBG
and	CC
gathering	VBG
data	NNS
.	.
Scientists	NNS
make	VBP
small	JJ
,	,
defined	VBN
changes	NNS
in	IN
one	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
sets	NNS
of	IN
test	NN
subjects	NNS
-	:
animals	NNS
,	,
cells	NNS
or	CC
tissues	NNS
.	.
Then	RB
they	PRP
compare	VBP
the	DT
various	JJ
outcomes	NNS
.	.
An	DT
epidemiological	JJ
study	NN
can	MD
suggest	VB
that	IN
eating	VBG
green	JJ
beans	NNS
protects	VBZ
against	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
But	CC
that	DT
's	VBZ
only	RB
an	DT
association	NN
.	.
With	IN
in	IN
vitro	NN
studies	NNS
,	,
scientists	NNS
can	MD
look	VB
at	IN
the	DT
chain	NN
of	IN
events	NNS
that	WDT
happens	VBZ
when	WRB
nutrients	NNS
and	CC
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
meet	VBP
.	.
Put	VB
those	DT
two	CD
types	NNS
of	IN
studies	NNS
together	RB
,	,
and	CC
you	PRP
're	VBP
closer	JJR
to	TO
solving	VBG
the	DT
mystery	NN
than	IN
with	IN
either	DT
type	NN
of	IN
study	NN
alone	RB
.	.
Strengths	NNS
of	IN
In	IN
Vitro	NNP
StudiesIn	NNP
vitro	NN
studies	NNS
are	VBP
tightly	RB
focused	VBN
,	,
which	WDT
means	VBZ
that	IN
scientists	NNS
can	MD
control	VB
for	IN
many	JJ
confounding	VBG
variables	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
an	DT
in	IN
vitro	NN
study	NN
finds	VBZ
a	DT
``	``
suspect	JJ
''	''
-	:
a	DT
biological	JJ
mechanism	NN
that	WDT
might	MD
protect	VB
against	IN
or	CC
add	VB
to	TO
your	PRP$
risk	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
they	PRP
can	MD
then	RB
easily	RB
test	VB
their	PRP$
suspicions	NNS
in	IN
an	DT
animal	NN
model	NN
.	.
In	IN
vitro	NN
studies	NNS
ca	MD
n't	RB
tell	VB
us	PRP
if	IN
an	DT
anti-cancer	JJ
effect	NN
that	WDT
happens	VBZ
at	IN
the	DT
cell	NN
level	NN
also	RB
occurs	VBZ
in	IN
the	DT
``	``
real	JJ
world	NN
''	''
of	IN
the	DT
complex	JJ
human	JJ
body	NN
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
ca	MD
n't	RB
tell	VB
us	PRP
how	WRB
much	RB
we	PRP
might	MD
have	VB
to	TO
eat	VB
to	TO
reap	VB
anti-cancer	JJ
benefits	NNS
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
can	MD
only	RB
involve	VB
food	NN
components	NNS
,	,
not	RB
whole	JJ
foods	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
feed	VB
a	DT
cell	NN
an	DT
apple	NN
.	.
In	IN
vivo	JJ
studies	NNS
put	VBP
diets	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
test	NN
in	IN
complex	JJ
living	NN
organisms	NNS
.	.
If	IN
cell	NN
or	CC
tissue	NN
studies	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
in	IN
vitro	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
provide	VBP
evidence	NN
that	IN
nutrient	NN
X	NNP
protects	VBZ
against	IN
cancer	NN
,	,
an	DT
in	IN
vivo	NN
study	NN
can	MD
give	VB
researchers	NNS
the	DT
next	JJ
clue	NN
.	.
Testing	NNP
diets	NNS
in	IN
animal	NN
models	NNS
allows	VBZ
scientists	NNS
much	RB
stricter	JJR
control	NN
than	IN
with	IN
humans	NNS
.	.
Unless	IN
they	PRP
lock	VBP
you	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
lab	NN
,	,
you	PRP
're	VBP
probably	RB
going	VBG
to	TO
eat	VB
those	DT
Oreos	NNP
,	,
but	CC
a	DT
mouse	NN
eats	VBZ
what	WP
he	PRP
's	VBZ
fed	VBN
-	:
so	RB
researchers	NNS
know	VBP
exactly	RB
what	WP
's	VBZ
going	VBG
in	IN
and	CC
what	WP
's	VBZ
going	VBG
out	RP
.	.
Humans	NNS
are	VBP
n't	RB
mice	NNS
.	.
While	IN
a	DT
surprising	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
biological	JJ
processes	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
similar	JJ
-	:
especially	RB
the	DT
cancer	NN
process	NN
-	:
many	JJ
things	NNS
that	WDT
happen	VBP
in	IN
mice	NNS
do	VBP
n't	RB
happen	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
way	NN
in	IN
humans	NNS
,	,
and	CC
vice	NN
versa	RB
.	.
In	IN
controlled	JJ
trials	NNS
,	,
scientists	NNS
do	VBP
n't	RB
just	RB
observe	VB
what	WP
happens	VBZ
to	TO
study	VB
subjects	NNS
as	IN
they	PRP
eat	VBP
what	WP
they	PRP
would	MD
usually	RB
eat	VB
.	.
They	PRP
make	VBP
specific	JJ
changes	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
participants	NNS
'	POS
diets	NNS
to	TO
see	VB
how	WRB
those	DT
changes	NNS
affect	VBP
them	PRP
.	.
One	CD
group	NN
of	IN
study	NN
participants	NNS
,	,
the	DT
``	``
intervention	NN
group	NN
''	''
,	,
consumes	VBZ
foods	NNS
or	CC
nutrients	NNS
scientists	NNS
think	VBP
may	MD
protect	VB
against	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
Other	JJ
participants	NNS
,	,
the	DT
``	``
control	NN
group	NN
,	,
''	''
get	VB
a	DT
different	JJ
``	``
food	NN
prescription	NN
''	''
-	:
often	RB
just	RB
a	DT
placebo	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
controlled	JJ
trials	NNS
are	VBP
randomized	VBN
and	CC
double-blind	JJ
.	.
``	``
Randomized	VBN
''	''
means	VBZ
that	DT
study	NN
subjects	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
two	CD
groups	NNS
do	VBP
n't	RB
differ	VB
in	IN
any	DT
major	JJ
way	NN
other	JJ
than	IN
in	IN
what	WP
they	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
asked	VBN
to	TO
eat	VB
,	,
so	IN
the	DT
results	NNS
are	VBP
n't	RB
affected	VBN
by	IN
unrelated	JJ
things	NNS
.	.
``	``
Double-blind	JJ
''	''
means	VBZ
that	IN
neither	CC
the	DT
scientists	NNS
nor	CC
the	DT
people	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
study	NN
know	VBP
who	WP
's	VBZ
in	IN
which	WDT
group	NN
.	.
Controlled	VBN
trials	NNS
are	VBP
often	RB
called	VBN
the	DT
scientific	JJ
``	``
gold	JJ
standard	NN
.	.
''	''
This	DT
can	MD
be	VB
true	JJ
in	IN
many	JJ
situations	NNS
,	,
but	CC
for	IN
unraveling	VBG
the	DT
mystery	NN
of	IN
linkages	NNS
between	IN
diet	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
,	,
this	DT
investigation	NN
method	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
perfect	JJ
.	.
Meta-analysis	NN
is	VBZ
all	DT
about	IN
putting	VBG
the	DT
different	JJ
pieces	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
case	NN
together	RB
in	IN
a	DT
scientific	JJ
way	NN
.	.
It	PRP
combines	VBZ
the	DT
findings	NNS
of	IN
many	JJ
different	JJ
studies	NNS
using	VBG
statistical	JJ
methods	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
offer	VBP
a	DT
real	JJ
,	,
quantifiable	JJ
sense	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
the	DT
evidence	NN
is	VBZ
building	VBG
.	.
Cumulative	JJ
evidence	NN
is	VBZ
another	DT
way	NN
of	IN
looking	VBG
at	IN
the	DT
big	JJ
picture	NN
.	.
Rather	RB
than	IN
using	VBG
a	DT
complex	JJ
mathematical	JJ
model	NN
,	,
though	RB
,	,
cumulative	JJ
evidence	NN
simply	RB
means	VBZ
stacking	VBG
up	RP
all	PDT
the	DT
related	JJ
studies	NNS
and	CC
figuring	VBG
out	RP
what	WP
they	PRP
say	VBP
overall	JJ
.	.
Think	VB
of	IN
our	PRP$
fictional	JJ
detective	NN
looking	VBG
at	IN
fingerprints	NNS
,	,
eyewitness	NN
testimony	NN
,	,
DNA	NNP
evidence	NN
,	,
and	CC
circumstantial	JJ
evidence	NN
,	,
and	CC
putting	VBG
them	PRP
all	DT
together	RB
to	TO
see	VB
what	WP
kind	NN
of	IN
case	NN
they	PRP
form	VBP
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
food	NN
processor	NN
,	,
combine	VBP
the	DT
whole	JJ
wheat	NN
flour	NN
,	,
all-purpose	JJ
flour	NN
,	,
sugar	NN
,	,
and	CC
salt	NN
.	.
Pulse	NN
for	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
seconds	NNS
to	TO
combine	VB
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
The	DT
dough	NN
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
made	VBN
by	IN
hand	NN
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
medium	NN
bowl	NN
,	,
mix	NN
the	DT
dry	JJ
ingredients	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
spoon	NN
,	,
then	RB
use	VB
a	DT
fork	NN
or	CC
pastry	NN
blender	NN
to	TO
mix	VB
in	IN
the	DT
remaining	VBG
ingredients	NNS
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
Add	VB
the	DT
butter	NN
and	CC
canola	NN
oil	NN
.	.
Pulse	NN
again	RB
until	IN
the	DT
ingredients	NNS
are	VBP
well	RB
combined	VBN
and	CC
the	DT
mixture	NN
resembles	VBZ
crumbs	NNS
.	.
With	IN
the	DT
food	NN
processor	NN
running	VBG
,	,
add	VB
the	DT
ice	NN
water	NN
,	,
beginning	VBG
with	IN
1	CD
tablespoon	NN
and	CC
adding	VBG
more	RBR
,	,
one	CD
teaspoon	NN
at	IN
a	DT
time	NN
,	,
until	IN
the	DT
dough	NN
starts	VBZ
to	TO
come	VB
together	RB
.	.
Gather	VB
the	DT
dough	NN
into	IN
a	DT
ball	NN
and	CC
let	VB
it	PRP
rest	VB
for	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
minutes	NNS
.	.
Lightly	RB
flour	VBP
a	DT
sheet	NN
of	IN
waxed	VBN
paper	NN
large	JJ
enough	JJ
to	TO
roll	VB
out	RP
the	DT
dough	NN
.	.
Press	NNP
the	DT
dough	NN
into	IN
a	DT
flattened	VBN
disk	NN
.	.
Cover	NNP
the	DT
dough	NN
with	IN
another	DT
sheet	NN
of	IN
floured	JJ
waxed	VBN
paper	NN
.	.
Using	VBG
a	DT
rolling	VBG
pin	NN
,	,
roll	VBP
the	DT
dough	NN
out	RP
into	IN
a	DT
12-inch	JJ
circle	NN
.	.
Remove	VB
the	DT
top	JJ
sheet	NN
of	IN
waxed	VBN
paper	NN
.	.
Lift	VB
the	DT
bottom	JJ
sheet	NN
and	CC
turn	VB
it	PRP
over	IN
a	DT
9-inch	JJ
pie	NN
plate	NN
so	IN
that	IN
the	DT
dough	NN
falls	VBZ
into	IN
the	DT
pan	VB
.	.
Peel	NNP
away	RB
the	DT
waxed	VBN
paper	NN
and	CC
gently	RB
press	VB
the	DT
dough	NN
into	IN
the	DT
pan	VB
,	,
starting	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
bottom	NN
,	,
then	RB
the	DT
sides	NNS
,	,
pressing	VBG
out	RP
any	DT
visible	JJ
air	NN
bubbles	NNS
.	.
On	IN
2	CD
plates	NNS
,	,
divide	VBP
orange	JJ
slices	NNS
.	.
In	IN
small	JJ
bowl	NN
,	,
combine	VBP
orange	JJ
juice	NN
,	,
ginger	NN
,	,
honey	NN
and	CC
cinnamon	NN
.	.
Drizzle	NN
mixture	NN
over	IN
orange	JJ
slices	NNS
,	,
sprinkle	VBP
even	RB
amounts	NNS
of	IN
almonds	NNS
over	IN
each	DT
serving	VBG
and	CC
garnish	NN
with	IN
2	CD
ginger	NN
snaps	VBZ
per	IN
plate	NN
.	.
In	IN
small	JJ
bowl	NN
,	,
whisk	VBP
together	RB
lime	JJ
juice	NN
,	,
oil	NN
and	CC
mustard	NN
.	.
In	IN
salad	NN
bowl	NN
,	,
place	NN
arugula	NN
and	CC
pears	NNS
.	.
Toss	VB
with	IN
just	RB
enough	JJ
dressing	VBG
to	TO
coat	NN
.	.
Season	NN
to	TO
taste	VB
with	IN
salt	NN
and	CC
pepper	NN
.	.
Sprinkle	JJ
with	IN
feta	JJ
,	,
pecans	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
if	IN
using	VBG
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
pomegranate	JJ
seeds	NNS
,	,
and	CC
serve	VB
.	.
Or	CC
line	NN
salad	NN
plates	NNS
with	IN
lettuce	NN
leaves	NNS
and	CC
mound	NN
the	DT
salad	NN
in	IN
center	NN
of	IN
each	DT
.	.
This	DT
Nutrition	NNP
Facts	NNP
label	NN
is	VBZ
for	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
brand	NN
of	IN
macaroni	NNS
and	CC
cheese	NN
.	.
It	PRP
would	MD
normally	RB
appear	VB
on	IN
the	DT
back	NN
of	IN
the	DT
package	NN
.	.
The	DT
numbers	NNS
and	CC
percentages	NNS
on	IN
it	PRP
are	VBP
significant	JJ
.	.
They	PRP
tell	VBP
you	PRP
whether	IN
this	DT
brand	NN
of	IN
macaroni	NNS
and	CC
cheese	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
good	JJ
food	NN
choice	NN
for	IN
you	PRP
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
overall	JJ
diet	NN
on	IN
any	DT
given	VBN
day	NN
.	.
The	DT
Guide	NNP
shows	VBZ
you	PRP
how	WRB
to	TO
compare	VB
numbers	NNS
on	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
label	NN
and	CC
then	RB
how	WRB
to	TO
compare	VB
corresponding	JJ
numbers	NNS
between	IN
labels	NNS
.	.
These	DT
comparisons	NNS
enable	VBP
you	PRP
to	TO
make	VB
informed	JJ
food	NN
choices	NNS
for	IN
better	JJR
health	NN
.	.
In	IN
Conclusion	NN
...	:
During	IN
her	PRP$
lifetime	NN
,	,
Ada	NNP
Magnusson	NNP
carefully	RB
invested	VBD
her	PRP$
money	NN
so	IN
that	IN
,	,
over	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
grew	VBD
substantially	RB
.	.
She	PRP
felt	VBD
so	RB
strongly	RB
about	IN
supporting	VBG
the	DT
fight	NN
against	IN
cancer	NN
that	IN
she	PRP
named	VBD
AICR	NNP
in	IN
her	PRP$
will	NN
.	.
Ada	NNP
had	VBD
a	DT
real	JJ
interest	NN
in	IN
supporting	VBG
cancer	NN
research	NN
,	,
so	IN
she	PRP
called	VBD
us	PRP
for	IN
information	NN
about	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
restrict	VB
her	PRP$
bequest	NN
to	TO
cancer	NN
research	NN
.	.
We	PRP
provided	VBD
her	PRP
with	IN
the	DT
necessary	JJ
language	NN
,	,
which	WDT
she	PRP
used	VBD
in	IN
her	PRP$
will	NN
.	.
Sadly	RB
,	,
Ada	NNP
Magnusson	NNP
recently	RB
died	VBD
of	IN
pancreatic	JJ
cancer	NN
.	.
As	IN
she	PRP
had	VBD
specified	VBN
in	IN
her	PRP$
will	NN
,	,
her	PRP$
bequest	NN
to	TO
AICR	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
totaled	VBD
over	IN
one	CD
million	CD
dollars	NNS
,	,
has	VBZ
been	VBN
put	VBN
into	IN
a	DT
special	JJ
fund	NN
the	DT
AICR	NNP
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
Fund	NNP
that	WDT
will	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
only	RB
for	IN
cancer	NN
research	NN
.	.
We	PRP
are	VBP
grateful	JJ
to	TO
Ada	NNP
for	IN
her	PRP$
thoughtful	JJ
,	,
generous	JJ
and	CC
lasting	JJ
gift	NN
.	.
The	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
a	DT
loved	VBN
one	CD
to	TO
cancer	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
devastating	JJ
blow	NN
,	,
but	CC
AICR	NNP
supporter	NN
Clyde	NNP
Johnston	NNP
found	VBD
a	DT
positive	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
work	VB
through	IN
his	PRP$
grief	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
hopes	NNS
that	WDT
others	NNS
would	MD
not	RB
have	VB
to	TO
go	VB
through	IN
what	WP
his	PRP$
wife	NN
Regina	NNP
endured	VBD
,	,
and	CC
after	IN
several	JJ
heartfelt	JJ
conversations	NNS
with	IN
AICR	NNP
staff	NN
and	CC
with	IN
his	PRP$
family	NN
,	,
Clyde	NNP
decided	VBD
to	TO
establish	VB
a	DT
special	JJ
endowment	NN
to	TO
fund	NN
cancer	NN
research	NN
in	IN
memory	NN
and	CC
honor	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
wife	NN
.	.
Like	IN
most	JJS
donors	NNS
to	TO
AICR	NNP
,	,
Herbert	NNP
and	CC
Virginia	NNP
Baumgartner	NNP
make	VBP
gifts	NNS
to	TO
continue	VB
funding	VBG
lifesaving	VBG
cancer	NN
research	NN
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
give	VBP
because	IN
we	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
make	VB
cancer	NN
a	DT
disease	NN
that	WDT
does	VBZ
n't	RB
happen	VB
to	TO
other	JJ
people	NNS
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Virginia	NNP
.	.
Over	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
,	,
Herbert	NNP
and	CC
Virginia	NNP
have	VBP
been	VBN
successful	JJ
with	IN
their	PRP$
investments	NNS
,	,
especially	RB
with	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
mutual	JJ
fund	NN
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
taxes	NNS
that	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
due	JJ
on	IN
this	DT
profitable	JJ
fund	NN
,	,
they	PRP
were	VBD
looking	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
charitable	JJ
plan	NN
which	WDT
could	MD
avoid	VB
capital	NN
gains	NNS
taxes	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
fund	NN
's	POS
growth	NN
.	.
That	DT
's	VBZ
when	WRB
they	PRP
discovered	VBD
the	DT
Cancer	NN
Fighters	NNS
Annuity	NNP
Program	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
took	VBD
them	PRP
by	IN
surprise	NN
when	WRB
they	PRP
realized	VBD
all	PDT
the	DT
advantages	NNS
this	DT
program	NN
offers	VBZ
.	.
Gifts	NNS
of	IN
appreciated	VBN
assets	NNS
in	IN
exchange	NN
for	IN
a	DT
Cancer	NN
Fighters	NNS
Annuity	NNP
avoid	VB
capital	NN
gains	NNS
and	CC
provide	VB
a	DT
guaranteed	VBN
and	CC
stable	JJ
income	NN
for	IN
life	NN
a	DT
portion	NN
of	IN
which	WDT
is	VBZ
free	JJ
of	IN
income	NN
taxes	NNS
.	.
Quarterly	JJ
payments	NNS
are	VBP
wired	VBN
directly	RB
to	TO
the	DT
Baumgartner	NNP
's	POS
credit	NN
union	NN
account	NN
and	CC
when	WRB
they	PRP
receive	VBP
their	PRP$
statement	NN
,	,
``	``
It	PRP
's	VBZ
like	IN
a	DT
nice	JJ
present	JJ
!	.
''	''
says	VBZ
Virginia	NNP
.	.
When	WRB
Rosalyn	NNP
Belliveau	NNP
was	VBD
a	DT
young	JJ
girl	NN
,	,
she	PRP
was	VBD
deeply	RB
affected	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
loss	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
grandmother	NN
,	,
and	CC
then	RB
her	PRP$
mother	NN
,	,
to	TO
cancer	NN
.	.
Her	PRP$
feeling	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
``	``
cancer	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
widest	JJS
killers	NNS
and	CC
research	NN
has	VBZ
to	TO
find	VB
more	JJR
ways	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
more	JJR
people	NNS
.	.
''	''
She	PRP
believes	VBZ
charitable	JJ
giving	VBG
is	VBZ
a	DT
personal	JJ
choice	NN
for	IN
everyone	NN
and	CC
since	IN
cancer	NN
affects	VBZ
so	RB
many	JJ
people	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
,	,
her	PRP$
choice	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
give	VB
to	TO
AICR	NNP
's	POS
Monthly	JJ
Donor	NNP
Program	NNP
.	.
In	IN
1999	CD
Debbie	NNP
Olivier	NNP
passed	VBD
away	RB
from	IN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
To	TO
celebrate	VB
her	PRP$
life	NN
and	CC
carry	VB
on	IN
her	PRP$
legacy	NN
of	IN
philanthropy	NN
,	,
each	DT
year	NN
friends	NNS
and	CC
family	NN
help	NN
to	TO
organize	VB
the	DT
Debbie	NNP
Olivier	NNP
Memorial	NNP
Golf	NNP
Classic	NNP
.	.
Debbie	NNP
Olivier	NNP
was	VBD
deeply	RB
connected	VBN
with	IN
her	PRP$
community	NN
.	.
She	PRP
continued	VBD
to	TO
give	VB
back	RP
even	RB
during	IN
her	PRP$
battle	NN
with	IN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
With	IN
her	PRP$
charitable	JJ
spirit	NN
in	IN
mind	NN
,	,
proceeds	NNS
from	IN
this	DT
event	NN
are	VBP
donated	VBN
to	TO
worthy	JJ
charities	NNS
.	.
AICR	NNP
is	VBZ
proud	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
recipient	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
monies	NNS
raised	VBD
from	IN
this	DT
event	NN
.	.
The	DT
2006	CD
tournament	NN
was	VBD
another	DT
great	JJ
success	NN
.	.
The	DT
tournament	NN
took	VBD
place	NN
at	IN
the	DT
San	NNP
Luis	NNP
Rey	NNP
Downs	NNP
,	,
just	RB
north	RB
of	IN
San	NNP
Diego	NNP
.	.
The	DT
day	NN
's	POS
events	NNS
included	VBD
full	JJ
rounds	NNS
of	IN
golf	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
putting	VBG
,	,
long-drive	JJ
,	,
and	CC
closest-to-the-pin	JJ
contests	NNS
.	.
An	DT
auction	NN
,	,
prizes	NNS
,	,
awards	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
dinner	NN
rounded	VBD
out	RP
the	DT
day	NN
.	.
Team	NNP
AICR	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
diverse	JJ
group	NN
made	VBD
up	IN
of	IN
students	NNS
,	,
military	JJ
personnel	NNS
,	,
professionals	NNS
,	,
and	CC
parents	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
seasoned	JJ
marathoners	NNS
and	CC
first	JJ
timers	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
come	VBP
from	IN
Alaska	NNP
,	,
Texas	NNP
,	,
Connecticut	NNP
,	,
and	CC
all	DT
points	NNS
in	IN
between	IN
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
their	PRP$
lives	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
affected	VBN
by	IN
cancer	NN
,	,
and	CC
all	DT
of	IN
them	PRP
are	VBP
making	VBG
a	DT
real	JJ
difference	NN
in	IN
the	DT
fight	NN
against	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
We	PRP
at	IN
AICR	NNP
appreciate	VB
and	CC
admire	VB
their	PRP$
dedication	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
help	VB
provide	VB
for	IN
future	JJ
cancer	NN
research	NN
and	CC
education	NN
through	IN
a	DT
simple	JJ
bequest	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
will	NN
.	.
We	PRP
recommend	VBP
you	PRP
consult	VB
with	IN
your	PRP$
attorney	NN
when	WRB
drafting	VBG
a	DT
new	JJ
will	NN
,	,
or	CC
when	WRB
changing	VBG
an	DT
existing	VBG
will	MD
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
wish	VBP
to	TO
include	VB
a	DT
bequest	NN
for	IN
fighting	VBG
cancer	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
will	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
bequest	NN
to	TO
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
AICR	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
help	VB
in	IN
the	DT
war	NN
against	IN
cancer	NN
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
cash	NN
amount	NN
,	,
a	DT
gift	NN
of	IN
the	DT
remainder	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
estate	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
portion	NN
of	IN
the	DT
remainder	NN
,	,
after	IN
obligations	NNS
to	TO
your	PRP$
family	NN
and	CC
loved	VBD
ones	NNS
are	VBP
met	VBN
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
give	VBP
,	,
devise	VBP
and	CC
bequeath	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
for	IN
its	PRP$
general	JJ
purposes	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
state	NN
fraction	NN
or	CC
percentage	NN
of	IN
the	DT
rest	NN
,	,
residue	NN
and	CC
remainder	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
my	PRP$
estate	NN
,	,
both	DT
real	JJ
or	CC
personal	JJ
.	.
''	''
``	``
I	PRP
hereby	VBP
give	VB
,	,
devise	VB
and	CC
bequeath	VB
to	TO
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
whatever	WDT
amount	NN
or	CC
percentage	NN
you	PRP
so	RB
desire	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
The	DT
use	NN
of	IN
this	DT
bequest	NN
is	VBZ
restricted	VBN
to	TO
funding	VBG
cancer	NN
research	NN
grants	NNS
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
.	.
''	''
This	DT
charitable	JJ
gift	NN
annuity	NN
program	NN
allows	VBZ
you	PRP
to	TO
transfer	VB
cash	NN
or	CC
marketable	JJ
securities	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
stocks	NNS
or	CC
mutual	JJ
funds	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
.	.
In	IN
return	NN
for	IN
that	DT
gift	NN
,	,
you	PRP
,	,
or	CC
whomever	NN
else	RB
you	PRP
may	MD
designate	VB
,	,
are	VBP
guaranteed	VBN
fixed	JJ
payments	NNS
for	IN
as	RB
long	JJ
as	IN
you	PRP
or	CC
they	PRP
live	VBP
.	.
A	DT
gift	NN
annuity	NN
can	MD
offer	VB
substantial	JJ
tax	NN
advantages	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
your	PRP$
gift	NN
eventually	RB
will	MD
be	VB
used	VBN
to	TO
fund	VB
important	JJ
cancer	NN
education	NN
and	CC
research	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
immediately	RB
deduct	VB
a	DT
portion	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
gift	NN
as	IN
a	DT
charitable	JJ
contribution	NN
on	IN
your	PRP$
income	NN
tax	NN
return	NN
.	.
With	IN
a	DT
gift	NN
annuity	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
receive	VB
a	DT
payment	NN
each	DT
year	NN
for	IN
the	DT
rest	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
life	NN
.	.
And	CC
in	IN
most	JJS
cases	NNS
the	DT
annuity	NN
income	NN
will	MD
be	VB
favorably	RB
taxed	VBN
and	CC
will	MD
be	VB
much	RB
higher	JJR
than	IN
you	PRP
could	MD
receive	VB
from	IN
a	DT
certificate	NN
of	IN
deposit	NN
,	,
money	NN
market	NN
account	NN
or	CC
similar	JJ
investment	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
outlive	VB
a	DT
gift	NN
annuity	NN
,	,
nor	CC
can	MD
your	PRP$
payment	NN
be	VB
canceled	VBN
or	CC
lowered	VBN
or	CC
suspended	VBN
.	.
Your	PRP$
payment	NN
amount	NN
is	VBZ
set	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
time	NN
you	PRP
make	VBP
your	PRP$
gift	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
various	JJ
factors	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
the	DT
size	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
gift	NN
and	CC
your	PRP$
age	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
designate	VB
someone	NN
else	RB
to	TO
receive	VB
the	DT
annual	JJ
payments	NNS
,	,
or	CC
can	MD
even	RB
choose	VB
to	TO
receive	VB
the	DT
payments	NNS
yourself	PRP
during	IN
your	PRP$
lifetime	NN
,	,
then	RB
have	VBP
them	PRP
continue	VB
to	TO
another	DT
person	NN
only	RB
after	IN
your	PRP$
death	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
transfer	VB
cash	NN
,	,
stocks	NNS
,	,
mutual	JJ
funds	NNS
or	CC
other	JJ
assets	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
transfer	VBP
appreciated	VBN
property	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
securities	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
gain	VB
additional	JJ
tax	NN
and	CC
financial	JJ
benefits	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
name	VB
almost	RB
anyone	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
over	IN
the	DT
age	NN
of	IN
60	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
receive	VB
the	DT
annuity	NN
income	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
need	VB
the	DT
higher	JJR
income	NN
at	IN
this	DT
time	NN
,	,
AICR	NNP
will	MD
commit	VB
to	TO
pay	VB
a	DT
substantially	RB
larger	JJR
annuity	NN
income	NN
to	TO
you	PRP
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
other	JJ
beneficiaries	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
at	IN
a	DT
future	JJ
specified	JJ
time	NN
.	.
A	DT
trust	NN
is	VBZ
simply	RB
a	DT
legal	JJ
agreement	NN
that	WDT
indicates	VBZ
how	WRB
assets	NNS
placed	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
trust	NN
will	MD
be	VB
managed	VBN
.	.
When	WRB
a	DT
trust	NN
names	NNS
a	DT
charity	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
as	IN
its	PRP$
beneficiary	NN
,	,
it	PRP
can	MD
offer	VB
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
advantages	NNS
.	.
Most	RBS
important	JJ
,	,
for	IN
many	JJ
people	NNS
who	WP
establish	VBP
charitable	JJ
remainder	NN
trusts	NNS
,	,
is	VBZ
the	DT
satisfaction	NN
of	IN
knowing	VBG
that	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
made	VBN
a	DT
significant	JJ
contribution	NN
to	TO
the	DT
fight	NN
against	IN
cancer	NN
,	,
while	IN
still	RB
satisfying	VBG
their	PRP$
financial	JJ
needs	NNS
and	CC
security	NN
during	IN
their	PRP$
own	JJ
lifetime	NN
.	.
Charitable	JJ
donations	NNS
can	MD
take	VB
many	JJ
forms	NNS
,	,
from	IN
the	DT
loose	JJ
change	NN
you	PRP
drop	VBP
into	IN
a	DT
collection	NN
basket	NN
to	TO
carefully	RB
planned	JJ
donations	NNS
of	IN
significant	JJ
size	NN
with	IN
important	JJ
tax	NN
and	CC
financial	JJ
implications	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
people	NNS
,	,
unfortunately	RB
,	,
fail	VBP
to	TO
recognize	VB
the	DT
financial	JJ
benefits	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
come	VB
through	IN
a	DT
contribution	NN
of	IN
appreciated	VBN
property	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
stocks	NNS
,	,
bonds	NNS
or	CC
mutual	JJ
funds	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
write	VBP
a	DT
check	NN
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
donation	NN
to	TO
a	DT
charity	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
,	,
your	PRP$
donation	NN
gives	VBZ
you	PRP
an	DT
income	NN
tax	NN
deduction	NN
.	.
But	CC
if	IN
you	PRP
made	VBD
the	DT
same	JJ
donation	NN
with	IN
appreciated	VBN
assets	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
receive	VBP
a	DT
double	JJ
tax	NN
benefit	NN
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
get	VB
the	DT
immediate	JJ
income	NN
tax	NN
deduction	NN
and	CC
avoid	VB
the	DT
capital	NN
gains	NNS
tax	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
be	VB
owed	VBN
if	IN
that	DT
asset	NN
was	VBD
sold	VBN
by	IN
you	PRP
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
donate	VBP
stocks	NNS
,	,
bonds	NNS
or	CC
mutual	JJ
funds	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
receive	VBP
a	DT
tax	NN
deduction	NN
for	IN
the	DT
full	JJ
,	,
current	JJ
fair	JJ
market	NN
value	NN
of	IN
the	DT
property	NN
donated	VBN
-LRB-	-LRB-
assuming	VBG
you	PRP
have	VBP
held	VBN
the	DT
property	NN
for	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
year	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
It	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
matter	VB
that	IN
you	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
only	RB
paid	VBN
$	$
6,000	CD
several	JJ
years	NNS
ago	IN
for	IN
a	DT
stock	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
now	RB
worth	JJ
$	$
18,000	CD
.	.
That	DT
$	$
18,000	CD
figure	NN
will	MD
be	VB
your	PRP$
charitable	JJ
donation	NN
.	.
As	IN
importantly	RB
,	,
the	DT
$	$
12,000	CD
in	IN
taxable	JJ
capital	NN
gains	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
face	VB
if	IN
you	PRP
sold	VBD
that	IN
stock	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
apply	VB
when	WRB
you	PRP
transfer	VBP
the	DT
stock	NN
as	IN
a	DT
contribution	NN
to	TO
a	DT
charity	NN
.	.
And	CC
because	RB
,	,
in	IN
most	JJS
cases	NNS
,	,
the	DT
stocks	NNS
or	CC
bonds	NNS
or	CC
mutual	JJ
fund	NN
shares	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
easily	RB
transferred	VBN
to	TO
AICR	NNP
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
avoid	VB
the	DT
commission	NN
expense	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
normally	RB
be	VB
due	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
sale	NN
of	IN
the	DT
property	NN
.	.
Over	IN
the	DT
last	JJ
15	CD
years	NNS
,	,
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
expert	NN
reports	NNS
have	VBP
reviewed	VBN
the	DT
literature	NN
on	IN
diet	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
and	CC
made	VBD
recommendations	NNS
designed	VBN
to	TO
reduce	VB
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
The	DT
report	NN
,	,
of	IN
which	WDT
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
summary	NN
,	,
builds	VBZ
on	IN
that	DT
earlier	JJR
work	NN
and	CC
the	DT
panel	NN
acknowledges	VBZ
its	PRP$
debt	NN
to	TO
the	DT
many	JJ
scientists	NNS
responsible	JJ
and	CC
,	,
even	RB
more	RBR
crucially	RB
,	,
to	TO
the	DT
thousands	NNS
of	IN
researchers	NNS
whose	WP$
findings	NNS
,	,
reviewed	VBN
and	CC
assessed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
report	NN
,	,
form	VBP
the	DT
basis	NN
of	IN
its	PRP$
recommendations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
report	NN
summarised	VBN
here	RB
has	VBZ
some	DT
special	JJ
features	NNS
.	.
As	IN
its	PRP$
title	NN
indicates	VBZ
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
concerned	JJ
explicitly	RB
with	IN
the	DT
primary	JJ
prevention	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
,	,
and	CC
has	VBZ
a	DT
global	JJ
perspective	NN
.	.
Aspects	NNS
of	IN
food	NN
and	CC
nutrition	NN
likely	JJ
to	TO
reduce	VB
cancer	NN
risk	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
emphasised	VBN
,	,
while	IN
due	JJ
weight	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
given	VBN
to	TO
those	DT
that	WDT
may	MD
increase	VB
risk	NN
.	.
The	DT
panel	NN
agreed	VBD
on	IN
a	DT
consistent	JJ
method	NN
to	TO
assess	VB
the	DT
various	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
scientific	JJ
evidence	NN
,	,
so	RB
that	IN
the	DT
basis	NN
for	IN
its	PRP$
judgements	NNS
can	MD
itself	PRP
be	VB
evaluated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
reader	NN
.	.
The	DT
dietary	JJ
recommendations	NNS
designed	VBN
to	TO
prevent	VB
cancer	NN
,	,
summarised	VBN
on	IN
pages	NNS
14	CD
and	CC
15	CD
,	,
are	VBP
generally	RB
food-based	JJ
,	,
and	CC
either	DT
quantified	VBN
or	CC
set	VBN
out	RP
in	IN
clear	JJ
language	NN
,	,
so	RB
as	IN
to	TO
be	VB
useful	JJ
to	TO
both	DT
policy-makers	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
.	.
The	DT
recommendations	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
framed	VBN
bearing	VBG
in	IN
mind	NN
existing	VBG
guidelines	NNS
designed	VBN
to	TO
prevent	VB
deficiency	NN
and	CC
infectious	JJ
diseases	NNS
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
prevent	VB
non-infectious	JJ
diseases	NNS
other	JJ
than	IN
cancer	NN
,	,
especially	RB
cardiovascular	JJ
diseases	NNS
.	.
The	DT
panel	NN
accepted	VBD
a	DT
relatively	RB
broad	JJ
brief	NN
which	WDT
included	VBD
consideration	NN
of	IN
factors	NNS
related	VBN
to	TO
diet	NN
,	,
and	CC
concluded	VBD
that	IN
relative	JJ
body	NN
mass	NN
and	CC
degree	NN
of	IN
physical	JJ
activity	NN
are	VBP
both	DT
important	JJ
in	IN
modifying	VBG
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
To	TO
review	VB
the	DT
scientific	JJ
and	CC
other	JJ
expert	NN
literature	NN
linking	VBG
foods	NNS
,	,
nutrition	NN
,	,
food	NN
processing	NN
,	,
dietary	JJ
patterns	NNS
and	CC
related	JJ
factors	NNS
,	,
with	IN
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
human	JJ
cancers	NNS
worldwide	NN
.	.
To	TO
devise	VB
a	DT
series	NN
of	IN
dietary	JJ
and	CC
other	JJ
recommendations	NNS
suitable	JJ
for	IN
all	DT
societies	NNS
and	CC
designed	VBN
to	TO
reduce	VB
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
human	JJ
cancers	NNS
.	.
To	TO
evaluate	VB
the	DT
degree	NN
of	IN
consistency	NN
between	IN
such	JJ
recommendations	NNS
and	CC
those	DT
proposed	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
prevention	NN
of	IN
coronary	JJ
heart	NN
disease	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
diseases	NNS
.	.
To	TO
consider	VB
both	DT
the	DT
feasibility	NN
and	CC
the	DT
policy	NN
implications	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
global	JJ
implementation	NN
of	IN
these	DT
recommendations	NNS
.	.
The	DT
burden	NN
of	IN
preventable	JJ
suffering	NN
and	CC
death	NN
from	IN
cancer	NN
throughout	IN
the	DT
world	NN
is	VBZ
huge	JJ
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
the	DT
cancers	NNS
now	RB
most	JJS
common	JJ
in	IN
Europe	NNP
,	,
North	NNP
America	NNP
and	CC
Australasia	NNP
are	VBP
known	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
largely	RB
preventable	JJ
.	.
Changes	NNS
in	IN
society	NN
worldwide	NN
are	VBP
accelerating	VBG
and	CC
are	VBP
liable	JJ
,	,
if	IN
unchecked	JJ
,	,
to	TO
increase	VB
the	DT
burden	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
,	,
most	JJS
of	IN
all	DT
in	IN
Africa	NNP
,	,
Latin	NNP
America	NNP
and	CC
Asia	NNP
.	.
As	IN
the	DT
report	NN
shows	VBZ
,	,
evidence	NN
of	IN
causal	JJ
links	NNS
between	IN
food	NN
and	CC
nutrition	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
is	VBZ
often	RB
sufficiently	RB
strong	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
basis	NN
for	IN
recommendations	NNS
to	TO
policy-makers	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
now	RB
apparent	JJ
that	IN
,	,
although	IN
genetic	JJ
predisposition	NN
varies	VBZ
,	,
the	DT
key	JJ
factors	NNS
determining	VBG
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
people	NNS
develop	VBP
cancer	NN
are	VBP
environmental	JJ
.	.
The	DT
two	CD
most	RBS
important	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
reduce	VB
cancer	NN
risk	NN
are	VBP
the	DT
avoidance	NN
of	IN
cancer-causing	JJ
agents	NNS
,	,
of	IN
which	WDT
tobacco	NN
is	VBZ
by	IN
far	RB
the	DT
most	RBS
lethal	JJ
,	,
but	CC
which	WDT
also	RB
include	VBP
biological	JJ
agents	NNS
,	,
viruses	NNS
and	CC
bacteria	NNS
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
habitual	JJ
consumption	NN
of	IN
diets	NNS
high	JJ
in	IN
those	DT
foods	NNS
and	CC
drinks	NNS
that	WDT
protect	VBP
against	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
A	DT
principal	JJ
purpose	NN
of	IN
the	DT
report	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
to	TO
identify	VB
such	JJ
diets	NNS
.	.
The	DT
panel	NN
estimates	VBZ
that	IN
recommended	VBN
diets	NNS
,	,
together	RB
with	IN
maintenance	NN
of	IN
physical	JJ
activity	NN
and	CC
appropriate	JJ
body	NN
mass	NN
,	,
can	MD
in	IN
time	NN
reduce	VB
cancer	NN
incidence	NN
by	IN
30	CD
-	:
40	CD
%	NN
.	.
At	IN
current	JJ
rates	NNS
,	,
on	IN
a	DT
global	JJ
basis	NN
,	,
this	DT
represents	VBZ
3	LS
-	:
4	CD
million	CD
cases	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
per	IN
year	NN
that	WDT
could	MD
be	VB
prevented	VBN
by	IN
dietary	JJ
and	CC
associated	VBN
means	NNS
.	.
Action	NNP
to	TO
prevent	VB
cancer	NN
is	VBZ
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
rational	JJ
,	,
timely	JJ
and	CC
important	JJ
,	,
and	CC
should	MD
be	VB
a	DT
major	JJ
priority	NN
and	CC
responsibility	NN
for	IN
international	JJ
agencies	NNS
,	,
governments	NNS
,	,
industry	NN
,	,
non-governmental	JJ
organizations	NNS
,	,
medical	JJ
and	CC
health	NN
authorities	NNS
,	,
and	CC
for	IN
all	DT
working	VBG
in	IN
the	DT
public	JJ
interest	NN
at	IN
international	JJ
,	,
national	JJ
and	CC
community	NN
level	NN
.	.
In	IN
2007	CD
,	,
WCRF\/AICR	NNP
will	MD
publish	VB
the	DT
second	JJ
expert	NN
report	NN
containing	VBG
a	DT
rigorous	JJ
review	NN
and	CC
evaluation	NN
of	IN
an	DT
estimated	VBN
10,000	CD
pieces	NNS
of	IN
research	NN
on	IN
diet	NN
,	,
physical	JJ
activity	NN
and	CC
weight	NN
management	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
effect	NN
on	IN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
This	DT
will	MD
be	VB
a	DT
landmark	NN
document	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
an	DT
expert	NN
panel	NN
assesses	VBZ
decades	NNS
of	IN
research	NN
results	NNS
,	,
draws	VBZ
conclusions	NNS
and	CC
makes	VBZ
recommendations	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
growing	VBG
number	NN
of	IN
studies	NNS
adds	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
evidence	NN
that	WDT
high	JJ
doses	NNS
and\/or	CC
levels	NNS
of	IN
vitamin	NN
D	NNP
may	MD
reduce	VB
risk	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
,	,
researchers	NNS
are	VBP
investigating	VBG
how	WRB
this	DT
occurs	VBZ
.	.
Recent	JJ
studies	NNS
by	IN
AICR-supported	JJ
researchers	NNS
provide	VBP
clues	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
mechanisms	NNS
by	IN
which	WDT
vitamin	NN
D	NNP
plays	VBZ
a	DT
role	NN
in	IN
prostate	NN
and	CC
skin	NN
cancers	NNS
.	.
Over	IN
the	DT
past	JJ
three	CD
decades	NNS
,	,
numerous	JJ
epidemiologic	JJ
and	CC
laboratory	NN
studies	NNS
have	VBP
shown	VBN
an	DT
association	NN
between	IN
increased	VBN
vitamin	NN
D	NNP
-	:
measured	VBN
via	IN
blood	NN
levels	NNS
and\/or	CC
dietary	JJ
intake	NN
-	:
and	CC
reduced	VBN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
Recent	JJ
studies	NNS
offer	VBP
new	JJ
clues	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
mechanisms	NNS
by	IN
which	WDT
vitamin	NN
D	NNP
may	MD
influence	VB
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
These	DT
findings	NNS
may	MD
point	VB
the	DT
way	NN
to	TO
uses	NNS
for	IN
vitamin	NN
D	NNP
to	TO
help	VB
prevent	VB
and	CC
treat	VB
cancer	NN
.	.
People	NNS
can	MD
obtain	VB
vitamin	NN
D	NNP
from	IN
foods	NNS
,	,
supplements	NNS
and	CC
sun	NN
exposure	NN
.	.
Ultraviolet	NNP
rays	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
sun	NN
trigger	NN
the	DT
production	NN
of	IN
vitamin	NN
D	NNP
in	IN
keratinocytes	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
the	DT
major	JJ
type	NN
of	IN
cell	NN
in	IN
the	DT
upper	JJ
layer	NN
of	IN
skin	NN
.	.
This	DT
inactive	JJ
vitamin	NN
D	NNP
is	VBZ
then	RB
converted	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
liver	NN
and	CC
then	RB
kidney	NN
into	IN
its	PRP$
active	JJ
hormone	NN
form	NN
,	,
known	VBN
as	IN
calcitriol	NN
.	.
Scientists	NNS
have	VBP
discovered	VBN
that	IN
keratinocytes	NNS
also	RB
have	VBP
the	DT
unique	JJ
ability	NN
to	TO
form	VB
active	JJ
vitamin	NN
D	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
calcitriol	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
for	IN
use	NN
within	IN
the	DT
cells	NNS
.	.
Laboratory	NNP
studies	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
1980s	CD
showed	VBD
that	IN
vitamin	NN
D	NNP
inhibited	VBD
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
malignant	JJ
melanoma	NN
cells	NNS
,	,
leukemic	JJ
cells	NNS
and	CC
squamous	JJ
carcinoma	NN
cells	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
malignant	JJ
keratinocytes	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Since	IN
that	DT
time	NN
,	,
researchers	NNS
have	VBP
found	VBN
that	IN
vitamin	NN
D	NNP
-	:
once	RB
considered	VBN
important	JJ
only	RB
for	IN
its	PRP$
role	NN
in	IN
boosting	VBG
calcium	NN
absorption	NN
-	:
regulates	VBZ
numerous	JJ
genes	NNS
that	WDT
influence	VBP
cellular	JJ
processes	NNS
crucial	JJ
to	TO
cancer	NN
development	NN
,	,
including	VBG
proliferation	NN
,	,
blood-vessel	JJ
formation	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
angiogenesis	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
and	CC
apoptosis	NN
.	.
This	DT
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
vitamin	NN
D	NNP
may	MD
play	VB
a	DT
role	NN
in	IN
the	DT
therapy	NN
of	IN
many	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
,	,
says	VBZ
David	NNP
Feldman	NNP
,	,
M.D.	NNP
,	,
Professor	NNP
of	IN
Medicine	NNP
at	IN
Stanford	NNP
University	NNP
School	NNP
of	IN
Medicine	NNP
.	.
Mechanisms	NNPS
in	IN
Prostate	NNP
Cancer	NNP
Dr.	NNP
Feldman	NNP
and	CC
his	PRP$
colleagues	NNS
have	VBP
recently	RB
demonstrated	VBN
that	IN
calcitriol	NN
targets	NNS
genes	NNS
that	WDT
inhibit	VBP
the	DT
synthesis	NN
and	CC
activity	NN
of	IN
prostaglandins	NNS
,	,
hormone-like	JJ
substances	NNS
that	WDT
stimulate	VBP
cancer	NN
growth	NN
and	CC
progression	NN
in	IN
cell	NN
cultures	NNS
.	.
In	IN
studies	NNS
aimed	VBN
at	IN
developing	VBG
treatments	NNS
,	,
the	DT
researchers	NNS
found	VBD
that	IN
calcitriol	JJ
acts	NNS
to	TO
inhibit	VB
prostaglandins	NNS
in	IN
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
by	IN
three	CD
separate	JJ
mechanisms	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
decreasing	VBG
the	DT
expression	NN
of	IN
the	DT
COX-2	NNP
gene	NN
,	,
which	WDT
synthesizes	VBZ
prostaglandinsDr	NNP
.	.
Feldman	NNP
's	POS
research	NN
,	,
partially	RB
funded	VBN
by	IN
AICR	NNP
,	,
focuses	VBZ
on	IN
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
vitamin	NN
D	NNP
in	IN
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
Other	JJ
studies	NNS
from	IN
his	PRP$
lab	NN
suggest	VBP
that	IN
vitamin	NN
D	NNP
elevates	VBZ
levels	NNS
of	IN
insulin-like	JJ
growth	NN
factor	NN
binding	JJ
protein	NN
3	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
IGFBP-3	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
.	.
Higher	JJR
levels	NNS
of	IN
IGFBP-3	NNP
have	VBP
been	VBN
shown	VBN
to	TO
reduce	VB
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
development	NN
and	CC
metastasis	NN
.	.
Another	DT
research	NN
group	NN
,	,
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Rochester	NNP
,	,
has	VBZ
recently	RB
shown	VBN
that	IN
vitamin	NN
D	NNP
inhibits	VBZ
the	DT
invasive	JJ
ability	NN
of	IN
human	JJ
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
cell	NN
lines	NNS
and	CC
blocks	NNS
two	CD
critical	JJ
steps	NNS
in	IN
tumor	NN
angiogenesis	NN
.	.
``	``
Although	IN
we	PRP
are	VBP
focused	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
skin	NN
,	,
I	PRP
could	MD
easily	RB
believe	VB
the	DT
mechanisms	NNS
would	MD
be	VB
comparable	JJ
in	IN
other	JJ
tissues	NNS
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Dr.	NNP
Bikle	NNP
,	,
who	WP
is	VBZ
beginning	VBG
to	TO
test	VB
his	PRP$
vitamin	NN
D	NNP
findings	NNS
in	IN
mouse	NN
studies	NNS
.	.
Along	IN
with	IN
prostate	NN
,	,
other	JJ
cancers	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
likely	RB
benefit	VB
from	IN
mechanistic	JJ
findings	NNS
of	IN
vitamin	NN
D	NNP
are	VBP
cancers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
breast	NN
and	CC
colon	NN
-	:
both	CC
associated	VBN
with	IN
vitamin	NN
D	NNP
deficiency	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
is	VBZ
saddened	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
passing	NN
of	IN
an	DT
important	JJ
,	,
internationally	RB
recognized	VBN
scholar	NN
whose	WP$
work	NN
helped	VBD
put	VB
the	DT
study	NN
of	IN
diet	NN
's	POS
link	NN
to	TO
chronic	JJ
disease	NN
on	IN
the	DT
map	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
David	NNP
Kritchevsky	NNP
was	VBD
a	DT
brilliant	JJ
scientist	NN
whose	WP$
research	NN
on	IN
dietary	JJ
fat	JJ
and	CC
calorie	JJ
restriction	NN
revolutionized	VBD
our	PRP$
understanding	NN
of	IN
nutrition	NN
's	POS
role	NN
in	IN
the	DT
cancer	NN
process	NN
.	.
He	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
dear	RB
friend	NN
to	TO
AICR	NNP
.	.
His	PRP$
quick	JJ
wit	NN
will	MD
be	VB
greatly	RB
missed	VBN
,	,
but	CC
his	PRP$
contributions	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
nutrition	NN
science	NN
will	MD
endure	VB
.	.
This	DT
AICR	NNP
profile	NN
of	IN
Dr.	NNP
Kritchevsky	NNP
from	IN
2001	CD
offers	VBZ
a	DT
glimpse	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
work	NN
,	,
his	PRP$
relationship	NN
with	IN
AICR	NNP
,	,
and	CC
his	PRP$
sense	NN
of	IN
humor	NN
.	.
``	``
Research	NNP
is	VBZ
demanding	VBG
because	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
always	RB
waiting	VBG
for	IN
something	NN
to	TO
live	VB
,	,
die	VB
,	,
crystallize	VB
,	,
or	CC
melt	VB
.	.
So	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
have	VB
patience	NN
.	.
And	CC
if	IN
you	PRP
think	VBP
you	PRP
're	VBP
right	RB
,	,
you	PRP
have	VBP
stick	NN
with	IN
it	PRP
.	.
And	CC
if	IN
you	PRP
find	VBP
you	PRP
're	VBP
wrong	JJ
,	,
you	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
have	VB
the	DT
guts	NNS
to	TO
get	VB
out	RP
.	.
''	''
For	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
half	PDT
a	DT
century	NN
,	,
that	IN
credo	NN
has	VBZ
helped	VBN
Dr.	NNP
David	NNP
Kritchevsky	NNP
unlock	VBP
the	DT
secrets	NNS
of	IN
biochemistry	NN
and	CC
nutrition	NN
.	.
Only	RB
recently	RB
,	,
though	RB
,	,
has	VBZ
it	PRP
led	VBD
him	PRP
into	IN
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
research	NN
.	.
Indeed	RB
,	,
he	PRP
spent	VBD
the	DT
bulk	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
career	NN
exploring	VBG
the	DT
links	NNS
between	IN
dietary	JJ
fats	NNS
and	CC
atherosclerosis	NN
--	:
writing	VBG
the	DT
first-ever	JJ
book	NN
on	IN
cholesterol	NN
and	CC
,	,
in	IN
the	DT
1960s	NNS
and	CC
1970s	NNS
,	,
becoming	VBG
an	DT
internationally	RB
known	VBN
expert	NN
on	IN
the	DT
links	NNS
between	IN
dietary	JJ
fiber	NN
and	CC
heart	NN
disease	NN
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
n't	RB
until	IN
the	DT
1980s	CD
,	,
though	RB
,	,
that	IN
he	PRP
began	VBD
puzzling	JJ
out	IN
the	DT
relationship	NN
between	IN
diet	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
.	.
Inevitably	RB
,	,
that	WDT
brought	VBD
him	PRP
into	IN
contact	NN
with	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
,	,
where	WRB
he	PRP
served	VBD
on	IN
the	DT
first	JJ
study	NN
section	NN
.	.
He	PRP
was	VBD
also	RB
,	,
he	PRP
remembers	VBZ
,	,
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
fledgling	NN
group	NN
's	POS
staunchest	JJS
defenders	NNS
.	.
``	``
The	DT
only	JJ
question	NN
the	DT
Institute	NNP
ever	RB
asked	VBD
was	VBD
,	,
`	``
Is	VBZ
it	PRP
good	JJ
science	NN
?	.
And	CC
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
,	,
let	VB
's	POS
fund	NN
it	PRP
.	.
'	''
And	CC
in	IN
many	JJ
cases	NNS
,	,
their	PRP$
investments	NNS
paid	VBD
off	RB
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
Institute	NNP
has	VBZ
kept	VBN
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
young	JJ
investigators	NNS
afloat	RB
that	DT
way	NN
.	.
''	''
At	IN
81	CD
,	,
Kritchevsky	NNP
has	VBZ
done	VBN
his	PRP$
part	NN
to	TO
encourage	VB
a	DT
new	JJ
generation	NN
of	IN
investigators	NNS
--	:
his	PRP$
own	JJ
son	NN
,	,
Stephen	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
an	DT
epidemiologist	NN
and	CC
an	DT
expert	NN
in	IN
antioxidants	NNS
--	:
even	RB
while	IN
pursuing	VBG
a	DT
busy	JJ
research	NN
agenda	NN
of	IN
his	PRP$
own	JJ
.	.
In	IN
recent	JJ
years	NNS
,	,
he	PRP
has	VBZ
turned	VBN
his	PRP$
attentions	NNS
to	TO
conjugated	JJ
linoleic	JJ
acid	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
CLA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
a	DT
substance	NN
that	WDT
inhibits	VBZ
both	DT
cancer	NN
and	CC
heart	NN
disease	NN
in	IN
laboratory	NN
rats	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
is	VBZ
quick	JJ
to	TO
point	VB
out	RP
that	IN
CLA	NNP
is	VBZ
found	VBN
only	RB
in	IN
the	DT
much-maligned	JJ
category	NN
of	IN
animal	NN
fats	NNS
--	:
specifically	RB
the	DT
fats	NNS
of	IN
ruminant	NN
animals	NNS
like	IN
cows	NNS
.	.
``	``
Which	WDT
proves	VBZ
,	,
''	''
he	PRP
says	VBZ
,	,
``	``
that	DT
God	NNP
has	VBZ
a	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
humor	NN
.	.
''	''
Findings	NNS
like	IN
these	DT
,	,
running	VBG
as	IN
they	PRP
do	VBP
against	IN
the	DT
grain	NN
of	IN
popular	JJ
belief	NN
,	,
have	VBP
made	VBN
Kritchevsky	NNP
skeptical	JJ
of	IN
reductive	JJ
thinking	NN
.	.
``	``
Let	VB
's	POS
take	VB
fiber	NN
.	.
The	DT
early	JJ
studies	NNS
suggesting	VBG
fiber	NN
had	VBD
a	DT
beneficial	JJ
effect	NN
were	VBD
based	VBN
on	IN
populations	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
high-fiber	JJ
diet	NN
.	.
But	CC
there	EX
were	VBD
other	JJ
things	NNS
in	IN
that	DT
diet	NN
.	.
We	PRP
were	VBD
looking	VBG
at	IN
this	DT
one	CD
component	NN
instead	RB
of	IN
worrying	VBG
about	IN
the	DT
interaction	NN
of	IN
all	PDT
the	DT
components	NNS
.	.
And	CC
that	DT
's	VBZ
when	WRB
you	PRP
can	MD
make	VB
the	DT
wrong	JJ
guess	NN
.	.
''	''
Until	IN
then	RB
,	,
what	WP
's	VBZ
a	DT
confused	JJ
consumer	NN
to	TO
do	VB
?	.
For	IN
Kritchevsky	NNP
,	,
it	PRP
all	DT
boils	VBZ
down	RP
to	TO
``	``
moderation	NN
and	CC
variety	NN
.	.
Eat	VB
a	DT
little	JJ
of	IN
everything	NN
and	CC
not	RB
too	RB
much	JJ
of	IN
anything	NN
.	.
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
think	VB
there	EX
's	VBZ
anything	NN
intrinsically	RB
bad	JJ
unless	IN
you	PRP
eat	VBP
too	RB
much	JJ
of	IN
it	PRP
.	.
The	DT
only	JJ
people	NNS
who	WP
died	VBD
after	IN
eating	VBG
one	CD
meal	NN
were	VBD
the	DT
ones	NNS
who	WP
ate	VBD
with	IN
the	DT
Borgias	NNPS
.	.
''	''
Colon	NN
cancer	NN
is	VBZ
second	JJ
only	RB
to	TO
lung	NN
cancer	NN
as	IN
the	DT
leading	VBG
cause	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
death	NN
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
It	PRP
is	VBZ
estimated	VBN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
that	IN
about	IN
75	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
colon	NN
cancers	NNS
are	VBP
preventable	JJ
by	IN
adopting	VBG
moderate	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
diet	NN
and	CC
lifestyle	NN
.	.
One	CD
moderate	JJ
dietary	JJ
change	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
work	VB
is	VBZ
eating	VBG
more	RBR
omega-3	JJ
fatty	JJ
acids	NNS
,	,
found	VBN
in	IN
fish	NN
and	CC
fish	NN
oil	NN
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
more	JJR
pectin	NN
.	.
Pectin	NNP
is	VBZ
concentrated	VBN
in	IN
apples	NNS
and	CC
citrus	NN
fruits	NNS
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
cell	NN
walls	NNS
of	IN
every	DT
type	NN
of	IN
fruit	NN
are	VBP
coated	VBN
with	IN
it	PRP
.	.
Researchers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Nutrition	NNP
and	CC
Food	NNP
Science	NNP
at	IN
Texas	NNP
A&M	NNP
University	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
TAMU	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
have	VBP
discovered	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
fish	NN
oil	NN
and	CC
pectin	NN
might	MD
create	VB
a	DT
greater	JJR
protective	JJ
effect	NN
against	IN
colon	NN
cancer	NN
than	IN
the	DT
individual	JJ
compounds	NNS
do	VBP
separately	RB
.	.
This	DT
combination	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
shown	VBN
in	IN
laboratory	NN
studies	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
remarkably	RB
successful	JJ
at	IN
inducing	VBG
apoptosis	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
programmed	JJ
death	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
.	.
Radiation	NNP
Another	DT
Risk	NNP
FactorWith	NNP
a	DT
postdoctoral	JJ
grant	NN
from	IN
AICR	NNP
,	,
Jairam	NNP
Vanamala	NNP
,	,
Ph.D.	NNP
,	,
a	DT
Postdoctoral	NNP
Research	NNP
Associate	NNP
at	IN
TAMU	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
trying	VBG
to	TO
elucidate	VB
the	DT
mechanism	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
s	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
through	IN
which	WDT
fish	NN
oil	NN
and	CC
pectin	NN
achieve	VBP
their	PRP$
synergistic	JJ
effect	NN
.	.
``	``
The	DT
heart	NN
of	IN
my	PRP$
project	NN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Dr.	NNP
Vanamala	NNP
,	,
``	``
is	VBZ
determining	VBG
how	WRB
these	DT
two	CD
substances	NNS
eliminate	VB
damaged	VBN
cells	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
have	VBP
the	DT
potential	NN
to	TO
become	VB
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
,	,
through	IN
apoptosis	NN
.	.
``	``
For	IN
this	DT
study	NN
,	,
his	PRP$
research	NN
group	NN
will	MD
use	VB
carcinogens	NNS
and	CC
radiation	NN
to	TO
induce	VB
colon	NN
cancer	NN
in	IN
animals	NNS
.	.
After	IN
cancer	NN
induction	NN
,	,
the	DT
animals	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
divided	VBN
into	IN
two	CD
groups	NNS
.	.
One	CD
group	NN
will	MD
be	VB
fed	VBN
fish	NN
oil	NN
and	CC
pectin	NN
,	,
a	DT
fermentable	JJ
fiber	NN
.	.
When	WRB
pectin	NN
reaches	VBZ
the	DT
colon	NN
,	,
bacteria	NNS
ferment	VBP
it	PRP
to	TO
form	VB
butyric	JJ
acid	NN
.	.
``	``
Butyric	JJ
acid	NN
can	MD
induce	VB
apoptosis	NN
on	IN
its	PRP$
own	JJ
by	IN
enhancing	VBG
the	DT
death	NN
receptors	NNS
on	IN
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Dr.	NNP
Vanamala	NNP
.	.
By	IN
suppressing	VBG
the	DT
prostaglandin	NN
pathway	NN
,	,
the	DT
omega-3	JJ
fatty	JJ
acids	NNS
can	MD
also	RB
promote	VB
apoptosis	NN
.	.
Together	RB
,	,
these	DT
two	CD
seem	VBP
to	TO
create	VB
an	DT
even	RB
better	JJR
environment	NN
for	IN
enhancing	VBG
the	DT
death	NN
of	IN
damaged	JJ
cells	NNS
that	WDT
could	MD
be	VB
premalignant	JJ
.	.
The	DT
other	JJ
group	NN
will	MD
be	VB
fed	VBN
corn	NN
oil	NN
and	CC
cellulose	NN
,	,
a	DT
non-fermentable	JJ
fiber	NN
,	,
as	IN
a	DT
control	NN
diet	NN
.	.
Through	IN
molecular	JJ
and	CC
cellular	JJ
analyses	NNS
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Vanamala	NNP
's	POS
team	NN
will	MD
attempt	VB
to	TO
develop	VB
a	DT
deeper	JJR
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
signaling	VBG
pathways	NNS
that	WDT
regulate	VBP
apoptosis	NN
caused	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
combination	NN
of	IN
fish	NN
oil	NN
and	CC
pectin	NN
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
blood	NN
levels	NNS
of	IN
omega-3	JJ
fatty	JJ
acids	NNS
used	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
study	NN
are	VBP
uncommon	JJ
in	IN
people	NNS
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Vanamala	NNP
points	VBZ
out	RP
,	,
``	``
They	PRP
are	VBP
similar	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
levels	NNS
among	IN
Eskimos	NNS
,	,
who	WP
have	VBP
extremely	RB
low	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
and	CC
heart	NN
disease	NN
.	.
``	``
Need	VB
to	TO
Know	NNP
WhyDr	NNP
.	.
Vanamala	NNP
's	POS
experimental	JJ
model	NN
mimics	VBZ
human	JJ
exposure	NN
to	TO
carcinogens	NNS
and	CC
radiation	NN
,	,
which	WDT
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
a	DT
factor	NN
in	IN
cancer	NN
development	NN
.	.
Studies	NNP
suggest	VBP
that	IN
because	IN
of	IN
their	PRP$
increased	VBN
exposure	NN
to	TO
radiation	NN
,	,
pilots	NNS
,	,
astronauts	NNS
and	CC
radiologists	NNS
have	VBP
an	DT
increased	VBN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
However	RB
,	,
although	IN
fish	NN
oil	NN
and	CC
pectin	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
documented	VBN
as	IN
protective	JJ
against	IN
colon	NN
cancer	NN
,	,
a	DT
diet	NN
that	WDT
contains	VBZ
large	JJ
increases	NNS
of	IN
these	DT
substances	NNS
beyond	IN
what	WP
is	VBZ
found	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
mostly	RB
plant-based	JJ
diet	NN
still	RB
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
recommended	VBN
for	IN
human	JJ
use	NN
.	.
``	``
It	PRP
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Dr.	NNP
Vanamala	NNP
,	,
``	``
to	TO
understand	VB
why	WRB
these	DT
foods	NNS
are	VBP
beneficial	JJ
before	IN
we	PRP
tell	VBP
consumers	NNS
to	TO
eat	VB
more	JJR
foods	NNS
that	WDT
contain	VBP
them	PRP
.	.
``	``
ReferenceSanders	NNS
,	,
LM	NNP
et	FW
al	FW
.	.
An	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
reactive	JJ
oxygen	NN
species	NNS
by	IN
dietary	JJ
fish	NN
oil	NN
coupled	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
attenuation	NN
of	IN
antioxidant	JJ
defenses	NNS
by	IN
dietary	JJ
pectin	NN
enhances	VBZ
rat	NN
colonocyte	NN
apoptosis	NN
.	.
J	NNP
Nutr	NNP
.	.
2004	CD
;	:
134:3233	CD
-8	CD
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
years	NNS
,	,
obesity	NN
will	MD
replace	VB
smoking	NN
as	IN
the	DT
number	NN
one	CD
preventable	JJ
cause	NN
of	IN
many	JJ
common	JJ
cancers	NNS
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
Professor	NNP
Jeffrey	NNP
M.	NNP
P.	NNP
Holly	NNP
,	,
Ph.D.	NNP
.	.
With	IN
a	DT
grant	NN
from	IN
AICR	NNP
,	,
Professor	NNP
Holly	NNP
is	VBZ
examining	VBG
how	WRB
fatty	JJ
acids	NNS
affect	VBP
the	DT
actions	NNS
of	IN
insulin-like	JJ
growth	NN
factors	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
IGFs	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
which	WDT
may	MD
promote	VB
cancer	NN
.	.
He	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
looking	VBG
at	IN
two	CD
phytochemicals	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
interfere	VB
with	IN
the	DT
actions	NNS
of	IN
IGFs	NNS
and	CC
form	NN
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
diet	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
cancer	NN
.	.
She	PRP
did	VBD
take	VB
the	DT
job	NN
at	IN
Duke	NNP
,	,
however	RB
,	,
and	CC
began	VBD
research	NN
on	IN
the	DT
effect	NN
of	IN
flaxseed	NN
,	,
another	DT
high-fiber	JJ
food	NN
,	,
on	IN
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
``	``
Fortunately	RB
,	,
that	DT
's	VBZ
one	CD
cancer	NN
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
develop	VB
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
jokes	VBZ
.	.
She	PRP
now	RB
is	VBZ
a	DT
professor	NN
in	IN
both	DT
the	DT
Departments	NNP
of	IN
Surgery	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
School	NNP
of	IN
Nursing	NNP
.	.
One	CD
of	IN
Dr.	NNP
Demark-Wahnefried	NNP
's	POS
current	JJ
projects	NNS
,	,
partially	RB
funded	VBN
by	IN
AICR	NNP
,	,
is	VBZ
a	DT
10-month	JJ
exercise	NN
and	CC
diet	NN
intervention	NN
study	NN
involving	VBG
breast	NN
and	CC
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
.	.
She	PRP
will	MD
analyze	VB
the	DT
participants	NNS
'	POS
blood	NN
lipid	NN
and	CC
hormonal	JJ
levels	NNS
to	TO
see	VB
how	WRB
these	DT
markers	NNS
change	VBP
from	IN
the	DT
beginning	VBG
to	TO
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
the	DT
program	NN
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
also	RB
been	VBN
active	JJ
with	IN
AICR	NNP
in	IN
education	NN
.	.
In	IN
2005	CD
,	,
she	PRP
spoke	VBD
about	IN
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
lifestyle	NN
,	,
particularly	RB
diet	NN
and	CC
exercise	NN
,	,
on	IN
cancer	NN
recurrence	NN
at	IN
AICR	NNP
's	POS
Miami	NNP
Conference	NNP
on	IN
Nutrition	NNP
after	IN
Cancer	NNP
.	.
She	PRP
has	VBZ
also	RB
chaired	VBN
a	DT
session	NN
at	IN
AICR	NNP
's	POS
annual	JJ
research	NN
conference	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Demark-Wahnefried	NNP
speaks	VBZ
highly	RB
of	IN
AICR	NNP
.	.
``	``
It	PRP
is	VBZ
truly	RB
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
active	JJ
organizations	NNS
on	IN
diet	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
,	,
and	CC
cancer	NN
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
comments	VBZ
.	.
``	``
It	PRP
not	RB
only	RB
funds	NNS
seminal	JJ
cancer	NN
research	NN
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
has	VBZ
a	DT
service	NN
arm	NN
to	TO
get	VB
this	DT
information	NN
out	IN
to	TO
patients	NNS
.	.
Another	DT
plus	CC
is	VBZ
AICR	NNP
's	POS
annual	JJ
conference	NN
,	,
where	WRB
scientists	NNS
can	MD
meet	VB
and	CC
network	NN
and	CC
learn	VB
new	JJ
things	NNS
.	.
``	``
Dr.	NNP
Demark-Wahnefried	NNP
did	VBD
not	RB
plan	NN
on	IN
a	DT
career	NN
in	IN
research	NN
when	WRB
she	PRP
completed	VBD
her	PRP
undergraduate	JJ
work	NN
in	IN
nutritional	JJ
science	NN
and	CC
chemistry	NN
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Michigan	NNP
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
was	VBD
the	DT
first	JJ
woman	NN
in	IN
my	PRP$
family	NN
to	TO
go	VB
to	TO
college	NN
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
was	VBD
important	JJ
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
tangible	JJ
career	NN
when	WRB
I	PRP
got	VBD
out	RP
,	,
so	IN
I	PRP
studied	VBD
to	TO
be	VB
a	DT
dietitian	NN
.	.
``	``
But	CC
after	IN
three	CD
years	NNS
in	IN
that	DT
field	NN
,	,
during	IN
which	WDT
time	NN
she	PRP
completed	VBD
a	DT
master	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
at	IN
Texas	NNP
Woman	NNP
's	POS
University	NNP
,	,
she	PRP
went	VBD
into	IN
research	NN
.	.
She	PRP
earned	VBD
a	DT
Ph.D.	NNP
in	IN
nutritional	JJ
science	NN
at	IN
Syracuse	NNP
University	NNP
in	IN
1988	CD
.	.
Her	PRP$
research	NN
in	IN
cardiovascular	JJ
disease	NN
began	VBD
there	RB
.	.
Her	PRP$
transition	NN
from	IN
studying	VBG
high-fiber	JJ
foods	NNS
and	CC
cardiovascular	JJ
disease	NN
to	TO
fiber-rich	JJ
foods	NNS
and	CC
cancer	NN
was	VBD
easy	JJ
.	.
``	``
Fiber	NN
plays	VBZ
a	DT
role	NN
in	IN
cholesterol	NN
regulation	NN
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
Cholesterol	NNP
,	,
in	IN
turn	NN
,	,
influences	VBZ
hormone-related	JJ
cancers	NNS
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
body	NN
converts	VBZ
cholesterol	NN
into	IN
androgens	NNS
and	CC
estrogens	NNS
.	.
These	DT
are	VBP
sex	NN
hormones	NNS
that	WDT
play	VBP
a	DT
role	NN
primarily	RB
in	IN
breast	NN
and	CC
prostate	NN
cancers	NNS
but	CC
other	JJ
cancers	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
''	''
Her	PRP$
more	JJR
recent	JJ
lifestyle	NN
intervention	NN
trials	NNS
for	IN
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
were	VBD
a	DT
natural	JJ
outgrowth	NN
of	IN
her	PRP$
cancer	NN
research	NN
.	.
``	``
Weight	NNP
gain	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
prevalent	JJ
problem	NN
in	IN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
and	CC
we	PRP
found	VBD
that	IN
we	PRP
could	MD
stop	VB
the	DT
cycle	NN
of	IN
obesity	NN
and	CC
adverse	JJ
body	NN
composition	NN
changes	NNS
through	IN
exercise	NN
.	.
''	''
She	PRP
is	VBZ
trying	VBG
to	TO
find	VB
what	WP
kinds	NNS
of	IN
education	NN
and	CC
information	NN
work	NN
best	RB
to	TO
motivate	VB
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
to	TO
exercise	VB
and	CC
eat	VB
healthful	JJ
diets	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
she	PRP
works	VBZ
50-80	CD
hours	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Demark-Wahnefried	NNP
and	CC
her	PRP$
husband	NN
,	,
who	WP
runs	VBZ
a	DT
computer	NN
hosting	VBG
company	NN
,	,
take	VB
ballroom	NN
dancing	NN
lessons	NNS
for	IN
personal	JJ
enjoyment	NN
and	CC
exercise	NN
.	.
She	PRP
tries	VBZ
to	TO
eat	VB
a	DT
healthy	JJ
diet	NN
.	.
``	``
Fortunately	RB
,	,
I	PRP
love	VBP
fruits	NNS
and	CC
vegetables	NNS
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
affirms	VBZ
.	.
She	PRP
also	RB
makes	VBZ
sure	JJ
she	PRP
gets	VBZ
on	IN
an	DT
elliptical	JJ
trainer	NN
every	DT
other	JJ
day	NN
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
ask	VB
my	PRP$
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
to	TO
exercise	VB
if	IN
I	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
do	VB
it	PRP
.	.
You	PRP
've	VBP
got	VBN
to	TO
walk	VB
the	DT
walk	NN
.	.
''	''
Scientist	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Spotlight	NNP
:	:
Richard	NNP
M.	NNP
Niles	NNP
,	,
Ph.D.	NNP
``	``
Sometimes	RB
in	IN
research	NN
you	PRP
stumble	VBP
upon	IN
discoveries	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
never	RB
would	MD
have	VB
thought	VBN
to	TO
look	VB
for	IN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Richard	NNP
M.	NNP
Niles	NNP
,	,
Ph.D.	NNP
,	,
Chair	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Department	NNP
of	IN
Biochemistry	NNP
and	CC
Molecular	NNP
Biology	NNP
at	IN
Marshall	NNP
University	NNP
's	POS
medical	JJ
school	NN
in	IN
Huntington	NNP
,	,
W.V.	NNP
``	``
You	PRP
look	VBP
at	IN
the	DT
data	NNS
and	CC
say	VB
,	,
`	``
This	DT
is	VBZ
really	RB
interesting	JJ
.	.
I	PRP
never	RB
would	MD
have	VB
thought	VBN
about	IN
that	DT
.	.
'	''
``	``
Dr.	NNP
Niles	NNP
had	VBD
one	CD
of	IN
these	DT
``	``
Eureka	FW
!	.
''	''
moments	NNS
when	WRB
he	PRP
looked	VBD
at	IN
the	DT
findings	NNS
of	IN
his	PRP$
latest	JJS
research	NN
that	WDT
used	VBD
gene	NN
array	NN
analysis	NN
,	,
a	DT
powerful	JJ
technology	NN
,	,
to	TO
study	VB
vitamin	NN
A	DT
and	CC
melanoma	NN
in	IN
animals	NNS
.	.
Vitamin	NNP
A	NNP
is	VBZ
effective	JJ
in	IN
inhibiting	VBG
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
many	JJ
different	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
.	.
``	``
The	DT
data	NNS
give	VBP
us	PRP
some	DT
real	JJ
insight	NN
into	IN
the	DT
sequence	NN
of	IN
target	NN
genes	NNS
for	IN
retinoic	JJ
acid	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
biologically	RB
active	JJ
form	NN
of	IN
vitamin	NN
A	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
If	IN
we	PRP
can	MD
translate	VB
this	DT
finding	NN
to	TO
human	JJ
melanoma	NN
,	,
it	PRP
will	MD
provide	VB
a	DT
significant	JJ
breakthrough	NN
in	IN
our	PRP$
understanding	NN
of	IN
why	WRB
so	RB
many	JJ
melanomas	NNS
are	VBP
resistant	JJ
to	TO
treatment	NN
with	IN
vitamin	NN
A	DT
and	CC
retinoic	JJ
acid	NN
.	.
``	``
AICR	NNP
has	VBZ
funded	VBN
four	CD
of	IN
Dr.	NNP
Niles	NNP
's	POS
research	NN
projects	NNS
,	,
all	DT
of	IN
which	WDT
are	VBP
related	VBN
to	TO
aspects	NNS
of	IN
retinoic	JJ
acid	NN
.	.
Vitamin	NNP
A	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
retinoic	JJ
acid	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
is	VBZ
believed	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
essential	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
normal	JJ
functioning	NN
of	IN
melanoytes	NNS
,	,
the	DT
pigment-producing	JJ
cells	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
skin	NN
.	.
Much	JJ
of	IN
his	PRP$
research	NN
has	VBZ
studied	VBN
whether	IN
retinoic	JJ
acid	NN
might	MD
be	VB
useful	JJ
in	IN
prevent-ing	JJ
early-stage	JJ
melanoma	NN
from	IN
advancing	VBG
.	.
In	IN
1999	CD
AICR	NNP
funded	VBD
a	DT
two-year	JJ
project	NN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
a	DT
new	JJ
technology	NN
that	WDT
records	VBZ
gene	NN
expressions	NNS
regulated	VBN
by	IN
vitamin	NN
A.	NN
``	``
The	DT
AICR	NNP
grant	NN
enabled	VBD
us	PRP
to	TO
get	VB
results	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
gene	NN
array	NN
field	NN
at	IN
a	DT
very	RB
early	JJ
time	NN
.	.
Those	DT
results	NNS
then	RB
helped	VBD
us	PRP
receive	VB
National	NNP
Institutes	NNPS
of	IN
Health	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
NIH	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
funding	NN
to	TO
continue	VB
the	DT
research	NN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Dr.	NNP
Niles	NNP
.	.
AICR	NNP
's	POS
commitment	NN
to	TO
funding	VBG
early	JJ
research	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
its	PRP$
strong	JJ
points	NNS
,	,
according	VBG
to	TO
Dr.	NNP
Niles	NNP
.	.
``	``
There	EX
's	VBZ
a	DT
real	JJ
need	NN
for	IN
AICR	NNP
's	POS
support	NN
of	IN
pilot	NN
studies	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
more	RBR
risky	JJ
projects	NNS
than	IN
NIH	NNP
would	MD
consider	VB
.	.
But	CC
unless	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
data	NNS
gathered	VBD
already	RB
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
hard	JJ
to	TO
get	VB
funding	NN
from	IN
NIH	NNP
.	.
``	``
Dr.	NNP
Niles	NNP
credits	NNS
AICR	NNP
for	IN
being	VBG
the	DT
first	JJ
major	JJ
organization	NN
to	TO
fund	VB
studies	NNS
relating	VBG
nutrition	NN
to	TO
cancer	NN
,	,
when	WRB
it	PRP
was	VBD
not	RB
popular	JJ
to	TO
do	VB
so	RB
.	.
``	``
AICR	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
the	DT
leader	NN
in	IN
that	DT
area	NN
,	,
''	''
he	PRP
says	VBZ
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Niles	NNP
's	POS
interest	NN
in	IN
science	NN
began	VBD
at	IN
an	DT
early	JJ
age	NN
,	,
initially	RB
in	IN
astronomy	NN
.	.
Later	RB
he	PRP
turned	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
biological	JJ
sciences	NNS
and	CC
considered	VBN
entering	VBG
medical	JJ
school	NN
,	,
but	CC
he	PRP
found	VBD
research	NN
interested	JJ
him	PRP
more	RBR
.	.
He	PRP
began	VBD
working	VBG
with	IN
vitamin	NN
A	DT
after	IN
hearing	VBG
a	DT
presentation	NN
at	IN
a	DT
cancer	NN
research	NN
meeting	NN
on	IN
retinoic	JJ
acid	NN
.	.
``	``
The	DT
subject	JJ
matter	NN
was	VBD
totally	RB
new	JJ
to	TO
me	PRP
,	,
and	CC
afterward	RB
I	PRP
went	VBD
to	TO
my	PRP$
coworkers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
laboratory	NN
and	CC
said	VBD
,	,
`	``
Let	VB
's	POS
try	VB
retinoic	JJ
acid	NN
on	IN
the	DT
cells	NNS
in	IN
our	PRP$
laboratory	NN
.	.
'	''
It	PRP
had	VBD
very	RB
similar	JJ
effects	NNS
to	TO
what	WP
I	PRP
had	VBD
heard	VBN
.	.
I	PRP
've	VBP
been	VBN
studying	VBG
it	PRP
ever	RB
since	IN
.	.
``	``
Although	IN
his	PRP$
career	NN
is	VBZ
focused	VBN
on	IN
science	NN
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Niles	NNP
likes	VBZ
to	TO
relax	VB
with	IN
non-science	JJ
books	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
alternates	VBZ
between	IN
fiction	NN
and	CC
nonfiction	NN
.	.
He	PRP
also	RB
stays	VBZ
fit	NN
.	.
He	PRP
runs	VBZ
two	CD
to	TO
three	CD
times	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
and	CC
plays	VBZ
tennis	NN
with	IN
a	DT
group	NN
at	IN
the	DT
medical	JJ
school	NN
twice	RB
a	DT
week	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Niles	NNP
's	POS
interest	NN
in	IN
science	NN
did	VBD
not	RB
rub	VB
off	RP
on	IN
his	PRP$
two	CD
sons	NNS
.	.
One	CD
lives	NNS
in	IN
Maine	NNP
and	CC
works	VBZ
in	IN
accounting	NN
and	CC
finance	NN
,	,
while	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
works	NNS
in	IN
public	JJ
relations	NNS
and	CC
grant	NN
writing	NN
for	IN
a	DT
West	NNP
Virginia	NNP
hospital	NN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Niles	NNP
's	POS
wife	NN
is	VBZ
active	JJ
in	IN
volunteer	NN
work	NN
at	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
affiliated	VBN
with	IN
Marshall	NNP
University	NNP
's	POS
medical	JJ
school	NN
and	CC
also	RB
at	IN
the	DT
local	JJ
Ronald	NNP
McDonald	NNP
House	NNP
.	.
His	PRP$
family	NN
understands	VBZ
the	DT
importance	NN
of	IN
vitamin	NN
A	DT
to	TO
good	JJ
health	NN
.	.
``	``
Everyone	NN
takes	VBZ
a	DT
multivitamin	NN
each	DT
morning	NN
,	,
''	''
Dr.	NNP
Niles	NNP
reports	NNS
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
also	RB
eat	VBP
lots	NNS
of	IN
salads	NNS
that	WDT
include	VBP
carrots	NNS
and	CC
red	JJ
peppers	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
rich	JJ
sources	NNS
of	IN
beta-carotene	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
converted	VBN
to	TO
vitamin	VB
A	DT
inside	IN
the	DT
body	NN
.	.
''	''
Stronger	NNP
Than	IN
Iron	NNP
,	,
Curcumin	NNP
May	NNP
Prevent	NNP
TumorsCurcumin	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
phytochemical	NN
in	IN
the	DT
spice	NN
turmeric	NN
that	WDT
gives	VBZ
curry	VB
its	PRP$
yellow	JJ
color	NN
.	.
In	IN
animal	JJ
studies	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
has	VBZ
prevented	VBN
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
several	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
cancers	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
has	VBZ
even	RB
been	VBN
tested	VBN
in	IN
clinical	JJ
trials	NNS
as	IN
a	DT
way	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
cancer	NN
in	IN
humans	NNS
.	.
Suzy	NNP
V.	NNP
Torti	NNP
,	,
Ph.D.	NNP
,	,
Associate	NNP
Professor	NNP
of	IN
Biochemistry	NNP
at	IN
Wake	NNP
Forest	NNP
University	NNP
School	NNP
of	IN
Medicine	NNP
in	IN
Winston-Salem	NNP
,	,
N.C.	NNP
,	,
has	VBZ
studied	VBN
curcumin	NN
's	POS
protective	JJ
effect	NN
against	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
In	IN
collaboration	NN
with	IN
her	PRP$
research	NN
colleagues	NNS
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Torti	NNP
recently	RB
found	VBD
a	DT
possible	JJ
explanation	NN
for	IN
how	WRB
curcumin	JJ
inhibits	VBZ
tumor	NN
growth	NN
.	.
Cancer	NNP
Cells	NNP
Deprived	NNP
of	IN
Iron	NNP
``	``
We	PRP
made	VBD
the	DT
unexpected	JJ
observation	NN
that	WDT
curcumin	VBP
binds	NNS
and	CC
isolates	VBZ
iron	NN
in	IN
cells	NNS
and	CC
tissues	NNS
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Dr.	NNP
Torti	NNP
.	.
The	DT
process	NN
of	IN
binding	JJ
and	CC
isolating	VBG
a	DT
metal	NN
ion	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
iron	NN
is	VBZ
known	VBN
as	IN
chelation	NN
.	.
Her	PRP$
group	NN
made	VBD
this	DT
discovery	NN
after	IN
studying	VBG
the	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
several	JJ
natural	JJ
products	NNS
.	.
How	WRB
chelation	NN
of	IN
iron	NN
by	IN
curcumin	NN
may	MD
prevent	VB
cancer	NN
is	VBZ
unknown	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
may	MD
involve	VB
the	DT
special	JJ
need	NN
of	IN
tumor	NN
cells	NNS
for	IN
iron	NN
.	.
Although	IN
iron	NN
is	VBZ
essential	JJ
for	IN
the	DT
body	NN
to	TO
function	VB
,	,
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
are	VBP
avid	JJ
for	IN
iron	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
required	VBN
for	IN
their	PRP$
growth	NN
and	CC
DNA	NNP
synthesis	NN
.	.
In	IN
conditions	NNS
of	IN
excess	JJ
iron	NN
storage	NN
,	,
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
liver	NN
cancer	NN
is	VBZ
greatly	RB
increased	VBN
.	.
Dr.	NNP
Torti	NNP
notes	VBZ
,	,
however	RB
,	,
that	IN
chelation	NN
is	VBZ
probably	RB
only	RB
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
curcumin	JJ
affects	VBZ
tumors	NNS
.	.
``	``
Studies	NNS
have	VBP
shown	VBN
lots	NNS
of	IN
partial	JJ
answers	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
question	NN
of	IN
why	WRB
curcumin	NN
inhibits	VBZ
tumor	NN
growth	NN
.	.
Its	PRP$
property	NN
of	IN
chelating	JJ
iron	NN
is	VBZ
just	RB
another	DT
piece	NN
of	IN
the	DT
puzzle	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
this	DT
simple	JJ
molecule	NN
works	NNS
.	.
``	``
Pinpointing	VBG
the	DT
RelationshipIn	NNP
a	DT
current	JJ
,	,
two-year	JJ
study	NN
,	,
funded	VBN
by	IN
AICR	NNP
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Torti	NNP
and	CC
her	PRP$
colleagues	NNS
are	VBP
attempting	VBG
to	TO
better	JJR
define	VB
the	DT
interaction	NN
between	IN
iron	NN
and	CC
curcumin	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
effects	NNS
on	IN
tumor	NN
growth	NN
.	.
Her	PRP$
study	NN
will	MD
use	VB
mice	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
a	DT
genetic	JJ
defect	NN
that	WDT
causes	VBZ
them	PRP
to	TO
develop	VB
intestinal	JJ
tumors	NNS
.	.
The	DT
mice	NNS
will	MD
all	DT
be	VB
fed	VBN
the	DT
same	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
curcumin	NN
.	.
In	IN
this	DT
study	NN
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Torti	NNP
will	MD
see	VB
how	WRB
many	JJ
intestinal	JJ
or	CC
liver	NN
tumors	NNS
the	DT
mice	NNS
develop	VBP
when	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
given	VBN
varying	VBG
amounts	NNS
of	IN
iron	NN
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
will	MD
assess	VB
whether	IN
giving	VBG
more	JJR
or	CC
less	JJR
iron	NN
when	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
also	RB
giving	VBG
curcumin	NN
will	MD
affect	VB
how	WRB
the	DT
curcumin	NN
works	VBZ
in	IN
preventing	VBG
tumors	NNS
,	,
''	''
Dr.	NNP
Torti	NNP
says	VBZ
.	.
The	DT
study	NN
will	MD
also	RB
examine	VB
the	DT
molecular	JJ
action	NN
of	IN
curcumin	NN
.	.
This	DT
information	NN
could	MD
lay	VB
the	DT
groundwork	NN
for	IN
developing	VBG
medicines	NNS
or	CC
treatments	NNS
that	WDT
mimic	VBP
the	DT
chemopreventive	JJ
actions	NNS
of	IN
curcumin	NN
.	.
The	DT
other	JJ
findings	NNS
from	IN
this	DT
study	NN
could	MD
have	VB
important	JJ
and	CC
practical	JJ
implications	NNS
for	IN
dietary	JJ
interventions	NNS
used	VBN
to	TO
prevent	VB
cancer	NN
.	.
``	``
Our	PRP$
study	NN
with	IN
mice	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
the	DT
first	JJ
to	TO
provide	VB
some	DT
measurements	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
effect	NN
of	IN
different	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
iron	NN
when	WRB
curcumin	NN
is	VBZ
being	VBG
used	VBN
,	,
''	''
Dr.	NNP
Torti	NNP
points	VBZ
out	RP
.	.
If	IN
dietary	JJ
iron	NN
reduces	VBZ
the	DT
activity	NN
of	IN
curcumin	NN
,	,
this	DT
could	MD
have	VB
immediate	JJ
implications	NNS
for	IN
human	JJ
trials	NNS
,	,
where	WRB
iron	NN
supplementation	NN
might	MD
be	VB
avoided	VBN
or	CC
reduced	VBN
when	WRB
curcumin	NN
is	VBZ
administered	VBN
.	.
She	PRP
concludes	VBZ
,	,
``	``
If	IN
people	NNS
are	VBP
taking	VBG
curcumin	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
them	PRP
from	IN
getting	VBG
cancer	NN
,	,
and	CC
they	PRP
are	VBP
also	RB
taking	VBG
iron	NN
supplements	NNS
,	,
the	DT
curcumin	NN
may	MD
be	VB
inactivated	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
iron	NN
,	,
possibly	RB
defeating	VBG
the	DT
whole	JJ
purpose	NN
.	.
``	``
ReferenceBuss	NNP
JL	NNP
et	FW
al	FW
.	.
The	DT
role	NN
of	IN
iron	NN
chelation	NN
in	IN
cancer	NN
therapy	NN
.	.
Current	JJ
Medicinal	NNP
Chemistry	NNP
.	.
2003	CD
;	:
10	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
12	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
:1021	CD
-34	CD
.	.
Scientist	NN
in	IN
the	DT
Spotlight	NNP
:	:
Thomas	NNP
Gasiewicz	NNP
,	,
Ph.D.	NNP
At	IN
a	DT
press	NN
conference	NN
on	IN
July	NNP
14	CD
,	,
2005	CD
,	,
AICR	NNP
publicized	VBD
the	DT
striking	JJ
results	NNS
of	IN
an	DT
AICR-funded	JJ
study	NN
on	IN
green	JJ
tea	NN
.	.
The	DT
study	NN
discovered	VBD
that	IN
epigallocatechin	NN
gallate	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
EGCG	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
a	DT
potent	JJ
antioxidant	NN
in	IN
green	JJ
tea	NN
,	,
can	MD
bind	NN
to	TO
a	DT
common	JJ
protein	NN
called	VBN
HSP90	NNP
and	CC
inhibit	VB
cellular	JJ
activity	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
cancer	NN
.	.
The	DT
lead	NN
researcher	NN
for	IN
the	DT
study	NN
,	,
Thomas	NNP
Gasiewicz	NNP
,	,
Ph.D.	NNP
,	,
Professor	NNP
of	IN
Environmental	NNP
Medicine	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Rochester	NNP
Medical	NNP
Center	NNP
,	,
says	VBZ
,	,
``	``
The	DT
active	JJ
green	JJ
tea	NN
substance	NN
EGCG	NNP
may	MD
target	VB
HSP90	CD
with	IN
a	DT
degree	NN
of	IN
precision	NN
that	WDT
could	MD
be	VB
equivalent	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
activity	NN
of	IN
our	PRP$
best	JJS
cancer	NN
drugs	NNS
.	.
EGCG	NNP
binds	VBZ
directly	RB
to	TO
it	PRP
and	CC
keeps	VBZ
it	PRP
from	IN
passing	VBG
on	IN
signals	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
start	VB
the	DT
cancer	NN
process	NN
.	.
``	``
Dr.	NNP
Gasiewicz	NNP
made	VBD
this	DT
discovery	NN
almost	RB
by	IN
accident	NN
.	.
At	IN
the	DT
time	NN
,	,
his	PRP$
laboratory	NN
was	VBD
looking	VBG
for	IN
a	DT
natural	JJ
substance	NN
that	WDT
would	MD
block	VB
the	DT
expression	NN
of	IN
the	DT
protein	NN
Ah	UH
receptor	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
AhR	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
through	IN
which	WDT
dioxin	NN
produces	VBZ
toxicity	NN
in	IN
mammals	NNS
.	.
His	PRP$
laboratory	NN
looked	VBD
at	IN
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
flavones	NNS
,	,
a	DT
class	NN
of	IN
phytochemicals	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
EGCG	NNP
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
saw	VBD
that	IN
EGCG	NNP
counteracted	VBD
AhR	NNP
expression	NN
,	,
but	CC
we	PRP
could	MD
n't	RB
figure	VB
out	RP
how	WRB
it	PRP
was	VBD
working	VBG
.	.
For	IN
months	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
tried	VBD
to	TO
make	VB
EGCG	NNP
bind	NN
to	TO
that	DT
protein	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
did	VBD
not	RB
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Dr.	NNP
Gasiewicz	NNP
.	.
By	IN
accident	NN
,	,
the	DT
researchers	NNS
observed	VBD
that	IN
EGCG	NNP
bound	VBN
to	TO
HSP90	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
then	RB
stabilized	VBD
the	DT
activity	NN
of	IN
AhR	NNP
.	.
``	``
The	DT
finding	NN
of	IN
this	DT
mechanism	NN
is	VBZ
my	PRP$
most	RBS
surprising	JJ
research	NN
result	NN
,	,
''	''
Dr.	NNP
Gasiewicz	NNP
relates	VBZ
.	.
``	``
I	PRP
never	RB
would	MD
have	VB
predicted	VBN
it	PRP
.	.
''	''
``	``
In	IN
science	NN
,	,
sometimes	RB
you	PRP
need	VBP
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
recognize	VB
an	DT
unusual	JJ
event	NN
and	CC
go	VB
with	IN
the	DT
results	NNS
,	,
''	''
he	PRP
adds	VBZ
.	.
Figuring	VBG
out	RP
how	WRB
things	NNS
work	VBP
is	VBZ
what	WP
drew	VBD
Dr.	NNP
Gasiewicz	NNP
to	TO
research	NN
.	.
He	PRP
traces	NNS
his	PRP$
interest	NN
back	RB
to	TO
his	PRP$
childhood	NN
,	,
when	WRB
his	PRP$
family	NN
lived	VBD
near	IN
the	DT
woods	NNS
and	CC
he	PRP
spent	VBD
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
time	NN
exploring	VBG
nature	NN
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
he	PRP
was	VBD
always	RB
drawn	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
sciences	NNS
in	IN
school	NN
.	.
In	IN
1972	CD
,	,
he	PRP
earned	VBD
a	DT
B.S.	NN
degree	NN
in	IN
chemistry	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
theoretical	JJ
side	NN
of	IN
that	DT
subject	JJ
did	VBD
not	RB
interest	NN
him	PRP
.	.
When	WRB
he	PRP
went	VBD
to	TO
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Rochester	NNP
for	IN
graduate	JJ
school	NN
,	,
he	PRP
met	VBD
the	DT
scientist	NN
who	WP
had	VBD
discovered	VBN
that	IN
AhR	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
transcription	NN
factor	NN
for	IN
dioxin	NN
.	.
``	``
His	PRP$
work	NN
struck	VBD
me	PRP
as	IN
extremely	RB
important	JJ
for	IN
public	JJ
health	NN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Dr.	NNP
Gasiewicz	NNP
,	,
who	WP
received	VBD
a	DT
Ph.D.	NNP
in	IN
toxicology	NN
in	IN
1977	CD
.	.
Since	IN
then	RB
,	,
most	JJS
of	IN
his	PRP$
research	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
devoted	VBN
to	TO
determining	VBG
the	DT
normal	JJ
function	NN
of	IN
AhR	NNP
and	CC
how	WRB
it	PRP
affects	VBZ
the	DT
immune	JJ
system	NN
.	.
``	``
If	IN
we	PRP
can	MD
find	VB
out	RP
how	WRB
AhR	NNP
works	VBZ
when	WRB
exposed	VBN
to	TO
dioxin	VB
,	,
we	PRP
may	MD
obtain	VB
clues	NNS
on	IN
how	WRB
to	TO
treat	VB
and	CC
prevent	VB
cancer	NN
,	,
''	''
he	PRP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
We	PRP
're	VBP
using	VBG
dioxin	NN
as	IN
a	DT
tool	NN
to	TO
understand	VB
this	DT
particular	JJ
protein	NN
.	.
``	``
Although	IN
dioxin	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
powerful	JJ
toxin	NN
now	RB
spread	VBN
throughout	IN
the	DT
world	NN
by	IN
many	JJ
activities	NNS
of	IN
mankind	NN
,	,
a	DT
person	NN
's	POS
lifestyle	NN
can	MD
outweigh	VB
the	DT
health	NN
risk	NN
from	IN
dioxins	NNS
.	.
``	``
Our	PRP$
bodies	NNS
have	VBP
a	DT
certain	JJ
ability	NN
to	TO
deal	VB
with	IN
these	DT
chemicals	NNS
,	,
''	''
points	VBZ
out	RP
Dr.	NNP
Gasiewicz	NNP
.	.
``	``
One	CD
molecule	NN
of	IN
dioxin	NN
will	MD
not	RB
cause	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
develop	VB
cancer	NN
.	.
``	``
In	IN
his	PRP$
spare	JJ
time	NN
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Gasiewicz	NNP
still	RB
explores	VBZ
the	DT
great	JJ
outdoors	NNS
.	.
He	PRP
enjoys	VBZ
weeklong	JJ
backpacking	NN
trips	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Adirondacks	NNPS
.	.
He	PRP
also	RB
plays	VBZ
golf	NN
.	.
Recently	RB
,	,
he	PRP
went	VBD
on	IN
a	DT
rafting	NN
trip	NN
with	IN
his	PRP$
two	CD
children	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
Grand	NNP
Canyon	NNP
.	.
His	PRP$
son	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
college	NN
junior	NN
interested	JJ
in	IN
math	NN
,	,
physics	NN
,	,
international	JJ
relations	NNS
and	CC
languages	NNS
,	,
while	IN
his	PRP$
daughter	NN
is	VBZ
pursing	VBG
a	DT
master	NN
's	POS
degree	NN
in	IN
public	JJ
relations	NNS
and	CC
marketing	NN
.	.
His	PRP$
wife	NN
now	RB
works	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
teacher	NN
's	POS
aide	NN
with	IN
learning	VBG
disabled	JJ
children	NNS
,	,
although	IN
she	PRP
was	VBD
a	DT
nurse	NN
when	WRB
she	PRP
met	VBD
Dr.	NNP
Gasiewicz	NNP
.	.
Determination	NN
of	IN
biologically	RB
plausible	JJ
mechanisms	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
action	NN
of	IN
micronutrients	NNS
,	,
macronutrients	NNS
,	,
phytochemicals	NNS
and	CC
dietary	JJ
patterns	NNS
on	IN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
Determination	NN
of	IN
the	DT
influence	NN
of	IN
processing	NN
,	,
distribution	NN
,	,
storage	NN
,	,
preparation	NN
and	CC
cooking	NN
on	IN
the	DT
anticarcinogenic	JJ
or	CC
carcinogenic	JJ
potential	NN
of	IN
foods	NNS
.	.
Identification	NN
and	CC
validation	NN
of	IN
biological	JJ
or	CC
biochemical	JJ
markers	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
,	,
including	VBG
immunological	JJ
and	CC
hormonal	JJ
markers	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
influenced	VBN
by	IN
dietary	JJ
exposures	NNS
.	.
Examination	NNP
of	IN
how	WRB
interactions	NNS
among	IN
factors	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
dietary	JJ
patterns	NNS
,	,
whole	JJ
foods	NNS
and	CC
food	NN
components	NNS
,	,
physical	JJ
activity	NN
and	CC
genomics	NNS
act	VBP
to	TO
modify	VB
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
Mechanisms	NNPS
through	IN
which	WDT
energy	NN
intake	NN
and	CC
expenditure	NN
,	,
body	NN
composition	NN
,	,
body	NN
weight	NN
and	CC
physical	JJ
activity	NN
influence	NN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
Mechanisms	NNPS
by	IN
which	WDT
dietary	JJ
agents	NNS
modulate	VBP
tumor	NN
stem	NN
cell	NN
survival	NN
and	CC
proliferation	NN
.	.
Addition	NN
of	IN
a	DT
food	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
,	,
or	CC
physical	JJ
activity	NN
component	NN
to	TO
a	DT
funded	VBN
epidemiologic	NN
,	,
intervention	NN
,	,
or	CC
clinical	JJ
study	NN
that	WDT
examines	VBZ
cancer	NN
risk	NN
or	CC
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
.	.
Investigation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
selective	JJ
growth	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
nutritional	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
requirements	NNS
of	IN
tumor	NN
cells	NNS
as	IN
compared	VBN
to	TO
normal	JJ
cells	NNS
.	.
Identification	NN
of	IN
nutritional	JJ
factors	NNS
alone	RB
or	CC
in	IN
combination	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
selectively	RB
suppress	VB
tumor	NN
cell	NN
growth	NN
.	.
Investigation	NN
of	IN
the	DT
mechanisms	NNS
through	IN
which	WDT
micronutrients	NNS
,	,
macronutrients	NNS
,	,
energy	NN
balance	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
nutritional	JJ
factors	NNS
may	MD
improve	VB
cancer	NN
treatment	NN
or	CC
reduce	VB
the	DT
toxicity	NN
of	IN
chemotherapy	NN
drugs	NNS
,	,
radiation	NN
,	,
or	CC
immunotherapy	NN
,	,
while	IN
sustaining	VBG
or	CC
enhancing	VBG
the	DT
efficacy	NN
of	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
Identification	NN
of	IN
diets	NNS
and	CC
dietary	JJ
constituents	NNS
that	WDT
modify	VBP
cancer	NN
development	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
modulating	VBG
these	DT
factors	NNS
may	MD
arrest	VB
or	CC
reverse	VB
cancer	NN
or	CC
its	PRP$
precursor	NN
lesions	NNS
.	.
Mechanistic	JJ
studies	NNS
addressing	VBG
energy	NN
intake	NN
and	CC
expenditure	NN
,	,
body	NN
composition	NN
,	,
body	NN
weight	NN
,	,
physical	JJ
activity	NN
and	CC
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
Addition	NN
of	IN
a	DT
food	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
,	,
or	CC
physical	JJ
activity	NN
component	NN
to	TO
a	DT
funded	VBN
epidemiologic	NN
,	,
intervention	NN
,	,
or	CC
clinical	JJ
study	NN
that	WDT
examines	VBZ
cancer	NN
treatment	NN
or	CC
the	DT
inhibition	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
progression	NN
.	.
Investigate	VB
differential	NN
mechanisms	NNS
of	IN
action	NN
of	IN
food	NN
and	CC
nutrients	NNS
on	IN
future	JJ
cancer	NN
risk	NN
in	IN
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
as	IN
compared	VBN
to	TO
those	DT
without	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
Investigate	VB
nutrition-based	JJ
treatments	NNS
that	WDT
enhance	VBP
quality	NN
of	IN
life	NN
in	IN
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
those	DT
that	WDT
mitigate	VBP
negative	JJ
effects	NNS
of	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
Addition	NN
of	IN
a	DT
nutrition	NN
component	NN
to	TO
a	DT
funded	VBN
epidemiologic	NN
,	,
intervention	NN
or	CC
clinical	JJ
study	NN
on	IN
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
examine	VB
links	NNS
between	IN
nutrition	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
.	.
Investigator	NNP
Initiated	NNP
Grants	NNPS
-LRB-	-LRB-
IIG	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
AICR	NNP
's	POS
Investigator	NNP
Initiated	NNP
Grant	NNP
program	NN
remains	VBZ
the	DT
core	NN
of	IN
the	DT
Institute	NNP
's	POS
research	NN
efforts	NNS
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
has	VBZ
contributed	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
deeper	JJR
and	CC
more	RBR
precise	JJ
understanding	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
food	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
physical	JJ
activity	NN
impact	NN
the	DT
cancer	NN
process	NN
.	.
It	PRP
also	RB
encourages	VBZ
new	JJ
research	NN
on	IN
dietary	JJ
means	NNS
of	IN
preventing	VBG
and	CC
treating	VBG
cancer	NN
,	,
or	CC
improving	VBG
the	DT
life	NN
of	IN
the	DT
cancer	NN
patient	NN
and	CC
the	DT
cancer	NN
survivor	NN
.	.
Research	NNP
supported	VBN
by	IN
this	DT
program	NN
uncovers	VBZ
the	DT
mechanisms	NNS
by	IN
which	WDT
nutrients	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
food	NN
constituents	NNS
help	VBP
prevent	VB
or	CC
promote	VB
the	DT
cancer	NN
process	NN
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
open	JJ
to	TO
researchers	NNS
at	IN
not-for-profit	JJ
universities	NNS
,	,
hospitals	NNS
,	,
or	CC
research	NN
centers	NNS
and	CC
provides	VBZ
renewable	JJ
,	,
two-year	JJ
grants	NNS
of	IN
up	RB
to	TO
$	$
75,000	CD
per	IN
year	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
plus	CC
10	CD
%	NN
for	IN
indirect	JJ
costs	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
IIG	NNP
applications	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
revised	VBN
up	RP
to	TO
two	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
2	LS
-RRB-	-RRB-
times	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Principal	NN
Investigator	NN
must	MD
have	VB
a	DT
Ph.D.	NNP
,	,
or	CC
equivalent	JJ
degree	NN
,	,
or	CC
M.D.	NNP
degree	NN
and	CC
be	VB
a	DT
research	NN
staff	NN
or	CC
faculty	NN
member	NN
at	IN
a	DT
non-profit	JJ
academic	JJ
or	CC
research	NN
institution	NN
at	IN
the	DT
level	NN
of	IN
an	DT
assistant	JJ
professor	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
its	PRP$
equivalent	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
or	CC
higher	JJR
.	.
Post-Doctoral	NNP
Grant	NNP
Awards	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
PDA	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
AICR	NNP
's	POS
Post-Doctoral	NNP
Grant	NNP
Awards	NNPS
are	VBP
designed	VBN
to	TO
encourage	VB
new	JJ
researchers	NNS
to	TO
enter	VB
the	DT
field	NN
of	IN
nutrition	NN
-	:
cancer	NN
research	NN
and	CC
to	TO
explore	VB
innovative	JJ
research	NN
ideas	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
often	RB
difficult	JJ
or	CC
impossible	JJ
to	TO
fund	VB
from	IN
traditional	JJ
sources	NNS
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
is	VBZ
open	JJ
to	TO
post-doctoral	JJ
trainees	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
not	RB
for	IN
academic	JJ
appointment	NN
holders	NNS
or	CC
independent	JJ
investigators	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
at	IN
non-profit	JJ
universities	NNS
,	,
hospitals	NNS
or	CC
research	NN
centers	NNS
and	CC
provides	VBZ
two-year	JJ
grants	NNS
of	IN
up	RB
to	TO
$	$
38,000	CD
-LRB-	-LRB-
no	DT
indirect	JJ
costs	NNS
are	VBP
allowed	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
per	IN
year	NN
,	,
and	CC
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
renewed	VBN
.	.
A	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
75	CD
%	NN
of	IN
the	DT
proposed	VBN
budget	NN
must	MD
go	VB
to	TO
salary	NN
with	IN
a	DT
minimum	NN
of	IN
75	CD
%	NN
time	NN
effort	NN
.	.
PDA	NNP
applications	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
revised	VBN
once	RB
.	.
The	DT
post-doctoral	JJ
applicant	NN
must	MD
have	VB
a	DT
Ph.D.	NNP
,	,
or	CC
equivalent	JJ
degree	NN
,	,
or	CC
M.D.	NNP
degree	NN
that	WDT
was	VBD
awarded	VBN
no	DT
more	JJR
than	IN
four	CD
years	NNS
prior	RB
to	TO
the	DT
date	NN
of	IN
application	NN
.	.
The	DT
applicant	NN
must	MD
also	RB
be	VB
sponsored	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
professor	NN
from	IN
the	DT
laboratory	NN
in	IN
which	WDT
the	DT
applicant	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
perform	VB
the	DT
research	NN
.	.
Matching	VBG
Grants	NNPS
-LRB-	-LRB-
MG	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
AICR	NNP
is	VBZ
interested	JJ
in	IN
working	VBG
with	IN
for-profit	JJ
corporations	NNS
and\/or	CC
not-for-profit	JJ
organizations	NNS
in	IN
funding	NN
cancer	NN
research	NN
consistent	JJ
with	IN
AICR	NNP
's	POS
areas	NNS
of	IN
interest	NN
.	.
Research	NNP
must	MD
be	VB
conducted	VBN
at	IN
an	DT
academic	JJ
or	CC
other	JJ
not-for-profit	JJ
research	NN
institution	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
usually	RB
provides	VBZ
about	IN
$	$
75,000	CD
as	IN
its	PRP$
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
funding	NN
arrangement	NN
.	.
Interested	JJ
investigators	NNS
should	MD
contact	VB
AICR	NNP
to	TO
discuss	VB
application	NN
procedures	NNS
.	.
Applications	NNS
will	MD
be	VB
evaluated	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
peer	VB
review	NN
process	NN
and	CC
must	MD
meet	VB
the	DT
same	JJ
high	JJ
and	CC
rigorous	JJ
standards	NNS
as	IN
all	DT
other	JJ
AICR	NNP
funded	VBD
grants	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
general	JJ
policy	NN
,	,
WCRF	NNP
International	NNP
gives	VBZ
priority	NN
to	TO
epidemiological	JJ
research	NN
proposals	NNS
that	WDT
relate	VBP
well	RB
to	TO
the	DT
expert	NN
report	NN
Food	NNP
,	,
Nutrition	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Prevention	NNP
of	IN
Cancer	NNP
:	:
a	DT
global	JJ
perspective	NN
.	.
Preference	NN
is	VBZ
given	VBN
to	TO
applications	NNS
that	WDT
adhere	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
following	JJ
general	JJ
and	CC
specific	JJ
priorities	NNS
considered	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
likely	JJ
to	TO
produce	VB
valuable	JJ
results	NNS
that	WDT
mark	VBP
a	DT
substantial	JJ
advance	NN
on	IN
current	JJ
knowledge	NN
.	.
Studies	NNS
that	WDT
focus	VBP
on	IN
nutrition	NN
of	IN
the	DT
mother	NN
,	,
fetus	NN
,	,
neonate	NN
and	CC
young	JJ
child	NN
and	CC
lifelong	JJ
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
Studies	NNP
investigating	VBG
energy	NN
intake	NN
and	CC
expenditure	NN
,	,
body	NN
composition	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
including	VBG
growth	NN
and	CC
height	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
body	NN
weight	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
Studies	NNP
investigating	VBG
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
physical	JJ
activity	NN
and	CC
\/	NN
or	CC
inactivity	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
Projects	NNPS
focusing	VBG
on	IN
the	DT
particular	JJ
circumstances	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
developing	VBG
world	NN
and	CC
countries	NNS
in	IN
transition	NN
from	IN
developing	VBG
to	TO
developed	JJ
economic	JJ
status	NN
,	,
in	IN
order	NN
to	TO
study	VB
the	DT
relationship	NN
between	IN
food	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
,	,
physical	JJ
activity	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
.	.
Studies	NNP
investigating	VBG
the	DT
effectiveness	NN
of	IN
interventions	NNS
or	CC
programs	NNS
aimed	VBN
at	IN
changing	VBG
eating	JJ
habits	NNS
,	,
physical	JJ
activity	NN
or	CC
nutrition	NN
status	NN
at	IN
individual	JJ
,	,
community	NN
or	CC
population	NN
level	NN
.	.
Beans	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
also	RB
known	VBN
as	IN
legumes	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
include	VBP
lentils	NNS
,	,
peas	NNS
and	CC
many	JJ
other	JJ
bean	NN
varieties	NNS
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
Soybeans	NNS
also	RB
fall	VBP
into	IN
this	DT
category	NN
,	,
but	CC
their	PRP$
anti-cancer	JJ
benefits	NNS
are	VBP
described	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Soy	JJ
section	NN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
active	JJ
ingredients	NNS
in	IN
beans	NNS
that	WDT
seem	VBP
to	TO
have	VB
a	DT
role	NN
in	IN
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
include	VBP
saponins	NNS
,	,
protease	NN
inhibitors	NNS
and	CC
phytic	JJ
acid	NN
.	.
These	DT
phytochemicals	NNS
appear	VBP
to	TO
protect	VB
cells	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
genetic	JJ
damage	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
cancer	NN
.	.
Beans	NNS
are	VBP
also	RB
rich	JJ
in	IN
fiber	NN
,	,
and	CC
diets	NNS
high	JJ
in	IN
fiber	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
repeatedly	RB
linked	VBN
to	TO
lower	JJR
risk	NN
of	IN
colorectal	JJ
,	,
pancreatic	JJ
and	CC
breast	NN
cancers	NNS
.	.
In	IN
laboratory	NN
studies	NNS
,	,
saponins	NNS
have	VBP
shown	VBN
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
inhibit	VB
the	DT
reproduction	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
and	CC
slow	VB
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
tumors	NNS
in	IN
several	JJ
different	JJ
tissues	NNS
.	.
Protease	NNP
inhibitors	NNS
have	VBP
slowed	VBN
the	DT
division	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
and	CC
helped	VBD
to	TO
prevent	VB
tumors	NNS
from	IN
releasing	VBG
substances	NNS
called	VBN
proteases	NNS
that	WDT
destroy	VBP
nearby	JJ
cells	NNS
.	.
Phytic	NNP
acid	NN
has	VBZ
shown	VBN
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
significantly	RB
slow	VB
the	DT
progression	NN
of	IN
tumors	NNS
.	.
One	CD
recent	JJ
case-control	JJ
study	NN
involving	VBG
3,237	CD
men	NNS
of	IN
different	JJ
ethnic	JJ
backgrounds	NNS
found	VBD
that	IN
those	DT
subjects	NNS
who	WP
consumed	VBD
the	DT
most	RBS
beans	NNS
had	VBD
a	DT
38	CD
percent	NN
lower	JJR
risk	NN
of	IN
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
than	IN
subjects	NNS
who	WP
consumed	VBD
the	DT
least	JJS
.	.
AICR	NNP
has	VBZ
funded	VBN
research	NN
on	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
topics	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
beans	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
cancer-fighting	JJ
components	NNS
they	PRP
contain	VBP
.	.
Click	VB
each	DT
topic	NN
to	TO
read	VB
a	DT
summary	NN
of	IN
the	DT
AICR-funded	JJ
research	NN
studies	NNS
performed	VBN
to	TO
date	NN
.	.
Berries	NNS
are	VBP
known	VBN
as	IN
good	JJ
sources	NNS
of	IN
vitamin	NN
C	NNP
and	CC
fiber	NN
and	CC
diets	NNS
high	JJ
in	IN
both	DT
of	IN
these	DT
substances	NNS
have	VBP
been	VBN
consistently	RB
linked	VBN
to	TO
lower	VB
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
But	CC
all	DT
berries	NNS
,	,
particularly	RB
strawberries	NNS
and	CC
raspberries	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
especially	RB
rich	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
substance	NN
called	VBN
ellagic	JJ
acid	NN
,	,
which	WDT
has	VBZ
shown	VBN
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
prevent	VB
cancers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
skin	NN
,	,
bladder	NN
,	,
lung	NN
,	,
esophagus	NN
and	CC
breast	NN
in	IN
laboratory	NN
studies	NNS
.	.
This	DT
phytochemical	NN
seems	VBZ
to	TO
utilize	VB
several	JJ
different	JJ
anti-cancer	JJ
methods	NNS
at	IN
once	RB
:	:
it	PRP
acts	VBZ
as	IN
an	DT
antioxidant	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
helps	VBZ
the	DT
body	NN
deactivate	VB
specific	JJ
carcinogens	NNS
,	,
and	CC
it	PRP
helps	VBZ
slow	VB
the	DT
reproduction	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
.	.
AICR	NNP
has	VBZ
funded	VBN
research	NN
on	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
topics	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
berries	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
cancer-fighting	JJ
components	NNS
they	PRP
contain	VBP
.	.
Click	VB
each	DT
topic	NN
to	TO
read	VB
a	DT
summary	NN
of	IN
the	DT
AICR-funded	JJ
research	NN
studies	NNS
performed	VBN
to	TO
date	NN
.	.
The	DT
cruciferous	JJ
vegetables	NNS
are	VBP
broccoli	NNS
,	,
cauliflower	NN
,	,
cabbage	NN
,	,
Brussels	NNP
sprouts	NNS
,	,
bok	NN
choy	NN
and	CC
kale	NN
.	.
This	DT
family	NN
of	IN
vegetables	NNS
contains	VBZ
many	JJ
components	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
linked	VBN
to	TO
lower	VB
cancer	NN
risk	NN
,	,
including	VBG
glucosinolates	NNS
,	,
crambene	NN
,	,
indole-3-carbinol	JJ
and	CC
,	,
especially	RB
,	,
isothiocyanates	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
are	VBP
derived	VBN
from	IN
glucosinolates	NNS
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
Several	JJ
laboratory	NN
studies	NNS
have	VBP
suggested	VBN
that	IN
cruciferous	JJ
vegetables	NNS
help	VBP
regulate	VB
a	DT
complex	JJ
system	NN
of	IN
bodily	JJ
enzymes	NNS
that	WDT
defend	VBP
against	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
Components	NNP
of	IN
these	DT
vegetables	NNS
have	VBP
shown	VBN
the	DT
ability	NN
to	TO
stop	VB
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
in	IN
various	JJ
cell	NN
,	,
tissue	NN
and	CC
animal	NN
models	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
tumors	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
breast	NN
,	,
endometrium	NN
,	,
lung	NN
,	,
colon	NN
,	,
liver	NN
,	,
colon	NN
and	CC
cervix	NN
.	.
Large	JJ
human	JJ
studies	NNS
have	VBP
associated	VBN
diets	NNS
high	JJ
in	IN
cruciferous	JJ
vegetables	NNS
with	IN
lower	JJR
risk	NN
for	IN
lung	NN
,	,
stomach	NN
and	CC
colorectal	JJ
cancers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
evidence	NN
from	IN
these	DT
studies	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
compare	VBP
the	DT
diets	NNS
and	CC
disease	NN
rates	NNS
of	IN
different	JJ
populations	NNS
,	,
is	VBZ
less	RBR
consistent	JJ
for	IN
ovarian	JJ
,	,
endometrial	JJ
and	CC
prostate	NN
cancers	NNS
.	.
Clinical	JJ
studies	NNS
on	IN
the	DT
role	NN
of	IN
cruciferous	JJ
vegetables	NNS
in	IN
cancer	NN
development	NN
and	CC
recurrence	NN
are	VBP
just	RB
beginning	VBG
,	,
but	CC
preliminary	JJ
evidence	NN
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
diets	NNS
high	JJ
in	IN
these	DT
foods	NNS
have	VBP
beneficial	JJ
effects	NNS
on	IN
cellular	JJ
metabolism	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
translate	VB
into	IN
lower	JJR
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
has	VBZ
funded	VBN
research	NN
on	IN
the	DT
following	VBG
topics	NNS
relating	VBG
to	TO
cruciferous	JJ
vegetables	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
cancer-fighting	JJ
components	NNS
they	PRP
contain	VBP
.	.
Click	VB
each	DT
topic	NN
to	TO
search	VB
for	IN
relevant	JJ
AICR-funded	JJ
research	NN
studies	NNS
performed	VBN
to	TO
date	NN
.	.
Spinach	NN
,	,
kale	NN
,	,
romaine	NN
lettuce	NN
,	,
leaf	NN
lettuce	NN
,	,
mustard	NN
greens	NNS
,	,
collard	NN
greens	NNS
,	,
chicory	NN
and	CC
Swiss	JJ
chard	NN
are	VBP
excellent	JJ
sources	NNS
of	IN
fiber	NN
,	,
folate	NN
and	CC
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
carotenoids	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
lutein	NN
and	CC
zeaxanthin	NN
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
saponins	NNS
and	CC
flavonoids	NNS
.	.
Results	NNS
from	IN
several	JJ
studies	NNS
suggest	VBP
that	IN
dietary	JJ
folate	NN
is	VBZ
associated	VBN
with	IN
lower	JJR
risk	NN
of	IN
both	DT
colorectal	JJ
adenomas	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
polyps	NNS
which	WDT
often	RB
progress	VBP
into	IN
cancers	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
colorectal	JJ
cancer	NN
.	.
Two	CD
large	JJ
studies	NNS
have	VBP
suggested	VBN
an	DT
association	NN
between	IN
increased	VBN
dietary	JJ
folate	NN
intake	NN
and	CC
reduced	VBN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
in	IN
women	NNS
who	WP
consume	VBP
alcoholic	JJ
beverages	NNS
.	.
In	IN
men	NNS
,	,
results	NNS
from	IN
two	CD
studies	NNS
indicate	VBP
that	IN
diets	NNS
high	JJ
in	IN
leafy	JJ
green	JJ
vegetables	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
sources	NNS
of	IN
folate	NN
may	MD
reduce	VB
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
lung	NN
cancer	NN
,	,
especially	RB
in	IN
smokers	NNS
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
Iowa	NNP
Women	NNP
's	POS
Health	NNP
Study	NNP
,	,
women	NNS
who	WP
ate	VBD
the	DT
most	RBS
green	JJ
leafy	JJ
vegetables	NNS
were	VBD
found	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
less	JJR
than	IN
half	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
44	CD
%	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
ovarian	JJ
cancer	NN
compared	VBN
with	IN
subjects	NNS
who	WP
at	IN
the	DT
least	JJS
green	JJ
leafy	JJ
vegetables	NNS
.	.
Flaxseed	NNP
is	VBZ
available	JJ
as	IN
flaxseed	NN
flour	NN
,	,
flaxseed	NN
meal	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
has	VBZ
the	DT
texture	NN
of	IN
cornmeal	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
flaxseed	JJ
oil	NN
and	CC
whole	JJ
flaxseeds	NNS
.	.
The	DT
whole	JJ
seeds	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
digested	VBN
,	,
so	IN
they	PRP
provide	VBP
no	DT
nutritional	JJ
or	CC
health	NN
benefits	NNS
unless	IN
they	PRP
are	VBP
ground	NN
.	.
Flaxseed	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
best	JJS
dietary	JJ
source	NN
for	IN
substances	NNS
called	VBN
lignans	NNS
.	.
Lignans	NNS
are	VBP
classified	VBN
as	IN
phytoestrogens	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
plant	NN
estrogens	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
because	IN
they	PRP
seem	VBP
to	TO
mimic	VB
the	DT
action	NN
of	IN
estrogen	NN
in	IN
the	DT
body	NN
.	.
This	DT
behavior	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
linked	VBN
to	TO
reduced	VBN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
Flaxseed	NNP
oil	NN
does	VBZ
not	RB
contain	VB
lignans	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
a	DT
group	NN
of	IN
phytochemicals	NNS
studied	VBN
for	IN
the	DT
anti-cancer	JJ
abilities	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
but	CC
some	DT
manufacturers	NNS
of	IN
flaxseed	NN
add	VBP
them	PRP
.	.
In	IN
several	JJ
laboratory	NN
studies	NNS
,	,
flaxseed	NN
has	VBZ
inhibited	VBN
the	DT
formation	NN
of	IN
colon	NN
,	,
breast	NN
,	,
skin	NN
and	CC
lung	NN
tumors	NNS
.	.
However	RB
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
some	DT
indication	NN
that	IN
the	DT
anti-cancer	JJ
effect	NN
of	IN
flaxseed	NN
varied	VBD
widely	RB
depending	VBG
upon	IN
the	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
flaxseed	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
growing	VBG
conditions	NNS
.	.
A	DT
few	JJ
laboratory	NN
studies	NNS
involving	VBG
rats	NNS
have	VBP
suggested	VBN
that	IN
consumption	NN
of	IN
flaxseed	NN
during	IN
pregnancy	NN
and	CC
lactation	NN
produces	VBZ
hormonal	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
offspring	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
impact	VB
their	PRP$
cancer	NN
development	NN
.	.
These	DT
findings	NNS
are	VBP
preliminary	JJ
and	CC
warrant	NN
further	JJ
study	NN
.	.
In	IN
some	DT
short-term	JJ
human	JJ
studies	NNS
,	,
consumption	NN
of	IN
flaxseed	NN
has	VBZ
altered	VBN
estrogen	NN
metabolism	NN
in	IN
ways	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
indicate	VB
a	DT
protective	JJ
effect	NN
against	IN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
To	TO
date	NN
,	,
the	DT
laboratory	NN
and	CC
clinical	JJ
work	NN
on	IN
flaxseed	NN
and	CC
breast	NN
cancer	NN
has	VBZ
focused	VBN
on	IN
estrogen-receptor	NN
negative	JJ
breast	NN
cancers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
effect	NN
of	IN
flaxseed	NN
on	IN
estrogen-positive	JJ
breast	NN
cancers	NNS
has	VBZ
not	RB
been	VBN
studied	VBN
.	.
Currently	RB
,	,
the	DT
evidence	NN
associating	VBG
consumption	NN
of	IN
flaxseed	NN
with	IN
protection	NN
against	IN
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
is	VBZ
less	RBR
consistent	JJ
;	:
some	DT
human	JJ
studies	NNS
indicate	VBP
an	DT
increased	VBN
risk	NN
,	,
some	DT
a	DT
decreased	VBN
risk	NN
,	,
and	CC
still	RB
others	NNS
find	VBP
no	DT
association	NN
at	IN
all	DT
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
recent	JJ
clinical	JJ
study	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
consumption	NN
of	IN
a	DT
low-fat	JJ
diet	NN
combined	VBN
with	IN
daily	JJ
flaxseed	NN
for	IN
5	CD
weeks	NNS
inhibited	VBD
various	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
biology	NN
in	IN
beneficial	JJ
ways	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
small	JJ
group	NN
of	IN
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
.	.
Garlic	NNP
belongs	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
family	NN
of	IN
vegetables	NNS
called	VBN
Allium	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
also	RB
includes	VBZ
onions	NNS
,	,
scallions	NNS
,	,
leeks	NNS
and	CC
chives	NNS
.	.
These	DT
vegetables	NNS
contain	VBP
many	JJ
substances	NNS
now	RB
being	VBG
studied	VBN
for	IN
their	PRP$
anti-cancer	JJ
effects	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
:	:
allicin	NN
,	,
allixin	NN
,	,
allyl	JJ
sulfides	NNS
,	,
quercetin	NN
and	CC
a	DT
large	JJ
group	NN
of	IN
organosulfur	NN
compounds	NNS
.	.
Laboratory	NNP
research	NN
has	VBZ
shown	VBN
that	IN
one	CD
garlic	NN
component	NN
,	,
called	VBN
diallyl	NN
disulfide	NN
,	,
exerts	VBZ
potent	JJ
preventive	JJ
effects	NNS
against	IN
cancers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
skin	NN
,	,
colon	NN
and	CC
lung	NN
.	.
Recently	RB
,	,
this	DT
compound	NN
proved	VBD
able	JJ
to	TO
kill	VB
leukemia	NN
cells	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
laboratory	NN
.	.
A	DT
compound	NN
derived	VBN
from	IN
garlic	JJ
called	VBN
ajoene	NN
has	VBZ
displayed	VBN
similar	JJ
activity	NN
.	.
Two	CD
large	JJ
studies	NNS
in	IN
China	NNP
and	CC
Italy	NNP
have	VBP
linked	VBN
garlic	JJ
consumption	NN
in	IN
humans	NNS
to	TO
lower	VB
mortality	NN
from	IN
stomach	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
The	DT
Iowa	NNP
Women	NNP
's	POS
Health	NNP
Study	NNP
found	VBD
that	IN
women	NNS
who	WP
ate	VBD
garlic	JJ
consistently	RB
had	VBD
a	DT
lower	JJR
risk	NN
for	IN
colon	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
Another	DT
article	NN
found	VBD
that	IN
garlic	JJ
consumption	NN
was	VBD
linked	VBN
to	TO
lower	JJR
risk	NN
of	IN
stomach	NN
cancer	NN
in	IN
Korea	NNP
.	.
Both	DT
grapes	NNS
and	CC
grape	NN
juice	NN
are	VBP
rich	JJ
sources	NNS
of	IN
resveratrol	NN
,	,
a	DT
specific	JJ
type	NN
of	IN
natural	JJ
plant	NN
chemical	NN
that	WDT
belongs	VBZ
to	TO
a	DT
much	JJ
larger	JJR
group	NN
of	IN
plant	NN
chemicals	NNS
called	VBN
polyphenols	NNS
.	.
The	DT
skin	NN
of	IN
the	DT
grape	NN
contains	VBZ
the	DT
most	RBS
resveratrol	JJ
,	,
and	CC
red	JJ
and	CC
purple	JJ
grapes	NNS
contain	VBP
significantly	RB
more	RBR
resveratrol	JJ
than	IN
green	JJ
grapes	NNS
.	.
Grape	NNP
jam	NN
and	CC
raisins	NNS
contain	VBP
much	RB
smaller	JJR
amounts	NNS
of	IN
this	DT
phytochemical	NN
.	.
Wine	NN
also	RB
contains	VBZ
resveratrol	NN
,	,
but	CC
alcohol	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
consistently	RB
associated	VBN
with	IN
increased	VBN
risk	NN
for	IN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
and	CC
several	JJ
other	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
,	,
so	RB
wine	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
a	DT
recommended	VBN
source	NN
.	.
Several	JJ
studies	NNS
have	VBP
found	VBN
polyphenols	NNS
in	IN
general	JJ
and	CC
resveratrol	NN
in	IN
particular	JJ
to	TO
possess	VB
potent	JJ
antioxidant	JJ
and	CC
anti-inflammatory	JJ
properties	NNS
.	.
Resveratrol	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
able	JJ
to	TO
prevent	VB
the	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
damage	NN
known	VBN
to	TO
trigger	VB
the	DT
cancer	NN
process	NN
in	IN
cell	NN
,	,
tissue	NN
and	CC
animal	NN
models	NNS
.	.
Resveratrol	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
shown	VBN
to	TO
slow	VB
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
and	CC
inhibit	VB
the	DT
formation	NN
of	IN
tumors	NNS
in	IN
lymph	NN
,	,
liver	NN
,	,
stomach	NN
and	CC
breast	NN
cells	NNS
.	.
Resveratrol	NNP
has	VBZ
also	RB
triggered	VBN
the	DT
death	NN
of	IN
leukemic	JJ
and	CC
colon	NN
cancer	NN
tumors	NNS
.	.
Since	IN
ancient	JJ
times	NNS
,	,
tea	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
used	VBN
as	IN
both	DT
beverage	NN
and	CC
medicine	NN
.	.
Both	DT
black	JJ
and	CC
green	JJ
teas	NNS
contain	VBP
numerous	JJ
active	JJ
ingredients	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
polyphenols	NNS
and	CC
flavonoids	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
are	VBP
potent	JJ
antioxidants	NNS
.	.
One	CD
class	NN
of	IN
flavonoids	NNS
called	VBN
catechins	NNS
have	VBP
recently	RB
become	VBN
the	DT
focus	NN
of	IN
widespread	JJ
study	NN
for	IN
their	PRP$
anti-cancer	JJ
potential	NN
.	.
In	IN
laboratory	NN
studies	NNS
,	,
green	JJ
tea	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
shown	VBN
to	TO
slow	VB
or	CC
completely	RB
prevent	VB
cancer	NN
development	NN
in	IN
colon	NN
,	,
liver	NN
,	,
breast	NN
and	CC
prostate	NN
cells	NNS
.	.
Other	JJ
studies	NNS
involving	VBG
green	JJ
tea	NN
have	VBP
shown	VBN
similar	JJ
protective	JJ
effects	NNS
in	IN
tissues	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
lung	NN
,	,
skin	NN
and	CC
digestive	JJ
tract	NN
.	.
Studies	NNS
that	WDT
track	VBP
the	DT
diets	NNS
of	IN
human	JJ
subjects	NNS
over	IN
several	JJ
years	NNS
particularly	RB
studies	NNS
conducted	VBN
in	IN
Asia	NNP
,	,
where	WRB
green	JJ
tea	NN
consumption	NN
is	VBZ
common	JJ
have	VBP
associated	VBN
regular	JJ
usage	NN
of	IN
green	JJ
tea	NN
with	IN
lower	JJR
risk	NN
for	IN
bladder	NN
,	,
colon	NN
,	,
stomach	NN
,	,
pancreatic	JJ
and	CC
esophageal	JJ
cancers	NNS
.	.
Very	RB
recently	RB
,	,
human	JJ
clinical	JJ
studies	NNS
have	VBP
begun	VBN
to	TO
explore	VB
consumption	NN
of	IN
green	JJ
tea	NN
among	IN
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
.	.
Preliminary	JJ
results	NNS
suggest	VBP
that	IN
regular	JJ
consumption	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
cups\/day	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
of	IN
green	JJ
tea	NN
is	VBZ
associated	VBN
with	IN
reduced	JJ
recurrence	NN
of	IN
early	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
Stage	NN
I	PRP
-RRB-	-RRB-
breast	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
Evidence	NN
for	IN
prevention	NN
of	IN
Stage	NNP
II	NNP
and	CC
III	NNP
breast	NN
cancer	NN
recurrence	NN
is	VBZ
less	RBR
consistent	JJ
.	.
The	DT
soyfoods	NNS
include	VBP
tofu	NN
,	,
soymilk	JJ
,	,
soybeans	NNS
,	,
soynuts	NNS
,	,
miso	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
soy	JJ
paste	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
tempeh	JJ
,	,
soy	JJ
burgers	NNS
and	CC
soynut	JJ
butter	NN
.	.
Active	JJ
ingredients	NNS
in	IN
soy	NN
that	IN
appear	VBP
to	TO
have	VB
anti-cancer	JJ
effects	NNS
are	VBP
isoflavones	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
have	VBP
been	VBN
the	DT
most	RBS
studied	VBN
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
saponins	NNS
,	,
phenolic	JJ
acids	NNS
,	,
phytic	JJ
acid	NN
,	,
phytosterols	NNS
,	,
and	CC
protein	NN
kinase	NN
inhibitors	NNS
.	.
Laboratory	NNP
studies	NNS
involving	VBG
soy	NN
have	VBP
demonstrated	VBN
a	DT
protective	JJ
effect	NN
against	IN
cancer	NN
in	IN
the	DT
cells	NNS
and	CC
tissues	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
bladder	NN
,	,
cervix	NN
,	,
lung	NN
and	CC
stomach	NN
.	.
Preliminary	JJ
evidence	NN
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
diets	NNS
high	JJ
in	IN
soy	NN
may	MD
help	VB
make	VB
breast	NN
,	,
cervical	JJ
,	,
ovarian	JJ
,	,
head	NN
and	CC
neck	NN
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
more	RBR
sensitive	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
chemotherapy	NN
and	CC
radiotherapy	NN
.	.
Soy	JJ
appears	VBZ
to	TO
contain	VB
some	DT
components	NNS
that	WDT
resemble	VBP
very	RB
weak	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
body	NN
's	POS
natural	JJ
hormones	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
result	NN
,	,
soy	JJ
foods	NNS
can	MD
mimic	VB
the	DT
actions	NNS
of	IN
hormones	NNS
under	IN
certain	JJ
conditions	NNS
and	CC
counteract	VB
these	DT
hormonal	JJ
actions	NNS
at	IN
other	JJ
times	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
such	JJ
complexities	NNS
,	,
most	JJS
of	IN
the	DT
studies	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
investigated	VBN
soy	NN
's	POS
role	NN
in	IN
cancer	NN
development	NN
have	VBP
dealt	VBN
with	IN
hormone-related	JJ
cancers	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
those	DT
of	IN
the	DT
breast	NN
and	CC
prostate	NN
.	.
Soy	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
shown	VBN
to	TO
inhibit	VB
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
laboratory	NN
conditions	NNS
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
large	JJ
,	,
human	JJ
study	NN
,	,
men	NNS
who	WP
said	VBD
they	PRP
drank	VBD
soymilk	JJ
more	JJR
than	IN
once	RB
per	IN
day	NN
for	IN
20	CD
years	NNS
were	VBD
found	VBN
to	TO
have	VB
70	CD
%	NN
lower	JJR
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
than	IN
men	NNS
who	WP
never	RB
drank	VBD
soymilk	JJ
.	.
More	RBR
recent	JJ
human	JJ
studies	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
sought	VBN
to	TO
determine	VB
the	DT
effect	NN
of	IN
soyfoods	NNS
on	IN
hormones	NNS
linked	VBN
to	TO
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
have	VBP
produced	VBN
inconsistent	JJ
evidence	NN
.	.
Soy	NNP
has	VBZ
been	VBN
associated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
inhibition	NN
of	IN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
in	IN
some	DT
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
all	DT
,	,
laboratory	NN
experiments	NNS
.	.
Diets	NNS
rich	JJ
soy	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
shown	VBN
to	TO
alter	VB
the	DT
metabolism	NN
of	IN
breast	NN
tissue	NN
in	IN
animal	NN
subjects	NNS
in	IN
ways	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
translate	VB
into	IN
added	VBN
anti-cancer	JJ
protection	NN
.	.
Several	JJ
human	JJ
and	CC
laboratory	NN
studies	NNS
have	VBP
suggested	VBN
that	IN
consumption	NN
of	IN
soy	JJ
early	JJ
in	IN
life	NN
may	MD
help	VB
protect	VB
against	IN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
later	RB
in	IN
life	NN
.	.
Results	NNS
are	VBP
less	RBR
encouraging	JJ
for	IN
a	DT
post-menopausal	JJ
role	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
one	CD
recent	JJ
analysis	NN
of	IN
available	JJ
data	NNS
concluded	VBD
that	IN
soy	JJ
consumption	NN
by	IN
adult	NN
women	NNS
probably	RB
has	VBZ
little	JJ
or	CC
no	DT
effect	NN
on	IN
either	DT
breast	NN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
or	CC
the	DT
survival	NN
of	IN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
.	.
The	DT
red	JJ
or	CC
pink	JJ
color	NN
of	IN
several	JJ
fruits	NNS
tomatoes	NNS
,	,
watermelon	NN
,	,
papaya	NN
,	,
pink	JJ
guava	NN
and	CC
pink	JJ
grapefruit	NN
comes	VBZ
chiefly	RB
from	IN
a	DT
carotenoid	NN
called	VBN
lycopene	NN
.	.
This	DT
potent	JJ
antioxidant	NN
,	,
together	RB
with	IN
a	DT
group	NN
of	IN
related	JJ
compounds	NNS
collectively	RB
called	VBD
the	DT
``	``
red	JJ
family	NN
,	,
''	''
has	VBZ
displayed	VBN
anti-cancer	JJ
potential	NN
in	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
studies	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
evidence	NN
that	IN
this	DT
potential	NN
is	VBZ
increased	VBN
if	IN
tomatoes	NNS
are	VBP
consumed	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
processed	VBN
form	NN
that	WDT
allows	VBZ
these	DT
natural	JJ
compounds	NNS
to	TO
be	VB
released	VBN
and	CC
more	JJR
easily	RB
absorbed	VBN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
tomato	JJ
sauce	NN
,	,
tomato	JJ
paste	NN
,	,
and	CC
tomato	JJ
juice	NN
.	.
Antioxidants	NNS
can	MD
help	VB
protect	VB
against	IN
the	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
damage	NN
that	IN
gets	VBZ
cancer	NN
started	VBD
,	,
and	CC
the	DT
antioxidant	JJ
nature	NN
of	IN
compounds	NNS
within	IN
tomatoes	NNS
has	VBZ
long	RB
been	VBN
known	VBN
.	.
Recent	JJ
evidence	NN
from	IN
laboratory	NN
studies	NNS
suggest	VBP
that	IN
tomatoes	NNS
may	MD
help	VB
combat	NN
cancer	NN
in	IN
additional	JJ
ways	NNS
,	,
at	IN
later	JJ
stages	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
process	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
laboratory	NN
,	,
tomato	JJ
components	NNS
have	VBP
stopped	VBN
the	DT
proliferation	NN
of	IN
several	JJ
cancer	NN
cells	NNS
types	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
breast	NN
,	,
lung	NN
,	,
and	CC
endometrium	NN
.	.
Tomatoes	NNS
have	VBP
attracted	VBN
particular	JJ
attention	NN
from	IN
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
researchers	NNS
because	IN
lycopene	NN
and	CC
its	PRP$
related	JJ
compounds	NNS
tend	VBP
to	TO
concentrate	VB
in	IN
tissues	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
prostate	NN
.	.
In	IN
animal	NN
models	NNS
,	,
consumption	NN
of	IN
tomato	JJ
compounds	NNS
has	VBZ
been	VBN
linked	VBN
to	TO
large	JJ
decreases	VBZ
in	IN
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
In	IN
fact	NN
,	,
studies	NNS
that	WDT
compare	VBP
the	DT
diets	NNS
and	CC
disease	NN
rates	NNS
of	IN
different	JJ
populations	NNS
have	VBP
repeatedly	RB
associated	VBN
diets	NNS
high	JJ
in	IN
tomatoes	NNS
with	IN
lower	JJR
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
lower	JJR
risk	NN
of	IN
stomach	NN
and	CC
pancreatic	JJ
cancers	NNS
.	.
One	CD
study	NN
that	WDT
tracked	VBD
the	DT
diets	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
large	JJ
group	NN
of	IN
men	NNS
for	IN
six	CD
years	NNS
found	VBD
that	IN
those	DT
who	WP
ate	VBD
the	DT
most	RBS
tomato	JJ
products	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
cooked	VBN
tomatoes	NNS
,	,
tomato	JJ
sauce	NN
,	,
pizza	NN
and	CC
tomato	JJ
juice	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
had	VBD
a	DT
35	CD
%	NN
lower	JJR
risk	NN
of	IN
early	JJ
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
and	CC
a	DT
53	CD
%	NN
lower	JJR
risk	NN
of	IN
advanced	JJ
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
than	IN
men	NNS
who	WP
ate	VBD
the	DT
least	JJS
of	IN
these	DT
foods	NNS
.	.
A	DT
few	JJ
,	,
small	JJ
clinical	JJ
studies	NNS
have	VBP
investigated	VBN
how	WRB
tomato	JJ
components	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
tomato-rich	JJ
diets	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
influence	VBP
the	DT
prostate	NN
health	NN
of	IN
patients	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
been	VBN
treated	VBN
for	IN
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
Results	NNS
are	VBP
encouraging	JJ
,	,
but	CC
preliminary	JJ
.	.
Whole	JJ
grains	NNS
are	VBP
rich	JJ
in	IN
fiber	NN
,	,
vitamins	NNS
,	,
minerals	NNS
and	CC
hundreds	NNS
of	IN
phytochemicals	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
contain	VBP
several	JJ
substances	NNS
that	WDT
have	VBP
each	DT
been	VBN
linked	VBN
to	TO
lower	VB
cancer	NN
risk	NN
,	,
including	VBG
fiber	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
both	DT
soluble	JJ
and	CC
insoluble	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
antioxidants	NNS
,	,
phenols	NNS
,	,
lignans	NNS
,	,
phytoestrogens	NNS
and	CC
saponins	NNS
.	.
Because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
anti-cancer	JJ
ingredients	NNS
they	PRP
contain	VBP
,	,
diets	NNS
high	JJ
in	IN
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
may	MD
decrease	VB
cancer	NN
risk	NN
in	IN
general	JJ
,	,
and	CC
specifically	RB
the	DT
growth	NN
rate	NN
of	IN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
,	,
via	IN
several	JJ
simultaneous	JJ
and	CC
synergistic	JJ
methods	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
data	NNS
from	IN
40	CD
recent	JJ
studies	NNS
on	IN
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
and	CC
cancer	NN
risk	NN
were	VBD
combined	VBN
and	CC
analyzed	VBN
,	,
the	DT
risk	NN
for	IN
cancer	NN
was	VBD
reduced	VBN
by	IN
34	CD
%	NN
on	IN
average	NN
in	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
ate	VBD
large	JJ
amounts	NNS
of	IN
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
compared	VBN
to	TO
those	DT
who	WP
ate	VBD
small	JJ
amounts	NNS
.	.
Winterize	VB
your	PRP$
body	NN
with	IN
nutritious	JJ
,	,
warming	VBG
soup	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
a	DT
busy	JJ
schedule	NN
,	,
soup	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
great	JJ
time-saver	NN
and	CC
fills	VBZ
you	PRP
up	RP
without	IN
filling	VBG
out	RP
your	PRP$
waistline	NN
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
stoke	VBP
soup	NN
with	IN
vegetables	NNS
,	,
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
and	CC
beans	NNS
,	,
you	PRP
're	VBP
adding	VBG
foods	NNS
replete	JJ
with	IN
phytochemicals	NNS
,	,
the	DT
naturally	RB
occurring	VBG
compounds	NNS
in	IN
plant	NN
foods	NNS
that	WDT
work	VBP
with	IN
vitamins	NNS
and	CC
minerals	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
boost	VB
immunity	NN
and	CC
fend	VB
off	RP
disease	NN
.	.
The	DT
soup	NN
most	RBS
touted	VBN
as	IN
a	DT
comfort	NN
food	NN
may	MD
be	VB
that	IN
soup	NN
of	IN
soups	NNS
,	,
chicken	NN
soup	NN
.	.
Some	DT
scientific	JJ
research	NN
shows	VBZ
that	IN
compounds	NNS
in	IN
chicken	NN
soup	NN
actually	RB
seem	VBP
to	TO
provide	VB
mild	JJ
anti-inflammatory	JJ
benefits	NNS
that	WDT
reduce	VBP
mucus	NN
production	NN
,	,
and	CC
lessen	VB
a	DT
stuffy	JJ
nose	NN
or	CC
cough	NN
.	.
But	CC
in	IN
the	DT
pecking	NN
order	NN
of	IN
healthful	JJ
soup	NN
ingredients	NNS
,	,
the	DT
chicken	NN
may	MD
be	VB
second	JJ
to	TO
vegetables	NNS
.	.
Vegetables	NNS
are	VBP
loaded	VBN
with	IN
natural	JJ
compounds	NNS
called	VBN
phytochemicals	NNS
that	WDT
protect	VBP
our	PRP$
cells	NNS
from	IN
damage	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
cancer	NN
.	.
A	DT
hearty	JJ
soup	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
easy	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
slip	VB
in	IN
extra	JJ
servings	NNS
of	IN
vegetables	NNS
,	,
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
and	CC
beans	NNS
that	IN
most	JJS
of	IN
us	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
eat	VB
often	RB
enough	RB
.	.
Whether	IN
it	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
broth	NN
or	CC
a	DT
bisque	NN
,	,
starting	VBG
a	DT
meal	NN
with	IN
soup	NN
can	MD
stifle	VB
the	DT
impulse	NN
to	TO
eat	VB
large	JJ
portions	NNS
later	RB
in	IN
the	DT
meal	NN
.	.
Just	RB
make	VB
sure	JJ
you	PRP
're	VBP
not	RB
ladling	VBG
out	RP
generous	JJ
helpings	NNS
of	IN
broccoli-cheese	JJ
soup	NN
or	CC
cream	NN
soups	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
high	JJ
in	IN
fat	JJ
and	CC
calories	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
want	VBP
a	DT
creamy	JJ
texture	NN
,	,
stir	VB
in	IN
some	DT
fat-free	JJ
milk	NN
or	CC
evaporated	VBN
skim	VBP
milk	NN
.	.
Favorite	JJ
vegetable	NN
soups	NNS
like	IN
tomato	NN
,	,
lentil	NN
and	CC
onion	NN
are	VBP
teeming	VBG
with	IN
valuable	JJ
nutrients	NNS
.	.
Vitamin	NNP
C-rich	NNP
tomato	NN
soup	NN
provides	VBZ
a	DT
serving	VBG
of	IN
vegetables	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
liquid	NN
itself	PRP
,	,
and	CC
more	RBR
can	MD
come	VB
from	IN
added	VBN
vegetables	NNS
.	.
Lentils	NNS
,	,
from	IN
the	DT
legume	NN
family	NN
of	IN
dried	VBN
beans	NNS
,	,
contain	VBP
cancer-fighting	JJ
fiber	NN
and	CC
folate	NN
.	.
Beta-carotene	NN
,	,
the	DT
phytochemical	NN
in	IN
carrots	NNS
,	,
sweet	JJ
potatoes	NNS
and	CC
squash	NN
,	,
also	RB
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
nutritious	JJ
star	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
bowl	NN
.	.
These	DT
veggies	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
steamed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
microwave	NN
for	IN
a	DT
few	JJ
minutes	NNS
,	,
mashed	VBN
,	,
then	RB
mixed	JJ
with	IN
broth	NN
and	CC
spiced	VBN
up	RP
.	.
Although	IN
nothing	NN
surpasses	VBZ
soup	NN
homemade	NN
from	IN
scratch	NN
,	,
it	PRP
does	VBZ
n't	RB
take	VB
much	JJ
effort	NN
to	TO
create	VB
a	DT
soup	NN
without	IN
the	DT
salty	NN
,	,
tinny	JJ
taste	NN
of	IN
regular	JJ
canned	JJ
soups	NNS
.	.
Just	RB
start	VB
with	IN
a	DT
good	JJ
quality	NN
store-bought	JJ
broth	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
fat-free	JJ
and	CC
low	JJ
in	IN
sodium	NN
.	.
Add	VB
a	DT
handful	NN
of	IN
two	CD
or	CC
three	CD
frozen	JJ
or	CC
canned	JJ
vegetables	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
a	DT
standard	JJ
vegetable	NN
soup	NN
.	.
Add	VB
canned	JJ
beans	NNS
and	CC
cooked	VBN
pasta	NN
,	,
and	CC
you	PRP
have	VBP
minestrone	VBN
.	.
Homemade	NNP
soups	NNS
do	VBP
n't	RB
have	VB
to	TO
take	VB
long	RB
,	,
either	RB
.	.
Simply	RB
chop	VB
and	CC
steam	NN
carrots	NNS
,	,
sweet	JJ
potatoes	NNS
or	CC
winter	NN
squash	NN
in	IN
the	DT
microwave	NN
or	CC
on	IN
the	DT
stove	NN
for	IN
5-6	CD
minutes	NNS
,	,
puree	NN
and	CC
blend	VB
with	IN
that	DT
healthful	JJ
canned	JJ
broth	NN
until	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
the	DT
desired	VBN
consistency	NN
.	.
Herbs	NNS
,	,
garlic	NN
and	CC
spices	NNS
can	MD
punch	VB
up	RP
the	DT
taste	NN
and	CC
health	NN
protection	NN
of	IN
any	DT
soup	NN
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
A	DT
dash	NN
of	IN
curry	VB
or	CC
chili	JJ
powder	NN
complements	VBZ
squash	NN
or	CC
pea	NN
soup	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
dash	NN
of	IN
dill	NN
or	CC
thyme	NN
enlivens	VBZ
tomato	JJ
soup	NN
.	.
Flip	NN
through	IN
a	DT
cookbook	NN
for	IN
other	JJ
seasoning	NN
ideas	NNS
.	.
Of	IN
course	NN
,	,
on	IN
a	DT
chilly	JJ
weekend	NN
afternoon	NN
,	,
a	DT
long-simmering	JJ
pot	NN
of	IN
soup	NN
yields	NNS
a	DT
superior	JJ
stock	NN
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
freeze	VB
extra	JJ
portions	NNS
for	IN
good	JJ
eating	NN
in	IN
the	DT
days	NNS
ahead	RB
.	.
Even	RB
a	DT
simple	JJ
vegetable	NN
broth	NN
will	MD
fill	VB
your	PRP$
home	NN
with	IN
an	DT
enticing	VBG
aroma	NN
and	CC
your	PRP$
stomach	NN
with	IN
healthful	JJ
phytochemicals	NNS
.	.
Here	RB
is	VBZ
a	DT
vegetable	NN
soup	NN
recipe	NN
that	WDT
taste-testers	VBZ
at	IN
AICR	NNP
applauded	VBD
for	IN
its	PRP$
rich	JJ
taste	NN
and	CC
hearty	NN
supply	NN
of	IN
cancer-fighting	JJ
nutrients	NNS
and	CC
phytochemicals	NNS
.	.
With	IN
a	DT
hunk	NN
of	IN
fresh	JJ
whole-grain	NN
bread	NN
on	IN
the	DT
side	NN
,	,
you	PRP
'll	MD
have	VB
a	DT
gratifying	JJ
meal	NN
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
large	JJ
saucepan	NN
,	,
heat	NN
broth	NN
to	TO
boiling	VBG
.	.
Stir	VB
in	IN
brown	JJ
rice	NN
.	.
Cover	NNP
and	CC
cook	NN
,	,
over	RB
low	JJ
heat	NN
,	,
for	IN
5	CD
minutes	NNS
.	.
Add	VB
vegetables	NNS
and	CC
oregano	NN
.	.
Simmer	VB
for	IN
about	IN
5	CD
minutes	NNS
until	IN
the	DT
vegetables	NNS
are	VBP
tender	NN
.	.
Add	VB
basil	NN
,	,
cumin	NN
,	,
salt	NN
and	CC
pepper	NN
.	.
Ladle	NN
soup	NN
into	IN
bowls	VBZ
and	CC
sprinkle	VB
each	DT
with	IN
grated	JJ
cheese	NN
.	.
The	DT
more	JJR
physical	JJ
activity	NN
you	PRP
get	VBP
,	,
the	DT
better	JJR
off	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
.	.
But	CC
you	PRP
knew	VBD
that	IN
already	RB
.	.
To	TO
lower	VB
your	PRP$
risk	NN
for	IN
cancer	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
chronic	JJ
diseases	NNS
,	,
AICR	NNP
recommends	VBZ
taking	VBG
an	DT
hour	NN
's	POS
brisk	JJ
walk	NN
or	CC
similar	JJ
exercise	NN
daily	RB
,	,
and	CC
trying	VBG
to	TO
exercise	VB
more	JJR
vigorously	RB
for	IN
at	IN
least	JJS
one	CD
hour	NN
every	DT
week	NN
.	.
Ready	JJ
to	TO
start	VB
a	DT
real	JJ
workout	NN
regimen	NN
?	.
AICR	NNP
's	POS
Getting	VBG
Active	JJ
,	,
Staying	VBG
Active	JJ
shows	NNS
you	PRP
how	WRB
.	.
A	DT
Small	JJ
Start	NN
is	VBZ
Still	RB
a	DT
StartFollow	NNP
the	DT
instructions	NNS
as	IN
you	PRP
read	VBP
along	RB
,	,
and	CC
by	IN
the	DT
time	NN
you	PRP
get	VBP
to	TO
the	DT
end	NN
of	IN
this	DT
article	NN
,	,
you	PRP
'll	MD
have	VB
completed	VBN
a	DT
head-to-toe	JJ
workout	NN
without	IN
leaving	VBG
your	PRP$
desk	NN
.	.
These	DT
exercises	NNS
emphasize	VBP
flexibility	NN
and	CC
muscle	NN
tone	NN
.	.
It	PRP
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
the	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
heart-pumping	JJ
activity	NN
shown	VBN
to	TO
improve	VB
cardiovascular	JJ
health	NN
,	,
burn	VBP
calories	NNS
and	CC
reduce	VB
cancer	NN
risk	NN
,	,
but	CC
it	PRP
's	VBZ
a	DT
great	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
take	VB
a	DT
mid-day	NN
break	NN
and	CC
keep	VB
up	RP
your	PRP$
energy	NN
.	.
Sit	VB
up	RP
and	CC
bring	VB
your	PRP$
shoulders	NNS
back	RB
.	.
Now	RB
lift	VB
them	PRP
as	RB
high	JJ
as	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
.	.
Slowly	RB
roll	VBP
them	PRP
forward	RB
and	CC
down	RB
again	RB
into	IN
the	DT
position	NN
you	PRP
started	VBD
.	.
Now	RB
repeat	VB
the	DT
shoulder	NN
roll	NN
in	IN
the	DT
opposite	JJ
direction	NN
.	.
Repeat	NN
,	,
alternating	VBG
directions	NNS
,	,
four	CD
more	JJR
times	NNS
.	.
Once	RB
again	RB
,	,
push	VB
your	PRP$
chair	NN
away	RB
from	IN
your	PRP$
desk	NN
.	.
Reach	VB
down	RB
and	CC
place	VB
your	PRP$
hands	NNS
under	IN
your	PRP$
left	VBN
thigh	NN
.	.
Pull	VB
your	PRP$
knee	NN
up	IN
toward	IN
your	PRP$
chest	NN
.	.
Now	RB
extend	VB
your	PRP$
leg	NN
as	IN
far	RB
as	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
and	CC
hold	VB
for	IN
two	CD
seconds	NNS
.	.
Repeat	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
right	JJ
leg	NN
.	.
Repeat	NN
two	CD
more	JJR
times	NNS
with	IN
each	DT
leg	NN
.	.
Sit	VB
up	RP
straight	RB
and	CC
place	VB
your	PRP$
feet	NNS
flat	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
floor	NN
.	.
Now	RB
press	NN
down	RP
with	IN
your	PRP$
toes	NNS
and	CC
slowly	RB
lift	VB
your	PRP$
heels	NNS
as	RB
high	JJ
as	IN
they	PRP
will	MD
go	VB
.	.
Hold	VB
for	IN
five	CD
seconds	NNS
,	,
and	CC
lower	JJR
them	PRP
back	RB
down	RB
.	.
Now	RB
lift	VB
your	PRP$
toes	NNS
off	IN
the	DT
floor	NN
,	,
pressing	VBG
down	RP
with	IN
your	PRP$
heel	NN
,	,
until	IN
you	PRP
feel	VBP
the	DT
stretch	NN
.	.
Hold	VB
for	IN
five	CD
seconds	NNS
,	,
and	CC
lower	JJR
your	PRP$
toes	NNS
back	RB
down	RB
.	.
Repeat	NN
,	,
alternating	VBG
heels	NNS
and	CC
toes	NNS
,	,
four	CD
more	JJR
times	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Color	NNP
Purple	NNP
is	VBZ
in	IN
,	,
from	IN
Broadway	NNP
to	TO
the	DT
produce	NN
aisle	NN
.	.
Asparagus	NN
,	,
potatoes	NNS
,	,
broccoli	NNS
,	,
and	CC
tomatoes	NNS
are	VBP
just	RB
a	DT
few	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
latest	JJS
produce	VBP
items	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
deep	JJ
violet	NN
hue	NN
showing	VBG
up	RP
in	IN
grocery	NN
stores	NNS
and	CC
nurseries	NNS
.	.
While	IN
purple	JJ
produce	NN
may	MD
raise	VB
eyebrows	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
also	RB
provides	VBZ
added	VBN
compounds	NNS
that	WDT
research	NN
has	VBZ
associated	VBN
with	IN
preventing	VBG
heart	NN
disease	NN
and	CC
certain	JJ
cancers	NNS
.	.
Spurring	VBG
the	DT
developments	NNS
of	IN
red-blue	JJ
fruits	NNS
and	CC
veggies	NNS
are	VBP
scientists	NNS
from	IN
both	DT
the	DT
private	JJ
and	CC
public	JJ
sectors	NNS
.	.
With	IN
these	DT
eye-catching	JJ
foods	NNS
,	,
researchers	NNS
are	VBP
looking	VBG
to	TO
increase	VB
Americans	NNPS
'	POS
fruit	NN
and	CC
vegetable	NN
intake	NN
through	IN
novelty	NN
,	,
distinct	JJ
taste	NN
,	,
or	CC
added	VBD
health	NN
benefits	NNS
.	.
Studies	NNS
have	VBP
found	VBN
that	IN
anthocyanins	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
pronounced	JJ
an-tho-SIGH-uh-nins	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
powerful	JJ
antioxidants	NNS
.	.
Antioxidants	NNS
are	VBP
compounds	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
bind	NN
to	TO
and	CC
neutralize	VB
highly	RB
reactive	JJ
free	JJ
radicals	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
diseases	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
Photo	NNP
courtesy	NN
of	IN
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Culinary	NNP
Arts	NNP
,	,
MCCresearchers	NNP
first	RB
need	VBP
to	TO
find	VB
foods	NNS
with	IN
those	DT
genes	NNS
.	.
Conventional-colored	JJ
fruits	NNS
and	CC
vegetables	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
country	NN
often	RB
have	VBP
purple	JJ
ancestors	NNS
or	CC
distant	JJ
cousins	NNS
in	IN
other	JJ
parts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
world	NN
.	.
Take	VB
the	DT
carrot	NN
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
Roman	NNP
era	NN
,	,
purple	JJ
and	CC
white	JJ
carrots	NNS
were	VBD
a	DT
typical	JJ
sight	NN
.	.
By	IN
the	DT
10th	JJ
century	NN
,	,
carrots	NNS
were	VBD
reportedly	RB
grown	VBN
in	IN
Afghanistan	NNP
and	CC
Pakistan	NNP
,	,
the	DT
purple	JJ
soon	RB
joined	VBN
by	IN
red	JJ
,	,
green	JJ
,	,
and	CC
black	JJ
strains	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
only	RB
in	IN
the	DT
15th	JJ
or	CC
16th	JJ
century	NN
that	IN
the	DT
Dutch	JJ
bred	VBD
the	DT
orange	JJ
carrot	NN
,	,
in	IN
support	NN
of	IN
the	DT
House	NNP
of	IN
Orange	NNP
and	CC
its	PRP$
struggle	NN
for	IN
Dutch	JJ
independence	NN
.	.
-LRB-	-LRB-
To	TO
read	VB
more	JJR
carrot	NN
history	NN
and	CC
fun	NN
facts	NNS
visit	VBP
a	DT
virtual	JJ
carrot	NN
museum	NN
,	,
where	WRB
you	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
explore	VB
an	DT
actual	JJ
museum	NN
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
carrots	NNS
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
The	DT
purple	JJ
tomato	NN
reportedly	RB
traces	NNS
its	PRP$
roots	NNS
back	RB
to	TO
a	DT
wild	JJ
species	NNS
in	IN
South	NNP
America	NNP
that	WDT
is	VBZ
poisonous	JJ
.	.
Photo	NNP
courtesy	NN
of	IN
Oregon	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
Dept.	NNP
of	IN
HorticultureCrossbreeding	NNP
produced	VBD
an	DT
edible	JJ
strain	NN
and	CC
researchers	NNS
say	VBP
an	DT
anthocyanin-rich	JJ
eggplant-colored	JJ
tomato	NN
could	MD
come	VB
to	TO
market	NN
within	IN
the	DT
next	JJ
few	JJ
years	NNS
.	.
Purple	NNP
asparagus	NN
was	VBD
developed	VBN
in	IN
Italy	NNP
hundreds	NNS
of	IN
years	NNS
ago	IN
;	:
purple	JJ
potatoes	NNS
are	VBP
common	JJ
in	IN
Peru	NNP
.	.
Scientists	NNS
are	VBP
only	RB
beginning	VBG
to	TO
study	VB
anthocyanin-rich	JJ
fruits	NNS
and	CC
vegetables	NNS
.	.
Early	RB
research	NN
has	VBZ
yielded	VBN
positive	JJ
findings	NNS
.	.
Studies	NNS
have	VBP
shown	VBN
that	IN
the	DT
more	JJR
reds	NNS
and	CC
blues	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
potato	NN
,	,
the	DT
higher	JJR
its	PRP$
antioxidant	JJ
level	NN
.	.
A	DT
study	NN
published	VBN
last	JJ
month	NN
in	IN
the	DT
British	JJ
Journal	NNP
of	IN
Nutrition	NNP
found	VBD
that	IN
laboratory	NN
rats	NNS
fed	VBN
anthocyanin-rich	JJ
purple	JJ
potato	NN
flakes	NN
showed	VBD
significantly	RB
higher	JJR
antioxidant	JJ
activity	NN
than	IN
rats	NNS
fed	VBN
cornstarch	NN
.	.
Photo	NNP
courtesy	NN
of	IN
Oregon	NNP
State	NNP
University	NNP
Dept.	NNP
of	IN
Horticulture	NNP
the	DT
color	NN
of	IN
produce	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
,	,
a	DT
virtual	JJ
rainbow	NN
of	IN
carrots	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
gardener	NN
-	:
not	RB
only	RB
purple	JJ
,	,
but	CC
red	JJ
,	,
blue	JJ
,	,
yellow	JJ
and	CC
white	JJ
.	.
Red	NNP
carrots	NNS
have	VBP
increased	VBN
levels	NNS
of	IN
lycopene	NN
,	,
a	DT
phytochemical	JJ
found	VBN
in	IN
tomatoes	NNS
and	CC
associated	VBN
with	IN
lower	JJR
risks	NNS
of	IN
prostate	NN
and	CC
breast	NN
cancers	NNS
among	IN
other	JJ
health	NN
benefits	NNS
.	.
Yellow	JJ
carrots	NNS
contain	VBP
more	JJR
xanthophylls	NNS
,	,
a	DT
substance	NN
found	VBN
in	IN
plants	NNS
'	POS
leaves	NNS
and	CC
related	VBN
to	TO
eye	NN
health	NN
.	.
Indeed	RB
,	,
while	IN
purple	JJ
fruits	NNS
and	CC
vegetables	NNS
can	MD
add	VB
visual	JJ
zip	NN
and	CC
cancer-protective	JJ
compounds	NNS
to	TO
your	PRP$
menu	NN
,	,
research	NN
has	VBZ
shown	VBN
that	IN
people	NNS
need	VBP
a	DT
wide	JJ
assortment	NN
of	IN
phytochemicals	NNS
to	TO
provide	VB
good	JJ
health	NN
.	.
After	IN
all	DT
,	,
the	DT
conventional	JJ
carrot	NN
is	VBZ
packed	VBN
with	IN
carotene	NN
,	,
a	DT
compound	NN
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
its	PRP$
orange	JJ
color	NN
and	CC
is	VBZ
associated	VBN
with	IN
lowering	VBG
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
So	RB
,	,
by	IN
all	DT
means	NNS
,	,
enjoy	VB
a	DT
little	JJ
purple	JJ
cauliflower	NN
or	CC
potatoes	NNS
,	,
but	CC
be	VB
sure	JJ
to	TO
include	VB
a	DT
helping	VBG
of	IN
those	DT
traditional	JJ
greens	NNS
,	,
yellows	NNS
,	,
and	CC
oranges	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
colorful	JJ
health	NN
boost	NN
.	.
This	DT
is	VBZ
the	DT
first	JJ
in	IN
an	DT
occasional	JJ
series	NN
of	IN
articles	NNS
on	IN
Weird	NNP
Foods	NNP
.	.
Coping	VBG
with	IN
Weight-Loss	NNP
PlateausEven	NNP
if	IN
you	PRP
've	VBP
stuck	VBN
with	IN
a	DT
diet	NN
and	CC
exercise	NN
program	NN
for	IN
lower	JJR
cancer	NN
risk	NN
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
reach	VB
a	DT
point	NN
where	WRB
your	PRP$
progress	NN
is	VBZ
stalled	VBN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
called	VBN
a	DT
``	``
plateau	NN
,	,
''	''
and	CC
it	PRP
can	MD
be	VB
frustrating	JJ
.	.
Here	RB
are	VBP
some	DT
tips	NNS
on	IN
what	WP
to	TO
do	VB
.	.
What	WP
makes	VBZ
people	NNS
hit	VBD
a	DT
plateau	NN
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
faithful	JJ
to	TO
their	PRP$
diet	NN
or	CC
exercise	NN
routine	NN
?	.
The	DT
reasons	NNS
are	VBP
complex	JJ
,	,
health	NN
experts	NNS
say	VBP
.	.
In	IN
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
different	JJ
studies	NNS
on	IN
weight	NN
loss	NN
in	IN
women	NNS
,	,
all	DT
dieters	NNS
reported	VBD
a	DT
plateau	NN
after	IN
about	IN
six	CD
months	NNS
-	:
regardless	RB
of	IN
the	DT
type	NN
of	IN
program	NN
they	PRP
were	VBD
following	VBG
.	.
Why	WRB
Weight	NNP
Loss	NN
May	NNP
StallMetabolism	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
rate	NN
at	IN
which	WDT
energy	NN
units	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
called	VBN
calories	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
burned	VBN
for	IN
functions	NNS
needed	VBN
to	TO
stay	VB
alive	JJ
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
digestion	NN
,	,
growth	NN
,	,
blood	NN
circulation	NN
and	CC
healing	NN
.	.
When	WRB
fewer	JJR
calories	NNS
are	VBP
taken	VBN
in	RP
,	,
the	DT
body	NN
adjusts	VBZ
to	TO
the	DT
lower	JJR
level	NN
and	CC
starts	VBZ
to	TO
burn	VB
energy	NN
more	RBR
slowly	RB
while	IN
storing	VBG
more	RBR
fat	JJ
to	TO
avoid	VB
starvation	NN
.	.
This	DT
adaptation	NN
has	VBZ
evolved	VBN
over	IN
thousands	NNS
of	IN
years	NNS
to	TO
enable	VB
humans	NNS
to	TO
survive	VB
during	IN
times	NNS
of	IN
famine	NN
.	.
If	IN
calories	NNS
are	VBP
reduced	VBN
too	RB
much	RB
,	,
metabolism	NN
may	MD
slow	VB
down	RP
.	.
``	``
Cutting	VBG
250-1	CD
,000	CD
calories	NNS
off	IN
what	WP
you	PRP
have	VBP
been	VBN
consuming	NN
is	VBZ
okay	JJ
,	,
but	CC
eating	VBG
fewer	JJR
than	IN
1,200-1	CD
,400	CD
calories	NNS
per	IN
day	NN
is	VBZ
too	RB
little	JJ
for	IN
most	JJS
people	NNS
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
AICR	NNP
Nutrition	NNP
Advisor	NNP
Karen	NNP
Collins	NNP
,	,
a	DT
Registered	NNP
Dietitian	NNP
.	.
``	``
Although	IN
a	DT
cut	NN
of	IN
250-500	CD
calories	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
will	MD
be	VB
enough	RB
to	TO
bring	VB
weight	NN
to	TO
one	CD
level	NN
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
reach	VB
a	DT
point	NN
where	WRB
you	PRP
are	VBP
still	RB
consuming	NN
more	RBR
calories	NNS
than	IN
needed	VBN
to	TO
lose	VB
even	RB
more	RBR
weight	NN
,	,
''	''
Collins	NNP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
In	IN
that	DT
case	NN
,	,
use	VBP
vegetables	NNS
and	CC
fruits	NNS
as	IN
substitutes	NNS
for	IN
higher	JJR
calorie	NN
foods	NNS
,	,
so	RB
you	PRP
can	MD
cut	VB
another	DT
250-300	CD
calories	NNS
per	IN
day	NN
.	.
''	''
``	``
Dear	RB
Diary	NNP
...	:
``	``
Another	DT
reason	NN
why	WRB
weight-loss	JJ
progress	NN
may	MD
be	VB
stalled	VBN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
food	NN
a	DT
dieter	NN
is	VBZ
eating	VBG
has	VBZ
crept	VBN
up	RP
over	IN
time	NN
without	IN
being	VBG
noticed	VBN
.	.
To	TO
keep	VB
portions	NNS
in	IN
perspective	NN
,	,
it	PRP
helps	VBZ
to	TO
keep	VB
a	DT
daily	JJ
record	NN
listing	NN
foods	NNS
and	CC
beverages	NNS
with	IN
amounts	NNS
,	,
calories	NNS
and	CC
times	NNS
eaten	VBN
.	.
A	DT
daily	JJ
record	NN
can	MD
give	VB
you	PRP
a	DT
realistic	JJ
picture	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
eating	VBG
patterns	NNS
and	CC
where	WRB
extra	JJ
calories	NNS
are	VBP
coming	VBG
from	IN
.	.
Sometimes	RB
,	,
weighing	VBG
yourself	PRP
too	RB
often	RB
can	MD
make	VB
it	PRP
seem	VB
as	RB
though	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
not	RB
losing	VBG
weight	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
wise	JJ
to	TO
get	VB
on	IN
the	DT
scale	NN
weekly	RB
,	,
not	RB
daily	RB
,	,
to	TO
check	VB
your	PRP$
weight	NN
,	,
Collins	NNP
advises	VBZ
.	.
Hormonal	JJ
changes	NNS
,	,
water	NN
retention	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
variables	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
daily	JJ
physical	JJ
condition	NN
can	MD
add	VB
or	CC
subtract	VB
pounds	NNS
and	CC
give	VB
a	DT
misleading	JJ
picture	NN
of	IN
how	WRB
you	PRP
're	VBP
doing	VBG
.	.
Remember	VB
not	RB
to	TO
set	VB
an	DT
impossible	JJ
weight-loss	JJ
goal	NN
.	.
Several	JJ
studies	NNS
and	CC
expert	JJ
panels	NNS
note	VBP
that	IN
a	DT
``	``
successful	JJ
''	''
weight	NN
loss	NN
is	VBZ
10	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
the	DT
starting	VBG
weight	NN
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
unrealistic	JJ
to	TO
expect	VB
to	TO
become	VB
petite	JJ
if	IN
your	PRP$
body	NN
type	NN
is	VBZ
tall	JJ
or	CC
large-boned	JJ
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
feel	VBP
discouraged	VBN
in	IN
your	PRP$
weight-loss	JJ
efforts	NNS
,	,
talk	NN
to	TO
someone	NN
who	WP
will	MD
encourage	VB
and	CC
identify	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
.	.
More	RBR
and	CC
more	RBR
studies	NNS
show	VBP
that	IN
positive	JJ
thinking	NN
is	VBZ
definitely	RB
part	NN
of	IN
successful	JJ
changes	NNS
in	IN
health	NN
habits	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
weight	NN
loss	NN
.	.
Exercise	NN
to	TO
Boost	VB
Calorie	NNP
BurningPlateaus	NNP
may	MD
occur	VB
with	IN
fitness	NN
programs	NNS
,	,
too	RB
.	.
To	TO
make	VB
progress	NN
with	IN
fitness	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
muscles	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
continually	RB
challenged	VBN
by	IN
increased	VBN
and	CC
different	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
exercise	NN
.	.
Strength	NN
training	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
important	JJ
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
weight-loss	JJ
program	NN
.	.
More	JJR
muscle	NN
mass	NN
burns	NNS
more	RBR
calories	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
already	RB
lifting	VBG
weights	NNS
or	CC
using	VBG
resistance	NN
bands	NNS
,	,
gradually	RB
add	VB
more	JJR
weight	NN
and	CC
more	JJR
repetitions	NNS
-	:
enough	RB
to	TO
tire	NN
your	PRP$
muscles	NNS
out	RP
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
more	JJR
than	IN
is	VBZ
mildly	RB
difficult	JJ
.	.
Work	NN
different	JJ
muscle	NN
groups	NNS
on	IN
different	JJ
days	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
week	NN
,	,
and	CC
do	VBP
n't	RB
do	VB
any	DT
group	NN
two	CD
days	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
row	NN
.	.
Changing	VBG
your	PRP$
workout	NN
activities	NNS
changes	VBZ
the	DT
set	NN
of	IN
muscles	NNS
you	PRP
are	VBP
working	VBG
.	.
Less	RBR
used	JJ
muscles	NNS
have	VBP
to	TO
work	VB
harder	JJR
and	CC
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
calories	NNS
burned	VBN
increases	NNS
.	.
This	DT
benefit	NN
applies	VBZ
not	RB
only	RB
to	TO
strengthening	VBG
,	,
but	CC
also	RB
to	TO
aerobic	JJ
activity	NN
,	,
which	WDT
increases	VBZ
your	PRP$
heart	NN
rate	NN
and	CC
circulation	NN
.	.
Try	VB
something	NN
new	JJ
-	:
such	JJ
as	IN
brisk	JJ
walking	NN
,	,
jogging	NN
,	,
dancing	NN
,	,
or	CC
swimming	NN
.	.
Alternate	JJ
5	CD
or	CC
10	CD
minutes	NNS
of	IN
slow	JJ
movement	NN
with	IN
a	DT
period	NN
of	IN
faster	JJR
movement	NN
,	,
all	DT
in	IN
one	CD
workout	NN
,	,
to	TO
create	VB
an	DT
``	``
interval	NN
''	''
effect	NN
.	.
Before	IN
making	VBG
changes	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
exercise	NN
program	NN
,	,
check	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
physician	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
recommends	VBZ
at	IN
least	JJS
one	CD
hour	NN
of	IN
daily	JJ
moderate	JJ
exercise	NN
and	CC
at	IN
least	JJS
one	CD
hour	NN
of	IN
vigorous	JJ
exercise	NN
each	DT
week	NN
.	.
In	IN
small	JJ
bowl	NN
,	,
flake	NN
salmon	NN
using	VBG
fork	NN
.	.
Set	NNP
aside	RB
.	.
In	IN
medium	JJ
bowl	NN
,	,
beat	VBD
eggs	NNS
.	.
Combine	VB
thoroughly	RB
with	IN
egg	NN
whites	NNS
using	VBG
wire	NN
whisk	VBP
.	.
Heat	NNP
large	JJ
nonstick	JJ
skillet	NN
over	IN
medium	JJ
heat	NN
.	.
Coat	NN
with	IN
oil	NN
spray	NN
.	.
Pour	VB
eggs	NNS
into	IN
skillet	NN
and	CC
sprinkle	VB
with	IN
salt	NN
and	CC
pepper	NN
.	.
Cover	NNP
skillet	NN
and	CC
cook	NN
eggs	NNS
for	IN
3-4	CD
minutes	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
eggs	NNS
are	VBP
almost	RB
cooked	VBN
,	,
drop	VB
bits	NNS
of	IN
salmon	NN
and	CC
cheese	NN
over	IN
top	NN
.	.
Sprinkle	JJ
with	IN
peppers	NNS
and	CC
chives	NNS
.	.
Cover	NNP
pan	VB
and	CC
continue	VB
to	TO
cook	VB
about	IN
2-3	CD
minutes	NNS
until	IN
eggs	NNS
are	VBP
completely	RB
set	VBN
.	.
Serve	VB
immediately	RB
.	.
Makes	VBZ
4	CD
servings	NNS
.	.
Per	IN
serving	VBG
:	:
162	CD
calories	NNS
,	,
8	CD
g	NN
total	JJ
fat	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
3	CD
g	NN
saturated	VBN
fat	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
4	CD
g	NN
carbohydrates	NNS
,	,
18	CD
g	NN
protein	NN
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
g	NN
dietary	JJ
fiber	NN
,	,
434	CD
mg	NN
sodium	NN
.	.
Oatmeal	NNP
Peach	NNP
MuffinsThese	NNP
perfectly	RB
moist	JJ
muffins	NNS
are	VBP
packed	VBN
with	IN
nutritious	JJ
,	,
cancer-fighting	JJ
ingredients	NNS
.	.
The	DT
peaches	NNS
lend	VBP
a	DT
sunny	JJ
flavor	NN
,	,
while	IN
the	DT
oats	NNS
and	CC
whole-wheat	JJ
flour	NN
contain	VBP
phytochemicals	NNS
and	CC
give	VB
you	PRP
more	RBR
fiber	NN
than	IN
most	JJS
single	JJ
slices	NNS
of	IN
whole	JJ
grain	NN
toast	NN
.	.
Canola	NNP
oil	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
healthy	JJ
fat	JJ
and	CC
even	RB
the	DT
cinnamon	NN
contains	VBZ
health-promoting	JJ
properties	NNS
.	.
Preheat	NNP
oven	NN
to	TO
400	CD
degrees	NNS
.	.
Coat	NN
12-cup	JJ
muffin	JJ
tin	NN
with	IN
oil	NN
spray	NN
and	CC
set	VBN
aside	RB
.	.
In	IN
small	JJ
bowl	NN
,	,
combine	VBP
all	DT
streusel	JJ
mix	NN
ingredients	NNS
and	CC
set	VBN
aside	RB
.	.
In	IN
large	JJ
bowl	NN
,	,
mix	NN
oats	NNS
,	,
flour	NN
,	,
baking	VBG
powder	NN
and	CC
salt	NN
.	.
In	IN
separate	JJ
bowl	NN
,	,
whisk	VBP
eggs	NNS
with	IN
sugar	NN
.	.
Whisk	VB
in	IN
milk	NN
,	,
applesauce	NN
,	,
oil	NN
and	CC
vanilla	NN
.	.
Pour	VB
over	IN
dry	JJ
ingredients	NNS
.	.
Mix	NNP
just	RB
until	IN
combined	VBN
.	.
Gently	RB
fold	VB
in	IN
peaches	NNS
.	.
Spoon	NNP
batter	NN
into	IN
prepared	JJ
tins	NNS
.	.
Top	JJ
each	DT
with	IN
streusel	JJ
mix	NN
.	.
Bake	VB
20-25	CD
minutes	NNS
or	CC
until	IN
toothpick	NN
inserted	VBN
comes	VBZ
out	RP
clean	JJ
.	.
Remove	VB
from	IN
oven	NN
and	CC
cool	NN
in	IN
pan	VB
for	IN
5	CD
minutes	NNS
,	,
then	RB
remove	VB
from	IN
pan	VB
and	CC
transfer	VB
to	TO
wire	VB
rack	NN
to	TO
continue	VB
cooling	VBG
.	.
Makes	VBZ
12	CD
muffins	NNS
.	.
Per	IN
muffin	NN
:	:
191	CD
calories	NNS
,	,
5	CD
g	NN
total	JJ
fat	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
g	NN
saturated	VBN
fat	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
33	CD
g	NN
carbohydrates	NNS
,	,
4	CD
g	NN
protein	NN
,	,
3	CD
g	NN
dietary	JJ
fiber	NN
,	,
184	CD
mg	NN
sodium.Pomegranate-Apricot	JJ
SparklerTangy	NNP
pomegranate	NN
juice	NN
is	VBZ
popular	JJ
because	IN
of	IN
its	PRP$
high	JJ
concentration	NN
of	IN
phytochemicals	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
protect	VB
cells	NNS
from	IN
damage	NN
that	WDT
may	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
cancer	NN
development	NN
.	.
When	WRB
it	PRP
is	VBZ
combined	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
sweet	JJ
taste	NN
of	IN
apricot	JJ
nectar	NN
,	,
then	RB
lightened	VBD
with	IN
sparkling	JJ
water	NN
and	CC
a	DT
spritz	NN
of	IN
lime	NN
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
turn	VB
it	PRP
into	IN
a	DT
dazzling	JJ
summer	NN
drink	NN
for	IN
guests	NNS
.	.
In	IN
large	JJ
bowl	NN
,	,
toss	VB
spinach	NN
with	IN
cucumbers	NNS
,	,
carrots	NNS
and	CC
radishes	NNS
.	.
Divide	VB
salad	NN
onto	IN
4	CD
individual	JJ
serving	VBG
dishes	NNS
.	.
In	IN
small	JJ
bowl	NN
,	,
combine	VBP
remaining	VBG
ingredients	NNS
for	IN
dressing	VBG
with	IN
fork	NN
.	.
If	IN
creamier	JJR
dressing	VBG
is	VBZ
desired	VBN
,	,
mix	NN
in	IN
yogurt	NN
.	.
Pour	VB
into	IN
dressing	VBG
container	NN
and	CC
serve	VB
with	IN
salad	NN
.	.
Makes	VBZ
4	CD
servings	NNS
.	.
Per	IN
serving	VBG
:	:
52	CD
calories	NNS
,	,
4	CD
g	NN
total	JJ
fat	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
g	NN
saturated	VBN
fat	JJ
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
5	CD
g	NN
carbohydrates	NNS
,	,
-LRB-	-LRB-
1	CD
g	NN
protein	NN
,	,
2	CD
g	NN
dietary	JJ
fiber	NN
,	,
40	CD
mg	NN
sodium	NN
.	.
Walking	VBG
on	IN
a	DT
treadmill	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
easy	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
get	VB
an	DT
aerobic	JJ
workout	NN
.	.
It	PRP
improves	VBZ
your	PRP$
circulation	NN
and	CC
balance	NN
while	IN
burning	VBG
off	RP
calories	NNS
and	CC
excess	JJ
fat	NN
for	IN
lower	JJR
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
But	CC
the	DT
secret	NN
to	TO
safe	JJ
treading	VBG
is	VBZ
to	TO
be	VB
``	``
hands-free	JJ
.	.
''	''
Using	VBG
a	DT
treadmill	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
wonderful	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
get	VB
a	DT
regular	JJ
aerobic	JJ
workout	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
personalized	VBN
to	TO
your	PRP$
needs	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
regulate	VB
your	PRP$
speed	NN
,	,
how	WRB
much	JJ
time	NN
you	PRP
spend	VBP
walking	VBG
and	CC
even	RB
whether	IN
or	CC
not	RB
you	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
tread	VB
``	``
uphill	JJ
''	''
by	IN
setting	VBG
the	DT
moving	VBG
track	NN
at	IN
an	DT
incline	NN
.	.
The	DT
advantages	NNS
are	VBP
many	JJ
.	.
Treadmills	NNS
are	VBP
used	VBN
indoors	NNS
,	,
so	IN
the	DT
safety	NN
and	CC
weather	NN
hazards	NNS
of	IN
walking	VBG
outdoors	NNS
are	VBP
avoided	VBN
.	.
Their	PRP$
electronic	JJ
screens	NNS
tell	VBP
you	PRP
how	WRB
many	JJ
calories	NNS
you	PRP
are	VBP
burning	VBG
,	,
how	WRB
fast	RB
you	PRP
are	VBP
going	VBG
and	CC
how	WRB
much	JJ
distance	NN
you	PRP
are	VBP
covering	VBG
.	.
Many	JJ
offer	NN
preset	JJ
programs	NNS
to	TO
vary	VB
speeds	NNS
and	CC
incline	NN
levels	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
always	RB
important	JJ
to	TO
check	VB
with	IN
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
before	IN
starting	VBG
to	TO
use	VB
a	DT
treadmill	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
or	CC
before	IN
starting	VBG
any	DT
new	JJ
exercise	NN
program	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Another	DT
important	JJ
fact	NN
to	TO
remember	VB
is	VBZ
:	:
Try	VB
not	RB
to	TO
hold	VB
onto	IN
the	DT
handrails	NNS
while	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
treading	VBG
,	,
and	CC
pump	VB
your	PRP$
arms	NNS
to	TO
keep	VB
them	PRP
moving	VBG
.	.
Avoiding	VBG
a	DT
Wrenching	JJ
ExperienceWhen	NNP
you	PRP
're	VBP
using	VBG
a	DT
treadmill	NN
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
easy	JJ
to	TO
feel	VB
as	IN
though	IN
you	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
hold	VB
on	RP
to	TO
keep	VB
from	IN
falling	VBG
.	.
Yet	RB
holding	VBG
on	IN
may	MD
cause	VB
some	DT
painful	JJ
problems	NNS
.	.
Gripping	JJ
handrails	NNS
overstretches	VBZ
your	PRP$
back	JJ
muscles	NNS
and	CC
compresses	VBZ
your	PRP$
chest	NN
muscles	NNS
.	.
The	DT
result	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
slumped	VBD
posture	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
already	RB
have	VBP
this	DT
condition	NN
,	,
holding	VBG
on	IN
while	IN
treading	VBG
will	MD
make	VB
it	PRP
worse	JJR
.	.
Holding	VBG
on	IN
can	MD
also	RB
wrench	NN
the	DT
muscles	NNS
and	CC
joints	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
upper	JJ
body	NN
when	WRB
you	PRP
grip	NN
the	DT
front	JJ
bar	NN
and	CC
lean	JJ
far	RB
forward	RB
,	,
or	CC
hold	VB
on	RP
with	IN
only	RB
one	CD
hand	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
shoulder	NN
and	CC
hip	NN
joints	NNS
tend	VBP
to	TO
over-rotate	VB
,	,
which	WDT
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
repetitive	JJ
stress	NN
injuries	NNS
.	.
Holding	VBG
on	IN
can	MD
lower	VB
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
calories	NNS
you	PRP
burn	VBP
on	IN
a	DT
treadmill	NN
because	IN
your	PRP$
weight	NN
is	VBZ
likely	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
lighter	JJR
on	IN
the	DT
track	NN
.	.
Treading	VBG
hands-off	JJ
burns	NNS
about	IN
20	CD
percent	NN
more	RBR
calories	NNS
,	,
enabling	VBG
better	JJR
weight	NN
control	NN
and	CC
,	,
therefore	RB
,	,
lower	JJR
risk	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
diseases	NNS
.	.
Hands-free	JJ
treading	VBG
also	RB
avoids	VBZ
raising	VBG
your	PRP$
blood	NN
pressure	NN
which	WDT
may	MD
occur	VB
if	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
gripping	VBG
tightly	RB
,	,
especially	RB
at	IN
a	DT
fast	JJ
speed	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
3.5	CD
miles	NNS
per	IN
hour	NN
or	CC
more	JJR
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Why	WRB
Hands-Off	NNP
Treading	NNP
Makes	VBZ
SenseThe	NNP
real	JJ
world	NN
is	VBZ
full	JJ
of	IN
uneven	JJ
surfaces	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
must	MD
walk	VB
on	IN
.	.
Your	PRP$
brain	NN
constantly	RB
sends	VBZ
signals	NNS
down	IN
your	PRP$
spinal	JJ
cord	NN
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
navigate	VBP
.	.
Sensors	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
feet	NNS
and	CC
legs	NNS
relay	VB
nerve	NN
impulses	NNS
to	TO
your	PRP$
brain	NN
,	,
where	WRB
they	PRP
are	VBP
interpreted	VBN
as	IN
smooth	JJ
asphalt	NN
,	,
uneven	JJ
pavement	NN
,	,
lumpy	JJ
grass	NN
,	,
or	CC
a	DT
bed	NN
of	IN
pebbles	NNS
,	,
for	IN
example	NN
.	.
Holding	VBG
on	IN
to	TO
the	DT
treadmill	NN
interferes	VBZ
with	IN
these	DT
signals	NNS
,	,
deactivating	VBG
your	PRP$
body	NN
's	POS
balancing	NN
system	NN
and	CC
causing	VBG
you	PRP
to	TO
perform	VB
below	IN
your	PRP$
normal	JJ
baseline	NN
of	IN
activity	NN
.	.
When	WRB
treading	VBG
for	IN
improved	VBN
health	NN
,	,
you	PRP
must	MD
perform	VB
above	IN
your	PRP$
baseline	NN
.	.
Normally	RB
,	,
you	PRP
do	VBP
n't	RB
hold	VB
on	IN
to	TO
anything	NN
when	WRB
you	PRP
walk	VBP
around	RB
.	.
Your	PRP$
limbs	NNS
and	CC
joints	NNS
work	VBP
in	IN
unison	NN
to	TO
support	VB
your	PRP$
full	JJ
weight	NN
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
you	PRP
only	RB
hold	VBP
on	RP
lightly	RB
,	,
you	PRP
take	VBP
valuable	JJ
work	NN
away	RB
from	IN
many	JJ
muscles	NNS
.	.
Essentially	RB
,	,
holding	VBG
on	IN
mimics	NNS
using	VBG
a	DT
walker	NN
.	.
Tips	NNP
for	IN
Treading	VBG
WellIf	NNP
you	PRP
're	VBP
afraid	JJ
you	PRP
'll	MD
lose	VB
your	PRP$
balance	NN
or	CC
get	VB
dizzy	JJ
,	,
slow	JJ
your	PRP$
speed	NN
to	TO
2	CD
mph	NN
,	,
if	IN
necessary	JJ
.	.
Balancing	VBG
is	VBZ
part	NN
of	IN
exercise	NN
and	CC
your	PRP$
body	NN
becomes	VBZ
more	RBR
efficient	JJ
only	RB
when	WRB
challenged	VBN
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
machine	NN
tells	VBZ
you	PRP
to	TO
``	``
hold	VB
on	RP
for	IN
heart	NN
rate	NN
''	''
because	IN
it	PRP
uses	VBZ
sensors	NNS
when	WRB
you	PRP
grip	NN
,	,
let	VB
go	VB
after	IN
checking	VBG
your	PRP$
heart	NN
rate	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
if	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
holding	VBG
on	IN
because	IN
``	``
everybody	NN
else	RB
does	VBZ
it	PRP
,	,
''	''
remember	VBP
that	IN
popularity	NN
does	VBZ
n't	RB
make	VB
it	PRP
right	RB
.	.
Start	VB
out	RP
slowly	RB
and	CC
just	RB
let	VB
go	VB
.	.
Concentrate	VB
on	IN
correct	JJ
posture	NN
.	.
As	IN
your	PRP$
body	NN
adjusts	VBZ
to	TO
treading	VBG
hands-free	JJ
,	,
increase	VB
the	DT
speed	NN
or	CC
incline	NN
over	IN
time	NN
.	.
Adding	VBG
more	JJR
vegetables	NNS
,	,
fruits	NNS
,	,
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
and	CC
beans	NNS
to	TO
your	PRP$
diet	NN
can	MD
help	VB
bolster	VB
your	PRP$
overall	JJ
health	NN
and	CC
reduce	VB
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
To	TO
help	VB
your	PRP$
body	NN
adjust	VBP
to	TO
a	DT
mostly	RB
plant-based	JJ
diet	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
high	JJ
in	IN
fiber	NN
,	,
starting	VBG
slowly	RB
is	VBZ
key	JJ
.	.
People	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
eager	JJ
to	TO
reap	VB
the	DT
health	NN
benefits	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
high-fiber	JJ
diet	NN
may	MD
try	VB
to	TO
do	VB
too	RB
much	RB
too	RB
soon	RB
.	.
Similar	JJ
to	TO
exercise	VB
,	,
it	PRP
's	VBZ
wise	JJ
to	TO
begin	VB
slowly	RB
when	WRB
incorporating	VBG
plenty	NN
of	IN
fruits	NNS
,	,
vegetables	NNS
and	CC
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
into	IN
your	PRP$
diet	NN
for	IN
protection	NN
against	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
``	``
In	IN
my	PRP$
gastroenterology	NN
practice	NN
,	,
I	PRP
often	RB
see	VBP
patients	NNS
consuming	NN
fiber	NN
to	TO
excess	JJ
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Antoinette	NNP
Saddler	NNP
,	,
M.D.	NNP
,	,
Assistant	NNP
Professor	NNP
of	IN
Internal	NNP
Medicine	NNP
at	IN
the	DT
University	NNP
of	IN
Virginia	NNP
Health	NNP
System	NNP
's	POS
Digestive	NNP
Health	NNP
Center	NNP
of	IN
Excellence	NNP
in	IN
Charlottesville	NNP
.	.
``	``
They	PRP
ingest	VBP
a	DT
huge	JJ
amount	NN
of	IN
fiber	NN
,	,
eating	VBG
multiple	JJ
bran	NN
muffins	NNS
for	IN
breakfast	NN
,	,
lots	NNS
of	IN
broccoli	NNS
and	CC
so	RB
on	IN
.	.
You	PRP
have	VBP
to	TO
increase	VB
your	PRP$
fiber	NN
intake	NN
gradually	RB
so	RB
that	IN
your	PRP$
body	NN
can	MD
adjust	VB
.	.
''	''
Gradually	RB
adopting	VBG
a	DT
mostly	RB
plant-based	JJ
diet	NN
will	MD
allow	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
enjoy	VB
the	DT
many	JJ
health	NN
benefits	NNS
while	IN
preventing	VBG
possible	JJ
side	NN
effects	NNS
.	.
Weeding	VBG
Out	IN
ProblemsAlthough	NNP
a	DT
plant-based	JJ
diet	NN
can	MD
help	VB
prevent	VB
many	JJ
health	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
can	MD
cause	VB
some	DT
discomfort	NN
if	IN
not	RB
adopted	VBN
gradually	RB
.	.
Gas	NNP
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
common	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
distress	NN
.	.
``	``
When	WRB
you	PRP
're	VBP
eating	VBG
high-fiber	JJ
foods	NNS
,	,
they	PRP
pass	VBP
into	IN
the	DT
colon	NN
where	WRB
bacteria	NNS
digest	VBP
them	PRP
.	.
This	DT
process	NN
produces	VBZ
gas	NN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Dr.	NNP
Saddler	NNP
.	.
``	``
People	NNS
should	MD
introduce	VB
fiber	NN
slowly	RB
,	,
chew	VBP
their	PRP$
food	NN
well	RB
,	,
minimize	VBP
air	NN
swallowed	VBD
and	CC
minimize	VB
how	WRB
many	JJ
carbonated	VBN
beverages	NNS
they	PRP
consume	VBP
.	.
''	''
Enzyme	NNP
supplements	NNS
can	MD
help	VB
reduce	VB
intestinal	JJ
gas	NN
that	WDT
comes	VBZ
from	IN
fiber-rich	JJ
foods	NNS
.	.
One	CD
very	RB
nutritious	JJ
food	NN
that	WDT
many	JJ
people	NNS
avoid	VBP
for	IN
fear	NN
of	IN
developing	VBG
intestinal	JJ
gas	NN
is	VBZ
cooked	VBN
dried	VBN
beans	NNS
.	.
Unfortunately	RB
,	,
they	PRP
are	VBP
missing	VBG
out	RP
on	IN
a	DT
delicious	JJ
,	,
lowfat	JJ
source	NN
of	IN
protein	NN
that	WDT
also	RB
contains	VBZ
cancer-fighting	JJ
folate	NN
and	CC
fiber	NN
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
important	JJ
minerals	NNS
like	IN
potassium	NN
,	,
magnesium	NN
and	CC
iron	NN
.	.
According	VBG
to	TO
Registered	NNP
Dietitian	NNP
Karen	NNP
Collins	NNP
,	,
gas	NN
forms	NNS
in	IN
some	DT
people	NNS
because	IN
their	PRP$
digestive	JJ
enzymes	NNS
do	VBP
not	RB
break	VB
down	RP
certain	JJ
complex	JJ
carbohydrates	NNS
in	IN
these	DT
foods	NNS
.	.
Therefore	RB
,	,
the	DT
foods	NNS
ferment	NN
excessively	RB
in	IN
the	DT
large	JJ
intestine	NN
and	CC
emit	VB
gas	NN
.	.
She	PRP
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
develop	VBP
gas	NN
after	IN
eating	VBG
cooked	VBN
dried	VBN
beans	NNS
and	CC
peas	NNS
should	MD
look	VB
for	IN
supplements	NNS
that	WDT
contain	VBP
the	DT
enzyme	NN
alpha-galactosidase	NN
.	.
``	``
You	PRP
need	VBP
to	TO
consume	VB
the	DT
supplements	NNS
just	RB
before	IN
or	CC
at	IN
the	DT
same	JJ
time	NN
you	PRP
eat	VBP
the	DT
food	NN
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Collins	NNP
.	.
``	``
They	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
be	VB
added	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
food	NN
while	IN
it	PRP
cooks	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
also	RB
can	MD
lessen	VB
the	DT
gas	NN
produced	VBN
by	IN
canned	JJ
beans	NNS
by	IN
rinsing	VBG
them	PRP
well	RB
.	.
For	IN
dried	VBN
beans	NNS
,	,
soak	VBP
them	PRP
several	JJ
hours	NNS
or	CC
overnight	JJ
.	.
Discard	VB
the	DT
water	NN
they	PRP
soaked	VBD
in	IN
before	IN
cooking	VBG
them	PRP
.	.
''	''
Plant	NNP
Foods	NNP
and	CC
Digestive	NNP
IllnessesSome	NNP
people	NNS
associate	JJ
consumption	NN
of	IN
certain	JJ
vegetables	NNS
with	IN
heartburn	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
intestinal	JJ
gas	NN
.	.
But	CC
other	JJ
factors	NNS
are	VBP
often	RB
more	RBR
to	TO
blame	VB
.	.
``	``
A	DT
high-fat	JJ
meal	NN
,	,
swallowing	VBG
larger	JJR
chunks	NNS
especially	RB
of	IN
meats	NNS
,	,
and	CC
some	DT
common	JJ
foods	NNS
like	IN
orange	JJ
juice	NN
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
heartburn	VB
in	IN
some	DT
people	NNS
,	,
''	''
says	VBZ
Dr.	NNP
Elaine	NNP
Feldman	NNP
of	IN
the	DT
Medical	NNP
College	NNP
of	IN
Georgia	NNP
.	.
Caffeine	NNP
,	,
mints	NNS
,	,
garlic	NN
,	,
alcohol	NN
and	CC
chocolate	NN
can	MD
cause	VB
heartburn	NN
and	CC
gastric	JJ
distress	NN
too	RB
,	,
as	IN
can	MD
lifestylefactors	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
smoking	NN
,	,
stress	NN
,	,
rushing	VBG
through	IN
meals	NNS
,	,
or	CC
lying	VBG
down	RP
too	RB
soon	RB
after	IN
eating	VBG
.	.
Sometimes	RB
acidic	JJ
vegetables	NNS
and	CC
fruits	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
citrus	NN
fruits	NNS
and	CC
tomatoes	NNS
,	,
may	MD
contribute	VB
to	TO
heartburn	NN
.	.
Feldman	NNP
suggests	VBZ
cooking	NN
tomatoes	NNS
,	,
onions	NNS
and	CC
garlic	NN
to	TO
help	VB
offset	VB
any	DT
discomfort	NN
these	DT
healthful	JJ
plant	NN
foods	NNS
may	MD
cause	VB
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
cook	VBP
fruits	NNS
and	CC
vegetables	NNS
to	TO
ease	VB
digestion	NN
,	,
use	VBP
lowfat	JJ
cooking	NN
methods	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
bake	NN
,	,
broil	NN
,	,
steam	NN
,	,
stir-fry	JJ
,	,
or	CC
poach	VB
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
choose	VB
healthy	JJ
fats	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
olive	JJ
oil	NN
,	,
canola	NN
oil	NN
,	,
or	CC
another	DT
monounsaturated	JJ
oil	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Drink	NN
plenty	NN
of	IN
liquids	NNS
including	VBG
hot	JJ
tea	NN
and	CC
fat-free	JJ
,	,
reduced-sodium	JJ
broth	NN
.	.
Last	JJ
,	,
but	CC
not	RB
least	JJS
,	,
exercise	NN
daily	JJ
to	TO
help	VB
move	VB
waste	NN
through	IN
the	DT
system	NN
and	CC
prevent	VB
cancer	NN
.	.
As	IN
for	IN
conditions	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
diverticulitis	NN
and	CC
ulcers	NNS
,	,
Dr.	NNP
Saddler	NNP
says	VBZ
,	,
``	``
People	NNS
frequently	RB
confuse	VBP
diverticulitis	NN
actual	JJ
infection	NN
with	IN
diverticulosis	NN
,	,
a	DT
condition	NN
of	IN
pockets	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
bowel	NN
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
explains	VBZ
.	.
``	``
Doctors	NNS
may	MD
tell	VB
patients	NNS
with	IN
diverticulosis	NN
to	TO
avoid	VB
small	JJ
seeded	VBN
items	NNS
,	,
but	CC
I	PRP
have	VBP
not	RB
seen	VBN
definitive	JJ
data	NNS
that	WDT
proves	VBZ
this	DT
prevents	VBZ
the	DT
condition	NN
.	.
People	NNS
with	IN
diverticulosis	NN
should	MD
eat	VB
a	DT
high-fiber	JJ
diet	NN
to	TO
reduce	VB
developing	VBG
pouches	NNS
.	.
''	''
She	PRP
notes	VBZ
that	IN
a	DT
plant-based	JJ
diet	NN
should	MD
have	VB
little	JJ
or	CC
no	DT
impact	NN
on	IN
ulcers	NNS
.	.
``	``
People	NNS
have	VBP
heard	VBN
through	IN
the	DT
years	NNS
that	WDT
spicy	VBP
foods	NNS
and	CC
acidic	JJ
foods	NNS
will	MD
cause	VB
ulcers	NNS
,	,
but	CC
this	DT
is	VBZ
a	DT
myth	NN
,	,
''	''
Dr.	NNP
Saddler	NNP
explains	VBZ
.	.
``	``
They	PRP
should	MD
worry	VB
more	RBR
about	IN
the	DT
aspirin	NN
and	CC
ibuprofen	NN
they	PRP
take	VBP
rather	RB
than	IN
the	DT
pizza	NN
they	PRP
ate	VBD
.	.
''	''
-LRB-	-LRB-
Most	JJS
ulcers	NNS
are	VBP
caused	VBN
by	IN
an	DT
infection	NN
of	IN
the	DT
bacterium	NN
Helicobacter	NNP
pylori	NN
.	.
-RRB-	-RRB-
Fiber-rich	JJ
foods	NNS
also	RB
can	MD
relieve	VB
constipation	NN
.	.
``	``
One	CD
of	IN
the	DT
great	JJ
things	NNS
about	IN
a	DT
plant-based	JJ
diet	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
it	PRP
helps	VBZ
with	IN
bowel	NN
movements	NNS
,	,
''	''
Dr.	NNP
Saddler	NNP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
There	EX
is	VBZ
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
constipation	NN
among	IN
older	JJR
people	NNS
because	IN
their	PRP$
colon	NN
motility	NN
slows	VBZ
down	RP
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
have	VB
diseases	NNS
or	CC
take	VB
drugs	NNS
that	WDT
cause	VBP
constipation	NN
,	,
''	''
she	PRP
says	VBZ
.	.
``	``
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
increase	VB
water	NN
when	WRB
you	PRP
increase	VB
fiber	NN
to	TO
help	VB
with	IN
constipation	NN
.	.
''	''
Older	JJR
people	NNS
should	MD
drink	VB
fluids	NNS
before	IN
they	PRP
become	VBP
thirsty	JJ
,	,
because	IN
the	DT
sense	NN
of	IN
thirst	NN
decreases	VBZ
with	IN
aging	VBG
.	.
If	IN
your	PRP$
weight	NN
is	VBZ
satisfactory	JJ
,	,
you	PRP
are	VBP
probably	RB
eating	VBG
the	DT
right	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
servings	NNS
to	TO
match	VB
your	PRP$
energy	NN
needs	VBZ
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
overweight	JJ
,	,
consider	VB
gradually	RB
reducing	VBG
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
standard	JJ
servings	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
regular	JJ
portions	NNS
.	.
Eat	VB
five	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
servings	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
of	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
vegetables	NNS
and	CC
fruits	NNS
,	,
all	DT
year	NN
round	NN
.	.
Eat	VB
more	JJR
than	IN
seven	CD
servings	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
of	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
grains	NNS
,	,
beans	NNS
,	,
roots	NNS
and	CC
tubers	NNS
.	.
Prefer	VB
minimally	RB
processed	VBN
foods	NNS
.	.
Most	JJS
researchers	NNS
consider	VBP
eating	VBG
a	DT
mostly	RB
plant-based	JJ
diet	NN
essential	JJ
to	TO
reducing	VBG
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
Vegetables	NNS
,	,
fruits	NNS
,	,
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
and	CC
beans	NNS
contain	VBP
vitamins	NNS
,	,
minerals	NNS
,	,
fiber	NN
and	CC
natural	JJ
substances	NNS
called	VBN
phytochemicals	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
help	VB
prevent	VB
the	DT
development	NN
of	IN
tumors	NNS
or	CC
slow	VB
down	RP
the	DT
cancer	NN
process	NN
.	.
Of	IN
all	DT
food	NN
items	NNS
,	,
vegetables	NNS
and	CC
fruits	NNS
are	VBP
the	DT
most	RBS
protective	JJ
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
convincing	JJ
evidence	NN
that	IN
they	PRP
protect	VBP
people	NNS
from	IN
cancers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
colon	NN
,	,
stomach	NN
,	,
rectum	NN
,	,
esophagus	NN
,	,
lung	NN
and	CC
pharynx	NN
.	.
They	PRP
probably	RB
also	RB
offer	VBP
protection	NN
from	IN
cancers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
breast	NN
,	,
bladder	NN
,	,
pancreas	NN
and	CC
larynx	NN
.	.
And	CC
they	PRP
possibly	RB
also	RB
offer	VBP
protection	NN
from	IN
cancers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
liver	NN
,	,
ovary	NN
,	,
uterus	NN
,	,
cervix	NN
,	,
prostate	NN
,	,
thyroid	JJ
and	CC
kidney	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
difficult	JJ
to	TO
interpret	VB
much	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
existing	VBG
data	NNS
on	IN
red	JJ
meat	NN
because	IN
there	EX
are	VBP
several	JJ
possible	JJ
reasons	NNS
for	IN
an	DT
increase	NN
in	IN
risk	NN
.	.
Diets	NNS
high	JJ
in	IN
meat	NN
are	VBP
frequently	RB
high	JJ
in	IN
calories	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
high	JJ
in	IN
fat	JJ
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
methods	NNS
of	IN
preparation	NN
and	CC
preservation	NN
may	MD
play	VB
a	DT
role	NN
.	.
Preservation	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
curing	VBG
and	CC
smoking	NN
,	,
may	MD
increase	VB
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
Diets	NNS
high	JJ
in	IN
cured	VBN
meats	NNS
possibly	RB
increase	VB
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
colorectal	JJ
cancer	NN
.	.
Recently	RB
,	,
attention	NN
has	VBZ
focused	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
link	NN
between	IN
dairy	NN
products	NNS
or	CC
,	,
more	JJR
specifically	RB
,	,
milk	NN
and	CC
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
A	DT
review	NN
of	IN
the	DT
current	JJ
scientific	JJ
literature	NN
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
human	JJ
studies	NNS
so	RB
far	RB
are	VBP
conflicting	VBG
and	CC
contradictory	JJ
.	.
To	TO
date	NN
,	,
the	DT
evidence	NN
is	VBZ
too	RB
inconsistent	JJ
to	TO
warrant	VB
any	DT
recommendation	NN
concerning	VBG
dairy	NN
products	NNS
and	CC
cancer	NN
.	.
But	CC
this	DT
is	VBZ
an	DT
area	NN
to	TO
be	VB
watched	VBN
.	.
For	IN
many	JJ
years	NNS
,	,
researchers	NNS
believed	VBD
that	IN
excessive	JJ
dietary	JJ
fat	NN
was	VBD
a	DT
major	JJ
factor	NN
affecting	VBG
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
Recent	JJ
research	NN
,	,
however	RB
,	,
has	VBZ
caused	VBN
experts	NNS
to	TO
regard	VB
other	JJ
factors	NNS
as	IN
more	RBR
important	JJ
.	.
Nevertheless	RB
,	,
AICR	NNP
's	POS
landmark	NN
report	NN
concluded	VBD
that	IN
diets	NNS
high	JJ
in	IN
total	JJ
fat	JJ
possibly	RB
increase	VB
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
cancers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
lung	NN
,	,
colon	NN
,	,
breast	NN
and	CC
prostate	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
diets	NNS
high	JJ
in	IN
animal	NN
fat	JJ
and\/or	CC
saturated	VBN
fat	JJ
possibly	RB
increase	VB
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
cancers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
lung	NN
,	,
colon	NN
,	,
breast	NN
,	,
uterus	NN
and	CC
prostate	NN
.	.
The	DT
danger	NN
of	IN
a	DT
diet	NN
high	JJ
in	IN
fat	JJ
may	MD
come	VB
from	IN
the	DT
high	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
calories	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
overweight	JJ
and	CC
obesity	NN
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
convincing	VBG
evidence	NN
that	IN
obesity	NN
increases	VBZ
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
colon	NN
cancer	NN
and	CC
post-menopausal	JJ
breast	NN
cancer	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
cancers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
pancreas	NNS
,	,
uterus	NN
,	,
prostate	NN
,	,
kidney	NN
,	,
ovary	NN
and	CC
,	,
indirectly	RB
,	,
esophagus	NN
.	.
Stomach	NNP
cancer	NN
rates	NNS
are	VBP
generally	RB
highest	JJS
in	IN
those	DT
parts	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
world	NN
where	WRB
diets	NNS
traditionally	RB
are	VBP
very	RB
salty	JJ
because	IN
meat	NN
,	,
fish	NN
,	,
vegetables	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
foods	NNS
are	VBP
preserved	VBN
by	IN
salting	NN
.	.
This	DT
includes	VBZ
Japan	NNP
and	CC
parts	NNS
of	IN
China	NNP
and	CC
Latin	NNP
America	NNP
.	.
Populations	NNS
that	WDT
consume	VBP
large	JJ
amounts	NNS
of	IN
salted	JJ
fish	NN
also	RB
have	VBP
an	DT
increased	VBN
risk	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
of	IN
the	DT
nasopharynx	NN
.	.
In	IN
general	JJ
,	,
excessive	JJ
salt	NN
consumption	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
as	RB
much	JJ
of	IN
a	DT
concern	NN
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
However	RB
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
prudent	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
aware	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
salt	NN
content	NN
of	IN
foods	NNS
,	,
especially	RB
processed	VBN
foods	NNS
.	.
Sodium	NN
intake	NN
may	MD
be	VB
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
health	NN
problems	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
high	JJ
blood	NN
pressure	NN
.	.
Grilling	NN
,	,
broiling	VBG
and	CC
barbecuing	NN
are	VBP
considered	VBN
high-heat	JJ
methods	NNS
of	IN
food	NN
preparation	NN
.	.
These	DT
methods	NNS
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
the	DT
formation	NN
of	IN
cancer-causing	JJ
substances	NNS
called	VBN
polycyclic	JJ
aromatic	JJ
hydrocarbons	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
PAHs	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
heterocyclic	JJ
amines	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
HCAs	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
These	DT
substances	NNS
can	MD
form	VB
when	WRB
fat	JJ
drips	NNS
onto	IN
hot	JJ
coals	NNS
causing	VBG
flare-ups	NNS
or	CC
direct	JJ
flame	NN
makes	VBZ
contact	NN
with	IN
animal	NN
protein	NN
fibers	NNS
.	.
Consequently	RB
,	,
diets	NNS
high	JJ
in	IN
meat	NN
cooked	VBN
at	IN
high	JJ
temperatures	NNS
possibly	RB
increase	VB
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
stomach	NN
and	CC
colorectal	JJ
cancers	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
the	DT
evidence	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
strong	JJ
at	IN
this	DT
time	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
reasonable	JJ
to	TO
exercise	VB
care	NN
when	WRB
preparing	VBG
foods	NNS
to	TO
decrease	VB
the	DT
formation	NN
of	IN
carcinogenic	JJ
substances	NNS
.	.
Marinating	VBG
meats	NNS
before	IN
cooking	NN
,	,
flipping	VBG
frequently	RB
,	,
removing	VBG
all	DT
visible	JJ
fat	NN
and	CC
microwaving	NN
for	IN
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
cooking	NN
time	NN
can	MD
help	VB
to	TO
significantly	RB
cut	VB
down	RP
on	IN
cancer-causing	JJ
substances	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
remove	VB
any	DT
char	NN
that	WDT
forms	VBZ
on	IN
food	NN
before	IN
eating	VBG
.	.
A	DT
convincing	NN
relationship	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
shown	VBN
between	IN
alcohol	NN
consumption	NN
and	CC
cancers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
mouth	NN
and	CC
pharynx	NN
,	,
larynx	NN
,	,
esophagus	NN
and	CC
liver	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
alcohol	NN
is	VBZ
probably	RB
linked	VBN
to	TO
cancers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
colon	NN
,	,
rectum	NN
and	CC
breast	NN
,	,
and	CC
possibly	RB
related	VBN
to	TO
lung	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
The	DT
link	NN
is	VBZ
greatly	RB
increased	VBN
if	IN
drinkers	NNS
also	RB
smoke	VBP
.	.
In	IN
general	JJ
,	,
risk	NN
is	VBZ
related	VBN
to	TO
the	DT
amount	NN
of	IN
alcohol	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
consumed	VBN
the	DT
larger	JJR
the	DT
number	NN
of	IN
drinks	NNS
the	DT
greater	JJR
the	DT
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
Although	IN
there	EX
is	VBZ
increasing	VBG
evidence	NN
that	IN
modest	JJ
alcohol	NN
consumption	NN
can	MD
decrease	VB
heart	NN
disease	NN
risk	NN
,	,
alcohol	NN
is	VBZ
a	DT
known	JJ
carcinogen	NN
.	.
The	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
heart	NN
disease	NN
can	MD
be	VB
decreased	VBN
in	IN
other	JJ
ways	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
losing	VBG
weight	NN
,	,
cutting	VBG
down	RP
on	IN
saturated	VBN
and	CC
total	JJ
fat	JJ
in	IN
the	DT
diet	NN
,	,
and	CC
increasing	VBG
physical	JJ
activity	NN
.	.
An	DT
energy	NN
imbalance	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
eating	VBG
more	JJR
calories	NNS
than	IN
the	DT
body	NN
burns	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
overweight	JJ
and	CC
obesity	NN
,	,
increasing	VBG
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
some	DT
cancers	NNS
.	.
There	EX
is	VBZ
strong	JJ
evidence	NN
for	IN
an	DT
association	NN
of	IN
obesity	NN
with	IN
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
post-menopausal	JJ
breast	NN
cancer	NN
and	CC
cancers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
colon	NN
,	,
pancreas	NN
,	,
uterus	NN
,	,
prostate	NN
,	,
kidney	NN
,	,
ovary	NN
and	CC
,	,
indirectly	RB
,	,
esophagus	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
there	EX
is	VBZ
some	DT
consensus	NN
in	IN
the	DT
literature	NN
that	WDT
overweight	JJ
individuals	NNS
experience	VBP
an	DT
increased	VBN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
,	,
and	CC
that	IN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
generally	RB
increases	VBZ
as	IN
Body	NNP
Mass	NNP
Index	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
BMI	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
increases	NNS
.	.
A	DT
large	JJ
prospective	JJ
cohort	NN
study	NN
of	IN
non-smokers	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
about	IN
10	CD
percent	NN
of	IN
all	DT
cancer	NN
deaths	NNS
are	VBP
caused	VBN
by	IN
overweight	JJ
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
believed	VBN
that	IN
there	EX
may	MD
be	VB
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
other	JJ
factors	NNS
behind	IN
the	DT
connections	NNS
between	IN
overweight	JJ
and	CC
obesity	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
risk	NN
,	,
besides	IN
calorie	NN
intake	NN
and	CC
physical	JJ
activity	NN
alone	RB
.	.
These	DT
other	JJ
factors	NNS
include	VBP
rate	NN
of	IN
childhood	NN
growth	NN
,	,
age	NN
at	IN
puberty	NN
,	,
fat	JJ
intake	NN
and	CC
circulating	VBG
insulin	NN
levels	NNS
.	.
Physical	JJ
activity	NN
may	MD
help	VB
to	TO
decrease	VB
levels	NNS
of	IN
insulin	NN
,	,
and	CC
therefore	RB
may	MD
explain	VB
the	DT
decreased	VBN
risk	NN
offered	VBN
by	IN
regular	JJ
exercise	NN
.	.
More	JJR
than	IN
100	CD
epidemiological	JJ
studies	NNS
have	VBP
linked	VBN
physical	JJ
activity	NN
to	TO
reduced	VBN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
,	,
including	VBG
cancers	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
colon	NN
and	CC
breast	NN
.	.
Learning	NNP
More	RBR
About	IN
CancerMany	JJ
people	NNS
are	VBP
uncomfortable	JJ
thinking	NN
and	CC
talking	VBG
about	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
That	DT
attitude	NN
is	VBZ
understandable	JJ
,	,
but	CC
outdated	JJ
.	.
Today	NN
,	,
being	VBG
willing	JJ
to	TO
talk	VB
about	IN
cancer	NN
and	CC
get	VB
the	DT
facts	NNS
on	IN
prevention	NN
,	,
early	RB
detection	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
important	JJ
commitments	NNS
you	PRP
can	MD
make	VB
for	IN
better	JJR
health	NN
.	.
The	DT
medical	JJ
and	CC
research	NN
communities	NNS
now	RB
know	VBP
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
about	IN
cancer	NN
,	,
and	CC
much	RB
of	IN
that	DT
knowledge	NN
can	MD
benefit	VB
you	PRP
directly	RB
.	.
You	PRP
can	MD
learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
reduce	VB
your	PRP$
risk	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
detect	VB
it	PRP
early	RB
enough	RB
to	TO
improve	VB
your	PRP$
chances	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
successful	JJ
recovery	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
cancer	NN
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
learn	VB
more	RBR
about	IN
your	PRP$
treatment	NN
options	NNS
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
live	VB
well	RB
as	IN
a	DT
cancer	NN
patient	NN
and	CC
survivor	NN
.	.
As	IN
with	IN
all	DT
health-related	JJ
issues	NNS
,	,
an	DT
important	JJ
resource	NN
in	IN
learning	VBG
more	JJR
about	IN
cancer	NN
is	VBZ
your	PRP$
personal	JJ
physician	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
feel	VBP
you	PRP
need	VBP
additional	JJ
help	NN
,	,
this	DT
booklet	NN
contains	VBZ
listings	NNS
of	IN
organizations	NNS
that	WDT
provide	VBP
authoritative	JJ
,	,
reliable	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
preventing	VBG
,	,
treating	VBG
and	CC
living	VBG
with	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
Information	NN
from	IN
Cancer	NNP
OrganizationsA	NNP
large	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
national	JJ
and	CC
local	JJ
organizations	NNS
offer	VBP
cancer-related	JJ
information	NN
,	,
support	NN
or	CC
direct	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
Among	IN
these	DT
,	,
three	CD
organizations	NNS
stand	VBP
out	RP
as	RB
comprehensive	JJ
,	,
reliable	JJ
sources	NNS
.	.
Each	DT
one	NN
can	MD
provide	VB
a	DT
wealth	NN
of	IN
help	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
free	JJ
educational	JJ
materials	NNS
,	,
information	NN
and	CC
referrals	NNS
to	TO
other	JJ
resources	NNS
.	.
Educational	NNP
booklets	NNS
and	CC
health	NN
aids	NNS
,	,
a	DT
Nutrition	NNP
Hotline	NNP
and	CC
information	NN
on	IN
cancer	NN
research	NN
programs	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
at	IN
little	JJ
or	CC
no	DT
cost	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
also	RB
publishes	VBZ
CancerResource	NNP
:	:
A	NNP
Resource	NNP
Guide	NNP
for	IN
Those	DT
Living	VBG
with	IN
Cancer	NN
.	.
This	DT
publication	NN
offers	VBZ
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
information	NN
on	IN
treatment	NN
options	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
additional	JJ
listings	NNS
of	IN
information	NN
and	CC
resources	NNS
.	.
Contact	NN
AICR	NNP
for	IN
information	NN
,	,
publications	NNS
or	CC
help	NN
.	.
The	DT
NCI	NNP
is	VBZ
part	NN
of	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
's	POS
National	NNP
Institutes	NNPS
of	IN
Health	NNP
,	,
an	DT
agency	NN
of	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Department	NNP
of	IN
Health	NNP
and	CC
Human	NNP
Services	NNPS
.	.
NCI	NNP
coordinates	VBZ
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
's	POS
national	JJ
research	NN
program	NN
on	IN
cancer	NN
and	CC
makes	VBZ
this	DT
information	NN
available	JJ
to	TO
the	DT
public	NN
,	,
physicians	NNS
and	CC
health	NN
professionals	NNS
.	.
The	DT
CIS	NNP
is	VBZ
staffed	VBN
by	IN
certified	JJ
information	NN
specialists	NNS
who	WP
provide	VBP
accurate	JJ
answers	NNS
to	TO
questions	NNS
about	IN
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
,	,
detection	NN
,	,
diagnosis	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
.	.
Resource	NNP
materials	NNS
used	VBD
to	TO
respond	VB
to	TO
callers	NNS
'	POS
questions	NNS
are	VBP
updated	VBN
regularly	RB
by	IN
NCI	NNP
.	.
A	DT
computerized	JJ
database	NN
called	VBN
Physician	NNP
's	POS
Data	NNP
Query	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
PDQ	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
provides	VBZ
information	NN
on	IN
state-of-the-art	JJ
cancer	NN
treatments	NNS
,	,
clinical	JJ
trials	NNS
of	IN
current	JJ
treatments	NNS
,	,
early	RB
detection	NN
and	CC
supportive	JJ
care	NN
information	NN
.	.
The	DT
CIS	NNP
staff	NN
will	MD
also	RB
send	VB
you	PRP
free	JJ
educational	JJ
pamphlets	NNS
on	IN
cancer	NN
geared	VBN
to	TO
your	PRP$
specific	JJ
needs	NNS
.	.
Dialing	VBG
the	DT
CIS	NNP
number	NN
automatically	RB
connects	VBZ
you	PRP
with	IN
the	DT
regional	JJ
office	NN
serving	VBG
your	PRP$
area	NN
,	,
allowing	VBG
you	PRP
to	TO
find	VB
information	NN
on	IN
resources	NNS
available	JJ
in	IN
your	PRP$
community	NN
.	.
CIS	NNP
operates	VBZ
from	IN
9:00	CD
a.m.	NN
to	TO
4:30	CD
p.m.	NN
ET	NNP
,	,
Monday	NNP
through	IN
Friday	NNP
.	.
Spanish-speaking	JJ
staff	NN
members	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
.	.
Please	VB
note	NN
that	IN
sometimes	RB
the	DT
CIS	NNP
number	NN
can	MD
be	VB
busy	JJ
.	.
Do	VBP
not	RB
be	VB
discouraged	VBN
if	IN
you	PRP
ca	MD
n't	RB
get	VB
through	IN
to	TO
an	DT
information	NN
specialist	NN
right	RB
away	RB
the	DT
information	NN
you	PRP
receive	VBP
will	MD
be	VB
well	RB
worth	IN
the	DT
wait	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
callers	NNS
have	VBP
the	DT
option	NN
of	IN
hearing	NN
recorded	VBN
information	NN
about	IN
cancer	NN
24	CD
hours	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
,	,
7	CD
days	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
.	.
The	DT
cancer	NN
information	NN
available	JJ
through	IN
CIS	NNP
is	VBZ
also	RB
accessible	JJ
on	IN
the	DT
NCI	NNP
Web	NNP
site	NN
.	.
Here	RB
you	PRP
will	MD
find	VB
a	DT
wide	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
information	NN
about	IN
specific	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
taken	VBN
from	IN
the	DT
PDQ	NNP
,	,
NCI	NNP
cancer	NN
fact	NN
sheets	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
publications	NNS
.	.
All	DT
information	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
reviewed	VBN
by	IN
oncology	JJ
experts	NNS
and	CC
is	VBZ
based	VBN
on	IN
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
current	JJ
research	NN
.	.
ACS	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
nationwide	JJ
voluntary	JJ
organization	NN
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
eliminating	VBG
cancer	NN
by	IN
sponsoring	VBG
research	NN
,	,
public	JJ
education	NN
and	CC
patient	NN
care	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Call	VB
the	DT
toll-free	JJ
number	NN
24	CD
hours	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
,	,
seven	CD
days	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
or	CC
visit	VB
their	PRP$
Web	NNP
site	NN
for	IN
information	NN
and	CC
publications	NNS
on	IN
cancer	NN
detection	NN
and	CC
research	NN
and	CC
for	IN
the	DT
location	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
local	JJ
chapter	NN
.	.
More	JJR
than	IN
3,400	CD
local	JJ
ACS	NNP
chapters	NNS
assist	VBP
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
through	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
patient	NN
and	CC
family	NN
education	NN
,	,
service	NN
and	CC
rehabilitation	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
Scientists	NNS
now	RB
know	VBP
that	IN
many	JJ
factors	NNS
contribute	VBP
to	TO
an	DT
individual	NN
's	POS
risk	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
these	DT
factors	NNS
are	VBP
within	IN
your	PRP$
control	NN
.	.
Even	RB
though	IN
no	DT
one	NN
can	MD
predict	VB
exactly	RB
who	WP
will	MD
develop	VB
the	DT
disease	NN
,	,
there	EX
are	VBP
specific	JJ
,	,
simple	JJ
steps	NNS
you	PRP
can	MD
take	VB
which	WDT
may	MD
lower	VB
your	PRP$
risk	NN
.	.
The	DT
organizations	NNS
listed	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
section	NN
can	MD
provide	VB
you	PRP
with	IN
help	NN
in	IN
learning	VBG
about	IN
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
and	CC
early	JJ
detection	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
has	VBZ
developed	VBN
a	DT
set	NN
of	IN
simple	JJ
and	CC
practical	JJ
guidelines	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
people	NNS
follow	VB
a	DT
diet	NN
for	IN
lower	JJR
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
The	DT
guidelines	NNS
are	VBP
based	VBN
on	IN
an	DT
analysis	NN
of	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
4,500	CD
research	NN
studies	NNS
published	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
Institute	NNP
's	POS
landmark	NN
report	NN
,	,
Food	NNP
,	,
Nutrition	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
Prevention	NNP
of	IN
Cancer	NNP
:	:
a	DT
global	JJ
perspective	NN
and	CC
represent	VB
the	DT
best	JJS
advice	NN
science	NN
currently	RB
offers	VBZ
for	IN
reducing	VBG
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
Call	VB
AICR	NNP
to	TO
receive	VB
a	DT
free	JJ
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
booklet	NN
,	,
Simple	NN
Steps	VBZ
to	TO
Prevent	VB
Cancer	NN
.	.
It	PRP
explains	VBZ
the	DT
guidelines	NNS
and	CC
how	WRB
to	TO
make	VB
them	PRP
a	DT
part	NN
of	IN
your	PRP$
everyday	JJ
life	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
's	POS
free	JJ
quarterly	JJ
newsletter	NN
provides	VBZ
practical	JJ
information	NN
for	IN
helping	VBG
you	PRP
follow	VBP
a	DT
lifestyle	NN
to	TO
lower	JJR
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
You	PRP
will	MD
learn	VB
how	WRB
to	TO
make	VB
wise	JJ
food	NN
choices	NNS
at	IN
home	NN
and	CC
in	IN
restaurants	NNS
and	CC
receive	VB
current	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
important	JJ
cancer	NN
research	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
publishes	VBZ
more	JJR
than	IN
50	CD
educational	JJ
booklets	NNS
and	CC
health	NN
aids	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
understand	VB
the	DT
link	NN
between	IN
diet	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
show	VB
you	PRP
practical	JJ
ways	NNS
to	TO
follow	VB
a	DT
lifestyle	NN
for	IN
lower	JJR
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
Single	JJ
copies	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
free	JJ
of	IN
charge	NN
.	.
Call	VB
for	IN
a	DT
publications	NNS
catalogue	NN
or	CC
for	IN
information	NN
on	IN
ordering	VBG
bulk	NN
quantities	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
call	VBP
AICR	NNP
's	POS
toll-free	JJ
number	NN
and	CC
ask	VB
for	IN
nutrition	NN
information	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
call	NN
will	MD
be	VB
referred	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
who	WP
will	MD
personally	RB
answer	VB
your	PRP$
questions	NNS
on	IN
diet	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
.	.
Dietitians	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
give	VB
medical	JJ
advice	NN
.	.
Local	JJ
ALA	NNP
chapters	NNS
offer	VBP
information	NN
on	IN
smoking	NN
and	CC
health	NN
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
smoking	NN
cessation	NN
classes	NNS
,	,
self-help	JJ
support	NN
groups	NNS
and	CC
video	NN
stop-smoking	JJ
programs	NNS
free	JJ
on	IN
loan	NN
.	.
Call	VB
or	CC
visit	VB
their	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
for	IN
the	DT
location	NN
of	IN
the	DT
chapter	NN
nearest	JJS
you	PRP
.	.
Discuss	VB
early	JJ
detection	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
physician	NN
,	,
who	WP
can	MD
teach	VB
you	PRP
ways	NNS
to	TO
examine	VB
yourself	PRP
for	IN
breast	NN
and	CC
testicular	JJ
cancer	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
he	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
can	MD
perform	VB
simple	JJ
tests	NNS
and	CC
exams	NNS
to	TO
help	VB
detect	VB
other	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
offers	VBZ
an	DT
information	NN
card	NN
on	IN
the	DT
correct	JJ
way	NN
to	TO
perform	VB
a	DT
breast	NN
self-examination	NN
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
a	DT
set	NN
of	IN
stickers	NNS
that	WDT
can	MD
be	VB
placed	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
medicine	NN
cabinet	NN
,	,
dresser	NN
drawer	NN
or	CC
on	IN
the	DT
calendar	NN
to	TO
serve	VB
as	IN
a	DT
monthly	JJ
reminder	NN
.	.
Call	VB
for	IN
a	DT
free	JJ
copy	NN
or	CC
for	IN
information	NN
on	IN
ordering	VBG
bulk	NN
quantities	NNS
.	.
Several	JJ
AICR	NNP
booklets	NNS
and	CC
pamphlets	NNS
discuss	VBP
prevention	NN
and	CC
early	JJ
detection	NN
of	IN
common	JJ
forms	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
,	,
colon	NN
cancer	NN
and	CC
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
Call	VB
for	IN
free	JJ
single	JJ
copies	NNS
or	CC
for	IN
information	NN
on	IN
ordering	VBG
bulk	NN
quantities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
CIS	NNP
staff	NN
or	CC
the	DT
Web	NNP
site	NN
can	MD
provide	VB
pamphlets	NNS
on	IN
early	JJ
detection	NN
of	IN
breast	NN
,	,
prostate	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
help	VB
you	PRP
find	VB
a	DT
mammography	NN
facility	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
area	NN
that	WDT
has	VBZ
been	VBN
certified	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Food	NNP
and	CC
Drug	NNP
Administration	NNP
.	.
The	DT
Institute	NNP
studies	NNS
the	DT
genetics	NNS
of	IN
cancers	NNS
that	WDT
occur	VBP
in	IN
families	NNS
,	,
gathers	VBZ
information	NN
and	CC
attempts	NNS
to	TO
determine	VB
patterns	NNS
that	WDT
may	MD
help	VB
assess	VB
cancer	NN
risk	NN
within	IN
a	DT
family	NN
.	.
People	NNS
who	WP
might	MD
be	VB
interested	JJ
in	IN
obtaining	VBG
their	PRP$
questionnaire	NN
are	VBP
those	DT
whose	WP$
families	NNS
have	VBP
signs	NNS
of	IN
familial	JJ
cancer	NN
,	,
such	JJ
as	IN
cancer	NN
incidence	NN
at	IN
an	DT
early	JJ
age	NN
,	,
cancer	NN
in	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
one	CD
close	NN
relative	JJ
,	,
more	RBR
than	IN
one	CD
cancer	NN
in	IN
a	DT
close	JJ
relative	JJ
and\/or	CC
more	RBR
than	IN
one	CD
generation	NN
affected	VBN
.	.
Write	VB
or	CC
call	VB
to	TO
obtain	VB
educational	JJ
materials	NNS
on	IN
hereditary	JJ
cancers	NNS
and	CC
a	DT
questionnaire	NN
to	TO
gather	VB
information	NN
.	.
If	IN
appropriate	JJ
,	,
the	DT
Institute	NNP
will	MD
follow	VB
up	RP
the	DT
questionnaire	NN
by	IN
talking	VBG
to	TO
your	PRP$
physician	NN
.	.
AHRQ	NNP
supports	VBZ
research	NN
designed	VBN
to	TO
improve	VB
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
healthcare	NN
,	,
reduce	VB
its	PRP$
cost	NN
and	CC
broaden	VB
access	NN
to	TO
essential	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
The	DT
organization	NN
produces	VBZ
a	DT
range	NN
of	IN
publications	NNS
and	CC
electronic	JJ
information	NN
products	NNS
about	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
Requests	NNS
for	IN
a	DT
copy	NN
of	IN
the	DT
latest	JJS
publications	NNS
catalog	NN
and	CC
publications	NNS
on	IN
early	JJ
detection	NN
may	MD
be	VB
made	VBN
by	IN
calling	VBG
the	DT
publications	NNS
clearinghouse	NN
.	.
When	WRB
people	NNS
receive	VBP
a	DT
diagnosis	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
their	PRP$
first	JJ
reaction	NN
is	VBZ
often	RB
shock	NN
,	,
numbness	NN
and	CC
denial	NN
;	:
that	DT
is	VBZ
perfectly	RB
normal	JJ
.	.
But	CC
as	RB
soon	RB
as	IN
the	DT
shock	NN
wears	VBZ
off	RP
the	DT
question	NN
most	JJS
people	NNS
ask	VBP
is	VBZ
,	,
``	``
What	WP
can	MD
be	VB
done	VBN
to	TO
help	VB
me	PRP
?	.
''	''
Information	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
your	PRP$
most	RBS
potent	JJ
weapons	NNS
against	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
people	NNS
with	IN
cancer	NN
want	VBP
to	TO
be	VB
very	RB
involved	VBN
in	IN
making	VBG
decisions	NNS
about	IN
their	PRP$
treatment	NN
.	.
They	PRP
want	VBP
to	TO
do	VB
all	DT
they	PRP
can	MD
to	TO
find	VB
resources	NNS
that	WDT
will	MD
help	VB
them	PRP
learn	VB
about	IN
the	DT
disease	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
diagnosed	VBN
with	IN
cancer	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
first	JJ
resource	NN
is	VBZ
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
,	,
who	WP
can	MD
evaluate	VB
all	PDT
the	DT
factors	NNS
affecting	VBG
your	PRP$
individual	JJ
health	NN
status	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
individual	JJ
circumstances	NNS
will	MD
influence	VB
the	DT
decisions	NNS
you	PRP
make	VBP
about	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
The	DT
resources	NNS
in	IN
this	DT
section	NN
and	CC
Section	NN
6	CD
can	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
find	VB
out	RP
more	JJR
about	IN
cancer	NN
in	IN
general	JJ
and	CC
treatments	NNS
for	IN
particular	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
Conventional	JJ
treatment	NN
for	IN
cancer	NN
includes	VBZ
surgery	NN
,	,
radiation	NN
therapy	NN
,	,
chemotherapy	NN
and	CC
hormonal	JJ
therapy	NN
.	.
The	DT
following	JJ
organizations	NNS
can	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
find	VB
out	RP
about	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
for	IN
your	PRP$
type	NN
and	CC
stage	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
point	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
doctors	NNS
,	,
hospitals	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
health	NN
care	NN
resources	NNS
.	.
AICR	NNP
has	VBZ
developed	VBN
the	DT
CancerResource	NNP
program	NN
to	TO
help	VB
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
gain	VB
an	DT
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
disease	NN
,	,
the	DT
treatment	NN
options	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
various	JJ
resources	NNS
available	JJ
.	.
The	DT
materials	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
CancerResource	NNP
package	NN
provide	VBP
information	NN
to	TO
help	VB
someone	NN
be	VB
an	DT
involved	VBN
,	,
active	JJ
participant	NN
in	IN
fighting	VBG
cancer	NN
.	.
Packets	NNS
are	VBP
available	JJ
for	IN
colon	NN
,	,
prostate	NN
,	,
breast	NN
and	CC
lung	NN
cancers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
``	``
People	NNS
Living	VBG
with	IN
Cancer	NN
''	''
section	NN
of	IN
ASCO	NNP
Online	NNP
provides	VBZ
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
diagnosis	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
written	VBN
in	IN
easy-to-understand	JJ
language	NN
and	CC
allows	VBZ
you	PRP
to	TO
search	VB
for	IN
oncologists	NNS
by	IN
name	NN
or	CC
geographical	JJ
area	NN
.	.
Investigational	JJ
treatment	NN
takes	VBZ
place	NN
as	IN
part	NN
of	IN
a	DT
research	NN
study	NN
.	.
In	IN
an	DT
investigational	JJ
treatment	NN
,	,
all	DT
patients	NNS
receive	VBP
the	DT
standard	JJ
therapy	NN
,	,
for	IN
their	PRP$
type	NN
and	CC
stage	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
Some	DT
or	CC
all	DT
patients	NNS
receive	VBP
additional	JJ
treatments	NNS
that	WDT
scientists	NNS
are	VBP
testing	VBG
on	IN
people	NNS
after	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
successfully	RB
tested	VBN
it	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
laboratory	NN
.	.
Investigational	JJ
treatments	NNS
also	RB
called	VBN
``	``
clinical	JJ
trials	NNS
''	''
are	VBP
conducted	VBN
according	VBG
to	TO
strict	JJ
scientific	JJ
guidelines	NNS
,	,
called	VBD
a	DT
protocol	NN
.	.
Participants	NNS
must	MD
be	VB
fully	RB
informed	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
researchers	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
investigational	JJ
treatment	NN
before	IN
they	PRP
agree	VBP
to	TO
accept	VB
it	PRP
.	.
Much	JJ
or	CC
all	DT
of	IN
the	DT
treatment	NN
is	VBZ
provided	VBN
at	IN
no	DT
charge	NN
.	.
In	IN
some	DT
cases	NNS
,	,
the	DT
investigational	JJ
therapy	NN
is	VBZ
of	IN
no	DT
help	NN
;	:
in	IN
others	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
significant	JJ
improvements	NNS
.	.
If	IN
the	DT
results	NNS
are	VBP
generally	RB
positive	JJ
,	,
the	DT
treatment	NN
may	MD
be	VB
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Food	NNP
and	CC
Drug	NNP
Administration	NNP
for	IN
use	NN
by	IN
the	DT
general	JJ
public	NN
.	.
More	RBR
participants	NNS
are	VBP
needed	VBN
for	IN
clinical	JJ
trials	NNS
at	IN
medical	JJ
research	NN
institutions	NNS
nationwide	JJ
so	IN
that	IN
better	JJR
cancer	NN
treatments	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
developed	VBN
.	.
Note	VB
that	IN
``	``
investigational	JJ
treatments	NNS
''	''
are	VBP
different	JJ
from	IN
``	``
unproven	JJ
treatments	NNS
.	.
''	''
Unproven	JJ
treatments	NNS
are	VBP
claimed	VBN
as	IN
cancer	NN
therapies	NNS
,	,
but	CC
have	VBP
no	DT
reputable	JJ
scientific	JJ
data	NNS
to	TO
back	VB
up	RP
the	DT
claim	NN
.	.
Laetrile	NN
is	VBZ
one	CD
example	NN
of	IN
an	DT
unproven	JJ
treatment	NN
.	.
All	DT
reputable	JJ
investigational	JJ
therapies	NNS
must	MD
have	VB
approval	NN
from	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
Food	NNP
and	CC
Drug	NNP
Administration	NNP
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
research	NN
programs	NNS
at	IN
Comprehensive	NNP
Cancer	NNP
Centers	NNPS
,	,
the	DT
National	NNP
Cancer	NNP
Institute	NNP
sponsors	VBZ
clinical	JJ
and	CC
laboratory	NN
cancer	NN
programs	NNS
and	CC
clinical	JJ
cooperative	JJ
groups	NNS
to	TO
investigate	VB
promising	JJ
new	JJ
methods	NNS
of	IN
treating	VBG
specific	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
The	DT
CIS	NNP
staff	NN
can	MD
give	VB
you	PRP
information	NN
about	IN
programs	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
investigating	VBG
your	PRP$
type	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
This	DT
center	NN
is	VBZ
the	DT
biomedical	JJ
research	NN
hospital	NN
of	IN
the	DT
National	NNP
Institutes	NNPS
of	IN
Health	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
was	VBD
specially	RB
designed	VBN
to	TO
bring	VB
patient-care	JJ
facilities	NNS
close	RB
to	TO
research	NN
labs	NNS
so	RB
that	IN
findings	NNS
of	IN
basic	JJ
clinical	JJ
scientists	NNS
could	MD
be	VB
moved	VBN
quickly	RB
from	IN
labs	NNS
to	TO
the	DT
treatment	NN
of	IN
patients	NNS
.	.
As	IN
a	DT
research	NN
facility	NN
,	,
only	RB
patients	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
precise	JJ
kind	NN
or	CC
stage	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
under	IN
investigation	NN
are	VBP
admitted	VBN
for	IN
treatment	NN
,	,
and	CC
your	PRP$
doctor	NN
must	MD
refer	VB
you	PRP
.	.
Call	VB
the	DT
hospital	NN
or	CC
visit	VB
their	PRP$
web	NN
site	NN
for	IN
information	NN
on	IN
current	JJ
clinical	JJ
research	NN
studies	NNS
.	.
Complementary	JJ
and	CC
Alternative	NNP
TreatmentsComplementary	NNP
and	CC
alternative	JJ
medicine	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
CAM	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
are	VBP
healing	VBG
practices	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
usually	RB
not	RB
taught	VBN
in	IN
Western	JJ
countries	NNS
'	POS
medical	JJ
schools	NNS
or	CC
available	JJ
in	IN
most	JJS
hospitals	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
may	MD
include	VB
products	NNS
that	WDT
are	VBP
not	RB
used	VBN
by	IN
conventional	JJ
physicians	NNS
.	.
Although	IN
scientific	JJ
evidence	NN
exists	VBZ
for	IN
some	DT
CAM	NNP
therapies	NNS
,	,
conventional	JJ
medical	JJ
research	NN
studies	NNS
have	VBP
not	RB
yet	RB
determined	VBN
the	DT
safety	NN
or	CC
efficacy	NN
of	IN
most	JJS
CAM	NNP
treatments	NNS
.	.
Surveys	NNS
show	VBP
that	IN
many	JJ
people	NNS
diagnosed	VBN
with	IN
cancer	NN
use	VBP
some	DT
type	NN
of	IN
CAM	NNP
treatment	NN
during	IN
the	DT
course	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
illness	NN
.	.
CAM	NNP
therapies	NNS
may	MD
appeal	VB
to	TO
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
not	RB
been	VBN
satisfied	VBN
with	IN
their	PRP$
treatment	NN
,	,
who	WP
may	MD
have	VB
been	VBN
told	VBN
no	DT
options	NNS
remain	VBP
for	IN
them	PRP
or	CC
that	IN
they	PRP
have	VBP
no	DT
chance	NN
of	IN
recovery	NN
.	.
Others	NNS
may	MD
try	VB
CAM	NNP
therapies	NNS
to	TO
avoid	VB
or	CC
find	VB
relief	NN
from	IN
pain	NN
or	CC
side	NN
effects	NNS
of	IN
conventional	JJ
treatments	NNS
like	IN
chemotherapy	NN
and	CC
radiation	NN
.	.
Dietary	JJ
regimens	NNS
and	CC
vitamin	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
supplements	NNS
are	VBP
among	IN
the	DT
CAM	NNP
therapies	NNS
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
choose	VBP
most	RBS
often	RB
.	.
However	RB
,	,
researchers	NNS
have	VBP
found	VBN
that	IN
many	JJ
alternative	JJ
treatments	NNS
,	,
especially	RB
nutritional	JJ
supplements	NNS
,	,
interact	VB
negatively	RB
with	IN
chemotherapy	NN
and	CC
radiation	NN
.	.
On	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
stress	NN
reduction	NN
therapies	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
meditation	NN
,	,
gentle	JJ
yoga	NN
and	CC
support	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
generally	RB
found	VBN
to	TO
be	VB
safe	JJ
and	CC
beneficial	JJ
for	IN
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
extremely	RB
important	JJ
to	TO
become	VB
informed	VBN
by	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
reliable	JJ
sources	NNS
before	IN
using	VBG
any	DT
CAM	NNP
therapies	NNS
.	.
NCCAM	NNP
is	VBZ
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
's	POS
lead	NN
agency	NN
for	IN
scientific	JJ
research	NN
on	IN
CAM	NNP
.	.
NCCAM	NNP
's	POS
mission	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
explore	VB
CAM	NNP
healing	NN
practices	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
context	NN
of	IN
rigorous	JJ
science	NN
,	,
to	TO
train	VB
CAM	NNP
researchers	NNS
and	CC
to	TO
inform	VB
the	DT
public	NN
and	CC
health	NN
professionals	NNS
about	IN
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
CAM	NNP
research	NN
studies	NNS
.	.
The	DT
NCCAM	NNP
Clearinghouse	NN
provides	VBZ
information	NN
on	IN
types	NNS
of	IN
treatments	NNS
,	,
current	JJ
and	CC
completed	VBD
research	NN
studies	NNS
and	CC
guidelines	NNS
for	IN
choosing	VBG
a	DT
practitioner	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
although	IN
it	PRP
does	VBZ
not	RB
provide	VB
medical	JJ
advice	NN
or	CC
referrals	NNS
to	TO
practitioners	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
Biofeedback	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
training	NN
technique	NN
by	IN
which	WDT
patients	NNS
learn	VBP
to	TO
monitor	VB
their	PRP$
body	NN
's	POS
responses	NNS
to	TO
reduce	VB
stress	NN
and	CC
achieve	VB
relaxation	NN
.	.
Some	DT
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
have	VBP
found	VBN
biofeedback	NN
helpful	JJ
as	IN
an	DT
addition	NN
to	TO
other	JJ
pain	NN
control	NN
techniques	NNS
or	CC
medications	NNS
.	.
The	DT
association	NN
provides	VBZ
educational	JJ
materials	NNS
for	IN
consumers	NNS
on	IN
biofeedback	NN
,	,
publishes	VBZ
a	DT
membership	NN
directory	NN
and	CC
provides	VBZ
referrals	NNS
to	TO
trained	JJ
practitioners	NNS
.	.
Cancer	NNP
Care	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
non-profit	JJ
agency	NN
that	WDT
helps	VBZ
patients	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
emotional	JJ
,	,
psychological	JJ
and	CC
financial	JJ
consequences	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
Call	VB
the	DT
counseling	NN
line	NN
to	TO
get	VB
help	VB
with	IN
medical	JJ
information	NN
,	,
referrals	NNS
to	TO
services	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
area	NN
,	,
free	JJ
educational	JJ
materials	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
about	IN
teleconference	NN
educational	JJ
programs	NNS
and	CC
telephone	NN
support	NN
groups	NNS
.	.
NCCS	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
network	NN
of	IN
individuals	NNS
and	CC
organizations	NNS
concerned	VBN
with	IN
cancer	NN
survivorship	NN
and	CC
the	DT
support	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
.	.
Some	DT
of	IN
its	PRP$
affiliates	NNS
run	VBP
self-help	JJ
groups	NNS
in	IN
local	JJ
communities	NNS
.	.
The	DT
national	JJ
office	NN
can	MD
provide	VB
free	JJ
publications	NNS
on	IN
life	NN
after	IN
a	DT
cancer	NN
diagnosis	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
a	DT
free	JJ
quarterly	JJ
newsletter	NN
.	.
Legal	JJ
advice	NN
on	IN
insurance	NN
or	CC
employment	NN
discrimination	NN
also	RB
is	VBZ
available	JJ
.	.
Hospice	NNP
provides	VBZ
support	NN
and	CC
assistance	NN
for	IN
patients	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
final	JJ
stages	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
and	CC
for	IN
their	PRP$
families	NNS
.	.
Consumer	NNP
brochures	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
educational	JJ
materials	NNS
about	IN
end-of-life	JJ
care	NN
are	VBP
available	JJ
.	.
Contact	NN
the	DT
Helpline	NNP
for	IN
information	NN
and	CC
for	IN
referrals	NNS
to	TO
hospice	NN
services	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
area	NN
.	.
A	DT
series	NN
of	IN
classes	NNS
for	IN
patients	NNS
and	CC
families	NNS
that	WDT
provides	VBZ
information	NN
about	IN
cancer	NN
diagnosis	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
assistance	NN
in	IN
coping	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
physical	JJ
and	CC
emotional	JJ
challenges	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
cancer	NN
diagnosis	NN
.	.
A	DT
statement	NN
that	IN
describes	VBZ
the	DT
cancer	NN
patient	NN
's	POS
right	NN
to	TO
be	VB
treated	VBN
in	IN
a	DT
humane	JJ
and	CC
non-discriminatory	JJ
manner	NN
by	IN
health	NN
professionals	NNS
,	,
employers	NNS
and	CC
others	NNS
.	.
Call	VB
the	DT
ACS	NNP
national	JJ
office	NN
to	TO
receive	VB
a	DT
copy	NN
.	.
The	DT
Wellness	NNP
Community	NNP
provides	VBZ
a	DT
full	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
free	JJ
support	NN
services	NNS
to	TO
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
in	IN
a	DT
home-like	JJ
setting	NN
at	IN
20	CD
facilities	NNS
nationwide	JJ
.	.
Services	NNPS
include	VBP
support	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
educational	JJ
workshops	NNS
,	,
expert	JJ
lectures	VBZ
and	CC
social	JJ
gatherings	NNS
.	.
For	IN
many	JJ
people	NNS
,	,
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
most	RBS
stressful	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
living	VBG
with	IN
cancer	NN
is	VBZ
coping	VBG
with	IN
the	DT
financial	JJ
impact	NN
.	.
Financial	NNP
aid	NN
from	IN
organizations	NNS
is	VBZ
usually	RB
very	RB
limited	JJ
because	IN
of	IN
the	DT
great	JJ
number	NN
of	IN
people	NNS
needing	VBG
help	NN
.	.
When	WRB
available	JJ
,	,
it	PRP
may	MD
include	VB
equipment	NN
loans	NNS
,	,
home	NN
care	NN
at	IN
low	JJ
or	CC
no	DT
cost	NN
or	CC
assistance	NN
with	IN
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
specific	JJ
treatments	NNS
or	CC
medications	NNS
.	.
Aside	RB
from	IN
financial	JJ
assistance	NN
,	,
another	DT
important	JJ
source	NN
of	IN
support	NN
is	VBZ
financial	JJ
counseling	NN
helping	VBG
you	PRP
figure	VBP
out	RP
how	WRB
to	TO
pay	VB
your	PRP$
medical	JJ
bills	NNS
,	,
and	CC
sometimes	RB
intervening	VBG
on	IN
your	PRP$
behalf	NN
with	IN
doctors	NNS
and	CC
hospitals	NNS
to	TO
make	VB
financial	JJ
arrangements	NNS
you	PRP
can	MD
afford	VB
.	.
Having	VBG
cancer	NN
may	MD
also	RB
affect	VB
your	PRP$
ability	NN
to	TO
work	VB
.	.
Sometimes	RB
people	NNS
have	VBP
to	TO
change	VB
jobs	NNS
or	CC
limit	VB
their	PRP$
hours	NNS
of	IN
work	NN
during	IN
cancer	NN
treatment	NN
.	.
Most	JJS
employers	NNS
are	VBP
eager	JJ
to	TO
retain	VB
good	JJ
workers	NNS
and	CC
will	MD
work	VB
with	IN
you	PRP
to	TO
find	VB
a	DT
suitable	JJ
schedule	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
feel	VBP
you	PRP
are	VBP
being	VBG
treated	VBN
unfairly	RB
on	IN
the	DT
job	NN
solely	RB
because	IN
you	PRP
have	VBP
cancer	NN
,	,
you	PRP
may	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
get	VB
help	NN
in	IN
dealing	VBG
with	IN
your	PRP$
employer	NN
.	.
Social	NNP
workers	NNS
at	IN
your	PRP$
hospital	NN
can	MD
provide	VB
financial	JJ
counseling	NN
and	CC
direct	JJ
you	PRP
to	TO
sources	NNS
of	IN
financial	JJ
and	CC
other	JJ
assistance	NN
in	IN
your	PRP$
community	NN
.	.
They	PRP
may	MD
also	RB
help	VB
you	PRP
arrange	VBP
payment	NN
plans	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
hospital	NN
and	CC
with	IN
your	PRP$
doctors	NNS
.	.
Cancer	NNP
Care	NNP
,	,
Inc.	NNP
helps	VBZ
patients	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
emotional	JJ
,	,
psychological	JJ
and	CC
financial	JJ
consequences	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
Call	VB
the	DT
counseling	NN
line	NN
to	TO
get	VB
help	VB
with	IN
medical	JJ
information	NN
,	,
referrals	NNS
to	TO
services	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
area	NN
,	,
free	JJ
educational	JJ
materials	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
about	IN
teleconference	NN
educational	JJ
programs	NNS
and	CC
telephone	NN
support	NN
groups	NNS
.	.
Through	IN
this	DT
program	NN
administered	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
Federal	NNP
Government	NNP
,	,
many	JJ
medical	JJ
facilities	NNS
and	CC
hospitals	NNS
provide	VBP
free	JJ
or	CC
reduced-cost	JJ
care	NN
to	TO
patients	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
uninsured	JJ
.	.
Call	VB
for	IN
information	NN
about	IN
eligibility	NN
and	CC
a	DT
list	NN
of	IN
Hill-Burton	NNP
hospitals	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
area	NN
.	.
PAF	NNP
helps	VBZ
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
deal	VBP
with	IN
insurance	NN
companies	NNS
and	CC
managed-care	JJ
treatment	NN
payments	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
provides	VBZ
legal	JJ
intervention	NN
,	,
insurance	NN
negotiation	NN
and	CC
answers	NNS
to	TO
frequently	RB
asked	VBD
questions	NNS
on	IN
managed	VBN
care	NN
.	.
This	DT
program	NN
facilitates	VBZ
care	NN
and	CC
financial	JJ
assistance	NN
for	IN
eligible	JJ
veterans	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
dependents	NNS
at	IN
numerous	JJ
VA	NNP
medical	JJ
centers	NNS
and	CC
outpatient	NN
clinics	NNS
throughout	IN
the	DT
country	NN
.	.
The	DT
Web	NNP
site	NN
lists	NNS
VHA-designated	JJ
comprehensive	JJ
cancer	NN
centers	NNS
,	,
how	WRB
to	TO
obtain	VB
access	NN
to	TO
clinical	JJ
trials	NNS
for	IN
cancer	NN
research	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
information	NN
.	.
Even	RB
if	IN
you	PRP
are	VBP
receiving	VBG
treatment	NN
at	IN
a	DT
hospital	NN
or	CC
treatment	NN
center	NN
near	IN
your	PRP$
home	NN
,	,
transportation	NN
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
major	JJ
headache	NN
and	CC
expense	NN
.	.
For	IN
help	NN
with	IN
local	JJ
transportation	NN
,	,
check	NN
with	IN
your	PRP$
hospital	NN
's	POS
social	JJ
services	NNS
department	NN
,	,
your	PRP$
church	NN
or	CC
your	PRP$
local	JJ
chapter	NN
of	IN
the	DT
American	JJ
Cancer	NNP
Society	NNP
.	.
To	TO
speak	VB
with	IN
your	PRP$
local	JJ
ACS	NNP
chapter	NN
,	,
call	VB
1-800-ACS-2345	NNP
or	CC
look	VB
in	IN
your	PRP$
telephone	NN
directory	NN
under	IN
``	``
associations	NNS
.	.
''	''
A	DT
national	JJ
,	,
nonprofit	JJ
organization	NN
of	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
1,000	CD
private	JJ
pilots	NNS
who	WP
fly	VBP
ambulatory	JJ
patients	NNS
who	WP
can	MD
not	RB
afford	VB
the	DT
cost	NN
of	IN
travel	NN
to	TO
medical	JJ
facilities	NNS
for	IN
diagnosis	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
.	.
Services	NNPS
are	VBP
free	JJ
of	IN
charge	NN
for	IN
patients	NNS
who	WP
qualify	VBP
.	.
Formerly	RB
the	DT
National	NNP
Patient	NNP
Air	NNP
Transport	NNP
Helpline	NNP
,	,
this	DT
service	NN
provides	VBZ
referrals	NNS
and	CC
transportation	NN
assistance	NN
to	TO
patients	NNS
with	IN
financial	JJ
difficulties	NNS
who	WP
need	VBP
to	TO
travel	VB
to	TO
a	DT
distant	JJ
medical	JJ
facility	NN
for	IN
evaluation	NN
,	,
diagnosis	NN
or	CC
treatment	NN
.	.
Cancer	NN
patients	NNS
often	RB
have	VBP
special	JJ
nutritional	JJ
needs	NNS
,	,
particularly	RB
during	IN
radiation	NN
or	CC
chemotherapy	NN
.	.
With	IN
better	JJR
nutrition	NN
,	,
patients	NNS
are	VBP
more	RBR
likely	JJ
totolerate	NN
treatment	NN
.	.
Good	JJ
nutrition	NN
also	RB
can	MD
reduce	VB
the	DT
unpleasant	JJ
side	NN
effects	NNS
of	IN
some	DT
treatments	NNS
.	.
Dietary	NNP
Options	NNPS
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
SurvivorsWith	NNP
this	DT
easy-to-use	JJ
guide	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
170	CD
pages	NNS
,	,
$	$
12	CD
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
can	MD
check	VB
the	DT
scientific	JJ
evidence	NN
before	IN
making	VBG
dietary	JJ
changes	NNS
or	CC
taking	VBG
supplements	NNS
to	TO
maintain	VB
their	PRP$
health	NN
and	CC
reduce	VB
risk	NN
of	IN
secondary	JJ
tumors	NNS
and	CC
recurrence	NN
.	.
Fully	RB
annotated	VBN
,	,
Dietary	NNP
Options	NNPS
lists	VBZ
foods	NNS
,	,
food	NN
substances	NNS
,	,
herbals	NNS
,	,
supplements	NNS
and	CC
dietary	JJ
regimens	NNS
and	CC
summarizes	VBZ
the	DT
research	NN
to	TO
date	NN
on	IN
their	PRP$
effectiveness	NN
.	.
Call	VB
AICR	NNP
's	POS
toll-free	JJ
number	NN
and	CC
ask	VB
for	IN
Nutrition	NNP
Information	NNP
.	.
Your	PRP$
call	NN
will	MD
be	VB
referred	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
,	,
who	WP
will	MD
personally	RB
answer	VB
your	PRP$
questions	NNS
on	IN
diet	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
.	.
Dietitians	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
give	VB
medical	JJ
advice	NN
.	.
The	DT
CIS	NNP
staff	NN
can	MD
send	VB
you	PRP
a	DT
booklet	NN
on	IN
nutrition	NN
during	IN
cancer	NN
treatment	NN
.	.
Useful	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
nutrition	NN
can	MD
also	RB
be	VB
found	VBN
in	IN
two	CD
other	JJ
booklets	NNS
available	JJ
from	IN
the	DT
Cancer	NNP
Information	NNP
Service	NNP
:	:
Chemotherapy	NNP
and	CC
You	PRP
and	CC
Radiation	NNP
Therapy	NNP
and	CC
You	PRP
,	,
guides	NNS
to	TO
self-help	JJ
during	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
With	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
400	CD
chapters	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
U.S.	NNP
and	CC
abroad	RB
,	,
ACPA	NNP
provides	VBZ
help	NN
and	CC
support	NN
groups	NNS
for	IN
those	DT
suffering	VBG
from	IN
chronic	JJ
pain	NN
that	WDT
lasts	VBZ
longer	JJR
than	IN
six	CD
months	NNS
.	.
Pain	NN
is	VBZ
managed	VBN
through	IN
methods	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
relaxation	NN
techniques	NNS
,	,
exercise	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
family	NN
involvement	NN
.	.
The	DT
foundation	NN
provides	VBZ
peer	VB
support	NN
,	,
information	NN
and	CC
advocacy	NN
.	.
It	PRP
provides	VBZ
information	NN
about	IN
pain	NN
care	NN
,	,
pain	NN
drugs	NNS
,	,
patients	NNS
'	POS
pain	NN
bill	NN
of	IN
rights	NNS
,	,
finding	VBG
support	NN
,	,
end-of-life	JJ
care	NN
and	CC
complementary	JJ
andalternative	JJ
medicine	NN
for	IN
pain	NN
.	.
BMT	NNP
InfoNet	NNP
provides	VBZ
publications	NNS
and	CC
support	NN
to	TO
bone	NN
marrow	NN
,	,
peripheral	JJ
blood	NN
stem	NN
cell	NN
and	CC
cord	NN
blood	NN
transplant	NN
patients	NNS
and	CC
survivors	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
a	DT
resource	NN
directory	NN
and	CC
``	``
patient-to-survivor	NN
''	''
telephone	NN
service	NN
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
call	VBP
AICR	NNP
's	POS
toll-free	JJ
number	NN
and	CC
ask	VB
for	IN
nutrition	NN
information	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
referred	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
who	WP
will	MD
personally	RB
answer	VB
your	PRP$
questions	NNS
on	IN
diet	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
.	.
Dietitians	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
give	VB
medical	JJ
advice	NN
.	.
The	DT
Komen	NNP
Foundation	NNP
's	POS
hotline	NN
answers	NNS
questions	NNS
about	IN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
diagnosis	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
other	JJ
breast	NN
conditions	NNS
.	.
The	DT
hours	NNS
are	VBP
8:30	CD
a.m.	RB
-	:
4:30	CD
p.m.	NN
CT	NNP
,	,
Monday	NNP
through	IN
Friday	NNP
.	.
The	DT
hotline	NN
is	VBZ
staffed	VBN
by	IN
trained	JJ
volunteers	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
personally	RB
experience	NN
with	IN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
They	PRP
make	VBP
referrals	NNS
to	TO
accredited	JJ
mammography	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
centers	NNS
nationwide	RB
and	CC
will	MD
provide	VB
educational	JJ
materials	NNS
.	.
Affiliates	NNP
in	IN
major	JJ
cities	NNS
sponsor	VBP
support	NN
groups	NNS
and	CC
organize	VB
an	DT
annual	JJ
``	``
Race	NN
for	IN
the	DT
Cure	NN
.	.
''	''
TDD	NNP
is	VBZ
available	JJ
.	.
This	DT
organization	NN
is	VBZ
an	DT
international	JJ
network	NN
of	IN
support	NN
groups	NNS
for	IN
parents	NNS
of	IN
children	NNS
with	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
It	PRP
provides	VBZ
newsletters	NNS
,	,
emotional	JJ
support	NN
and	CC
information	NN
for	IN
parents	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
have	VBP
newsletters	NNS
and	CC
educational	JJ
materials	NNS
for	IN
young	JJ
patients	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
siblings	NNS
.	.
Chapters	NNS
exist	VBP
in	IN
many	JJ
areas	NNS
and	CC
several	JJ
offer	NN
summer	NN
camps	NNS
,	,
transportation	NN
and	CC
emergency	NN
funds	NNS
.	.
Contact	NN
the	DT
national	JJ
office	NN
for	IN
the	DT
one	CD
nearest	JJS
you	PRP
.	.
Services	NNPS
are	VBP
free	JJ
.	.
This	DT
organization	NN
aims	VBZ
to	TO
improve	VB
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
life	NN
for	IN
children	NNS
with	IN
cancer	NN
and	CC
to	TO
reduce	VB
the	DT
risk	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
by	IN
promoting	VBG
children	NNS
's	POS
health	NN
through	IN
financial	JJ
and	CC
in-kind	JJ
assistance	NN
,	,
advocacy	NN
,	,
support	NN
services	NNS
,	,
education	NN
and	CC
prevention	NN
programs	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Colon	NN
Cancer	NN
Alliance	NNP
sponsors	VBZ
the	DT
Buddy	NNP
Program	NNP
for	IN
patients	NNS
,	,
their	PRP$
families	NNS
and	CC
friends	NNS
.	.
The	DT
program	NN
provides	VBZ
information	NN
and	CC
support	NN
services	NNS
,	,
including	VBG
personal	JJ
stories	NNS
,	,
a	DT
buddies	NNS
network	NN
and	CC
chat	VB
sessions	NNS
.	.
Many	JJ
local	JJ
ACS	NNP
chapters	NNS
sponsor	VBP
an	DT
Ostomy	NNP
Support	NN
Program	NN
for	IN
people	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
had	VBN
ostomy	JJ
surgery	NN
as	IN
a	DT
result	NN
of	IN
colon	NN
or	CC
rectal	JJ
cancer	NN
.	.
In	IN
some	DT
communities	NNS
,	,
this	DT
program	NN
may	MD
be	VB
offered	VBN
cooperatively	RB
by	IN
ACS	NNP
and	CC
the	DT
United	NNP
Ostomy	NNP
Association	NNP
.	.
UOA	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
national	JJ
network	NN
that	WDT
offers	VBZ
ostomy	JJ
patients	NNS
mutual	JJ
aid	NN
,	,
emotional	JJ
support	NN
and	CC
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
care	NN
of	IN
colostomies	NNS
.	.
Provides	VBZ
information	NN
to	TO
patients	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
public	NN
,	,
and	CC
sends	VBZ
volunteers	NNS
to	TO
visit	VB
new	JJ
ostomy	JJ
patients	NNS
.	.
The	DT
American	JJ
Kidney	NNP
Fund	NNP
provides	VBZ
direct	JJ
financial	JJ
assistance	NN
based	VBN
on	IN
need	NN
for	IN
patients	NNS
with	IN
kidney	NN
disease	NN
,	,
including	VBG
kidney	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
Covered	VBN
expenses	NNS
include	VBP
medications	NNS
,	,
transportation	NN
costs	NNS
,	,
special	JJ
dietaryneeds	NNS
,	,
home	NN
dialysis	NN
supplies	NNS
,	,
insurance	NN
and	CC
Medicare	NNP
premiums	NNS
and	CC
emergencyneeds	NNS
.	.
Call	VB
to	TO
receive	VB
an	DT
application	NN
and	CC
eligibility	NN
criteria	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
also	RB
publish	VB
educationalpamphlets	NNS
on	IN
dialysis	NN
and	CC
kidney	NN
disease	NN
in	IN
general	JJ
;	:
call	NN
for	IN
a	DT
publicationslist	NN
.	.
The	DT
Kidney	NNP
Cancer	NNP
Association	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
membership	NN
organization	NN
made	VBD
up	IN
of	IN
patients	NNS
,	,
family	NN
members	NNS
,	,
physicians	NNS
,	,
researchers	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
health	NN
professionals	NNS
.	.
The	DT
association	NN
offers	VBZ
a	DT
broad	JJ
range	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
including	VBG
distributing	VBG
free	JJ
educational	JJ
publications	NNS
about	IN
kidney	NN
cancer	NN
,	,
holding	VBG
patient	JJ
meetings	NNS
and	CC
hosting	VBG
an	DT
informative	JJ
website	NN
.	.
The	DT
association	NN
also	RB
acts	VBZ
as	IN
a	DT
patient	NN
advocate	NN
with	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
,	,
insurance	NN
companies	NNS
and	CC
employers	NNS
.	.
The	DT
Leukemia	NNP
and	CC
Lymphoma	NNP
Society	NNP
has	VBZ
58	CD
chapters	NNS
that	WDT
provide	VBP
information	NN
,	,
support	NN
and	CC
financial	JJ
assistance	NN
for	IN
people	NNS
with	IN
leukemia	NN
,	,
lymphoma	NN
,	,
multiple	JJ
myeloma	NN
and	CC
Hodgkin	NNP
's	POS
disease	NN
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
,	,
patients	NNS
can	MD
get	VB
referrals	NNS
to	TO
local	JJ
sources	NNS
of	IN
help	NN
.	.
This	DT
organization	NN
provides	VBZ
funds	NNS
for	IN
lymphoma	NN
research	NN
and	CC
educational	JJ
information	NN
for	IN
lymphoma	NN
patients	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
local	JJ
support	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
patient	JJ
services	NNS
,	,
educational	JJ
programs	NNS
,	,
and	CC
small	JJ
grants	NNS
for	IN
basic	JJ
treatment-related	JJ
needs	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
travel	NN
and	CC
child-care	NN
expenses	NNS
.	.
The	DT
IMF	NNP
offers	VBZ
a	DT
free	JJ
information	NN
packet	NN
that	WDT
includes	VBZ
a	DT
patient	JJ
handbook	NN
,	,
a	DT
summary	NN
of	IN
the	DT
disease	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
options	NNS
,	,
patient-to-patient	JJ
networking	NN
,	,
a	DT
back	RB
issue	NN
of	IN
the	DT
newsletter	NN
a	DT
subscription	NN
order	NN
form	NN
,	,
information	NN
on	IN
patient	NN
and	CC
family	NN
seminars	NNS
,	,
information	NN
on	IN
clinical	JJ
conferences	NNS
and	CC
myeloma	NN
specialist	NN
workshops	NNS
.	.
IMF	NNP
publications	NNS
include	VBP
Living	VBG
with	IN
Myeloma	NNP
,	,
and	CC
Goingfor	NNP
The	NNP
Cure	NNP
.	.
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
on-lineinformation	JJ
such	JJ
as	IN
a	DT
patient	JJ
handbook	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
CancerResource	NNP
ProgramAICR	NNP
has	VBZ
developed	VBN
the	DT
CancerResource	NNP
program	NN
to	TO
help	VB
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
and	CC
friends	NNS
gain	VBP
an	DT
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
disease	NN
,	,
the	DT
treatment	NN
options	NNS
and	CC
the	DT
various	JJ
resources	NNS
available	JJ
.	.
The	DT
materials	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
CancerResource	NNP
package	NN
provide	VBP
information	NN
to	TO
help	VB
someone	NN
be	VB
an	DT
involved	VBN
,	,
active	JJ
participant	NN
in	IN
fighting	VBG
cancer	NN
.	.
Packets	NNS
also	RB
are	VBP
available	JJ
for	IN
breast	NN
,	,
colon	NN
and	CC
lung	NN
cancers	NNS
.	.
When	WRB
you	PRP
call	VBP
AICR	NNP
's	POS
toll-free	JJ
number	NN
and	CC
ask	VB
for	IN
nutrition	NN
information	NN
,	,
you	PRP
will	MD
be	VB
referred	VBN
to	TO
a	DT
registered	VBN
dietitian	NN
who	WP
will	MD
personally	RB
answer	VB
your	PRP$
questions	NNS
on	IN
diet	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
.	.
Dietitians	NNS
can	MD
not	RB
give	VB
medical	JJ
advice	NN
.	.
The	DT
American	NNP
Foundation	NNP
for	IN
Urologic	NNP
Disease	NNP
provides	VBZ
educational	JJ
information	NN
for	IN
the	DT
public	NN
,	,
patients	NNS
and	CC
healthcare	NN
professionals	NNS
on	IN
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
The	DT
foundation	NN
also	RB
offers	VBZ
a	DT
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
survivors	NNS
network	NN
.	.
ECPCP	NNP
provides	VBZ
educational	JJ
materials	NNS
and	CC
offers	VBZ
advice	NN
and	CC
counseling	NN
services	NNS
from	IN
advisors	NNS
who	WP
are	VBP
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
and	CC
survivors	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
helps	VBZ
callersobtain	NN
a	DT
thorough	JJ
understanding	NN
of	IN
the	DT
disease	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
options	NNS
.	.
US	NNP
TOO	NNP
!	.
is	VBZ
a	DT
network	NN
of	IN
support	NN
groups	NNS
for	IN
men	NNS
with	IN
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
.	.
Us	NNP
Too	NNP
groups	NNS
offer	VBP
fellowship	NN
,	,
peer	VB
counseling	NN
,	,
education	NN
about	IN
treatment	NN
options	NNS
and	CC
discussion	NN
of	IN
medical	JJ
alternatives	NNS
.	.
SPOHNC	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
patient-directed	JJ
,	,
self-help	JJ
organization	NN
dedicated	VBN
to	TO
meeting	VBG
the	DT
needs	NNS
of	IN
oral	JJ
and	CC
head	NN
and	CC
neck	NN
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
addresses	VBZ
their	PRP$
emotional	JJ
,	,
physical	JJ
and	CC
humanistic	JJ
needs	NNS
through	IN
a	DT
telephone	NN
support	NN
hotline	NN
,	,
a	DT
newsletter	NN
,	,
a	DT
survivor	NN
network	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
services	NNS
.	.
SPOHNC	NNP
lists	VBZ
support	NN
groups	NNS
nationwide	JJ
on	IN
its	PRP$
Web	NNP
site	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
physician	NN
can	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
find	VB
cancer	NN
treatment	NN
resources	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
community	NN
.	.
He	PRP
or	CC
she	PRP
may	MD
also	RB
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
direct	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
support	VB
groups	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
about	IN
local	JJ
agencies	NNS
providing	VBG
direct	JJ
services	NNS
to	TO
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
.	.
Your	PRP$
local	JJ
hospital	NN
is	VBZ
more	JJR
than	IN
just	RB
a	DT
place	NN
to	TO
receive	VB
treatment	NN
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
also	RB
the	DT
center	NN
of	IN
health	NN
care	NN
activities	NNS
in	IN
your	PRP$
community	NN
.	.
If	IN
your	PRP$
hospital	NN
has	VBZ
a	DT
cancer	NN
program	NN
approved	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
American	JJ
College	NNP
of	IN
Surgeons	NNPS
,	,
it	PRP
usually	RB
offers	VBZ
extensive	JJ
support	NN
programs	NNS
for	IN
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
excellent	JJ
care	NN
.	.
Many	JJ
of	IN
the	DT
organizations	NNS
listed	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
booklet	NN
have	VBP
local	JJ
chapters	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
country	NN
.	.
Look	VB
in	IN
your	PRP$
telephone	NN
directory	NN
under	IN
``	``
associations	NNS
''	''
or	CC
call	VB
the	DT
national	JJ
office	NN
of	IN
the	DT
association	NN
for	IN
information	NN
about	IN
the	DT
chapter	NN
nearest	JJS
you	PRP
.	.
These	DT
agencies	NNS
can	MD
provide	VB
information	NN
about	IN
treatment	NN
and	CC
home	NN
health	NN
services	NNS
,	,
particularly	RB
if	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
not	RB
pay	VB
for	IN
the	DT
care	NN
you	PRP
need	VBP
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
listed	VBN
in	IN
your	PRP$
telephone	NN
directory	NN
in	IN
the	DT
government	NN
listing	NN
sections	NNS
for	IN
your	PRP$
state	NN
,	,
county	NN
or	CC
city	NN
.	.
These	DT
agencies	NNS
can	MD
provide	VB
information	NN
about	IN
community	NN
mental	JJ
health	NN
services	NNS
available	JJ
to	TO
help	VB
you	PRP
cope	VB
with	IN
the	DT
emotional	JJ
aspects	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
They	PRP
are	VBP
listed	VBN
in	IN
your	PRP$
telephone	NN
directory	NN
in	IN
the	DT
government	NN
listing	NN
sections	NNS
for	IN
your	PRP$
state	NN
,	,
county	NN
or	CC
city	NN
.	.
Referral	NN
services	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
the	DT
Cancer	NNP
Information	NNP
Service	NNP
and	CC
others	NNS
listed	VBN
in	IN
this	DT
pamphlet	NN
can	MD
help	VB
you	PRP
locate	VB
local	JJ
support	NN
groups	NNS
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
the	DT
nearest	JJS
Comprehensive	JJ
Cancer	NN
Center	NNP
or	CC
other	JJ
treatment	NN
resources	NNS
.	.
In	IN
addition	NN
to	TO
providing	VBG
emotional	JJ
and	CC
spiritual	JJ
support	NN
for	IN
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
and	CC
their	PRP$
families	NNS
,	,
some	DT
churches	NNS
may	MD
donate	VB
blood	NN
,	,
provide	VBP
some	DT
financial	JJ
assistance	NN
or	CC
volunteer	NN
time	NN
to	TO
help	VB
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
with	IN
meals	NNS
,	,
chores	NNS
or	CC
local	JJ
transportation	NN
to	TO
and	CC
from	IN
treatment	NN
.	.
Your	PRP$
own	JJ
network	NN
of	IN
family	NN
and	CC
friends	NNS
can	MD
be	VB
a	DT
tremendous	JJ
source	NN
of	IN
emotional	JJ
support	NN
both	DT
during	IN
and	CC
after	IN
cancer	NN
treatment	NN
.	.
They	PRP
can	MD
also	RB
provide	VB
assistance	NN
with	IN
daily	JJ
living	NN
needs	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
shopping	NN
,	,
transportation	NN
to	TO
and	CC
from	IN
treatment	NN
,	,
housekeeping	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
personal	JJ
needs	NNS
.	.
Commercial	JJ
on-line	JJ
computer	NN
services	NNS
are	VBP
avenues	NNS
of	IN
communication	NN
for	IN
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
and	CC
caregivers	NNS
.	.
These	DT
electronic	JJ
services	NNS
provide	VBP
basic	JJ
explanations	NNS
of	IN
disease	NN
and	CC
therapies	NNS
,	,
allow	VBP
explorations	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
medical	JJ
literature	NN
and	CC
have	VBP
e-mail	NN
and	CC
discussion	NN
groups	NNS
for	IN
personal	JJ
exchanges	NNS
of	IN
questions	NNS
and	CC
information	NN
regarding	VBG
cancer	NN
.	.
Using	VBG
a	DT
computer	NN
,	,
modem	NN
and	CC
telephone	NN
line	NN
,	,
you	PRP
can	MD
print	VB
out	RP
copies	NNS
of	IN
brochures	NNS
,	,
communicate	VBP
with	IN
online	JJ
support	NN
groups	NNS
,	,
locate	VBP
clinical	JJ
trials	NNS
and	CC
obtain	VB
up-to-date	JJ
information	NN
on	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
have	VB
a	DT
computer	NN
,	,
contact	NN
your	PRP$
public	NN
or	CC
hospital	NN
library	NN
to	TO
find	VB
out	RP
if	IN
they	PRP
offer	VBP
computer	NN
access	NN
to	TO
patients	NNS
or	CC
the	DT
public	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
important	JJ
to	TO
be	VB
cautious	JJ
about	IN
cancer	NN
information	NN
on	IN
the	DT
Internet	NNP
.	.
The	DT
names	NNS
of	IN
many	JJ
cancer	NN
organizations	NNS
are	VBP
very	RB
similar	JJ
,	,
and	CC
what	WP
may	MD
sound	VB
like	IN
a	DT
familiar	JJ
organization	NN
may	MD
not	RB
be	VB
.	.
Most	JJS
reputable	JJ
cancer	NN
organizations	NNS
will	MD
send	VB
you	PRP
free	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
what	WP
they	PRP
do	VBP
and	CC
about	IN
additional	JJ
resources	NNS
.	.
The	DT
best	JJS
way	NN
to	TO
get	VB
a	DT
realistic	JJ
picture	NN
about	IN
cancer	NN
treatment	NN
options	NNS
and	CC
approaches	NNS
to	TO
recovery	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
compare	VB
information	NN
from	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
organizations	NNS
before	IN
you	PRP
make	VBP
any	DT
decisions	NNS
.	.
Ask	JJ
yourself	PRP
if	IN
the	DT
information	NN
is	VBZ
presented	VBN
in	IN
an	DT
unbiased	JJ
manner	NN
,	,
if	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
sponsored	VBN
by	IN
industry	NN
or	CC
a	DT
company	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
Web	NNP
page	NN
title	NN
is	VBZ
misleading	VBG
about	IN
the	DT
information	NN
,	,
if	IN
the	DT
quality	NN
of	IN
writing	VBG
and	CC
the	DT
references	NNS
is	VBZ
good	JJ
,	,
and	CC
if	IN
it	PRP
includes	VBZ
information	NN
about	IN
unheard-of	JJ
therapies	NNS
or	CC
information	NN
sources	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
may	MD
be	VB
risky	JJ
.	.
Information	NN
from	IN
chat	VB
groups	NNS
,	,
news	NN
groups	NNS
and	CC
similar	JJ
forums	NNS
may	MD
be	VB
from	IN
anonymous	JJ
sources	NNS
or	CC
those	DT
that	WDT
can	MD
not	RB
be	VB
evaluated	VBN
for	IN
quality	NN
or	CC
validity	NN
.	.
Always	RB
get	VB
input	NN
about	IN
your	PRP$
Internet	NNP
search	NN
findings	NNS
from	IN
health	NN
professionals	NNS
and	CC
other	JJ
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
.	.
Healthfinder	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
consumer	NN
health	NN
and	CC
human	JJ
services	NNS
information	NN
Web	NNP
site	NN
.	.
It	PRP
can	MD
lead	VB
you	PRP
to	TO
selected	VBN
online	JJ
publications	NNS
,	,
clearinghouses	NNS
,	,
databases	NNS
,	,
Web	NNP
sites	NNS
and	CC
support	NN
and	CC
self-help	JJ
groups	NNS
,	,
as	RB
well	RB
as	IN
government	NN
agencies	NNS
and	CC
non-profit	JJ
organizations	NNS
that	WDT
produce	VBP
reliable	JJ
information	NN
to	TO
help	VB
the	DT
public	JJ
make	VB
better	JJR
choices	NNS
about	IN
health	NN
needs	NNS
.	.
MEDLINEplus	JJ
is	VBZ
a	DT
consumer-oriented	JJ
gateway	NN
site	NN
maintained	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
federal	JJ
government	NN
's	POS
National	NNP
Library	NNP
of	IN
Medicine	NNP
.	.
It	PRP
provides	VBZ
access	NN
to	TO
extensive	JJ
information	NN
about	IN
specific	JJ
diseases	NNS
and	CC
conditions	NNS
,	,
drug	NN
information	NN
,	,
dictionaries	NNS
of	IN
medical	JJ
terms	NNS
and	CC
directories	NNS
of	IN
health	NN
organizations	NNS
,	,
health	NN
professionals	NNS
and	CC
health	NN
libraries	NNS
.	.
The	DT
site	NN
also	RB
provides	VBZ
free	JJ
access	NN
to	TO
PubMed	NNP
,	,
the	DT
National	NNP
Library	NNP
of	IN
Medicine	NNP
's	POS
database	NN
of	IN
references	NNS
of	IN
more	JJR
than	IN
11	CD
million	CD
articles	NNS
published	VBN
in	IN
4,300	CD
biomedical	JJ
journals	NNS
.	.
The	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
nonprofit	JJ
,	,
tax	NN
exempt	JJ
organization	NN
whose	WP$
purpose	NN
is	VBZ
to	TO
provide	VB
funding	NN
support	NN
for	IN
research	NN
into	IN
the	DT
relationship	NN
between	IN
diet	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
and	CC
to	TO
expand	VB
consumer	NN
knowledge	NN
about	IN
the	DT
results	NNS
of	IN
such	JJ
research	NN
as	IN
it	PRP
relates	VBZ
to	TO
cancer	NN
prevention	NN
and	CC
treatment	NN
in	IN
the	DT
United	NNP
States	NNPS
and	CC
worldwide	NN
.	.
Contributions	NNS
to	TO
AlCR	NNP
are	VBP
deductible	JJ
for	IN
federal	JJ
income	NN
tax	NN
purposes	NNS
.	.
Other	JJ
agencies	NNS
in	IN
cancer	NN
research	NN
traditionally	RB
have	VBP
been	VBN
committed	VBN
to	TO
chemotherapy	NN
,	,
radiation	NN
and	CC
surgery	NN
--	:
areas	NNS
other	JJ
than	IN
nutrition	NN
.	.
And	CC
,	,
recent	JJ
budgetary	JJ
restrictions	NNS
have	VBP
further	JJ
squeezed	VBD
nutrition	NN
to	TO
the	DT
fringe	NN
of	IN
their	PRP$
priorities	NNS
.	.
AICR	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
was	VBD
founded	VBN
in	IN
1982	CD
,	,
is	VBZ
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
main	JJ
funding	NN
organizations	NNS
that	WDT
focus	VBP
specifically	RB
on	IN
issues	NNS
of	IN
diet	NN
,	,
nutrition	NN
and	CC
cancer	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
provides	VBZ
a	DT
number	NN
of	IN
services	NNS
that	IN
you	PRP
can	MD
receive	VB
free	JJ
at	IN
home	NN
or	CC
in	IN
your	PRP$
local	JJ
area	NN
including	VBG
the	DT
AICR	NNP
newsletter	NN
,	,
educational	JJ
brochures	NNS
,	,
nutrition	NN
counseling	NN
,	,
cancer	NN
information	NN
and	CC
referral	NN
,	,
and	CC
from	IN
time	NN
to	TO
time	NN
educational	JJ
seminars	NNS
.	.
If	IN
you	PRP
would	MD
like	VB
more	JJR
information	NN
on	IN
programs	NNS
please	VB
call	NN
1-800-843-8114	CD
or	CC
visit	VB
our	PRP$
website	NN
at	IN
www.aicr.org	NN
.	.
WASHINGTON	NNP
-	:
Two	CD
new	JJ
studies	NNS
presented	VBN
today	NN
at	IN
a	DT
large	JJ
meeting	NN
of	IN
cancer	NN
researchers	NNS
show	VBP
strong	JJ
links	NNS
between	IN
specific	JJ
dietary	JJ
factors	NNS
and	CC
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
The	DT
studies	NNS
,	,
though	IN
not	RB
yet	RB
published	VBN
in	IN
peer-reviewed	JJ
scientific	JJ
journals	NNS
,	,
are	VBP
attracting	VBG
considerable	JJ
attention	NN
.	.
Their	PRP$
findings	NNS
will	MD
need	VB
to	TO
be	VB
published	VBN
to	TO
allow	VB
the	DT
research	NN
community	NN
a	DT
chance	NN
to	TO
review	VB
them	PRP
in	IN
detail	NN
,	,
but	CC
the	DT
results	NNS
reported	VBD
in	IN
the	DT
media	NNS
corroborate	VBP
-LRB-	-LRB-
and	CC
enlarge	VB
upon	IN
-RRB-	-RRB-
research	NN
funded	VBN
by	IN
AICR	NNP
and	CC
other	JJ
cancer	NN
research	NN
organizations	NNS
.	.
AICR	NNP
cautioned	VBD
,	,
however	RB
,	,
that	IN
even	RB
if	IN
the	DT
new	JJ
results	NNS
are	VBP
confirmed	VBN
,	,
they	PRP
do	VBP
not	RB
suggest	VB
that	IN
soy	JJ
and	CC
fish	NN
are	VBP
``	``
magic	JJ
bullets	NNS
''	''
against	IN
cancer	NN
.	.
Loading	VBG
up	RP
on	IN
any	DT
food	NN
,	,
no	DT
matter	NN
how	WRB
healthful	JJ
,	,
is	VBZ
not	RB
advisable	JJ
.	.
Populations	NNS
with	IN
high	JJ
soy	JJ
consumption	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
associated	VBN
with	IN
lower	JJR
risk	NN
for	IN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
for	IN
decades	NNS
,	,
and	CC
many	JJ
laboratory	NN
investigations	NNS
involving	VBG
breast	NN
cells	NNS
and	CC
tissue	NN
have	VBP
uncovered	VBN
important	JJ
connections	NNS
to	TO
explain	VB
how	WRB
soy	JJ
may	MD
be	VB
protective	JJ
.	.
The	DT
new	JJ
study	NN
is	VBZ
important	JJ
because	IN
it	PRP
is	VBZ
the	DT
first	JJ
to	TO
examine	VB
how	WRB
childhood	NN
intake	NN
impacts	VBZ
breast	NN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
later	RB
on	IN
in	IN
life	NN
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
a	DT
relatively	RB
large	JJ
case-control	JJ
study	NN
,	,
involving	VBG
597	CD
Asian-American	JJ
breast	NN
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
cases	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
966	CD
Asian-American	JJ
women	NNS
without	IN
the	DT
disease	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
controls	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
.	.
In	IN
the	DT
study	NN
,	,
women	NNS
who	WP
reported	VBD
eating	VBG
the	DT
most	RBS
soy	JJ
foods	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
tofu	NN
and	CC
miso	NN
between	IN
ages	NNS
5	CD
and	CC
11	CD
had	VBD
a	DT
58	CD
percent	NN
lower	JJR
risk	NN
for	IN
breast	NN
cancer	NN
than	IN
women	NNS
who	WP
ate	VBD
the	DT
least	JJS
.	.
Among	IN
adolescents	NNS
and	CC
young	JJ
adults	NNS
,	,
smaller	JJR
reductions	NNS
in	IN
risk	NN
were	VBD
observed	VBN
.	.
A	DT
growing	VBG
body	NN
of	IN
evidence	NN
suggests	VBZ
that	IN
certain	JJ
cells	NNS
are	VBP
more	RBR
sensitive	JJ
to	TO
dietary	JJ
influences	NNS
at	IN
specific	JJ
stages	NNS
of	IN
life	NN
.	.
Laboratory	NNP
studies	NNS
involving	VBG
soy	JJ
and	CC
breast	NN
cancer	NN
funded	VBN
by	IN
AICR	NNP
have	VBP
demonstrated	VBN
that	IN
,	,
in	IN
animal	NN
models	NNS
,	,
such	JJ
``	``
windows	NNS
of	IN
opportunity	NN
''	''
occur	VBP
during	IN
childhood	NN
and	CC
early	JJ
adolescence	NN
,	,
while	IN
breast	NN
tissues	NNS
are	VBP
developing	VBG
.	.
The	DT
latest	JJS
results	NNS
from	IN
the	DT
Physicians	NNP
'	POS
Health	NNP
Study	NNP
,	,
which	WDT
involves	VBZ
22,071	CD
men	NNS
,	,
suggest	VBP
that	IN
those	DT
who	WP
said	VBD
they	PRP
ate	VBD
fish	RB
five	CD
or	CC
more	JJR
times	NNS
a	DT
week	NN
had	VBD
40	CD
percent	NN
lower	JJR
of	IN
risk	NN
of	IN
colorectal	JJ
cancer	NN
than	IN
participants	NNS
who	WP
said	VBD
they	PRP
ate	VBD
it	PRP
rarely	RB
or	CC
never	RB
.	.
The	DT
Physician	NN
's	POS
Health	NNP
Study	NNP
began	VBD
as	IN
a	DT
double-blind	JJ
,	,
randomized	VBN
,	,
placebo-controlled	JJ
study	NN
originally	RB
intended	VBN
to	TO
study	VB
how	WRB
aspirin	NN
and	CC
certain	JJ
supplements	NNS
influence	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
To	TO
derive	VB
the	DT
new	JJ
results	NNS
,	,
researchers	NNS
reanalyzed	VBD
data	NNS
that	IN
the	DT
participants	NNS
provided	VBN
on	IN
a	DT
single	JJ
food-frequency	NN
questionnaire	NN
shortly	RB
after	IN
the	DT
study	NN
's	POS
outset	NN
.	.
As	IN
such	JJ
,	,
one	CD
of	IN
the	DT
central	JJ
assumptions	NNS
of	IN
the	DT
resulting	VBG
cohort	NN
study	NN
is	VBZ
that	IN
the	DT
men	NNS
consistently	RB
maintained	VBD
the	DT
diets	NNS
they	PRP
reported	VBD
eating	VBG
over	IN
the	DT
many	JJ
years	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
nearly	RB
20	CD
years	NNS
,	,
on	IN
average	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
that	IN
the	DT
study	NN
progressed	VBD
.	.
Nevertheless	RB
,	,
the	DT
reported	VBN
results	NNS
are	VBP
closely	RB
in	IN
line	NN
with	IN
published	VBN
research	NN
.	.
Omega-3	JJ
fatty	JJ
acids	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
contained	VBN
in	IN
fatty	JJ
fish	NN
like	IN
salmon	NN
,	,
tuna	NN
,	,
sardines	NNS
,	,
bluefish	NN
,	,
ocean	NN
trout	NNS
,	,
herring	VBG
and	CC
mackerel	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
have	VBP
been	VBN
shown	VBN
,	,
in	IN
laboratory	NN
studies	NNS
,	,
to	TO
combat	VB
the	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
inflammation	NN
often	RB
associated	VBN
with	IN
cancer	NN
development	NN
.	.
These	DT
fatty	JJ
acids	NNS
have	VBP
also	RB
stopped	VBN
or	CC
slowed	VBD
the	DT
growth	NN
of	IN
several	JJ
different	JJ
kinds	NNS
of	IN
tumors	NNS
,	,
in	IN
animal	NN
models	NNS
.	.
Additional	JJ
explanations	NNS
for	IN
the	DT
observed	JJ
protective	JJ
effect	NN
exist	VBP
.	.
People	NNS
who	WP
consume	VBP
more	RBR
fish	RB
tend	VB
to	TO
eat	VB
less	JJR
red	JJ
meat	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
an	DT
established	VBN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
factor	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
and	CC
also	RB
tend	VB
to	TO
be	VB
leaner	JJR
,	,
more	RBR
physically	RB
active	JJ
,	,
and	CC
to	TO
eat	VB
more	JJR
plant	NN
foods	NNS
.	.
This	DT
overall	JJ
behavior	NN
pattern	NN
has	VBZ
been	VBN
linked	VBN
to	TO
lower	JJR
risk	NN
for	IN
cancer	NN
and	CC
other	JJ
chronic	JJ
diseases	NNS
.	.
Additional	JJ
research	NN
presented	VBN
at	IN
Tuesday	NNP
's	POS
meeting	NN
included	VBD
a	DT
cohort	NN
study	NN
suggesting	VBG
that	IN
high	JJ
levels	NNS
of	IN
dietary	JJ
vitamin	NN
E	NN
helped	VBD
protect	VB
smokers	NNS
against	IN
the	DT
kind	NN
of	IN
damage	NN
that	WDT
can	MD
lead	VB
to	TO
lung	NN
cancer	NN
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
study	NN
linking	VBG
low	JJ
blood	NN
cholesterol	NN
levels	NNS
in	IN
prostate	NN
cancer	NN
patients	NNS
to	TO
improved	JJ
outcomes	NNS
.	.
NOTE	VB
:	:
The	DT
studies	NNS
were	VBD
presented	VBN
at	IN
the	DT
Frontiers	NNP
in	IN
Cancer	NNP
Prevention	NNP
Research	NNP
Meeting	VBG
of	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Association	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
AACR	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
Boston	NNP
.	.
AACR	NNP
is	VBZ
a	DT
large	JJ
professional	JJ
organization	NN
with	IN
a	DT
membership	NN
comprising	VBG
thousands	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
researchers	NNS
.	.
It	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
affiliated	VBN
with	IN
the	DT
American	NNP
Institute	NNP
for	IN
Cancer	NNP
Research	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
AICR	NNP
-RRB-	-RRB-
,	,
which	WDT
is	VBZ
an	DT
independent	JJ
cancer	NN
charity	NN
that	WDT
fosters	VBZ
research	NN
on	IN
the	DT
diet-cancer	NN
link	NN
and	CC
educates	VBZ
the	DT
public	JJ
about	IN
the	DT
results	NNS
.	.
This	DT
new	JJ
study	NN
offers	VBZ
further	JJ
evidence	NN
that	IN
people	NNS
concerned	VBN
about	IN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
should	MD
consume	VB
a	DT
diet	NN
that	WDT
is	VBZ
rich	JJ
in	IN
a	DT
variety	NN
of	IN
fruits	NNS
and	CC
vegetables	NNS
and	CC
that	DT
is	VBZ
also	RB
low	JJ
in	IN
red	JJ
meat	NN
in	IN
general	JJ
and	CC
in	IN
processed	VBN
meats	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
hot	JJ
dogs	NNS
,	,
cold	JJ
cuts	NNS
,	,
sausage	NN
and	CC
bacon	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
in	IN
particular	JJ
.	.
Adopting	VBG
this	DT
overall	JJ
eating	NN
pattern	NN
ensures	VBZ
a	DT
steady	JJ
supply	NN
of	IN
vitamin	NN
C	NNP
and	CC
other	JJ
natural	JJ
substances	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
carotenoids	NNS
,	,
retinol	NN
and	CC
tocopherol	NN
,	,
which	WDT
have	VBP
all	DT
been	VBN
linked	VBN
to	TO
lower	VB
stomach	NN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
in	IN
previous	JJ
EPIC	NN
results	NNS
.	.
The	DT
researchers	NNS
examined	VBD
the	DT
blood	NN
they	PRP
'd	MD
sampled	VBN
before	IN
the	DT
study	NN
began	VBD
from	IN
215	CD
participants	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
since	IN
been	VBN
diagnosed	VBN
with	IN
stomach	NN
cancer	NN
.	.
They	PRP
compared	VBD
this	DT
blood	NN
to	TO
that	DT
collected	VBN
from	IN
416	CD
controls	NNS
.	.
They	PRP
then	RB
adjusted	VBD
for	IN
the	DT
effects	NNS
of	IN
several	JJ
variables	NNS
known	VBN
to	TO
factor	NN
in	IN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
body	NN
mass	NN
index	NN
,	,
smoking	NN
status	NN
,	,
and	CC
H.	NNP
pylori	NNS
infection	NN
,	,
in	IN
an	DT
effort	NN
to	TO
pinpoint	VB
the	DT
relationship	NN
between	IN
blood	NN
levels	NNS
of	IN
vitamin	NN
C	NNP
and	CC
stomach	NN
cancer	NN
risk	NN
.	.
But	CC
when	WRB
the	DT
researchers	NNS
examined	VBD
the	DT
blood	NN
levels	NNS
of	IN
vitamin	NN
C	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
which	WDT
,	,
for	IN
certain	JJ
fruits	NNS
and	CC
vegetables	NNS
,	,
can	MD
provide	VB
a	DT
more	RBR
accurate	JJ
indication	NN
of	IN
consumption	NN
than	IN
self-reporting	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
they	PRP
found	VBD
a	DT
strong	JJ
protective	JJ
effect	NN
.	.
That	DT
is	VBZ
:	:
they	PRP
found	VBD
that	IN
those	DT
subjects	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
highest	JJS
level	NN
of	IN
vitamin	NN
C	NNP
in	IN
their	PRP$
blood	NN
had	VBD
a	DT
60	CD
percent	NN
lower	JJR
risk	NN
of	IN
stomach	NN
cancer	NN
than	IN
those	DT
subjects	NNS
with	IN
the	DT
lowest	JJS
levels	NNS
.	.
Food	NNP
manufacturers	NNS
already	RB
add	VBP
Vitamin	NNP
C	NNP
-LRB-	-LRB-
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
ascorbic	JJ
acid	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
foods	NNS
high	JJ
in	IN
nitrite	NN
such	JJ
as	IN
bacon	NN
and	CC
sausage	NN
to	TO
in	IN
an	DT
attempt	NN
to	TO
reduce	VB
the	DT
formation	NN
of	IN
N-nitroso	JJ
compounds	NNS
in	IN
the	DT
stomach	NN
.	.
Getting	VBG
plenty	NN
of	IN
vitamin	NN
C	NNP
in	IN
the	DT
diet	NN
may	MD
add	VB
another	DT
layer	NN
of	IN
protection	NN
,	,
this	DT
study	NN
suggests	VBZ
.	.
It	PRP
's	VBZ
easier	JJR
than	IN
you	PRP
think	VBP
to	TO
get	VB
enough	JJ
vitamin	NN
C	NNP
,	,
even	RB
if	IN
you	PRP
're	VBP
not	RB
a	DT
fan	NN
of	IN
orange	JJ
juice	NN
.	.
True	JJ
,	,
citrus	JJ
fruits	NNS
and	CC
melons	NNS
are	VBP
loaded	VBN
with	IN
it	PRP
.	.
But	CC
green	JJ
,	,
leafy	JJ
vegetables	NNS
like	IN
spinach	NN
,	,
lettuce	NN
and	CC
kale	NN
offer	NN
plenty	NN
of	IN
vitamin	NN
C	NNP
,	,
and	CC
so	RB
do	VB
root	VB
vegetables	NNS
like	IN
sweet	JJ
potatoes	NNS
,	,
carrots	NNS
,	,
parsnips	NNS
and	CC
yams	NNS
.	.
You	PRP
'll	MD
also	RB
find	VB
vitamin	JJ
C	NNP
in	IN
artichokes	NNS
,	,
bell	NN
peppers	NNS
,	,
broccoli	NNS
,	,
Brussels	NNP
sprouts	NNS
,	,
cabbage	NN
,	,
cauliflower	NN
,	,
and	CC
tomatoes	NNS
.	.
Evidence	NN
linking	VBG
red	JJ
meat	NN
consumption	NN
to	TO
breast	NN
cancer	NN
is	VBZ
not	RB
new	JJ
,	,
but	CC
this	DT
study	NN
shows	VBZ
a	DT
strong	JJ
association	NN
-LRB-	-LRB-
nearly	RB
a	DT
doubling	NN
of	IN
risk	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
between	IN
the	DT
women	NNS
who	WP
reported	VBD
eating	VBG
the	DT
least	JJS
red	JJ
meat	NN
and	CC
those	DT
who	WP
ate	VBD
the	DT
most	JJS
.	.
Previous	JJ
studies	NNS
investigating	VBG
this	DT
connection	NN
,	,
which	WDT
have	VBP
produced	VBN
inconsistent	JJ
results	NNS
,	,
have	VBP
tended	VBN
to	TO
focus	VB
on	IN
older	JJR
women	NNS
.	.
The	DT
study	NN
confirms	VBZ
AICR	NNP
's	POS
long-standing	JJ
recommendation	NN
to	TO
limit	VB
consumption	NN
of	IN
red	JJ
meat	NN
to	TO
less	JJR
than	IN
three	CD
ounces	NNS
a	DT
day	NN
.	.
AICR	NNP
's	POS
New	NNP
American	NNP
Plate	NNP
campaign	NN
translates	VBZ
this	DT
advice	NN
to	TO
the	DT
plate	NN
:	:
make	VB
meals	NNS
in	IN
which	WDT
vegetables	NNS
,	,
fruits	NNS
,	,
whole	JJ
grains	NNS
and	CC
beans	NNS
take	VBP
up	RP
at	IN
least	JJS
2\/3	CD
of	IN
the	DT
plate	NN
,	,
with	IN
meat	NN
and	CC
dairy	NN
taking	VBG
up	RP
1\/3	CD
or	CC
less	JJR
.	.
Red	NNP
meat	NN
includes	VBZ
beef	NN
,	,
lamb	NN
,	,
pork	NN
and	CC
veal	NN
.	.
Although	IN
pork	NN
may	MD
look	VB
``	``
white	JJ
''	''
when	WRB
cooked	VBN
,	,
its	PRP$
nutritional	JJ
composition	NN
places	VBZ
it	PRP
in	IN
the	DT
red	JJ
meat	NN
category	NN
.	.
Venison	NN
,	,
on	IN
the	DT
other	JJ
hand	NN
,	,
may	MD
seem	VB
to	TO
be	VB
similar	JJ
to	TO
red	JJ
meats	NNS
,	,
but	CC
because	IN
it	PRP
comes	VBZ
from	IN
wild	JJ
animals	NNS
,	,
it	PRP
is	VBZ
not	RB
included	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
traditional	JJ
definition	NN
of	IN
red	JJ
meat	NN
.	.
Some	DT
scientists	NNS
believe	VBP
that	IN
red	JJ
meat	NN
increases	NNS
risk	NN
for	IN
colon	NN
cancer	NN
because	IN
red	JJ
meat	NN
contains	VBZ
higher	JJR
levels	NNS
of	IN
a	DT
particular	JJ
form	NN
of	IN
iron	NN
,	,
called	VBN
heme	NN
.	.
Heme	JJ
iron	NN
seems	VBZ
to	TO
damage	VB
the	DT
lining	NN
of	IN
the	DT
colon	NN
and	CC
stimulate	VB
inappropriate	JJ
cell	NN
growth	NN
.	.
As	IN
we	PRP
get	VBP
more	JJR
answers	NNS
,	,
experts	NNS
should	MD
be	VB
able	JJ
to	TO
determine	VB
which	WDT
specific	JJ
meats	NNS
are	VBP
riskier	JJR
,	,
and	CC
why	WRB
.	.
Asking	VBG
for	IN
seconds	NNS
,	,
cleaning	VBG
one	CD
's	POS
plate	NN
,	,
laying	VBG
out	RP
extravagant	JJ
meals	NNS
for	IN
guests	NNS
,	,
wanting	VBG
to	TO
``	``
fatten	VB
up	RP
''	''
a	DT
visiting	VBG
loved	VBD
one	CD
:	:
all	DT
of	IN
these	DT
behaviors	NNS
originally	RB
arose	VBD
in	IN
times	NNS
of	IN
food	NN
scarcity	NN
.	.
The	DT
experts	NNS
at	IN
AICR	NNP
are	VBP
asking	VBG
an	DT
increasingly	RB
obese	JJ
U.S.	NNP
population	NN
to	TO
stop	VB
and	CC
think	VB
if	IN
these	DT
outmoded	JJ
social	JJ
niceties	NNS
are	VBP
worth	JJ
the	DT
extra	JJ
pounds	NNS
.	.
Overweight	JJ
and	CC
obesity	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
associated	VBN
with	IN
increased	VBN
risk	NN
for	IN
chronic	JJ
diseases	NNS
such	JJ
as	IN
heart	NN
disease	NN
and	CC
Type	NNP
II	NNP
diabetes	NN
for	IN
years	NNS
.	.
Researchers	NNS
at	IN
AICR	NNP
,	,
along	IN
with	IN
others	NNS
around	IN
the	DT
globe	NN
,	,
are	VBP
now	RB
uncovering	VBG
evidence	NN
that	IN
extra	JJ
weight	NN
means	VBZ
extra	JJ
risk	NN
for	IN
many	JJ
types	NNS
of	IN
cancer	NN
as	RB
well	RB
.	.
Americans	NNPS
still	RB
greet	VB
guests	NNS
with	IN
a	DT
hefty	JJ
dose	NN
of	IN
calories	NNS
-LRB-	-LRB-
in	IN
the	DT
form	NN
of	IN
alcohol	NN
and	CC
appetizers	NNS
-RRB-	-RRB-
the	DT
moment	NN
they	PRP
cross	VBP
the	DT
threshold	NN
.	.
At	IN
meals	NNS
,	,
we	PRP
dole	VBP
out	RP
the	DT
largest	JJS
portions	NNS
to	TO
guests	NNS
and	CC
urge	VB
them	PRP
to	TO
take	VB
second	JJ
and	CC
third	JJ
helpings	NNS
.	.
Collins	NNP
also	RB
noted	VBD
that	IN
the	DT
preparation	NN
of	IN
hearty	JJ
and	CC
satisfying	JJ
-LRB-	-LRB-
read	NN
:	:
high	JJ
calorie	NN
-RRB-	-RRB-
meals	NNS
is	VBZ
one	CD
way	NN
families	NNS
express	VBP
affection	NN
.	.
For	IN
meal-makers	NNS
,	,
``	``
providing	VBG
for	IN
''	''
one	PRP
's	POS
family	NN
remains	VBZ
a	DT
source	NN
of	IN
pride	NN
.	.
For	IN
meal-takers	NNS
,	,
refusing	VBG
to	TO
indulge	VB
risks	NNS
disappointing	JJ
a	DT
loved	VBD
one	CD
who	WP
has	VBZ
worked	VBN
hard	RB
.	.
One	CD
classic	JJ
social	JJ
psychology	NN
experiment	NN
is	VBZ
designed	VBN
to	TO
test	VB
how	WRB
subjects	NNS
'	POS
intake	NN
of	IN
food	NN
is	VBZ
influenced	VBN
by	IN
the	DT
presence	NN
of	IN
others	NNS
,	,
and	CC
by	IN
the	DT
eating	VBG
behaviors	NNS
those	DT
others	NNS
exhibit	NN
.	.
Scientists	NNS
pair	VBP
unknowing	JJ
subjects	NNS
with	IN
individuals	NNS
who	WP
have	VBP
been	VBN
assigned	VBN
to	TO
eat	VB
a	DT
great	JJ
deal	NN
of	IN
food	NN
or	CC
very	RB
little	JJ
.	.
A	DT
famous	JJ
1974	CD
study	NN
showed	VBD
that	IN
subjects	NNS
who	WP
sat	VBD
at	IN
tables	NNS
where	WRB
others	NNS
ate	VBD
very	RB
little	JJ
decreased	VBD
their	PRP$
own	JJ
consumption	NN
by	IN
29	CD
percent	NN
,	,
on	IN
average	NN
.	.
Subjects	NNS
who	WP
sat	VBD
at	IN
tables	NNS
where	WRB
others	NNS
ate	VBD
a	DT
lot	NN
of	IN
food	NN
increased	VBD
their	PRP$
own	JJ
consumption	NN
an	DT
average	NN
of	IN
25	CD
percent	NN
.	.
Subsequent	JJ
studies	NNS
showed	VBD
that	IN
consumption	NN
increases	NNS
when	WRB
subjects	NNS
eat	VBP
with	IN
friends	NNS
and	CC
decreases	VBZ
when	WRB
subjects	NNS
eat	VBP
with	IN
strangers	NNS
.	.
A	DT
collection	NN
of	IN
studies	NNS
published	VBN
in	IN
the	DT
British	JJ
Journal	NNP
of	IN
Nutrition	NNP
in	IN
1997	CD
showed	VBD
that	IN
,	,
when	WRB
subjects	NNS
were	VBD
asked	VBN
to	TO
keep	VB
track	NN
of	IN
the	DT
meals	NNS
they	PRP
ate	VBD
,	,
they	PRP
reported	VBD
eating	VBG
up	RP
to	TO
44	CD
percent	NN
more	RBR
when	WRB
dining	VBG
with	IN
others	NNS
than	IN
they	PRP
did	VBD
when	WRB
eating	VBG
alone	RB
.	.
Several	JJ
possible	JJ
reasons	NNS
for	IN
this	DT
behavior	NN
have	VBP
been	VBN
offered	VBN
.	.
Groups	NNS
of	IN
people	NNS
eating	VBG
together	RB
are	VBP
more	RBR
apt	JJ
to	TO
include	VB
alcohol	NN
with	IN
meals	NNS
,	,
which	WDT
increases	VBZ
a	DT
meal	NN
's	POS
caloric	JJ
content	NN
.	.
Also	RB
,	,
groups	NNS
usually	RB
take	VBP
longer	RBR
-LRB-	-LRB-
an	DT
average	NN
of	IN
15	CD
minutes	NNS
longer	RBR
-RRB-	-RRB-
to	TO
eat	VB
a	DT
given	VBN
meal	NN
than	IN
single	JJ
diners	NNS
,	,
and	CC
a	DT
recent	JJ
study	NN
in	IN
the	DT
journal	NN
Physiology	NNP
and	CC
Nutrition	NNP
showed	VBD
that	IN
subjects	NNS
who	WP
ate	VBD
in	IN
groups	NNS
did	VBD
not	RB
eat	VB
more	RBR
slowly	RB
than	IN
subjects	NNS
who	WP
ate	VBD